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THE ANNALS
AND
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,
INCLUDING
ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY.
(BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITH LOUDON AND
CHARLNSWORTH’S ‘ MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.’)
CONDUCTED BY
WILLIAM CARRUTHERS, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.,
mieten EH. SHIPLEY, M.A. 'Se.D.,, F.W.S4 2.Z.S.,
AND
WILLIAM FRANCIS, F.L.S.
eee
VOL. X.—EIGHTH SERIES.
_— eee oer
LONDON:
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS.
SOLD BY SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT, AND CO., LD. ;
BAILLIERE, PARIS: HODGES, FIGGIS, AND CO., DUBLIN :
AND ASHER, BERLIN,
1912.
“Omnes res creatz sunt divine sapientie et potenti testes, divitie felicitatis
humane :—ex harum usu Jonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini ;
ex ceconomid in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis
elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper zstimata ;
a veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper
inimica fuit.”—Linnaus.
“Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour
voir qu’elle est le chef-d’ceuvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor-
tent toutes ses opérations.”—Brucwner, Théorie du Systéme Animal, Leyden,
1767.
5 8 bdo oe olor Lene srilvend jeer eres
Obey our summons; from their deepest dells
The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild
And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs
That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme
And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed,
But scatter round ten thousand forms minute
Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock
Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too
Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face
They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush
That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles,
Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread,
The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne,
All, all to us unlock their secret stores
And pay their cheerful tribute.
J. Taytor, Norwich, 1818.
CONTENTS OF VOL. X.
[EIGHTH SERIES. }
NUMBER 55.
Page
I. Descriptions of new Species of Pyralide of the Subfamily
Pyraustine. By Sir Grorer F, Hampson, Bart., F.Z.S., &e. .... 1
II. Descriptions and Records of Bees—XLV. By T. D. A.
@ocmmnnuL, Oniversity of Colorado: 6.6 sfc'e sels slalsie'e eles cae ees 21
Ill. Preliminary Descriptions of Eleven new Crinoids belonging
to the Families Himerometride, Mariametride, and Colobometride,
discovered by the ‘Siboga’ in the Dutch Hast Indies. By Austin
IE WeR COOH A Kear stn er eh costs OR ED OBIS nN ag ganas ai hare ere ee te
IV. Mammals from the Ja River, Cameroons. By OLpFIELp
ERETOMEAS chee os cine « wie GRO Beek” Mee eGeneIe. Carica aie
V. Small Mammals from South America, By OLDFIELD THomas. 44
VI. Notes on Fossorial Hymenopteraa—XI. By Rowzanp
een a A, BLN. 0 5 yaw ok « hea aoe een cos Lees aes 48
VII. Descriptions of new Harvest-men of the Family Phalango-
meepeeby STANGMY bresie «(Plate Di)ic ws. cnie. crags seaoeeuee 63
VUI. Hersilia (Clausidium) vancouverensis. By KATHLEEN
re mR ke Eta rere ia ort ela sep act sain, od hd ave, onsen 9 acs 84
IX. Descriptions of Ethiopian Rhynchota (Heteroptera). By
UE i NUNS ae afelshe) ceo ak cin, etpeis. ho Mp ta Ve wm hd a, Ui) aiard apes wap es 87
X. A Discussion of the General Classification of the Pelecypoda,
By M. Cottey Marcu, M.Sc., Geological Department, Manchester
Miioersiigee: (hice PEE sits y's dees ee ka eh es bade cele sets ve, GE
XI. Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews.—
No. XXXIII. By Prof. M‘Inrosn, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., &e.
PEM UE Ways salads ie titldiele we leutdielwtrnistelnivids 4 aigene® wansdes 117
XIf. A new Elephant Shrew from the Island of Zanzibar. By
Guy DoLLMAN .,......., Pa Rowse aM Pusha Vee Ow ane ony via eae 180
lv CONTENTS.
Page
XIII. On a new Palm-Civet from Timor. By Ernst Scuwanrz. 131
XIV. On a Terrestrial Amphipod from Kew Gardens. By W.T.
OMAN, DP Ts. gas eae cae kee Daite omleW inn REET Bo 132
XV. Descriptions of Three new African Cichlid Fishes of the
Genus Tilapia,, preserved in the British Museum. By G. A.
BOULENGHE, LYE S. 26 eer «sss + ais shemies Oe siege Giese ett © binge 138
XVI. Descriptions of new African Batrachians preserved in the
British Museum. By G. A. BouLEnGER, F.R.S. ......--...06- 140
XVU. A Revision of the Asilide of Australasia. By GERTRUDE
BRE CNIDG 5 6 85 ais cise s uti fe io Sites eee nit wl OR oiele Posi eee ee i 142
New Books:—A Revision of the Ichnewmonide, based on the
Collection in the British Museum (Natural History), with
Descriptions of new Genera and Species. Part I. Tribes
Ophionides and Metopiides. By CraupE Mortry, F.Z5.,
F.E.S.—Records of the Indian Museum. (A Journal of Indian
Zoology.) Vol. iv. no. x. Annotated Catalogue of Oriental
Culicrde. Supplement. By E. BRUNETTI ......,..... 160, 161
Proceedings of the Geological Society ........--....ee eee 161, 162
Ee Hitorsal NGC ory sy pice e es pe ana 7 iupka Ca vpoisinnawains Catan 164
NUMBER 56,
XVIII. Report on the Annelida Polycheta collected in the North
Sea and adjacent parts by the Scotch Fishery Board Vessel
‘ Goldseeker.—Part I. Amphinomide to Sigaliontide. By WILLIAM
Smatu, M.A., B.Sc., Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews.
CPA ate Way SSS. keke. tales athe gp eles sie Ce ee ena eee 165
XIX. Descriptions of new Batrachians from the Andes of South
America, preserved in the British Museum. By G. A. BouLENGER,
BUSS 25555 Gi8 ie ob AG leek eink oi ties OOPRS date te eet ote e ae ace 185
XX. New or little-known Ethiopian Hemiptera. By E. Brr-
ROTH, COPEL IS. 1.5 5545 555058 bois gdh ae kk 0 bless Oe cee nha aan 191
XXI. Lygistorrhina urichit, a new Mycetophilid from Trinidad.
SBy-F. ‘W.: Eowarnns, BaAs- FOES.” 6526.5 sn ses es a on ne 203
XXII. A new Vespertilionine Bat from Angola. By Ovp¥rirLp
PISERONGASS <5), 5 005.5 dicts ascle himloles 6» ehe/aiienr tp ialeie yo ele ta nate ea 204
XXIII. On a Species of Nymphon from the North Pacific. By
Fiora M. Scott, M.A., University College, Dundee. (Plate VII.) 206
XXIV. A Revision of the South-American Siluroid Fishes of the
Genus Corydoras, with a List of the Specimens in the British
Museum (Natural History). By C. Tare Rrean, M.A. 209
CONTENTS.
XXYV. Some Considerations in regard to the Classification of the
Order Thysanoptera. By Ricwarp S, Baenatn, F.LS., F.ES.,
Hope Department of Zoology, University Museum, Oxford ......
XXVI. Entomological Notes from the London School of Tropical
Medicine.—No. LV. ”Blood-sucking Diptera from Port Darwin,
Australia. By Sopuia L. M. SUMMERS, M.A., B.Sc., Carnegie
Biameniou Aperaeen University’ fo... cv cch ue ct ete c ences cceebe
XXVII. Two new Species of Nasua, By OtpFreLtp THomas .,
XXVIII. Description of a new Desert-Lark from the Central
Weecstemsanara.) By Henge HaRTERE o.oo s eda w ceieala gene 2:
XXIX. New Species of Heterocera from Costa Rica.—XVII.
a eR GIANT Miia wow cali os av Ni odele vldg aw dil i’a stead dae o>.
XXX. A new Species of Tabanus from German East Africa, in
the British Museum (Natural History). By Ernest E. Austen... 2
XXXI. On a new Species of Oligoneuria (Ephemeride) from
British Hast Africa. By Rey. A. EH. HATON.......-...00ce ne esi
XXXII. Some new Species of Ipide and Pp ee in the
British Museum. By Lt.-Col. Winn Sampson, F.1.S. me
XXXIII. On new Species of HWisteride and Notices of others.
LY 2 SLE US REALS Be are na WL CL" Pere ane See 2
XXXIV. Notes on Guiana Birds. By Lorp Brapournge, F.ZS.,
M.B.0.U., and Caar.tes Cuups, F.Z.8., M.B.0O.U., Zoological
SEMEN SretisEY NEUSEUTE 2275.65 io1ig swe sisinsieisia’e les lnaata aanaa
XXXYV. Description of a new Cichlid Fish from the Lower
eee by Cy. A SOULENGERS BZ.5. Slee sice ssc. cavdcsende ens
New Book :—Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India.
Entomological Series. Vol. IV. No. 1. Eri Silk. By H.
Maxwett-Lerroy and ©. C. SHOSH, Agricultural Research
PPE PEGE EISEN isthe tet soot var area oles aeeeer ne eee oie Wi sia e a ate, whe, ns
A Review of South-African Lind-Mollusca belonging to the Family
Zontide, by Lt.-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen, F.R.S. &e.;
Errata in Dr. Arnbiick-Christie-Linde’s paper in the ‘ Annals’
CUP OCs gS Ge eS have Meare arcs wer sata or eeaks
NUMBER 57.
XXXVI. The Classification of the Blennioid Fishes. By C. Tarr
eRe RNME OE a eNaer Hier soc e Cee eetA eC f uink sche vie ss
XXXVI, Two new West-African Mammals. By Oxvrretp
PERIOMAS cer sis do. 28 RSE ah, cs be sia saa Natta oat we ar ye eats a eet 9 28
XXXVIII. Self-evisceration in the Asteroidea. By NATHANIEL
SRM EMA oh cps oleic sriinct'« if See ere be. Pave A Yd ba 5,8 gmp lee ees 2
XXXIX, New Bers. o of Heterocera from Costa Rica.—XVII.
By W. Scuavs, F.Z.8. aang Sick AOC OE ICE Ak :
vt
Page
220
261
268
vb.
264
265
280
al CONTENTS.
Page
XL. Descriptions and Records of Bees—XLVI. By T. D. A.
COGKERELL, University of Colorado <0 056. sjc2 63 sss = 5 ince dll
XLI. Three new Species of Neotropical Coccinellide. By Guy
PAS? SIE A EEA TYLON seg ches sone igre i eterone aici nhals g eh etc ice’ ole) sce ee 820
XLII. Description of Two new Eels from West Africa, belonging
to a new Genus and Family. By C. Tare Beaan, M.A. ........ 323
XLII. Notes on Malay Tigers, with Description of a new Form
from Bali. (By Benet SCHWAHZ (7 2). ohio: sania ae ttebinns oer 324
XLIV. Descriptions of some new Burmese Species of Ruteline
@oleoptera belonging to the Genus Anomala. By GitBertr J.
PPATEREROOW «Re Bonu on, betes asus pogo as n\n oe pepe ects i Sop Bley Sak eee ae 327
XLV. Onthe Stromatoporoids and Eozoon. By R. Kirkpatrick,
(Pigtes Waitt EX.) i. ss cae se eee week we slees ce een eee 341
XLVI. The Anatomy and Classification of the Teleostean Fishes
of the Order Lyomeri. By C. Tarz Reaan, M.A............... 347
XLVII. A Revision of the Asilide of Australasia. By GERTRUDE
TRA a1 1 ae ERE Lata Mtarairg tia sy eocrn e835 5 350
NUMBER 88.
XLVIII. Notes on Fossorial Hymenopteraa—X. By Rowxianp
10M Vom tepor el De eae On ONS ee SO A Pee RI hg dat 361
XLIX. The Osteology and Classification of the Teleostean Fishes
of the Order Apodes. By C. Tarr Rue@an, M.A..............++- 377
L. A Revision of the South-American Characid Fishes of the
Genera Chalceus, Pyrrhulina, Copeina, and Pogonocharax. By
CoiBawe HmGan, MAS feos «0 thasiate asl aabis cree: cree alee ea 387
LI. On a Collection of Small Mammals from the Tsin-ling
Mountains, Central China, presented by Mr. G. Fenwick Owen to
the National Museum. By OLpFrELD THOMAS ................ 395
LII. New Bats and Rodents from 8. America. By OLpFreLp
THOMAS Ty. cs sawed eee ewes ss om oe opie eee ee 405
LIIT. New Land and Freshwater Shells collected by Dr. J.
Elbert in the Malay Archipelago. By Dr. F. Haas, Frankfurt-a.-M. 412
LIV. Descriptions of new Reptiles from the Andes of South
America, preserved in the British Museum. By G. A. BouLENGER,
ORES, eee an wiv. c GF bib shee oe ealenne eal tee Cte ete ee 420
LY. A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Fauna of Bromel-
acee. By Hues Scort, M.A. (Cantab.), F.L.S., F.E.S., Curator in
Entomology in the University of Cambridge. Including Descriptions
of new Insects by W. L. Distant, F.E.S., and the late R, Suxr-
FORD, M.A., F.L.S. (Plate KX.) oo... cece ene ne cece were cece 424
LVI. Descriptions of some new Homoptera. By W. L. Distant. 438
LVII. On the Structure of Stromatoporoids and of Hozoon. By
R KapepatTricr: »(Plates XL, & ATL) oo. ease ee eee 446
New Book :—Recent Foreign and Colonial Natural History
IPeriodreals ee rey etree MMH mn tromhintho Minoe ao ae oF 460
CONTENTS. Vil
NUMBER 59.
Page
LVIII. Notes on the Apide (Hymenoptera) in the Collection of
the British Museum, with Descriptions of new Species. By
GEOFFREY MEADE-WALDO, M.A. ..........00008 Rep eremehesteat haces 461
LIX. Observations on living Gorgonias (Gorgonia verrucosa)
occurring in the English Channel. By J. Sruarr Tuomson, Ph.D.,
F.L.S., F.R.S.E., Lecturer and Senior Demonstrator in Zoology,
Victoria University of Manchester ..........cccessseeeecueeees 479
LX. Descriptions and Records of Bees —XLVII. By T. D. A.
CockERELL, University of Colorado
LXI. A Revision of the Peeciliid Fishes of the Genera Rivulus,
Pterolebias, and Cynolebias. By C. Tate REGAN, M.A........... 494
LXII. New Species of Heterocera from Costa Rica.— XVIII.
NMR A Setsvencadienuhiesste eaten anh a wisi a aie hale am ceare 8
LXIII. Notes on Fossorial Hymenoptera.—XI. By Row1anp
E. Turner, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
LXIYV. Brief Diagnoses of Eight new Petalia, with a List of the
known forms of the Genus. By KNup ANDERSEN
LXV. On Specimens of Cephalodiscus nigrescens supposed to have
been dredged in 1841 or 1842. By W.G. RipEwoop............ 550
New Books:—Recent Foreign and Colonial Natural History
Periodicals.—Records of the Western Australian Museum and
Art Gallery. Edited by the Director, Bernarp H. Woop-
warp. Vol. I. Part 2.—Distribution and Origin of Life in
America. By Ropert Francis Scuarrr, Ph.D., B.Sc, 555, 556
NUMBER 60.
LXVI. Descriptions of new Species of Pyralide of the Subfamily
Pyraustine. By Sir Grorce F. Hampson, Bart., F.Z.S., &e. .... 557
LXVII. On some Reptilian Lower Jaws. By D. M.S. Watson,
M.Sc.
LXVIII. Two new Races of Mongoose. By O_pFrrLp THomas. 588
LXIX. On new Mammals from the Islands of the Johore Archi-
pelago, South China Sea. By Hersperrt C. Roprnson, C.M.Z.S, .. 689
LXX. Eight new Fishes from Baluchistan. By Dr. Ericu
ZUGMAYER, of the Zoological Museum, Munich
LXXI. Apherusa jurinei (M.-Edw.). By ALFRED O. WALKER,
RRs ef) 1S Gand = ay Ue a SAE Me siaj oie PE Ke eee 600
LXXII. Descriptions of Two new Fishes from the Nile System.
eee HOUCENGHE, PVE Si < s vcdeituar deus. sedade tds tence’ 601
LXXIII. Rhynchotal Notes. By W. L. Distant ............ 602
Vill CONTENTS.
Page
LXXIV. Descriptions of new African Agaristide in the British
Museum. By Sir Georex F. Hampson, Bart........... 000.000: 609
LXXV. Two new Mongooses from Somaliland. ae R. E, DRAKE-
Brockman, M.R.C.S., L.B.C.P., BZib. ees cuusas Gases. . te tae 612
LXXVI. On the Development of the Pectoral Girdle in the
Pipefish (Syngnathus acus). By T. P. Burst, M.A., B.Se., Gatty
Marine Laboratory, University of St. Andrews. (Plate XT)». 3a
LXXVILI. Notes on some New Zealand Pselaphide in the British
Museum, with Descriptions of new Species of the Genus Sagola, By
Major T. IBROUN, HBGB. . ees eun es dificil eee th pean ee 621
IXXVITI. The Anatomy and Classification of the Teleostean
Fishes of the Order Discocephali. By C. Tarz Recan, M.A. .... 634
LXXIX. The Caristiide, a Family of Berycomorphous Fishes.
By ©. Tate Reaan, M.A... ss. sees es sas se eee 637
LXXX. New Centronycteris and Ctenomys from S. America. By
Cem ruD THOMAS. oy ies hs ve ale eoe eye es Npleb ae oyu Glee .. 638
LXXXI. A new Cynopterus from Borneo. By KNup ANDERSEN. 640
LXXXII. Sexual Differences in the Peeciliid Fishes of the Genus
Cynolebias. By Ox Tare RrGan, MeAw. o. iene eee .. 641
Index severe ee
PLATES IN VOL. X.
Piatr I, New Harvest-men of the family Phalangodide.
II. Hersilia (Clausidium) vancouverensis, K. Haddon.
III. Classification of the Pelecypoda.
IV. White Porpoise.
V. Eteone depressa and Dasybranchus caducus.
VI. Annelida Polycheta from the North Sea.
VII. Nymphon pixelle, /. M. Scott.
VIII. |
Ix.
X. Fauna of Bromeliacez.
XI. |
X11.1
XIII. Pectoral girdle in the Pipefish,
Stromatoporoids and Eozoon.
Stromatoporoids and Eozoon.
Vol.10. § SIGHTH SERIES. — No. 55.
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MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,
[EIGHTH SERIES.]
Coat aaa toa per litora spargite muscum,
Naiades, et circiim vitreos considite fontes:
Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores:
Floribus et pictum, dives, replete canistrum.
At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas ;
Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco
Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas
Ferte, Dez pelagi, et pingui conchylia suceo.”
NV. Parthenii Giannettasi, Eel. 1,,
No: 55. JULY: 1912.
T.— Descriptions of new Species of Pyralide of the Subfamily
Pyraustine. By Sir Grorcz F. Hampson, Bart., F.Z.S.
Ke.
[Continued from vol, ix. p. 633. ]
(4a) Goniorhynchus lasyguialis, sp. u.
Fore tibiz of male tufted with long hair on inner side, the
first joint of tarsus curved and fringed with lovg hair on
inner side ; fore wing with slight depressed grooves in cell.
6. Head, thorax, and abdomen reddish brown ; pectus,
base of legs, and ventral surface of abdomen whitish. Fore
wing glossy ochreous brown suffused with fuscous; traces of
a dark antemedial line; an obscure dark discoidal spot ;
postmedial line dark, rather strongly dentate, excurved from
costa to vein 4, then oblique; a terminal series of black
points ; cilia greyish ochreous at base followed by: Begfit 1€
dark line. Hind wing brown with a cupre St Siva ter
minal series of black points ; cilia greyish Hus at base
followed by a dark line; the underside greyer, an obscure
discoidal a and indistinct maculate postmedial line defined
by greyish on outer side.
Hab. Paracvay, Sapucay (Foster), 1g type. Hep. 28mm
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. i!
2 Sir G. F. Hampson on new
(7a) Goniorhynchus octosema, sp. 0.
gd. Head and thorax yellow ; palpi black, white at base ;
lower part of frons black ; shoulders with brown stripes ;
tibize with blackish bands at extremities; abdomen yellow,
a black band on third segment, the terminal segments tinged
with red-brown, the anal tuft black above and with a black
bar before it below. Fore wing golden yellow ; the costal
area black-brown from near base to end of cell, expanding
into a triangular antemedial patch, a small round spot iu
upper part of middle of cell and confluent with a figure-of-
eight-shaped discoidal patch, its centre slightly tinged with
grey ; antemedial line fine, brown, from cell to inner margin;
postmedial line brown, excurved below costa and between
veins 5 and 2, then retracted to below the discoidal patch
and sinuous to inner margin ; a terminal black-brown line
expanding somewhat at apex ; cilia black-brown with a fine
pale line at base. Hind wing golden yellow ; a brown dis-
coidal point ; postmedial line brown, bent outwards between
veins 5 and 2, then retracted to below end of cell and oblique
to above tornus ; aterminal black-brown line except towards
tornus; cilia black-brown with fine white lines at base and
middle.
Hab. Stnearore (Ridley), 1 3 type. Hep. 22 mm.
(7b) Goniorhynchus marginalis, sp. n.
?. Head and thorax yellowish tinged with brown ; palpi
3
black-brown, white at base; frons and antenne black-
brown ; fore tibiz black-brown ; abdomen yellowish white
with pair of dorsal brown points on second segment. Fore
wing pale yellow, the costal area suffused with brown, the
terminal area deep cupreous brown, widening towards costa ;
a small brown spot at middle of cell conjoined to the costal
area and with a faint line from it to inner margin ; a trian-
gular brown discoidal patch conjoined to the costal area ;
postmedial line indistinct, nearly straight from costa to
vein 2, then retracted to just below angle of cell and erect to
inner margin. Hind wing pale yellow; a slight discoidal
point ; postmedial line indistinct, excurved between veins 5
and 2; a terminal cupreous-brown band narrowing to a
point at tornus.
Hab, Peru, La Merced (Watkins & Tomlinson), 1 2 type.
Hep, 24mm.
(1a) Puletosoma holophealis, sp. n.
Antenne of male thickened by a ridge of scales at base ;
Species of Pyralide. 3
hind tibie fringed with very long hair above, with a tuft of
long hair from base below followed by a thick fringe of hair,
the medial spurs absent, the terminal outer spur very long,
the first joint of tarsus fringed with very long hair below.
Head, thorax, and abdomen dark brown ; pectus and base
of legs whitish ; ventral surface of abdomen white, fuscous
towards extremity, the anal tuft and claspers white below,
genital tufts ochreous white. Wings uniform dark brown
tinged with purplish, a slight pale line at base of cilia.
Hab. Stnearorn (Ridley), 1 3, 1 2 type; Borneo,
Sandakan (Pryer),2 9. Hap. 28 mm.
(3 @) Botyodes brachytorna, sp. n.
Hind wing of male with the termen indented at submedian
fold, the tornal area contorted and thickly clothed with rough
hair above and below.
6 . Head and thorax orange-yellow; palpiwith black points
at sides of joints ; antenne ringed with black towards base ;
tegulz, shoulders, and patagia with black spots; fore coxe
with black spots, the femora and tibiz at extremities with
black bands, the fore tarsi ringed with black; abdomen
yellow, the second segment with subdorsal black spots, the
terminal segments with silvery rings and the anal tuft silvery,
the ventral surface dark brown at extremity. Fore wing
yellow; a subbasal black spot below costa ; smal! antemedial
black spots below costa and cell and above inner margin ; a
silvery discoidal bar defined by brown; the terminal area
red-brown with a leaden gloss and defined on inner side by
a dark brown line which is sinuous to vein 4, then angled
inwards to the discoidal bar and again sinuous to inner
margin ; a dark brown subterminal shade, a terminal series
of black strize, and fine pale line at base of cilia. Hind wing
yellow, the terminal area broadly red-brown with a silvery
leaden gloss and defined on inner side by a dark brown line;
a dark subterminal shade and black terminal line.
?. Hind wing without the silvery gloss on termen and at
tornus, the terminal line broken up into black striz, a dark
line near base of cilia.
Hab. Br. N. Guinea, Ekeikei (Pratt), 3 3, 1 2 type,
Mt. Kebea (Pratt), 1 3, 2 2, Mafalu (Pratt),1 9. Hap.
30-32 mm.
(4c) Sylepta monoleuca, sp. n.
Antenne of male with the tooth on basal joint large,
the shaft thickened just beyond it ; fore wing on underside
1
4 Sir G. I’. Hampson on new
with fringes of scales and hair at upper and lower angles
of cell.
3g. Head and thorax black-brown, the antennze whitish
towards tips, the tarsi whitish ; abdomen fuscous black, the
ventral surface white. Fore wing uniform black-brown with
a cupreous tinge. Hind wing black-brown with a cupreous
tinge; arather quadrate white spot beyond lower angle of cell.
Hab. DutcuH N. Guinea, Fak-fak (Pratt), 1 g type.
Kap. 28 mm.
(12a) Sylepta microspilalis, sp. n.
3g. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous tinged with
brown ; palpi white at base; pectus and ventral surface of
abdomen white. Fore wing ochreous tinged with brown,
the costal and terminal areas rather darker; two dark
antemedial points in cell and one below the cell with an
oblique line from it to inner margin ; a small yellowish
discoidal lunule defined by fuscous ; postmedial line dark,
minutely dentate and oblique from costa to vein 2, then
retracted to below angle of cell and oblique to inner margin
with a dark point at submedian fold ; cilia fuscous. Hind
wing pale ochreous, the apical area tinged with fuscous ; a
slight postmedial line bent outwards and minutely dentate
between veins 5 and 2.
Hab. Sincavore (Ridley), 2 g type. Exp. 24 mm.
(18a) Sylepta albirivalis, sp. un.
9. Head, thorax, and abdomen cupreous brown, the vertex
of head whitish ; abdomen with slight whitish segmental
lines; palpi at base, pectus, legs, and ventral surface of
abdomen white. Fore wing cupreous brown ; an indistinct
oblique whitish antemedial line slightly defined on outer side
by fuscous ; a small white spot in middle of cell and discoidal
bar defined by fuscous ; a postmedial white line arising below
costa, its outer edge very slightly waved to vein 5, where it is
very slightly bent outwards, at vein 2 bent inwards to below
end of cell, then slightly excurved. Hind wing cupreous
brown ; a slight whitish discoidal lmnule defined by fuscous ;
postmedial line white faintly defined on inner side by fuscous,
very slightly bent outwards at vein 5, at vein 2 bent inwards
and almost obsolete to below end of cell, then oblique to
above tornus ; cilia whitish with a dark line through them ;
the underside greyer.
Hab. Duvcu N. Guinea, Kapaur (Doherty), 1 2 type.
Exp. 28 mm.
Species of Pyralide. g
(20 c) Sylepta parvipuncta, sp. n.
Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous brown with a greyish
tinge ; palpi black, white at base ; pectus, legs, and ventral
surface of abdomen white, the fore tibize with blackish band.
Fore wing fuscous brown with a cupreous gloss ; antemedial
line indistinct, whitish defined on outer side by blackish,
somewhat oblique from costa to submedian fold ; smali black
spots at middle of cell and on discocellulars, the latter with
faint whitish marks before and beyond it ; postmedial line
whitish defined on inner side by blackish, forming a tridentate
white mark from below costa to vein 5, then excurved to
vein 2, then bent inwards to below base of cell and more
distinct and excurved to inner margin. Hind wing fuscous
brown with a cupreous gloss; a blackish discoidal spot ;
postmeddial line whitish defined on inner side by blackish,
bent outwards between veins 5 and 2, then inwards to below
angle of cell and oblique to above tornus ; cilia with a fine
whitish line at base and whitish tips ; the underside whitish
with the terminal area suffused with fuscous, the discoidal
lunule and postmedial line more distinct.
Hab, Sizrra Leone (Clements), 1 ¢ type ; Gotp Coast,
Kumasi (Whiteside),1 9. Eup. 24-26 mm.
(22a) Sylepta leucographalis, sp. n.
3. Head and thorax fuscous mixed with greyish ; palpi
black, greyish at base and tips; pectus and legs whitish, the
fore tibiz fuscous at extremities ; abdomen with the basal
half grey with fuscous lines, the terminal half fuscous with
grey segmental lines, the ventral surface whitish. Fore wing
fuscous brown suffused with purple; an antemedial white spot
in cell and whitish band from cell to immer margin ; quadrate
black spots in middle of cell and on discocellulars with a
quadrate white spot between them and smaller spot below the
cell ; postmedial line fuscous, incurved and with quadrifid
yellowish white patch beyond it from costa to vein 5, bent
outwards and slightly defined by white between veins 5 and 2,
then retracted to lower angle of cell and excurved to inner
margin, with yellowish white spot beyond it in submedian
interspace and small spot above inner margin ; cilia yellowish
white from vein’3 to tornus. Hind wing yellowish white ;
some diffused fuscous below base of cell; an oblique fuscous
band from upper angle of cell to above tornus ; a small dark
lunule beyond the cell ; the terminal area fuscous suffused
with purple, a postmedial line between veins 5 and 2 slightly
6 Sir G. F. Hampson on new
defined by whitish on outer side and retracted at vein 2 ; cilia
white at submedian interspace.
Hab. Batt (Doherty), 1 3 type. Exp. 30 mm.
(32 b) Sylepta tumidipes, sp. un.
Mid femora of male greatly dilated.
¢. Head, thorax, and abdomen white tinged with ochreous,
the vertex of head, tegule, and patagia with some brown;
fore tibize with fuscous band; abdomen with blackish bands
on second and penultimate segments and subdorsal streaks
on anal segment. Fore wing white tinged with ochreous ; a
curved black subbasal line from costa to vein 1, followed by
a blackish shade from below costa to inner margin; a strong
curved black-brown antemedial line, conjoined at median
nervure to an oblique bar in middle of cell ; a pale discoidal
bar on a black-brown patch extending to costa ; postmedial
line strong, black-brown, incurved from costa to vein 5, ex-
curved to vein 2, then bent inwards to the lower edge of the
discoidal patch and oblique to inner margin near the ante-
medial line; a terminal black-brown band, broad and with
curved inner edge from costa to vein 4, then narrow to
vein 2 and expanding into a large patch on tornal area
confluent with the curve of postmedial line ; cilia brownish
with a white line at base and whitish patch above tornus.
Hiud wing white tinged with ochreous ; a black discoidal
spot with oblique line from it to above inner margin towards
tornus ; postmedial line blackish, bent outwards between
veins 5 and 2 where it terminates ; a blackish terminal line
expanding into patches at apex and in submedian interspace ;
cilia with a slight brownish line through them.
Ab. 1. Head and thorax yellower with much more black-
brown ; abdomen yellower banded dorsally with black-brown
and almost wholly black-brown towards extremity ; wings
yellower with the dark areas more extensive and tinged with
purple ; fore wing with the whole terminal area dark except
a bar from costa and small spot below vein 2; hind wing
with the whole terminal area dark except a slight pale line
beyond the postmedial line towards costa and the excurved
medial part.
Hab. Sizrra Leone (Clements), 2 g type ; Goutp Coast,
Kumasi (Whiteside), 1 8; S. Nicgerta, Sapele (Sampson),
23. Exp. 26-28 mm.
(35 a) Sylepta microdontalis, sp. n.
3. Pale grey-brown : pectus, legs, and ventral surface of
Species of Pyralide. 7
abdomen whitish, the fringe of hair on hind tibie red-brown
on inner side. Fore wing with faint pale point in cell and
spot below it before the very indistinct antemedial line ;
a small pale spot in end of cell before the shght dark discoidal
lunule with pale centre ; postmedial line indistinct, dark,
slightly bent outwards between veins 5 and 3 with two small
dentate white marks before it, then retracted to below end of
cell and erect toinner margin ; the costa pale before and just
beyond it. Hind wing with indistinct dark discoidal spot
followed by a faint pale bar before the postmedial ime, which
is very indistinct and diffused, forming a spot beyond lower
angle of cell, then retracted to lower angle and oblique to
inner margin beyond middle ; cilia with brown line near base
and whitish tips ; the underside whitish.
@. Fore wing rather browner ; the point in cell and spot
below it more distinct ; no spot before the discoidal lunule,
the lower extremity of which is connected with three small
dentate pale marks in sinus of postmedial line, costa not pale ;
hind wing with the pale spot beyond the cell more djstinct,
the postmedial live excurved at median nervules, not forming
a spot. :
Hab. Venezurta, 1 fg; Fr. Guiana, Cayenne (Schaus),
1 § type, Maroni R. (Schaus), type 2 in Coll. Schaus.
Lxp., § 30, 9 28 mm. ‘These may possibly be different
species.
(38 a) Sylepta leucinalis, sp. n.
9. Head whitish suffused with cupreous brown; palpi
with blackish bands at extremities of first and second joints ;
thorax white slightly tinged with brown, the tegule with
fuscous patches at middle; the fore tibize with blackish band ;
abdomen white with dorsal black band on third segment, the
terminal segments slightly tinged with brown. Fore wing
white slightly irrorated with brown ; a black point at base of
costa, slight subbasal striga from costa and point above inner
margin; antemedial line slight, dark, excurved from below
costa to inner margin; small dark annuli in and below middle
of cell ; an oblique black discoidal bar with white point in its
upper part and some brown suffusion below it ; postmedial
line double, dentate, oblique from costa to vein 3, at vein 2
bent inwards to below end of cell and angled outwards above
vein 1, the area beyond it suffused with brown from apex to
vein 4 and towards tornus; a terminal series of blackish
striz ; cilia with dark line through them and dark pcints at
tips. Hind wing white slightly irrorated with brown ; two
8 Sir G. F. Hampson on new
slight dark discoidal points and brownish shades below and
beyond end of cell ; postmedial line double, dentate, with a
dark spot on the inner line at discal fold, ineurved at sub-
median fold ; the apex with brown patch ; a terminal series
of blackish strize and a brown line through the cilia.
Hab. HK. Peru, Pozuzo, 2 2? type. Hap. 30 mm.
(40a) *Sylepta desmialis, sp. n.
Hind tibiz of male with very thick tufts of hair on upper
ide.
¢d. Fuscous ; palpi at base, pectus, and ventral surface of
abdomen white; legs black and white. Fore wing with sub-
basal hyaline point in cell ; quadrate antemedial spots in cell,
the latter with a similar spot below it; a lunulate mark just
beyond the cell composed of five almost conjoined spots
between veins 3 and 8, the two middle ones larger. Hind
wing witb oblique dark medial line ending above tornus ; a
quadrage discoidal hyaline spot with a short dark line on its
outer edge; cilia of both wings with a fine white line at
base.
Hab. S. Nienria, Lagos (Boag), 1 3s, Sapele (F. W.
Sampson), 3 & type. Exp. 24 mm.
(40 c) Sylepta melanomma, Sp. n.
9. Head and thorax ochreous white mixed with dark
brown; palpi white with blackish bands at middle and
extremity ; pectus and legs ochieous white, the fore tibiz
with fuscous band at extiemity; abdomen ochreous white
banded with brown, the terminal segment with blackish
pateh, the veutral surface white. Fore wing ochreous
white ; somewhat oblique blackish subbasal and antemedial
bands, the latter confluent with a spoi on its outer side
below the cell ; somewhat quadrate blackish spots in end
. of cell and on discocellulars, confluent on median nervure,
and a band from lower angle of cell to inner margin ; the
terminal area broadly blackish with a cupreous gloss, an
ochreous-white postmedial bar on it from costa to vein 6 ;
cilia whitish. Hind wing ochreous white ; a faint diffused
dark subbasal band; a blackish discoidal spot ; a dark post-
medial band, oblique to vein 8, then bent inwards to lower
angle of cell and oblique to above tornus; terminal area
blackish with a cupreous gloss, joined at vein 2 by a spur
from postmedial band and with an ochreous-white sub-
Species of Pyralidee. 9
terminal band on it from vein 4 to near tornus ; cilia white
at base, dark at tips.
Hab. S. Nicerta, Ilesha (Humfrey), 2 9 type. Eup.
26-28 mm.
(44a) Sylepta vylocraspis, sp. n.
9. Head, thorax, and abdomen fulvous yellow tinged
with red-brown; palpi whitish at base ; pectus and ventral
surface of abdomen white. Fore wing orange-yellow, the
costa tiuged with fulvous, a broad terminal red-brown band ;
an indistinct curved brown antemedial line; a small brown
spot in middle of cell and larger discoidal spot ; postmedial
line brown, strong and obliquely incurved from costa to the
terminal band at vein 5, at vein 2 retracted to below end of
cell and erect to inner margin. Hind wing orange-yellow
with a broad brown terminal band; an oblique brown
discoidal striga ; postmedial line brown, rather strong, ex-
curved between veins 5 and 2; the underside with the
terminal band narrower.
Hab. Natau, Durban (Innes), 29 type. Exp. 32-34 mm.
— (506) Sylepta holopheaiis, sp. n.
6. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark reddish brown ;
palpi white at base, black towards tips ; pectus, greater part
‘of legs, and ventral surface of abdomen whitish ; genital
tufts ochreous. Fore wing brown with a cupreous gloss ;
traces of a dark antemedial line, a slight dark discoidal
lunule ; an indistinct dark postmedial line shghtly bent
outwards between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to lower
angle of cell and erect to inner margin. Hind wing brown
with a cupreous gloss ; a faint dark postmedial line, slightly
excuryed between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to lower
angle of cell and oblique to tornus.
Hab, Paraguay, Sapucay (Foster), 1 g type. Eup.
28 mio.
(0c) Sylepta semilugens, sp. n.
dg. Head, thorax, and abdomen fulvous yellow; palpi
whitish at base ;- pectus aid legs whitish, the tore femora at
extremity and tibiz above brownish. Fore wing with the
basal area fulvous yellow with subbasal black spot on inner
margin; a medial pale yellow band with the costal area
fulvous and a slight brownish point in middle of cell; the
terminal half pale brownish with faint dark discoidal bar
10 Sir G. F. Hampson on new
and some yellowish on costa beyond middle. Hind wing
with the basal half pale yellow, the terminal half pale
brownish. Underside of fore wing with slight fuscous
discoidal spot and diffused brownish postmedial baud, bent
inwards below vein 2; hind wing with slight black subbasal
spot in upper part of cell and diffused brownish postmedial
band.
Hab. W. Arnica, Cameroons (Sjostedt), 1 3 type. Exp.
42 mm.
(50 d) Sylepta acridentalis, sp. n.
&. Yellow; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen
whitish ; fore tibiz banded with brown, mid tibie streaked
with brown. Fore wing with curved, somewhat waved and
diffused antemedial line from subcostal nervure to mner
margin ; a dark point in middle of cell and discoidal lunule ;
postmedial line strongly and rather irregularly dentate,
oblique, bent outwards between veins 5 and 2 and with
diffused dentate band across its sinus. Hind wing with
oblique diffused somewhat dentate band from costa beyond
middle to tornus, towards which it narrows and with dentate
line beyond it between veins 5 and 2; the apical part of
costal area suffused with brown.
Hab. 8.W. New Guinea, Kapaur (Doherty), 1 g type.
Exp. 32 mm.
(51 c¢) Sylepta retractalis, sp. n.
¢o. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale yellow, the neck with
fulvous ring, the abdomen with faint fulvous-yellow segmental
bands ; palpi white at base, fulvous at tips ; pectus, legs, and
ventral surface of abdomen white, the fore tibize yellowish.
Fore wing pale yellow, the costa and veins tinged with
fulvous ; antemedial line fuscous, oblique; a fuscous dis-
coidal bar; postmedial line fuscous, slightly bent outwards
between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to lower angle of
cell, and oblique to inner margin near antemedial line; a
fuscous terminal line and a fine line through the cilia which
are whitish at tips. Hind wing pale yellow; a fuscous
discoidal spot; postmedial line fuscous, bent outwards
between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to lower angle of
cell and oblique to above tornus ; a fuscous terminal line
and a line through the cilia which are whitish at tips.
Hab. Goupv Coast, Kumasi (Whiteside), 2 g type. Hap.
24 mm.
Species of Pyralide. 11
(52a) Sylepta heliochroa, sp. n.
3. Head, thorax, and abdomen very pale yellow; pectus,
legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white, the fore legs
faintly tinged with brown. Fore wing very pale yellow,
the costa whitish, the termen with faint dark shade expanding
at apex. Hind wing very pale yellow.
?. Abdomen dorsally fulvous except at base ; fore wing
without trace of the terminal shade.
Hab. Br. N. Guinea, Dinawa (Pratt), 2 3, 2 ¢ type.
Exp. 30 mm.
(52 b) Sylepta tetrathyralis, sp. n.
3d. Head, thorax, and abdomen orange-yellow; palpi
with the third joint black ; maxillary palpi black above ;
pectus and ventral surface of abdomen whitish. Fore wing
orange-yellow, the medial area suffused with fulvous except
the costal area and inner margin ; the costal edge black ;
a hyaline spot from middle of cell to above vein 1 connected
with a hyaline point beyond it in cell; a yellow point at
upper angle of cell and a hyaline spot beyond lower angle
between veius 5 and 2; an indistinct diffused waved sub-
terminal line, incurved from vein 6 to below 5. Hind wing
orange-yellow ; some fulvous suffusion on basal inner area ;
a small dark brown mark on median nervure near base
followed by a hyaline patch from middle of cell to submedian
fold, then a fulvous-brown patch extending to beyond cell
with a hyaline spot on it beyond lower angle, somewhat
constricted at middle ; an indistinct, rather diffused, waved
fulvous subterminal line.
Hab. 8.W. New Guinea, Kapaur (Doherty), 1 ¢ type.
Hep. 26 mm.
(59 a) Sylepta attenualis, sp. n.
Head and thorax pale ochreous tinged with brown; ab-
domen pale ochreous dorsally tinged with brown and with
paired subdorsal black points on third segment, in male very
elongate and attenuated ; wings thinly scaled. Fore wing
elongate and produced at apex ; pale ochreous irrorated with
brown especially on costal area to postmedial line ; a subbasal
black spot ou inner margin; an oblique sinuous fuscous ante-
medial line ; a black point in middle of cell and discoidal bar ;
postmedial line fuscous, bent outwards below veins 5 and 2,
then retracted to below angle of cell and oblique to inner
margin; a punctiform black terminal line; cilia whitish
12 Sir G. F. Hampson on new
tinged with fuscous. Hind wing pale ochreous irrorated
with brown especially on disk; a slight fuscous discoidal
bar ; postmedial line fuscous, bent outwards between veins 5
and 2, then retracted and oblique to above tornus; a fine
black terminal line, reduced to points in female ; cilia whitish
with a slight fuscous line near base. ;
Hab. Br. E. Arrica, Lagari (Belton), 1 3 type, Ndimu
(Betton), 1 9, Uganda Ry. Mile 478 (Betton), 1 ¢, E. Quaso
(Betton), 1 3,19. Ezxp., § 40, 9 34mm.
(60 a) Sylepta glaucalis, sp. n.
Head, thorax, and abdomen grey-brown tinged with olive ;
palpi fuscous, white at base; pectus, legs, and ventral surface
of abdomen whitish ; fore tibiz and tarsi banded with fuscous.
Fore wing grey-brown tinged with olive ; a slight waved dark
antemedial line; an indistinct dark point iu middle of cell and
discoidal Junule ; postmedial line minutely dentate, bent out-
wards between veins 6 and 2, then retracted to below angle of
cell; aslight dark terminal line and line at base of cilia. Hind
wing grey-brown tinged with olive ; a slight oblique dark
discoidal striga ; postmedial line bent outwards and minutely
dentate between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to lower angle
of cell and sinuous to tornus; a fine dark terminal line and
line at base of cilia.
Hab. Venezvueta, Palma Sol, 1 ¢; Paracuay, Sapucay
(Foster), 14 3,1 2 type. Hap. 28-30 mm.
(70 a) Sylepta glaucosia, sp. n.
Sathria cephalis, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Am., Het. ii. p. 242 (part.).
Head, thorax, and abdomen fulvous brown mixed with
whitish, the last with the medial segments darker and with
slight white segmental lines, the ventral surface white. Fore
wing pale glaucous grey, the costa white with a fulvous
streak below it; a fuscous subbasal shade from cell to inner
margin followed by a whitish band ; a quadrate semihyaline
white spot just beyond the discocellulars. Hind wing pale
glaucous grey with the basal area semihyaline white; cilia
white.
Hab. Mexico, Presidio (Forrer),1 2 ; Guatrmaua, Zapote
(Champion), 1g, Godman-Salvin Coll.; Panama, La Chorrera
(Dolby-Tyler), 1 $ type. Lap. 28-32 mm.
(71a) Sylepta diacymalis, sp. n.
Epicorsia butyrosa, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Am., Het. ii. p. 212 (part.), nee ~
Butl.
Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous yellow mixed with
Species of Pyralide. 13
white ; palpi black, white in front except at tips; shoulders
with black bars with some fulvous above; fore tibize banded
with black. Fore wing white tinged with ochreous yellow
and faintly irrorated with grey, the costa pure white, except
at base which is fulvous ; a faint oblique grey antemedial
line; a slight white discoidal striga; postmedial line in-
distinet, grey, oblique from vein 8 to discal fold, bent
outwards from vein 5 to below 3, then retracted to below
angle of cell and obiique and sinuous to inner’ margin.
Hind wing white faintly tinged with ochreous and irrorated
with grey; a faint grey discoidal striga; postmedial line
indistinct, grey, bent outwards between veins 5 and 2, then
retracted to below end of cell and again excurved.
Hab. Mexico, Cuernavaca (H. H. Smith), 1 & type; Gua-
TEMALA, San Gerénimo (Champion), 1 ¢, Guatemala City
(Rodriguez), 19 ; Costa Rica, Candelaria Mts. (Underwood),
1 g, Jrazu (Rogers), 1 ¢; Panama, Chiriqui (Champion),
2 2, Godman-Salvin Coll. Hep. 40-48 mm.
(73a) Sylepta pheophlebalis, sp. n.
6. White; palpi, tegule, and prothorax tinged with
orange ; fore tibiz and tarsi tinged with fuscous. Fore
wing with rather diffused brown streaks on the veins, stronger
on subcostal and median nervures and veins 8,7,4,1. Hind
wing with faint brown streaks on median nervure and veins 5
tol. Underside of fore wing with the costal area and termen
tinged with fuscous, a slight discoidal bar; hind wing with
the termen narrowly fuscous.
Hab. Pexv, Rio Colorado (Watkins & Tomlinson), 1 3
type. Eap. 34 mm.
(75 6) Sylepta atrisquamalis, sp. n.
@ . Head, thorax, and abdomen yellowish white ; palpi with
black band at base of second joint and streak above; frons
with black bar above ; fore legs black in front except the tarsi.
Fore wing yellowish white ; small spots formed of aggregated
black scales beyond lower angle of cell below veins 5, 4, 3.
Hind wing yellowish white with an irroration of large black
scales in, beyond, and below end of cell.
Hab. Germ. EL. Arnica, Bueni (Neave), 1 9 type. Exp.
32 mm.
(76 6) Sylepta brunnescens, sp. n.
Hedylepta terricolalis, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Am., Het. ii, p. 269 (part.),
nec Moschl.
?. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale reddish brown ; palpi
14 Sir G. F. Hampson on new
brown, whitish at base; pectus, mid and hind legs, and
ventral surface of abdomen white. Fore wing pale reddish
brown, the inner half rather paler; traces of a sinuous
antemedial line; a faint dark spot in middle of cell and
discoidal lunule ; posenved al line indistinct, slightly curved
from costa to vein 2, then retracted to lower angle of cell
and again excurved ; ‘a fine pale line at base of cilia followed
by a dark line. Hind wing pale reddish brown, the basal
and inner areas whitish; a slight dark discoidal bar; post-
medial line indistinct, dark, slightly sinuous from costa to
vein 2, then obsolete ; a fine pale line at base of cilia followed
by a dark line; the underside with the postmedial line slightly
bent inwards at vein 2 and continued to inner margin.
Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz, Atoyac (H. H. Smith), Lees
Godman-Salvin Coll. ; Brazizt, Rio Janeiro, 1? type. Hap.
30 mm.
(86 a) Sylepta prorogata, sp. n.
Head, thorax, and abdomen creamy white; palpi with
blackish bands at extremities of first. and second joints ;
tegule brownish at base; fore tibize with fuscous band ;
abdomen with subdorsal fuscous points on second segment,
faint brownish segmental lines, subdorsal black points on
penultimate seg ment and bar on terminal segment, the
extremity tinged with orange. Fore wing ochreous white ; ;
basal blackish spots on costa and below cell; a subbasal
black striga from costa and point below the cell, with fuscous
points beyond them in and below the cell ; antemedial line
blackish with spot at costa, oblique to median nervure; two
sinuous bars at middle of cell and two at discocellulars ; the
veins beyond the cell streaked with blackish; postmedial line
slightly waved, angled outwards at vein 5, oblique to vein 2,
then excurved, a curved wayed line arising from it at vein 5
and joining it again at vein 2; a curved waved subterminal
line from costa to vein 2 and patch further from termen in
submedian interspace ; a slightly waved terminal line; cilia
black at tips. Hind wing ochreous white ; two black striz
at discocellulars ; an oblique medial line from cell to vein 1
and an oblique line from lower angle bent inwards to inner
margin above tornus; postmedial line angled outwards at
veins 6 and 5, then oblique to above tornus, an irregularly
waved line beyond it from costa to vein 2; a subterminal
line from costa to vein 2, slightly excurved at middle; a
terminal line; cilia yellow at base and with black line
through them.
Hab, Surinam, Paramaribo (Lllacombe), 1 3 type; Br.
Species of Pyralide. 15
Guana, Rockstone (Rodway), 1 3,12? ; Brazit, Amazons,
Para, 19. Hep. 22-24 mm:
(86 c) Sylepta polycymalis, sp. n.
Head, thorax, and abdomen pale yellow; palpi with black
spot at end of second joint; frons with black spot above ;
tegulie with two brown spots, patagia with three spots ; fore
and mid femora at extremity and fore tibiz at extremity with
black bands ; abdomen with dorsal brown hands. Fore wing
pale yellow ; two black points ou base of costal area followed
by a curved line, then a series of black points; an oblique
slightly waved antemedial line, followed by a brown annulus
from costa to median nervure and another below the cell; a
brown bar from costa to lower angle of cell; a waved post-
medial line bent outwards between veins Gand 2, then retracted
to below angle of cell and oblique to inner margin and with
a waved line across its sinus between veins 6 and 2, and an
oblique bar from it at vein 2 to tornus ; a waved subterminal
line from costa to vein 5 connected with termen by a brown
patch between veins 6 and 5, some subterminal points on
inner balf; a strong blackish terminal line; cilia with a
blackish line through them. Hind wing pale yellow; <
rather diffused sinuous subbasal line from subcostal nervure
to inner margin ; an oblique discoidal bar and oblique line
from lower angle of cell to tornus ; a waved postmedial line
bent outwards between veins 5 and 2, then oblique to above
tornus, with an irregularly waved line on its inner side from
costa to vein 2; a waved subterminal line from costa to
vein 2; a strong blackish terminal line expanding into a
slight patch at apex ; a brown line through the cilia.
Hab. Br. E. Arrica, Machakos (Crawshay), 1 $ type;
Uecanpna, Gondokora (Reynes-Coles), 1 2; Br. C. AFRICA,
Zomba (Johnston), 1 9 ; Gazauanp, Chirinda Forest (Mar-
shall), 1 3 ; Nava, Victoria district (Gooch), 1 ¢, Durban
(Leigh), 1 g. Hap. 26 mm.
(88 ¢) Sylepta strigicincta, sp. n.
@. Head and thorax orange-yellow; palpi red-brown
towards tips; fore and mid legs suffused with red-brown ;
abdomen clothed with white scales, the base brown, the
extremity fulvous yellow. Fore wing orange-yellow ; slight
subbasal brownish spots in cell and above inner margin ; the
costa brownish to the excurved dark antemedial line, which
is incurved and obsolescent at vein 1; a -black discoidal
lunule ; postmedial line formed of small fuscous spots in the
16 Sir G. F. Hampson on new
interspaces, arising below costa, incurved at vein 7, excurved
to vein 2, then bent inwards; a series of dark striz just
before termen ; cilia fuscous. Hind wing orange-yellow ; a
black discoidal spot; postmedial line rather diffused, fuscous,
excurved between veins 5 and 2and slightly below submedian
fold; a series of dark striz just before termen; cilia
fuscous.
Hab. Wicuapor, Quevedo, 1 2 type. Hep. 34 mm.
(92 a) Sylepta sticligramma, sp. n.
Head, thorax, and abdomen orange; palpi with black
bands ; basal joint of antenne with black point in front ;
vertex of head with black point ; fore tibiz and tarsi banded
black and white; abdomen with two dorsal black bands with
white bands before them towards extremity. Fore wing
orange; obliquely placed subbasal black spots on costa and
inner margin; antemedial black spots at costa, below cell,
and inner margin, the costal spot nearer the base ; a black
discoidal bar; a postmedial series of black points, slightly
excurved below vein 7 and bent outwards between veins 5
and 2, ending with a more prominent spot in submedian
fold nearer the base ; cilia black with a metallic gloss at tips.
Hind wing orange; a postmedial punctife srm_ black line,
slightly bent outwards between veins 5 and 2, then retracted
and with more prominent spot in submedian fold; cilia
black at base, silvery grey at tips.
Hab. Bauamas, Nassau (Bonhote), 1 3,1 2 type; Cusa,
Santiago (Schaus),1 6. Hap. @ 26, 9 24mm.
92 d) Sylepta orthogramma, sp. n.
ylep 9 I
¢. Head, thorax, and abdomen orange; tegule with
medial black spot; fore tibize whitish with blackish band at
extremity ; hind tarsi slightly ringed with blackish towards
extremity ; abdomen with subdorsal blackish spots on second
segment, the terminal half dorsally suffused with fuscous and
with two white bands, the ventral surface whitish. Fore
wing orange ; an oblique black almost basal line ; a strong
black antemedial line, oblique from costa to submedian fold ;
a point in middle of cell and discoidal spot; a strong
black postmedial line, oblique below discal fold and with
cupreous-brown suffusion beyond it between veins 6 and 4,
diffused at termen to apex; a black terminal line; cilia
fuscous at tips. Hind wing orange; a slight blackish dis-
coidal striga; postmedial line fuscous, oblique from costa to
Species of Pyralidex. 17
submedian fold towards termen ; a black terminal line; cilia
tinged with fuscous at tips.
Hab. Cua, Santiago (Schaus), 1 g type. Exp. 30 mm.
(93a) Sylepta planeflava, sp. n.
?. Head, thorax, and abdomen yellow, the last with the
base white ; fore tibize with fuscous band at extremity, the
tarsi ringed with fuscous towards extremity ; pectus and
ventral surface of abdomen whitish. Fore wing yellow with
very faint traces of deeper yellow antemedial line, discoidal
bar, and postmedial line oblique below discal fold. Hind
wing rather paler yellow.
Hab. Br. N. Guinea, Mafalu (Pratt), 1 2? type. Exp.
34 mm.
(93 6) Sylepta holochralis, sp. n.
2. Uniform orange-yellow ; palpi with black spot on first
joint ; mid femora at extremity and base of tibize black.
Hab. Br. E. Arrica, Tanga, 1 2 type. Hzp. 32 mm.
(100 a) Sylepta methyalinalis, sp. n.
¢. Head and thorax black-brown, the vertex of head
whitish; palpi banded with whitish; antenne ringed black
and white; thorax with some leaden-grey scales ; pectus and
legs white, the fore femora and tibiz with black bands at
extremities, the mid tibiz brown above; abdomen brown,
with white band on second segment and white rings on
medial segments, the ventral surface white. Fore wing
cupreous brown; the costal area fulvous yellow to post-
medial line; a sinuous dark antemedial line defined by white
marks on each side with a small quadrate white spot beyond
it in cell ; a quadrate hyaline white patch in end of cell; a
slight pale discoidal striga ; postmedial line excurved between
veins 5 and 2, then retracted to lower angle of cell and
angled outwards on vein 2, with trifid hyaline patch beyond
it from costa to vein 5, two spots before it between veins 6
and 5, a patch in its sinus and a patch beyond it extending
to termen above tornus, two spots beyond it above and
below vein 2 and one before it in submedian interspace; a
dark terminal line; cilia chequered white and brown.
Hind wing semihyaline white ; the base with slight blackish
marks; a blackish discoidal annulus; a fine postmedial line
excurved to near termen between veins 5 and 2, then re-
tracted and interrupted to near tornus ; a black-brown apical
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 2
18 Sir G. F. Hampson on new
patch extending to vein 4 and a spot below vein 2; a fine
terminal line; cilia white, chequered with black towards
apex.
Hab. Br. Guiana, Potaro R. (Kaye), 1 g type. Exp.
30 mm.
(109 a) Sylepta achromalis, sp. n.
2. Pale brownish ochreous ; palpi fuscous above ; thorax
tinged with fulvous ; fore tibize fuscous at extremities ; pectus,
mid and hind legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white ;
wings uniform glossy ochreous ; fore wing with faint dark
point in middle of cell and discoidal lunule.
Hab. 8. Leone (Clements), 1 2 type; Nicerta, Sapele
(Sampson), 1 9 ; Camuroons (Sjostedt),19. Hap. 24 mm,
(lll a) Sylenta disticta, sp. n.
¢. Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous brown with a
slight purplish-grey gloss ; palpi with the basal joint white ;
pectus and ventral surface of abdomen except at extremity
whitish. Fore wing fuscous brown with a purplish-grey
gloss; small white postmedial spots above and below vein 7 ;
a punctiform white line at base of cilia. Hind wing fuscous
brown with a cupreous gloss ; a fine white line at base of
cilia.
Hab. Dutch N. Guinea, Fak-fak (Pratt), 1 3 type.
Exp. 32 mm.
Genus SYNGROPIA, nov.
Type, 8. stzctica.
Palpi upturned, the second joint reaching to middle of
frons and moderately scaled, the third short, naked ; frons
rounded; antenne of male ciliated. Fore wing with veins 3
and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from below upper angle;
7 from angle, straight and well separated from 8, 9, which
are stalked ; 10 approximated to 8, 9 towards base. Hind
wing with vein 3 from angle of cell; 4, 5 strongly stalked ;
6, 7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with 7.
Syngropia stictica, sp. n.
Notarcha echmisalis, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Am., Het. ii. p. 248 (nec
WIk.).
Head and thorax yellowish white; fore tibize with blackish
band at extremity ; abdomen yellowish white suffused with
fulvous except at base and extremity and with subdorsal
black spots on second segment. Fore wing yellowish white ;
Species of Pyralide. 19
obliquely placed subdorsal blackish spots below costa and
above inner margin ; an antemedial bar from below costa to
median nervure and a bar above inner margin; postmedial
line blackish, forming slight spots at veins, excurved between
veins 6 and 3, then incurved ; terminal blackish spots above
veins 6 and 38. Hind wing semihyaline yellowish white ; an
oblique blackish postmedial bar between veins 6 and 3 and
an oblique line from vein 2 to tornus; terminal blackish
spots at apex and vein 3.
Hab. Guatremata, San Gerdnimo (Champion), 1 ¢,1 2
type, Godman-Salvin Coll. zp., 3 22, 2? 26 mm.
(la) Lygropia pheocraspia, sp. n.
Hind wing of male with a tuft of long hair from base of
inner margin on underside.
3. Head and shoulders cupreous fuscous ; antenne pale
ochreous ; tufts of hair on neck and thorax ochreous ; pectus
and legs ochreous white, the tibiz and tarsi suffused with
fuscous; abdomen ochreous suffused with fuscous. Fore
wing ochreous, the costa fuscous, narrowly on postmedial
area, the terminal area fuscous black, its inner edge slightly
waved aud bent inwards at vein 2; a faint blackish ante-
medial line, oblique to just below the cell; a black annulus
in middle of cell and an oblique discoidal lunule defined by
biack and connected by streaks at middle and lower extremity
with the black postmedial line which is incurved at discal
fold, excurved and minutely waved between veins 5 and 2,
then bent inwards on vein 2 and with a spot below it; cilia
whitish, chequered with blackish at apex and at veins 5
to 2. Hind wing ochreous white ; a black discoidal spot ;
postmedial line blackish, with a spot at discal fold, excurved
and minutely waved between veins 5 and 2, then bent
inwards and with a spot below vein 2; the terminal area
blackish with some ochreous on termen at middle; cilia
whitish with a blackish line near base from apex to vein 2.
Hab. W. Cotomsra, San Antonio (Palmer), 1 ¢ type.
Exp. 28 mm.
(6 a) Lygropia pogonodes, sp. nu.
Hind wing of male with a large tuft of black hair on tornal
half of inner margin on upperside.
36. Head, thorax, and abdomen orange-yellow. Fore
wing orange-yellow ; a small round black discoidal spot ;
terminal area faintly clouded with fuscous. Hind wing
Qe
20 On new Species of Pyralide.
orange-yellow, the terminal area faintly clouded with fuscous
to vein 2; the tuft of hair on inner margin deep black.
9. Hind wing without the tuft of Nok hair on inner
margin.
Hab. N. Niceria, Baro (Macfie), 1 3 type; TRANSVAAL,
White R. (Cooke), 1 9. Hap. 30 mm.
(66) Lygropia hehosalis, sp. n.
Mid tibize of male dilated, with a fold enclosing a tuft
of long hair.
hic ‘Deep orange ; fore tibie blackish at extremity.
Fore wing with the costa blackish towards apex, the cilia
black except at tornus. Hind wing with the termen slightly
tinged with black at apex, the cilia black except at tornus.
Hab. Arcrentina, Gran Chaco, Florenzia (Wagner), 1 3
type. Exp. 20 mm.
(6c) Lygropia flavivialis, sp. n.
¢. Brown; palpi in front, sides of frons, vertex of head,
pectus, greater part of legs, and ventral surface of abdomen
yellow. Fore wing with oblique yellow medial band broad
at costa, narrowing to inner margin. Hind wing with broad
yellow band from middle of cosa to middle of ca men, widest
at costa and termen ; cilia ar with a brown line through
them.
Hab. Brazti, Sao Paulo (D. Jones), 1 8 type. Exp. 24
mm.
(6d) Lygropia chrysozonalis, sp. n.
3. Head, thorax, and abdomen black-brown with a pur-
plish gloss; palpi with white patches at base and in front of
second joint, the third joint white ; frons with white patches _
at sides and orange band above and between antenne ; neck ©
with orange ring; fore tibize with white band ; tarsi white
except at extremity ; ventral surface of abdomen white.
Fore wing black-brown with a purplish gloss ; a very broad
oblique orange band from middle of costa, towards which it
expands, to terminal third of inner margin. Hind wing
black-brown with a purplish gloss; a large wedge-shaped
orange patch on costa from middle to just before termen
extending to just below vein 4; a fine white line at base of
cilia.
Hab. Perv (P. O. Simons), 1 3 type. Exp. 24 mm,
[To be continued. |
Descriptions and Records of Bees. 21
II.—Descriptions and Records of Be V.
By T. D. A. CockxereLi, University of Colorado.
Bombus lateralis wilmatte, subsp. n.
Worker.— Hair of ‘head black or with a little pale on
front ; hair of thorax very pale yellow, with a broad black
band between wings ; hair of abdomen pale yellow on first
dorsal segment, middle half of second, and a small elongate
triangle of yellow (sometimes nearly obsolete) on middle of
third ; the apex of the little triangle points towards the
second segment, the yellow of which is emarginate in the
middle. Compared with a worker lateralis from Costa Rica
(Bruner) our insect averages distinctly smaller (length
about 13 mm.) ; the yellow hair is paler and includes the
anterior and posterior parts of thorax above ; the ocelli are
‘distinctly smaller, and the malar space is perhaps a trifle
shorter. The brownish wings are the same.
Hab. Antigua; Guatemala (type locality), six (W. P.
Cockerell) ;; Guatemala City, Guatemala, four (W. P.
Cockerell).
The original B. Jateralis, Sm., was described from the
mountains of Guatemala, at a higher altitude than the
localities of wilmatte. I think it is probable that the
difference is only racial, the form from the higher altitudes
being more melanic. It isthe Guatemala City form in which
the yellow triangle on the third segment is evanescent.
Psithyrus guatemalensis, sp. 0.
6 .—Length about 17 mm.; anterior wing 114.
Black, with the elongate obconical abdomen ; malar space
broader than long; antenne black, the fiagellum rather
thick, its joints not in the least arcuate ; hair of head long
and black, a little pale on lower part of front, that on top of
head behind ocelli entirely very pale ochreous, but that on
cheeks black; hair of thorax long and loose, very pale
ochreous, a moderate amount of black on posterior middle
of mesothorax and middle of scutellum, hair of hind part of
pleura (especially a tuft beneath wings) and of metathorax
black ; tegulze with a rufous spot posteriorly. Wings dusky,
strongly reddish. Legs with black hair, that on inner side
of tarsi dark red except at base ; hind tibia slender, convex ;
hind basitarsi hardly as broad as tibie. Abdomen shining,
with abundant black hair, but a large pale ochreous tuft at
22 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and
each side of first segment, and small yellowish-white tufts on
sides of segments 3 to 5,
Distinguished from the North-American species by the
colours of the pubescence ; also as follows :—Compared with
P. tricolor, Franklin, it is rather less robust, and the hair of
the abdomen is considerably shorter ; the wings are much
redder; malar space shorter (its length perhaps a trifle
greater than width of mandibles at base, but in ¢ricolor much
greater) ; mandibles much more slender; third antennal
joint shorter; hair of hind tibie and basitarsi very much
shorter, mestly not longer than half diameter of leg. (The
male of the Kuropean P. quadricolor, Lep., has even shorter
hair on hind basitarsus, but long hair on the tibia. The male
of the European P. campestris (Pauz.) has the hair on hind
tibia and tarsus practically as in P. guatemalensis.)
Hab. Guatemala City, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell).
The first Psithyrus from Central America.
Anthophora usticauda, sp. n.
? Length about 10} mm.
Black ; tarsi reddish at apex ; eyes green; antennz black ;
clypeus with a rather broad, subapical, transverse, yellow
band, interrupted in middle ; labrum densely and strongly
punctured, yellow except narrow apical margin and a large
spot at each upper corner ; mandibles with a large more or
less bilobed yellow mark ; malar space almost obsolete ; hair
of face and cheeks white, stained with ochreous on front ;
hair of vertex long and black (not going so far forward as
anterior ocellus), of occiput ochreous; hair of thorax above
mixed pale fulvous and black, at sides and behind a livelier
fulvous, without black, but on lower part of pleura white ;
tegule rufo-piceous. Wings smoky, nervures black; ante-
rior femora and trochanters with long white hair behind,
Hair on outer side of legs fulvous (that of hind tibiz abun-
dant, shining), but brush on end of hind basitarsus black ;
hair on inner side of middle and hind tibice and basitarsi
black ; spurs ferruginous. Abdomen ornamented with
appressed, scale-like, rufo-piceous pile, with black hairs inter-
mixed; the rufo-fulvous parts include rather narrow apical
margin of first segment, broader margin of second, most of
third except a narrow longitudinal median band and a large
basal area on each side, fourth except a median stripe and
a little space at extreme sides, fifth (the colour paler) except
a large black median triangle ; beneath, the abdomen has
white hair.
Records of Bees. 23
Hab. Antigua, Guatemala (type locality), four (W. P.
Cockerell) ; Amatitlan, Guatemala, one, Feb. 5, 1912 (W. P.
Cockerell).
The third abdominal segment may be without evident dark
basal areas. This is a very red member of the subgenus
Micranthophora, and is closely related to the Mexican Antho-
phora squammulosa, Dours, differing by the absence of any
border of dark hair to the abdominal segments, the black
hair of vertex not mixed with white, the smoky wings, &c.
Celioxys sanguinosus, sp. n.
9 .—Length about 11 mm.
Black, with the tegulz and legs very bright ferruginous ;
venter of abdomen also red, as well as first dorsal segment
(except middle of apical margin narrowly), and sides of
second and third more or less, the red extending suffusedly
and obscurely over a good part of second ; mandibles stout,
red, with black apex; lateral margins of labrum broadly
red; eyes purplish, their hair very short; sides of face and
region about antenne with pure white hair; clypeus finely
hairy, but not enough to hide the finely rugose gently
convex surface, the lower margin straight and entire; an-
tennze entirely black; vertex with large punctures ; cheeks
densely covered with white hair ; thorax with the usual hair-
bands and spots, the dorsal ones creamy; mesothorax
shining, with very large, not very dense punctures ; scutellum
with large punctures, closely placed, but a small smooth
space in the middle; middle of hind margin of scutellum
with a small but conspicuous shining triangular tooth ;
axillar spines straight, rather long, with large punctures.
Wings dusky toward apex, a fuliginous purplish streak in
upper part of marginal cell ; recurrent nervures joining
second s.m. equally distant from base and apex. Hair on
inner side of tarsi shining light yellowish. Abdomen with
very narrow, entire, pure white hair-bands; first dorsal
segment with scattered strong punctures; second to fifth
rather well punctured basally, but beyond that smooth and
with few punctures except at sides; last dorsal with small
punctures and a feeble keel, the apex rather thick and very
obtuse ; last ventral prolonged some distance beyond last
dorsal, broad and spoon-shaped, margined with very short
dark hair, neither notched at sides nor with a terminal
appendage; penultimate ventral segment only moderately
produced, sparsely punctured.
Hab. Gualan, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell).
24 Mr, 'T.D. A; Cockerell—Deseriptions and
In my table in ‘ Psyche,’ October 1905, this runs to C. ter-
ana, Cresson, which, however, has the middle and hind tarsi
black, and differs in other ways. ‘The shape of the last
dorsal segment resembles that of C. comstockii, Cress., but .
there is a slight median nodule in the middle of the apical
truncation; in other characters the insect is quite unlike
comstockii. In Schrottky’s table of Brazilian species it
runs to C. ignava, Sm., which has a quite different apex of
abdomen.
Xenoglossa assimilis (Smith).
Quirigua, Guatemala; two males at flowers of [pomea
sidefolia, Choisy, Feb. 12 and 20 (W. P. Cockerell).
This is Melissodes assimilis, Smith; it is a Xenoglossa
related to X. pruinosa, Say. The maxillary palpi are five-
jointed, the fifth joint very short.
Agapostemon proscriptus, sp. Nn.
? Bright green, with the size and general appearance
of A. radiatus, Say, but differing as follows :—Base of meta-
thorax coarsely rugose, without well-defined ridges; broad
basal bands of white hair on abdominal segments 2 to 4
more conspicuous; knees (broadly), tibize, and tarsi ferru-
ginous; hair on inner side of hind tarsi orange-fulvous ;
second s.m. very broad, broader than high. The mandibles
are light yellow basally and rufous apically ; the labrum is
dark reddish.
Hab. Guatemala City, Guatemala, two (W. P. Cockerell).
Resembles the little-known <A. pulcher, Smith, but the
wings are distinctly dusky (somewhat yellowish), and the
femora are black except at apex. Both specimens have
gathered bright orange pollen.
Megachile zexmenia@, sp. ni.
? —Length about 12 mm.
Black, rather long and parallel-sided, general appearance
much like M. lenticula, Vachal; head broad ; eyes purplish;
clypeus short and broad, closely punctured, with a rudi-
mentary median ridge, the lower margin gently concave, with
a median tubercle; mandibles broad, black, the two apical
teeth distinct, the long inner cutting-edge without distinct
teeth ; supraclypeal area shining, convex, with scattered
distinct punctures ; hair of face creamy white, mixed with
black, long black hairs from each side directed toward
Records of Bees. 25
middle of clypeus; hair of vertex black, of cheeks white ;
antenne black, ordinary ; mesothorax dullish, finely punc-
tured, quite closely except posterior middle, with sparse
short black hair, and a little pale in front; scutellum with
conspicuous black hair ; scutello-mesothoracic suture with a
narrow band of dense pale orange tomentum ; postscutellum
and metathorax with creamy white hair; pleura with white
hair below, but a tuft of black just below wings, contrasting
with the dense creamy hair bordering tubercles ; tegule
piceous. Wings dusky translucent, darker apically, espe-
cially beyond end of marginal cell; nervures black. Legs
black, with mostly whitish hair, that on inner side of tarsi
and inner side of middle tibiz orange-ferruginous ; spurs
yellowish white; claws simple; hind basitarsi broad and
flat ; abdomen of the parallel-sided type, above dense black,
very finely punctured, with very short black hair, some pale
hair on first segment, and very fine pale (yellowish) pruinosity
on sixth, also extremely narrow apical yellowish hair-bands
on the segments, only at sides on first; ventral scopa very
bright orange-ferruginous, with some black at sides of third
and following segments, black on last segment except at
base.
Hab. Quirigua, Guatemala, at flowers of Zexmenia vir-
gulta, Klatt (W. P. Cockerell, 42).
Related to M. mexicana, Cress., and M. zapoteca, Cress.
From mexicana it is known by the largely black hair on face
and the larger size ; from zapoteca also by the size and the
colours of the ventral scopa. I was a little in doubt whether
to refer it to M. zapoteca, but after carefully reading
Cresson’s description I believe it must be distinct.
Megachile tuxtla, Cresson.
Male from Guatemala City (W. P. Cockerell); female
from Antigua, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell).
The female has not been described; it is like the male
except in the usual sexual characters; clypeus with black
hair, but sides of face with white; ventral scopa pale ferru-
ginous, becoming white basally, black on apical segment ;
abdomen broad, shovel-shaped ; hair on inner side of tarsi
very bright orange-ferruginous ; hind basitarsi only mode-
rately broadened. In Friese’s table of females of the
Mexican region (‘ Das Tierreich,’ 28 Lief.) it runs nearest to
M. mexicana, Cress.
At Antigua my wife also took a female M. chrysophila,
Ckll.
26 Mr. 'T’. D, A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and
Megachile montezuma, Cresson.
Quirigua, Guatemala, one female (W. P. Cockerell).
Megachile aurantipennis, sp. n.
? .—Length about 8 mm.; anterior wing 7.
Black, short and broad, the antennz, mandibles, and legs
black, spurs dark; head large ; mandibles broad, of the
quadridentate type, but the teeth little developed; clypeus
convex, shining, densely punctured. at sides, sparsely in
middle, the lower margin broadly and quite deeply emar-
ginate, with a median tubercle ; mouth-parts rather short ;
cheeks about half as wide as eye ; front, vertex, and cheeks
very densely punctured, with largely appressed shining
ochreous pubescence, only moderately dense; a little band
of the same shining hair extends down anterior orbits, but
is overlapped by black hair; mesothorax densely covered
with appressed shining ochreous (golden-brown) hair,
tubercles densely tufted with pale hair, and a tuft of fulvous
hair behind the wings; pleura strongly punctured ; tegulee
ferruginous, with a basal tuft of short black hair. Wings
orange-ferruginous, with ferruginous nervures and unusually
large stigma; apical field brownish hyaline, not orange, the
apex of marginal cell and beyond fuscous. Hair on inner
side of tarsi red ; hind basitarsus broad and flat. Abdomen
short and broad, fourth and fifth segments with broad dense
apical bands of golden-ochreous hair, and sixth covered with
the same; ventral scopa pale golden-ochreous, without
black, at base (second segment) with a large V-shaped band
of yellowish-white hair.
¢ —Length about 6 mm.
Similar to the female, except in the usual sexual cha-
racters and those now given; clypeus not emarginate, almost
without punctures in middle ; sides of face with conspicuous
pale golden-ochreous hair, not overlapped with black ; an-
tenne long, ordinary; base of metathorax with a median
groove; tegule rufo-piceous. Wings dusky ferruginous
instead of clear orange. Anterior legs simple; no coxal
spines. First abdominal segment fringed with ochreous hair ;
end of abdomen with two short, sharp, black spines, far apart.
Hab. Quirigua, Guatemala, one of each sex, at flowers of
plant no. 15, Feb. 11, 1912 (W. P. Cockerell). The male is
the type.
Allied to the Mexican M. bidentis, Ckll., but easily sepa-
rated by the hair on the mesothorax and the colour of the
Records of Bees. 27
wings. In Friese’s table (‘ Das Tierreich’) the female runs
nearest to M. candida, Sm., which is much larger and alto-
gether different, or perhaps equally well to the vicinity of
M. zapoteca and palmeri, which are even more different, if
that is possible. The male runs nearest to M. bidens and
tuxtla, much larger species. It is worth while to note that
the species of Megachile which I described in 1896 from
tropical Mexico are placed in ‘ Das Tierreich’ among the
species of the United States, and are quite erroneously stated
to come from Utah and New Mexico. I make the male of
M. aurantipennis the type, because the separation from the
allied didentis is necessarily based on a comparison of males,
only this sex of dzdentis bemg known. By some strange
error, the original description of db¢dentis states that the
insect is a female; it is, in fact, a male. In male bdidentis
the fifth and sixth abdominal segments are densely covered
with golden-ochreous hair, and the apex has a pair of short
triangular teeth or tubercles; in male aurantipennis the fifth
is largely dark (the surface showing) at base and the end is
bispmose. Male dzdentis has the wings coloured like female
aurantipennis ; male aurantipennis has them much browner,
the orange being mixed with fuscous. It is possible, perhaps,
that the female described under aurantipennis really belongs
to bidentis, but considering the circumstances of capture this
is unlikely. No doubt the females of the two will be found
to be very much alike, the male aurantipennis having diverged
from the common type. Another very close relative is the
Brazilian M. microsoma, Ckll. In this (male) the tuft of
hair on upper part of sides of metathorax is black and the
wings are not reddened. The apex of the abdomen is nearly
as in aurantipennis.
Megachile (Oligotropus) gualanensis, sp. n.
9 .—Length 8-9} mm.
Parallel-sided, black (including antenne, mandibles, and
legs), with white hair, on clypeus with long coarse black
hairs intermixed, and the same (hardly so conspicuous) on
scutellum and hindmost part of mesothorax ; ventral scopa
white, on last segment black with some pale at sides; the
four teeth on apical margin of clypeus rather poorly developed
and variable ; tegule piceous at base, testaceous outwardly,
Wings greyish hyaline, nervures piceous. Abdomen with
narrow white hair-bands.
6 .—Length 7-8 mm.
28 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and
Anterior legs simple; sixth abdominal segment feebly
bituberculate, the tubercles very close together.
Hab. Gualan, Guatemala, five females, eight males (W. P.
Cockerell, 1). The female is the type.
In Friese’s table the female runs to M. zaptlana and
M. abacula, the male runs to M. abacula and M. bipartita.
M. gualanensis is, in fact, very close to M. zaptlana, Cress.,
but the female has less black hair on head and the wings are
not fuliginous on apical costal margin. Otherwise Cresson’s
description of zoptlana practically agrees. M. abacula,
Cress., differs at once by the fulvo-ochraceous hair on
abdomen. Among the United States species, M. gualanensis
stands nearest to M. subewilis, Ckll. The male flagellum is
proportionately shorter in gualanensis than in subewilis, and
in the female the distance from the top of the eye to the
occipital margin is much less in gualanensis than in subewilis.
Melissodes raphaelis, Cockerell.
Quirigua, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell}. One female at
yellow composite, less robust than types. Six normal males
(one at flower no. 7; two, Feb. 11, at flower no 15; one,
Feb. 12, at Ipomea sidefolia, Choisy); one male with fulvous
hair on head and thorax above, the only dark hairs a few on
scutellum; eight variously intermediate males (three, Feb. 11,
at flower no. 15; one, Feb. 12, at Ipomea sidefolia).
In spite of the great variation all are evidently one species.
The lighter-haired male is easily distinguished from M. floris,
Ckll., by the deep notch on each side of yellow of clypeus,
black hair on outer side of hind tibiw, and colours of
abdomen.
Melissodes tepaneca aschenborniana, subsp. 0.
6 —Differs from M. tépaneca, Cresson, by having the
fifth abdominal segment with pale hair like the fourth,
though the sixth has it black; second segment with black
hair between the basal and median band (it is ochreous in
tepaneca) ; median band of second segment narrower; hair
on hind tarsi shorter ; wings more dusky. It is very like
M. masuca, Ckll., from Texas, but smaller, with the second
abdominal segment between the bands more closely punc-
tured and the eyes differently coloured (light green). The
middle and hind tibiz at apex and their tarsi are ferrugi-
nous ; labrum, large spot on mandibles, and clypeus yellow,
the last with the usual spots, but the yellow not notched ;
Records of Bees. 29
flagellum black above, clear ferruginous beneath ; tegul
bright ferruginous. The type has the hair of thorax above
bright orange-fulvons, and that of abdomen all (except the
black) warm reddish; the other specimen has the hair of
thorax above pale ochreous and the median bands on second
and following abdominal segments white. The hind margins
of the abdominal segments are broadly more or less _ pallid.
The middle of the mesothorax is shining, with rather sparse
strong punctures.
Ha’, Gualan, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell). Two at
flowers of Vernonia aschenborniana, Schauer.
I treat this as a subspecies of M. tepaneca, on account
of the geographical proximity of that insect, but by the
characters it is actually closer to the Texan M. masuca.
Exomalopsis pulchella, Cresson.
Quirigua, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell). Two females ;
one has the hair behind ocelli pale ochreous, the other
(from flowers of Zexmenia virgulta, Klatt) has hair behind
ocelli and on scutellum black, and the stigma and nervures
bright ferruginous.
Thygater cockerelli (Crawford).
Quirigua, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell). One female, at
flowers of no. 420.
Thygater nigravillosa (Crawford).
‘Quirigua, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell). Two males,
Feb. 20, at flowers of Ipomea sidefolia, Choisy.
Lentergatis armata (Smith).
Quirigua, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell). Twenty females
(mostly Feb. 20), four males (two, Feb. 20; one, Feb. 12;
one at flowers of Zexmenia virgulta).
It is almost impossible to separate the females of this
from Leptergatis toluca (Melissodes toluca, Cresson), but the
males are easily separated by the hind legs,
Leptergatis toluca (Cresson).
Gualan, Guatemala (IV. P. Cockerell). One male, Feb. 15,
at flowers of Cordia alba, R. & S.
30 Descriptions and Records of Bees
Tetrapedia mayarum, sp. n.
3 .—Length nearly 10 mm.
Black, with the labrum (except a median basal reddish
spot), patch at base of mandibles, and broad lower corners of
clypeus pellucid whitish ; hind tarsi clear ferruginous, with
their hair entirely orange-ferruginous ; an obscure round red
spot on inner side of hind tibize near apex ; hair of head and
thorax scanty, black above, silvery-white on cheeks, sides of
face, and lower parts of pleura and metathorax; head
shining ; clypeus with strong punctures, dense in middle of
sides ; front with extremely fine punctures and an oblique
groove on each side; sides of occiput with a sharp elevated
inargin ; antennee dark, the scape with a light yellowish-red
spot at base, flagellum red beneath ; mesothorax and _ scu-
tellum dull, with a granular appearance ; base of metathorax
punctured ; tubercles with short dark brown hair ; tegule
shining black. Wings dark fuliginous, a little paler apically,
nervures fuscous, stigma amber-colour ; second s.m. con-
siderably narrowed above, receiving first r. n. about halfway
between middle and apex. Legs black (except as stated
above), small joints of tarsi obscure reddish ; posterior apex
of hind tibiz broadly and thickly covered with red hair like
that on tarsus; anteriorly the hind tibia has some white
hair near end ; anterior and middle legs with the hair black,
partly red on tarsi ; anterior tibiz smooth and shining on
outer side ; anterior basitarsi broad and thick; middle basi-
tarsi broad and flat, truncate at apex, with an obtuse lobe on
inner apical corner; hind coxe and trochanters simple ;
hind basitarsi very broad and flat, with a triangular process
on inner margin a little before middle; spurs dark, simple.
Abdomen smooth and shining, dorsally without markings ;
apical segment triangular, ending im a pencil of hair; fourth
ventral with an undulate margin and its base broadly
yellowish white; sixth ventral triangularly produced.
@ .—Length about 1] mm.
Similar to the male, except for the usual sexual characters ;
mandibles ferruginous; labrum black, with a red spot on
each side, and fringed with copper-red hairs; face entirely
black ; clypeus well punctured; scape suffusedly red at
base ; scutellum somewhat bigibbous ; claw-joints all red;
hind tarsi only obscure reddish, except apically ; spurs
simple; hind femora with a red patch near apex ; hind tibize~
behind with a curious patch of pure white material near
apex, among the black hairs, the same on each side, entangled
in pure white very long-plumose hairs ; on inner side of
On new Crinoids from the Dutch East Indies. 31
hind tibize the hair is red apically ; hind basitarsi with hair
black on outer side and behind, on inner side and the broad
apical brush red, in front of basal part broadly white ; fifth
dorsal abdominal segment with a large cream-coloured spot
on each side.
Hab. Quirigua, Guatemala (IV. P. Cockerell). One of
each sex.
Related to JT. bunchosie, Friese, but in the female the
third ventral segment is like the second (not opaque and
strongly punctured), while in the male the clypeus has less
pale colour, and there are other differences. There are
several more or less related species in South America, none
having the same structure in detail as 7. mayarum.
T. bombitarsis, Vachal, must belong to this group, and, if
so, is not allied to 7. maura, as Vachal states. The groups
containing maura and bunchosie differ in the spurs and other-
wise, and are only superficially similar.
Named after the Mayas, who built temples and made
remarkable sculptured monuments at Quirigua. The male
is the type.
At flowers of Pontederia cordata, L., at Quirigua, Feb. 11,
1912, Mrs. Cockerell took females of Tetrapedia calcarata,
Cress., and 7. mesta, Cress.
Ill.—Preliminary Descriptions of Eleven new Crinoids
belonging to the Families Himerometride, Mariametride,
and Colobometridee, discovered by the ‘ Siboga’ in the
Dutch East Indies. By Austin H. CLARK.
Tue new unstalked crinoids described below will be con-
sidered in greater detail and figured in the memoir covering
the comatulids in the ‘ Siboga’ reports ; as the very extensive
collection brought back by the ‘Siboga’ will require a large
amount of study, especially as regards the data bearing on
the geographical distribution of these animals and on allied
problems, it has seemed advisable to publish descriptions of
the new forms discovered in advance of the final report.
Family Himerometride.
Amphimetra propinqua, sp. n.
This species is most closely related to A. producta, but it
differs from that form in its longer and more slender cirri,
which are composed of much longer segments.
)
2 Mr. A. H. Clark on new Crinoids
The cirri are VITI-XITJ, 24-36 (usually 30-33), 26 mm.
to 32 mm. (usually about 30 mm.) long; they are very
slender, and taper gradually in the proximal third, being
especially slender from that point onward ; all the cirrus
segments are approximately subequal in length, about twice
as long as broad at the ends, though those in the distal third
of the cirrus are slightly carinate, which makes them appear
slightly shorter, and those in the proximal half are slightly
longer, with slightly expanded ends; in the outermost seg-
ments there is a slight indication of dorsal tubercles.
The arms vary from ten to thirteen in number, and are
from 90 mm. to 120 mm. long.
Type Locality. ‘Siboga’ Station No. 318; north-east of the
east end of Java; 88 metres.
e
~
Family Mariametride.
Selenemetra tenutcirra, sp. n.
This new form is closely related to S. jfinschit, from
which it differs in the structure of its cirri, which are
Jonger and more slender, and are composed of more elongated
segments.
The cirri are from 55 mm. to 70 mm. long, and are com-
posed of 69-78 segments, of which the distal are nearly or
quite as long as broad, instead of twice as broad as long or
even broader as in S. finschii, and the more proximal are
about twice as long as broad instead of slightly, when at all,
longer than broad as in S. finschit,
P, is 11 mm. long and is composed of twenty or twenty-
one segments, of which the first is short, the following
eradually increasing in length and becoming about as long as
broad on the fifth or sixth and twice as long as broad distally ;
P, is 12 mm. long, with twenty-two segments, and resembles
P,; P;is 10 mm. long, with eighteen segments, and resembles
P,; P, is 75 mm. long, with thirteen segments, and tapers
more in its distal portion than P;; P; is 7 mm. long, with
thirteen segments, and is slightly more slender than P,,
especially distally ; the distal pinnules are 8 mm. long, with
seventeen segments.
Type Locality. ‘Siboga’ Station No. 320; north of the
east end of Java; 82 metres.
Mariametra tenuipes, sp. n.
The centrodorsal resembles that of the other species of the
genus; the dorsal pole is slightly convex, finely tubercular,
1 mm, in diameter.
from the Dutch East Indies. 33
The cirri are XXVI, 24-29, 22 mm. long: the first seg-
ment is short, the second is about twice as broad as the
median length, the third is slightly longer than broad to half
again as long as broad, and the sixth to the eighth are about
three times as long as their median diameter ; the following
gradually decrease in length, so that the last ten or eleven
are about as long as the distal diameter or only very slightly
longer ; the cirri are exceedingly slender ; the longer proximal
segments have slightly prominent ends; slight subterminal
dorsal spines are found on the eleventh and following.
The arms are about fifteen in number and about 45 mm.
long ; together with the division series they resemble those
of the other species of the genus, The lateral ornamentation
on the ossicles of the [Br series is confined to the lateral
third of the dorsal surface; distally it gradually narrows,
disappearing at the base of P, ; it consists of very numerous
small blunt spines, more or less coalescent, which exhibit a
tendency to become arranged in horizontal rows.
Type Locality. ‘Siboga’ Station No. 294 ; off the south
coast of l'imor; 73 metres.
Mariametra tuberculata, sp. n.
This species is nearest to M. delicatissima; but in that
form the lateral ornamentation of the division series is merely
a slight roughening.
The centrodorsal is large, thick discoidal, the dorsal pole
slightly convex, 2 mm. in diameter; the cirrus sockets are
arranged in two closely crowded and irregularly alternating
rows.
The cirri are XXI, 25-27, 20 mm. long; they are long
and rather slender with a slight distal taper : the first seg-
ment is short, the second slightly longer, the third nearly as
long as broad, the fourth slightly longer than broad ; after
the tenth the segments slowly decrease in length, so that the
last four or five before the penultimate are about as long as
broad to about one-third longer than broad; the outer eleven
or twelve have a slight distal dorsal carination, which is low
and rises very gradually from the dorsal surface, but ends
rather abruptly distally.
The radials are concealed in the median line, and are only
slightly visible in the interradial angles ; the IBr, are very
short, almost oblong, five or six times as broad as long; the
axillaries are very short, nearly or quite three times as broad
as long; the Il Br and I11Br series are 2, the latter developed
externally ; the sides of the division series are in close
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol, x. 3
34 Mr. A. H. Clark on new Crinotds
apposition and are sharply flattened laterally ; the prox:mal
edge of the IBr, is everted and slightly scalloped; the
anterior edges of the axillary are slightly everted, but
smooth; the lateral third of these two ossicles taken to-
gether bear a dozen or a dozen and a half prominent well
rounded and entirely separated tubercles, some of which may
be laterally elongated ; the sides of the ossicles of the I[Br
series are similarly, though not so extensively, modified,
this modification being bordered interiorly by a more or less
marked prominent beaded ridge or row of tubercles, which,
however, may be absent.
The type specimen has about twenty-six arms, which are
75 mm. long.
Type Locality. ‘ Siboga’ Station No. 51; southern portion
of Molo Strait ; 69-91 metres.
Dichrometra tenuicirra, sp. n.
In all the details of its general structure this species agrees
with D. flagellata, but it is sharply separated from that form
by the curious character of its cirri, which are long and
slender, with elongate, though spinous, distal segments.
The centrodorsal is low hemispherical, with very sloping
sides; the dorsal pole is slightly convex, flat, or very
slightly concave, 1°5 mm. to 2 mm. in diameter; the cirrus
sockets are arranged in two or in two and a partial third
marginal rows.
The cirri (in the type) are XXVIII, 25-28, 20 mm. to
25 mm. long, slender and delicate: the first segment is very
short, the second is twice as broad as long, the third is
slightly broader than long, the fourth is half again to twice
as long as the median diameter, and the fifth is from two to
two and one-half times as long as broad; the follewing to
the ninth, tenth, or eleventh (the latter usually a faintly
marked transition segment) are similar, but those following
are slightly shorter, about half again as long as broad ; the
tenth, eleventh or twelfth, and following bear prominent
triangular median spines; the earlier of these spines occur
about in the centre of the dorsal line of the segments; their
anterior (distal) margin stands out vertically and is from one-
third to one-half as long as the recumbent side; the hypo-
thenuse from the apex of the spine to the proximal base is
usually straight, but there may be a slight tubercle where it
merges with the dorsal surface of the segment ; sometimes
it is more or less concave, leading from the dorsal spine to a
smaller blunt proximal tubercle; the spines change but
little distally ; their bases become shorter and their apices
_ from the Dutch East Indies. 35
consequently sharper; the longer earlier segments have
slightly enlarged distal ends; this character persists to the
end of the cirrus, but is less marked on the spinous distal
segments.
The division series and the arms resemble those of
D. flagellata, but are much more slender and delicate ; the
division series and first brachials may be well separated or in
lateral contact ; they are usually not quite in apposition,
though possessing straight lateral edges which are slightly
swollen, suggesting the lateral processes seen on the proxi-
mal ossicles of the species of Stephanometra, though their
outer margin is straight instead of convex. The character-
istic rugose arm-structure and the low though prominent
synarthrial tubercles of D. flagellata are reflected in a delicate
and modified form.
Type Locality. ‘Siboga’ Station No. 320; north of the
eastern end of Java ; 82 metres.
Family Colobometridz.
Cyllometra gracilis, sp. n.
This new species is related to C. manca, but differs
markedly in its longer and more slender cirri, which are com-
posed of longer segments.
The centrodorsal is discoidal, the dorsal pole flat or slightly
concave, 2 mm. in diameter; the cirrus sockets are arranged
in one and a partial second marginal row,
The cirri are (in the type) XXIII, 25-30 (usually nearer
the latter), 21 mm. long: the first segment is short, the
second is about twice as long, from one-third to one-half
again as broad as long, the third is slightly longer than
broad, the fourth and fifth progressively increase in length,
and the sixth to the ninth or tenth are the longest, about
twice as long as their proximal diameter; the following
segments gradually decrease in length, so that the last
twelve before the penultimate are subequal, slightly longer
than broad; as a whole the cirri are long and unusually
slender ; owing to the crowded condition of the cirri on the
centrodorsal the first segment is sharply flattened laterally
against the first segments of the cirri on either side; the
distal dorsal edge of the fourth and following segments is
slightly swollen, this after the seventh becoming a trio of
dorsal spines, a central, larger, and two smaller, lateral ;
the central spine projects more dorsally than do the other
two, but does not extend so far distally; all are very small ;
on the last twelve or fifteen segments before the penultimate
3*
36 Mr. A. H. Clark on new Crinoids
the lateral spines disappear and the median becomes slightly
more prominent, occurring as a small single submedian
tubercle directed obliquely forward ; all the dorsal processes
are small and inconspicuous.
The arms are from twenty-five to thirty in number, and
about 50 mm. in length ; [11 Br series are always present on
some or all of the rays.
Type Locality. ‘ Siboga’ Station No. 49a; Sapeh Strait,
between Sumbava and Komodo, Sunda Islands ; 69 metres.
Decametra mylitta, sp. n.
This new form is nearest to 1). mollis from Kurrachi, but
the cirri are slightly stouter, the majority of the segments
being twice as broad as long or even somewhat broader in-
stead of only slightly broader than long as in D. mollis, and
the proximal pinnules, while of about the same proportions,
are relatively longer and stouter and are composed of some-
what shorter segments.
The centrodorsal is, discoidal, the flat dorsal pole being
1:5 mm. in diameter; the cirrus sockets are arranged in two
closely crowded alternating marginal rows.
The cirri are XIX, 20-23, 10 mm. or 11 mm. long: the
cirrus segments are subequal in length and all short; the
first is very short, the second slightly longer, the third and
following about twice as broad as long or slightly broader ;
the last three before the penultimate increase slightly in
length, so that the antepenultimate is about one-third broader
than long; the earlier segments have the dorsal surface
swollen and distally truncated, so that the dorsal profile of
the cirrus is serrate; after the first three segments the dorsal
profile becomes straighter, making a considerable angle with
the longitudinal axis of the cirrus, and the distal edge be-
comes straight, forming a very finely spinous transverse
ridge, which, however, is not raised above the general
surface of the segments; this transverse ridge becomes
gradually more and more marked, at the same time moving
more and more toward the centre of the dorsal surface ; on
the ninth segment it becomes median and begins to acquire
a slightly concave profile, and after the fourteenth it resolves
itself into two prominent, entirely distinct, tubercles situated
side by side, the distance between their two apices being
about equal to the distance from either apex to the outer
edge of the segment ; distally these two tubercles gradually
approach each other, and gradually move nearer the proximal
margin of the segments ; on the fourth segment before the
from the Dutch East Indies. 37
penultimate the two tubercles fuse into a single transversely
elongate tubercle, which gradually becomes less and _ less
elongate and on the antepenultimate appears as a single
small rounded tubercle situated near the proximal margin of
the segment; when the cirri are viewed from the side no
distinct dorsal processes are seen (though the dorsal profile
is serrate) until the distal half, when the tubercles appear as
low blunt dorsal spines.
P, is small and weak, 5 mm. long, with fourteen segments,
tapering with moderate rapidity in the proximal half and
becoming very slender distally ; the first segment is short,
the following gradually increasing in length and becoming
about as long as broad on the fourth or fifth, and about
twice as long as broad distally; the pinnule is slightly
prismatic ; P, is 9 mm. long, with seventeen segments, not
greatly larger than P, basally, but tapering evenly from the
base to the tip and therefore appearing stouter ; the first two
segments are slightly broader than those following, and are
much broader than long ; the third segment is slightly broader
than long, the fourth is slightly longer than broad, and the
following are about half again as long as broad, becoming
twice as long as broad terminally ; the pinnule is rounded
prismatic ; the fourth and following segments have slightly
produced and spinous distal edges, this character gradually
increasing in extent distally and being most marked along
the prismatic ridge; P; is6 mm. long, with fourteen seg-
ments, and is similar to P, except in size; P, is 5 mm. long,
with thirteen segments, and resembles P3; P; is 4°5 mm.
long, with fourteen segments, and resembles Py, but the
component segments are proportionately shorter ; P, is 4mm.
long with fifteen segments, and resembles P;; the following
pinnules are similar to P,; the distal pinnules are very
slender, 7 mm. long, with twenty-one segments, of which the
outer are about twice as long as broad,
The ten arms are 75 mm. long.
Type Locality. ‘Siboga’ Station No. 99; anchorage off
North Ubian, between Borneo and Mindanao; 16-23 metres.
Prometra levipinna, sp. n.
The centrodorsal is discoidal, with a broad flat circular
dorsal pole 2 mm. in diameter; the cirrus sockets are
arranged in a single closely crowded marginal row.
The cirri are XIV, 18-23, 13 mm. long: the first seg-
ment is very short, the following gradually increasing in
length and after the tenth or eleventh becoming about as
38 Mr. A. H. C'ark on new Crinoids
broad as long; the first segment has the distal dorsal edge
produced ; on the second and third this becomes a strong
transverse ridge, which gradually moves anteriorly, becoming
median on the eighth and following, and appearing as a
minute median spine in lateral view; this ridge shows no
tendency to resolve itself into paired spines or tubercles, nor
does it narrow appreciably on the outer segments, appearing
as a broad transverse ridge on the antepenultimate; the
opposing spine is small, slender, median, erect, in height
equal to about one-quarter of the lateral diameter of the
penultimate segment.
The arms, which resemble those of the other small species
of the genus, are 40 mm. long.
P, is 555 mm. long, with fourteen or fifteen segments,
moderately slender and somewhat stiffened ; the first segment
is short, the following gradually increasing jn length, so that
the fifth is about as long as broad and the outer very
slightly longer than broad ; from the third segment outward
the pinnule is rather strongly prismatic, with a prominent
rounded ridge running along the centre of the outer
surface; P, is 6°5 mm. long, with seventeen segments,
resembling P,, but slightly more slender basally and tapering
more evenly to the tip, and not so strongly prismatic ; Ps is
4-5 mm. long, with fourteen segments, similar to the pre-
ceding, but proportionately smaller, and more slender distally ;
P, is 3°5 mm. long, with thirteen segments, small and
slender, with the outer segments twice as long as broad; P;
is similar, 3 mm. long, with eleven or twelve segments ;
P, resembles P; ; the distal pinnules are very slender, 7 mm.
long, with from twenty to twenty-two segments ; the outer
edges of the segments of the earlier pinnules are perfectly
smooth.
Type Locality. Saleyer (north of Flores).
Prometra minima, sp. n.
The centrodorsal is thin discoidal, with a flat finely papillose
dorsal pole 1 mm. in diameter.
The cirri are X, 10-12, 3mm. to 4 mm. long: the first
segment is short, the following gradually increasing in
length, so that the fifth or sixth and following are about as
long as broad ; the second and following have a finely serrate
transverse ridge, which becomes median after the fourth or
fifth ; this transverse ridge is low and very narrow, appearing
as a very minute sharp spine in lateral view ; on the second,
third, and fourth segments the lateral angles of this ridge
from the Dutch East Indies. 39
project beyond the profile of the cirrus as seen in dorsal view,
but beyond the fourth segment the ridge becomes narrower,
beyond the sixth dividing more or less completely into two
transversely oblong sharp ridges or small sharp spines; the
antepenultimate segment possesses a single dorsal spine ;
the opposing spine is much larger than the preceding dorsal
processes.
The radials are just visible beyond the centrodorsal ; the
IBr, are very short, about four times as broad as long, the
proximal and distal edges parallel, the lateral edges slightly
convergent ; there are slight rounded ventrolateral pro-
jections ; the axillaries are broadly pentagonal, half again as
broad as long, with slight rounded ventrolateral processes
resembling those on the IBr, ; the synarthrial tubercles are
moderately developed.
The ten arms are very slender, 35 mm, to 40 mm. long,
and resemble those of the other species of the genus ; there
is a faintly indicated rounded median carination on the lower
oblong brachials.
P, is 2 mm. long, with eight or nine segments, nearly as
stout basally as P,, but tapering more rapidly and becoming
slender and delicate distally; the first segment is short, the
following gradually increasing in length and becoming
slightly longer than broad on the third and about twice as
long as broad distally ; the distal edges of the outer seg-
ments are slightly spinous; P, is 3 mm. long, stiff and
spine-like, though slender, tapering slowly and evenly from
the base tothe tip, with eight or nine segments, of which
the first is twice as broad as long, the second is nearly as
long as broad, the third is nearly twice as long as broad, and
the remainder are about three times as long as broad ; the
pinnule is rather strongly prismatic, and the distal edges of
the third and following segments bear long and prominent
spines on the prismatic angles; P; is 2 mm. long, with eight
seements, of which the distal are considerably elongated,
small and slender, slightly stiffened ; P, is 1-25 mm. long,
very delicate, and not stiffened, with nine segments, of which
the distal are much elongated; P; is similar, but slightly
shorter ; the distal pinnules are 2°5 mm. long, with thirteen
segments, of which the second and third are strongly carinate
and the outer are very greatly elongated.
Type Locality. ‘Siboga’ Station No. 117; entrance to
Kwandang Bay, Celebes; 80 metres.
Prometra parva, sp. n.
The cirri are XIV, 14-15, 5°5 mm. long, and resemble
40 On new Crinoids from the Dutch East Indies.
those of P. minima; the sixth or seventh and following
segments are about as long as broad.
The ten arms are 40 mm. long; the lower discoidal
brachials are smooth, but those following have rather strongly
everted distal ends.
P, is 2°3 mm. long, with eleven segments ; it tapers rather
rapidly in the first four segments, more gradually from that
point onward ; the first segment is short, the second slightly
longer, the third slightly broader than long, the fourth
slightly longer than broad, the fifth and following about
twice as long as broad; Py is from 3°5 mm. to 4°5 mm. long,
with eleven segments, evenly tapering, much larger and
stouter than the other pinnules, though not greatly enlarged ;
the first segment is short, the second half again as
broad as long, the third slightly broader than long, the
following gradually increasing to the seventh, which, with
the following, is twice as long as broad ; the pinnule is rather
strongly prismatic and the fourth and following segments
have their distal edges produced on the prismatic angles into
prominent short stout spines, which increase in prominence
distally ; P, is 1°5 mm. long, with eight segments, of which
the distal are elongated, small and weak; P, is slightly
smaller than P;; the distal pinnules are exceedingly slender,
4 mm. to 4°5 mm. long, with thirteen segments, of which the
second and third are slightly carinate and the outer are
greatly elongated.
Type Locality. ‘ Siboga’ Station No. 315 ; anchorage off
Sailus Besar, Paternoster Islands ; up to 36 metrés.
Oligometra marginata, sp. n.
This new species is most closely related to O. adeone.
The dorsal pole of the centrodorsal is papillose.
The cirri are XV, 15-16, 7 mm. long: the first segment
is short, the following gradually increasing in length, so that
the fourth, fifth or sixth, and following are about as long as
broad; the third and following segments have a strong
transverse ridge near the proximal dorsal margin; this
ridge is prominent and high with a finely serrate crest; it
lies about one-third of the distance between the proximal and
distal margins of the segments; in the proximal half or
three-quarters of the cirri the distal dorsal edge of the seg-
ments is more or less everted, so that there is the same
bidentate appearance characteristic of the cirri of O. adeone ;
on the earlier segments this eversion may be nearly as high
as the transverse ridge, but it soon decreases in height and
On Mammals from the Ja River, Cameroons. 41
disappears entirely in the outer half or quarter of the cirri;
the smaller cirri are quite without it.
The ten arms are 30 mm. long ; the proximal arm structure is
the same as that of O. adeone; the ossicles of the [Br series
and the first two brachials are broad and are in lateral contact
through produced and flange-like ventrolateral borders, the
outer edges of which are parallel to the longitudinal axes of
the segments which bear them.
P, is 5 mm. long, with nine segments, rather slender but
considerably stiffened, recalling P, in the more delicate
varieties of Stephanometra monacantha ; the first segment is
about one-third broader than long, the second half again as
long as the proximal width, slightly trapezoidal, the third
about three times as long as its proximal diameter, the fourth
to the sixth slightly longer, the following rapidly diminishing
to the small terminal segment; the second to the fourth
segments are slightly constricted centrally ; P,is4 mm. long,
with nine segments, similar to P,, but very slightly stouter
and with slightly shorter segments ; P; is 2°5 mm. to 3 mm.
long, with eight segments, more slender and less stiffened
than the preceding; P,is 2 mm. long, small, slender, and
weak, with eight or nine segments; the next two pinnules
are similar to P,; the following gradually become elongated,
the distal pinnules being from 4°5 mm. to 5 mm. in length,
with thirteen segments, of which most are from two to three
times as long as broad and very slender.
Type Locality. ‘ Siboga’ Station No. 305; mid-channel of
Solor Strait, off Kampong Menanga ; 113 metres.
1V.—Mammals from the Ja River, Cameroons.
By OLDFIELD ‘THOMAS.
Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.
YP
pk
Kerivoula cuprosa, sp. n.
A small speckled brown species with short incisors.
Size decidedly less than in the related species K. wrosa
and danosa. [Fur soft and fine (hairs of back 6-6°5 mm. in
length), extending on to the forearm, thinly along the pollex
and terminal part of the third digit, and down the upper side
of the legs on to the feet; proximal part of intertemoral
thinly haired, naked distally, the hinder margin with a
49 Mr. O. Thomas on
number of fine hairs not forming a fringe ; under surface of
legs and interfemoral nearly naked. General colour above
dark bistre-brown, the tips of many of the hairs conspicuously
contrasted silvery buff, those on the forearms, rump, and
hind limbs more ochraceous buff; under surface duller
brown, the bases of the hairs dark slaty, the tips of some of
the hairs whitish.
Ears of medium length, anterior border strongly convex,
posterior with a sharp concavity just below the tip. ‘Tragus
long, curved outwards, its base with a small lobule exter-
nally sueceeded above by an emargination.
Upper incisors unusually short, their enamel-covered
portion but little longer than the projecting part of their
root, the inner one bicuspid, its posterior cusp as thick as and
half the height of the anterior. Outer incisor also bicuspid,
owing to its basal ledge being raised up postero-internally as
a second cusp half the height of the main cusp. Middle
premolar about two-thirds the height and area of the anterior
one. Outer lower incisors tricuspid, the outer cusps half as
large as the median one. Middle lower premolar rather
smaller than the subequal first and last.
Dimensions of the type (the starred measurements taken in
the flesh by the collector) :—
Forearm 32 mm.
Head and body *45; tail #45; ear *13°5; tragus on
inner edge 5°5; third finger, metacarpal 31, first phalanx 15 ;
lower leg and foot (ec. u.) 21.
Front of upper canine to back of m*® 5:1; front of lower
canine to back of ms; 5:5.
Hab. Bitye, Ja River, 8.E. Cameroons. 2000’.
Type. Adult male. Original number 564. Collected 17th
October, 1911, by Mr. G. L. Bates.
This well-marked species resembles K. @rosa in colour,
but is much smaller, the forearm of that animal being 37 mm.
in length. By the characters used in Dobson’s synopsis it
comes nearest to K. lanosa, but differs both by size and
colour, and, as from every other, by its peculiarly short and
deeply bicuspidate upper incisors. At Bitye Mr. Bates also
obtained the little A. muscilla and an additional specimen of
K. smithiz, described by me in 1880. The latter is slightly
larger than A. cuprosa and has practically unicuspid outer
lower incisors.
Colomys bicolor, sp. n.
Larger and darker coloured than C. gosling?.
Size decidedly greater than in C. gosling?, as shown by
Mammals from the Ja River, Cameroons. 43
skull-dimensions. Coloration similarly conspicuously bicolor,
but the line of demarcation slightly lower, so that the dark
colour encroaches a little on the forearms, instead of these
being wholly in the white area. General colour above
between cinnamon and bistre, the back more heavily black-
ened than in goslingi. White patch at outer base of ear
smaller than in gosling?. Arms and hands white except for
a narrow extension of the dorsal colour downwards from the
shoulder to the middle of the forearms. Feet greyish flesh-
colour. ‘T'ail blackish above, whitish below, the difference
not conspicuous. Mamme apparently 2—1=6.
Skull similar in all essentials to that of C. gosling?, but
larger throughout. Nasals longer. Interorbital region nar-
rower, its edges more rounded. Brain-case longer and
higher. Palatal foramina with the peculiar expansion on the
septum, previously described, so developed as to touch, on
one side, the outer wall of the foramen, and so isolate com-
pletely its posterior end.
Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—
Head and body 143 mm.; tail 175; hind foot 39; ear 21,
Skull: grea‘est length 36 ; condylo-incisive length 32:8 ;
nasals 14:2; interorbital breadth 4°5; breadth of brain-case
15:2; palatilar length 16°7; diastema 10°2; palatal foramina
7°3 x 3:2 ; upper molar series (worn down and contracted) 5:2.
Hab, Bitye, Ja River, 8.W. Cameroons (West Congo
drainage area). Alt. 2000’.
Type. Old female. Original number 569. Collected 23rd
October, 1911, by Mr. G. L. Bates.
The smaller species, C. gosling?, Thos. & Wrought., was
found on the Welle River, so that the genus is evidently
widely distributed in the Congo area.
Epimys eta, Thos.
Mr. G. L. Bates has sent from Bitye some further
examples of this distinct little species, and these show that
the type had by no means attained its full size, especially as
regards its skull. The following measurements of a fully
adult female are therefore worthy of record :—
Head and body 93 mm. ; tail 120; hind foot 18 ; ear 14°5.
Skull: greatest length 26 ; condylo-incisive length 24:2;
zygomatic breadth 13°5 ; nasals 8°7; interorbital breadth 4°5 ;
breadth of brain-case 12°3; palatilar length 11°6; diastema
7°6; palatal foramina 5°2 ; upper molar series 4:3.
44 Mr. O. Thomas on
V.—Small Mammals from South America.
By OLDFIELD ‘THOMAS.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Leontocebus midas egens, subsp. n.
General characters of true Guianan midas, but back more
strongly suffused with dark buffy, generally throughout, and
in all cases across the shoulders. Black of the head less
deep and less continued down on to the back, the grizzled
buffy of the back going further forward on the nape. Hands,
instead of being wholly ‘ ochraceous ” or “ ochraceous buff,”
only of this colour on the outer half of the wrist, the meta-
carpus and digits being decidedly lighter coloured, ‘ buff”
or “cream-buff.” Feet also rather lighter than in midas,
though the difference is less conspicuous.
Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—
Head and body 229 mm.; tail 384; hind foot 65 ; ear 40.
Skull: greatest length 49-5.
Hab. Obidos, Lower Amazons.
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 12.5.11.5. Original
number 58. Collected 15th February, 1912, by Fraulein
Dr. E. Snethlage ; presented by the Goeldi Museum, Para.
Five specimens examined,
This Amazonian form of the common yellow-handed
marmoset is closely similar to the typical Guianan animal,
but may be distinguished by the paler colour of its hands, a
difference verified on five examples of egens as compared with
ten of midas. Curiously enough, two specimens from the
Moon Mountains, the nearest locality in Guiana to Obidos,
have hands of an even darker tone than those of British
Guiana, and resemble in this respect one from Cayenne which
1 have always considered to represent Geoffroy’s rufimanus.
Felis pardinoides emerita, subsp. n.
General characters of F. pardinoides, including size, the
backward direction of the nape-hairs, and the general colora-
tion. But the feet, both fore and hind, instead of being
blackened below, as is usual in the majority of cats, are not
or scarcely darker below than above, where they are of a
uniform “ clay-colour”’ ; the heel alone is blackish, as in the
allied forms. White ear-patches larger than in pardinoides
small Mammals from South America. 45
and p. andina. Black nuchal stripes strongly marked in the
two males, narrow and discontinuous in the female.
Skull on the whole with a rather less swollen brain-case
than in true pardinoides and in F. p. andina. Postorbital
processes directed rather more outwards, less slanted back-
wards. Bulle smaller than in pardinodes, only one of the
fonr specimens having them as large as in the type of
andina, which in turn has them smaller than in §8.-Brazilian
pardinoides, Teeth about as in pardinoides, smaller than in
andina.
Dimensions of the type (an adult female) :—
Head and body 480 mm. ; tail 330 ; hind foot 98.
Skull: greatest length 85; condylo-basal length 81:3 ;
zygomatic breadth 5°5 ; interorbital breadth 14°2 ; breadth of
brain-case 40; palatal length 31; front of canine to back
of p* 23°3; length of p* on outer edge 9(1071L in @).
fab. Northern Venezuela. Type from the ‘‘ Montes de la
Culata,” Merida (alt. 3000 m.); another specimen (melanistic)
from ‘Tachira,
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 5.7.5. 3. Collected
14th April, 1904, by S. Bricefio. Two males and another
female also in collection.
The pale colour of the hairy part of the palms and soles of
this cat is an unusual character, and I have considered the
possibility of its having been artificially produced by the
limbs having been dipped in some preservative. But there
are four specimens, collected at considerable intervals of time,
all with their feet similarly coloured, so that so uniform an
alteration seems unlikely. In any case, however, on account
of the skull-characters described above and its comparatively
large ear-patches, the Merida wild cat would be subspecifi-
cally separable from its allies elsewhere.
The Grisons of Chili and Argentina.
In 1907 * I showed that the name vittatus, which had
been commonly used as a “ blanket-name”’ for Grisons from
all parts of South America, was based on a specimen from
Surinam, and was therefore no doubt applicable to one of the
larger forms of the genus, like G. a/lamandi and others, and
I then gave the specific name of furax tu the “ Furado” of
S. Brazil and the Argentine, which is not only smaller than
the members of the vttatus group, but is distinguished by
having no inner cusp on the lower carnassial tooth.
* Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist. (7) xx. p. 163 (1907).
g Pp
46 Mr. O. Thomas on
Farther consideration induces me to think that this latter
character might be made the basis of a snbgeneric division of
Grison, and that the species without the cusp should form a
special subgenus, which might be called Grisonella and have
G. furax as its type.
In Chili, instead of there being only one form of Grison
present, it now appears there are two, a larger and a smaller,
the former inhabiting Central Chili and the latter South
Chili, whence three specimens have been sent to the British
Museum by Messrs. Bullock and Saldanha. The question
therefore arises as to which of these animals should bear the
specific names cuja and guigué given to members of this
genus by Molina, and also that of “var. chilensis” assigned
by Nehring * in rather a casual way toa skull from “ Chili.”
The specimens received from 8. Chili (Temuco) are marked
as being called “ Cuya”’ by the natives; and since Molina
said his ‘ Mustela cuja’”’ was of the size of a ferret, which
suits the Temuco Grison very well and the large Central
Chili one not at all, I propose to identify the cuja as being
this animal, whose name would therefore be Grison (Grison-
ella) cuja, Mol.
And further, Molina’s Mustela guiqui can hardly be other-
wise than the same animal, for it is said to be a weasel
(“donnola”) about 13 inches in length from nose to base
of tail, and while a female G. cuja measures 13 and a male
15 inches in length, the Central Chili species attains not less
than 17 inches in the female and up to 24 in the male f.
Nehring’s chilensis is unquestionably a female of the small
species (basilar length of skull 58 mm.).
A male skull of this species is 70 mm. in condylo-basal
length, and a female 64°5.
All three Chilian names being therefore applicable to the
smaller species of 8. Chili, the question arises as to what the
name of the larger Central Chili species should be.
Careful comparison, however, shows that this animal
cannot be distinguished from the Argentine “ Huron,” which
has been hitherto considered the same as the Brazilian
G. furax.
But the latter is a much more buffy-coloured animal than
* Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 1. p. 189 (1886).
+ Not knowing that a small species of Grison occurred in S, Chili,
Burmeister (‘ La Plata,’ iii. p. 160) supposed that the Quiqui was the
young of the ordinary “ Huron.” But Molina gave a general account
of its habits, evidently knowing the species well, while as to the number
of its teeth the frequent loss of p' and m2 makes specimens with only
twenty-eight teeth by no means rare,
small Mammals from South America. AT
that inhabiting Chili and the Argentine, to which therefore
a special subspecific name might be given.
I would propose to call it
Grison furax melinus, subsp. n.
Size as in G. furax, considerably larger than in G. cuja.
General colour dark greyish, the light ends to the hairs
nearly white instead of being buffy as in furaw ; light frontal
band cream-buff, this being “ buft”’ or deeper in fura.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 475 mm.; tail 180; hind foot 60.
Skull: condylo-basal length 80°5 ; zygomatic breadth 46*.
An oider male from the same locality measures 83:5 in
condylo-basal length and one from Mar del Plata, Argentine,
84:6.
Hab. Chili, between about 30° and 86° S. lat., and Argen-
tina from Tucuman to Chubut. Type from Quillota, near
Valparaiso.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 1.6.8.1. Original num-
ber 191. Collected 5th April, 1901, and presented by John
A. Wolffsohn, Esq.
The Museum is indebted to Mr. Wolffsohn for four skins
and six skulls of this animal.
A Second Specimen of Glironia venusta.
Through the kindness of Dr. K. Kraepelin, of the Hamburg
Museum, the British Museum has been allowed to acquire by
exchange an example of Glironia from Yungas, Bolivia,
which had been in the Hamburg Museum for some years,
having been purchased from Rolle in 1897.
The specimen is an immature male in spirit, and by its
help I am enabled to correct some inaccuracies in my original
account of Glironia tf and to add some further information
about it.
The spirit-specimen shows that the tail is more distichous
than appeared on the skin and that the middle line of the
underside, instead of being naked only for its terminal three
inches, is very thinly hairy from close to the base and
becomes practically naked about halfway along.
In the skull some at least of the unusual lowness is due to
the deteriorated condition of the type, the form of the brain-
* Other measurements given by Nehring, J. c. p. 209,
7 Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) ix. p. 2389 (1912).
48 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.
case in the fresh specimen not being materially different from
that in Marmosa.
The tooth-characters are all as described in the type, and it
may be noted in addition that the upper milk-secator is
narrower than in M/armosa, and has its inner lobe further
back, the tip of the lobe being behind the level of the ante-
rior main cusp, while it is in front of it in Marmosa.
Allowing for the difference in age, I can see no reason to
suppose that the Yungas specimen is specifically distinct
from that from Pozuzo.
VI.—Notes on Fossorial Hymenoptera.—IX.
By Row.ranp E. Turner, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
On some new Species from the Australian and Austro-
Malayan Regions.
Family Thynnide.
Agriomyia cornuticollis, sp. n.
Q. Nigra; pygidio flagelloque testaceo-brunneis, caleariis pallidis ;
pronoto subconcavo, angulis anticis tuberculatis, posticis spina
erecta armatis,
Long. 8 mm.
Head very thin and almost flat, more than half as broad
again as long, rounded at the posterior angles, more than
twice as broad as the thorax. Pronotum broader anteriorly
than long, narrowed posteriorly, slightly concave, strongly
raised and tuberculate at the anterior angles, armed with an
erect acute tubercle on each side close to the posterior
angles, the posterior margin arched, the angles acute.
Scutellum narrow; median segment shorter than the pro-
notum, broadened posteriorly and obliquely sloped. Shining,
the head finely aciculate, thorax and abdomen with a few
fine scattered punctures. First dorsal segment broadly
depressed at the apex, the raised basal portion broadly and
rather shallowly emarginate at the apex. Second dorsal
segment with five well-defined transverse carine, including
the raised apical margin; pygidium lanceolate. Ventral
segments more strongly punctured, the fifth closely and
coarsely punctured.
Hab. Hermannsburg, Central Australia (H. J. Hillier).
This female is easily distinguished by the peculiar form of
the pronotum.
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 49
Genus THynnoturneriA, Rohw.
A%olothynnus, Turn. Wystman’s Gen. Insect. ev. p. 39 (1910).
Turnerella, Rohw. Ent. News, xxi. p. 349 (1910).
Thynnoturneria, Rohw. Ent. News, xxi. p. 474 (1910).
Eurohwertia, Turn, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vii. (1911).
I am by no means sure that the name /olothynnus
should not be used for this genus. Ashmead in describing
the genus 4olothynnus took an undescribed species for the
type. In my work on the Thynnide I accepted Ashmead’s
genus, but treated the species as a nomen nudum.
Mr. Rohwer, on the other hand, holds that the description
of the genus covers the species also; but I cannot agree
with this opinion, as Ashmead evidently did not intend the
description for a specific one, and a description to be
recognized should be at least intended by the author for a
description of aspecies. Insome parallel cases Ashmead has
actually marked the species name as MS. Unfortunately
A. cerceroides, Sm., selected by me as the type of the genus,
does not appear to belong to the same genus as Ashmead’s
type. Yet if Ashmead’s specific name is treated as a nomen
nudum, A. cerceroides must be treated as the type of the
genus. It is bad enough to have to recognize the very
insufficient descriptions of some authors as valid, but if we
are also to accept what were never intended for descriptions
things would be still worse. For the present, pending some
decision on the subject, I am using Rohwer’s name, but do
not consider that it can stand. The whole confusion is due
to a want of editing in Ashmead’s paper, as no editor should
publish a description of a genus with an undescribed species
taken for the type.
Thynnoturneria trimaculata, sp. n.
gd. Niger; femoribus, tibiis segmentisque ahdominalibus sexto
septimoque rufo-ferrugineis ; clypeo apice lateribusque, pronoto
marginibus, mesonoto macula elongata, scutello macula, post-
scutello, segmentis dorsalibus 1-5 fascia curvata utrinque
maculaque bilobata mediali, segmentisque ventralibus 2-5
macula utrinque pallide flavis; alis hyalinis, venis nigris,
stigmate testaceo.
Long. 9 mm,
Clypeus strongly convex, longer than the greatest breadth,
truncate at the apex, with a low and rather indistinct
longitudinal carina near the apex. Interantennal pro-
minence not well defined ; antennz shorter than the thorax
without the median segment, the flagellum of about even
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 4
00 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.
thickness throughout. Head and thorax finely and closely
punctured, the abdomen more sparsely punctured, pubescence
greyish and short. Pronotum broadly emarginate on the
anterior margin; scutellum moderately convex; median
segment steeply sloped posteriorly, but not truncate. Abdo-
men narrow, the segments strongly constricted at the base ;
sixth ventral segment with a spine on each side at the apical
angles; hypopygium ending in three long slender spines,
the median spine nearly twice as long as the lateral ones.
Second abscissa of the radius longer than the third by about
one-quarter ; first recurrent nervure received by the second
cubital cell a little beyond two-thirds from the base, second
received by the third cubital cell at about one-tenth from
the base; the division of the first cubital cell by the branch
nervure represented by a scar only,
Hab. Hermannsburg, Central Australia (H. J. Hillier).
Thynnoturneria centralis, sp. n.
36. Niger; mandibulis basi, clypeo lateribus, maculis duabus supra
anteunas, pronoto marginibus, postscutello, mesopleuris macula
antice, segmento mediano macula apicali utrinque, segmentis
dorsalibus 1-4 macula obliqua utrinque pallide flavis ; mesonoto,
scutello, mesopleuris segmentisque abdominalibus 5-7 rufo-
ferrugineis; pedibus fusco-ferrugineis, flavo-variegatis; lis
hyalinis, venis fuscis, stigmate ferrugineo.
Long. 9 mm.
Clypeus convex, as long as the greatest breadth, truncate
at the apex, connected by a narrow carina with the inter-
antennal prominence, which is not strongly raised. Head
thin, finely and closely punctured ; antenne as long as the
thorax without the median segment, of even thickness
throughout. Anterior margin of the pronotum straight,
not emarginate. Thorax and abdomen more sparsely punc-
tured than the head, the sides of the scutellum smooth
and shining. Scutellum rather broadly truncate at the
apex, with a depressed transverse line at the base. Median -
segment rather short, sloped posteriorly, not truncate.
Abdominal segments narrower than the thorax, strongly con-
stricted at the base; a short spine on each side at the apical
angles of the sixth ventral segment ; hypopygium with three
spines, the apical one much longer than the lateral, which
are short and slight. Second abscissa of the radius longer
than the third; first recurrent nervure received at three-
fifths from the base of the second cubital cell, second at
one-sixth from the base of the third cubital cell.
Hab. Hermannsburg, Central Australia (H. J. Hillier),
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. d1
Zasptlothynnus birot, Turn.
Thynnus birot, Turn. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung, p. 117 (1910). ¢.
Zaspilothynnus birot, Turn, Ann, & Mag, Nat. Hist. (8) vii. p. 302
(1911). ¢.
Subsp. pratti, subsp. n.
6. Differs from the typical form in the narrower hypo- °
pygium, and in the greater development of the yellow
markings.
Hab. Facfac, S.W. New Guinea. Ex coll. Perkins.
The typical form is from N.E. New Guinea. The female
is still unknown.
Family Psammocharide (olim Pompilide).
Pseudagenia camilla, Turn.
Pseudagenia camilla, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 312 (1908). @.
This is the Australian representative of P. nasuta, Sm.
It differs from the typical form from Celebes in the greater
distance between the eyes on the vertex and in the lesser
length of the third cubital cell on the radial nervure.
Pseudagenia faustina, sp. un.
@. Nigra; antennis aurantiacis; tibiis tarsisque anterioribus
fulvis ; alis hyalinis, fusco bivittatis.
3? Niger; gracilis; antennis aurantiacis, apice infuscatis ; tibiis
_ tarsisque anterioribus fulvis ; clypeo apice oculorumque margine
interiore angustissime flavis; alis hyalinis fusco leviter bi-
vittatis.
Long., 2 ¢, 9 mm.
2. Clypeus broadly rounded at the apex. Antenne
longer than the head, thorax, and median segment combined ;
the second joint of the flagellum as long as the first and
third combined. Eyes separated on the vertex by a distance
nearly equal to the length of the second joint of the
flagellum ; the posterior ocelli more than half as far again
from the eyes as from each other. Front finely rugulose ;
vertex, thorax, and median segment opaque; abdomen
slightly shining. Posterior margin of the pronotum with a
distinct angle in the middle; median segment slender, fully
half as long again as broad, with a wide but shallow groove
from base to apex, the sides of the groove slightly raised
and forming low carine, the sides of the segment sloping,
First abdominal segment petiolate, the petiole occupying the
basal third of the segment, the apical two-thirds gradually
4*
a2 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.
widened, the apex half as broad as the apex of the second
segment. Sixth segment triangular, pubescent. Second
abscissa of the radius a little longer than the third, which is
twice as long as the first, the third transverse cubital
nervure curved outward. First recurrent nervure received
at two-thirds from the base of the second cubital cell, second
* close to the middle of the third cubital cell. Cubital
nervure reaching about halfway from the third cubital cell
to the margin of the wing; submedian cell a little longer
than the median ; cubitus of hind wing originating beyond
the transverse median nervure.
The fuscous band on the basal nervure is irregular, the
second fuscous band occupies the basal half of the radial
cell, the second and third cubital cells, reaching into the
discoidal cell. Posterior tibia: smooth; tarsal ungues with
one small tooth near the middle, the pulvillus rather small,
shorter than the ungues.
Hab. Mackay, Queensland; November. Ex coll. Turner.
The probable male of this species has the clypeus broadly
subtruncate at the apex; the antennz stouter and rather
shorter than in the female, but still longer than the head,
thorax, and median segment combined, the second joint of
the flagellum scarcely longer than the third; the eyes
separated on the vertex by a distance equal to the length of
the second joint of the flagellum plus half the length of the
third joint; the median segment flatter than in the female,
the median groove narrow and only on the basal half; the
basal segment of the abdomen slender, less than half as wide
at the apex as the second segment. The third abscissa of
the radius is a little longer than the second; the first
recurrent nervure is received close to the middle of the
second cubital cell, the second before one-third from the
base of the third cubital cell. The sixth ventral segment
has the lateral margins elevated, most strongly at the
base, and a well-defined median carina. The calcaria
are whitish. The fuscous fascize of the fore wings are less
extensive than in the female. It is with much doubt that I
associate the sexes in this species, there being considerable
differences in the neuration and sculpture.
Pseudagenia claudia, sp. n.
9. Nigra; opaca; alis fusco leviter bivittatis; scapo subtus fusco-
testaceo ; tarsis anticis fusco-brunneis,
Long. 7 mm.
9. Clypeus broadly subtruncate at the apex, more than
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 53
twice as broad as the greatest length. Antenne about as
long as the head, thorax, and median segment combined, the
second joint of the flagellum as long as the first and third
combined; the frontal prominence at the base of the
antenne yery slightly developed. Eyes separated on the
vertex by a distance equal to the length of the second joint
of the flagellum plus two-thirds of the third joint; the
ocelli in an equilateral triangle, the posterior pair much
further from the eyes than from each other. Pronotum
very widely arched posteriorly, without an angle in the
middle. Median segment slightly convex, with a median
groove from the base, becoming less distinct towards the
apex, broader at the base than long, narrower at the apex,
more opaque than the thorax and with a little short whitish
pubescence at the angles. Petiole of the first abdominal
segment very short, occupying less than one-quarter of the
total length of the segment, which is no longer than the
second segment ; sixth dorsal segment punctured sparsely at
the base, smooth and narrowly rounded at the apex; the
abdomen opaque and slightly pruinose. Second abscissa of
the radius distinctly shorter than the third, scarcely longer
than the second transverse cubital nervure ; first recurrent
nervure received a little before the middle of the second
cubital cell, second before one-quarter from the base of the
third cubital cell. Submedian cell a little longer than the
median ; cubitus of the hind wing originating just beyond
the transverse median nervure. Cubitus of the fore wing
reaching beyond the third cubital cell, more than halfway
to the outer margin of the wing. An irregular fuscous band
along the basal nervure, another filling the second cubital
cell and extending to the base of the radial and apex of the
discoidal cell.
Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Turner) ; March and April.
eee Oe.
Pseudagenia fabia, sp. n.
@. Nigra, obscure viridescens; alis subhyalinis, iridescentibus,
fusco-bivittatis, fascia basali angusta, apicali lata.
Long. 6 mm.
?. Clypeus short, about three times as broad as long,
broadly truncate at the apex. Antenne about as long as
the head, thorax, and median segment combined ; the second
joint of the flagellum as long as the first and third combined.
Eyes separated on the vertex by a distance about equal to
the combined length of the first and second joints of the
54 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.
flagellum ; the front without tubercles above the base of the
scape. Pronotum broadly arched posteriorly, without an
angle in the middle. Median segment a little longer than
the breadth at the base, a little narrowed towards the apex,
convex, the median sulcus obsolete at the base, faintly
indicated towards the apex. First abdominal segment
gradually widened from the base, without a distinct petiole,
no longer than the second. Second abscissa of the radius
shorter than the third, first transverse cubital strongly
oblique, second straight, third curved outward in the middle
and as long as the third abscissa of the radius. First re-
current nervure received before the middle of the second
cubital cell, second beyond the middle of the third cubital
cell. Submedian cell a little longer than the median;
cubitus of the hind wing originating far beyond the trans-
verse median nervure. Cubitus of the fore wing reaching
about halfway from the third cubital cell to the margin of
the wing. The fuscous band along the basal nervure is
reeular but net broad; the second fuscous band is of almost
even breadth, extending from the base of the stigma to the
apex of the radial cell and reaching the lower margin of the
wing. The whole insect is subopaque and glossed with dull
bluish green.
Hab. Kuranda, Queensland (Turner) ; November.
Allied to P. una, Turn.
Family Crabronide.
Subfamily Pempurepovinz.
Psenulus (?) scutellatus, sp. n.
©. Nigra, nitida ; mandibulis basi, scapo, scutello fascia apicali,
postscutello, pedibus anticis et intermediis, tibiisque posticis
basi flavis ; tegulis fusco-testaceis ; alis hyalinis, venis nigris.
Long. 8 mm.
Clypeus covered with shining white pubescence, the apex
almost truncate. An elevated carina between the antennz,
joining a low arched carina below the base of the antenne ;
a distinct groove reaching from the anterior ocellus to the
base of the interantennal carina. Flagellum thickened
eradually towards the apex, the second joint as long as the
first and third combined. Posterior ocelli a little further
from the eyes than from each other. Pronotum distinctly
raised ; the mesonotum very minutely punctured; a trans-
verse, deeply punctured groove at the base of the scutellum.
Median segment finely punctured and pubescent on the
LA
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossortal Hymenoptera. 55
sides, a striated transverse groove at the base and a median
groove from the base to the apex. Abdomen shining,
petiolate ; the basal three-fifths of the first segment linear,
the apical two-fifths gradually broadened and slightly swollen,
the whole basal segment about twice as long as the posterior
femur. Third abscissa of the radius nearly twice as long as
the second, but a little shorter than the first; the first
recurrent nervure received by the second cubital cell at
about one-seventh from the base; the second received by
the third cubital cell close to the base, almost interstitial
with the second transverse cubital nervure. Cubitus of
the hind wing originating beyond the transverse median
nervure.
Hab. Cairns, Q. (R. C. L. Perkins).
Related to P. interstitialis, Cam., which occurs in the
same locality, but the colour is very different, and the
position of the recurrent nervures is also different. Neither
species is very nearly related to true Psenulus.
AUSTROSTIGMUS, gen. 0.
Somewhat intermediate between Stigmus and Harpacto-
philus ; from the former of which it differs in having the
abdomen subsessile, not petiolate, in the smaller stigma, the
longer and narrower first cubital cell; from the latter in the
slenderer build, in the distinct transverse, angulated pro-
notum, the longer front with distinct carine along the inner
margins of the eyes, and the recurrent nervure which is
received considerably before the apex of the first cubital
cell.
Type of the genus A. queenslandensis, Turn.
Austrostigmus queenslandensis, Turn.
Stigmus gueenslandensis, Turn. Proc. Zool, Soc. London, p. 457 (1908),
Austrostigmus reticulatus, sp. n.
¢. Niger; antennis ochraceis; mandibulis, scapo subtus pedi-
busque flavis; tegulis testaceis; alis hyalinis, iridescentibus,
venis testaceis; mesonoto reticulato.
Long. 4 mm.
6. Eyes distinctly divergent towards the clypeus, se-
parated at the base of the antennz by a distance equal to
about twice the length of the scape; clypeus narrowly
produced in the middle and subemarginate on the apical
margin, with a median carina from the hase, Tiagellum
56 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossortal Hymenoptera.
about twice as long as the scape. A narrow groove with a
marginal carina along both the inner and outer margins of
the eyes; the front opaque, with a median carina almost
reaching the anterior ocellus, the region round the ocelli and
the vertex reticulate. Posterior ocelli a little further from
the eyes than from each other. Pronotum transverse,
sharply produced outwards and forwards at the anterior
angles ; mesonotum and the upper half of the mesopleure
coarsely reticulate; scutellum sparsely punctured, with a
transverse row of deep closely set punctures a little before
the apex; median segment strongly margined, with two
longitudinal carinz near the middle from the base to the
apex and two oblique carine on each side, the space between
the carine obliquely striated, the posterior truncation of
the segment abrupt and transversely rugulose. Abdomen
subsessile, smooth and shining. Second cubital cell subtri-
angular, almost pointed on the radial nervure; recurrent
neryure received at about five-sixths from the base of the
first cubital cell. Cubitus of the bind wing interstitial with
the transverse median nervure. Radial cell of the fore wing
lanceolate.
Hab. Cairns District, Queensland (Ff. P. Dodd).
Easily distinguished from gueenslandensis by the broader
face and the coarse sculpture of the mesonotum.
This genus is connected with Harpactophilus by H. tri-
color, Turn., which has the slender form and the transverse
pronotum of the present genus; and with Spilomena by
S. australis, Turn.
Subfamily Spaxcrwz.
Sphex darwiniensis, sp. n.
@. Nigra, mandibulis basi, scapo, tegulis, abdomine "pedibusque
ferrugineis ; capite thoraceque albido-pilosis; alis basi flavo-
hyalinis, apice late infuscatis.
Long. 20 mm.
Clypeus truncate at the apex; second joint of the
flagellum half as long again as the third. Postscutellum
without a sulcus or tubercles; scutellum with a shallow
median furrow. Median segment with about twelve trans-
verse carinz, those near the base and apex lower and
indistinct in the middle. First joint of the anterior tarsi
with seven spines on the outer side. Petiole about as long
as the third joint of the flagellum. Third abscissa of the
radius shorter than the first. The pubescence on the head
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial TTymenoptera. 57
and thorax is short and rather sparse ; the dorsulum and
.scutellum bare, smooth and shining ; the pleurze indistinctly
striated.
Hab. Port Darwin (F. P. Dodd). Ex coll. Perkins.
This is very near S. rugifer, Kohl, of which it may prove
to be a local form. It differs, however, in the colour of the
legs and wings and also in the number of striz on the
median segment. I have not seen typical specimens of
rugifer.
Subfamily Bewpecrvz,
Bembex latifasciata, sp. n.
6. Flavo-ochraceus ; flagello supra fusco, infra testaceo; vertice,
mesonoto lineis tribus, linea mediana apicem haud attingente,
scutello basi, segmento mediano basi, segmento dorsali primo
apice ef macula parva utrinque, 2-6 basi et apice, basi bilobatis
septimoque basi nigris; alis hyalinis, venis basi testaceis, apice
fuscis.
Long. 15 mm.
g. Labrum not grooved, clypeus strongly convex; front
distinctly carinated between the antenne. Apical joint of
the flagellum no longer than the penultimate, rather strongly
curved and truncate at the apex; joints 9-11 excavated
beneath, the eighth joint with a small spine beneath, Eyes
almost parallel on the inner margin. Anterior and inter-
mediate femora not dentate ; anterior tarsi not dilated, with
seven spines on the outer margin of the basal joint ; basal
joint of intermediate tarsi not dilated. First ventral seg-
ment with a stout, blunt tubercle at the base, second with
a compressed prominent tubercle, sixth unarmed; seventh
dorsal segment broadly rounded, shallowly subemarginate at
the apex.
?. Sixth dorsal segment very narrowly rounded at the
apex, black, with a yellow spot on each side; second
ventral segment rather closely punctured over the whole
surface.
Hab. N.W. Australia, Strelley River and Roeburne.
Subfamily Nrssonzvx.
Gorytes perkinsi, sp. n.
@. Nigra; clypeo, fronte sub antennis scapoque flavis; flagello,
pronoto, scutello, postscutello, segmento mediano macula basali
utrinque, segmentis abdominalibus primo sextoque, dorsalibus
tertio, quarto (basi excepta) quintoque, pedibusque aurantiacis ;
alis flavo-hyalinis, apice leviter infumatis.
Long, 22 mm.
58 Mr. R. E. Turner on Possorial Hymenoptera.
Clypeus widely emarginate at the apex; eyes distinctly
converging towards the clypeus. Antenne slightly thickened
towards the apex; the scape short, the second joint of the
flagellum as long as the third and fourth combined. Front
clothed with short fulvous-brown pubescence, slightly con-
cave, with a distinct median sulcus reaching the anterior
ocellus. Posterior ocelli a little further from each other
than from the eyes. Thorax stout, opaque, sparsely punc-
tured; the triangular area at the base of the median
segment well defined, smooth and shining, with a deep
median sulcus. Tibiz stout, spinose ; pulvilli rather large ;
basal joint of anterior tarsi with five long spines. Abdomen
stout, strongly narrowed to the extremities, a little longer
than the head, thorax, and median segment combined, opaque,
the ventral surface slightly shining and sparsely punctured.
Pygidial area gradually narrowed from the base and rather
broadly rounded at the apex. Both recurrent nervures
received by the second cubital cell, the first before one-
quarter from the base, the second at about one-sixth from
the apex, the cubital nervure sharply bent upward from the
junction of the first recurrent nervure to the base of the
second cubital cell; first abscissa of the radius about equal
in length to the third, and four times as long as the second;
first transverse cubital nervure abruptly bent outwards very
near the cubital nervure, and branching inward at the bend,
the branch at first clearly defined and then continued as a
faint scar to the base of the stigma.
The median segment is striated on the sides near the apex
and marked with dull ochraceous.
Hab. Cairns, Queensland (fF. P. Dodd). Ex coll. Perkins.
This fine species is allied to G. ciliatus, Handl. In colour
it resembles species of the genus Adispa, and is as large as
small specimens of that genus.
Genus CLYTEMNESTRA, Spin.
I agree with Ashmead in considering that this genus is
sufficiently distinct from Gorytes. Though almost entirely
American, the following Australian species should be in-
cluded :— ;
1. C. duboulayi, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 496 (1908) (Gorytes d.).
2. C. sanguinolentus, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 497 (1908) (Gorytes s.).
3. C. luctdulus, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 498 (1908) (Gorytes 7.).
These species, however, differ from typical Clytemnestra
and approach Miscothyris, Sm., in having the first recurrent
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 59
nervure received before the apex of the first cubital cell.
C. sanguinolentus also has the posterior tibiz serrate near
the apex, but not so strongly as in Miscothyris.
Subfamily Szrrcopnorimws.
Zoyphium doddi, sp. n.
¢. Minutns, niger; clypeo, mandibulis, scapo pedibusque flavis ;
flagello tegulisque testaceis; alis hyalinis, venis testaceis,
stigmate fusco.
Long. 4 mm.
Mandibles strongly notched beneath ; clypeus very broadly
rounded at the apex, short. Inner margins of the eyes
parallel. Antennz inserted low down on the sides of the
clypeus, nearly as far from each other as from the eyes,
short, thickened towards the apex, the apical joint pointed.
Front broad, covered with delicate golden pubescence ;
posterior ocelli far apart, more than twice as far from each
other as from the eyes. Head and thorax opaque ; a deeply
punctured transverse groove at the base of the scutellum ;
median segment truncate posteriorly, the dorsal surface with
indistinct oblique striz at the base; depressed on the
median line, with a rather strong carina in the depression ;
the surface of the truncation with several more distinct
oblique striz. Abdomen shining, closely and minutely
punctured, the hypopygium produced into a spine at the
apex. First recurrent nervure received by the first cubital
cell a little beyond three-quarters from the base, second
received by the second cubital cell at two-thirds from the
base. Third cubital celt about half as long on the radial
nervure as the first; the second pointed on the radial
nervure, longer than the third on the cubital nervure.
Had. Cairns, Queensland (f°. P. Dodd). Ex coll. Perkins.
@. Unknown.
In colour this species recalls Z. frontale, Turn., described
from a female, but in that species there are only two cubital
cells. So far as I can see, the antenne in the male are only
twelve-jointed. This is the case in Z. rufonigrum, Turn.,
though the figure (P. Z. S. 1908, p. 495) shows only eleven
joimts, an obscure division in the club being omitted.
Z. erythrosoma, Turn., and Sericophorus viridis, Sm., show
a similar structure, but in the latter species the club is
truncate at the extremity and very thick, not poimted.
The reduction in the number of joints seems to be due
to the fusion of two joints in the club. In S. viridis the
GO Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.
fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh joints of the flagellum are
flattened beneath and more or less produced into spines as
in some species of Bembex ; but the antennz of the male of
S. relucens, Sm., resemble those of Zoyphium. The males
of Sphodrotes, Kohl, show no such antennal peculiarities
and, as I have previously pointed out, that genus is near
Acanthostethus, Sm., and cannot be placed very near Seri-
cophorus and Zoyphium. The males of Sericophorus appear
to be much rarer in collections than the females; and only
one species of the genus, S. relucens, Sm., has a wide range,
occurring from Cape York to Adelaide, and at least as far
west as Hermannsburg in Central Australia.
Zoyphium dipteroides, Turn.
Sericophorus dipteroides, Turn. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. p. 275
(1907). 9.
Zoyphium funebris, Turn.
Sericophorus funebris, Turn. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. p. 276
(1907). 9.
These two species have no appendiculate cell, and therefore
cannot be retained in Sericophorus. How far this distinction
will prove to be of generic value is doubtful, as it places the
very closely allied S. bicolor, Sm.,and Z. erythrosoma, Turn.,
in different genera. None of the species of Zoyphium
described by me have the tooth on each ‘side of the second
(first) dorsal segment mentioned by Kohl in his description
of the genus.
Subfamily Crazkowrwz.
Dasyproctus expectatus, sp. n.
9°. Nigra, opaca; mandibulis basi scapoque flavis; pronoto in
medio interrupto, callis humeralibus, segmento abdominali se-
cundo macula minuta utrinque, tertio quartoque fascia angusta
basali utrinque, quintoque macula mediana nigra, aurantiacis;
tibiis tarsisque testaceo-brunneis ; alis hyalinis, venis nigris.
Long. 10 mm.
Clypeus covered with short silvery pile, the anterior
margin produced in the middle into two short blunt teeth.
Eyes separated from each other at the nearest point on the
front by a distance equal to about two-thirds of the length
of the scape ; ocelli in a very broad triangle, the posterior
pair a little nearer to each other than to the eyes, and about
half as far again from the posterior margin of the head as
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 61
from each other. Head large and broad, thinly covered
with short pale fulvous pubescence, the cheeks broad and
covered with silvery pubescence above the base of the
mandibles. Pronotum depressed in the middle ; the cordate
space at the base of the median segment coarsely obliquely
striated at the base, coarsely reticulate at the apex, with a
deep median sulcus. Abdomen opaque; the basal segment
a little longer than the posterior femur, the basal two-fifths
forming a narrow petiole, the apical portion gradually
widened ; the fifth segment clothed with short, pale, fulvous
pubescence. Transverse cubital nervure received close to
the middle of the radial cell ; recurrent nervure received
beyond two-thirds from the base of the cubital cell. Sides
of the median segment with very fine vertical striz.
Hab. Sydney (R. C. L. Perkins) ; June 1904.
Dasyproctus muiri, sp. n.
@. Nigra; mandibulis basi, scapo, tibiis apice, tarsisque basi
flavis; pronoto, tegulis macula basali, scutello macula obliqua
utrinque, mesopleuris maculis duabus parvis, segmentisque
dorsalibus 2-4 macula transversa basali flavo-ochraceis; alis
hyalinis, cellula radiali margine costali infuscata.
Long. 9 mm.
Opaque ; clypeus, front, and cheeks clothed with silver
pubescence. Clypeus with a low median carina, produced
into two small blunt teeth on the middle of the apical margin.
Front rather deeply hollowed, with an arched carina above,
the eyes at the nearest point separated by a distance equal
to about one-third of the length of the scape. Head large,
the posterior ocelli a little further from the eyes than from
each other, and half as far again from the posterior margin
of the head as from each other. A short depression along
the inner margin of the eyes before the summit. Second
joint of the flagellum about twice as long as the first and
almost half as long again as the third. Enclosed area at
the base of the median segment finely obliquely striated,
punctured between the strize, and divided by a median sulcus
which is continued to the apex of the segment, the sides
finely obliquely striated. First abdominal segment about
one-quarter longer than the posterior femur, the narrow
petiole almost as long as the gradually broadened apical
portion. Transverse cubital nervure received close to the
middle of the radial cell; recurrent nervure received beyond
two-thirds from the base of the cubital cell.
Hab. Amboina (F. Muir). Ex coll. Perkins.
62 Mr. R. E. Turner on Possortal Hymenoptera.
Very near D. eapectatus, but the eyes are nearer together
on the front and the first abdominal segment distinctly
longer. There are also small colour differences, especially
on the legs.
Dasyproctus burnettianus, sp. n.
@. Nigra, mandibulis, scapo, flagello articulis duobus basalibus,
pronoto, callis humeralibus, mesopleuris macula parva, scutello,
petiolo macula parva utrinque, segmentis dorsalibus 2-4 fascia
interrupta basali, femoribus subtus, tibiis tarsisque flavo-
ochraceis; segmentis dorsalibus quinto sextoque totis quartoque
apice testaceis; alis sordide hyalinis.
Long. 9 mm.
Eyes separated on the front by a distance equal to fully
half the length of the scape; second joint of the flagellum
a little longer than the third and less than twice as long as
the first ; the front deeply hollowed, the antenne inserted
nearer to the eyes than to each other ; a narrow groove on
the inner margin of the eyes near the summit. Head very
large; ocelli placed in a very broad triangle, the posterior
pair nearly as far from the eyes as from each other, and
more than half as far again from the posterior margin of the
head as from each other. A deeply punctured transverse
groove at the base of the postscutellum and another at the
base of the median segment ; the enclosed triangular area at
the base of the median segment finely obliquely striated and
divided by a suleus which is continued to the apex of the
segment. First abdominal segment nearly half as long
again as the posterior femur, the narrow petiole occupying
a little more than half the length of the segment ; apical
segment very narrow, the sides almost parallel. Transverse
cubital nervure received a little before the middle of the
radial cell, recurrent nervure received a little beyond two-
thirds from the base of the cubital cell.
Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland (R. C. L. Perkins).
Differs from D. expectatus in the longer petiole as well as
in colour and in the proportion of the joints of the flagellum.
I do not think that this is the female of D. conator, Turn.,
though it is just possible.
Dasyproctus agilis, Sm.
Crabro (Rhopalum) agilis, Sm. Proc. Linn. Soe., Zool. iii. p. 18
(1858). 2; Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 528 (1908).
On new Harvest-men of the Family Phalangodide. 63
Dasyproctus conator, Turn.
Crabro (Rhopalum) conator, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 526 (1908). ¢.
Dasyproctus idoneus, Turn.
Crabro (Rhopalum) tdoneus, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soe. p. 527 (1908),
bo as
Crabro (Crossocerus) prosopoides, Turn.
Crabro prosopoides, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soe. p. 528 (1908). ¢ Q.
The following Australian species are closely allied to the
European Crabro vagus, Linn., and may be placed in the
subgenus Solenius, though differing in the sculpture and the
absence of constrictions between the abdominal segments
from C. interruptus, Lep., the type of the subgenus :-—
1. Crabro (Solenius) tridentatus, Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 250
(1868). 2.
2. Crabro (Solenius) einctus, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soe. p. 531 (1908). 2.
3. Crabro (Solenius) bivittatus, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. p.534(1908). 2.
4, Crabro (Solenius) conglobatus, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 533 (1908).
3
5. Crabro (Solenius) tasmanicus, Sm. Cat. Hym, B.M. iv. p. 425
(1856). °.
6. Crabro (Solenius) mackayensis, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 532
(1908). 9°.
7. Crabro (Solenius) ordinarius, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 532 (1908).
ao,
8. Crabro (Solenius) neglectus, Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 249
(1868).
In ordinarius, conglobatus, and bivittatus the mandibles are
tridentate at the apex, as is usual in Solenius, not bidentate
as stated erroneously in the original description.
VIl.— Descriptions of new Harvest-men of the Family
Phalangodide. By Strantey Hirst.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
[ Plate I.]
Key to the Genera of Phalangodidse which are represented
in the British Museum Collection.
a. Eyes placed on a single tubercle.
a, A long median thorn present on the
ocular tubercle.
64 Mr. S. Hirst on new Harvest-men
a’, Transverse grooves of scutum well
defined and four in number.
Thorn of ocular tubercle not fur-
nished with granules or processes.
a’, Patella of palp quite unarmed.
a‘, Palp of moderate length ......
6*. Palp very long, especially its
femur and patella ..........
b?, Patella of palp armed with long
spines.
a’, Femur of palp armed below with
several long spines. Femora
of first and second legs quite
WMATMEM pat. eke eee ets
b°. Femur of palp armed both above
and below with processes of
moderate length. Femora of
first and second legs armed
with short processes ........
b?, Transverse grooves five when distinct.
Central thorn of ocular tubercle
nearly always furnished either with
eranules or processes.
a®, Femur of palp strongly compressed
DbET AML Wipe we ain biee sim eiers ole jee ince
b°, Femur of palp at most only slightly
compressed laterally ..........
b'. Ocular tubercle without a long central
thorn. .
a’, Abdominal part of scutum provided
with a low but conspicuous tumu-
lusin‘the middle’ iivecan wees »
27, Abdominal part of scutum without
tumulus,
a’, Fourth leg of both sexes quite
buat (2050 Mires Poo pomp is 9
b°. Fourth leg of male furnished ven-
trally with stronger spinules than
is the case in the female and
with a conspicuous process (or
processes?) on each side near
the distal end of the tibiz (see
PL hes 15) see eee aes «0
b. Eyes not placed on a single tubercle, but
widely separated from one another and
either sessile or each placed on a very
slight tumulus.
a’, Femur of palp armed below with a
single spine or without any ventral
spines. Femur of first leg unarmed.
No thorn between the eyes ........
b°, Femur of palp armed below either
with long spines or long processes.
Femur of first leg usually armed with
long spines. A thorn often present
midway between the eyes.
Pseudobiantes, Hirst.
Parabiantes, gen. nov.
Epedanus, Thorell.
Plistobunus, Poe.
Baramia, gen. nov.
Sittalces, Simon, and
[ Podoctis, Thorell.
Vima, gen, nov.
Phalangodes, Tellkampf.
Zalmoats, Sor.
Hinzuanius, Karsch, and
[Lacurbs, Sor.
of the Family Phalangcdidie. 69
a'°, Femora of posterior legs straight
SUNG GUM ANIM OCs cele oid so ec eitia 9 ni «32s Ibalonius, Karsch.
>, Femora of posterior legs curved and
armed ventrally with processes .. Hodozoster, Loman.
Zalmowis austerus, sp.n. (PI. I. figs. 1, 1 a.)
3. Body.—The shape of the body of this new species is
very like that of Z. robusta, Sor., as figured by Sorensen, the
cephalothoracic part of it being much narrower than and not
nearly so high as the abdominal part.
Scutum longer than the patella + the tibia of the fourth
leg. It has five transverse grooves; the first one, which is
well defined and procurved, forms the boundary between the
cephalothoracic and abdominal parts of the scutum; the
other grooves are not so distinct, the one between the first
and second areas of the abdominal part being faint. First
abdominal area large, but its length (when measured along
the median line) is very much less than that of the cephalo-
thoracic part. Except for three or four rather inconspicuous
granules on each side of the anterior margin and for one or
two lateral granules, the surface of the cephalothoraciec part
is quite smooth. Numerous granules are present on the first
abdominal area and a rather narrow transverse band of them
is present on each of the three following areas ; the granules
of which these bands are composed are not very regularly
arranged, but they are usually about two deep. The last
abdominal area has fewer granules on its surface than the
other areas, and for the greater part of its width they are
arranged in a single series only ; like those of the penultimate
area, they are sharply pointed and directed backwards.
There is also a Jongitudinal series of granules on each side of
the scutum. Ocular tubercle situated near the anterior
margin. It is elongated transversely, being considerably
wider than long, and has no large processes of any kind on
its surface, but is furnished with a number of granules,
which are not arranged in a regular manner.
Free dorsal segments.—The two anterior of the free dorsal
segments each have a single transverse series of granules,
similar to that on the last area (posterior margin) of the
scutum ; on- the third free segment the granules are more
numerous and less regular in arrangement and are mostly
ranged about two deep. The fourth free dorsal segment has
numerous granules and they are not arranged in series.
Ventral surface.—Fourth coxa very much wider than the
others. There are a number of distinct granules on the
ventral surface of the first coxa, but only obsolete granules
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 5
66 Mr. S. Hirst on new THarvest-men
are to be seen on the other coxe. A transverse series of
minute granules is present on each of the sternites. On each
side of the first sternite there is a slight ridge which com-
mences at the spiracle and runs forward for some distance.
Chelicera.—Proximal segment short and quite smooth.
Second segment moderately stout; dorsally it has only two
or three obsolete granules, which carry hairs.
Palp not very long. There are two or three very little
granules on the dorsal surface of the trochanter, and a
conical granule and two processes, one of which is long g, are
situated on its lower surface. Femur armed with a single
Jong spine on its inner side near the distal end ; ventrally it
has three spines (and also a little tooth-like process), the two
spines near its proximal end being much the longest.
Patella with a long spine on the inner side. Tibia much
higher and wider than the other segments of the palp ; it has
three spines on each side, the distal one of the outer side
being short. Tarsus with two long spines on each side and
also with a very short distal spine on each side.
Legs short ; the fourth is the longest and stoutest (when
they are arranged according to length, their order is as
follows : 4, 2, s iy Lhe denticles on the ventral surface of
the femur of the fourth lee, especially those near the distal
end, are larger than those of the rest of its surface. Tibia
of fourth leg stoutest nearest the distal end; besides the
denticles on its surface, it has a sharply pointed ventral
process on each side near the distal end, the outer one being
long. Number of tarsal segments 3, 7, 5, 6. Claws of poste-
rior legs smooth.
Yolour blackish brown. Appendages dark brown, but the
coxe of the legs are pale above and the tarsi of all the legs,
except those of the second pair, are rather pale also.
Measurements in mm.—Length of body 41, of seutum 3°25.
Material.—Two specimens from New Britain (Neu Pom-
mern); one of which is an adult male and has the penis
extruded. These specimens were collected by Prof. Willey
in the year 1897.
Remarks.—This new species resembles Z. pygmea, Sor., in
having its ocular tubercle placed much nearer to the anterior
margin than to the first transverse groove. ‘The shape and
granulation of the body are, apparently, quite different to
what they are in Z. pygmea, however.
Genus VIMA, nov.
Cephalothoracic part of scutum only slightly convex.
Ocular tubercle low and transverse and much wider than
of the Family Phalangodidee. 67
long ; on each side of its upper surface a minute and rather
inconspicuous granule is present. Abdominal part of scutum
furnished with a low whitish rounded eminence in the middle
fi ft Palp armed with spi f tk al Phal:
of its surface. Palp armed with spines of the usual Phalan-
gogid type. [For their number and arrangement, see the
specific description.] _ Fourth coxa not so very much broader
than the third, instead of being very much broader than it,
as in the Gonyleptide.
Vima insignis, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 2.)
Dorsal surface. Scutum.—Both cephalothoracic and abdo-
minal parts slightly convex ; transverse grooves ill defined,
except the one which forms the boundary between the two
principal parts of the scutum and that which is placed just
in front of its posterior margin. [For the structure of the
ocular tubercle, see the generic description.] A low rounded
eminence, which is sometimes circular, sometimes oval in
shape, is situated in the middle of the abdominal part of the
scutum. Otherwise the scutum is almost smooth, for it has
only a few very minute and inconspicuous granules on its
surface, those of the transverse row, which occurs near the
posterior margin, being perhaps the most distinct. Free
dorsal segments each with a transverse row of minute and in-
conspicuous granules,
Ventral surface.—First coxa with a process in front, and
with a transverse series of rather large granules on its
anterior margin below, the outer ones being the largest. A
transverse series of obsolete granules is usually present on
the surface of each of the remaining coxee and a few granules
are also present on the sternites.
Chelicera.—On the inner side of the dorsal surface of the
proximal segment two minute granules are present, and two
or three little granules, which are slightly more distinct, also
occur on the outer side. Second segment furnished with
several granules on the inner side of its upper surface, but
with one or two exceptions they are quite obsolete.
Palp armed with long spines. Trochanter with only two
minute granules below. Femur armed with an apical spine
on its inner side, and with a ventral row of four spines, the
two proximal ones being much larger than the other two.
Patella with a single spine on its inner side. Tibia with
two spines on its inner side, and sometimes it has also an
additional little denticle distally ; on its outer side there are
three spines and also a minute proximal denticle. ‘Tarsus
with two spines on each side and a short apical spine on the
ka
68 Mr. S. Hirst on new Ilarvest-men
inner side also; the apical spine on the outer side is either
quite obsolete or absent.
Legs long. Their femora are furnished with very minute
granules ; femur of first leg without any processes. Patellze
of posterior legs with two or three minute granules at the
distal end above. Apparently there is no scopula on the
tarsi of the posterior legs and their claws are without teeth.
Tarsal segments 7, ?, 7, 7.
Colour.—Body and appendages brown; the eminence in
the centre of the abdominal part of the scutum is white;
segments of scutum also seemingly faintly outlined in white.
Patellee and the distal ends of the femora and of the tibiz of
the legs blackish.
Measurements in mm.—Length of trunk 2°5, of first leg
16°25, of second (?), of third 21, of fourth 31.
Material.—F our specimens collected by Rose Lloyd in the
Higher Potaro River District, British Guiana.
Ibalonius quadrigutiatus, sp.n. (PI. I. figs. 3, 3 a.)
Scutum convex, and it is a little shorter than the tibia of
the third leg. There are three pairs of thorns on its surface.
Those of the first pair are long and they are situated at about
a third of the length of the scutum from its anterior margin.
They are followed at a short distance by the thorns of the
second pair, which are quite short. The thorns of the third
pair are long; they are placed at some distance in front of
the posterior margin and are separated from it by a trans-
verse groove. Some distance in front of this last pair of thorns
there is a pair of little granules and then a transverse series
of about four granules. A similar series is also present on
the last area of the scutum. [I think that the first pair of
thorns is placed on a part of the surface of the scutum
corresponding to the hinder half of the cephalothoracic part,
and that the second pair belongs to the first abdominal area ;
the last pair of thorns belongs, without doubt, to the fourth
abdominal area of the scutum. Owing to the absence of all
of the transverse grooves, except the last one, it is difficult
to be certain about this, however.] The distance which
separates the eyes from one another is about twice that which
separates them from the lateral margin. Hach eye is placed
ona very slight elevation and a little arch-like structure,
carrying a little pointed granule on its dorsal surface, joins
each of these two elevations to the anterior margin of the
scutum.
of the Family Phalangodide. 69
A transverse series of little granules is present on each of
the anterior free dorsal segments, but they are only distinct
on the first one, the granules on the others being obsolete.
Ventral surface.—'Vhere are a number of granules and some
rather long conical processes on the ventral surface of the
first coxa. The second coxa has a transverse row of little
granules and also some scattered obsolete granules. <A
number of obsolete granules also occur on the posterior coxe,
but the sternites have not any granules.
Chelicera.—Proximal segment quite short (for its shape,
see fig. 3). It has a single long pointed process on the inner
side below and two long processes on the outer side. There
are also one or two conical granules on the dorsal surface.
Second segment fairly large and swollen; on its upper
surface there are about seven tooth-like processes, and a
large tooth-like process and a granule are present below.
Palp.—On the upper surface of the coxa of the palp there
is a large curved process. The trochanter has a little pointed
granule above ; and it hasa long spine and a little tooth-like
process below, the former equalling the longest spine of the
ventral surface of the femur in length. Two or three little
granules occur on the upper surface of the femur and a rather
long curved process is also present at its proximal end ;
below, this segment has 4-5 spines and processes, three of
them being long and one or two quite short; a little spine is
also present on the inner side near the distal end. Patella
armed with two inner and one outer spine; there is also a
little granule on its dorsal surface. Tibia and tarsus shaped
much as in Epedanus, but not very wide. Tibia with three
inner and two very long outer spines. Tarsus with two
spines on each side.
Legs long. A couple of conical processes and a granule
are present on the ventral surface of the trochanter of the
first lee. Femur of first leg unarmed, but it is furnished
with numerous minute granules. A very long process is
placed on the anterior surface of the trochanter of the second
leg, and there are a few little granules at the proximal of the
femur of this leg. Coxa of fourth leg with a rather long
conical tubercle or process on its upper surface. Scopula
very dense on the last two segments of the posterior tarsi ;
claws of posterior legs smooth. Number of tarsal segments
4,10, 5,5; the proximal segment of the tarsus of the second
leg is long.
Colour (faded?) pale yellow-brown; there are two iri-
descent golden spots on each side of the upper surface of the
70 Mr. 8. Hirst on new Harvest-men
trunk, one spot being placed immediately in front of ‘the
other; the thorns of the scutum are not darker than its
surface,
Measurements in mm.—Length of trunk 3°75, of scutum
3°25, of fourth leg 25.
Materval.—A single male specimen from Batjan (Dr. W.
Kiikentha!).
Ibalonius kuekenthali, sp. n.
Very closely allied to 7. quadriguttatus, sp. n., but differing
in the following details of structure and coloration :—
Scutum armed with two pairs of long thorns, which
correspond to the first and third pairs of J. quadriguttatus,
but the second pair of very short thorns, which are present
in that species, are absent in J. kuekenthali. A little granule
is placed midway between the eyes. A pair of little granules
is present on the part of the scutum which apparently corre-
sponds to the first abdominal area and there are three trans-
verse series, each of four little granules, on the parts of the
scutum apparently corresponding to the second, third, and
fifth (last) abdominal areas of the scutum. Asin J. quadrt-
guttatus only the last transverse groove is distinct.
Ventral surfacee-—The granules on coxe 2—4 are more
numerous and more distinct in this species than is the case
in I. quadriguttatus.
Chelicera and palp precisely similar in structure to those
of I. quadriguttatus. The femur of the first leg is more
coarsely granular than in that species. Number of tarsal
segments 4, 12, 8, 5.
Colour.—Body pale brown, but its spines are very dark
brown. There are no golden spots on the dorsal surface.
Chelicera slightly infuscated; the palp pale; legs rather
dark brownish.
Measurements in mm.—Length of trunk 3°75, of scutum
3°5, of fourth leg 26.
Material_—A single male example from Batjan, collected
by Dr. W. Kiikenthal.
Remarks.—The body and legs of this species are darker
in tint (browner) than is the case in J. guadriguttatus, and
there are no golden spots on the scutum ; moreover, the four
thorns are much darker than the surface of the scutum.
Besides this difference in coloration there are tle slight
structural differences noted above.
The most striking feature of these two new species of
Ibalonius is the absence of the thorn which is usually present
of the Family Phalangodide. (a
between the eyes in this genus, but Dr. J. C. C. Loman *
has already commented upon two female specimens of
Ibalonius which did not possess this thorn.
Podoctis taprobanicus, sp.n. (Pl. I. fig. 4.)
Dorsal surface strongly convex. Scutum about as long as
the metatarsus of the third leg, slightly longer than the
patella + the tibia of the third leg, and a little shorter than
the patella + the tibia of the fourth. Transverse grooves
five in number, the first two meeting one another in the
mesial line. A pair of long and sharply pointed thorns,
which are stout at the base, are situated near the middle
of the fourth abdominai area. On each side of the anterior
margin of the scutum a ridge supporting a row of six conical
granules is present, and this ridge is joined to the ocular
tubercle by a distinct arch, formed by two fused granules.
A tooth-like projection is placed on each side of the scutum,
close to the lateral margin and some distance behind the
anterior margin. Numerous very fine granules, each carry-
ing a short hair, also occur on the surface. Towards the
middle of the hinder part of the cephalothoracic area there is
a pair of slight elevations on which granules similar to those
on the rest of the surface are present, one or two of them
being slightly enlarged, however ; one or two slightly en-
larged granules are also present laterally in this part of the
scutum. Besides the minute granules, each of the abdominal
areas of the scutum, except the fourth, has a few larger
granules, which are arranged in a single transverse row.
Ocular tubercle placed slightly nearer the anteiior margin of
the cephalothoracic area than to the posterior margin. It is
very wide at the base ; inthe middle there is the usual thorn ;
it has a very stout and wide base, which is rounded poste-
riorly, but almost vertical in front; the thorn which springs
from this tubercular base is straight and fairly long, and as
is usual in the genus Podoctis, it is directed forwardly. Each
of the two eyes is situated on the side of a small lateral
tumulus on the ocular tubercle. Except anteriorly, where it
is quite smooth, its surface is furnished with numerous
minute granules. Several slightly larger granules can be
distinguished, one of them being placed in the middle of the
upper surface of the basal portion of the spine and one or two
others on each side of it; on each side of the spine itself a
slightly enlarged granule is also present. ree dorsal seg-
ments 1-3 each furnished with a transverse row of enlarged
* ‘Nova Guinea,’ vol. v. p. 4 (19€6).
Te Mr. 8S. Hirst on new Harvest-men
granules, those in the middle of the row being slightly larger —
than the others and conical in shape. Fourth dorsal segment
without any especially large granules.
Ventral surface.—Coxe with a number of distinct granules,
and each sternite has a single transverse row of granules.
Chelicera.—First segment rather short; on its dorsal
surface there is a little granule, and ventrally on the outer
side this segment has 2-3 conical granules, which are situated
at the proximal end. There are 6-7 long conical granules
or tubercles on the upper surface of the second segment
and they occupy its entire length, but are not very regular
in arrangement; two or three of them are larger than the
others.
Palp stout. Two conical granules, placed close together,
are present on the dorsal surface of the coxa. Trochanter
ventrally with two sharply pointed projections, the anterior
one being comparatively long. Femur with an apical spine
on its inner side; ventrally it has a small denticle at the
proximal end and also three long spines, which are situated
at equal distances from one another. Proximal end of
patella narrowed ; this segment has two long inner spines,
and on the outer side it has a sharp little denticle and a
moderately long spine. Tibia with three spines on each side,
the middle one being the longest in both cases; on the outer
side there is also a minute apical denticle. Tarsus about as
long as the tibia, and furnished with two spines on each side,
those of the proximal pair being the longest.
Legs 2, 4, 3,1. With the exception of those of the first
pair, which are very much shorter than the others, they are
fairly long. Second leg a little longer than the fourth. A
rather long upwardly directed process is placed on the dorsal
surface of the fourth coxa and a much smaller, but very
similar, process occurs on the coxa of the second leg. Tro-
chanter of first leg with several granules below, two or three
of them being fairly large and conical in shape. Only very
minute and inconspicuous granules are present on the dorsal
surtace of the femur of the first leg, but it has a longitudinal
series of spines below, four of which are long, and these long
spines alternate with short ones, the latter being five in
number, including the two very short ones at the distal end
of the row. There are four granules on the lower surface of
the trochanter of the second leg, three of them being fairly
large and conical. ‘T'arsal segments 4, 8 or 11, 5, 5;
the tarsus of one of the legs of the second pair has eight
seoments, but that of the one on the other side has eleven, so
of the Family Phalangodide. 73
that possibly one of them is abnormal. Claws of posterior
legs unarmed.
Colour.—Body rather dark brown above; on each side of
the abdominal part of the scutum there is a pair of little
yellow spots, one spot being placed in front of the other ; the
anterior one is situated on the hinder margin of the ‘first
abdominal area, and the other on the second abdominal area.
Legs brownish ; the femora, tibiz, and metatarsi of the
posterior legs are furnished with minute dark spots; the
extreme distal end of the metatarsi and the entire length of
the tarsi of all the legs are pale.
Measurements in mm.—Length of trunk 5°25, of scutum
4, of second leg (from base of femur) 18, of fourth leg
16°25.
Material.—A_ single specimen from Punduloya, Ceylon ;
collected by Mr. E. B. Green.
Remarks.—This species resembles P. pictulus, Poc. (from
Kandy ?) in not having any spines on the upper surface of
the femur of the first leg, but is larger in size and also differs
in coloration, in the position and structure of its ocular
tubercle, armature of scutum, &c.
Podoctis willeyi, sp. n. (Pl. I. figs. 5, 5 a.)
Dorsal surface strongly convex. Scutum longer than the
tibia of the third leg, but not so long as the tibia of the
fourth. Only four transverse grooves are visible on its
surface in the adult, and the second and third ‘of them are
sometimes indistinct ; the transverse groove which is normally
present between the cephalothoracic and abdominal parts
of the scutum is indistinct or absent ; in young examples all
tive transverse grooves can be distinguished, the one between
the cephalothoracic and abdominal parts being quite distinct.
The first apparent area, therefore, consists of the cephalo-
thoracic part + the first abdominal area of the scutum, and
is very large, its length exceeding that of the rest of the
scutum. Two pairs of long thorns are present on the scutum ;
the first pair is situated some distance in front of the first
transverse groove, and these thorns are a little shorter and
are situated a little further apart than those of the hinder
pair; the latter are placed on the penultimate abdominal
area. Near the anterior margin on each side there is a
ridge, but the granules which are situated on it are quite
small in size ; it is joined to the ocular tubercle by an arch-
like structure, exactly as in P. taprobanicus, sp. n., and a
G4. Mr. S. Hirst on new Harvest-men
minute granule is situated on the middle of this arch.
Numerous minute granules, bearing short hairs, are present
on the surface and on the bases of the large thorns. A
transverse series of larger granules is present just in front of
the first distinct transverse groove, and a similar row is
present on each of the following areas of the scutum, with
the exception of the penultimate one. Ocular tubercle situated
at quite a short distance from the anterior margin; it is
wider than that of P. taprobanicus, its width being about
half the length of the scutum, and is low laterally ; in the
middle there is the usual long thorn, the base of which is
very wide, but not nearly so stout as five base of the central
thorn of the ocular tubercle of P. taprobanicus. Hach of the
Jree dorsal segments las a transverse row of granules similar
to those which are present on the abdominal segments of the
scutum.,
Ventral surface furnished with numerous minute granules ;
a number of larger conical granules occur on the coxa of the
first leg, and other eranules which are not so large or distinct
are present on the coxa of the second.
Chelicera.—Proximal segment of chelicera rather long, but
fo)
not slender ; its length is about equal to that of the second
segment (not including the finger) ; on the inner side it has
three rather long tooth-like processes and also one or two
granules ; on its outer side there is a series of six long pro-
cesses (including the apical one, which is not so strong or so
well defined as the others). Second segment considerably
stouter than the first ; a little process is present below on its
inner side near the proximal end; dorsally this segment is
furnished with a number of minute denticles and also with
four larger tooth-like tubercles, of which the largest one is
placed near the point of Bae of the movable finger
and is sometimes divided into two points at its apex. Both
the fingers have four teeth on their edge, three of which are
placed near the apical end of each finger, and the remaining
tooth, which is very large in the case of the movable finger,
is placed midway between these three distal teeth and the
preximal end of the finger.
Note.—This description is based on the chelicera of a
specimen which I believe to be a fully adult male. The
chelicerze of the other specimens are very different in appear-
ance, the proximal segment being considerably shorter and
onmed with fewer lateral processes. I think that these
differences are not due to sex in this particular instance, but
merely to immaturity. The dentition of the fingers is the
same in these specimens as in the adult one.
of the Family Phalangodide. 75
Palp slender, its coxa is armed above with a rather long
curved process. ‘l'rochanter ventrally with a rather long
process and a short tooth-like process. Femur armed below
with three spines, which are practically equal in length; the
spine which is usually present in this genus on the inner
side of the femur near the apical end is absent in this species.
Basal portion of spines of patella, tibia, and tarsus very much
shorter than they are in P. pietulus, Poc., P. taprobanieus,
sp. n., &c., and the terminal part is generally very long and
slender. ‘There are two spines on the inner side of the
patella, the one near the proximal end being much shorter
than the other; on the outer side there isa single long spine.
Three spines occur on the inner side of the tibia, but the one
which is placed nearest the proximal end is much shorter
than the other two; this segment has two very long spines
on its outer side, and their bases are comparatively long for
this species, especially that of the proximal spine. Tarsus
not quite so strongly flattened ventrally as is usually the case
in the genus Podoctis; it has two fine spines or bristles and
three shorter bristles on its inner side, and there are two long
fine spines or bristles on its outer side. On the upper surface
of the femur of the palp there are seyeral granules, two pro-
cesses or granules, which are situated close to the proximal
end of the segment on its inner side, being more conspicuous
than the others. One or two inconspicuous granules are
sometimes also present on the upper surface of the patella
and tibia.
Legs 2, 4,3, 1. First leg very short, the others rather
long. On the dorsal surface of the coxa of the fourth leg
there is a large upwardly directed process, resembling that
which is present in the same pees im 2, taprobanicus,
sp. n., and the coxa of the second leg has a very similar
process, butit is much smaller. Ventral surface of trochanter
of first leg furnished with 3-4 fairly large conical processes,
each of them bearing a fairly long seta. Femur of first leg
with only two or three obsolete granules on its upper surface ;
below it has a longitudinal series of three conical processes,
the first one of which is placed close to the proximal end of
the segment ; each of them bears a seta, and they are smaller
than the processes of the ventral surface of the trochanter.
Tarsal segments 6, 12-14, 5,5. Claws of posterior legs
apparently without any teeth.
Colour.—Trunk and appendages rather dark brown, but
the trochanter of the first leg and the proximal end of its
femur are quite pale; the tibia of the first leg has a pale
ring, and the femora, tibiee, and metatarsi of the other legs
76 Mr. S. Hirst on new Harvest-men
are each marked near the distal end with a pale ring, but the
ring of the femur of the second may be indistinct or absent ;
the extreme distal end of the metatarsi and the entire length
of the tarsi of all the legs except the second pair are pale.
Measurements in mm.—Length of trunk of largest specimen
4:25, of scutum 3°5. (A smaller specimen has the scutum
2:75 mm. long and the fourth leg 15°5 mm. in length.)
Material_—Four examples collected by Prof. Arthur
Willey in New Britain (now known as Neu-Pommern) in
the year 1897. I think that one of these specimens is an
adult male.
Genus BARAMIA, nov.
The shape of the femur of the palp is the distinguishing
feature of this new genus, which otherwise closely resembles
Podoctis, Tlor., in structure.
Baramia voraz, sp.n. (PI. I. figs. 6, 6 a, 6 4.)
Dorsal surface convex. Scutum about as long as the tibia
of the third leg, considerably shorter than the tibia of the
fourth and slightly less than half the length of that of the
second. Transverse grooves five in number. There are
seven conspicuous thorns on the surface (not including the
three which are present on the ocular tubercle). The first
pair of thorns is situated in the middle of the second abdo-
minal area, and they are of considerable length. Those of
the second pair are a little longer than those of the first, and
they are placed in the middle of the fourth abdominal area of
the scutum. There are three thorns on the fifth abdominal
area, 2 Jong one being present in the middle and a compara-
tively short one on each side of it. A number of granules,
each of which is furnished with a tiny hair, are also present
on the surface of the scutum. On each side, near the ante-
rior margin, there is a series of about six granules, the two
outer ones being the largest; this series is joined to the
ocular tubercle by a little arch-like structure, on the summit
of which there is a little granule. ‘The remaining granules of
the cephalothoracic part are not distributed in a very regular
manner, but those on the abdominal part of the scutum,
although not numerous, are arranged in transverse series ;
the series on the last abdominal area is composed of more
numerous granules than the others, however. There is also
a longitudinal series of granules on each side of the scutum.
The ocular tubercle presents much resemblance to that of the
species of Podoctis. It is situated quite close to the anterior
of the Family Phalangodide. 77
margin of the scutum, and is not very low, but is elongated
transversely, its width being about equal to the length of
the cephalothoracic part of the scutum. The central thorn is
inclined forwards and it is very long, its length considerably
exceeding that of the longest of the thorns of the abdominal
part of the scutum. Immediately to the inner side of each
eye there is a fairly long thorn, but these lateral thorns are
very much shorter than the central one. A number of
granules similar to those on the surface of the scutum are
also present on the ocular tubercle; several of them are
placed on the base of the central thorn, and two very slightly
Jarger ones are situated on the posterior surface of the slender
portion of the thorn.
Free dorsal segments 1-3 each with a transverse series of
little granules ; the fourth free dorsal segment is furnished
with rather numerous granules.
Ventral surface—Numerous granules are present on the
coxe of the legs, and there is a transverse series of little
granules on each of the ventral segments.
Chelicera. — Proximal segment long and comparatively
slender ; there are a number of granules on its upper surface,
most of them being quite minute, but two or three larger
pointed granules occur on each side of the upper surface ;
ventrally this segment has three or four little granules on its
inner side and a longitudinal series of 5-6 elongated granules
(or processes) on its outer side. ‘The second segment is
considerably stouter than the slender proximal segment and
has seven processes, nearly all of which are long and acute,
on its dorsal surface ; it has also two conical processes (or
granules) on the inner side below.
Palp.—tTrochanter provided below with a longitudinal
series of four processes. Femur compressed laterally and
highest at the proximal end, its height gradually diminishing
towards the distal end, which is almost cylindrical; on its
dorsal surface this segment has only a series of minute
granules, each with a fine hair, but there is a well-developed
spine near the distal end on the inner side; below the femur
is armed with a longitudinal series of eight spines. Patella
with two inner and an outer spine. ‘Tibia and tarsus dis-
tinctly flattened below, much as in Hpedanus &c. There are
three spines on each side of the tibia, the two distal ones on
the outer side being very long; two tooth-like granules are
present on the upper surface of this segment. The tarsus
has two spines on each side, the proximal one of the outer
side being very long.
Legs 2,4,3,1. First leg very much shorter than the
73 . Mr. S. Hirst on new Harvest-men
others and the second leg much the longest. A little granule
is present on the dorsal surface of the trechanter of the first
leg, and this segment has two rather long setiferous processes
or spines (and also two or three granules) on its lower
surface. Femur of first leg armed with spines both above
and below. ‘Tarsal segments 3, 4, 5, ?. Claws of posterior
legs unarmed.
Colour (faded) rather pale, but the dorsal surface is marked
with darker specks and little patches. Femora, tibie, and
ihe proximal end of the metatarsi of the legs conspicuously
variegated with pale and dark bands.
Measurements in mm.—Length of trunk 2°5, of seutum 2°25,
Material—A single adult male from the Baram River,
collected by Dr. W. Kiikenthal.
Epedanus orientalis, sp.n. (PI. I. figs. 7, 7a.)
Scutum very slightly longer than the tibia of the second
Jeg and as long as the patella +the tibia of the fourth. It has
four transverse grooves, the first being strongly procurved.
The cephalothoracic part is large, its length being a little
ereater than that of the abdominal part; it has the three
usual tooth-like processes on the anterior margin. Several
little granules occur on each side near the anterior margin.
There isa pair of fairly long thorns on the second of the
abdominal areas of the scutum, and a lateral tooth-like
process is sometimes present on each side of the last division.
The greater part of the surface of the scutum is smooth, but
a longitudinal series of minute granules runs down each side
of it and the last area has a transverse series of minute
granules; in one specimen the central granule of this trans-
verse series is slightly larger than the others. Ocu/ar tubercle
situated practically in the middle of the cephalothoracie part
of the scutum; the thorn is shorter than the transverse width
of the tubercle.
Each of the first three of the free dorsal segments has a
transverse series of granules, and sometimes the central
granule is larger than the others. The last free dorsal
segment is devoid of granulation.
Ventral surface—A number of granules are present on the
surface of the coxa of the first leg, most of them being very
large and conical and arranged in a single transverse row.
The second coxa has a transverse series of obsolete granules.
There are not any distinct granules on the remaining coxe
nor on the sternites.
Chelicera.—Proximal segment long and almost cylindrical
of the Family Phalangodide. fs
for the greater part of its length, but its apical end is dilated.
A number of conical eranules and processes are present
on its dorsal surface, and there are also two or three conical
granules on the inner side below ; one of the processes on the
outer side of the dorsal surface and one of the two which are
present on the dorsal surface of the enlarged distal part of
the segment are considerably longer than the others.
Second segment greatly swollen and furnished with several
tooth-like processes and granules on its dorsal surface, two
or three of them being bifid apically ; this segment has also
a single tooth-like process below.
Palp with the segments normal in shape and armed ve
long spines. Trochanter with a tooth-like granule and ¢
long pointed process on its dorsal surface ; ventrally this
segment has a long pointed process and sometimes ‘also a
little granule. Femur with two or three longitudinal series
of granules above; on its lower surface it has a row of six
spines, the distal one being placed at some distance from the
others; there are also two spines on the inner side of the
femur at its distal end. Patella armed with two inner and
one outer spine. Tibia with three inner and four outer
spines. ‘Tarsus with three spines on each side.
Legs.—'lrochanters of anterior legs furnished with one or
two granules below. Femur of first leg unarmed ; femur of
fourth leg almost straight. The number of tarsal segments
is as follows :—8-9, 19, 7,8. The claws of the posterior
legs are unarmed.
“Colowr.—Dorsal surface dark brownish and usually marked
with blackish reticulate markings. With the exception of
the first one the sternites also are rather dark brownish ; but
the first sternite and the coxe are much paler in colour.
Proximal segment of chelicera rather extensively darkened
and the second segment has dark reticulate markings on the
sides. Proximal segments of palp extensively infuscated,
but the distal seoments are either quite pale or only slightly
darkened here and there. Legs brownish, but they become
paler distally, and the distal ends of their metatarsi and the
entire length of the tarsi are whitish.
Measurements in mm.—Length of trunk 3°75, of scutum 3,
of fourth leg (from base of femur) 13°75.
Material-—Three male specimens, collected by Capt. S. 8.
Flower at Chantaboon, Siam.
Epedanus siamensis, sp.n. (Pl. I. fig. 8.)
Scutum a little shorter than the tibia of the second leg and
considerably shorter than the patella + the tibia of the
80 Mr. S. Hirst on new Tarvest-men
fourth. The transverse grooves are four in number. On
each side of the cephalothoracic part there is a semitrans-
parent swelling similar to that which is present in the same
position in the species of Pseudobiantes. A pair of thorns
are placed on the abdominal part, and they are of practically
the same size and are situated in the same position as those
of L. ortentalis, sp. n. The lateral tooth-like processes
which are sometimes present on the last abdominal area of
the scutum of /. orientalis apparently do not occur in the
species now under discussion. There is a longitudinal series
of very minute granules on each side of the scutum, and a
transverse series of very minute granules is present on its
last abdominal area. With the exception of those just
mentioned there are very few granules on the surface of the
scutum ; but a few additional isolated ones are present on the
abdominal part.
Ocular tubercle situated some distance in front of the
middle of the cephalothoracic part. Its thorn is shorter than
the transverse width of the tubercle.
The first two of the free dorsal segments each have a trans-
verse series of very minute granules, and a quite obsolete
transverse series may also be present on the third, but there
are no granules on the fourth.
Ventral surface.—The first coxa has a transverse row of
granules, but there are no distinct granules on the other
coxe nor are there any on the sternites.
Chelicera.— @. Proximal segment very much shorter than
and quite differently shaped to that of E. orientalis ; it has
only minute granules on its dorsal surface. Second segment
swollen ; its upper surface is furnished with several granules
and also with a process bearing three or four little points or
granules at the end. This process is placed close to the base
of the immovable finger.
2. Second segment of chelicera of female specimen not
swollen, and the process which is situated on its upper surface
near the base of the immovable finger is poorly developed ;
the shape and armature of the fingers are also different to
what they are in the male.
Palp.—Trochanter of palp furnished with two or three
conical granules above, and with another slightly larger one
below. There is a longitudinal series of conical granules on
the upper surface of the femur, and a series of four or five
similar granules is also present towards the inner side of the
ventral surface. The femur has also two spines on its inner
side at the distal end and a row of five spines on the outer
side of its ventral surface, the two of them which are placed
of the Family Phalangodide. §1
nearest the proximal end of the segment being the longest,
whilst the distal one is the shortest. Patella, tibia, and
tarsus armed with the same number of spines as in L.
orientalis.
Legs.—Femur of first leg unarmed ; femur of fourth almost
straight. Number of tarsal segments 8-9, 22-24, 9, 10.
Claws of the posterior legs each armed with a single large
tooth.
Colour.—Body and appendages pale yellowish brown, but
the distal ends of the metatarsi and the whole length of the
tarsi are whitish.
Measurements in mm.—Length of trunk 3°75, of seutum 3,
of fourth leg (from base of femur) 16:5.
Material—A specimen of each sex from Chantaboon,
Siam (Capt. S. S. Flower). The male has its very long
penis fully extruded and the tip of the ovipositor of the
female is visible when the genital operculum is lifted up.
Remarks.—Like FE. orientalis, sp. n., this species has a
pair of thorns on the second abdominal area of the scutum,
but it can easily be distinguished from that species by the
presence of the swollen area on each side of the cephalo-
thoracic part of the scutum, by the shortness and difference
in shape of the proximal segment of the chelicera, by the
greater number of tarsal segments, &c, It is also much
paler (yellower) than Z. ortentalis.
Note—Dr. C. Fr. Roewer gives the shortness of the
median spine as compared with the transverse width of the
ocular tubercle as one of the characters distinguishing his two
new genera (Hpedanellus and Takaoia) from Hpedanus.
This character does not seem to be of much importance. In
Pseudobiantes japonicus, Hirst, a species which has an ocular
tubercle of the same type as the species of Hpedanus, this
thorn may be either distinctly longer or slightly shorter than
the transverse width of the tubercle. In Hpedanus orientalis,
sp. n., it is shorter than the width of the tubercle, and yet
this species is in all other respects quite a normal member of
the genus Lpedanus.
The shape of the proximal segment of the chelicera is
another character employed by Dr. Roewer to distinguish the
two new genera mentioned above, but the shape of this seg-
ment is very different in closely allied species of Hpedanus
(for instance, in the two new species described above), and
this is also the case in the genus Phalangodes. I do not
think myself that this character is of generic value.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 6
82 Mr. S. Hirst on new Harvest-men
Genus PARABIANTES, nov.
Scutum with four well-defined transverse grooves. Ocular
tubercle elongated transversely, but not very wide; the thorn
which is situated in the middle of it is exceedingly long, its
length being about twice the transverse width of the tubercle.
Palp very long, the femur and the slender part of the
patella being especially long; only the tibia and tarsus of this
appendage are armed with spines. Femur of first leg
unarmed.
The ocular tubercle of this genus is built on the same plan
as that of Hpedanus, Pseudobiantes, &e., but the palp closely
resembles that of the species which were formerly referred to
the Hinzuanide.
Parabiantes longipalpis, sp. n. (PI. I. figs. 9, 9 a.)
Scutum as long as the patella+ the tibia of the first leg and
shorter than the tibia of the fourth. It has four well-defined
transverse grooves, the one which separates the cephalo-
thoracic part from the abdominal part being the deepest.
Cephalothoracic part convex and fairly large, its length being
equal to the united lengths of the first three abdominal areas
of the scutum. T[irst abdominal area longer than any of the
other abdominal areas, but its length is less than that of the
second and third taken together. There area few granules on
either side of the anterior margin, and a longitudinal series of
granules is present on each side of the scutum; otherwise
its surface is quite smooth. It has no processes or spines
except the one which is present in the middle of the ocular
tubercle. Ocular tubercle situated slightly in advance of the
middle of the cephalothoracic part of the scutum [for the
details of its structure, see the generic description].
Free dorsal segments quite smooth, granules being entirely
absent.
Ventral surface—Hach of the coxe of the legs has a single
series of granules, but that on the fourth is obsolete [absent
on one side]. Sternites quite smooth.
Chelicera.—Proximal segment elongated ; it is subcylin-
drical for part of its length, but becomes gradually stouter
towards the distal end; there are two or three granules on
its dorsal surface near the proximal end and one or two obso-
lete granules near the distal end. Second segment fairly
stout and with several granules on its dorsal surface.
Palp very long and only its tibia and tarsus are armed
with spines. Its femur is extremely long, its length equalling
of the Family Phalangodide. | 83
that of the body, and is slender and cylindrical, but the distal
end is a little stouter than the rest of the segment ; except
for a little conical granule, which is situated on the ventral
surface near the proximal end, the femur is quite unarmed,
Patella very long; it is unarmed and is slender and cylin-
drical almost throughout its length, only the extreme distal
end being enlarged. Tibia and tarsus fairly stout ; they are
bent in such a manner that the spines of the one segment
work against those of the other, as in [inzuanius &e. ‘Tibia
provided with three inner spines, all of which are long, the
one which is placed nearest to the distal end being the
shortest ; on its outer side it has six spines, some of which
are long and others short. Tarsus with three inner spines
and four or five outer spines; thissegment has also a number
of sharply pointed denticles in the middle of its lower
surface.
Legs 2, 4, 3, 1; the trochanters of the anterior legs each
have a little granule on their upper surface and three granules
on their lower surface; all the other segments of the legs
are quite smooth and without either granules or spines.
Tarsal segments 11-12, 30-32, 11, 11-13. Claws of the
posterior legs unarmed.
Colour.— Body and appendages dark brown, but the tibia
and tarsus of the palp are pale brown and the distal ends of
the metatarsi and the entire length of the tarsi of the legs
are quite pale.
Measurements in mm.—Lenegth of trunk 7, of scutum 5:5,
of first lez (from base of femur) 20°25, of second 37, of
third 26°5, of fourth 34°5, of femur of palp 7, of patella of
palp 4°75.
Material.—A_ single adult example of the female sex,
collected by Dr. W. Kiikenthal. No exact locality is given
for this specimen, but it is probably either from Borneo or
Halmaheira.
Hinzuantus parvulus, Hirst.
Hinzuanius parvulus, Hirst, Trans. Linn. Soe. xiv. p. 393 (1911).
The palp of this curious little species resembles that of
Acudorsum albimanum, Loman, very closely in structure, the
armature of the femur and the shape of the patella being very
similar in these two species and somewhat different to what
they are in the other species of Hinzuantus which I have
had the opportunity of examining. In H. parvulus the
tarsus of the palp is quite as dark as the tibia and there is
6*
84 Miss Kathleen Haddon on
no process on the abdominal part of the scutum ; for further
characters of this species, see the original description. I am
inclined to think that Acudorsum is asynonym of [Hinzuantus.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
Fig. 1. Zalmoxis austerus, sp. n. Outer view of palp.
Fig. 1a. Vitto. Fourth leg of male, outer view.
Mg. 2. Vima insignis, gen. et sp. n. Palp, outer view.
Fig. 3. Ibalonius quadriguttatus, sp.n. Chelicera, outer view.
Fig.3a. Ditto. Palp, inner view.
Fig. 4, Podoctis taprobanicus, sp.n. Anterior end of body and proximal
part of first leg, from the side.
Fig. 5. Podoctis willeyi, sp.n. Chelicera of male, outer view.
Fig. 5a. Ditto. Trochanter and femur of first leg, from the side.
ig. 6. Baramia vorax, gen. et sp.n. Palp and anterior end of body,
from the side.
Fig.6a. Ditto. Chelicera, outer view.
Fig.6b. Ditto. Trochanter and femur of first leg, from the side.
Fig. 7. Epedanus orientalis, sp. n. Chelicera of male, outer view.
Fig.7 a. Ditto. Palp, outer view.
Fig. 8. Epedanus siamensis, sp.n. Chelicera of male, outer view.
Fg. 9. Parabiantes longipalpis, zen. et sp.n. Anterior view of ocular
tubercle.
Fig.9 a. Ditto. Palp, outer view.
VIII.—Hersilia (Clausidium) vancouverensis.
By Karaiteen Happon.
[Plate IT.]
Hersilia (Clausidium) vancouverensis, sp. n.
In the summer of 1911 Mr. F. A. Potts, of Trinity Hall,
Cambridge, collected a large number of specimens of
Callianassa pugettensis from a stretch of sandy beach at
Hammond Bay, near Nanaimo, Vancouver Island. A small
copepod occurred in vast numbers in the gill-chambers and
also all over the body of many of the Callianasse, conspicuous
on account of the bright red colour of the egg-sacs. They
alternated between a state of quiescence, during which they
were attached to the surface of the host, and rapid jerky
movements, made when disturbed. The tiny male was
attached to the tail of the female in almost every case.
On his return home Mr. Potts gave me the copepod for
identification, and I found that it belonged to the genus
Hersilva.
Hersilia (Clausidium) vancouverensis. 85
Apparently only one species, Hersilia (Clausidium) apodi-
Jormis (Philippi), has been recorded, and it occurs in the
Adriatic and Mediterranean. Dr. Cerruti, of the Zoological
Station at Naples, very kindly sent some parasitic copepods
from Callianassa subterranea which tally with the published
descriptions of Hersilia apodiformis.
On comparing this species with the one from Vancouver
Island, I concluded that the latter presented differences
which entailed the formation of a new species ; I have hence
named it Hersilia vancouverensis.
The genus Hersilia may be distinguished from the other
genera comprising the family Hersiliide by the following
points * :—
Hersilia.—The mandible consists of two accessory pieces
besides the tooth (Pl. II. figs. 2 & 2 a).
Giardella—The mandible resembles the above, but the
maxillipeds of the male have the distal joint in the
form of a long curved claw.
Hersiliodes.—The mandible consists of three accessory
pieces besides the tooth.
Specific characters of Hersilia (Clausidium) apodiformis
(Philippt).
Female.—Length 1°35 mm.
Carapace practically covering abdomen.
Abdomen rather slender.
Antennules depressed, few hairs on anterior margin.
Mandibles bearing a tooth with serrated edges and no
hairs (fig. 2 a).
No gap between maxillipeds and first thoracic legs.
Fifth thoracic leg slender, no fine hairs (fig. 3a).
Infects Callianassa subterranea.
Hab. The Adriatic and Mediterranean.
Specific characters of Hersilia (Clausidium) vancouverensis,
Spyies «(el Tae, 1)
Female.—Length 1°6 mm.
Carapace only reaches to last thoracic joint.
Abdomen long and broad.
* KE, Canu, 1888.
86 On Hersilia (Clausidium) vancouverensis.
Antennules bent upwards, numerous hairs on upper edge.
Mandibles bearing a tooth with smooth edges and having
a row of hairs (Pl. II. fig. 2).
Considerable gap between maxillipeds and first thoracic
legs.
“Fifth thoracic leg broad, with a few fine hairs (fig. 3).
Infects Callianassa pugettensis.
Hab. Near Nanaimo, Vancouver Island.
The other appendages of the females of the two species are
similar.
The males of the two species are alike, except that the
antennules are bent as in their respective females and the
Vancouver Island form is slightly larger than the one from
Naples.
Literature.
18389. Hersilia apodiformis, Philippi. “ Einige zoologische Notizen.”
Archiv fiir Naturgesch. Tafel iv. figs. 9-11, p. 128.
1840. Hersilia apodiformis, Philippi. H. Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat.
des Crustacés, tome iii. pl. xxxvil. fig. 23, p. 417.
1866. Hersilia apodiformis, Philippi. C. Heller, “ Carcinolog, Beitr. zur
Fauna der adriat. Meeres.” Verhandl. zool.-bot. Gesellsch.
Wien, Bd. xvi. p. 750.
1874. Clausidium testudo, Kossmann, ‘“ Ueber Clausidium.... &e.”
Verhandl. phys.-med. Ges, n, F. Bd. vii. Taf. vi.
1875. Hersilia apodiformis, Philippi. Claus, ‘ Neue Beitriige z. Kennt.
par. Cop.” Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. xxv. 1, Taf. xxii.
1888. Hersilia apodiformis, Philippi. Canu, “ Les Copépodes marins
du Boul. (1) iii.” Bull. Se. de la Fr. et de la Belg. ili. sér. 1,
t. xix. p. 406,
EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.
Lettering.
an=antennule; an'=antenna; 7=lower lip; m=mandible; mr=
maxillule; ma’=maxilla; mep=:maxilliped; t=tooth of mandible;
tel= telson; th'-th’=thoracic legs 1-5. °
Fig. 1. Hersilia vancouverensis, sp. n. Female, with diminutive male
attached to the lower part of the abdomen,
“ig. 2. Mandible of Herstla vancouverensis.
Fig, 2a. Mandible of Hersilia apodiformis (Philippi).
Fig. 35. Fifth thoracic leg of Herstlia vancouverensis.
Fig.3 a. Fifth thoracic leg of Hersilia apodiformis.
On Ethiopian Rhynchota ([leteroptera). 87
1X.—Descriptions of Ethiopian Rhynchota (Heteroptera).
By W. L. DIstTant.
Pentatomide.
Plataspis angolensis, sp. n.
Above ochraceous, much suffused and punctured with black,
on the scutellum the punctures and suffusions obscurely
resemble three discal longitudinal fascie ; head somewhat
sparsely blackly punctate, a central black spot on disk and
two basal longitudinal spots behind it, the anterior margin
centrally subtiuncate, obliquely rounded on each side to eyes ;
pronotum more thickly punctate, the basal area more suffused
with black, on anterior area two black-margined transverse
spots; outside the basal angles of scutellum a distinct basal
orange-yellow spot; scutellum less blackly marked and
punctured on the lateral areas and ‘between the pseudo-
longitudinal fasciz on disk; the sternum is subviolaceously
opaque ; head beneath and sternal margins ochraceous with
scattered black punctures ; legs, rostrum, and abdomen be-
neath brighter and darker ochraceous; central fascia to
sternum and abdomen, narrow segmental abdominal margins,
and a transverse waved fascia to basal segment, black.
Of the size and shape of P. horvathi, Hagl., but the an-
terior margin of the head not centrally sinuous, but evenly
continuous.
Long. 10 ; lat. 94 mm.
Hab, Angola (Brit. Mus.).
Myrochea inermis, sp. n.
Pale ochraceous; head with the margins of the lateral
lobes (narrowly) and the margins of the central lobe (broadly )
black ; pronotum with four longitudinal black fascize composed
of confluent black punctures, two similar longitudinal black
fascize to scutellum ; corium, excluding lateral marginal area,
thickly, sometimes almost confluently blackly punctate ;
membrane greyish brown; head beneath with a large black
spot on each side of base of rostrum, and some black spots at
base; pro- and mesonota centrally and sublaterally black ;
abdomen beneath with a central segmental series of large
transverse black spots and with two longitudinal series of
black punctures on each lateral area; legs ochraceous; a
subapical annulation and apices to femora, the anterior tibia,
88 Mr. W. L. Distant on
bases and apices of intermediate and posterior tibie, and the
tarsi, black ; rostrum about reaching the posterior cox, with
its apex black ; body oval, somewhat elongate; head rounded
anteriorly, the. margins moderately laminate and recurved,
the lateral lobes a little longer than the central lobe, their
apices contiguous; antenne black, with the apices of the
joints more or less ochraceous; second joint a little longer
than third, fifth longest ; head, pronotum, and scutellum dis-
tinctly, somewhat sparsely punctate, corium thickly punctate ;
lateral margins of the pronotum nearly obliquely straight,
moderately laminately recurved ; connexivum exposed from
near middle of corium, orange-yellow, with black lines at the
incisures.
Long. 12 mm.; exp. pronot. ang]. 6 mm.
Hab. Uganda ; between Jinja and Busia or Mbwago’s,
EK. Busoga (S. A. Neave, Brit. Mus.).
This species in shape and general markings is closely allied
to M. distincta, Schout., from which it structurally differs
by the lateral angles of the pronotum being subangularly
rounded and not acutely produced as in I. distincta, the
pronotal lateral margins are more obliquely straight and less
sinuate, the colour-markings are much darker, but the pattern
is indicated in Schouteden’s species.
4
Caura yalana, sp. n.
Body above black with a slight olivaceous tint; narrow
lateral margins to head and a spot at apex of central lobe,
lateral margins of pronotum, a spot at base of lateral margins
to corium, connexivum, and body beneath, stramineous ; apex
of scutellum obscurely ochraceous; three spots in transverse
series on each side of pro-, meso-, and metasterna, a central
longitudinal double series of transverse spots, spiracles and
transverse spots attached to them, a more rounded spot
between them (two on second segment) to abdomen, bright
bluish green; coxee and trochanters stramineous; legs,
rostrum, and antenne bluish black ; second joint of antennze
distinctly shorter than the third, remaining joints mutilated
in type; pronotum thickly punctate, with a slight central
longitudinal ridge, the lateral posterior angles rounded, non-
prominent; scutellum transversely wrinkled and_ thickly
punctate; corlum finely punctate; membrane opaque ;
rostrum reaching the posterior coxa.
Long. 13 mm. ; exp. pronot. angl. 8} mm.
Hab. Brit. E. Africa, Yala River, 8. edge of Kakumga
Forest, 4800-5300 feet (S. A. Neave, Biit. Mus.).
Ethiopian Rhynchota (Heteroptera). 89
Allied to C. intermedia, Dist., and C. ovata, Karsch, but
differing from both in having the third joint of the antenne
distinctly longer than the second.
Damarius bicolor, sp. n.
Indigo-blue ; head, three spots at apex of scutellum, legs,
basal abdominal spine, rostrum excluding apex, a central
segmental series of spots, apex of abdomen beneath, and first
and second joints of antenne, sanguineous ; antenne with
the first joint not reaching the apex of head, remaining joints
almost subequal in length; head sparingly punctate, the
lateral lobes more or less transversely striate, eyes black;
pronotum thickly, somewhat coarsely punctate, about twice
as broad as long, the lateral margins sinuate, the posterior
angles subprominent; scutellum from beyond basal area
centrally longitudinally slightly raised and levigate, on each
side of which the punctures are thicker and more confluent ;
corium smooth, opaque ; membrane shining black, the apical
margin greyish white ; rostrum about reaching the posterior
coxze; ventral spine reaching the intermediate coxee.
Long. 16 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 65 mm.
Hab. Uganda; Mabira (C. C. Gowdey, Brit. Mus.).
A larger and broader species than D. splendidulus, Fabr.,
the lateral margins of the pronotum considerably less sinuate ;
colour-markings very distinct. .
Gonopsis neavei, sp. 0.
Black ; scutellum, meso- and metasterna, abdomen beneath,
and posterior suffusions to prosternum pale testaceous, some-
times wholly testaceous; more than basal half of lateral
margin to corium, and the connexivum, ochraceous; legs,
a broad central longitudinal fascia, and apex of abdomen
beneath, and small spots near spiracles, black; membrane
obscure greyish; rostrum either ochraceous suffused with
black, or black with ochraceous annulations ; a blackish spot
between anterior and intermediate coxve ; body very elongate ;
antennz black, second joint reaching apex of head, fifth joint
slightly longer than fourth and with its apex somewhat
obscure castaneous ; head with the lateral lobes long, porrect,
coarsely punctate, their apices acute but well separated from
each other ; pronotum with the lateral angles longly, acutely,
transversely produced, before which the surface is obliquely
depressed to head and the lateral margins serrate, the
: : a
posterior half rugulose ; scutellum a little shorter than head
90 On Ethiopian Rhynchota (Heteroptera).
and pronotum together, transversely wrinkled and sparsely
punactate, more thickly so on the posterior half; corium
thickly punctate; membrane only slightly passing the basal
margin of the posterior abdominal segment; rostrum reaching
the eaeoor coxee; head beneath ochraceous, with the lateral
lobes black; apices of the prosternal lateral spines black ;
sternum more or less distinctly punctate.
Long. 173 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 10 mm.
Hab. Uganda, Hastern Mbale Dist., S. of Mt. Elgon,
3700-3900 feet (S. A. Neave, Brit. Mus.).
Allied to G. maura, Dist.: pronotal lateral angles longer
aud more acute; apex of scutellum less rounded and subacute :
antenne black, not ochraceous; apices of the lateral lobes to
the head more acute, porrect, and more widely separated.
Reduviide.
Cleontes ugandensis, sp. n
Ochraceous ;_ head, antenne, rostrum, legs, basal and
apical areas of abdomen beneath connected by two longi-
tudinal series of spots, anterior lobe of pronotum, apical half
and interior lateral area of membrane, inner margin of corium,
apical area of connexivum both above and beneath, sublateral
fascia to sternum, and the area between intermediate and
posterior coxee, black; cox, trochanters, apices of inter-
mediate femora, two broad annulations to posterior femora,
and nearly basal half and apex of posterior tibiz, ochraceous ;
head laterally longly pilose; pronotum posteriorly longlyand
broadly produced, completely concealing the scutellum, its
apex truncate; abdomen broadly ampliate, the connexivum
somewhat strongly recurved, its margins strongly sinuate, its
apex truncate.
Long. 174-18 mm.; lat. pronot. angl. 44 mm.
Hab. Uganda; between Jinga and Busia, E. Busoga
(S. A. Neave, Brit. Mus.); Mabira (C.C. Gowdey, Brit.
Mus.).
Allied to C. genitus, Dist., but a much larger species ;
pronotum more posteriorly produced, with its apex trun-
cate, not rounded; connexivum more produced, its apex
obliquely truncate and its apical area black ; colour-differences
distinct.
‘La es £5? “{. — ee
-
On the General Classification of the Pelecypoda. Re
X.— A Discussion of the General Classification of the
Pelecypoda. By M. Cottey Marcu, M.Sc., Geological
Department, Manchester University.
[Plate III.]
Tuer Pelecypoda, like all other animals possessing skeletons,
can be classified from the standpoint of their hard or soft
parts. ‘The ideal method, where both are taken into con-
sideration, is only available to the paleontologist when the
soft parts leave some trace on the hard.
In the case of the Lamellibranchs, the modern classifi-
cations are based on the gills or the teeth. Dall, writing in
support of a general hinge classification, said, that as the
gills leave no impression on the sliell, a gill classification
must necessarily exclude all fossil forms, and so do away
with the possibility of forming a phylogenetic classification.
It might also be argued that the evolution of gills is not
of sufficient taxonomic importance for the division of orders
and suborders. It is generally acceded that the pelecypod
gill is homogenetic, being evolved from a type in which
there was a main rachis giving off hollow and _ partially
flattened leaflets. This type is held to have been developed
in the earliest Pelecypoda. The object of specialization in
gills and gill-chambers is twofold, to secure the maximum
respiratory surface and a separation of the incoming and
outgoing currents. ‘These ends have been secured in the
Pelecypoda by specialization along one line only, that is by
elongation of the leaflets and the upgrowth of the free ends.
The junction of these upturned ends has procured the
division of the respiratory chamber. Ridewood has shown
that in the connections between the opposite sides of the
leaflets ciliary junctions preceded organic.
These stages in gill development, then, are of great
interest as showing the evolution of the gill, but are useless
taxonomically, for they were followed by all lines diverging
from the common ancestal stock. They form only trans-
verse divisions across the general classification and can no
more be used to subdivide the group than can the articulation
of the femur with two or three bones of the pelvis in the
Ichthyosauria and Plesiosauria be taken as breaking those
groups up into orders and suborders.
Moreover, in general evolution the gills are singularly
unaffected by any change in environment or habit such as
92 Mr. M. C. March on the
leads to the development of new species or genera. Their
broad changes must be looked upon as being purely intrinsic
and as common to the whole group as such.
On the other hand, the primitive Pelecypod ancestor is
conceived to have been hingeless. The evolution of the
hinges must therefore have taken place entirely within the
group. Its development was due to the necessity for securing
rapid and accurate closing of the shell, as was pointed out
by Dall. Such an end might be assured in many ways not
of necessity related to each other, as the hinge has no
ancestral form common to the whole group. So that the
development of the hinge apparatus should be of taxonomic
value, as similarity of development would show a close
relationship between subdivisions, and not merely a common
membership in the group. ‘The fact that the variations are
extrinsic leads to the occurrence of heterogeneric homeco-
morphy, but such cases should be distinguishable by the
study of ontogeny and phylogeny.
Modern Classifications based on the Hinge.
A, NEUMEYER.
Neumeyer was the first, after Martini, to classify the Pelecypoda on
the characters of the hinge; he recognized six orders, founded on distinct
teeth characters.
1. Cryptodonta. Including forms without teeth or with folds which
involved the whole thickness of the valve and which were often
continuous with the radial ribs.
2. Taxodontu., Including forms where, in the simplest cases, the teeth
were perpendicular to the hinge-line, but which might become
more or less oblique peripherally.
3. Heterodonta, Including the most highly specialized of the Lamelli-
branchs in which the teeth were distinguishable into cardinals and
laterals.
4, Schizodonta. Including those forms which possess one bifurcated
tooth in the left valve, fitting into two divergent lamell in the
right valve.
5. Desmodonta. Including forms very similar to the Heterodonta in
anatomy, but with an internal ligament, and teeth not homo-
logous,
6. Dysodonta, Containing those Heteromyarians and Monomyarians
that have partially or totally reduced teeth.
B. FiscHer.
Fischer added a seventh order to Neumeyer’s six :—
Isodonta, included by Neumeyer in the Desmodonta, contains those
forms which have their teeth symmetrically arranged about an
internal ligament.
General Classtfication of the Pelecypoda.
to
w
C. GROBBEN.
Grobben used the hinge in conjunction with other anatomical
characters as the basis of his classification. He recognized three sub-
classes :—
1. Protobranchia, equivalent to the Protobranchia of Pelseneer,
2. Desmodonta, equivalent to Neumeyer’s order of that name.
3. Ambonodonta: (1) Eutaxodonta (Arcidz).
(2) Heterodonta (sensaw Neumeyer).
(3) Schizodonta (sensu Neumeyer).
(4) Anisomyarians (sensw Lamarck).
D. Datu.
Dall’s orders are three in number: Prionodesmacea, Teleodesmacea,
and Anomalodesmacea,
The Prionodesmacea are described as having hinges which “are the
product of evolution applied to the development of (among other things)
teeth to the hinge-margin, or of amorphous teeth ” (14, p. 452). This,
as an isolated quotation, might seem to show that he considered the
transverse direction of the Prionodesmacean teeth to be secondary.
Quotations from his earlier paper of 1889 will, however, show that in
his conception this transverse direction of the teeth was primary.
1. (13, p. 452.) “ Attention has been already called to the fact that
there can be but three fundamental types of hinge ; which may be
called anodont, prionodont, and orthodont, the latter term being
used to indicate the forms in which the cardinal margin has
become longitudinally plicate.”
2. (13, p. 447.) There are three fundamental types of hinge :—
(1) The simple edentulous margin. [Anodont.]
(2) The hinge in which the teeth are developed transverse to the
cardinal margin. [ Prionodont. }
(8) The hinge in which the direction of the teeth is parallel to
the margin. [Orthodont. ]
Iam disposed to think that the time relations of the different hinges
are those of the order in which I have cited them.
The Teleodesmacea include those forms in which the prionodont and
orthodont types are combined, the latter being superimposed on the
former either by a fusion of the transverse teeth or by the subsequent
development of longitudinal teeth.
The Anomalodesmacea contain those Pelecypoda in which the dorsal
margin is without a distinct hinge-plate, the armature of the hinge
being “feeble, often obsolete, or absent.”
Dall’s three orders, therefore, were made for those Lamellibranchs
which have teeth—
(1) transverse to the hinge-margin ;
(2) parallel to the hinge-margin ;
(3) so degenerate as to show no definite affinity to the other twa
orders,
Qt Mr. M. C. March on the
The last worker on the hinge from a taxonomic point of ©
view was Bernard. His main work on the subject is found
in four papers in the Bull. de la Soc. Géol. de France, two in
the ‘Comptes Rendus,’ and one in the Ann. des Sci. Nat.,
Zool. This last paper was the first half of a synopsis of his
work, and summed up his views on the Taxodonts and
Anisomyarians [Dysodonta, Bernard], and included a sketch
of the relationships of the modern and Paleozoic forms.
He died the year of the publication of this first part, and
the second part is not recorded as having been published,
although he frequently refers to it in the first part. Con-
sequently he was unable to publish a classification, although
the bulk of the material for it was already published, and he
never gave his final views on the relationships of the Taxo-
donts and Anisomyarians [Dysodonta, Bernard] to the
Heterodonts. For this reason it is necessary to give a short
summary of his work, which leads to the adoption of a
classification which, although agreeing largely with Dall’s
in general grouping, yet differs from it fundamentally in the
bases of the classes.
Bernard’s main work was confirmed by Munier-Chalmas,
and, with the exception of one minor point, by Fischer.
The most important points of Bernard’s work are :—
1. The tracing of the ontogenetic development of the
taxodont teeth in the Taxodonta proper and also
in the Anisomyarians.
. The tracing of the origin of the taxodont dentition.
(This was in part done also by Dall, though he did
not grasp the bearing of his work.)
3. The discovery of the existence of an embryonic
“dentition ””? in the Taxodonta equivalent to that
found in some Heterodonts.
4, The tracing of the development of the heterodont
hinge.
©
The Development of Pleurodont | Taxodont and Dysodont |
Teeth.
The taxodont dentition was taken by workers previous to
Bernard to differ essentially from the heterodont (Teleo-
desmecean, Dall) hinge, in having the teeth developed in a
direction essentially perpendicular to the hinge-line instead
of parallel to it. Bernard clearly demonstrated that in the
prodissoconch stages, and sometimes continuing into disso-
conch stages, there is an embryonic “ dentition ” consisting
General Classification of the Pelecypoda. 95
of alternating ridges and folds, called by him “ crenulations.”
This band is separated into anterior and posterior portions
by the primary ligamental pit. In Ostrea, however, the
anterior row is wanting, and the ligamental pit lies at the
anterior edge of the shell. Subsequent to the development
of the crenulations the true teeth make their appearance.
These arise, not perpendicular to the hinge-line but as long
ridges parallel to it. They may retain this position through-
out life, as in Cucullea crassatina. Usually, however, the
interior end becomes sharply curved and the external part
atrophies, leaving the usual taxodont teeth (figs. 1, 2, and 3).
Fig. I.
Young Cucullea crassatina, showing the recurviny of the primitive
lamellz to form taxodont teeth. (After Bernard.)
L,=primary ligamental teeth.
The great importance of this is twofold :-—
Firstly. It refutes the theory that the early embryonic
dentition seen in certain Heterodonts, and which
arises perpendicular to the hinge-line, represents an
early taxodont condition, and for that reason necessi-
tates the descent of the Heterodonts from Taxo-
donts as seen in modern forms.
Secondly. It does away with the radical difference between
the heterodont and taxodont teeth.
The Origin of the Pleurodont Dentition.
Amongst the Anisomyarians (figs. 4 & 5) the teeth show
a still earlier stage than in the Nuculide and their allies.
Here they rise before the development of the cardinal plateau
as lateral folds alternating with the external ribs. These
internal ribs may occur where the outer test is smooth. In
forms where the test thickens greatly a transition can be
95 Mr. M. C. March on the
traced from a period when these internal ribs alternate
with the external ribs, and a time when they are entirely
independent of them. The cardinal plateau is a subsequent |
development to the first-formed teeth and arises on them.
Vc &
Fig. 2.
Ly c L Cc
Me
~~
Development of Pectunculus obovatus. (After Bernard.)
1 & 2, right valve ; 3-7, left valve. L,=primary ligamental pit ;
C=band of crenulations.
Where these first-formed teeth remain as internal ribs they
are called “ dysodont,” when they are developed on the
plateau, or take their place on it, they become true taxodont
teeth, and as such become capable of growth into the usual
-
General Classification of the Pelecypoda. 97
taxodont form. Dall noticed the same origin for the
Anisomyarian teeth; but he read it as excluding them
from any connection with the Taxodonta, whose teeth he
Cc
Young stages of Area. (After Bernard.)
C=band of crenulations; L;=primary ligamental pit ; L=ligament.
PI
ic. ieee
|
Avicula microptera (after Bernard), showing the dysodont teeth, which
anteriorly show a tendency to produce cardinals,
conceived as arising perpendicular to the hinge-line. Con-
firming the fact that the dysodont stage precedes tie taxo-
dont, Bernard cites the case of the development of those young
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. ()
98 Mr. M. C. March on the
Arcide which grow slowly and have a thin test. Here the
transition between dysodont and’ taxodont teeth is clearly
seen. The Monomyarians develop rudimentary dysodont
PIL ; AIL
AI Put
Pecten varius, showing the first dysodont teeth. (After Bernard.)
PI Al
Plicatula ramosa, showing the development of I, II, and III.
(After Bernard.)
teeth, which show extraordinary variation. Bernard con-
cludes from these facts that they are degenerate.
An important fact brought out by Bernard is the order of
General Classification of the Peleeypoda. 99
development of teeth in the Taxodonta, The later teeth in
the Taxodonta appear ventrally except :—
(a) In the case of the Pectunculide, where the third tooth
in the left valve appears dorsally to the first and
second teeth. This may possibly be a case of de-
generation, Bernard, however, does not suggest
this (3, p. 61). (Hig. 6.)
(6) In Nucula (3, p. 166) two teeth appear dorsally, which
Bernard takes as being developed in their normal
order. Hecomments, however, on their irregularity,
In the case of the Monomyarians the irregularity in
the development of the dysodont teeth is taken by
him as postulating degeneration, so that these dorsal
teeth might possibly be degenerate. In both these
cases the other teeth develop ventrally,
(c) In the Pectinide and Spondylide, and also in Mytilus,
the teeth develop dorsally,
So far the points established by Bernard are :—
(1) That the Taxodonta (7. e. Prionodesmacea— Naiadacea)
have an embryonic dentition which is also seen in
some Heterodonta (i. e, Teleodesmacea + Anomalo-
desmacea + Naiadacea).
(2) That the true taxodont dentition develops parallel to
the hinge and that its position perpendicular to the
cardinal line is due to rotation,
(3) That the dysodont dentition of the Anisomyarians is
an early stage in the development of the taxodont
and is originally formed from internal ribs, alter-
nating with external ribs when these are present.
The Development of the Heterodont Dentition.
The last great point brought out by Bernard is the
development of the heterodont teeth. These may or may
not show the embryonic crenulations. In either case the
true teeth are developed on a common plan.
The teeth, lateral or cardinal, are developed from laminze
running parallel to the edge of the cardinal plateau. Those
of the right valve lie ventral to those of the left valve. They
are numbered J, If, III, IV, V, VI, from ventral to dorsal,
those of the left valve being denoted by the even numbers,
and those of the right valve by the odd numbers, As before,
there are two sets of these teeth, one lying anterior, and
the other posterior, to the ligament-pit,
7%
100 Mr. M. C. March on the
Anterior to the ligament :—
LAI, LA III, LA V, for the right valve.
LA II, LA IV, LA VI, for the left valve.
Posterior to the hgament :—
LPI, LP IU, LPY, for the right valve.
LP II, LP IV, 1.P VI, for the left valve.
The posterior ends of these lamellae bend round so as to
lie more or less perpendicular to the hinge-line, and may
become differentiated from the anterior part. The posterior
portions form the cardinals, the anterior portions form the
lateral teeth or remain as undifferentiated lamellae. The
posterior lamellz are unaltered except in the case of Condylo-
cardia (fig. 7). The anterior cardinals may become bifurcated
forming anterior portions.
CA2
LP IT
LP3
Condyli.cardia crassicosta (after Bernard), showing the occurrence of
posterior cardinals.
1. Left valve. 2. Right valve.
The reduction of the heterodont hinge to a scheme, and
the cursory comparison of that scheme with the actual adult
heterodont hinge, makes the conception seem too simple to
be really possible. It is only by carefully following out
Bernard’s papers, and by the comparison of his descriptions
of the adult shells with the actual specimens that it becomes
clear that the hinges do develop on that plan. In actual
practice V appears rarely, and VI very rarely.
General Classification of the Pelecypoda, 191
LP=lateral posterior lamella.
LA =lateral anterior lamella.
CA =anterior cardinal.
a=anterior portion of an anterior cardinal.
b= posterior portion of an anterior cardinal.
Left valve. Right valve.
LP VI ligt. LA VI
a ay LAV. ligt. LP-V
A. LP IV ligt. LAIV shade eae ik
i as, LA III ligt. LP II
LPI ligt. LAI
LP VI ligt. CAG LA VI
B. LPIV ligt: CA4 LAIV
to]
LPII ligt. CA2 LAII
AL CAL ligt. LPI
LP Vi ligt. 66 6a LAVI
C. LPIViigt.45 4a LAIV
LAUT 3a 3b ligt. LPI
LPII ligt. 2b 2a LATI
TAL CAsb ‘ict LPI
a wee eee
Diagrams showing the relation of the teeth
according to Bernard.
A. Stage showing primary lamellee only.
B. Stage showing development of anterior cardinals and laterals.
C. Stage showing bifurcation of the anterior cardinals.
Bernard provisionally divided the Heterodonta into two
classes. He did not hold these classes to be strictly natural
ones, but he made them for the sake of convenience.
Subdivisions of the Heterodonta.
A. The Cyrina type, where the CA I is present, and CA II
is divided into 2 a and 2.
B. The Lucina type, where the first cardinal is undeveloped
and the second cardinal is consequently simple.
Families in Bernard’s Orders and Suborders.
Heterodonta.
PLIODONTA.
Mactride: Mactra, Schizodesma, Lutraria, Merope,
Schizothcerus, Hastonia, Raeta.
Scrobieularide: Cumingia, Semele, Screbicularia.
102
Mr. M. C. March on the
Mesodesmatide : Paphia (=Mesodesma), Anapa.
Cardilide: Cardilia.
Anatinide: Anatina, Thracia.
Cuspidariide : Cuspidaria.
Cyrenide: Corbicula, Iphigenia, Cyrena, Spherium,
Cyrenoida, Velonta.
Rangide: Rangia.
Veneride ; Cytherea, Venus, Tapes, Circe, Macrocallista,
Dosina, Glaucomya.
Cyprinide: Cyprina, Pygocardia, Cypricardia, Corallio-
phaga,
Isocardiide : Tsceakdia, Modiolaria.
Petricolide ; Petricola.
Erycinide : Lascea, Kellya, Bornea, Scacchia, Montacuta.
Kelliellide: Wutetia, Kelliella.
Chamide: Chama, Echinochama, Gyropleura, Monopleura,
Capratina.
Rudiste: Valletia, Radiolites,
Diceratide : Diceras, Heterodiceras.
OLIGODONTA.
Lucinide: Lucina, Fimbria, Diplodonta, Axinus, Felania,
Ungulina.
Astartide : Astarte.
Condylocardiide : Condylocardia.
Cardiide: Cardium, Hemicardium, Pterocardium, Pro-
sodacna.
Donacide: Donax.
Corbulide : Corbula, Mya, Sphenia, Tugonia.
Tellinide : Tellina.
Solenide.
Paneopeide.
Pholadide : Pholas.
Dreissenside : Dreissensia.
* Trigoniide ; Trigonia.
Pleurodonta,
TAXODONTA:
Nuculide: Nucula.
Arcide : Arca, Cucullea,
Pectuneulide : Pectunculus.
Ledide: Leda, Yoldia, Malletia.
DYSODONTA.
Mytilide: Mytilus, Modiola, Modiolaria, Crenella, Litho-
domus, Hochstetteria.
Aviculide: Avicula.
Pectinide: Pecten, Lima.
Spondylide : Spondylus, Plicatula.
Anomiide: Placunanomia.
Ostreide: Ostrea.
* Possibly may belong to the Pliodonta.
General Classification of the Pelecypoda, 103
Bernard’s Classification.
Bernard’s discovery of the discontinuity of the embryonic
and adult dentitions of the Taxodonta, and his working out
of the development of the definitive teeth, overthrew the
hypothesis that the crenulations observable in certain Hete-
rodonta postulated the descent of the latter from the former.
On the other hand, he regarded the Heterodonta as being
derived from an early taxodont (i. e. dysodont) ancestry by
the specialization of the lateral lamelle—that is to say, he
considered these lamelle to be homologous in both groups,
for he says :—
** Pour comparer la charniére des Hétérodontes a celle des
Taxodontes, il sera nécessaire de s’adresser, non pas aux
formes adultes mais aux formes embryoniques .. . Une dent
des Taxodontes sera homologue non pas & lune quelconque
des dents Hétérodontes adultes mais 4 une de leurs lamelles
primitives qui se recourbent ... pourra donner naissance,
suivant les cas a 1, 2, ou 3 dents définitives.”
In his work Bernard clearly states that the Taxodonta
and Anisomyaria form one group, the latter showing clearly
the evolution of taxodont teeth from internal ribs. This is
also shown by the Arcas in the former group. The Aniso-
myaria show the beginning of the taxodont dentition, but
not its full development. The Monomyarian dentition he
shows to be degenerate—indeed, Ostrea never passes through
a taxodont stage. The absence of a well-developed taxodont
stage may of course be due either to want of phylogenetic
development or to a similar degeneration. Into this point
Bernard does not go. The evidence of the Monomyaria and
the specialized habit of the Anisomyaria generally point to
its non-development being due to degeneration. ‘That this
loss of later specialization threw more and more work on
to earlier stages is shown by Osétrea, which, never passing
through a taxodont stage, has embryonic crenulations
persisting late.
As the Taxodonta and Anisomyaria are included in one
order, that order cannot very well be called Taxodonta. A
name which scems suitable is Pleurodonta, as it refers to the
definite proof of the evolution of the taxodont teeth from
internal ribs. As to the names of the two suborders, Taxo-
donta is perfectly suitable ; but the name Anisomyaria cannot
very well stand, as it seems to show an order in a general
classification based on the considerations of the “hinge,
divided off because of its muscular characters. For the
104 Mr. M. C. March on the
teeth of this suborder Bernard retains the name dysodont,
therefore it might be called the Dysodonta.
The second order Bernard called Heterodonta, Its two
main subdivisions he based on the fact that in one type
cardinal | is not differentiated from lamella 1, and therefore
Fig. 8.
LAIZ LAI
LPI
LPI
LPI LAI
Lab 2
LPI LAL
Development of Zucina neglecta. (After Bernard.)
cardinal 2 is undivided. In the other type cardinal 1 is
present and cardinal 2 is divided. These two suborders
might perhaps be called Pliodonta and Oligodonta (figs. &
& 9), in reference to their diagnostic characters. The former
suborder is again divided into four classes :—
1. Containing those forms which are typical of the sub-
order (figs. 10 & 11).
2. Containing those forms in which CA 1 is either quite
undeveloped or not strongly developed (fig. 12).
3. Contaming those forms in which the ligament is either
entirely or nearly internal and where CA 1 is un-
developed (figs. 13 & 14).
4, Containing Chama and its allies (fig. 15).
General Classification of the Pelecypoda. 105
There are two apparent objections to Bernard’s con-
clusions. The first is Noettling’s (17, p. 87), who, in criti-
cizing Bernard’s statement that the dorsal primary lamellze
of the Heterodonta appear later than the ventral ones,
says :—‘ The view that the dorsal primary lamellze are older
than the ventral ones is... supported by the fact that the
Bivalves grow in a ventral direction—in other words, the
ventral portions of a bivalve shell are younger than the
Fig. 9.
LPI
LAT
me a6
LAI
LAW
LPL tage
Cardium.
dorsal ones ; it would be certainly strange if the opposite
took place with regard to the hinge, where the ventral parts
would be the older and the dorsal parts the younger ones—
that is to say, the hinge would grow just in the opposite
direction to the remainder of the shell.” This certainly
would be strange, but Dr. Noettling overlooks three facts :—
Firstly. That, as is shown by the growth-lines, the teeth
are formed entirely by secondary thickening which may take
place at any point.
106 Mr. M. C. March on the
Secondly. The growth-lines in the umbonal region of the
shell show that the earliest formed part of the plateau is
due to internal thickening. The first growth-line bends
down, then up, cutting the edge of the young shell. If the
plateau were formed by downgrowth of the external part the
growth-lines would run towards the umbonal region as they
do in the underpart of the plateau. If, then, as seems
probable from the structure of the shell, the plateau is due
to secondary thickening, it cannot be possible to speak of
teeth as being dorsal or ventral with regard to each other
Fig. 10.
L
L LAIY Zw |
° LAL sY LAI
L L
2’L Al ise
: L
LAI
LORS IBN
3a
2 LAI
Vw tN
LATI
LAI
4b 2b age as
Development of Cytherea deshayesiana. (After Bernard.)
when they are formed by thickenings on its upper surface.
They can only be more or less internal or external with
regard to each other.
Thirdly. According to Bernard’s hypothesis, the lamellz
are derived from radial internal ribs, which, except for inter-
ealation (which only occurs in later shell-development),
remain constant in number and normally develop simul-
taneously. Such ribs cannot be regarded as dorsal or ventral
with regard to each other,
aN
oN
General Classification of the Pelecypoda.
Fig. 11.
Ligh
2a
cen 4b ab
Cyrena
Fig. 12
2 3b
!
a
Pa
LAT
2a
A Levicardium with reduced teeth.
LAI
107
108 Mr. M. ©. March on the
Fig. 18.
4
L £ LAT
L
|
5
“ b LAI
LAI —
2 fg —s f=» LP
LPI
2b
LAT
3 wN LPM
Lb 4bp«2e
von 3a 3b Lay
GATE
Development of Mactra solida. (After Bernard.)
Fig. 14.
EP if LA I
LPI
Ligf.
Lutraria.
General Classification of the Pelecypoda. 109
Those ribs would then be developed which were of greatest
importance to the shell—they might be those nearest to the
hinge-line or those furthest from it.
The second apparent objection is the alteration of a ventral
succession in the Taxodonta and some Dysodonta to a dorsal
one in the remaining Dysodonta and all the Heterodonta if,
as seems probable, they’ have a common origin. This objec-
tion has already been partially answered, where it was stated
that those ribs which were most important would develop
first. The change in order of development, then, may merely
mean a change in the relative importance of the upper and
lower ribs. This may reasonably be accounted for on the
Fig. 15.
3a 3b
Lig
LP 1
4
LPT nue
Left. Right.
Chama lazarus. (After Bernard.)
firmly established principle that those parts of an organism
most highly developed in the adult tend to appear first in
ontogeny. In the early shells, the Paleoconchs, the shells
were thin and would be likely to break under the strain of
the hgament, The most external, that is the uppermost ribs,
which are more than mere valleys between the external ribs,
and, moreover, need not be associated with external ribs,
would be extremely likely to be useful as helping to
strengthen that part of the shell. Being more developed
they would appear sooner than the less important ventral
ones. After the appearance of the cardinal plateau, or even
after the general thickening of the shell, this use would be
subordinated to the use of guiding the shell to ensure rapid
and accurate closing. This would be better accomplished
by ventral ribs, which would then develop first.
Noettling reasons from diagrams 12, numbers 2 and 3 (see
text-fig. 10), of Bernard’s work on Heterodonts, that lamella
III, which is shown as curved round, is more differentiated
Mr. M. C. March on the
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112 Mr. M. C. March on the
than lamella I, which is merely a straight ridge. Surely
here he is confusing the appearance of teeth and lamelle.
The curving of III is the first stage in the development of
3aand36. LamellaI might appear before lamella III, and
yet CA 3 be developed before 1. Indeed, CA 1 may never
develop. Also the early appearance of I causes II in the left
valve to appear more or less curved, and this enjoins the
same fate on III in the right valve. As a matter of fact,
this reading of these diagrams supports the assumed change
in order of development by showing that, although the first
lamella to develop is the most internal, yet the earliest
formed teeth appear more externally.
Order I. PLEURODONTA.
Pelecypoda in which the prodissoconch stage always shows
an embryonic dentition in the form of crenulations, which
may or may not continue into the dissoconch stage. The
true teeth normally develop as lateral folds at the periphery.
The cases in which they do not may be taken as due to
acceleration in development. ‘The succession of teeth is
normally from external (dorsal) to internal (ventral). The
cardinal plateau develops after the first-formed teeth, which
may or may not be traceable from internal ribs. The téeth
when developing before the plateau are dysodont, when
developing on the plateau they are taxodont. The teeth
tend to become curved, so as to lie perpendicular to the
hinge-line internally. Peripherally they tend to atrophy.
Suborder A. DysoDONTA.
Pleurodonta in which the teeth definitely arise as continua-
tions of internal ribs. They are reduced in number and may
become taxodont in natnre or degenerate. The succession
may be external (dorsal).
Suborder B. TAxoDONTA.
Pleurodonta in which the origin of teeth from internal
ribs is normally not evident. The teeth are numerous and
become perpendicular to the hinge-line. The succession is
internal (ventral), except where not more than two teeth
arise externally (dorsally).
General Classification of the Pelecypoda. 113
Order Il. HETERODONTA.
Pelecypoda in which the prodissoconch normally shows
no embryonic crenulations. The teeth develop from lateral
lamellee. The succession is external (dorsal). The first
formed lamella is in the right valve. Each valve contains
lamellz in front of and behind the ligament. The anterior
Jamellee may develop posteriorly into cardinal teeth and
anteriorly into lateral teeth. Posterior cardinals are deve-
loped in one case only.
Division A. PLIODONTA.
Heterodonta in which CA] is developed and CA2 is
subdivided into anterior and posterior portions.
Division B. OLIGODONTA.
Heterodonta in which CA 1 does not develop and CA 2
remains undivided.
Conclusion.
The comparison and contrasts between these three classifi-
cations stand out clearly. To Neumeyer, the first to really
tackle the problem of the hinge as a basis for classification,
is due the honour of having divided the hinges into types.
Three only of these divisions survive, two of these only as of
subordinal value (Taxodonta and Dysodonta), the third
(Heterodonta) as an order; but to him is due the general
basis for such a classification. Dall kept these types of
Neumeyer’s, but reduced them to the rank of divisions in
his orders. He created three new orders, founding them, as
did Neumeyer, on the characters of the adult shell, and, as
was shown by Bernard’s later work, erroneously. Bernard’s
work was essentially that of an embryologist. His two
orders and their suborders were founded on the study of
individual development. Having worked out the main
lines of his classification in this way, he compared it with
Neumeyer’s work on the Palzoconchs of the Palozoic
period, and found that the results of his work were borne
out by these earlier researches.
Neither of these workers claimed that his work was ideal
phylogenetically ; each fully realized the importance of the
consideration of other organs in tracing out the relationships
of members of the group.
Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 8
i Mr, M. C. March on the
Neumeyer’s seven orders bear no distinct relationship to
the orders established by those who followed the differentia-
tion of the gills. Dall’s first order, Prionodesmacea, corre-
sponds to the Protobranchia and Eleutherobranchia of
Ridewood, except that Ostrea and Pinna are removed by the
latter, on account of their gills, to the Synaptorhabda, which
is equivalent to the Anomalodesmacea and Teleodesmacea of
Dall, with the exception of the above-mentioned families,
Bernard’s Pleurodonta includes the members of the Proto-
branchia and Eleutherorhabda, together with the Ostreid:e
and the Pinnide placed in it, and without the Cardiniide
and Trigonide. His Heterodonta agrees with the Synapto-
rhabda with these two families removed and the Trigoniide
and Cardiniide added.
Grobben’s classification appears to be untenable for three
reasons :—
A. He separates the Desmodonta from the Heterodonta,
placing them in a different order, although they are
essentially similar in both the gills and the hinge,
B. He separates the Arcide from the other Taxodonta,
placing them in the same order as the Heterodonta,
although they differ in development and history.
C. In spite of the same difficulty, he places the Aniso-
myarians with the Heterodonta.
As Dall’s orders have been shown to have been founde:l
on a misconception of the value of the teeth, the only
important comparisons are between Bernard’s and Ridewood’s
classifications.
One of the differences between these classifications is
the inclusion in the first of Bernard’s orders of the first two
of Ridewood’s orders. Bernard’s reasons for putting the
Taxodonta and Dysodonta together are :—
1. They have a similar prodissoconch with embryonic
crenulations.
2. The early dissoconch stages are similar in regard to the
development of the teeth and cardinal plateau.
The differences in their later development justifies their
separation into suborders.
Ridewood’s reason for separating them is that the gills
in one case are simple protobranchs and in the other they
are recurved. Ridewood himself derives the filibranch type
General Classification of the Pelecypoda. 115
from the protobranch, so that the difference is merely one of
degree of development, while Bernard’s comparisons imply
a relationship of origin and development for the prodisso-
conch and early dissoconch stages. The reasons for the
association of these two sections of the Pelecypoda seem to
be stronger than the reason for their separation.
Of course it can be urged against Bernard’s order that
in the Pectinidz, Spondylid, and Plicatulide the order of
development of the teeth is towards the exterior (i. e. the
dorsal side), but a foreshadowing of this may be seen in the
Nuculidz and Pectunculidee.
The separation of Ostrea and Pinna from Avicula on
account of the gills is opposed to the results of the researches
of Jackson on the Aviculide and their allies, and of Bernard
on the development of the hinge and the general characters
of the shell.
The inclusion of the Trigonacea in the Heterodonta,
which is another difference, as the Heterodonta are practi-
cally equivalent to the Synaptorhabda, is another point of
difference. This position of this family resolves itself into
the question of whether the teeth or the gills are taken as
being the more important for classification. The arguments
on this point were given at the beginning of this paper.
A third and more important point of difference is ths
inclusion by Ridewood of the Arcide with the Trigoniide
and Mytilidz in the subgroup Mytilacea. This arrangement
is opposed to the results of both phylogeny and ontogeny.
The types of hinge which these families possess were distinct
at any rate in Ordovician times.
In general basis Bernard’s classification is sounder than
Ridewood’s, because it is possible to include in it fossil
forms and also because it is not based on the degree of
development of a common character. Where the two
disagree in detail Bernard’s views are supported by other
workers and by phylogeny and ontogeny. Moreover,
Bernard’s conclusions are the result of the detailed study of
ontogeny.
Literature.
(1) Barranpe, J. ‘Systéme Silurien du centre de la Bohéme,’ vol. vi.
Acéphales. 1882.
(2) Bernarp, F. “ Premiére note sur la développement et la morpho-
logie de la coquille chez les Lamellibranches (Hétérodontes),”
Bull. Soc. géol. de France, (8) t. xxiii. 1895, p. 104.
“ Deuxiéme note &c. (Taxodontes),” ib. t. xxiv. p. 412. 1895.
—. “Troisiéme note &c. (Anisomyaires),” ib, t. xxiv, p. 412.
1896.
(3)
s %
116 On the General Classification of the Pelecypoda.
(5) Bernarp, F, “Quatriéme note &c.,” Bull. Soc. géol. de France,
(3) t. xxv. p. 559,
(6) ——. “Recherches sur la coquille des Lamellibranches,” Ann. des
Sci. nat., Zool. t. viii. p. 1. 1898.
(7) “‘ Etudes comparatives sur la coquille des Lamellibranches :
Condylocardia &c.,” Journ. de Conch. 1898, no. 3.
(8) “ Etudes &c.: Les Genres Philobrya et Hochstetteria,” ib.
no. 1. 1897.
(9) . “Anatomie de Chlamydoconcha orcutti,” Ann. Sci. nat., Zool.
t.i. 1897.
(10) . “Sur la prodissoconque &c.,” C. R. Acad. Sc. t. exxiv.
1897.
(11) ——. ‘Sur le développement des dents &c.,” ib. t. exxv. 1897.
(12) ——. ‘Eléments de Paléontologie.’ 1895.
(13) Dart, W. H. “On the Hinge of Pelecypoda and its Development,”
Amer. Journ. Sei. (8) vol. xxxviii. 1889.
(14) “ Contributions to the Tertiary Fauna of Florida.—Part III.
A new Classification of the Pelecypoda,” Trans. Wagn. Free Inst.
of Sci. Philadelphia. 1895.
(15) Fiscurr,H. “ Résumé des travaux de M. F. Bernard sur le
développement de la coquille des Pélécypodes,” Journ. de Conch.
no. 4, xlv. 1897.
(16) Jackson, R. T. “ Phylogeny of the Pelecypoda: the Aviculidee
and their Allies,” Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. iv. 1890.
(17) Norrriine, F, “Notes on the Morphology of the Pelecypoda,”
Pal. Ind. new series, vol. i. 1889.
(18) PersrneErR, P. ‘Contributions a la étude des Lamellibranches.’
1891.
(19) Rrvewoop, W.G. “On the Structure of the Gills of the Lamelli-
branchia,” Phil. Trans. B, vol. excv. p. 147. 1905.
(20) Woopwarp, B. B. “On a proposed new Classification of the
Pelecypoda,” Nat. Sci. vol. viii. no, 50, p. 289. 1896.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.
A. 1. Left valve of Meretriv.
2, Right .,, a
B. 1. Left valve of Mactra.
Ae leaned ny 55 an
C. 1. Left valve of Lweina.
2. Right ,, Bs
D. 1. Left valve of Pecten.
2: eee 95, aA
E. 1. Left valve of Pectunculus.
2, aight ;, 5
LA=anterior lamella.
LP= posterior lamella.
1, 2a, 26, &c.=cardinal teeth.
A=anterior dysodont tooth.
P=posterior dysodont tooth.
Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory. 117
XI.—Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews.
—No. XXXIII. By Prof. M‘Inrosa, M.D., LL.D.,
F.R.S., &e.
[Plates IV. & V.]
. On a White Porpoise.
. On the Spawning of the Hake (Merluccius merluccius, L.).
On Eteone depressa, Mgrn., var., a Species not hitherto found in
Britain.
. On Nereis zonata, Megrn., in Britain.
. On the British Capitellide ( Halelminthide).
. On the Capitellide procured by H.M.S. ‘ Porcupine.’
Op OT Cobo
1. On a White Porpoise.
For nearly a fortnight amateur fishermen who used the
hand-lines at night were surprised to see about the beginning
of August a whitish porpoise, or, as some thought, a Beluga,
disporting itself in St. Andrews Bay, and it was also ob-
served by the salmon fishermen early in the morning. It
was never in company with its neighbours, but was always
solitary. On the morning of the ]0th August it was
entangled in the salmon stake-nets off Kinkell Ness, about
two miles from St. Andrews. When brought to the
Laboratory it was found to be a young female measuring
34 inches in length (Pl. 1V.) and was of a dull yellowish
white all over like that of Beluga, though when care-
fully examined a faint longitudinal band occurred along
the upper lateral region on each side. In front of the eye,
again, a curved band of a blackish hue passed from the
vertex forward, made a bold sweep forward, and then curved
backward to the angle of the mouth. The shape of the
entire patch was somewhat crescentic, the dark pigment
being toned off at the margin. The eyes had the normal
pigment, and thus differed from those of an albino.
Though it is rare to find any noteworthy change in the
blackish pigment of the dorsum of the porpoise, variations
occasionally occur in the hue of the latero-ventral and the
ventral surface in the form of pale or greyish pigment or
dull streaks. Again, in a foetal porpoise about 6 inches in
length (18th November, 1911) the anterior region of the
head, the vertex to a line with the perpendicular from the
anterior base of the flipper was dark, and the entire dorso-
lateral region to the tail was of a dull grey hue. The under
surface aud the ventro-lateral regions were pale. The
flippers, dorsal fin, and the caudal flukes were blackish, the
pigment on the latter being densest ventrally. In another
118 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
foetus between 16 and 17 inches in length (6th February)
the pigment outlined in the early example had become of a
deep black hue—fading at the edges to the pale tint of the
ventro-lateral region. Thus in the white form traces of
embryonic hues have been retained.
Variations in colour are known in other Cetaceans, such
as the humpback whales, schools of which have the belly
nearly white, others with a marbled under surface, and a
third series with the bellies entirely dark*. Similar
variations are noted by the old authors, by Prof. Collett + and
Mr. Lillie t, amongst the rorquals (Balenoptera musculus,
B. sibbaldii, and B. borealis). In remarking on three
variations—viz., dark and two lighter-coloured phases—
Mr. Lydekker § is inclined to think these are not due to
race but to age. So far as observed, however, the common
cetaceans of Britain do not appear to lend much support to
this view, or to the statement that the dark-tailed rorquals
specially feed on herrings and pilchards and the lighter-
coloured forms on crustaceans.
2. On the Spawning of the Hake (Merluccius merluccius, L.).
The hake is by no means a common fish on the eastern
shores of Scotland, indeed Parnell || states that “it is seldom
met with on the east coast of Scotland. About two years
ago, a single specimen was taken in a stake-net at Mussel-
burgh and sent to the Edinburgh market, where it,appeared
to be unknown.” Couch YJ, again, thought it one of the
commonest fishes round the British Islands, though this
refers chiefly to the southern shores, and that its spawning-
season ‘‘is the early months of the year, although this is
liable to variation, as, indeed, is the case with most fishes, so
that in the cold season of 1837 the spawning of hakes was.
not accomplished until August.” Day adds nothing to the
knowledge of its spawning. Kingsley and Conn allude to
the egg from the American coast and give a figure.
M:<‘Intosh and Masterman ** observe ‘that Dr. Raffaele, at
Naples, ‘‘ mentions that ripe specimens occur in January,”
and they appear to continue till May ++. ‘‘ In British waters
the spawning-period seems to extend from January io July
inclusive, Mr. Cunningham having found one perfectly ripe
* Morch, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1911, part iii. p. 663.
+ Ibid. 1886, pp. 209-251.
t Ibid. 1910, p. 783. § Zbid. 1911, p. 424.
|| ‘Fishes of the Forth,’ p. 351 (1887).
4 ‘ Fishes of the Brit. Islands,’ vol. ii. pp. 99 & 100.
** ‘ British Marine Food-Fishes,’ p. 274 (1897).
+t ‘Le uovo galleggianti, &c,’ p. 37 (1888), Taf. 1. figs. 28, 29, and Taf, 3.
fig. 1 (larva).
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews, Hy
on July 6th at Plymouth, “while Mr. Holt procured
another with nearly ripe ovaries at the end of June
off the west of Ireland.” Prof. Herdman, again, found
spawning hake south of the Isle of Man on April 5th. In
Scandinavia the spawning-season is in the middle of July,
though the authors appear to attach weight to the statement
of the fishermen that there is only a single small bank of
sand and shingle in the Cattegat where the hake spawns *.
Raffaele described the newly hatched larva and Mr. Holt
the young from 1} to 1} inches, whilst, lately, an able
Danish observer, Dr. Johs Schmidt +, from his unique
opportunities in the Danish research steamer ‘Thor,’ has
been able to fill in the post-larval stages from 42 mm., aud
the young to 31 mm., and thus complete the life-history.
Amongst the marked features distinguishing the post-larval
hake between 7 and 15 mm.are the plump form of the body,
the occurrence of three post-anal pigment bars, the last only
on the tail itself and not on the caudal fin, and the less
elongated pelvic fins—when contrasted with the lings and
torsk, while the older stages are marbled (Schmidt).
No spawning hake having been procured in the trawling
expeditions of former years or since in Scottish waters, it
was interesting that on the 4th July, 1911, a female hake
30 inches long was caught in the salmon stake-nets off the
Kast Rocks, St. Andrews, the fish having apparently been
swimming freely in the water. Its ovaries were well-
developed and portions were ripe, the transparent eggs with
a clear oil-globule readily issuing from the reproductive
aperture and floating freely in a vessel of sea-water. The
eggs measured about °8915 mm., and the oil-globules -2286
mm. These eggs are somewhat less than those described by
Raffaele from southern examples. The hake would thus
appear to agree with the cod in having its spawning-period
prolonged over a week or two.
3. On Eteone depressa, Myrn.t{, var., a Species not
hitherto found in Britain.
An Eteone collected at Scarborough by Dr. Irving and
Mr. Arnold Watson during an excursion of the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union Marine Biology Committee appears to
differ from any hitherto found in Britain, and I am indebted
* ‘Scand. Fishes,’ Fries, Ekstrém, and Sundevall, 2nd edit. (Smitt),
18938, pp. 518 & 519.
+ ‘Meddelelser fra Kommiss. Havunders,’ Kidbenhayn, 1907, Serie
Fiskeri, Bd. ii. pp. 4-7, pl. v. figs. 1-18.
t Nordiska Hafs-Annul. p. 1038, tab. xv. f.36; Annul, Polych. p, 149.
120 Prof. M'Intosh’s Notes from the
to Mr. Arnold Watson for the opportunity of describing it
and for his notes and sketches of it when alive.
The annelid was found between tide-marks, and when alive
was whitish or cream-coloured, but in sea-water with 24 per
cent. of formalin it passed through lemon-yellow to a dark
brown, the tints being darker in some parts than in others,
whilst a few points remained cream-coloured.
The head (Pl. V. fig. 1) is somewhat conical, with a
smoothly rounded anterior border, from the sides of which
spring the four subulate tentacles which taper distally and
are nearly equal in length. Behind these the snout is con-
stricted, then gradually widens till near the posterior border,
when a slight constriction again occurs, thus giving a
characteristic outline to the prostomium, the posterior border
of which is carried backward in the middle line. Just in
front of the central point is a minute boss, the presence of
which at once attracted Mr. Watson’s attention, and which,
though in a different position, simulates the unpaired
tentacle of Hulalia. On each side and a little in front of the
boss is a comparatively small eye, quite distinct at first, but
which gradually faded in the preservative fluid, as, indeed,
happens to other species of the genus. The peristomium bears
two tentacular cirri of similar shape to the tentacles and
scarcely longer.
The body is about 33 inches long and about {5 of an inch
wide (Watson) in life, and it is flattened both dorsally and
ventrally, the latter surface being distinguished by a broad
median depressed band and a short lateral area in each
segment. On the dorsum, again, a similar effect is produced
by the slight elevations at the outer border of each
segment, though the imedian section is slightly convex
and of the colour formerly mentioned. It tapers a
little toward the snout, and much more gradually
toward the tail, which ends in two lobate or spathulate
cirri (Pl. V. fig. 2). The segments throughout are well-
marked, and in the preservative fluid (24 per cent. formalin
in sea-water and then alcohol) a curious increase of the
pigment has occurred, with pale segment-junctions. The
dorsal and the ventral cirri are dark like the ventral surface,
but the setigerous processes remain pale; such of course,
though interesting, is the effect of the preservative fluid, and
must not be confounded with its original pallor.
The feet form an even series along each side, the typical
foot (Pl. V. fig. 3) having dorsally an ovate-rotundate
lamella, which varies a little in the posterior region—that is,
becomes more elongate and therefore more conical. The
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 120
cirrophore supporting it anteriorly is short and broad, the
base of the cirrus being constricted in the posterior segments
as it approaches it, whereas in the anterior segments the low
broad cone formed by the cirrus shows this less prominently.
The distal extremity forms a blunt cone. This cirrus, as in
one or two other species of the genus, is proportionally large
in a lateral view of the foot, its cirrophore occupying about
half the vertical diameter of the foot, and it extends distally
much beyond the other divisions. The setigerous process is
bluntly conical, the tip being double, with a bite in the
middle, and the bristle-tuft is supported by a pale spine, the
tip of which does not project beyond the surface, though it
almost touches it. The bristles (PI. V. figs. 4 & 5) are
translucent, with a distal curvature of the shaft, and form a
broad fan anteriorly, with the convexity of the shaft directed
upward, The terminal piece is perhaps slightly longer than
in Eteone picta, and forms a translucent tapering serrated
blade. The shaft is dilated at its termination above the
curvature, and carries a long tapering spur, the point of
which curves toward the serrated or upper border of the
terminal blade ; and on the same side (that is, with the
serrated edge of the blade to the left) is a shorter spur and
a series of diminishing serrations on the free edge below it.
The bristle thus differs from that of Eteone picta, especially
in the proportionally longer hook at the end of the shaft
and the more coarsely spinous edge below the base of -the
larger process. In FH. picta the large hook is shorter,
stronger, and more boldly curved, and the lateral hook
smaller. In EH. arctica the great hook is likewise shorter and
stouter. In EE. lentiyera the comparatively small though
stout main hook is only a little larger than the secondary.
In @. spetsbergensis the secondary hook is long and sharp
and runs parallel to the larger hook, which is more or less
straight. In the posterior region of the body both spines
are well developed, and some have a tendency to curve at
the tip. In LE. pusilla the disproportion between the two
hooks or spines is great, the smaller, however, being slender
and sharp. In some small spines abut on the larger toward
the dorsal edge of the terminal blade—that is, the side
opposite the serrated edge. he blade, moreover, is perhaps
more distinctly bellied inferiorly.
The ventral cirrus anteriorly has the shape of a truncated
cone, the tip of which projects beyond the setigerous lobe.
In the posterior third this cirrus diminishes in bulk and its
tip is nearly in a line with the setigerous process, its ventral
outline presenting a swelling or hump, apparevtly an indica-
122 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
tion of its approach to the fused cirrophore. Toward the tip
of the tail, again, both the setigerous lobe and the ventral
cirrus have diminished in bulk, the latter especially being
longer and more slender, and its tip often projects beyond
that of the setigerous lcbe, the bristles in which are fewer
and shorter.
This form generally resembles teone depressa, Malmgren,
and especially in the structure of the feet and bristies, but
it differs in the presence of the ‘‘ boss” or rudimentary
tentacle at the posterior border of the prostomium. If the
various authors who have examined it, however, had only
seen spirit-preparations, it is possible that it may have been
overlooked. Hitherto it has been found, amongst other
places, at Bellsund, Spitzbergen, Greenland, Nova Zembla,
and the Murman Sea. In his brief note on the species
Théel * states that the head differs from Malmgren’s outline,
and he gives a corrected figure. Fauvel+, another able
investigator of the Annelids, considers that this species may
be identical with Atione spetsbergensis, Malmgren, but, as
indicated in the preceding remarks, there are reasons for
keeping them separate.
4. On Nereis zonata, Mgrn., in Britain.
Nereis zonata, Malmgren, is a form which, though not
uncommon in northern waters, as in the cruise of the
‘Valorous,’ appears to be rare in Britain.
Malmgren received it from Greenland and Spitzbergen.
and Marenzeller and others from North European and
North Asiatic regions. The head resembles that of Nereis
pelagica in regard to general shape, but the eyes are some-
what larger and the tentacles and tentacular cirri are longer
and more slender. A dark band of pigment runs in the line
of the eyes, and a band of white passes forward between
them. ‘The body has a distinctive coloration, viz. a pale
reddish-brown hue in spirit, though Malmgren adds yellowish
or bluish to the reddish brown. ‘The arctic examples from
the ‘ Valorous’ were distinctly banded transversely, a feature
very evident in young specimens. It is terminated poste-
riorly by slightly longer cirri than in N. pelagica, though
much reliance need not be put on this feature. The maxille
of the proboscis have the same number of teeth, those of
N. pelagica perhaps being usually more distinct, and the tip,
* Annél. N. Zemble, p. 82, pl. il. figs. 19 & 20.
+ Annél. Campagne Arctique de 1907 (Duc D’Orleans), p. 27, pl. i.
fix. 6 (1911).
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 128
if anything, is more slender. The paragnathi generally are
finer than in N. pelagica, and I. is absent in the present
examples and in those procured by the ‘ Valorous’ in Green-
land, and at most is represented by a single horny point, as
in Marenzeller’s specimens. The groups in II. are some-
what smaller individually, aud apparently less numerous than
in N. pelagica. III. forms a longer transverse band of more
minute denticles, and group LV. is composed of more acute
paragnathi in a double curve, the inner formed of smaller
denticles. V.is absent, as in N. pelagica, and V1. forms a
group of smaller denticles than in N. pelagica on the eleva-
tions at each side. This group is very variable in N. pela-
gica, occasionally only a single large denticle being present
on each side, and in all cases the paragnathi are larger.
VII. and VIII. form the basal row in extrusion, and no
groups differ from the homologous parts in N. pelagica more
than these. VII. shows the two largest paragnathi in the
series constituting a basal band in extrusion, and which
(band) differs from that of N. pe/agica in the isolation of the
larger distal and the minuteness of the proximal denticles.
In N. pelagica the large distal paragnathi are much more
numerous and less regularly arranged, and the proximal
smaller denticles are likewise in greater numbers. Side by
side the contrast between the two is noteworthy.
In glancing along the feet of the two forms the rounded
and blunt condition of the tips of the processes in N. pela-
gica distinguish it, for in N. zonata the lobes are much more
acute,and Malmgren’s figures originally indicated this clearly.
The examples were procured in Lambay Deep, Irish Sea,
and I have to thank Mr. Southern for the opportunity of
examining them.
Nereis zonata, Malmgren, var. persica, Fauvel, occurs in
the Persian Gulf, and has lately been carefully described by
Prof. Fauvel* both in the ordinary and epitokous conditions.
The author also states that he considers Nereis procera of
Ehlers to be the same species, and so with Nereis pulsatoria
of Grube. He concludes that Heteronereis grandifolia ¢ ,
Malmgren (Heteronereis assimilis, Rathke), is the epitokous
condition of Nereis zonata. WN. zonata appears to have a
very wide distribution both off the Atlantic and Pacific
shores.
The epitokous forms of Nereis pelayica are distinguished
from those of N. zonata by the coloration, the latter having
* Archiy. Zool. Expér. vol. xlvi. p. 382, pls. xix. & xx. (April 1911),
124 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
light transverse bands which are not present in the former,
and the paragnathi of groups J.and VI. In N. pelagica the
lobes of the feet are evenly rounded, whilst in N. zonata
they are triangular and run out to a broad point. Ditlevsen *,
who has recently written on the subject, further notes that in
N. pelagica the short terminal processes of the bristles are
shorter and more curved than in UN, zonata. The author
disagrees with Michaelsen’s view that Heteronereis arctica of
(Hrsted is the female epitokous form of N. zonata, and
therefore thinks that the title N. conata should stand.
Moreover, whilst N. pelagica is generally a littoral species,
N. zonata is procured by the dredge.
5. On the British Capitellide (Halelminthide).
No notice of these occurs under the ‘ Annelides” cf
Dr. Johnston’s ‘ Catalogue of Worms in the British Museum,”
but, following Clitellio in the Order Scoloces, under the
littoral family of the Tribe Lumbricina, is a species termed
Valla ciliata, which refers to Capitella capitata, and, indeed,
the author in a footnote states that De Quatrefages would
place the genus probably amongst the Ariciidz in the errant
Annelids. In this arrangement Dr. Johnston probably
followed Grube in his ‘Familien der Anneliden’ (1851).
De Quatrefages, again (1865), placed the Capitellidz
between the Maldanide (his Clyméniens) and the Areni-
colide—as a group of uncertain position; his three chief
genera being Capitella, Notomastus, and Dasybranchus.
Without going further into detail, the monumental work
of Dr. Hugo Eisig, published in 1887, cleared up all
ambiguities, and placed the group on a satisfactory basis in
respect to structure, physiology, systematic position, and
distribution. In text as well as in plates the high standard
of this treatise is an honour to the Zoological Station of
Naples and to the author.
Only three species of this family—viz., Notomastus lateri-
ceus, Sars, Capitella capitata, Fabr., and Dasybranchus—occur
in Britain. The former (Notomastus latericeus) 1s widely
distributed from Shetland to the Channel Islands, whilst
abroad it is almost cosmopolitan. Its bright red colour
makes it a conspicuous feature on the West Sands at
St. Andrews after storms, and it is by no means a minute
form, for it ranges from 6-10 inches in length. The
head consists of two rings and is conical and sharp-pointed,
* ‘Danmark-Eksped. Grénlands,’ 1906-8, Bd. v. p. 419, pl. xxviii. fig. 6,
pl. xxx. figs. 18 & 22 (1912).
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 125
and it can be retracted so as to leave only the margin of the
buccal segment in front. At its base on each side are two
groups of brownish grains marking the nuchal organs. The
second or buccal segment is biannulate, devoid of bristles,
and the mouth opens on its ventral surface as a proportion-
ally large aperture. The body is a little tapered in front
of the larger anterior region, remaining of nearly equal
diameter for a considerable distance, and then tapering
gradually to the tail, which ends in a slightly upturned vent
with two papille beneath.
The anterior region comprehends the buccal and eleven
bristled segments, each of which is two-ringed and more or
less tessellated on the surface. The succeeding region
differs in appearance, having, as a rule, longer segments
with prominent tori for the hooks. Each segment anteriorly
shows a double median dorsal elevation and two long lateral
ridges which pass to the ventral surface. Posteriorly, again,
the four tori are more nearly equal in size and more widely
separated, two being dorsal and two ventro-lateral in
position, the two median elevations of the dorsum having
disappeared; and toward the tip of the tail the four
prominent tori give the body a quadrangular aspect on
section. The anterior segments have a deep transverse
furrow which divides them into two halves. Laterally this
furrow bends backward at each bristle-tuft—making, as it
were, a small setigerous process,—the bristles issuing quite at
its posterior border. ‘The two upper tufts of bristles are
wholly dorsal, and thus those of opposite sides approach
each other more nearly than the ventral. The bristles have
simple straight shafts, which begin to taper at the slight
bend marking the commencement of the somewhat narrow
wing. Though the tip is acute yet the whole bristle is
elastic and strong. De St. Joseph states that their bases
rest on a large gland.
At the twelfth bristled segment a double process carrying
hooks appears in the mid-dorsal line, and this continues to
the twentieth segment of the region without much change.
Thereafter the two processes have a tendency to disappear,
so that at the thirtieth segment no trace occurs, the arrange-
ment resolving itself posteriorly into a dorsal and a ventral
pair of tori, the former rounded and short, the latter more
elongated. The tori of this (second) region are furnished
with minute elongated hooks, having a slender shaft
narrowed at its commencement and again toward the neck,
the tip ending in a sharp main fang, whilst, in lateral view,
the crown has two spikes above it.
126 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
The differences in the muscular and other tissues of the
anterior and posterior regions sufficiently explain the fact
that, as a rule, only the anterior region is tossed on shore
by storms.
In the first segment of the second region, and in the
following six to eleven, are the openings for the issue of the
genital elements on papille on the ventral surface.
The second species, Capitella capitata, Fabr., has a similar
distribution round the British shores to the foregoing, and
is likewise almost cosmopolitan. Its length is from 3-5
inches, and the anterior region has nine or ten segments.
The head is an elongated cone with two minute lateral
papillz (nuchal organs). The mouth opens as a puckered
orifice on the ventral surface of the peristomial segment.
The body increases in breadth from the snout backward to the
sixth or seventh, and then slightly diminishes to the four-
teenth, behind which the body is somewhat narrower, though
this distinction is often obliterated. It diminishes posteriorly
and ends in a button-shaped process often with a dimple in
the centre ; but reproduction of this region is so common
that it is seldom a complete example is procured. The body
is rounded anteriorly, and when preserved has a tendency to
a quadrangular condition posteriorly, the ventral surface
being flattened and generally grooved anteriorly, the groove
in the larger examples being specially marked at the eighth
and ninth segments. On the lateral region of the body at the
junction of the seventh bristled segment with that following
in the female is a vertically elongated papilla with a deep
fissure (genital opening) in its centre. On the ventral
surface of the ninth bristled segment is the depression at the
end of the furrow leading into the aperture.
The copulatory apparatus in the male (ninth and tenth
segments) has four bundles of strong spines—a pair to each
segment. About the middle of the ninth segment, and
apparently immediately in front of the papilla, is the anterior
series of ten spines, five on each side, the outer being the
smaller. The concavity of the curve of each spine, like the
point of the hook at its tip, is directed outward and backward,
the convexity looking toward the convexity of the adjoining
series. A space occurs between them and the posterior pair,
the points of which are directed forward, and just appear,
under pressure, at the edge of the ciliated sexual aperture.
These spines are four in number, the two inner being larger
than the outer, and they are directed forward and inward.
The anterior region (behind the peristomium) consists of
PER =
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 127
seven segments, each almost symmetrically divided by four
rows of golden bristles with a double curve and winged tips.
At the ninth segment hooks take the place of the bristles,
and the winged forms have two minute spines above the
main fang in lateral view, and this arrangement continues
to the posterior end, though the caudal hooks are smaller.
Fragments apparently of the anterior third of a form near
Dasybranchus were dredged by Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys in 80-100
fathoms in muddy sand in St. Magnus Bay, Shetland, in
1867. In what seems to be an anterior fragment the
ventral ridges for tbe hooks extend round the edges of the
flattened body to the dorsal surface, where they cease. No
hooks could be found dorsally, and therein it differs from
Dasybranchus. The dorsal surface is rounded and lobed,
and the walls are so attenuate that in certain fragments the
muddy contents and the orange hue of the gut- ‘wall shine
through. The ventral surface possesses thick walls and is
flattened in front, with a median ridge, which is absent from
the posterior fragments, which are only ridged transversely.
The hooks are minute, have a very short main fang with two
teeth above it (in lateral view). The ventral longitudinal
muscles. are greatly developed.
6. On the Capitellidee procured by H.M.S. ‘ Porcupine.’
Dasybranchus caducus, Grube? Dredged in the § Por-
cupine’ Expedition of 1870, in the Bay of Tunis. Some of
the fragments are about 4 inches in length and 6-8 mm. in
diameter. It is distinctly tapered anteriorly, gradually
enlarges toward the middle, and again probably tapers
posteriorly, but as the specimen is incomplete this is
conjectural.
The head forms a short, blunt cone, which, in the pre-
paration, is partly withdrawn into the peristomial seement,
which is marked dorsaliy by a somewhat regular series of
longitudinal striz over aneminence. Ventrally the proboscis
is extruded as a short cylinder with a corrugated and
slightly glistening surface. In the preparation the peri-
stomial segment forms a blunt cove, and, besides the
eminence, a differentiation of the longitudinal striz a little
in front of the middle dorsally and the presence of a
transverse depression may indicate a sensory organ. Whilst
this segment is undivided ventrally, a deep furrow dorsally
cuts off a posterior belt. Such may be an indication of the
arrangement of the succeeding rings. The segment following
128 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
the foregoing has the type of the thirteen which constitute
the region, viz. is two-ringed, the middle sulcus having a
broad papilla on each side dorsally directed backward, and
bearing a tuft of bristles (Pl. V. fig. 8), which have a long,
slightly curved shaft ending in a finely tapered tip with
wings.
The hooks occupy a ventro-lateral position not far removed
from the dorsal arch, and thus in a ventral view they escape
notice. They occupy a similar position with regard to the
median sulcus of the segment, viz. project on a flattened
papilla or process behind it. Hach hook (PI. V. fig. 9) has
a slightly curved shaft tapered a little inferiorly, gradually
enlarging to the commencement of the wing, then narrowing
to the throat, from which the main fang comes off at a little
more than a right angle, and with two teeth on the crown
above. The wings are fairly broad, and are rounded distally
beyond the fang.
Behind the last bristle-bundle a change in the segments
is inaugurated, for whilst they remain 2-ringed the dorsal
papilla for the bristles disappears, and a lateral groove is
gradually formed dorsally a little below the line of the
bristles, this groove being rendered more distinct by a
prominent papilla which marks the second ring of the
segment laterally, and indicates the line of hooks below it.
The mid-ventral line now presents a groove which continues
for fully an inch backward. Instead of the bristles dorsally
a line of hooks—indicated at first by a slight inflection of
the median groove of the segment—takes their place.
Ventrally a long band of hooks is present on each side, and
by-and-by meet in the middle line, so that this region of
the body is mainly concerned with movements in the tunnel
in the mud or sand.
About the sixtieth armed segment the rows of hooks have
arranged themselves on a long pad on each side dorsally,
separated in the middle line by a considerable interval ;
whilst on the ventral surface the rows appear to meet in the
middle line, so that a continuous series stretches from side
to side, a slight inflection of the line in front and behind in
the centre indicating the seat of separation in front.
Behind the foregoing region (sixtieth foot) the body in
the preparation undergoes considerable dilatation dorsally,
and the ventral line of hooks ends on each side laterally in
a pale elevated ridge which terminates abruptly superiorly,
a pale striated region occurring between it and the com-
mencement of the dorsal rows, which are still separated by
a considerable interval. They are recognized by the opaque
elevation in front and behind.
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 129
Moreover, in every segment in the more posterior region
an aperture exists about the upper end of the ventral row of
hooks, and out of this a small branchia projects. Some are
included until pressure is made on the body, and then they
are distinct. These apertures are at a higher level, for
instance, than those of the‘ Challenger’ form, Station 233 B,
which are at each edge of the flattened ventral surface and
have an elongated glandular fillet above them. The position
of the branchiz thus corresponds with the description and
figure of Claparéde* from specimens procured at Port
Vendres.
In the intestine of the middle region are many ovoid
masses of mud as in Chetopterus. These consisted for the
most part of very fine amorphous mud of a pale brown colour,
with a few sand-particles, a few minute fragments of sponge-
spicules, but very few traces of softer tissue.
The specimen appeared to be a female with small ova in
the perivisceral cavity.
In an example from Concarneau, De St. Joseph fT found
the branchiz covered with Rhabdostyla arenicole, Fabre
Domergue.
A fragment of the middle region of what appears to be a
Dasybranchus was dredged in the ‘ Porcupine’ Expedition
of 1870, off Cape Sagres, in 45 fathoms. The hooks agree
with those of DL). caducus,
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PuaTE IV,
Photograph of the white porpoise by A. W. Brown.
PuaTE V.t
Fig. 1. Enlarged view of the head and anterior region of Eteone depressa,
Malmgren, from the dorsum.
Fig. 2. Similar view of the tip of the tail after preservation, supplemented
by a sketch by Mr. Arnold Watson.
Fig. 3. Lateral view of a foot from the anterior third of the body.
Xx about 60 diam.
Fig. 4. rae of the same species after preservation. X Zeiss oc. 2,
obj. F,
Fig. 5. Another bristle turned so as to show the serrations at the tip of
the shaft. x Zeiss oc. 4, obj. C.
* Glanures Zoot. p. 56, pl. viii. fig. 8.
+ Ann. Se. Nat. 8® sér. v. p. 391.
t I have to thank the Carnegie Trust for artistic aid with this
Plate.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist, Ser. 8, Vol, x. 9
130 On a new Elephant Shrew from Zanzibar.
Fig. 6. Head and anterior region of Dasybranchus caducus, Grube, the
prostomium being withdrawn. Enlarged under a lens.
Fig. 7. Segments from the middle of the body of the foregoing showing
the branchiz. Similarly enlarged.
Fig. 8. Pare from the anterior region of the same. Zeiss oc. 2,
obj. D.
Fig. 9. Hook of the foregoing. x Zeiss oc. 4, obj. F.
XII.—A new Elephant Shrew from the Island of Zanzihar.
By Guy DoLiMaN.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Rhynchocyon adersi, sp. n.
Closely allied to Rhynchocyon petersi, Boc., but con-
siderably darker in colour, especially on the anterior part of
the body.
Size of body much as in peters2. General colour of upper
surface conspicuously different from that of petersz; snout
rufous, the colour deepening on the sides of the face and
forehead to a maroon tint. Crest on head deep chocolate-
maroon, this colour extending back down the mid line to join
with the black of the hind-quarters; shoulders and anterior
portion of flanks dark maroon. Hind-quarters and posterior
back deep black, the black wash extending considerably
further forwards on the flanks than in peters/, giving the
whole animal a much darker and more sombre appearance.
Backs of hands and feet rufous orange ; metatarsal area
tinted with dark brownish black. Ventral surface of body
darker than in peéerst, the general rufous tint deeper and
less orange. ‘l'ail similar in length but with a much shorter
white area at the tip, measuring only some 48 mm. in length,
while in the type specimen of petersd this white area is fully
60 mm. long. General colour of dorsal surface of tail rufous
orange, considerably darker than in peters? and without such
a well-marked dark dorsal line on the basal portion.
Skull like that of peers? in general form.
Dimensions of the type (measured from dry skin) :—
Head and body 300 mm.; tail 240; hind foot 72*;
ear 26.
Skull: greatest length 69; basal length 59; zygomatic
breadth 36°6 ; palatal length 35°5 ; width of palate (inside
ne) 12°2; length of maxillary tooth-row, from front of first
premolar to back of last molar, 23:2.
* Approximate,
On a new Palm- Civet from Timor. 131
Hab. Island of Zanzibar.
Type. Old male. B.M. no. 12.1.6.1. Collected and
presented to the British Museum by Mr. W. M. Aders.
In addition to the type Mr. Aders sent home another
individual of this interesting insectivore, quite similar in
colour and general proportions.
Through the kindness of Dr, A. F. de Seabra, of the
Museu Bocage, I have been able to compare these Zanzibar
individuals with the type specimen of Bocage’s peters. It
was at once apparent that the true peters? agreed, not with
the island specimens, but with those from the mainland ; and
examination of the label and history of the specimen showed
that it originally came from East Africa, Zanzibar being
used in the original description for the whole district and not
for the island. It thus becomes necessary to give a name
to the island species, which I am pleased to call after the
collector and donor, Mr, Aders.
XIL.—On a new Palm-Civet from Timor.
By Ernst SCHWARZ.
Tus new Paradowurus is closely allied to P, hermaphroditus
sambanus, which is connected by it with the other Malay
representatives of the genus. L have named it in honour of
its discoverer, Mr. C. B. Haniel,
Paradoxurus hermaphroditus hanieli, subsp, n.
Nearly allied to P. hermaphroditus sumbanus, but dis-
tinguished from it by its superior size, shorter and softer fur,
and different colour.
Fur moderately long, very rich and soft,
Colour (of type). Back light olive-brown, with a distinct
black line down the middle of the back, and on each side of
it a row of black spots. (Hairs of back brownish grey at
base, then strawy yellow with black tip.) | Crown, ears,
muzzle, cheeks, limbs, and tail, except its basal fourth, black.
Nape strongly suffused with grey, markedly contrasted with
the colour ot the back ; sides of neck with a strong suffusion
of creamy buff. Face-markings exactly asin P.h. sumbanus,
Shoulders and thighs indistinctly spotted, Underside of
body brownish buff,
In some specimens the hairs of the back have a more pale
or more golden-yellow subterminal band, thus producing a
%
)
132 Dr. W. T. Calman on a Terrestrial
more greyish or a more golden-yellow general effect. The
dorsal lines tend to disappear in some individuals.
Skull much as in P. A. sumbanus but much larger. Zygo-
matic arches very wide and intertemporal constriction
well-marked, but short as in that form. Nasals U-shaped,
very broad. Bulle small, much smaller than in sumbanus,
inflated between carotic canal and foramen lacerum posterius.
Sagittal crest in males very high.
Teeth similar to those of P. A. sumbanus but a little larger.
P, with a well-developed anterior tubercle (parastyle) and
narrow postero-internal ledge.
Type. Zoological Museum, Munich ; original no. 90; skin
and skeleton of old male. Collected by C. B. Haniel on
August Sth, 1911.
Type locality. Baung, Amarassie, Timor.
Specimens examined. ‘en from various localities: Ofu,
Baung, Noimina; all in Timor.
Dimensions of the type (taken on the flat skin) :—
Head and body 590 mm.; tail (without hairs) 450.
Skull: basilar length 96; condylo-basilar length 100 ;
greatest breadth 65°3 ; mastoid breadth 37; nasals 24 x 11°2 ;
intertemporal constriction 12°1; width of brain-case 37°5 ;
palatilar length 44 ; palate, greatest breadth (including teeth)
37; least breadth (between canines and incisors) 11; breadth
of rostrum across roots of canines 20°5 ; foramina incisiva 5;
front of », to back of m, 33; yy, length on outer edge 8-4,
breadth 7, greatest diameter 9°7.
The Timor Palm-Civet is readily distinguished by the
greyish hue on the neck and the black head, From P. A.
sumbanus it differs in the characters indicated above;
P. h, setosus of Ceram is larger, more yellowish in coloration,
and has much larger bull and more complex teeth.
XIV.—On a Terrestrial Amphipod from Kew Gardens.
By W. T. Catan, D.Sc.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
SPECIMENS of the Amphipod described below have been sent
to the Natural History Museum by Mr. A. W. Hill, Assistant
Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. They were
found in the ‘ Tropical Pits,” and about a dozen specimens,
including adults of both sexes, have been collected at various
times.
- Amphipod from Kew Gardens. 133
Terrestrial species of Amphipoda belonging to the family
Talitride are known from various parts of the world, and
have been found in hothouses in Kurope, but not hitherto, so
far as I know, in this country.
Since the reference of the species to the genus Talitrus
depends upon the characters of the males, it may be worth
while to note that the sex of these was definitely ascertained
by observation of the genital papillae on the last thoracic
somite.
Talitrus hortulanus, sp. n.
Adult male.—Total length 8 mm.
Length of head along dorsal edge less than that of first two
free somites together. First cowal plate rather broadly
rounded below; fifth more than half as long again as fourth,
its anterior lobe truncated below. First three abdominal
pleural plates with posterior corners pointed and slightly
produced. yes round, of moderate size.
Antennules extending well beyond middle of last segment
of antennal peduncle ; first three segments increasing succes-
sively inlength ; flagellum of seven or eight segments besides
a minute terminal one.
Antenne: peduncle equal or nearly so to the length of
head and first two free somites together ; flagellum half as
long again.
Maxiliipeds: outer plates with distal edge directed obliquely
inwards and broadly rounded (not bluntly pointed as in
TY. sylvaticus) ; palp with a minute fourth segment, obscurely
defined.
First gnathopods: carpus about 2} times as long as wide
and 4 longer than propodus; propodus more than three times
as long as wide, hardly narrowed distally, 2} times as long
as dactylus.
Second gnathopods very long and slender ; basis distinctly
shorter than three following segments together; merus with
lower margin evenly rounded, without projecting lobe or area
of shagreened cuticle ; carpus nearly twice as long as merus,
five times as long as its width in the middie, with a small
shagreened lobe close to distal end of lower edge; propodus
a little longer than carpus, about five times as long as wide,
with articulation of dactylus at about one-fifth of its length
from distal end.
Pereopods ot first and second pairs subequal in length ;
third pair a little longer than second, basis ovate, with hind
margin gently convex; fifth pair longer than fourth, basis
134 Dr. W. T. Calman on a Terrestrial
nearly as broad as long, hind margin with low and widely
spaced serrations.
Pleopods: all three pairs biramous, with the rami not
distinctly segmented, Peduncle of the first pair about six
times as long as broad, with a pair of coupling-spines on
inner edge; exopod half as long as the peduncle, endopod
a little more, each bearing a few feathered sete. Peduncle
of second pair as long as that of the first, but much stouter,
its width about one-fourth of its length, bearing a pair
of coupling-spines; rami slightly shorter and stouter than
those of first pair. Peduncle of third pair two-thirds as long
as that of second and about three times as long as wide,
with a single coupling-spine and sete on outer and inner
edges; rami short and broad, the endopod half as long as the
peduncle, the exopod a little less.
Uropods: last pair more than half as long as telson, with
a spine on each segment.
Telson curved dorsally, with an apical pair of long spines
on either side of a short median fissure.
Adult female.—Total length 9°5 mm.
Hardly differing in general characters from the male;
peduncle of antenne slightly but distinctly more slender ;
second gnathopod with propodus slightly stouter, a little more
than four times as long as wide. /
One specimen carried six eggs in the brood-cavity.
Rimarks—Among the accepted species of the genus
Talitrus (Stebbing, ‘ Tierreich,’ Gammaridea, 1906, p. 524)
the form here described will find its place, on account of the
relative length of the antennules, near 7’. sylvaticus, Haswell
(New Seuth Wales, Victoria, and ‘'asmania), and 1’. al/uaud?,
Chevreux (Seychelles, Madagascar, and hothouses in France).
From T. sylvaticus, as recently redescribed by Sayce (Proe. R.
Soc. Victoria, xxii. 1909, p. 30), and as represented by two
specimens in the British Museum, it 1s separated by the form
of the basis of the third perseopod, which, in the species
named, is characteristically narrowed below, with the hind
margin straight or slightly concave. 7’. al/uaud?, as described
by Chevreux (Mém. Soe. zool. France, 1901, p. 389), has
the telson remarkably large and spinous. The most im-
portant distinctive characters of the new form, however, are
those of the second gnathopod, which in both the species
named is much shorter and stouter, with the propodus not
more than three times as long as wide, and with a projecting
shagreened lobe on the under side of both merus and carpus.
‘here are other characters, such as the relative length of the
Amphipod from Kew Gardens. 135
antenne and the form of the outer plates of the maxillipeds,
which help to confirm the distinctness of the Kew species
from both the others.
At the same time it should be noted that comparison of the
earlier accounts of Talitrus sylvaticus gives the impression
that this species is more than usually variable, or else that
more than one species has been included under that name.
Haswell’s earlier figures (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. iv. 1879,
pl. vil. fig. 1) show the second gnathopods as very slender,
with the propodus four times as long as wide in the male.
In the later figure by Haswell (op. cit. x. 1885, pl. x. fig. 1),
as in those given by Thomson (Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania, 1892
(1893), pl. iv.) and by Sayce, the proportions are very
different.
A still more puzzling discrepancy exists between published
accounts of the pleopods. Thomson (é.¢. p. 61) states that
he failed to find any trace of the third pair. Sayce (é. ¢.
p- 32) confirms this: “no vestige of a third pair is to be
found.” Chevreux (¢. ¢. p. 392), on the other hand, de-
scribing specimens ot TZ. sylvaticus sent to him by Prof.
Chilton, states that the pleopods of the third pair * resemble
those of the first two pairs in being biramous, although they
are of smaller size. In two specimens from Port Jackson,
received from the Australian Museum many years ago as
7’, sylvaticus, I find the third pleopods to be represented by
smail vestiges much like those tigured by Chevreux in the
case of 7. alluaudi. These vestiges are so small and, from
. their position, so hard to see, that they may possibly have
been overlooked both by Thomson and by Sayce. It is
hardly possible, however, that Chevreux can have been
deceived on this point, to which he gave special attention in
comparing the species with 7. alluaudt.
Mr. A. O. Walker, who has been good enough to examine
specimens of the Kew Talitrus for me, has called my attention
to the resemblance of its elongated second gnathopods to
those figured by Spence Bate in Yalorchestia (?) africana
(Cat. Amphip. Brit. Mus. 1862, p. 15, pl. ii. fig. 6). The
resemblance is considerable, and since the holotype is a
female, it is quite possible that Bates’s species really belongs
to the genus Zuditrus. Even in its present mutilated and
fragile condition, however, the specimen shows some characters
which forbid its association with the Kew species. The
* M. Chevreux writes “ uropodes de la troisiéme paire,’ but from the
context it is quite clear that he is referring to the pleopods.
136 Dr. W. T. Calman on a Terrestrial
dorsal outline of the head is shorter than that of the first free
somite; the anterior lobe of the fifth coxal plate is more
rounded below; the basis of the last pair of legs has a
different outline, with the hinder margin less convex and
more strongly serrated; the outer plate of the maxillipeds is
bluntly pointed and the terminal segment of the palp is
larger and sharply defined ; the merus of the second gnatho-
pods has a prominent lobe on the under side, and the carpus
is, at all events, much less slender than in the species here
described.
The genus Talitroides was proposed by Bonnier (in
Willem, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, xli. 1898, p. 208) for an
unnamed species found in a conservatory at Ghent. To this
species Stebbing afterwards gave the name T. bonniert
Talitrus hortulanus, sp.n. Adult male, x 10.
(‘ Tierreich,’ Gammaridea, 1906, p. 527). It has not, I
think, been pointed out that Bonnier’s description contains
nothing inconsistent with the supposition that he had before
him specimens of Talitrus alluaudi.
So far as I know, the only other species of terrestrial
Amphipod recorded as found living under artificial conditions
in Europe is Orchestia senni, recently described by Menzel
(Rev. suisse Zool. xix. 1911, p. 438, figs. 4-9) from the
botanic garden at Basel. As only the female is described,
the species may possibly be referable to Talitrus, and may
even not differ very greatly from 7. alluaudi; it is certainly
distinct from the species described here.
Amphipod from Kew Gardens. 137
Fig. 3.
Fig. 5.
Fig. Ty
Fig. 6.
Fig. 2.—Talitrus hortulanus 3. First gnathopod.
Fig. 3.—Ditto, Second gnathopod.
Fig. 4.—Ditto. Basis of third pereopod.
Fig. 5.—Ditto. Fifth pereeopod,
Fig. 6.—Ditto. Third uropod.
Fig. 7.—Ditto, Telson,
138 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on
XV.— Descriptions of Three new African Cichlid Fishes of
the Genus Tilapia, preserved in the British Museum. By
G. A. BouLENGER, F.R.S.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Tilapia kafuensis.
Depth of body 2} times in total length, length of head 3
times. Head 12 times as long as broad ; snout rounded,
with straight upper profile, slightly broader than long, a
little shorter than postocular part of head ; eye 5} times in
length of head, 2 interorbital width, a little less than pre-
orbital depth ; mouth rather large, 4 width of head, extending
to between nostril and eye; teeth in 8 series, 110 in outer
series of upper jaw; 4 series of scales on the cheek, width of
scaly part a little greater than diameter of eye. Gill-rakers
moderate, 25 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal XVII 13;
last spine longest, 2 length of head ; longest soft ray 3 length
of head. Anal III 11; third spine not quite 4 length of
head. Pectoral slightly longer than head, reaching vertical
of origin of anal. Ventral reaching between vent and
anal. Caudal rounded. Caudal peduncle as long as deep.
Scales cycloid, 33 #; lateral lines 55. Dark brown above,
whitish beneath ; a black opercular spot and three ill-defined
black spots on the side below upper lateral line; soft dorsal
and anal fins with round light spots between the rays.
Total length 8360 mm.
A single specimen from the Kafue River, N.W. Rhodesia,
presented by Mr. T. Codrington.
Distinguished from 7. mossambica by the presence of four
series of scales on the cheek and more numerous gill-rakers.
Tilapia eduardiana.
Depth cf body equal to length of head, 2} to 23 times in
total length. Head nearly twice as long as broad; snout
rounded, with straight or convex upper profile, much broader
than long (14 to 12), $ to 3 postocular part of head; eye 34
to 32 times in length of head, 1} to 14 times in interorbital
width, much longer than preorbital depth; mouth moderate,
3 to width of head, extending to between nostril and eye ;
teeth in 3 series, 66 to 88 in outer series of upper jaw; 2 or
3 series of scales on the cheek, width of scaly part 3 to 3
diameter of eye. Gill-rakers short, 20 to 23 on lower part
new African Cichlid Fishes. 139
of anterior arch. Dorsal XVI=XVII 11=13; spines sub-
equal from the fifth or sixth, 2 to not quite 3 length of head ;
longest soft rays 4 to 2 length of head. Anal III 9-10;
third spine longer than longest dorsal, } or a little more than
$ length of head. Pectoral 1 to 14 times as long as head,
reaching beyond vertical of origin of anal. Ventral reaching
vent or origin of anal. Caudal truncate. Caudal peduncle
as long as deep. Scales 31-32 =; lateral lines 22. Dark
brown above, with or without very indistinct darker cross-
bars, yellowish beneath ; a black opercular spot ; fins brown
or blackish, uniform or with oblique streaks on the soft dorsal.
Total length 180 mm.
Several specimens from the south-eastern slope of
Mt. Ruwenzori, altitude 3200 feet, collected by Mr. R. B.
Woosnam on the Ruwenzori Expedition. [had first referred
this fish to Tilapia nilotica, from which it differs in the longer
caudal peduncle, the truncate caudal fin, and the longer anal
spines.
Tilapia macrochir.
Depth of body 1? to 2! times in total length, length of
head 3 times. Head 13 to 14 times as long as broad ; upper
profile descending in a strong curve, often very abrupt in
front ; snout rounded, sometimes with concave upper profile,
a little broader than long, shorter than postocular part of
head; eye 4 to 5} times in length of head, 2 to 2 inter-
orbital width, equal to or a little less than preeorbital depth ;
mouth rather small, $ to 8 width of head, extending to be-
tween nostril and eye; teeth in 5 to 8 series, 70 to 100 in
outer series of upper jaw; 2 or 3 series of scales on the
cheek, width of scaly part not greater than diameter of eye.
Gill-rakers moderate, 21 to 25 on lower part of anterior arch.
Dorsal XVI (rarely XV) 12-13; last spine longest, } to 2
length of head ; longest soft ray # to 1 length of head.
Anal III 9-10; third spine 4 to 4 length of head. Pectoral
13 to 14 (1¢ im young) length of head, reaching beyond
vertical of origin of anal. Ventral reaching vent or anal.
Caudal truncate or slightly emarginate. Caudal peduncle
deeper than long. Scales cycloid, 29-31 2%; lateral lines
19-22
Hi: Olive-brown above, golden-yellow beneath, sometimes
with rather indistinct darker longitudinal streaks following
the series of scales ; a blackish opercular spot ; head and
anterior part of body usually with small brown or blackish
spots ; young with 7 to 10 narrower vertical dark bars;
140 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on
dorsal fin with more or less dark and light longitudinal
streaks.
Total length 340 mm.
Several specimens from the Victoria Falls, Zambesi,
presented by Mr. T. Codrington, and from Lake Bangwelu,
presented by Mr. F. H. Melland.
Nearly allied to 7. andersonit, Casteln. ; distinguished by
the longer pectoral fin.
XVI.—Descriptions of new African Batrachians preserved
in the British Museum. By G. A. BouLENGER, F.R.S.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Pyzxicephalus macrotympanum.
Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choane,
close to the inner borders of the latter. Head feebly depressed,
much broader than long ; snout rounded, as long as the orbit ;
canthus rostralis obtuse, loreal region concave ; nostril a little
nearer the eye than the end of the snout ; interorbital space
nearly as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct,
larger than the eye. Fingers extremely short, blunt, first
and second equal; toes short, blunt, half webbed; sub-
articular tubercles small; a large, compressed, very pro-
minent but not sharp-edged inner metatarsal tubercle, its
length equalling that of the inner toe. ‘Tarso-metatarsal
articulation reaching the tympanum ; tibia two-fifths the
length of head and body. Skin smooth. Pale greyish
brown above, with dark brown dots, and a dark brown band
extending from the end of the snout, through the nostril and
eye, to the groin, where it breaks up into spots, and expanding
into a large blotch below the eye and on the temple ; a brown
line borders the upper lip; lower lip with large brown
blotches ; lower parts white, with a few brown dots on the
throat.
From snout to vent 55 mm.
A single female specimen from Gallaland, west of the
Juba River, from the collection of Dr. Donaldson Smith.
Had been referred to Rana (Pyxicephalus) ornata, Peters,
in P. Z. 8. 1895, p. 540; differs from that species in the
broader head with more rounded snout and broader inter-
orbital region, and in the larger tympanum.
new African Batrachians. 141
Phrynobatrachus francisc?.
Tongue with a conical papilla in the middle. Habit
ranoid. Head moderate; snout short, rounded, projecting,
without canthus ; interorbital space as broad as the upper
eyelid ; tympanum feebly distinct, about half the diameter
of the eye. First finger not extending quite so far as second ;
toes two-thirds webbed ; tips of fingers and tces obtusely
pointed; subarticular tubercles small; two small, rounded
metatarsal tubercles and a small conical tubercle in the
middle of the tarsus. ‘Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the
end of the snout; tibia half the length of head and body.
Head and back with small smooth warts and short glandular
ridges, limbs and lower parts smooth. Brown above, with a
dark brown band between the eyes, two pairs of large dark
brown spots on the back, separated by an interrupted yellow
vertebral line, and dark cross-bars on the limbs; white
beneath.
From snout to vent 15 mm.
A single specimen from the Zaria Province of Northern
Nigeria, presented by Mr. A. C. Francis.
Hylambates verrucosus.
Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choane.
Head a little broader than long ; snout rounded, as long as
the diameter of the eye; canthus rostralis rounded ; inter-
orbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum
distinct, half the diameter of the eye. Fingers moderate,
free ; toes barely one-fourth webbed; disks rather large, as
large as the tympanum; inner metatarsal tubercle small,
oval, not compressed. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches
between the shoulder and the eye; tibia two-fifths length of
head and body. Skin with small smooth warts above,
granulate on the belly and under the thighs. Dark purplish
brown above and beneath; axil and groin with a large
orange spot; thighs and lower surface of tibia and tarsus
barred black and orange.
From snout to vent 58 mm.
A single female specimen from the Mabira Forest, Chagwe,
Uganda, presented by Dr. C. Christy.
Hylambates christyt.
Vomerine teeth in two small groups just behind the level
of the choane. Head much broader than long; snout
rounded, as long as the diameter of tle eye; canthus rostralis
142 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of
obtuse; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid;
tympanum distinct, three-fourths the diameter of the eye.
Fingers rather short, with a rudiment of web; toes half
webbed; disks rather large, but much smaller than the
tympanum ; inner metatarsal tubercle large, compressed,
about two-thirds the length of the inner toe. The tibio-
tarsal articulation reaches the eye; tibia nearly half length
of head and body. Skin smooth above; a fine glandular
fold running from the eye downwards to the middle of the
side. Purplish brown above, with rather indistinct dark
cross-bands on the limbs; glandular lateral fold and a
transverse line above the vent yellowish, dark-edged beneath ;
two or three dark brown ocellar spots edged with yellowish
on the lumbar region ; lower parts white.
From snout to vent 53 mm.
A single female specimen from the Mabira Forest, Chagwe,
Uganda, presented by Dr. C. Christy.
XVII.—A Revision of the Asilide of Australasia.
By Gerrrupe Ricarpo.
(Continued frem vol. ix, p. 594.]
Deromyia, Philippi.
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xv. p. 705 (1865).
Diogmites, Loew, Berlin. ent. Zeitschr. x. p. 21 nota (1866).
This genus has been as yet confined to the American
continent, but the species described below appears to belong
to the genus, which is distinguished by the closed fourth
posterior cell of wing before it reaches the margin, by the
absence of a style to antennz, by the comparatively long
first two joints of antenne, and by the wide head. The face
has no tubercle and the moustache is almost confined to the
oral opening. My new genus Neosaropogon is distinguished
from it by the fourth posterior cell of wing being open or
only narrower at border.
Deromyia australis, sp. n.
Type (¢) and two other females from Stannary Hills,
N. Queensland, circa 3000 feet (Dr. T. L. Bancroft), 1909.
An Asilus-looking species, with hyaline wings, blackish
abdomen, reddish-yellow antenne and legs.
Length of type 18 mm., others 16 mm.
the Asilidee of Australasia. 143
Head wider than thoraw.
Face covered with pale golden tomentum, flat, raised at
oral opening almost as a tubercle, on which the pale yellow
bristles forming the moustache are placed. Palpi reddish
yellow, with long pale yellow hairs. Proboscislong. Beard
white. Antenne reddish yellow: the first two joints with
thick black hairs; the second slightly the longest; the third
club-shaped, hardly longer than the first two joints together.
Forehead darker than face, with six long black bristles on
the ocelligerous tubercle. Hind part of head with bristle-
like yellow hairs. Thorax greenish grey, with greyish-yellow
tomentum, with three black bristles above the transverse
suture at sides and numerous ones beyond ; breast-sides
paler in colour; prothorax well developed; scutellum armed
with two black bristles. Abdomen blackish, with narrow
dull reddish posterior borders to segments ; sides of dorsum
yellowish, grey tomentum on anterior borders and at sides
of segments; pubescence very scauty, short, yellowish ;
ovipositor prominent below.
Legs reddish yellow ; hiud tarsi and apices of tibie black ;
femora devoid of bristles, tibize and tarsi with strong yellow
ones. Wings hyaline, greyish at apex; veins brown, the
small transverse vein situated just beyond the middle of
discal cell; the first posterior cell slightly narrower at border,
the fourth closed far from border; anal cell very much
narrowed at border, but open.
Saropocon, Loew.
Linn. Ent. ii. p. 439 (1847).
For species from New Zealand see Hutton, Trans. New
Zealand Inst. xxxii. p. 18 (1900), et p. 195 (1901).
The species as yet recorded from the Australasian Region
are confined to Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand,
ViZ. :—
Saropogon sergius, Walker, List Dipt. ii. p. 347 [| Dasypogon] (1849), et
vi. Suppl. 2, p. 477 [Dasypogon] (1854) ; Kertesz, Cat. Dipt. p. 73
[ Lasvopogon | (1909).—Dasypogon festinans, 3, Walker, Dipt. Saund.
1, p. 92 (1851), et List Dipt. vi. Suppl. 2, p. 405 (1854).
Saropogon viduus, Walker, List Dipt. 11. P. 304 et vi, Suppl. 2, p. 485
| Dasypogon| (1849) ; Hutton, Trans. New Zealand Inst. xxxiii. p. 19
(1901).
Saropogon discus, Walker, List Dipt. ii. p. 558 (1849), et vi. Suppl. 2,
p. 488 [ Dasypogon | (1854) ; Hutton, Trans. New Zealand Inst, xxxiii.
p. 19 (1901).—Saropogon hudsont, Hutton, l. c. p. 20.
Saropogon suavis, Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, n. ser. iv. p. 327
| Dasypogon] (1857) ; Kertesz, Cat. Dipt. p. 1382 [Dasypogon] (1857),
—Dasypogon gamaras, Walker, List Dipt. ii. p, 346 (1849), et vi.
Suppl. 2, p. 486 (1854) ; Kertesz, Cat. Dipt. p. 73 [ Lasiopogon | (1909).
144 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of
Saropogon limbinervis, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 5, p. 71 [Dasypogon]
(1855) ; Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (5) vill. p. 222 (1898).
Saropogon antipodus, Schiner, Novara Reise, Dipt. p. 166 (1868) ; Hutton,
Trans. New Zealand Inst. xxxiii. p, 20 (1901).
Saropogon semirufus, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (5) viil. p. 414 (1878).
Saropogon chathamensis, Hutton, Trans. New Zealand Inst. xxxiii. p. 20
(1901).
Saropogon clarkii, Hutton, /. c. p. 19.
Saropogon extenuatus, Hutton, /. ¢. p. 21.
Saropogon fugiens, Hutton, /. ¢. p. 20.
Saropogon fascipes, Hutton, /. e. xxxiv. p. 195 (1901).
Saropogon proximus, Hutton, 7. c. xxiii. p. 19 (1901).
Note.—Saropogon aphidus, W1k., from unknown locality. Type appears
to be lost.
Saropogon sergius, Walker.
Dasypogon festinans, $, Walker.
Type (¢) from New South Wales (presented by Haslar
Hospital), in bad preservation.
A reddish species, with reddish-yellow legs and antenne.
Length 15 mm.
Face covered with golden-yellow tomentum. Moustache
of pale yellow bristles. Palpt ferruginous, with yellowish
hairs. Antenne reddish yellow; the first two joints with
yellowish hairs and bristles, the third about one and a half
times as long as the first two joints together. Forehead
blackish, a broad black stripe extending to base of antenne.
Hind part of head with a thick fringe of yellow bristly
hairs. Thorax (denuded) reddish brown, with black stripes.
Scutellum reddish brown. Abdomen reddish brown, the first
segment black; two black lateral stripes begin on the
second and extend to posterior border of third segment.
Genital organs prominent. Underside reddish yellow,
shining. Legs reddish yellow. Wings (broken) ; Walker
describes them as “ colourless, with a slight tawny tinge on
the fore part ; wing ribs and veins black” ; the small trans-
verse vein beyond the middle of discal cell; the transverse
vein closing the discal cell joins the fourth vein just below
the fork.
Dasypogon festinans, a male type from unknown locality,
is identical with this type.
From the description of Dasypogon nitidus, Macq., from
Tasmania, it is possibly the same species as this.
Saropogon viduus, Walker.
Type (2?) and others from New Zealand.
A wholly black species, with clear wings, clouded at apex.
the Asilidee of Australasia, 145
Length 12-14 mm.
Face black, covered with grey tomentum. Moustache of
long black bristles. Palpi black, with black hairs. An-
tenne with many black hairs on the first two joints; the third
joint bare, not much longer than the first two joints together.
Forehead with black hairs. Thorax brownish black, with
grey tomentose stripes; sides and breast black, with grey
tomentum, which is more silvery white on the sides of
breast. Scutellum with some grey tomentum. <Addomen
black, somewhat shining, small silvery white spots appear on
the sides usually from the second segment onwards. Legs
black, with black bristles and hairs. Wings large, veins
brown, apex tinged brown, small transverse vein beyond the
middle of discal cell.
The co-type of Saropogon clarkii in Brit. Mus. Coll. is
almost identical with the above type and specimens, also
from New Zealand; the ouly difference apparent is the
position of the small transverse vein of wing, which in
Hutton’s co-type is at or below the middle of discal cell and
is clouded with brown, fore border tinged brown, not ex-
tending beyond the first submarginal cell. Abdomen more
blue-black, with the white tomentose spots at side more
apparent.
Saropogon discus, Walker.
Saropogon hudson, Uutton.
Type (@) and another from New Zealand, and a co-type
of Saropogon hudsoni.
A black robust species with a broad black abdomen, red at
apex. Legs red, tarsi blackish. Wings clear.
Length 12 mm.
Face covered with pale yellowish tomentum. Moustache
of pale yellow bristles. Palpi black, with pale hairs. An-
tenne black, the first two joints with black hairs and bristles,
the third joint nearly once and a half as long as the first
two joints together, the usual style present. Forehead
blackish, with some Jong black hairs at sides. Hind part of
head with black bristly hairs. Thorax blackish, with some
tawny tomentum and indistinct black stripes; sides and
breast with greyish tomentum. Scutellum black, covered
with tawny tomentum. Abdomen black, sides and apex bright
testaceous, the fifth and sixth segments being so on their
posterior borders, and the last two segments entirely so.
Underside reddish yellow. Legs reddish yellow; the tarsi
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist, Ser. 8. Vol. x. 10
146 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of
black ; coxze blackish, with grey tomentum. Wings hyaline,
very faintly greyish at apex ; veins brown ; small transverse
vein just beyond the middle of discal cell; anal cell very
narrow at border.
The co-type of Saropogon hudsoni, presented to the
British Museum by the late Capt. F. W. Hutton, is identical
with the Walker type. He records his species from Mount
Peel, Nelson.
Saropogon suavis, Walker.
Dasypogon gamaras, Walker,
Type (3) from Australia.
A small, slender, reddish species, with a general resem-
blance to a Leptogaster species.
Length 11 mm.
Face covered with golden-yellow tomentum. Moustache
of pale yellow bristles. Palpi ferruginous, with yellowish
hairs. Antenne (third joint destroyed) : Walker describes
them as “ tawny, the third joint nearly linear, black above.”
Forehead blackish, covered with some golden-yellow tomen-
tum. Thorax (denuded) reddish. Scutellum similar. Ab-
domen wholly reddish, slender. Legs reddish, middle and
posterior femora and apices of posterior tibiz black. Wings
tinged yellow, veins brown, fourth posterior cell slightly
narrowed at opening, the small transverse vein just beyond
the middle of discal cell.
Though the third joint of antenne is wanting, there is
little doubt this species is a true Saropogon.
Dasypogon gamaras, a male type from unknown region, is
identical, but a little larger, measuring 14 mm., and stouter ;
there is a tinge of black on the second and third segments
of abdomen.
Dasypogon analis, Macq., Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 4, p. 369
(1849).—Type seen by me in Paris Museum may possibly
be identical with this species. Head of type is gone. A
small species with yellow abdomen. Wings clear, tinged
yellow and slightly clouded on cross-veins; all posterior
cells open. In Walker’s types none of the black markings
mentioned by Macquart are present.
Saropogon limbinervis, Macquart.
This species is placed in this genus by Bigot, who had
Macquart’s type before him.
the Asilidee of Australasia. 147
It is described as black, the fifth segment of abdomen
testaceous. Legs black. Wings with veins shaded brown.
Length 6 lines. ?.
Saropogon antipodus, Schiner.
Described as brown-red. Face golden yellow. Antenne
black-brown. Thorax with golden-yellow stripe and spots,
scutellum and breast-sides golden yellow. Abdomen shining
reddish, the first two segments partly black. Legs bright
rusty yellow, femora with black stripe, tarsi brownish.
Wings tinged very pale brownish yellow, with brown veins ;
the second posterior cell very narrow at base, the fourth
narrowed a little at opening.
Length 6 lines.
Auckland. One female.
Saropogon semirufus, Bigot.
From Australia.
A species described as red and black. Face with a shining
black stripe. Abdomen blackish, red at sides and apex.
Antenne fawn-coloured. Wings pale brown.
Length 12 mm.
Saropogon clarkii, Hutton.
Co-type (3) in Brit. Mus. Coll., presented by Capt. F. W.
Hutton, from New Zealand.
A large black species. Face brownish, with whitish-grey
tomentum. Moustache black, composed of stout bristles.
Forehead with bristly black hairs. Thorax with two grey
tomentose narrow stripes; shoulders grey tomentose and
scutellum the same. Abdomen blue-black, shining ; genital
organs black, with black pubescence. Legs wholly black.
Wings hyaline, tinged brown on the fore border at base and
where the second vein has its origin.
Length 16 mm.
Saropogon fugiens, Hutton.
Co-type ( ¢ ) presented by Capt. F. W. Hutton, from New
Zealand ; males and females from same locality (Hudson,
Cochrane).
A blue-black species with golden tomentum on face, on
sides and dorsum of thoraz, and on scutellum, Leys reddish,
the femora blackish above; tibiz black at apices, largely so
1Q*
148 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of
on the posterior pair. Wings hyaline or clouded brown,
small transverse vein just beyond the middle of discal cell.
Abdomen blue-black, shining; in some of the specimens a
reddish line at sides is visible; genital organs in male black,
with black pubescence ; in female a circlet of spines at apex
of abdomen.
Length of co-type 12 mm.
AcNEPHALUM, Macquart.
Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 167 (1838).
One species is recorded from Australia.
A. punctipenne, Macq. Suppl. 5, p.71 (1854), unknown to
me. The type of A. coon, Walker, from unknown locality,
is not to be found in the Brit. Mus. Coll.
; Microstyium, Macquart.
Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 142 (1858).
One species, M. testaceum, Macq. [ Dasypogon] Suppl. 1,
p. 188 (1844), is recorded from Australia. Unknown to me,
and not in the Paris Museum.
It is described as testaceous; the abdomen black, apex
testaceous. Legs black, the femora testaceous. Wangs
yellow, the fourth posterior cell closed.
~ Length 12 lines.
Puevivs, Walker.
Dipt. Saund. i. p. 110 (1861).
This genus was formed for one species.
Phellus glaucus, Walker.
Dipt. Saund. i. p. 110, pl. iv. fig. 6 (1851) ; id., List Dipt. vi. Suppl. 2,
p. 503 (1854); Froggatt, Australian Insects, p. 300, pl. xxviii. fig. 12
(1907).
Type (2) and another from West Australia. Two males
from Swan River, W. Australia. Froggatt states that it is
found in the interior of W. Australia.
This genus is not identical with Phoneus, Macq., or
Obelophorus, Schiner, as suggested by this latter author, but
is probably nearly related to the latter genus peculiar to
Chili, from which it is distinguished by the short stout
prolongation on the middle tibie. The face is covered with
hairs, the forehead broad, the ovipositor of female long, the
abdomen hairy, the antennz with a long third joint. The
the Asilide of Australasia. 149
wing with an appendix and the first posterior cell narrowed
at opening, the fourth and anal cell closed. The legs are
stout and hairy, more especially the hind tarsi and apex of
hind tibiz; the curious prolongation of middle tibize is
short, armed with very stout short spines on outer border,
and on inner border with thick hairs.
Coputa, Macquart.
Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 4, p. 374 (1849).
This genus, formed by the author for C. limbipennis from
New South Wales, is allied to his genus Brachyrrhopola, to
which his second species of Codula belongs, but it is at once
distinguished by the absence of the curved spine on fore
tibiz, the moustache is composed of fewer hairs and con-
fined to the oral opening, and the abdomen is stouter and
shorter. With Macquart’s second species and one placed
by Bigot in this genus transferred to Brachyrrhopola, only
Macquart’s typical species and one nearly allied to it remain
in the genus.
Codula limbipennis, Macq., Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 4, p. 374, pl. vii. fig. 2
(1849).
Codula vespiformis, Thoms., Eugen. Resa, Diptera, p. 464 (1869).
Codula limbipennis, Macquart.
Type ¢ seen in Paris Museum by me, from E. Australia.
A species with a- stout club-shaped abdomen, black and
yellow in colouring. Wings deep brown on fore border.
Face black, covered with bright yellow tomentum, leaving
a black stripe in the middle. Moustache composed of five
or six long yellow bristly hairs. Palpi black, with black
pubescence. Antenne long, the third joint twice as long as
the first two together, yellow. Thorax black with dull
yellowish tomentum, two bright orange spots above the
shoulders. Abdomen black, with bright orange tomentum
beginning from the posterior border of the third segment,
the fourth entirely black in the centre, the other segments
wholly covered with the bright orange tomentum; under-
side black, with two orange-coloured segmentations only.
Legs black, knees and hind tibie yellow. MWéings clear, deep
brown on the fore border, extending through both basal
cells, then in a straight line to the apex, bordered by the
third vein, not extending beyond its first forked branch.
Macquart’s description is as follows :—
Thorax black. Abdomen red. Legs black; tibie red.
150 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of
Wings brown on external border. Length 5 lines @.
Palpi with black hairs. Beard black. Face with yellow
tomentum: a black denuded space under the antenne ;
moustache black. Forehead black. Antenne fawn-coloured,
the third joint brown at apex. Thorax dull with some grey
tomentum, the shoulder spot fawn-coloured ; sides shining.
Abdomen: the first, second, and anterior border of third
segment black, the remainder bright fawn-coloured ; the
fourth with a large blackish transverse dorsal spot, the
seventh very small, black ; underside wholly shining black.
Femora fawn-coloured at apices; anterior and intermediate
tibiz black, at base fawn-coloured ; posterior pair fawn-
coloured. Anterior and intermediate tarsi black, posterior
pair fawn-coloured. Wings hyaline, with a wide brown fore
border; base of the second submarginal cell very narrow.
From east coast of New South Wales.
Codula vespiformis, Thomson.
One male from Burpengary, Queensland, in Brit. Mus.
Coll.
Thomson described his type, a male from Sydney, as
related to C. limbipennis, Macquart, but easily distinguished
by the colour of abdomen.
Face golden yellow with a short black median stripe,
raised at oral opening, which is covered by the moustache
composed of yellow bristles. Antenne reddish yellow; the
third joint long cylindrical, notched on upper border, no
style apparent. Forehead black, shining, with some grey
and black hairs. Thoraz biack, with solden yellow tomen-
tose spots on prothorax, shoulders, and two spots on lower
border the same colour ; one stout fulvous spine-like bristle
at side of thorax above base of wing. Scutellum black, with
horizontal golden-yellow tomentose stripes. dbdomen club-
shaped, black, reddish golden tomentose on posterior border
of second segment as a narrow band, a similar but wider
band on posterior border of third segment, avery narrow
one on posterior border of fourth, and fifth and sixth wholly
reddish golden except at the sides ; underside wholly black ;
on sides of first segment appears a ‘small black bristle. Legs
reddish yellow ; fomond with exception of apices black, apices
of fore tibiz and the tarsi fuscous. Wings hyaline, fore
border deep brown, reaching the discal cell and almost
filling up the basal cells, on apical half it does not extend
beyond the third vein; all cells open, the fourth posterior
and anal cells narrowed at border.
Length of specimen 15 mm.
the Asilide of Australasia. 151
Baruypocon, Loew.
Progr, Realschule, Meseritz, 1851, p. 15 (1851).
This genus was formed by Loew for his species B. asili-
formis from Australia, and Schiner added B. brachypterus,
Macq., besides other species from Chili.
The genus belongs to the group of Dasypogonine with no
spine on fore tibiz and is distinguished by the rather short
wings with the fourth posterior cell closed and the first
widely open, the vein closing the fourth posterior cell is
nearly on a line with the one closing the discal cell; the
face has a distinct tubercle, with the moustache reaching the
antenne, which have a style-like bristle on the end of the
third joint. It appears to be distinguished from Stenopogon
by the broader face.
The statement in Schiner’s table that the wings in this
genus in proportion are long and narrow, is somewhat mis-
leading, so far as concerns its relationship to the other
Australian genera of Dasypogonine, from which it is clearly
distinguished by the rather short narrow wings, often not
reaching far beyond half the length of the abdomen.
The following described and one new species, all from
Australia, now belong to this genus.
The differences between some of the species are very small
and probably with the advent of fresh material some will
hardly be maintained as distinct.
Bathypogon brachypterus, Macq., Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 160, pl. iii. fig. 3
| Dasypogon] (1838); id., Suppl. i. p. 50 ready ei (1847) ;
Rond. Nuov. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bologna, (3) ii. p. 105 [Astylum|]
(1850).—Proctacanthus postica, Walker, List Dipt. vii. Suppl. 3,
p. 655 (1855).
Bathygogon aoris, Walker, List Dipt. ii. p. 821 [Dasypogon] ee
cerus| (1849), et vi. Suppl. 2, p. 480 [Dasypogon] (1854) ; Certesz,
Cat. Dipt. p. 100 [Ancylorrhynchus] (1909].—Bathypogon asili-
formis, Loew, Progr. Realschule, Meseritz, 1851, 31 (1851). ? Aszlus
mutillatus, Walker, List Dipt. vii. Suppl. 3, p. 789 (1855).
Bathypogon pedanus, Walker, List Dipt. il. p. 820 | Dasypodon] (1849),
et vi. Suppl. 2, p. 481 [Dasypogon] (1854); Kertesz, Cat. Dipt.
p. 102 (| Ancylorrhynchus] (1909). ps
Bathypogon testaceovittatus, Macq., Dipt. Exot. Suppl. v. p. 70, pl. il.
fic. 1 [ Dasypogon] (1855) ; Bigot, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, (5) vii.
p- 221 (1878). ‘
Bathypogon maculipes, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, (5) viil. p. 485
(1878).
Bathypogon nigrinus, sp. n.
He Pibtertecdish. 6s. sl pa ccna empires te % 2.
UR OREO 2 AG 25 U5 eg ee ae eee ed oe 3.
2. Femora red and black; bristles on legs and
thorax chiefly, white 2... oo. uie ue case ein © brachypterus, Macq.
152 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of
Femora red and black; bristles on legs and
AHOKAX MICU VIOIACE Joon chm wee aka, os 5 Ks nigrinus, sp. 0.
Femora black ; bristles on legs white, on thorax
PLA te atk ete er ecm Mamie ane ny ae Fa" pedanus, W1k.
3. Bristles on legs and thorax chiefly white .... aoris, WIk.
Bathypogon brachypterus, Macquart.
Proctacanthus postica, Walker.
This species is erroneously placed in Kertesz’s catalogue
under Astylum, a genus formed by Rondani for a species
from Venezuela with no terminal bristle or style to the third
joint of antenne.
Type (?) from New S. Wales seen by me in Paris
Museum, 12. 4. 11.
In Brit. Mus, Coll.: type of Proctacanthus postica, Walker,
from Melbourne (Mr. Baby’s coll.), a female from New S.
Wales (Saunders coll.), and another from Mackay, Queens-
land (G. Turner) (1894). In Mr. French’s coll. a female
from Victoria.
Macquart’s description is as follows :—
Black. Abdomen ashy grey below. Femora and tibiz
red below.
Length 8 lines. 9.
Face and forehead yellowish grey ; moustache reaching to
the base of antenne, yellowish white; the upper hairs black.
Beard and hairs of palpi white. Hind part of head with
yellow hairs. Antenne black. Thorax black; stripes on side
and scutellum with grey tomentum. Abdomen black, with
scattered small yellow hairs; sides and belly ashy grey.
Legs: femora and tibie red; with a black stripe above,
which is wider on the posterior ones; posterior legs black ;
tarsi black, with yellow hairs, which are also present on the
tibia. Wings rather short, slightly yellowish ; brownish at
the apex; the fourth posterior cell closed, with a very
oblique posterior vein, the posterior vein of fork of third
vein longer than the anterior one.
New South Wales.
The antenne have a short terminal style. Moustache
black above, then yellow. In the specimens before me there
are no black hairs on upper part of moustache. The small
cross-vein of wing is situated slightly beyond the middle of
the discal cell.
Length of specimens 18-20 mm.
Walker’s type is probably a specimen of this species; the
type is in very bad preservation.
the Asilidee of Australasia. 1
Or
ew)
Bathypogon aoris, Walker.
Bathypogon asiliformis, Loew.
? Asilus mutillatus, Walker.
Type female from Adelaide (Ent. Club), other females and
males from Mackay, Queensland (G. Turner) (1894), and
Burpengary, Queensland (Dr. T. L. Bancroft), 1904.
Distinguished from Bathypogon brachypterus by the
wholly blackish femora, and by the blackish tibiz, bristles
on legs chiefly yellowish, the small cross-vein of wing is
situated about the middle of the discal cell.
Two of the females and one male from Queensland have
the femora largely reddish as in B, brachypterus, but the
tibiz remain blackish ; perhaps eventually the two species
may be merged in one.
Length 17-26 mm.
The type of Asilus mutillatus, Walker, from Australia,
abdomen missing, is evidently a species of this genus,
apparently similar to B. aoris, with the exception of the
small cross-vein of wing, which is distinctly below the
middle of the discal cell.
Loew suggested that his species B. asiliformis might be
identical with Dasypogon plumbeus, Fabr. (Ent. Syst. Iv.
p. 382; id. Syst. Antl. p. 165; Wiedem. Ausszweifl. Ins. i.
p- 418 [ Asilus |; see Kertesz’s Cat. for further refs.), but that
the description of this last is too poor to serve for recognition
of the species, and further concluded Dasypogon bebius,
Walker (List Dipt. 11. p. 333), placed in the same group as
Dasypogon plumbeus by Walker, might be identical ; this last
type is apparently destroyed, not being in the Brit. Mus.
Coll. From Loew’s description his species is evidently
identical with B. aoris. The Fabrician and Walker species
might well be deleted from list.
Bathypogon pedanus, Walker.
Type (2) and another from Swan River, W. Australia
(Ent. Club).
Distinguished from B. brachypterus by the wholly black
femora, and from B. aoris by the pale reddish tibize ; the
posterior pair are darker. Thorax black, with very distinct
whitish-grey sides ; shoulders red.
Length 18 mm.
Bathypogon testaceovittatus, Macq., said by him to be
154 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of
allied to Bathypogon aoris, Walker, was placed by Bigot in
this genus, probably correctly, judging from the figure of
wing given by Macquart; it is described by him as having
the sides of thorax and abdomen testaceous. If the figure of
the wing is correct this species is distinguished by the
rounded angle of the anterior branch of the fourth vein
emitted from the discal cell.
Bathypogon maculipes, Bigot, from Australia, measuring
22 mm., is described as having the anterior and intermediate
femora black, but reddish in the middle, and the posterior
pair with an elongated reddish spot. The anterior tibize
with a similar smaller reddish spot, the bristles of tibiz
whitish.
Neither of these species is known to me,
Bathypogon nigrinus, sp. n.
Type (¢) and a series of males and one female from
Burpengary, S. Queensland (Dr. T. L. Bancroft).
A species very similar to B. brachypterus, Macq., but
distinguished by the black (not yellow) bristles on the legs
(yellow bristles are only present on the fore tarsi) and by
the paler indistinct red of the fore tibiz, which are covered
with short white pubescence, and by the first two joints of
antenne being red, not black.
Length 16-18 mm.
Face reddish, with some little grey tomentum, at the sides
of the face and below the antenne appearing grey, being
covered with a silvery white and grey tomentum; the
tubercle large, taking up most of the face; moustache
reaching its whole length, formed of strong black bristles,
with a few white ones below. Palpi black, with yellowish-
white hairs. Beard white. Antenne black; the first two
joints red, with yellowish-white long hairs; the first joint
twice the length of the second, the third broad, with a style-
like ending. Forehead black, with yellowish-grey tomentum,
which is silvery-white above antennz ; pubescence of black
hairs, at vertex very stout, black, spine-like bristles; round
head white hairs. Thorax brownish, with two median
and side black stripes, posteriorly covered with silvery-
grey tomentum, which also covers the sides. Scutellum
black, bordered with same-coloured tomentum and with
black bristles. Sides of thorax with long black bristles.
Abdomen black, covered with short white hairs and with
black bristles at the segmentations ; sides covered with grey
the Asilidee of Australasia. — 155
tomentum; underside blackish. Legs armed with bristles,
which are black, on the fore tarsi some yellow ones; cox
red, with white tomentum and long white hairs and one
black bristle below; femora black above, with white pubes-
cence, below red, with long white hairs; tibiz yellowish red
on the outside, black on the inside, with white pubescence ;
underside of fore tarsi with yellow pubescence ; tarsi reddish,
covered with white pubescence. Wings hyaline, brownish
at apex and on posterior border; the small transverse vein
oblique, about the middle of the discal cell; the fourth
posterior cell and the anal closed; the transverse veins
closing the discal and fourth posterior cell are not quite in
a straight line. Halteres reddish yellow.
Stenopocon, Loew.
Linn, Ent. ii. p. 453 (1847).
The genus is distinguished by the very narrow face, with
a keel-shaped tubercle, the face becoming narrower still at
antenne, the moustache reaching nearly to the antenne.
Wings with the first posterior cell more or less narrower at
border, the fourth closed cr open. In the Australian species
the front posterior cell is hardly narrower at border.
The following species are recorded from Australia :—
Stenopogon elongatus, Macq., Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 1, p. 194, pl. vii. fig. 6
(1844), et Suppl. 2, p. 50! Dasypogon | (1846).— Dasypogon flavifacies,
Macq,, /.¢c. Suppl. 4, p. 368, pl. vi. fig. 6 (1849). Dasypogon digentia,
6, Walker, List Dipt. pt. ii. p. 316 (1849), et part vi. Suppl. 2,
p- 480 (1854); Kertesz, Cat. Dipt. p. 101 [Ancylorrhynchus] (1909).
Dasypogon lanatus, 9, Walker, 7. c. p. 317, et part vi. Suppl. 2,
p. 486 (1854); Kertesz, 7. c. [ Ancylorrhynchus] (1909). Dasypogon
thalpius, 3, Walker, 7. c. p. 317, et part vi. Suppl. 2, p. 481 (1854) ;
Kertesz, l. e. [_Ancylorrhynchus] (1909). Dasypogon agave, Walker,
l. ¢. p. 317, et pt. vi. Suppl. 2, p. 480 (1854). Stenopogon fraternus,
Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (5) viii. p. 421 (1878).
Stenopogon nicoteles, ¢, Walker, List Dipt. pt. ii. p. 320 (1849), et
pt. vi. Suppl. 2, p. 481 [Dasypogon| (1854); Kertesz, Cat. Dipt.
p- 102 [Ancylorrhynchus] (1909).
Stenopogon elongaius, Macq.
Dasypogon flavifacies, 9 , Macq.
Dasypogon digentia, §, Walker.
Daspogon lanatus, 2, Walker.
Dasypoyon thalpius, 3, Walker.
Dasypogon agave, 3, Walker.
Stenopogon fraternus, Bigot.
156 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of
Macquart’s types both seen by me in Paris Museum,
12. 4. 11. S. elongatus, § 2, from New South Wales ;
D. flavifacies, a female (not a male) from Tasmania.
In Brit. Mus. Coll. :—
Type of D. digentia, a male from New South Wales.
Haslar Hospital.
Type of D. lanatus, a male from Van Diemen’s Land
(J. Brynce).
Type of D. thalpius, a male from Perth, W. Australia
(G. Clifton).
Type of D. agave, a male from Swan River, W. Australia.
Also a series of males and females from 8. Australia, Tas-
mania, Queensland, and W. Australia.
Macquart’s description is as follows :—
Elongated, black. Abdomen narrow, the apex testaceous.
Moustache golden. Antenne black. Legs testaceous.
Length 9 lines. ¢ 2.
Palpi black, with black hairs. Face black ; moustache
and beard golden yellow, the first reaching the antenne.
Forehead black, with black hairs. Antenne black ; the first
joint a little elongated, with black hairs below. Thorax
black, with black hairs; sides with greyish-yellow tomentum
and whitish hairs. Abdomen narrow, 6 lines long, black,
with whitish tomentum and long whitish hairs below; genital
organs a little swollen, testaceous; the anterior half of the
last two segments testaceous. Legs with black bristles and
whitish hairs ; anterior femora black, testaceous at the apex,
posterior ones black, the posterior half below testaceous ;
tibize black at apex; anterior tibiz with no spines; tarsi
black. Wings clear, a little yellowish; apex slightly
brownish.
From New South Wales. Coll. M. Fairmaire and M. Bigot.
One specimen in the coll. of Marquis Spinola comes from
Sydney Island, Oceania.
Macquart further remarks, in the second Supplement, that
the species which appears common in ‘Tasmania affords him
several subforms. One female differs from the type by the
entire black abdomen, ovipositor, and femora; another has
the femora entirely testaceous ; in the males the abdomen is
black and the genital organs blackish testaceous.
These remarks are fully borne out by an examination of
Walker’s type and others in the Brit. Mus. Coll. D. digentia
has the abdomen entirely black. In some specimens the
testaceous colouring, if present, is confined to the last seg-
ment. The bristles on the legs are often fulvous instead of
the Asilidee of Australasia. aay
black or partly so. Macquart’s type of D. flavifacies has the
abdomen aud femora entirely black.
Length of specimens, males from 17-23 mm., females
from 20-25 mm.
Stenopogon fraternus from the description is no doubt the
same as S. elongatus.
Stenopogon nicoteles, Walker.
Type (¢) from Swan River, West Australia (Dr. Richard-
son).
A small black species allied to S. elongatus, but the
moustache is silvery white below, with black hairs above.
Face black, covered with silvery-white tomentum. Thorax
black, with grey tomentose stripes. Abdomen black, covered
with brownish tomentum. Legs black, the tibie pale
reddish yellow, the posterior pair almost wholly blackish ;
bristles on legs pale yellow. Wings hyaline; smali trans-
verse vein below the middle of discal cell.
Length 145 mm.
PsILozONA, gen, nov.
Formed for two species from Queensland.
Blue-black shining species. Fore and middle tibie and
tarsi fringed with hairs, the tarsi broad. Wings with the
fourth and anal cells closed, the veins closing the fourth
posterior and discal cell almost parallel. Face shining,
broad, somewhat raised above oral opening; the moustache
composed of strong bristles, not confined to the oral opening,
but not extending up the face; the forehead broad, shining,
with hairs at sides. Head broader than it is high, excised
in centre. Fore tibize have no curved spine. Antenne with
a distinct style.
Psilozona albitarsis, sp. n.
One male type and two females (type 1903) from Towns-
ville, Queensland (Ff. P. Dodd), 1904 and 19038.
A blue-black species, with brownish wings. The male with
white-haired fore tarsi and the base and apex of abdomen
white-haired. Female with abdomen bare, long, and pointed
at apex, the fore tibiz with black hairs. ~
Length, ¢ 17, 2? 23 mm.
3. Face black, shining, with whitish tomentum at the
153 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of
sides. Moustache composed of numerous strong black
bristles, with some yellowish ones below, not extending to
the sides, which have soft whitish pubescence. Palpi black,
clothed with coarse, white, fairly long hairs, and with some
stout black bristles at the apices. Proboscis slightly longer.
Beard of thick white pubescence. Antenne black, the third
joint reddish yellow, the first two joints with black hairs,
the third bare, with a distinct style, longer than the first two
joints together and broader. Forehead black, with grey
pubescence. Hind part of head with whitish hairs. Thorax
black, with spare greyish pubescence on the dorsum; the
shoulders covered with ashy-grey tomentum; two stripes of
grey tomentum apparent ; sides whitish, with white pubes-
cence ; breast-sides black, with a broad horizontal whitish
stripe and white pubescence; one long black bristle on side
of thorax beyond the transverse suture and three shorter
ones below on the breast-sides just above the suture. Scw-
tellum black, with long whitish pubescence. Abdomen
bluish, shining, the first three segments with whitish pubes-
cence, fourth and fifth with very short, chiefly black pubes-
cence, sixth and seventh with bristly yellowish hairs; anus
with similar hairs ; sides of abdomen with white hairs, except
on the fourth and fifth segments, where it is short and black.
Legs black, slender, the middle and anterior tibiz and tarsi
with thick fringes of black hairs, replaced on the fore tarsi
by white hairs, which cover the tarsi on upper sides and are
very noticeable. Hind tibiz and tarsi armed with some
short black bristles. Wings hyaline, brown on basal half,
extending to the apex of first basal cell, and to the base of
the discal cell, filling most of the anal cell, leaving the
axillary to be almost hyaline; veins brown, the fourth poste-
rior and anal cell closed, the transverse veins closing discal
and fourth posterior cells almost parallel, the fourth at base
not pedunculated, the small transverse vein situated beyond
the middle of discal cell.
Female similar. Abdomen longer and pointed, the pubes-
cence much less and shorter, white on the first two segments,
then black; the first segment is blackish, the next three
purplish, the remaining ones blue, metallic, shining ; sides
with short white hairs, intermixed with black on the first
three segments, then black and shorter. Legs: the pubes-
cence is wholly black. Face with the sides more widely
covered with light tomentum, which is golden yellow; the
hairs on first two jomts of antenne are yellow below, the
hairs on palpi yellowish. Wings more wholly brown, only
the Asilidee of Australasia. 159
the apex and centres of fourth and fifth cells and oeneey
lobe being hyaline.
Psilozona nigritarsis, sp. n.
Three males from Townsville, Queensland (Ff. P. Dodd),
1903.
A species very similar to P. albitarsis, but distinguished
by the pale wings, the absence of white hairs on the fore
tarsi, aud by the presence of fuur black bristles on the breast-
side just above the transverse suture in the type only. The
moustache has more yellow hairs and fewer black bristles,
the colouring on sides of face is golden yellow; the hairs on
palpi, on lower part of the first two antennal joints, com-
posing the beard, and round head are yellowish. Thorax
not quite so pubescent. Abdomen with whitish pubescence
only at base and a little short, scattered, white pubescence on
the apex. The pubescence on fore legs less thick.
Length 18 mm.
Damatis, Fabr.
Syst. Antl. p. 147 (1805).
Only one species is recorded from Australia :—
Damalis fuscipennis, Macq., Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 1, p. 222
(1844).
This must be nearly allied to Damalis pandens, Walker,
Proc. Linn. Soe. London, iv. p. 104 | Discocephala] (1860),
from Celebes, the type in the Brit. Mus. Coll.; but that of
Damalis lugens, W1\k., from New Guinea, is not to be found.
Doleschall recorded one species, Dainalis erythrophthalnus,
from Amboina.
ANcyLoRRHyYNcHUSs, Latreille.
Fam. Régn, Anim. p. 490 (1825).
Xiphocera, Macq., Suites & Buffon, i. p. 279 (1834).
See Kertesz, Cat. Dipt. p. 100, for other synonyms.
This genus has not been recorded from Australia itself.
All the Walker species placed in it in Kertesz’s Cat. belong to
other genera ; v. d. Wulp records one species from the Island
of Waigou, X. complacita, and Doleschall one from Amboina,
X. rufithoraz.
160 BL ibliograph ical Notices.
Hererorocon, Loew.
Linn. Ent, ii. p. 488 (1847).
Dasypogon bebius, Walker, is recorded from Australia.
The type is not to be found in the Brit. Mus. Coll. It
probably does not belong to this genus, in which it is placed
in Kertesz’s Cat.; but, as stated above, Loew suggests it
may be a Bathypogon species.
The following Walker species from unknown localities
also placed here by Kertesz do not belong to this genus,
having curved spines on fore tibize, and the fourth posterior
cell is closed, in line with the transverse vein closing discal
cell ; they appear to belong to a genus near Deromyia :-—
e@gon, animetus, cerretanus, copreus, silanus, politus. Generi-
cally similar are carvilius under Oligopogon in Kertesz’s Cat.,
and volcatius under Isopogon; they do not appear to be
from Australia.
Dasypogon fossius, Walker, from unknown locality, is
exactly similar to specimens labelled the same from 8. Africa,
and is evidently a South-African species; it has spines on
the fore tibiz.
(To be continued. |
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
A Revision of the Ichneumonidee, based on the Collection in the
British Museum (Natural History), with Descriptions of new
Genera and Species. Part I. Tribes Ophionides and Metoprdes.
By Cravpre Morey, F.Z.S., F.K.8. London: Printed by Order
of the Trustees of the British Museum. 8yo. 1912. Pp. xi, 88.
Coloured plate.
Lirriz was done to elucidate the collection of Ichneumonide in the
British Museum since it was arranged by Frederick Smith in 1860
until Mr. Morley recently took up the work, and the present small
volume is published as a first instalment. It includes a list, gene-
rally with comments and often with full descriptions, of 198 species
of Ophionides and 33 Metopiides, and 5 genera and about 70 species
are described as new. ‘The coloured plate is an admirably enlarged
diagram of the common and widely distributed Ophion luteus, L.,
illustrating its structure and neuration. WW EK
Geological Society. 161
Records of the Indian Museum. (A Journal of Indian Zoology.)
Vol. iv.no.x. Issued March 30th, 1912. Annotated Catalogue
of Oriental Culicidee. Supplement, By EK. Brunertr. Calcutta,
1912, Pp. 403-516.
Mr. Brunerti’s “ Annotated Catalogue of Oriental Culicide” was
published in 1907 in the ‘ Records of the Indian Museun,’ i.
pp. 247-377; and a vast amount of fresh material has now accumu-
lated, which is exhaustively discussed and criticized in the present
Supplement. ‘The “ Additions to the List of Literature” (pp. 411—
413) alone contain 57 items, many of these being works of primary
importance. Itis impossible for us to do more here than direct the
attention of dipterists to this most important publication.
W.F. K.
PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES.
GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
May Ist, 1912.—Dr. Aubrey Strahan, F.R.S., President,
in the Chair,
The following communication was read :—
‘Insect-Remains from the Midland and South-Eastern Coal-
fields.’ By Herbert Bolton, F.R.S.E., F.G.S., Director of the
Lristol Museum.
The writer describes a series of three insect-wings obtained by
Dr. L. Moysey, F.G.8., from the Shipley Clay-pit near [keston
(Derbyshire), and a blattoid wing, and three fragments from the
borings of the Kent Coal Concessions Company, Ltd., in East Kent.
The first series of insect-wings occur in greyish-brown ironstone
nodules, which lie in bands in a yellow clay about 30 or 40 feet
below the Top Hard Coal.
The East Kent insect-remains occur in core shales, the horizon
of which is not yet determined.
The wings obtained by Dr. Moysey are not referable to any
known families. Three new families are formed to contain them,
one of which is nearly related to the Dictyoneuride with some
suggestion of the family Heliolide. A second new family is allied
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 11
162 Geological Society.
to the Heliolide, and the third new family to the Homoiopteride,
or, as the writer believes, near to the Lithomantide.
The East Kent insect-remains contain one wing, referable to the
genus Soomylacris (Ettoblattina), a species of which is already
known from the Forest of Dean Coalfield.
The finding of two species of the same genus in coalfields so
widely separated as those of the Forest of Dean and East Kent is
not without interest, in view of the generally-accepted belief in the
former continuity of the Coal Measures across the South of England.
June 5th, 1912.—Prof. W. W. Watts, Se.D., LL.D., F.R.S.,
Vice-President, in the Chair.
The following communications were read :—
1. ‘The Further Evidence of Borings as to the Range of the
South-Eastern Coalfield and of the Paleozoic Floor, and as to the
Thickness of the Overlying Strata.’ By Hon. Professor W. Boyd
Dawkins, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.S.A., F.G.S.
In this paper the Author gives an outline of the history of the
experimental borings made in order to verify Godwin-Austen’s theory
concerning ‘the Axis of Artois,’ which led to the discovery of the
South-Eastern Coalfield. The first of these was at Netherfield(1872-
75) near Battle (Sussex). Here the borehole, ending in Oxford
Clay at a depth of 1905 feet below the surface, showed that
the Paleozoic floor is buried under so great a thickness of rock
that it was advisable to look farther north for a site for further
experiments. The second boring (1886-92), under the Shakespeare
Cliff, Dover, on the site of the Channel Tunnel works, resulted in
the discovery of the Coal Measures belonging to the Pennant or
Middle Series of the Bristol and South Wales Coalfields, at a depth
of 1100 feet below O.D. This affords a practical basis for further
exploration. The extension of the coalfield to a distance of
8 miles north of Dover was proved by the boring (1897-99) at
Ropersole, where the same Pennant Series occurred at 1180 feet
below O.D., and its extension in the intervening area about 5 miles
to the west of Dover by a boring under the direction of M. Breton
at Ellinge (1901-1902), where the coalfield was struck at 1286 feet
below O.D.
In these three borings the strata of the Coal Measures are
practically horizontal, a fact) which, in the opinion of the Author,
implies that they form the bottom of a syncline with its long axis
passing from Dover in a north-westerly direction parallel to the
scarp of the North Downs.
The boring at Brabourne (1897-98), under the direction of
Mr. Brady and the late Mr. Etheridge, gave the next fixed point in
the enquiry. It established the fact that, at the base of the North
Downs, the Paleozoic floor consists of highly inclined strata (in the
opinion of the Author, of Devonian age) at 1789 feet below O.D.
Geological Society. 163
These are covered by Dolomitic Conglomerate and Triassic marls, the
section being identical with that of the Mendip Hills in Somerset.
It therefore marks the position in Kent of the Pembroke-Mendip
anticline which forms the southern boundary of the Coalfields of
Bristol and of South Wales. It follows that the south-western
boundary of the South-Eastern Coalfield is to be looked for at a
sufficient distance east of Brabourne to allow of the presence of
the Carboniferous Limestone and Millstone Grit, as shown approxi-
mately on the map.
These results, laid by the Author before the Royal Coal Commission
in 1903, led to further experiments under his direction. The first
of these, at Waldershare (1904-1907), proved the existence of the
Coal Measures at 1069 feet below O.D., in two distinct groups, the
upper belonging to the Pennant Series as before with an average
dip of 10°, and the lower with an average dip of 20°, belonging to
the Lower Group of Coal Measures of Somerset, Gloucester, and
South Wales. The second at Fredville (1905-1907), 3 miles north-
east of Waldershare, reached the Palxozoic floor at 11092 feet,
and entered the same lower series of valuable coal-seams, dipping
at an angle of 17° (Journ. Roy. Soc. Arts, vol. lv, 1907, pp. 456—
57). Further experiments have been carried on north and east
of Dover, but their results are not yet available for scientific
purposes. Thus a valuable coalfield has been proved over a large
area, with its eastern and western boundaries as yet undetermined,
as shown on the map.
Two further experimental borings to the north and west, carried
out under the Author’s direction in 1910-11, led to most unexpected
results. Hitherto the Coal Measures were either horizontal, or
dipping in the normal fashion without signs of faulting, and there
was every reason to believe that the Coal-Measure trough would be
struck, on the first site, at Chilham, about 3 miles south-west of
Canterbury. Instead, however, of Coal Measures, Upper Silurian
shales with Monograptus priodon formed the Paleozoic floor at
1072 feet below O.D. In the second, at Bobbing near Sittingbourne,
hard Silurian grits and shales occurred at 1070 feet below O.D. In
both borings the Silurian rocks are nearly vertical, and bear marks
of crushing ‘The northern boundary of the South-Eastern Coalfield
is therefore to be sought in the district between Fredville and
Chilham, and probably nearer to the former locality than to the
latter.
The Silurian portion of the buried Paleozoic floor is then traced
westwards through Ciiffe, on the Thames below Gravesend, to Ware
in Hertfordshire, and northwards through Essex to Harwich, Sutton,
and Culford (Bury St. Edmunds). To the south of this the Devonian
rocks occupy the area of London, and extend as far as the district
of Croydon.
The varying thickness of the overlying rocks is also dealt with,
and details are given of three sections, at Ropersole, Chilham, and
Bobbing, in the hope that they may be useful to other explorers.
164 Miscellaneous.
2. ‘Shelly Clay dredged from the Dogger Bank.’ By John
Walker Stather, F.G.S.
The Dogger Bank fishermen frequently get in their nets a tough
peaty material, which they call ‘ moorlog.’ In a paper published
in the ‘ Kssex Naturalist,’ April and July, 1909, this ‘ moorlog’
was described by Mr. H. Whitehead and Mr. H. H. Goodchild, with
a report on the plant-remains by Mr, Clement Reid, F.R.S., and
Mrs. Eleanor Reid.
In looking over some recently dredged ‘ moorlog’ brought in by
a Hull trawler, the Author noticed that, adhering to the specimens
of ‘ moorlog,’ was a dark silty clay, full of marine shells. These
specimens of *moorlog,’ with the associated shelly clay, were
dredged in lat. 55° 24’ N., and long. 3° 10' E., at a depth of
20 fathoms.
A collection of these shells was submitted to Mr. Clement Reid,
who stated that they are ail assignable to very shallow-water species,
and probably flourished just. beneath low-water level. This and
other evidence seems to show that the ‘ moorlog’ in this part of
the North Sea rests upon a bed of shelly silt, and the shells in the
silt together with the ‘ moorlog’ point to great changes of level in
the North Sea Basin.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Eprrorrat Nore.
Ir is with great regret that we have to announce the retirement
of Dr. Ginrnur from the co-editorship of the ‘Annals,’ owing to
failing sight.
For over thirty years Dr. Giinther’s valued assistance has always
been freely given, and the present writer in particular owes him a
deep debt of gratitude for his unfailing kindness and help,
All readers of the ‘ Annals’ will join in wishing him happiness
in his retirement from the multifarious duties of an ardnous
scientific life, of which the last to be given up was the Kditorship
of the ‘ Annals.’ W. Francis,
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CONTENTS _ | NUMBER 55. —Bighth Series,
meee Descriptions of new Species of Pyralide of the ao
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VI. Notes on Fossorial Ba putin gnaienc —IX. By Rowxanp E.
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No. 56. AUGUST 1912.
XVIII.— Report on the Annelida Polycheta collected in the
North Sea and adjacent parts by the Scotch Fishery Board
Vessel ‘ Goldseeker”—Part I. Amphinomide to Sigalionidee.
By WrituiAM SmMa.tL, M.A., B.Sc., Gatty Marine Labora-
tory, St. Andrews.
[Plate VI.].
Tue families included in the following report are Amphi-
nomide, Aphroditide, Polynoide, and Sigalionide.,
The Amphinomide are but sparsely represented by a single
species, while the Aphroditide show representatives of two
genera out of the three that are accounted British. The
Polynoide are represented by nineteen species, and the
Sigalionidee by four.
The distribution of several species has been extended.
Aphrodita echidna, de Quatrefages, and Lvarne atlantica,
M‘Intosh, are recorded for the first time from the North Sea
(Moray Firth), while Huphrosyne borealis, Girstedt, Hucranta
villosa, Malmgren, and Antinvé elegans, 'Théel, are new to
British waters, if under that term be included the Faroé
Channel. Canon Norman (1890, p. 345), discussing the
limits of the British Marine Area and the Report of the
Committee appointed by the British Association in 1887 to
define these limits (Brit. Assoc. Rep. 1888, p. 95), gives as
his opinion that the fauna of the “cold area” or Faroé
Channel is arctic in character, and should therefore not be
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 1Z
166 Mr. W. Small on Annelida Polycheta
regarded as Buitish. The British Association Committee
defined the British Marine Area as consisting of a shallow-
water district bounded by the 100-fathom line and a British
Atlantic-slope district, or deep-water district, extending off
our western and northern shores from the 100-fathom line to
the 1000-fathom line, 7. e. to the boundary of the continental
plateau. This arrangement includes the ‘‘cold area” or
Faroé Channel in British waters. Canon Norman’s recom-
mendation to exclude this part from the British Marine Area
seems based on natural grounds. It is well known that
many forms occur on the ridge between the Faroé and
Shetland Islands which are not found in adjacent and deeper
waters or to the south.
In the present Report, the Faroé Channel will be found to
have yielded annelids, e. g. Hunoa tritoni, M‘Intosh, and
Euphrosyne borealis, Girstedt, which are not recorded from
the North Sea. ‘These forms may therefore be regarded as
arctic, and, if so, should be excluded from the British marine
fauna.
Lists of synonyms have not been given. They can be
got from Professor M‘Intosh’s monograph (1900) under the
heads of the various species, and they occupy a considerable
amount of space.
T have to thank Prof. D’Arcy W. Thompson for his courtesy
in handing over the collection for examination and for pro-
viding a list of stations. I have also had the advantage of a
typical series of slides of each group from Prof. M‘Intosh’s
collection.
Family Amphinomide,
Subfamily Lupzrosyyivz.
Genus EuPHROSYNE, Savigny, 1820.
Euphrosyne borealis, Hirstedt, 1843.
Two specimens of this form were dredged along with
Eunoa tritoni, M‘1., Nephthys ceca, O. ¥. M., and Serpulids
in the Faroé Channel in 545-788 m. during the month of
June. These are the sole representatives of the genus
Euphrosyne and of the family Amphinomide. ‘Their scarcity
is not surprising, for these forms prefer a littoral habitat. Of
the two species of Huphrosyne obtained by the ‘ Challenger’
Expedition, one, H. capensis, Kinberg, was found between
tide-marks, and the other, /. borealis, in 85 fathoms. The
present species would appear to have a preference for deeper
water.
from the North Sea and adjacent parts, 167
The strikingly characteristic appearance of JZ. borealis is
due to the projection of the dorsal bristles beyond the
branchiz. The latter are clearly 2- or 3-lobed, and none of
them show the quadripartite condition in the mid-dorsal line
mentioned by M‘Intosh (1885, p. 6).
One of the specimens is mature, the body-cavity containing
numerous ova. Diatoms were found in the alimentary
canal,
Family Aphroditide.
Genus ApuropiTA, Linneeus, 1735.
Aphrodita aculeata, Linn., 1765.
Nine specimens of this annelid were dredged in Loch Aber
at a depth of 148m. They are small in size, the largest
being little more than 30 mm. long. None of the specimens
is ripe. The gut-contents consisted of diatoms, minute alge,
fragments of various minerals and of echinoderm spines,
sponge-spicules, fragments of crustaceans, and bristles of
other annelids.
Aphrodita echidna, de Quatrefages ?, 1865.
One small specimen, 6 mm. long, occurred in a haul taken
in 24 fathoms 3 miles west of Tarbet Ness (Moray Firth).
The number of segments is only about 20.
M‘Intosh (1885, p. 36) records A. echidna from the Strait
of Magellan on two occasions. De Quatrefages (1865, p. 197)
gives its habitat as South America. Treadwell (1903,
p- 1157) found it in over 200 fathoms in Hawaii. The
present record is the first from the North Sea, and shows the
distribution of this annelid to be cosmopolitan. It has,
however, yet to be recorded from the western seas of Britain.
Treadwell remarks that the ventral sete are gradually
narrowed from the base to the tip, which he notes as pro-
truding beyond the pilose patch, as in the bristle of Zphione
spinosa, Kinberg. In the present specimen the pilose patch
projects beyond the tip of the bristle, and is itself drawn out
into a fine curved point. The delicate colourless dorsal setz
described by Treadwell are not present. The dorsal felt has
much débris entangled in it, but the elytra are quite free from
any deposit.
A parasitic Zowvosoma occurred on the dorsum.
~
12*
168 “Mr. W. Small on Annelida Polychaeta
Genus L&rMATONICE, Kinberg, 1854.
Letmatonice filicornis, Kinberg, 1865.
This species has been found on the western shores of the
British Isles and on the eastern coasts of North America. It
has been shown to inhabit the Faroé Channel and to extend
along the coasts of Norway, and it has been recorded from
Guernsey. All the localities from which the present speci-
mens have been taken are to the north of the Shetland
Islands. L. filicornzs has therefore still to be recorded from
the North Sea south of the Pentland Firth.
In no example is the number of segments more than 30.
Marenzeller (1902, p. 5) gives as the number 382, “ with 3
smaller ones.”
The palpi are in every case much longer than the median
tentacle. In no case are the palpi and median tentacle equal,
as Kinberg asserted. The palpi in many cases extend to the
tip of the extruded proboscis. They taper gently and regu-
larly toa point, except for a dilated portion near the tip.
They are clearly spinose, the sharp spines becoming smaller
near the tip of the organ.
Many ot the present examples are small, from 5 mm.
upwards in length, and these have sometimes pale bristles
and spines. ‘The smallest forms were taken in May, and
were probably spawned in the previous season, most likely
during late autumn or winter. One specimen, taken in
September, had ova.
Family Polynoide.
Genus Leriponotus, Leach, 1816, char. emend.
M‘Intosh, 1900.
Lepidonotus squamatus, Linneus, 1766.
This annelid was found in company with Aphrodita acu-
leata, Lagisca floccosa, Savigny, Halosydna gelatinosa, M. Sars,
Gattyana cirrosa, Pallas, Hvarne impar, Johnston, Nephthyds,
Glycerids, ‘T'erebellids, Glycinde nordmanni, Mgrn., and
other annelids at different times. It is commonly distributed
around these shores, and it extends from between tide-marks
to deeper water than that from which any of the present
specimens have been dredged.
The average length of the specimens is 28 mm., and the
segments number 25.
Professor M‘Intosh (1900, p. 279) says it is probable that
from the North Sea and adjacent parts. 169
the spawning-period is in June and July ; yet none of the
specimens captured in July are ripe, nor are there any young
forms in the collection, though several examples were taken
in August.
Of the other British species of this genus, L. clava, Mon-
tagu, no examples were found.
Genus GATTYANA (Nychia, Malmgren, 1865),
M‘Intosh, 1897.
Gattyana cirrosa, Pallas, 1766.
Fauvel points out (1911, p. 9) that the Lemidonotus scabra
of Cérstedt, which M‘Intosh includes as a synonym of
Gattyana cirrosa, is the same species as Hunoa nodosa, Sars
—as Prof. M‘Intosh said many years previously,—and should
therefore be omitted from the list of synonyms of Gattyana
cirrosa and included among those of Hunoa nodosa.
The total haul of the species is four specimens, the largest
of which is 25 mm. long. ‘l'wo of the specimens measure
only 4 mm. in length, and these were taken in December and
in shallower water than the other and larger specimens.
_ Yhe setigerous segments are 34-386 in number. The
scales are of the British type, showing none of the charac-
teristics of the more northern forms. ‘Their surface is covered
with minute spines and the cilia are prominent.
According to Malmgren and Théel (1879, p. 7), G. cirrosa
attains its largest development and occurs most frequently in
arctic waters. M‘intosh mentions a form 47 mm. long from
St. Andrews. Ditlevson (1911, p. 412, Nychia cirrosa) has
recorded this annelid from Danmarks Havn and Stormbugt,
but he gives no measurements.
Genus Eunoa, Malmgren, 1865.
Hunoa nodosa, Sars, 1860.
The representation of this species is very smail, for only
two fragments were found at Station 16 (62° N., 6° 12’ W.)
at a depth of 120 m. ‘This state of affairs is only to be
expected ; Hunoa nodosa occurs off these shores only rarely
and in deep water.
The fragments measure a little over 20 mm. each in length,
one of them being an anterior, the other a posterior part of
the annelid. Several scales are present, and these correspond
to the descriptions of them. They are tough, reniform in
outline, and decorated with at least nine larger tubercles,
several of which are spinose at the tips.
170 Mr. W. Small on Annelida Polycheta
The dorsal and ventral bristles have been fully described,
Fauvel (1911, p. 8) says there is little difference in length
between the dorsal and ventral bristles when allowance is
made for the place of origin of the dorsal bristles, but in the
present cases the ventral bristles project far enough beyond
the dorsal to emphasize their greater length. ‘The relatively
shorter dorsal bristles of Hunoa nodosa serve to distinguish
that species from Hunoa erstedt’, Malmgren.
Of the different anterior appendages only one of the palps
is present. It shows six rows of papille, conical in shape
and bent over at the tips, in preservation. According to
M‘Intosh, these papillae become larger towards the extremity
of the palp. Any increase in size in the distal papille as
compared with the proximal is very small, and is negligible
in the present specimen.
Eunoa tritoni, M‘Intosh, 1898.
The complete specimens of this species measure 20 and
30 mm. long respectively, but several fragments indicate
much larger forms. The largest fragment is 14 mm. broad
with the sete, and 25 mm. long.
The head (Pl. VI. fig. 1) is broader than long, and is
deeply incised anteriorly in the middle line. The lateral
eminences each end in two small peaks, and bear the large
eyes, which are four in number and situated laterally. The
median tentacle is absent; the lateral tentacles taper rapidly
to a point, and for the proximal two-thirds of their length
are covered with cilia closely resembling those of the tenta-
cular cirri. The palps are large and are provided with rows
of very small clavate or conical papille; they are almost
twice as long as the lateral tentacles. The tentacular cirri
are thickly covered with long cilia which are knobbed at the
tips. There is a slight expansion of the cirrus below its
filiform tip.
The dorsal markings correspond to those of H. nodosa, with
the exception of the papilla, which are found in L. nodosa
internal to the scale-bearing tubercles. These are absent in
Hunoa iritont.
The scales are reniform in outline and have a thick fringe
of cilia on the outer edge. Inside this fringe is a set of
elongated tubercles divided at the tips, and along the poste-
rior border and easily seen by the naked eye are several
capstan-shaped tubercles. The latter are always more than
six In number, but are never so numerous as the corresponding
structures In Lunoa nodosa.
Jrom the North Sea and adjacent parts. 171
According to Professor M‘Intosh (1900, p. 297) the cilia
along the outer edge of the scale end in probe-points, the
majority of which are shown in his text-figure to have
pointed tips. In the present specimens the free ends of the
cilia show rather a blunted or rounded condition. The
surface of the scale is covered with small tubercles.
The bristles are of two types only. The dorsal sete are
long, end bluntly, and are spinous for nearly their complete
length. The ventral sete are graceful ; the naked terminal
region is large and hooked, and is tapered gradually until it
curves to a fine point. ‘he ventral line of this region is
slightly convex, differing thus from the same part of the
ventral bristle of 7. nodosa. The bristles of the first foot
partake of the same characters as the bristles of the succeeding
segments, the ventral being relatively more slender.
One of the posterior dorsal cirri of one specimen has a
bitid tip, which condition is no doubt an abnormality.
This species seems to be found only in deep and cold
water. All records of it so far confine it to the Faroé
Channel.
Genus Laaisca, Malmgren, 1865.
Lagisca floccosa, Savigny, 1820.
This annelid is obtainable at all points off British shores,
and in some parts is very common. In the present collec-
tion fragments are more numerous than complete specimens.
Nevertheless it is easily possible to establish the fact that,
of the total number of complete specimens and fragments,
GO per cent. are of the variety mentioned by M‘Intosh
(1900, p. 802). The characteristic serving to distinguish the
variety from the normal specimen of JL. floccosa is the con-
dition of the tip of the dorsal bristle. Ordinarily the dorsal
bristle has a sharply pointed tip; the variety shows a blunted
and shortened tip. In several of the examples a form of
dorsal bristle intermediate between that of the normal and
that of the variety occurs. The tip of the bristle is in this
case not so elongated as in the normal form or so blunted as
in the variety. Its shape is quite distinct from that men-
tioned by M‘Intosh and figured (1900, p. 302, pl. xxxviii.
fig. 3) by him from a specimen obtained by the ‘ Porcupine’
Expedition (1869-70).
It is unfortunate that none of the specimens or fragments
possess a single scale. It may have been possible to correlate
variation in the dorsal bristles with variation in the shape,
number of tubercles, or coloration of the scales.
172 Mr. W. Small on Annelida Polycheta
Among the present examples there is a considerable
diversity of colour. Several forms are almost black in
general appearance, while others are of a pale pink colour.
These differences occur indiscriminately among normal
forms and examples of the variety, and are probably due to
the length of time the annelid has been in the preserving
fluid (formalin).
Though it is conjectured that the breeding-season of
DL. floccosa is in the winter, none of the specimens taken in
November have ova.. The “parasitic granular growth”
mentioned by M‘Intosh is always present, especially on the
dorsal bristles.
Lagisca elisabethe, M'Intosh, 1900.
Of this species only one anterior fragment, 7 mm. long,
occurred. It was taken in the same haul as Hunoa nodosa.
It has hitherto been recorded only from St. Andrews.
The markings of the head described by M‘Intosh (1900,
p- 303) are not found in their entirety in the specimen.
The pale band occurring posteriorly and defined by the collar
is absent, while the median band of the same shade is
indistinct. The median tentacle is of the same length as the
dorsal tentacular cirrus and has a filiform tip and cilia, long
and clavate, like those of the tentacular cirri. Its base is
expanded and fits closely between the lateral peaked parts of
the head. The palps are sparsely supplied with minute
papillee and have massive bases and elongated filiform tips.
In the present specimen the tentacular cirri are relatively
larger than they are shown to be in the drawing of the head
of this species in Prof. M‘Intosh’s monograph (1900, pl. xxvii.
tig. 3). The same remark applies to the tips of the cirri,
lateral tentacles, and palps.
The markings on the dorsum of the fragment are indis-
tinguishable.
When, however, the feet, cirri, and sete are examined,
there can be no hesitation in identifying the specimen as a
tragment of Lagisca elisabethe, M‘I. The dorsal cirri have
two kinds of cilia, the shorter and proximally placed, and the
Jarger with expanded tips. The dorsal setze occur in a mass,
are pale and slightly curved, while the ventral have fairly
long shafts with characteristic terminations.
The present form corresponds to the Lag/sca elisabethe of
M‘Intosh (1900, p. 303) and to the Polynoé aspera of Hansen,
described by Théel (1879, p.10). It differs from both in the
condition of the palps. These, in the form from St. Andrews,
from the North Sea and adjacent parts. 173
have “a dense series of minute papille with enlarged tips.”
The palps of Théel’s more northern form are quite naked,
while those of the present form, from more northern waters
also, have only a few papillae. Unfortunately no scales are
present.
A larger supply of material would have made it possible to
determine whether Polynoé aspera and Lagisca elisabethe
were identical. It may well be that they are the same form,
for the points of difference between them are small and com-
paratively unimportant.
Genus ACANTHICOLEPIS, Norman, MS. (Dasylepis, Mgrn.,
1867).
Acanthicolepis asperrima, Sars, 1860.
The occurrence of this annelid in the collection considerably
extends its habitat. It has hitherto been found in British
waters only in the Firth of Clyde; the present examples are
all from the area to the north of the Shetland Islands. This
uncommon annelid inhabits both our shallower waters and
the deeper and colder seas of the north. It is common in
the Norwegian fiords.
The complete specimens measure respectively 28 mm. and
20 mm. in length. All the scales have been lost and none
of the forms has a complete set of head-appendages. Obser-
vation shows that the palps are covered for their whole length
by papille arranged lengthwise in at least four rows.
M‘Intosh (1900, p. 312) remarks that the palps are only
partly papillose, being mostly smooth. ‘The papilla are
conical in shape and bent over at the tips.
The bristles, especially the ventral, are reminiscent of
Eunoa tritoni. The animal is a striking one, and its appear-
ance justifies its specific name.
Genus Harmornoi (Kinberg, 1857), char. emend. M‘Intosh,
1900.
Harmothoé imbricata, Linn., 1767.
Of this common form only two examples were found on
the same day at adjacent points in Shetland. The larger is
only 20 mm. in length. It is remarkable that so ubiquitous
an annelid should be so sparsely represented in the present
collection.
The contents of the gut consisted of diatoms, fragments of
silica and other minerals, sponge-spicules, foraminifera, spines
174 Mr. W. Small on Annelida Polycheta
of small echinoderms, bristles of Nephihys ceca, and remnants
of other «nnelids.
Harmothoé antilopis, M‘Intosh, 1876.
Only two fragments, each about 13 mm. long, were obtained ;
one is an anterior, the other a posterior part of the annelid.
This form ranges over a wide area, but always occurs in
small numbers. Usually no more than a single specimen is
taken in any one haul.
Identification of the fragments was not easy because of the
bad state of preservation of the material. The anterior
fragment is devoid of head-appendages. ‘The posterior pair
of eyes is visible from the dorsum, and the peaks of the head
are rounded in front. The sete, however, are those of
Hf. antilopis, and the scales, a few of which are present on
the posterior fragment, correspond to description.
Neither of the fragments has ova, though they were taken
during the supposed spawning-season of the species.
Harmothoé (Polynoé) setosissima, Savigny, 1820.
This species seems to be an especially irritable one, for no
complete specimens are present. One of the largest frag-
ments is 33 mm. long. The species is both a littoral and a
deep-water form.
Brown is the characteristic colour of the annelid, and it is
found not only on the dorsum but on the tentacles &c. The
dorsal cirri are also occasionally coloured brown. ‘The close-
set silky bristles give the animal a characteristic appearance.
Genus Evarne, Malmgren, 1865.
Evarne tmpar, Johnstone, 1839.
The smallest examples of this species were taken in
December. The complete specimens measure 8 mm. in
length. None of them are ripe, though smaller examples
(6 mm.) have been found with ova at the same time of the
Fear.
: Malmeren (1865, p. 71) mentions 35 as the number of
segments, and St. Joseph (1888, p. 162, Harmothoé impar)
gives 38, including the buccal and anal segments. The
number seems to be very variable,
While the head agrees generally with the published
descriptions of it, the peaks of the lateral eminences are more
prominent, the palps are larger and taper more gradually,
from the North Sea and adjacent parts. 175
the lateral tentacles have more massive bases, and the filiform
tips of the cirri and tentacles are longer than shown in
M‘Intosh’s figure of the head of EH. émpar (1900, pl. xxvii.
fig. 13). The papille of the palps are so minute as to
require a careful search. No scales are present.
All the examples are of the typical British form.
Evarne tmpar, Jolnst., var.
A nearly complete specimen of 25 seginents and of 16 mm.
length and 6 mm. breadth from tip to tip of the seta was
taken in 35 fath. off Tod Head. It is evidently a variety of
EE. impar. It is a softer and smaller form, and shows on the
dorsum none of the characteristic brown markings. The
dorsum is pink in colour. The shape of the body is similar
to that of #. impar. All the scales have been lost.
The head is slightly broader in proportion to its length
than that of H. «mpar. There are no eyes. The lateral
eminences are broader in front, but the peaks are the same in
both forms. The median tentacle has the same massive
base, brown colour, and filiform tip, though there is no
apparent dilatation below the tip. In other points, as, for
example, the lateral tentacles, the palps, and their papille,
both forms agree. ‘The tentacular cirri are absent.
Compared with the breadth of the body, the length of the
bristles of the variety is less than that of the same structures
in Evarne impar, while the dorsal bristles of the variety are
larger in comparison with the ventral than in the normal
specimens.
In shape the dorsal bristles (Pl. VI. fig. 2) resemble those of
Evarne kerquelensis, M‘Intosh (1885, p. 97, pl. vi.a, fig. 12),
though they are less curved and less attenuated towards the
tip. The tip is longer and more pointed than that of EH. ¢m-
par, but the transverse rows of spines and the lateral spines
are similar. The tip is most like that of H. kerguelensis,
or, again, it may be said to be intermediate in shape between
that of H. dmpar and that of E. atlantica, M‘Intosh.
The superior ventral bristles resemble those of H. impar.
The median and inferior ventral bristles are more numerous
and show either no secondary process or only a small trace
of it, recalling thus the ventral bristle of H. atlantica.
Many varieties of . impar have been described. The
present one is probably akin to that mentioned by M‘Intosh
(1900, p. 357) as procured by the ‘ Porcupine’ in 1870.
Specimens without eyes have likewise been obtained.
176 Mr. W. Small on Annelica Polycheta
Evarne johnstont, M‘Intosh, 1876.
. This species has previously been obtained only from the
Atlantic Ocean to the west of Ireland. The present record is
the first of it from the seas to the north of the Shetlands,
where it was obtained in 362 m. The haul consists of one
fragment of a few anterior segments. M‘Intosh gives the
length of his examples as 9 mm.
The dorsum shows a distinctive deep brown colour and the
proboscis is characteristically tinted. Contrary to the usual
condition, it is not extruded. The body, however, is
ruptured.
The eyes are moderately large and of a brown colour; only
the posterior pair is visible from above.
No scales are present. ‘The bristles are characteristic and
are alone sufficient to identify the annelid.
The present example may be a variety, for the eyes are
not the ‘‘ minute black points” described by M‘Intosh (1900,
p- 359). At the same time his figure of the head of H. john-
stoni (1900, pl. xxvil. fig. 7) shows the eyes large enough to
be those of the present specimen and too large for his
description of them.
Evarne atlantica, M‘Intosh, 1897.
An anterior fragment of this annelid, which was first
brought to light by the Royal Irish Academy’s Expedition
(1896), was taken in 24 fathoms in the Moray Firth in the
same haul which yielded Aphrodita echidna.
Both pairs of eyes are yery conspicuous from the dorsum.
Brown and pink are the characteristic tints of the dorsal
region. The scale-bearing tubercles and the lateral borders
of the segments which do not bear scales are outlined in dark
brown. Internal to these markings there are, on each
segment, patches of a paler brown colour, and along the mid-
dorsal line bars of dark brown on a band of pink, which
passes along the whole length of the fragment, mark the
posterior border of each segment. The dorsal coloration thus
differs from that of the original specimen (M‘Intosh, 1900,
p- 363). The feet and ventral surface are pink in colour
and the bristles are pale yellow.
The scales, which are unknown, cannot be described
because of their complete absence. Prof. M‘Intosh thinks
that they approach those of HL. norman.
Jrom the North Sea and adjacent parts. LT
Genus ANTINO#, Kinberg, 1857.
Antinoé sarsi, Malmgren, 1868.
Only one anterior fragment of 6 mm. length was taken.
It occurred in the same haul as Evarne johnstont. Further
investigation may prove some kind of a relationship to exist
between the two forms. They have occurred together in
different collections.
Théel (1879, p. 18) gives Antinoé sarsi (Kinberg), Malm-
gren (excluding Malmgren’s ‘‘nondum adult” form froin
Spitsbergen), as a synonym of his Polynoé badia, which is,
however, more likely to be the same form as Antinoé elegans
(below).
Antinoé elegans, Théel, 1879.
Théel (1879, pp. 20-22, pl. i. figs. 13-16) instituted the
genus Bylgia and the species elegans for one annelid procured
in the Sea of Kara at a depth of 34m. Levinsen (1883,
p- 88) mentions this form (bylgia elegans). No further
Eats of it have been found.
The present examples are a single specimen from 61° 27’ N.,
1° 47' W., and one complete specimen and several fragments
from 60° 36' N., 4° 46’ W., at depths of 1240 m. and 1030 m.
respectively. It is worthy of note that in both hauls Hunoa
tritont, M‘I., was included.
Théel characterized the genus Bylgia thus :—‘ Lobus
cephalicus antice 7n prominentias non productus. Antenne
e parte anteriore lobi cephalici productee. Tentaculum nullum.
Hlytra paria 15, totum dorsum tegentia, in segmentis
setigeris, 2, 4,5, 7,9. 62. 23, 26, 29, 32.”
Unfortunately no elytra are in situ, but it is easy to
establish the fact that Théel’s numbers of the elytra-bearing
segments correspond exactly to those of the present specimens.
The broadest part of the body is from the middle of its
length forward to the seventh segment. ‘The anterior seg-
ments decrease little in breadth; the posterior half of the
body tapers distinctly towards the last segment. According
to Théel the body is everywhere of the same breadth; that
may be so in large specimens. ‘The setigerous segments
number 37,
Théel’s specimen measured 59 mm. without and 74 mm.
with the proboscis. ‘he complete specimen of the present
collection measures only 46 mm. in length, and none of the
fragments indicate a form as large as 59 mm.
Only one of the specimens—and that a doubtful Antinoé
178 Mr. W. Small on Annelida Polycheta
elegans, because of its small number of segments (16), lack of
setae, and bad preservation—shows the violet-brown colour of
the dorsum, the deep violet-over-grey of the proboscis, and
the violet palps mentioned in the original description. The
majority of the examples are brown-coloured on the dorsum,
resembling Théel’s Polynoé badia (1879, p. 18). The ventral
surface and the feet are a uniform grey-white and the bristles
are golden yellow.
Théel regarded the genus Bylgia as diverging from other
polynoids after the manner of Kinberg’s family Iphionea,
because of the absence of a median tentacle, but as being
removed from the genus /phione because of important anato-
mical differences. Examination of the present specimens
would seem to show that Théel’s Bylgia is very closely
related to the other polynoids and that his diagnosis of the
genus is a mistaken one.
The head is as broad as it is long, the greatest breadth
being in front of the transverse middle line. It is divided by
a median incision, which narrows posteriorly and passes
backwards a little beyond the level of the anterior pair of
eyes. There are thus the usual two lateral eminences, and
these are pear-shaped and produced anteriorly into two very
distinct peaks which are not produced forward into the an-
tenne. ‘These peaks were not observed by Théel. Levinsen
(1883, pp. 88, 195) has apparently not examined the annelid ;
at any rate, he mentions the absence of projecting peaks as a
diagnostic characteristic of By/gia elegans. All the present
examples having heads, five in number, show the condition
described above. The anterior eyes are the larger and are
well removed from the front of the head and placed near its
lateral border on the highest parts of the eminences. The
posterior eyes are more closely set together than the anterior
and are situated near the nuchal border of the head. The
space between the peaks is filled with the massive rounded
base of the median tentacle. This base is present in every
specimen, but no example of the tentacle. Having their
origin below the peaks are the two lateral tentacles. These
have a strong basal portion, are conical in shape, and uni-
formly tapered toa point. Théel avers that their bases are
partly united to form one, but in the present examples the
base of the median tentacle is interposed. The palps are
remarkably large—larger than Théel’s drawing indicates
and are supplied with minute papillae which escaped Théel’s
observation. They have no filiform prolongation of the tip.
The tentacular cirri have all been lost. The head resembles
from the North Sea and adjacent parts. 179
on the whole that of Polyno? badia; indeed, the two forms
are closely united in many points.
The proboscis has nine terminal papilla on either side—
the same number and of the same shape as in Lepidonotus.
The four teeth alternate, are sharply pointed, and have a plain
biting-edge supported by a ridge.
Théel remarks that the feet and bristles of Bylgia elegans
resemble those of Antinoé (Polynoé) sars¢t and the dorsal
bristles those of Alelenis lovent, Malmgren. The ventral
bristles are whip-like, being slender and drawn out into a
long fine tip. The lower part of this bristle is decorated with
spines, which are shield-shaped, point steeply upwards, and
are arranged in longitudinal rows. Above these, clothing
the tip of the bristle, is an investment of very fine hair-like
spines, and below them, where the bristle is thickest, the
spines are smaller and more closely set together. As figured
by Théel, other ventral bristles are terminated in a slender
and slightly bent-over tip, but none of these were observed.
The transverse rows of spines of the dorsal bristles are
closely set together ; the tip is small and pointed, but not
acutely.
The elytra are glabrous and the outer and posterior edge
has minute ciliform papillee, as in Polynoé badia.
It will now be apparent that Théel’s diagnosis of the genus
By/gia is wrong, in that it supposes the absence of anterior
peaks on the cephalic lobe and of a tentacle (median), and
the forward production of the anterior part of the head to
form the antennee or lateral tentacles.
When all points have been considered, it seems best to
refer Bylgia elegans to the genus Antinoé. The resemblances
between the present form and Antéinoé spp. are numerous and
cover practically all the features of generic importance.
Théel himself remarked that, in aspect, structure of the
feet, bristles, and number of scales, his ylgia elegans closely
resembled Antinoé (Polynoé) sarst. ‘The numbers of seti-
gerous segments in the two forms are nearly alike; the
structure of the head, disposition of the eyes and median
tentacle, the condition of the palps and proboscideal papille
correspond, The resemblance between the setze, especially
the ventral, is striking. While due consideration has been
given to the opinions of different authors, e. g. Hansen (1882,
p- 1) and Harvey Gibson (1886, p. 342), regarding the value
of setal characters in specific or generic separation of forms
(cf. M‘Intosh, 1874, p. 371), it is impossible from the struc-
ture of the setee alone to place Antinoé elegans in any known
180 Mr. W. Small on Annelida Polycheta
species of Antinoé or in the genus /armothoé or Polynoé
so long as Antiénoé remains a genus apart from Harmothoé,
however closely the former may approach the latter.
While Théel’s description of Polynoé badia and varieties
(1879, pp. 18-20) may apply to these forms, it is curious
that the inferior ventral bristle which is diagnostic of Antinoé
elegans and is figured by Théel (1879, pl. i. fig. 16) 1s present
in every specimen. Again, a certain aspect of the superior
ventral bristle resembles Théel’s figure of a ventral bristle of
a young specimen of Polynoé badia, one of whose synonyms
is given by Théel as Antinoé sarsi.
It is most probable that Théel’s Polynoé badia and Bylgia
elegans are one and the same form. Again, researches into
the differences in structure between young, intermediate, and
adult forms may alone be conclusive.
Genus MatmerentA, M‘Intosh, 1876.
Malmgrenia castanea, M‘I., 1876.
Three very small fragments of this annelid were taken in
the same haul as contained the fragments of Hvarne johnstoni
and Antinoé sarst. JZ. castanea has been recorded trom all
round these shores.
The head appears to be broader in front than behind and the
anterior eyes are more widely separated from each other than
usual. Stress cannot be laid on these points because of the
scarcity of material, but it is remarkable that the only two
anterior fragments present these appearances,
Genus Hatosypna, Kinberg, 1857.
Halosydna gelatinosa, M. Sars, 1860.
The only complete specimen is a comparatively small one
of 20 mm. in length. One specimen has no eyes; in another
the pairs of eyes are so close together as to touch. The
enlargement of the median tentacle below the filiform tip is
prominent, and the same remark holds for the tentacular cirri,
which are almost as long as the median tentacles. A semi-
lunar membrane extends from the first body-segment forward
over part of the head. The palps are massive and trans-
versely striated.
St. Joseph (1888, p. 155) gives the number of segments
of a IZ. gelatinosa as 45. ‘The number in the present example
is only 17.
from the North Sea and adjacent parts. 181
A ripe specimen was taken in December. The repro-
ductive elements are contained within a membrane, as noted
by St. Joseph and represented by Claparéde (1870) in
Hermadion fragile. A ripe male occurs in a haul taken in
April. The alimentary canal contains remnants of small
crustaceans and other organic débris.
Genus PoLyNoii, Savigny, 1820,
Polynoé scolopendrina, Sav., 1820,
One fragment of 12 segments was taken in 120 m. at
Station 16 in the same haul as contained Hunoa nodosa and
Lagisca elisabethe,
The eyes are large and the anterior and posterior pairs are
very close together, Their proximity is probably due to
antero-posterior shrinkage of the head, which thus appears
broader than long. The present example belongs to the
smaller southern type, but is not of the variety of brevipalpa
of St. Joseph (1888, p, 183).
More examples of P. scolopendrina may be found when
terebellid &c. tubes are examined,
Genus Kucranta, Malmgren, 1865.
Hucranta villosa, Mgrn., 1865.
This species is represented by one fragment of 16 segments
in a fair state of preservation, It was dredged at 61° 39'N.,
4° 45' W., at a depth of 620 m.
It was first discovered and named by Malmgren (1865,
pp. 79-80, pl. x. figs. 9-9d). It has been recorded within
recent years by Ditlevson (1911, p. 416, Harmothoé villosx)
from 76° 35’ N., 18° 26’ W., at a depth of 150 m. Fauvel
makes no mention of this species in his Report on the
Polychet Annelids of the Campagne Arctique de 1907 (Due
d’Orleans). ‘The species seems to be confined to northern
waters, It was obtained in Barents Sea (between Spitz-
bergen and Nova Zembla) by the Austro-Hungarian North
Pole Expedition, 1872-1874 (Marenzeller, 1877), but the
Dutch * William Barents’ Expedition of 1878-1879 failed
to find it in the same locality (d’Urban, 1880, p, 253),
Hansen (1882, p. 44, Polynoé villosa) records it from the
southern limit of the “cold area” (off Christiansund) in
763 m. on a clay bottom. It was found gnly once in the
three summers of the Norwegian Expedition, 1876-1878,
It is, like Acanthicolepis asperrima, characteristic of the
Norwegian fords.
Ann. & Mag. N, Hist, Ser. 8. Vol. x. 13
182 Mr. W. Small on Annelida Polycheta
The head-parts are unfortunately incomplete. The rela-
tion between the length and breadth of the head in the
present specimen corresponds to Malmgren’s drawing. The
eyes are large; the anterior pair are placed well back on the
head and close to its lateral edge, and are larger than the
posterior pair, which are placed laterally in front of the
nuchal border of the head. The tentacles are wanting.
Théel (1879, p. 23) has completed the descriptions of Malm-
eren and Sars (1873, p. 4) by describing the median tentacle.
The one tentacular cirrus and the palps agree entirely with
the published descriptions.
No scales and no dorsal cirri are present. The tubercle
which, according to Malmgren, takes the place of the dorsal
cirrus on the segments which do not bear scales is not
apparent. The ventral cirrus is sparingly supplied with
short clavate cilia.
Ditlevson, whose material consisted of a fragment of 9
segments, bases the identification of his specimen on the
appearance of the bristles, and remarks that his examination
of the bristles shows them to agree exactly with the descrip-
tion and figures of Malmgren.
‘The spines on the dorsal bristles of the present example
are more prominent than shown by Malmgren’s drawing,
and the dorsal bristles themselves, especially the superior, are
more curved. Malmgren’s artist likewise has not given
sufficient prominence to the spines of the superior and infe-
rior ventral bristles, nor does the drawing of the inferior
ventral bristle show that the spines increase in length and
prominence towards the apex of the bristle.
The dorsal bristles (twelfth foot) are gracefully curved
(Pl. VI. fig. 3); the spines become larger towards the tip
and attain their maximum size a short distance from it. The
transverse rows of spines almost pass across the complete
breadth of the bristle, recalling the condition in varne
impar. Indeed, the dorsal bristle of Hucranta villosa closely
resembles that of Hvarne impar but for the tip, which in
Kucranta is rounded and blunt. ‘lhe bristles are covered
with a brown granular mass. The inferior dorsal sete are
more curved and slender and have longer spines than the
superior.
The bifid condition of the tip of the superior ventral bristle
(fig. 4) is not common ; it occurs in Lupolynoé occidentalis,
M‘Intosh, and in Hupolynoé anticostiensis, M‘Intosh, both of
which are Canadian forms. The bristle itself is slender and
tapers gracefully. The lateral spines are large and slightly
recurved and are almost equalled in length by the transverse
from the North Sea and adjacent parts, 183
rows of spines. The latter are also recurved. The spines
decrease in number and size towards the tip, and the bifid
portion of the bristle is entirely naked. ‘This part is slightly
swollen immediately below the bifurcation,
The inferior ventral bristles (fig. 5) are more massive than
the superior. Their outline recalls the hastate bristles of
Aricia. The spines are confined to the thicker lower portion
of the bristle, leaving a large smooth tip the edges of which
are not so straight and uniformly converging as shown by
Malmgren,
Trautzsch (1889, pp. 139 & 143) gives as references to
Harmothoé villosa, Levinsen (1883, pp. 36, 193) and Malm-
eren (1865, pp. 79-80), and to Hucranta villosa, Malmgren
(1865, pp. 79-80), The references to Malmgren are identical,
while Levinsen, as Trautzsch remarks, does not meution the
genus Hucranta, but refers to what is undoubtedly the same
form as Harmothoé villosa, and himself gives the same
reference to Malmgren. Yet Trautzsch mentions the two
names, H. villosa and H. villosa, in places apart in the text
and in a table of dredgings as if they were distinct species.
His drawing of a ventral bristle of H, villosa (1889, pl. vii,
fig. 16) does not resemble either Malmgren’s original drawing
of a ventral bristle of Hucranta villosa or the appearance of
the same in the fragment of the annelid under discussion,
Family Sigalionide.
Genus STHENELAIS, Kinberg, 1857.
Sthenelais boa (Johnston, 1833), Kinberg, 1857.
One incomplete specimen of 17 mm. length was dredged
from a depth of 5 fath. in Quey Firth, Shetland.
It is remarkable that the representation of this form,
which ranges from Norway along the western shores of
Europe to South Africa, should be so small. The specimen
presents no points of difference from the typical British form
except in coloration, The head is not of a crimson hue nor
are the few scales present on the dorsum marked with grey
or brown,
Sthenelais zetlandica, M‘Intosh, 1876.
Two small fragments, one anterior, the other posterior,
were found in Shetland waters,
The head is injured, and therefore its structure cannot he
13*
184 On Annelida Polycheta from the North Sea.
described. M‘Intosh’s specimens were similarly deficient
(1900, p. 414).
The palps appear to be long, slender, and tapering, like
those of Sthenelais limicola, Ehlers. The posterior end of
the annelid is slender and has apparently two caudal cirri.
An examination of the complete head will determine
whether this form shall remain in the genus Sthenelais.
Sthenelais imicola, Ehlers, 1864.
One specimen was taken along with numerous examples of
Ophiodromus flecuosus, Della Chiaje, in 56° 48’ N., 1° 19’ E.,
in 94m. It is a deep-water form, ranging from 30 to over
400 fathoms, and is never found between tide-marks.
The body is small and incomplete. All the scales have
been lost, and the head is in a bad state of preservation.
Sthenelats jeffreystt, M‘Intosh, 1876.
Specimens of this annelid were taken from the seas to the
north of the Shetland Islands. It has been recorded only
from the Atlantic Ocean to the west of Ireland, and has still
to be found in the North Sea. It would seem to prefer a
deep-water habitat.
The largest of the specimens (incomplete) are about 35 mm.
in length. The body is long and narrow, and tapers gently
towards the posterior end. No eyes are visible in any of the
specimens. The proboscis has ten irregularly conical terminal
papillz dorsally and ventrally.
Bibliography.
CLAPAREDE. 1870. Suppl. aux Annél. de Naples.
DirLtevson. 191]. ‘ Annelids from the Danmark Expedition (1906-
08).’ Copenhagen.
D’Ursan. 1880. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., October 1880.
Favuvet. 1911. Campagne Arctique de 1907 (Duc d’Orleans) : “ Anné-
lides Polychétes.”
Hansen. 1882. ‘Norske Nordhays-Expedition, 1876-78.’ Vol. vii
Annelida, Christiania.
Harvey Gipson. 1886. L. M. B.C. Report, No.1. Proceedings Lit.
and Phil. Soc. Liverpool, vol. xl., Appendix.
LEVINSEN. 1883. “Systematisk-geografisk Oversigt over de nordiske
Annulata, Gephyrea, Cheetognathi, og Balanoglossi,” Vidensk.
Meddel. fra den Naturh. Foren. 1 Kjébenbavn, 1882-83.
MaALMGREN. 1865. ‘ Nordiska Hafs-Annulater.’ Stockholm.
MaARENZELLER. 1877. ‘ Die Celenteraten, Echinodermen, und Wiirmen
der k.-k. ésterreichisch-ungarischen Nordpol Expedition.’
——. 1902. ‘Stidjapanische Annel.’ ili. Wien.
On new Batrachians from the Andes. 185
M‘Inrosa. 1874. Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ix. part vii. “On British
Annelida.”
—. 1885. ‘Challenger’ Reports, Zoology, vol. xii. “ Annelida
Polycheeta.”
——. 1900. ‘Monograph of British Annelida.—Part II. Polychzta,’
Ray Society.
Norman. 1890. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., May 1890.
DE QuaTREFAGES. 1865, ‘ Histoire des Annelés,’ vol. i.
Sars, G.O. 1873. Nyt Mag. f. Naturv. xix. “ Bidrag til Kunsdab
om Christianiafjordens Fauna.—III. Annelida,” (From MSS. of
M. Sars.)
Sr. Josepn. 1888. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, ser. vii. t. 5
THerL. 1879. “ Annélides Polyehétes des Mers de la Nouvelle-
Zemble,”* Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., Band xvi. No. 3. Stockholm.
Travutzscw. 1889. Archiv f. Naturg.55. “Zur Kenntnis der Poly-
noiden yon Spitzbergen. 2
TREADWELL. 1903. Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission, vol. xxiii.
part 8. “ Polychzetous Annelids of the Hawaiian Islands.”
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.
Fig. 1. Head of Eunoa tritont, M‘Intosh. Enlarged.
Fvg. 2. Tip of dorsal bristle of Lvarne tmpar, Johnst., var. Zeiss obj. D,
oc. 2.
Fig. 3. Mid dorsal bristle of Zucranta villosa, Mgrn. Zeiss obj. D, oc.
4, Superior ventral bristle of ditto. Zeiss obj. Doe...
Fig. 5, Inferior ventral bristle of ditto. Zeiss obj. F, oc. 2.
XIX.— Descriptions of new Batrachians from the Andes
of South America, preserved in the British Museum. By
G. A. BoULENGER, F’.R.S.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum. )
Hyla melanopleura.
Tongue circular, entire and slightly free behind. Vomerine
teeth in two groups or short transverse series between the
rather large choane. Head moderate, broader than long ;
snout short, rounded, as long as the orbit ; canthus rostralis
obtuse, ical region oblique, concave ; nostril equally distant
from the eye and from the tip of the snout; interorbital
space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, two-
thirds the diameter of the eye. Fingers one-fourth webbed,
disks smaller than the tympanum; male with a projecting
rudiment of pollex ; toes three-fourths webbed ; subarticular
tubercles moderately prominent; a feeble tarsal fold. The
tibio-tarsal articulation reaches between the eye and the tip
186 Mr. G. A. Boulenger of
of the snout ; tibia half the length of head and body. Skin
smooth, belly and lower surface of thighs granulate.
Greyish or reddish brown above, sides blackish; the back
may be spotted or dotted with brown; the sides dotted with
white; upper lip white ; limbs with irregular dark cross-
bands ; lower parts dirty white, sometimes speckled with
dark brown. Male with a subgular vocal sac.
From snout to vent 50 mm.
Several specimens from Huancabamba, HK. Peru, above
3000 feet, from the collection of Mr. EK: Boettger.
Phyllomedusa loris.
Tongue cordiform, slightly nicked behind. Vomerine
teeth in two small groups between the choanse. Snout as
long as the orbit, vertically truncate at the end; canthus
rostralis obtuse, loreal region oblique ; eyes directed obliquely
forwards; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid ;
tympanum half the diameter of the eye. Fingers with a
slight rudiment of web, first shorter than second ; toes webbed
at the base, first and second equal; disks of fingers as large
as the tympanum, of toes a little smaller; subarticular
tubercles moderately prominent; inner metatarsal tubercle
small, elliptic. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip
of the snout ; tibia ¢ the length of head and body. Skin
smooth, granulate on the belly and under the thighs ; paro-
toids feebly developed; heel with a small triangular dermal
appendage. Lilac above (in spirit) with a few dark dots ;
humerus, four inner fingers, thigh, except a narrow lilac
streak, inner toes, and lower parts yellow.
From snout to vent 46 mm.
A single specimen from El Topo, R. Pastaza, E. Ecuador,
4200 feet, from the collection of Mr. M. G. Palmer.
Bufo leptoscelis.
Crown with bony ridges, including a parietal obliquely
directed inwards ; snout truncate, slightly projecting; loreal
region nearly vertical, concave; interorbital space broader
than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, three-fourths
the diameter of the eye. Fingers rather long and slender,
obtuse, first longer than second ; toes barely half webbed,
obtuse, with single subarticular tubercles; two small meta-
tarsal tubercles ; no tarsal fold. Tarso-metatarsal articulation
reaching far beyond the tip of the snout; tibia half the
length of head and body. Upper parts with small conical
new Batrachians from the Andes. 187
tubercles, more crowded and spinose on the sides ; parotoids
very prominent, subtriangular, two-thirds the length of the
head. Uniform pale brown above, the parotoids darker ;
yellowish beneath, belly dotted with brown.
From snout to vent 55 mm.
A single specimen from Santo Domingo, Carabaya, 8.E.
Peru, 6500 feet, from the collection of the late Mr. G..
Ockenden.
Hylodes ockendeni.
Tongue oval, entire or indistinctly nicked behind. Vomerine
teeth in two oblique oval groups just behind the level of the
choane. Snout rounded, as long as the orbit, with moderately
strong, curved canthus and very oblique, concave loreal
region ; nostril near the tip of the snout; interorbital space
hardly as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum very indis-
tinct, not half the diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes
moderate, the tips dilated into large, broad disks ; first finger
not extending as far as second; scarcely a rudiment of web
between the toes; subarticular tubercles well developed but
small; a small, oval inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-
tarsal articulation reaches the anterior border of the eye, or
between the eye andthe nostril; tibia half the length of head
and body. Skin smooth. Pale pinkish brown above, with
small scattered black spots, with or without a large brown
blotch, or three brown blotches on the back ; a narrow light
vertebral line may be present; a dark bar between the eyes,
and an oblique black streak in front of and behind the eye;
two or three oblique brown bars on the tibia ; lower parts
white.
From snout to vent 84 mm.
Three specimens from La Union, Rio Huacamayo, Cara-
baya, S.E. Peru, 2000 feet, from the collection of the late
Mr. G. Ockenden.
Hylodes ventrimarmoratus.
Tongue large, subcircular, entire. Vomerine teeth in two
oblique oval groups behind the level of the choanee. Snout
rounded, as long as the orbit, with very feeble, curved
canthus and very oblique, concave loreal region; nostril
near the tip of the snout; interorbital space as broad as the
upper eyelid; tympanum very indistinct, not half the
diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes moderate, the tips
dilated into large, broad disks; first finger not extending as
far as second ; toes free; subarticular tubercles small, feebly
188 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on
prominent ; a small, oval inner metatarsal tubercle. The
tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye; tibia half the length
of head and body. Upper parts rugose with small warts,
lower parts smooth, Grey above, with blackish symmetrical
markings, forming a large X on the back, and a subtriangular
blotch between the eyes ; upper lip with dark bars radiating
from the eye; limbs with dark cross-bands, the front of the
thighs with black and white bars, the back of the thighs black,
with or without large white spots; throat and lower surface
of thighs yellowish, belly and flanks white with large black
spots and marblings.
Total length 37 mm.
A single adult specimen from Chanchamayo, E. Peru,
2600 feet, from the collection of Mr. C. Schunke, and an
adult and two very young from El Topo, R. Pastaza,
E. Ecuador, 4200 feet, from the collection of Mr. M. G.
Palmers
Hylodes teniatus.
Tongue oval, nicked behind. Vomerine teeth in two
oblique oval groups behind the level of the choanez. Snout
rounded, as long as orbit, with strong, nearly straight canthus
and oblique, concave loreal region ; nostril near the tip of the
snout; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid ;
tympanum distinct, one-third the diameter of the eye.
Fingers and toes rather short, the tips dilated into large,
broad disks ; first finger not extending as far as second; a
slight rudiment of web between the toes; subarticular
tubercles well developed ; asmall oval inner and a very small
rounded outer metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articu-
lation reaches the tip of the snout; tibia nearly two-thirds
the length of head and body. Skin smooth, the belly very
indistinctly granulate. Brown above, darker on the sides ;
a blackish, light-edged streak on each side of the back, from
the eye to above the groin, gradually converging towards its
fellow; a dark brown streak, with a fine median light line,
from the tip of the snout to the sacral region; a dark streak
from the upper eyelid to the scapular region; a canthal
streak and two bars below the eye blackish; limbs with
oblique dark cross-bands, heel whitish ; white beneath, throat
speckled with brown,
From snout to vent 27 mm.
A single specimen from Noananoa, Rio San Juan, Choco,
S.W. Colombia, from the collection of Mr. M. G. Palmer,
new Batrachians from the Andes. 189
Hylodes palmeri.
Tongue oval, nicked behind. Vomerine teeth in two feeble
oblique groups behind the level of the choane, Snout
rounded, as long as orbit, with moderately strong, nearly
straight canthus and oblique, concave loreal region; nostril
near the tip of the snout ; interorbital space as broad as the
upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, one-third diameter of eye.
Fingers and toes moderate, the tips dilated into large, broad
disks ; first finger not extending as far as second ; toes quite
free; subarticular tubercles well-developed but small; a
small, oval inner and a very small, rounded outer metatarsal
tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches between the
eye and the tip of the snout ; tibia three-fifths the length of
head and body. Skin smooth, belly feebly granulate.
Greyish olive above, with small dark brown dots anda
A-shaped dark marking on the anterior part of the back;
upper lip with dark vertical bars; a dark streak below the
canthus rostralis; limbs with dark cross-bands; lower parts
dirty white, throat marbled with grey, belly with grey
vermiculations,
Two specimens from Pueblo Rico, Choco, 8.W. Colombia,
5200 feet, from the collection of Mr. M. G. Palmer.
Hylodes margaritifer.
Tongue oval, indistinctly nicked behind. Vomerine teeth
in two small rounded groups behind the level of the choane.
Snout truncate, very prominent, as long as orbit, with strong,
curved canthus and oblique, concave loreal region; nostril
near the tip of the snout; interorbital space broader than the
upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, one-fourth diameter of
eye. Fingers and toes moderate, the tips dilated into large
disks, those of the fingers broader and truncate ; first finger
considerably shorter than second; toes quite free; sub-
articular tubercles moderate; two feebly prominent meta-
tarsal tubercles, inner oval, outer round. The tibio-tarsal
articulation reaches between the eye and the tip of the
snout ; tibia three-fifths the length of head and body. Skin
smooth, with scattered tubercles, which are subconical on
the head and back, and larger, white, pearl-like on the throat
and belly ; a larger, conical tubercle on the upper eyelid and
another on the heel. Yellowish above and beneath, above
with dark brown symmetrical markings and the tubercles
crimson.
From snout to vent 15 mm.
Two specimens from El Topo, R. Pastaza, E. Keuador,
4200 feet, from the collection of Mr. M. G. Palmer.
190 On new Batrachians from the Andes.
Edalorhina nasuta.
. Vomerine teeth in two feeble oblique series behind the
level of the choane. Head much depressed; snout pointed,
ending in a pointed dermal appendage which is at least half
as long as the eye, canthus rostralis strong ; loreal region
very oblique, concave ; nostril nearer end of snout than eye;
interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum
very indistinct, smaller than the eye. First and second
fingers equal; toes with a slight rudiment of web; sub-
articular tubercles strong; two small metatarsal tubercles.
The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the shoulder or the
tympanum. Upper eyelid with conical tubercles ; a strong
fold behind the eye, descending obliquely to the middle of
the side; a curved ridge between the eyes and a D*€ -shaped
one on the scapular region. Grey or pale brown above, with
darker markings; a broad black band behind the eye,
expanding into a large black blotch covering the side of the
belly and the pubic region ; lumbar region orange, with a
large oval black spot; throat and middle of belly white ;
lower surface of limbs marbled black and white.
From snout to vent 38 mm.
Three specimens from Huancabamba, EH. Peru, above
3000 feet, from the collection of Mr. E. Boettger.
Hylixalus chocoensis.
Very closely allied to H. bocagii, Espada, but tympanum
scarcely distinct and hind limbs longer, the . tibio-tarsal
articulation reaching the tip of the snout and the tibia
measuring a little more than half the length of head and
body. Blackish grey above, with a rather indistinct grey
streak along each side of the back and a fine grey vertebral
line ; upper lip with a row of small white spots; a white
spot on the upper surface of the arm, near its base; a black
bar across the thigh and another across the tibia; lower
parts white, with a few blackish spots or marblings.
From snout to vent 26 mm.
A single specimen from Noananoa, Rio San Juan, Choco,
S.W. Colombia, about 100 feet, from the collection of Mr. M.
G. Palmer.
Hylixalus collaris.
Tongue entire or indistinctly nicked. Headas in H. bocagii,
but tympanum very indistinct or quite hidden. First and
second fingers equal; toes half webbed, the web produced as
On new or little-known Ethiopian Hemiptera, 191
a narrow fringe to the terminal disks; two metatarsal
tubercles. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye;
tibia half length of head and body, or less. Dark grey to
blackish brown above, with more or less distinct darker
symmetrical markings on the back and cross-bands on the
limbs ; a light streak sometimes present on the side, ending
in the groin; lower parts yellowish white, with a dark brown
bar across the throat, or entirely dark brown or blackish.
From snout to vent 35 mm.
Several specimens from Merida, 5200 feet, and Rio
Albireggas, 11,300 feet, Venezuela, from the collection of
Mr. 8. Bricefio.
XX.—WNew or little-known Ethiopian Hemiptera.
By E. Berecrotu, C.M.Z.S8.
THE Entomological Research Committee of the British
Colonial Office having submitted to me fcr examination a
number of Heteropterous Hemiptera sent in by the Committee’s
collectors from various parts of Africa, I have found among
them some new or insufficiently known species, which are
described or commented upon in this paper.
Fam. Coptosomatida.
Ceratocoris dama, sp. n.
Late ovatus, valde convexus, niger, supra versicoloriter ceruleo- et
aurichalceo- et cupreo-resplendens, maculis callosis parvis irregu-
laribus flavis remote conspersus, capite subtus flavo, fascia intra-
oculari basali intus angustata et abbreviata, excavatione an-
tennali ac cornubus maris nigris, dimidio externo horum dense
confluenter flavo-variegato, pectore cinereo, opaco, lateribus pro-
pleurarum late subnitidulis, fusco- et flavo-variegatis, vitta media
angusta curvata anteriore propleurarum nitida fusca ; mesosterno
medio nitido, nigro, acetabulis omnibus flavis, limbo lato ventris
intra spiracula extenso flavo, in segmentis quattuor mediis macu-
lam majusculam subquadratam nigram inter spiracula et latera
includente, spiraculis, linea transversa impressa pone hee mar-
gineque ipso laterali ventris nigris, hoc ad apicem segmentorum
interrupto, segmento ultimo ventrali medio flavo. Caput breve
et latissimum, apici pronoti que latum, medio declive, longitu-
dine sua media fere triplo et dimidio latius, supra sat remote
punctulatum, subtus subleve, pro articulo primo antennarum
recipiendo late excavatum, superne preter maculas parvas con-
spersas vitta mox intra marginem externum jugorum secundum
192 Dr. E. Bergroth on new or
marginem internum cornuum maris ultra medium eornm con-
tinuata et maculis tribus transversis majusculis basalibus flavis
(una inter ocellos, una utrinque extra eos) signatum, Jugis lineam
inter angulos anticos oculorum fictam haud attingentibus, oculis
minusculis parum prominulis rufis, ocellis ab oculis quam inter
se triplo longius remotis; rostro flavo-testaceo, articulo tertio
basin versus et quarto apicem versus nigrescentibus, articulis
duobus primis antennarum flavis, primo angulum anticum oculi
attingente, secundo primo nonnihil breviore, apicem versus nigri-
cante (ceteri articuli desunt). Pronotum medio capite medio
plus quam duplo et dimidio longius et hoc quarta parte latius,
longitudine sua media duabus tertiis partibus latius, apice quam
ad humeros paullo angustius, sat dense punctulatum et preeterea
latera versus transversim rugosum, maculis callulosis flavis quam
in scutello minoribus et remotioribus, sed prope latera majoribus
et magis condensatis, macula transversa irregulari apicali media
et macula rotundata pone hance etiam majoribus, margine apicali
biangulato-sinuato, medio pone spatium interocellare recto, deinde
usque ad angulos apicales late oblique truncato, marginibus late-
ralibus anticis fortius rotundatis, valde declivibus, marginibus
lateralibus posticis anticis paullo longioribus, angulis basalibus
rotundatis sed haud deletis, margine basali levissime sinuato.
Scutellum sat dense punctulatum, ad basin maculis duabus
callosis flavis majoribus prope angulos basales pronoti notatum,
abdomine paullo latius, margine inferiore flavo, utrinque anguste
nigro-marginato. Pectus in partibus opacis remote vermiculato-
striolatum et remote minutissime nigro-punctulatum, mesosterno
medio transversim strigoso. Corium, maculis callcsis flavis
exceptis, dense fortiter punctatum. Abdomen subtus sub-
alutaceum, vix punctulatum, modice dense argenteo-sericeum,
Fig. 1.
to)
pilosilate e latere inspecta multo magis perspicua, spiraculis
magnis, a lateribus quam a margine postico segmentorum magis
remotis, suturis ventralibus latera non attingentibus. Pedes
flavi, femoribus maculis parvis fuscis adspersis et apice inferius
fusco-notatis, subtus molliter albo-pilosis, apicem versus sulcatis
et inferius subcristatis, tibiis albo-setulosis, supra in dimidio
basali infuscatis.
Long., ¢ 14 mm., cum corn. capit. 20 mm.
Mas: Caput (vide fig. 1) utrinque in cornu longum deplanatum
little-known Ethiopian Hemiptera. 193
horizontale apice leviter reflexum prolongatum, his cornubus
pronoto medio subeque longis, subparallelis, late distantibus,
extus nonnihil pone apicem in lobum acutum triangularem re-
flexum dilatatis, margine interno cornuum reflexo; juga com-
muniter triangulariter producta, apice angulum obtusiusculum
formantia; scutellum apice e postice visum obtusangulariter
sinuatum ; operculum fovez intralateralis segmenti sexti ven-
tralis oblique transversum, dense brevissime fusco-tomentosum,
margine ejus antico subrecto, postico rotundato; segmentum
genitale ultimo ventrali medio longius, nigrum, margine labiali
quinque-sinuato, sinubus tribus mediis obsolete disjunctis, sub-
confluentibus, margine apicali subrecto, angulis apicalibus rotun-
datis, appendice magna media deplanata medium segmenti
atitingente, flava.
SOUTHERN NIGERIA: Akwete (J, J. Simpson).
A species extremely remarkable by the structure of the
head, which is broader and (apart from the horns) very much
shorter than in the five other known species of the genus.
PF Fam. Pentatomidz.
Euryaspis marshalli, sp. n.
Dilutissime testacea, pronoto, scutello corioque albidis, supra parce
irregulariter nigro-punctata, partes has nigras exhibens: capitis
vittulam inferiorem anteocularem supra tuberculum antenniferum,
marginem lateralem, orbitam oculorum, margines dimidii basalis
tyli vittasque tres basales, mediam brevem, laterales intra ocellos
currentes et hos longe superantes, antice oblique extrorsum
vergentes et marginem lateralem attingentes, pronoti marginem
apicalem, lineam punctatam utrinque circum areas cicatricales
maculamque minusculam partem posticam harum linearum tan-
gentem, scutelli foveam rotundam ad angulos basales maculam-
que irregularem anteapicalem, segmentorum connexivi fasciam
latam basalem angulosque imos apicales, segmentorum ventris
maculas majusculam ad angulos basales et minutam ad angulos
apicales spiraculaque cum annulo ea cingente; pronotum inter
angulos laterales maculis quinque diffusis subconfluentibus sepe
minus distinctis in seriem transversam ordinatis notatum; seg-
menta dorsi abdominis medio late ferrugineo- vel fusco-fasciata ;
segmentum genitale maris medio et lobi genitales basales late-
ralesque feminze fusco-maculata; rostrum et antenne testacea,
annulo harum angusto apicali articuli primi secundique, annulo
angusto basali articuli secundi tertiique, dimidio apicali articuli
tertii, parte plus quam dimidia apicali articuli quarti parteque
lata media articuli quinti nigris; pedes testacei, apice tarsorum
fusco; membrana et ale vitrea. Caput subeque longum ae
latum ( ¢) aut longitudine paullo latius (2), ante sinum ante-~
ocularem profundum parallelum, apice late rotundatum, oculis
194 Dr. E. Bergroth on new or
magnis, eminentibus, vertice oculo uno circiter duplo latiore,
rostro basin segmenti tertii ventris subattingente, articulo secundo
tertio breviore, antennis crassiusculis, articulo secundo tertio
multo breviore, hoc et quarto aque longis, quinto quarto paullo
longiore. Pronotum lateribus rectum (¢) vel levissime sub-
rotundatum (2). Scutellum corio paullo longius, punctura ante
medium prope latera in maculam oblongam spe coacervata.
Pleure parce irregulariter nigro-punctulate, area evaporativa
metapleure in mesopleuram late usque ad angulum ejus late-
ralem anticum extensa, Corium margine apicali leniter rotun-
datum, punctura ad angulum apicalem plus minusve confluente.
Connexivum crebre concoloriter punctulatum, angulis apicalibus
segmentorum leniter prominulis. Venter medio levi excepto
parce subtiliter concoloriter punctulatus, segmento genitali maris
apice arcuato-sinuato.
Long., ¢ 9mm., 9 J1 mm.
NYASALAND (Dr. B, Davey).
A strikingly distinct species, more allied to EH. signorett,
Stal, from Senegal, than to any other described form.
Named after Mr. Guy A, K. Marshall, whose fiye years’
investigations of mimicry and warning colours in South-
African insects (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, pp. 287-584,
with 15 plates) have so considerably increased our knowledge
of this subject.
Fam. Coreide.
Plectropoda cruciata, Dall.
Ucanpa (C. C. Gowdey).
The East-African specimens differ from the typical West-
African form in being darker, with the corium and clavus
uniformly fuscous ; the structural characters are identical.
Fam, Pyrrhocoride.
Ceneus gowdeyt, sp. n.
Oblongo-ovalis, rufescenti-testaceus, capite, margine laterali pro-
thoracis epipleuraque corii rufis, margine basali superiore capitis,
impressione fere tota aream elevatam pronoti circumscribente
(solum lateribus postice breviter rufo-interrupta), limbo basali
scutelli, vitta lata brevi basali clavi pectoreque nigris, membrana
sordide rufo-testacea, abdomine fulvo, bucculis, margine apicali
pronoti et prosterni inter oculos, limbo postico pleuraram acetabu-
lisque eburneis, pedibus fuscis, femoribus (basi excepta) rufis.
Caput vertice alutaceum et ibidem linea impressa longitudinali
preditum, rostro fusco, medium segmenti secundi ventris attin-
gente, articulo primo antennarum fusco, capite paullo longiore,
little-known Ethiopian Hemiptera. 195
apicem versus incrassato, prope basin intus breviter setuloso,
secundo primo distincte breviore, nigro (articuli ultimi desunt).
Corium et clavus fusco-punctulata, punctis partis basalis exocorii
in vittam angustam congestis, limbo externo corii rufo-punctato.
Femora antica subtus in margine anteriore dimidii apicalis
denticulis duobus armata.
Long., 9, 12 mm.
Ucanpa: Masaka (C. C. Gowdey).
Allied to C. carnifex, Fabr., but much larger and differently
coloured.
Fam. Myodochide.
Letheus simpsont, sp. n.
Oblongus, angustus, subnitidus, niger, vena cubitali corii post
medium macula minuta oblongula subcallosa lutea et vena radiali
nonnihil ante apicem maculis talibus duabus minus distinctis
notatis, membrana fusca, venis pallescentibus, antennis, rostro
pedibusque piceis, tiblis et tarsis obscure sordide testaceis.
Caput paullo transversum, crebre minute punctulatum, margine
basali lave, rostro coxas posticas subattingente, articulo primo
antennarum plus quam dimidio apicem capitis superante, secundo
primo sesqui longiore, tertio primo parum longiore (art. quartu®
deest). Pronotum longitudine tertia parte latius, latitudine
apicali dimidio longius et apice quam basi duplo angustius, usque
ad margines laterales haud explanatos ante medium leviter rotun-
datos transyersim nonnihil convexum, sat fortiter haud dense
punctatum, ante medium area transversa levi medio punctis
longitudinaliter interrupta preditum. Scutellum et pleure sat
dense punctata. Hemelytra apicem abdominis attingentia, clavo
regulariter triseriatim percurrenter punctato, corio modice dense
punctulato, vena transversa venas tres exteriores membrane
conjungente interdum incompleta. Abdomen subtus haud nisi
quam subtilissime punctulatum. Femora antica inermia. Arti-
culus primus tarsorum posticorum duobus ultimis unitis vix
magis quam dimidio longior.
Long., ¢, 6 mm.
SOUTHERN NiGerIA: Badagri (J. J. Simpson).
A narrow species, very distinct in several characters from
the hitherto known African forms.
Fam. Reduviide.
Subfam. Zermz.
ERhinocoris nitidulus, Fabr,
A specimen from Uganda, found by Mr. Gowdey, differs
196 Dr. E. Bergroth on new or
from the typical West-African form by having the middle
and hind femora broadly annulated with red immediately
before the apex. It shows no structural differences.
Rhinocoris neavet, sp. n.
Ochreo-testaceus, corio ferrugineo-testaceo, pedibus rufo-castaneis,
capite cum antennis rostroque, lobo antico marginibusque laterali-
bus posticis pronoti, scutello, macula denudata propleure et
mesopleura, fascia basali segmentorum connexivisupra et subtus,
suturis et macula transversa denudata intralaterali segmentorum
ventris, coxis, annulo lato medio femorum, tibiis apicem versus,
tarsis, segmento genitali feminz maculaque oblonga laterali
segmenti genitalis maris nigris, parte anteoculari superiore
capitis, pronoto, medio scutelli, pectore (densissime), ventre
(limbo laterali excepto) corioque ochreo-sericeis. Caput erecte
albo-pilosum, gula preeterea dense minute albo-squamulosa ; rostro
glabro, articulo primo secundo paullo breviore, articulo primo
antennarum pronoto paullo longiore, secundo primo triplo
breviore. Pronotum leve, angulis apicalibus oblique truncatulis,
lateralibus leviter prominulis, late rotundatis, lobo antico postice
alte subconice bituberculato, pube sericea antice densissima,
medio in vittas fasciasque congesta, postice deficiente, pube lobi
postici minus densa. Hemelytra apicem abdominis leviter (9 )
aut sat longe (¢) superantia, membrana fusco-enea. Seg-
mentum genitale maris apice medio in lobulum nigricantem
obtusum sed lateribus acute denticulatum productum, stylis geni-
talibus gracilibus, apicem versus haud incrassatis.
Long., ¢ 17°5-19 mm., 2 22 mm, P
NyYASALAND: Lower Shire Valley, near Chikawa, 600 feet,
and N.W. shore of Lake Nyasa, between Florence Bay and
Karonga, 1650 feet (S. A. eave).
Allied to Rh. erythrocnemis, Germ., but larger and quite
differently coloured on the under side, with more elevated
tubercles on the anterior pronotal lobe and the male genital
segment differently constructed. ‘The colour is quite constant.
Phonolibes tricolor, sp. n.
Ruber, lurido-testaceo-tomentosus, antennis (basi excepta), rostro,
lobo antico pronoti, scutello, pectore (excepta parte posteriore
propleure), maculis duabus transversis apicalibus late distantibus
segmentorum ventris (sexto excepto), segmento genitali pedibus-
que nigris, membrana cerulea. Antenne validiusculi, articulo
primo capite paullulo breviore, secundo primo angustiore et triplo
breviore, tertio incrassato (saltem in mare), primo tertia parte
breviore. Pronotum fortius convexo-declive, lobo postico antico
triplo longiore, medio longitudinaliter anguste canaliculato.
little-known Ethiopian Hemiptera. 197
Hemelytra apicem abdominis paullum superantia, corio (limbo
laterali excepto) dense et crasse reticulato.
Long., 5, 16 mm.
Ucanpa: Sunga Masaka (C. C. Gowdey).
A large species, easily recognized from all others.
Phonolibes bimaculatus, Dist.
Distant has omitted the principal character of this species :
the non-reticulated corium, which has a single oblique trans-
verse vein in the mesocorium. The antenne are broken in
the female specimen before me; in the male the third joint
is incrassated (as in Ph. tricolor, Bergr.), and I suppose that
this is a secondary male sexual character,
Of this species I have also seen a brachypterous specimen
in which the hemelytra are convergent, only twice the length
of the scutellum, and with the membrane quite rudimentary.
NYASALAND: between Mlanji and Zomba, 2000-3000 feet
(S. A. Neave) ; N.E. Ruopesia: Fort Jameson, 3800 feet
(S. A. Neave).
Subfam. Repurimv2z.
Edocla precox, sp. n.
Forma aptera: Nigra, parce anguste albo-squamulosa, apice spine
lateralis lobi postici pronoti spinzeque scutellaris, macula trans-
versa laterali-apicali segmentorum connexivi supra et subtus
maculisque dorsi abdominis in series duas approximatas longitu-
dinales ordinatis luteis, squamulis dorsi abdominis hic et illic,
presertim in segmento secundo, densioribus et aurescentibus,
capite et thorace granulatis. Caput ante oculos fortiter declive,
jugis inter antennas in processus duos contiguos apice brevissime
liberos porrectis, ocellis nullis, articulo primo antennarum parti
postoculari capitis cum oculo subzeque longo, secundo primo fere
duplo longiore, sepe pallescente, rostro parce breviter albo-
setuloso. Pronotum abdomine plus quam duplo angustius,
angulis apicalibus rotundatis, lobo antico valde convexo, inermi
sed presertim postice fortiter sculpto, lobo postico antico multo
breviore et humiliore sed paullulo latiore, spinis duabus discoid-
alibus et utrinque spina laterali oblique sursum et paullo retror-
sum directa armato, Scutellum apice spina valida suberecta apice
recurva armatum. Rudimenta hemelytrorum basin abdominis
attingentia, subtriangularia, apice truncata. Abdomen late
ovale, segmentis ventralibus latera versus concretis, secundo
basin versus carinato, sexto (2) medio duobus praecedentibus
unitis longiore, medio transversim plicato-elevato, segmentis
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 14
198 Dr. E. Bergroth on new or - —
genitalibus nigro-setulosis. Pedes picei, fossa spongiosa tibiarum
anteriorum minus quam trientem apicalem occupante.
Long., 9, 11:5-13 mm.
Forma alata ignota.
NyasaLanD: §.E. shore of Lake Nyasa, between Fort
Maguire and Fort Johnston (S, A. Neave); N.E. Ruopesta:
between Fort Jameson and Lundazi, 4000 feet (S. A. Neave).
Allied to Z. bisbisignata, Stal, but smaller and differently
coloured, with the first antennal joint shorter.
Edocla pilosula, Dist.
Abdomen ad angulos apicales segmentorum, ultimo excepto, spina
armatum, his spinis in segmento primo validis, in segmentis
sequentibus longitudine sensim decrescentibus.
Forma aptera (Q): Lobus posticus pronoti antico duplo brevior et
multo humilior. Mesonotum lateribus spinula erecta parva,
metanotum ibidem spinula erecta majore armatum. Hemelytra
et ale nulla.
Long. 6-7 mm.
NYASALAND: Lower Shire Valley, near Chikawa, 600 feet
(S. A. Neave).
Distant has omitted the principal character of the species,
the spinous abdominal margin, by which it differs from all
other species of the genus. Mr. Champion has kindly
examined the type, and informs me that the abdomen is
spinous also in the winged form.
Subfam. Prerarocyrrina.
Petalochirus pugil, sp. n.
Elongato-ovatus, parce pilosus, capite superiore, pronoto scutelloque
ochraceis, hemelytris fuscis, connexivo fusco-nigro, capitis maculis
duabus oblongis anterioribus postice confluentibus, impressione
transversa interoculari, vitta retrorsum angustata inter ocellos et
basin lateribusque postocularibus, pronoti vitta media antice
abbreviata sublateralique subcurvata lobi antici ac vitta media
angusta antice abbreviata, maculis quattuor antemedianis (exte-
rioribus minoribus) basique anteriore spine lateralis lobi postici,
scutelli disco spinaque laterali nigris, maculis numerosis hem-
elytrorum squalide albidis, macula transversa obliqua apicem
mesocorii occupante fuliginosa, fascia vel macula transversa
prope basin segmentorum connexivi (in segmentis duobus ultimis
feminze solum ad marginem Jateralem distinctis) fulva, maculis
duabus denudatis horum segmentorum, altera ante, altera mox
pone medium sita, nigris, spinis angulorum apicalium seg-
mentorum piceis, apice late pallide flavidis; subtus cum rostro
little-known Ethiopian Hemiptera. 199
niger, preter pilos suberectos pubescentia adpressa auro-sericea
haud densa preesertim latera versus indutus, bucculis, spinis pro-
sternalibus, vittis tribus anterioribus (externis postice plerumque
conjunctis) et macula postica mesopleurarum, vitta sublaterali
metapleurarum, limbo acetabulorum omnium, vitta angusta ( d )
vel latiuscula irregulari e maculis composita (2 ) ventris, maculis
oblongis lateralibus hujus prope basin segmentorum positis spira-
culisque ochraceis ; antenne et pedes testacea vel fusco-testacea,
articulo secundo illarum apice nigro, coxis nigris, apice cum
trochanteribus ochraceis, tibiis anticis fusco- et testaceo-varie-
gatis. Caput inerme, tylo basi inter antennas latiuscule tumido,
sed haud carinato-elevato, oculis fortiter prominulis, sed magni-
tudine mediocribus, spatio interoculari superiore oculo fere duplo
latiore, spatio inter bucculas et oculos diametro horum maximo
(e latere viso) subeeque longo, rostro piloso, articulo primo an-
tennarum capite nonnihil longiore, secundo primo ? longiore.
Pronotum linea longitudinali media impressa preditum, lobo
antico inermi, utrinque carinis tribus obtusis obliquis instructo,
angulis apicalibus extus levissime obtuse prominulis, angulis
lateralibus lobi postici spina valida acuta sursum et extrorsum
directa armatis. Scutellum paullo pone medium laterum spina
brevi vel tuberculo spiniformi et apice spina longa suberecta
leviter curvata armatum, postscutello etiam in spinam semi-
erectam producto. Metasternum e margine postico paullo ultra
medium levissime carinatum. Hemelytra basin ( 2 ) vel medium
(3d) segmenti ultimi dorsalis paullum superantia. Abdomen ad
angulos apicales segmentorum, ultimo excepto, spina semierecta
armatum, ventre transyersim strigoso, inter spiracula et mar-
ginem lateralem carina instructum, hac carina pone segmentum
tertium vel quartum evanescente, sutura inter segmenta duo
prima crenato-carinulata. Pedes breviusculi, femoribus anticis
apicem capitis vix attingentibus, in dimidio basali paullo latiori-
bus, basin versus leviter curvatis, fovea apicali superiore pro
tarsis recipiendis tibiarum anticarum lata, longitudine sua solum
duplo angustiore, fossa spongiosa tibiarum anticarum lata, tarsis
duplo breviore, femoribus posticis medium segmenti quinti (9)
vel basin segmenti sexti ( ¢ ) ventris attingentibus.
Long., ¢ 13 mm., 2 17°5 mm.
Mas: tibie antic intus modice, extus fortius rotundato-dilatatee ;
venter medio per segmenta quinque prima carinatus ; segmentum
genitale primum elongato-triangulare, medium secundi haud
attingens; styli genitales depressiusculi, nigri, apicem versus
sensim angustati.
Femina: tibiz antice intus modice, extus valde rotundato-dilatate,
parte dilatata interiore apicem versus sensim fortius angustata ;
venter medio per segmenta duo prima carinatus.
NYASALAND: Chiromo, 400 feet, and Ruo Valley, 1000-
2000 feet (S. A. Neave).
Very similar and closely allied to P. vittiventris, Bergr.,
14*
200 Dr. E. Bergroth on new or
but the head and pronotum are differently coloured and
scarcely sericeous, the base of the tylus between the an-
tennee is broader, not carinate, the eyes are smaller, the ante-
rior pronotal lobe is much more distinctly sculptured, the
posterior lobe less depressed, the metasternum is more shortly
and less distinctly carinate, the legs are shorter and not
annulated, the fore femora broader in their basal half, the
fore tibiae much more dilated, particularly on the inner
side, and the dilated part is differently shaped, their superior
apical fovea (for the reception of the tarsi) is much broader,
their spongy pit shorter and broader, the female venter is
carinated only on the two basal segments, the first male
genital segment is much more elongate, and the male genital
styles are black.
In P. vittiventris the upper interocular space is only one-
third broader than an eye, the distance between the eyes and
the buccule is distinctly shorter than the greatest diameter
of the eye (seen from the side) ; the two denudated spots of
the connexival segments are more or less pale, and therefore
much less conspicuous than in pugil; the fore femora pass
the apex of the head by one-third their length or more, and
are not or scarcely broader in their basal half ; the upper
apical impression of the fore tibiz is very narrow, their
spongy pit narrow and only one-third shorter than the tarsi ;
the hind femora reach the apex of the abdomen ; the venter
is carinated in both sexes from its base to the apex of tlie
fifth segment ; the first male genital segment is equilaterally
subtriangular, and the genital styles are luteous.
P. vittiventris, Bergr., and pugil, Bergr., form a distinct
section of the genus, intermediate in a way between the
typical Petalochiri and the subgenus Platychiria, H.-Sch.
Tragelaphodes bergrothi, Bredd.
Mas: segmentum ultimum dorsale abdominis penultimo duplo et
dimidio longius, basi quam apice fere quinquies latius, marginibus
lateralibus rectis, apicem versus sinuatis, spinis apicalibus longi-
usculis, retrorsum porrectis ; segmentum genitale e supero visum
ultra latera segmenti dorsalis ultimi late prominens, duplicatum,
primo supra partem intermediam secundi usque ad medium ejus
rotundato-producto, secundo apice medio subrecto, solum latera
versus leviter rotundato, stylis genitalibus oblongo-triangularibus,
apice late truncatis et per totam latitudinem contiguis.
Femina: segmentum ultimum dorsale abdominis penultimo subeque
longum, basi quam apice late truncato duplo latius, marginibus
lateralibus leviter rotundatis, spinis apicalibus brevibus,
little-known Ethiopian Hemiptera. 201
NyASALAND: S.E. shore of Lake Nyasa, between Fort
Maguire and Fort Johnston; Chiromo, 400 feet; between
Fort Mangoche and Chikala Boma, about 4000 feet (S.A.
Neave).
This species was originally described from a single specimen
from Dar-es-Salaam.
The two known species of the curious genus Tragelaphodes,
Bergr., are possibly always apterous; at least, no winged
specimen has yet turned up.
Fam. Nabide.
Reduviolus corixipennis, sp. n.
Oblongus, testaceus, capite subtus et lateribus vittaque ejus lata
superiore ac vitta lata postice angustata scutelli nigris, parte
superiore anteantennali capitis, pronoto, hemelytris, pectore
abdomineque fusco-variegatis. Caput breviuscule testaceo-pilo-
sum, pilis paucis longis erectis intermixtis, rostro et antennis
etiam pilosulis, articulo primo harum spatio inter basin ejus et
ocellum subseque longo, infuscato, mox ante apicem nigrum
annulo testaceo signato, articulo secundo primo circiter dimidio
longiore, capiti et etiam pronoto sine collari zeque longo, testaceo,
mox ante apicem annulo nigro notato, articulis duobus ultimis
infuscatis, tertio secundo subeque longo, basi et apice testaceo,
quarto tertio paullo breviore. Pronotum (forme macroptere )
longitudine saltem quinta parte latius, breviter erecte pilosulum,
vitta angusta percurrente fusca notatum, collari preterea utrinque
vittis duabus fuscis signato, lobo antico lateribus fusco-nigro,
disco ejus medio infuscato vel lituris obliquis fuscis plus minusve
confluentibus notato, lobo postico fere horizontali, concoloriter
punctato, maculis fuscis transversim quadrisubseriatis signato.
Scutellum parce erecte pilosum. Mesosternum medio nigrum.
Acetabula posteriora subimpicta. Sulcus orificialis oblique
retrorsum directus, leniter curvatus. Area evaporativa meta-
pleuram totam occupans, margine antico et postico hujus parallelis,
Hemelytra apicem abdominis aliquantum superantia, corio et
clavo fasciolis numerosis fuscis signatis, subadpresse testaceo-
pilosis, margine costali corii basin versus densius et longius
fimbriato ; membrana testacea, venis fuscis predita et inter has
presertim basin versus dense confluenter fusco-variegata, cellulis
tribus basalibus basi late confluentibus, venis duabus eas sepa-
rantibus nempe ante medium cellularum subito abruptis. Alee
apicem abdominis paullum superantes, cinereo-infumate. Abdo-
men pronoto paullulo latius, subtus testaceo-sericeum, segmentis
connexivi postice fuscis, margine eorum laterali pone medium
nigro, ventre fusco, margine laterali (angulis apicalibus seg-
mentorum exceptis), spiraculis vittisque duabus angustis irregu-
laribus utrinque intra hee testaceis, maculis denudatis nigris
202 On new or little-known Ethiopian Hemiptera.
intralateralibus in segmento primo et tribus ultimis utrinque una,
in segmentis secundo et tertio utrinque tribus, quarum duabus ad
marginem basalem sitis, macula segmenti sexti longe pone medium
ad ipsum marginem lateralem posita, segmento primo ad latera
segmento secundo et metapleure subeeque longo (hamo copulatorio
maris infra delineato), Pedes testacei, pilosi, femoribus annulis
compluribus fuscis interdum interruptis cinctis, anticis pronoto
paullulo longioribus et latitudine sua subbasali fere quadruplo
longioribus, tibiis anterioribus annulis tribus fuscis (paullo pone
basin, medio apiceque) notatis, lenissime curvatis, subtus minute
spinulosis, tibiis posticis paullo pone basin et apice annulo fusco-
nigro et inter hos annulis compluribus dilute fuscis ornatis, apice
articulorum tarsorum omnium fusco, articulis duobus ultimis
tarsorum posticorum eeque longis.
Long., d 8-85 mm., 9 9 mm.; cum hemelytr., ¢ 9-9°5 mm.,
© 10 mm.
NYASALAND: between Mlanji and Zomba, 2000-3000 feet
(S. A. Neave).
Belongs to the subgenus Apéus, and is allied to &. hotten-
tottus, Reut., but it is scarcely “ oblongo-ovatus”; the pro-
notum is broader, its posterior lobe almost horizontal, not
“ convexo-declivis,’” and without the sublateral fuscous
Fig. 2.
\ iS
\\ sm i
yy» ~\
one
a b Cc
Left copulatory hook of Reduviolus corizipennis, Bergr., seen from the
outside (a), from below (6), and obliquely from the inside (c).
vitta; the hemelytra are considerably longer and the legs
differently coloured, with the second joint of the hind tarsi
longer; there are also some colour-differences in the antennz
and other parts of the body. The markings of the hemelytra
remind one of the genus Cortwa.
To this species belong the specimens recorded from
Kilimandjaro by Poppius (in Sjéstedt, Kiliman.-Meru Exp.
xii. p. 59) under the name A, hottentottus, Reut,
Mr. F. W. Edwards on Lygistorrhina urichi, 203
N.B.—The copulatory hooks of the male give very good
specific characters in this genus, and many of them have
been figured by Reuter in various papers and by Champion
in the ‘ Biologia Centrali-Americana.’? They are often fairly
well visible from the side of the abdomen; but in some
Species, as in the above-described coriwipennis, they are of a
rather complicated structure and must be detached from the
body (which can be easily done without injuring the abdo-
men) and examined from different sides.
XXI.—Lygistorrhina urichi, a new Mycetophilid from
Trindad. By F. W. Epwarps, B.A., F.E.S.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
THE writer has received for examination from Mr. H. Scott,
of Cambridge, a small series of a very peculiar and interesting
Mycetophilid, described below. The species is undoubtedly
congeneric with Williston’s Proboleus singularis from
St. Vincent, but, for reasons which will appear, the writer
does not consider that Proboleus can be retained as a distinct
genus from Skuse’s Lygistorrhina. The latter was described
(in the female sex only) as possessing three ocelli, the median
one being minute. In Proboleus (described from males
only) the ocelli were described as apparently absent, the
remaining characters of P. singularzs being almost exactly
like those of ZL. ¢nstgnis. Fortunately in Mr. Scott’s series
both sexes are represented, and a careful examination showed
that while in the male ocelli seem to be absent, in the female
a pair of large ones is present in the same position as in
Lygistorrhina. The loss of the ocelli in the male is no doubt
due to the much greater development of the eyes, which are
quite. twice the size of those of the female. The chief
(supposed) distinction between these two genera is thus
proved to be non-existent, and Proboleus therefore becomes
a synonym of Lygistorrhina. There are, however, some
slight differences which can hardly be considered of generic
value: (1) In Z. uricht the median ocellus is apparently
wanting ; (2) in the two West-Indian species the mediastinal
vein (sc) reaches the costa, while in the Australian L. ¢nszgnis
it does not; (8) Lygistorrhina has two small spurs to the
middle tibia, Proboleus only one.
204 Mr. O. Thomas on a new
Lygistorrhina urichi*, sp. n.
3. Head (including antenne) black, antenne scarcely
longer than head; proboscis brownish. horaz uniformly
shining black. Abdomen very long and thin, swollen
apically ; black, with well-marked yellow apical bands on
the first five segments. Legs: front cox with the base
fuscous, the apex and trochanters yellowish; mid and hind
coxe and trochanters shining black; fore and mid femora
and tibize yellowish ; hind femora swollen, yellow, with the
apical two-fifths black ; hind tibia yellow, apical fifth black,
swollen on the apical half, a close-set row of stiff hairs along
the whole of the upper surface ; fore and mid tarsi brownish
black, hind tarsi black, appearing thickened through being
clothed with short very dense hair. Wangs almost hyaline ;
a distinct brown blotch at the apex, darker in colour towards
the costa; venation exactly as figured by Williston for
P. singularis. Halteres yellow.
Length 5-6 mm.
@?. Resembles the male, but the eyes are much smaller
and the front much broader; abdomen much shorter and
rather stouter, and the yellow bands less distinct; apical
half or rather more of hind femora brownish black.
Length 3°5 mm,
Hab. Trinidad. ‘Swept by F. W. Urich and Hugh
Scott from grass, bushes, &c., on either side of a small stream
below a waterfall at Diego Martin, 22. iii. 1912, between 8
and 10.30 A.M. The day was sunny, but the flies were swept
from shady places.” (Note by H. Scott.) Number of
specimens, 7 g,1 ¢.
Type presented to the British Museum by Mr. H. Scott.
XXIL—A new Vespertilionine Bat from Angola.
By OLDFIELD THOMAS.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
A FEW years ago, by the kindness of the authorities of the
Lisbon Museum, the British Museum obtained an example of
a peculiar Vespertilionine bat which had been received from
Angola, and whose systematic position seemed by no means
readily determinable.
* Named, by request of Mr. Scott, in honour of F. W. Urich, Govern-
ment Entomologist in Trinidad.
Vespertilionine Bat from Angola. 205
I have now been able to make a careful study of this
specimen, and have come to the conclusion that it represents
a new genus, which may be called
CisTuGo, gen. nov. ( Vespertilionide).
Allied to Myotis, but with differently proportioned teeth
and with glands in the wings.
Skull essentially as in Myotis, but the brain-case not
specially vaulted and the muzzle rather less pinched in laterally.
Dental formula as in Myotis.
Incisiors of the same essential structure as in Myotis, but
shorter. Janines similar. Small premolars subequal,
minute, not half as large as the incisors, short, stumpy,
quite without the similarity to a minute canine shown at least
by the anterior one in /yotis, their tips barely rising to the
level of the cingulum of the canine, the two closely pressed
together and just filling the space between the canine and the
large premolar. Large premolar with an unusually well-
developed antero-internal cusp, as high as the large inner
cusp of the molars. Lower incisors as in Myotis; canines
proportionally short, barely rising as high as the posterior
premolar; premolars all with their antero-posterior less than
their transverse diameter, the two small ones closely crowded
together between the canine and posterior premolar,
General external characters as in the smaller species of
Myotis. Tragus of medium length, differing from that of
most species of Myotis by being broader slightly above its
base than at the base, its inner and outer edges both slightly
convex.
Wings with peculiar thickened glands in them on the
outer side of the forearms distally; three present on the left
side and two on the right in the single specimen, but the
situation of the third one is perceptible in the right wing, so
that the normal number is probably three ; the glands them-
selves about 3-3°5 mm. in length by 1-1°5 in breadth, more
sharply outlined than the corresponding glands in Pizonyz ;
also situated closer to the forearm than in that genus, less in
the centre of the wing.
Ly pe :—
Cistugo seabre, sp. n.
General appearance that of a Pépistrellus, say P. kuhli?,
to which there is a considerable resemblance in size and
colour. ars of average size, their anterior margin convex
at base, then nearly straight to the tip, which is narrowly
206 Miss F. M. Scott on a Species of
rounded ; outer edge angularly concave above, convex below.
‘Tragus pointed, its inner and outer edges both slightly con-
vex, a rounded lobe at its outer base. Wings from the base
of the toes. No post-calcareal lobule. Tip of tail projecting.
General colour dull drab, the bases of the hairs everywhere
slaty, the tips above drab, below whitish. Membranes
brown, with whitish edges, the light-coloured reticulations
conspicuous.
Skull and teeth as described above.
Dimensions of the type (measured on the spirit-specimen) :—
Forearm 52°35 mm.
Head and body 40 mm.; tail 40 ; ear 12; tragus on inner
edge 5; third finger, metacarpal 31°5, first phalanx 10°7,
second phalanx 9°7; lower leg and foot (c. u.) 18°2.
Skull: greatest length 13°2; basi-sinual length 10:1 ;
breadth of brain-case 6°6; front of canine to back of m? 4:6.
fab. Mossamedes.
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 6.1.3.3. Presented by
the Lisbon Museum.
This interesting little bat, which I have named in honour
of Senhor A. F. de Seabra, C.M.Z.S., of the Lisbon Museum,
is distinguishable from Myotis by the presence of glands in
its wings, by the reduced proportions of its anterior premolars,
and the large antero-internal cusp on p*. Its general appear-
ance is rather that of a Pepistrellus than a Myotis.
X XII.— On a Species of Nymphon from the North Pacific.
By Fiora M. Scorr, M.A., University College, Dundee.
[Plate VIL]
THE genus Nymphon, and indeed all the Nymphonide, are
of rare occurrence in the Pacific. The total number of
Pyecnogonida recorded there is not yet very large, and the
Nymphons included are relatively very few. From the
South Pacific two deep-water forms were brought home by
the ‘Challenger,’ viz. Mymphon longicollum, Hoek, and
Nymphon procerum, Hoek. Ortmann describes one well-
defined species, Nymphon japonicum, trom Japan; and from
the China Sea a more doubtful one, Nymphon longiceps, has
been described by Grube. ‘l'wo are recorded from Australia—
NV. longicova, Hoek, and N. equidigitatum, Haswell. If we
then exclude those found from the Straits of Magellan south-
Nymphon from the North Pacifie. 207
wards, which are, more strictly speaking, Antarctic or
Subantaretic, the species of ,Nymphon from the Pacific are
2 b ‘
six in number.
It is therefore of interest that another should be added to
this short list; more especially as it comes from a region—
the west coast of North America—where, though many
genera of Pycnogonida have been found, no single Vymphon
has been recorded.
Nymphon pizelle, sp.n. (PI. VII.)
About ten specimens were collected by Miss H. L. M.
Pixell, B.Sc., at Departure Bay, Vancouver Island, in the
summer of 1911. In life, its colour is salmon-pink.
The body is slender, with well-developed, widely separate,
lateral processes. Segmentation is distinct, and from the
middle of each segment springs the lateral process (fig. 1).
The head and proboscis are equal in length to trunk. The
neck is slender, cylindrical, expanded in front and marked
by a slight median groove. ‘Lhe ocular tubercle (figs. 2 & 3)
is very high and conical, slightly depressed anteriorly,
directed slightly backwards; near the base are four well-
developed lenses. Beneath it ventrally on neck are developed
body-processes from which the ovigerous legs arise (fig. 6).
The proboscis is cylindrical and very slightly shorter than
the cephalic segment. Distinctly articulated with the last
body-segment and directed slightly upwards is the abdomen
(fig. 2).
The length of the body is 8 mm., and of the trunk alone
4 mm.
The chelifers are slender, with the hand longer than the
scape, and slightly curved. The chele are long and narrow
(fig. 10). The palm is about equal in length to the fingers.
The immovable finger bears an even row of very powerful
curved teeth. The movable finger is likewise armed
with teeth, which are double the number of those of the
immovable finger, and are straight and lanceolate. Sete are
few and scattered.
The palps have the normal five joints and are slender ;
except on the fourth and fifth joints, setee are almost absent.
The first joint is very short ; the others are in the proportion
epit 215-11 sib (fe. 9):
The ovigers are ten-jointed, and arise, as aforesaid, from
two processes in the ventral surface of the neck. ‘The first
three joints are short and stout, with no sete; together they
208 On a Nymphon from the North Pacifie.
are less than the length of the fourth joint. The proportion
of this and the remaining joints is as
fg 8 Ono 1G eso 3 8Gos S15.
The fifth joint is more slender than the fourth, and is
markedly swollen at the distal extremity ; and on the swelling
are numerous hairs. The sixth joint is straight, with
few sete. ‘The next four joints, in addition to scattered
sete, bearan even row of toothed spines numbering about
18,12, 14, 18. The claw is powerful, with 15-17 small
teeth on its inner edge (figs, 2, 7, and 8).
The legs are very long, attaining a length of 83 mm.
Together the first and third coxee are shorter than the second.
The proportion of the remaining joints is as follows :—
LG): 20520121670 22 'Be
The setee increase in number distally, the last three joints
being closely covered. In addition there is on the inner
surface of each an even row of lanceclate larger sete (fig. 5).
The claw is powerful and one-third the length of the pro-
podus. Accessory claws are well developed. The relative
lengths of claw and accessory claws (in the same terms as
above leg measurements) are as "92 : °25 (fig. 4).
In one specimen only were egg-masses seen: the eggs are
very small (fig. 11).
Ina large genus like Nymphon, where species are in the
main characterized by differences in the relative size, or in
the degree of development, of the several parts, or where one
part may be enlarged and another diminished with little
apparent order or connection, there is very little ground for
assumption as to the actual kinship between one species and
another. Among our Atlantic species, it is perhaps J. longi-
tarse that this new species most resembles in general pro-
portions both of limbs and body. On the other hand,
the slender and graceful chele and chelifers more closely
resemble those, for instance, of N.macrum, trom which, how-
ever, this species is easily distinguished by other characters,
such as those of the neck, the palp, the length of the tarsus,
and the form of the ocular tubercle. In its assemblage of
characters the present species could not, I think, be mistaken
for any species yet described.
Co-types of the species have been presented by Miss Pixell
to the British Museum (Natural History).
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIL
Fig. 1. Nymphon pivelle ; dorsal view.
Fig. 2. Profile view.
Fig. 3. Ocular tubercle.
Fig. 4, Terminal joints of leg.
A Revision of the Genus Corydoras. 209
Fig. 5, Spines on terminal joints of leg.
Fig. 6. Dorsal view ; walking-legs removed.
Fig. 7. Terminal joints of ovigerous leg.
Fig. 8. Spine of oviger.
Fig. 9. Palp.
Fig. 10. Chela.
Fig. 11. Oviger with egg-mass.
XXIV.—A Revision of the South-American Siluroid Fishes
of the Genus Corydoras, with a List of the Specimens in the
British Museum (Natural History). By C. Tate REGAN,
M.A.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
THE Callichthyid fishes with the occipital process extending
to the plate at the base of the dorsal fin-spine may be divided
into two genera—Corydoras, Lacep., 1803, with 6 to 8 soft
rays in the dorsal and the base of the fin about equal to its
distance from the adipose fin, and Brochis, Cope, 1871, with
9 to 11 soft rays in the dorsal fin, which is more extended, its
base considerably more than its distance from the adipose
fin. In his recent list of Neotropical fishes Eigenmann
recognizes the genus Osteogaster, Cope, including therein two
species which have the humeral shields somewhat larger than
usual. One of these is a Corydoras, viz. C. eques, Steind.,
which is closely related to C. nattereri and still more closely
to C. macrosteus, described below as new; the other is of a
very different type, and should, in my opinion, be placed in
the genus Brochis ; it is B. splendens, Casteln.
There are so many species of Corydoras unrepresented in
the British Museum collection and of uncertain position that
I find it difficult to make a satisfactory key to the species.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Interorbital width 3 the length of head or less; snout more than 4
the length of head.
Scutes in upper lateral series 23.. ..........000. 1. trettliv.
Scutes in upper lateral series 26 or 27............ 2. kronet.
II. Interorbital width 2 the length of head or more.
A. A series of spots along the side and a second series on the back.
1. Diameter of eye 6 or 7 in length of head.. 3. micracanthus.
2. Diameter of eye 4 or 5 in length of head.
TUES) Sabana veg (reg | | erty eka ee »» 4, microcephalus.
Eleddiss 10.44. 1n the lengthy.) 4:4 « csctems «Wav. ot 5, paleatus,
3. Diameter of eye 3} in length of head,,.. 6, garbei.
210 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision
B. Spots smaller and more numerous.
1. Operculum 3 as broad as deep .......... 7. agassizit.
2. Operculum more than 3} as broad as deep.
a. Dorsal spine shorter than longest soft rays.
8-13. multimaculatus, julti, elegans, trilineatus,
punctatus, raimundi.
b. Dorsal spine rarely a little shorter than first soft ray.
Dorsal spine longer than Head os... hewbsens acknos 14. armatus.
Dorsal spine a little shorter than head............ 15. polystictus.
Dorsal spine as long as head ....... 0.5. .00:00006 16. melanistius.
C. A black arrow-shaped spot at base of caudal fin.
17. hastatus.
D. Dark undulating longitudinal stripes...... 18. undulatus.
E. A dark lateral band; fins immaculate.
1. Depth of suborbital not more than its distance from upper lip.
a. Depth of body 3} to 33 in the length... 19. melanotenia.
b. Depth of body 23 to 3 in the length.
Snout not shorter than postorbital part of head ;
edge of dorsal fin somewhat convex.......... 20. eneus.
Snout shorter than postorbital part of head; edge
of dorsal fimdtraicht: 2% ose es 22s aust 21. natterert.
2. Depth of suborbital twice its distance from the upper lip.
22. macrosteus.
3. Suborbital extending from eye to upper lip.
23. eques.
1. Corydoras treitlit.
Steind. Anz. Akad. Wien, 1906, p. 478.
Depth of body equal to or a little more than length of
head, which is 2} to 3 in the length. Snout 14 to 13,
diameter of eye 44 to 5, interorbital width 3 to 32? in the
length of head. Barbels reaching gill-opening. Dorsal 18 ;
adipose fin preceded by 4 or 5 median scutes. Anal I 7,
Pectoral spinea little shorter than that of dorsal. Scutes 23/21.
Brownish above, yellowish below ; a dark grey lateral stripe ;
caudal usually with dark upper and lower margins, rarely
with a few spots on the middle rays.
R. Parnahyba.
Total length 66 mm.
2. Corydoras kronei.
Ribeiro, A Lavoura, xi. no. 5, 1907, p. 189, fig.; Steind. Anz. Akad.
Wien, 1910, p. 61.
Corydoras eigenmannit, R. von Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paulist. i, 1907,
p- 35.
Depth of body about equal to length of head, 33 to 4 in
of the Genus Corydoras. 211
the length. Snout more than 4} the length of head ; diameter
of eye 6 in length of head, interorbital width 3. Suborbital
narrow; barbel nearly reaching gill-opening ; males with
bristles on sides of snout. Dorsal I 7-8; spine about 2
length of head ; soft rays decreasing from first, the fourth or
fifth as long as spine; base equal to or less than distance
from adipose fin. Anal I 6-7. Pectoral spine extending a
little beyond base of pelvics. Scutes 26-27/22-23 ; humeral
shields wide apart, each separated by 2 scutes from base of
pelvic fin. Dark blotches at bases of dorsal and adipose fins
alternate and are connected with a series of blotches on the
side, which may unite to form a band; head spotted or
reticulated ; dorsal and caudal with series of spots on rays ;
lower fins with or without spots.
1-4 (co-types of C. exgen- Near Santos. R. von Lhering.
mann). 45-60 mm.
3. Corydoras micracanthus, sp. n.
Depth of body 3 to 34 in the length, length of head 4.
Diameter of eye 6 or 7 in length of head; snout as long as
postorbital part of head or interorbital width. Suborbital
narrow; barbels nearly or quite reaching gill-opening.
Dorsal I 8; spine } the length of head ; fin small, rounded,
its base less than its distance from adipose fin, which is
preceded by 1 or 2 median scutes. Anal I 6. Pectoral
spine not reaching base of pelvicfin. Scutes 25/22; humeral
shields widely separated below, each separated by 2 scutes
from base of pelvic fin. Yellow, with a series of 3 to 6 dark
brownish or purplish spots along the side and a second series
on the back ; dorsal dusky anteriorly, sometimes with spots
on rays; caudal barred ; lower fins immaculate.
1-8 (types). 35-50 mm. Salta, Argentina. Borelli.
9-10. rp rf Steinbach.
4. Corydoras microcephalus, sp. n.
Depth of body 3 in the length, length of head 33. Snout
as long as or a little longer than postorbital part of head ;
diameter of eye 43 in the length of head, interorbital width 24.
Suborbital narrow; barbel nearly reaching gill-opening.
Dorsal I 6-7; spine 2 to 2 the length of head; first and
second rays longest, the edge of fin slightly convex ; base
about equal to distance from adipose fin, which is preceded
by 1 or 2 median scutes. Anal I 6. Pectoral spine ex-
tending to base of pelvics. Scutes 22-23/20 ; humeral shields
212 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision
not in contact below, each separated by 14 scutes from base
of pelvic fin, A lateral series of 4 or 5 dark oblong spots,
the third below the adipose fin ; a similar series of spots on
the back ; dorsal dusky anteriorly and usually with spots on
the rays ; caudal usually barred with series of spots ; lower
fins immaculate or anal sometimes with a spot.
1-4 (types). 50 mm. La Plata. Doria.
5. Corydoras paleatus.
Callichthys paleatus, Jenyns, Zool. ‘ Beagle,’ Fish. p. 113 (1842).
Corydoras marmoratus, Steind, Denkschr. Akad. Wien, 1879, p. 26,
pl. v. fig. 1.
Corydoras paleatus, Eigenm. & Higenm. Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. i. 1890,
p. 471.
? Corydoras aurofrenatus, Eigenm. & Kennedy, Proc. Acad. Philad.
1903, p. 507; Eigenm. & Ward, Ann. Carnegie Mus, iv. 1907,
pl. xxxviili. fig. 4.
Corydoras ehrhardti, Steind. Anz. Akad. Wien, 1910, p. 60.
? Corydoras meridionalis, R. von Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paulist. viii. 1911,
p. 381.
? Corydoras nattereri triseriatus, von Ihering, t. c. p, 386.
? Corydoras fiaveolus, von Thering, ¢. ¢. p. 387.
Depth of body 22 to 3 in the length, length of head 33 to
34. Snout as long as or a little longer than postorbital part
of head; diameter of eye 4 to 5 in the length of head, inter-
orbital width 2 to 24. Suborbital narrow; barbel rarely
reaching gill-opening. Dorsal I 7-8; spine 2 to as long as
head; soft rays decreasing from first, which 1s longer than
spine; base nearly equal to distance from adipose fin, which
is preceded by 2 or 3 median scutes. AnalI6. Pectoral
spine extending to or beyond base of pelvics. Scutes 22—
24/20-22; humeral shields not in contact below, each sepa-
rated from base of pelvic fin by one scute. Three oblong
dark spots along middle of side, respectively below the dorsal
and adipose fins and on the caudal peduncle, connected with
less definite spots on the back; both series of spots may
unite to form longitudinal bands ; dorsal dusky anteriorly
and with spots on the rays; caudal barred; lower fins each
with a single spot ; sometimes some or all the fins immaculate.
La Plata; Rio Grande do Sul; Sta. Catharina.
1 (one of the types). 35 mm. Cambridge Mus,
2-3. 70 mm. Buenos Ayres. White.
4-6. 60 mm. Parana. Salmin.
7-9. 25 mm. R. Grande do Sul. von Ihering.
10-1]. Dried. Cordova.
12 (co-type of C. ehrhardti). Joinville, Steindachner,
of the Genus Corydoras. 213
6. Corydoras garbet,
R. von Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paulist. viii, 1910, p. 383 (1911).
Depth of body 22 in the length, length of head 3. Snout
2 in length of head, interorbital width a little more than 2,
diameter of eye 34. Barbels reaching gill-opening, Dorsal
spine shorter than that of pectoral; base of dorsal longer
than distance from adipose fin, which is preceded by 1 or 2
median scutes. A series of 5 spots along the side and 4
along the back; dorsal blackish anteriorly ; caudal with 4
cross-bars.
Length 50 mm,
Rio San Francisco,
7. Corydoras agasstziv.
? Corydoras ambiacus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1871, p. 280.
Geer as SARE, Steind, Sitzungsb. Akad. Wien, Ixxiv. 1877, p. 138,
=o Xe, HOY,
@ dorydaras punctatus, Kigenm. & Higenm. Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. i,
1890, p. 472.
Depth of body 23 to 23 in the length, length of head 33.
Snout nearly } length of head; diameter of eye 4 in length
of head, interorbital width 2. Suborbital narrow, separated
by a broad naked space from upper lip; barbels reaching
gill-opening ; operculum twice as deep as broad. Dorsal 17;
spine ? length of head; soft rays decreasing from first, which
is longer than spine ; edge of fin slightly concave ; base equal
to distance from adipose fin, which is preceded by 3 median
scutes. Anal 16-7. Pectoral spine extending beyond base
of pelvics. Scutes 23/21; humeral shields not in contact
below, each separated by one scute from base of pelvic fin,
Sides with small brown spots; a yellowish lateral band
bearing 3 longitudinal series of spots ; dorsal blackish ante-
riorly and with series of spots on the rays; caudal barred with
series of spots; anal spotted ; pelvics and anal immaculate,
Amazon.
Total length 60 mm,
1. 25 mm, R, Jurua. Bach,
This specimen is too small for description, but shows the
characteristic deep snout and narrow operculum,
8, Corydoras multimaculatus.
Steind. Anz, Akad. Wien, 1907, p. 291.
Depth of hody 2? to more than 24 in the length, length of
Ann, & Mag, N. Hist, Ser. 8. Vol. x, 15
914 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Leviszon
head 3. Snout 12 to nearly 2 in the length of head, diameter
of eye 5, interorbital width 2. Barbels reaching gill-opening.
Dorsal I 8 ; height of fin 12 to 1} in depth of body ; base
equal to distance from adipose fin, which is preceded by 2
median scutes. AnalI 6. Scutes 22/20. Head, body, and
fins with numerous small dark spots.
Rio Preto, Bahia.
Total length 44 mm.
9. Corydoras julit.
Steind. Anz. Akad. Wien, 1906, p. 480.
Depth of body 24 to 22 in the length, length of head 3 to 33.
Snout 2 in length of head, diameter of eye 4, interorbital width
2. Barbels not reaching gill-opening. Dorsal 18; spine a
little shorter than that of pectoral, which is as long as head;
3 median scutes before adipose fin. AnalI6. Scutes 21/20.
Head, upper 2 of body, dorsal and caudal fins with numerous
small dark spots, those on the caudal forming 7 to 10 trans-
verse series. A lateral series of larger spots and a large
black spot on upper part of dorsal fin.
R. Parahim.
Total length 52 mm.
10. Corydoras elegans.
Steind. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wien, Ixxiv. 1876, p.471; Kigenm. & Eigenm.
Oce. Pap. Calif, Acad. i. 1890, -p. 469.
Depth of body 23 in the length, length of head 33 to 4.
Snout as long as or a little longer than postorbital part of
head; diameter of eye 3} to 33 in the length of head, inter-
orbital width 2. Suborbital narrow ; barbel extending to
gill-opening ; breadth of operculum more than } its depth.
Dorsal 1 7; spine as long as or a little shorter than head ;
rays decreasing from first or second, which are longer than
spine; free edge straight or slightly convex; base about
equal to distance from adipose fin, which is preceded by 2 or
3 median scutes. Anal 1 6. Pectoral spine as long as head,
extending beyond base of pelvics. Scutes 22-23/20; humeral
shields not in contact, each separated by 1 or 13 scutes from
base of pelvic fin. Yellowish; 3 series of brownish spots
along middle of side; above them a brown band tapering
posteriorly and a narrow band on each side of back ; dorsal
blackish superiorly ; other fins immaculate.
Amazon (Cudajas and Teffé).
1-6. 40-50 mm. Cudajas. Mus, Comp. Zool.
of the Genus Corydoras. 215
11. Corydoras trilineatus.
Cope, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1871, p. 281, pl. vi. fig. 2.
? Corydoras acutus, Cope, 1. ¢.
Very closely related to C. elegans, but with a larger eye,
its diameter + the length of head in a specimen of 49 mm.
A yellowish lateral band with brownish margin above and
below and blackish median line ; dorsal rays blackish supe-
riorly ; caudal barred; anal spotted.
Ambyiacu R.
According to HKigenmann this species is the same as (Q,
agassicit, but it has the shorter snout and broader operculum
of C. elegans.
12. Corydoras punctatus.
Cataphractus punctatus, Bloch, Ausl. Fisch. pl. ceclxxvii. fig. 2 (1794).
A species resembling C. elegans and C. trilineatus in form
and in coloration, the dorsal fin blackish superiorly and some
spots along the middle of the side; caudal barred,
Surinam.
13. Corydoras raimundt,
Steind. Anz. Akad. Wien, 1907, p. 84.
Depth of body 3 to 4 in the length, length of head 3} to 3},
Diameter of eye 5 to 6 in the length of head, interorbital
width 2, length of snout 2. DorsalI 8. Anal I6. Pectoral
fin usually a little shorter than head. Scutes 23-25/22-23.
3 longitudinal series of greyish-violet spots on the body ;
a blackish band across middle of dorsal fin; caudal with
cross-bars.
Rio Parnahyba near Victoria,
14. Corydoras armatus.
Callichthys armatus, Giinth. Proc, Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 230, fig.
? Corydoras amphibelus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1871, p. 282.
Depth of body 22 to 24 in the length, length of head 3},
Snout a little longer than eye, the diameter of which is 3} in
the length of head ; interorbital width 2. Suborbital narrow,
its depth less than 4 diameter of eye ; barbel not reaching
gill-opening. Dorsal I 7-8 ; spine as long as depth of body
below it; soft rays decreasing from first, which is a little
shorter than spine; base equal to or a little more than
distance from adipose fin, which is preceded by 4 or 5
median scutes. Anal I 6-7. Pectoral spine as long as or
15*
216 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision
longer than head, extending to or beyond middle of pelvics.
Scutes 22-23/20 ; humeral shields not in contact below, each
separated by one scute from base of pelvic fin. Sides with
small dark spots, strongest anteriorly, and forming longitu-
dinal series above and below the lateral line ; traces of spots
on dorsal rays; other fins immaculate.
R. Avwiazon.
1-2 (types). 60 mm. Xeberos.
Higgins.
3-4. 55 mm. Huallagas, ”
5-8, 30-35 mm. R. Jurua. Bach.
According to Cope’s description C. amphibelus seems to
differ from C. armatus only in the barred caudal fin.
15. Corydoras polystictus, sp. n.
Depth of body 24 to 23 in the length, length of head 3 to
34. Snout strongly decurved, a little longer than diameter
of eye, which is 3 in the length of head; interorbital width 2.
Suborbital narrow; barbel nearly reaching gill-opening.
Dorsal I 7; spine nearly as long as head; soft rays de-
creasing from first, which is as long as or a little longer than
spine ; base more than distance from adipose fin, which is
preceded by 2 median scutes. Anal 16. Pectoral spine as
long as head, extending to middle of pelvics. Scutes 21-
22/19~20. Longitudinal series of small dark spots on sides
of body and on rays of dorsal fin ; other fins immaculate.
1-2 (types). 35 mm. Descalvados, Matto Grosso. Ternetz.
16. Corydoras melanistius, sp. n.
Callichthys punctatus (non Bloch), Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 229 (1864).
Depth of body 23 in the length, length of head 33.
Snout nearly 3 length of head; diameter of eye 34 in the
length of head, interorbital width 2 to 21. Suborbital
narrow, its depth about $ diameter of eye; barbel not
reaching gill-opening, Dorsal I 7; spine as long as head ;
soft rays decreasing from first, which is as long as spine ;
base a little more than distance from adipose fin, which is
preceded by 4 median scutes. Anal 16. Pectoral spine as
long as or longer than head, extending to or beyond middle
of pelvics. Scutes 21-23/19-20; humeral shields not in
contact below, each separated by one scute from base of
pelvic fin. 38 or 4 series of small dark spots on side; dorsal
fin blackish, the colour extending on to the back below it ;
other fins pale, immaculate.
1-2 (types). 50 mm. Exssequibo, Ehrhardt.
of the Genus Corydoras. 217
17. Corydoras hastatus.
Figenm. & Eigenm. Proc. Calif. Acad. (2) i. 1888, p. 166, and Occ.
Pap. Calif. Acad. i. 1890, p. 474.
Depth of body 2? in the length, length of head 3%. Diam-
eter of eye 34 in length of head and 2 in interorbital width.
Barbels not extending beyond eye. Dorsal I 7-8; spine
nearly as long as head. Anal 7-8. Pectoral spine a little
longer than dorsal spine. Scutes 22/20; humeral shields
not incontact below. Light brown; a jet-black lateral band
ending at base of caudal in a large arrow-shaped spot,
bordered posteriorly with white and again with a narrow
blackish margin ; minute black points on body and fins.
Amazon at Villa Bella.
Corydoras australis, HKigenm. & Ward (Ann. Carnegie
Mus. iv. 1907, p. 123), from Paraguay, is said to be very
closely related to hastatus, and perhaps identical with it ; it
has the same caudal spot, but the lateral band is represented
by an indistinct dusky line.
18. Corydoras undulatus, sp. n.
Corydoras microps (non Higenm. & Kennedy), Eigenm. & Ward, Ann.
Carnegie Mus. iv. 1907, p. 128, pl. xxxviii. figs. 2, 3.
Depth of body 24 to 24 in the length, length of head 34 to
4. Diameter of eye 5 to 6 in length of head, interorbital
width 13 to 1#. Snout nearly as long as postorbital part of
head ; preorbital narrow; barbel nearly or quite reaching
gill-opening. Occipital plate a little longer than broad.
Dorsal I 7-8; spine 2 length of head; second and third soft
rays longest, fifth as long as spine ; base of fin longer than
distance from adipose, which is preceded by 3 or 4 median
scutes. Anal 1 7. Caudal deeply emarginate. Pectoral
spine extending to base of pelvics. Scutes 1%; humeral
shields not in contact below, on each side separated by a
single scute from base of pelvics. Yellowish, with dark
purplish spots tending to run together, forming undulating
longitudinal bands ; fins with or without series of spots.
La Plata.
1 (type). 55 mm. La Plata, Wolterstorff.
2-3. 35 mm. 3 Arnold,
19. Corydoras melanotenia, sp. n.
Depth of body 3} to 33 in the length, length of head 33
to 33. Diameter of eye 54 in the length of head, interorbital
218 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision
width 23 to 2}. Snout } the length of head; suborbital a
little narrower than diameter of eye ; barbel nearly or quite
reaching gill-opening. Dorsal I 7; spine about 2 length of
head; 3 or 4 rays longer than spine; edge of fin slightly
convex; base nearly equal to distance from adipose fin,
which is preceded by 3 or 4 median scutes. Anall 6. Pec-
toral spine extending to base of pelvic. Scutes $=; humeral
shields widely separated below, and each separated by one
scute from base of pelvic fin. Brownish above, yellowish
below ; a broad blackish lateral band; fins immaculate.
Colombia.
1-2 (types). 50 mm. Honda. Leighton.
From C. eneus of the same size they differ in the more
elongate form, smaller head, longer snout, narrower inter-
orbital region, and more numerous scutes:
20. Corydoras ceneus.
Hoplosoma eneum, Gill, Ann. Lyc. N. York, vi. 1858, p. 403.
Corydoras microps, Kigenm. & Kennedy, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1903,
p. 506.
? Corydoras venezuelanus, R. von Ihering, Rev. Mus, Paulist. viii. 1911,
Pp: 385,
Depth of body 24 to 3 in the length, length of head 3} to
32, Diameter of eye 5 to 6 in length of head, interorbital
width 2. Snout as long as or longer than postorbital part of
head ; suborbital not very narrow, in the adult its depth
about equals the diameter of eye or its distance from upper
lip; barbels usually extending to gill-opening. Dorsal 17-8;
spine ? to # the length of head; first or second soft rays
longest, 2 to 6 rays longer than spine, free edge slightly
convex; base about equal to distance from adipose fin,
which is preceded by 3 to 5 median scutes. Anal I 6-7.
Caudal deeply emarginate. Pectoral spine extending to or
beyond base of pelvics. Scutes [= ; humeral shields not in
contact below, on each side separated by a single scute from
base of pelvic fins. Brownish above, yellowish below; a
blackish lateral band broadening anteriorly into a blotch,
which may join others on occiput and at base of dorsal fin ;
fins immaculate.
Trinidad to La Plata.
1-3. 70 mm. Granada. Higgins,
4-5. 50-60 mm. Trinidad. Guppy.
6-8. 40 mm. a3 Hart.
9. 60 mm. Urucum, Matto Grosso. Borelli.
10-11. 40-50 mm. Carandasinho, Matto Grosso. nr
12. 70 mm. Sara, Bolivia. Steinbach,
of the Genus Corydoras. 219
21. Corydoras nattereri.
Steind. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wien, xxiv. 1877, p. 145, pl. xi. fig. 1.
Corydoras juquie, R. yon Ihering, Rey. Mus. Paulist. i. 1907, p. 37.
Depth of body 22 to 3 in the length, length of head 3} to
34. Diameter of eye 34 to 4 in the length of head, inter-
orbital width 2} to 24. Snout blunt, shorter than postorbital
part of head; suborbital narrow, less than diameter of eye ;
barbels just reaching gill-opening. Occipital plate longer
than broad. Dorsal [7 ; spine 2 to + the length of head ;
free edge of fin straight, the rays decreasing from the first ;
1, 2, or 3 longer than spine; base about equal to distance
from adipose fin, which is preceded by 2 to 4 median scutes.
Anal I 5-7. Caudal deeply emarginate. Pectoral spine
reaching anterior part or middle of pelvics. Scutes ee
humeral shields not in contact below, on each side separated
by one scute from base of pelvics. A dark lateral band
broadening forwards ; a dark spot below anterior part of
dorsal fin ; fins immaculate.
Eastern Brazil.
1-2. 50-55 mm. Rio Janeiro. R. von Ihering.
3-4 (co-types of C. gugwe), R, Juquia, 8. Paulo. 3
50-55 mm,
22. Corydoras macrosteus, sp. n.
Depth of body 22 to 3 in the length, length of head 32 to
34, Diameter of eye 6 in length of head, interorbital width 2.
Snout 4 the length of head or less ; suborbital deep, 14 the
diameter of eye and twice its distance from the upper lip ;
barbels reaching gill-opening. Occipital plate longer than
broad ; process with concave edges. Dorsal I 7; spine 4
the length of head or less ; fin rounded, with 5 or 6 rays
longer than spine; base less than distance from adipose fin,
which is preceded by 3 or 4 median scutes. Anal I 6.
Caudal emarginate. Pectoral spine reaching base of pelvics.
Scutes =="; humeral shields not in contact, on each side
separated by one scute from base of pelvic fins. Brownish
above, yellowish below ; a broad dark lateral band tapering
backwards ; fins dusky.
San Paulo, Brazil.
1-4 (types). 60 mm. Rio Piracicaba, San Paulo. R. von Ihering.
220 Mr. R. 8. Bagnall on the Classification
23. Corydoras eques.
Steind. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wien, lxxiyv. 1877, p. 140, pl. xii. fig. 3:
Depth of body 23 inthe length, length of head 34. Diami-
eter of eye 4 in length of head, interorbital width 23. Snout
as long as postorbital part of head; suborbital very deep,
reaching upper lip; barbel reaching gill-cpening. Dorsal 17;
spine nearly as long as head ; free edge of fin convex, with 2
rays longer than spine 3 3 median scutes before adipose fin.
Anal I 7. Caudal emarginate. Pectoral spine reaching
middle of pelvics. Scutes ==$; humeral shields large,
reaching base of pelvics and meeting below. Brownish
above, yellowish below, with a broad blackish lateral band
tapering backwards ; fins immaculate.
Amazons (Teffé and Cudajas).
XXV.—Some Considerations in regard to the Classification
of the Order Thysanoptera. By RicHarp 8S. BAGNALL,
F.L.S., F.E.S., Hope Department of Zoology, University
Museum, Oxford.
Since my papers on the Urothripide were published *, I
have come to the conclusion that in retaining that family as
a family of the suborder Tubulifera unnecessary difficulties
will be created. I have already shown that whereas Uro-
thrips superficially resembles the Tubulifera very closely, it
really differs from true Tubulifera more strongly in its
structure than do the members of the suborder Terebrantia ;
or, in other words, the two suborders Tubulifera and Tere-
brantia are more closely related to each other than Urothrips
to either. JI am now convinced that the only course one can
reasonably take is to erect a new suborder for the reception
of the family Urothripidee, for which I propose the name
POLYSTIGMATA,
suggested by the character that appears to me to be of the
greatest taxonomic value.
It will be well to briefly diagnose the three suborders.
* Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 1909, vii. pp. 125-136, pl. iii.,
& Mém. 1 Congrés International d’Entomologie, 1910, pp. 283-288.
of the Order Thysanoptera. 221
Order THYSANOPTERA.
I, Eleven pairs of stigmata present; hind pair of core most widely
separated; palpi single-jointed. (Species bearing a close general
resemblance to the Tubulifera ; ocelli and wings absent ; antennse
7-jointed, joints broad and strongly characteristic; spiracular
openings large and protected externally by specialized dorso-
lateral papilla ; ninth abdominal segment elongated, longer than
the preceding ; intermediate terminal hairs obsolete.)
Suborder Potystiamara, mihi,
Containing the family Urothripide, Bagnall.
II. Not more than four pairs of stigmata present ; intermediate pair of
coxe most widely separated ; palpi never less than 2-jointed.
1, Female without an ovipositor; last abdominal seement tubular in
both sexes (ninth abdominal segment not exceptionally elongated,
and intermediate terminal hairs present; antennse composed of
eight more or less strongly elongated and slender joints *, certain
of which bear one or more sense-cones), Lower and upper
wings, when present, similar in structure, with only one median
longitudinal vein, which is only partially developed, sometimes
obsolete, and never reaches the tip of wing.
Suborder Tusutrrera, Haliday.
Containing the diagnosed families Phiwothripide, Haliday, and
Idolothripide, Bagnall.
2. Female with a saw-like ovipositor; last abdominal segment
usually conical, that of male unlike the females and usually
bluntly rounded. Fore wing with at least one longitudinal
vein reaching from base to tip of wing. (The structure of the
wings, palpi, antenne, and ovipositor affords good characters for
tabulating the families.) Suborder TEREBRANTIA, Haliday.
Containing the diagnosed families Holothripide, Haliday, and
Thripide, Haliday.
When Uzel monographed the Thysanoptera in 1895 the
ultra-Kuropean species were unworked. Since then the
North-American forms have received a good deal of attention,
whilst material from tropical and subtropical regions is
being received and dealt with. As a natural consequence,
highly specialized forms and groups of species that cannot
be regarded as members of the previously diagnosed families
have been discovered, though the tendency with workers in
the order has been to regard the three families Phlceo-
thripide, @olothripide, and Thripide as fixed and to fit
new and specialized genera into one or the other. To
eliminate difficulties as far as possible, I think it very
desirable to make certain divisions and subdivisions to
receive certain genera and groups, but shall be able to write
more on this matter when I have had the opportunity of
* A few species possess 7-jointed antennz, undoubtedly derived by the
fusion of the seventh and eighth joints.
222 Miss S. L. M. Summers on Blood-sucking
working out certain anomalous material now in my
possession.
In the meantime I would recommend that the following
specialized genera be regarded as the types of distinct divisions,
which we may, for the moment, regard as families :—
TEREBRANTIA.
Heterothrips, Hood (nec Buffa) (THRipm#), on account of the
structure and segmentation of the antennz, the character of the
sensoria, and the tarsal appendages. H&TEROTHRIPID#, mihi.
Panchetothrips, Bagnall (THRiPID#), on account of the structure of
the head, the abdomen, last abdominal segment and ovipositor in female,
and venation of fore wings. PANCHZTOTHRIPIDA, mihi,
Ceratothrips, Reuter, chiefly on account of the 6-jointed antenne,
which possess only a single-jointed style, the reduction in the antennal
joints not being caused by fusion. CERATOTHRIPIDZ#, mihi.
TUBULIFERA.
Ecacanthothrips, Bagnall (PHL@oTHRIPID#), chiefly on account of the
specialized antennal sense-cones congregated (in the form of numerous
fingers) on the third antennal joint. EcACANTHOTHRIPID&, mihi.
XXVI.—Entomological Notes from the London School of
Tropical Medicine.—No. 1V. Blood-sucking Diptera from
Port Darwin, Australia. By Sorta L. M. Summers,
M.A., B.Se., Carnegie Student of Aberdeen University.
Dr. CG. L. STRANGMAN has recently presented to the School
a collection of blood-sucking flies collected by himself in
Port Darwin and its neighbourhood, in the northern territory
of the Government of South Australia. It includes eighteen
species, and as very little seems to be known of the blood-
sucking Diptera of this part of the world, it seems advisable
in describing several of the new forms to put the names of
all the species on record. All the identifications have been
confirmed from the collections in the British Museum
(Natural History) and may therefore be regarded as
authentic.
I take this opportunity of renewing my acknowledgments
to Messrs. E. EK. Austen and F. W. Edwards for their
kindness in giving me access to the collections in their
charge.
Diptera from Port Darwin, Australia. 223
Family Culicide.
Subfamily Cuzrerz.
Section CULICINI.
1. Teniorhynchus brevicellulus, Theob.
This species exhibits a considerable range of variety in
colour.
2. Mansonioides uniformis (Theob.).
3. Stegomyta fasciata, Fabr.
4, Ochlerotatus vigilax (Skuse).
These four species appear to be common.
5. Mucidus alternans, Westwood.
Section ANOPHELINI.
6. Anopheles (Myzorhynchus) bancroftii, Giles.
Appears to be common.
I leave the name, as these specimens are not in the best
condition, but for my own part I am convinced there is no
difference between this species and A. barbirostris, V. de
Wulp. The spots in the fringe are not merely variable in
this and other species of the subgenus, but also they depend
to some extent on the angle from which the light is
reflected.
7. Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) annulipes, Walker.
This specimen has been compared with those in the
British Museum (Nat. Hist.) and differs only in having
scales on all the abdominal terga. Scales are extremely
scanty on the first tergum, slightly more numerous on the
second, still more numerous on the third, and fairly abundant
on all the rest. If the artificial classification of Theobald
were adopted this specimen would be included in the
“oenus” Neocellia. ‘There seems good reason to suppose
that in the subgenns Nyssorhynchus, using the term in a wide
sense, to include all the forms catalogued by Theobald under
Nyssorhynchus, Neocellia, and Cellia, the amount of the
scaling on the abdomen is often a fluctuating and inconstant
character.
224 Miss 8S. L. M. Summers on Blood-suching
Family Tabanide.
Subfamily Tapaviva.
8. Tabanus brevivitta, Walker.
9. Tabanus serus, Walker.
10. Tabanus cinerascens, King.
These three species seem to be common.
11. Tabanus sp. prox. serus, Walker.
Three females which have been stewed in their own juice,
and are consequently too much discoloured for description,
resemble 7’. serus very closely, but differ: (1) the antenna are
entirely black, while in 7. serus only the tips are biack ;
(2) the front is much narrower and the frontal callus is of
quite a different shape.
12. Tabanus elestéem, sp. 2.
13. Tabanus badius, sp. n.
14. Tabanus anellosus, sp. n.
Subfamily Paveowrwa.
15. Silvius strangmani, sp. ».
16. Silvius mansoni, sp. n.
17. Silvius alcocki, sp. n.
Family Muscide.
Subfamily Svouoxrrvz.
18. Lyperosia exigua, Meijere.
This seems to be the first record of any species of Lyperosia
from Australia. According to Dr. Strangman, it is known
locally as the buffalo-fly.
DIAGNOSES OF THE NEW SPECIES.
Tabanus elestéem, sp. n.
Smallish species, length 12 mm.
Two females.
Face and palps hoary, covered with long white hairs; palps
a little more than half the length of the proboscis, which is
black and rather slender for a Tabanus.
Diptera from Port Darwin, Australia. 225
Antenne dark rusty brown, the first two segments covered
with short black bristles; basal angle of the third well
pronounced,
Front wide, maximum breadth one-sixth that of the head,
sides slightly convergent anteriorly, grey with some sparse
hairs. Frontal callus in two parts, namely a large tumid
shiny plug filling the whole front just above the antenne,
and a short somewhat ill-defined streak above. Eyes quite
bare.
The denuded scutum is dark rusty brown inclining to
black; scutel/um reddish brown.
Legs: first pair black, except the proximal two-thirds of
the tibize, which are reddish brown ; the other two pairs are
reddish yellow, except the tarsi and tip of the tibice, which are
dark brown.
Wings hyaline, with a long dark brown spot at the distal
end of the first longitudinal vein; the root of the veins is
light brown, the rest dark brown. ‘The upper branch of the
third longitudinal vein is angulated, a short blind branch
running inwards from the angle. Ha/teres reddish brown.
The abdomen (which is badly rubbed) appears dorsally to be
seven-striped—three light stripes alternating with four black ;
the middle stripe, which is whitish, is strikingly distinct, the
two dorso-lateral light stripes are not so distinct.
Tabanus badius, sp. n.
Also a smallish species, length 11 mm,
Four females.
face grey, with long white hairs ; palps about nine-tenths
the length of the proboscis, light brown frosted with white ;
proboscis black, rather slender for a Tabanus.
Antenne brown, black at the tip ; first two segments with
stout black hairs.
Front uniformly narrow (sides parallel), about one-ninth
the breadth of the head, dirty yellow with numerous short
black hairs. Frontal cal/us shiny black, racquet-shaped
with the handle slender and not always well defined. Hyes
quite bare.
Scutum and scutellum black, with a greyish dust and
scattered golden and black hairs.
Legs: first pair black, except the proximal half to two
thirds of tibiae which are reddish brown; second and third
pairs reddish brown, tarsi black.
Wings hyaline, with a long very light brown spot at the
distal end of the first longitudinal vein ; veins dark brown,
Halteres reddish brown,
226 Miss 8. L. M. Summers on Blood-sucking
Abdomen reddish brown; distal segments darker, with
scattered hairs, of which many are black and a few golden.
This species can be readily distinguished from 1’. elestéem
by the parallel-sided and much narrower front, by the shape
of the frontal callus, by the very much longer palps, and by
the nearly uniformly coloured abdomen,
Tabanus anellosus, sp, n.
Small species, length 9 mm,
Five females.
Face grey, with long white hairs. Pulps reddish yellow,
slender, about two-thirds the length of the proboscis, which
is black and remarkably slender.
Antenne reddish brown, the rings of the third segment
black, and the basal tooth acuminate.
Front uniformly narrow, one-ninth the breadth of the head,
dirty yellow; frontal callus elongate triangular, shiny black.
Eyes quite bare.
Scutum and scutellum black, with grey dust and scattered
hairs, black and a few golden.
Legs: femora and tarsi of all the legs black ; tibiz of the
first pair black with red base, tibize of the second and third
pairs reddish brown with black tip.
Wings hyaline, with a long brown mark at the distal end
of the first longitudinal vein. Haléeres dark brown.
Abdomen: the first three segments of a reddish-brown
colour, the second having a small black median triangle ;
the remaining segments black. At the hinder edge of each
segment is a row of golden hairs, which on the black segments
form distinct fine cross-bands.
Silvius mansoni, sp. n.
Length 11:6-13 mm.
Four females.
Face grey, with long white or yellowish-white hairs ; pa/ps
a little more than three-quarters the length of the proboscis,
extremely slender, reddish brown with black abruptly truncate
tip ; proboscis black, long and slender,
Antenne reddish brown, third segment broadly triangular
at base and then becoming very slender.
Front wide, about one-sixth the width of head, slightly
convergent anteriorly, dirty yellow. Frontal callus shiny
black, divided into two parts—the upper elongate triangular,
almost racquet-shaped, prolonged to the ocelli which are very
distinct; the lower a large shiny black plug. yes quite
bare.
Diptera from Port Darwin, Australia. 227
Scutum and scutellum black dusted with grey, with curved
golden hairs.
Legs reddish brown, tarsi dark brown. Spines on the
hind tibiae small but conspicuous in a specimen cleared and
mounted in Canada balsam, Spurson the middle tibiz long
and stout.
Wings hyaline, with a long pale yellow spot at the distal
end of the first longitudinal vein, subcostal vein very pale
yellow ; other veins dark brown. Halteres reddish brown.
Abdomen reddish brown, with black and golden hairs ; the
last two or three segments dark brown or black.
I have much pleasure in naming this species after
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., &e.
Silvius alcockt, sp. n.
Small species, length 9 mm.
Two females.
Face grey, with long grey hairs ; palps light brown, slender,
about two-thirds the length of the proboscis, which is black,
long, and slender.
Antenne black; third segment with a distinct Tabanus-
like basal angle.
Front uniformly wide, about one-sixth the breadth of the
head, grey. Frontal callus a rather narrow stripe, neither
prominent nor shiny, squarely dilated above the root of tie
antenne and somewhat triangularly dilated higher up.
Ocelli distinct but not prominent. yes quite bare.
Scutum (denuded) with three dark brown stripes, of which
the median one is the broadest ; scutellum black.
Legs black, the tibize and tarsi of the second pair perhaps
not quite so dark as other parts; spurs on the hind tibia
strong and conspicuous, reddish brown.
Wings hyaline, with a very dark brown, almost black,
spot at the distal end of the first longitudinal vein. Halteres
very dark brown.
Abdomen reddish brown to warm sepia, the anterior
segments lighter than the others. The extreme hind margin
of every segment is lighter and is clad with whitish hairs, so
that the whole abdomen appears narrowly cross-banded.
Silvius strangmant, sp. n.
Small species, length 9 mm,
Two females.
Face dark grey, with dark grey hairs, Pulps very slender,
about two-thirds the length of the proboscis, truncate tips,
reddish brown. Proboscis black, long and slender,
228 Mr. O. Thomas on
Antenne reddish brown; third segment broadly triangular
at the base.
Front uniformly wide, about one-sixth the breadth of the
head. Frontal callus black, tumid and very shiny, consisting
of two separate parts—namely, a large trapezium completely .
filling the space above the base of the antennee, and a smaller
somewhat oval patch higher up. Ocelli large and very
prominent. Hyes quite bare.
Scutum and scutellum (denuded) dark.
Legs reddish brown, tibie and tarsi of first pair black.
Spurs on hind tibize small, reddish brown.
Wings hyaline, with a long light-brown spot at the distal
end of the first longitudinal vein. Halteres dark brown.
Abdomen very distinctly cross-banded—the after edge of
every segment being light brown ; the rest of the segment
being purplish brown in the case of the first two seoments,
blackish brown in the case of the other segments.
This species is very similar to §&. alcocki in size and
general appearance. It can be distinguished from the latter,
however, by having no angle on the third segment of the
antenne. ‘lhe colour of the legs is different and the spines
on the hind tibiz are not so distinct. The abdomen in this
species is darker in colour and more distinctly banded.
XXVII.— Two new Species of Nasua.
By Ouprinip THomas.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Nasua candace, sp, n.
Allied to N. dorsalis, but the black dorsal line scarcely
defined.
Size about as in WN. nasua, though the teeth are smaller.
General colour above tawny ochraceous, a median darker
area, 2-3 in. in breadth, extending from the nape to the
base of the tail, but not forming a sharply defined black
dorsal line as in dorsalis. Aloug this area the hairs are
cream-buff basally, with tawny or ochraceous tips and black
subterminal rings. Under surface brown, the tips of the
hairs buffy, throat and chest cream-buff. Muzzle brown.
Ears thickly hairy, blackish with white edges. Forearms
pale buffy to the metacarpus; digits dark brown, Hind
limbs smoky brown, some of the hairs, especially on the
metatarsus, pale buffy. Tail heavily haired, completely
ringed with black and pale buffy, about 7-8 rings present.
new Species of' Nasua. 229
Skull very like that of N. nasua in size and the proportions
of the muzzle, Nasal opening not showing evidence of a
specially lengthened snout, as is the case in N. vittata.
Palatal foramina oblong, pointed behind. Canines less
broadened at the base than in male N. nasua. Molars
conspicuously smaller than in that animal, as small as in
N. montana and quichua.
Dimensions of the type (measured in the skin) :—
Head and body 750 mm.; tail 470; hind foot 90;
ear 31.
Skull: greatest length 180 ; condylo-basal length (c.) 122 ;
zygomatic breadth 64; interorbital breadth 25°7 ; breadth
of brain-case 43 ; breadth of muzzle behind canines 18°5 ;
palatal length 80; front of canine to back of m* 46:3 ;
breadth of canine at base 8; length of molar series 18°6 ;
m', length 6°4, breadth 6:1.
Hab. Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia.
Type. Subadult male. B.M. no. 73.4, 23.5. Collected
by Mr. J. K. Salmon.
This Nasua has been many years in the Museum collection
under the provisional name of N. dorsalis, but it may be
distinguished from that animal by the greater length and
diffusion of the darker dorsal area, which does not form a
defined black line, and by the pale buffy forearms, these
being dark rufous in the alliedform, From all the members
of the N. nasua group it is separable by its much smaller
teeth.
N. dorsalis is a native of Peru and Ecuador, and the
present species is a more northern representative of it.
Nasua manium, sp. 0B.
N. nasua group. Premaxille short. Posterior back
blackish.
Size about as in N. nasua. General colour above dark
grizzled tawny, the pasterior back black mesially. Under
surface brown, dull whitish on throat, chest, axilla, and
inguinal region. Head greyish brown, without defined
markings. Kars dark with light edges, a well-defined whitish
streak on the sides of the neck below them. Arms and legs
grizzled tawny, hands and feet dark brown. Tail rather short,
black, with six lighter rings, which are narrow and more
or less incomplete above, especially terminally.
Skull agreeing in size with that of N. nasua, but the
nasal opening and premaxille are short, and the anterior
palatine foramina are short, broad, and rounded, quite
Ann. & Mag, N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 16
230 On a new Desert-Lark.
different from the narrowed foramina of the other species.
Canines less broad at their bases than in N. nasua. Molars
large, m! with a well-developed internal cusp.
Dimensions of the type :—
Hind foot (dry) 90 mm.
Skull: greatest length 130; condylo-basal length 120;
zygomatic “breadth 62; length of nasals in middle line 36 ;
interorbital breadth Q7 ; breadth of brain-case 47 ; palatal
length 77 ; palatal foramina 5 ; front of canine to back of
m®? 46; length of molar series 21:3; m!', length 7°7,
breadth 6°8.
Hab. Balzar Mts., N.W. of Guayaquil, Western Ecuador.
Type. Subadult male. B.M. no. 80.5.6.78. Collected
by Mr. Illingworth.
This is the representative of N. nasua in the coast country
to the west of the Andes. The little N. olivacea is also
found in Ecuador, as is the intermediate sized N. qguichua,
Thos,
XX VIIL.-—Description of a new Desert-Lark from the Central
Western Sahara. By Ernst Harter.
THe mountains and stony desert-tracts of the northern
Sahara are inhabited by sand-coloured Desert-Larks which
are now generally looked upon as races of Ammomanes deserti.
Thus in the Algerian Sahara a reddish subspecies, Ammomanes
deserti algeriensis, is common in suitable places. On the
expedition to In Salah I found the latter as far south as about
30 kilometres north of El Golea, but after that it ceased
entirely, and did not occur again until we came to the banks
of the waterless Oued Saret, where it suddenly was in evidence
again, but ina conspicuously different form, which I propose
to name
Ammomanes deserti mya, subsp. n.,
after the River or Oued Mya, in the system of which we
only found this bird.
This form does not much differ in colour from A. d. alge-
riensis, though it is generally less reddish, especially on the
rump, and the tail-feathers are more blackish on the inner
webs ; but it differs considerably in size: wing of males 107-
111, of females 97-101 mm., i. e. about 6-7 mm. longer
than in A. d., algeriensis ; tail about 74-76°5 min. The bill
On Heterocera from Costa Rica. 231
is much longer and thicker and generally of a brighter
yellow.
The song is also different from that of the smaller northern
form, and will be described elsewhere.
Type of Ammomanes deserti mya: 8, no. 200. Oued
Mya, 7. iv. 1912. In the Tring Museum.
XXIX.—New Species of Heterocera from Costa Rica. —X VII.
By W. Scuaus, F.Z.S,
Geometride.
Subfam. Bosruiuyz,
Semiothisa lydia, sp, n.
9. Body brownish grey, with some darker irrorations on
abdomen, Wings greyish white, almost obscured by grey
strie, and some scattered black irrorations ; lines grey-
brown ; medial line coarse, wavily dentate ; postmedial fine,
lunular dentate, closely followed by a broad dull shade of the
same colour, reaching termen, but slightly mottled with
ground-colour on termen at middle of outer margins. Fore
wings: a fine antemedial line angled on subcostal; a dark
streak on discocellular; some white mottlings at apex.
Hind wings: a black discal point. Wings below whiter,
mottled with grey-brown striz ; the veins yellow-brown ;
the lines dark brown ; the postmedial lunular and the shade
following it narrower; on fore wings the white ground-
colour is partly shaded with yellowish. Outer margin of
fore wing sinuous, of hind wing bluntly angled,
Expanse 26 mm,
Hab. Tuis, Sixola,
Semiothisa delia, sp. n.
2. Very similar to S. lydia, Schs.; the outer margin of
fore wing more deeply sinuous, of hind wing more sharply
angled; ground-colour whiter, the markings all dark brownish
slate-colour ; the hind wings with medial line much broader,
suffusing with striz to near base. Underneath the same
difference in colour is noticeable, and the veins are dark
brown, not yellow-brown.
Eixpanse 28 mm.
Hab, Juan Vinas, Sitio,
16%
232 Mr. W. Schaus on.
Apicia flextlis, sp. n.
6. Palpi and frons brown. Vertex grey. Collar grey,
mottled with fuscous. Thorax and abdomen whitish buff,
the latter irrorated with black dorsally. Wings whitish buff
to outer line, then tinged with lilacine brown, thinly irrorated
with black scales, partly connected by dark strie, chiefly on
hind wings; black discal points. Fore wings: antemedial
line very fine and indistinct, outangled, marked by a darker
point on subcostal ; outer line from apex to middle of inner
margin lilacine white, finely wavy, preceded by a dull green
shade and some black in places ; subterminal fuscous points
between veins 3 and 4, and 5 and 6. Hind wings: a post-
medial line near cell like outer line of fore wing; a faint
subterminal lilacine line, preceded by a dull green shade.
Wings below dull whitish; a subterminal broad brownish
shade suffusing with greyish termen at apices and at tornus
of fore wing. Fore wings heavily striated with brown ;
traces of a fuscous outer line; a black line on discocellular.
Hind wings: some strie on costal half; a black discal
oint.
Expanse 27 mm.
Hab, Carillo, Puriscal.
Pyvinia rufinarta, sp. n.
3. Head purple-brown. Collar grey, irrorated with
purple-brown, Thorax and wings reddish brown. Abdomen
orange-brown. Wings with darker strize; outer margins
glossed with Jilacine slate ; outer line dark reddish brown,
slightly wavy, outwardly shaded with slate. Fore wings:
costa whitish grey, spotted with black, broadest on basal
half; areddish-brown medial line, angled at end of cell and
inwardly shaded with slate; a black point on discocellular ;
the outer line expanding on costa. Wings below orange,
striated with dark red. Fore wings: a medial purplish
blotch at end of cell and one from cell to inner margin; the
shading following outer line bifurcating at vein 3 to tornus.
Hind wings: the outer line purplish; the termen shaded
with red.
Expanse 28 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis, San Mateo.
Metanema striolata, sp. n.
g. Antenne pectinated. Head, collar, and thorax dull
greyish brown, Abdomen brighter brown. Wings light
Heterocera from Costa Rica. 233
brown, with long darker brown strize ; fuscous discal points ;
lines fine, dark brown. Fore wings: antemedial line faintly
angled on subcostal and submedian; a faint postmedial
brownish shade, outcurved beyond cell; outer line subter-
minal, followed by a white point on costa, angled at vein 7,
slightly sinuous. Hind wings: the subterminal line slightly
sinuous. Underneath whitish buff, irrorated with grey-
brown; the subterminal line fine, straighter; the discal
points minute.
Expanse 31 mm.
@. The lines darker, outwardly shaded with fuscous,
especially the subterminal. The outer margins more sharply
angled at vein 4,
Expanse 29 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Somewhat like Anisoperas atropunctaria, Wlk., but brown,
and the outer line much nearer termen.
Microgonia amicaria, sp. n.
6. Head and thorax brown. Abdomen above grey-brown.
Fore wings: base brown, limited by the antemedial fuscous
line, which forms three curves marked by grey points on
median and submedian, by some dark grey shading on inner
margin, and is preceded by some fine whitish lines on extreme
costa ; medial space fuscous brown; a black point at end of
cell, faintly edged with dark grey ; a postmedial outbent
whitish line on costa to vein 7, then an inbent series of
whitish points on veins connected by an indistinct lunular
fuscous line; a large light brown and whitish subterminal
spot on costa, crossed by black strize and outwardly edged
with white ; a subterminal, fine, interrupted, dentate, fuscous
line. Hind wings brown, the basal half shaded with fuscous ;
the postmedial line with the points less distinct ; some black
striz on outer half and traces of subterminal line. Wings
below pale brownish grey, with fine black strie and irrora-
tions ; black discal points ; a postmedial fuscous line, followed
by a broad brown shade not reaching termen.
?. Thorax and wings richer brown, the lines more
distinct, heavier, grey; the subterminal fuscous, partly
shaded with grey. Fore wings: a large round grey spot at
end of cell containing a black point ; the medial space only
slightly darker; the subterminal costal spot more heavily
edged with white ; ; some scattered white irrorations. Hind
wings: grey and whitish irrorations near lines and along
inner margin ; a small round grey discal spot containing a
black point. Wings below as in male, the termen whiter.
Expanse, ¢ 51, 2? 50 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
234 Mr. W. Schaus on
Oxydia obtusaria, sp. Nn.
3. Palpi and head brown. Collar and thorax yellow-
buff. Abdomen and wings buff-grey, faintly tinged with
lilacine and with scattered black irrorations. Fore wings: a
fine brown antemedial line, outcurved in cell ; outer line dark
brown, more heavily marked except on costa, angled just
below vein 7, and inbent to inner margin beyond middle,
followed by a dentate fuscous shade from veins 7-2 ; a black
point at end of cell. Hind wings: a medial fuscous line.
Wings below darker, browner, more thickly irrorated with
black ; black discal points; a broad postmedial pale reddish-
brown shade and faint traces of the lines.
Expanse 48 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Poas.
Allied to O. platypterata, Gu., but the faleate apex short
and blunt; it is a variable species in colour, and the outer
line is sometimes followed by whitish spots at veins 2 and 3.
Certima annaria, sp. 0.
&. Body light brown, the collar and thorax darker,
mottled with lighter scales. Wings light brown, palest on
medial space, striated with reddish brown to outer spots and
on termen with fuscous brown. Fore wings: antemedial
black and grey points on veins, followed by a dull olive-brown
shade; a postmedial reddish-brown dentate lunular line,
inbent, so the medial paler space is very narrow on inner
margin; an outer row of black and grey points on veins,
slightly inset on veins 5, 2, and submedian, connected by a
dull greyish-brown shade; cilia with small dark brown
spots at veins. Hind wings: a reddish-brown medial line;
the outer spots outcurved, also connected by a broad dull
greyish-brown shade ; cilia tipped with grey. Wings below
yellowish, with a few dark striz; dark streaks on disco-
cellular; a broad subterminal dark purplish-brown fascia,
expanding to termen between veins 4 and 5 on fore wing
and vein 4 to fold on hind wing. ’
Expanse 36 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Isochromodes bellona, sp. n.
9. Body light brown; a black dorsal tuft at base of abdo-
men. Wings light brown, with a few scattered black strize
and irrorations ; black discal points ; cilia with black spots,
the largest at veins 2 and 3, Fore wings: antemedial small
Fleterocera from Costa Rica. 235
dark brown spots on veins, the one on submedian a little
larger and preceded by some grey scales; a postmedial
reddish-brown shade, linear from vein 3 to inner margin ; an
outer row of small black spots, close to postmedial from
vein 3, followed from below vein 4 by a dark grey and black
shade; a black spot at apex; a subterminal black spot
below vein 3 and a terminal wavy black mark from just
above 4 to vein 2. Hind wings: inner margin medially
shaded with reddish brown, followed by irregular black
markings to anal angle. Wings below buff, with a few dark
irrorations ; black discal points; the outer spots in a straighter
line and followed by a broad fuscous shade.
Expanse 26 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Near J. brumosa, Dogn.
Therina silanaria, sp. n.
9. Palpi, body, and fore wings slate-grey. Head
yellowish. Fore wings: a black point on discocellular; a
fine whitish outer line from below costa, outcurved and inbent
to near middle of inner margin, interrupted and consisting
partly of whitish striae, increasing on inner margin; a small
white spot striated with grey near apex. Hind wings light
silky grey.
Eixpanse 33 mm,
flab. Poas.
Therina? perpectinata, sp. n.
3. Antenne with exceptionally long pectinations finely
ciliated. Head and thorax olive-black ; some reddish-brown
scales on vertex. Fore wings silky olive-brown ; a black
oint at end of cell; a fine outer black line, vertical on costa,
then slightly outcurved; a small subterminal yellow spot
between veins 7 and 8. Hind wings dark silky grey; a
minute black point on discocellular. Underneath dark silky
grey, with black discal points.
Expanse 40 mm.
Hab. Ojo de Agua.
Macrolyrcea sceva, sp. n.
3. Body and wings dark olive, the wings shaded with
silky grey except between medial and outer lines. Fore
wing: a fine wavy subbasal line, dark olive; antemedial
dark olive, outbent on costa, angled in cell, inbent and slightly
236 Mr. W. Schaus on
wavy; medial line angled beyond cell, suffusing with the
dark olive postmedial space, which is limited by a slightly
sinuous, fine, lilacine line; an elongated pale buff space,
striated with olive-brown on costa, preceding the outer line 3
a dark olive shade on outer margin from vein 5 to termen
above tornts. Hind wings: the medial dark shade very
narrow ; the postmedial line nearly straight, barely visible ;
some scattered fuscous strize on outer half. Wings below
olive-brown, thickly striated with buff-grey ; the fore wing
with costa whitish; the termen broadly clear dark olive-brown,
and a straight subterminal white line; a dark streak on
discocellular ; hind wings with scattered black irrorations
and a very indistinct outer line, nearly straight.
Expanse 46 mm.
?. Body and wings buff-brown, the latter with darker
shades and strize; antemedial line lunular on costa,
Expanse 50 mm.
flab. Poas.
Near 1. nondina, Dr. ; differs in colour, in the absence of
black discal] points, and in having the medial and outer lines
closer together. J. nondina has the postmedial line on hind
wings distinet and sinuous both above and below.
Alcis herse, sp. n.
&. Palpi and frons black mottled with grey. Vertex
grey; a black line between antenne Collar, thorax, and
abdomen light grey, thinly irrorated with black ; a transverse
black line at base of abdomen and pale buff segmental lines.
Wings white, with a few dark irrorations. Fore wings:
costa, base, and termen shaded with grey ; dark striz on
costa and fuscous spots at origin of lines; a fine subbasal
shade ; a fine black antemedial line, inbent below cell, pre-
ceded by a curved greyish shade; a greyish spot at end of
cell, edged by a fine fuscous line; a fine medial line, out-
curved around discocellular; postmedial fine, remote on
costa, vertical at first, bluntly outcurved across vein 5, then
sinuous and incurved, approximating medial line from veins 4
to 3, and from fold to inner margin, followed throughout by
a brownish shade ; subterminal white, finely lunular; dark
marginal points on interspaces and a fine terminal black line.
Hind wings: a black line at base; medial line fine, black,
_ sinuous, heaviest on inner margin 3 a semilunar outlined spot
at end of cell ; postmedial fine, wavy to below vein 6, then
barely incurved, followed by a brownish shade; subterminal
wavy, lunular. Wings below white. Fore wings: costa
Heterocera from Costa Rica. 237
heavily striated with black; a fuscous streak on disco-
cellular ; termen fuscous, narrowest at tornus, mottled with
white between veins 3 and 4. Hind wings: a fine medial
line from cosfa to discocellular ; a narrow marginal fuscous
shade from apex to near vein 4,
Expanse 31 mm.
flab. Avangarez.
Sometimes the antemedial and postmedial lines on fore
wings expand on inner margin into fuscous blotches.
Alcis aglauros, sp. n.
3. Head, collar, and thorax dull brownish grey; a few
brown irrorations on collar. Abdomen paler, with dark
segmental lines. Fore wings pale brown, tinged with lilacine
in cell and with whitish medially below cell and just beyond
cell; some scattered dark irrorations and black striz on
costa; a faint subbasal fuscous shade ; antemedial fine,
black, angled on subcostal, then slightly inbent, marked by a
small black spot on median ; a fine medial line, crossing a
large greyish spot at end of cell and marked by dark points
on median, vein 2, and submedian ; postmedial fine, black,
somewhat incurved on costa, bluntly angled across vein 5,
then inbent, wavy; subterminal whitish, wavily dentate,
preceded by a fuscous shade above and below vein 5, and
there followed by dark streaks to termen; dark terminal
points on interspaces connected by a lunular line. Hind
wings whitish at base, otherwise pale brown; medial line
fine, black, downbent towards inner margin; an oval dark
line on discocellular ; postmedial bluntly angled at vein 6,
then incurved; subterminal more deeply dentate. Wings
below pale brownish. Fore wings: a large fuscous spot at
end of cell, and a similar subapical patch from below vein 5
to vein 9; traces of postmedial beyond cell ; terminal points
on interspaces, The hind wings immaculate.
Hixpanse 35 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Alcis pandrosos, sp. n.
6. Head and collar grey ; thorax whiter grey, with a
few dark irrorvations ; abdomen grey, with whitish segmental
bands. Fore wings grey-white, thinly scaled, with a few
pale greyish stria and darker irrorations ; terminal third
shaded with pale greyish brown ; costa pale brown, with
dark striz and fuscous spots at origin of lines; a faint subs
basal, straight, brownish shade ; antemedial line fine, black,
238 Mr. W. Schaus on
minutely wavy and nearly vertical, preceded by a_ faint
brownish shade; a large greyish spot over discocellular ;
postmedial line fine, fuscous brown, minutely wavy, vertical
from costa to vein 5, then inbent, preceded from vein 2 to
inner margin by a fuscous shade ; fuscous streaks above and
below vein 5 to near termen; a subterminal dentate whitish
line, suffusing with a terminal whitish shade between veins 7
and 8; marginal small dark spots on interspaces. Hind
wings: basal half whiter, with a few fuscous irrorations above
and below cell ; a medial brownish line, irrorated with black,
geminate, followed by an oval line on discocellular ; the post-
medial fine, black, angled at discal fold, then incurved ; the
outer half brownish; a whitish line near postmedial; the
subterminal white, more deeply dentate than on fore wing.
Wings below dirty white ; a broad marginal fuscous shade,
not quite reaching termen ; a fuscous spot at end of cell on
fore wing.
Expanse 36 mm.
Hab. Sixola, Tuis, Juan Vinas, Guapiles.
Nesalcis leea, sp. n.
&. Head olive-brown; a dark brown shade between
antenne. Thorax brownish grey. Abdomen brownish
white ; a fuscous line at base of abdomen and brownish
segmental lines, interrupted dorsally. Wings dirty white,
thinly irrorated with dark brown ; an outer, slightly curved,
fuscous-brown lunular line, outwardly toothed on veins; the
veins pale orange-brown, interrupted before the subterminal,
which is whitish, lunular; a faint brownish shade follows
both the postmedial and subterminal ; terminal fuscous-brown
spots on interspaces; a small fuscous spot on discocellular.
ile wings: a fine fuscous antemedial line; a faint post-
medial lunular dentate line, suffusing with outer line just
below vein 2. Hind wings: a fine brown medial line.
Underneath whitish; faint discal points; the outer line
visible through wings; costa of fore wings yellowish striated
with brown.
Expanse 35 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Avangarez.
Smaller and less brilliantly coloured than N. cresaria,
Schs.=regularis, Dogn.
Leucula cachtaria, sp. n.
3. Head black, thinly scaled with white. Body and wings
Feterocera from Costa Rica. 239
white, the latter thinly scaled. Fore wings: the edge of
costa at base black; a fine medial smoky line, angled on
subcostal and inbent to near base of inner margin; a black
spot at end of cell; outer line from costa near apex to inner
margin beyond middle. Hind wings: a smoky medial line
followed by a black point on discocellular below vein 6; a
subterminal smoky spot below vein 6 and one on inner
margin. Fore wings below with a postmedial small black
spot on costa.
Expanse 24 mm.
Hab. Cachi, Juan Vinas.
Nipteria fronsaria, sp. n.
3S. Palpi dark brown. Frons deep yellow ; vertex, collar,
and patagia whitish grey. ‘l'horax and abdomen dark grey.
Wings thinly sealed greyish white; veins brownish grey ;
discocellulars finely darker. Fore wings: an outer dark
grey line from costa before apex to inner margin beyond
middle, more heavily marked towards costa ; the costal margin
more heavily scaled and whitish; cilia white, tipped with
dark grey. Hind wings: a faint darker postmedial line.
Underneath white, the veins more heavily marked, especially
on hind wings; the outer line well marked.
Expanse 24 mm.
Hab. Guapiles.
Nipteria mitellaria, sp. n.
@. Palpidark grey. Headand collar yellow ; someorange-
brown shading on vertex and collar behind. Thorax, abdo-
men, and wings grey, the wings thinly scaled. Fore wings:
a darker grey medial shade, inbent on inner margin; a
similar postmedial shade, slightly angled at vein 5; a darker
grey line on discocellular. Hind wings: a subterminal
darker grey line.
Expanse 31 mm.
Hab. Tuis.
Astyochia lachesis, sp. n.
3. Palpi dark brown. Head, collar, and patagia yellow.
Thorax and abdomen greyish buff. Wings whitish grey ;
veins, lines, discal spots, and some terminal strize fuscous
grey ; cilia white, shaded with grey at veins. Fore wings:
antemedial inbent from subcostal; subcostal and median
240 Mr. E. E. Austen on a new
darker from near base to just beyond antemedial ; outer line
outcurved, irregular. Hind wings: discal spot large ; outer
line outcurved ; the termen of both wings rather more heavily
scaled. Underneath whiter, the lines duller.
Jixpanse 27 mm.
Hab. Tuis.
[To be continued. ]
XXX.-— A new Species of Tabanus from German East
Africa, in the British Museum (Natural History). By
Ernest HE, Austen.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Tabanus trianguliger, sp. un.
9 .—Length (22 specimens) 13°6 to 16 mm. ; width of
head 5 to 5°6 mm.; width of front at vertex 0°8 to 1 mm.;
length of wing 12 to 13°4 mm.
Dusky species (dorsal surface of abdomen in rubbed speci-
mens more or less cinnamon-rufous), with upper surface of
body bearing conspicuous, light-grey markings; front mode-
rately broad and of uniform width; dorsum of thorax
longitudinally striped with grey ; dorsum of abdomen bearing
three longitudinal series of large, smoke-grey or drab grey
triangles, so that the ground-colour is reduced to a minimum ;
wings faintly tinged with drab, almost hyaline; femora pale
(greyish fawn-coloured or greyish ochraceous buff), inner
surfaces of front pair more or less dark brown.
Head: subcallus pale cream-coloured pollinose ; face,
jowls, and basioccipital region whitish pollinose and clothed
with white hair; occiput light grey pollinose ; front smoke-
grey, clothed with short, yellowish hair, but with a darker,
black-haired patch on vertex, and a similar patch in the
middle ; front (estimated by eye) about four times as long
as its breadth at lower extremity, inner margins of eyes
bordering it parallel or only very slightly convergent below ;
frontal callus rather large, dark ‘brown, not very shining,
roughly quadrate in shape but with its angles (at least the
upper pair) rounded off; traces of a second, similarly
coloured, elongate (more or less elliptical) callus are usually
distinguishable in the centre of the median dark patch ;
proximal joint of palpi greyish cream-buff, clothed with
Species of ‘Tabanus. 241
white hair, terminal joint cream-buff, acuminate, moderately
swollen at base, thickly clothed on outer side with appressed,
glistening silvery-white hairs, usually mixed with some
minute black hairs; first and second joints of antenne
greyish ochraceous-buff, clothed with glistening silvery-
white hairs (the upper distal angles clothed with minute
black hairs), expanded portion of third joimt cinnamon-
rufous or ochraceous-rufous, often more or less brownish
or dark brown towards distal extremity, relatively short,
annulate portion of third joint clove-brown, relatively long.
Thorax : dorsum dark brown (in rubbed specimens appearing
more or less slate-grey), marked with five light-grey, partly
yellowish-, partly whitish-haired longitudinal stripes ; ante-
rior and lateral borders of dorsum also grey; outer surface
of each postalar callus, and a narrow area immediately in
front of this above base of wing, clothed with white hair ;
median dorsal grey stripe very narrow, starting on front
margin but terminating before reaching prescutellar groove ;
admedian dorsal grey stripes broad and entire, starting on
front margin and meeting at tip of scutellum, which their
distal extremities encircle; lateral grey.stripe on each side
short, extending only from outer extremity of transverse
suture to postalar callus ; dark stripes between grey stripes
clothed with blackish hair ; distal extremity of scutellum
cinnamon-rufous or ferruginous ; swelling in depression
at each end of transverse suture drab-grey ; pleure and
pectus hght grey, clothed with whitish hair, upper portion
of mesopleure drab-grey, clothed partly with whitish, partly
with blackish or black hair. Abdomen: tergite of first
segment with a large drab grey patch on each side, and on
hind margin in middle line with a small, somewhat triangular
or transversely elongate spot, similarly coloured and clothed
with yellowish hair ; in the centre of the segment is a dark
brown blotch (somewhat greyish in front, where it projects
from beneath the scutellum) extending to the hind margin ;
the distal edge of this blotch is indented by the median
light spot or triangle already described, and its sides are
concave ; each of the lateral drab-grey patches bears an
oblique streak or patch of minute black hairs, extending
outwards towards the posterior angle; tergites of second ta
fifth segments inclusive each bearing three large drab-grey
triangles, arranged in a transverse row (thus forming also
three longitudinal series), resting on the hind margin, where
they are usually though not always connected, and extending
to the front margin ; the outer triangles are right-angled or
obtuse-angled, the right angles or obtuse angles being the
242 On a new Species of Tabanus.
inner ones on the hind margins of the segments; those of
the median series are acute-angled, though their apices are
truncate and,in the case of the median triangles on the
second and third segments, usually elongate ; the sides of
the median triangles on the second and third segmeats are
also more or less concave ; lateral margins of second and
following segments, which cut off the outer angles of the
outer series of triangles, drab-grey or buff; tergite of sixth
segment with more or less distinct traces of the three
triangles seen on preceding segments ; basal angles of tergite
of second segment drab-grey ; basal angles of tergite of first
segment, and lateral margins of this and of the five following
tergites, clothed with whitish hair; all drab-grey triangles
clothed with minute, appressed, yellowish hairs ; intervening
dark brown or mummy-brown markings clothed with minute,
appressed, black hairs; tergite of seventh segment clove-
brown (its sides and hind border buff), clothed with black
hairs, which at each lateral extremity are usually mixed
with yellowish hairs ; venter greyish salmon-coloured, when
viewed obliquely from behind usually with traces of a
narrow, dark, interrupted, median, longitudinal stripe,
ventral scute of penultimate segment mouse-grey, that of
terminal segment slate-grey, hind margins of ventral scutes
of second to sixth segments inclusive cream-coloured; ventral
scutes of second to sixth segments inclusive clothed with
appressed yellowish hairs, which in centre of ventral scute of
sixth segment are mixed with longer black hairs, a few
longer black hairs sometimes also present in centre of ventral
scute of fifth segment ; ventral scute of seventh (terminal)
segment clothed as usual with coarse, erect, black hairs.
Wings: veins dark brown ; stigma pale and inconspicuous,
usually faintly raw-umber-coloured. Squame: alar pair of
same colour as wing-membrane, but more opaque, their
borders mouse-grey ; thoracic pair cream-buff, their borders
somewhat deeper in colour. Halteres: kuobs yellowish
cream-coloured, more or less buff or orange-buff towards
base, stalks buff or cream-buff. Legs: cox grey, clothed
with white hair; femora and tibiz clothed with white or
-silvery-white hair, except inner surfaces of front femora and
distal extremities of frout tibiz, which are clothed with black
hair; tibie buff or ochraceous-buff, distal extremities of
front pair, to a greater extent on inner than on outer surface,
dark brown, front pair also narrowly mouse-grey at extreme
base; front tarsi clove-brown, second, third, and fourth
joints somewhat expanded ; middle tarsi dark brown ; hind
On a new Species of Oligoneuria. 243
tarsi mummy-brown, last joint and tips of the three pre-
ceding joints dark brown.
German East Africa: type and eight other specimens
(para-types) from a water-hole in the Usangu District,
26.xi.1910, and two additional specimens from the Uhehe
District, 3000 to 3500 ft., 22-27.xi.1910 (S. A. Neave:
presented by the Entomological Research Committee). In
addition to the foregoing the following material, in possession
of the Entomological Research Committee and also collected
by Mr. S. A. Neave, has been studied: one para-type from
the Usangu District, and ten other specimens from the
Uhehe District—remaining data in each case as before.
In the shape of its frontal callus and upper frontal callus,
as also in that of the terminal joint of its palpi, Tabanus
irianguliger shows some affinity to T. pallidifacies, Surcout,
which hitherto has been found only in the (British) Hast
Africa Protectorate. Apart, however, from its very different
facies, due to the development of the grey abdominal
markings into a triple series of broad triangles, as described
above, 7. trianguliger is distinguishable from T. pallidi-
facies by, among other characters, its front being distinctly
narrower, and by the inner margins of the eyes bordering
it being more regularly parallel, instead of somewhat
divergent above. From 7. distinctus, Ricardo, T. trian-
guliger, apart from its abdominal markings, may be dis-
tinguished at once by its broader front, and differently
shaped (less elongate) frontal callus. From the variatus-
form of T. teniola, Pal. de Beauv., the new species, apart
from the greater development of its abdominal triangles, is
distinguishable by the shape of its frontal callus and of the
third joint of its antenne, as also by its pale femora. It is
scarcely necessary to add that in the foregoing comparisons
the female sex 1s alone considered,
XXXI.—On a new Species of Oligoneuria (Hphemeridee)
from British East Africa. By Rev. A. EK. Karon.
Oligoneuria dobbsi, sp. n.
Adult (driel) ¢ .—Wings transparent light blackish grey,
with a faint dull violet-purple gloss and intense sepia-brown
longitudinal neuration; the cross-veinlets not bordered
244 On a new Species of Oligoneuria.
(cf. text-figure). These are numerous (about 30) and straight
in the marginal area, but are mostly concealed in the dried
insect so far as the subcosta is overlain in the longitudinal
Neuration of Oligoneuria dobbsi, sp. n.
furrow in front of the ridge crested by the radius (3); the
next three open areas contain respectively about 15, 7, and 5
cross-veinlets, of which many are obsolescent posteriorly,
and are too delicate to be shown in the figure. The
two subfiliform tails terminating the narrow membrane
incurrent along the posterior edge of the mesonotum or
scutellum from the roots of the fore wings seem long enough
to reach the base of the third abdominal segment. Head,
body, fore legs, and the stout portions of the hinder legs
pitch-brown ; head opaque; thorax and dorsum lucid;
venter pallid; tabescent hind tibiz and tarsi impure
whitish. Abdomen tapering posteriorly ; segments nos. 6,7,
and 8 longer than those anterior to them, of which the poste-
rior lateral angles (if not rectangular) are produced into only
very short, inconspicuous, tooth-like points ; but in segments
nos. 8 and 9 the points produced are spiniform. Setz
broken off when captured. Egg-masses lutescent, pale.
Subanal lamina of the tenth segment narrow, shrunken
troughwise in the dried insect, and produced on each side
posteriorly into a broad-based, short, subulate spine.
Length of body about 20, of fore wing 25 mm.
Prep. Etn.; wings in Ca. balsam, mounted without pres-
sure, detached from the pinned type-specimen (Brit. Mus.
Nat. Hist.).
Had. Sotik Post (alt. 6000 feet), Lumbwa District, British
East Africa: one adult fly, captured at night in a house half
a mile from the river Nyangoris, 22. vii, 1911 (C. MZ. Dobbs).
i
\
bo,
4
ou
On new Species of Ipide and Platypodide.
XXXII.—Some new Species of Ipidee and Platypodide in the
British Museum. By Lt.-Col. Winn Sampson, F.E.S.
THE first two species described are from specimens received
through Mr. Guy Marshall from Mr. Urich, and found on
cacao-plants in Trinidad. The only other specimens of
X. urichi in the British Museum are two received in 1905
from Angola (Portuguese West Africa), and reported as
damaging the cacao-plants there, but whether to a serious
extent is not stated.
Amphicranus theobroma, sp. n.
Oblongus, nitidus, glaber, piceo-brunneus; prothorace lateribus
subrecto, a triente antico in apicem constricto, supra ad apicem
oblique rotundatim declivi, asperato; summo antico tuberculo
minuto ornato; elytris vix conspicue punctatis, post medium
oblique excavatis, ad apicem breviter productis, anguste divari-
catis, margine excavationis utrinque dentibus tribus ornato, tertio
majore prope apicem, exstructo.
Long. 2°5, lat. 0°9 mm.
Hab. Trinidad.
Near to A. collaris, Bldf., but smaller, with all the abdo-
minal segments similarly coloured and with a prominent
single tubercle on the centre of the prothoracic anterior edge,
which is bisinuate, with the base truncate; the exposed
portion of the mesonotum above the scutellum strongly
punctured ; anterior tibiz very strongly toothed on the outer
edge and having the inner edge sinuous and hairy; femoral
lobe large.
Ayleborus urichi, sp. n.
Oblongus, prothorace semielliptico, gibbo, summo apice medio
granulis prominulis notato, dorso postice punctato; elytris a basi
ad medium valde nitidis, eque pulvinato-convexis, dense striato-
punctatis, et interstitiis irregulariter punctatis: sed a medio ad
apicem opacis, subtilissime granulatis, interstitiis tuberculis
pilisque ornatis.
Long. 3°0 mm.
Hab. Trinidad.
Head ferrugineous, retracted, slightly convex, and evenly
rugulose-punctate, with a straight transverse row of pale
yellow hairs anteriorly; eyes oblong and emarginate, with
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 17
246 _ Lt.-Col. Winn Sampson on new
coarse facets ; antenne pale ferrugineous; prothorax ferru-
gineous and shiny on the posterior half, gibbose and semi-
elliptical, slightly longer than broad, base truncate, with
posterior angles acute, anteriorly rugose, with 4-6 prominent
tubercles on the extreme anterior margin, the rugosity
decreasing to the middle, the posterior half shiny and punc-
tate, and the whole surface slightly pubescent. Elytra the
same breadth as the prothorax and one-half longer, the poste-
rior half parallel-sided and thence decreasing to form a
somewhat acuminate apex, longitudinally arched from base
to apex, with the basal third ferrugineous and shiny ; punc-
tate-striate, with the interstices irregularly punctured and
piliferous; the apical portion dark and opaque, the inter-
stices becoming tuberculate in the centre, with a double row
of pale hairs, the remainder of the surface being very finely
shagreened ; a slight sinuosity and depression of the inter-
stices near the suture is evident towards the apex; the
under surface of the body uniformly coloured, except the
abdominal segments, which are slightly darker, sparsely
hairy, and coarsely punctured ; the anterior coxe contiguous,
and the legs the same colour as the prothorax.
This species is near X. capucinus, Eichh., but differs in
being narrower and longer, with punctate striz on the elytra,
the sides of which are wot rounded from base to apex, &c.
Ayleborus arquatus, sp. 0.
Oblongus, subnitidus, thorace semielliptico, anterius rugis trans-
versis scabro, posterius subtiliter punctulato, lineola media basali
dense hirta; elytris striato-punctatis, interstitiis uniseriatim
punctulatis, lateribus subparallelis,
Long. 2°5 mm.
Hab. Ceylon.
Compact in shape, with pale ferrngineous head and elytra
pitchy black ; head convex in front, the surface minutely
and uniformly shagreened, sparsely hairy towards the front,
with a row of pale hairs over the mouth; eyes transverse,
black and emarginate; antennz the same colour as the head ;
prothorax a dirty yellow, semielliptical, and as broad as long,
with sides and posterior angles rounded, rugose, but not
tuberculate, slightly hairy, obsoletely asperate behind, gibbose,
with a small tuft of yellowish hairs at the centre of the base ;
scutellum small and dark-coloured ; elytra one-half as long
again as the prothorax, with subparallel sides, and obtusely
rounded at the apex, slightly rounded at the basal angles,
longitudinally arched from base to apex, striate-punctate,
Species of Ipide and Platypodide. 247
with rows of longish hairs ; interstices with uniseriate rows
of punctures and shorter hairs; under surface dark, slightly
hairy, and sparsely punctured ; legs paler than the body, the
anterior tibiz long and narrow, enlarged towards the apex,
with a few strong te th on the outer edge.
This insect has been received from Mr. E. Green, who
reports it as a troublesome pest on the camphor-trees in
Ceylon, where it is found both on the living and dead
branches.
Ayleborus niger, sp. n.
Oblongus, niger, nitidus, pilis fulvescentibus parce adspersis, thorace
gibbo, semielliptico, dorso antice exasperato, posterius subtiliter
punctato; elytris latitudine thoracis et illo vix duplo longioribus,
subtilissime lineato-punctatis, interstitiis uniseriatim punctatis,
apice a medio excavato-retuso, punctato, excavationis fundo
nitido, lineato-punctato; sutura vix elevata et piliferis tuber-
culis ornata, interstitiis uniseriatim punctatis, 3° et 4° tuberculis
ornatis, margine apicali integro.
Long. vix 6 mm.
Hab. Ruby Mines, Burmah.
Head black, sparsely covered with piliferous punctures,
the hairs very long, especially centrally ; there is a transverse
fringe of long yellow hairs over the mouth, and anteriorly a
central small shining depression with a slight, longitudinal
carina posteriorly, the general surface shagreened ; prothorax
semielliptical, shiny black, rugose-asperate in front, inter-
spersed with longish hairs, gibbous, with scattered piliferous
punctures behind and a medial posterior group of pale hairs ;
scutellum triangular and polished.
Elytra nearly twice as long as the prothorax, with sub-
parallel sides and excavate from the middle, punctate-striate,
the punctures being large, round, and shallow ; the inter-
stices before the declivity are smooth, with small uniseriate
piliferous punctures down the centre; at the commencement
of the declivity each interstice has a sharp tooth, with one or
two longish hairs close to it ; interstices 3 and 4 also have a
few teeth distributed along them towards the apex; the
sutural striz have a single row of small tubercles after the
commencement of the declivity.
This species belongs to Eichhoff’s division ** of the genus
Xyleborus, but is larger than any described by that author.
Ayleborus sphenos, sp. n.
Elongatus, subcylindricus, brunneo-testaceus, subnitidus, antice
Lee
248 Lt.-Col. Winn Sampson on new
rugulosus, postice parce subtilissime punctulatus; elytris supra
subtilissime striato-punctatis, interstitiis ante declivitatem non
tuberculatis, apice acuminatis, singulo lateribus seriatim tuber-
culato, sutura immuni.
Long. 2 mm.
Hab. Uganda.
Head, prothorax, antennz, and legs testaceous ; elytra
dark; the eyes deeply and broadly emarginate ; prothorax
bluntly rounded anteriorly and decreasing in breadth towards -
the base, rugose in front, but shiny and smooth behind ;
elytra very faintly striate-punctate and gradually narrowing
to the acute apex, which is lengthened by two blunt broad
processes, being continuations of the second elytral inter-
stices ; the declivity (commencing from the apical third of
the elytra) has the first two striz toothed at the commence-
ment and then tuberculate to the apex, and the edge of the
declivity is provided with numerous teeth, increasing in size
towards the apex.
In one very pale (immature) specimen the only dark
portions are the eyes and the elytral declivity.
These insects were sent me with the specimens of X. in-
dustrius, but I am not certain as to whether they were
captured at the same time.
Xyleborus industrius, sp. n.
Elongatus, cylindricus, pallide villosus, thorace testaceo, antice
imbricato exasperato, postice punctato ; elytris striato-punctatis,
interstitiis subtiliter uniseriatim punctulatis, apice a parte tertio
abrupte excavato-truncato, ambitu calloso. dentibus pluribus
minimis ornato, fundo ipso irregulariter punctato, sutura vix
elevata, tuberculis pilisque ornata.
Long. 35 mm.
Hab. Uganda.
Head and thorax testaceous ; elytra dark except basally
and laterally ; head asperate, with scattered pale pubescence ;
eyes very deeply and broadly emarginate ;_prothorax oblong-
cylindrical and slightly longer than broad, anteriorly rough-
ened and hairy, the posterior part thickly covered with pili-
ferous punctures; scutellum pale but well defined ; elytra
punctate-striate with very short hairs, the interstices having
a single row of punctures with long hairs; after the
declivity the hairs are continued only along the sutural striz
to the apex; the apical third of the elytra is somewhat
abruptly truncate, forming a shiny very slight excavation
with large shallow irregularly placed punctures, the margin
Spectres of Ipidee and Platypodide. 249
oeing edged with numerous small tubercles (two rather
larger ones near the apex) and long pale hairs; the sutural
strize have a single row of tubercles extending to the apex, of
which one or two near the apex are larger than the others.
Judging from Dr. Hagedorn’s description, this species is
somewhat similar to his X. fisheri, but differs in size, colour,
arrangement of the tubercles, want of the suture between
the pronotum and prosternum, &e.
Although here treated as a separate species from X. sphenas,
I am of opinion that when more material comes to hand
this insect will prove to be the female of the former.
Crossotarsus fragmentus, sp. v.
Brunneus, fronte plana, profunde punctata, medio fossulata ; pro-
thorace quadrato, parce irregulariter punctato, sulco brevi haud
profundo; elytris lineato-punctatis, lineis ad basin impressis,
interstitiis planis tenuiter lineato-punctatis, apice declivi, convexo,
striato, interstitiis elevatis, seriato-tuberculatis et pilosis, margine
externo utroque postice profunde emarginato, apice triplice
emarginato.
Long. 5°5 mm.
Hab. Singapore.
Shiny brown, front flat, deeply punctured and sparsely
hairy, with a small indentation in the centre and a dark
median line at the top; prothorax with graduated punctua-
tion, becoming coarser laterally, median line slight and
scarcely reaching the base, with no groups of punctures ;
elytra with faintly punctured lines, the interstices shiny to
the declivity and then contracted and bearing series of pili-
ferous tubercles, the base of the third interstice having a
small group of punctures.
This handsome insect belongs to the Crossotarsi sub-
depressi, and seems nearly allied to C. terminatus, Chap.,
and C. venusitus g as described by Mr. Blandford (Ann. &
Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xv., April 1895). The elytral
sculpture is somewhat complex, as will be seen from the
figure (fig. 1, p. 250) of the apical half of the elytra, there being
a deep lateral emargination on each elytron posteriorly and a
triple emargination common to both elytra at the extremity ;
the interstices 1-3 cease a short distance before the apex,
where the surface becomes smooth and shiny.
Crossotarsus fractus, sp. 0.
C. fragmento similis, sed differt magnitudine et apicis elytrorum
excisione minus profunda.
Long. 4°3 mm.
250 Mr. G. Lewis on
Hab. Borneo : Kuching, Sarawak.
This species also belongs to the Crossotlarsi subdepresst, and
only differs from C. fragmentus in size and in the elytra
being less excised at the apex (fig. 2).
Fig. 1.—Crossotarsus fragmentus, sp. 0.
Fig. 2.— Crossotarsus fractus, sp. 0.
XXXIII.—On new Species of Histeridz and Notices of others.
By G. Lewis, F.L.S.
Tar last paper on this family by me was published in July
1911; the present is the thirty-eighth of the series.
In all the papers, when referring to the genera Trypaneus
and Trypeticus I have wrongly assigned the masculine forms
to the female and the female to the male. Marseul and
other writers have committed the sameerror. In 1853, when
Marseul first began the study of the group he described the
sexes as species, and although warned by Monsieur A. Sallé,
who had seen the insects in their natural habitat, he was not
convinced of the truth of the matter. :
The doubt having arisen as to the sexes of Trypaneus and
its ally Tirypeticus, specimens were sent to Dr. Sharp for his
opinion, and he, having dissected them, reported that the
sexes have hitherto been reversed by describers. In order to
new Species of Histeride. 251
make this doubly certain, other specimens were sent to
Mr. F. Muir in Honolulu, who has examined them thoroughly ;
his results are given in the following note and drawings :—
“ The large Zrypaneus thoracicus (marked ¢ ) is a female ;
the spermatheca is globular, large, and chitinized. I then
opened up the 7. ensifer and Trypeticus marked ?, and
found them both to be males. I have therefore not opened
the specimens marked g. They are both of the Histerid
type, but very feebly chitinized. Trypaneus is much larger,
and the: last abdominal segment (hidden beneath pygidium)
is simple, while in Trypeticus the last abdominal segment
is complex, with a pair of lateral struts and a large median
plate (all chitinized invaginations of the last segment and
not phallic). Cm 2 is very long in these two forms, and the
edeagus can be drawn into the abdomen a long way, and
one is apt to destroy it if one tries to only take off the last
segment of abdomen.
“Trypeticus fagi (figs. 1 & 2).—The last abdominal segment
hes under the pygidium, the lateral edges being extended
forward into the abdomen as two small struts (d) ; imme-
diately within the segment is the usual ‘cloaca,’ with the
anal opening on the dorsal face, and the ventral aspect ex-
tending into the abdomen as the second connecting membrane
(em 2) which connects the base of the wedeagus to the body-
wall. In this case this membrane is of great length and
allows the edeagus to be withdrawn into or thrust out of the
abdomen to a great extent. From each side of the base of
the connecting membrane there is a long, thin, chitinized
strut running forward into the abdomen ; from the ventral
edge of the ‘ cloaca,’ between these two struts, there are two
thin semi-membranous plates: the upper one (c) is some-
what spindle-shaped in outline, and slightly more chitinized
along the margin than in the middle ; the ventral one is
angular (6), and also more chitinized on the margin than in
the middle. ‘The two plates and the lateral struts have
similar origin, viz. by the invagination of the base of the
second connecting membrane ; a section through the struts
near their base shows them to be hollow, with chitinized
walls, and the plates consist of two membranes closely applied
together. The lateral lobes are long and slender, sen.i-
chitinized except at the tips, the chitinization extending a
little way down the cylindrical basal piece. The median
lobe is long, slender, and cylindrical, and very slightly chiti-
nized, with the median orifice at the apex. The basal piece
is about one and a half times the length of the lateral lobes,
252 Mr. G. Lewis on
ee
ae
cylindrical and membranous, without any sharp line of
demarcation at junction with the connecting membrane ;
there appears to be no specialized internal sac.
“Trypaneus ensifer (fig. 3).—The last abdominal segment,
which is hidden under the pygidium, is of a simple nature,
without any struts; the second connecting membrane,
which is very long, joins directly on to the ventral plate, and
sends out no struts or plates into the abdomen. The basal
piece is cylindrical (4p), about two and a half times the
Jength of the lateral lobes, membranous, with two lines more
highly chitinized extending from the base of the lateral
lobes to end of basal piece; the lateral lobes (//) are sub-
cylindrical, more highly chitinized than the basal piece except
new Species of Histeridee. 253
a)
Fig. 2
Crore 2.
MITER SH Miu
of ALLL nc chi lilt naa
SLUT PAE AY Da RUT USN UOTE nerve eee
Fig. 1—Last abdominal segment and sedeagus of Trypeticus fagi viewed
from below. /d=last dorsal plate ; 2v=last ventral plate; cm2=
second connecting membrane ; aey=edeagus; e7=ejaculatory duct;
a and d=struts; 6 and c=plates.
Fig. 2.—Alideagus of Trypeticus fagi, Lew.
Fig. 3.—Atdeagus of Trypaneus ensifer, Mars.
Fig. 4.—Receptaculum seminis of Trypaneus thoracicus, Fabr., 2
at the tips; the median lobe is cylindrical, membranous,
with median orifice at apex; the ejaculatory duct within
the zdeagus is slightly enlarged and its surface bears
‘ herring-bone’ striations.
“Trypaneus thoracicus (fig. 4).—The receptaculum seminis
(spermatheca) is large, irregular flask-shape.”
List of Species.
Hololepta umbratilis. Pleesius acutidens.
baulnyi, Mars. Platylister habitus.
—— vagata. Eb isia exortiva, Lew.
cavata. Hister quadrimaculatus, Z.
curta, Mars. Pachycrzerus baconi.
Teretriosoma paratum, Pelorurus fraudator.
stebbingi, Lew. densistriatus.
cristatum, Lew., Q. Discoscelis curvata.
Hololepta umbratilis, sp. n.
Oblonga, subdepressa, nigra, nitida ; fronte bistriata, striis brevibus ;
pronoto lateribus anguste punctato ; elytris striis 1 brevi, 2 in-
terrupta ; propygidio parce, in medio tenuiter punctato; pygidio
vix dense punctato ; tibiis anticis 4-dentatis.
L. 10 mill. (absque mandibulis).
254 Mr. G. Lewis on
Oblong, depressed, black and shining ; forehead with two
short transverse strie ; the thorax has a narrow band of
lateral punctures sparsely set and not quite on the edge, the
lateral stria passes the basal angle and also the anterior angle,
the male has no emargination or fovea ; the elytra, striz,
subhumeral rather wide and shortened before and behind,
first dorsal basal and about one-quarter of the elytral length,
second broken not far from the base; the propygidinm is
wholly punctured, but somewhat sparingly, and the points
on the disc are smaller than those on the sides ; the pygidium
is somewhat densely punctured and the points are again
smaller on the median area, the apex is narrowly smooth ;
the anterior tibiz are 4-dentate, the two apical teeth have a
common base.
The form of this species is distinctly oblong and like
Hololepta caracasica, Mars., and Lioderma pervalidum, Blais. ;
it has the disc of the propygidium punctate, a characteristic
seldom seen in either genus.
Hab. Argentina.
Hololepta baulnyi, Mars.
Marseul (Mon. p. 399, 1857) described the female of this
species ; the male has no carinaon the mentum, the anterior
thoracic angle is feebly notched, and the fossette is deep and
oval and near, but not in, the angle.
Hololepta vagata, sp. n.
Oblongo-ovalis, depressa, nigra, nitida; pronoto lateribus parce
punctulato; elytris striis 2 dorsalibus brevissimis, 1* appendicu-
lata; propygidio toto sparsim punctulato; pygidio dense punc-
tato.
L. 7 mm. (absque mandibulis).
Oblong-oval, depressed, black and shining ; the forehead
feebly impressed and without stria, mentum of the male is
not carinate, mandibles slightly swollen in the middle, the
vertex of the head has two small fovez (doubtful as to being
constant) ; the thorax, lateral margin with a band of rather
fine punctures not densely set, anterior angle minutely
notched, with a rather deep circular fossette close to the edge ;
the elytra, the outer basal stria has a short and straight
apical appendage ; the propygidium has scattered punctures,
but at no point are the punctures close together, and the
median area is almost free of them, apically there are two
shallow impressions ; the pygidium is closely punctate ; the
new Spectes of Histeride. 255
prosternum is slightly constricted before the coxz ; anterior
tibiz 4-dentate.
This species differs chiefly from cavata in the mentum not
being distinctly carinate in the male, in the form of the
thoracic fovea, and in the punctuation of the propygidium.
Hab. Sukabumi (2000 feet), West Java.
Hololepta cavata, sp. u.
Oblongo-ovalis, depressa, nigra, nitida; pronoto lateribus sparsim
punctulato; elytris striis 2 dorsalibus brevissimis, 1* appendicu-
lata; propygidio circum punctato ; pygidio dense punctato.
L. 8-83 mill. (absque mandibulis).
Oblong-oval, depressed, black and shining; the head,
surface with microscopic punctures, without striz, forehead
impressed, the mentum is very feebly carinate in the male ;
the thorax has a few lateral punctures chiefly in the anterior
area, the anterior angle is not notched nor emarginate, but
close behind the angle there is a shallow fovea almost
circular in outline; the elytra has two basal strie well-
marked, the first having a short appendage ; the propygidium
has an external circle of punctures, the lateral points are the
largest, but apically there are two clusters joining together,
and here the punctures are most dense; the pygidium is
densely punctate; the prosternum is slightly constricted
before the coxe ; the anterior tibiz are 4-dentate.
The general characters of this small species are similar to
those of daulnyi, but the thoracic fossette in the male is
different in form and position.
Hab. Ruby Mines, Burmah (Doherty).
Note.—Clean and bright specimens of Hololepta curta,
Mars., Hister curvatus, Er., and Scapomegas auritus, Mars.,
are distinctly bluish, although they have all been described
as black.
Teretriosoma paratum, sp. 0.
Subcylindricum, cyaneum, nitidum, undique dense et fortiter
punctatum, pedibus piceis ; elytris transversim basi impressis ;
prosterno grosse punctato; mesosterno haud marginato, antice
in medio obtuse arcuato; a metasterno leyiter distincto ; pro-
pygidio dense punctulato.
L. 22 mill.
Cylindrical, blue, shining, above rather densely and rather
coarsely punctate ; legs obscurely brown ; the head closely
256 My. G. Lewis on
punctate, with an obsolete smooth spot on the vertex ; the
thorax is closely punctate outwardly and scarcely less so on
the disc, marginal stria complete; the elytra are similarly
punctate, with a transverse impression near the base ; the
pygidia, the punctuation is slightly finer than that of the
elytra, the carina on the pygidium is well marked ; the pro-
sternum punctate, punctures smaller and less close anteriorly ;
the mesosternum is immarginate anteriorly and the meta-
sternal suture is fine but visible, surface punctate; the
metasternum is somewhat irregularly punctured, and the first
abdominal segment is evenly punctate; the scape of the
antennz in ¢ is furnished with flavous hair.
This species is much less robust and smaller than festivum,
Lew. (which measures 8} mm.), and the surface punctuation
is coarser and more dense, especially noticeable on the
thoracic disc and on the scutellar region. The metasternal
suture is not visible in festivum. Both species agree in the
form of the mesosternum, anteriorly it is arched in outline,
not acuminate.
Hab, Jatahy, Province of Goyas. Four examples.
Teretriosoma stebbingi, Lew. Ann. N. Hist. vi. p. 380
(1901).
©. cristatum, Lew. J. ¢. p. 381.
After examining a series of the species, I find that the
characters I relied on as being specific are sexual. I took
the long palish hair on the scape of the antenna for a
masculine character ; the male has a pilosity, but it is much
less conspicuous. Dr. Sharp has kindly made dissections of
this species.
Plesius acutidens, sp. 0.
Oblongus, niger, nitidus; fronte distincte bistriata; pronoto stria
marginali antice interrupta ; propygidio margine antice anguste
levi, postice haud dense punctato; pygidio subconvexo parum
transverso; prosterno haud striato.
L. 10 mm.
Oblong, black and shining; forehead bistriate, surface
with some fine punctures, mandibles sparsely punctulate,
with a small but acute tooth on the inner edge; the thorax,
marginal stria interrupted behind the head; the elytra,
inner subhumeral stria shortened before and behind, outer
very short and median, first dorsal apical and shortened
before the middle 2-8 apical very short, punctiform or
new Species of Histeride. 257
obs»lete; the propygidium has a narrow smooth margin
anteriorly, otherwise it is punctate but not densely ; the
pygidium is very feebly convex and not very closely punc-
tured ; the prosternum is without striz ; the mesosternum,
stria interrupted behind the emargination ; the femora are
smooth.
The thoracic and dorsal striz are almost similar to those
of ellipticus, Mars. ; but acutidens differs in being oblong, the
mandibles with a small acute tooth only, and the pygidium
is very slightly convex and not very closely punctate. I
have not seen an example of ellipticus with the first dorsal
stria complete, as figured by Marseul, but his species is
well-known and specimens are in most collections. P. ellip-
ticus has the “ pygidium bombé, densement ponctué.”
Hab. Isle of Batian (Doherty).
Platylister habitus, sp. nu.
Ovatus, parum convexus, niger, nitidus; fronte concava; pronoto
stria laterali haud interrupta; elytris striis 1-2 integris, 3 in
medio interrupta; propygidio transversim punctato; pygidio
margine haud elevato; mesosterno stria integra; tibiis anticis
4-dentatis.
L. 43-5 mill.
Oval, rather convex above, black and shining ; forehead
concave, stria fine, complete and nearly straight anteriorly ;
the thorax, marginal stria complete, parallel to the sides,
slightly bent inwards at the basal angle; scutellar fovea
clear but shaliow; the elytra, first stria complete, second
very slightly shortened at the base where the interstice is
widest, third widely interrupted in the middle, apical portion
longest but varying in length ; the propygidium is irregularly
transversely punctured in the middle; the pygidium is
similarly punctate at the base and in the middle, but
posteriorly the points are smaller and fewer, there is no rim ;
the prosternal keel is a little narrowed before the coxe ;
the mesosternum, marginal stria complete, fine and close to
the edge at the emargination but leaving it laterally; the
anterior tibiz are 4-dentate.
The form of the pygidium and of the mesosternal stria are
good distinguishing characters for this species. P. platy-
pygus, Mars., is seemingly similar, but the forehead of
habitus is not concave nor punctate, and the stria is feeble,
not strong.
Hab. Paumomu River, New Guinea (Loria). In the
Genoa Museum and in my own collection.
258 Mr. G. Lewis on
Eblisia exortiva, Lew. Ann. Mus. Genova, vi. p. 636 (1888).
This species appears as an Jdister in my catalogue of
1905, but as the tarsal grooves are not curved, it is well to
place it in Eblisia until further revision of the genus is
made.
Hister quadrimaculatus, L.
Herr H. Bickhardt has furnished this species with a
twentieth name, one suggested by its superficial coloration.
Not long since four other names were given on similar
trivial characters, and I think that the multiplication of
names of this kind is much to be deprecated.
Pachycrerus baconi, sp. n.
Oblongus, parum convexus, niger, nitidus; fronte punctata, stria
integra; pronoto stria laterali antice interrupta; elytris striis
1-3 integris, 4-5 suturalique brevibus, margine apicali punctato ;
prosterno angustato bistriato, striis parallelis; mesosterno stria
arcuata; pygidio vix dense punctato ; tibiis anticis 5-dentatis.
L. 23-3 mill.
Oblong, rather convex, black and shining; the forehead
feebly convex, distinctly and somewhat closely punctured,
stria complete and rather fine; the thorax punctured like
the head except in the scutellar region where the points are
finer, lateral stria rather near the edge and it ceases behind
the eye ; the elytra, apical margin punctate, dorsal strie 1-3
complete, 4 dimidiate, 5 short not reaching the apex nor the
middle of the disc, sutural shortened at the apex and reaching
the disc, subhumeral very short and basal ; the propygidium
and pygidium are rather closely punctured, the latter is not
smooth at the apex ; the prosternum, the keel is narrow and
the lateral striz parallel; the mesosternum is obtusely
acuminate anteriorly and the stria arched not marginal; the
anterior tibiz are 5-dentate.
This species is very similar to P. verulamii, Lew.; it is a
little smaller and slightly narrower. Both have a narrow
prosternal keel and the mesosternal stria of each is of similar
outline. The punctuation of the head, thorax, and pygidium
is very distinct in daconi and the thoracic stria is similar in
both species, but the lateral margin is widest in verulamit.
Hab. Errer River, Abyssinia. Eight examples. -
new Species of Histeride. ; 259
Pelorurus fraudator, sp. nu.
Breviter ovalis, supra depressus, nigro-eneus, nitidus, elytris
viridi-ceruleis, pygidio rufo; fronte depressa, punctulata,
lateribus marginata; pronoto lateribus punctato; elytris striis
1-4 integris geminatis, 5 suturalique simplicibus; propygidio
parce punctato ; pygidio convexo, tenuissime punctulato ; meso-
sterno bisinuato marginato; tibiis anticis 6-denticulatis.
L, 43-53 mill.
This species is very similar to glaucopterus, Mars., from
Natal, but the thorax has a wide antescutellar space smooth,
the inner subhumeral stria is somewhat irregular and broken
anteriorly, the fifth dorsal stria is single, with a short apical
appendage parallel to it but not joined.
There are only ten species of this genus known and they
all appear to be local and restricted in their distribution.
The measurements given for this and densistriatus show that
specimens vary much in size,
Hab. Beira (A. P. Sheppard); Matopos (Guy A. K.
Marshall).
Pelorurus densistriatus, sp. n.
Breviter ovalis, supra depressus, niger, subopacus, pygidio apice
obscure rufo; fronte punctulata ; pronoto lateribus sat fortiter
punctato, disco levi; elytris striis 1-5 dorsalibus geminatis
interstitiis striatis, suturali in medio furcata; pygidio apice
utrinque compresso, punctato; prosterno lobo antico grosse
punctato; tibiis anticis denticulatis.
L, 3-4 mill.
Oval, somewhat short, depressed above, black and a little
opaque ; the head, forehead impressed, surface punctulate
and margined laterally ; the thorax punctured at the sides,
disc smooth, scutellar puncture bilinear, being divided in the
middle, marginal stria complete, posterior rim punctured
opposite the second and third dorsal striz ; the elytra,
dorsal striz 1-5 geminate but not very distinctly joined at
the base, the outer pairs have interstitial striz which render
the true striz less apparent ; the sutural stria is not gemi-
nate, but it has a short branch on the discal area obliquely
pointing outwards, the suture itself is finely marginate;
the propygidium has punctures of varying sizes, which are
largest and more close on the anterior half; the pygidium,
the anterior portion is slightly convex and smooth, and from
the middle of this area runs a smooth carina to the apical
margin, on each side of the carina the pygidium is com-
pressed, the surface distinctly punctured and obscurely red ;
260 On new Species of Histeride.
the prosternum, anterior lobe densely and coarsely punc-
tured, keel with smaller and variously sized points less
closely set, strize widen out posteriorly (in one example the
striz are obliterated between the coxe); the mesosternum
is pointed like the keel, the marginal and the transverse
striz are crenate; the metasternum has a median furrow
and a cluster of large punctures on each side at its base ;
the anterior tibiz are denticulate.
The fureation or branch in the sutural stria is remarkable
and also the fine marginal stria along the suture; it is not
the ordinary sutural stria and the form of the pygidium is
exceptional.
Hab. Warrar, Abyssinia (G. Christensen).
Discoscelis curvata, sp. n.
Oblongo-ovata, convexa, nigra, nitida; fronte tenuiter impressa,
stria inconspicua; pronoto impunctato, stria marginali post
oculos interrupta; elytris striis subhumerali interna basi
abbreviata, 1-4 integris, 4 incurvata, 5 abbreviata, suturali
dimidiata ; propygidio vix grosse punctato ; prosterno bistriato ;
mesosterno tenuissime marginato ; tibiis valde dilatatis.
L. 62 mill.
Oblong-oval, convex, black and shining; the head im-
punctate, slightly impressed in front, frontal stria very fine,
almost obsolete ; the thorax, surface smooth, lateral stria
near the edge, continuing at the base as far as the first
dorsal stria, anteriorly it is interrupted behind the eyes, but
it is continued as a straight line behind the head, scutellar
puncture small and shallow; the elytra, the inner sub-
humeral stria is a little shortened at the base, outer humeral
is broken behind the middle, the dorsal striz 1-8 are
complete, 2 markedly turning inwards at the base, the
fourth stria is complete and like the second turns in at the
base and continues along it nearly to the suture, 5 apical
and rather short, sutural apical and almost dimidiate ; the
propygidium is somewhat coarsely punctured, punctures
somewhat irregular and not closely set, the points of the
pygidium are smaller ; the prosternum is hbistriate, striz
widening out between the coxe and are near together
anteriorly ; the mesesternum has a fine marginal stria which
is straight anteriorly and not easily seen, behind the
marginal stria is an arched stria clearly marked and common
to it and the metasternum ; the tibiz are widely dilated.
I have assigned this species to Discoscelis, notwithstanding
its large size.
Hab. Mar de Hespanha, Minas Geraes, Brazil.
Notes on Guiana Birds. 261
XXXIV.—WNotes on Guiana Birds. By Lorp Brazourng,
F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., and Cuartes Cuvss, F.Z.S., M.B.0.U.,
Zoological Department, British Museum.
In the preparation of the List of the Birds of South America
we have been allowed access to the very fine coilection of
British Guiana birds in the possession of Mr. F. V. McConnell,
and in examining some of the species noticed the items
mentioned below.
We have also to thank the Hon. Walter Rothschild for
the loan of specimens which has helped us in the elucidation
of some of the more difficult points.
We find that Rkamphastos aracari, Linn., is not appli-
cable to the Guiana bird, as the author attributes it to the
Brazilian species: efr. Syst. Nat. i. p. 104 (1758) (Brazil),
ex Marcgrave. R. atricollis, P. L. 8. Miiller, Syst. Nat.,
Suppl. p. 83 (1776), was also founded on the Brazilian
form, ex Buffon.
Wied appears to be the first author to recognize the true
Pteroglossus aracari (Linn.), cfr. Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv.
p- 283 (1831) ; and P. wiedii, Sturm, must be allocated as a
synonym of P. aracari (Linn.).
The habitat of this species is Hastern Brazil, from Para to
Rio de Janeiro..
The Guiana bird therefore requires a name, for which we
propose
Pteroglossus roraime, nom. nov. pro Pteroglossus aracari,
auctorum (nec Linn.),.
This species is most nearly allied to P. aracari (Linn.),
from Eastern Brazil, but is distinguished by the broad black
longitudinal band on the ridge of the culmen and the citron-
yellow colour on the breast and abdomen, instead of the
narrow black band on the culmen and the sulphur-yellow of
the underparts, as in the Brazilian form.
The following notes have been compiled on a large
number of examples of the Thryothorus coraya group of
Wrens, which indicates four different races, or subspecies.
T. coraya (Gmel.) was founded on Daubenton’s plate, which
bird was supposed to have come from Cayenne. Ridgway
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 18
262 Notes on Guiana Birds.
accepted birds from British Guiana as typical, and named
the French Guiana form T. oyapocensis.
Berlepsch, arguing that Cayenne was in French Guiana,
concluded that Ridgway had named the wrong bird, and
restricting T. coraya to the French Guiana (=Cayenne)
form, named the British Guiana bird 7. ridgwayi.
Reference to Daubenton’s plate, however, proves Ridgway
to be right, as, notwithstanding the locality “ Cayenne,” the
French Guiana birds do not agree with Daubenton’s figure ;
but British Guiana specimens collected at Roraima are
almost identical in every detail; consequently we should
select Roraima, British Guiana, as the type locality of
T. coraya (Gmel.), notwithstanding the locality being given
as Cayenne.
The series from Roraima would therefore be known as
Thryothorus coraya coraya.
A series of examples from Bartica Grove, British Guiana,
however, differ from 7. coraya coraya in the deeper chestnut
colour of the back and the darker and duller fulvous on the
chest and abdomen. This form we propose to name
Thryothorus coraya berlepschi, subsp. nu.
The French Guiana birds must be called
Thryothorus oyapocensis oyapocensis.
We consider this form to be specifically distinct from
T. coraya. Subspecies of this race, however, are existent, as
a series from Ituribisci differ from TJ. oyapocensis oyapo-
censis 1n the darker coloration of the head, deeper chestnut
of the back, and the more tawny colour of the abdomen. We
propose, therefore, to separate this form under the name of
Thryothorus oyapocensis ituribisciensis, subsp. n.
We may remark also that we have examined a good series,
both male and female, of the Bush-Shrike from British Guiana,
which has been erroneously called Thamnophilus major by
many authors, but we find it to be identical with 7. borbe,
Pelzeln.
p aOR
Bibliographical Notice. 263
XXXV.—Description of a new Cichlid Fish from the Lower
Niger. By G. A. Bouteneer, F.R.S.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Pelmatochromis arnoldi.
Depth of body 2} to 22 times in total length, length of
head 3 times. Head 12 to 1? times as long as broad; snout
rounded, with concave upper profile, much broader than
long, as ‘long as the eye, which is 33 times in length of head,
It tol} times in interorbital width, and slightly exceeds
preorbital depth ; mouth moderate, extending to between
nostril and eye ; teeth small, in 8 series, 60 to 70 in outer
series of upper jaw; 3 or 4 series of scales on the cheek,
width of scaly part equal to diameter of eye. Gill-rakers
short, 9 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal XV-XVI
16-11, spines gradually increasing in length to the last,
which measures nearly 4 length of head; median soft rays
produced into filaments, as long as or a little longer than
head. Anal III 8-9; third spine as long as or slightly
longer than longest dorsal. Pectoral # to # length of head,
not reaching origin of anal. Ventral produced into a fila-
ment, extending beyond origin of anal. Caudal rounded.
Caudal peduncle a little deeper than long. Scales cycloid,
28 5-4, ; lateral lines 3. Brownish or dark olive, with five
indistinct dark bars and six large, blackish, round spots on
each side, the first being the opercular spot ; fins greyish,
soft dorsal, anal, and caudal with small blackish spots.
Total length 90 mm.
Three specimens from the Lower Niger, presented to the
British Museum by Mr. J. Paul Arnold, of Hamburg.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE.
Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India. Entomological
Series. Vol. IV. No. 1. Eri Silk. By H. Maxweti-Lerroy
and C. C. Guosn, Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa. Pp. 1380,
pls. ix., and 13 figures in the text. May 1912. Price Rs. 3.
Tue Eri silkmoth is one of the closely allied species belonging to
the genus Philosamia of Grote, of which P. cynthia, Drury, from
Java, is typical. The present species, P. lwnula of Walker, feeds on
the castor-oil plant, and is largely reared for its silk in various parts
of India. As the cocoon is open at the end, there is no occasion to
264 Miscellaneous.
destroy the insect to obtain the silk, as is necessary in the case of
the mulberry silkworm. The Eri silkworm is a much larger insect,
and belongs, not to the family Bombycide, like the mulberry silk-
worm, Bombyx mort, but to the Saturniide, or Emperor Moths (one
species of which is found in Britain), and is not very distantly
allied to Attacus atlas, the largest known moth, which, like the Eri,
is also an Indian species.
The present monograph gives us the full history of the Eri silk-
moth in all its stages, illustrated, with elaborate instructions for
rearing and for preparing the silk. It concludes with chapters on
the castor-oil plant and on the Eri silk industry. We may add
that the Eri silkmoth is very closely allied to the Ailanthus silk-
moth, the cultivation of which Dr. Alexander Wallace attempted to
introduce into England some years ago, with a moderate amount of
success. WH ie
MISCELLANEOUS.
A Review of South-African Land- Mollusca belonging to the Family
Zonitide. By Lt.-Colonel H. H. Gopwin-Avsren, F.R.S. &c.
Ir was at first contemplated publishing the third and concluding
part dealing with species of the Peltatine in the summer of this
year. This has been found impossible, owing to insufficient data
relating to two species—corneus and poeppigi—and the doubtful
identification of the shells of species dissected ; this could not be
settled until the types of these species had been seen. ‘These are
fortunately in the museum at Stettin. Dr. Heinrich Dohrn, to
whom I recently wrote, has courteously promised assistance, but,
owing to the collections in his charge being packed up pending
transfer to new buildings, they cannot be got at until next winter.
Besides this, further spirit-specimens of some species are wanted
from Natal; these Mr. H. C. Burnup will endeavour to obtain, but
he tells me they cannot be secured until the right season comes
round, viz. midsummer, so that very little more can be done in this
family until we have entered on 1913.
Errata in Dr, Arnbéck-Christie-Lindé’s paper in the
‘ Annals’ for June 1912.
Page 610, line 24, for the number of premolars read the number
of upper premolars.
Page G11, line 9, for . I, L 1, LOPE Meo, weer
if Ti 2 I, (C) Pi EB (P,) Le, M, M, M.,.
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CONTENTS OF NUMBER 56 —Liglth Series 3
XVIII. Report on "he Asenalite Polychacts colleear e }
Sea and adjacent parts by the Scotch Fishery Board ical
_ ‘Goldseeker.’—Part I. Amphinomide to Sigalionide, By Wri
Smatt, M.A., B.Se., Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews.
(Plate VI.) 6
XIX. Descriptions of new Batrachians from the Andes of South re
_ America, preserved in the British Museum. By G. A. Bovruncer, — :
“XX. Newor little-known Ethiopian Hemiptera.
OF VF ESBS An ema er BN A | eae AOR Ghee Su PE MER IEE a en
XXI. Lygistorrhina urichi, a new Mycetophilid from Trinidad.
aby a: WW; Hpwanns, BA a eEGs Oh eds bony alia ce naareee |
XXII. A new Vespertilionine Bat from Angola. By OLDFIELD —
DHOMAGS 50 sss bho Swab UR RIR ReLeae fe thie She We wa grad gtnte ary ik eet aan goes
XXIII. On a Species of Nymphon from the North Pacific. ee
Frora M. Scorr, M.A., University College, Dundee. (Plate VII.) .
XXIV. A Revision ‘of the South-American Siluroid Fishes of the
Genus Corydoras, with a List of the Specimens in the British Sx
Museum (Natural History). By C. Tare Regan, M.A. 2
XXY. Some Considerations in regard to the ‘Classification of thes
Order Thysanoptera. By Ricuarp S. Baenat, F.L.S., F.ES., ape
Department of Zoology, University Museum, Oxford ease cue
XXVI. Entomological Notes from the London School of Tropical
Medicine.—No. IV. Blood-sucking Diptera from Port Darwin,
Australia. By Sopra L. M. Suaaers, M.A., B.Se. , Carnegie Student =
of Aberdeen University ii 490 ei oo ores eens pins es SOOO
XXVII. Two new Species of Nasua. By OLprretp Peonse. ous BB: am
XXVIII. Description of a new Desert- Lark from we Central es
Western Sahara, “By Henst HaRterr sieves os ee ewes aie 230 a
XXIX. New Species of Heterocera from Costa Rica, XVI. ie a
PRY: AV OOHAUE, BZUB. oe oe oc etter: ert pencyis siege cy meee . 231 :
XXX. A new Species of Z’abanus from German East Aerioe in the
British Museum (Natural History), By Ernest E, Austen .....
XXXI. On a new Species of Oligonewria (Ephemer ee from
British East:Africa.: By Rev A.B, Havow no... ik ct ee
XXXII. Some new Species of Jpide and Platypodidee in the.
British Museum. By Lt.-Col. Winn Sampson, F.E.S. 2... 0
XXXIII. On new Species | of Histeride and Notices of voters, .
By G. Tews, LB AY. age ae ok sy od eee ee err ee a
XXXIV. Notes on Guiana Birds. By Lorp Baa novnne, E.ZS., oat
M.B.0.U., and Cuaries Cuuss, F.Z. S. - M. B.0.U., Zoological De- fe
partment, Britios Musegiats oh 5s shee ewe we oes Pees pe 361
XXXY. Description of a new Cichlid Fish from the ‘Lower a
Niger. “By G..A. Bounenesn, FURS.) oye: cos sea se ne eae i -
BIBLIOGRAPHIOAL NOTIOB, =
Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India. Entomological _
Series.. Vol. [V. No. 1. Eri Silk. By H. Maxwart-Lerroy
and C. C. Guosn, Agricultural Research Institute, hoi ete ee Ade
MISCELLANEOUS. ;
A Review of South-African Land- Mollusea. traded to the Fouly Rs
ZLonitide. By L.-Col. H. H. Gopwin-AvustEN, FERS. &e.. . 0's 208
Errata in Dr. Arnbick-Christie-Linde’s paper in the ‘ cs get Z ? for
June MILA os As eee ese bees Ree kates a
By E. Uanenoe, .
eee ee ene
Red Leb Court, Fleet es London,
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MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.
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No, 57. SEPTEMBER 1912.
XXXVI.—The Classification of the Blennioid Fishes.
By C. Tate Reaan, M.A.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
THE Blennioids may be defined as Percomorphous Teleosts
with the pelvic fins jugular or mental, each of a spine and
four soft rays or still further reduced, with the dorsal and
anal rays typically corresponding in number to the vertebra,
each basal bone attached to its own neural or hemal spine
(rays more numerous in Ophidiiformes), with well-developed
wings of the parasphenoid ascending in front of the prootics,
and with all or most of the ribs inserted on strong para-
pophyses. The limits and contents of the group are indicated
in the following scheme ;— ihe,
Order PERCOMORPHI.
Suborder BLENNIOIDEA.
1. Blenniiformes: Blenniidee, Anarrhichadide, Congrogadide,
Notograptide,
2. Cliniformes; Clinide, Dactyloscopidee, Xiphidiontide,
Sticleide, Pholidide, Lumpenide, Microdesmide,
Ptilichthyidw, Zoarcide, Scytalinide, Rhodichthyidas.
3. Ophiditformes ; Brotulidee, Ophidiide, Fierasferide,
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 19
266 Mr. C. T. Regan on the
The principal genera usually regarded as Blennioid and
now excluded from the group are Putaecus, Acanthoclinus,
and Gadopsis.
Pataecus proves to be a Scorpzenoid related to Gnathan-
acanthus (cf. Gill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1891, p. 701).
Acanthoclinus is related to Plesiops, differing especially in
the absence of a subocular shelf, the increased number of
vertebra and of dorsal and anal spines, the more advanced
pelvic fins with fewer rays, the smaller scales, and the
additional lateral lines. The pelvic fin of Plesiops has a
spine and four soft rays, the first long, thick, and bifid, the
third and fourth small and slender; that of Acanthoclinus
differs only in the absence of the two inner rays. Acantho-
clinus indicus, Day, 1888, has large scales and only one
lateral line; [ propose for it the new generic name Acantho-
plestops.
Gadopsis has the pelvic fins jugular, reduced to a small
spine and a bifid ray; the crowding of the posterior dorsal
and anal rays, the intervention of the prootic between para-
sphenoid and alisphenoid, the three anal spines, Kc. are against
Blennioid relationships; this genus is a Percoid of isolated
position.
Division 1. BLENNIIFORMES.
Each basal bone of the dorsal and anal fins attached to its
own neural or. hemal spine. Suborbital ring stout, rigid ;
preorbital expanded inwards and firmly united with the
lateral ethmoid; postorbital similarly expanded and _ solidly
united to a lateral expansion of the frontal.
Family 1. Blenniide.
Body naked. Spinous and soft-rayed portions of the
dorsal fin subequal; 1 or 2 anal spines ; caudal free, with
about 13 principal rays; pelvics jugular, each of a small
spine and 2 to 4 simple rays. Mouth not protractile ; max-
illary almost or quite excluded from the gape; jaws with a
single series of slender close-set teeth, resembling the teeth
of a comb, within which curved canines may be developed ;
palate usually toothless, Palatines separated by the vomer ;
pterygoid connecting palatine with quadrate. Parietals
separated by the supraoccipital ; exoccipital condyles wide
apart ; skull more or less contracted and compressed imme-
diately behind the postorbital expansions of the frontals ;
sphenotic remote from the orbit. Post-temporal forked ; two
post-cleithra on each side ; hypereoracoid and hypocoracoid
Classification of the Blennioid Fishes, 267
in contact, narrow, especially the latter, which is not deve-
loped below the base of the pectoral fin ; radials elongate,
4 in number (fig. 1, A) ; pelvic bones short, firmly attached
at the cleithral symphysis.
Principal genera: Ophioblennius, Blennius, Salarias,
Andamia, Chasmodes, Petroscirtes, Xiphasia, from tropical
and temperate seas.
In Ophioblenniys webbit I find that the comb-like outer
series of teeth is developed, although very small; this genus
differs from other Blenniidze in the presence of symphysial
canines and of more than one lateral canine in the lower jaw.
Xiphasia has the head, mouth, teeth, gill-openings, &c. of
Petroscirtes, but differs from that genus in the very long tail
and greatly increased number of fin-rays and vertebra.
Fig. 1.
Pectoral arch of A. Blennius bufo and B. Anarrhichas lupus.
ptte, post-temporal ; sc/, supra-cleithrum ; c/, cleithrum ; pel, post=
cleithrum ; sc, hypercoracoid ; cor, hypocoracoid ; 7, radials,
Family 2. Anarrhichadide *.
Body naked or with vestigial scales, Dorsal fin formed
* Since this paper was written Dr. Gill has issued a memoir entitled
“ Notes on the Structure and Habits of the Wolffishes” (Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. xxxix. 1911, pp. 157-187, pls. xvii.-xxviil.)—a valuable account
of the fishes of this family.
19*
268 Mr. C. T. Regan on the
entirely of flexible spines; caudal with about 13 principal
rays; pelvics absent. Mouth not protractile; praemaxil-
laries fixed; maxillary entering the gape; jaws with conical
canines anteriorly ; strong molar teeth at the sides of the
lower jaw and on the vomer and palatines; pterygoid con-
necting palatine with quadrate. Parietals separated by the
supraoccipital ; exoccipital condyles separate. Post-temporal
simple, the lower fork represented by a ligament; no post-
cleithra; hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid well developed,
widely separated by cartilage; radials plate-like, not
elongate (fig. 1, B).
Anarrhichas and Anarrhichthys, with a few species, are
large fishes of the noithern seas. In Anarrhichas lupus I
count 77 vertebree (26451), and in the eel-shaped Anar-
rhichthys, with about 250 dorsal rays, there are probably
about 250 vertebre.
L. A. Adams (Bull. Univ. Kansas, 1908, pp. 331-355,
pls. -xxv.-xxxvi.) has given a detailed description of the
skull of Anarrhichthys. Anarrhichas is very similar, and
both show considerable resemblance to B’ennius in cranial
structure.
Family 3. Congrogadide.
Body covered with small scales. Caudal of 9 or 10 rays,
joined to the dorsal and anal; all the fin-rays articulated,
or the first of the dorsal spinous ; pelvics, if present, jugular,
1- or 2-rayed, appearing as a pair of filaments. Mouth pro-
tractile, with strongly developed lips; maxillary excluded
from the gape ; jaws with a single series of conical or some-
what compressed teeth ; palate usually toothless. Palatines
separated by the vomer ; pterygoid unconnected with palatine
or mesopterygoid, curved backwards above the quadrate
(fig. 2, B). Parietals separated by the supraoccipital; ex-
occipital condyles almost contiguous. Post-temporal forked ;
hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid in contact, rather narrow ;
radials small, hourglass-shaped.
Synopsis of the Genera.
I. No dorsal spine; gill-membranes united, free from the isthmus ;
6 branchiostegals ; lateral line incomplete ; no pelvic fins,
1. Congrogadus.
Il. First dorsal ray a short spine; gill-membranes joined to the
isthmus; 4 branchiostegals.
Lateral line incomplete ; pelvic fins present......-. 2. Blennodesmus.
Lateral line complete; no pelvic fins.............. 3. Haliophis.
Three lateral lines ; pelvic fins present ............ 4. Halidesmus.
Classification of the Blennioid Fishes. 269
Congrogadus (including Hiertchthys) comprises three species
from Japan, the Hast Indies, and Northern Australia.
Blennodesmus scapularis, Giinth., from Rockhampton,
Fig. 2.
Sy mS mal
Ai ul
&
pep
ly /
A :
ar?’
Jaws, suspensorium, and opercular bones of A. Brotula jayakari,
B. Congrogadus subducens, and C. Zoarces viviparus.
pmx, premaxillary ; mr, maxillary ; sma, supra-maxillary ; den, dentary ;
ar, articulare ; an, angulare ; pal, palatine ; pt, pterygoid ; ms, meso-
pterygoid ; md, metapterygoid ; hm, hyomandibular ; sy, symplectic ;
q, quadrate ; pop, preeoperculum ; op, operculum ; sop, suboperculum ;
zop, interoperculum.
Haliophis maculatus, Riipp., from the Red Sea, and Ha/i-
desmus scapularis, Giinth., from Port Elizabeth, resemble
each other in the presence of a spot or ocellus above the
270 Mr. C. T. Regan on the
pectoral fin, as is indicated by the specific names; all are
small littoral forms. .
I have examined the skeleton of Congrogadus subducens,
and I have ascertained that Halidesmus agrees with it in the
structure of the pterygoid.
Family 4. Notograptide.
Body covered with small scales. Vertical fins confluent ;
each dorsal and final ray, except the last two, which are
branched, a slender pointed spine to which a distal filament
is attached posteriorly ; caudal of 11 branched rays ; pelvics
small, jugular, l-rayed, appearing as a pair of simple fila-
ments. Mouth not protractile; a short mental barbel ;
maxillary excluded from the gape, reduced to a slender rod ;
broad bands of small pointed teeth in the jaws and on the
palatines, which nearly meet in the middle line below the
toothless vomer ; pterygoid connecting palatine with quad-
tate. Parietals meeting above the supraoccipital ; exoccipital
condyles wide apart. Post-temporal forked; hypercoracoid
and hypocoracoid well developed, in contact ; radials hourglass-
shaped.
This family includes but a single species, Notograptus
guttatus, Giinth., represented in the British Museum by three
examples from Cape York and Bowen.
Division 2. CLINIFORMES.
Kach basal bone of the dorsal and anal fins attached to
its own neural or hemal spine. Suborbital ring laminar,
movable. Exoccipital condyles wide apart.
Family 1. Clinida.
Body usually scaly. Dorsal with spinous portion more
extended than the soft, or with all the rays spinous; 1 or 2
anal spines; caudal free, with about 138 principal rays;
pectorals broad-based ; pelvics jugular, of a spine and 3 or 4
simple articulated rays, 2 or 3 of which are usually thickened,
closely articulated and free distally. Gill-membranes united,
free from isthmus. Mouth protractile; conical or villiform
teeth in jaws and often on vomer and palatines. Suborbitals
not stout ; preeorbital a lamina with a small pit on its upper
edge articulating with a small facet on the lateral ethmoid ;
postorbital a lamina adherent by its upper edge to the skull.
Postorbital part of skull of nearly equal width throughout ;
Classification of the Blennioid Fishes. 271
parietals separated by supraoccipital ; a basisphenoid ; para-
sphenoid meeting alisphenoids ; exoccipital condyles wide
apart. Post-temporal forked ; 2 post-cleithra on each side ;
4 flattened radials inserted on hypercoracoid and_hypo-
coracoid, which are in contact and well-developed, the latter
continued forward below the base of the pectoral. Pelvic
bones erect laminz that meet above and enclose a chamber
between them. Vertebra 34 to 57 (10-22 + 24-35) or more ;
lees with parapophyses from the sixth or seveuth to the
ast.
The principal genera are: Heterostichus, Clinus, Globio-
clinus, Sticharium, Emnion, Neoclinus, Emblemaria, Cristiceps,
Lxerpes, Auchenopterus, Tripterygium, Lepidoblennius, from
tropical and temperate seas.
Family 2. Dactyloscopide.
Body scaly; a single lateral line. Dorsal with the spinous
portion less extended than the soft; anal long, preceded by
2 spines ; caudal free, with 10 or 11 principal rays ; pectorals
broad-based, somewhat procurrent below ; pelvies jugular,
each of a small spine and 3 simple articulated rays. Mouth
protractile ; jaws with bands of cardiform or villiform teeth ;
palate toothless. Operculum fringed ; gill-membranes not
united, free from the isthmus. Head-skeleton as in the
Clinidze, except that there is no basisphenoid; parasphenoid
meeting frontals. Pectoral arch as in the Clinide, except
that the hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid are separated and
the two lower radials are inserted on the cleithrum (fig. 3, 1) ;
pelvic bones formed exactly as in the Clinide.
Four genera: Gillellus, Dactyloscopus, Dactylagnus, and
Myxodagnus, from the coasts of tropical America,
In Dactyloscopus tridigitatus I count 46 vertebrae (12 +34) ;
there are 10 pairs of ribs, the last 7 inserted on parapophyses.
Family 3. Xiphidiontide.
Body covered with small scales; 3 or 4 lateral lines with
numerous vertical branches. Vertical fins confluent; dorsal
formed of spines only ; anal long; caudal with 15 branched
rays; pectorals small; pelvics absent. Moutl small, scarcely
protractile ; jaws with conical or villiform teeth and with
anterior canines; palate toothless. Gill-membranes united,
free from the isthmus. Head-skeleton as in the Clinide,
except that there is no basisphenoid ; parasphenoid meeting
272 Mr. C: T. Regan on the
frontals. Pectoral arch much as in the Dactyloscopide,
except that the coracoids and radials are smaller (figs 3, 2).
Fig. 3.
Bones at base of pectoral fin of 1. Dactyloscopus tridigitatus and 2. X7-
phidion chirus. Pectoral arch of 3. Zoarces viviparus and 4. Brotula
jayakart,
Lettering as in fig. 1; pv, pelvis.
Xiphidion comprises a few species, eel-shaped shore-fishes
of the North Pacific.
In AXrphidion chirus I count 76 vertebre (24452); para-
pophyses are developed on the preecaudals from the fourth.
Family 4. Sticheide.
Body usually scaly. Caudal either free or united with
the dorsal and anal, usually with 15 principal rays. Pelvic
fins, when present, jugular, with the soft rays normally
branched. Parietals separated by supraoccipital ; no basi-
sphenoid ; parasphenoid meeting frontals. Preeorbital with
an inner shelf attached anteriorly to the posterior face of
lateral ethmoid ; suborbitals well ossified ; exoccipital con-
dyles above the basioccipital, with articulating surfaces
looking downwards and backwards ; centrum of first vertebra
Classification of the Blennioid Fishes. 273
concave anteriorly; normal parapophyses on most of the
precaudal vertebra. Post-temporal forked; hypercoracoid
and hypocoracoid well-developed, in contact or scarcely
separated ; radials sometimes hourglass-shaped, but usually
rather short and squarish, inserted on the coracoids. Pelvic
bones slender, elongate, not expanded vertically.
The numerous genera may be arranged thus :—
I. Dorsal with a posterior soft-rayed portion.
Dictyosoma, Eulophias, Neozoarces, Cebedichthys, &c.
II. Dorsal fin of spines only.
Chirolophus, Stathmonotus, Anoplarchus, Opistho-
centrus, Plagiogrammus, Sticheus, Dinogunnellus,
Cryptacanthodes, &e.
Ail are inhabitants of Arctic or northern seas.
Family 5. Pholidide.
Closely related to the Sticheide, differing in that the
precaudal parapophyses are united to form closed hemal
arches. The body is elongate, compressed, covered with
very small scales; there is no lateral line. The vertical fins
are confluent ; the dorsal is long and low, of 75 to 100 short
spines ; the anal, preceded by 1 or 2 spines, is about half as
long as the dorsal; the pectorals are rather small, placed low,
and the pelvics, when present, are formed each of a spine and
one small soft ray. The mouth is rather small, oblique, with
conical or villiform teeth in the jaws and sometimes on the
palate ; the gill-+membranes are united, free from the isthmus.
Pholis, Apodichthys, &c., small shore-fishes of Arctic and
northern seas.
Family 6. Lumpenide.
Differs from the Stichzeide especially in that the preorbital
is represented by the inner shelf only, the suborbitals are not
ossified, and the anterior surface of the first vertebra is
convex, fitting into the single concavity formed by the basi-
occipital and by the laterally placed exoccipital condyles.
The body is very elongate, little compressed, covered with
small scales; the lateral line is indistinct or absent. The
caudal, of 13 principal rays, is free ; the dorsal is long, of 55
to 75 slender spines ; the anal, preceded by 2 or 3 spines, is
more than half as long as the dorsal; the pectorals are well
developed and each pelvic is formed of a spine and 8 or 4
branched rays. ‘lhe head is longer, the eyes larger, and the
mouth less oblique than in the Xiphidiontide or Pholidide ;
274 Mr, C. T. Regan on the
small conical teeth are present in the jaws and sometimes on
the palate; the gill-openings are rather wide, the gill-
membranes being joined to the isthmus below the pre-
operculum.
In Lumpenus lampetriformis there are 81 vertebrae (28+
53); the skull has the interorbital region narrower and the
postorbital part shorter and flatter above than in Chirolophus,
Dictyosoma, Pholis, &e.
It is doubtful whether more than one genus is really
definable: Lumpenus, Reinh., with a few species from
Arctic and northern seas.
Family 7. Microdesmide.
Body elongate, covered with small scales ; no lateral line.
Vertical fins confluent; dorsal long, anteriorly of slender
spines, posteriorly of soft rays; anal without spines; caudal
of 15 principal rays ; pelvics subthoracic, of a small spine
and 1 or 2 soft rays. Mouth small, not protractile, terminal,
oblique, with the lower jaw prominent ; teeth in the jaws
only ; eyes small; suborbitals apparently not ossified ; gill-
openings small oblique slits in front of the lower part of the
pectorals.
Three species, from the Pacific coast of Tropical America,
have been referred to two genera, MJicrodesmus and Cerdale.
In Microdesmus dipus, Giinth., I find that each pelvic fin
consists of a small spine and 2 soft rays, the outer simple,
the inner bifid distally ; in some features this species recalls
the Sticheid Cebedichthys.
Family 8. Ptilichthyide.
Ptilichthys goodei, Bean, from the North Pacific, has the
naked body extremely elongate, tapering posteriorly, without
caudal fin; the anterior part of the dorsal fin is formed of
short isolated spines, and the soft dorsal and anal are many-
rayed ; there are no pelvic fins. There is a broad mental
barbel ; the mouth is terminal, non-protractile; the teeth
form a single series in the jaws; the gill-membranes are
united but free from the isthmus, and the gill-openings are
restricted from above. According to Gilbert* the post-
temporal is not forked, but is a very slender bony rod; the
coracoids are well-developed and are not separated by carti-
lage ; the radials are large, hourglass-shaped, one on the
* Gilbert, in Jord. & Everm. Fish. N. Amer. iii, pp. 2451-2452 (1898).
Classification of the Blennioid Fishes. 275
hypercoracoid and three on the hypocoracoid. If, as is
probable, the fin-rays correspond to the myotomes, the
vertebrae number about 235, if
Family 9. Zoarcide.
There are no spinots fin-rays, except sometimes a few
posterior rays of the dorsal, the ventral fins are confluent and
the pelvic fins, when present, are small, jugular. The mouth
is non-protractile, the suborbitals are delicate, attached as in
the Clinide, and the gill-membranes are joined to the isthmus,
The width of the gill-openings is extraordinarily variable; in
Melanostigma they are small foramina, in Lycodapus and
Bothrocara they extend forward to below the eye; other
genera are intermediate.
I have examined the skeleton in Zoarces and Lycodes.
The skull is flattish above, with the frontals narrowed
between and expanded behind the orbits; the parietals are
Fig. 4
oe. , lelh
z ene
: ---elh
ce Sores:
f folo--
ie! \
po yo
La
Skull of Zoarces viviparus from above, from the side, and from behind.
n, nasal; eth, mesethmoid; Jeth, lateral ethmoid; v, vomer; psp, para-
sphenoid; asp, alisphenoid; f, frontal; p, parietal; soc, supra-
occipital; eoc, exoccipital; boc, basioccipital; pro, prootic; spo,
sphenotic ; pto, pterotic; epo, epiotic; opo, opisthotic.
separated by the supraoccipital, which has a feeble crest or
none; the exoccipital condyles are widely separated and the
wing of the parasphenoid meets a descending process of the
frontal; the opisthotic is small, the pterotic elongate, and
the sphenotic not very prominent. These features are shown
in the figures of the skull of Zoarces viviparus (fig. 4), from
276 Mr. C. T. Regan on the
which Lycodes frigidus differs chiefly in the greater length
of the narrow orbital portion of the frontals. The jaws,
suspensorium, and opercles (fig. 2, C) are much as in the
Sticheide, as is the pectoral arch except for the separation
of the coracoids by cartilage (fig. 8,3). The vertebra are
numerous, 112 (24+88) in Zoarces and 102 (22480) in
Lycodes ; strong transverse processes are present on the
preecaudals from the first to the last ; the ribs are slender.
A variety of forms, chiefly from Arctic and northern seas,
but with Antarctic representatives olso.
The principal genera are: Zoarces, Lycodes, Embryx, Lyco-
dopsis, Aprodon, Lycenchelys, Lycodonus, Lyconema, Melano-
stigma, Gymnelis, Bothrocara, Lycodapus, Phucocetes, Iluo-
cetes, Platea, Maynea.
Lycodapus, Gilbert, includes small deep-sea fishes of the
North Pacific, and has been made the type of a distinct
family and placed near the Fierasferide. But the head and
mouth recall those of Lycodopsis or Bothrocara, the gill-
membianes join the isthmus between the rami of the lower
jaw (at least in L. fierasfer), and the dorsal and anal rays
correspond in number to the myotomes.
Two other aberrant genera, Scytalina and Rhodichthys, are
closely related to the Zoarcide, but may for the present be
regarded as tle types of separate families.
Family 10. Scytalinide.
Scytalina cerdale is a small eel-like fish known only from
specimens obtained on the shores of Waadda Island, in the
Straits of Juan de Fuca, where it lives in the wet shingle.
The very small eyes placed far forward and the tumid cheeks
give it a physiognomy unlike that of the Zoarcide ; the gill-
membranes are united, but not joined to the isthmus; the
pectoral fins are small and the pelvics absent. The skull
is much more depressed than that of Zoarces or Lycodes, the
frontals gradually increase in breadth backwards, and the
union of the parasphenoid and frontals is very elongate,
almost as in the Symbranchide. The parietals, occipital and
otic bones are much as in Zoarces ; the suspensorium, opercles,
and pectoral arch are also as in Zoarces, except that the very
small coracoid3 are in contact; the vertebrae number 69
(22+47); strong transverse processes are present on the
precaudals from the third to the last.
Classification of the Blennioid Fishes. 277
Family 11. Rhodichthyida.
Rhodichthys regina is known to me only from Collett’s
description and figures* of the type, 297 mm. in total
length, from the depths of the North Atlantic ; it is a very
remarkable fish, naked, translucent, and bright red in colour ;
it agrees with the Zoarcide in the restricted gill-openings,
the jugular position of the pelvic fins, and the correspondence
between the fin-rays and the myotomes. ‘The vent is placed
at the throat and each pelvic fin is a long bifid filament,
characters which indicate that this fish should probably rank
as the type of a separate family.
Division 3. OPHIDITFORMES,
Dorsal and anal basalia outnumbering the corresponding
neural or hemal spines. Suborbital ring, when ossified, as in
the Cliniformes. Operculum V-shaped. No spinous fin-rays.
Eixoccipital condyles meeting above the basioccipita] ; ante-
rior face of first centrum convex, fitting the slight concavity
of the basioccipital. —.
The three families have also the following characters in
common :—
Pelvic fins, when present, jugular or mental, close to-
gether, each of 1 or 2 filamentous rays. Teeth cardiform or
villiform, in bands in the jaws and usually on the vomer and
palatines ; premaxillaries with short ascending processes ;
maxillaries well developed, expanded behind. Palatine with
a maxillary process; pterygoid normally connected with
palatine and quadrate; hyomandibular very broad; oper-
culum V-shaped, the upper fork usually forming a sharp
spine ; suboperculum large; 6 to 8 branchiostegals. Cranium
elongate, with the postorbital portion longer than the orbito-
rostral and the parasphenoid united with the frontals in front
of the pro-otics and alisphenoids ; ethmoid keeled. Post-
temporal more or less distinctly forked ; coracoids weakly
ossified; pectoral radials 4, moderate. First two vertebre
short ; third with a sessile rib, which is expanded to support
the air- bladder,
Family 1, Brotulide,
The pelvic fins, when present, are jugular and the vent is
remote from the head, Asarule the long dorsal and anal
* Norwegian N, Atlantic Exped, Fish. p, 153, pl, v. (1880).
278 Mr. C. T. Regan on the
fins are confluent with the reduced caudal, but the latter may
be well-developed and free (Dinematichthys) or may be
absent. The gill-openings are wide, with the gill-membranes
separate and free from the isthmus (except in Dermatopsis).
The mouth is usually protractile.
This family includes the blind cave-fishes of Cuba (Stygi-
cola and Lucifuga) as well as a number of marine forms, some
of those inhabiting the depths of the sea being extraordinarily
aberrant (Tauredophidium, Aphyonus, Typhlonus, Acan-
thonus, &c.). Many have been described by Giinther
(‘Challenger ’ Deep-sea Fishes), and Goode and Bean
(‘ Oceanic Ichthyology’) give a useful synopsis of the genera.
I have examined the skeleton of Brotula jayakari, and 1
have already figured the skull (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)
xi. 1903, p. 461). The parietals are separated by the supra-
occipital, the latter forms with the exoccipitals a strong
median crest which does not project above the level of the
upper surface of the skull, the opisthotic is not enlarged, the
basioccipital and pro-otic form a rather prominent auditory
bulla,
The structure of the jaws, the hyo¢palatine and opercular
bones (fig. 2, A), and the pectoral arch (fig. 3, 4) is shown
by the figures ; the lower fork of the post-temporal is directly
attached to the opisthotic, and the hypercoracoid and hypo-
coracoid are separated by cartilage.
In Brotula jayakari there are 55 vertebrae (15440) ; the
first two vertebre are short and bear sessile epipleurals; the
third, fourth, and fifth bear sessile ribs, the first two pairs
being expanded; from the sixth to the fifteenth the ribs are
borne by strong transverse parapophyses.
Emery has figured the suspensorium of Pteridium atrum *,
but I find that his figure is incorrect and that the pterygoid,
mesopterygoid, and metapterygoid are exactly as in Brotula ;
he has overlooked the suture between pterygoid and meso-
pterygoid, and has mistaken the anterior part of the meta-
pterygoid for the latter bone.
Family 2. Ophidiide.
Differ from the preceding externally in the anterior
position of the pelvic fins, inserted between the rami of the
lower jaw ; behind them the gill-membranes are attached to
the isthmus. J have examined the skeleton of Genypterus
blacodes, which differs from that of Brotula especially in the
* Fauna u. Flora d. Golf. vy. Neapel, ii, (1880).
Classification of the Blennioid Fishes. 279
ankylosis of the ‘pterygoid and mesopterygoid, and the
prolongation forwards of the cleithra within the isthmus as
a pair of slender processes, with the pelvic bones attached at
their extremities. The lower fork of the post-temporal is
shortened and attached to the opisthotic by a ligament, and
the coracoids are incontact. There are 72 vertebrae (20+ 52) :
the first five are as in Brotula, except that only the first rib
is expanded; the anterior six pairs of parapophyses (on
vertebrae 6-11) are strong and broad, much as in Merluccius,
the rest are normal.
Principal genera: Ophidiwm, Otophidium, Lepophidium,
Genypterus, from tropical and temperate seas, some in-
habiting deep water.
Derepodichthys, Gilbert, from the North Pacific, has the
mouth non-protractile, the body naked, and the gill-openings
more restricted than the others ; it may not pertain to this
family and may prove to be related to the Zoarcide,
Family 3. Fierasferide.
Differ externally from the Brotulidee in that the anal fin
extends further forward and the vent is placed at the throat,
caudal and pelvic fins are absent *, and the mouth is non-
protractile. The eraniuin shows many striking resemblances
to that of Brotula, but differs in that the parietals meet above
the supraoccipital, the occipital crest is weak, and the ex-
occipitals do not take part in its formation, and the enlarged
opisthotic reaches the basicecipital, sharing with that bone
and the pro-otic in the formation of the auditory bulla f.
The lower tork of the post-temporal is reduced to a little
knob; otherwise the pectoral arch is as in Genypterus. In
Fierasfer acus (fide Emery) the yertebree number 125 to 144,
of which 17 or 18 are precaudal ; in #. dentatus there are 26
piecaudal vertebre; the first rib is more strongly expanded
in the former species than in the latter.
Seeing that the Fierasferide had always been placed near
the Optididee, and that Emery’s anatomical researches con-
firmed this view as to their systematic position, it is not
* Tat one time thought that a reduced homocereal fin was present in
some Fievasferidee, as in the Brotulide ; but on looking into the matter
I find that whenever a caudal fin appears to be present it is due ta
regeneration after the end of the tail has been broken off,
+ These features were first described by Emery (Faun. u. Flora d.
Golf. v, Neap. ii. 1880), and I am able to confirm the accuracy of his
account of the head-skeleton, after preparing and examining that of
FE. acus. ;
280 Mr. O. Thomas on
easy to understand Boulenger’s transferetice of the family to
the Heteromi, with which they have practically nothing in
common.
There are two genera, Fierasfer and Jordanicus, widely
distributed in tropical and temperate seas,
XXXVII.—Two new West-African Mammals,
By OLDFIELD ‘THOMAS.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Mungos phenicuius, sp. n,
A small species with the terminal pencil of the tail rich
reddish.
General appearance that of the members of the gracilis
group of the genus, apart from the red tail-tip.. Colour most
nearly approaching that of a pale Lake Zuai specimen of
M. gracilis, far paler than the West-African M. melanurus.
General colour of back approaching ‘ clay-colour,”’ paler and
more buffy on the shoulders, more rufous on the posterior
back. Head as usual greyer than back, but still with a buffy
tone in it, Sides grizzled buffy. Under surface uniform
buff, the throat more ‘“ cream-buff.” Hands and feet dull
buffy, rather darker than ‘cream-buff,” Tail coarsely
grizzled with black and buffy above, uniform ochraceous buff
below; the full terminal pencil deep tawny rufous.
Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—
Head and body 330 mm.; tail 288; hind foot 61; ear 28.
Skull: condylo-basal length 68°3 ; zygomatic breadth 33°5 ;
palatal length 35:4; greatest diameter of p* 7°7.
Hab. Panyam, Bauchi Provinee, N. Nigeria. Alt. 4000’.
Type. Old male. B.M. no. 12. 7.9.2. Collected 12th
February, 1912, and presented by the late Rev. G. T’. Fox.
The only other known mungoose with a red tail-tip is
M. sanguineus, Riippell, of Kordofan, which is considerably
smaller (hind foot 50-54 mm.), is lighter coloured throughout,
and has the under surface white instead of buffy.
In Mr. Wroughton’s monograph of this group he assigned
to M. sanguineus an example from Suakin with the tail-tip
half chocolate-brown and half black,” but the conspicuous
and evidently natural red tail-tip of the N. Nigerian species
leads me to think that sangucneus has also a really red tail-
tip and that the Suakin specimen is merely one of the ordinary
new West-African Mammals. 281
gracilis type with a more or less bleached tail-tip. Examples
of the true Kordofan sanguineus would be valuable accessions
to the British Museum collection.
The type of the present handsome and distinct species was
obtained by Mr. Fox shortly before his death, and was
forwarded to the Museum by his brother Mr. J. C. Fox.
Kerivoula phalena, sp. n.
A small pale brown species with subequal incisors.
Size as in the smallest members of the genus. Fur long,
soft, and fine; hairs of back about 7 mm. in length. General
colour above uniform pale reddish brown—like ‘‘ Mars-brown ”
of Ridgway, but much paler; the hairs of this colour all
through, except that on the posterior back they have incon-
spicuously darker bases. Extreme tips of some of the rump-
hairs silvery buff. Under surface similar but rather paler,
and with more blackish at the bases of the hairs. Membranes
and wings almost naked, the base and edge of the inter-
femoral with thinly scattered hairs, not forming a fringe, the
upper surface of the legs thinly hairy, the feet well haired.
Ears with inner margin strongly convex, a distinct con-
cavity below the tip. Tragus slender, straight, a well-
marked projection at its outer base, succeeded above by an
emargination, above which there is again a projecting point,
forming the broadest part of the tragus; in front of the
middle of the base there isa wart clothed with long hairs,
forming a loose tuft; a particularly prominent tragoid pro-
jection present facing the tragus on the inner side of the
outer base of the ear.
Skull very light and delicate, with narrow brain-case.
Upper incisors subequal in length, the outer rather shorter,
and practically unicuspid, a small secondary cusp at the
extreme posterior base of the inner one and at the internal
base of the outer. First and second lower incisors tricuspid,
third with a single large rounded cusp with minute anterior
and posterior secondary cusps.
Dimensions of the type (the starred measurements taken in
the flesh) :—
Forearm 29°5 mm. (28 mm. in the male).
Head and body *33; tail *40; ear *13; third finger,
metacarpus 29°5, first phalanx 12:5; lower leg and foot 18°8.
Skull: greatest length 12-1; basi-sinual length 9:1 ;
zygomatic breadth 7:1; breadth of brain-case 6°1; front of
upper canine to back of m? 5:1.
Hab. Bibianaha, inland of Denkwa, Gold Coast. Alt. 720’.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 20
282 Mr, N. Colgan on
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 12.6. 20.3. Original
number 224. Collected 24th April, 1912, and presented by
Dr. H. G. F. Spurrell. Male and female skins, female and
-young in spirit examined.
This delicate little Kerivoula belongs to Dobson’s second
group of the genus, and would seem to be allied to K. lanosa
and smithiz, but is markedly smaller than either.
Perhaps its nearest relative is the Kamerun K. muscilla,
Thos., which is, however, distinguishable by its more inflated
brain-case and its interfemoral fringe.
XXXVIII.—Self-evisceration in the Asteroidea.
By NATHANIEL Cogan, M.R.LA.
In the considerable body of extant literature which deals
with the subject of autotomy, or self-mutilation, I can find no
instance on record of self-evisceration in the Asteroid section
of the Echinodermata, although the existence of that curious
propensity or infirmity in the Holothuroid division is well
known to every student of the phylum. The following notes
of observations made three years ago on some living speci-
mens of the common Cribella oculata of Pennant—Henricia
sanguinolenta, O. F. Miiller—are accordingly published here
in the belief that they may contain something new and may
stimulate to further research.
On the 17th April, 1909, I took at low tide from the shore
near Bullock, Dublin Bay, two living specimens of this
species. ‘The larger of the two was quite regular in form,
with a spread of arms measuring 4 inches, the smaller, with
a spread of 34 inches, had a sixth supernumerary arm from
the upper surface of which protruded a monstrous wart placed
midway between the disk and the tip of the arm. In the
hope that these specimens might deposit ova and so enable
me to study the early stages in the development of the
species, they were placed in sea-water, each in a separate
dish, just deep enough to permit of the animals being fully
immersed.
Four days later, on the 21st April, on examining the
smaller specimen with the abnormal sixth ray, I was
astonished to find that it had completely eviscerated itself.
The paired dendroid pyloric czeca, closely resembling those
of Asterias rubens as figured by Miller and Troschel, hung
in festoons from the tip of each of the five normal rays,
Se/f-evisceration in the A sterotdea. 283
while a sixth mass of ceca issued from the wart-like pro-
tuberance halfway down the upper surface of the super-
numerary sixth ray. Hach of the five normal rays was
ruptured for a length of 5 mm. on the upper surface close to
the tip, and from these small slits protruded the whole cecal
contents of the ray still paired by their basal connection. The
animal thus eviscerated was in a lively condition. It moved
across the dish with its tube feet in active motion and the
dermal branchiz exserted, and when turned over on its back
was able to quickly resume its normal position. The rays
had become flattened and in places even concave by the
withdrawal of the ceca. This individual lived for three days
after the rejection of its cca, and on the 22nd April, the day
after this rejection, a mass of orange gonads was seen to
issue from the ruptured tip of one of the arms, Though
changed from time to time, the water in which this specimen
was kept became rather stale at intervals, as it did with the
other specimens dealt with in these notes.
The actual process of self-evisceration, which I had no
opportunity of observing in this six-rayed individual, I was
enabled to watch closely in the larger and normally five-rayed
specimen taken on the same day, the 17th April. At 11 a.m.
on the 23rd April the first sign of extrusion was noticed.
A small lump of tawny ceca made its appearance on the
upper surface and near the tip of one of the arms. Three-
quarters of an hour later this extrusion was completely
withdrawn and no trace of rupture could be made out on>
examining the tip of the arm with a hand lens. No further
extrusion took place that day, but at 8 A.M. on the following
day, 24th April, a mass of ceca as large as a pea was
observed at the extremity of one ray and a much smaller
mass at the tip of a second and adjacent ray. Half an hour
later the smaller mass was found to have doubled in size and
at 10 A.M. a fairly large extrusion appeared at the end of a
third ray, adjacent to those already 1uptured. Nearly two
hours later, at 11.45 A.M., measurements were taken of the
cca extruded from the three contiguous rays, when the
lengths were found to be 4, 8, and 11 millimetres respectively,
About this time swellings and pale bands and blotches were
seen to travel very slowly along the ruptured arms and to
come and go on different parts &F the disk, suggestive of the
slowly propagated swellings which precede self-evisceration
in certain Holothurians.
Further measurements of the extruded cca made at
12.45 p.m. the same day gave lengths of 4, 10, and 16
millimetres, and about the same time orange-coloured gonads
20*
284 Mr. N. Colgan on
were seen to issue in the normal way from the oviduct in the.
angle between two adjacentarms. At 1 P.M. the pale blotch
on one of the arms was seen to accompany the swelling,
which slowly travelled along the arm towards the ruptured
extremity, and a further extrusion occurred as soon as the
swelling and its accompanying pale blotch had reached the
point of rupture. About the same time the tip of the fourth
ray became ruptured and a portion of the ceca was extruded
at the moment when a slowly travelling swelling had reached
the tip. At four minutes to 7 P.M. on the same day a pro-
minent swelling was seen to have travelled along the fifth
ray almost to the tip, and watching this narrowly the beginning
of a protrusion of the ceca, which ultimately reached to a
length of 4 mm., was seen to take place at the moment when
the swelling reached the extremity of the arm. While the
extrusion was being slowly effected—it occupied fully four
minutes—the unattached sucker feet near the tip of the ray
were seen to be in vigorous spasmodic action, and the
swelling proceeded to travel backwards along the ray to-
wards the disk, The propagation along the rays of these
swellings or waves of inflation was very slowly effected, the
average of several observations giving a rate of 6 mm., or,
say, a quarter of an inch per minute.
By 8 p.M. on the 24th April one pair of czeca was found
to be fully extruded from an arm of this second specimen of
Cribella. It was detached and placed in spirit and the
following day the animal was treated with chloral and then
preserved in spirit so as to show the unequal extrusion of the
ceca from the tipsof the otherarms. In this case no gonads
were observed to have been extruded from the ruptured arm-
tips, as they probably would have been had the process of
self-evisceration been suffered to proceed.
In October 1909, further observations were made on a
third individual of this species, a regular 5-rayed specimen
21 inches in diameter over all, which I had dredged in
10 fathoms off Bullock on the 25th of the month. On the
morning of the 29th, four days after the capture, slight
swellings and constrictions were noticed on some of the arms,
and on the 81st two distinct knots or abrupt swellings
appeared on one of them. For ten days these swellings
continued to appear and to pass in very slowly propagated
waves along the arms without any rupture being effected.
Finally, at 8.30 A.M. on the 11th November, a minute
rupture of the integument was observed on the upper surface
of one of the arms near its tip, and from this breach a small
Self-evisceration in the Asteroidea. 285
mass of the ceca was protruded. By the 14th November
this mass had grown toa length of 6 mm., and two other
arms showed protrusions of about 3 mm. in diameter; by the
17th the protrusions from all three arms had grown in size ;
and, finally, at 9 P.M. on the 18th, the two remaining arms
were ruptured and showed small protrusions. This individual
died the next day before self-evisceration had proceeded very
far.
Is the peculiar form of self-evisceration here described
purposeful or morbid? Is it in any way useful to the
individual or to the species, or is it to be regarded as purely
pathological? These are the questions suggested by the
observations just recorded, and it must be confessed that it
is not possible in the present state of our knowledge to do
more than hint at an answer. The fact that the operation
was seen to be effected by three distinct individuals of the
same species would warrant at least the suspicion that it may
be purposeful, and this suspicion gains a certain strength
from the many observations already on record of the occur-
rence of an analogous operation in another section of the
Echinodermata, the Holothuroid section. The manner, too,
in which the effect is produced in Cribella, not by a cata-
strophic rupture, but by a long-continued series of muscular
efforts, all tending towards the same end, may fairly be taken
as further strengthening the inference of purpose, while the
extrusion of the sexual products along with the viscera
suggests, at all events, the nature of that purpose. It is,
perhaps, hardly necessary to say that the word “ purpose”
here is not meant to imply any volitional action in the
human sense. It merely denotes action helpful in repro-
duction and dissemination of the species; and the suggestion
that autotomy, or self-mutilation, in the Asteroidea may be
purposeful in this sense is not a novel one.
On the other hand, it may be urged in opposition to this
hypothesis of purposeful self-evisceration that the unnatural
conditions under which the living specimens were kept were
such as to inevitably induce a morbid state of the organism.
Exposed as they were to strong light for considerable periods
while barely covered with water, which from time to time
became moure or less foul as compared with their native
element, the animals must necessarily have grown sickly, so
that the long-drawn-out muscular efforts which finally
effected the extrusion of the viscera may have been merely
symptoms of the approaching death of the organism. Ob-
viously, further study of the life-history of Cribella and of
286 Mr. W. Schaus on
other species of the Asteroidea is necessary before one can
venture with any degree of assurance to answer the questions
raised by the observations recorded in these notes.
For assistance in consulting the scattered and hy no means
readily accessible literature of autotomy and self-evisceration,
I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Bather of the British
Museum of Natural History, and of Mr. A. R. Nichols of
the National Museum, Dublin.
XXXIX.—New Species of Heterocera from Costa
fica. —X VII. By W. Scuaus, F.Z.S.
[Continued from p. 240.]
Subfam. Gzouerrin Zz.
PROUTOSCIA, gen. nov.
3. Antennee serrate and densely ciliate. Palpi short ;
second joint thickly scaled, third slender. Femora and tibize
dilated, the hind tibize with large tufts of long hairs; ventral
tufts at end of abdomen. Fore wings broad; outer margin
rounded, slightly incurved above tornus; vein 2 from just
beyond middle of cell; 3 and 4 apart; 6 from cell; 7 from
end of areole ; 8, 9, 10 stalked from end of areole ; 11 from
middle of areole. Hind wings broad, excised and lobed at
anal angle; median approximated to inner margin; vein 2
apparently absent; 3 from near angle; 4 from angle; 5 from
middle of discocellular, downbent towards angle; 6 from
upper angle; 7 from cell; underneath with long tufts about
anal angle, upturned hairy scales along vein 4, and down-
turned scales along vein 6; an oblique ridge of hairy scales
between veins 6 and 7. In the female the neuration is
normal, and the tufts are absent; the anal angle is slightly
produced.
Proutoscia mirifica, sp. n.
g. Frons buff-white with black points. Vertex white
shaded with lilacine grey behind. Collar and thorax mottled
lilacine and whitish, with a few dark irrorations. Abdomen
above lilacine grey ; two dorsal and an interrupted lateral
reddish-brown line. Wings: base and margins pale lilacine
grey. Fore wings: disc of wing with a large semihyaline
pale yellow space pointed towards’ base of cell, its hind edge
Feterocera from Costa Rica. 287
curved to near inner margin postmedially, its fore edge
following subcostal, and interrupted on vein 6 by a pro-
jecting brown shade, its outer edge parallel with outer
margin; this space is edged with reddish brown, and is
followed from vein 2-7 by a narrower reddish- brown shade ;
an oblique brown line at base of costa ; an elongated yellow
spot edged with reddish below cell at base ; a brown, sinuous
antemedial line from cell to submedian below which it is
deeply inbent ; a subterminal fine dark purplish line from
costa, curved before apex, and slightly inbent below vein 3.
Hind wings: a subbasal yellow spot partly edged with
reddish ; a large semihyaline yellow space, angled towards
base, upturned towards costa, constricted postmedially, and
not expanding towards apex, edged with reddish brown; a
reddish-brown postmedial line, and a yellow, reddish-edged
spot below vein 7 ; the subterminal purple line sinuous to
termen at vein 6; termen shaded with reddish brown from
apex to vein 6; termen from 6—5 shaded with black. Wings
below yellowish white, simply showing the semihyaline
spaces.
Expanse 40 mm.
The female differs in having the terminal opaque space on
fore wings broader; the semihyaline space on hind wings
outbent towards middle of outer margin, and has five rounded
projections ; the subterminal line continues to inner margin,
and there is no black shading near anal angle.
Expanse 42 mm.
Hab, Sixola.
Oospila peralta, sp. n.
6. Palpi dark brown. Frons rubbed. Vertex green; a
white line between antennee. Body and wings deep green.
Abdomen: three suffusing oval tufts on segments 2-4
dorsally, dark brown irrorated with white and silver’ ; smaller
brown dorsal tufts on following segments. Wings: faint
traces of an outer and subterminal darker shade; terminal
white spots extending on cilia which are otherwise fuscous
brown tipped with white. Fore wings: costa finely yellow,
with a few brown irrorations; a faint darker antemedial
shade; a black discal point. Hind wings: a small white
discal spot. Wings below greenish white ; ; the costa of fore
wing more broadly yellowish,
Expanse 26 mm.
Hab. Peralta.
Near O, restricta, Warr.
288 Mr. W. Schaus on
Blechroma epaphras, sp. n.
3. Palpi black, edged below and above with white.
Frens white mottled with brown; vertex and body above
green ; some brown mottlings on thorax; abdomen with
four small white dorsal spots, and faint whitish segmental
lines on following segments. Wings green with some
scattered darker green spots ; cilia whitish green, with small
fuscous spots at veins. Fore wings: costa finely creamy
white striated with fuscous grey ; some antemedial smoky
spots forming an inbent line; four fuscous spots about
discocellular ; an outer lunular smoky shade, slightly inset
between veins 5 and 6. Hind wings ; a fuscous spot at base ;
a fine antemedial line and smoky spot on inner margin ; the
outer smoky shade nearer termen from vein 4 to inner
margin. Wings below greenish white; the costa of fore
wings with dark stria and spots; some small spots in cell,
and larger spots at end of cell and beyond it ; the outer line
well marked on costa.
Expanse 28 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Carillo.
Tachyphyle oleaster, sp. n.
$. Frons green; vertex white. Thorax, abdomen, and
wings dull green, the wings tinged with brown; minute
black discal points ; a greenish-white line from near apex of
fore wing to middle of inner margin of hind wing. Fore
wings: the costa brighter green; a faint whitish-green
medial line; cilia rather long, silky green. Wings below
whitish olive ; the whitish lines indistinct ; the apex of fore
wing tipped with black; minute black discal points. ‘The
female has no black tip to apex of fore wing below.
Expanse, ¢ 21 mm., ? 30 mm.
Hab. La Florida, Sixola, Tuis, Guapiles.
Tachyphyle hamata, sp. n.
3S. Palpi white. Vertex white. Collar and thorax green ;
abdomen above paler green. Wings green. Fore wings: the
apex falcate ; the cuter margin incurved ; some brownish striz
in cell and below it, forming a faint antemedial line extending
to submedian ; a fine fuscous line on discocellular; outer
space to termen shaded with brown, crossed by a broad dark
purplish-brown shade, outwardly tinged with lilacine ; this
shade extends across middle of hind wings. Fore wings
below dull dark green, the hind wings greenish white; a
Fleterocera from Costa Rica. 289
broad dull purplish-green shade from apex of fore wing to
middle of inner margin of hind wing.
Expanse 32 mm.
Hab. 'Tuis.
Racheospila acutularia, sp. n.
3. Palpi brownish fringed with white below. Head and
body green; a white line between antenne; three dorsal
white spots on abdomen, the first and third edged with dark
red. Wings green ; a terminal reddish-brown line, cut by
fine buff lines on veins; cilia pale buff, darker-tipped, and
with faint reddish shades at veins; minute black discal
points ; lines whitish, very fine ; antemedial very indistinct ;
pestmedial straight on fore wings, slightly angled on hind
wings. Apex of fore wings acute, the costa white, shaded
brown at base.
Expanse 25 mm,
Hab. 'Tuis.
Belongs to Sect. I.
Racheospila agenoria, sp. n.
6. Palpi brown fringed with white below, the second
joint long, the third minute. Frons dark green with lateral
white points below; a white line between antenne edged
behind with brown, ‘Thorax and abdomen above green ; a
small white spot edged with roseate brown dorsally at base ;
traces of segmental white lines and two points; in the female
there are three dorsal spots of about the same size. Wings
green; a terminal red line; cilia white tipped with greyish,
and with narrow brownish shades at veins; an outer Wavy
lunular white line; black discal points. Fore wings: the
costa finely white shaded with brown at base; an antemedial
white line faintly wavy and outbent from costa. Lind
wings: the antemedial white line slightly wavy, indistinct.
Hixpanse 22 mm.
flab. Juan Vinas, Tuis.
Belongs to Sect. 1. Allied to R. lizaria, Gn., but dis-
tinguished by the green frons and more wavy lines,
Racheospila dorsilinea, sp. n.
3. Palpi whitish tipped with reddish brown. Head
reddish brown crossed by a white line between antenne, and
one near palpi. Body above green; a white dorsal line on
thorax behind and on abdomen. Wings pale green finely
290 Mr. W.-Schaus on
irrorated with darker green; a very fine terminal brownish-
red line; cilia creamy white ; minute black discal points.
Fore wings: costa white shaded with brownish red at base ;
a fine white antemedial line, slightly outcurved; a fine
white outer line, parallel with termen. Hind wings: a fine
white outer line, slightly curved. Underneath greenish
white, the costa of fore wing tinged with pale brown, and
with dark red at base.
Expanse 25 mm.
Hab. Poas.
- Belongs to Sect. I. d.
Racheospila nympharia, sp. n.
6. Frons. greyish brown edged with green in front.
Vertex and body green; three dorsal white spots on abdomen
faintly edged with reddish, the basal spot smallest. Wings
green ; a very fine terminal pale brownish line, sometimes
absent ; cilia buff-white, with faint darker shades at veins;
minute black discal points; antemedial and postmedial lines
fine, white, the antemedial outcurved, the postmedial straight
on fore wings, faintly wavy on hind wings. The female
has the frons darker brown, and the white line on vertex
edged with reddish brown.
Expanse, ¢ 27 mm., ? 30 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Sitio, Tuis.
Belongs to Sect. I. d.
Racheospila strigaria, sp. n.
?. Frons brown. Vertex green ; a white line between
antenne. Body green, with traces of paler green segmental
lines on abdomen. Wings green crossed by whitish striz ;
cilia green ; costa of fore wings finely white. Wings below
whitish green; some fuscous shading at base of costa, and
similar faint irrorations above median on fore wings.
Expanse 29 mm.
Hab. Turrialba.
Belongs to Sect. I. A.
Racheospila concinnaria, sp. n.
3. Palpi white shaded with light brown. Frons light
brown crossed by a white line near palpi; vertex white.
Body above green; a dorsal white line on abdomen. Wings
pale green; antemedial and outer lunular white lines, the
latter outbent between veins 3 and4; minute black discal
Fleterocera from Costa Rica. 291
points ; terminal minute white points; cilia white tipped
with pale greyish brown.
Expanse, ¢ 15 mm., 2? 19 mm.
Hab. Sixola, Guapiles, Juan Vinas, Avangarez.
Belongs to Sect. II.
Racheospila interlucens, sp. n.
8. Palpireddish brown fringed with white. Frons reddish
brown crossed by a white horizontal line; vertex white,
edged with reddish brown behind. Collar and thorax green.
Abdomen above purple with short white segmental lines
dorsally. Wings green; an outer row of short purple
streaks on veins ; a fine terminal roseate brown line; cilia
roseate white, with faint darker shades at veins. Fore
wings: antemedial small purple spots on subcostal, median,
and submedian ; costa white shaded with brown at base, and
edged behind by a faint yellowish line; a purple discal
point. Hind wings: a large semi-oval purple spot on inner
margin, edged with a broad yellowish shade on discal side.
Underneath greenish white.
Expanse 27 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis.
Racheospila porcius, sp. n.
Palpi purplish fringed with white below. Frons purplish.
Vertex green edged with white behind. Collar and patagia
green. ‘lhorax and abdomen above roseate brown, partly
irrorated with black ; two white dorsal spots. Wings green ;
discal spots rather large, lilacine brown. Fore wings: costa
creamy white ; inner and outer lines paler green, edged on
medial side with darker green, the former slightly outbent,
the latter faintly outcurved and barely lunular, suffusing at
vein 2 with roseate brown blotch on inner margin, which is
downcurved to tornus, and upbent as a line on termen ; a
similar large spot on outer margin from just above vein 4 to
vein 8, its inner edge rounded; both spots edged with
purple-brown and then narrowly with orange-yellow ; termen
green from below to above vein 4. Hind wings: termen
from apex to near vein 4, and from 2 to inner margin broadly
lilacine brown, edged as spots on fore wings, but connected
by a fine terminal purple line; a narrow purplish streak
from anal blotch along inner margin, not reaching base.
Expanse 29 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Near R. fallax, Warr., but spots all larger.
292 Mr. W. Schaus on
Leptolopha marginata, sp. n.
9. Palpi buff-white. Frons reddish brown ; a white line
between antenne. Body above green; abdomen with
yellowish-white dorsal line, and lateral white segmental lines.
Wings green with some scattered darker green irrorations ;
termen pale greenish yellow inwardly edged by a fine yellow-
brown line; cilia greenish yellow. Fore wings: costa
greenish yellow; a black discal point. Hind wings: a
whitish-yellow streak across'end of cell. Wings below
greenjsh white.
Expanse 24 mm.
Hab. Tuis.
Between L. flavolimes, Warr., and permagna, Warr.
Subfam. Acrpazimz.
Anisodes aquila, sp. n.
2. Body olive-buff, the last three segments of abdomen
above bright magenta. Fore wings yellow-buff, finely
irrorated with purplish brown; an indistinct dark ante-
medial line, angled in cell, and marked by purplish points
on subcostal, in cell, on median, and on submedian ; a fine
purplish-red outer line from vein 7, straight and inbent to
inner margin, followed by a slightly fuscous shade ; sub-
terminal purple-brown points on veins; a fine terminal
magenta line, and similar points on interspaces. Hind wings
similar, the irrorations partly replaced by purplish strie,
the outer line not reaching costa. Wings below similar, but
duller ; purplish discal shades; the outer line broader,
purplish ; the fore wing below cell shaded with purplish.
Expanse 43 mm.
Hab. Poas.
Anisodes erastus, Sp. n.
?. Head fuscous grey. Collar, thorax, and abdomen pale
brownish red. Wings yellow thickly irrorated with brown-
red, the lines fine, fuscous grey. Fore wings: costa fuscous
grey; antemedial slightly outcurved; a streak on disco-
cellular ; veins from cell greyish; postmedial slightly out-
curved, vertical from vein 2 ; outer line oblique from vein 8
to vein 6, then lunular; a subterminal greyish line from
costa to termen at vein 4. Hind wings: medial space and
veins beyond greyish ; a black point on discocellular ; post-
medial slightly curved ; outer line straight from costa to
Feterocera from Costa Rica. 293
vein 6, then lunular and closer to termen. Wings below
luteous tinged with roseate ; lines faintly marked.
Expanse 22 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Anisodes peplumaria, sp. n.
?. Palpi purplish fringed with pale buff. Head, collar,
thorax, base, and tip of abdomen yellow irrorated with red ;
abdomen otherwise dorsally fuscous tinged with lilacine.
Wings fuscous tinged with lilacine. Fore wings: base
yellow irrorated with red, its outer edge inbent from end of
cell to inner margin at antemedial line, which is fine, fuscous,
and slightly outcurved ; an outbent fuscous line at base;
a medial line on costa, beyond which are some yellowish
irrorations ; postmedial fine, black, lunular, deeply out-
curved and barely visible on dark ground-colour ; outer line
fine, lunular, oblique to vein 4, then inbent, followed by
yellow to termen, but cut by dark veins, and greatly reduced
before apex by a broad fuscous line from costa to termen at
vein 4. Hind wings: base and termen from below vein 4
to anal angle yellow irrorated with red; a black discal point ;
traces of a postmedial and subterminal black line; a few
black scales postmedially below vein 3. Wings below
purplish; the yellow spaces on termen whiter; the base
suffused with roseate yellow.
Expanse 24 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Anisodes scriptilinea, sp. n.
9. Frons lilacine brown, Vertex, collar, thorax, and
base of abdomen deep yellow irrorated with red; abdomen
otherwise lilacine white irrorated with yellow and reddish
brown. Wings yellow, the lines purplish. Fore wings
thinly irrorated with red, rather more thickly on basal half ;
a basal line ; antemedial line outbent on costa, then vertical,
preceded by a short line in cell; a lilacine grey line on
discocellular edged with purple, and a spot above it on costa ;
postmedial fine, outcurved, straight and slightly outbent
from vein 2, below discocellular, to inner margin ; outer
line outbent, wavy, lunular, and incurved from vein 4; a
heavy -straight line from costa before apex to termen at
vein 4; a terminal lunular line, veins finely greyish.
Hind wings more heavily irrorated with red, except on
medial space which is lilacine grey, and encloses a small
294 Mr. W. Schaus on
yellow, red, and black discal spot; antemedial line wavy ;
postmedial outbent between veins 4 and 3 ; outer line oblique
to vein 4, then lunular and subterminal; a fine line from
costa to termen at vein 4; the veins on outer half fuscous
grey. Wings below tinged with red; the lines fine, faintly
indicated.
Expanse 24 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Anisodes silas, sp. n.
3. Palpi whitish buff edged above at base with magenta.
Head, body, and wings pale yellow; terminal half of
abdomen whiter, and with a few dark red hairs. Wings
irrorated with reddish-brown points connected by ochreous-
yellow shades, forming short strie. Fore wings: two dark
superposed points on costa beyond base; black points on
subcostal, in cell, on median and. submedian, connected by a
fine ochreous-yellow antemedial lunular line, inbent from
subcostal ; a white point circled with purple-brown at end of
cell, followed by an oblique dark line, faintly lunular, from
costa to middle of inner margin; a fine outer lunular line-
marked by dark points on veins; a fine subterminal lunular
shade, the lunules outwardly filled with clearer yellow;
terminal dark points on interspaces. Hind wings: a fine
antemedial wavy line; a dark transverse shade from costa
beyond middle to middle of inner margin, crossing the
discocellular spot which is white, broken into three parts by
some dark shading; outer and subterminal line, also terminal
spots, as on fore wing. Underneath whitish yellow, the lines
as above, purplish ; a similar faint shade on fore wing along
median and between veins 3 and 4 to subterminal.
Expanse 36 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis, Poas.
Anisodes sopater, sp. n.
3. Body above roseate brown, the third and fourth
segments of abdomen dorsally purplish ; underneath luteous.
Wings roseate brown ; minute subterminal black points on
veins; fine terminal points on interspaces; a very faint
postmedial smoky shade. Fore wings: a white point on
discocellular. Hind wings: a white point edged with black
on discocellular. Fore wings below roseate ; a fine whitish
line on discocellular ; a fine darker outer line. Hind wings
below yellowish white, the costa tinged with roseate ; a fine
roseate outer line.
Expanse 29 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis.
Heterocera from Costa Rica. 295
Anisodes tertullus, sp. n.
?. Palpi and head fuscous brown. Body and wings deep
yellow thickly irrorated with red; a dorsal line on abdomen,
and lines on wings fuscous. Fore wings: costa fuscous; a
fine antemedial line, slightly curved ; a line on discocellular ;
postmedial slightly outbent to vein 4, angled and inbent to
below discocellular, then downturned ; subterminal fine,
lunular ; veins tinged with fuscous brown, irrorated with
yellowish ; cilia purplish. Hind wings: a small white spot
at end of cell, dark-edged; postmedial straight from costa to
vein 4, angled and upturned and outbent to middle of inner
margin; subterminal fine, lunular. Wings below roseate
yellow, the lines faintly indicated,
Hxpanse 30 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Anisodes timotheus, sp. n.
?. Palpi whitish buff, the second joint streaked above
with purple-red. Frons whitish, edged with dark brown
above. Vertex, collar, thorax, and wings lilacine buff with
brownish striz ; a fuscous line on collar in front. Wings:
lines dull olive-green irrorated with black ; outer line lunular,
outcurved ; traces of subterminal dull greenish shades, veins
terminally so shaded; terminal black points. Fore wings:
costal margin dark olive, with fuscous-brown irrorations ;
antemedial line outcurved to below cell, then outbent; an
oblique narrow oval line at end of cell ; postmedial sinuous,
nearly vertical ; two small subterminal black spots between
veins 4 and 6. Hind wings: a black point at base ; ante-
medial lunular, outangled near inner margin; an oval black
spot containing a white point on discocellular ; medial line
fine; outer line a continuation of medial line on fore wing.
Wings below yellowish white; fore wings with lines and
strie purplish red; hind wings with faint traces of outer line
and a few striz on costa; terminal points reddish,
Expanse 27 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis, Guapiles.
Very near A. spissata, Warr.
Anisodes transecta, sp. n.
3. Body above olive-grey ; abdomen pale buff terminally
and with a lateral purple-red streak about middle. Wings
whitish buff, shaded and striated with light brown. Fore
wings: costal margin olive-grey, irrorated with fuscous; a
296 Mr. W. Schaus on
reddish-brown line from base along median and close above
vein 4 to termen, crossed by a similar line from costa near
apex to middle of inner margin, both partly shaded with dark
grey ; a curved antemedial line in cell and a short line from
cell, inset ; a reddish-brown annular spot at end of cell con-
taining lilacine scales; an outer, wavy, reddish-brown line
from vein 8 to just below 4, and a similar point on vein 3;
termen mottled with dark grey and red-brown from line at
vein 4 to near 6; olive-grey shading and reddish irrorations
from vein 4 to tornus; terminal dark points. Hind wings:
a fuscous basal streak ; a fine red-brown antemedial line and
broader medial line, suffusing below costa, diverging on inner
margin, the latter followed by olive-grey shading and a
silvery-white point on discocellular ; outer line fine, reddish
brown from vein 6 to inner margin ; termen broadly fuscous
grey from near vein 4 to inner margin. Underneath whitish
yellow, with few striz ; the lines fuscous, less distinct; the
outer line punctiform. :
Kixpanse 37 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Antsodes trophinus, sp. n.
9. Body and wings deep yellow, irrorated with red ; a
black dorsal patch, irrorated with white near base of abdo-
men; lines fine, black ; a subterminal deeply lunular dentate
line; an interrupted terminal red line; a fine black and red
line on discocellulars ; some black mottling on cilia at veins.
Fore wings: antemedial line twice outcurved to submedian ;
a lunular postmedial line, incurved below vein 3 and thick-
ened on veins. Hind wings: subterminal line irregular,
angled at vein 4. Wings below yellow, shaded with red ;
the subterminal line well marked.
Expanse 33 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Anisodes tychicus, sp. n.
2. Palpi buff, edged with purple above. Frons purple.
Vertex fuscous. Collar and thorax red. Abdomen above
red at base, otherwise purplish ; underneath luteous. Wings
yeddish orange, thickly striated with red; a faint sub-
terminal lunular line, marked by dark points on veins ;
terminal purplish points on interspaces. Fore wings: costa
and inner margin dull purplish brown; antemedial line
slightly outbent, dark red; a white point at end of cell,
closely fullowed by a broad medial reddish shade, interrupted
Heterocera from Costa Rica. 297
by a dull greyish-brown shade just below cell, this shade
extending on veins 3 and 4 to termen. Hind wings: a fine
subbasal line ; a large white spot at end of cell, followed by
a transverse dark shade ; veins 3, 4, 6, and 7 heavily shaded
with dull greyish brown. Wings below pale yellowish,
shaded with roseate purple; medial shade and subterminal
line well marked; discocellular spots dull white, on fore
wing linear.
Bxpanse 33 mm.
TTab. Juan Vinas.
Anisodes vineotincta, sp. n.
2. Body above brownish red, underneath yellowish buff,
the legs partly dull roseate. Wings dull brownish red, with
scattered white striz; veins fuscous; subterminal white
points on veins. Fore wings: a round white spot at end of
cell, edged with fuscous. Hind wings: a large round white
discal spot, edged with fuscous and containing an interrupted
fuscous ring, within which the white is tinged with yellow.
Wings below thinly scaled, whitish buff, tinged with roseate ;
a postmedial sinuous red line; an indistinct fine red sub-
terminal line ; termen with reddish striz.
Expanse 35 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, San José.
Heterephyra directilinea, sp. n.
?. Body and wings brown, thickly irrorated with reddish,
the lines purplish red. Fore wings: the antemedial line
outecurved on costa and slightly outbent, very distinct ; post-
medial line straight, distinct; outer line finer, twice out-
curved; a minute white discal point, dark-edged. Hind
wings: a white discal spot, dark-edged; postmedial line
straight ; outer line wavy. Wings below yellowish, tinged
with pale roseate brown; black streaks on discocellular ;
postmedial line straight, fuscous; outer line dentate, wavy,
without the pronounced curves of upper side.
Expanse 35 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Closely allied to HZ. ladrilla, Dogn.
Heterephyra johannis, sp. n.
&. Palpi reddish brown, fringed below with pale buff.
Frons below dark brown, shading to black above and on
vertex. Collar, thorax, abdomen, and wings brown, tinged
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 21
298 Mr. W. Schaus on
with red and finely irrorated with fuscous. Fore wings:
the costa darker shaded; lines fine, fuscous; antemedial
slightly angled on median; postmedial vertical to vein 4,
inbent to vein 2, and vertical to inner margin ; outer line
finely wavily lunular, inbent at vein 3 and vertical below it;
a small white discal spot. Hind wings: a black discal point,
edged with grey; postmedial bluntly angled at vein 4 ;
outer line curved, finely wavy, indistinct. Wings below
roseate brown, with faint traces of postmedial and outer
lines.
Expanse 32 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Allied to H. fuscicosta, Warr., but differently coloured.
Dichromatopodia masinissa, sp. n.
3. Head, thorax, and wings reddish brown, finely irrorated
with buff; discal spots small, whitish and fuscous grey ; a
fine outer buff line, faintly curved ; a medial fuscous shade.
Fore wings: a fine buff antemedial line, angled on subcostal.
Wings below pale reddish brown ; a medial dark line; a fine
purplish-red outer line. Abdomen fuscous brown.
Expanse 26 mm.
The female has the base and outer margin tinged with dark
purple, and some fuscous shading following outer line.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Cartago.
Dichromatopodia micipsa, sp. n.
3. Body and wings reddish brown, irrorated with greyish
buff; veins slightly yellowish; discal spots small, mottled
grey and black; an outer nearly straight buff line, inwardly
edged with slightly darker brown. Fore wings: an ante-
medial buff line, angled on subcostal, then straight to inner
margin. Wings below luteous, shaded with pale red; cilia
purplish ; a faint reddish outer line.
Jixpanse 25 mm.
Hlab. Juan Vinas.
Very similar to D. mintata, Dr., which has a white line on
discocellular.
Dichromatopodia orbona, sp. n.
?. Body and wings purplish brown. Fore wings: costa
dark-shaded; a fine antemedial purple-red line, inwardly
edged with dark grey, outwardly oblique from costa; a small
white spot on discocellular; outer line heavily marked,
Heterocera from Costa Rica. 299
fuscous brown, outwardly edged with ochreous grey, from
costa near apex to middle of inner margin on hind wings;
the ochreous-grey shade on hind wing is followed by a fine
black line. Wings below dull roseate, the outer line less
conspicuous,
Expanse 24 mm.
Hab. Tuis.
Subfam. Larenrirz.
Cambogia citriaria, sp. n.
9. Head and collar orange-brown ; a white line between
antenne. ‘Thorax and abdomen yellow, spotted with orange-
brown. Wings bright yellow, crossed by broken orange-
brown lines; the small discal spots distinct on a clear yellow
shade preceding the postmedial fascia, which is broad, tinged
with dull lilacine grey, and striated with yellow, its inner edge
slightly curved, its outer edge on fore wing incurved beyond
cell and below vein 2; this fascia is followed by a narrow
clear yellow shade; the lines on outer space are darker
yellow, edged with orange-brown, and irregularly confluent.
Hind wings: the outer edge of postmedial fascia expands
between veins 2 and 4, Wings below pale yellow, the
markings purplish. Fore wings: an antemedial shade;
postmedial shade broad, outlined as above, followed by a fine
line and heavier subterminal line; terminal points between
the veins. Hind wings: the postmedial shade narrow; a
subterminal line ; discal spots on both wings.
Expanse 21-23 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis.
Intermediate between C. odatis, Dr., and C. numeria, Dr.
Hammaptera caribbea, sp. n.
?. Body and fore wings pale green. Fore wings: sub-
basal fascia consisting of three black lines on a greenish-
brown ground ; antemedial space clear, with faint traces of
a line and dark spot on costa ; medial fascia consisting of
four black lines on greenish brown; a dark line on disco-
cellular ; postmedial geminate, irregular, somewhat incurved
opposite cell, followed by two outer lines, the inner one more
heavily marked, indentate between veins 6 and 5, outcurved
and punctiform on veins and fold ; another line suffuses with
the brown shadings preceding the subterminal lunular
whitish line, these shadings being blacker and heavier above
and below vein 5 and at vein 7; terminal geminate black
21%
300 Mr. W. Schaus on
points at veins. Hind wings dull brownish grey, the outer
margin darkest. Wings below yellowish white ; black discal
points; three wavy postmedial lines; the outer margins
broadly black ; cilia greenish yellow, spotted with black on
fore wings.
Expanse 32 mm.
Hab. Sixola, Banana River, Alajuela.
‘he male has anal fold to near base filled with long creamy
tufts.
Tlammaptera fartaria, sp. n.
3g. Body greenish mottled with brown ; black segmental
lines on abdomen, edged behind with grey. Fore wings to
outer line dark green; subbasal, medial, and postmedial
fascie dark brown, edged and crossed by still darker lines,
starting from three black lines on costa, the medial and post-
medial suffusing shortly below cell; a narrower antemedial
fascia marked by two lines; outer line white, strongly
marked, slightly incurved between veins 6 and 4, then
lunular, projecting somewhat between 4 and 3, inwardly
shaded with dark green and outwardly edged by a green line
from costa to vein 6 and between veins 4 and 3; terminal
space broadly light green, crossed by some darker lunular
lines, and with fuscous-brown shadings on costa, from vein 3
to tornus, and above vein 4, the latter having its anterior
edge oblique and shaded with reddish brown. Hind wings
slate-colour, without fovea or long hairs in fold. Wings
below fuscous ; black discal points. Fore wings: an outer
white fascia from costa to vein 4, angled and less distinct,
but expanding and better marked on inner margin; apex
white ; a terminal white spot between veins 3 and 4. Hind
wings: a narrow outer whitish line.
Expanse 38 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Sitio.
Hammaptera herbosaria, sp. n.
3. Palpi green, mottled with fuscous. Head and body
green, collar with a transverse fuscous shade; patagia
heavily shaded with fuscous brown; abdomen with trans-
verse black shades, most distinct on three basal segments.
Fore wings bright green; asubbasal dark green fascia, some-
what constricted below cell, edged by fine black lines and
crossed by two fine dark brown lines; antemedial space
crossed by a geminate dark green line, and a fine single line
before medial fascia, which is similar to subbasal, but its
Lleterocera from Costa Rica. 301
outer edge is lunular below cell and touches the inversely
lunular postmedial on vein 2, on fold, and not quite on sub-
median ; postmedial fuscous brown, geminate, wavy, and
outcurved beyond cell ; a fuscous line edged with pale green
on discocellular ; postmedial followed by a fine indistinct
dark green line ; a geminate outer line, the inner portion
heavily shaded with black from costa to vein 4, and on veins
otherwise; a lunular subterminal pale green line, preceded
by fine geminate lines and outwardly partly edged with
black; a terminal black line; cilia green, spotted with
fuscous green. Hind wings dark slate-colour; the fovea
above anal angle whitish, shaded with roseate buff; a terminal
black line and pale points at veins; cilia brown, tipped with
rey. Wings below whitish, finely irrorated with black ;
black discal lines. Fore wings: an antemedial small black
spot on costa ; postmedial and outer fuscous lines angled at
vein 4 and not reaching inner margin, which is broadly clear
white; termen broadly fuscous, a whitish shade at apex and
terminally between veins 3 and 4, Hind wings: fine post-
medial and outer black lines ; a broad marginal black shade,
partly mottled with white terminally,
Expanse 35 mm. 7
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Hammaptera linusaria, sp. n.
3S. Palpi light brown, joints tipped with white. Head
and abdomen cream-colour, the latter with fine pale brown
transverse lines. Thorax grey ; patagia streaked with black.
Fore wings white, irrorated with brown; medial space
brown; termen shaded with brown; a subbasal brownish
line, edged with black irrorations ; a fine brownish antemedial
line, preceded and followed by a less distinct line; the medial
space inwardly edged by a wavy black line and outwardly by
angled black lines on veins, also crossed by black lines,
suffusing below black discocellular line, forming spots to
inner margin; a subterminal lunular white line, preceded by
black spots above and below vein 5; terminal geminate
black spots at veins. Hind wings whitish, the termen
rather broadly dark grey. Wings below whitish, the outer
margin broadly fuscous grey ; fine discal streaks, more pro-
nounced on fore wing.
Expanse 24 mm.
Hab. Esperanza, Tuis, Banana River, Avangarez.
The description is taken from a specimen with medial space
heavily marked, some specimens having it mueh greyer, with’
302 Mr. W. Schaus on
only its margins darker; this is especially the case in the
females. ‘The species is very similar to H. tenera, Warr.,
but differs below,
Coremia apollosaria, sp. n.
8. Body brownish grey ; abdomen with transverse dark
brown shades and whitish segmental lines. Fore wings
grey ; base and medial space light reddish brown, the termen
shaded with grey-brown; basal space edged by a darker line ;
two fine antemedial lines ; the medial space crossed by fine
darker lines before and beyond the black point on disco-
cellular, the last line vertical from costa to vein 4, outangled,
and slightly inbent ; postmedial space whitish, with geminate
black points on veins ; apex greyish, with an oblique terminal
fuscous shade below it. Hind wings whitish ; a minute
point on discocellular ; postmedial lines very faint ; some
grey-brown shading at anal angle. Wings below greyish,
with faint traces of lines; minute discal points and some
scattered irrorations on hind wings.
Expanse 24 mm.
The female has the medial space broader and deep reddish
brown.
Hab. Poas, Turrialba.
Coremia discataria, sp. n.
6. Body slate-grey ; abdomen with paler segmental lines.
Fore wings slate-grey; a medial and a postmedial broad
brownish fascia, suffusing below a large pale patch at end of
cell and crossed by indistinct fuscous lines, the outer edge
of postmedial finely paler grey, sinuous; a subbasal curved
brownish line and traces of a finer antemedial; traces of a
subterminal lunular whitish line, preceded by brownish
shadings, all very indistinct ; traces of an interrupted ter-
minal fuscous line. Hind wings grey; three sinuous, fine,
medial fuscous lines, and traces of other lines on inner margin
close to anal angle. Wings below greyish; black discal
points; three fine postmedial fuscous lines. Hind wings
thinly irrorated with fuscous and reddish brown.
Eixpanse 26 mm.
Hab. Poas, ‘Turrialba.
Coremia lucasaria, sp. n.
¢. Body brown; some black irrorations on abdomen.
Fore wings: basal and outer thirds yellow-brown ; medial
| Heterocera from. Costa Rica. 303
space fuscous brown; basal space crossed by indistinct
darker lines; medial space broad on costa, narrower below
vein 4 and cell, its inner edge outcurved, shaded with white
on costa, its outer edge serrate, vertical to vein 4, projecting,
slightly inbent, with darker streaks on veins 2—4 and some
white shading on costa ; veins on postmedial space irrorated
with fuscous and whitish; subterminal black spots from
veins 4—8, partly edged with white ; an interrupted terminal
black line. Hind wings grey-brown ; a broad medial shade,
slightly darker. Wings below greyish ; outer third of fore
wing and entire hind wing irorated with reddish ; minute
black discal points.
Eixpanse 23 mm.
Hab. Vurrialba.
Coremia zenasaria, sp. n.
3. Head, collar, and thorax greyish brown. Abdomen
dark grey, mottled with black and crossed by pale segmental
lines. Fore wings grey-brown, rather browner on medial
space; a black discal point; lines fine, fuscous, slightly
outcurved ; a basal, two subbasal, two antemedial, three
medial, three postmedial ; the outer medial and inner post-
medial somewhat lunular; a fuscous spot on postmedial
above vein 4, not always present; two lunular dark grey
outer lines marked with black points on veins ; subterminal
whitish, more distinct from veins 4-8, and inwardly. shaded
with black; an interrupted terminal black line. Hind wings
greyish ; a black point on discocellular anteriorly ; three fine
medial and two subterminal fuscous lines. Wings below
grey ; hind wings and costa of fore wings shaded with lilacine
brown ; black discal points; the lines faintly marked ; the
outer postmedial line most distinct.
Expanse 20 mm.
Hab. Turrialba.
Anapalta artemas, sp. n.
3.» Head and collar brown. Thorax brown; patagia
mottled black and grey. Abdomen brown, with black dorsal
spots. Fore wings dark brown; a subbasal lunular black
line; a broad antemedial whitish fascia, irrorated with light
brown; medial and postmedial space with some lighter
brown irrorations ; two medial black lines and two postmedial
lunular lines, black on costa, otherwise fuscous brown, and
followed on costa to below vein 7 by a brownish-white
shade, less so on inner margin; outer space lighter brown,
304 Mr. W. Schaus on
with a faint subterminal pale lunular line, preceded by a
black shade at vein 6; an interrupted terminal dark brown
line. Hind wings greyish, with traces of two lunular dentate
postmedial lines, closer together on inner margin ; a terminal
fuscous line. Fore wings below fuscous grey; the outer
margin and hind wings brownish white; black discal points ;
the two postmedial lines finely lunular dentate; two con-
verging lines from costa before apex of fore wing.
Expanse 26 mm.
Hab. Poas.
This species shows considerable variation, especially in the
intensity of the antemedial fascia.
Pertzoma pudens, sp. n.
Palpi and body black-brown, except terminal half of
abdomen, which is light grey. Fore wings light silky grey ;
basal fourth dark brown, crossed by two fine black lines,
starting from indistinct fuscous-grey spots on costa ; a faint
fuscous spot at end of cell; a postmedial and a smaller sub-
terminal dark brown spot on costa; a faint postmedial darker
shade and some dark points on veins; termen irregularly
and faintly shaded with brown; cilia fuscous grey. Hind
wings whitish grey.
Expanse 17 mm.
flab. Turrialba, Poas.
Near P. fallax, Warr.
Perizoma tetrica, sp. ni.
3. Palpi and frons black-brown, vertex paler, shaded with
grey behind. Collar and three terminal segments of abdo-
men whitish grey; abdomen otherwise and thorax black-
brown. Fore wings: basal third fuscous brown, crossed by
three fine wavy black lines, the outer two edged with grey
on costa; outer two-thirds pale grey shaded with fuscous
grey at end of cell, terminally, and broadly on inner margin
from postmedial line to tornus; a quadrate dark brown
postmedial spot on costa, from which are two fine and
interrupted dark lines, slightly incurved, and macular on
inner margin; a subterminal broad fuscous-brown shade
from costa to near vein 6; a terminal black line interrupted
by pale spots on veins; cilia grey partly shaded with black.
Hind wings dark silky grey-brown; the dark postmedial
line of underside partly visible. Wings below dark silky
Heterocera from Costa Lica. 305
grey; black discal spots. Hind wings: the postmedial
tuscous line angled below vein 4.
Expanse 13 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Eriopygidia myrtusaria, sp. n.
?. Palpi brownish ringed with white. Head whitish
buff, possibly faded green. Collar and thorax dark green.
Abdomen orange-yellow. Fore wings sage-green, lines
black-brown, thick ; an irregular subbasal line; antemedial
outcurved from subcostal to fold, preceded on costa by a short
line; medial broad on costa, oblique and angled near
discocellular and suffusing with the inbent postmedial, the
two lines diverging to vein 2, from which to inner margin
they are connected by dark brown lines forming four green
spots between them ; a costal spot between medial and post-
medial, from which a darker green shade extends to and on
discocellular ; an outer line, replaced from between veins 7
and 6 to between 5 and 4, and also from below vein 3 to
below 2, by a pale brownish shade; a dentate bluish-green
subterminal shade partly shaded outwardly with black-
brown ; cilia with large black spots at veins. Hind wings
orange, the base and inner margin clouded with fuscous, and
similar subterminal clusters of scales; the spots on cilia
smaller, not reaching apex. Underneath pale olive-brown ;
fine dark discal streaks; faint traces of a darker postmedial
shade, and a subapical shade on fore wings.
Expanse 38 mm.
Hab. Poas.
Near 1’. narangilla, Dogn.
Psaliodes demasaria, sp. n.
3d. Palpi grey. Head brown. Collar, thorax, and
abdomen brown mottled with white. Fore wings chocolate-
brown, darkest between medial and postmedial lines and on
outer margin; an antemedial white fascia, crossed by a
brown line and expanding on inner margin to medial line,
which is lunular, the lunules incurved, preceded by a small
white spot on costa; an oblique fuscous streak on disco-
cellular; postmedial white, irregularly outbent from costa,
sharply inturned at vein 3 to cell, expanding on inner margin,
where it is crossed by a brown line, and followed on costa by
an inbent white line to vein 6 ; subterminal white markings
on costa, between veins 4 and 2, and at tornus; base of
306 Mr. W. Schaus on
cilia black spotted with buff, terminally paler. Hind wings
greyish brown; cilia spotted at base with dark brown. Fore
wings below greyish brown, darker shaded apically ; white
points on costa, and similar irrorations on termen; post-
medial whitish shadings below costa; an outer lunular
velvety brown line edged with white outwardly. Hind
wings below brownish thickly mottled and irrorated with
white ; a round yellowish spot at end of cell partly edged
with dark brown; a deeply lunular dark brown outer line
from costa to vein 3; apostmedial dark brown spot on inner
margin.
Expanse 18 mm.
fab. Volcano Turrialba.
Psaliodes claudiaria, sp. n.
Palpi, head, and thorax brown; the abdomen paler, with
dark transverse shades posteriorly, edged dorsally by white
segmental lines. Fore wings brown; a darker inbent sub-
basal line, faintly edged with white outwardly; a medial
white line, slightly inbent, edged with dark brown, more
broadly outwardly ; a postmedial white line, also edged with
dark brown and followed by a whitish line outbent above
vein 5 to apex; this outbent line edged by a fuscous shade,
which is irregularly outbent below vein 5 to termen at vein 3 ;
the terminal space from vein 3 to apex shaded with grey-
brown ; a terminal fuscous line; cilia yellowish spotted with
fuscous. Hind wings whitish, the termen faintly shaded —
with brown; a terminal dark line; cilia yellow. Hind
wings below white striated with grey-brown; the veins
partly yellow; a dark discal point; a postmedial curved
brown line, inangled at vein 3.
iixpanse 18 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Psaliodes crispata, sp. n.
3. Palpi, head, collar, and thorax brown. Abdomen
silvery grey at base with brownish irrorations; dorsum
shaded with dark brown terminally. Fore wings: base
brown, becoming darker before antemedial line, which is
white, inset from median to inner margin ; space to medial
line dark brown, thinly irrorated with pale brown and shaded
with white along subcostal; medial line broad, white, its
edges incurved and crossed from subcostal by a fine wavy
brown line; space to postmedial dark brown, its outer edge
deeply lunular; postmedial white, the space beyond pale
Heterocera from Costa Rica. 307
brown, mottled with white towards apex and crossed near
postmedial by whitish lunules ; a broad terminal dark brown
space from vein 7-4, inwardly edged with whitish, and dark
marginal lunules below 4 and below 3; cilia dark brown
spotted with yellowish. Hind wings whitish grey; cilia
pale yellowish with dark spots at veins. Fore wings below
greyish, with traces of whitish lines; a vermilion streak
above subcostal from base to medial line, then below sub-
costal and along vein 8 to apex. Hind wings below whitish
striated with brown ; a dark brown line on discocellular; a
dark outer dentate line, inset at vein 3.
Expanse 19 mm.
Hab. Pvas.
Psaliodes infulata, sp. n.
@. Palpi and frons brown. Vertex, collar, and thorax
yellowish buff, the collar and patagia anteriorly shaded with
dark brown. Abdomen light brown with pale segmental
lines. Fore wings: base yellowish buff mottled with brown,
shading to dark brown at antemedial line, which is white,
vertical, indentate on submedian ; space following yellowish
buff mottled with brown; medial and postmedial lines white
inversely lunular edged with dark brown, the space between
them filled in with irregular dark brown blotches at end of
cell, and from vein 2 to inner margin, otherwise lighter
brown shaded with yellowish buff; postmedial line followed
by a straight yellowish-white shade; outer space brown,
paler shaded; a terminal dark brown space, very broad
between veins 4 and 6, narrowing to apex, and similar
lunules below vein 4 to tornus; cilia yellowish spotted with
fuscous brown. Hind wings whitish grey, shaded with pale
brown on outer half. Fore wings below fuscous grey, the
costa shaded with orange. Hind wings below yellowish
white, striated with grey, chiefly at base and on outer third ;
a brown discal spot and sinuous postmedial line.
Expanse 23 mm.
Hab. Cachi.
Psaliodes interstrata, sp. n.
2. Palpi and frons light brown. Vertex white. Collar
and thorax whitish buff shaded with brown. Abdomen pale
brown with whitish segmental lines, edged with dark brown.
Fore wings white striated with brown except on lines, which
are rather broad and with nearly straight edges; antemedial
line inbent, inwardly edged with dark brown; medial line
308 Mr. W. Schaus on
inbent, the space to postmedial line dark brown from costa
to median, and from vein 2 to inner margin; postmedial line
inbent below vein 4, its outer edge suffusing somewhat with
ground-colour ; some terminal dark brown shading, chiefly
above vein 4 to apex; cilia yellowish white spotted with
dark brown. Hind wings white, the termen shaded with
pale brown. Fore wings below fuscous grey ; a white medial
spot across cell, and one above inner margin; the postmedial
line and subterminal markings white, distinct. Hind wings
below white striated with brownish grey; a dark streak on
discocellular ; a fine dark postmedial line, slightly sinuous.
Expanse 21 mm.
Hab, Poas.
Psaliodes philetus, sp. n.
@. Palpi brown. Head, collar, and thorax olive-brown,
with paler mottlings ; a dark brown spot on patagia. Abdo-
men whitish buff, finely irrorated with brown. Fore wings
olive-brown ; the lines white, divided by a fine dark brown
line; the antemedial sinuous, the medial and postmedial
inversely lunular ; a fuscous-brown streak on discocellular,
and dark brown shade beyond it; a subterminal lunular dark
brown line, almost touching postmedial between veins 4
and §, and outwardly shaded with dull fuscous brown to
termen; some yellowish striz on costa and outer space ;
cilia alternately black and yellow. Hind wings whitish,
outwardly shaded with brown; a faint fuscous medial line ;
cilia yellow, with fine fuscous streaks at veins. Hind wings
below yellowish white striated with greyish brown ; a black
discal spot followed by a fuscous-brown line, broad on inner
margin and barely reaching costa.
Expanse 27 mm.
Hab. Poas, ‘Turrialba.
Near P. aurantivena, Warr.
Psaliodes simplex, sp. n.
$. Palpi dark brown fringed above with white. Head,
collar, patagia, and abdomen purplish grey; thorax dark
reddish brown. Fore wings purplish grey, with a few
scattered whitish irrorations; a fine subbasal dark brown
vertical line; inner and outer lines fine, yellowish white,
broadly edged on medial side with dark reddish brown, the
inner line faintly inbent, the outer line vertical on costa,
outangled on vein 6, where a faint brown shade extends to
apex, and parallel with outer margin from vein 6 to inner
Tleterocera from Costa Rica. 309
margin; terminal yellowish points at veins ; cilia fuscous on
basal half, outwardly white spotted with fuscous. Hind
wings dull roseate, terminally shaded with lilacine grey ; a
straight brownish outer line ; cilia fuscous grey partly tipped
with white. Fore wings below roseate brown; traces of
inner and outer lines ; costa and termen fuscous grey; a
fuscous line on discocellular. Hind wings below roseate
brown, the termen shaded with fuscous grey ; a black line
on discocellular ; a broad yellowish outer line edged with
dark reddish brown.
Expanse 18 mm.
Hab. Carillo.
Near P. cronia, Dr., and P. acutangula, Warr.
Psaliodes sutum, sp. n.
@?. Palpi whitish outwardly shaded with roseate brown.
Head and collar whitish divided by a purplish line. Thorax
and abdomen purplish brown, the latter with slate-colour
segmental lines. Fore wings brown faintly tinged with
purple; a broad inner fascia, dull greyish, shaded with
ochreous brown on costa, edged by white lines, and crossed
by a faint similar line, its inner edge angled in cell, its outer
edge straight and inbent ; a fuscous shade on discocellular ;
a faint postmedial darker brown line, irrorated with grey,
outcurved beyond cell, dentate from vein 3 to inner margin,
the space beyond it broadly clearer brown crossed by a faint
darker line; cilia dark brown, irregularly tipped with white.
Hind wings white, the termen shaded with roseate brown;
a black discal point. Wings below roseate brown. Fore
wings: a black streak on discocellular. Hind wings: a
black discal point broadly edged with white; a lunular
postmedial whitish line.
Expanse 20 mm.
Hab. Poas,
Allied to P. bicolor, Prout.
Subfam, Gi yvocnrominz.
Dolichoneura eriphyle, sp. n.
. Palpi and head fuscous brown. Thorax slate-grey.
Abdomen brownish slate ; dorsal white points. Wings slate-
grey; a terminal fine black line; cilia light brown. Fore
wings: an antemedial pale brown line, broadest in cell and
on costa; a pale brown wavy outer line, shaded on either
310 On Heterocera from Costa Rica.
side with buff, slightly incurved opposite cell and below
vein 2; terminal space shaded with buff except at apex; a
dentate lunular subterminal greyish shade. Hind wings:
an antemedial and a postmedial light brown line; an
irregular and faintly marked subterminal greyish line.
Wings below dark grey.
Expanse 35 mm.
Hab. Tuis.
Dolichoneura squalida, sp. n.
@. Palpi and head dark brown. Body and wings slate-
grey ; white dorsal points on abdomen. Fore wings: ante-
medial geminate whitish spots on inner margin; a white
discal point; an outer light brown lunular line, angled at
vein 6, preceded by a narrow light grey shade, the space
beyond to termen being ochreous grey except on costa to
subterminal which is slate-grey ; an interrupted subterminal
lunular dentate slate-grey line partly shaded with whitish
rey. Hind wings: a subbasal geminate whitish line, closely
followed by the white discal point; a pale brown lunular
outer line edged with ochreous grey, somewhat interrupted,
and chiefly noticeable on inner margin; faint subterminal
whitish spots ; cilia dark olive-brown. Wings below dark
rey.
Expanse 35 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis, Guapiles.
This may possibly be the female of D. ertphyle, Schs., in
spite of their dissimilarity.
Phellinodes gratiosa, sp. n.
g. Head brown. Collar and thorax mottled grey and
white. Abdomen dark grey irrorated with white. Fore
wings grey mottled with dark grey and fuscous, the inner
margin tinged with brown; costal and outer margins mottled
with white except at apex which is occupied by a large dark
brown spot inwardly edged by a curved black line and con-
taining some fuscous strie ; a small black spot on disco-
cellular. Hind wings black, slightly mottled with grey on
inner margin; a broad white space from base to well beyond
cell. Fore wings below: costal margin broadly brownish
grey striated with fuscous; a small postmedial white spot ;
the apical spot more broadly edged with black; a narrow
white shade from base above median, expanding between
veins 2 and 4 to termen, and terminally irrorated and spotted
Descriptions and Records of Bees. 311
with black; inner margin broadly fuscous grey. Hind wings
below white mottled with fuscous brown, forming a well-
marked subterminal shade ; discocellular shaded with fuscous ;
cilia black spotted with white from vein 4 to apex.
Expanse 38 mm.
Hab, 'Tuis.
Belongs to Sect. IT.
XL.—Descriptions and Records of Bees.—XULVI.
By T. D. A. Cockrreti, University of Colorado.
Trigona ziegleri mayarum, subsp. un.
Worker.—Agrees with Friese’s short account of T. ziegleri,
except that the hair of the thorax is pale ferruginous, and
the head is distinctly wider, fully 24 mm. The size also is
a little greater, length fully 6mm. Friese states that the
hind tibiz of zieglert are black at apex, in mayarum about
the apical half is black, and the hind basitarsi are black on
outer side. Among the species known to me, 7. mayarum
comes closest to 7. jaty, Sm. ; but the latter is much smaller,
with the pleura mainly dark, and the yellow lateral face-
marks forming a much more acute angle above. Other
characters of mayarum are: mandibles with a little tooth at
inner corner, but otherwise unarmed ; scape very broadly
yellow in front; flagellum clear ferruginous beneath,
rufo-piceous above; yellow supraclypeal mark an equilateral
triangle; front dullish with fine short reddish hair, but
smooth and shining below the ocelli; tegule apricot-colour ;
wings with a faint orange tint; abdomen apricot-colour,
shining.
Hab. Quirigua, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell).
I expect that when this can be actually compared with
T. ziegleri it will be found to be a distinct species. An allied
but larger species is the Brazilian 7. manni, Ckll.
Trigona jatiformis, sp. n.
Worker.—Length 44 mm.
Smooth and shining; head and thorax black with
pale markings; abdomen clear ferruginous, with a rather
narrow black or blackish band along hind margin of
first dorsal segment; labrum _ honey-colour; mandibles
edentate, pallid (pellucid whitish) basally, rufous apically ;
312 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell— Descriptions and
clypeus yellow, slightly suffused with reddish; triangular
supraclypeal mark and lateral marks pale yellow, the
latter elongate, pointed above on orbital margin above level
of antenne, but with the inner margin reddish and not
sharply defined ; scape pale reddish yellow, black above at
apex; flagellum dark ; mesothorax nude, shining black, with
yellow lateral margins; axille yellow; hind margin of
scutellum yellowish white; tubercles cream-colour ; tegul
pellucid rufo-testaceous ; wings hyaline, faintly dusky, stigma
and nervures reddish ; legs ferruginous ; hind tibiz with apex
broadly, and hind margin except at base, black ; hind basi-
tarsus with a large black patch; face and front with fine
short pale hair, not at all dense.
Hab. Quirigua, Guatemala, = type locality, four workers
(W. P. Cockerell) ; Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, one, Jan. 28,
1912 (W. P. Cockerell).
Looks exactly like T. jaty, Smith, but differs at once
by the abdomen, which is broad instead of almost linear.
Smith’s description of 7. jaty refers to the male, but I
have workers with the same narrow abdomen. The new
species also differs from jaty by the dark flagellum and other
small characters.
Trigona jaty, Smith.
Amatitlan, Guatemala, Feb. 1912 (W. P. Cockereil) ;
Quirigua, Guatemala, two on “ common yellow Composite,”
one at flowers of Zeamenia virgulta, Klatt, one Feb. 11, on
plant no. 15 (W. P. Cockerell).
Trigona mellaria, Smith.
Gualan, Guatemala, one Feb. 23, at flowers of Calopogonium
ceruleum, Desv., Feb. 23 (W. P. Cockerell); Quirigua,
Guatemala, one (W. P. Cockerell, 7).
Trigona stigma, Smith.
Quirigua, Guatemala, one (W. P. Cockerell). New to
Central America.
Trigona nigerrima, Cresson.
Quirigua, Guatemala, sixteen (W. P. Cockerell). Taken
at sap, and at flowers of Pontederia cordata, L. (Feb. 11),
Ipomea sidefolia, Choisy (Feb. 20), and Centrosema plumieri,
Benth. (Feb. 13). This is smaller than 7. silvestriana, Vachal.
Is it possible that the “ silvestriana” reported by Vachal
from British Honduras was nigerrima?
Records of Bees. 313
Trigona argyrea, sp. n.
Worker.—Length slightly over 3 mm.
Black, including antenne and legs, but abdomen (which is
short and rather broad) shining dark sepia-brown; head large;
face up to antenne flattened, densely covered with short, ap-
pressed, brilliantly silver hair; mandibles edentate, black with
the apical margin rufous; cheeks small; front shining, the
upper part with rather large sparse punctures, as they appear
under alens, but the microscope shows that they are the bases
of black bristles ; vertex with black hair ; posterior ocelli very
close to occipital margin ; thorax narrower than head, without
light markings, the dorsum shining, with black hair, the
mesothorax also with very short strongly plumose pale hairs ;
pleura with pale hair; sides of metathorax minutely pale-
tomentose; hair of legs largely black, but white hair ou
underside of middle trochanters and basal half of their femora
(hind legs broken off in type) ; wings dusky, nervures and
stigma dark sepia; tegule rufo-piceous; underside of
abdomen pale ochreous.
Hab. Quirigua, Guatemala, one (W. P. Cockerell). The
specimen is labelled “nest in clay bank,” where it was
taken along with a couple of 7. cupira, Smith.
This may be compared with T. hyalinata, Lep., and T. tubiba,
Smith ; differing from both by its very silvery face, from
hyalinata also by the smaller size, and from fubiba by the
shining front and mesothorax (these parts in tubiba are
absolutely dull). 7. argentata, Lep., has silvery hair on face,
but the wings are clear.
Trigona zexrmenie, sp. n.
Worker.—Length 7} to 9 mm.
Robust, abdomen parallel-sided, not quiteso broad as thorax ;
head and thorax dull black, but the clypeus and supraclypeal
area shining and strongly punctured ; Jabrum ferruginous,
more or less bigibbous ; mandibles rufo-piceous, edentate, the
broad apical margin sharply marked off and ornamented with
elongate punctures ; malar space rather large ; no light face-
marks ; front dull and densely granular, as also are the meso-
thorax and scutellum ; antennz black, with the scape red at
base and extreme apex, and flagellum dark reddish beneath ;
hair of head and thorax above scanty and black, longest on
scutellum; edge of mesothorax above tegule with a narrow
ul yellow stripe; hair of pleura mostly black, partly pale
below; tegulz piceous or rufo-piceous. Wings dusky, witha
& Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 22
314 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell— Descriptions and
strong reddish tint; stigma and nervures testaceous. Legs
black, the small joints of tarsi dark red; abdomen dull but
not dark reddish fulvous, the segments more or less dusky,
though uarrowly, at apex. The face is very broad.
Hab. Quirigua, = type locality, eight; one at flowers of
Zeamenia virgulta, Klatt, two at flowers of common yellow
Composite, three (Feb. 21) at blue flowers of a species of
Labiate (W. P. Cockerell); Gualan, Guatemala, one at
flowers of Vernonia aschenborniana, Schauer, one (Feb. 18)
without flower record (W. P. Cockerell).
A relatively large species, looking a little like Melpona
mandacaia, Smith, but the resemblance is merely superficial.
It should rather be compared with Trigona fulviventris, Guér.,
which is considerably smaller and has a shining abdomen.
The two agree in the dense white tomentum on cheeks.
Trigona fulviventris, Guérin.
Mrs. Cockerell took this in Guatemala as follows :—Puerto
Barrios, six, Jan. 28; Quirigua, five, two at Zeamenia
virguita, Klatt, one (Feb. 20) at Ipom@a quinquefolia,
Grisebach, one (Feb. 11) at Pontederia cordata, L.; Ama-
titlan, February, one ; Guatemala City, one.
Trigona cupira, Smith.
Mrs. Cockerell took this in Guatemala as follows :—
Amatitlan, one; Puerto Barrios, one, Jan. 28; Guatemala
City, three (I also have three from Guatemala City collected
by Mr. J. Rodriguez) ; Antigua, one ; Gualan, twelve, all
but one at flowers of Vernonia aschenborniana, Schauer ;
Quirigua, sixteen, two at nest in clay bank, five (I*eb. 12 and
20) at flowers of Ipome@a sidefolia, Choisy.
Trigona amalthea, Olivier.
Mrs. Cockerell took this in Guatemala as follows :—Gualan,
two, Feb. 22-23, at flowers of Calopogonium ceruleum, Desv.;
Puerto Barrios, one; Quirigua, five, one (Feb. 11) at
Pontederia cordata, li., one at flowers of common yellow
Composite.
Trigona frontalis flavocincta, Cockerell, var. a.
Quirigua, Guatemala, a variety with lateral thirds of
clypeus black or nearly, bases of first and second abdominal
segments usually creamy white, the hind margin of first
segment very broadly dark ; nine workers, one at nest in
Records of Bees. ala
clay bank, six at sap, others at flowers of plant no. 7
(W. P. Cockerell).
Melipona fulvipes, Guérin.
Gualan, Guatemala, one male, Feb. 18 (W. P. Cockerell).
Near to MW. ligata, but the male differs. Mrs. Cockerell took
workers of M. fulvipes at Quirigua, eleven specimens ; three
(eb. 20) at flowers of Solanum, one (Feb. 11) at Pontederia
cordata.
Melipona solani, sp. n.
Worker.—Length about 10 mm.
Black, with the general build and structure of M. fulvipes ;
face without light markings, except the faintest possible
reddish median line on the dull minutely granular clypeus ;
labrum ferruginous, minutely punctured; antenne dark, scape
rufo-piceous, flagellum reddish at end; hairof head and thorax
above abundant, mixed dark fuscous and ferruginous, of sides
of thorax rich ferruginous, beneath whitish ; mesothorax and
scutellum shining, the latter testaceous ; tegulze clear amber-
red ; wings dusky, very red, especially toward base ; stigma
and nervures ferruginous ; much of middle, and nearly all of
hind femora, bright red ; apical tarsal joits and end of lobe
of hind basitarsus red; hair of legs partly black and partly
red, the short appressed hair on inner surface of hind tibize
with a purple lustre in certain lights; abdomen black with
black hair, hind margins of the segments very narrowly
obscure reddish (this is wholly wanting on the fifth), and
the second and third with a fringe of pale golden-brown hair ;
venter ferruginous suffused with darker, and with glittering
cream-coloured hair,
Hab. Quirigua, Guatemala, one at flowers of Solanum,
Feb. 20, 1912 (W. P. Cockerell).
Allied to MW. fulvipes, but easily known by the lack of yellow
bands on the abdomen and of yellow face-markings.
Augochlora gemmella, sp. u.
? Length about 6 mm.
Very brilliant shining blue, more green on thorax, varying
to nearly all blue-green; in the type the face, vertex, and
cheeks are peacock-green, the front blue ; thorax blue-green
with purple shades, but the scutellum and postscutellum very
green, contrasting with the blue metathorax ; abdomen blue
with purple lights, dorsum of second segment distinctly
green; on the legs the blue colour extends to the femora
22*
316 Mr. I’. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and
and anterior and middle tibiz; labrum black, mandibles
with the apical half rufous; clypeus not much produced,
strongly but sparsely punctured, its lower margin rather
broadly black ; antennz black, scape rufous at extreme base ;
front minutely granular ; cheeks with rather abundant white
hair; mesothorax very brilliant, with extremely minute
punctures, sparse in middle, becoming dense only at sides ;
anterior angles of prothorax prominent, greater (but not
very much greater) than right angles; hair of thorax scanty
and pale; area of metathorax semilunar, with fine plice
which cover little more than the basal half; apical trunca-
tion not distinctly defined above ; tegulze pale rufo-testaceous,
with a blue spot. Wings slightly dusky, nervures and the
large stigma dark sepia; third s.m. twice as long as second ;
first r.n. joining second t.-c. on entering basal corner of
third s.m.; hind spur with three spines, two very long ;
hair on inner side of hind basitarsus shining mouse-grey.
Abdomen broad, shining, very brilliant, the linear hind
margins of the segments reddish; no vibrissee; much hair
on ventral surface of abdomen. The specimens have col-
lected an abundance of white pollen on the hind femora and
the under surface of the abdomen.
Hab. Quirigua, Guatemala, six females (W. P. Cockerell).
Three collected Feb. 18, 1912, at flowers of Centrosema
plumieri, Bentham. One at flowers of Zexmenia virgulta,
Klatt. Two at plant no. 60.
Quite distinct from all other Guatemalan species by the
small size and brilliant colours. It belongs to Vachal’s
group sericei, and in his table runs to the much larger and
otherwise different Augochlora tonsilis (Halictus tonsilis,
Vachal), except for the long spines on the hind spur, There
is quite a close resemblance to A. cyaneoviridis, Ashm.,
from St. Vincent; but Ashmead’s species has the area of
metathorax covered with fine striz, the wings browner,
the head narrower, and the mesothorax rugulose with dense
punctures.
Augochlora amatitlana, sp. 0.
g .—Length about 10 mm., anterior wings about 7.
Head and thorax bright blue-green with purple tints, the
purple mainly in the form of two suffused longitudinal bands
on mesothorax and two spots on scutellum ; middle of face
golden green; metathorax and postscutellum of the same
colour, not so blue as scutellum ; a small golden triangle at
upper end of metathoracic truncation; head broad above,
eyes deeply emarginate, almost without hair ; clypeus strongly
Records of Bees. 317
produced, shining, rather sparsely punctured, with a little
median golden stripe, and the lower margin rather broadly
testaceous; labrum brown, pointed below ; antennz black,
with a red spot at extreme apex, flagellum very long; front
densely granular; mesothorax and scutellum densely granular-
punctate; postscutellum large, with indications of longi-
tudinal fluting ; area of metathorax large but poorly defined,
the middle and base densely wrinkled ; posterior truncation
sharply defined only at sides below ; tegule red-brown, with
a large green spot and pallid margin. Wings orange-tinted,
not dark ; the nervures and rather small stigma ferruginous ;
second s.m. broad, its sides parallel ; first r. n. joining second
t.-c.; femora and tibie green, hind tibie black behind ;
tarsi ferruginous; hind legs long and slender ; spurs light
ferruginous. Abdomen brilliantly shining, but finely and
rather conspicuously punctured, dise of first segments with
punctures all over; general colour of abdomen brilliant
coppery shading to golden, the middle of the segments
(especially the second) reddest, the hind margins broadly
pale greenish ; thin pale pubescence, especially at sides, but
no bands or vibrisse; underside of abdomen dark green,
the third segment broadly emarginate at apex, and the
middle beyond the third broadly excavated or hollowed.
Hab. Amatitlan, Guatemala, Feb. 1912 (W. P. Cockereill).
A magnificent species, presumably one of the sericei, but
the female is unknown. It seems to be nearest to A. aurora,
Smith, in which the abdomen is yellowish green and the
thorax dark blue-green. It does not agree with anything in
Vachal’s tables.
Cenohalictus wilmatia, sp. n.
g.—Length about 10 mm., anterior wings nearly 84.
Eyes with short scanty hair; pubescence very conspicu-
ously plumose ; eyes deeply emarginate; head broad, eyes
converging below; clypeus much produced, shining blue-
green, with scattered strong punctures, lower margin rather
broadly dull whitish, the actual edge ferruginous ; labrum
transverse, rufo-fuscous, the base whitish, the apex angular
and fringed with long golden hairs; mandibles black ;
malar space about twice as broad as long; supraclypeal area
with a golden patch in middle ; front dark green, very hairy;
hair of head and thorax below sordid white, of vertex and
dorsum of thorax dull fulvous; cheeks brilliantly purple-
blue; thorax dark purple-blue, the pleura richly colowred,
the mesothorax and scutellum blackish except at sides, the
318 Mr, T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and
middle of mesothorax slightly greenish; metathorax very
dark green or greenish black ; mesothorax and scutellum
densely granular-punctate, almost rugose ; anterior corners
of prothorax not at all prominent ; area of metathorax poorly
defined, coarsely rugose-wrinkled at base and middle; pos-
terior truncation quadrate, sharply defined only below, over-
lapped at apex by the golden-tinted tip of basal area ; tegule
rufo-fuscous, with pallid margins and a bluish spot. Wings
ample, somewhat dusky, conspicuously so at apex; nervures
and stigma ferruginous; second s.m. large ; first r. n. joining
second t.-c. Legs with pale hair, orange-tinted on inner side
of tarsi; femora and tibiz mainly metallic blue, hind tibize
black behind ; tarsi more or less ferruginous, especially the
hind ones. Abdomen closely and finely punctured but shining,
golden green, the disc of first segment and base and sides
of second faintly flushed with coppery ; hind margins of
segments suffusedly and rather obscurely blackish ; venter
of abdomen formed as in Augochlora amatitlana ; antenne
long and black.
Hab. Amatitlan, Guatemala, Feb. 5, 1912 (W. P.
Cockerell).
This certainly must be quite closely related to Augochlora
amatitlana, having essentially the same structure and general
type of coloration. In detail, however, A. amatitlana is very
differently coloured. The eyes of A. amatitlana are practi-
cally hairless, but with the compound microscope I find a
very few short hairs. It is a question whether A. amatitlana
should not stand as Cenohalictus amatitlanus; but, on the
other hand, it is possible that actual comparison with the
type of Cenohalictus (from Ecuador) would show that
neither of the insects now described should really be referred
to it. Certainly they have not the long hair of the eyes of
C. trichiophthalmus, Cameron. If, however, we redefined
Cenohalictus as Augochlora of the sericei group with hair
on the eyes, we have four species : C. trichiophthalmus, Cam. ;
C. chetops, Vachal; C. amatitlanus, Ckll.; C. wilnatte,
Ckll. ‘The species of Vachal and Cameron are considerably
smaller than those from Guatemala, being only about 8 mm.
long,
Dialictus onustudus, sp. n.
9 .—Length fully 55 mm.
Head and thorax olive-green ; clypeus smooth with sparse
large punctures, the lower half black, the upper half crimson
and green ; supraclypeal area tinged with brassy ; mandibles
red at apex; front dull and densely granular; antenne
eRe i OD
Records of Bees. 319
black, the flagellum stout ; mesothorax dullish, with minute
not very dense punctures ; area of metathorax rugose, hardly
plicate ; tegule small, rufo-piceous. Wings hyaline, faintly
dusky, stigma and nervures brownish testaceous ; first r. n.
joining second s.m. more than a third from base. Legs black,
with pale hair. Abdomen black with a distinct zeneous tint,
the hind margins of the segments so slightly and narrowly
reddish that the fact is hardly noticeable ; no bands, but
rather abundant pale hair. The following characters are
microscopical: face and front minutely tessellate, sides of
front as densely punctured as is possible ; sides of meso-
thorax (also minutely tessellate) with punctures about as far
apart as the diameter of one; middle of mesothorax with
punctures about or nearly twice as far apart ; tegule with
minute piliferous punctures only ; area of metathorax with
irregular basal plicre ; abdomen with extremely fine piliferous
punctures, sparse but not absent on disc of first segment ;
third segment with much beautifully plumose hair ; hind
spur with four long teeth. The type carries much yellow
pollen.
Hab. Guatemala City, Guatemala (W. P. Cockereil).
Except for the larger size, this agrees fairly well with the
description of D. costaricensis, Crawford, but the tegulee are
no larger, and the punctures of the mesothorax are not
closer, than in D. occidentalis, Crawford, from the United
States. The insect is nearest to D. occidentalis, from which
it is known by the brassy or greenish-tinted abdomen and
somewhat dusky wings.
Exomalopsis callura, sp. n.
¢ .—Length 6-65 mm.
Black, shining ; head broad ; face and front with shining
white hair ; labrum with much white hair; cheeks with
white hair, except the uppermost part, where it is black ;
occiput with much black hair; sides of vertex smooth and
shining ; ocelli in a very slightly curved line; no light face-
markings ; clypeus and supraclypeal area smooth and flat,
with very few minute and feeble punctures; mandibles
black ; scape black ; flagellum normal, black above, bright
yellowish ferruginous below ; mesothorax with rather small
but strong and close punctures, except the posterior disc,
which is impunctate ; hair of thorax black, but a large white
tuft on lowermost part of pleura ; tegule black. Wings
hyaline, suffused with orange, the apical margin broadly pale
greyish; stigma and nervures bright apricot-colour, stigma
320 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on new
large ; second s.m. rather large, receiving first r. n. near
beginning of its last third. Legs black, the small joints of
tarsi ferruginous ; hair of legs mainly black, but partly
reddish on middle and anterior tarsi, and some pale glittering
hair on anterior side of hind tibie and a little on base of
basitarsus. Abdomen shining, finely punctured ; first two
segments appearing dark, with hair partly black, though
broadly pale ochreous at base and sides of first segment, and
red at base of second ; third and following segments densely
covered with appressed shining red-orange hair.
Hab. Gualan, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell).
Three at flowers of Vernonia aschenborniana. Nearest to
E. otomita, Cresson, but colours of abdomen different, wings
not yellowish fuscous, stigma not brown, &c.
XLI.—Three new Species of Neotropical Coccinellidee.
By Guy A. K. MArsHALt.
Azya trinitatis, sp.n. (Fig. 1.)
Parva, subcyaneo-nigra; abdomine, pedibus, ore, epistoma rufo-
flavis; supra setulis parvis erectis griseis undique squaliter
vestita.
Black, with a slight dark blue reflection; the abdomen,
legs, mouth-parts, and epistome reddish yellow. The entire
upper surface densely and evenly clothed with very fine,
Fig, 1,
Azya trinitatis, Mshl.
short, erect, grey hairs, and without any patch or patches of
dark hairs. The elytra closely, evenly, and distinctly punc-
tate throughout ; the punctation of the thorax shallower.
Length 2°75 mm.
Species of Neotropical Coccinellide. 321
TRINIDAD: Cedros, April 1911 (7. W. Urich).
Type in the British Museum.
Described from five specimens received by the Entomo-
logical Research Committee from Mr. F. W. Urich, Ento-
mologist to the Board of Agriculture, Trinidad. Mr, Urich
states that the species is of economic importance, as both the
adults and larve attack the coconut scale (Aspidiotus
destructor), upon which they operate as a very serviceable
check.
This species may be readily distinguished from all the
previously described species of Azya by its small size and by
the complete absence of any of the characteristic patches of
dark hairs.
Azya nana, sp. n.
Parva, cyanea, nitida; abdomine, pedibus, ore rufo-flavis ; supra
setulis griseis subreclinatis vestita, elytris ante medium macula
circulari communi setulis fuscis brevioribus suberectis obsita
ornatis.
Dark blue, shining ; the abdomen, legs, and mouth-parts
reddish yellow. The upper surface is densely clothed with
fine subrecumbent grey hairs, which are rather longer than
those of A. trinitatis, and on the elytra there is, before the
middle, a common circular patch of rather shorter suberect
dark hairs; the front margin of the patch does not quite
reach the scutellum, and its hind margin is just behind the
middle. The punctation is very similar to that of A. trinz-
tatis, but is distinctly shallower on the disk of the elytra.
Length 2°25 mm.
Brazit: Pernambuco (Alexander Fry).
Type in the British Museum.
The two Brazilian species, A. scutata, Muls. (3°5 mm.),
and A, nigrina, Weise (4 mm.), which agree with A. nana in
having a common patch of dark hairs on the elytra, may be
at once distinguished by their much larger size, reddish-
yellow epistome, and less strongly punctate elytra, as well as
by their different colour—the first-mentioned being black
with a dark purplish reflection, and the other entirely black.
I have seen sixteen specimens of this species.
Cryptognatha nodiceps, sp.n. (Fig. 2.)
Parva, flava, signaturis piceis notata; elytris singulatim litura
magna irregulari picea discum fere totum obsidente (vide fig. 2)
et macula parva elongata longitudinali ante medium juxta suturam
ornatis.
322 On new Species of Neotropical Coccinellide.
Pale yellow or reddish yellow, with a large irregular
piceous black patch occupying nearly the whole disk of each
elytron, and an elongate longitudinal spot close to the suture
before the middle. Head of g broadly impressed, with a
small projecting tubercle close to the inner margin of the eye,
the epistome broadly truncate anteriorly, its external angles
roundly subrectangular and somewhat recurved; in the ¢
Cryptognatha nodiceps, Mshl.
the head is much less deeply impressed and the tubercles are
less conspicuous. Pronotum with a fine, transverse, curved,
raised line just in front of the scutellum, the entire surface
closely and distinctly punctate. Elytra broadest before the
middle, the punctation rather less close than on the pro-
notum; the epipleure sloping steeply inwards and with deep
excavations for the anterior pairs of legs. Front tibiz with
the exterior border angularly dilated in both sexes (omitted
in the figure); tarsal claws simple.
Length 2°75 mm.
TRINIDAD: Cedros (C. W. Hewlett, FY. W. Urich).
Types § % in the British Museum.
The structure of the head and epistome, as well as the very
distinctive coloration, will render this an easily recognizable
species. The discal patch on the elytra varies somewhat,
the included paler areas being often entirely dark and the
outline of the whole patch more sharply defined. Described
from six specimens.
As in the case of Azya trinitatis, Mr. Urich has found this
species to be an effective check on the coconut scale in
Trinidad.
On new Eels from West Africa. 323
XLIL.—Deseription of Two new Kels from West Africa,
belonging to a new Genus and Family. By C. Tare
ReGan, M.A.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
HETERENCHELYS, gen. nov.
Naked, elongate, subcylindrical, with the tail much longer
than the trunk. Dorsal and anal fins long, but very low
except towards the end of the tail, where they are confluent
with the caudal; rays concealed beneath the skin; no
pectorals. Gill-openings separate, placed low. Nostrils
lateral, the posterior in front of the very small eye. Mouth
moderate ; teeth conical, biserial in jaws and on vomer;
tongue not free; pharyngeal apertures of branchial clefts
wide ; pharyngeals covered with small teeth.
Very similar to Moringua, which has the trunk much
longer than the tail, the teeth uniserial, and the pharyngeal
apertures of the interbranchial clefts small. A study of the
anatomy confirms the relationship to Moringua, but reveals
some important differences, notably that the heart is placed
just behind the gills and the palato-pterygoid is well developed
in Heterenchelys, whereas in Joringua the heart is a con-
siderable distance behind the gills and the palato-pterygoid
is vestigial. In these and other characters the new genus is
the more generalized ; it is the type of a new family, which
will be further characterized in a forthcoming paper on the
classification of the Apodes.
Heterenchelys microphthalmus, sp. n.
Depth about 22 in the length. Tail nearly twice as long
as rest of fish ; head, to gill-opening, about 4 as long as
distance from gill-opening to vent. Eye nearly equidistant
from end of snout and angle of mouth; cleft of mouth a little
more than 4 the length of head. Coloration uniform.
Two specimens, 390 and 460 mm. in total length, from
the mouth of the Congo, presented to the British Museum in
1893 by Mr. V. H. Cornish.
Heterenchelys macrurus, sp. n.
Depth about 27 in the length. Tail more than three times
as long as rest of fish; head, to gill-opening, nearly ~ of
324 Mr. E. Schwarz on Malay Tigers.
distance from gill-opening to vent. Eye a little’ nearer to
angle of mouth than to end of snout; cleft of mouth 4 the
length of head or a little less. Coloration uniform.
Three specimens, 300 to 330 mm. in total length, from
Lagos and Elobi.
XLIII.—WNotes on Malay Tigers, with Description of a new
Form from Bali. By Exnst Scuwarz.
In 1868 * Fitzinger described the tiger from Sumatra and
Java as “Der Sunda-Tiger” (Tigris sondaica). As the
Sumatra and Java tigers are subspecifically distinct, Fitz-
inger’s name can only stand for one of these, and I propose
to use it for the Javanrace. In 1908 Pocock used Fitzinger’s
name for the Sumatran tiger, but he does not appear to have
distinguished more than one race of Malay tiger, but simply
followed Fitzinger.
In the diagnosis of Tigris sondaica Fitzinger describes the
stripes as follows :—“ fasciis angustis transversalibus parum
numerosis.” Ina skin of a tiger from Java in the Sencken-
berg Museum, Frankfurt-a.-M., the stripes are narrow, as
described by Fitzinger, whereas in a skin from Deli,
Sumatra, in the same collection, and in the specimen
described and figured by Pocock + (also Deli, Sumatra), they
are “ numerous, closely placed, and broad.”
The tiger from Java will therefore have to stand as Felis
tigris sondaica (Fitzinger).
The following races of Malay tiger can be distinguished :-—
Felis tigris, subsp.
Felis tigris, var. nigra, Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. R. Anim., Mamm. p. 50
(1842) (Sumatra) (nom. nud.).
Tigris sondaica, Fitzinger (part.), Sitzungsb, k. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
math.-nat. Cl. Bd. lviii. i. Abth. p. 454 (1868) (Java).
Felis tigris sondaica, Pocock (part.?), P. Z. 8. 1908, ii. pp. 890-893,
text-tig. 174 (1908).
Hab. Sumatra.
Specimens examined. 1 8 skull, 1 9 skin (mounted) with
skull. Deli, Sumatra. Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt-
a.-M.
* Sitzungsb, k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Cl, Bd. lviii. i, Abth.
p. 454 (1868).
+ P. Z. 8. 1908, ii. pp. 890-898, text-fig. 174 (1908).
Mr. E. Schwarz on Malay Tigers. 325
Ground-colour somewhat paler than in sondaica; stripes
rather broad, but less so than in ¢zgris, and duplicated, espe-
cially on the hind-quarters and thighs. Shoulders rather
scantily striped. Horizontal stripes on forehead distinct,
broad. Back of ears black, with an elliptical white band
below the tip and a number of brown hairs at base. Lower
portion of face and anterior part of cheek-beard white.
The light area above the eyes much larger than in sondaica,
consisting of a white spot above the anterior angle of the eye
and a buffy area above the eye, separated by a black band.
Fur longer and beard more distinct than in sondaica.
Skull. Somewhat smaller than in F. ¢. sondaica ; zygo-
matic width markedly less. Occipital plane broad, its upper
margin rounded ; mastoid process conspicuously projecting
laterally. Bulle more rounded than in sondaica; P, with
better developed metacone and weaker protocone.
This local form of tiger appears to be intermediate between
F. t. sondaica from Java and the mainland races. It is
easily distinguished from sondaica by the broad nasals and
the shape of the occipital plane.
Felis tigris sondaica (Fitzinger).
Tigris sondaica, Fitzinger (part.), Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
math.-nat. Cl. Bd. lviii. i. Abth. p, 454 (1868) (Sumatra),
Hab. Java.
Specimens examined. 1 skin, 8 @ skulls, 1 2 skull. Java.
Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt-a.-M.
Ground-colour light rusty; stripes very narrow, often
duplicated. Less stripes in the shoulder region. Frontal
stripes indistinct. Back of ears black except an elliptical
white spot below the tip. Lower portion of cheeks white.
A very small whitish area above the anterior angle of the
eye.
Fur short and close.
Skull. Size rather larger. Nasals long and narrow. Occipi-
tul plane narrow, its upper margin triangular.
This is the largest of the island tigers. It is distinguished
by the shape of the occipital plane.
Felis tigris balica, subsp. n.
Type locality. Bali.
Type. @ ad., skin and skull. Senckenberg Museum,
Frankfurt-a.-M. No. 2576. Purchased from Dr. J. Elbert.
Specimens examined. One, the type.
326 Mr. E. Schwarz on Malay Tigers.
Ground-colour somewhat brighter than in sondaica and
light markings clearer white. Stripes a little broader and
more duplicated. Frontal markings indistinct. Back of
ears black except an elliptical white spot below the tip.
Lower portion of cheeks white. A rather small white area
above the anterior angle of the eye. +
Fur short and close. q
Skull. Very small; general plan as in sondaica. Nasals
long and narrow. Occipital plane narrow, its upper margin
triangular. Bulle of the same general shape as in sondaica,
but much flatter. P, shorter.
Dimensions of type :—Head and body 1530 mm. ; tail 580.
Skull: basilar length 207; condylo-basilar length 228 ;
greatest breadth 169 ; mastoid breadth 100 ; nasals 86 x 41: 5D;
intertemporal constriction 44; width of brain-case 86:
palatilar length 110; palate, greatest breadth (incl. teeth)
102; breadth of rostrum across roots of canines 71; p,,
length on outer edge 30°6, breadth 15°5, greatest oblique
diameter 31-5.
The Bali tiger is easily recognized by its very small size.
In the shape of its skull it is much like F. ¢. sondaica, but
differs in the flatness of the bullae and the narrower zygomatic
arches..
Skull-measurements (in mm.) of Malay Tigers.
. E A
2 rS
; Ei a E = 4
: ra iz > 2 Ss
Locality. S = 80 "© se
Zz : a = 49
Se ee a
© 2 2, =p B a
BG = a Ea
Bel peck Ba ee ea ee
Deli, Sumatra ....| d ad.| 2 3809 | 206 | 101x50°3} 65
Sumatra Anche Q ad. | 1160 | 270 | 176 94x50 | 51°5
UPUVIS Tis aiade t's anos ob | do ad.| 1616 | 815 | 220 | 103x48°7| 52°8
PUVA oahe es ictc-c = (oos |Q@ad.| 4 290 | 195 96 x 47°7 | 47:2
BOA etc dercie Js 55s @ ad. | 2576 | 254 | 169 7 86x41°5/ 41°5
On new Burmese Species of Ruteline Coleoptera. 327
XLIV. — Descriptions of some new Burmese Species of
Ruteline Coleoptera belonging to the Genus Anomala. By
GILBERT J. ARROW.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
ADDITIONAL forms of this great genus are continually found,
and the larger the number of its species grows the less
practicable becomes the task of subdividing it. About 700 have
already been described, and yet from various tropical regions
in which they abound hardly any have yet received names.
Probably no country is more richly provided with species
of this attractive group than Burma, but the number of
described forms at present known from that country is insig-
nificant. A few additions form the subject of this paper.
They were collected chiefly by the late L. Fea, H. Doherty,
and G. Q. Corbett, and a few by Mr. H. EH. Andrewes. The
types of all are in the British Museum, and co-types are
either in Mr. H. E. Andrewes’s collection or the Genoa
Museum, or in both.
Anomala (subg. Spinanomala) pallidospila, sp. n.
/E€neo-viridis vel cuprea, elytris testaceis, marginibus vel parte
majora sneo-nigris, pronoti lateribus lineaque basali medio
interrupta, scutello, elytrorum puncto submarginali post medium,
femoribus, coxis sternoque partim, pallide flavis, pygidio obscure
rufo, tibiis cupreis : elongato-ovata, paulo depressa, capite rugoso,
clypeo semicirculari; prothorace crebre inequaliter punctato,
parce setoso, medio leviter sulcato, lateribus fortiter arcuatis,
angulis anticis acutis, posticis fere rectis, basi anguste marginato,
leviter trisinuato; scutello grosse punctato; elytris profunde
striatis, interstitiis ineequalibus, subtiliter punctulatis; pygidio
metasternoque leviter rugulosis et hirtiferis, abdomine crebrius
ruguloso et flavido piloso, segmento 2° utrinque spinis tribus
munito; pedibus posterioribus gracilibus, tibia antica fortiter
bidentata, pedum 4 anticorum ungue majori fisso.
Deep metallic green or coppery green, the elytra light
brown, with margins of varying breadth and sometimes
nearly the whole greenish black, and the sides of the pro-
notum, a narrow basal line on each side, the scutellum, a
small spot near the outer edge of each elytron behind the
middle, and the greater part of the femora, cox, and
sternum pale yellow. The pygidium is deep reddish and the
tibizs are coppery.
The shape is elongate ovate, rather depressed and dis-
tinctly tapering before and behind, and almost the whole
328 Mr. G. J. Arrow on new
body, except the elytra, is clothed with rather coarse and
not close greyish hairs. ‘The head is rugose and the clypeus
flat and semicircular. The pronotum is rather strongly
punctured, the close and fine punctures being intermixed
with larger ones, which bear long erect hairs. The scutel-
lum bears a few large punctures and the elytra are deeply
striated, the interstices being unequal and finely punctured.
The pygidium and metasternum are rather lightly rugose and
hairy, and the abdomen more closely. The second abdominal
segment bears on each side three spines, rather larger than
those forming the general clothing. The mesosternum is
not produced, the front tibize are strongly bidentate, the four
posterior legs very long and slender, and the larger claw of
the front and middle feet cleft.
3. The hind legs are longer than those of the female and
the inner front claw is broad but very acute.
Long. 8-9 mm. ; lat. 455-5 mm.
Hab. Burma: Maymyo, 3500 ft. (May 1910—H,. LZ.
Andrewes).
This species is said to feed on Prunus persica.
It is closely related to the group of Bornean species to
which Dr. Ohaus has given the name Spinanomala. The
characteristic spines at the sides of the abdomen differ only
slightly from the general hairy clothing, and the mesosternal
epimera are not produced upwards. It seems to me that no
sufficient reason remains for regarding Spinanomala as more
than a subgenus of Anomala in the present condition of the
latter.
Anomala bruchomorpha, sp. n.
Leete fulva, capite (clypeo antice excepto), clava antennali, scutello,
prothoracis vitta lata mediana nonnunquam, elytrorum fasciis
duabus interruptis, pygidii maculis 2 basalibus bifidis, pectoris
medio, tibiis posticis tarsisque omnibus nigris vel fuscis, corpore
(elytris exceptis) sneo-micante: breviter ovata, supra paulo
depressa, capite dense punctato, clypeo brevi, antice fere recto ;
pronoto crebre et equaliter sat minute punctato, lateribus medio
valde angulatis, dein antice fere rectis, postice paulo sinuatis,
angulis anticis vix, posticis fere, acutis, basi haud marginato;
scutello crebre punctato; elytris profunde sat equaliter sulcatis,
interstitiis minute et sparse punctulatis; pygidio subtiliter
transverse strigoso; mesosterno haud producto, metasterni
lateribus breviter griseo-pilosis; tibiis anticis bidentatis, pedum
4 anteriorum unguibus majoribus fissis.
Orange, suffused, except upon the elytra, with a greenish-
metallic lustre and with black markings consisting of the
Burmese Species of Ruteline Coleoptera. 329
head (except the front part of the clypeus), a broad median
stripe upon the pronotum (sometimes absent), the scutellum,
and four irregularly shaped spots upon each elytron, forming
two transverse median bands, A bifid mark upon each side
of the base of the pygidium, the middle of the sternum,
transverse bands on the dorsal side of the abdomen, the hind
tibiz and all the tarsi are also usually dark, and the posterior
part of the elytra from the second transverse row of spots is
deeper in colour than the anterior part,
The body is shortly ovate and rather depressed above.
The head is densely punctured, with the clypeus broad and
nearly straight in front. The pronotum is minutely, densely,
and evenly punctured, with the lateral margins strongly
angulated in the middle, nearly straight to the front angles
and gently incurved to the hind angles, all the angles being
nearly right angles. The base is well lobed and without a
marginal stria. Tie scutellum is closely punctured and the.
elytra are deeply and rather closely and regularly suleate,
the second sulcus broken into irregular punctures at the base
and the interstices minutely and sparingly punctured, the fifth
having a linear row of punctures either throughout its length
or restricted to the basal part. ‘The pygidium is finely
transversely strigose. There is only a very short pubes-
cence at the sides of the metasternum and the mesosternum
is not produced. The front tibia is strongly bidentate and
.the longer claw of the front and middle feet is cleft. he
club of the antenna is rather long.
6. The club of the antenna is very long, and the teeth
of the front tibia short and sharp.
?. There is a slight dilatation of the outer margins of the
elytra at the middle and the terminal tooth of the front tibia
is long and blunt.
Length 10-12°5 mm.; breadth 6-7 mm.
Hab. Burma: Toungoo (G. Q. Corbett), Karen Hills
(L. Fea—2700-3300 ft.).
Both in shape and coloration this is a very well-marked
and peculiar insect. I have examined several females, but
only a single male, in which specimen alone the prothorax
has a broad median dark band, It is not yet possible to
decide whether this represents a sexual feature er merely a
colour variety,
Anomala bilobata, sp. n,
Testacea, clypeo, tibiis posticis tarsisque omnibus rubris ; corpus
cylindricum, sat angustum, convexum, capite paryo, fortiter
Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x, 23
330 Mr. G. J. Arrow on new
punctato, clypei margine valde reflexo, antice bilobato; pro-
thorace subtiliter punctato, lateribus arcuatis, angulis anticis fere
rectis, posticis obtusis, basi marginato, leviter arcuato; scutello
minute punctato; elytris minute punctatis, punctis plerisque
seriatis, interstitio secundo lato, irregulariter nunctato; pygidio
rugose punctato; metasterno subtiliter rugose punctato, haud
longe aut dense fulvo-piloso; pedibus omnibus setis raris rigidis
munitis, pedis antici tibia tridentata, ungue majori fisso.
Testaceous, with the clypeus, hind tibiz, and all the tarsi
reddish. The form is elongate and cylindrical. The head
is small and deeply punctured, and the clypeus transverse,
with the margin strongly reflexed and bilobed in front.
The pronotum is very finely punctured, rounded at the sides,
with the front angles nearly right angles, the hind angles
very obtuse and the base finely margined and very gently
rounded, ‘The scutellum is finely punctured and the elytra
bear irregular rows of fine punctures, the second interstice
being wide and irregularly punctured. The pygidium is
rather rugosely but not deeply punctured. ‘The metasternum
is finely and densely punctured and clothed with fine yellowish
pubescence. The front tibia is tridentate and the inner claw
of the front tarsus is cleft.
3S. The inner front claw is very broad. The clypeus is
shining, a little excavated on each side and the lobes
pointed. ;
?. The clypeus is rugosely punctured, the lobes blunt,
and the apex of the front tibia spatulate.
Long. 16-19 mm. ; lat. max. 7°5-9°5 mm.
Hab. BENGAL: Calcutta, Murshidabad, Koolna (March—
Ind. Mus.) ; BurMA: Tharrawaddy (G. Q. Corbett), N. Chin
Hills, Bhamo, Teinzo (L. Fea—May & June, 1886):
'TENASSERIM : ‘T'avoy (Doherty).
This insect, together with that which follows and
A. stamensis, Nonfr., form a peculiar group distinguished by
the bilobed clypeus and in the male by a form of cedeagus
the paramera of which end in transverse laminee. A. bilobata
is extremely like A. s¢amensis, of which Dr. Ohaus has
kindly sent me for examination a typical male specimen, but
it is a little more elongate and less stout. It is doubtful,
however, if the absolute discrimination of the two is
possible without examination of the genitalia, which are very
different. ‘They are shown in the accompanying sketches,
the cedeagus of A. bilobata (fig. 1) being longitudinally
grooved and the two terminal laminze meeting in a sharp
angle behind. In that of A. stamensis (fig. 2), both groove
a6
Burmese Species of Ruteline Coleoptera. a31
and angle are absent and the laminz are larger and of more
irregular shape.
Anomala fissilabris, sp. 0,
Testacea, tibiis tarsisque posticis nigris, clypeo et tarsis reliquis
rufis; corpus sat angustum, cylindricum, parum convexum,
capite parvo, fortiter punctato, clypei margine valde reflexo,
bifido ; prothorace cum scutello subtilissime punctato, hujus
lateribus paulo fortius, marginibus lateralibus arcuatis, angulis
anticis fere rectis, posticis obtusissimis, basi marginato, leviter
arcuato; elytris minute punctatis, punctis plerisque seriatis,
intervallo subsuturali lato, irregulariter punctato; pygidio
modice punctato; metasterno subtiliter rugose punctato, fulvo
piloso; pedis antici tibia tridentata, ungue majori fisso; pedis
intermedii femore prope marginem inferiorem hirtis rigidis fylvis
dense cristato,
Testaceous, with the hind tibia and tarsi black and the
remaining tarsi and the clypeus red,
The body is elongate and a little depressed. ‘The head is
small and strongly punctured, the clypeal margin strongly
elevated and bilobed in front. The pronotum and scutellum
are very minutely punctured, the former a little more strongly
at the sides, ‘The lateral margins are rounded, the front
angles nearly right angles and the hind angles very obtuse,
The elytra are very finely punctured, most of the punctures
forming longitudinal rows, but with a wide irregularly
punctured subsutural space. ‘I'he pygidium is moderately
punctured and the metasternum finely rugose and clothed
rather thinly with yellowish hairs. The front tibia is tri-
dentate, the larger front claw cleft, and the middle femur
bears a thick fringe of stiff hairs just behind the posterior
edge.
g. The inner front claw is strongly dilated. The clypeus
is a little excavated on each side and not densely punctured,
9. The clypeus is densely punctured and the apical tooth
of the front tibia long and blunt,
23%
332 Mr. G. J. Arrow on new
Long. 17-18 mm.; lat. 9 mm.
Hab. Burma: Tharrawaddy, Promé (G@. Q. Corbett),
Minhia (LZ. Fea— May 1885).
This species is extremely close to A. dilobata, but differs
in its rather finer puncturation, the black hind tibia and
tarsi, and the thick fringe on the middle femur.
Anomala latipes, sp. n.
Lete testacea, vertice, humeribus suturaque sat late nigris, linea
suturali scutellum amplectente, prothorace nonnunquam bi-
maculato; corpore cylindrico, parum depresso aut lato, clypeo
brevi, rugose punctato, margine antico fere recto, fronte crebre
punctato ; prothorace subtiliter sequaliter punctato, lateribus
arcuatis, angulis anticis acutis, posticis obtusis; scutello
punctato; elytris profunde punctato-striatis, marginibus mem-
branaceis sat latis; pygidio «qualiter sat crebre punctato;
corpore subtus parce piloso; tibiis anticis fortiter 3-dentatis,
pedibus posticis brevibus, femoribus latis, trochanteribus longis,
haud acutis, tibiis latis, postice haud constrictis; pedis antici
ungue majori fisso.
Bright yellow, with the head behind the eyes, a spot on
each shoulder, and a broad sutural line extending to the base
black. A pair of black spots sometimes appears at tie
middle of the pronotum. ‘The tarsi are reddish.
The body is rather cylindrical in shape, nearly parallel-
sided, and not very depressed. The clypeus is rugose, short,
and nearly straigkt in front and the forehead is closcly
punctured. The pronotum is finely and evenly punctured,
with the sides rounded, the front angles acute, the hind
angles very obtuse and the base finely margined and very
feebly trisinuate. The scutellum is punctured and the elytra
are deeply punctate-striate. The pygidium is evenly and
fairly closely punctured. The lower surface of the body is
very thinly hairy. ‘The front tibia is strongly tridentate and
the hind legs are short, with the femur broad, the trochanter
long and not acute, the tibia broad and not acute nor con-
stricted before the extremity,
d. The inner anterior claw is unequally divided and the
trochanters of the hind legs are long, nearly parallel-sided,
and rather prominent at the end.
@. ‘he black sutural line is broader than in the male,
the forehead has a rugose area in front, the apex of the front
tibia is spatulate, and the inner anterior claw almost equally
divided.
Long. 14°5-16 mm.; lat. 7°5-8 mm.
Burmese Species of Ruteline Coleoptera. 333
Hab. Burma: Tharrawaddy (G. Q. Corbett), Cachin
Hills.
A, latipes is very closely like A. communis, Burm., and
A, pallida, F., but is narrower in shape, the black sutural
line is broader, especially in the female, and the hind femora
and tibize are shorter and broader.
Anomala semiusta, sp. 0.
Pallide testacea, capite, pronoto (lateribus exceptis), scutelli lateri-
bus, elytrorumque sutura (antice late) fusco-brunneis, capite
pronotoque vix perspicue metallicis, clypeo, tibiis tarsisque rufis ;
pronoto nonnunquam medio plus minusye pallido: cylindrica,
parum convexa, clypeo parvo, rugoso, antice fere recto, fronte
ruge punctata; pronoto ubique sat equaliter, haud fortiter
punctato, basi marginato, lateribus cum angulis posticis regulari-
ter arcuatis; scutello bene punctato; elytris fortiter punctato-
striatis, interstitiis alternis latis atque irregulariter punctatis ;
pygidio cum metasterni lateribus crebre punctatis, parce pilosis ;
processu sternali nullo ; tibia antica 3-dentata.
do. Clava antennali modice elongata, oculis majoribus, tibix antice
dentibus paulo acutis.
©. Clypeo paulo latiori, tibiz antics dente apicali clavato, tertio
subobsoleto.
Pale testaceous, with the head, pronotum, exce;t the
lateral margins, the sides of the scutellum and the elytral
suture brown, and the clypeus, tibie, and tarsi reddish.
The head and pronotum have usually an exceedingly faint
metallic lustre. The dark central mass of the pronotum is
often divided into two by a pale median line.
Rather shortly cylindrical and parallel-sided, not very
convex, with the clypeus small, nearly straight in front and
finely rugose, and the forehead rugosely punctured. The
pronotum is rather evenly but not strongly punctured all
over, margined at the base, with the lateral margins and
hind angles strongly and continuously rounded. The scutel-
lum is well punctured and the elytra are deeply punctate-
striate, with the humeral and alternate dorsal interstices very
wide and irregularly punctured, the punctures of the fourth
interstice becoming reduced upon the anterior half to a single
row. The pygidium and metasteruum are strongly and
closely punctured and scantily hairy. There is no sternal
process. The front tibia is 8-dentate and the inner claw of
the front tarsus alone is cleft.
3. The eyes are large, the clypeus very small, and the
club of the antenna long. The three teeth of the front tibia
are all well marked and rather sharp.
334 Mr. G. J. Arrow on new
@. The eyes are a little smaller, the clypeus rather larger,
the terminal tooth of the front tibia blunt and clavate and
the third tooth feeble.
Length 12-14 mm. ; breadth 6°5-7'5 mm.
Hab. Burma: Teinzo (L. Fea—May 1886).
This belongs, like the last species, to the pallida and
communis group. It is more easily recognized than most of
its allies by its marking and the almost obsolete hind angles
of the thorax.
Anomala erosa, sp. n.
Testacea, capite toto, prothoracis disco, scutelli margine vel toto,
elytrorumque marginibus internis et externis, vitta humerali
striisque omnibus (nonnunquam dorso fere toto) nigris, pygidio
et corpore subtus vel testaceis vel nigris vel variegatis, femoribus
testaceis, tibiis et tarsis plus minusve infuscatis: breviter ovata,
convexa, nitida, capite densissime punctato, clypeo brevi, margine
valde reflexo; pronoto subtiliter sat crebre punctato, postice
marginato, lateribus fortiter arcuatis, angulis anticis paulo
obtusis, posticis fere obsoletis; scutello minute punctato; elytris
profunde punctato-striatis, interstitiis alternis latis, crebre irre-
gulariter punctatis; pygidio crebre et subrugose punctato;
corpore subtus minute punctato, parum hirsuto; processu meso-
sternali nullo; tibiis anticis 3-dentatis, pedum 4 anteriorum
ungue majori fisso.
Testaceous, with the entire head, the disc of the pronotum
(sometimes divided by a pale median line), the circumference
or the whole of the scutellum, the inner and outer borders of
the elytra, a vitta extending backwards from the shoulder,
and the grooves and punctures of the elytra black. The
pygidium and underside of the body are either entirely pale
or partly or entirely black, and the amount of dark pig-
mentation generally is extremely variable. The femora are
usually pale and the tibize and tarsi more or less dark. The
body is oval, short, convex, and smooth and shining. The
head is densely and finely punctured, with the clypeus short
and its front margin strongly reflexed, The pronotum is
finely and rather closely punctured, with the sides strongly
rounded, the front angles slightly obtuse and the hind angles
rounded away. ‘The base is finely margined. ‘he scutellum
is finely punctured. The elytra are very deeply striated,
with the striz closely punctured, the primary dorsal coste
very narrow and the intermediate intervals very broad, the
lateral ones strongly punctured all over and the dorsal ones
with deep crowded punctures along the middle, the latter
reduced to a single row posteriorly upon the second sub-
sutural interstice, and anteriorly upon the fourth interstice.
Burmese Species of Ruteline Coleoptera. 335
The pygidium is finely and subrugosely punctured and the
lower surface is finely punctured and only very scantily
hairy. There is no mesosternal process. The front tibia
is tridentate and the longer claw of the front and middle
feet cleft. The hind tibia is not strongly inflated or
constricted,
6. The inner front claw is very broad and divergently
cleft, and the last abdominal segment is extremely short and
only visible at the sides.
?. The penultimate ventral segment is very broad and
the last segment well developed.
Length 11°5-14°5 mm.; breadth 7-8°5 mm.
Hab. Burma: Mandalay, Shenmaga (Z. Fea—June
1885).
This is closely related to A. varicolor, Gyll., of which it
has the general appearance and type of coloration, as well as
great variability in the degree of pigmentation.
Anomala dorsopicta, sp. n.
Flava, vertice, pronoti vittis duabus, extus medio productis
elytrisque nigris, his utrinque macula media ovata oblique
ornatis, clypeo tarsisque rutis: clongato-ovata, sat lata, parum
convexa; capite ubique sat fortiter punctato, clypeo brevi,
margine valde reflexo; prothorace minute sat «qualiter punctato,
lateribus arcuatis, basi marginato, trisinuato, angulis posticis
rotundatis; scutello punctato ; elytris profunde punctato-striatis,
interstitiis angustis, convexis, lateribus post humeros paulo
deplanatis ; pygidio sat fortiter punctato; mesosterno haud pra-
ducto; metasterno punctato et brevissime flavido-hirto; tibiis
anticis bidentatis, pedum + posteriorum ungue majori bifido.
Bright testaceous yellow, with the head and tarsi reddish
and the forelead (except a triangular excision in front), a
longitudinal bar on each side of the pronotum, extending
from front to hind margin and emitting an external branch
at the middle, and the elytra, except an oblique oval patch
a little before the middle of each, black. ‘Ihe head and pro-
thorax have generally a very slight metallic lustre.
The shape is elongate-oval, moderately broad and not
very convex. The head is strongly and rather evenly
punctured, with the clypeus short, rounded at the sides and
strongly reflexed at the edge. The pronotum is rather
finely but regularly punctured, strongly rounded at the sides,
margined and trisinuate at the base, with the hind angles
very obtuse. The scutellum is punctured and the elytra are
deeply punctate-striate, with the interstices narrow and con-
vex and the outer edge flattened for a short distance behind
336 Mr. G. J. Arrow on new
the shoulder. The pygidium is evenly punctured and the
sides of the metasternum rugosely punctured and very thinly
clothed with short hair. ‘The front tibiz are strongly bi-
dentate and the larger claw of the front and middle feet
cleft.
&. The forehead and clypeus are shining and the inner
lobe of the cleft front claw is broad.
@. The forehead and clypeus are more densely punctured
and scarcely shining, and the dilated margins of the elytra
are thickened.
Long. 13-14 mm.; lat. 7-3 mm.
Hab. Burma: Tharrawaddy, Toungoo, Promé (G. Q.
Corbett).
Anomala auripennis, sp. n.
Testacea, viridi- vel roseo-aurata, capite, pronoto (marginibus
lateralibus exceptis), tibiis posticis tarsisque omnibus viridi-
cupreis: ovata, vel elongato-ovata, convexa, parum nitida;
capite omnino dense punctato, clypeo rugoso, sat lato; pronoto
etiam dense punctato, basi haud marginato, lateribus medio
obtuse angulatis, angulis anticis fere rectis, posticis distinctis sed
paulo obtusis; scutello sat fortiter punctato, lateribus levi ;
elytris minute punctatis, punctis majoribus intermixtis, his costas
suturalem, intrahumeralem et intermediam plus minusve dis-
tinctas indicantibus, interstitio subsuturali latissimo et confuse
punctulato; pygidio subtiliter transverse strigato; pectore sat
dense flavido-pubescenti, mesosterno haud producto, tibiis anticis
bidentatis ; tarsorum 4 anteriorum ungue majori fisso, antennis
paulo longis, articulo 5° ad duos preecedentes vequali.
Pale yellow, entirely suffused with a rosy or greenish-
golden tinge, the head, pronotum (except the pale lateral
margins), hind tibize and all the tarsi deep coppery green.
It is ovate, short, or moderately long, convex and only
slightly shining. The head and pronotum are very closely
punctured all over, the clypeus rugose and broadly rounded.
The prothorax is not margined at the base and the sides are
scarcely rounded, but slightly angulated before the middle,
with the front angles almost right angles and the hind onés
well marked but obtuse. ‘The scutellum. is well punctured
except at the sides. ‘I'he elytra are minutely punctured all
over, with larger punctures between. The ier form a
sutural and two paired dorsal rows, the subsutural interstice
being very broad and coarsely punctured. The pygidium
is finely transversely strigose. The sternum is moderately
thickly clothed with soft yellowish pubescence. ‘There is no
mesosternal process. The front tibia is bidentate and the
Burmese Species of Ruteline Coleoptera. 337
larger claw of the front and middle tarsi cleft. The antennze
are rather long and the fifth joint equal in length to the two
preceding joints together.
d. The club is as long as the remainder of the antenna
and the front tibial teeth are very short.
9. The body is more elongate, the antennal club moderately
long, and the terminal tooth of the front tibia long and
clavate.
This rather resembles the Japanese A. ducens, Ball., and
some varieties of the Huropean A. @nea, Deg., but it is
sharply distinguished from these, as from nearly all species
of the genus, by the length of the fifth joint of the
antenna.
Length 13-18 mm. ; breadth 8-9°5 mm.
Hab. Burma: Ruby Mines (Doherty), Karen Ghecu
(L. Fea, 3900-4200 ft.—Feb., Mar. 1888) ; 'TENASSERIM :
Plapoo (L. Fea—Apr. 1887), Mooleyit (3000-3900 ft.—
Apr. 1887).
Anomala aurora, sp. n.
Lete testacea, toto roseo-metallico-suffusa, pronoti et pygidii
lateribus femoribusque posticis nonnunquam brunneo-punctatis :
breviter ovalis, convexa; capite rugoso-punctato, clypeo semi-
circulari, plano, margine reflexo; pronoto minute haud dense
punctato, lateribus medio obtuse angulatis, angulis anticis
acutis, posticis distinctis sed obtusis, basi marginato, leviter
trisinuato ; scutello minute punctato ; elytris fortiter et equaliter
seriato-punctatis, spatio subsuturali lato, irregulariter punctato ;
pygidio corporeque subtus fortiter haud dense punctatis, hoc
sparse pallido-hirto; mesosterno haud producto; tibia antica
fortiter bidentata, femore postico brevi, crasso, tibiaque antice
paulo inflata ; tarsorum 4 anteriorum ungue majori fisso.
Pale yellow, entirely suffused above and beneath with a
delicate rosy-green metallic lustre, sometimes with a large
vaguely reddish patch on each side of the pronotum, a small
brown spot near each lateral margin and two or three still
smaller on each side of the pygidium.
Tt is a stout, oval, and highly convex species. The head
is rugosely punctured, with the clypeus semicircular and flat.
The pronotum is minutely and sparingly but rather deeply
punctured, with its sides obtusely angulated in the middle,
the front angles acute, the hind angles obtuse but well-
marked, and the base margined and gently trisinuated. The
scutellum is minutely punctured and the elytra strongly
in regular rows, with a wide, irregularly punctured second
338 Mr. G. J. Arrow on new
interstice. The pygidium and the lower surface are rather
strongly but not closely punctured, the latter thinly clothed
with pale hairs. The tront tibize are strongly bidentate, the
hind femora short and thick, the hind tibiz a little inflated
in the basal half, and the larger claw of the front and middle
feet cleft.
The sexes scarcely differ, but the inner anterior claw of
the male is a little widened and the apex of the front tibia
rather less blunt.
Long. 10°5-12 mm, ; lat. 5°5-6°5 mm.
Hab. Burma: Maymyo (il. L. Andrewes—May 1910),
Ruby Mines (Doherty).
Mr. H. M. Lefroy has received the species from Maymyo
as feeding upon Prunus persica.
Anomala puella, sp. n.
Tota pallide flava, leviter metallescens, tarsis antennisque paulo
rufescentibus: breviter ovata, nitida, convexa, pygidio corpore-
que subtus pilis erectis pallidis vestitis; capite profunde rugoso-
punctato, clypeo late rotundato, margine valde reflexo, sutura
clypeali distincte carinata ; pronoto sat crebre equaliter punctato,
lateribus fortiter arcuatis, angulis anticis acutis, posticis fere
obsoletis, basi omnino marginato; scutello punctato; elytris
profunde punctato-striatis, interstitio subsuturali lato, grosse
punctato, aliis angustis, parce et minutissime punctulatis ;
pygidio crebre irregulariter punctato ; prosterno postice paulo
tuberculato, mesosterno haud producto; tibiis anticis bidentatis
pedumque 4 anteriorum ungue majori fisso.
Entirely pale yellow, with a faint metallic lustre, the
antenne and tarsi only being a little darker. The body is
shortly ovate in form, convex and shining, with pale erect
hairs upon the pygidium and lower surface. The head is
strongly and rugosely punctured, with the clypeus short and
broadly rounded, its margins strongly reflexed and the
frontal suture carinate. The pronotum is strongly and
closely punctured, with the base completely margined, the
sides strongly rounded, the front angles acute and the hind
angles rounded away. The scutellum is well punctured and
the elytra are closely striate-punctate, with the interstices
narrow, except the subsutural one which is broad and strongly
and irregularly punctured. The pygidium is strongly and
closely punctured. ‘The prosternum is slightly lobed behind
the front coxse and the mesosternum is not produced. The
front tibize are bluntly bidentate and the larger claw on each
of the four anterior feet is cleft.
Burmese Species of Ruteline Coleoptera. 339
dg. The lower lobe of the inner front claw is acutely
pointed, broad, and angulated at the lower edge.
Length 10 mm. ; breadth 5°5-6°5 mm.
Hab. Burma: Karen Hills (Doherty).
This little insect is one of the puzzling species which
stand on the border-line between Anomala and Mimela. It
is very much like Mimela debilis, Sharp, to which it is un-
doubtedly allied. ‘The prosternum is prominent behind the
front coxe, but does not form an angular process between
them, and the species must, I think, be placed in Anomala if
any distinction is to be retained,
Anomala (Euchlora) laniventris, sp. n.
Obscure cupreo-olivacea, pronoti lateribus, corpore subtus femori-
busque testaceis, tibiis tarsisque viridi-zeneis, abdomine subtus
brunnescenti: ovalis, supra parum nitida, pectore, abdominis
lateribus pygidioque sat dense griseo-pubescentibus, corpore
supra undique crebre sat minute punctato, elytrorum lineis
nonnullis inconspicuis longitudinalibus, marginibus externis
latissime membranaceis; mesosterno haud producto; tibiis
anticis bidentatis, pedum 4 anteriorum ungue majori fisso.
Dark coppery olivaceous, with the lateral edges of the
pronotum, the lower surface of the body and the femora
yellow, the abdomen browner and the tibiz and tarsi deep
metallic green.
Klongate oval, not very shining, with the sternum, the
pygidium and sides of the abdomen rather thickly clothed
with soft grey pubescence. The entire upper surface is
closely and finely punctured, except the clypeus, which is
rugose and broadly rounded, ‘lhe base of the pronotum is
rather prominent in the middle and not margined, and the
sides are obtusely prominent in the middle, with the front
angles nearly right angles and the hind angles obtusely
rounded. There are a few indistinct longitudinal rows of
fine punctures on the elytra, the outer margins of which are
bordered with very broad membranous fringes. There is no
mesosternal process, The front tibia is sharply bidentate
and the larger claw of the front and middle feet is cleft.
The third and fifth joints of the antenna are longer tian the
fourth.
d. The terminal tooth of the front tibia is slender and
the upper one short but sharp. The inner lobe of the inner
front claw is very broad and abruptly angulated at the middle
of the lower edge.
340 On new Burmese Species of Ruteline Coleoptera.
9. The teeth of the front tibia are rather long and
sharp.
Length 17-19 mm. ; breadth 9°5-10°5 mm.
Hab. BurMA: Paungde (G. Q. Corbett); Palon, Pegu
(L. Fea—Aug. & Sept. 1887) ; Rangoon (£. T. Atkinson).
This species is related to the Himalayan A. perpleaa,
Hope, but much duller in colour and easily recognizable by
the very broad external membranes of the elytra.
Anomala (Euchlora) chlorochelys, sp. n.
Lete viridis, nitida, corpore subtus, pedibus, capitis, prothoracis et
elytrorum marginibusque extremis aureo-rufis: grandis, ovalis,
conyexa ; clypeo crebre punctato, fronte minus crebre aut grosse,
pronoto subtilissime sat dense, elytris similiter sed minus dense
punctatis, his valde nitidis, lateribus postice paulo dilatatis, apice
fere recte truncato, marginibus membranaceis obtectis; pygidio
minute haud profunde striguloso.
Bright green, with the lower surface, legs, and extreme
edges of the head, pronotum, and elytra golden red.
It is a large, very shining, oval and convex species, with
the outer margins of the elytra conspicuously dilated behind
the middle and truncate at the apex. The clypeus is rounded
and closely punctured, the forehead more finely and less
closely. The pronotum is very finely and closely punctured,
a little more strongly at the sides. The elytra are very
shining, finely and lightly punctured, with the outer margins
conspicuously dilated towards the extremity and truncate
behind, forming an obtuse external angle. The membranous
margins are narrow and almost concealed by the lateral
dilatation. The pygidium is submetallic and transversely
rugulose. The front tibize are bidentate and the larger claw
of the front and middle feet cleft.
3. The two teeth of the front tibia are sharp and close
together.
?. The two teeth of the front tibia are less sharp and
close together, and the pygidium bears a few long scattered
hairs.
Long. 26-29 mm. ; lat. max. 15-16°5 mm.
Hab. Burma: Bhamo (Selkirk, Hea—June 1885) ;
Teinzo (Fea—May 1886) ; TENASSERIM (Col. Adamson).
The species resembles A. truncata, Bates, but is larger and
much more smooth and shining.
On the Stromatoporotds and Kozoon. 341
XLV.—On the Stromatoporoids and Kozoon.
By R. KirkPATRICK.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
[Plates VIII. & IX.]
In a letter to ‘ Nature,’ Aug. 15, 1912, p. 502, I wrote that
the presence of siliceous spicules in the Stromatoporoids,
similar to those found in Merlia and Monticulipora, had led
me to the conclusion that Stromatoporoids were Sponges.
I must now state that I was misled to that conclusion, for it
has become evident to me that the supposed spicules are
the calcified chitinous rings and half-rings belonging to the
canals and chambers of Foraminifera, It is now clearly
obvious also that the calcareous skeleton of Stromatoporoids
has a structure similar to that of the higher forms of
Perforate Foraminifera, ;
It is not surprising that paleontologists have failed to arrive
at acorrect solution of the problem of the Monticuliporas, for
these organisms, when alive, exhibit extraordinary phenomena
without parallel elsewhere in biology, and wholly impossible
to understand without observing living specimens. Most
fortunately the discovery of the living Monticulipora (Merlia)
normant off Porto Santo Island will enable me to explain
the real nature of the Palzeozoic examples,
The Stromatoporoids, on the other hand, carry in them-
selves the clue to the problem they present, and it is at first
sight a little surprising that this clue has eluded the patient
search of so many investigators. This result was, I believe,
due to the use of insufficiently high magnifying-powers.
Stromatoporoids are commonly in the form of hemispherical
or cake-like masses, but they may be inerusting or digitate,
The surface has a roughly granular aspect and presents
scattered stellate patterns (astrorhize). A vertical section (or
weathering of the edges) shows that. the mass is built up of
concentric lamin or crusts.
Slight magnification of a vertical section shows apparently
a meshwork of regular or irregular radial and concentric
calcareous strauds, these being really the edges of walls of
Foraminiferal chambers,
The so-called “tabule” are present in the usually darker
calcified soft tissues filling the meshes or Spaces not only
in S romatopora, but also in Actinostroma. Stromatoporoids
are found in the Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian strata,
342 Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on the
From Nicholson’s great monograph on the British Stroma-
teporoids I extract a few historical data.
The history of the group practically begins with Goldfuss
(1826), who described a fossil (probably from the Devonian
of Gerolstein), which he named Stromatopora concentrica
and placed near ALillepora.
In the following list I give the name of the author, the
date, and his views as to the nature of Stromatoporoids :—
GoutpFuss, 1826. Hydrocoralline.
STEININGER, 1834. Sponges.
F. Rammr, 1843-4. Corals.
Haut, 1847. Alcyonarians near Tudbipora.
D’OrBIGNY, 1850-51. Sponges.
The two SANDBERGERS, 1850-56. Polyzoa.
F,. Ramer, 1851-56. Polyzoa, but later tabulate corals like Favosites
and Chetetes.
BILurinGs, 1857. Beatricea (a Stromatoporoid), a vegetable.
ErcHwa.p, 1860. Horny sponges.
Hyatt, 1865. Some Stromatoporoids regarded as Cephalopoda.
Baron von Rosen, 1867. Horny sponges.
Dr. G, Linpstro6m, 1870. Foraminifera, and, in 1873, Ladechia allied
to Hydractinia.
SALTER, 1873. Calcareous sponges.
NicHotson, 1873-4, Calcisponges,
Dawson, 1875. Between Foraminifera and Sponges.
Sorxas, 1877. Hexactinellid sponges, and, later, partly siliceous
sponges, partly Hydrozoa.
CartTER, 1877. Hydrozoa.
NicHoLson, 1886 (the Monograph), Partly Hydroida, partly Hydro-
corallinee.
ZiTTEL, 1903. Hydrozoa,
GerKIg£, 1905, Polyzoa.
STEINMANN, 1907, Hydrozoa.
KirKPATRICK, August 1912: Sponges. September 1912: Fora-
minifera.
To sum up, within the last eighty-six years Stromato-
poroids have been regarded as Foraminifera; calcareous,
horny, Monaxonellid, and Hexactinellid Sponges; Hydroida,
Hydrocorallinee, Aleyonaria, corals (Anthozoa), Polyzoa,
Cephalopoda, vegetables,
Kepler wrote a treatise, which is said to be highly instruc-
tive, entitled £ A Book of Mistakes,’ A few observations on
some of the errors recorded in the above list will not be
without interest.
The ‘ Coelenterate’”? view was mainly held on account
of the presence of “ tabule,’’ the Sponge theory owing to
the oscule-like astrorhize, to the incrusting and enveloping
character of some species, and to the resemblance of the skeletal
——-
Stromatoporotds and Eozoon. 343
framework to that of a Dictyonine sponge. Beatricea was
compared to an Orthoceras-like mollusc.
I myself at first mistook altered chitinous rings and coils
for siliceous spicules, the astrorhize for oscules, and the
tabula for diaphragms and dissepiments like those of Cliona,
and regarded the general skeletal framework as an originally
spicular structure altered by mineralization, for I could often
see rings and apparent sigmas imbedded in it. I found
later, however, that the supposed “ spicules”? were altered
chitinous hoopsand spirals. The astrorhizee appear to be due to
the fusion of several outer openings of tubuli, thereby leading
to the converging of finer pseudopods into main trunks.
Pl. IX. figs. 13, 14, representing a longitudinal vertical
section of Polytrema cylindricum, shows, for instance, tubuli
with a relatively large single external opening and one, two,
or three smaller inner openings, a compound system being
funnel-shaped with a cribriform mouth directed inwards. A
growth and extension of this simple system would result in
the formation of an astrorhiza. Further, a more careful
examination revealed the typical Foraminiferal structure of
the skeleton itself.
What chiefly led me to regard the Stromatoporoids as
siliceous sponges was the discovery, in the sections of those
fossils, of little “ pockets ”’ of coiled sigma-like bodies and also
tubular canals lined with these bodies in scalariform fashion.
IT had seen a somewhat similar arrangement of ring-like real
siliceous spicules in the sponge part of “ Merlia normani,”
which at one stage of my devious gropings after the clue
to this mystery I had named Noronha scalariformis. But
presently I found similarly shaped rings in the soft tissues
of decalcified recent Foraminifera*. Here the chitin bas
resisted the acid used for decalcifving, and the rings seemed
to be chitinous, but in the fossils they looked like siliceous
spicules. I now examined the skeletal framework, and saw
that it was penetrated by tubuli and channels of communi-
cation between chambers.
The so-called tabulee, which were supposed by Nicholson
to be similar to those of A/illepora, are diaphragms formed in
the chambers and in the course of the canals.
Tuese “ tabulze”’ are present in the spaces filled by the soft
tissues, both in the Stromatopora type and in the Actinostroma
* Evidently the function of the chitinous hoops and coils is to give
support to the soft monilated branching sarcode, The swellings on many
of them are due apparently to lateral compression arising from the pull
of the extensile sarcode along an axis at might angles to the plane of the
hoops.
344 Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on the
type of Stromatoporoids. Apparently Nicholson failed to
see them in the latter, supposing the holes in the regular
“ tangential lamine”’ to represent the ‘ zooidal tubes.”
Nicholson’s classification, based on the erroneous idea that
one group of Stromatoporoids (the Actinostromide) was
related to AHydractinia, and the other (Stromatoporidee) to
Millepora, needs revision. As Nicholson himself pointed out,
there are transitions between Actinostromids and Stromato-
porids. In both there are concentric layers, astrorhizz,
“‘tabule,” and a capacity for incrusting and enveloping other
objects, such as corals. In the Actinostromid or rectilinear
type the calcareous skeleton has a more regular and definite
arrangement of chambers than has the Stromatoporid type.
My intention in the present paper, however, is not to enter
into the question of the classification of Stromatoporoids,
but mainly to announce that these fossils have a calcareous
skeleton showing the Foraminiferal structure,
While I was examining sections of the aberrant genus
Beatricea I was reminded of the peculiar structure of
Hozoon, and was thereby led to examine specimens of the
latter, despite the fact that current opinion is almost wholly
opposed to a belief in their organic nature. Zittel*, following
Prof. Karl Mobius f, refers to Hozoon as a product of purely
mineral origin. Steinmann { does not even mention this,
perhaps the most interesting of all fossils, but writes, ‘“ Aus
der eozooischen Periode kennen wir kaum sichere Spuren
organischer Wesen.” Likewise in Lister’s § memoir on the
Foraminifera there is no reference to Hozoon. Hartog ||
writes in a footnote: ‘The alleged Archzean genus Lozoon,
founded by Carpenter and Dawson on structures found in
the Lower Laurentian serpentines and referred to the close
proximity of Nummulites, has been claimed as of purely
mineral structure by the petrologists ; and recently biologists
have admitted the claim.” Geikie]], while stating the pros
* Zittel, K., ‘Grundziige der Paliontologie,’ Abth. i. 2nd edition, 1903,
. 35.
4 + Mobius, K., ‘ Paleesontographica,’ xxv. 1878, p.175. Also Carpenter,
on MObius’s results, ‘ Nature,’ vol. xx. 1880, p. 272.
{ Steinmann, G., ‘ Kinfiihrung in der Palaontologie,’ ed. 2, 1907, p. 7.
§ Lister, J. J., ‘Treatise of Zoology’ (ed. by E. R. Lankester),
Memoir “ Foraminifera.”
| Hartog, M., ‘Cambridge Natural History’ (Harmer and Shipley),
Memoir “ Protozoa,” 1906, p. 70.
§| Geikie, A., ‘Text-book of Geology,’ 1903, p. 878. See also Sher-
born, ‘Bibliography of the Foraminifera,’ under Dawson, Modbius,
Carpenter, &c.
—
Stromatoporotds and Kozoon. 345
and cons of the opposing views, apparently inclines to a
belief in the mineral theory, and demands, in view of the
antiquity of the rocks and the changes to which they have
been subjected, the clearest possible evidence of organic
structure before accepting the theory of the organic nature of
Eozoon.
I consider that the sections made by the late Dr. Carpenter
yield abundant evidence of organic structure.
Eozoon canadense is a Foraminiferan. Its calcareous
skeleton shows clearly the Foraminiferal structure of pores
and tubuli, and, further, chitinous rings and coils are present.
Dr. Carpenter’s specimens must have died peacefully on
the Lower Laurentian sea-bottom, and have been buried and
slowly metamorphosed by infiltration, but in such a way as
to preserve a good deal of their structure. Possibly igneous
irruptions may have occurred later within varying distances
of the dead specimens, leading to varying degrees of mineral-
ization. I suppose the theory of the mineral origin of
Fozoon is due to the existence of much metamorphosed
specimens.
Fortunately Dr. Carpenter had several very fine examples
of Hozoon in his magnificent collection (now in the British
Museum, Nat. Hist.). About the time of his death he was
engaged in writing a monograph which would have finally
settled the whole question. A friend of mine who knew
him tells me that Dr. Carpenter could scarcely listen with
patience to the arguments of the mineralists, and I can
appreciate this attitude when I look at his beautiful sections.
Sir William Dawson, too, had occasion to resent the charge of
*subjectivism’’ brought against him by an upholder of the
mineral theory.
Sir W. Logan* was the first to notice the resemblance of
Eozoon to the Stromatoporoids.
The recent Foraminiferan Po/ytrema ecylindricum, Carter,
recalls in certain respects both Beatricea and Kozoon. This
pretty little branching Foraminiferan, of a brilliant yellow or
red colour, has a surface-layer of Jarge chambers, but at the
same time the central axis of the branches is occupied with a
smaller vesicular tissue. A tiansverse section of Beatricea
has somewhat the appearance of that of a megalospheric
Foraminiferan.
In the Stromatoporoids and Lozoon there is a many-
chambered (Polythalamous) calcareous skeleton with the
walls of the chambers penetrated by fine tubuli. Altered
chitinous hoops and coils are found in the communication-
¥ Logan, W., ‘Geology of Canada,’ 1863, p. 49.
Ann. & Mag. NV. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 24
346 On the Stromatoporotds and Kozoon.
channels between chambers and in the chambers themselves,
a. e. in the spaces formerly filled with sarcode. Similar
structure to the above is found in the recent Perforate Fora-
minifera. Weathered edges of specimens of Hozoon are finely
laminate.
With regard to Hozoon, two objections are urged against
the organic theory, viz. the immense antiquity of the Lower
Laurentian limestones and the unlikelihood that any organic
structure could survive the effect of metamorphosing agencies.
Concerning the first objection, it may be said that when once
an organism is entombed and infiltrated the time factor per se
is not an important one. Many Devonian Stromatoporoids
are less well preserved than those of Silurian age, and a
Foraminiferan might retain its structure as well in a Lauren-
tian as in a Wenlock limestone. ‘The effect of igneous action
on the fossils of any particular formation is apparently more
or less a matter of chance, and examples of late origin may
fare worse than those of earlier date.
Leaving hypotheses and coming to facts—to wit, the speci-
mens themselves,—I find that the Foraminiferal theory is
wholly adequate, and I am certain it is unnecessary to go
further afield in search of some highly complicated and proble-
matical theory of mineral origin. As a matter of course, the
evidence for the mineral theory, based mainly on the existence
in Hozoon of minerals of igneous origin, falls to the ground in
. me) .
presence of the least trace of indubitable organic structure.
Summary.—The Stromatoporoids are Foraminifera.
Eozoon canadense likewise belongs to the Foraminifera,
and is nearly related to Labechia and Beatricea.
Note on Caunopora,
Many of the Caunopora tubes so frequently found in Stroma-
toporoids are not corals, but Cheetopod worms, apparently
belonging to the group Spioniformia,
It is sometimes possible to see anatomical features, such as
the introvert, pharynx, intestine, peristomial cirri, and acicula.
The supposed “ tabulze,”’? which have misled some investi-
gators, are simply the expression of Annelidan segmentation
or, rather, annulation.
I have found what appears to be a similar kind of worm
in the living Monticulipora (Merlia) normani, and at Porto
Santo Island have often watched it extending and drawing
in its peristomial cirri or “ tentacles.” The Palaeozoic Monti-
culiporas are frequently infested with a worm possibly related
to this modern one. If this is so, we have a curious instance
of the conservatism of Nature.
Anatomy and Classification of the Order Lyomert. 347
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Prats VIII.
Fig. 1. Stromatopora concentrica, Goldfuss, from Devonian of Gerolstein.
Wall of a chamber, showing tubuli. x 325,
Fig. 2. Larger tubuli from an older wall. x 550.
F%g. 38, Hoops and coils in chambers and canals of S. concentrica.
3a. Ditto from Actinostroma clathratum, Nich. Both
x 1800,
Fig. 4. Ditto from sarcode of Polytrema cylindricum, Carter. x 1800.
Fug. 5. Part of wall of chamber of Evzoon canadense, Dawson, from
Lower Laurentian limestones, Burgess, Canada, showing
mural pores and tubuli, x 140.
Fig. 6. Thesame. x 550.
Fvg. 7, Old branching canals in Hozoon. x 13800.
Zig. 8. Branching system of canals in Hozoon. xX 85. 8a. The same
showing hoops. x 325.
F%g. 9. Hoops and coils in chambers and canals of Zuzoon. x 1300,
Fg. 10. The same from another specimen. x 1800.
PLATE IX,
Fig. 11. Canals in Eozoon. x 140.
Fxg. 12. Eozoon. Young chambers forming just below surface of speci-
men. a, mural tubuli; 6, diaphragm across opening in
chamber. xX 140.
Fig. 12 a. Series of young chambers. x 50.
Fig. 128%. Minute Foraminiferan found in one of the chambers of
Eozoon. X 190.
Fig. 18. Vertical longitudinal section of Polytrema cylindricum, Carter.
12.
Fg. 14. Wall of chamber of same, showing branching tubuli. x 100.
wg. 15. Caunopora tube in Stromatopora biichehensis, Bargatzky, Devo-
nian, Showing Spioniform worm inside. a, acicula. x 35.
Fig. 16, Another Cawnopora tube from same section, showing surface
annulations of annelid inside. x 17.
XLVI.—The Anatomy and Classification of the Teleostean
Fishes of the Order Lyomert. By C. TATE Reaan, M.A.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Order LYOMERI.
Scaleless soft-rayed fishes with a long slender tail, dorsal
and anal fins long, no caudal, pectorals (when present) small
and pelvics absent. Gill-openings small, separate. Mouth
* The discovery of the beautiful little coiled shell (fig, 12 8) in one of
the chambers of Zozoon canadense settles the ‘“‘ Hozoon controversy”
beyond the possibility of further dispute. I do not think that the shell is
a young stage of Lozoon, but rather that it has been ingested as food from
without,
24*
348 Mr. C. T. Regan on the Anatomy and
very large and pharynx very distensible; upper border
of mouth formed by a single pair of slender bones (pra-
maxillo-maxillaries) meeting anteriorly-and with their distal
extremities attached within the quadrates, connected by a
loose membrane anteriorly with a movable ethmoidal ros-
trum and for the greater part of their length with the
suspensorium ; lower jaw of dentary, articulare, and angulare ;
mandibular rami slender, loosely united at the symphysis and
connected by a broad distensible membrane; suspensorium long
and directed obliquely backwards, of two bones, hyomandibular
and quadrate, which are movably articulated ; opercular bones
absent and branchiostegals vestigial; branchial arches and
pectoral arch far behind the head, with skeleton reduced and
little ossified. Skull with much cartilage, the membrane
bones very thin; parietals meeting in front of the small
supraoccipital ; no exoccipital condyles. Vertebral centra
co-ossified with arches, which are reduced, the neural arches
appearing as paired, erect, spine-like processes ; no ribs. No
air-bladder. Gonoducts normally developed (fide Zug-
mayer).
The whole structure of the Lyomeri is quite unlike that of
the Apodes ; in my opinion they may well have been derived
from Iniomi such as the Synodontide, which approach them
in the short snout, wide mouth, oblique suspensorium, &c.
(cf. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vii. 1911, p. 124).
Diagrams of upper surface of skull in A. Gastrostomus bairdi, B. Sacco-
pharynx ampullaceus, and C. Sauridanebulosa. (A after Zugmayer’s
figure, modified by omission of sutures that appear to subdivide the
frontals.)
eth, mesethmoid; Jleth, lateral ethmoid; f, frontal; p, parietal; spo,
sphenotic ; pto, pterotic; epo, epiotic; soc, supraoccipital; coe,
exoccipital.
The skull of the Synodontide has much in common with
that of the Lyomeri, and the greater width of the pterotics
and greater size of the whole postorbital portion of the
Classification of the Order Lyomert. 349
skull in the latter is for the attachment of the enlarged
suspensorium, and is consequently more marked in Grastro-
stomus than in Saccopharynex.
The vertebre of the Synodontidz are also very similar to
those of the Lyomeri; inferiorly theve are short processes at
the end of each centrum, exactly as shown in Zugmayer’s
figure of the anterior vertebrae of Gastrostomus; the neural
arches are slender processes, and in the vertebra below the
dorsal ‘fin these are shortened and do not meet to form
unpaired neural spines.
It is of interest to note that in the Apodes the pectoral
arch is pushed backwards by the large branchial apparatus,
but in the Lyomeri the pectoral arch and the reduced
branchial apparatus are displaced by the enormous pharynx,
the distensibility of which is increased by the pendent
movable ethmoid and the joint between the hyomandibular
and the quadrate.
The order Lyomeri was first characterized by Gill and
Ryder (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. 1883, p. 262), who gave
an account of the anatomy of Gastrostomus batrdii and
maintained the distinctness of these fishes from the Apodes.
Quite recently the anatomy of G‘astrostomus has again been
described by Zugmayer (Rés. Camp. Sci. Monaco, xxxv.
a leep, S8;, pl. tv.)
After comparison of the upper surface of the skull of
Saccopharyne with Gill and Ryder’s description and Zug-
mayer’s figure of Gastrostomus I agree with the former
authors that the Saccopharyngide and Eurypharyngide may
be regarded as distinct families.
Family 1. Saccopharyngide.
Mouth large; jaws with slender, curved, pointed teeth ;
stomach very distensible; gill-openings much nearer to end
of snout than to vent; skull longer than broad; frontals
larger than the parietals. Piscivorous.
A single species, Saccopharynx ampullaceus, Harwood, 1827,
Family 2. Eurypharyngide.
Mouth enormous; jaws with minute teeth, the mandibles
sometimes with a pair of symphysial canines ; stomach not
specially distensible; gill-openings much nearer to vent than to
end of snout; skull not longer than broad; parietals larger than
frontals. Probably feeding mainly on small invertebrates.
Eurypharyne, Vaill. 1882 (with symphysial mandibular
canines); Gastrostomus, Gill and Ryder, 1883; Jacro-
pharyna, Brauer, 1902 (without pectoral fins).
350 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of
XLVIL—A Revision of the Asilide of Australasia.
By Gerrrupe Ricarpo.
[Continued from p. 160. ]
Dasyrocon, Macquart.
Illiger’s Magazine f. Ins. ii. p. 70 (1803).
The species from Australia and Tasmania not yet assigned
to other genera from Dasypogon in sensu lato are the
following :—
Dasypogon australis, Macq., Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 45 (1838).
Dasypogon albonotatus, Macq., 1. c. Suppl. ii. p. 49 (1846).
Dasypogon nigripennis, Macq., 1. c. Suppl. iii. p. 180, pl. i. fig. 10
(1847),
Dasypogon nigrinus, Macq,, 1. c. Suppl. iv. p. 66, pl. vi. fig. 9 (1849),
Dasypogon carbo, Walker, Dipt. Saund. i. p. 87 (1851).
The type of this last is probably destroyed, not being in
the Brit. Mus. Coll.
Dasypogon australis, Macq.
Type a female seen by me in the Paris Museum, 12. 4.11.
The head is gone, and Macquart makes no mention of it
in his description ; it is therefore impossible to assign it to
any genus, apparently it will belong to the Dasypogon genus
in sensu stricto. It should be easily recognized by the
wings, which are brown on the fore border, by the absence
of spines on fore tibiz, and by the black abdomen, with
broad reddish-yellow segmentations, the apex has spines;
no ovipositor visible. Legs yellowish. Thorax black,
shoulders reddish. Scutellum reddish, with long yellow
bristles. The brown colouring on the wings extends along
the fore border to the apex, as far as the posterior branch of
fork of third vein, fills the first basal cell, the extreme base
of the first posterior, and only touches the discal cell on its
border; the fourth posterior cell is wide open, anal not
quite closed.
Macquart gives the length as 6 lines,
From New 8S. Wales.
Dasypogon albonotatus, Macquart.
From Tasmania.
Described as having a long, slender, black abdomen, with
white spots at sides of second to fifth segments. Face and
forehead golden yellow. Beard and the plain moustache
white. Legs red, the anterior tibie with a curved spine.
the Asilidze of Australasia. 351
Wings hyaline, a little yellowish at base and on fore border,
apex grey, fourth posterior cell closed.
Length 8 lmes. ¢.
Dasypogon nigripennis, Macquart.
Type is probably lost. From New S. Wales.
Described as black. Face white, with a black moustache
confined to oral opening. Beard black. Palpi black with
black hairs. Legs black, the fore tibize with a curved spine.
Wings violet-black, centre of cells yellowish. In the figure
of wing the fourth posterior cell is practically closed at
border and anal cell closed. The figure of head shows the
antenne with the third joint ‘about the length of the first
two, with a short terminal style.
Dasypogon nigrinus, Macquart.
Type, a male, seen by me in Paris Museum, 12. 4.11.
Furnished with a spine on the fore tibiz and the abdomen
is club-shaped, but the short antennz seem to preclude it
from belonging to the genus Brachyrrhopola or Codula.
Face not very broad; no tubercle ; moustache confined to
oral opening, composed of yellow bristles ; the face is covered
with yellow tomentum. Pa/pt black with black hairs.
Antenne very short, the third joint conical, about as long
as the first two together, the latter with black hairs, on the
second a very strong black bristle is present. Thorax black
(denuded). Abdomen black (denuded). Macquart states the
first two segments are shining black, the fifth and sixth with
testaceous segmentations; no pubescence is visible, but
some white hairs at sides; genitalia large, protruding, but
not club-shaped ; underside reddish with white hairs. Legs
red, stout, shining; femora largely black; tarsi black ;
bristles on legs black and yellow. Wings dark brown,
hyaline at base, ouly the apices of the basal cells being
brown; the fourth posterior cell is a little narrowed at the
border ; the anal half open; the small transverse vein is
below the middle of discal cell; Macquart’s figure of wing
gives this incorrectly, and also makes the fourth posterior
cell too narrow at border.
Length 10 mm.
From Tasmania.
The species from New Guinea or other parts of the
Australian region are :—
Dasypogon occlusus, Meijere, Nova Guinea, v. Zool. p. 75
(1906), which the author suggests may be the same or nearly
allied to, Stichopogon congressus, Wk.
352 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of
The Walker types of the following species described from
unknown localities are not to be found in the Brit. Mus.
Coll., viz. Dasypogon aphidnus, inserens, and oceidens, and
might well be deleted from the list of species.
SreLiporocon, Bezzi.
Zeitschr. Hymen. u. Dipt. ii. p. 192 (1902).
Fore tibize with a curved spine.
Selidopogon diadema, Fabr., a European species extending
to Asia Minor, has a number of synonyms, among others
Dasypogon punctatus, Fabr., which Macquart records as from
New Holland, stating that a female he had seen was similar
to the European specimens: see Dipt. Exot. Suppl. i. p. 180,
(1848). I have not seen any specimens of this species from
Australia.
The genus extends through Europe, N. Africa, Asia Minor,
and the American continent.
Sricnopocon, Loew.
Linn. Ent. ii. p. 499 (1847).
Slichopogon congressus, Walker.
Proc. Linn. Soe. London, v. p. 802 (1861) [Dasypogon]; Kertesz, Cat.
Dipt. p. 127 [Dasypogon] (1909); Meijere, Nova Guinea, v. Zool.
p. 75 (1906).
Stichopogon albicapillus, v. d. Wuip, Tyd. v. Entom. (2) vii. (xv.)
p. 147 (1872); Kertesz, Cat. Dipt. p. 83 (1909). From New
Guinea.
Stichopogon scalaris, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Entom, France, (5) viii. p. 440
(1878). From Fiji Islands.
Type (3) from Tidore, Celebes, and a ¢ from Sula
Island.
See v. d. Wulp for description of this species.
Diocrria, Meigen.
Mliger’s Magaz. f. Ins, ii. p. 270 (1803).
Methylla, Hansen, Fulnea oris Dipt. pp. 145 et 198 (1888).
The type of D. claviventris, Walker, trom New Guinea,
and D. tasmanica, Walker, from Tasmania, are both species
of Brachyrrhopola, the latter being a synonym of B. maculi-
nevris, Macq.
D. conopsoides, ¥., from Australia, was unknown to Wiede-
mann and Schiner. From the description it is impossible
to ascertain what genus it belongs to; it would seem
therefore best to expunge the name from list.
D. horsleyi, Walker, from unknown locality, is not a
the Asilidee of Australasia. 353
species of Dioctria, though it bears a general resemblance
to the genus and has a long third antennal joint; but the
fore tibiz are armed with a very distinct curved spine. It
cannot belong to the genus Cyrtophrys, Loew, the antenne
having no apparent style. The abdomen is black, reddish at
the apex.
LAPuRINE.
Table of Genera.
1. Fore tibize with a curved spine at apex ...... 2.
Tore tibize with no curved spime at apex .... 3.
2. Blue-black species marked with white abdo-
minal spots. Moustache usually reaching
nearly to antenne, tubercle distinct on face . Zhereutria, Loew.
Small species. Moustache confined to oral
opening, no tubercle on face ............ .. Metalaphria, g. n.
3. Posterior transverse yein in a straight line, or
almost so, with the vein closing discal cell.. 4.
Posterior transverse vein not so placed ...... 6.
4, Third joint of antenne notched at apex, usually
ith a spine... %. passe A On ae Oee . Clariola, Kertesz.
Third joint of antennze not notched .......,. 5.
5. Abdomen punctuate, third joint of antenne
longer than the first two joints together .... dtomosia, Macquart.
Abdomen hardly punctuate, the third joint
three times as long as the first two joints
SLIT STAR eS pam Ard ei racer .. Aphestea.
G. First posterior cell closed or very narrow.
Abdomen bare..... Seema Sale Me eee Nusa, Walker,
First posterior cell wide open or not very
TSU O Wierd cree tke ce Bron AG IC : See ae, We
=]
...ee. Matra, Schiner.
Moustache not confined to oral opening. Head
semicircular, not usually so much excised
BOING .. ere ee cds them yet ee re onan Opera, NMeiron,
THerRevuTris, Loew.
Progr. Reaischule Meseritz, 1851, p. 20 (1851).
Scandon, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. i. p. 108 (1851).
This genus was formed by Loew for a new species from
Australia, viz. ZT’hereutria calcar, which Loew made the
type of the genus. He separated the genus from Laphria
by the presence of the curved spine on the fore tibiz. It is
as yet peculiar to the Australasian region. The species are
distinguished by the blue-black abdomen often marked with
white spots, by the blue-black Jegs, the tibiz or femora
often yellow, the latter usually stout, curved, the face with a
prominent tubercle covered by the thick moustache, with
often long hairs continued to the base of the antenne, which
304 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of
last have the third joint broad, longer than the first two
joints together. Wings with the first and fourth posterior
cells open, the anal cell closed.
The species as yet recorded in this genus are :—
Thereutria luctuosa, Macq., Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 155 [Dasypogon]
(18388).
Thereutria amaracus, Walker, List Dipt. ii. p. 880 [Laphria] (1849) et
vii. Suppl. 3, p. 559 [Laphria] (1855).— Ommatius calmus, Walker,
lc. p.479 et p. 759. Dasypogon diversicolor, Macq., Dipt. Exot.
Suppl. iv. p. 868 (1849); Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (5) vii.
p- 219 (1878). Dasypogon aurifacies, Macq., 7. ¢. p. 367, pl. vi.
tig. 5. Thereutria calear, Loew, Progr. Realschule Meseritz, 1851,
p- 20 (1851). Scandon compacta, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. i. p. 108,
pl. iv. fig. 7 (1851), et List Dipt. vii. Suppl. 3, p. 563 (1855).
Laphria diversipes, Macq., Dipt. Exot. Suppl. v. p. 78 (1855);
Froggatt, Australian Insects, p. 295 (1907). Thereutria caligula,
Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (5) vill. p. 233 (1878). Dasypogon
diversipes, Kirby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 458 (1884).
Thereutria pulchra, Schiner, Reise Novara, p. 169 (1868).
Thereutria luctuosa, Macquart.
Type, a male, seen in Paris Museum, 12.4. 11, described
by Macquart as from unknown locality: a label below gives
“New Holland” ; no doubt this is correct, as the genus, at
any rate as yet,is peculiar to Australasia. It is a species
of Thereutria distinguished from 7. amaracus and T. pulchra
by the wholly black Jegs and brown wings. A blue-black
species. Abdomen with white spots at sides of segments
2-6. Face with white lines on each side, flat, hardly raised
at oral opening. Moustache white. Antenne gone, except
the first two joints, which are black, with black pubescence.
Wings brownish, the fourth posterior cell narrowed at border,
the anal almost closed.
Thereutria amaracus, Walker.
Ommatius talmus, W1k.
Dasypogon diversicolor, Macq.
Dasypogon aurifacies, Macq.
Thereutria calear, Loew.
Scandon compacta, W1k.
Laphria diversipes, Macq.
Thereutria caligula, Bigot.
Dasypogon diversipes, Kirby.
Type (3) from Hunter River, New S. Wales, and
other specimens from Burpengary, Queensland, and New S.
Wales.
Two male specimens from New 8. Wales (presented by
J. Hunter) were described by Walker as Ommatius ialmus ;
in both the third joint of antenne is wanting and Walker
the Asilidee of Australasia. 305
made no mention of them in his description ; they appear to
me identical with the above. ‘The type of Dasypogon auri-
facies, Macquart, a male, was seen by me in the Paris
Museum, 12. 4. 11, and is a species of Thereutria ideutical
with Thereulria amaracus, Walker.
The drawing of the wing by Macquart, pl. vi. fig. 5, is
incorrect, the submarginal cell should be closed not open,
and the small transverse vein is beyond the middle of the
discal cell. Type has the moustache black, two female
specimens with it have it yellow. Antenne now wauting,
except the first two joints, which are black with black
pubescence. Legs reddish ; the tibiz pale yellow with black
apices, the anterior pair with curved spine, no black stripe
on the femora.
From New S. Wales.
Macquart’s description precedes the one of D. diversicolor,
which apparently is the same species. Bigot, who had the
type before him, declared it to be a species of Thereutria.
Loew’s species is no doubt identical, judging from the
description. Scandon compacta was declared to be identical
with it by Schiner; the type is not to hand. The type of
Dasypogon diversipes, Kirby, is a female from Sidney, New
S. Wales.
Laphria diversipes, Macq., was described from Sidney
Island, Oceania, and is evidently the same as 7. amaracus.
Mr. Froggatt describes it as being a common insect about
Sidney, often taken on fences.
The specimen, a female, described by Bigot as T. caligula,
appears to be an example of this species, as the only
difference in the short description is the mention of the
upper side of femora being black ; in one of the specimens
in the Brit. Mus. Coll. of 7. amaracus there is a black stripe,
very short however, beginning at the apex. Bigot gave
Australia as the locality.
The species may be identified by the almost wholly reddish-
yellow legs, the femora being testaceous, the tibiz yellow,
only their apices, the coxze, and tarsi being black. Abdomen
blue-black, with the typical white side spots on the second
to fifth segments. Wings with the first posterior cell rather
narrow, narrower at the border, the fourth open at border
but narrowed, the anal cell closed at border; the males
mentioned above have the moustache black, in the females it
is yellow, otherwise males and females seem identical.
Thereutria pulchra, Schiner.
Described from one male specimen, from New S. Wales.
356 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of
In Brit. Mus. Coll. six males from Burpengary, Queens-
land (Dr. T. L. Bancroft).
A black species, distinguished from J. amaracus by the
wholly black femora, and the tibiz are partly brassy yellow.
Length 14 mm.
Face covered with yellowish tomentum. Moustache of
black bristles surrounding mouth, not reaching up the
face, tubercle small. Antenne with black hairs on the first
twojoints. Beardwhite. Palpi with black hairs. Forehead
with greyish tomentum and black hairs, hind part of head
with black pubescence. Thorax with the usual white
shoulder-spots and markings and with black pubescence.
Scutellum black, with grey tomentum and black pubescence.
Abdomen dull black, hardly shining, the white side-spots are
present on the second, third, and fourth segments, covered
with white hairs; sides of abdomen with white and black
hairs ; underside black. Legs slender, the femora not
swollen; cox and femora black, with long white pubescence
on the former and a few scanty white hairs on the latter,
thickest on the posterior pair; fore tibiz blackish, a dull
yellowish-red tinge on the apical two-thirds below, covered
with fulvous pubescence which appears white above, the
others are black, dull yellow on outer border, with dense
white pubescence, on the black part it is black ; tarsi black,
the posterior pair with the first joint yellow ; pubescence
chiefly black; all bristles on the legs are black. Wings
hyaline, veins brown, narrowly yellow on fore border ;
neuration as in Thereutria amaracus.
MeETALAPHRIA, gen. nov.
A genus next to Thereutria, having a curved spine to the
fore tibise. | Antenne with no style, the third joint long
cylindrical. Face with no tubercle and the moustache con-
fined to the oral opening. Wangs with the first posterior
cell widely open, the fourth very narrow at the border,
almost closed, the anal cell the same.
The only species in general appearance resembles a
Saropogon species.
Metalaphria australis, sp. n.
Type ¢, type 2, from Upper Playford, Alexandria,
N. Australia (W. Stalker), 1906.
A small species with a bluish-black abdomen, red at apex,
with reddish-yellow /egs and clear wings.
Length, ¢ 8mm., ? 9 mm.
ae
the Asilidee of Australasia. oe
Male.—Face covered with pale golden-yellow tomentum.
Moustache of fairly strong yellowish-white bristles round
the oral opening. Palpi reddish yellow. Beard silvery
white. Antenne reddish yellow, the first two joints equal
in length, with some short black pubescence and two stout
bristles at apex of second joint ; the third joint a little darker
in colour, cylindrical, about one and a half times as long as
the first two joints together. Forehead darker than face,
with a few short black hairs and two black bristles on the
ocelligerous tubercle ; hind part of head with some bristly
hairs, not at all excised behind. Thorax greenish brown,
covered with yellowish-grey tomentum; a broad, brown,
median stripe appears ; beyond on each side three or more
black short bristles are present, and on side of thorax just
before the suture yellowish ones, and two longer weak ones
beyond the base of wings; sides and breast with yellowish-
grey tomentum. Scufellum same colour as thorax, armed
with two yellowish bristles. Abdomen blue-black, shining
and bare, the last two segments chiefly reddish ; underside
chiefly red. Legs reddish yellow, with some black bristles ;
hind femora almost bare, hardly incrassate. Wings clear ;
veins yellowish, the small transverse vein situated about the
middle of the discal cell. Female is identical, the fourth
posterior cell a little more open at border.
Carrio, Kertesz.
Termes Fiizetek, xxiv. pp. 404-406 (1901).
Formed for Clariola pulchra, a male from New Guinea.
The author places this genus between Atomosia and Aphestia
in Schiner’s table (Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xvi. p. 662,
1866), from both of which it is distinguished by the
peculiar third joint of antenne, which has on the upper side
before the middle a small projection with a spine, and also
by its Dioctria-like appearance. C. pulchra is a small
species, only 53 mm. ‘The three new species from Queens-
land now added to this genus are large robust flies, very
much larger than C. pu/chra, and the projection on the third
antennal joint is placed deyond the middle of the joint,
otherwise they seem to agree in all the characters given
of the genus, though the thorn or spine is not visible in
one species, even when examined under a strong lens and
magnified 28 times, but minute hairs fringe the apex.
1, Abdomen black, pubescence chiefly reddish
ieown. Legs yellowish s.ncsucdacandess pulehra, Schiner.
Abdomen and legs blackish, pubescence white. 2.
358 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of
2. Moustache black and white. Abdomen with
white-haired bands or spots on each segment.
Wings brownish, yellower at base ........ albohirta sp. 0.
Moustache white. Abdomen with the white
pubescence only at base and apex. Wings
IBERGRESH Pichia. ei eevee: Seee ae aie ve OS nigrescens, Sp. 0.
Moustache reddish yellow. Abdomen with
the white pubescence on apex. Wings
PSeHISN 7) No eeetnsten ent Cnae aca ern aurifacies, Sp. Ne
Clariola albohirta, sp. n.
Types (2 ¢) from Northern Queensland, and another
female from Dandenong Ranges, Victoria, in Mr, French’s
collection.
A handsome, large, black species with brown wings, black
legs, and abdomen marked with white-haired bands.
Length 19 mm.
Face with grey tomentum, which is whiter at the sides.
Moustache consists of strong black bristles and some fine
black and yellow hairs intermixed, reaching to the antenne,
in the 9; in the male the moustache consists wholly of long
silky yellow hairs; face with no perceptible tubercle ; pro-
boscis short, black ; beard and hairs on under part of head
white. Antenne biack, the first joint covered with grey
tomentum in the ?, cylindrical, longer than the second
joint, which in the female is broader, both with black
pubescence ; on the underside of the first joint is a strong
black bristle, and another is visible on the upper side of the
second joint; in the male the one on the first joint is
wanting ; the third joimt longer than the first two joints
together, with the small tooth on the upper side towards
the apex ; the small spine Kertesz speaks of is not visible.
Forehead black, with some grey tomentum and black hairs and
bristles, the hairs on back of head chiefly whitish. Thorax
blue-black, covered with very short grey pubescence, strong
black bristles on the sides posteriorly, the pubescence longer
at base of thorax and on the scutelium, which is armed with
weak yellowish and black bristles. dbdomen blue-black,
stout, one width throughout, shining, finely punctuated ;
the first two segments with silvery white hairs on their
posterior borders, forming well-marked white bands; the
third and fourth segments with only a few white hairs on
the side anteriorly; the fifth segment with almost a com-
plete white-haired band (in the male quite complete), the
sixth segment with a complete white band, these last two
bands are situated on the anterior borders of the segments ;
the seventh segment almost covered with white pubescence ;
sides of abdomen with some black bristles and fine hairs ;
the Asilidee of Australasia. 359
underside black. Legs long, fairly stout, blue-black; the
coxre with brown tomentum and black hairs, some white
hairs on the anterior and middle ones; the femora with
black pubescence, on their upper sides some fine white
pubescence, which is thickest on the hind pair and extends
below, a few yellow bristles appear on these last ; tibize with
dense white pubescence and with black bristles, the hind
pair with a few yellow ones; the tarsi with chiefly black
pubescence and bristles, but some white pubescence and a
yellow bristle on first joint of posterior tarsi. Wings tinged
brown, the subcostal cell ending in a point, the anterior
branch of the third vein curved, the cross-veins closing the
discal and fourth posterior cell almost in a line. Halteres
yellow.
Clariola nigrescens, § 2, sp. n.
Type ¢, type 2, and three other malcs from S. Queens-
land (Bancroft).
A black, robust, but smaller species than C. albohirta, to
which it is closely allied; distinguished from it by the
moustache being almost wholly white in both sexes, but
chiefly by the white-haired bands of abdomen only being
present on the first two segments, and the apex with white
pubescence.
Length, ¢ 14 mm., 2 15 mm.
Face covered with whitish tomentum, yellower at the
sides ; moustache wholly whitish (4), white, the oral opening
bordered with black bristly hairs (?); beard white.
Antenne black, the first joimt with long white hairs below
and a few short black ones above, the second joint with
black hairs above and below and a black bristle on its upper
side at apex (2), two in the male; the spine on te tooth
on upper edge is here plainly perceptible. Forehead blackish,
with yellowish-grey tomentum and white pubescence, a few
black hairs intermixed, more numerous in the female.
Back of head with white hairs. Thorax shining bluish black,
with short white pubescence anteriorly, elsewhere black.
The white bands on abdomen are situated on posterior borders
of segments; abdomen convex, finely punctured, sides after
the second segment with black hairs, the last two segments
with white hairs. Legs blue-black, all the bristles black ;
the posterior tibize with a dense white fringe of hairs below,
otherwise similar to those of C. albohirta. Wangs blackish,
paler at base and on posterior border; neuration as in
C. albohirta.
360 A Revision of the Asilide of Australasia,
Clariola aurifacies, 2, sp. n.
Type ? and another from Townsville, Queensland
(F. P. Dodd), 29.11.1902; and a male and female from
Mackay, Queensland (G. Turner).
A species distinguished from Clariola albohirta and Clariola
pulchra by the golden-haired face and hind part of head, and
by the blackish wings.
Length 19 mm. The specimens from Mackay only 15
and 16 mm.
It differs from Clariola albohirta in the following parti-
culars :—Face black, covered with bright golden tomentum
and with the monstache reddish golden, thick, occupying
the whole of the middle of face to base of antenne. Beard
same colour. Pa/pismall, black, with black hairs. Antenne
similar to those of C. albohirta, but the spine on the pro-
jection of the third joint is here visible and there are two
bristles on the first jomt. Forehead same colour as face. Hind
part of head similar in colouring of pubescence to that of
the face. Thorax shining, blue-black with very short
yellowish-white pubescence, hardly visible to the naked eye,
some black hairs on the posterior border, black bristles
at the sides; sides and breast the same. Scutellum the
same, bordered with black bristly hairs. Abdomen punc-
tuated blackish with greenish reflections at the apex, the
white pubescence is only visible on the last four segments,
chiefly at the sides ; pubescence on the dorsum black and
short except at the apex, where it is whitish; sides with
black pubescence; underside brownish. Legs with no white
hairs on the coxe, no white pubescence is visible on the
femora nor white bristles on these or on the tibiz; the
tarsi have dense white pubescence like the tibiz, only the
posterior pair with chiefly black pubescence and no yellow
bristles. Wings blackish, a little lighter on the posterior
border and apex, viewed against the light they appear
brownish with clear spaces; the other female has lighter
wings than the type; veins black ; neuration as in C. albo-
hirta, with the exception of the cross-veins not being exactly
in a line, the one which closes the third posterior cell being
a little above the other; the female has a short appendix,
The species from other parts of the Australasian region will
include, besides Clariola pulchra, two of Walker’s species
placed under Laphria, viz. Laphria complens, type, from
Celebes, and Laphria obliquistriga, also from Celebes.
[To be continued. ]
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XLVIII.—WNotes on Fossorial Hymenoptera.—X.
By Rowtanp EF. Turner, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
On new Species from the Oriental and Ethiopian Regions.
Family Psammocharide (olim Pompilide).
Ceropales pictus, Shuck.
Ceropales picta, Shuck. Trans, Ent. Soc. London, ii. p. 70 (1837). 9.
Ceropales ruficollis, Cam. Sjéstedt’s Kilimandjaro-Meru Exp. ii. p. 260
(1910). 9.
Hab. Cape Colony (Shuckard); British East Africa,
Kikuyu Escarpment, Kijabe to Limorn, 7000 feet (S.A.
Neave); Harar, Abyssinia (G. Epaiaeeny,
Abyssinian specimens are dar ker on the legs and antenne,
which are only irregularly tinted with fusco- ferruginous,
not almost entirely ferruginous as in the typical form.
Xanthampulex perniz, Bingh.
Ceropales pernix, Bingh. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xxv. p. 425 (1896).
This species, though near to X. trifur, Schulz, in colour, is
probably distinct. The eyes are strongly convergent towards
the clypeus, as in the other species of the genus. The
sculpture differs somewhat from the description of ¢rifur,
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 25
562. Mr. R. E. Turner on FPossorial [/ymenoptera.
especially on the head; but as the female only of trifur is
known and the male only of pernix, there is a possibility
that they are opposite sexes of the same species. Ceropales
parva, Cam., which closely resembles X. albovariegata in
colour, does not belong to the same genus, but I do not
think that it is correctly placed in Ceropales, the eyes being
without emargination.
Xanthampulex albovariegata, Cam.
Ceropales albovartegata, Cam, Mem. Manch. Lit. & Phil. Soe. xli. p. 84
(1896).
This species is mentioned, but without a name, by Schulz
(Zool. Annal. iv. p. 145, 1911).
I cannot agree with Schulz as to the position of this
genus, which I look on as closely allied to Ceropales in the
structure of the pronotum and the emarginate eyes. The
median segment is very unlike any of the Ampulicine, with
which group Schulz connects the genus, and the frontal
prominence is not similar in form to that in Dolichurus.
Family Crabronide.
Subfamily Pzwpexrevonin#.
Psen matalensis, sp. n.
®. Nigra; tegulis, tarsis intermediis et anterioribus, tiblisque basi
testaceis ; segmentis abdominalibus primo apice secundo lateribus
ferrugineis.
?. Clypeus covered with dense, fine, silver pubescence,
more than twice as broad as long, the anterior margin very
slightly rounded and shallowly emarginate in the middle,
moderately convex and with a very obscure carina from the
base to the apex. Antenne inserted nearly twice as far
from each other as from the eyes, and separated from the
base of the clypeus by a distance equal to half the length of
the clypeus, the first joint of the flagellum very short, partly
concealed in the apex of the scape, less than one quarter of
the length of the second joint, which is more than half as
long again as the third joint, the apical joints thickened but
all much longer than broad, the whole antenna about equal
in length to the thorax and median segment combined.
Head shining, sparsely and very finely punctured, a very
short longitudinal carina between the antenne, the eyes
separated on the front by a distance equal to twice the length
of the scape. Thorax shining and sparsely punctured ; the
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 363
mesopleure sparsely clothed with white pubescence, a vertical
carina below the anterior wings joining a wide shallow
vertical groove, a few very short horizontal striz behind the
carina. Median segment short, the basal area shorter than
the scutellum and strongly longitudinally striated, a deep
groove running from the apex of the basal area to the apex
of the segment, which is very steeply sloped behind the basal
area and very coarsely rugose. Petiole as long as the thorax
without the median segment, not grooved or carinated; the
abdomen shining, very minutely punctured, the four apical
segments with sparse, short, grey pubescence. Pygidial area
well defined, elongate-triangular and very coarsely punctured.
First recurrent nervure received before one-third from the
base of the second cubital cell, the second received by the
third cubital cell very near the base ; the second cubital cell
not more than one-third of the length of the third on the
radial nervure.
Black ; the tegulz, intermediate and anterior tarsi, the
base of the intermediate and anterior tibiz, and tle spines
of the tibize and tarsi testaceous ; the apex of the first abdo-
minal segment most broadly on the sides and the sides of
the second ferruginous. Wings hyaline, nervures black, the
stigma fusco-ferruginous.
6. As in the female, but the petiole is slightly longer and
the ferruginous colour is more extensive on the second dorsal
segment ; the apical joint of the antenne is light brown.
Length, 2? 11, ¢ 9mm.
Hab. Matale, Ceylon, 2000 feet (P. Beirne).
Types in B. M.
Psenulus bicinctus, sp. 0.
@. Nigra; segmentis abdominalibus secundo, quinto sextoque
rufis ; alis hyalinis.
Long. 8-9 mm.
@. Clypeus very finely and closely punctured, thickly
clothed with silvery-white pubescence, more than twice as
broad as long, the anterior margin nearly straight, with two
small teeth near the middle. Antenne inserted a little
further from each other than from the eyes, and separated
from the base of the clypeus by a distance equal to the length
of the clypeus, gradually thickened to the apex, shorter
than the thorax and median segment combined ; the second
joint of the flagellum nearly as long as the first and third
combined ; a very narrowly V-shaped carina between the
antenne, which extends to a transverse feebly arched carina
25*
364 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.
less than halfway between the base of the antenne and the
clypeus, the transverse carina reaching halfway from the
middle of the front to the eyes and produced upwards at its
extremities so as to touch the base of the antenne. Front
between the eyes as broad as the length of the scape and
three basal joints of the flagellum. Head shining, opaque
on the front, closely and very minutely punctured ; thorax
shining, finely and rather sparsely punctured; mesopleure
more closely and minutely punctured, with a deep vertical
groove below the anterior wings. Median segment shining
and almost smooth, with long white pubescence on the sides ;
a narrow transverse depression at the base, with about six
short oblique caring on each side, produced in the middle
and joining a deep longitudinal groove which reaches to the
apex of the segment and is transversely striated. Abdomen
smooth and shining, petiolate; the petiole as long as the
posterior tibia, with a shallow and narrow groove from the
base to the apex ; pygidial area feebly defined, elongate-
triangular and finely punctured. First recurrent nervure
interstitial with the first transverse cubital nervure, second
received by the third cubital cell very near the basal angle;
the second cubital cell is less than half as long as the third
on the radial nervure. Cubital nervure of the hind wing
originating just beyond the apex of the anal cell.
Black ; the second, fifth, and sixth abdominal segments
entirely and the apical margins of the other segments very
narrowly ferruginous red; spines of the tibiz and tarsi
testaceous. Wings hyaline, nervures black, stigma fusco-
ferruginous.
Length 8-9 mm.
Hab. Shillong, Assam, 6000 feet (Turner). Four
specimens.
Subfamily Ampurrerz.
Dolichurus bipunctatus, Bingh.
Dolichurus bipunctatus, Bingh. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xxv. p. 459
(1896). ¢.
Dolichurus reticulatus, Cam, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) iv. p. 56 (1899).
Q.
Hab. Burma; Assam; Sikkim ; Kangra Valley, N.W.
India.
The female differs from taprobane, Sm., in the slightly
ereater length of the median segment, the lesser development
of the lateral spine on the posterior truncation of the median
_Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. — 365
segment, and the less strongly punctured front. The two
species are very closely allied, and may possibly prove to be
mere local forms of one species.
Dolichurus taprobane, Sm.
Dolichwrus taprobane, Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 304 (1869). 2.
Smith’s type is a female, not a male as stated by him in
the description. So far as I know, the male is unknown,
but Bingham appears to have seen a male differing from his
bipunctatus, unless, indeed, he has been misled by Smith.
Hab. Ceylon; Nicobar Isl. ; Sikkim.
Dolichurus gilberti, sp. u.
2. Nigra; segmentis abdominalibus 4-6 rufis ; segmento mediano
postice lateribus haud denticulatis.
Long. 9-10 mm.
dg. Omnino niger; fronte longitudinaliter striata.
Long. 6 mm.
2. Eyes separated from each other on the vertex by a
distance almost equal to the length of the second and third
joints of the flagellum combined ; the posterior ocelli very
close together, nearly twice as far from the eyes as from each
other. Front longitudinally striate-rugulose, the plate
above the base of the antennz smooth and shining; the
space round the ocelli punctured ; the vertex shining, with
sparse and fine punctures. Clypeus with a longitudinal
carina not reaching the apex. Second joint of the flagellum
almost half as long again as the third. Thorax shining,
finely punctured; mesopleure rugulose. Median segment
broader than long, truncate posteriorly, the angles without
spines, the dorsal surface transversely striated, with five
longitudinal carine, the two lateral carine forming raised
margins and meeting at the apex; the three middle carine
not reaching the apex, the outer two parallel at the base,
curved and forming a broad enclosed area posteriorly ; the
surface of the truncation coarsely rugulose. Abdomen
smooth and shining. Spies of the tibie testaceous. First
abscissa of the radius as long as the third, but a little
shorter than the second.
3. The carina of the clypeus reaches the apex; the
surface of the frontal plate is punctured, not smooth, and
the carinz on each side of the median carina of the median
segment are convergent towards the apex, not parallel at the
base. The calcaria are whitish.
366 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.
Hab. Shillong, Assam, 5000 feet (G. Turner) ; May, 5 9,
26.
The male differs from the European D. corniculus, Spin.,
in having the posterior ocelli nearer together and the front
more coarsely sculptured, also in the convergence of the
carine of the median segment. ‘The female is without the
lateral spines of the median segment, and has the posterior
ocelli nearer together and the front more coarsely sculptured
than in the same sex of corniculus. The shape of the cubital
cells does not seem to be quite constant, and cannot be
relied upon for small specific distinctions. It is just possible
that this species may be identical with the S.-European
D. hemorrhous, Costa, which I havenot seen. But Schulz
(Zool. Annal. iv. p. 147, 1911) treats that form as a mere
colour-variety of corniculus. From the similarly coloured
D. ignitus, Sm. (syn. D. tertius, Sauss.), from 8. Africa,
this species differs in the sculpture of the front and median
segment, in the lesser distance between the posterior ocelli,
and the greater distance between the eyes on the vertex.
The female is the type.
Genus TrirHocMA, Westw.
Trirhogma cerulea, Westw.
Trirhogma cerulea, Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. iii. p, 225 (1842). 3;
Westw. Arc. Ent. ii. p. 67 (1844). ¢ Q.
It is remarkable that all males which I have seen from
India are of the form prismatica, Sm., which has a large
tubercle on the scutellum and the base of the mandibles
white ; Westwood’s description does not make any reference
to these points, though taken from a North-Indian
specimen. All females from India seem to be without the
tubercle. Males in the British Museum collection from
Celebes answer well to Westwood’s description, and Colonel
Bingham’s account of cerulea gf (Faun. Brit. Ind., Hym. i.
p. 262) seems to be taken from these rather than from
Indian specimens. I have not seen the types, but if the
type ¢ is similar to the Celebes form, I do not consider
that it can be the ¢ of the usual Indian form, for which
the name prismatica, Sm., would have to stand. A male
from Hongkong in the British Museum collection has the
tubercle on the scutellum less strongly developed than Indian
specimens. I consider that only one species of the genus
occurs in India.
‘
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. — 367
Ampulex approximata, sp. un.
@. Nigra; mandibulis, clypeo apice, scapo subtus pygidioque
obscure fusco-ferrugineis ; alis hyalinis, venis fuscis,
Long. 10 mm.
?. Clypeus strongly convex, with a median carina, pro-
duced into a tooth at the apex, with a smaller tooth on each
side. Head subopaque, microscopically punctured, the
frontal carinz very short, the median one scarcely developed
and continued by a narrow and shallow sulcus which is lost
halfway between the base of the clypeus and the anterior
ocellus, the lateral carinee extending very little above the
base of the antennz. Second joint of the flagellum nearly
twice as long as the third. Eyes separated on the vertex by
a distance equal to the length of the second joint of the
flagellum ; posterior ocelli nearer to each other than to the
anterior ocellus. Thorax shining, very minutely punctured ;
the pronotum convex, longer than the breadth in the middle,
with a narrow median sulcus from the base not reaching
the apex, without a tubercle; mesonotum with an obscure
median sulcus and a much deeper sulcus on each side, be-
tween which and the tegule is a deep depression. Scutellum
with a depressed transverse row of very deep punctures at
the base. Median segment longer than broad, with a distinct
median carina and two slightly oblique lateral carine on
each side, the space between the carinz transversely striated,
the distance between the carine at the base of the segment
almost equal, the posterior angles of the segment without
spines. ‘The narrow petiole of the first abdominal segment
is considerably shorter than the broadened portion of the
segment; second segment distinctly longer than broad, the
veutral surface rather strongly convex. The third dorsal
segment has fine white pubescence at the base, the apical
segment compressed laterally, Fourth tarsal joint reaching
to the middle of the apical joint. Two cubital cells; the
second abscissa of the radius a little longer than the first,
the third half as long as the second.
Hab. W. India, Bombay Presidency.
Nearly allied to the European A. fasciata, Jur., from
which it differs in the sculpture of the median segment, on
which the carine are strovgly developed, in the greater
length of the second cubital cell, the almost complete absence
of fuscous colouring on the fore wing, and the greater
proportionate length of the second abdominal segment.
368 Mr. R. E. Turner on Possorial Hymenoptera.
Ampulex latifrons, Kohl.
Ampulex lutifrons, Kohl, Ann. natur. Hofmus. Wien, vill. p. 461
(1893).
Ampulex brevicornis, Cam. Entomologist, p. 312 (1902). 9.
A mpulea: pulchriceps, Cam. Ann, & Mag. ‘Nat. Hist. (7) v. p. 38 (1900).
d-
Ampulex longicollis, Cam.
Ampulex longicollis, Cam, Entomologist, P: 263 (1902). 9.
Ampulex trichiosoma, Cam, Ann. & Mac. Nat. Hist. (7) x. p. 55 (1902).
3.
Ampulex crudelis, Bingh.
Ampulex crudelis, Bingh. Fauna Brit. India, Hym. i. p. 258 (1897).
oF
Ampulex trigona, Cam. Entomologist, p. 264 (1902). 9.
Ampulex sodalicia, Koll.
Ampulex sodalicia, Kohl, Ann. naturh. Hofmus. Wien, viii. p. 417
(1893). Q.
Ampulea tricarinata, Cam. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) ix. p. 246
(1902).3 7D),
Ampulex striatifrons, Cam. Journ. Straits Br. Asiat. Soc. xxxvii. p. 95
(1902). .
The type of Cameron’s species from Borneo has the red
colour of the hind and intermediate femora and cox very
strongly suffused with green, but does not seem to differ
otherwise.
Hab. Sikkim ; Assam ; Malacca; Borneo.
Ampulex hospes, Sm.
Ampulex hospes, Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 272 (1856). @.
Ampulex foveifrons, Cam, MS. ?
Specimens marked as type and co-type of foveifrons are in
the British Museum, but I cannot find that the name has
been published.
A. cognata, Kohl, is at most a local form of this species,
differing in the more strongly punctured pronotum and the
greater depth of the pronotal longitudinal furrow. ‘The
specimen recorded by Bingham from the Khasi Hills is now
in the British Museum, and answers well to Kohl’s descrip-
tion, being thus apparently identical with the Java variety
rather than with Bornean specimens. Cameron, whose
work on this genus is very careless, throws doubt on
Bingham’s record without any cause.
Mr. R. E. Turner on Possorial Hymenoptera. 369
Ampulex sibirica, Fabr.
Sphex sibiriea, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. p. 207 (1793). og.
Ampulex sibirica, Sm, Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 209 (1856).
Ampulex compressiventris, Guér. Iconogr. Régn, Anim., vii. Insect.
p. 436 (1845). Q.
Chlorampulex sibirica, Sauss., Grandidier, Hist. Madagascar, xx. p. 444
(1892).
- From an examination of the Fabrician type, I have no
doubt that Saussure was quite correct in his identification of
the species. He had probably seen the type, though he does
not say so. Kohl, in his excellent monograph of the genus,
does not seem to have thought of the possibility of this, and
puts aside Saussure’s identification too lightly. The locality
given by Fabricius is, of course, erroneous, the species being
West African.
Subfamily Spzecryvz.
Sphex hemorrhoidalis, Fabr.
Sphex hemorrhoidalis, Fabr. Spec. Insect. i. p. 443 (1781).
Sphex ngripes, Sim., var, volubiis, Kohl, Ann. naturh. Hofmus, Wien,
x. p. 64 (1895).
Hab. Sierra Leone; Uganda.
Type in the Banksian Collection.
The name hemorrhoidalis must stand as the specific name
and the name nigripes, Sm., as only subspecific. The typical
form has the wings dark, whereas in the Indian form they
are flavo-hyaline, clouded with fuscous at the apex. In
specimens from Ceylon the wings are fusco-violaceous, as in
the African form.
Sphex (Parasphex) elegantulus, sp. un.
2. Nigra; albo-hirta, abdomine lete ferrugineo; petiolo seg-
mentisque dorsalibus 3-5 nigris, lateribus ferrugineis, apice
anguste flavo-testaceis ; alis subhyalinis, venis fuscis.
Long. 25 mm.
?. Clypeus slightly convex at the base, flattened at the
apex and broadly truncate, the base and sides closely covered
with silvery pubescence intermixed with long white hairs.
Eyes very slightly convergeut towards the clypeus, separated
on the vertex by a distance about equal to the length of the
three basal joints of the flagellum combined. Posterior
ocelli a little further from each other than from the eyes ;
second joint of the flagellum nearly twice as long as the
370 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.
third. Head sparsely, thorax more closely punctured ;
scutellum without a median sulcus, slightly emarginate at
the apex. Dorsal surface of the median segment narrow
and very slightly concave, the sides above the spiracles
smooth and shining, the rest of the segment covered with
pubescence. Petiole fully half as long again as the broad-
ened portion of the first dorsal segment, as long as the
second, third, and fourth joints of the hind tarsi combined.
Fifth ventral segment deeply emarginate at the apex,
Hab. Lo-Fou Mountains, 8. China (ez coll. Perkins).
Very nearly allied to the common S. viduatus, Chr., from
which it differs in the distinctly slenderer form, the greater
proportionate length of the second joint of the flagellum,
the smooth sides of the median segment above the spiracles,
the absence of a sulcus on the scutellum, and the distinctly
longer petiole. The sculpture of the dorsal surface of the
median segment is somewhat concealed by pubescence, but
is certainly not so strong as in viduatus.
Subfamily Parzanrurw2Z.
Cerceris yreeni, sp. 0.
@. Nigra; clypeo, margine interiore oculorum sub insertione an-
tennarum latissime, carina frontali, scapo subtus, macula post
oculos, pronoto angulis posticis, tegulis macula parva, segmentis
dorsalibus 2-3 fascia apicali angustissima, tibiis anticis et inter-
mediis subtus, tarsisque anticis subtus albido-flavis ; clypeo late
emarginato, segmento mediano area basali longitudinaliter
. striata, segmento ventrali secundo area basali elevata nulla; alis
fusco-hyalinis, ceruleo-tinctis.
Long. 14 mm.
2. Eyes divergent towards the clypeus; posterior ocelli
more than half as far again from the eyes as from each other.
Mandibles with a triangular tooth on the inner margin a
little before the middle. Clypeus very widely emarginate,
the angles of the emargination slightly produced and forming
short teeth ; a very short longitudinal carina just before the
teeth.. Head very broad ; the cheeks nearly as broad as the
eyes ; the clypeus short, subconcave, very broadly truncate
at the base, separated from the base of the antenne by a
distance equal to the length of the second joint of the
flagellum, which is almost equal in length to the first and
third joints combined. Pronotum transverse, the margins
slightly raised. Head and abdomen rather closely and not
finely punctured ; thorax coarsely and closely punctured,
Mr. R. EK. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 371
the postscutellum almost smooth, the triangular area at the
base of the median segment strongly longitudinally striated.
First abdominal segment twice as broad as long ; pygidial
area transversely rugulose, nearly three times as long as
broad, the sides almost parallel, truncate at the apex. Ven-
tral segments more sparsely and finely punctured ; second
segment without a raised basal area, sixth segment deeply
and narrowly emarginate and ending in two small spines on
each side, the outer spine the shortest. First recurrent
nervure received at three-fifths from the base of the second
cubital cell, second at about one-sixth from the base of the
third cubital cell. :
Hab. Kharkur, Nilgiris, 8. India (H. E. Green) ; May
1910.
Type presented to the British Museum by the Bombay
Natural History Society.
This is another species of the small group of which feroz,
Sm., may be taken as the typical species. The group hitherto
has only been known from Borneo, Sumatra, Siamese
Malaya, and Southern Burma.
Subfamily Beuwpecrvz.
Bembex scotti, sp. n.
3. Niger; clypeo albido, nigro bimaculato ; labro scapoque subtus
pallide flavis ; mandibulis basi, carina frontali, linea post oculos
pedibusque flavis; pronoto linea postice, callis humeralibus,
mesonoto lateribus et macula parva utrinque in medio marginis
postici, scutello postscutelloque fascia subapicali, segmento
mediano fascia arcuata angulisque anticis et posticis, mesopleuris
macula magna, segmento dorsali primo fascia late emarginata,
segmentis 2-6 fascia bisinuata, septimo macula magna basali,
segmentisque ventralibus basi nigris, secundo macula magna
triangulari nigra, flavo-olivaceis ; segmento dorsali septimo spinis
lateralibus ; alis hyalinis, venis fuscis.
Long. 16 mm,
3. Basal joint of fore tarsi with seven spines, all the tarsi,
tibiz, and femora simple, not broadened or serrate. Clypeus
not very strongly serrate, a distinct carina between the
antenne ; eyes almost parallel. Four apical joints of the
flagellum excavate beneath, the apical joint longer than the
penultimate, slightly curved, rounded at the apex, the ninth
to eleventh joints of the flagellum slightly produced beneath
at the apex, the sixth joimt a little thickened at the apex, the
seventh at the base beneath, but not spinose. Second ventral
segment without a carina; sixth with a delicate carina on
872 Mr. R, E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.
the apical half, shallowly sinuate at the apex; seventh
unarmed. Seventh dorsal segment narrowly rounded at the
apex, with a spine on each side near the base.
¢. Second ventral segment shining and very sparsely
punctured in the middle ; sixth dorsal segment subtriangular,
rounded at the apex.
Hab. Zungeru, N. Nigeria; November 1910 (J. W. Scott-
Macfie).
Very nearly allied to B. bidentata, Lind., but the inter-
mediate femora of the male are not toothed, the shape of
the seventh dorsal segment is different in both sexes, and the
colouring is very different.
Bembex johnstoni, sp. n.
3. Niger ; mandibulis, apice nigris, labro, clypeoque maculis binis
nigris, flavis ; antennis, pedibus capiteque (vertice nigro excepto)
ochraceis; pronoto, tegulis, lateribus mesonoti, segmentisque
abdominalibus sexto septimoque fusco-ferrugineis; abdomine
obscure iridescenti ; alis hyalinis, venis fuscis.
Long. 24 mm.
g. Antenne with the three apical joints strongly exca-
vated beneath, the apical joint much longer than the penulti-
mate, slightly curved and rounded at the apex, the eighth
and ninth joints of the flagellum with a small spine beneath,
the sixth emarginate beneath, the seventh with a very minute
spine near the base. Eyes almost parallel on the inner
margin; front distinctly carinated between the antennae,
the carina continued on the base of the clypeus, which is
strongly convex. Fore tarsi normal, the basal joint with
seven spines on the outer margin; none of the femora
serrate, intermediate tibiz not produced at the apex, basal
joint of intermediate tarsi normal. Second ventral segment
with a low longitudinal carina ending in an acute spine, sixth
segment produced and bluntly tuberculate at the apex,
seventh segment with an indistinct median carina. Seventh
dorsal segment narrowly rounded at the apex, the sides not
sinuate. Finely and closely punctured, the ventral segments
more sparsely punctured. ‘The apical margins of the dorsal
abdominal segments are very narrowly tinted with testaceous,
the whole abdomen with a blue iridescent sheen. Wings
very feebly tinted with fuscous towards the base.
Hab. Uganda (Sir H. Johnston).
Allied to B. mébii, Handl., but in that species the seventh
dorsal segment is toothed at the sides. In the type of the
present species, however, the seventh segment is so much
Mr, R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 373
withdrawn that it is quite possible that the spines are really
present, though I cannot see them. The colour is very
distinct, the apical dorsal segment is narrower at the apex
and rounded, not subtruncate as in médii, aud the structure
of the eighth and ninth joints of the flagellum is different.
Bembex albofasciata, Sm.
Bembex albofasciata, Sm. Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xii. p. 296
(1873). o.
Bembex karschii, Handl. Sitzungsb. Akad, Wiss. Wien, cii. p. 742
(1898). 3 Q.
These descriptions undoubtedly refer to the same species.
The range does not appear to be very extensive, the series in
the National Collection being mostly from the Southern
Transvaal, with one or two specimens from Basutoland and
Zululand.
Bembex diversipennis, Sm.
Bembex diversipennis, Sm. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xii. p. 297
(f873).) ¢o 2.
The localities in the National Collection are from Angola
to Nyasaland, Mashonaland, and Harar, Abyssinia.
Subfamily NVyrssowrz.
Genus Ammaromus, Costa.
Ammatomus, Costa, Fauna Napoli, Nyssonid. p. 86 (1859).
Gorytes, Handl, (pars) Sitzungsh, Akad. Wiss. Wien, xevii. p. 317
(1888).
Tanyoprymnus, Cam. Trans, Amer. Ent. Soc. xxxi. p. 875 (1905).
I cannot agree with Handlirsch in sinking this genus in
Gorytes, though I think that Ashmead goes too far in
removing it from his family Nyssonide and placing it with
his Stizide. In addition to the list of species given by
Handlirsch in the supplement to his most valuable mono-
graph as belonging to the species group of coarctatus, Spin.
(Ammatomus), the following species should be included :—
A, alipes, Bingh. Fauna British India, Hymen. i. p. 273 (1897). (Go-
rytes a.)
A, ornatus, Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 248 (1868), (Gorytes o.)
(nec Sm. 1856), Syn. Gorytes decoratus, Handl.
A, icaricides, Turn. Proc, Zool. Soc. London, p. 499 (1908). (Gorytes 7.)
A, longitarsis, Cam. Trans. Amer. Ent, Soc. xxxi. p. 876 (1905).
( Tanyoprymnus 1.)
374. Mr. R. E. Turner on Possorial ITymenoptera.
The latter is probably a synonym of A. moneduloides, Pack.
I suspect that A. rufonodis, Rad., will prove to be a
synonym of A. amatorius, Sm.
The genus seems to me to be most nearly related to
Kohlia, Uand\., though differing in the convergence of the
eyes and the clavate antennz.
Ammatomus africanus, sp. 1.
2. Nigra; clypeo, fronte sub antennis, scapo subtus, pronoto postice
angustissime, mesonoto macula minuta angulis posticis, segmento
dorsali primo macula transversa utrinque, segmentis 2—5 fascia
angusta apicali, tibiis supra tarsisque albido-flavis ; alis hyalinis,
venis nigris.
Long. 9 mm.
2. Hyes strongly convergent towards the clypeus, at the
base of which they are separated by a distance equal to about
two-thirds of the length of the scape ; posterior ocelli nearly
twice as far from each other as from the eyes. Antenne
clavate, the four apical joints as broad as long or broader.
Opaque, covered with very delicate, close-lying, white pubes-
cence; head almost smooth, with a well-marked frontal
sulcus reaching the anterior ocellus; thorax and median
segment sparsely punctured ; the basal area of the median
segment distinctly defined, triangular, and very sparsely
punctured. Mesopleure rather closely punctured, the sides
of the median segment almost smooth, with a few scattered
punctures. Abdomen shallowly and rather sparsely punc-
tured ; first segment narrow, nearly three times as long as
the apical breadth, of almost equal width throughout, not
constricted or inflated at the apex, about equal to the second
segment in length, but not more thaa one-third of the apical
breadth of the second segment. Hind tarsi very long and
slender, fully as long as the tibia and femur combined ; hind
tibie with very short feeble spines; anterior tarsi without a
comb. Second abscissa of the radius about equal to the first,
but distinctly less than half as long as the third. Both
recurrent nervures received by the second cubital cell, the
distance between them on the cubitus slightly exceeding the
length of the second abscissa of the radius (in one specimen
slightly less). Cubitus of hind wing originating a little
before the transverse median nervure.
The yellow band at the apex of the second dorsal segment
is narrowly interrupted in the middle.
Hab. Pakasa, N. Rhodesia (Silverlock) ; January, 2 ? 9°.
This is the first species of the genus recorded from the
Mr. R. E. ‘Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. — 375
Ethiopian Region. It seems to be most nearly allied to
mesostenus, Handl., which I have not seen, but is more finely
and sparsely punctured. As in other species of the genus,
there is a strong elbow close to the cubitus on the first
transverse cubital nervure, from which on the inner side
branches the stump of a nervure continued as a scar to the
base of the stigma.
Gorytes (Harpactus) escalere, sp. n.
9. Nigra; clypeo, mesopleuris, scutello, postscutello, segmento
dorsali secundo basi et linea lata, longitudinali, mediana, seg-
mento ventrali secundo fascia lata interrupta, segmentoque quinto
dorsali albido-flavis ; alis fusco-hyalinis, venis fuscis.
Long. 7 mm.
@. Eyes almost parallel on the inner margin ; posterior
ocelli twice as far from each other as from the eyes. Clypeus
broad, transverse at the apex. Head and thorax opaque,
very finely and closely punctured, mesopleure and abdomen
more sparsely but a little more deeply punctured and shining ;
a transverse crenulated groove between the mesonotum
and the scutellum. Second ventral segment only slightly
convex ; first abdominal segment broad and short ; pygidial
area well defined, flat, rather narrowly triangular, and more
deeply punctured than the other segments. Basal area of
the median segment well defined, coarsely longitudinally
rugose-striate, with a distinct median sulcus. Third abscissa
of the radius longer than the second by one-quarter, both
recurrent nervures received by the second cubital cell, the
distance between them on the cubitus scarcely greater than
that between the second recurrent nervure and the apex of
the second cubital cell. Cubitus of the hind wing origin-
ating distinctly beyond the transverse median nervure.
Hab. Mogador, 8.W. Morocco (Escalera).
The absence of the ferruginous colouring prevalent in the
group and the great extent of the yellow markings on the
mesopleure and second abdominal segment distinguish this
species at a glance. It is more robust than most of the
allied species, and the pygidial area is more distinctly
margined.
Subfamily Crapronrva.
Rhopalum seychellense, nom. n.
Crabro (Rhopalum) oceanicus, Turn. Trans. Linn. Soe., Zool. (2) xiv.
p. 873 (1911).
Nee Crabro (Rhopalum) oceanicus, Schulz, Spolia Hymen. p. 202 (1906).
376 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.
The name oceanicus, being preoccupied, has to be changed,
Schulz having priority.
Dasyproctus opifex, Bingh.
Crabro opifex, Bingh. Faun. Brit. India, Hym. i. p. 323 (1897). 2.
Dasyproctus buddha, Cam.
Rhopalum buddha, Cam. Mem. Manch. Lit. & Phil. Soc. (4) ii. p. 18
(1889). ¢.
Crabro buddha, Cam. Mem. Manch. Lit. & Phil. Soe. (4) iii. p. 270
(1890). ¢; Bingh. Faun. Brit. India, Hym. i. p. 328 (1897). ¢.
Crabro brooki, Bingh. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xxv. p. 444 (1896). Q.
I think there can be no doubt that buddha and brookii are
sexes of one species.
Dasyproctus orientalis, Cam.
Crabro orientalis, Cam. Mem. Manch. Lit. & Phil. Soe. (4) il. p. 272
(1890).
Dasyproctus solitarius, Sm.
Crabro solitarius, Sm. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. iii. p. 162 (1858). 9.
Crabro (Ceratocolus) alatus, Panz.
Crabro alatus, Panz. Faun. Insect. Germ. iv. (1797).
Crabro quadriceps, Bingh. Faun. Brit. India, Hym. i. p. 527.
Hab. Kumaun.
This wide-ranging species extends to N. China and N.W.
India.
Crabro auricomus, Bingh.
Crabro auricomus, Bingh, Faun. Brit. India, Hym. i. p. 327 (1897). @.
Crabro khasianus, Cam. Ann, & Mag. Nat, Hist. (7) x. p. 61 (1902).
So
There is only a slight colour-difference between the types.
The species seems to me to be a Crabro of the same group as
C. fossorius, but I cannot see the structure of the mandibles
distinctly. The striation of the mesonotum is transverse,
not longitudinal.
CRABRO, subgenus SOLENIUS.
It is unfortunate that Ashmead, in selecting a type for
Solenius, Lep., should have departed from Kohl’s indication
of the typical forms of the group and selected C. interruptus,
Osteology and Classification of the Order Apodes. 377
Lep., a North-American species, as the type. Kohl’s indi-
cation can hardly be accepted as fixing the type, as he
mentions two species, C. vagus, Linn., and C. dives, H.-Sch.,
as examples of the group. It would certainly have been
more convenient if Ashmead had followed Kohl and selected
C. vagus as the type of Solenius. The valuable work done
by American authors in revision of nomenclature is unfor-
tunately sometimes disfigured by inconvenient changes which
might easily have been avoided. C. vagus and the allied
eastern forms differ from Ashmead’s definition of Solenius in
not having the abdominal segments constricted and strongly
punctured, and eventually may have to be separated. Pro-
visionally the following species may be placed in Solenius,
being allied to C. vagus, most of them having been described
as Crabro without any definite indication of the subgenus
to which they belong. In nearly all the specimens I have
examined the mandibles are closed, and I have often been
unable to distinguish clearly the tooth on the inner margin
near the base.
AstaTIc SPECIES.
Crabro (Solenius) agyeus, Cam.
Crabro agycus, Cam. Entomologist, p. 261 (1904).
Crabro (Solenius) palitans, Bingh,
Crabro palitans, Bingh, Proc. Zool, Soc. p. 446 (1896).
Crabro (Solenius) alacer, Bingh,
Crabro alacer, Bingh. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 443 (1898).
XLIX.—The Osteology and Classification of the Teleostean
Fishes of the Order Apodes. By U. Tate Recan, M.A,
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum,)
Order APODES,
Malacopterous physostomes with the pelvic fins, when
present, abdominal. Body elongate, cylindrical, or com-
pressed ; scales vestigial or absent; gill-openings restricted ;
dorsal and anal fins contiguous to or continuous with the
reduced caudal, when this is present ; pectoral fins small and
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8, Vol. x. 26
378 Mr. C. T, Regan on the Osteology and
pelvics usually absent. Premaxillaries not developed as
distinct elements ; maxillaries bordering the mouth, sepa-
rated anteriorly by the ethmoid*; hyo-palatine bones
reduced to 2 or 3, hyomandibular, quadrate, and _palato-
pterygoid, the last sometimes absent; lower jaw of dentary
and articulare ; opercular bones small, the membrane covering
the large branchial chambers chiefly supported by the long
branchiostegals. A single pair of dentigerous upper pla-
ryngeals, opposed to the separate lower pharyngeals. Skull
long and low; premaxillaries, mesethmoid, and_ lateral
ethmoids represented by a single dentigerous ¢ bone; parietals
meeting in front of the supraoccipital ; no exoccipital con-
dyles f ; no opisthotic, but other otic bones well developed ;
pterotic extending forward above sphenotic to alisphenoid ;
paired § orbitosphenoids; no basisphenoid. No post-temporal ;
supra-cleithrum attached by ligament to the vertebral column ;
hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid small, laminar; no meso-
coracoid. Vertebree numerous; arches ankylosed to centra ;
precaudals with strong parapophyses bearing the ribs; epi-
neurals and epipleurals usually present. Gonoducts reduced
to genital pores.
The peculiarities of the skull, jaws, suspensorium, and
pectoral arch separate the Apodes very sharply from the
Isospondyli, of which they must be regarded as an offshoot.
They correspond to the family Murenide of Giinther after
removal of the Saccopharyngide, now generally regarded as
comprising a separate order, Lyomeri (see ‘ Annals,’ Sept.
1912, p. 347).
Except for the elevation of the subfamilies to family rank
and the addition of the more recently discovered Urenchelide,
* According to Boulenger (Camb. Nat. Hist. p. 600) the maxillaries
of the Mureenide are palato-pterygoids. I find that in all their relations
these bones are the same in the Murenide as in the other families ;
distally they are external to the mandibles ; moreover the true palato-
pterygoids are present in the usual place, but reduced to mere threads of
bone.
+ In Heterenchelys and also in Synaphobranchus the vomerine teeth are
separated by an interspace from the premaxillary teeth and the vomer is
a distinct bone. It can hardly be doubted that the dentigerous bone in
front of the vomer and between the maxillaries represents the prz-
maxillaries ankylosed to the mesethmoid.
{ As in the lsospondyli an anterior half-centrum is very firmly united
to the basi- and exoccipitals,
§ The orbitosphenoids lie in front of the alisphenoids and usually
separate the parasphenoid from the frontals; rarely (Moringua and some-
times in Anguilla) the parasphenoid and frontals meet, concealing the
orbitosphenoils,
Classification of the Order Apodes. 379
Simenchelide, Ilyophide, and Dyssomide, Giinther’s arrange-
ment (Cat. Fish. viii. p. 19) is the one still in general use
(cf. Jordan & Evermann, ‘ Fishes of N. America,’ p. 345).
Gill (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. 1890, pp. 157-170, 231-
242) has added considerably to our knowledge of the diagnostic
characters of the Anguillidse, Simenchelidea, Synapho-
branchidz, Murenesocide, and Murenide, Mlle, Popta
(Ann. Sci. Nat. (8) xix. 1905, p. 367) has described the
pharyngeals in a number of types.
Synopsis of the Families.
Fy Caudal entrees «cho sc a tete aetrdee die ae 1, Urenchelide.
II. Caudal fin, when present, continuous with dorsal and anal; no
pelvic fins.
A. Frontals paired, united by suture,
1. Jaws not produced, the snout conical or obtuse,
a. Otic bulla little inflated.
#. Pharyngeals oblong or ovate, covered with small teeth ;
caudal vertebree without transverse processes.
* Pharyngeal openings of branchial clefts wide; palato-
pterygoid well developed; pectoral fins present,
Mouth with lateral cleft; 8 pectoral radials .. 2. Anguillide.
Mouth transverse; 4 pectoral radials ........ 3. Simenchelida.
** Pharyngeal openings of branchial clefts narrow.
Palato-pterygoid an elongate lamina; no pec-
ROM RHR 1PM omic ba wits day cas elias 4, Xenocongride.
Palato-pterygoid very slender, almost vestigial ;
pectoral fins present ......005s.cceenes 5. Myrocongride.
8. Upper and lower pharyngeals with strong biserial teeth
elongate, supported by the enlarged fourth epi- and
cerato-branchials ; caudal vertebrae with transverse pro-
cesses ; pharyngeal openings of branchial clefts narrow ;
palato-pterygoid very slender, almost vestigial; no pec-
HOPHL TOGO. fy 3 8 cyte t ood Poo 6. Murenide.
b. Prootic and basioccipital forming a prominent bulla; eyes
very small; vertical fins well developed only near end of
tail ; pectorals vestigial or absent.
Heart just behind gills; palato-pterygoid well
developed ; pharyngeal openings of bran-
SeaAW LET a WIGS ene ee aot oy clay apcereienate 7. Heterenchelide,
Heart far behind gills; palato-pterygoid yes-
tigial; pharyngeal openings of inter-
branchial clefts narrow .........+s0000% 8. Moringuide.
2, Jaws much produced, the snout long and slender; no palato-
pterygoid; pharyngeal openings of branchial clefts wide.
Suspensorium vertical ; vent near gill-openings
and tail very long; vertebrae very nume-
ROMIS Ouse sisi 6 SCO Sr con owed binwe OMOoE Aa 9, Nemichthyide.
ZO"
380 Mr. C. T. Regan on the Osteology and
Suspensorium directed obliquely backwards ;
vent equidistant from gill-npenings and
end of short tail; vertebre about 80 .... 10. Cyemide.
B. Frontals ankylosed to form a single bone; pharyngeals oblong or
ovate, covered with small teeth; pharyngeal openings of
branchial clefts wide.
1. Jaws strong; suspensorium vertical or directed obliquely
forwards; palato-pterygoid well developed as an elongate
lamina.
a. Nostrils superior or lateral; neural spines long and slender.
Maxillaries articulating with ethmoid at some
distance from end of snout; caudal ver-
tebree without transverse processes ...... 11. Murenesocide.
Maxillaries articulating with ethmoid near end
of snout; caudal vertebree with transverse
DPEOCORSOS a pre gie ee oie jeter ieee 12. Congride.
b. Nostrils labial; neural spines vestigial; maxillaries articu-
lating with ethmoid near end of snout; caudal vertebrze
with transverse processes.
Caudal fin present; ribs strong.............. 13. Echelide.
No caudal fin; ribs feeble ...... pee Mamas sire 14, Ophichthyide.
2. Jaws slender; suspensorium directed obliquely backwards.
Gill-openings weil separated ; vent remote from
| AS: btm ieee esa TAde ee byt tinlg aortas 15. Ilyophide.
Gill-openings well separated ; vent not far be-
hind them ; no palato-pterygoid ........ 16, Dysommide,
Gill-openings confluent ; palato-pterygoid very
slender, almost vestigial............++6 17. Synaphobranchide.
Family 1. Urenchelide.
Cretaceous eels with the caudal fin free from the dorsal and
anal. Several species of Urenchelys have been described by
Smith Woodward (Cat. Foss. Fish. iv. p. 337, 1901).
Anguillavus bathshebe, Hay (Bull. Amer. Mus, xix. 1903,
p. 489, pl. xxxvil. fig. 1), from the Upper Cretaceous of
Mount Lebanon, is of great interest as an undoubted eel with
pelvic fins; these are small, 8-rayed, abdominal in position.
I here designate this species as the type of the genus
Anguillavus, for, in my opinion, Anguillavus quadripinnis
(Hay, t. c. p. 437, pl. xxxvi. figs. 2 & 3) is the representative
of another genus, and probably not an eel at all. Although
the body as far back as the pelvic fins is preserved, there is
no trace of the dorsal fin, which begins just behind the head
in Anguillavus and Urenchelys ; on the other hand, there are
traces of lateral rows of bony plates, unknown in these
genera.
Dr. Hay’s description of maxillz “parallel with the
premaxille,” and of supramaxillz, palatines, entopterygoids,
Classification of the Order Apodes. 381
ectopterygoids, and prefrontals, is not in accord with the
systematic position assigned to this fish, and his figure leads
me to believe that it may belong to the family Dercetide
and possibly to the genus Leptotrachelus.
Family 2. Anguillide.
Dorsal and anal continuous with the reduced caudal ;
pectorals present; body scaly; vent remote from head.
Mouth terminal, with lateral cleft extending to below eye;
maxillary articulated with ethmoid near end of snout ; teeth
small, cardiform or villiform, in bands ; nostrils lateral ; gill-
openings well separated ; pharyngeal apertures of branchial
clefts wide. IT rontals paired ; vomer ankylosed to ethmoid ;
suspensorium directed obliquely forwards ; palato-pterygoid
well developed as an elongate lamina. 8 pectoral radials.
Neural spines slender, free ; no lateral transverse processes
(additional to parapophyses or hemal arches) on caudal and
posterior precaudal vertebre ; ribs and intermuscular bones
feeble.
A single genus, Anguilla.
Family 3. Simenchelide.
Simenchelys parasiticus differs from Anguilla in the trans-
verse mouth, blunt uniserial teeth, and very large tongue ; in
osteological characters it is very similar to the Anguillide,
but there are only 4 pectoral radials. The recently described
Gymnosimenchelys, ‘Vanaka, is naked and has _ pluriserial
teeth.
Family 4. Xenocongrida.
Xenoconger fryert, from Assumption (Regan, Trans. Linn.
Soc. 1912), differs from the Anguillide in the absence of
scales and os pectoral fins and in the small pharyngeal aper-
tures of the branchial clefts. I have ascertained that the
frontals are paired, the palato-pterygoids are developed as
elongate lamine, and the caudal vertebre lack lateral
processes.
Family 5. Myrocongride.
Naked, but traces of large regularly arrangéd scale-pouches
on the thorax ; body compressed, with the tail longer than
the trunk and the vertical fins well developed; pectorals
present. Mouth terminal, with lateral cleft extending a little
behind eye ; maxillary articulating with ethmoid near end of
382 Mr. C. T. Regan on the Osteology and
snout; teeth cardiform, in bands; nostrils lateral; gill-
openings well separated ; pharyngeal apertures of branchial
clefts restricted ; pharyngeals ovate or oblong, covered with
smallteeth. Frontals paired ; suspensorium vertical ; palato-
pterygoid very slender, not laminar. 4 pectoral radials.
Neural spines long and slender ; caudal vertebrae without
transverse processes.
Myroconger compressus, from St. Helena, appears to be
quite as closely related to the Anguillidee as to the Mureenidee.
Family 6. Murenide.
Naked, compressed or cylindrical; vertical fins variously
developed ; no pectorals. Mouth terminal, with lateral cleft
extending behind eye; maxillary articulated with ethmo-
vomer at some distance from end of snout; teeth strong,
acute or obtuse, in one or more series; nostrils lateral ; gill-
openings well-separated ; pharyngeal apertures of branchial
clefts restricted; upper and lower pharyngeals bearing
strong curved teeth in a double series, elongate, supported
by the enlarged epi+ and ceratobranchials of the fourth arch.
Frontals paired ; hyomandibular with broad head; palato-
pterygoid very slender, almost vestigial. Neural spines
developed in caudal region only, short, laminar; caudal
vertebrae with lateral transverse processes.
Murena, Gymnothorax, Echidna, Strophiodon, Thyrsoidea,
Rhinomurena, Murenoblenna, Channomurena, Enchelychore,
&e., from tropical and temperate seas. ;
Family 7. Heterenchelide.
Naked, cylindrical, with the tail much longer than the
trunk ; vertical fins well developed only towards the end of
the tail; pectorals absent. Mouth moderate, with lateral
cleft extending behind the very small eye; maxillary articu-
lating with ethmoid near end of snout ; teeth conical, biserial ;
nostrils lateral ; gill-openings separate; pharyngeal apertures
of branchial clefts wide; pharyngeals oblong or ovate,
covered with small teeth. Heart just behind the gills.
Frontals paired, anteriorly with strongly developed mucous
channels; vomer distinct, united by suture with ethmoid ;
orbitosphenoids long and narrow, separating parasphenoid
from frontals ; prootic and basioccipital swollen to form a
thin-walled bulla containing a large otolith. Suspensorium
vertical ; palato-pterygoid a rather broad lamina. Neural
Classification of the Order Apodes. 383
spines short, laminar ; neural arches without zygapophyses ;
caudal vertebree without lateral transverse processes; ribs
and intermuscular bones feeble.
Heterenchelys, with two species from West Africa (‘ Annals,’
Sept. 1912, p. 323).
Fig. 1.
pe , (in HEP rl Sap
r oe z ; \\
po P Sooasp f
=, D ,
Heterenchelys macrurus. Jaws, hyo-palatine, and opercular bones, and
skull from above and from the side.
ma, maxillary; den, dentary; ar, articulare; pt, palato-pterygoid ;
hm, hyomandibular; g, quadrate; pop, preoperculum; op, opercu-
lum ; sop, suboperculum; 7op, interoperculum ; 6, branchiostegals ;
eth, ethmoid; v, vomer; f, frontal; p, parietal ; psp, parasphenoid ;
asp, alisphenoid ; osp, orbitosphenoid ; pro, prootic; spo, sphenotic ;
pto, pterotic; epo, epiotic; sec, supraoccipital; eoc, exoccipital ;
boc, basioccipital,
384 Mr. C. T. Regan on the Osteology and
Family 8. Moringuide.
Naked, cylindrical, with the tail much shorter than the
trunk ; vertical fins developed on the tail only; pectorals
small or absent. Mouth small, with lateral cleft extending
behind eye; maxillary articulating with ethmoid not far from
end of snout ; teeth uniserial ; nostrils lateral ; gill-openings
separate; pharyngeal apertures of interbrachial clefts re-
stricted, of cleft in front of first gill wide ; pharyngeals oblong
or ovate, covered with small teeth. Heart at some distance
behind the gills. Frontals paired, anteriorly with moderately
developed mucous channels ; vomer ankylosed to ethmoid ;
parasphenoid meeting frontals in a long sutural union; a
prominent otic bulla. Suspensorium vertical ; palato-
pterygoid slender, almost vestigial. Neural arches with
zygapophyses, without distinct spines; caudal vertebrae
without lateral transverse processes ; ribs and intermuscular
bones feeble.
Moringua.
Family 9. Nemichthyide.
Naked, very elongate, compressed; dorsal and anal long,
confluent with the reduced caudal, or extending to the end of
the long slender tail; vent not far behind gill-openings.
Snout and lower jaw produced, slender ; maxillary articulated
to ethmoid far behind tip of snout; nostrils lateral; gill-
openings wide, sometimes confluent below; pharyngeal
apertures of branchial clefts wide. Frontals paired. Suspen-
sorium vertical ; palato-pterygoid absent. Caudal vertebrae
with long neural spines and without transverse processes.
Principal genera: Spinivomer, Serrivomer (Gavialiceps),
Stemonidium, Avocettina, Nemichthys.
In the last three the teeth are small and numerous, regu-
larly arranged in quincunx; the first two have a series of
strong teeth on the vomer.
Family 10. Cyemide.
Cyema atrum has the jaws and dentition of Nemichthys,
except that the maxillary is longer, extending backwards far
behind the small eye; the suspensorium is directed obliquely
backwards. The body is only moderately elongate, with the
trunk and tail nearly equal in length; the dorsal and anal
fins are opposed, separated only by a notch at the end of the
tail; the vertebrae number about 80.
Classification of the Order Apodes. 385
The suggestion that Oyema is a Nemichthys with regene-
rated tail cannot be entertained; the four specimens known
are extremely similar and the posterior caudal vertebra
decrease in length backwards in a perfectly regular manner.
Family 11. Murenesocide.
Murenesox is related to the Congride, but the maxillaries
are articulated to the ethmoid at a considerable distance from
the end of the somewhat produced snout, the ribs are rather
strong, and the caudal vertebre are formed as in the Anguil-
lide, without lateral transverse processes. The jaws have
strong anterior canines and the vomer is armed with a median
series of large teeth.
Family 12. Congride.
Dorsal and anal fins continuous with the reduced caudal ;
body naked; vent remote from head. Mouth with lateral
cleft, not extending far behind eye; maxillary articulated
: eer
S72 fro OSp
Conger conger. Skull from above and from the side.
Lettering as in fig. 1.
with ethmoid near end of snout; teeth conical, cardiform, or
compressed, in bands or in one or more series, well developed
386 Osteology and Classification of the Order Apodes.
in jaws and on vomer. Nostrils lateral; gill-openings sepa-
rate ; pharyngeal apertures of branchial clefts wide; pha-
ryngeals ovate or oblong, covered with small teeth. Frontals
ankylosed to form a single bone ; vomer ankylosed to ethmoid ;
orbitosphenoids small. Suspensorium vertical or directed
obliquely forward; palato-pterygoid an elongate lamina.
4 pectoral radials. Neural spines well developed; caudal
and posterior preecaudal vertebrae with lateral transverse
processes, in addition to hemal arches or parapophyses; ribs
and intermuscular bones feeble.
This large and varied family corresponds to the Lepto-
cephalide, Muraenesocidee (except Murenesow), and Nettasto-
mide of Jordan and Evermann.
Principal genera: Heteroconger, Promyllantor, Congro-
murena, Conger, Congrosoma, Uroconger, Coloconger, Neo-
conger, Stilbiscus, Leptoconger, Gordiichthys, Hoplunnis,
Oxyconger, Xenomystaa, Nettastoma, Saurenchelys, Netten-
chelys, Chlopsis, Venefica, Metopomycter.
In this family there is a more or less prominent vertical
ridge on the middle of each centrum and the parapophysis is
more or less completely divided into two. chelion montium
(Hay, Bull. Amer. Mus. xix. 1903, p. 441, pl. xxxvii.
figs. 2-6), from Mount Lebanon, described as an apparently
diplospondylous eel, had vertebrae of this type.
Derichthys serpentinus, Gill, is said to have distinct pree-
maxillaries, but this requires confirmation, as in other cha-
racters it seems to be a member of the family Congride.
Family 13. Echelide.
Differs from the Congride in the Jabial nostrils, the rather
strong ribs and intermuscular bones, and the vestigial neural
spines.
Y Eehabae Ahlia, Myrophis, Paramyrus, Chilorhinus, Muren-
ichthys. Homyrus, from the Upper Hocene of Belgiam, also
belongs to this family (Storms, Bull. Soc. Belge Géol. x.
1896, pp. 225-240, pls. v., vi.).
Family 14. Ophichthyide.
Differs from the Congridz in the absence of the caudal fin,
the tip of the tail projecting beyond the dorsal and anal, the
labial nostrils, and the vestigial neural spines.
Sphagebranchus, Pisodontophis, Callechelys, Ophichthys,
Brachysomophis, &c.
A Revision of South-American Characid Fishes. 387
Family 15. Ilyophide.
Dorsal and anal continuous with the reduced caudal ;
pectorals present; body scaly ; vent remote from the head.
Mouth terminal, with lateral cleft extending behind the eye ;
maxillary slender, articulated with ethmoid near end of
snout ; teeth conical, small and in narrow bands in the jaws,
large and in a single series on the vomer ; nostrils lateral;
gill-openings separate; pharyngeal apertures of branchial
clefts wide. Suspensorium probably directed somewhat
obliquely backwards.
Llyophis brunneus, Gilbert, may be related to the Anguil-
lida on the one hand and the Synaphobranchide on the
other, but it seems still nearer to the Dysommide.
Family 16. Dysommidz.
External characters, jaws, and dentition of the Ilyophide,
except that the body is naked, the vent is not far behind the
gill-openings, and the cleft of the mouth extends far
behind the eye. Frontals ankylosed to form a single bone; —
suspensorium directed very obliquely backwards ;_palato-
pterygoid absent ; vertebral column as in the Anguillide.
T'wo genera, Dysomma, with pectoral fins and the vent
below the gill-openings, and Dysommopsis, without pectorals
and with the vent further back, have been described by
Alcock from the depths of the Indian Ocean,
Family 17. Synaphobranchide.
External characters of the Ilyophide, except that the cleft
of the mouth extends far behind the eye and the gill-openings
are confluent ; teeth small, conical, in narrow bands or in a
single series in jaws and on vomer. Frontals united to form
a single bone ; suspensorium long, directed very obliquely
backwards; palato-pterygoid long, slender, almost vestigial.
Vertebral column as in the Anguillide.
L.—A Revision of the South-American Characid Fishes of A
the Genera Chalceus, Pyrrhulina, Copeina, and Pogono-
charax. By C. Tare Recan, M.A.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
THE four genera here dealt with form a natural group,
differing from other Characidee in the very large mesethmoid
388 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision of
and showing further agreement in their oblong or elongate
form, rounded abdomen, flattish upper surface of the head,
large scales, short dorsal and anal fins, &e.
I give a list of the specimens in the British Museum
collection, considerably augmented in the last few years by
gifts of examples from the Amazon (Herr J. Paul Arnold),
Obidos (Herr A. Rachow), Manaos (E. Stanley Sutton, Esq.),
and Colombia (Sir Bryan Leighton), and by the acquisition
of a set from Professor Eigenmann’s collection made in
British Guiana.
1. CHALCEUS.
Chalceus, Cuv. Mém. Mus. Paris, iv. 1818, p. 454; Giinth. Cat. Fish. v.
p- 333 (1864).
Plethodectes, Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. xi. 1871, p. 563.
Pellegrinina, Fowler, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1906, p. 442.
Body oblong, compressed. Scales large, unequal ; lateral
line present, running low. Mouth moderate, terminal ;
premaxillary teeth triserial, the outer tricuspid, the inner
pentacuspid ; maxillary toothed ; mandibulary teeth biserial,
the outer tri- or pentacuspid, the inner series conical, small,
except for an enlarged median pair; palate toothless. Nos-
trils close together. Gill-membranes free. Dorsal and anal
fins short ; adipose fin present.
1. Chalceus macrolepidotus.
Chalceus macrolepidotus, Cuv. Mém. Mus. Paris, iv. 1818, p. 454,
pl. xxi. fig. 1; Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 833 (1864).
Pellegrinina heterolepis, Fowler, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1906, p. 442, fig.
Depth of body 34 to 4 in the length, length of head 34 to
32. Diameter of eye 3 to 4 in length of head, interorbital
width 2 to 24. 20 or 21 scales in a longitudinal series from
upper angle of gill-cleft to base of caudal, 37 in the lateral
line. Dorsal 12; origin behind base of pelvics, equidistant
from tip of snout and end of middle caudal rays. Anal 12.
Guiana.
1. 150 mm, ‘Essequibo. Ehrhardt.
2-3. 110 mm. Brit. Guiana, Schomburgk.
4, 65 mm. Surinam. Kappler.
2. Chalceus erythrurus.
Plethodectes erythrurus, Cope, Proc. Amer, Phil. Soc. xi. 1871, p. 563,
fig.
Depth of body 32 in the length, length of head 3%.
South-American Characid Fishes. 389
Diameter of eye 4 in length of head, interorbital width 21.
18 or 19 scales from upper angle of gill-opening to base of
caudal fin, 33 or 34 in the lateral line. Dorsal 12; origin
above base of pelvics, equidistant from tip of snout and end
of scales on caudal. Anal 11.
Upper Amazon.
1. 170 mm. R. Cupai. Stevens.
Cope’s type was a specimen of 65 mm. with the head } of
the length, eye 4 and interorbital width 2 of the length of
head, &c. He described the outer premaxillary teeth as
conical, and indeed they are less expanded than in C. macro-
lepidotus, but they have a pair of cusps.
2. PYRRHULINA.
Pyrrhulina, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xix. 1846, p. 585; Giinth.
Cat. Fish. v. p. 286 (1864).
Body oblong or rather elongate, compressed. Scales
large ; no lateral line. Mouth moderate or small, terminal,
with the lower jaw projecting ; premaxillary and mandibulary
teeth conical, biserial; palate toothless. Nostrils close
together. Guill-membranes free. Dorsal and anal fins short ;
no adipose fin,
Synopsis of the Spectes.
I, 26 or 27 scales in a longitudinal series ; diameter of eye 22 to 32 in
length of head, in specimens of 35 to 80 mm... 1, filamentosa.
II. 20 to 25 scales in a longitudinal series; diameter of eye 8 to 4 in
length of head, in specimens of 25 to 85 mm.
A. Body slender, the depth 5 in the length ; caudal peduncle nearly
as long as head ; 22 scales in a longitudinal series.
2. natterert.
B. Body deeper, the depth 33 to 43 in the length.
1. Caudal peduncle at least 2 length of head ; 22 to 25 scales in a
lonpabidimal Series oi cas wales re hes 3. semifasciata,
2. Caudal peduncle at most 3 length of head.
Interorbital width 2 in length of head; 20 scales in a
longitudinal series; depth of body 34 in length .. 4. vittata,
Tnterorbital width 2 to 23 in length of head ; 20 to 23
scales in a longitudinal series; depth of body 32
to 42 in length ... «./.2. ).ahneeeneuee ee, 5. australis,
Interorbital width 23 to 3 in length of head; 20 to
22 scales in a longitudinal series .............. 6. brevis,
1. Pyrrhulina filamentosa.
Pyrrhulina filamentosa, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xix, 1846, p, 535,
pl. 589; Giinth. Cat, Fish. v. p. 286 (1864).
390 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision of
Depth of body 43 to 54 in the length, length of head 4 to
43. Caudal peduncle 2 to # length of head. Snout shorter
than the diameter of eye, which is 23 to 34 in the length of
head ; interorbital width 24 to 24. 26 or 27 scales in a
longitudinal series. Dorsal 10; origin equidistant from
middle or posterior part of operculum and base of caudal.
Anal 11-12. Olivaceous; a blackish stripe round lower jaw
to eye, continued as a more or less distinct brownish stripe
from eye to operculum; a large black spot on dorsal fin.
Guiana.
1-2. 65-80 mm. Essequibo. Ehrhardt.
3. 50 mm. Issorora, Brit. Guiana. Eigenmann.
4-5, 35-40 mm. Lama, ¥ “7 x
2. Pyrrhulina natterert.
Piieleeams melanostomus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. xi. 1871,
. 065.
Purine natterert, Steind. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wien, Ixxii. 1876,
p- 13, pl. ii. fig, 5.
Depth of body 5 in the length, length of head 43. Caudal
peduncle nearly as long as head. Snout somewhat shorter
than diameter of eye, which is 34 in the length of head ;
interorbital width 24. 22 scales in a longitudinal series.
Dorsal 9-10, elevated in the male, nearly reaching caudal
when laid back ; origin equidistant from middle of operculum
and base of caudal. Anal 10-11. Olivaceous; scales of
back and sides dark-edged ; a small pale blue spot with dark
margin at the posterior end of each scale on the side; a dark
stripe from upper part of eye round end of snout, another
from eye round lower jaw, continued on body as a faint
dusky band; a large blackish spot on middle of dorsal fin,
with red band below it.
Amazon.
1. 40 mm. Amazon. Arnold.
This specimen is undoubtedly P. natterert ; it agrees with
the description of H. melanostomus in every way, except that
the latter is said to have 25 scales, a number perhaps
obtained by counting forward above the opercle or by
including the scales on the caudal fin.
3. Pyrrhulina semifasciata.
? Holotaxis leta, Cope, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1871, p. 257.
Pyrrhulina semifasciata, Steind. Sitzungsb, Akad. Wien, Ixxii. 1876,
p 7, pl. i. figs. 1,2; Higenm, & Eigenm, Proc. Calif. Acad. (2) ii.
1890, p. 110.
South-American Characid Fishes. 391
? Pyrrhulina maxima, Eigenm, & Eigenm. ¢. e. p. 111.
? Pyrrhulina leta, Fowler, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1906, p. 294, fig. 1.
Depth of body 34 to 44 in the length, length of head 32 to
43. Caudal peduncle 2 to 3 the length of head. Snout as
long as or shorter than diameter of eye, which is 3 to 32 in
the length of head ; interorbital width 24 to 22. 22 to 25
scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 10 ; origin equidistant
from eye or postorbital part of head and base of caudal, Anal
10-12. Scales sometimes with pale bases and dark margins.
A dark stripe from lower jaw through eye, ending on anterior
part of body ; sometimes a long dark median spot on back
between head and dorsal fin and a smaller one just in front of
dorsal fin ; a blackish spot on dorsal fin.
Amazon ; Guiana ; Colombia.
1-4. 35-70 mm. Nickafaroo, Brit. Guiana. Eigenmann.
5-9. 45-55 mm, Christiansburg, Brit. Guiana, +
10-14, 40-85 mm. Holmia, Brit. Guiana. *
15-16. 45-55 mm. Honda, Colombia. Leighton.
17, 50 mm. Bogota, ” Cutter.
In these specimens the dark stripe usually runs on only
2 to 4 scales of the body; in the larger ones it is continued
backwards, as shown in Steindachner’s figures; in the
smaller fish the mid-dorsal spots are absent.
P. leta is evidently closely related to P. semifasciata, even
if it be distinct. ‘The saddle-shaped spot on the back would
easily be formed by the increase in size of the two spots seen
in P. semifasciata.
P. maxima is based on a single specimen, and as described
seems to differ from P. semifasciata only in the fewer scales ;
but ‘‘ the scales are partly lost, so an exact count is impossible.”
4, Pyrrhulina vittata, sp. n.
Depth of body 34 in the length, length of head 34,
Caudal peduncle 2 length of head. Diameter of eye 3 in
the length of head, interorbital width 2. 20 scales in a
longitudinal series. Dorsal 11; origin equidistant from
preeoperculum and base of caudal. Anal ll. A dark stripe
from lower jaw through eye, ending in a spot just behind
head; 3 blackish bars on body, the first above end of pectoral,
the second running upwards from base of anal, the third in
front of the caudal; a blackish spot on dorsal fin.
Amazon.
1, 28 mm. (type). Obidos. Rachow,
*
392 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision of
5. Pyrrhulina quaint
Pyrrhulina australe, Eigenm. & Kennedy, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1903,
p. 508.
Depth of body 3? to 43 in the length, length of head 32
to 43. Caudal peduncle 4 to 2 length of head. Snout
shorter than diameter of eye, which is 3 in the length of
head ; interorbital width 2 to 23. 20 to 23 scales in a
longitudinal series. Dorsal 10-11 ; origin equidistant from
head and base of caudal or a little nearer to head. Anal 11-12.
Olivaceous ; a blackish stripe from lower jaw to eye, usually
continued as a brownish stripe on postorbital part of head ;
a black spot on dorsal fin.
La Plata ; Rio Grande do Sul.
1-3. 30-40 mm. Colonia Risso, Upper Paraguay. Borelli.
4-5, 30 mm. Carandasinho, Matto Grosso. 5s
6-11. 25-45 mm. Corumha, 5 PP Moore.
12-14, 30-35 mm. Descalvados, * a Ternetz,
15-16. 25-30 mm. Monte Sociedad, Chaco. =
17. 25 mm. R. Grande do Sul. Von Ihering.
6. Pyrrhulina brevis.
Pyrrhulina brevis, Steind, Sitzungsh. Akad. Wien, Ixxii. 1876, p. 11,
pl. i. figs. 8-4; Eigenm. & Eigenm. Proc. Calif. Acad. (2) ii. 1890,
p. 111.
Depth of body nearly equal to length of head, 3} to 4 in
the length of the fish. Caudal peduncle } or 3 length of
head. Snout nearly as long as or even a little longer than
diameter of eye, which is 3} to 4in the length of head;
interorbital width 23 to 3. 20 to 22 scales in a longitudinal
series. Dorsal 9-10, moderately elevated; origin equi-
distant from operculum and base of caudal, or a little nearer
the former, Anal 11-12. Olivaceous ; a dark stripe from
eye round lower jaw ; a dark spot on dorsal fin; pelvic and
anal fins with narrow blackish edge.
Amazon.
1, 85 mm, Manaos, Sutton,
. 3. COPEINA.
Copeina, Fowler, Proc. Acad. Philad, 1906, p. 294,
Differs from Pyrrhulina in the uniserial preemaxillary
teeth.
South- American Characid Fishes. 393
Synopsis of the Species.
I, Depth of body less than } of the length; caudal peduncle nearly as
long as head; origin of dorsal fin well behind base of pelvics.
A. Origin of dorsal fin nearer to base of caudal than to head.
1. arnoldi.
B, Origin of dorsal fin equidistant from head and base of caudal, or
a little nearer head. ;
21 scales ina longitudinal series. .......ecceeeeees 2. callolepis.
23 or 24 scales in a longitudinal series ............ 3. elgenmannt.
26 scales in a longitudinal series..............000. 4, carsevennensis,
Il. Depth of body not less than } of the length; caudal peduncle
considerably shorter than head.
Origin of dorsal fin a little behind base of pelvics .. 5. guttata.
Origin of dorsal fin above base of pelvics .......... 6. argyrops.
1. Copeina arnoldi, sp. n.
Depth of body 43 to 4? in the length, length of head 42 to
5. Caudal peduncle nearly as long as head. Snout shorter
than diameter of eye, which is 34 in the length of head;
interorbital width 2}. 23 or 24 scales in a longitudinal
series. Dorsal 10; origin nearer to base of caudal than to
head. Anal 1l. Olivaceous; a dark stripe from eye round
lower jaw ; a blackish spot on dorsal fin.
Amazon.
1-2. 30-40 mm. (types). Amazon, Arnold.
2. Copeina callolepis, sp. n.
Pyrrhulina natterert (non Steind.), Eigenm. & Eigenm. Proc. Calif.
Acad, (2) ii. 1890, p. 112.
Depth of body 43 to 5 in the length, length of head 44.
Caudal peduncle nearly as long as head. Snout shorter than
diameter of eye, which is 3 in length of head ; interorbital
width 21 to 24. 21 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal
10; origin equidistant from head and base of caudal, or
slightly nearer the former. Anal 11. Olivaceous; a dark
stripe from lower jaw to eye continued as a dusky band on
lower part of body ; a pale spot on each scale, except below
the band ; a black spot on the dorsal fin,
Amazon.
1-2. 35-40 mm. (types). Amazon, Arnold.
3. Copeina eigenmanni, sp. n,
Depth of body 43 to 5 in the length, length of head 4 to 42,
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist, Ser. 8. Vol. x. 27
394 A Revision of South-American Characid Fishes.
Caudal peduncle nearly as long as head. Snout shorter than
eye, the diameter of which is 3 to 4 in the length of head ;
interorbital width 24. 23 or 24 scales in a longitudinal
series. Dorsal 10; origin equidistant from head and base
of caudal, or nearer head. Anal 11-12, originating a little
behind end of dorsal. Olivaceous ; a dark stripe from lower
jaw through eye to operculum ; a blackish spot on dorsal fin.
Amazon ; Guiana ; Colombia.
1-2. 25 mm. (types). Para. Eigenmann.
§-9. 25 mm. 3 R. Aruka, Brit. Guiana. i
10, 27 mm. + Lama, 5 is <
11-12, 35-45 mm. ,, Bogota. Cutter.
In the smaller examples there is sometimes an indistinct
dusky band on the anterior part of the body and an indication
of a pale stripe above the dark one on the head. In the
larger ones, from Bogota, a silvery stripe from eye to caudal
fin separates a broad dark band below from the dark colour
of the back.
4. Copetna carsevennensis, sp. 0.
Depth of body nearly equal to length of head, 44 to 43 in
the length of the fish. Caudal peduncle nearly as long as
head. Snout shorter than eye, the diameter of which is 23
to 23 in the length of head ; interorbital width 24. 26 scales
in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 10; origin equidistant from
head and base of caudal, or a little nearer head. Anal 11-12,
commencing scarcely behind end of dorsal. Olivaceous ;
a dark stripe from lower jaw through eye to operculum; a
black spot on dorsal fin.
French Guiana.
1-6. 25-33 mm, (types). Carsevenne. Paris Mus, (Coll. Geay).
5. Copetna guttata.
Pyrrhulina guttata, Steind. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wien, Ixxii. 1876, p. 15,
pl. it. fig. 6; Eigenm. & Eigenm. Proc. Calif. Acad. (2) ii, 1890,
p- 112.
Depth of body 33 to 4 in the length, length of head 4 to 44.
Caudal peduncle much shorter than head. Diameter of eye
31 in the length of head, interorbital width 24 to 22. 23 or
24 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 10; origin a little
behind base of pelvics. Anal 12. A silvery spot at the base
of each scale; a dark spot on dorsal fin.
R. Amazon.
Total length 70 mm.
eee -
On Small Mammals from Central China. 395
6. Copeina argyrops.
Pyrrhulina argyrops, Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. xvii. 1878, p. 694.
Copeina argyrops, Fowler, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1906, p. 295, fig. 2.
Very similar to C. guttata in form, coloration, &e., but
with the dorsal fin a little further forward, originating above
base of pelvics.
R. Maranon, Peruvian Amazon.
4, POGONOCHARAX.
Pogonocharax, Regan, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. 1907, p. 261.
Differs from Pyrrhulina in the toothless mouth and the
presence of two pairs of barbels, preemaxillary and maxillary.
1. Pogonocharax rehi.
Regan, J. ¢. fig.
Dorsal 8, above the anal. Anal 8. 25 scales in a longi-
tudinal series. Maxillary barbel ? as long as the fish.
Argentina.
1, 45 mm. (type). Argentina. Reh,
L].—On a Collection of Small Mammals from the Tsin-ling
Mountains, Central China, presented by Mr.G. Fenwick Owen
to the National Museum. By OLDFIELD THOMAS.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
DuRING the late summer of 1911 Mr. G. Fenwick Owen, to
whom the National Museum already owed some valuable
collections of mammals from French Gambia, made an
exploring and collecting expedition into Central China, into
_ Southern Shen-si and Kan-su, with the intention of exploring
the mountain-ranges between those provinces and Hastern
Tibet. Owing, however, to the breaking out of the recent
revolution in China, Mr. ’ Owen’s party had to shorten their
work and to come home through Tibet and Russia in Asia,
by which route they were fortunately enabled to transport in
safety such collections as they had made before the revolution
broke out.
The small mammals, which Mr. Fenwick Owen has now
presented to the British Museum, were all prepared by his
27
396 Mr. QO. Thomas on
companion and interpreter, Dr. J. A. C. Smith, who had
already accompanied Mr. Malcolm Anderson into this region,
and had also made collections on his own account, so that
both country and fauna were well known to him.
The collection consists of 68 specimens, belonging to 18
species, of which 7 are new, thus again showing the richness
and diversity of the fauna of this wonderful region.
Of these by far the most striking is the new mole, Scapan-
ulus oweni, representing a new genus more allied to the
American moles than to any previously known in Asia.
Other valuable accessions are the Zapus, the Sicésta, and the
new shrews of the new genera Blarinella and Chodsigoa.
Mr. Fenwick Owen and Dr. Smith are to be congratulated
on the amount of novelties yielded by the collection, which
forms a most valuable supplement to the series obtained by
Mr. Anderson during the Duke of Bedford’s Exploration of
Eastern Asia.
1. Scapanulus oweni, gen. et sp. n.
g. 59. 46 miles S.H. of Tao-chou, Kan-su. Alt. 10,000°.
gd. 72. 23 miles 8.E. of Tao-chou. 99000’.
“Tn mossy undergrowth in fir-forest.”"—J. A. C. S.
ScAPANULUS, gen. nov. (Talpide, subfam. Scalopine).
Manus broadly expanded, nearly as much so as in the true
moles, more so than in Scaptonya. Claws rather slender for
a mole ; those of hind foot thin, rather straight, except that
of the hallux, which is curved. On both sides in both speci-
mens the hallux is peculiarly twisted away from the other
digits, but this may possibly be due to distortion in drying.
Tail comparatively long and thickly haired. Skull about as
in Urotrichus, the pterygoid region less inflated and with
better developed pterygoids than in Scapanus. Tympanics
incomplete. Interparietal broad, less tapering forwards than
in Urotrichus.
Teeth 2x 2=36, these being apparently
1, 3, C. 7, PM. 5, M. 5.
As to the individual homologies of the teeth, I would
tentatively suggest the following as the complete formula of
the permanent dentition :—
ene. ar al. 1 Oe Bere ato:
I. e109 C. 1? PM. Ls0.9 042 M. ie Senay
In this the premolar formula is not very certain, since it
Small Mammals from Central China. 397
may possibly be 1.2.0.4, as in the Urotrichus-Uropsilus
series of genera; but I am quite confident about the lower
incisors, which are 1.2.0, as in Desmana and the American
moles, as compared with 0.2.3 or 0.2.0 in Urotrichus,
Uropsilus, and their allies.
The most salient points of the dentition are: (1) the total
number of 9 above and below, elsewhere only found in
Neurotrichus, and (2) the Desmana-like character of the
lower incisors, which are subequal, strongly proclivous, the
second equally with the first abutting upon and being worn
down by the hinder surface of the large anterior upper
incisors.
I* large, about as large proportionally as in Scalops and
Urotrichus, therefore larger than in Scapanus, but very far
from as large or as specialized as in Desmana and Galemys.
J? and p' subequal, small, the canine between them rather
larger, double-rooted. P? of about the same length and
twice the bulk of the canine ; p* about four times the bulk of
p®, with a well-marked internal cusp. Molars with their
internal ledge subtrilobate, about as in Scapanus.
Type. Scapanulus owent, sp. n.
Dividing, as 1 should, the family Talpide into five sub-
families—the Desmanine, Talpine, Scalopine, Condylurine,
and Uropsiline—this most interesting new genus falls
obviously into the Scalopine, within which it belongs rather
to the Scalopine than the Urotrichine series of genera. But
with its rather less modified manus and pterygoids and com-
paratively delicate skull it adds another to the links which
bind these two series of genera to each other. From Scaptonyz,
the only allied genus geographically near it, it is at once
separable by its more modified manus, fewer teeth, much
larger z', and its Desman-like lower incisors.
Scapanulus owent, sp. n.
Bulk about half that of Talpa europea. Colour of body
exactly as in that animal, the lower surface almost imper-
ceptibly lighter than the upper. Head rather paler. Hands
pale brown above, with whitish edges. Feet brown proxi-
mally, white on the digits. ‘Tail long, thick, well-haired,
grey-brown with rather lighter tip.
Skull and teeth as described above.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 108 mm. ; tail 38; hind foot 14.
Skull: greatest length 28°2; condylo-basal length 27°5 ;
398 Mr. O. Thomas on
greatest breadth 13; zygomatic breadth 10°6; interorbital
breadth 5:5; palatal length 12°7; upper tooth-series 12°3 ;
molars only 5°2. 4
Hab. as above.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 12. 8.5.2. Original num-
ber 72. Collected 31st October, 1911.
I have great pleasure in naming this most interesting new
mole in honour of Mr. Fenwick Owen, to whose interest and
kindness the Museum owes this valuable accession to its
collections.
2. Sorex sinalis, sp. n.
3.8, Ty 12; 138) .16 5.09.45, 7, 14.> 45 umiles S.H.of
Feng-siang-fu, Shensi. 10,500’.
@. 71. 17 miles S.E. of 'T'ao-chou, Kan-su. 8900’.
““ Rocky mossy mountain-top.”—J. A. C. S.
A large plain-coloured species, with a long tail.
Size one of the largest of the genus. Fur about 5 mm.
long on the back in summer specimens. General colour
uniform greyish brown, with scarcely any tendency to a
tricolor pattern ; under surface drab-brown. Hands and feet
brownish white. Tail long, slightly pencilled at the tip,
brown above, lighter below.
Skull large, with long muzzle; brain-case not specially
broadened.
Unicuspids slightly but evenly decreasing backwards.
Concavities behind molars well marked.
Dimensions of the type :— WE
Head and body .70 mm.; tail 55; hind foot 14.
Skull: condylo-incisive length 21; condylo-basal length
20°3 ; greatest breadth 9°6; upper tooth-row 9:1; front of
a) to front of p* 4:2 ; front of pt to back of m? 4:5; breadth
between outer corners of m! 4°8,
Hab. 45 miles 8.E. of Feng-siang-fu, Shen-si.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 12. 8.5.3. Original num-
ber 8. Collected 10th August, 1911.
This large but rather delicately built shrew has a decidedly
longer skull than the other large Eastern plain-coloured
species S. unguiculatus and shinto. It has nothing of the
remarkable development of tooth-pigment characteristic of
S. daphenodon.
3. Sorex cansulus, sp. n.
d. 68. 15 miles S.E. of Tao-chou. 83500’.
?. 56,65. 46 miles S.E. of Tao-chou. 9800-10,000'.
Small Mammals from Central China. 399
S. anneaus-centralis group, paler than the former and
without the long muzzle of the latter.
Size as in S. centralis. Fur of back about 4 mm. in
length. General colour above greyish brown, about as in
S. centralis, much greyer than in S, annexvus, which verges
towards Prout’s brown ; sides in one specimen tinged with
buffy, but no definite tricolor pattern present. No trace of a
darker dorsal stripe. Under surface drab or broccoli-brown.
Hands and feet brownish white. Tail dark brown above,
lighter below.
Skull slightly longer than in S&. annevus, its muzzle not
specially lengthened as in S. centralis.
Dimensions of the type :—
Head and body 64 mm.; tail 38; hind foot 12.
Skull: condylo-incisive length 19:2 ; condylo-basal length
181; greatest breadth 9; upper tooth-row 8 ; front of 2° to
front of p* 3°7; front of p* to back of m? 4; breadth between
outer corners of m1 4°6.
fab, (of type). 46 miles S.E. of Tao-chou.
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 12. 8.5.13. Original
number 56. Collected 23rd September, 1511.
This species connects the Korean S. annexus with the
Central-Asian S. centralis. It is much paler in colour than
the former and has not the lengthened muzzle of the latter.
While the skulls of all three are of about the same bulk, the
muzzle, as measured from the front of p* to the front of the
large incisors, is in S. annecus 3°5 min., S.cansulus 3°7 mm.,
and S. centralis 4-2 mm.
4, Sorex wardi, Thos.
3. 42, 43, 45; 9.46. 42 miles S.E. of Tao-chou.
10,000’.
6. 58, 638, 64. 46 miles 8.E. of 'ao-chou. 10,000’.
9. 29. 30 miles S.E. of Tao-chou. 9000’.
In summer pelage. ‘lhe type, which is in winter pelage,
came from 10 miles §. of T'ao-chou.
5. Chodsigoa lamula, sp. n.
g- 66. 40 miles S.E. of Tao-chou. Alt. 9500’. Ist
October, 1911. B.M. no. 12. 8.5.22. Type.
* Picked up on path in forest." —J. A. C. S.
Allied to C. hypsibia, but smaller.
General proportions and comparative length of tail about
asin C. hypsibia, but size decidedly less. Fur close and soft ;
hairs of back about 3°5 mm. in length. General colour above
400 Mr. O. Thomas on
‘“ mouse-grey,” scarcely paler below. Hands and feet white,
a slightly darker shade edging the latter externally. Tail
greyish above, glossy whitish below.
Skull smaller than in C. hypsibia, its interorbital region
even lower and flatter than in that species.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 67 mm.; tail 54; hind foot 13.
Skull: condylo-basal length 18; condylo-incisive length
187; greatest breadth (c.) 9 ; upper tooth-series 8-0; com-
bined length of p*-m? 4°7.
Hab. & Type as above.
The species of Chodsigoa are all very closely allied,
differing mainly by size and length of tail. This is the
smallest and shortest-tailed as yet described.
6. Blarinella griselda, sp. n.
9.41. 42 miles 8.E. of Tao-chou. 10,000’. 17th Sep-
tember, 1911. B.M. no. 12. 8.5.23. Type.
“On mossy bank, in birch-wood.”—J. A. C. S.
Smaller, greyer, and shorter-tailed than B. quadraticauda,
Size rather less than in guadraticauda. General colour
above “mouse-grey,” rather paler and more drabby below,
Hands, feet, and tail all dull greyish, not dark brown as in
the allied species ; tail decidedly shorter than in that animal.
Skull rather smaller than in quadraticauda. Second upper
unicuspid evenly intermediate in size between the first and
third—in quadraticauda the second nearly equals the first
and is conspicuously larger than the third.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 68 mm. ; tail 33; hind foot 11.
Skull: condylo-incisive length 20; condylo-basal length
18°6 ; greatest breadth 9°4; upper tooth-series 8°6; front of
p* to back of m? 4°5.
Hab. & Type as above.
This second species of the genus Blarinella is easily distin-
guishable from the Sze-chwan form by its smaller size,
greyer colour, and shorter tail.
7. Mustela astuta, M.-Edw.
3. 40,73. 25 and 40 miles §.E. of Tao-chou. 9000-
9500’.
The marked narrowness of the frontal region distinguishes
this weasel from the Tibetan J. temon, Hodgs., which it
Small Mammals from Central China. 401
resembles very closely in external characters. The type was
obtained by David at Moupin.
The species had not previously been represented in the
Museum collection.
8, Eutamias asiaticus, Pall.
3. 62. 46 miles S.H. of Tao-chou. 9800’.
9. Apodemus speciosus peninsule, Thos.
dg. 21, 22, 23, 24, 47, 53, 67; 9. 25. 15 to 46 miles
S.E. of Tao-chou. 8500-10,000’.
10. Microtus malcolm?, Thos.
36-10; 2. 6,9,15. 45 miles S.E. of Feng-siang-fu,
Shensi. 10,500’.
9.19,49. 40 to 46 miles S.E. of Tao-chou, Kan-su.
9500’.
11. Microtus oniscus, Thos.
aS OU 4927, 3135, 36, 37,138. 40° to 46 ‘miles
S.E. of Tao-chou, Kan-su. 9500’.
12. Microtus(Caryomys) eva, Thos.
6 « 28, 52,54, 55 9: 17, 39, 57,69, 70. 17 to 46 miles
S.E. of T'ao-chou. 8900-9500’.
13. Myospalax smithii, Thos.
2 (immature). 44. 40 miles S.E. of Tao-chou. 9000’.
The second specimen known of this species. Though
immature, it already shows evidence of the cranial and dental
characters distinguishing J. smithi¢ from M, cansus.
14, Sicista concolor, Biichn.
?. 30. 35 miles 8.H. of Tao-chou. 9000’.
9. 33. 44 miles 8.E. of Tao-chou. 10,000’.
The type locality of this species is the Alps of Si-ning,
also in the province of Kan-su. No example of it had
hitherto been in the Museum collection.’
402 On Small Mammals from Central China.
15. Zapus (Eozapus) setchuanus vicinus, subsp. n.
3. 61; 2. 52to60. 46 milesS.E. of Tao-chou, Kan-su.
9800-10,000’.
Similar to the Sze-chwan form in essential characters, but
with longer tail, entirely white belly without central line
(one specimen with a few pale buffy hairs along the mesial
line of the belly), and with the tail usually black above to
the tip.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 78 mm. ; tail 144; hind foot 28; ear 15.
Skull: greatest length 23°2 ; condylo-incisive length 20;
zygomatic breadth 12°7; nasals 9; interorbital breadth 4:2 ;
palatilar length 8°7; palatal foramina 4°6; upper tooth-
series 3°6.
Hab. as above.
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 12. 8.5.62. Original
number 52. Collected 22nd September, 1911.
These are the first specimens of the Asiatic Zapus received
by the British Museum, and, so far as I know, the first that
have been obtained since the Paris Museum received the
examples from Sze-chwan described by M. Pousargues.
They are therefore a most acceptable addition to the Museum
collections.
The Kan-su form is evidently closely allied to that from
Sze-chwan, but has a longer tail (126, 137, and 144 mm. in
three specimens as compared with 95, 103, and 120) and is
practically without the ventral stripe characteristic of the
latter. One specimen (no. 60) has a few of the mesial hairs
of the abdomen washed with buffy, and this indicates the
affinity of the two forms. Ina similar way one specimen
(no. 61) out of three has a white tail-pencil, like all three of
the true setchuanus.
16. Ochotona syrina, Thos.
gd. 34. 42 miles 8.E. of Tao-chou, Kan-su. 12,000’.
he typical specimens were obtained at 10,600’ on
ried . ¢ : ?
Mount Tai-pei-san, some 200 miles further east on the same
mountain-chain.
17. Ochotona cansa, Lyon.
go. 48,51; ¢. 20. 40 to 46 miles §.E. of Tao-chou.
9500-10,000’.
These specimens are slightly darker in colour than examples
from nearer Tao-chou, the type locality, and are therefore to
On new Bats and Rodents from S. America. 403
some extent intermediates between the true cansa and the
subspecies next following.
18. Ochotona cansa morosa, subsp. n.
9. 4. ‘Tai-pai-san, 45 miles 8.E. of Feng-siang-fu,
Shen-si. 10,500’. 4th August,1911. B.M. no. 12.8.5. 68.
Type.
Size slightly greater than in typical cansa. Colour darker,
the hairs of the back more heavily blackened terminally.
Under surface with all the hairs broadly washed with dark
buffy, instead of, as in true cansa, only those of the middle
line being so coloured, the sides of the belly being whitish.
Hands and feet darker and more uniformly buffy above and
more blackish below, the whitish fringes on either side of the
feet, so marked in cansa, less developed and dull buffy in
colour, so that practically the whole of the sole appears
sooty brown.
Skull with rather more strongly convex frontal outline,
broader interorbital space, larger brain-case, and broader
palatal bridge than in any of the specimens of true cansa.
In the type the projecting point representing the posterior
part of the septum of the palatal foramina is more developed
than usual, but this may be an individual peculiarity,
Dimensions of the type :—
Head and body 149 mm.; tail 8; hind foot 27; ear 18.
Skull: greatest length 36; condylo-incisive length 34:3 ;
zygomatic breadth 18 ; nasals 11°2 x 4:4; interorbital breadth
4*1 ; breadth of brain-case 14:2; palatal bridge 2°6 ; upper
tooth-series (alveoli) 6°7.
Hab. & Type as above.
In its dull colour this Pika has some resemblance to the
O. tibetana of Sze-chwan, but is smaller, with larger bulle
and a more bowed frontal outline. Much more material is
needed before the true relationship to each other of these
allied forms of Ochotona can be clearly understood.
LII.— New Bats and Rodents from S. America,
By OLDFIELD THOMAS.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Cheronycteris inca, sp. 0.
Nearly allied to Ch. minor, but the premolars shorter
(horizontally) and the molars longer.
404 . Mr. O. Thomas on
Fur of back about 6 mm. in length. General colour above
of the usual dark brown, the bases of the hairs lighter, their
tips blackish brown. Interfemoral membrane broad.
Skull rather larger and broader than in Ch. minor.
Upper premolars shorter, less excessively compressed laterally.
Two anterior molars longer, narrower proportionally, the
posterior lobe particularly elongate, and with a well-marked
postero-external cusp, each of the teeth showing three distinct
cusps when viewed from the side. Last molar and lower
teeth about as in Ch. minor.
Dimensions of the type :—
Forearm 33 mm.
Head and body 62; tail 8; lower leg and foot 21;
calcar 6°5.
Skull: greatest breadth 8:5; interorbital breadth 4 ;
front of canine to back of m? 7°8; length of p* 0°8, p* 0-9,
m I'l, m7 1:1, p, 079, m; 1-0.
Hab. Yahuarmayo, 8.E. Peru. Alt. 1200!.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 12. 9. 5. 2. | Original
number 709. Collected 7th February, 1912, by H. and C.
Watkins. One specimen.
Taking as representing Peters’s Surinam Ch. minor the
skull from the Cuparé River, Lower Tapajoz, so determined
by Dobson (and there is a very strong Guianan character in
the fauna of that part of the Amazon), the present bat from
Peru differs in the proportional size of its teeth, but is other-
wise closely similar to it. The Trinidad bat described by
Allen and Chapman as Ch. intermedia is very probably the
same as Ch. minor, as those authors were deceived by Peters’s
impossible measurement of 11 mm. for the calcar, an organ
drawn as about 5 mm. long in the more recently published
plate of the latter species (Chiropt. Mus. Berol. pl. viii. a).
SCLERONYCTERIS, g. n. ( Glossophagine).
Like Cheronycteris, but molars and premolars more normal
in structure.
External characters, general shape of skull *, and dental
formula all as in Cheronycteris. Zygomata not ossified.
Yhin unusually prominent, projecting both forwards apd
downwards. Interfemoral membrane broad.
Upper teeth.—Incisors comparatively large, the space be-
tween the inner pair not greater than the diameter of one of
* The only skull is imperfect in the pterygoid region, so that the
relationship to Hylonycteris cannot be stated. That genus agrees with
Charonycteris in its dental characters.
new Bats and Rodents from S. America. 405
these teeth. Outer pair slightly larger than inner, Pre-
molars normal in shape and size, not of the peculiar narrow
elongate shape of those of Cheronycteris, but evenly oval in
outline, each with one main cusp and without anterior or
posterior secondary cusps; the anterior about two-thirds the
size of the posterior. Molars broader than in the allied
genus, their outer border straight, inner evenly convex ; the
hinder of the two main cusps, which are seen in lateral view,
pushed inwards by an external broadening tending in the
direction of the usual W-shaped structure of ordinary
Glossophagine bats; but the anterior main cusp absolutely
at the external edge of the tooth.
Lower teeth —Incisors absent. Canines with well-marked
posterior basal ledge. Premolars quite normal in shape,
elongate oval in outline, increasing slightly in size from
before backwards, nearly touching one another, therefore
very different from the abnormal linear widely separated
lower premolars of Cheronycteris, the anterior of which is the
longest of the three. Lower molars nearly oval in outline,
with something of the normal triangle in front and a broad
deeply concave talon behind.
Type :—
Scleronycterts ega, sp. n.
General external characters as in Charonycteris minor.
Colour above Prout’s brown, paler at bases of hairs, blackish
at tip. Under surface rather lighter, except on the chin and
interramia, where the colour is as dark as on the back.
Palate-ridges three undivided and five divided. ‘Tail present,
its tip appearing on the upper surface of the membrane.
Dimensions of the type (measured in skin) :-—
Forearm 35 mm.
Head and body 57; tail 6; third finger, metacarpus 34,
first phalanx 14, second phalanx 18; lower leg and hind
foot (c. u.) 20; calcar 7.
Skull: greatest length (c.) 22 ; breadth of brain-case 9 ;
front of canine to back of m’° 7:4, greatest breadth between
outer corners of m? 4°8; horizontal length of p* 0:9, p, 0°7,
ps 1:0.
Hab. Ega, Amazons.
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 7,1.1.671. Original
number 171. Tomes’s number 212a. Collected by H. W.
Bates. From the Tomes Collection.
The type specimen has only recently had its skull extracted,
so that its peculiar characters have not hitherto been
observed. It is a most interesting form, as tending to
406 Mr. O. Thomas on
connect the aberrant Cheronycteris and Hylonycteris with the
more normal-toothed members of the Glossophagine.
Phyllotis magister, sp. n.
General characters of Ph. darwint; size greater than in
any other species of the genus.
Size conspicuously greater than in Ph. darwint. Fur of
medium length and thickness. General colour above grizzled
drabby grey, with slight buffy suffusion. Under surface dull
creamy whitish, the bases of the hairs slaty. ars large, as -
in the allied species ; pale brown. Hands and feet large and
heavy, their upper surfaces white. ‘Tail long, well haired,
blackish brown above, white below.
Skull as in darwini, but conspicuously larger throughout.
Supraorbital edges not very sharply ridged.
Dimensions of the type, measured in the flesh :—
Head and body 152 mm.; tail 158; hind foot 32;
ear 29.
Skull: greatest length 36°8 ; condylo-incisive length 34:2 ;
zygomatic breadth 18:5; nasals 15°3 ; interorbital breadth
4°5 ; palatilar length 16°6 ; palatal foramina 9; upper molar
series 6.
Hab. Arequipa, Peru. Alt. 2300 m.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 0.10.1.31. Original num-
ber 997. Collected 29th March, 1900, by Perry O. Simons.
Presented by Oldfield Thomas.
This fine species is represented by a single specimen caught
at the same place as a number of examples representing the
northern form of Ph. darwini,a species in which the head
and body length rarely exceeds 125 mm. and the skull
length 33 mm. Its large molars and heavy rat-like feet also
considerably surpass those of that animal.
Phyllotis darwint posticalis, subsp. n.
Proportions about as in true darwinz. Fur very long,
summer specimens with the wool-hair of the back very thick,
about 15 mm. in length. General colour dark, little buffy,
about as in typical Chilian darwini or in lutescens, therefore
very different from the paler and more buffy forms inhabiting
Southern Peru and the highlands of Bolivia. ‘Tail rather
longer than head and body, thickly hairy, the hairs practi-
cally hiding the scales, blackish above, sharply contrasted
white below.
Skull as in true darwini, the teeth slightly larger.
new Bats and Rodents from S. America. 407.
Dimensions of two specimens, measured in flesh ; the first
the type :—
Head and body 117 and 125 mm.; tail 122 and 135 ;
hind foot 25 and 30; ear 27 and 26.
Skull of type: greatest length 30°7; condylo-incisive
length 28°1; interorbital breadth 4; palatilar length 13°6 ;
palatal foramina 7:2 ; upper molar series 5:3.
Hab. Galéra, W. of Oroya, Department of Junin, Peru.
Alt. 4800 m.
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 0.7.7.38. Original
number 870. Collected 26th February, 1900, by P. O.
Simons. Presented by Oldfield Thomas.
This is a dark well-haired mountain race of Ph. darwini,
a widely spread species which ranges over the whole Andean
area from Central Peru at least as far south as Santiago and
Valparaiso in Chili, whence the Museum owes a good series .
from our generous correspondent Mr. J. A. Wolffsohn. By
its dark colour it resembles the southern forms and differs
from the other Peruvian and Bolivian representatives of
darwint, which are pale and may mostly be referred to the
following subspecies.
Phyllotis darwint limatus, subsp. n.
A pale race of Ph. darwint.
Size as in true darwinit. Fur fine and soft. General
colour pale greyish drab with a variable suffusion of buffy ;
the sides especially buffy. Face clearer grey. Under
surface dull creamy white. [ars large, pale brown. Hands
and feet white. Tail not very heavily haired, brown above
and white below, some specimens with an all-white tail-
tip.
Skull as in true darwini.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 115 mm. ; tail 150 (generally 1380-135) ;
hind foot 25 ; ear 28.
Skull: greatest length 31:4; condylo-incisive length 29:2 ;
zygomatic breadth 16 ; interorbital breadth 4-4; upper molar
series 4°8.
Hab. Chosica, near Lima, Peru. Alt. 850 m.
Type. Old male. B.M. no. 0.5. 7.48. Original number
820. Collected 29th January, 1900, by Perry O. Simons.
Presented by Oldfield Thomas.
This northern representative of PA. darwint is paler and
has a longer tail than the typical Chilian form. Specimens
referable to it are in the Museum from various parts of the
408 Mr. O. Thomas on
highlands of Peru and Bolivia, including Caylloma, Arequipa,
La Paz, &c. Further eastwards it probably grades into the
form I named wolffsohn?, which has, however, a rather
differently shaped skull.
Phyllotis darwint tucumanus, subsp. n.
Proportions as in darwini. Colour dark. Nasals narrow.
Size about as in true darwint. Fur long and fine.
General colour dark, about as in Ph. lutescens. Under
surface dull soiled greyish buffy, less white than in most of
the races of darwint. Ears not very large. Hands and feet
white. ‘T'ail rather longer than head and body, well haired,
blackish above, white below.
Skull slightly smaller than that of true darwinz, rather
larger than that of dutescens. Nasals comparatively narrow,
tapering backwards to a fine point. Interorbital region
narrow, its edges less sharply angular than usual.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 107 mm.; tail (“two or three vertebre
lost”) 110; hind foot 24; ear 22.
Skull: greatest length 31 ; condylo-incisive length 29:2;
zygomatic breadth 15°8; nasals 13:5; interorbital breadth 4 ;
palatilar length 14°5; palatal foramina 7-8 ; upper molar
series 5°2.
FTab. Cunbre de Mala-mala, Sierra de Tucuman. Alt.
3300 m.
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 4.10.2.6. Original
number 3027. Collected 10th April, 1904, by E. Dinelli.
Presented by Oldfield Thomas. ‘T'wo specimens.
The skull of this animal is somewhat intermediate between
that of Ph. darwini and Ph. lutescens, but I consider it pro-
visionally as being more allied to the former. No species of
this group have been previously recorded from anywhere
near Tucuman.
Phyllotis darwini vaccarum, subsp. n.
A mountain race of Ph. darwini, with long hair and
yellowish rump.
Size larger than in true darwint of the Central Chilian
lowlands. Fur very long; hairs of back about 15 mm, in
length. General colour paler than in true darwin?, the upper
surface suffused with butty, especially on the ramp, which is
strong clear buffy. Face greyer. Under surtace of the
usual dull greyish white. Hands and feet white. ‘Tiail
heavily haired, dark brown above, white below.
new Bats and Rodents from S, America. 409
Skuli longer than in any of the available specimens of
true darwini, its interorbital region narrow, sharply edged,
concave mesially.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 130 mm.; tail 140; hind foot 28;
ear 27.
Skull: greatest length 34; condylo-incisive length 31-7;
zygomatic breadth 17°5 ; nasals 13°7 ; interorbital breadth 4 ;
palatilar length 16°2; palatal foramina 84; upper molar
series 5°8.
Hab. Las Vacas, Argentine slope of Cordillera opposite
Mendoza. Alt. 2500 m.
Type. Old male. B.M. no. 2.2.5.51. Collected 15th
November, 1901, by P. O. Simons. Presented by Oldfield
Thomas. .
This Phyllotis, found at the well-known station of Las
Vacas, on the Andean route between Mendoza and Santiago,
differs from the true Ph. darwini of the Chilian plains by its
rather larger size, longer skull, sharply edged interorbital
region, long fur, and buffy-coloured rump. It was also
obtained by Philip Gosse at Puente del Inca, about 9000,
but there is no evidence as to whether these animals are able
to surmount the Andean chain (altitude of pass 12,800!) or
whether the eastern and western races are now completely
isolated.
None of Philippi’s numerous species of “ Aus” that are
referable to Phyllotis darwixi are inhabitants of the high
Andes.
Phyllotis andium, sp. n.
Like Ph. haggardi, but tail much longer.
Size and general characters as in haggardi. Colour a
little darker grey on the average, but the difference is neither
great nor constant. Under surface dull greyish white slightly
tinged with buffy. Kars not immensely large, greyish
brown. Hands and feet white. Tail considerably and
uniformly longer than in haggard?, brown above, white
below.
Skull slightly larger and heavier than in haggardi, smaller
than that of darwint, with which it agrees in general
proportions,
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and. body 115 mm.; tail 119; hind foot 25;
ear 21. ;
Skull: greatest length 28°7 ; condylo-incisive length 26°8 ;
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. a:
410 Mr. O. Thomas on
zygomatic breadth 15:2; nasals 11°3 ; interorbital breadth
4°3 ; palatilar length 13°2; palatal foramina 7; upper molar
series 4°4,
Hab. Ecuador and Peru, along the Andean chain. Type
from Cafiar, Ecuador. Alt. 2600 m.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 99.9.9.68. Original
number 267. Collected 18th April, 1899, by P. O. Simons.
Presented by Oldfield Thomas.
The numerous examples of this Phyllotis obtained by
Mr. Simons in the mountains of Ecuador and Peru have
been hitherto looked upon as referable to Ph. haggardt, but
additional specimens of the latter, received since its first
description, show that it always has a comparatively short
tail (85-90 mm.), while that of Ph. andium is rarely less
than 115 mm. in length.
Euneomys mordax, sp. n.
A large heavily built greyish species, with normal-sized
claws.
Size large, much larger than in the southern species
E. chinchilloides and petersoni, more as in EL. fossor, Fur
long, thick, and woolly; hairs of back about 12-13 mm. in
length. General colour dull greyish, too much faded in the
type for exact description. Under surface lighter, not sharply
defined, the hairs broadly washed with cream-buff. Ears of
medium length, well-haired, the proectote blackish. Hands
and feet dull greyish white above ; fore claws of normal
length, not elongated as in FH. fossor. Tail thickly haired,
greyish white with an indistinct darker line above.
Skull stout and heavily built, very like that of EZ. fossor
and quite unlike that of the comparatively delicate 1. chin-
chillotdes. ‘he supraorbital edges are, however, less sharply
angular than in 4. fossor, the muzzle and palatal foramina
are shorter, and the teeth are smaller. Incisors very broad
and heavy, strongly grooved.
Dimensions of the type (measured on the dry skin) :—
Head and body (no doubt stretched) 147; tail (vertebrae
dried in) 78 ; hind foot 28.
Skull (old, with worn teeth) : condylo-incisive length 31 ;
zygomatic breadth 20 ; interorbital breadth 4:7; breadth of
brain-case 16; palatilar length 15°7; diastema 9; palatal
foramina 7°6 ; upper molar series 6°1.
Hab. Fort San Rafael, Province of Mendoza.
Type. Old female. B.M. no. 55.12. 24.199. Collected
by Mr. T. Bridges.
new Bats and Rodents from S. America. 411
In general proportions of body and skull this species
resembles the Salta EH. fossor, but is distinguished by its
normal-sized claws, that animal having them elongated as in
the subgenus Chelemys.
Reithrodon cuniculoides lammarum, subsp. n.
A large pale race of R. cuniculoides.
Size comparatively large, larger than in any other member
of the genus. General colour pale, as in the typical race,
much paler than in the inland forms hatchert and obscurus.
Posterior back suffused with buffy. Sides with the buffy
wash at a maximum, the flanks and under surface bright
“buff.” Feet and tail heavily haired, the latter with a well-
defined dark line along its upper surface.
Skull longer and more bowed than in the allied forms, so
that the height is markedly greater.
Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—
Head and body 169 mm. ; tail 100; hind foot (s. u.) 34;
ear 18.
Skull: greatest length 37-4 ; condylo-incisive length 34°8 ;
zygomatic breadth 21; nasals 16-7; interorbital breadth 4°4 ;
height from anterior base of m* 12°3; palatilar length 19 ;
palatal foramina 11; upper molar series 6:4.
Hab. Tierra del Fuego. Type from Spring-hill, in the
north of the island.
Type. Adult male. B.M.no.9.9.10.1. Original number
357. Collected 15th June, 1909, by Dr. W. H. France, and
presented through Mr. J. A. Wolffsohn, of Valparaiso.
The Tierra del Fuego Retthrodon seems to be rather
larger than the typical form of Hastern Patagonia and is paler
coloured than the two inland races described by Dr. Allen,
R. c. obscurus of Punta Arenas* and BR. hatcheri of the
Cordilleras farther north. How these two latter differ from
each other is not clear, as each is simply diagnosed as being
darker than R. cuniculoides. Dr. Allen has given the skull-
length of a series of three cuniculovdes as 33-35 mm., while
the type skull of Aatchert is 35°7 in length. The Tierra del
Fuego animal, with a skull-length of 37:4, is therefore
markedly larger than either.
* Probably pachycephalus, Philippi, 1900, based on a young specimen :
cf. Wolffsohn, Bol. Mus, Chile, ii, p. 101 (1910).
412 Dr. F. Haas on new Shells
LITI.—New Land and Freshwater Shells collected by Dr. J.
Elbert in the Malay Archipelago. By Dr. F. Haas,
Frankfurt-a.-M.
THE collection upon which the present paper is based was
made by Dr. J. Elbert in the islands of South Celebes,
Moena, Boeton, Kabaéna, Lombok, Soembawa, Flores, and
Wetar. It contained a considerable number of new species
and subspecies, which are described below. The types are
in the Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt-a.-M.
(1) Xesta everetti elberti, subsp. n.
Distinguished from typical X. everetti by its more conic
form, more convex whorls, purple epidermis, and more opened
umbilicus.
Diam. maj. 47, diam. min. 40 mm. ; alt. 44 mm.
Type locality. Tongkok, Soembawa.
Specimen examined 1.
(2) Hemiplecia (Rhysota) rugulosa, sp. n.
Shell perforate, depressed conic, rather solid, striulate, with
faint spiral lines and numerous elevated regular ruge ; some-
what shining, yellowish to brown, with a light peripheral
and a dark subperipheral band; whorls. 52, regularly in-
creasing, the upper ones somewhat flattened, only with
marked oblique ruge, the lower ones more convex, with less
maiked oblique, and faint, somewhat undulating spiral lines ;
last whorl very broad, not deflexed anteriorly ; suture im-
pressed, submargined ; aperture oblique, ovate-lunate ; peri-
stome sharp, not expanded, columellar margin reflexed above
the umbilicus.
Diam. maj. 49, diam. min. 41 mm.; alt. 35 mm.
Type locality. Mengkoka, 8.1. Celebes.
Specimens examined 8.
(3) Xesta rugosissima wetarana, subsp. n.
This local form differs from typical X. rugosisst¢ma by its
somewhat lower spire, more convex whorls, and by not being
carinate at the periphery of the last whorl.
Diam. maj. 29, diam. min. 24 mm.; alt. 19 mm.
Type locality. Tihoe, Wetar; another specimen from
Tlwaki, Wetar.
Specimens examined 2.
from the Malay Archipelago. 413
(4) Hemiplecta rasor?, sp. n.
Shell perforate, thin, diaphanous, densely and obliquely
striate above, with a few faint spiral strie, greyish brown,
slightly striulate and shining below; spire low, conically
globose, suture faint, appressed ; whorls 5, rapidly increasing,
the apical ones polished, the following ones flattened and
scarcely striate, the last convex, densely striate, with an
indistinct darker supraperipheral band, not descending ante-
riorly ; aperture oblique, ovate; peristome faint, not ex-
panded, columellar margin reflexed above the umbilicus.
Diam. maj. 39, diam. min. 32 mm.; alt. 24 mm.
Type locality. Raha, island of Moena, off S.E. Celebes.
Specimen examined 1.
(5) Hemiplecta demmeri, sp. n.
Shell narrowly perforate, diaphanous, minutely and
obliquely striate above, almost polished and shining below,
covered with a very subtile green epidermis ; spire depressed
conic, apex rather well marked; whorls 54, regularly in-
creasing, the upper ones somewhat flattened, the last very
convex, not descending anteriorly ; suture well impressed ;
aperture oblique, ovate; peristome not thickened nor ex-
panded, columellar margin reflexed above the umbilicus.
Diam. maj. 33, diam. min. 27 mun. ; alt. 22 mm.
Type locality. Tongkok, Soembawa; another specimen
from Dompoe Plain, Soembawa,
Specimens examined 2.
| (6) Nanina trauti, sp. n.
Shell perforate, rather solid, densely and obliquely striate
above, with a few faint spiral striz, light chestnut, slightly
striulate and shining below, umbilicus dark chestnut; spire
depressed conic, apex distinctly marked; whorls 64, the
upper ones flattened and rather polished ; the last scarcely
deflexed anteriorly, convex, very striate, with a white peri-
pheral band and a narrow dark chestnut one below it ; suture
faint, appressed; aperture narrow, ovate, peristome not
thickened nor expanded, columellar margin partly covering
the umbilicus.
Diam maj. 31, diam. min. 26 mm..; alt. 20 mm.
Type locality. Baoe-baoe, Boeton, off S.E. Celebes.
Specimens examined 2.
414 Dr. F. Haas on new Shells
(7) Nanina butonensis hageni, subsp. n.
Distinguished from typical NV. butonensis by its higher
spire, more convex whorls, chestnut-coloured umbilicus, and
by the distinctly marked black peripheral band on the last
whorl.
Diam. maj. 33, diam. min. 28 mm.; alt. 22 mm.
Type locality. Baoe-baoe, Boeton.
Specimens examined 3.
(8) Nanina butonensis rarimaculata, subsp. n.
Nearly related to typical N. butonensis, but somewhat
larger, with two peripheral bands on the last whorl which are
not connected at the aperture, and the last whorl above the
upper band densely spotted with black ; umbilicus dark.
Diam, maj. 36, diam. min. 30 mm. ; alt. 21 mm.
Type locality. Lipoemangaoe, 8... Boeton.
Specimens examined 4.
(9) Hverettia iridescens, sp. n.
Shell small, moderately umbilicated, thin, corneous,
shining and iridescent, very minutely striate above and
below ; spire much depressed, apex blunt, suture rather deep ;
whorls 54, rounded at the periphery, somewhat flattened
above and below, regularly increasing; last whorl not
descending anteriorly ; aperture oblique, lunate; peristome
thin, not thickened nor expanded; columellar margin some-
what reflexed upon the umbilicus.
Diam. maj. 8°5, diam. min. 7°5 mm.; alt. 4 mm.
Type locality. Swela, island of Lombok,
Specimens examined 2,
(10) Lrochomorpha ( Videna) sterni, sp. n.
Shell widely umbilicated, acutely keeled, thin, minutely
and regularly striate above and below, pale corneous, with a
dark chestnut, narrow band both above and below the keel;
spire depressed, apex obtuse ; whorls 54, regularly increasing,
rather flattened below, the last obtusely angulated round the
deep umbilicus, not descending anteriorly ; suture very faint,
appressed ; peristome thin, columellar margin not reflexed.
Diam. maj. 15°5, diam. min. 13°3 mm. ; alt. 5°5 mm.
Type locality. ‘Lihoe, island of Wetar.
Specimen examined 1.
from the Malay Archipelago. 415
(11) Trochomorpha (Videna) griindler?, sp, n.
Shell widely umbilicated, acutely keeled, thin, minutely
and densely striated above and below, the striz decussated
below by faint undulated spiral lines ; pale corneous, with a
broad chestnut band both above and below the keel, shining ;
spire rather depressed, apex obtuse but distinctly marked ;
whorls 54, regularly increasing, the last obtusely angulated
round the umbilicus, not descending anteriorly ; suture faint,
somewhat appressed ; peristome thin, columellar margin not
reflexed.
Diam. maj. 11, diam. min. 10 mm. ; alt. 5 mm.
Type locality. Swela, island of Lombok; some more
specimens from Sadjang, island of Lombok.
Specimens examined 6.
(12) Chloriti’s planorbina, sp. n.
Shell discoid, widely umbilicated, thin, brownish corneous,
with a slight trace of a darker band near the suture, paler
below, finely striated; spire somewhat impressed ; whorls 4},
the first ones increasing regularly, the last almost suddenly,
slightly dilated towards the aperture, descending distinctly in
front ; aperture somewhat oblique, subovate ; peristome thin,
slightly reflexed, reddish, whitish at the columellar margin ;
the latter slightly overhanging the umbilicus.
Diam, maj. 24, diam. min. 19°5 mm.; alt. 11°5 mm.
Type locality. Roembia, 8.E. Celebes.
Specimens examined 2.
(13) Amphidromus wetaranus, sp. n.
Shell oblong-conic, sinistral, nearly imperforate, solid ;
whorls 64, rather convex, pale yellow, with oblique greyish-
purple stripes showing a tendency to break up and to form
spira Jbands; apex obtuse, dark brown; aperture very high ;
peristome slightly expanded and reflexed, whitish and shining
inside.
Long. 37, diam. 18 mm.
Type locality. Tihoe, island of Wetar.
Specimen examined 1.
(14) Clausilia (Pseudonenia) simillima kabaéne, subsp. n,
Nearly allied to typical Cl. sémillima, but easily distin-
guished from it by its smaller size and by its mouth being
416 Dr. F. Haas on new Shells
much more elliptical and not so high as in specimens of the
typical form.
Long. 18°5, diam. 3°5 mm.
Type locality. Kabaéna Island, off S.E. Celebes.
Specimens examined 6.
(15) Prosopeas elberti, sp. n.
Shell very high, imperforate, subsolid, finely striated,
pale corneous; spire high conic, turreted, apex very blunt ;
whorls 104, the upper ones somewhat convex, the others
nearly flat, gradually increasing in breadth; suture incised ;
aperture piriform, rather acute above, effuse basally ; peri-
stome sharp, not reflexed, terminations connected by a flat
shining callus, columellar margin’ whitish, somewhat
thickened.
Long. 36°5, diam. 10 mm.
Type locality. Sadjang, Lombok.
Specimen examined 1.
(16) Prosopeas hasta, sp. n. ‘
Shell imperforate, cylindric-turreted, densely and minutely
striated, whitish corneous ; spire very high and slender, apex
obtuse, suture rather deep, impressed; whorls 104, the upper
ones somewhat convex, the others more flattened ; aperture
nearly vertically, narrowly piriform, acute above; peristome
thin, columellar margin thickened, reflexed.
Long. 16, diam. 4°5 mm.
Type locality. Swela, Lombok ; some more specimens from
Sadjang, Lombok.
Specimens examined 3.
(17) Limncea javanica elberte, subsp. n.
Distinguished from typical 1. javanica by its higher spire,
less convex whorls, and enormous fragility.
Long. 27, diam. 14°5 mm.
Type locality. Swamps of Sembaloen Plain, Lombok.
Specimens examined 135.
(18) Limnea javanica nana, subsp. n.
A dwarfed solid form of Z. javanica, with flattened whorls
and thickened, reflexed peristome.
Long. 11, diam. 6 mm.
Type locality. Rapids of Kali Poetih River, Lombok.
Specimens examined 26.
from the Malay Archipelago. 417
(19) Planorbis (Gyraulis) elberti, sp. n.
Shell discoidal, rather thin, semitransparent, pale horn-
colour; spire somewhat concave; whorls 53, rapidly in-
creasing, densely striated, the last obtusely carinated at its
periphery ; suture deeply impressed ; base of shell concave ;
aperture somewhat rhomboidal, a little broader than high,
rounded above and below, angulated laterally ; peristome
thin, acute.
Diam. maj. 7°5, diam. min. 6°5 mm. ; alt. 1°75 mm.
Type locality. Swamps of Sembaloen Plain, Lombok ; some
more specimens from Sadjang, Lombok.
Specimens examined 47.
(20) Cyclotus discoideus, sp. n.
Shell very depressed-conic, nearly discoid, widely umbili-
cated, solid, faintly and densely striated above and below,
pale horn-colour, marbled with dark brown, and with a
narrow dark subperipheral band ; apex obtuse ; whorls 43,
regularly increasing, the last slowly descending anteriorly ;
suture well impressed ; aperture circular, somewhat oblique ;
peristome double, the inner margin simple, the outer thickened
and somewhat expanded.
Diam. maj. 18:5, diam. min. 15 mm.; alt. 11 mm.
Type locality. Kabaéna Island, off S.E. Celebes.
Specimens examined 17,
(21) Cyclophorus wetaranus, sp. n.
Shell somewhat depressed-conic, umbilicated, solid, very
faintly striated above, nearly smooth below, pale to dark
horn-colour, with very indistinct darker markings and a
narrow dark subperipheral band; apex obtuse; whorls 5,
regularly increasing, the last swollen, somewhat descending
anteriorly ; suture distinctly impressed ; aperture circular,
somewhat oblique; peristome somewhat thickened, slightly
expanded, with a slight whitish callus inside.
Diam. maj. 14, diam. min. 11 mm. ; alt. 11°5 mm.
Type locality. Ilwaki, Wetar; other locality, Tihoe,
Wetar.
Specimens examined 9.
(22) Lagochilus tricarinatus, sp. n.
Shell conic, umbilicated, solid, with a strong peripheral
and a faint keel both above and below it, finely striated, horn-
418 Dr. F. Haas on new Shells
colour, with dark undulating oblique striz between the suture
and the uppermost keel; apex distinctly marked; whorls 6,
rapidly increasing, the last somewhat descending anteriorly ;
suture well impressed ; aperture oblique, circular ; peristome
somewhat thickened and expanded, the margins connected
by a faint columellar callus.
Diam. maj. 7, diam. min. 6°25 mm. ; alt. 6°5 mm.
Type locality. Kabaéna Island.
Specimen examined 1.
(23) Leptopoma celebesianum concolor, subsp. n.
Smaller than typical L. celebesianum, wider umbilicated,
extremely fine sculptured, and of a uniform whitish colour.
Diam. maj. 8°5, diam. min. 7 mm. ; alt. 8°25 mm.
Type locality. Mengkoka, 8.E. Celebes.
Specimen examined 1,
(24) Vivipara javanica soembawana, subsp. n.
Differs from typical V. javanica by its more globular
general form, lower spire, and more convex whorls.
Diam. maj. 18, diam. min. 16 mm.; alt. 23 mm.
Type locality. Dompoe, Soembawa.
Specimen examined 1.
(25) Vevipara javanica lombocensis, subsp. n.
This loeal form is strikingly similar to V. yavanica borneensis,
Kob., from which it is distinguished by its smaller size, lower
spire, better impressed suture, and more convex whorls.
Diam. maj. 17°5, diam.*min. 15 mm. ; alt. 23 mm,
Type locality. Bajan, Lombok,
Specimens examined 16.
(26) Nerttina (Clithon) soembawana, sp. n.
Shell semiglobose, very solid, densely striated or rugose,
without spines, greyish brown to dark brown, dull, often very
indistinctly marbled; last whorl distinctly shouldered ; aper-
ture white or yellowish white ; columellar area rather smooth,
columellar edge finely dentate and with a blunt tooth in its
upper part.
Diam, 20°5, alt. 17 mm.
Type locality. Bima, Soembawa.
Specimens examined 19,
from the Malay Archipelago. 419
(27) Neritina (Neritina) wetarana, sp. n.
Shell semiglobose, very solid, densely and minutely
striated, light brown with an irregular black network pattern,
or a nearly uniform black with small yellow markings ; apex
distinctly marked; aperture bluish white; columellar area
smooth, polished.
Diam. 20, alt. 19 mm.
Type locality. Ilwaki River, near Ilmedo, Wetar.
Specimens examined 19.
(28) Septaria elberti, sp. n.
Shell oviform, rather rounded anteriorly, somewhat pointed
behind, moderately inflated, rather solid; apex very distinctly
projecting beyond the posterior margin, worn away below ;
epidermis light to dark brown, with narrow, oblique, dark
bands showing the tendency to form a network laterally and
posteriorly ; septum rather broad, with a distinctly convex
margin ; inside uniformly bluish white.
Length 24°5, breadth 20, height 8 mm.
Type locality. Kali Spi, Flores; some more specimens
from an unnamed locality in Flores,
Specimens examined 7,
(29) Tarebia celebensis boetonensis, subsp. n.
Distinguished from typical 7’. celebensis by its much more
conic spire, more convex last whorl, and by the sculpture
showing nodules only on the upper part of the whorls.
Length 24, diam. 9°5 mm.
Type locality. Lipoemangaoe, 8.E. Boeton.
Specimens examined 13,
(30) Plotia scabra sublevis, subsp. n.
A slender, high conic, and nearly smooth form of P. scabra,
related to von Martens’s P. scabra mutica, but distinguished
from it by its higher whorls, by a very indistinct angle on
the uppermost portion of the last two whorls, and by its high,
natrow, piriform aperture.
Length 26, diam. 11 mm,
Type locality. Sadjang, Lombok.
Specimens examined 12,
(31) Melanoides striatissimus, sp. n.
Shell high conic, solid, light brown to black, often with
420 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on
very distinct marks of growth; whorls 93, the upper ones
smooth, somewhat flattened, the last three with numerous
elevated spiral ledges, rather convex, especially the last ;
suture moderately impressed; aperture piriform, greyish
white inside ; columella somewhat bent in.
Length 32°5, diam. 12 mm.
Type locality. Kabaéna.
Specimens examined 23.
(32) Melanotdes crepidinatus ventricosulus, subsp. n.
Distinguished from typical J. crepidinatus by its more
slender general form and by its much more convex last
whorls ; adult specimens are always decollated.
Type locality. Mengkoka, 8.E. Celebes.
Specimens examined 28.
(33) Melanoides tuberculatus nudatus, subsp. n.
A high smooth form of JZ. tuberculatus, nearly related to
AM. tuberculatus seminudus, Marts., but easily distinguished
from it by its more convex whorls, deeply impressed suture,
pointed apex, and by the nearly complete lack of spiral
sculpture.
Length 34, diam. 12 mm.
Type locality. Segare Anak, Lombok.
Specimens examined 45.
LIV.—Descriptions of new Reptiles from the Andes of South
America, preserved in the British Museum. By G.'A,
Bou.enGEr, F.R.S.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Tropidurus holotropis.
Upper head-scales large, keeled; a series of four trans-
versely enlarged supraoculars, more than half as broad as
the supraocular region; occipital very large, as long as
broad ; anterior border of ear scarcely denticulated. A strong
transverse gular fold; side of neck with imbricate keeled
scales, directed backwards and upwards. Body moderately
depressed ; a vertebral crest, well developed on the nape,
gradually decreasing in height on the body ; dorsal scales
new Lteptiles from the Andes. 421
rather large, strongly keeled and mucronate, the keels
directed obliquely towards the vertebral line ; ventral scales
smaller, also strongly keeled ; 49 scales round the middle of
the body. The adpressed hind limb reaches the eye. Tail
cylindrical, without crest, covered with unequal-sized scales,
the largest of which are smaller than the dorsals. Dark
brown above and on the throat; small black spots on the
back and on the hind limbs ; a large, black, light-edged spot
at the angle of the mouth; gular fold white in front, black
behind; fore limb pale grey, with black bars; belly
brownish.
mm,
Lotal leneth ys yay. Sita) OFA Ss ewe 260
Fi caa) ois asd thats hictanaerd Aero ae o ak 19
Waidthy of Regd. : : sais i ace uly xs noe 18
Bro eee tome nan cig oe ee ec coes 56
Fare mb's. U7. 2: Sopdet Sripocop bile c 43
Eisnd limaie a0 92. ts Pate. TRS ee 60
Rahs cet asay «sedate gs.5) s, caleg isauriaas «Mast 185
A single specimen from Alpayaca, Rio Pastaza, E. Ecuador,
3600 feet, from the collection of Mr. M. G. Palmer.
Ptychoglossus brevifrontalis.
Head short ; snout subtruncate. Frontonasal broader than
long ; pretrontals forming a short suture ; frontal not longer
than broad, but slightly longer than the frontonasal or the
frontoparietals ; interparietal nearly as broad as the parietals ;
no occipitals ; a small loreal ; seven upper labials, third very
long; five lower labials ; chin-shields very large, one antericr
and three pairs, the first two pairs in contact on the median
line. Gular scales squarish, in 7 transverse series ; collar
formed of 7 shields, Dorsal scales in 24 longitudinal and
33 transverse series; ventrals a little longer than broad, in 8
longitudinal and 18 transverse series. Four preanals, median
pair the larger. The hind limb reaches the wrist, the fore
limb between the ear and the eye; scales on limbs smooth.
14 femoral pores on each side. Brown above, mottled with
black ; an interrupted yellowish streak on each side, from
above the eye to the tail ; below it a black streak, broken up
into spots towards the middle of the body ; lower parts white.
mm
ead: 0 Bee: 12
Widthrof head css see eee BR O1O
From end of snout to fore limb........ 22
ss 5 VEU aye « bales,» iss 65
Ore LM). ..ccn «as cree meee aera he oes 15
Hind limb 1 9'@ 60) OW Che ereralele wv 8 Bere a 6h 8 24
422 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on
A single specimen from El Topo, Rio Pastaza, EH. Ecuador,
4200 feet, from the collection of Mr. M. G. Palmer.
Leptognathus palmer.
Body slender, strongly compressed. [ye large. Rostral
broader than deep, just visible from above ; internasals nearly
half as long as the prefrontals ; frontal slightly broader than
long, shorter than its distance from the end of the snout and
than the parietals ; nasal divided ; loreal a little deeper than
long, bordering the eye, with a preocular above it ; two post-
oculars; temporals 243; nine upper labials, fourth, fifth,
and sixth entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with
its fellow behind the symphysial ; three pairs of chin-shields,
anterior longer than broad. Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals
enlarged but longer than broad. Ventrals 187; anal entire ;
subcaudals 120. Reddish brown, with broad blackish-brown
annuli, edged with yellowish, on the anterior part of the
body ; further down these annuli are gradually replaced by
pairs of large alternating spots which approximate on the
vertebral line but are widely separated on the belly; head
blackish brown, with yellowish-white bars on the labial
shields and a few light dots on the loreal and temporal
regions.
Total length 950 ; tail 310 mm.
A single maie specimen from El Topo, Rio Pastaza,
E. Ecuador, 4200 teet, from the collection of Mr. M. G.
Palmer.
Allied to Z. alternans, Fisch. Distinguished by the shorter
frontal, the divided nasal, and the absence of a lower pre-
ocular. Distinguished from JZ. boliviana, Werner, from
Bolivia, by the shorter frontal and the presence of two super-
posed anterior temporals.
Leptognathus polylepis.
Body slender, rather strongly compressed. Lye large.
Rostral broader than deep, scarcely visible from above ;
internasals nearly half as long as the preefrontals ; frontal as
long as broad, a little longer than its distance from the end
of the snout, much shorter than the parietals ; nasal divided ;
loreal as long as deep, bordering the eye, with a preocular
above it; two postoculars; temporals 2+33; nine upper
labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye; first lower
labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial ;
three pairs of chin-shields, anterior a little longer than broad.
new Reptiles from the Andes. 4233
Scales in 19 rows, vertebrals not enlarged. Ventrals 199 ;
anal entire ; subcaudals 94. Black, with narrow, whitish,
black-spotted cross-bars above, widening or bifurcating on
the sides; a few whitish spots on the upper lip, behind the
eye; belly lineolate with white.
Total length 950; tail 240 mm.
A single female specimen from Huancabamba, E. Peru,
above 3000 feet, from the collection of Mr. E. Boettger.
Allied to Z. alternans, Fisch. Distinguished from all the
species of the genus by the number of rows of scales.
Lachesis pleuroxanthus,
Head short, cordiform ; snout turned up at the end, with
sharp canthus. Rostral a little deeper than broad; nasal
divided; upper head-scales small, feebly imbricate, smooth
on snout and vertex, feebly keeled on occiput, larger and
more decidedly keeled on temples; supraocular large, sepa-
rated from its fellow by 8 series of scales; internasals sepa- .
rated by a pair of apicals; two or three series of scales
between the eye and the third and fourth upper labials ; loreal
pit separated from the uppex labials; latter 7. Scales rather
feebly keeled, in 23 rows. Ventrals 144; anal entire ; sub-
caudals 49 pairs. Tail not prehensile. Greyish above,
bright yellow on the sides, which bear A-shaped dark grey
markings, some of which meet on the back, each branch
terminating in a black spot; a dark streak, light-edged above,
from the eye to the angle of the mouth; sides and lower
surface of head bright yellow, without spots; belly closely
mottled with blackish, with a series of large black spots on
each side.
Total length 350; tail 55 mm.
A single female specimen from Alpayaca, Rio Pastaza,
K. Ecuador, 3600 feet, from the collection of Mr. M. G.
Palmer.
Closely allied to Z. microphthalmus, Cope. Distinguished
by the larger eye, the shorter body, and the feebly keeled
scales.
Lachesis chloromelas.
Snout rounded, with sharp canthus. Rostral as deep as
broad; nasal divided; upper head-scales keeled; a large
supraocular ; 5 or 6 longitudinal series of scales between the
supraoculars ; small frontal and parietal shields sometimes
present ; two series of scales between the eye and the third
and fourth upper labials; temporal scales strongly keeled ;
424 Mr. H. Scott on
7 upper labials, second forming the anterior border of the
loreal pit. Scales strongly keeled, in 23 or 25 rows. Ven-
trals 178-187; anal entire; subcaudals 41 (?) -63 (¢),
partly single, partly in pairs. Tail prehensile. Yellowish
green above, speckled with black, with large black irregular
spots, some of which may form cross-bars; the spots very
large on the top of the head, separated by narrow lines of
the ground-colour forming symmetrical markings ; a broad
black band on each side from the eye to the angle of the
mouth ; lower parts greenish yellow, speckled or spotted
with black ; end of tail bright yellow.
Total length 740; tail 110 mm.
Three specimens from Huancabamba, E. Peru, above
3000 feet, from the collection of Mr. E. Boettger.
Closely allied to Z. peruvianus, Blgr.; distinguished by the
rounded snout without raised canthus, the presence of two
series of scales between the eye and the labials, and the very
different coloration.
LV.-—A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Fauna of
Bromeliacee. By Hueu Scorr, M.A. (Cantab.), F.L.S.,
F.E.S., Curator in Entomology in the University of
Cambridge. Including Descriptions of new Insects by
W.L. Distant, F.E.S., and the late R. SHetrorp, M.A.,
iS.
[Plate X.]
Tne fauna inhabiting the spaces between the bases of
leaves of Monocotyledonous plants in the tropics offers for
investigation a fascinating field, in which that of the
Bromeliacez is pre-eminent in its interest. The curious
funnel-like form and closely fitting leaf-bases of these plants,
adapting them for the holding of water and organic detritus,
their distribution throughout the richest parts of the
Neotropical Region, their vast numbers of individuals and
frequent epiphytic habit, all lead to the expectation that
they may contain a rich and interesting series of animal
forms.
In a recent article* on “les Broméliacées épiphytes
* C. R. Ac. Sci., tome cliii. no. 20, 1911, p. 960: this article also
contains interesting remarks on the means by which Bromeliacese may
have become peopled by their fauna, &c.
the Fauna of Bromeliacee. 425
comme milieu biologique,’ Monsieur C. Picado has likened
the Bromeliacee and their contents taken as a whole to
“un grand maréeage fractionné, étendu dans toute ? Améri-
que intertropicale.’? The bromeliad marshes, he writes,
are very different from terrestrial marshes, owing to their
arboreal situation, restricted area, conditions of lighting, &c. ;
they are supplied not only with rain-water, but also with
water condensed daily from the atmosphere, and so they
may continue to contain water even at seasons when terres-
trial marshes are dried up; substances do not undergo a
real putrefaction in Bromeliacee *, but the water in them is
exceptionally pure. Dr. Ohaus also mentions (Stettin. ent.
Zeit. 1900, p. 211) that the water in bromeliads does not
disappear even in the dry season, and even in places whcre
sometimes rain does not fall for months. From this it can
be seen that the fauna is likely to be largely amphibious or
aquatic in nature.
Professor P. P. Calvert, who has given much time to the
study of the bromeliad fauna in Costa Rica, has published
several articles on the subject, dealing particularly with the
bromeliadicolous Odonate larve. Previously to his researches
nothing was known of the early stages of the remarkable
dragonflies of the genus J/ecistogaster, the larvee of which
are among the most interesting of the bromeliad dwellers.
In one paper he states that various forms of animal life are
found in the Bromeliaceze in many localities, 7. e. at very
different elevations and consequently under very different
climatie conditions: “cockroaches, earwigs, katydid-like
insects, larvee of beetles, of moths, of flies and of mosquitos,
ants....., snails, earthworms, scorpions, both true and
false, centipedes, and even snakes of poisonous repute are
common bromeliadicoli which we met in our examinations’’f.
In another article is given a long list t{ of the creatures
found in a single clump of Bromeliaceze near Juan Vifias,
a list which includes Odonate larve, a scorpion and a
pseudoscorpion, Phalangids, Coleoptera and Coleopterous
larve of many kinds (including Hydrophilide, Elateride, a
Lampyrid, an Endomychid, a weevil, &c.), Lepidopterous
and Dipterous larve, two Heteropterous bugs, an earwig, an
* See a second article by Picado, C. R. Ac. Sci., tome cliv. no. 9, 1912,
. 607.
- + From ‘Old Penn, Weekly Review of the University of Penn-
sylvania, ix. no. 6, pp. 165-170 (1910): an extract is given by Champion
in Ent. Mo. Mag. xxii. 1911, p. 17.
{ Ent. News Philad. xxii. 1911, pp. 402-11: the list referred to above
is quoted im extenso in Ent. Rec. xxiv. 1912, p. 76.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 29
426 Mr. H. Scott on
ant, &c. In another place in the same paper (p. 407)
spiders, slugs, and planarians are mentioned as being found
in Bromeliacez ; and (on p.411) Morton is cited as writing
(in litt.) that Fritz Miller once sent him cases of caddis-fly
larvee found in epiphytic bromeliads in the primeval forests
of Southern Brazil.,
To quote again the work* of Dr. Ohaus: in Brazil he
found that large Bromeliacee, growing both on trees and
on steep rock-faces, were rich hunting-grounds, containing
beetles (particularly Tenebrionide), many kinds of spiders,
myriapods, Peripatus, and numbers of Blattide. In the
water in the bromeliads he frequently found tree-frogs,
which deposit their spawn there; and he considers this not
an exceptional but a normal habit, persisted in even when
terrestrial pieces of water are quite close at hand. In a
later record + of South American travel he records finding a
dung-beetle, Aphengium seminudum, Bates, usually several
specimens together, in large Bromeliacee. These lists are
summarized to show the extent of the bromeliad fauna, and
for the sake of comparison with the results of my bromeliad
collecting in the West Indies, given below.
My own interest in the matter was roused by my
experiences in the Seychelles Islands during the Percy
Sladen Trust Expedition of 1908-9. Some of the most
interesting species of beetles were found there between leaf-
bases of certain endemic species of palms and Pandanus,
notably a true water-beetle (Dytiscid) in the latter. In
the paper describing my experiences a short account { is
given of this form of collecting, with a list of the creatures
found in leaf-bases of palms and Pandanus: a list which
includes earthworms, planarians, snails, woodlice, a scorpion,
Lepidopterous and Dipterous larve, Coleoptera and Coleo-
pterous larve of very different forms, earwigs, and a very
peculiar flattened form of cockroach described by Bolivar as
a new genus (Hololeptoblatta: a find in Pandanus very
interesting in connection with the discovery of the interesting
new bromeliadicolous cockroach described below).
Thus in the tropics of both hemispheres, and in other
plants besides Bromeliacee, an interesting and largely
aquatic or amphibious fauna dwells between the bases of the
leaves. Nor does this exhaust the list of curious situations
in which aquatic insects have been found in plants. In
* Stettin. ent. Zeit. 1900, pp. 211, 212.
+ Op. ert. 1909, p. 26.
} Trans. Lim. Soc. London, ser. 2, Zool. vol. xiv. 1910, p. 24.
the Fauna of Bromeliaceze. 427
Trinidad I was informed that many Culicid larve are some-
times found in the water that collects in the strange inflo-
rescences of Heliconiea (wild Musacez) ; and in the Sandwich
Islands Dr. Perkins found that nymphs of some dragonflies
exist and complete their development in the water accumu-
lated in the leaves of lilies growing on dry land *.
Therefore, during a short visit to Trinidad and Dominica
in March of this year, I determined to try to see something
of the bromeliad fauna. I was only able to examine Brome-
liaceze for this purpose on three occasions, in a single locality
in Trinidad and in two localities in Dominica. A_ brief
account of these investigations will be given, followed by
descriptions of four new species of bromeliadicolous insects.
I. Trinipap.—The locality was the actual summit of the
highest mountain in the island, El Tucuché, 3100 feet, in
the northern range of hills. My visit was made on March
20th, in company with Mr. F. W. Urich, Government Ento-
mologist, and Mr. W. G. Freeman, Assistant Director of
Agriculture, to both of whom I am greatly indebted for
much kindness and help. Having left Port of Spain at
daybreak and travelled by rail to St. Joseph, formerly the
capital, we then drove northwards into the mountains up
the Maracas valley as far as the road is passable for vehicles.
We then climbed the steep side of the valley-head through
cacao-plantations till we arrived at a gap or saddle between
two peaks high in the hills. Pushing our way through a
dense bed of Heliconie, the broad banana-like leaves of
which reached some way over our heads, we crossed the gap
and emerged on to the track leading to the mountain-top.
From this point we followed the track to the summit,
mounting gradually for about 4 miles through a dense
tropical forest of extreme beauty. In the higher part espe-
cially was an indescribable luxuriance of vegetation, very
noticeable being many graceful palms of several kinds
(Euterpe, Bactris, Geonoma, &c.), an extraordinary wealth
of ferns, Lycopodiacee, climbing and epiphytic Aroids, lianes,
and epiphytic Bromeliacee often with gaudily-coloured
inflorescences, not to mention the many kinds of Dicotyle-
donous trees. Immediately below the summit the forest
becomes somewhat stunted, and trunks and branches of trees
wear a shaggy clothing of thick moss. At the actual summit
a small area is cleared and a little wooden camping-house
has been built. On the way through the forest we had been
* See Sharp, ‘Cambridge Natural History,’ vol. vy. pp. 425-6,
id
425 Mr. H. Sectt on
delayed by heavy rain, and at the summit found ourselves in
a chilly driving cloud, the difference of temperature between
this place and the lowlands being so great that one gladly
sought the shelter of the house. Later the cloud rolled off,
disclosing a magnificent view, southward over the low-lying
level ceutral part of the island, and northward over those
peaks and forests and that beautiful northern coast which
form the subject of one of the most charming chapters in
Kingsley’s ‘ At Last.’
In contrast with the climatic conditions on the mountain,
the country in the lowlands was extremely parched, the dry
season being at its height, and a severe drought, such as had
not been experienced for years, prevailing in addition. But
in the mountain-forests moisture is perennial, and the water
between the bromeliad leaves would never dry up—an
important fact with reference to the amphibious and aquatic
nature of the bromeliad fauna.
During the hour spent on the summit we collected a
sample of this fauna. One or two plants of a species of
Tillandsia were taken by Mr. Urich from two or three feet
above the ground (it being very difficult to get at specimens
perched in lofty trees) and brought into the house, where
the leaves were stripped off one by one, from outside inwards.
In the water and humus between their bases were found the
following :—
Two specimens of a small frog; a millipede; crustaceans
(Isopoda); Odonate larvee, about which I shall say nothing,
as they are being further investigated by Mr. Urich ; an
earwig, determined by Dr. Burr as an immature Psalid,
perhaps Psalis americana; numbers of a new species of
cockroach, Homalopteryx scotti (described below by Shelford),
adults of both sexes and young in several stages; large
numbers of a Coleopterous larva, either of or allied to the
genus Helodes (mentioned again below) ; a series of a new
Dytiscid beetle, Aglymbus bromeliarum (described below) ;
several of a new Hydrophilid, Cyclonotum urichi (described
below) ; four specimens of a species of Trichopteryx (deter-
mination of the genus due to Mr. H. Britten); a single
specimen of a Thysanopteron, determined by Mr. R.S. Bagnall
as a species of Kupathithrips Bagn.*; and, lastly, a number
of a new Hemipteron, Microvelia insignis Distant (described
below).
Of these the Dytiscid (Aglymbus), the Microvelia, the
Odonate larvee, and the Helodine larve are purely aquatic
eA = Heterothrips Bufta (nec Hood),=Polyommatothrips Bulffa (teste
agnall).
the Fauna of Bromeliacez. 429
insects. The finding of the Aglymbus is specially interesting
im connection with the previous discovery, already referred to
above, of a tree-inhabiting species of the allied genus
Copelatus in the Old-World tropics—i. e. Copelatus panda-
norum, which lives in the water between leaf-bases of Pan-
danus in. the perennially moist mountain-forests of the
Seychelles. Beyond these two species I am unaware that
any Dytiscid has been found inhabiting trees. The larvee of
Helodine are aquatic, e. g. those of Helodes minuta live
beneath stones submerged in streams; and Microvelia
belongs to a group the members of which run on the surface
of fresh water. As to the Hydrophilid, the members of the
genus Cyclonotum might be described as subaquatic, most of
them appearing to live in decaying vegetable refuse which
often contains much moisture. Shelford has called attention
(below) to an adaptation of the new cockroach (Homalo-
pteryx) for an amphibious existence. In this connection
nothing can be said at present with regard to the Tricho-
pteryx or the Eupathithrips; but the facts just summarized,
in conjunction with the presence of the frogs, show the
aguatic or amphibious nature of the bromeliadicolous fauna.
It may be asked if the truly aquatic insects show any
special adaptation for livingin the Bromeliacez as compared
with their congeners which inhabit waters on the ground.
The Aglymbus is more flattened dorso-ventrally than its con-
geners, this being perhaps an adaptation for living in the
narrow spaces between the leaf-bases (Copelatus pandanorum
is also flattened). Iam unaware of any special adaptation in
the Microvelia. The Helodine larve are less flattened than
those of Helodes minuta, which live under stones; and
Prof. Carpenter considers the bromeliadicolous larvee the less
specialized of the two (see below).
In a letter to me Mr. Urich writes :—“ If these beetles
[the Aglymbus | are confined to higher elevations and must
live at the tops of our highest hills, then they are entirely
confined to Bromelia-water, as the tops of several hills of the
Northern Range appear to have no other water” within a
mile of the summit by road, or, vertically, above 2500 feet *.
Mr. Urich reters to the fact that, although there is extremely
abundant moisture on the mountain-tops, yet there are no
pools or streams, and the only water in which truly aquatic
sects such as Dytiscidee could live is that which collects
between leaf-bases, in inflorescences, &c. The same state-
ment applies to the highest parts of the Seychelles forests ;
* Mr. Urich adds that he has seen frogs similar to those found by us
in the same kind of bromeliad at similar elevations on other peaks.
430 Mr. H. Scott on
they are saturated with moisture, but there are no pools,
and though swift mountain-streams are numerous at lower
levels, they are not present on the peaks; so that on those
peaks the only water in which aquatic insects can exist is
that which accumulates in hollow leaves, pitchers of Ne-
penthes, leaf-bases of Pandanus, &c. In speaking of the
lily-dwelling Odonate larvee referred to above Dr. Sharp
states that the Sandwich Islands are extremely poor in
stagnant waters; in large areas of forest the only water that
Odonata can find for their larve to live in may be small
accumulations in plants.
II. Dominics.—In this island I made two excursions, on
both of which I was accompanied and guided by Mr. Jones,
Assistant at the Botanic Station at Koseau, who aided me
in collecting, and to whom I am greatly indebted for his
kindness. On March 29th we rode to a point above the
freshwater lake, whence a view is obtained in two directions—
westward down the valleys towards Roseau and the leeward
coast, and eastward down on to the windward coast. I am
uncertain of the elevation, but it is in the neighbourhood of
3000 feet, probably over. Two or three plants of an un-
determined bromeliad, growing just low enough to be
reached, were taken from trees growing at the roadside edge
of the luxuriant forest. These contained numbers of
Helodine larva very similar to, or perhaps identical with,
those found in Trinidad ; three specimens of asmall Staphy-
linid beetle, which Mr. Champion tells me is a new species
of Stamnoderus near to S. optatus Sharp; one worn specimen
of a Barid weevil, possibly a species of Nicentrus Casey
(teste Champion) ; one (wingless) specimen of a Microvelia,
determined by Mr. Distant as identical with the new species
(M. insignis) found in Trinidad Bromeliacee ; and some
Chironomid larve.
On March 80th we visited a piece of virgin forest at an
elevation somewhat over 1000 feet in the mountains behind
Roseau. Here, in a single epiphytic bromeliad, numbers of
the Helodine larvee were again met with: in my journal I
wrote that Hydrophilide and a Tirichopteryx were also seen,
but these are not now forthcoming and were perhaps lost in
the hurry of departure ; and a single specimen was captured
of a cockroach, determined by Mr. Shelford as a well-known
species, Hpilampra conspersa Burm. Some, at any rate, of
the species of Hpilampra are amphibious, and in the specimen
before me the spiracular tubes can be seen projecting from
the Fauna of Bromeliacez. 431
beneath the antepenultimate abdominal tergite as clearly as
they can in the new Homalopterya *.
Nore on tue Hetopiny Larvaz.—Professor G. H. Car-
penter has kindly determined these larvae, of which such
numbers occurred in the Bromeliaceze, as being either
members of or closely related to the genus Helodes. No
imago to which they could belong was found. They are
long and narrow, not tapering much towards the posterior
extremity, flattened dorso-ventrally, with filamentous an-
tenne nearly as long as their bodies, and a group of rectal
gills. Prof. Carpenter writes (in litt.) that they are closely
hike the larve of Helodes minuta, but on the whole less
specialized, being less flatteued dorso-ventrally. He and
Miss MacDowell have recently published (Quart. J. Mier.
Sci., vol. lvii. part 4, 1912, p. 373) a very interesting paper
in which the mouth-parts of the larva of Helodes minuta
are described and figured. I have made preparations of the
mouth-parts of two of the bromeliadicolous larvz, and on a
cursory examination find them much like those of H. minuta
in general structure, though differing in detail (especially in
the form of the labrum, which is strongly emarginate) ; the
hypopharynx and maxillule appear much as they do in
pl. xxxv. fig. 11 of the paper just cited.
Descriptions oF NEw SPECIES.
Blattida.
1. Homalopteryx scotti, sp.n. (PI. X. figs. 1 & 2.)
g. Head and antenne rufo-castaneous ; vertex of head
freely exposed, smooth, impunctate; eyes widely remote,
their distance apart and that of the antennal sockets equal ;
ocelli distinct, closer together than the eyes. Pronotum
trapezoidal, anteriorly: and posteriorly subtruncate, impunc-
tate, nitid, castaneous, broadly bordered laterally with
ochreous, a narrow line of the same colour on the anterior
border, extreme outer lateral margins castaneous. Scutellum
not visible. Tegmina ovate, semicorneous, not extending
beyond the middle of the antepenultimate segment of the
abdomen, impunctate, strongly overlapping, marginal area
%* See Shelford, below, under the description of Homualopteryx scott: ;
also his papers in ‘ Zoologist,’ vol. xi. 1907, p. 221, and ‘ Records of the
Indian Museum,’ vol. iii. part 2, 1909, p. 129.
432 Mr. H. Scott on
broad, costals regular, discoidal sectors oblique ; castaneous,
laterally bordered with ochreous, the band diminishing from
before backwards ; extreme outer margin of mediastinal
area castaneous, mediastinal vein piceous; radial vein
ridged on the under surface of the tegmina. Wings flavo-
testaccous, equal in length to teemina ; costals irregular ;
11 ulnar rami, 4 being “incomplete. The abdomen “above
yellow-brown, the disc dark , posterior angles of distal tergites
dentately produced ; beneath castaneous. Supra-anal jarei
subbilobate, barely exceeding the subgenital lamina, which
is narrow, produced, slightly asymmetrical (Pl. X. fig. 2),
and with two small slender styles. Cerci short, pointed,
piceous, the two apical joints ochreous. Legs rufo-casta-
neous ; femora strongly armed, front femora with three to
four spines on the anterior margin beneath ; formula of
apical spines ?, 1,1; no genicular spines on front femora.
Tibize triseriately spined on their outer aspect. ‘'Tarsi short,
with large pulvilli and arolia; metatarsi quite unarmed
beneath ; posterior metatarsus rather shorter than the suc-
ceeding g joints.
a. eesemiiles the g, but is larger, the ochreous margins
of the pronotum and tegmina translucent ; the tegmina and
wings are shorter and the abdomen is dark castaneous in
colour both above and beneath ; supra-anal lamina slightly
more produced, and subgenital lamina ample, produced, with
sinuate margins.
Larve dark castaneous, variegated with rufous in some
specimens; lateral margins of the thoracic tergites trans-
lucent ochreous.
Measurements (g and ? types).—Total length (¢) 28,
(2) 3885 mm.; length of tegmina (¢) 16, (2) 19 mm.;
greatest breadth of abdomen (¢) 14, (?) 19 mm; pro-
notum (¢) 8x12, (? ) 95 x 142 mm.
Loe. Trinidad, summit of El Tucuché, 3100 feet, 20. iii.
1912 ; from leaf-bases of Tillandsia sp.,2 3,4 2, 7 larvee.
Type (¢) and one paratype (? ). presented to British
Museum, and one paratype (?) to the Hope Museum,
Oxford; remaining paratypes and larve in Cambridge
University Museum.
A certain amount of water collects in the spaces between
the leaf-bases, and the cockroaches must therefore lead a
more or less aquatic life; the spiracular tubes which in
both sexes are clearly visible, prejecting from beneath the
antepenultimate abdominal tergite, show that this species
is as well adapted for an aquatic existence as those Oriental
the Fauna of Bromeliacee. 433
forms of Epilampra and Rhicnoda described by me*. It is
quite possible that a new genus will have to be erected
eventually for this species, since in the free exposure of the
vertex of the head it differs from typical Homalopteryx ; but
at present it may be allowed to rest in that genus. Hitherto
Homalopteryx was represented in the New World by but a
single species, H. capucina Brunn., from Venezuela, the
type of the genus.—R. Suetrorp f.
COLEOPTERA.
2. Aglymbus bromeliarum, sp.n. (Pl. X. fig. 3.)
3. Depressus, ovatus, subopacus, persubtilissime reticulatus, cor-
pore supra subtusque omnino nigro, palpis antennisque pedibusque
piceo-rufis; capite subtilissime punctato et breviter longitudinaliter
striolato, antice utrinque impresso; prothorace tote tenuiter
longitudinaliter striolato, ante angulos posteriores leviter curvatim
impresso; elytris omnino dense longitudinaliter striolatis, striis 6
tenuibus, parte anteriore strix suturalis tenuissima, interdum
obsoleta, stria submarginali nulla; tibiis anticis ad basin attenu-
atis, curvatis, intus leviter emarginatis; tarsorum anticorum
mediorumque articulis 1-3 dilatatis.
Q. Striolis longitudinalibus in capite et in parte media prothoracis
fere obsoletis; tibiis anticis simplicibus, tarsis haud dilatatis.
Long. corp. (3 2) 5-6 mm, .
Depressed, ovate, body entirely black above and beneath,
with mouth-parts reddish, and palps, antenne, and legs
pitchy red ; subopaque, the entire surface extremely finely
reticulate {. Head extremely finely punctured, with short
fine longitudinal striole in addition to the punctures, these
striole, however, much fewer or nearly absent in ?; on
either side in front 1s a marked impression bearing several
larger punctures, and there are also one or two larger punc-
tures behind and nearer to the eye than this impression ; in
some specimens a vague median impression on the back of
the head is present. Prothorax entirely covered with short
fine longitudinal striole in the ¢; in ? these striole are
more strongly marked at the sides and are present along the
* See footnote on p. 451,
+ These specimens were examined and the description made by Mr.
Shelford about three weeks before his death. Ue gave his assent in a
letter to my publishing the description in this paper.—H. Scorr.
+ This tine reticulation of the entire surface of the chitin is not to be
confounded with the sculpture of striole described below.
434 Mr. H. Scott on
anterior and posterior margins, but become obsolete in the
median part of the disc. A median longitudinal impression,
abbreviated before and behind, is sometimes present on the
disc, and the bise has a slight impression on either side
about halfway between the middle and the posterior angle.
A series of punctures extends across the thorax immediately
behind the front margin; it continues as an impressed
series along each side, in the front part running parallel to
the lateral margin, but behind curving inwards away from
the side and approaching the basal impression. Scute//um
smooth. Elytra entirely and closely covered with very
numerous fine striole, elongate and rather irregular in
direction, appearing to form a network of elongate meshes,
though few, if any, of the striole are actually connected
with one another ; each elytron has six very fine striz on the
disc, reaching almost to the base, though striz 1] and 3 are
extremely fine in front, stria 1 (the sutural stria) being
sometimes obsolete in its anterior portion ; striz 2, 4, 6 are
a little more strongly marked and finely punctured ; striz 5
and 6 are closer together than the others are to one another ;
the striz do not quite reach the apex, 2 and 4 are a little
shorter than 1, 3, and 5, and 6 is the shortest of all; the
apical portion of the elytron beyond the ends of the striz
bears some punctures; there is no submarginal stria, but a
series of punctures, rather difficult to see, close to the margin.
Metasternum without striole or punctures. Hind cove and
* abdominal segments 1 and 2 with numerous fine striole,
segments 3-6 smooth.
Loc. Trinidad, summit of El Tucuché, 3100 feet, 20. iii.
1912; from between leaf-bases of Tillandsia sp.,4 o,5 2.
Type (&) and one paratype (¢) presented to British
Museum; remaining paratypes in Cambridge University
Museum.
A sculpture of longitudinal striole on the upper surface
is very characteristic of the genus Aglymbus. Most of the
previously known species have only the striolee and no striz
on the elytra, but A. dromeliarum has both striz and striole.
In this one character it resembles the two Abyssinian species
(A. gestroi Sharp and A. brevicornis Sharp) more than it
does the South American species ; but they only have four
strize on each elytron, while it has six. In fact, A. bromeli-
arum is unlike any of the other species of the genus.
Several of the South American species which I have seen in
Dr. Sharp’s collection are very different; in addition to
being devoid of elytral striz, they are narrower and much
the Fauna of Bromeliacere. 435
less flattened, and the striolw are much coarser and stronger.
In A. bromeliarum both striole and striz are very fine
indeed, forming a remarkable and beautiful sculpture ; a
rather similar type of elytral sculpture is to be seen in
Copelatus incognitus Sharp (Biol. Centr.-Am., Col. i. 2, p.38),
though that imsect is absolutely different in other respects.
Aglymbus closely resembles Copelatus, but is distinguished
therefrom by the absence of coxal lines. Seven species were
enumerated in Dr. Sharp’s monograph ‘On Dytiscide ’
(p. 596), five from South America and two from Abyssinia.
He stated (op. cit. p. 893) that they are “ excessively rare.”
Van den Branden, in his Catalogue of Dytiscide published
in 1885, three years after Dr. Sharp’s monograph, only gives
the same seven species (Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, xxix.
p- 87), and, although I have searched, I have found no
record of any species being added to the original seven up
till now. It is just possible that an Aglymbus might be
described as a Copelatus ; but though 1 have looked up the
descriptions of many species of Copelatus published since
Dr. Sharp’s monograph, I have found none in the least
resembling Aglymbus bromeliarum. Possibly further investi-
gation of the fauna of Bromeliacez will add to our knowledge
of the rare genus Aglymbus.—-H. Scorr.
3. Cyclonotum urichi, sp. n.
Oblongo-ovale, convexum, nitidum, corpore supra subtusque nigro,
antennis palpisque flavescentibus, pedibus piceo-ferrugineis ;
capite conspicue lato, subtiliter crebre punctulato, ad marginem
anteriorem persubtilissime reticulato ; prothorace subtiliter crebre
punctulato ; elytris dense parum fortius punctulatis, punctorum
seriebus nullis, stria suturali postice tenuissima, dimidio anteriore
omnino obsoleta; tarsis intermediis et posticis brevibus, hirsutis,
articulo basali incrassato.
Long. corp. ca. 47 mm.
Oblong-oval but not elongate, rather less convex than
some members of the genus. Head very broad and short,
scarcely narrowing in front of the eyes except for the
rounding off of the angles, with the front margin straight ;
closely and finely punctured ; towards the anterior margin
very finely reticulate, this portion appearing dull, while the
rest of the head and all the remainder of the upper surface
are strongly shining. Thorax closely and finely punctured.
Scutellum very finely punctured. Elytra very closely punc-
tured (if anything a little more closely than the thorax), the
436 Mr. H. Scott en
punctures fine but slightly stronger than those on the head
and thorax. ‘There are no traces of seriate punctuation. ‘The
sutural stria is visible as a very fine line in the posterior
part of the elytron, but in the anterior half is quite absent.
Wing examined in one specimen and found to be 54 mm.
long, the elytron being 3 mm. long. Middle and hind tibie
short, narrowed at base, with fine short spines on the ante-
rior margin, a number of very short spmes on the under
surface near the apex, and two long strong spines on the
inner side at the apex. Middle and hind ¢arsi considerably
shorter than the tibiz, hirsute, with the basal joint incrassate
and considerably longer than the second.
Being not quite satisfied as to the generic position of this
insect, 1 add the followi ing characters : t—Eyes not emarginate
in front ; mentum broader than long, strongly impressed
and concave in front (the concave part shining, the posterior
part appearing very finely rugose-punctate) ; maxillary palpi
short, second joint incrassate, terminal joint slightly longer
than penultimate ; ; labial palpi short, with basal joint short
and transverse, second joint somewhat incrassate, with sete
at its apex, terminal jomt narrower and a little shorter than
second ; antenne 9-jointed, basal jem elongate and about
equal to joints 2-6 together, a nearly as stout as basal
joint, jot 3 slender ; joints 4, 5, 6 very short and trans-
verse ; joints 7-9 forming a loose club; prosternum not
longitudinally carinate in middle, not very short (longer in
proportion than that of some members of the genus, e. g.
C. orbiculare) ; mesosternum forming a somewhat elongate
elevated lamina (much longer than in C. orbiculare and some
other species), stretching back to meet the front of the
metasternum, which is elevated medially but not produced
far forward between the middle cox: the produced part
narrows in front and there is a depression where meso- and
metasternum meet. Basal abdominal segment without a
carina,
Loc. Trinidad, summit of El Tucuché, 3100 feet, 20. iii.
1912; from between leaf-bases of Tillandsia sp., 5 specimens.
Type presented to British Museum; paratypes in Cam-
bridge University Museum.
This species is dedicated to Mr. F. W. Urich, Government
Entomologist of Trinidad.
The very short broad head, oblong-oval form, and short,
hairy, tapering tarsi give this insect a most distinct appear-
ance. The tarsi somewhat resemble those of Phenonotum,
but C. urichi is distinguished from that genus by the abso-
the Fauna of Bromeliacee. 437
lutely different structure of meso- and metasterna and by
the presence of a sutural stria on the posterior part of the
elytra. Its prosternum is longer than in those species of
Cyclonotum with which I have compared it; the raised
mesosternal lamina is much more elongated and does not fit
nearly so closely to the front of the metasternum, there
being a depression at the pomt of meeting. The Central
American Cyclonotum posticatum Sharp also differs from its
- congeners in having the mesosternal lamina much elongated,
but in that species the lamina is differently formed and fits
much more closely to the front of the metasternum than it
does in C. urichi. ‘The oblong-oval form of the body slightly
recalls Dactylosternum, but C. urichi differs widely from
that genus in the structure of its underside and in the entire
absence of seriate punctuation on the elytra. Altogether it
seems best to retain it as a very aberrant Cyclonotum.—
H. Scorv.
HEMIPTERA.
4. Microvelia insignis, sp.n. (PI. X. figs. 4 & 5.)
Winged form.— Head and pronotum black; hemelytra
black, with rather more than basal third greyish white and a
small spot at apex dusky grey; body beneath black ; an-
tennz, rostrum, cox, and legs pale ochraceous, extreme
apices of the femora infuscate, apices of the tarsi black ; an-
tennze with the first and sccond joints robust, first distinctly
longer than second, third and fourth slender, a little the
longest, aud almost subequal in length; head with a central
longitudinal subcarinate line; pronotum with the lateral
angles obtusely prominent ; hemelytra with the veins distinct
and slightly ochraceous on the basal white area.
Apterous form.—Body above black, about basal half of
connexivum very pale ochraceous, the first two abdominal
segments obscure greyish.
Long. 2 mm.
Localities. ‘lrinidad, summit of El Tucuché, 3100 feet,
20. 11. 1912; from between leaf-bases of Tillandsia sp.,
1 winged and 6 wingless specimens. Dominica, from above
freshwater lake, about 3000 feet, 29. iii. 1912; leaf-bases
of undetermined bromeliad, 1 specimen (wingless).
Type (winged specimen) presented to British Museum ;
apterous specimens in Cambridge University Museum.
A very distinct species by the structure of the antenn
438 Mr. W. L. Distant on
and the prominent coloration of the hemelytra——W. L.
Distant,
EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.
Fig. 1. Homalopteryx scotti, sp. n. (Shelford), gd. x 13.
Fig. 2. Ditto. Apex of abdomen from beneath, showing subgenital
lamina, cerci, and styles. X 3.
Fig. 3. Aglymbus bromeliarum, sp. n. (Scott), dg. x 10.
Fig. 4. Microvelia insignis, sp. n. (Distant), winged form. x 15.
Fig. 5. Ditto, apterous form. x 15.
LVI.—Descriptions of some new Homoptera.
By W. L. Distant.
Fam. Cicadide.
Macrotristria occidentalis, sp. n.
?. Head and pronotum piceous, more or less ochraceously
pilose, ocelli red ; pronotum with the basal margin and an
elongate spot on lateral margins behind eyes pale ochra-
ceous ; mesonotum castaneous, the disk more or less piceous,
two central obconical piceous spots, margined with castaneous
on anterior margin, extending over about half the disk,
lateral margins longly greyishly pilose and also greyishly
pilose between the anterior angles of the basal cruciform
elevation ; abdomen above black, greyishly pilose, the poste-
rior segmental margins ochraceous ; body beneath ochra-
ceous, greyishly pilose and pubescent, a small castaneous
spot on each side of the last ventral segment; face with the
central sulcation and transverse ridges castaneous ; tegmina
and wings hyaline; tegmina with the venation black, the
costal and greater part of the postcostal membranes and the
claval vein ochraceous, basal cell and a basal longitudinal
streak above it black, the whole venation of the apical areas
broadly infuscated, posterior margin of the clavus mostly
black ; wings with the venation either ochraceous or black ;
front of head with the lateral areas obliquely carinate, the
lateral areas of vertex also carinate; pronotum with a
central, longitudinal, subcruciform carination ; rostrum
reaching the bases of the posterior coxze ; face moderately
globose, the transverse carinations strong and distinct.
Long., excl. tegm., 2? , 30 mm.; exp. tegm. 92 mm.
some new Homoptera. 439
Hab. West Australia, Southern Cross (H. Brown, Brit.
Mus.).
I have only seen the female sex of this species, which may
be placed near M. hillieri, Dist.
Terpnosia crowfooti, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, and mesonotum pale olivaceous green ;
head with anterior marginal lines to front, lateral margins to
vertex, and the area of the ocelli black ; pronotum with two
central curved longitudinal lines, the outer fissure, a trans-
verse spot near lateral angles, and two small, central, con-
tiguous spots near base black; mesonotum with a central
straight longitudinal line, on each side of which is a short
inwardly curved line, a curved fasciate line on each lateral
area, two spots in front of the basal cruciform elevation,
and the anterior angles of the same black ; abdomen pale
brownish ochraceous, shortly palely pilose, the central area
darker, with a series of large segmental spots on each lateral
area and smaller spots on lateral margins piceous, apical
segment covered with greyish-white pile; head beneath,
sternum, legs, and opercula pale greenish ochraceous ; tibiz,
tarsi, and rostrum brownish ochraceous; abdomen beneath
thickly covered with greyish pile; tegmina and wings
hyaline, unspotted, both with the venation and the first with
the costal membrane piceous ; opercula in ¢ not extending
beyond base of abdomen, their lateral and apical margins
convex ; tympanal coverings less than half the length of
tympanal orifices, small and rudimentary.
Long., excl. tegm., ¢, 24 mm.; exp. tegm. 58 mm.
Hab. Badamtam, near Darjeeling (A. R. Crowfoot, Brit.
Mus.).
By the completely unspotted tegmina and the rudimentary
tympanal coverings this species is allied to 7. madhava,
Dist., from which it differs by the more elongate tegmina
and totally different markings &c.
Gudaba maculata, sp. un.
Head, pronotum, and mesonotum ochraceous; head with
the apex and two longitudinal fasciz to front, area of the
ocelli, and an oblique fascia before each eye black ; pronotum
with two central longitudinal fasciz, a spot behind each eye,
and the lateral fissure black ; mesonotum with a central
longitudinal line, on each side of which is a short oblique
440 Mr. W. L. Distant on
linear fascia, a sublateral fascia (sometimes much broken),
two small spots in front of the cruciform elevation, and the
anterior angles of same black ; abdomen brownish ochra-
ceous, in g a small black basal spot and the apical area
castaneous, in ¢ a central black spot on the first three
segments and aseries of small lateral marginal spots ; body
beneath and legs brownish ochraceous in @, the apices of
the femora distinctly black, and the apical area of the
abdomen piceous or black; in the @ the underside of
the body and legs is virescent ; tegmina and wings hyaline,
venation brownish ochraceous or fuscous ; tegmina with a
sublateral series of marginal fuscous spots placed on the
lateral veins to apical areas ; head as long as breadth between
eyes ; pronotum with the lateral angles angulated ; abdomen
considerably longer than space between head and base of
cruciform elevation, second and third ventral segments
furnished with a tubercle near each lateral margin, the
posterior tubercle very small; tympanal coverings very
much shorter and narrower than the tympanal orifices ;
opercula short, oblique, not passing the base of abdomen ;
rostrum reaching the posterior coxe ; wings with five apical
areas.
Long., excl. tegm., ¢ 9, 13 mm.; exp. tegm. 33-34 mm.
Hab. 8, Sikhim (Bingham); 92, Dehra Dun (N. C.
Chatterjee, Brit. Mus.).
Allied to the Burmese species G. marginata, Dist., and
constituting the first species described from India proper.
Urabunana verna, sp. n.
?. Body virescent or greenish ochraceous ; head with a
black line on each side of front and a large irregular black
spot on each side of vertex before the eyes; pronotum more
ochraceous in hue, with the anterior and posterior margins
and a central longitudinal fascia, widened posteriorly, pale
virescent, near base this fascia contains a small quadrate
black spot; mesonotum with four anterior black obconical
spots, the two central smallest; abdomen above with a
central black macular fascia reaching the penultimate
segment, where it is narrowest ; face centrally black ; apex
of rostrum black; tegmina and wings hyaline; tegmina
with the veins infuscated, the costal and _postcostal
membranes pale virescent ; lateral margins of the pronotum
nearly straight, slightly ampliated at posterior angles ;
tegmina a little arched towards apex of radial area and
sinuate at the junction of costa] and postcostal membranes ;
MS :
¢
some new Homoptera 44]
Pi
wings with four apical areas; tegmina with eight apical
areas.
Long., excl. tegm., 2, 14 mm. ; exp, tegm. 30 mm.
Hab. Australia; Byron Bay, N. 8S. Wales (Ross, Brit.
Mus.).
Fam. Jasside.
Petalocephala bombayensis, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, scutellum, body beneath, and legs very
pale virescent or greenish ochraceous ; tegmina subhyaline,
talc-like, the clavus and basal third of costal area pale
virescent or greenish ochraceous, inner area of clavus more
or Jess castaneous ; lateral margins of vertex and pronotum,
and a small central spot on anterior and posterior margins
of pronotum, castaneous; vertex about as long as breadth
between eyes, lateral margins almost straight for a little
before eyes and then subangularly rounded to apex, centrally
medially carinate ; pronotum centrally, finely, longitudinally
impressed, more or less distinctly transversely wrinkled ;
face strongly flattened from in front of eyes to anterior
margin ; posterior tibiz outwardly strongly spinose,
Long., 2,9 mm.
Hab. Bombay (Brit. Mus.).
In general coloration allied to P. nigrilinea, Walk., but
differing in the larger vertex of head, which is about as long as
breadth between eyes.
Petalocephala perakensis, sp. un.
Head, pronotum, scutellum, body beneath, and legs
greenish ochraceous ; lateral and anterior margins and a
slightly curved transverse fascia near basal margin of vertex,
and lateral margins (narrowly) and basal margin (broadly)
to pronotum castaneous; tegmina castaneous; face with the
anterior margin and two short angulate fasciz on anterior
area castaneous; lateral margins of sternum castaneous ;
vertex distinctly shorter than breadth between eyes, the
lateral margins perpendicularly continued for a short space
in front of eyes, and then obliquely continued to apex,
centrally very finely longitudinally carinate; pronotum
with the lateral margins nearly straight; clavus and costal
membrane to tegmina very finely granulose, the venation
on apical third very coarse and distinct; posterior tibize
outwardly strongly spinose.
Long. 9 mm,
Ann, & Mag. N. Hist, Ser. 8. Vol. x, 30
449 Mr. W. L. Distant on -
Hab. Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Doherty, Brit. Mus.).
Allied to P. censpicua, Dist., but differing by the shorter
vertex, the lateral margins of which are perpendicular for a
short distance in front of eyes, different markings to face, &c.
LepRotyPA, gen. nov.
Vertex of head flat, the margims moderately laminately
reflexed, about as long as pronotum and scutellum together,
the anterior margin broadly rounded, the lateral margins
slightly sinuate before eyes, ocelli near base, nearer to eyes
than to each other, eyes posteriorly elongate ; face concave,
moderately convex on the apical area; pronotum short,
deflected from base, scarcely longer than scutellum, distinctly
foveate before each lateral margin, anterior margin centrally
truncate, posterior margin angularly concave before base of
scutellum ; scutellum broader than long, posteriorly deflected
from base, the apex acute ; tegmina with the veins prominent ;
posterior tibia: four-cornered, curved, armed with numerous
spines, the outer edge slightly expanded, and _ strongly
spinous.
Type, ZL. spatulata, Dist.
In the enumeration of the Indian species this genus may
follow Petaloeephala.
Ledrotypa spatulata, sp. un.
?. Somewhat uniformly dull ochraceous ; a short black
fascia between and outside the anterior and intermediate
coxze ; vertex of head very finely and obscurely punctate, its
posterior margin levigate ; pronotum with the disk ver
finely transversely striate, foveate on each side a little behind
anterior margin, very obscurely centrally longitudinally
impressed ; scutellum with a transverse impressed line before
apex ; posterior tibize a little curved, with numerous some-
what remote fine spines on outer margin.
Long., incl. tegm., 11 mm.
Hab. “‘ Himalayas” (Brit. Mus.); Bhogaon, Purneah
Distr., N. Bengal (Paiva, Ind. and Brit. Muss.).
Ledrotypa greent, sp. n.
Body and legs brownish ochraceous; (abdomen muti-
lated) ; tegmina pale ochraceous, the veins darker and with
piceous markings which consist of two long subcostal linear
streaks, four similar streaks (three short and one long) on
subapical area, the lowermost streak followed by one or two
~ \
some new Homoptera. 443
small rounded piceous spots ; vertex of head very finely and
obscurely punctate, the apex a little more angulate than in
the preceding species, traversed by two central, longitudinal,
somewhat obscure impressions; pronotum very obscurely
transversely striate ; tegmina with the veins subprominent ;
wings hyaline, with the veins ochraceous,
Length, incl. tegm., 11 mm.
Hab. Ceylon (Green).
This description is based on a somewhat mutilated speci-
men sent to me by Mr. Green. It is to be readily separated
from L. spatulata by the less concavely sinuate lateral margins
of the vertex and by the piceous markings to the tegmina.
AMBERBAKIA, gen. nov.
Vertex of head not so long as pronotum and scutellum
together, but a little longer than pronotum, the lateral
margins gradually narrowed from in front of eyes to apex,
which is subangulate; ocelli near lateral margins a little in
front of eyes; head beneath very foliaceous, face widened
and thickened between the antennz, thence anteriorly elon-
gately much narrowed and centrally sulcate, and posteriorly
less narrowed to clypeus; pronotum a little shorter than
vertex, its lateral margins straight, anterior margin straight
but obliquely recurved behind eyes, posterior margin con-
cavely sinuate ; scutellum almost as long as pronotum ; legs
moderately slender, posterior tibiz maderately curved, very
long, and outwardly somewhat closely longly spinose ;
tegmina broad, costal and apical margins rounded, clavus
broad, with transverse veins on its basal area, two elongate
discoidal areas, and a series of transverse veins before apical
area defining longitudinal apical cellular areas,
Type, A. specularia, Walk,
Amberbakia specularia.
Petalocephala specularia, Walk. Journ, Linn. Soc, Lond., Zool. x.
p- 3807 (1869).
Lateral areas of face at region of antenne distinctly
foveate.
Hab. New Guinea.
Amberbakia bispecularis.
Petalocephala bispecularis, Walk, Journ. Linn. Soe. Lond., Zool. x.
p. 807 (1869), ‘
30*
444 Mr. W. L. Distant on
Lateral areas of face at region of antenne entire, not
foveate.
Hab. Mysol.
Penthimia mudonensis, sp. 0.
Body above castaneous ; vertex of head with the anterior
and basal margins, a central longitudinal line, and the eyes
black; scutellum with three ochraceous spots, one near
middle of each lateral margin and the third apical ; margins
of clavus narrowly black; more than apical third of tegmen
dull ochraceous, tessellated with black cellular rings varying
in size, prominent of which are spots in frontal margin of
the apical area continued up the lateral margin of tegmen ;
at extreme apex the colour is greyish, semiopaque, with a
blackish spot in the apical cells ; body beneath castaneous ;
face, cheeks, clypeus, disk of sternum, suffusions to femora,
and transverse central basal spots to abdomen beneath black ;
vertex of head convexly rounded in front, in length nearly
half the breadth between eyes ; pronotum convex, wrinkled
transversely ; posterior tibize longly strongly pilose.
Long. 53 mm.
Hab. Tenasserim ; Mudon-Amherst Distr. (Annandale,
Ind. Mus.).
A distinct species by the three pale spots to the scutellum,
‘the large tessellate apical area to the tegmina, the short
vertex, &c.
Penthimia nitida, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, scutellum, and tegmina (excluding apical
area) shining black, apical area of tegmen greyishly sub-
hyaline, outwardly and inwardly ochraceous, more or less
extending upward to the opaque black area ; body beneath
black, the legs ochraceous, anterior femora basally suffused
with black; head rounded in front, the anterior margin
somewhat acutely reflexed; pronotum moderately convex,
slightly wrinkled, and sparingly coarsely punctate ; scutellum
opaquely black, thickly finely punctate; tegmina (excluding
apical area) coarsely punctate; posterior legs suffused with
black, posterior tibise strongly spinose, the tarsi ochraceous.
Long. 4 mm.
Hab. Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.).
A species to be recognized by the strongly punctured
upper surface ; it may be placed near P. erebus, Dist.
some new Homoptera. 445
Vulturnus ornatus, sp. 0.
Vertex pale ochraceous, finely speckled with brownish ;
pronotum very pale castaneous, thickly blackly reticulate,
the posterior margin and a central transverse fascia greyish
white ; scutellum ochraceous, with black reticulations, which
are more dense near basal margin and less so on lateral
areas ; body beneath (including face) and legs black ; basal
margin of head beneath between eyes, anterior and inter-
mediate tibize and tarsi, minute spots to posterior tibia,
bases and apices of posterior tarsi, and a lateral marginal
spot to metasternum ochraceous ; tegmina ochraceous, finely
blackly reticulate, clavus with a discal black patch enclosing
about four small white spots, its apex also whitish; a large
central, longitudinal, costal white spot, which contains two
small black spots and is followed by a larger black spot, and
a cluster of subapical white spots ; vertex a little broader
than long, with an indistinct central longitudinal carination.
Long., incl. tegm., 4 mm.
Hab. Ceylon; Peradeniya (Green).
Vulturnus speciosus, sp. 0.
Vertex ochraceous; a black submarginal apical line not
reaching eyes, and with three testaceous discal spots, the
central one transverse, the other two shorter and oblique ;
eyes black ; pronotum ochraceous or very pale castaneous,
thickly blackly reticulate, the posterior margin and a central
transverse fascia greyish white ; scutellum piceous, with
four greyish-white spots, two before apex and two near basal
margin ; body beneath (including face) and legs black ; basal
margin of head beneath containing a few minute dark spots
and anterior and intermediate tibiz and tarsi ochraceous ;
tegmina ochraceous, finely, thickly, blackly reticulate, a
small black patch in clavus containing about three white
spots, some white spots on claval suture, a small white spot
on disk of tegmen, three whitish spots on costal margin, and
a small cluster of subapical white spots: vertex slightly
longer and a little more narrowed anteriorly than in V. or-
natus, with a central dark incised line extending from base
about halfway to apex.
Long., incl. tegm., 34 mm.
Hab. Ceylon ; Peradeniya (Green).
Haranga borneensis, sp. un.
Black, more or less finely punctate; membrane bronzy
446 Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on the Structure of
brown, with the apex and some obscure spots greyish ; body
beneath and legs black or piceous; eyes piceous ; pronotum
distinctly transversely wrinkled ; scutellum reaching apex of
clavus, somewhat obliquely depressed at basal area, punctate,
wrinkled, the apical area longitudinally ridged; corium’
somewhat thickly punctate; face strongly compressed be-
hind eyes ; spinules to the posterior tibiz long and prominent.
Long. 9 mm.
Hab. Borneo ; Kuching (Hewitt, Brit. Mus.).
Allied to the Indian species H. orientalis, Walk., from
which it differs by the considerably: more acute apex of the
face, more strongly wrinkled pronotum, &c.
Vangama? tuberculata.
Prolepta? tuberculata, Walk. List Hom., Suppl. p. 815 (1858).
This species, described by Walker in the Fulgoride, really
belongs to the Jasside, and can apparently be included in
my genus Vangama (Faun. B. I., Rhynch. iv. p. 260).
Hab. N. China.
Ledropsis singalensis, n. nom.
Ledropsis maculata, Dist. Faun. B. Ind., Rhynch. iv. p. 181 (1907),
nom. proce.
LVI1I.—On the Structure of Stromatoporotds and of Kozoon.
By R. KirKPATRICK.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
[Plates XI. & XIT.]
In last month’s ‘Annals’ I published a paper proving that
Stromatoporoids and Hozoon were Foraminifera. It was
there pointed out that they had a calcareous chambered
skeleton, with the walls of the chambers penetrated by tubuli,
and that there were present in the canals hoops and rings
similar to those of recent Perforate Foraminifera. Further,
I figured a coiled Foraminiferan shell in one of the chambers
of Hozoon, So far my evidence was not much in advance of
that already given by Dawson and Carpenter. 1 had done
nothing to unravel the bewildering complexity and confusion
presented by the ‘skeletal arrangement nor to explain how
Stromatoporoids and of Kozoon. 447
these Eozoic and Paleozoic Foraminifera were related to
those of later ages. I hope in this brief preliminary com-
munication to show that a great advance has been made and
that it is now possible clearly to recognize the plan of growth
and organization, and to indicate with some degree of proba-
bility the relationships existing between the ancient and
modern forms.
In my last paper I had stated that the stellate patterns or
“‘astrorhize’’ so often found on the surface of Stromato-
poroids could be accounted for by assuming that the outer
ends of several mural tubuli became united to form one large
orifice ; but I soon discovered the incorrectness of this view,
and at the same time suspected that the clue to the Stromato-
poroid problem was to be sought in the astrorhizz.
While examining a broken fragment of Stromatopora I
carefully mapped out the exposed chambers as seen on a
tangential surface, and here and there made out several series
showing a concentric arrangement in relation to an astrorhiza.
Then it occurred to me that we had hitherto viewed Stromato-
poroids from a wrong aspect, viz. the vertical, whereas the
horizontal or tangential aspect was the one which revealed
the mode of growth. The coiled series of alternating
chambers reminded me of Ordztolites, and soon it became
clear that astrorhize were the. central and circumambient
chambers of a spiral system, and that the multiple systems
must have arisen by budding in some way.
Prof. F. Roemer * had spoken of certain Stromatoporas
from the Hifel with surface tubercles each having a hole at
its summit leading down to the orifice of a small specimen of
Spirorbis omphalodes. He surmised that the little creature
prevented the growth of the Stromatopora layers, and so kept
up its communication with the outside world. The Spirorbes
was probably nothing but the central and circumambient
chamber of a Foraminiferan. This particular oudados might
in a sense be compared with that of the temple of Apollo at
Delphi in being the centre of the Stromatoporoid and the hub
of its universe.
Curiously enough, G. Lindstrém makes a similar observa-
tion about a Sirorbis saving itself from death by keeping
open a passage of communication ft.
The whole plan of Stromatoporoid organization now became
delightfully obvious. A polished slab of any Stromatopora
revealed clearly the numerous systems of spirally arranged
* Geol. Mag. 1880, vol. vii. p. 345.
+ K. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad, Handl. 1870, vol. ix. no. 6, p. 8.
448 Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on the Structure of
chambers, each system grouped round its central and cireum-
ambient chamber. Young specimens of Labechia conferta
showed in the earliest stage a thin disk formed of forty or
fifty spiral coils. Later the gradually ascending spiral led to
the formation of a solid cone standing on its apex, and still
later to the great hemispherical masses commonly met with.
Orbitolites complanata, Lamarck, showing central and circumambient
chamber and succeeding spirals divided into segments. xX 35.
(From Carpenter, ‘ Challenger’ Report on Orbitolites, pl. vi. fig. 2.)
Labechia conferta. Silurian, Gothland. Young specimens: side view
and view of under surface; spiral growth indicated. Natural size.
The extension in the horizontal plane partly takes place by
the formation of a central chamber in the course of some
particular coil, but mainly by the widening out of the spiral
Stromatoporotds and of Kozoon. 449
systems already in existence. The formation of a new
lamina is due to the budding upwards from an_ original
central or “interpolated central”? chamber, the bud becoming
the centre of a newspiral. The peripheral series of chambers
may become cyclical. In Orbitolites there is often a change
from a spiral to a cyclical plan.
The small central chamber has a narrow straight neck,
whence originates the cirecumambient chamber, and the latter
continues the spiral and gives off radial offshoots. The
sarcode following the circeumambient chamber becomes seg-
mented, owing to the formation of radial vertical partitions,
and the outer walls increase in thickness.
Fie. 5.
Clathrodictyon striatellum, Orb. Wenlock. a, interpolated central
chamber. x 30.
A varying degree of complexity is brought about by the
pressure of neighbouring spiral systems on each other and
by the curving of successive laminge. Hach lamina represents
so many vertically produced buds, each with its system of
spirals, and each latilamina marks a season of growth.
A vertical section of an Actinostroma cuts through so many
coils, each coil being in relation to acentral chamber. Some-
times a central chamber produces a wart or tubercle.
The branched forms (Lditostroma, Stachyodes) lave only
vertical budding along one axis.
450 Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on the Structure of
One group of the Stromatoporoids, the Labechiids, appear
to have a somewhat different type of central chamber from
that of the rest, and the succeeding chambers are thinner-
walled and more vesicular.
The sharp longitudinal ridges of Beatricea have each a
little spiral system beneath the edge.
To sum up: Stromatoporoids are adherent colony-forming
Perforate Foraminifera, each unit in one group of Stromato-
poroids consisting of a central and circumambient chamber
followed by spiral series of simple rather thick-walled
chambers, with the walls perforated by pores and tubuli ;
here the growth is like that of the Imperforate genus Orbi-
toides (which has only vertical radial partitions, and not
horizontal ones in addition, as in Orbitolites).
In another group—the Labechiide—the central chamber
and immediately succeeding growth somewhat reminds one
of the Globigerina type.
The Stromatoporoids are found in Ordovician, Silurian, and
Devonian strata.
Eozoon.
A vertical section of Hozoon shows an alternating series of
wavy bands varying in appearance according to the varying
mineral changes it has undergone. Commonly one finds
white zones of calcite and yellowish translucent zones of
olivine, which last may have undergone further changes into
green serpentine,
The white zones of dolomite or secondary calcite constitute
the “supplementary skeleton,” and are seen to be abundantly
traversed by branching sy stems of canals, The yellowish or
greenish zones are oceupied by horizontal rouleaux of minute
Nummulitid shells standing vertically, 2. e. on their edges,
and closely pressed against one another. Sometimes the
peripheral edges of neighbouring shells overlap, and there
may be here and there an appearance of a continuous spiral,
but in reality the arrangement is like that of a rouleau of
coins or flat disk-like beads strung on a string. Lach shell
has a funnel-like umbilicus through which the main stolon
passes, and around which each coiled shell grows. In
addition, minute shells appear to be budded off promiscuously
from other stolon- like offshoots than the main central one.
Each rouleau forms a common supplemental chamber, which
communicates with its neighbours through cireular orifices in
diaphragms. Each coiled shell (or coin of a rouleau) has
radiating septa and rows of pores in its thin primary wall.
Stromatoporoids and of Eozoon. 451
Accordingly Hozoon canadense is a colonial Perforate
Foraminiferan, each unit being a coiled shell of the Nummu-
litidtype. There are no alar prolongations as in Nummulites *.
Classification of »Stromatoporoids.
The current classification, that of Nicholson, is based on
the theory that Stromatoporoids are Hydrozoa, and naturally
needs revision. My work is not sufficiently advanced to
enable me to make any other than a few general remarks.
The first point to notice is that these ancient Foraminifera
are all colonial forms which frequently form massive blocks.
Murchison and Lindstrém mention the thick strata, the
pillars, and huge balls composed mainly of Stromatopora
discoidea to be found at Gothland, and Dupont calls atten-
tion’to the fact that these organisms enter largely into the
formation of the Devonian limestones of Belgium. The
Stromatoporoids and ozoon were, in fact, reef-forming
Foraminifera.
These colonies of Foraminifera represent a simpler type
than is found at present, wlien most of the Foraminifera exist
as separate individuals, though it is not improbable that some
of the larger modern Foraminifera may be true colonies, and
not merely individuals which have grown by extension of
single segments in vertical and horizontal directions.
I believe Hozoon to be the ancestor of the Nummulitidee
and the Stromatoporoids to be the predecessors of some of the
spirilline, rotalian, and acervuline Rotaliide.
In fitting these primitive colonial Foraminifera into Brady’s
system they should be placed at the head of their respective
families, viz. Hozoonine in the Nummulitidee, and Stromato-
porinee and Labechiinee in the Rutaliide. The colonial habit
is not of the first importance from the systematic point of
view. Itis the unit which gives the clue to the affinities.
Certainly the unit of Hozoon is a Nummulitid and that of -
Stromatopora Rotalian. In Beatricea 1 see central globular
Globigerina-like chambers, but the general mode of growth
suggests the acervuline type common among the Rotaliide.
Eozoon. Geological and Biological Implications.
I find that Eozoonal specimens from N.W. Scotland, from
Connemara, and from Central Europe (Prof. Giimbel) are
* It may be pointed out, alar prolongations are only present in some
subfamilies of Nummulitide, and not in all,
452 Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on the Structure of
certainly genuine Foraminifera and not mineral pseudomorphs.
Professors King and Rowney remark sarcastically * :—
‘“‘Hozonal rocks, we are certain, will turn out to be much
more common than may be conveniently admitted.” I would
say, in reply, the more the better, for then geologists will be
able to map out the Archean seas with more precision.
I shall be asked, and in a tone of irony, whether I have
found any evidence of organic structure in the bombs from
Monte Somma. I have found abundant evidence. I can
see plainly in places the coils of little Nummulites and the
regularly arranged pores on the surface of the broad edges of
coils.
I propose to name this species, following the usual prece-
dent, Hozoon vesuvit, sp. n.
These topographical names will help geological carto-
graphers to draw their maps.
The Eozonal limestones lying over the fundamental gneiss
apparently have had an almost world-wide distribution. Evi-
dently the throat of Monte Somma was very deep. I see no
difficulty in imagining an eruption tearing off fragments of
Archean limestone. They would be hurled up with planetary
velocity and some of them deposited on ledges on the inner
face of the already formed crater. ‘The interior of a white-
hot meteor may be intensely cold with the cold of interstellar
space. Curiously enough, the surface of Hozoon vesuvit is
incrusted with a Melobesia and also what looks like a Cheilo-
stomatous Polyzoon. ‘The latter, of course, is certainly not
Archean. Evidently the crater of Monte Somma was beneath
the sea at one time, so that the bomb became overgrown with
marine organisms of relatively recent date.
Now we know for certain that the Lower Laurentian
limestones of Canada are marine deposits formed from the
skeletons of animals and plants, does not this fact give some
support to the view that the bands of gneiss between which
the limestone is sandwiched may be of sedimentary origin,
metamorphosed by both local and regional agencies? If it is
not altogether presumptuous for one who is devoid of expert
knowledge + to express an opinion concerning a problem
* “On Eozoon canadense,” Proc. Roy. Irish Academy, vol. x. 1869,
. 612.
+ Though devoid of expert knowledge, I have viewed several hundred
square miles of Archean country from the summit of Mount Marcy in
the Adirondacks. This region is very similar to that of the Original
Laurentian on the other side of the St. Lawrence. There are the same
gneisses and limestones, and Mount Marcy itself is an intrusive tooth of
gabbro.
Stromatoporvids and of Kozoon,. 453
about which the greatest experts differ, viz. the problem of
the aqueous or igneous origin of many of the metamorphic
rocks, I would state my belief in the aqueous origin in some
cases. At the same time I recall the sandwiched layers of
Miocene coral-reef and lavas in the Baixo Island near Porto
Santo, which might in some respects be compared to Archean
Foraminiferal reefs and layers of rock (gneiss) of possibie
igneous origin. Whether it is possible or not for lava to
become metamorphosed so as to resemble gneiss is apparently
not definitely known.
The biological implications are of the deepest interest.
The ancestor of Hozoon must have lived immeasurable ages
before the appearance of its highly organized descendant.
We may imagine that ancestor to have been a naked mass of
sarcode, from the periphery of which reticulate pseudopods
radiated out. This animal would have been more entitled to
the poetic name of Dawn Animal than its descendant, which
had travelled some distance along the road since the first
glimmer of life’s dawn. The real dawn rays (of animal life)
were, may one say, the pseudopods of a shell-less Rhizopod
(like the treshwater Lieberkihnia).
In the next stage towards Hozoon we have to imagine knots
on a stolon each forming the centre of a coil, and, lastly, the
formation round pseudopods of a highly elabcrate secondary
skeleton, enclosing the rouleau of coiled shells.
I wish to express my sincere thanks to my colleague
Mr. W. D. Lang, who has taken the greatest trouble in
furnishing me with abundant material from among the
treasures under his charge.
Finally, I would express my deep regret that, owing to
great pressure of work, I have been able to set forth this
important communication only in a very disjointed fashion.
APPENDIX.
Note 1.—In my paper in the September ‘ Annals’ I failed
to do justice to Sir W. Dawson, the only investigator who
definitely stated that Stromatoporoids and ozoon were
Foraminifera, I only noticed his remarks in ‘'The Dawn of
Life,’ where he supposes Stromatoporoids to be a connecting-
link between Sponges and Foraminifera. But in the Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc. xxxv. pp. 48-66 (not seen by me at the
454 Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on the Structure of
time) he distinctly records his opinion that they are Forami-
nifera, and even gives fairly good reasons for his faith; but
he failed to convince his successors.
Note 2.—Recently I have examined a thick section of a
specimen in my own possession labelled “ Havosites, Wen-
lock.” I find that it is certainly not a Monticuliporoid.
Accordingly I withdraw the statement I made to the effect
that the genus Favosttes comes within the Monticulipora
eroup (2. e. siliceous sponges with supplementary calcareous
skeletons).
Note 3.—In the ‘Annals’ for Sept. 1912 I also stated
that Hozoon was allied to Beatricea. At that time I held
the same views on Hozoon as Carpenter, and regarded the
spaces formed by the secondary skeleton as huge vesicular
chambers. Of course a space bounded by secondary skeleton
and containing a rouleau of Nummiulitid shells is in no way
to be compared with one of the chambers of Beatricea with
its thin curved roof of primary skeleton.
Note 4.—Both Stromatoporoids and Hozoon have laminated
structure, and the weathered edges show the layers, which,
however, have an entirely different origin. The edges of
Stromatoporoids are those of horizontal coils of spiral
chambers, but the edges seen in ozoon are mainly those of
the supplementary skeleton. The structures in LHozoon
really corresponding to the edges of the layers of Stromato-
poroids are the margins of the upright-standing Nummulitid
shells arranged in horizontal rouleaux.
Note 5.—Eozoon must have grown in shallow seas and
may have formed fringing reefs to continents. At the
present day coral-reefs are distributed within the tropic and
sub-tropic belt; but in the earliest times probably the waters
of the globe were practically isothermal, just as ina kettle of
water over the fire, the bottom of the kettle representing the
thin consolidated crust of the earth. When the internal heat
was withdrawn owing to thickening of the crust, the outside
meteorological influences would set up the various isothermal
zones at present existing.
Seeing that we now know definitely that Archzean lime-
stones were of organic origin, it does not seem unreasonable
to assume that the bands of gneiss below and above them
Stromatoporoids and of Kozoon. 455
were sedimentary deposits. Possibly future geologists will be
comparing the successions of strata in Eozoic cretaceous rocks
with those of the Mesozoic cretaceous series.
Note 6.—Amidst the hurry of preparations for my departure
on a fourth expedition to Porto Santo Island to work out the
Monticulipora problem ab ovo, I omitted to mention that I
had found three Coralline algee on a block of Hozoon cana-
dense, viz. (1) an incrusting pluristromatic Melobesta, (2) a
jointed Corallina with terete internodes, and (3) a Penicillus-
like form with broad basal internodes and elongated tufted
terminal internodes. I propose to name the first provisionally
Melobesia canadensis, the second Corallina teretiformis, and
the third Lopenicillus aurore. We may now be certain
that Hozoon canadense lived in the Coralline zone.
I hope that on my return in October the authorities will
permit me to describe and figure the members of the Hozoic
fauna referred to in this paper, viz. EZ. canadense, E. vesuvit,
E. bavaricum, E. scoticum, and E. erinense.
The Hozoon problem is mainly a Foraminiferal one. Some
of those who have attacked it have evidently had no know-
ledge of Foraminifera, I hope the present paper will have
the effect of breaking through the crust of petrological preju-
dice which for nearly fifty years has misled the scientific
world with regard to an important question.
Note 7.—The difference in construction between Zozoon
and the Stromatoporoids is due to the laying down of a
secondary skeletal deposit by the former. A typical Stromato-
pora may be compared to an inverted laminated pyramid in
which the succeeding layers rapidly spread out widely in the
horizontal plane, so that the pyramid does not topple over
sideways. In Hozoon, on the other hand, the coils succeeding
the first flat disk remain small, being unable to spread out
owing to deposition of secondary skeleton. Soon the little
pile or tower of disks leans or topples over, and the disks
now form horizontal rouleaux of vertically arranged disks,
a. e. of disks standing on their edges,
The Stromatoporoids form horizontal laminz made up of
disks or coils lying on their flat surfaces, and being un-
hampered by secondary deposits the coils may grow to a
very large size. The original cause of the formation of the
supplementary skeleton in Hozoon probably lay in the greater
abundance of lime-salts in certain areas of the Eozoic seas,
leading to depositiun of thick secondary deposits outside the
primary shells.
456 Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on the Structure of
Note 8.—The discovery of the primitive colonial Fora-
minifera will probably shed much light on the origin of
dimorphism (see J. J. Lister, Phil. Trans. 1895, vol. 186,
p. 401, and F. W. Winter, ‘ Protistenkunde,’ vol. x. 1907,
p- 1). The colonial habit gave way to the individual one
possibly owing either to the breaking off of the buds or to
premature blocking up of the main gemmiparous stelon by
calcareous deposit. In either case injury or damming up
might lead to endogenous division. The vegetatively formed
megalospheric shell would then have become a gamont
producing isogametes. Conjugating isogametes would form
a young microspheric agamont, which, by agamogony, would
form agametes, each of the latter becoming a young megalo-
spheric gamont.
Winter writes (/.c. p. 106) :—‘“‘halte ich es fiir héchst
wahrscheinlich, dass Dichromasie und Dimorphismus derselben
allen Thalamophoren zukommt.” I think this condition has
arisen owing to the repression of the original primitive
colonial habit giving rise to a simple sexual phase, the latter
recurring to a vegetative phase. In the text of this paper I
pointed out that in addition to the large buds formed on the
main axial stolon there were often little buds formed on any
part of a coiled shell. I think these little buds are almost
certainly megalospheric, but I am not at present certain.
Note 9.—The great prevalence of an organism at a certain
epoch followed by its almost total disappearance constitutes a
very strange phenomenon in evolution. About the Hocene
epoch, for instance, the Nummulites flourished amazingly
and carpeted sea-floors over vast areas along a great belt
extending across the Eurasian continent from Spain to the
north-east corner of Asia. Nummulites were mostly heavy
benthos organisms living in shallow seas, the latter probably
covering rising areas. At the very summit of a Himalayan
peak 19,000 feet above sea-level we find an Eocene sea-floor
composed mainly of Nummulites, the sea-bottom having been
gradually elevated by lateral thrust. (Figures of this lime-
stone are given in the Natural History Museum Guide to the
Coral Gallery.) During the Cretaceous epoch and over
hundreds of millions of square miles of ocean at the present
day a surface- or plankton-Foraminiferan, viz. Globigerina,
has largely contributed to the formation of thick deposits of
Grlobigerina-o0ze.
Note 10.—It seems to be legitimately within the limits of
the subject of this paper to consider why a primitive Rhizopod
~
Stromatoporoids and of Hozoon. 457
like Hozoon should have a calcareous skeleton and why other
Rhizopoda should have a siliceous one,
I think we must go back to the cooling mineral magma,
which would vary greatly in character over different areas
and which would form shallower or deeper troughs. Probably
at first, before diffusion produced more or less uniformity,
seas filling those troughs would vary in composition. Rocks
are classified as acid or basic according to the percentaze of
silicic acid present in them, and similarly: a classification
based on mineral constituents might have been extended to
primitive seas (just as doctors classify mineral waters).
Sarcode living in seas with a high percentage of silica and a
small one of calcium salts would become saturated with the
former mineral. Apparently silica forms a more intimate
union with protoplasm than carbonate of lime does, and,
though isotropic when thus united, seems to impress some of
its mineral characters on that protoplasm, as witness the
beautiful symmetry of Radiolaria and of Hexactinellid
spicules *, Acanthin of Radiolaria seems to be halfway
between silica-saturated protoplasm and silica of the skeleton.
Organisms with skeletons of silica, probably on as:ount of
their want of flexibility, have only travelled a short distance
along the path of evolution. The calcareous animal organisms,
on the other hand, have deposited their skeletal material in
masses (acicula, dorsal pillar, limb-girdles, &c.) which have
served as points d’appui for contractile protoplasm, and thus
they have been enabled to come into relation with a varied
environment. Consequently the path of evolution from the
Dawn Animal to human civilization has been along the
calcarcous way.
* For some time past I have thought that possibly sponges are tri-
phyletic and that there were at least three ancestral olynthuses (and not
one olyuthus), viz. a shallow-water calcareous, a shallow-water pre-Demo-
sponge, and a deeper water Hexactinellid olynthus, all three originating
from colonial Volvox-like Flagellates or Choanoflagellates. In all three
a free-swimming phase would be followed by a fixed one brought about
by the increasing disproportion between weight and carrying capacity.
On coming to rest the little organism would form a disk with an inferior
layer of granular cells and a superior layer of flagellate cells. The
increasing growth of the lower nutritive layer would soon cause it to
encompass the upper motile layer, which would sink into it and an
olynthus would be formed.
The Choanoflagellate pre-Hexactinellid was highly vacuolated and its
delicate reticulate strands would be best sustained by « type of spicule
having three axes crossing a common centre at right angles, like building
scaffolding, and the loose-textured protoplasmic network would permit of
the formation of large flagellated chambers. (I would add that I hold
this homoiousion heresy very lightly.)
adnn, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 31
458 Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on the Structure of
Note 11.—The umbilicus of each Nummulitid shell or coil
of Hozoon corresponds to the astrorhiza of Stromatoporoids.
The umbilicus is funnel-shaped, being broad at the proximal
end and reduced to a small pore at the distal, ‘To obtain in
Eozoon the same appearance as is seen on the surface of
Stromatopora it is necessary to cut a vertical section in the
plane of the flat surfaces of the Nummulitid shells. In
Hozoon each coil would be found to be small and surrounded
by a zone of supplementary deposit. The dark radial streaks
of the astrorhize of Stromatoporoids are probably the expres-
sion of the thick masses of sarcode (? with iron) in the grooves
between surface-tubercles of the coils of chambers.
Note 12.—Possibly the little “ buds ” seen on the Nummu-
litid shells of Hozoon may result from a process of agamogony.
See the beautiful figures of Peneroplis pertusus in F. W.
Winter’s remarkable study of the Thalamophoren (‘ Pro-=
tistenkunde,’ x. 1907, p. 1, pl. i. fig. 1). Probably thin
sections of Hozoon will reveal some very interesting facts.
Note 18.—The rouleaux of Nummulitid shells are serpentine
in a double sense. ‘I'he existence in Hozgoon of bands of
dolomite or secondary calcite alternating with bands of
olivine or serpentine results, I think, from the following
‘auses:—The supplementary skeleton (calcite or dolomite)
originally formed masses of pure calcite with very little
protoplasm in it, but the coils of shells were full of proto-
plasm containing metallic compounds, There would be a
great difference in the molecular changes and affinities in the
primary and secondary skeletons, and in the former the silica
would much more easily combine with the iron-magnesian
compounds to form olivine. ‘The reasonableness of this theory
is shown by the fact that the canal-system permeating the
secondary skeleton is wonderfully preserved in olivine and
ean be etched out by dissolving the calcite.
Eozoon may be regarded as a marvellous nature-print by
Nature herselt, and one beside which the most refined products
of human art are clumsy, for the finest details of the
structure of the skeleton have been preserved. During each
“process” the parts have been changed molecule by molecule.
It is true the resulting work of “art”? has been woefully
damaged in the case of Hozoon vesuvii, EL. bavaricum, &c. by
later rough treatment, such as heat, pressure, and crumpling.
In FE. vesuvii the extra baking has converted the olivine
into a serpentine almost resembling tha granular Cornish
kind, but the original Nummulitid pattern is still obvious,
Stromatoporotds and of Wozoon. 459
In the presence of examples of Hozoon canadense with all
the details of their structure so perfectly preserved it 1s
amazing to think that they lived at a time so distant that
even the Cambrian epoch with its highly organized’ fauna
does not seem very remote.
Note 14.—In each colony of Hozoon the horizontal rouleaux
radiate outwards from a dense vertical central sheaf composed
of strings of small Nummulitid shells without secondary
skeleton or with only very little.
At a time when I was deluded by theories of pressure and
by serpentine tgnes fatut, I had thought that this dense
central conical column or sheaf, seen in vertical sections
through the centre, was produced by a crushing-in force,
The resemblance between Evzoon and, say, Stromatopora
concentrica is now seen to be very close. Hach may be
compared to a huge hemispherical mushroom with a very
small stem. In Eozoon the main body is composed of small
disks limited in size owing to secondary deposit. In Stroma-
topora the usually larger coils or disks are not thus limited.
Again, in its plume- -like upwaid and outward growth the
Dawn Animal may be compared to a fountain.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Prats XI,
Fig, 1. Stromatopora hiipsehit, Barg. Devonian, Teignmovth (P. 6328.)
Polished slab. Targential view, showing spiral systems.
Nat. size.
. Hematostroma episcopate, Nich. (P. 5690) Polished slab.
Tangential view, showing spiral systems and central chambers.
Nat. size.
. Actinostroma heblornense, Nich. Mid-Devonian, Teignmouth.
A spiral system. xX 6.
. Labechia conferta, Lonsdale. Very young specime», showing
thin disk with coils. x 2.
>|
bo
Age
ele
Hw Co
PLATE XII. e
Fig. 5, Eozoon canadense, Dawson. Vertical section, showing alternating
light layers of calcite (supplementary skeleton) and dark
layers (which contain piles of Nummiulitid shells), Nat. size.
Fig. 6. Evzoon canadense. Layers of coiled Nummulitid shells. The
calcareous supplementary skeleton has been dissolved by acid.
The shells he in rouleaux in the green areas (olivine and
serpentine) bou:.ded by the supplementary skeleton. x 25.
Fig. 7, Eozoon canadense. A single apparently broken-off Nummulitid
shell, showing funicular umbilicus, x 190.
~N
460 Bibliographical Notice.
Figs. 84, 8B. Evzxoon eanadense. Vertical sections, showing Nummu-
litid shells mostly laid open, but partly (in fig. 8B) showing
thin outer walls and pores. a@ (in fig. 8 4), stolon uniting
four shells and passing through infundibulum in each shell.
Fig, 9, Lozoon canadense. Vertical section at and near surface, showing
supplementary canal-system ramifying in supplementary
skeleton and pseudopodia (in olivine) forming a branching
network outside the specimen; at base five large Nummu-
litid shells, with their surfaces ground down, so that the shells
are opened. X 12. .
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Reeent Foreign and Colonial Natural History Periodicals,
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Washington, 1911.
(3) Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences. Vol. xiii.
LOA.
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LVIIT.—Notes on the Apide (Hymenoptera) in the Collection
of the British Museum, with Descriptions of new Species.
By Grorrrey Mrape-Watpo, M.A.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
I. Subfamily Mzeeacurrrm x.
Tue following notes were made during a recent rearrange-
ment and expansion of the bees of this subfamily.
A considerable number of types have, of necessity, come
under notice during this work, and the fact that many of
the species have been either iguored or misunderstood by
other workers has made the present appear a good oppor-
tunity in which to make an effort to facilitate the identifi-
cation of these species by means either of keys or notes on
synonymy.
The species which appear to be least understood are those
described by the late Frederick Smith, and to these special
attention has been paid. Much valuable information has
already been published on the British Museum collection of
bees, notably by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell in his paper
“Notes on some Bees in the British Museum” (Trans.
Amer. Ent. Soc. xxxi. p. 309, 1905), and by A. Ducke
(Deutsch. ent. Zeitschr. p. 862, 1910). Friese’s valuable
monograph of the subfamily (‘ Das Tierreich,’ 28 Lieferung)
has been of great assistance.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 32
462 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo on
As Prof. Cockerell rightly remarks (J. c. p. 809), Smith’s
descriptions, though good for the time when they were
written, are inadequate for modern requirements, since the
number of described species has so vastly increased.
The types of all the new species here described are in the
British Museum.
My best thanks are due to Professor Poulton, F.R.S., for
the loan of Wallace’s Malayan Megachile described by
F. Smith, the types of which are in the Hope Department of
the Oxford University Museum.
Errapss, Spin.
Eriades rugifrons, Smith.
This species was described as Chelostoma rugifrons (Catal.
Hymen. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 220, 1854) from Georgia, U.S.A.
In his description Smith makes no mention of the clypeus,
which is very similar to that of Megachile subgenus Hu-
megachile : 2. e., very short, much broader than long, broadly
emarginate, and laterally provided with blunt tubercles. The
length given (5 lines) is an underestimate, the correct
length is 18 mm. ‘The insect has a superficial resemblance
to E. grandis, Mor., the form of the clypeus being very
similar.
Osis, Panz.
There are but few types of this genus in the British
Museum collection. Smith described three species from
the Angara River, Siberia, which may be separated as
follows :—
1. ee entirely black, robust insect. L.11 mm. ephippiata.
Legs partially ferruginous, more slender insects, 2.
2. ( Legs ferruginous (coxee and trochanters black),
thorax clothed with fulvous pubescence,
| abdominal tergites with lateral fascie of
4 pale pubescence, scopa pale fulvous. L.9mm. rubripes.
| Tarsi ferruginous, thorax clothed with black
pubescence, abdominal tergites with lateral
| fascize of rich golden pubescence, scopa
t golden, da. d9inin. )i4 28. aye eae aan rufitarsis.
O. ephippiata is a Melanosmia, Schmied., very near
O. pilicorns, Sm., but with the abdomen wholly black-
haired. The vertex and thorax are clothed with ochraceous
pubescence (teste Smith’s original description), not reddish
yellow (rotgelb) as stated by Friese (‘ Das Tierreich,’ Lief. 28,
p- 130).
the Apidee in the British Museum. 463
Osmia rubripes is very near O. rufohirta, Lep., and be-
longs to the subgenus Acanthosmia, Thoms.
Osmia laboriosa, Sm., from Yarkand, somewhat resembles
O. rufigasira, Lep., from Algeria, but differs in having the
scape, mandibles, and anterior margin of the clypeus reddish,
whereas in O. rufigastra all these parts are black. Cockerell
(Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxxi. p. 333, 1905) writes a note
on the species. The black markings on the abdomen give
the insect a very distinct appearance. The North American
species are satisfactorily dealt with by Cockerell.
Osmia jucunda, Smith.
Osmia jucunda, Smith, Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i. p. 139. no. 36
(1853). 9.
Osmia vidua, Gerst. Stettin, ent. Zeit. xxx. p. 345. no. 9 (1869).
dQ.
Smith’s type of O. jucunda from Albania agrees perfectly
with specimens determined by Friese in the Edward Saunders
collection. Gerstaecker described his species from Sicily.
Osmia apicata, Smith.
Osmia apicata, Smith, Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i. p, 140. no, 87
(1853). @.
ae macroglossa, Gerst. Stettin. ent. Zeit, xxx. p. 349. no. 12 (1869).
o YL.
Smith’s type of O. apicata agrees perfectly with specimens
in the Edward Saunders collection determined as O. macro-
glossa by Friese, and with a specimen from Corfu determined
by Schmiedeknecht. In his ‘Apide Europe,’ Schmiede-
knecht suggests that they are co-specific, but does not
synonymise them, being unable to determine O. apicata
satisfactorily from the description.
Litnurevs, Latr.
Lithurgus rotundipennis.
Megachile rotundipennis, W. F. Kirby, Monograph of Christmas
Island, p. 87 (1909).
This species from Christmas Island, Indian Ocean (C. WW.
Andrews), is a typical Lithurgus.
Lithurgus scabrosus.
Megachile scabrosus, Smith, Journ. Linn, Soc., Zool. iii. p, 154. no. 2
(1853).
Type n the Hope Department, University Museum,
Oxford. In the British Museum there are specimens from
aoe
464 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo on
Rarotonga (Wyatt-Gill), Celebes (Ida Pfeiffer), and Am-
boyna (F. Muir).
Mrcacai tt, Latr.
Megachile albopicta, Smith.
Megachile albopicta, Smith, Catal. Hymen. Brit, Mus. i. p. 154 (1853).
Megachile flabellipes, Pérez, Espéces Nouy. Melliféres Barbarie, p. 23
(1895). “¢ Q.
Both described from Algeria, and evidently co-specific.
M. flabellipes has the scopa rather more golden than
M. albopicta, but the latter is probably a rather faded
specimen.
Megachile ceylonensis, Bingh.
Megachile ceylonensis, Bingh. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 453, pl xv.
f. 9 (1896). ¢.
The male of this species from Pundaloya, Ceylon (E. £.
Green), is the type. The species is recorded as ‘ M. cey-
lonica”’ in the Fauna Brit. India, Hymen. vol. i. p. 482:
through an oversight, as it is correctly named in the key to
the species (J. c. p. 472). The insect from Tenasserim
described as the female of WM. ceylonensis can have no affinity
with it, and is totally different in appearance, so that the
description of the male given in the ‘Fauna of India,’
Hymenoptera, vol.i., is misleading, since no mention is made
of the most conspicuous character in the coloration of the
abdomen.
A new name is thus necessary for this sex :—
Megachile caroli, nom. nov.
Megachile ceylonensis, Bingh, Fauna Brit. India, Hymenoptera, vol. i.
p. 482 (1897).
The species is quite adequately described (J. c.).
Megachile stulta, Bingh.
Megachile stulta, Bingh. Fauna Brit. India, Hymenoptera, vol. i.
p. 476 (1897). ¢ Q.
This is certainly a composite species, and the female must
be considered the type of Megachile stulta, Bingh.
The specimen marked by Bingham as his type of the male
from Bangalore, S. India, agrees very well with a specimen
from Dehra Dun, United Provinces, determined by Dr. R.
C. L. Perkins as M. schauinslandi, Alfken, described from
the Apides tn the British Museum. 465
Honolulu (Entom. Nachrichten, xxiv. p. 340 (1898), ?).
It would not be advisable, however, to synonymise these two
species without examining the type of J. schauwinslandi.
In addition to this, the male of Alfken’s species is as yet
undescribed.
The description given by Bingham of the insect he con-
sidered to be the male of M. stulta in no way agrees with the
specimen itself, and is misleading. From the description
(/.c.) one would expect to find a black insect, the abdomen
covered with ferruginous-red pubescence, more sparse than
in the female, in which the abdomen is altogether covered
with a ferruginous-red pile. In colour the male belongs to
the danata group, and has the first abdominal segment alone
with any considerable clothing of ferruginous pubescence,
although segments 2 and 3 bear narrow fascie ; in the
terminal segments the fasciz of ferruginous pubescence
give way to white.
Megachile bellula, Bingh.
Bingham describes both sexes of this species (Fauna Brit.
India, Hymen. i. p. 476, 1897). In the Museum there are
two specimens labelled as “ M. bellula, Bingh., g,” one of
which is designated as the type. The species is certainly
composite, the true male of M. bellula being the insect so
labelled by Bingham, but noé described. ‘The name must be
retained for the female, which becomes the type. The other
male, labelled as type ¢ of M. bellula and described (/. c.),
must be renamed
Megachile (Eumegachile) binghami, nom. nov.
Megachile bellula, Bingh. Fauna Brit. India, Hymen. i, p. 476,
fic. 158 (1897). 3.
Hab. Rangoon, Burma, vi. 1887 (type) (nec 2); Yé
Valley and Amherst, Tenasserim (Bingham Coll.).
This species is adequately described (/.c.). The sixth
abdominal segment is provided with a distinct longitudinal
carina, which is well shown in the text-figure.
T'here is also a series of five females from various localities
in Tenasserim of an insect which is doubtless the true female
of M. binghami.
9. Head and thorax black, abdomen entirely clothed with
rich reddish-brown pubescence, scopa reddish brown.
Legs black, posterior tarsi reddish on the inner side. Head
with thick, black pubescence, pleure with whitish pubescence
of varying thickness. Wings fusco-hyaline. Clypeus very
466 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo on
short, broad, shallowly emarginate, with a slight longitudi-
nal carina. Mandibles arched, 4-toothed. Posterior tibiz
very coarsely punctured. Metatarsus iu. cylindrical, only
half as broad as tibiz.
Length 15 mm.
The species can be separated from M. bellula, which is a
Megachile sens. str., as fellows :—
M. (Eumegachile) binghami, 2. M. bellula, °.
Face without white pubescence, Face with white pubescence.
Wings fusco-hyaline. Wings hyaline.
Metatarsus iii. cylindrical, half as | Metatarsus iii, as broad as tibiee.
broad as tibie.
The following characters serve to separate the males :—
M, (Lumegachile) bingham, 3. M. bellula, 3.
Auterior tarsi simple. Anterior tarsi dilated.
Thorax clothed with dark pubes- | Thorax clothed with pale, golden-
cence. brown pubescence.
Abdomen entirely clothed with | Abdominal segments with fulvous
fulvous pubescence. apical fascie.
Abdominal segment 6 notched, | Abdominal segment 6 simple, with-
with longitudinal carina, out longitudinal carina.
Megachile luculenta, Bingh.
Megachile luculenta, Bingh. Journ, Bomb. N. H. Soe. p. 249 (1890).
Se
Hab. Tavoy, x. 1889 (type); Runjit Valley, Sikkim,
vy. 1894; Salween Valley, Upper Tenasserim, vii. 1892 and
iv. 1893 (Bingham Coll.) ; Bhutan (G. C, Dudgeon).
It is necessary to revive this name, which has been made
a synonym of M. mystacea, F. It is evident that Bingham
has wrongly identified the Fabrician species (type in Banks
Coil.) from Australia, though later he quite correctly
remarks (Trans. Zool. Soc. p. 183, 1909) that M. mystacea
has nothing to do with the African M. (Humegachile) rufi-
ventris, Guér.
M. luculenta is a considerably larger species, being 20 mm.
in length, whereas M. mystacea is only 15 mm.
Megachile ornata, Smith.
Megachile ornata, Sm. Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i. p. 185 (1853).
Megachile miniata, Bingh. Journ. Bomb. Soc. x. p. 199, fig. 6
(1896).
Smith did not know the locality of this species at the
time he described it, but has written in “ Sumatra” in the
the Apidee in the British Museum. 467
Museum copy of the catalogue at a later date. Bingham’s
type of miniata from Deli, Sumatra, agrees perfectly
with it.
Megachile bicaniculata, Cam.
Megachile bicaniculata, Cam. Proe. Zool. Soe. ii. p. 85 (1901).
Megachile canieulata, Cam. MS.
The type of M. dicaniculata is from the Malay Peninsula
(3000 ft.), that of MW. caniculata from Kuching (Sarawak).
It is possible Cameron ‘discovered that they were the same
species, since no description of M. caniculata appears to
have been published.
Megachile semivestita, Smith.
Chalicodoma semivestita, Sm. Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i. p. 148. no, 5
(1858). 3.
Megachile determinata, Sm. Descr. New Spec. Hymen. p. 69. no, 26
(1879). 9.
These are sexes of the same species, though described from
such widely separated places as India and Java. A male
from Java (Horsfield Coll.) agrees in every detail withthe
type.
Megachile architecta, Smith.
Megachile architecta, Smith, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. ii. p. 46. no. 6
(1857).
Megachile tarea, Cam. Journ. Straits Asiat. Soc. xxxvii. p. 124
(1902).
These two species are from the same _ type locality
(Sarawak, Borneo). A comparison of Smith’s type from
the Hope Department of the Oxford University Museum
with Cameron’s type in the British Museum proves them
to be identical.
Megachile atrata, Smith.
Megachile atrata, Smith, Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i. p. 182. no, 112°
(1853). @.
Megachile fulvipennis, Smith, Descr. New Spec. Hymen. p. 68. no. 22
@@ig79). 2. : 4
Megachile viriplaca, Cam. Journ. Str. Asiat. Soc. xxxvil. p. 119
(1902). ¢. u
Megachile shelfordi, Cam. Journ. Str. Asiat. Soc. xxxvii. p. 124
(1902). ¢.
Widely distributed through the Malay Archipelago.
The type (atrata) is from the Philippine Islands ; Nicobars
(fulvipennis) ; Borneo, Sarawak (Shelford) (viripiaca and
468 Mr. G. Meade- Waldo on
shelfordi) ; Sumatra; Kota Raja, Achin, Puloweh (Wallace,
Meade-Waldo); Tenasserim, Mergui (Bingham); Java
(Horsjield) ; Singapore (H. N. Ridley).
Megachile dimidiata, Smith.
Megachile dimidiata, Sm. Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i. p. 174, no. 88
(1853). Q.
Megachile velutina, Sm. Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i. p. 180. no. 105
(1853). 9.
M. dimidiata (type in British Museum) has the pollen-
brush deep fulvous m the centre and black laterally, not
entirely black as Smith states; in his description of M. velutina
he describes it correctly.
Bingham (Fauna Brit. India, i. p. 472) separates the two
species on the colour of the antennz and legs, which he says
are fulvous red in M. dimidiata and black in M. velutina,
although the original descriptions of both species distinctly
state that the legs are fulvous, and specimens determined by
Bingham himself as M. velutina have red antenne and
fulvous legs. The type of JZ. velutina was in the collection
of the late J. S. Baly.
Megachile rotundiceps, Smith, ? .
This species, described from Mt. Ophir (type in the Hope
Department), belongs to the subgenus EKumegachile. The
scopa is silver-white except sternite 5 (at the apex) and 6,
where it is black.
Megachile terminalis, Smith, ? .
As Friese rightly says, this species is like M. ornata,
Smith, but differs in having the scopa black. Other
differences, noticeable on comparing the types of the two
species, are to be found in the considerably darker wings of
M. terminalis and its slenderer form.
Megachile placida, Smith, 3.
Described from Gilolo. The species has a slender, forward-
curving spine on each of the anterior cox. Type in Hope
Department.
Megachile laboriosa, Smith, 3.
This species has a short tubercle on each anterior coxa,
Type in Hope Department.
the Apidee in the British Museum. 469.
Megachile lateritia, Smith, and Megachile albobasalis, Smith.
These two species are extremely nearly related ; they differ
as follows :—
M. lateritia. M. albobasalis,
(Type in Hope Department.) (Type in B.M.)
No pale hair on median segment. | Median segment clothed with white
hair,
Scopa deep foxy red, contrasting | Pubescence on tergites and scopa
strongly with the brick-red of the same shade of ferrugi-
clothing of the tergites. nous.
M. lateritia was described from Aru and M. albobasalis |
from Murray Island, Torres Straits; there is also a speci-
men labelled as coming from Aru, but it is possibly an
error.
Megachile tertia, D. T.
Megachile senex, Smith, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vil. p. 92 (1865).
Megachile albiceps, Friese, Zeitschr. Hym. Dipt. iii. p. 243 (1903).
Friese is correct in suggesting that these are the same
species. An examination of Smith’s type shows that there
is white pubescence on the prothorax, though this is not
mentioned in his description.
Key to some African Species of Megachile described
by F. Smith.
1. ( Clypeus normal, truncate, 1-2 as broad as
long (subgenus Megachile)..........+. 2,
Cypeus apically emarginate, the sides of
the emargination produced to form two
teeth (subgen. Amegachile). Black ;
truncation of median segment and abd.
tergite 1 white-haired ; abdomen apically
with ferruginous pubescence ; scopa pale
yellow, apically ferruginous ; wings fus-
cous) 4 Vip mame) (Zac), As wie.d ofa nasalis.
(= volkmanni, Fr.)
2. { Abdomen entirely clothed with ferrugi-
nous-red_ pubescence, vertex clothed
with dark hairs, scopa pale ferruginous.
Pete ram. (South. Africa. scene aes imitata,
Abdomen otherwise clothed .......... 3.
3. (Thorax and abdomen black, all the seg-
ments with lateral patches of white
| pubescence, scopa golden fulvous, ante-
~ rior wings fuscous. L.16. (Natal.) .. consanguwinea.
Thorax black, with ochraceous or rufous
pubescence ; abdomen with fulvous or
_L grey pubescence ......05 syareiee ete © op 4,
——— =
470 Mr. G. Meade- Waldo on
CB ea basally red, apically black ; wings i
clear hyaline. L.12 mm. (Natal.) .. basalis.
\ Wings dusco-byalie: j.'s iatbis wets mena is :
5. (Thorax with dense rufous pubescence ;
abdomen covered with grey pubescence,
| densest on apical margin of segments,
2. scopa whitish. L.13 mm. (Gambia.). iia vi Fr)
=fiilleborni, Fr.
Thorax somewhat sparsely clothed with
ochraceous pubescence, abdomen and .
(Skseopatiul yous ce yn eo. erences 6.
om fs Mista tancus iii. flattened, abdominal tergites
with broad apical fascia. L. 13 mm.
J (Cape Good Hope) Mivan-ce ssa. eurymera.
| Metatarsus iil. linear, fulvous pubescence
| more sparse towards apex. L. 16 mm.
\. (¢Gapesot Good Hopes) 5 4. bith sjset cvqe cle dorsata.
The above species are not included in Friese’s table of
African Megachile (‘ Die Binen Afrikas,’ p. 327 et seq.), and
though included in ‘ Das Tierreich, Lief. 28, p. 274 e¢ seq.,
it seems that a further short table taken from the actual
types is not superfluous.
Of the species not tabulated by Friese in his African
monograph, /. maculata and 1. perplexa are omitted here,
as it has not been possible to identify the types, which were
in the collection of the late W. W. Saunders.
Megachile fervida, Smith.
Osmia fervida, Sm, Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus, i. p. 142 (1853). ¢.
Megachile intricata, Sm. Descr. New Spec. Hymen, p. 61. no. 1 (1879).
3 2.
Smith marked the male of M. intricata as his type, and it
agrees in every respect with his Osmia fervida. There are no
females of the latter species, but a female of M. intricata is
certainly Megachile sens. str.
Megachile (Eumegachile) paucipunctulata, W. F. Kirby.
Megachile paucipunctulata, Kirby, Bull. Liverpool Museum, vol. iii-
p. 21 (1900). 2.
Meguchile (Eumegachile) sokotrana, Friese, Zeitschr. Hym. Dipt.
Bd. iii. p. 287 (1903). 2.
An examination of Kirby’s type proves that Kohl was
correct in placing the species in this subgenus.
Megachile discolor, Smith.
Megachile discolor, Smith, Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i. p. 157 (1853)-«
Q.
Megachile fiilleborni, Friese, Zeitschr. Hym, Dipt. Bd. iii. p, 281 (1903),
3 Q.
the Apide in the British Museum. 471
This species is widely spread in Africa, Smith redescribed
it from the Gambia. ‘There are other specimens from Zun-
geru, N. Nigeria, iv. 1910 (J. W. Scott-Macfie) ; near
Johannesburg, Transvaal (A. J. Cholmley) ; Salisbury,
Mashonaland (G. dA. K. Marshall) ; various localities in
N.E. Rhodesia (S. A. Neave) ; N. Rhodesia, Sinapunga,
13. 11. 1911 (Silverlock Coll.); and Nyasaland, Karonga
(S. A. Neave).
Megachile (Amegachile) fimbriata, Smith.
Smith’s type of this species from the Gambia agrees well
in all points of structure with a male of M. cerulea, Friese,
determined by Friese himself, from Nyasaland. M. fimbriata
has the abdomen clothed with fulvous pubescence ; possibly
M. cerulea may prove to be a subspecies.
Megachile (Amegachile) bituberculata, Rits.
Megachile bituberculata, Rits. Tijdschr. v. Entom. xxiii, Versl. p. xevii
(1880).
Megachile tuberculata, Smith, Descr. New Spec. Hymen. p. 63. no. 8
(1879). 9. [Nec Smith, 1857,]
Megachile (Amegachile) sjéstedti, Friese, Zeitschr. Hym. Dipt. Bd. i.
p. 72 (1901). Q.
A specimen from Ilesha, S. Nigeria, 4. 11.1910 (J. J.
Simpson), determined by Dr. Friese, agrees with Smith’s
type of M. tuberculata in the British Museum.
Megachile (Amegachile) nasalis, Smith.
Megachile nasalis, Smith, Deser. New Spec. Hymen. p. 61. no. 2 (1879).
Or
Megachile (Amegachile) volkmanni, Friese, Zeitschr. Hym. Dipt. Bd. iv.
p. 299 (1904):
Smith’s type from Zululand, in the British Museum,
belongs to Friese’s subgenus Amegachile,
Other specimens in the collection are from N.E. Rhodesia,
Fort Jameson, 38800 feet, September 1910 (S. A. Neave),
presented by the Entomological Research Committee
(Tropical Africa); S.E, Congo Free State, Lufira River,
Katanga, 3500 feet, 27. vii. 07 (S. A. Neave) ; and Lake
. Shirwa, Zomba, B.C.A. (R. Newstead). .
Megachile ethiops, Smith.
Megachile ethiops, Smith, Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i. p. 166. no. 68
(1853).
Lithurgus ethiops, Friese, Die Bienen Afrikas, p. 322 (1910),
472 Mr. (3, MeadeswWaldavn
This species is not a Lithurgus, as recorded by Friese in
‘Die Bienen Afrikas,’ p. 322. It resembles the European
M. muraria superficially. The clypeus is somewhat of the
Chalicodoma type and is crenulated apically.
Megachile habropodoides, sp. n.
@. Nigra, hirsuta; capite, pleuris, abdominis segmentis 1—4 nigro-,
segmentis 5 et 6 fulvo-ferrugineo-hirsutis; pronoto, mesonoto,
scutelloque flavo-cinereo-hirsutis ; scopa fulvo-ferruginea ; clypeo
subtruncato, apice duobus tuberculis minutis munito ; mandibulis
robustis, 4-dentatis ; alis hyalinis.
Long. 15 mm.
3. Similis sed clypeo flayo-cinereo-hirsuto, prosterno spatioque
postoculari griseo pubescentibus ; mandibulis apice ferrugineis,
elongatis ; tarsis anterioribus albidis, dilatatis, albo-tomentosis ;
coxa’. tuberculo subacuto instructa.
2. Black; head, pleurz, abdominal tergites 1-4, and
legs for the most part covered with long black hair; pro-
notum, mesonotum, and scutellum clothed with a dense
cinereous pile; abdominal tergites 5 and 6 covered with
long ferruginous hairs; intermediate and posterior tarsi
covered within by dark ferruginous hair. Scopa ferruginous
red. Calcaria ferrunginous. Wings hyaline. Clypeus sub-
truncate, broader than long, armed with two small tubercles
at apex; mandibles massive, 4-toothed. The whole insect
somewhat finely and evenly punctured. Metatarsus iu.
normal, about as long as tibia.
Length 15 mm.
g. Similar to the female, but with the face and clypeus
covered with a long, dense, cinereous pile ; postocellar region
and prosternum clothed with thin white pubescence.
Clypeus black at base, apically ferruginous, somewhat
swollen. Anterior tarsi ivory-white, dilated, and fringed
with long white hair, anterior coxz provided with stout
blunt tubercles. Abdominal segment 7 bidentate.
40 92 56 16.
Hab. Khamba Jong, Sikkim, 15,000-16,000 feet, 15-30.
vii. 1903. Collected by H. T. Walton on the Tibet Expe-
dition (1903-4).
The colouring and general robust facies of this insect
strongly recall Bombus and Anthophora.
the Apidex in the British Museum, 473
Megachile (Eumegachile) neavei, sp. un.
9. Nigra; facie nigro-, genis infra, thorace omnino, abdominis
segmento primo omnino, segmento secundo lateribus albido-hirtis ;
segmentis 2 et 3 sparsim, 4-6 dense ferrugineo-tomentosis ; scopa
aureo-brunnea, basi pallidiore; clypeo basi tuberculo mediano
lato instructo ; mandibulis forcipatis; metatarsis angustis; alis
fuscis.
Long. 16 mm.
2. Black; the face densely and vertex sparsely covered
with dark pubescence ; the cheeks below, the whole thorax,
first abdominal tergite wholly, and second abdominal tergite
apico-laterally clothed with white pubescence ; the rest of
the abdomen covered with ferruginous-red pubescence, that
on segments 2 and 3 much sparser; legs dark ferruginous,
tarsi inclining to black, intermediate and posterior tarsi with
rufous pubescence on the inner side. Scopa golden brown,
paler at the base. Wings dark brown.
Clypeus very short, with a broad tubercle in the centre ;
mandibles arched, bidentate at apex. Punctured, mandibles
and abdomen finely, clypeus, head, and thorax closely and
somewhat coarsely. Metatarsus ii. slender, shorter than
and about half as broad as tibia.
Length 16 mm.
¢. Similar to the female in general appearance, but with
apex of clypeus and interantennal space covered with white
pilosity, coxa i. with a short slender spine, abdominal seg-
ment 6 impressed at apex (as in M. chrysorrhea).
222; 3'66-
Hab. Lower Luangwa River, N.E. Rhodesia, Sept. 1910
(S. A. Neave), type 9; Ngoa, Nyasaland, 21. x. 1910 (Dr.
J. E. 8. Old), 3 2; Fort Jameson, 3800 feet, Oct. 1910,
and Luangwa to Petauke, Sept. 1910, N.E. Rhodesia (S. A.
Neave), 6 o.
This species comes nearest to M. cornigera, Fr., but differs
in having the mandibles 3-toothed (in cornigera they are
‘5-6-toothed) and abdominal segment 1 and part of 2 white-,
not black-haired.
Megachile battorensis, sp. n.
Q. M. (Eumegachile) rufipedis similis, sed non Lumegachile. Capite
thoraceque antice fusco-, postscutello, segmento mediano, pleuris,
abdominisque segmento primo basi pallide flavo-hirtis ; segmentis
abdominis 1 apice, 2 et 3 omnino ferrugineo-tomentosis, 4-6
474, Mr. G. Meade-Waldo on
sparsim nigro-hirtis; scopa ferruginea, apice obscuriore, nigra;
pedibus brunneis, plus minusve flavo-pilosis; alis flavo-hyalinis,
apice fuscis; tegulis ferrugineis. Clypeo truncato, plano, crasse
punctato; mandibulis robustis, rugoso-striatis.
Long. 20 mm.
Similar to M. rufipes, F., differing as follows :—
Clypeus normal, rather broader
than long; no carina; mandibles
stout, not arched. (Subgenus Me-
gachile.)
Legs brown.
Clypeus extremely short, with
median tubercle; mandibles arched,
M. ( Eumegachile) rufipes, F. | M. battorensis, sp. 0.
|
slender. (Subgenus Lumegachile.) |
Legs red.
Length 20 mm.
Hab. Battor, Gold Coast, Oct. 1911 (H. T. Palmer), 1 2,
type; Uganda Protectorate, between Seziwa R. and Kam-
pala, 8500-3750 feet, Aug. 1911 (S. A. Neave), 3 2; En-
tebbe, Uganda, Aug. 1911 (C. C. Gowdey), 1 9. Presented
by the Entomological Research Committee (Tropical Africa).
In Megachile sens. str. the most nearly allied species
appear to be M. stephanelli, Friese, also from W. Africa,
and M. kigonserana, Friese, from German East Africa.
M. stephaneili has the scopa fuscous at base and grey at
apex, and the wings smoky, while in M. kigonserana the
thorax is wholly black-haired and the wings are hyaline.
Megachile (Amegachile) frederici, sp. n.
2. Nigra, nitida; mandibulis (apice excepto), antennis basi, pedibus
tegulisque rufis ; facie argenteo-brunneo-, genis, pleuris sparsim,
segmento mediano, abdominisque segmento primo lateribus
albido-pilosis; scopa nigra, basi pallida; metatarsus iii, intus
aureo-hirtis; clypeo apice emarginato; mandibulis robustis, apice
4-dentatis; alis plerumque czruleo-micantibus, basi extremo
hyalinis.
Long. 15 mm.
9. Shining black; mandibles (except the apex), scape,
flagellum beneath, tegule, and legs red; the face about the
insertion of the antenne clothed with silvery-brown pubes-
cence, interspersed with a few black hairs; the pleure
sparsely, median segment and abdominal tergite 1 densely
clothed on the sides with white pubescence; scopa black,
sternite 1 medially clothed with pale hair,
Wings with a bluish effulgence, the extreme base hyaline.
Clypeus about as broad as long, emarginate at apex, the
the Apide: in the British Museum. 475
sides of the emargination produced to form two tubercles ;
mandibles massive, 4-toothed. Whole insect somewhat
sparsely and evenly punctured, metatarsus ii. broader than
tibiee.
Length 15 mm.
3. Similar to female, but smaller. Face and clypeus
clothed with pale hair. First joint of anterior tarsi dilated,
anterior coxze armed with spines,
229,1¢.
Gambia (F. Smith Coll.), 3 % (type); Zungeru, N. Ni-
geria (Dr, W. Morrison), 2.
Most nearly allied to M. bituberculata, Rits.,=sjéstedti,
Fr., but at once separated from that species by the red legs
and black ventral scopa. The species bore a MS. label
* cyanipennis, Guér.,” in F. Smith’s Coll., and it certainly
bears a superficial resemblance to that species.
Key to the Australian Species of Megachile described
by F. Smith.
er
1. (Clypeus very short, 3-4 times as broad
| as long, more or less armed with tu-
J bercles at apex. Scopa pale, black
species with pale pubescence........ 2. Subg. Eumegachile.
Clypeus normal, 1-2 times as broad as
| long; variously coloured insects .... 5. Subg. Megachile.
2. ( Clypeus truncate, the apex armed with
| asmall tubercle or tubercles........ 3.
2 Clypeus with a broad, medio-apical, sub-
1 quadrate lobe, or else porrect, with the
| apex semicircular; wings fusco-hya-
We MGR. Saetes vce anes eae ame ee 4,
3. ( Apex of clypeus with small lateral tu-
bercles; head very massive; wings
fuscous; abd. tergite 1 with white
pubescence; scopa pale testaceous.
L. 21-mm. (Champion Bay.) ...... monstrosa.
Clypeus with a small medio-apical
tubercle ; head normal; wings fusco-
hyaline; abd. tergites 1 and 2 with
white pubescence ; scopa pale yellow.
tf. 18mm. (Adelaide.)”’. “cee semiluctuosa.
4, ( Apex of clypeus with a broad, medio-
apical, subquadrate lobe; face covered
with dense golden pubescence; abd.
tergite 6 with silver-grey pubescence.
4+ L.13mm. (“New Holland”) .... aurifrons.
Clypeus porrect, the apex semicircular ;
face sparsely clothed with grey hairs;
abd. tergite 6 with golden pubescence.
_ L.12mm. (Champion Bay.) .,.... nasuta,
476 Mr. G. Meade- Waldo on
. ( Abdomen unicolorous ; scopa bright ful-
POO tid ota ata ais edin SOS watt a'e Gi a ¢ 6,
J Median segment and abdomen basally
} with white pubescence. L.14-15mm. 7.
| Abdomen otherwise coloured ; scopa
(‘pales avangs Wyalime 50% i jeton eg cause 9.
6, Padoren covered with bright fulvous
| pubescence; wings fuscous. L. 16
jJ mm. (Australia. ) ord nat asain wong ustulata.
\ Abdomen black, with violet iridescence ;
| wings fusco-hyaline. L. 14 mm,
Lae RAGHMONG SHIVEL.) Gs jue acu ctctere Sate pictiventris.
Wings dark fuscous; scopa_ black.
(Champion Bay:),..;.% f<. starch fumipennis.
Wings not dark fuscous; scopa white,. 8,
if Wings wholly dark fusco-hyaline, abd.
| tergite 3black. (‘New Holland.”).. ducidiventris.
~ Wings with basal half hyaline, fuscous
| apically ; abd, tergite 3 laterally with
|_ white pubescence. (Champion Bay.) fabricator
9. ( Abdominal tergites with apical fascize of
pubescence ..............seeeeees 13.
Abdominal tergites 1-3 with apico-lateral
J marks of pale pubescence ; abd. ter-
‘\ gites 5 and 6 with golden-yellow or
fulvous pubescence... 0.6... 0054. 10.
Abdominal tergites 1 and 2 black, 3-6
| ferruginous, L.10mm. (Queensland.) calida.
10. ( Face sparsely clothed with white pubes-
cence ; slender insects ............ 21.
< Face clothed with golden pubescence ; a
| robust insect. L. 13 mm, (Cham-
7.
8.
( spton Bay.) 2. aici. s fee honk eee sexmaculata,
11. (Apex of clypeus simple. L. 113 mm.
(Dasmanias) 4 wah peep meee leucopyga.
Apex of clypeus with a small tubercle
or tubercles... sok nee eye Ee 12.
12. ( Apex of clypeus with 2 small tubercles ;
; abd. tergite 4 with narrow whitish-
J yellow fasciz. L.11mm. (Adelaide.) ertadiformis.
\ Apex of clypeus with a small median
| tubercle; no fascia on abd. tergite 4.
( L.10mm. (Western Australia.) .. oblonga.
13. ( Sides of face sparsely covered with white
' pubescence, abdominal fascize narrow ;
smaller, more slender insects........ 16.
4 Whole face (including clypeus) covered
| with dense ochraceous or fulvous
pubescence, abdominal fascize broader ;
| more robustimsects?s.. 2 cn snene 14,
(Face densely covered with fulvous
pubescence ; abd. tergite 5 partly and
6 wholly covered with fulvous pubes-
cence. LL. 12} mm. (Western Aus-
aT): wie apc o's ve bn hm LS ANS chrysopyga
Face densely covered with ochraceous
pubescence; abdomen unicolorous, with
{ ochraceous fascie. L.18mm.,..... 15.
14.
NS
the Apidee in the British Museum. A477
15, ( Dise of mesonotum with spots of ochra-
| ceous pubescence, (W. Australia.).. macularis, D. T.
(maculata, Sm.)
Disc of mesonotum ne so spotted.
| (ChamprongBay a). : cvincnss vere weed » australasie, D. T.
(tmitata, Sm.)
~All the abd. tergites black, with narrow
apical fascia. L. 10 mm, (Hunter
River.) ..¢ sure et aanteata asa < teas simplex.
he pani 6 or 5 and 6 otherwise
coloured! / J 1. Watt o: ane wea seine ame eos i
17. | Abd. tergite 6 laterally ferruginous ; a
small insect. L. 8 mm. ( Adelaide.) apiecata,
Larger insects. .L.11 mm, .......,... 18.
Abd, tergite 6 with a short griseous
pilosity, (Tasmanian 4 1,00 ee ardinaria.
Abd. tergites 5 (apically) and 6 with pale
fulvous pilosity. (Australia.) ...... modesta,
3a.
Anterior tarsi dilated, anterior coxse
armed with spines ................ 2.
Anterior tarsi simple, anterior cox un-
PETC OH lem tec tae atid Say ca a's BSS os 2.
2. (Face cayered with fulvous pubescence ;
abd, tergite 6 black. L. 13 mm,
(New Holland’) Si Ooi... latipes,
Face covered with white pubescence ;
abd. tergite 5 with a patch of ferru-
ginous pubescence. L. 11mm, (Swan
BEAR Velo ngtate 8 gtlult ccasaia sh « Names & Serox,
“Abd. ee 6 entire, not emarginate ;
face with white pubescence ........ 4,
Abd. tergite 6 notched ; face with yellow
or fulvous pubescence ; abdomen
black, with white or white and. ferru-
ginous pubescence ,.............05 5,
Abd. tergite 6 bluntly rounded ; abdo-
men black, with white pubescence
basally ; tergite 5 with a patch of
J ferruginous pubescence. L. 9 mm,
ne OW, Aosta Bei. se yarn canifrons,
Abd, tergite 6 truncate ; abdomen wholly
ferruginous. L. 8 mm. (Macintyre
DRUV OR eV aietain) oierape « op5. si °. 5's! +. ¢ ston a agrgian COLOR
5. (Abdomen black, with white pubes-
cence basally ; tergites 4 (apically) and att
5 or 5 and 6 ferruginous; abdomen
4 not coarsely punctured Se ape cae aera 6,
Abdomen black, with white pubescence
basally ; apical tergites black; abdo-
men coarsely punctured 2S tenn ad fy
6. (Tergite 6 deeply notched, tergites 5 and
' 6 ferruginous, L. 14 mm. (“New
Beotlantd.”” )o 3.00: 4208 5» paket
Tergite 6 faintly "notched ; an apical
fascia on tergite 4 and tergite 5 for
the most part ferruginous. L.11mm,
L (W. Australia.) ....... SEE. OO unL . erythropyga,
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 33
ignita,
478 On the Apidee in the British Museum.
7. (Tergite 1 with small apico-lateral tufts
| of white pubescence. L. 13 mm.
J (CS Newstead 2) ys: nieces © punctata.
| Tergite 1 wholly: and 2 apico-laterally
| clothed with white pubescence. L.
|. 11mm. (W. Australia.) ..... esos. TUGOSH.
Megachile exaltata, Smith.
Megachile exaltata, Smith, Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i, p. 185 (1853),
3.
Megachile incongrua, Smith, Descr. New Spec. Hymen. p. 78 (1879).
dQ.
The older species, described from the male alone (Rio
Tapajos, Brazil), is certainly co-specific with M. incongrua
from Tunantins, of which both sexes are described.
Antuipium, F.
Anthidium (Proanthidium) cimbiciforme, Smith.
This is a valid species, and not synonymous with A. laterale,
Latr., as stated by Friese, ‘Bienen Europas,’ iv. p. 153
(1898).
The yellow markings are much more profuse than in
laterale. The antenne and two curved lines on the dise of
the mesonotum are yellow. In the males the apical segments
of the two species show great disparity ; in A. laterale the
seventh abdominal tergite bears a short median tubercle,
whereas in A, cimbiciforme the median prolongation is long
and apically truncate.
The species was described from Albania.
Anthidium africanum, Smith,
? Euaspis abdominale, F. ¢.
There seems to be a great probability that Smith’s species
is the male of EH. abdominale, F. Friese (‘Die Bienen
Afrikas’) quotes Séelis rufiventris, Lep., as the male of that
species, querying the locality (Brazil) given by Lepeletier
(Hist. nat. Insect. Hymén. ii. p. 531), though Lepeletier
himself seemed in no doubt about it.
Smith’s type is 14 mm, in length, though he inexplicably
gives 5 lines.
In the British Museum copy of Smith’s Catalogue 4. afri-
canum is followed by a MS. note “¢@ of no. 69,” i. e. A. bi-
color, this being the synonymy adopted by Friese in ‘ Die
Bienen Afrikas.’ In ‘ Das Tierreich’ he has placed the two
species separate. An earlier MS. alteration by Smith is a
bracket uniting A. africanum and A. (now Euaspis) abdo-
minale, F.; and this appears to be the correct solution.
Observations on living Gorganias. 479
LIX.— Observations on living Gorgonias (Gorgonia verru-
cosa) occurring in the English Channel. By J. Stuart
THomson, Ph.D., F.L.S., F.R.S.E., Lecturer and Senior
Demonstrator in Zoology, Victoria University of
Manchester,
DurinG a brief period of work at the Marine Biological
Station, Roscoff, in August 1912, I had excellent opportunities
of observing the variations in the form of Gorgonia verru-
cosa, Pall., from living specimens, and of comparing the
Jatter with the form designated Gorgonia cavolini, von
Koch.
These two forms, sometimes called Sea-fans, are the
commonest Gorgonacee occurring in the Gulf of Naples, the
Gulf of Lyons, and in the English Channel, off the coasts of
Brittany, Devonshire, and Cornwall.
In 1887, von Koch in his admirable Monograph on the
Gorgonide of the Gulf of Naples, gives a detailed account
of the anatomy and development of a red Gorgonia under
the name Gr'orgonia cavolint, sp. n.. which he regards as
very similar to, but not identical with, Gorgonia verrucosa,
Pall. Von Koch holds that naturalists had, hitherto, fre-
quently erred in regarding these two forms as belonging to
the same species. He rightly insists that one should observe
as many forms as possible before arriving at conclusions as
to their identification.
The object of this note is mainly to state my reasons for
regarding Gorgonia verrucasa, Pall., and Gorgonia cavolini,
von Koch, as one and the same species. It is of importance
in the determination of species that specimens from different
localities should be compared with one another; and my
present note is of importance in this connection, as
von Koch’s work was based on Mediterranean forms, but my
observations are on specimens from the western part of the
English Channel, namely from the coasts of Brittany. It is
also almost necessary in some difficult or disputable cases
that Alcyonarian forms should be studied in the living
state.
The first character upon which von Koch rests his deter-
mination is the colour—Gorgonia cavolint being red, Gor-
gonia verrucosa white. When these two forms are dead or
preserved in spirit, they are both white and are practically
indistinguishable. ‘The colour of the red form, Gorgonta
cavolini, is very unstable, disappearing very readily and
rapidly, and the pigment is not present in the spicules.
The red colour of Gorgonia cavolini also varies in shade in
different specimens even in the living state; thus 1 find some
33*
480 Dr. J. S. Thomson on living Gorgonias
much paler in colour, and on the other hand there are
examples of Gorgonia verrucosa which have yellowish or
slightly reddish tints. Von Koch also mentions the occur-
rence of a yellowish-red specimen of Gorgonia cavolint.
This instability of the colouring is met with in other
Aleyonarian forms, and perhaps it is most conspicuously
illustrated in Aleyonium purpureum, Hickson, occurring in
False Bay at the Cape of Good Hope. Alcyonium pur-
pureum is a brilliant purple colour (not due to the spicules),
which it has been found almost impossible to retain by
different methods of preservation.
The colour of Alcyonarians has within recent years been
recognized as being so variable in character that it is
no longer regarded as of importance in the determination of
species.
After an examination of a number of the red form
(Gorgonia cavolint) and of the white form (Gorgonia verru-
cosa) it appears to me that none of the characters which
von Koch gives for their differentiation mto two species
will hold in all cases, The characters by which von Koch
separates Gorgonia cavolint from Gorgonia verrucosa are as
follows :—
Gorgonia verrucosa, Pall.
The colonies are white during
life,
Gorgonia cavolini, v. Koch.
Are red or reddish during life,
white when dried or preserved
in alcohol,
The colonies are, as a rule, of larger
size.
The branching is rarely in one
The branching is in one plane and
plane and is irregular.
more regular.
The branches are longer and less
divided up into minor branches.
The branches frequently appear
little thinner than the stem, and
often have a tendency to lie
parallel to one another, and
perpendicular to the basal plane
of attachment.
The branches are shorter and fairly
uniform; the twigs are little
thinner than the branches and
always disposed in one plane.
The polyps are yellowish or light
brown.
The polyps are reddish,
The polyps are not arranged in
rows on the twigs.
The polyps have the margins of
the calyces divided up into
5-8 lobes, but wsually into 8.
Yellow cells occur in the ectoderm
of the tentacles.
The polyps are arranged in rows
on the twigs.
The margins of the calyees are
usually 5-lobed.
Yellow cells do not occur in the
ectoderm of the tentacles,
occurring in the English Channel. . 481
I would now indicate that the points stated above, by
which von Koch seeks to distinguish Gorgonta verrucosa
from Gorgonia cavolint, are not sufficiently constant in either
variety to enable one to hold this position.
I have already alluded to the colour, and pointed out that
the red coloration of Gorgonia cavolini is unstable. In
regard to size, the relative size of the red and white form is
so variable that it appears to me that no definite character
can be deduced from this point.
Specific characters are derived by some authors from the
mode of branching, but von Koch’s most important contrast
in this respect—namely, the branching in Gorgonta cavolini in
one plane but not so in Gorgonta verrucosa—does not hold
strictly true for many specimens of either form which I have
examined. Further, I find the disposition of the branches,
their relative thickness to the stem, so variable in both the
white and the red variety that 1 cannot attach specific
importance to these points.
Regarding the mode of occurrence of the polyps on the
twigs, I have been unable to find in a number of the red
forms, Gorgonta cavolint, a regular arrangement in rows,
In the older colonies of Gorgonia verrucosa one frequently
finds that the majority of the polyps have a 5-lobed calyx,
and, on the other hand, one occasionally observes an 8-lobed
calyx in Gorgonia cavolini. Von Koch notes and figures in
another part of his monograph that there is variability in
regard to this point. I believe that the presence of eight
lobes in the calyx is only a temporary stage.
It seems true that yellow cells are, as a rule, present in the
tentacles of the polyps of Gorgonia verrucosa; but, on the
other hand, I am unable to confirm Koch’s statement that
these yellow cells do not occur in the tentacles of Gorgonia
cavolii %.
In his tables for the identification of the Gorgonacex of
the Gulf of Naples, von Koch gives as a common character
of Gorgonia verrucosa and Gorgonia cavolini that the polyps
are without spicules. In another part of his monograph he
writes of the presence of a number of needle-like spicules in
the young developing polyps, and of these being later reduced
in number in slightly older polyps to seven or eight for each
tentacle, but that these spicules are absent in the polyps of
the trunk. In both forms I find seven needle-like spicules
at the base of each tentacle in the polyps of the trunk.
My reasons for regarding Gorgonia verrucosa and Gorgonia
cavolini as the same species are as follows :—
The “ habitus ”’ of the two forms is, on the whole, the same.
The form, size, and distribution of the spicules is similar.
482 . Dr. J. S. Thomson 6n hving Gorgonids
The internal structtire and development of the two forms is
alike. ‘The two forms are sexually niature at the same time.
The two forms show variations, but during the young stages
they are essentially inagreement. ’
One may slightly extend von Koch’s cliaracters for
Gorgonia terrutosa so as to include Gorgonia caviélini as
follows:—The ground-colour is white or red, the polyps
yellow; brown, or reddish. The axis is dark, almost black,
and scarcely visible through the rind: The surface of the
rind appears smooth when magnified ten times: The
branching may be irregular, but is frequently in one plane.
The branches frequently tend to lie parallel to one another
and perpendicular to the basal plane of attachment. The
relative size of the stem and branches is variable, frequently
no great difference between them.
The spicules of the rind and verruce are clubs and
spindles arratiged in two layers; the clubs of the external
layer stand very close to one another and with their
principal axes perpendicular to the surface. ‘The spicules
are transparent.
The polyps are rettactile; and there are usually seven or
eight small; needle-like spicules at the base of each tentacle.
The polyps are scattered over the surface of the cosnenchyma,
but sometimes show a tendency on the smallest branches
towards an arrangement in rows.
The verrucee have the form of low warts, with 5-8,
ustially 5, marginal lobes.
Yellow or red cells occur in the ectoderm of the tentacles.
I would therefore suggest that one should retain the older
specific name verrucosa and abandon that of cavolinz, but
that the species verrucosa be recognized as including two
varieties—red and white. Itis also to be noted that these
two forms, verrucosa and cavolini, are now frequently referred
to the genus Hunicella.
In 1869 Verrill constituted the new genus Huni¢ella, taking
Gorgonia verrucosa, Pall.; as his generic type, and regarded
it as belonging to the family Plexauridie. Verrill’s diagnosis
of the penus Hunicella is as follows :—
“ Coenenchyma thin or moderately thick; composed chiefly
of small warty double spindles, but having a distinct external
layer of very small, peculiar club=shaped spicules perpendi-
cular to the surface, which often have one or two whorls of
fine spindles towards the larger end. Cells scattered, either
raised on prominent verruce or perfectly flat, Longitudinal
ducts nearly equal, in a circle around the axis. The colour
usually white.”
occurring in the English Channel. 483
In some measure this brief note is a protest against the
splitting up of Alcyonarian genera into an unnecessary
number of species, and undoubtedly there are other specific
names under the genus G'orgonia which do not represent true
species.
I may now shortly refer to one or two other points observed
during the course of this comparison. It is interesting to
find that when a twig of Gorgonia (Eunicella) verrucosa is
isolated from the rest of the colony, and left in a well-aerated
aquarium, it has the power of living on for some time (for at
least a fortnight) apparently in an active condition, showing
the extension and retraction of the tentacles. From our
knowledge of the powers of regeneration possessed by other
members of the Ccelenterate Phylum, it is possible that
Gorgonia has the power of propagation from twigs which
have been broken away from the main colony.
Another point which I may mention is that the red and
white specimens were sexually mature at Roscoff on the
20th of August; this is much later than those of the
Mediterranean, which are recorded as being mature in May
and June.
The distribution of Hunicella (Gorgonia) verrucosa is a
wide one in Huropean waters. It has been accurately re-
corded at the following :—
Off the coasts of Devonshire and Cornwall—Mewstone
Ledge, very common ; Queen’s Ground ; Rame ; Eddystone
Ground; Stoke Point Ground. Usually at a depth of
10-20 fathoms.
Off the coasts of Brittany, common. Off the west coast
of Scotland, rare. Off Marseilles and Nice, the Bay of
Naples, the Adriatic and other localities on the Italian coast.
References.
Carus, J. V. ‘Prodromus Faunz Mediterranee.’ Vol. [. Stuttgart,
1884, 1885.
Kocu, G. von. “Die Gorgoniden des Golfes von Neapel.” Fauna und
Flora des Golfes von Neapel. XV. Monographie. Berlin, 1887.
——. “Plymouth Marine Invertebrate Fauna.” Journ. Mar. Biol.
Assoc., N.S. vol. vii. No. 2. Dec. 1904.
Prouvort, G. “ Essai sur les Fonds et la Faune de la Manche occidentale
(Cétes de Bretagne). _Comparés 4 ceux du Golfe du Lion.”
Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale. 3¢ Série.
Tome v. 1897.
Verritt, A. E. “Notes on Radiata, No.6,” Trans, Connect. Acad.
vol. iil. p. 386,
484 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and
LX.+Descriptions and Records of Bees—XLVII.
By T. D. A. Cockzreti, University of Colorado.
Ceratina leta, Spinola.
Trinidad, March 1912 (Hugh Scott). New to Trinidad.
Ceratina minima, Friese.
Trinidad, March 22,1912 (Hugh Scott). Three males,
marked “ Diego Martin ; herbage by stream.”
Nomada (Micronomada) jamaicensis, sp. n.
2. Length a little over 6 mm.
_ Ferruginous, including the legs, but the abdomen mainly
black above ; head broad; basal part of mandibles broadly
pale yellow; sides of iface broadly hight yellow, this colour
ending obtusely a little above level of middle of front, and
below ending about level of middle of clypeus; labrum
blackish in middle; clypeus, supraclypeal area, front and
cheeks bright ferruginous, the cheeks with a broad yellow
stripe along upper part of orbits; imterocellar region
blackened ; antenne entirely ferruginous, third joint longer
than fourth ; thorax above densely and coarsely punctured,
the ridges between the punctures shining ; upper border of
prothorax, tubercles, scutellum, band on postscutellum, two
large patches on metathorax, and very large transverse
patches on pleura, bright yellow ; mesothorax suffused with
black in middle posteriorly, and area of metathorax also
blackish ; the extremely scanty pubescence of thorax light
fulvous above, white at sides; tegule creamy white, punc-
tured. Wings long, with a conspicuous dusky apical cloud ;
stigma ferruginous, nervures fuscous ; b. n. meeting t.=m.;
secoud s.m. receiving first r. n. before middle. Legs bright
red, hind coxe with a large yellow mark, hind tibie slightly
yellowish at base; spines of anterior coxe short, but very
distinct. Abdomen very finely punctured: first segment
with a broad yellow band, narrowest in middle, the part
before the band dark red; second ségment with a yellow
band which is extremely broad at sides, but greatly narrowed,
or even broken, in middle; third and fourth segments with
a large yellow mark on each side, fifth with a band (these
markings often largely concealed by the retraction of the
segments) ; apical segment with a semicircular pale pubes-
cent area; venter -dark ferruginous, with a broad yellow
band on third segment,
Records of Bees. - 485
3. Similar to the female, except as follows: ground-
colour of head and thorax black, not red; labrum pale
reddish ; clypeus and supraclypeal area bright yellow, and
the bright yellow lateral face-marks wholly filling space
between clypeus and eye; yellow band along posterior orbits
variable, either extending along whole length of orbit or
broken in middle; basal part of first abdominal segment
black ; apical plate of abdomen broad, truncate, not
emarginate.
Hab. Liguanea Plain, Jamaica, Nov.-Dec. 1911, three of
each sex (C. T. Brues). One was collected by Mrs. Brues.
The type is a female.
The genus is new to Jamaica, and the species is closely
related to the various Micronomade inhabiting the western
United States. From the species of Cuba, Haiti, and Porto
Rico it is readily known by the red head and thorax of the
female. By the red legs, it resembles N. krugii, Cress., from
Porto Rico rather than N. cubensis, Cress., from Cuba.
Halictus (Chloralictus) bruesi, sp. n.
6 .—Length about or nearly 5 mm.
Entirely pale brownish testaceous, including antenne and
legs ; clypeus prominent ; face with fine white hair; eyes
moderately emarginate within ; antennze long, the flagellum
thick, Wings clear, iridescent, the stigma and nervures
sepia; head and thorax dullish, abdomen shining ; thorax
with thin white hair.
The following characters are microscopic: front finely
and very densely and evenly punctured ; mesothorax. micro-
scopically tessellate, with rather widely separated very
distinct punctures; area of metathorax with about twenty
fine but distinct more or less wavy ridges; punctures of
abdomen very fine, becoming moderately dense toward
bases of segments, absent on apices of segments, which are
transversely striatulate; first r.n. joining second s.m. a
little before the beginning of its last fourth; outer nervures
scarcely at all weakened.
Hab. Liguanea Plain, Jamaica, Nov.—Dec. 1911, 1
(C. T. Brues).
Easily known by its singular coloration, which made me
think at first that it might be immature or diseased ; but
it is perfectly formed in every way, and doubtless normal.
Many species of Halictus are more or less testaceous,
or have the abdomen orange or brownish. The present
insect is perhaps nearest to the Brazil an H. nanus (Smith),
which, however, has the head and thorax yellowish green,
486 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and
Halictus leichardti, Cockerell.
The type of H. leichardti is abraded; H. paracolletinus,
Ckll., described from fresh specimens, is the same species.
I arrived at this conclusion after the types had been returned
to the British Museum, but Messrs. Meade-Waldo and
Turner have kindly compared the types, and have no doubt
that the names refer to a single species.
Megachile liguanensis, sp. un.
? .—Length about 9 mm.
Black, with white pubescence (a slight admixture of dark
hairs on vertex and scutellum) ; legs bright ferruginous,
hair on inner side of tarsi orange-ferruginous, very bright
on hind basitarsi ; ventral scopa white, entirely black on
last two segments; clypeus densely punctured, with a
smooth shining median stripe, the lower margin feebly
denticulate; mandibles quadridentate; flagellum beneath
dark rufo-fuscous ; vertex dull, densely and minutely punc-
tured; mesothorax and scutellum sculptured like vertex ;
no anterior hair-spots on mesothorax, but a very conspicuous
tuft of white hair on each side above the hind end of tegula ;
a rather feeble hair-band in scutello-mesothoracic suture,
but long white hair behind scutellum. Wings slightly dusky,
especially in costal region ; stigma dull ferruginous, nervures
fuscous. Abdomen shovel-shaped, but not of the very broad
type, shining, with narrow and weak white hair-bands;
tegule piceous, obscurely reddish toward the margins.
Hab. Liguanea Plain, Jamaica, Nov.—Dec. 1911 (Mrs. C.
T. Brues).
From the same locality Mr. Brues sent also M. lanata
(Fabr.), and M. poeyi, Guér. In Friese’s table of West
Indian Megachile, this runs to M. deceptriz, Smith, a larger
and otherwise different insect, the type of which I have
examined. It may also be compared with M. poeyi, which
is larger and has yellow abdominal bands. [ have not been
able to find any species from North or South America which
it closely resembles.
Megachile huascari, sp. u.
? .—Length about or almost 13 mm.
Robust, broad, black, with black hair, mixed with dull
white on face around anteune; ventral scopa light orange,
last segment with scanty black hairs ; clypeus shining but
closely punctured, with no median smooth line, its anterior
Records of Bees. 487
margin with a very broadly triangular smooth impunctate
space, the actual margin, which is straight, deeply trans-
versely channelled ; antennz entirely black ; vertex finely
and quite closely punctured ; mesothorax closely punctured
at sides, but the middle very broadly smooth and shining,
with widely scattered punctures; tegule with reddish
margins. Wings fuliginous ; spurs ferruginous.
Hab. Huasearay, Peru, 6500 ft., Sept. 21 (C. H. T.
Townsend).
Very close to M. piurensis, Ckll., which is known only in
the male. I was at first disposed to regard it as the female
of that species, but as the sculpture of the mesothorax is
entirely different, and the insect comes from a different
locality, it must be presumed to be distinct. Superficially,
seen from above, M/. huascari might be taken for a rather
small example of J/. xylocopoides, Sm. The locality is
evidently named after Huascar, to whom I have accordingly
dedicated the bee.
Megachile microsoma, Cockerell.
Manaos, Brazil (B. Piffard). British Museum.
Megachile agustini, Cockerell.
Abbott Ranch, Rito de los Frijoles, New Mexico, Aug:
1912 (Cockerell).
Megachile sayi sancta, subsp. n.
3.—lLike M. sayt heterodonta, but hair of face strongly
suffused with tawny; wings not reddened (the stigma is
clear ferruginous), but with a strong dusky apical cloud ;
middle of mesothorax covered with black hair ; eyes purplish
black instead of green; fifth dorsal abdominal segment,
before the band, with the hair entirely black, long and
coarse. Legs as in heterodonta.
Hab. Santa Fé, New Mexico, August 3, 1912 (Cockerell).
Megachile pugnata, Say.
3 .—Santa Fé, New Mexico, August 1, 1912, at flowers of
Hymenoxys floribunda. (Cockerell.)
Epeolus novomexicanus, sp. n.
¢.—Length 6 mm.
Black, with the tubercles, ends of axillar teeth, and venter
of abdomen ferruginous ; antenne clear ferruginous, the
scape blackened above ; legs clear bright ferruginous, the
488 Mr. I’. D. A. Cockerell— Descriptions and
spurs of the same colour; tegule light apricot-colour ;
apical plate of abdomen red, rounded, entire ; eyes pale
green ; face, except lower part, covered with brilliant silver-
white appressed hair ; clypeus minutely granular-punctate ;
labrum dark, obscurely reddish ; mandibles red; hair of
cheeks and vertex, and thorax above, slightly tinged with
ochreous; mesothorax finely rugose, its hair dense around
the margins and in anterior middle, but not forming clean-
cut markings; pleura densely covered with hair; axillar
teeth broadly triangular, rather sharp. Wings dusky along
apical margin. Abdomen with broad entire yellowish-white
apical hair-bands, the other parts more thinly hairy ; first
segment densely hairy, except for a straight median band,
the margins of which are very indistinctly defined ; beneath
the hair the bases of the segments become more or less
reddish, while the apical margins become ivory-white.
Hab. Santa Fé, New Mexico, Aug. 2, 1912 (Cockerell).
A pretty little species, best known by the red antennze
and ill-defined band on first abdominal segment. These
characters will at once separate it from LE. beulahensis, Ckll.,
which is similar in general appearance. Thereis no distinct
spot of pubescence on the anterior part of the mesothorax,
such as is found in £. crucis, Ckll.
Melissodes mizee, Cockerell.
@.—Abbott Ranch, Rito de los Frijoles, New Mexico,
Aug. 1912 (Cockerell). ‘The specimen differs from the type
in having much more black hair on the legs.
Andrena mellea, Cresson.
@.—Abbott Ranch, Rito de los Frijoles, New Mexico,
Aug. 1912 (Cockerell).
Prosopis aposuara, Cockerell.
g.—Stradbroke Island, Oct. 2, 1911 (H. Hacker) ;
Queensland Museum, 50. Gjilgai, N.S.W., Dec. 1911
(Froggatt, 212).
Meroglossa persulcata, Cockerell.
3 .—Brisbane, April 26, 1911 (Queensland Museum, 67).
Paleorhiza perviridis (Cockerell).
9 .—Kuranda (F. P. Dodd); Queensland Museum, 68.
Records of Bees. 489
Gnathoprosopis hackeri, sp. un.
¢.—Length a little over 7 mm.
Robust, black ; mandibles broad and short, black ; head
rather broad ; face below antenne entirely smooth and
shining pale yellow, with very sparse punctures; supra-
clypeal area broad, pale yellow ; lateral marks ending in a
point near orbital margin at about level of middle of front ;
scape scarcely swollen, pale yellow in front; flagellum short
and thick, ferruginous beneath; swollen upper border of
prothorax and tubercles bright chrome-yellow ; rest of thorax
entirely dark; mesothorax closely and finely punctured ;
area of metathorax coarsely and very irregularly cancellate,
posteriorly with a transverse keel. Legs brownish black, the
anterior tibize in front, a stripe on middle tibiz, and base of
hind tibiz yellow ; tarsi reddened apically; tegule piceous.
Wings hyaline, stigma and nervures dark ; first r.n. entering
apical end of first s.m., which is very long. Abdomen broad,
shining, but finely and closely punctured, with conspicuous
erect hair, which is greyish white except apically, where it is
dark fuscous ; ventral teeth extremely large, conical, with no
ridge between them.
Hab. Sunnybank, Brisbane, Queensland, Jan. 17, 1912
(H. Hacker). Queensland Museum, 36.
Nearest to G. bituberculata (Smith), but easily separated
by the light yellow face and the relatively slender scape.
The type of this genus will be known as Gnathoprosopis
euxantha (Ckll.), the name xanthopoda being preoccupied.
Prosopis kelvini, sp. n.
2? .—Length nearly 8 mm.
Black ; rather robust; head rather elongate ; face-~
markings reduced to an elongate-oval yellow spot on each
side, its upper end level with antenne ; cheeks small ; face
finely longitudinally striate, the high and narrow clypeus
with a fine median longitudinal keel; mesothorax and
scutellum very finely but distinctly punctured; the swollen
upper border of prothorax and tubercles bright chrome-
yellow ; no other yellow on thorax ; postscutellum with fine
short light pubescence, especially anteriorly; area of meta-
thorax with the basal part very irregularly cancellate, no
transverse keel. Legs black; anterior tibiz with an obscure
reddish spot in front near base ; anterior and middle femora
short and broad; tegule piceous. Wings clear, stigma and
490 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and
nervures dark ; second s.m. long, receiving both recurrent
nervures. Abdomen very finely punctured, scarcely at all
hairy.
Hab. Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, Nov. 20, 1911
(H. Hacker). Queensland Museum, 33.
Runs in my table of Prosopis to the vicinity of P. amicula,
from which it is easily known by the reduced face-markings.
It resembles in its markings P, flavojugata, Ckil., but that
species has a much shorter head, the yellow spots on the
face lower down, and the quadrate second submarginal cell
entirely different from that of kelvini. In P. amicula also
this cell is very much shorter than in kelvini. The second
s.m. of kelvini is formed much as in P. alcyonea (Erichs.),
which is in other respects a totally different insect.
Prosopis leat, sp. n.
3 .—Length about 65 mm.
Rather slender; the abdomen subclavate, narrowed
basally; black, with yellow markings; head moderately
elongate, face below antenne yellow (reddened by cyanide in
type), the very broad supraclypeal mark obtusely rounded or
subtruncate above, the lateral marks ending abruptly at
level of antennz, the lower margin of clypeus dark; scape
with a yellowish mark in front; flagellum long, ferruginous
beneath ; the large tubercles, scutellum, and postscutellum,
with a small elongate mark touching each anterior corner of
scutellum, very bright chrome-yellow ; no other yellow on
thorax ; mesothorax dull, the dense punctures so minute as
to give the effect of a minutely granular surface ; area of
metathorax shining, without distinct sculpture. Legs black;
anterior tibiz ferruginous in front ; tegule piceous. Wings
dusky at apex ; neryures and stigma dark ; first r.n. joining
tirst t.-c. ; second s.m. longer below than high, but not much
elongated. Abdomen dull, scarcely hairy ; venter normal.
Hab. National Park, New South Wales (Lea, 10716).
Froggatt Coll. 143.
Best compared with P. chrysognatha, Ckll., and P. apo-
suara, Ckll., from both of which it differs by the much finer
sculpture of the mesothorax, The broad supraclypeal area
also separates it at once from P. aposuara. The second
submarginal cell is shorter than in chrysognatha.
Records of Bees, 491
Nomia lyonsie, sp, 0.
? .—Length nearly 11 mm.
Black ; the first four abdominal segments with moderately
broad emerald-green bands suffused with vermilion ; scu-
tellum depressed in middle, but not bituberculate; post-
scutellum with a pair of large lamelle or teeth ; clypeus with
a fine keel. Wings dusky hyaline,
So exactly like the Indian N. ellioti, Smith, that it is
difficult to point out many differences. The postscutellar
teeth are larger than in ellioti, and the punctures of the
mesothorax are smaller and evidently of two sizes. The
abdomen is more strongly and closely punctured, especially
on the second segment. The antenne are dark, with the
flagellum faintly reddish beneath toward the apex.
Hab. Brisbane, Queensland, at flowers of Lyonsia (Apo-
cynacez), Feb. 6, 1912 (H. Hacker). Queensland Museum,
60.
It seems not altogether impossible that this is the female
of N. darwinorum, Ckll., described from Port Darwin. The
localities, however, are about 1800 miles apart, and probably
the species are distinct. N. dyonsie agrees structurally with
N. rubroviridis, Ckll., but differs by the black hair covering
apex of abdomen, partly black hair on thorax above, rather
large punctures of mesothorax, and only moderately broad
abdominal bauds.
Gastropsis pubescens (Smith).
Brisbane, Queensland, Nov. 27, 1911 (H. Hacker),
Queensland Museum, 54.
Dioxys aurifuscus (Titus),
Dioxys fulvohirta, Ducke, from Durango, Colorado, is
apparently a synonym. ‘Titus described his species in a
distinct genus (Chrysopheon), and it was overlooked by
Ducke.
Xylocopa varians, var. piurensis, v. nov.
2? .—Like var. incarum, Ckll., but hair on outer side of
middle and hind basitarsi and end of hind tibiew shining
cream-colour; herein it resembles var. ecwadorica, Ckll., but
it differs from that in having the hair on inner side of tarsi
(especially hind tarsi) bright ferruginous.
492 Mr, T. D. A: Cockerell— Descriptions and
Hab. Piura, Peru (C. H. T. Townsend).
The varieties or races of X. varians may be separated
thus :— :
Tegule red; hair on inner side of hind tarsi black,
GS. Brazil) 4... wrspuis ale scsi noe aan varians, Sm.
Dee site DIAG se sa sss ns nig bree & tye oe olen ce Se i
i) Hairton hind starsi.allired.) (Beru:)iiest. seteeeinte incarum, Ckll.
Hair on outer side of hind tarsi cream-colour .... 2
2, Hair on inner side of hind tarsi black. (Ecuador.) ecmudaries, Ckll.
Hair on inner side of hind tarsi red. (Peru.) ..,.. pdurensis, Ckll.
Aylocopa splendidula charapensis, subsp. nu.
2? — Agrees with X. splendiduta, Lep. (Mendoza specimen
compared), except that the abdomen is more closely punc-
tured and the hair on outer side of hind basitarsi (except at
apex) is brilliant orange-ferruginous, while the middle basi-
tarsi have a band of hair of the same colour.
Hab. Rio Charape, Peru, 5000 feet, Sept. 12-16 (C. H. T.
Townsend).
Xylocopa brasilianorum (L.).
& .—Cosma, Peru, April 6, 1912 (C. H. T. Townsend).
The yellow clypeus has a large diamond-shaped black
mark, produced above to the margin, which is narrowly
black-edged.
Trigona nigerrima, Cresson.
Rio Charape, Peru, 5000 feet, Sept. 12-16 (C. H. T.
Townsend) .
I cannot separate this from Guatemalan specimens. The
species is new to Peru.
Bombus vogti, Friese.
A worker from Huascaray, Peru, 6500 feet, Sept. 21,
1911 (C. H. T. Townsend), agrees with Friese’s brief
description.
Bombus butteli, Friese.
Huascaray, Peru, 6500 feet, Sept. 21, 1911, workers and
males (C, H. T. Townsend).
A peculiar species, apparently nearest to B. funebris,
Smith, which also occurs in Peru.
Records of Bees. 493
Nomia mesillensis, Cockerell.
At Santa Fé, New Mexico, in the first week of August,
1912, I took a good series of Nomia at flowers of Peritoma
serrulatum. To my surprise I find that the females are all
N. mesillensis, while the males are those ascribed by me
(Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct. 1908, p. 333) to N. foziz.
Fox described his punctata (fovii, D.'T.) from the female,
and the ‘distinctly punctured” abdomen clearly indicates
the female I have called fowii rather than mesillensis. This
female (from Las Cruces and Rincon, New Mexico) is,
however, eyidently the recently published N. moctezume,
Crawford, which must, | think, be a synonym of N. fowit.
The matter will be settled by the examination of the type of
fowii, from Vega, S. José, N. M,
Nomia nevadensis, Cresson.
Santa Fé, New Mexico, Aug. 3, 1912 (Cockerell).
Nomia savignyi, Kohl.
Multan, India, Sept. 1909 (H. Comber). British Museum.
Nomia comperta, sp. n.
6 .—Length 105 mm,
Black, with approximately the basal half of abdomen red ;
head broad; mandibles with a small rufous spot beyond
middle; face densely covered with shining creamy-tinted
hair ; vertex shining, with very large, scattered, irregularly
placed punctures ; antenne long, flagellum crenulate, dull
red beneath ; thorax brilliantly shining, the mesothorax and
scutellum with scattered strong punctures ; area of meta-
thorax shining, with a minutely granular surface, but no
ridges, its lateral extensions with a rather strong sulcus
running down the middle; hair of thorax thin and long,
white, very faintly creamy-tinted dorsally. Legs shining
brown-black, with pale hair ; hind coxz with a small apical
tubercle posteriorly ; hind femora slightly swollen ; hind
tibiz and tarsi normal; spurs very pale reddish; tegule
brown, with the margin hyaline, not enlarged. Wings
hyaline basally, dilute reddish-fuliginous apically; stigma
pale orange-testaceous, nervures testaceous; second s.m.
approximately square, receiving first r.n. a little beyond
middle. Abdomen dullish sericeous, the hind margins of
the segments shining; first segment with the basal half
blackish, with an interrupted red band, the apical part clear
Ann. & Mag. N. Mist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 34
494 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision
red (orange-ferruginous) ; second segment entirely clear red ;
third red, with a large, suffused, dusky, dorsal shade ;
remaining segments black; third and following segments
with apical bands of white tomentum, such bands also at
sides of second; hair at apex of abdomen white; fourth
ventral with a prominent median apical lobe.
Hab. Nasik, India (E. Comber). British Museum.
Runs in Bingham’s table to N. pilipes, Smith, but the
colour of the pubescence and wings is so different that it
cannot be the male of that species. There is a striking
superficial resemblance to N. phenacura, Ckll., also found at
Nasik, but the sculpture of the thorax is entirely different,
especially that of the metathoracic area.
LXI.— A Revision of the Peciliid Fishes of the Genera
Rivulus, Pterolebias, and Cynolebias, By C. Tarr Reean,
M.A.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Tur three closely related genera here dealt with are the
neotropical Funduline*, In them the snout is short, the
margin of the eyes is not free, and the gill-membranes are
separate. The mouth is rather wide and transverse, with
the prremaxillaries protractile, but not produced, and the
lower jaw prominent and very oblique ; the teeth are sub-
conical, in bands, with an outer series of enlarged and
spaced teeth, more or less canine-like, a lateral pair in the
lower jaw being usually the strongest. The membrane
connecting the premaxillary with the lower jaw folds when
the mouth is closed so as to fit into the nght angle formed
by the very narrow vertical preorbital and the horizontal
nasal. ‘The pectorals are placed low and the pelvics are not
far in advance of the anal,
I give a list of the specimens in the British Museum
collection, including the types of four species now described
as new. Two of these, Rivulus strigatus from the Amazon
and Cynolebias nigripinnis from the La Plata, have been
* Except that a few species of the nearctic genus Wundulus occur in
Central America.
I take this opportunity of proposing the new generic name Pefa-
lurichthys, to replace Petalosoma, Regan, 1908, as Mr. C. O. Waterhouse
has kindly called my attention to the fact that this is preoccupied in
Coleoptera (Lewis, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xii. 1903, p. 418). There
are two species of this neotropical Peeciliid genus, viz. Petalurichthys
cultratus, Regan, 1908, and P. amazonum, Regan, 1911.
of Peciliid Fishes. 495
presented by Herr J. Paul Arnold, one, Rivulus brevis from
Colombia, by Dr. W. Wolterstorff, and the fourth, Cyno-
_ lebias melanotenia fyom Paranagua, by Herr A, Rachow.
Rivvu.vs.
Rivulus, Poey, Mem, Cuba, ii. 1861, p. 307.
Cynodonichthys, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus. Zool. v. 1904, p. 101.
In this genus the dorsal is shorter and further back than
the anal. D.6-1]. A.8-17. The pelvicfinsaresmall. In
the typical species the head is depressed and the body is
subcylindrical anteriorly, moderately compressed posteriorly ;
sometimes (e. g. R, brevis) the fish is compressed through-
out.
Twenty-two species from Central and South America,
ranging from Cuba and Southern Mexico to the La Plata.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. 45 to 52 scales in a longitudinal series.
D.10-11, A 14-16. Dorsal origin twice as dis-
tant from eye as from base of caudal ...... 1, peruanus.
D.9. A. 16-17. Dorsal origin twice or more
than twice as distant from head as from base
PE CAMED 6g Seu. cuss De Poe a Maire o's Hteee Oe 2. holmie.
Bee OE Lr tate oh orotate eo alate foe pe 8 one . 98. ocellatus.
II. 36 to 42 scales in a longitudinal series,
A. Anal ending below anterior part or middle of dorsal.
1. D, 6-8.
A. 11-18. Dorsal origin more than twice as dis-
tant from head as from base of caudal,
Caudal with ocellus in 9, without pale or
dark lower eden) Gre. tai anciele cates os ees 4, urophthalmus.
A, 12-15. Dorsal origin about twice as distant
from head as from base of caudal. Candal ‘
without ocellus in 2, with dark lower edge
Sate So 0 Fs) Wo) wie Ofe eet © 9 66) 8 0 0.6 0 6 Oe 0 8 ae
5. elegans.
Caudal with ocellus in 2, with pale lower
edge and dark intramarginal stripein g¢ .. 6. godmant.
A, 11-12. Dorsal origin more than twice as dis-
tant from head as from base of caudal.
Gandal asin &. godmant. « «< o. me. st apers 7. tenuis.
eee bO 4 A LD-14. 2... ous ae are 8, flabellicauda.
B. Anal ending below posterior part of dorsal.
(0) 2, So eect irr or 9. eylindraceus.
D. 9. <A. 14. Dorsal origin 23 head-lengths
eOHOAD . cc: aye cee. sy 9 elmer mny 10. micropus.
D, 8-10. A.15-17. Dorsal origin less than
2 head-leneths behind head .............. Ll. hartit,
34%
496 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision
IIL. 28 to 35 scales in a longitudinal series.
A. D. 6. 29 to 81 scales in a longitudinal series.
A. 10-11, ending below first ray of dorsal,
which is twice as distant from base of
pectoral as from base of caudal .......... 12. ornatus.
A. 9-10; dorsal origin 3 times as distant from
occiput as from base of caudal............ 13. atratus.
A. 8; dorsal origin above middle of anal, 3 times
as distant from middle of eye as from base of
PROS: tgs wire mins b Rime bnce ate bs Re Ria ee Ble 14. obscurus.
B. D.7-9. A. 10-18, ending below middle of dorsal. 32 to 35
scales in a longitudinal series.
Dorsal origin twice as distaut from head as from
busesot Caudal)... ..0oe os aoe eine Meet eens 15. strigatus.
Dorsal origin twice as distant from some part of
eye as from base of caudal...,............ 16. geayt.
Dorsal origin three times as distant from eye as
fromebase oleaudala. 2 ecer “phir erate 17. punctatus.
CG. D. 8-10. A. 11-14, ending below posterior part of dorsal.
a. A. 11 to12. 381-33 scales in a longitudinal series.
Dorsal origin twice as distant from head as from
ase OrCAUdall cic etele ¢ ota seen iedeme lobes 18. zsthmensis.
Dorsal origin equidistant from middle of pectoral
and base of caudal; head 33 in length of fish ;
pectoral nearly reaching pelvics .......... 19, brasiliensis.
Dorsal origin equidistant from middle of pectoral
and base of caudal; head 4 in length of fish ;
pectoral not nearly reaching pelvics ...... 20. breviceps.
b. A, 14,
34 scales in a longitudinal series Bs re ae eae 21. balzanii.°
30 scales in a longitudinal series .............. 22. brevis.
1. Rivulus peruanus.
Hones peruanus, Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xii, 1908,
p. 626.
Depth of body about 5 in length, length of head about 4.
Head broader than deep. Diameter of eye 35 in the length
of head. 45 to 47 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal
10-11 ; origin above middle of anal, twice as distant from
eye as from base of caudal. Aual 14-16, ending below last
2 or 3 rays of dorsal. Pectoral § or ? length of head, not
reaching pelvics, which do not or barely reach the vent.
Brownish, with darker longitudinal stripes along the series
of scales and small dark spots on the vertical fins.
Peru.
1-2 (types). 55 mm. Perim, Peru, 800 metres. Simons.
of Peciliid Fishes. 497
2. Rivulus holmie.
Rivulus holmie, Eigenm, Ann. Carnegie Mus, vi. 1909, zp, 49, 50;
Mem. Carnegie Mus. v. 1912 2, pp. 452, 453, pl. lxiii. figs. 2
Rivulus waimacut, Kigenm, 1, c. & t. ¢. pp. 452, 454, pl. Ixiii, figs. 4, 5.
Depth of body about 5 in the length, length of head 4 to
43, Head broader than deep. Diameter of eye 34 to 4 in
the length of head. 46 to 50* scales in a longitudinal
series Dorsal 9; origin above posterior part of anal, at
least twice as distant from head as from base of caudal.
Anal 16-17, ending below middle or posterior part of dorsal.
Pectoral ? length of head, not extending to pelvics, which
just reach vent. In spirit brownish, “with darker spots
which may become confluent to form longitudinal stripes, of
which 3 on the tail are most prominent ; vertical fins with
series of small spots ; caudal ocellus sometimes present. In
life the back olive, sides olive or blue, belly white, yellow, or
orange, spots or stripes red, brown, or purplish.
British Guiana.
1-2 (co-types). &0-60 mm. Holmia. Higenmann.
3-4 (co-types of R. waimacut). Shrimp Creek. Fe
3. Rivulus ocellatus.
Rivulus ocellatus, Hensel, Arch. f. Nat. xxxiy. 1868, p. 365.
Depth of body 43 to 5 in the length, length of head 33
to 4. Head broader than deep. Diameter of eye 34 to 4
in the length of head. 47 to 50 scales in a longitudinal
series. Dorsal 8- 9; origin above posterior part ‘of anal,
twice as distant from base. of pectoral as from base of caudal.
Anal 11-12, ending below anterior part of dorsal. Pectoral
2 or ? the length of head, not extending to pelvics, which
reach the vent. A dark spot (ocellated in 2) on upper part
of base of caudal, another above the pectoral; vertical fins
more or less distinctly spotted ; male with irregular dark
eross-bands on body and with a blackish margin and pale
intramarginal band to vertical fins.
Rio Janeiro ; Santos.
1. 60mm. Santos Arnold.
2-3. 40-45 mm. ” Bartsch.
Dr. Pappenheim has very kindly informed me that the
type has 48 to 50 scales in a longitudinal series, not 39 as
stated in the original description.
* Higenmann counts 43 scales in holmie, 46 to 52 in waimacui, but in
co- types of the former I count 46 and 47, of the latter 47 and 40.
498 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision
A, Rivulus urophthalmus:
Rivulus urophthalmis, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 827 (1866). ‘
Rivulus poeyt, Steind. Sitzungsh. Akad. Wien, xxiv. 1877, p. 165.
Rivulus brasiliensis (non Val.), Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool: xix,
1895, p. 185.
Rivulus stagnatus, Higenm. Ann. Carnegie Mus. vi. 1909, pp. 49, 50;
Mem. Carnegie Mus. v. 1912, pp. 458, 454, pl. Ixili. figs. 6, 7.
Rivulus lanceolatus, Kigenm. t. c. pp. 49, 51 & t. c. pp. 458, 455,
pl. Lxiv. fig. 1.
Rivulus frenatus, Higenm. 1. ¢. & t. c. pp. 458, 455, pl. Ixiv. fig. 2.
Depth of body 44 to 54 in the length, length of head 4
to 44. Head broader than deep. Diameter of eye 3 to 32
in the length of head. 387 to 42 scales in a longitudinal
series: Dorsal 6-7; origin above last rays of anal, more
than twice as distant from head, and 2? to 34 as distant
from eye as from base of caudal fin. Anal 11-13, ending
below anterior part or middle of dorsal. Pectoral # the
length of head; not extending to pelvics, which just reach
the vent. Olivaceous ; each scale sometimes with a dark
spot ; sometimes longitudinal stripes between series of scales
on sides ; dorsal, caudal, and sometimes anal with series of
small dark spots; caudal ocellus sometimes present (9 ).
Amazon ; Guiana.
1-5 (types). 85-50 mm. Para.
6-8. 35-45 mm.
} 3 Eigenmann,
7-9 (co-types of R. stagnatus). 86-88 mm. Christianburg.
”)
This description was written from the Para specimens and
was found to need no modification to include the co-types of
R. stagnatus: R. lanceolatus is evidently the same species,
the apparently different form of the caudal fin being due to
the fact that it is less expanded. 2&. frenatus is said to have
only 23 scales in front of the dorsal and the anal origin
equidistant from base of caudal and preoperculum, but from
the figure it would seem that there are about 29 scales from
head to origin of dorsal fin and that the anal origin is equi-
distant from base of pectoral and base of caudal, as in small
specimens of R. urophthalmus from Para, or in the co-types
of R. stagnatus.
5. Rivulus elegans.
Rivulus elegans, Steind. Denkschr. Akad. Wien, xlii. 1880; p, 85,
pl. vi. fig. 6.
Depth of body about 5 in the length, length of head
about 4. Head broader than deep. Diameter of eye 3 to
34 in the length of head. 36 to 40 scales in a longitudinal
series. Dorsal 6-8 ; origin above posterior 4 of anal, about
of Peeiliid Fishes. 499
twice as distant from head as from base of caudal, or 2? to
23 as distant from eye. Anal 12-15, ending below anterior
part or middle of dorsal. Pectoral about 3 the length of
head, not extending to pelvics, which usually just reach the
vent. Olivaceous; often with dark longitudinal stripes
between the series of scales ; males with 3 dark longitudinal
stripes on back from occiput and eyes to dorsal fin, which,
in the females, are broken up into series of spots that
generally extend transversely, forming a zigzag pattern ;
vertical fins plain, the caudal and anal with lower edge
dark (¢) or dorsal and caudal with series of small
spots ( ? ).
Colombia.
1-10. 25-55 mm. R. Condoto, R. San Juan, Palmer.
S.W. Colombia.
6. Rivulus godmani.
Rivulus godmani, Regan, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. 1907, p. 65,
and Biologia Centr.-Am., Pisces, p. 82, pl. x. fig. 5.
Depth of body 43 to 5 in the length, length of head 33.
Head broader than deep. Diameter of eye 3 in the length
of head. 36 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 8;
origin above posterior part of anal, 2} to 24 as distant from
eye as from base of caudal fin. Anal 11-12, ending below
middle of dorsal. Pectoral 2 length of head, not extending
to pelvies, which reach the vent. Olivaceous, marbled with
darker ; a dark spot on each scale; operculum blackish ;
caudal with an ocellus ( ¢ ) or with a pale lower-margin and
dark intramarginal stripe (3).
Guatemala.
1-2 (types). 40 mm. Guatemala. Godman.
7. Rivulus tenuis.
Cynodonichthys tenuis, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus, Zool. v. 1904,
p- 101, fig. 27.
Rivulus tenuis, Regan, Biologia Centr.-Am., Pisces, p. 82 (1907).
Depth of body 44 to 5 in the length, length of head
4 to 44. Head broader than deep. Diameter of eye 33 to 4
in length of head. 388 scales in a longitudinal series.
Dorsal 7-8; origin 23 to 3 times as distant from eye as
from base of caudal fin. Anal 11-12, ending below middle
of dorsal. Pectoral 2 length of head, not extending to
pelvics, which may reach vent. Olivaceous ; back and sides
sometimes marbled; operculum blackish; caudal with an
500 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision
ocellus (2) or with rather broad pale lower edge and dark
intramarginal stripe (¢).
Southern Mexico.
1-2. 30-40 mm. Coaxacoalcos. Aynold.
3, 40 mm. . Bartsch.
&. Rivulus flabellicauda.
Rivulus flabellicauda, Regan, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. 1907,
p. 64; Biologia Centr.-Am., Pisces, p. 81, pl. x. fig. 6 (1907).
Depth of body 44 in the length, length of head 34. Head
broader than deep. Diameter of eye 33 to 4 in the length
of head. 40 to 42 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal
9-10; origin above posterior part of anal, twice as distant
from preoperculum as from base of caudal fin. Anal 12-14,
ending below middle of dorsal. Pectoral 3 the length of
head; pelvics just reaching vent. Brownish; scales dark-
edged ; vertical fins with small spots ; a caudal ocellus.
Costa Rica.
1 (type). 70 mm. Juan Vinas. Underwood.
2. 30 mm. San José. Biolley.
9. Rivulus cylindraceus.
Rivulus cylindraceus, Poey, Mem. Cub. ii. 1861, p. 308; An. Soc. Esp.
v. 1876, p. 140, pl. v. fig. 4, and ix. 1830, p. 247, pl. viii. fig. 1;
Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 827 (1866) ; Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp.
Zool. xix. 1897, p. 184.
Rivulus marmoratus, Poey, Ann. Soc. Esp. ix. 1880, p. 248.
Depth of body about 45 in the length, length of head 33.
Head broader than deep. Diameter of eye 44 in length of
head. 38or39scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 10-11;
origin over middle of anal, twice as far from occiput as from
base of caudal. Anal 13, extending back nearly as far as
dorsal. Olivaceous, uniform or marbled; centres of scales
darker; a caudal ocellus.
Cuba.
Total length 45 mm.
10. Rivulus micropus.
Fundulus micropus, Steind. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wien, xlviii. 1863,
p. 184.
Depth of body about 5 in the length, length of head about
42 (5% in total). Head broader than deep. Diameter
of eye 4 in length of head. 41 scales in a longitudinal
series. Dorsal 9; origin 2} head-lengths from gill-opening.
Anal 14, ending somewhat before the end of dorsal.
of Peciliid Fishes. 501
Pectoral as long as head without snout; pelvics not nearly
reaching anal. Brownish above, yellowish below ; vertical
fins with series of small dark spots. .
Rio Negro.
ll. Rivulus hartii.
Rivulus mecropus (non Steind.), Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 327 (1866) ;
Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1895, p. 136.
Hlaplochiius hart, Bouleng. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) vi. 1890,
p- 190; Regan, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1906, i. p. 389, pl. xxi. fig. 2.
Depth of body 45 to 53 in the length, length of head 34
to 4. Head broader than deep. Diameter of eye 3 to 4 in
the length of head. 387 to 42 scales in a longitudinal series.
Dorsal 8-10 ; origin above middle or posterior part of anal,
twice as distant from some part of operculum as from base
of caudal fin. Anal 15-17, ending below posterior 4 of
dorsal. Pectoral about # the length of head, not extending
to pelvics, which reach vent or origin of apal. Olivaceous ;
sides with a red spot on each scale; vertical fins usually
orange, with or without small dark spots; caudal ocellus
often present.
Venezuela and neighbouring islands.
1-10 (types). 70 mm, Trinidad, Hart.
11, 12-15, 35-95 mm. cf Guppy.
16-25. 75 mm. Granada, Wilton,
26-27, 35 mm. Venezuela. Dyson.
12. Rivulus ornatus.
Rivulus ornatus, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1895, p. 139.
Form of the majority of the species. Length of head 4
in that of the fish. Diameter of eye 4 in length of head.
31 scales in a longitudimal series. Dorsal 6; origin twice
as distant from base of pectoral as from base of caudal.
Anal 10-11, ending below first ray of dorsal. Pectoral as
long as head, nearly reaching pelvics, which do not reach
anal. Puncticulations form blotches along the back, streaks
along the sides, series of small spots on the fins, a band on
the lower lip, and a streak backward from below each eye;
sometimes pale bands on the back meet dark vertical bars
on sides.
Amazon.
Total length 35 mm.
502 Mr. ©. T. Regan—A Revision
13. Rivulus atratus.
Rivulus atratus, Garman,,Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1895, p. 140.
Depth of the body 6 in the length, length of head 4.
Head broader than deep. Diameter of eye 34 in length of
head. 81 scalesin a longitudinal series. Dorsal 6 ; origin
3 times as distant from occiput as from base of caudal ; base
its length further back than that of anal. Anal 9-10.
Pectoral nearly as long as head; pelvics very small, not
reaching vent. Brownish; blackish below, with three
vertical bands ascending respectively behind the pectorals,
between pelvics and anal, and to the base of the dorsal ; a
dark stripe from eye ronnd chin.
Jutahy.
14. Rivulus obscurus.
Rivulus obscurus, Garm. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1895, p. 140.
Moderately slender, with the head broader than deep.
Diameter of eye 3 in length of head. 29 scales in a longi-
tudinal series. Dorsal 6; origin above middle of anal, 3
times as distant from middle of eye as from base of caudal.
Anal 8, about half its base in front of dorsal. Pelvics hardly
reaching anal. Back brownish, sometimes with darker
blotches, among which there may be two series of pale
blotches.
L. Hyanuary, Amazon.
15. Rivulus strigatus, sp. n.
Depth of body 5 in the length, length of head 4. Head
broader than deep. Diameter of eye 34 in the length of
head. 83 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 8; origin
twice as distant from head as from base of caudal. Anal 12,
ending below middle of dorsal. Pectoral 2 the length of
head, not reaching pelvics, which extend to origin of anal.
Olivaceous above, orange below ; dark longitudinal stripes
along series of scales on sides; irregular spots on back ;
dorsal, caudal, and posterior part of anal barred.
Amazon.
1 (type). 37 mm. Amazon, Arnold,
16. Rivulus geayi.
Rivulus geay?, Vaill. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1899, p. 156.
Depth of body 43 to 5 in the length of head, length of
of Pweiliid Fishes. 503
head 34 to 4. Head broader than deep. Diameter of eye 4
in the length of head. 33 or 34 scales in a longitudinal
series. Dorsal 7-9; origin twice as distant from some part
of eye as from base of caudal. Anal 10-12, ending below
middle of dorsal. Pectoral 2? length of head, not extending
to pelvics, which reach origin of anal. A few dark bars or
vertically expanded spots on the tail ; dorsal and caudal fins
usually spotted or barred:
French Guiana.
1-5 (co-types). 25-35 mm. Carsevenne. Paris Mus. (Coll. Geay).
17. Rivulus punctatus.
Rivulus punctatus, Bouleng. Boll. Mus, Torino, x. 1895, tio, 196, p. 3.
Depth of body 4} to 4? in the iength, length of head
about 4. Head nearly as deep as broad. Diameter of eye
about 4 in length of head. 382 to 35 scales in a longitudinal
series. Dorsal 7+8 ; origin above posterior part of anal, 3
times as distant from eye as from base of caudal. Anal
12-138, ending below middle of dorsal. Pectoral 3 the length
of head or a little more, sometimes almost reaching pelvics,
which extend to the vent. A dark longitudinal band from
chin through eye, sometimes continued to the tail; brownish
above, yellowish below the band; small dark spots on sides, -
mostly forming series running obliquely dowuward and
forward ; vertical fins with series of spots; anal usually
dark-edged.
La Plata.
1 (type). 20 mm. Colonia Risso, Paraguay. Borelli.
2, 30mm. Valenzuela, ‘ Barbero.
3-4, 30mm. Arroyo Yaca, ps *
5-7, 23-85 mm: Urucu, Matto Grosso. Genoa Mus:
18. Rivulus isthmensis.
Rivulus isthmensis, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix: 1895, p. 140:
Length of head 34 in length of fish. Head depressed.
Diameter of eye 3 in length of head. 32 scales in a longi-
tudinal series. Dorsal 9; origin over middle of anal, twice
as distant from head as from base of caudal. Anal 1], last
ray nearly as far back as that of dorsal. Olivaceous ; a dark
blotch at base of dorsal, another on back above or in front
of origin of anal.
Rio San José, Costa Rica.
S04 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision
19. Rivulus brasiliensis.
Fundulus brasiliensis, Val. in Humboldt, Obsery. Zool. ii. p. 163, pl. li.
fig. 2 (1828); Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xviii. 1846, p. 200.
Depth of body 4 in the length, length of head 34. Diam-
eter of eye about 32 in the length of head. 30 or 81 scales
in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 8; origin above anterior
part of anal, equidistant from middle of pectoral and base of
caudal. Anal 11, ending below end of dorsal. Pectoral
almost reaching pelvics, which reach anal. Brownish ; 9 or
10 blackish bars on lower part of body, from pelvic fin to
caudal ; dorsal dusky.
Brazil.
Total length 24 inches.
I am indebted to Dr. Pellegrin for kindly informing me
that he counts 30 or 31 scales in a longitudinal series in the
types; this is quite a different species from R. urophthalmus.
20. Rivulus breviceps.
Rivulus breviceps, Eigenm. Ann. Carnegie Mus. vi. 1909, pp. 48, 49;
Mem. Carnegie Mus. v. 1912, pp. 452, 453, pl. xiii. fig. 1.
Depth of body 44 in the length, length of head 4. Head
broader than deep. Diameter of eye 3} in length of head.
33 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 9-10; origin
above anterior part of anal, equidistant from middle of
pectoral and base of caudal. Anal 11-12, ending below
posterior part of dorsal. Pectoral # length of head, not
extending to pelvics, which just reach anal. Brownish; a
few vertical bars across middle rays of caudal.
British Guiana.
1 (co-type). 35mm, Shrimp Creek. Eigenmann.
21. Rivulus balzanii.
Haplochilus balzanit, Perugia, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) x. 1891, p. 653.
Depth of body 4 in the length, length of head 3. Head
depressed. Diameter of eye 3 in length of head. 384 scales
in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 9, originating above seventh
ray of anal. Anal 14. Sides with 4 or 5 brownish longitu-
dinal stripes, each covering a series of scales ; dorsal and
anal with 8 series of brown spots.
Villa Maria, Matto Grosso (Rio Paraguay).
22. Rivulus brevis, sp. n.
Depth of body 32 in the length, length of head 33. Head
of Peciliid Fishes. 505
a little deeper than broad. Diameter of eye 3 in the length
of head. 30 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 9;
origin in advance of middle of anal, twice as distant from
eye as from base of caudal. Anal 14, ending below last 2 or
3 rays of dorsal. Pectoral $ the length of head, extending
beyond base of pelvics, which extend beyond origin of anal.
Brownish, with a darker spot on each scale of upper part of
sides ; dorsal and anal barred ; caudal dusky.
Colombia.
1 (type). 45 mm. Colombia. Wolterstorff.
PrEROLEBIAS.
Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1897, p. 141.
This genus appears to differ from Rivulus in the deep,
strongly compressed tail, with sharp lower edge, and in the
elongate fin-rays, the pelvics extending to the posterior end
of the anal.
1. Pterolebias longipinnis.
Pterolebias longipinnis, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1897,
p- 142.
Dorsal 9-10. Anal 19-20. 31 or 32 scales in a longitu-
dinal series. Brownish ; fins spotted.
Santarem.
Total length 80 mm.
CyNOLEBIAS.
Steind. Sitzungsh. Akad. Wien, Ixxiy. 1876, p. 172.
This genus differs from Rivulus in the subequal many-
rayed dorsal and anal fins ; the species are deeper and more
compressed than most of the Rivuli.
Synopsis of the Species.
I, Pectoral fin not extending beyond origin of anal, which is nearly
below that of the dorsal, nearer to base of caudal fin than to end
of snout.
A. Pelvics not reaching anal.
28 scales in a longitudinal series. D. 16-18. A.17-20. 1. melanotenia.
45 to 50 scales ina longitudinalseries, D.17, A. 20, 2. elongatus.
B. Pelvics extending beyond origin of anal; 28 to 30 scales in a
longitudinal series. D.17-19, A, 22-26.,,, 38. maculatus.
506 Mr, C. T, Regan—A Revision
II, Pectoral fin extending beyond origin of anal.
A. Dorsal origin behind that of anal, nearly equidistant from end of
snout and base of caudal, or nearer the latter.
D. 18. <A. 20. 40 seales in a longitudinal series .... 4. porosus.
D.22. A. 24. 33 scales in a longitudinal series .... 5. robustus.
D, 21-24. A. 26-30. 28 to 30 scales in a longitudinal
BTIGS 0h foo act Ginn as naes ger sheiccas ind ole acy ois a eo eR 6. bellottit.
B. Dorsal origin a little in advance of that of anal, nearer to end of
snout than to base of caudal. D. 26. <A. 25. 28 scales in a
longitudinal: series fabe.. sess «ie eee nine FREE 7. niyripinnis,
1. Cynolebias melanotenia, sp, un.
Depth of body 3} to 44 in the length, length of head 3}
to 34. Caudal peduncle longer than deep. Diameter of
eye 3 in the length of head. 28 scales in a longitudinal
series. Dorsal 16-18, origin above that of anal, equidistant
from some part of eye and base of caudal. Anal 17-20.
Dorsal and anal rather elevated posteriorly. Pectoral
shorter than head, not reaching anal; pelvics small, not
reaching anal. A_ blackish lateral band from lower jaw
through eye to base of caudal, another at base of anal con-
tinued forward to base of pectoral, sometimes a third on the
back ; vertical fins usually spotted.
S.E. Brazil.
1-9 (types). 32-37 mm, Paranagua, Rachow.
2. Cynolebias elongatus,
Cynolebias elongatus, Steind. Denkschr. Akad. Wien, xliv. 1882, p. 11.
Depth of body 33 in the length, length of head 3. Caudal
peduncle longer than deep. Diameter of eye 6 in length of
head. 45 to 50 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 17 ;
origin equidistant from preeoperculum and base of caudal ;
posterior rays longest, } length of head. Anal 20; origin
scarcely in advance of that of dorsal ; middle rays longest,
rather shorter than longest rays of dorsal. Pectoral as long
as postorbital part of head, extending to middle of pelvics,
which reach the vent. Brownish; a dark vertical bar
through eye; vertical fins spotted.
La Plata.
1, 140 mm. La Plata. Arnold.
— ee
of Peciliid Fishes. 507
3. Cynolebias maculatus.
Cynolebias maculatus, Steind. Denkschr. Akad. Wien, xliv. 1882, p. 10,
pl. v. fig. 2; Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1897, p. 145.
Depth of body 3 in the length, length of head 3} to 32,
Caudal peduncle longer than deep. Diameter of eye nearly
4 in the length of head. 28 to 30 scales in a longitudinal
series. Dorsal 17-19; origin nearly above that of anal,
about equidistant from eye and base of caudal ; posterior
rays longest, ? or # length of head. Anal 22-26; middle
rays as long as longest of dorsal. Pectoral ? length of head,
extending to anterior part or middle of pelvics, which reach
beyond origin of anal. Olivaceous; a dark stripe below
eye ; vertically expanded violet spots on body and vertical
fins.
La Plata.
1-8. 55-60 mm. La Plata. Doria.
4, 47 mm. ee Arnold,
4. Cynolebias porosus.
Cynolebias porosus, Steind. Sitzungsh. Akad. Wien, lxxiv. 1876, p, 173,
pl. x. tig. 3; Garman, Mem. Mus, Comp. Zool, xix. 1897, p. 148.
Depth of body nearly equal to length of head, about 3 in
the length of fish. Caudal peduncle nearly as long as deep.
Diameter of eye 5 in length of head. 40 scales in a longi-
tudinal series, Dorsal 18; origin equidistant from pre-
operculum and base of caudal; posterior rays longest, 3
length of head. Anal 20; origin equidistant from anterior
margin of eye and base of caudal; posterior rays longest,
nearly as long as head. Pectoral 4 length of head, ex.
tending beyond origin of anal; pelvics extending beyond
origin of anal. Brownish ; fins greyish.
Pernambuco.
Total length 75 mm,
5. Cynolebias robustus.
Cynolebias robustus, Ginth. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, (5) ii. 1883, p. 140.
Depth of body 23 in the length, length of head 32.
Caudal peduncle deeper than long. Diameter of eye 5} in
the length of head. 33 scales in a longitudinal series.
Dorsal 22; origin equidistant from middle of eye and base
of caudal; posterior rays longest, ? length of head. Anal
508 A Revision of Peciliid Fishes.
24; origin considerably nearer to end of snout than to bsae
of caudal ; middle rays as long as longest of dorsal. Pectoral
as long as postorbital part of head, extending beyond origin
of anal. Brownish, with indistinct cross-bars ; a dark bar
below eye; small pale blue spots on dorsal and anal fins.
La Plata.
1 (type). 92 mm, San Antonio, ; Gibson.
6. Cynolebias bellottii.
Cynolebias bellottii, Steind. Denkschr. Akad. Wien, xliv. 1882, p. 9,
pl. v. fig. 8; Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1897, p. 144.
Depth of body 23 to 3 in the length, length of head 3} to
33. Caudal peduncle deeper than long. Diameter of eye 4
in the length of head. 28 to 380 scales in a longitudinal
series. Dorsal 21-24; origin nearly equidistant from end
of snout and base of caudal; posterior rays longest, $ to 2
length of head. Anal 26-30; origin about equidistant from
end of snout and end of its own base ; middle rays as long as
longest of dorsal. Pectoral 3 or $ length of head, extending
beyond origin of anal. Brownish; a dark vertical stripe
through eye ; fins violet ; vertical series of pale spots some-
times present on body and fins.
La Plata.
122; (65 mm. La Plata, Doria.
3h Skel, ” ”
4-5. 55-60 mm, oe Arnold.
7. Cynolebias ngripinnis, sp. n.
Depth of body 33 in the length, length of head 3}.
Caudal peduncle nearly as long as deep. Diameter of eye
34 in the length of head. 28 scales in a longitudinal series.
Dorsal 26; origin a little nearer to end of snout than to
posterior end of its own base. Anal 25; origin a little
behind that of dorsal. Dorsal and anal rays increasing in
length posteriorly, the longest # the length of head. Pectoral
a little shorter than head, extending beyond origin of anal.
Olivaceous ; a dark bar between and below eyes ; fins bluish
black ; some small pale spots on body and fins.
La Plata.
1 (type). 45 mm. La Plata. Arnold.
On Heterocera from Costa Rica. 509
LXII.—New Species of Heterocera from Costa Rica. —X VIII.
By W. Scuaus, F.Z.8. -
Noctuidze.
Calymniodes maneti, sp. n.
3. Palpi and vertex black; frons brown-black. Collar
and thorax reddish brown. Abdomen fuscous grey; anal
hairs buff and brown. Fore wings mostly slate-colour ; a
light brown shade from base of costa to antemedial on inner
margin, interrupted in cell, crossed on costa and just below
cell by a dark brown line ; antemedial line reddish brown,
outcurved on inner margin, finely edged with black-brown ;
medial space shaded with light brown on costa and
before postmedial line, the inner margin similarly irrorated ;
orbicular broadly circled with buff-brown, followed by a
fuscous shade outbent from costa to median, then down-
turned ; reniform oblique, light brown, containing two darker
brown lines suffusing in front and behind ; a dark brownish
slate shade beyond cell filling angle of postmedial ; post-
medial fine velvety black-brown, angled at vein 6, vertical
from vein 4 to inner margin; the veins on outer space
irrorated with grey ; terminal whitish points at veins; a
light brown shade at apex, also subterminally from vein 4
to tornus. Hind wings fuscous grey, tinged with brown,
darkest terminally ; a large fuscous discal spot; cilia dirty
white crossed by a dark line at base. Hind wings below
whitish irrorated with brown especially on costa and apex ;
discal spot large, black ; a dark postmedial line, inbent at
vein 2; a terminal fuscous shade between veins 4 and 6.
Expanse 28 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Vespola plumipes, sp. n.
Very similar to V. ceruleifera, Wik., but larger, and the
postmedial line more deeply incurved below vein 4. The
abdomen below is entirely black in both sexes and the hind
tibiz of male are dilated and fringed with long hairs.
Expanse, ¢ 44 mm., ? 40-43 mm.
Hab, Sixola, Tuis.
Acidaliodes infantilis, sp. n.
9. Body and wings greyish ; collar shaded with roseate
brown ; abdomen with transverse roseate-brown shades, and
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 35
510 Mr. W. Schaus on
black dorsal tufts at base, middle, and end. Wings crossed
by antemedial, medial, postmedial, and subterminal roseate-
brown shades; terminal black spots. Fore wings: small
clusters of black scales on costa, cell, fold, and inner margin
of antemedial and postmedial shades. Fore wings below
fuscous grey. Hind wings below whitish; a faint sub-
terminal fuscous shade, and medial shade on costa.
Expanse 12 mm.
Hab. Esperanza.
Thyriodes terrabensis, sp. n.
gd. Palpi, head, and collar dark brown irrorated with
white. Thorax dark purplish grey, the patagia edged with
dark brown. Abdomen similar, the dorsal tufts dark brown.
Fore wings dark purplish grey; diffuse basal and subbasal
brown shades; antemedial fine, outangled, followed by a
small fuscous triangular spot on costa, and a larger one on
inner margin, the latter with inner edge oblique, outer edge
vertical, posterior edge excurved ; a vertical fuscous medial
shade; postmedial fuscous, fine, sinuous, and outangled just
below vein 6, lunular from vein 3 to inner margin, followed
on costa by a fine white line and fuscous brown shade, which
are both upturned towards costa at vein 6; a dark brown
terminal lunular line. Hind wings fuscous brown with some
darker scaling at anal angle; a pale line at base of cilia.
Fore wings below grey-brown, shaded with clearer brown
towards apex ; costa to postmedial line thickly irrorated with
white ; postmedial white, macular on costal margin; three
white points and a white subterminal streak on costa. Hind
wings below brown, streaked with whitish grey on inner
margin; a postmedial whitish line, distinct only on inner
margin ; cilia on both wings mottled with white below.
Expanse 27 mm.
Hab. Terraba.
Near 7. dissimilis, Dr. ; darker, more uniformly coloured.
Homoptera excellens, sp. n.
&. Palpi brownish buff shaded above with black. Head,
collar, and thorax pale rufous, with some white mottling
posteriorly on thorax, Abdomen buff irrorated with dark
grey. Fore wings: base brown, crossed by a subbasal and
antemedial paler line, the former inwardly edged with fuscous
on costa; a fuscous streak at base of inner margin; medial
space inwardly broadly greyish buff, partly mottled with pale
greenish scales, and containing a minute black point in eell,
Teterocera from Costa Rica. 511
outwardly brown shaded and crossed by two dark brown
lines, dentate on vein 2 and submedian, closely followed by
the blue-green and narrow reniform; postmedial space
lilacine buff, crossed by a dentate brown shade and limited
by a fine, outcurved, sinuous, black line, Junular from vein 4
to inner margin; this line is outwardly edged with whitish
on costa and is followed by a narrow dark brown space
expanding on costa, where it contains three small white spots,
and above inner margin it is partly shaded with lighter
brown, its outer edge is slightly incurved from costa to
vein 4, angled, and more deeply incurved to inner margin,
being followed by a bluish-green shade; outer margin
broadly lilacine, darkest terminally ; terminal fuscous spots
between veins, connected by a fine black lunular line, the
spot above tornus the largest; cilia brown. Hind wings
buff-brown ; an angled fuscous line on discocellular; three
dark lines postmedially, followed by a fine black line; a
subterminal, narrow, fuscous shade from vein 6 to tornus,
inwardly pale shaded, outwardly with pale green; the
termen below vein 6 as on fore wings. Wings below buff,
shaded with brown and irrorated with darker brown ; small
black discal spots ; outer line lunular, fuscous; two dark
medial lines on fore wings, three postmedially on hind
wings.
Expanse 43 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
=
Campometra guapila, sp. n.
g. Head, collar, and thorax dark brown, mottled with
reddish and buff-brown. Abdomen fuscous brown ; a broad
black transverse shade at base. Fore wings brown, shading
to fuscous brown on inner margin and on postmedial space ;
a subbasal light brown shade crossed by a fine black line ;
antemedial line fine, black, vertical, wavy, followed by a
small fuscous spot on costa; orbicular very small, fuscous :
some reddish-brown irrorations in cell; reniform indistinet
crossed by a pale line outwardly shaded with fuscous ; post-
medial line very indistinct, dentate, defined by pale shadin
on costa and there preceded by a fuscous spot, the space
beyond fuscous brown suffusing with the dentate subterminal
black shade; terminal space grey-brown thinly irrorated
with dark red, the veins shaded with dark grey ; marginal
black spots inwardly shaded with whitish; a wavy terminal
fuscous line. Hind wings fuscous brown, limited by the
subterminal dentate black line, which is outwardly dentate
35*
512 - Mr. W. Schaus on
between veins 7 and 6, and slightly incurved between 5 and 2 ;
terminal space as on fore wings; cilia fuscous grey, mottled
with. brown and red: Wings below fuscous grey tinged
with brown; a faint postmedial line; cilia fuscous grey,
spotted with whitish. Fore wings: some fuscous spots on
costa separated by smaller buff spots. Hind wings: a faint
dark line on discocellular.
Expanse 42 mm.
Hab. Guapiles, Avangarez.
Near C. bidens, Kaye.
Campometra obsolefacta, sp. n.
3. Palpi fuscous, thinly irrorated with buff. Frons,
medially brownish buff, laterally fuscous brown; vertex,
collar, thorax, and base of abdomen fuscous brown, thinly
irrorated with buff. Abdomen buff-grey, irrorated with
reddish brown ; a long fuscous dorsal tuft between third and
fourth segments. Fore wings: base black, slightly mottled
with buff just below cell, crossed by a fine velvety subbasal
line, and limited by a dentate antemedial line, the angies
scaled with -buff; medial space buff irrorated with reddish
brown, the veins dark grey; a black dot as orbicular ;
reniform very faintly outlined in fuscous grey ; postmedial
line very fine, fuscous, irregular and barely traceable, pre-
ceded on costa by a fuscous spot, and shaded with white on
subcostal ; terminal space fuscous brown; traces of a sub-
terminal black line, outwardly dentate on interspaces ; an
interrupted marginal black line, preceded by some lighter
brown shading at vein 5; a wavy dark brown terminal.line.
Hind wings buff irrorated with 1eddish brown; costal
margin broadly, inner margin narrowly, and a streak from
base to termen below cell and vein 2 fuscous grey; post-
medial line black dentate ; marginal and terminal lines as on
fore wing; the subterminal space shaded with fuscous brown
and with traces of a line. Wings below slate-grey ; faint
medial and postmedial darker lines, Female fuscous brown ;
basal and terminal spaces blue-black; the lines velvety
black, more distinct; the postmedial shaded with bluish
white at subcostal, and with light brown near inner margin ;
the subterminal outwardly shaded with light brown; reni-
form indicated by buff-brown shading ; intervenal buff spots
preceding marginal line, the largest at vein 5.. Hind wings
dark brown irrorated and shaded with fuscous ; streak below
cell and inner margin fuscous; the subterminal line very
distinct, dentate ; the marginal line preceded by buff shading.
Tleterocera from Costa Rica. abe
Wings below dark greyish brown; subterminal fuscous
shading; fine pale discal lines ; the two lines on hind wings
more distinct; whitish buff shades on termen at vein 5;
buff costal spots on fore wing beyond a medial black
spot.
Expanse, ¢ 42 mm., ? 44 mm.
flab. La Florida, Sixola.
Hemeroblemma stiva, sp. 0.
@?. Palpi fuscous irrorated with yellowish and grey.
Head dark brown irrorated with grey. Collar brown.
Thorax brownish buff. Abdomen fuscous. Fore wings:
anterior portion from inner margin before bise to termen at
vein 5 buff irrorated with fuscous, the postmedial space palest ;
posterior portion of wing dark brown; antemedial fine,
fuscous, inset in cell; orbicular small, round, dark brown
mottled with buff and circled with clear buff; reniform
bluntly oval, outlined in fuscous ; postmedial fine, dentate,
fuscous, followed by a similar shade on costa ; an outer fine
dentate line, slightly inbent at vein 4, thicker, vertical, and
almost straight to inner margin, outwardly edged on dark
space by a greyish-brown shade, and then followed by a
broad yellowish-buff line from vein 4 to inner margin; a
subterminal fuscous spot above vein 7, followed by a’ very
faint dentate line, paler shaded and macular below vein 5:
marginal black and white spots on interspaces ; a buffshade
at tornus. Hind wings dark brown, the lines fuscous ; ante-
medial and medial lines wavy, coarse; postmedial fine,
lunular dentate; subterminal shade, followed by a paler
brown shade at apex; a dentate lunular marginal line, out-
wardly shaded with buff-brown. Wings below greyish
thickly irrorated with brown ; black discal points ; basal half
dark shaded. Fore wings: medial and postmedial lines
broad; outer line remote, finer; subterminal partly macular.
Hind wings: outer line broad and close to postmedial ; sub-
terminal coarse, continuous ; the marginal lines with white
shading in angles.
Expanse 65 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Hypogramma auripennis, sp. n.
3. Palpi streaked black and whitish. Head, collar, and
thorax black, mottled with white and greenish-white scales ;
patagia dull green. Abdomen.to just beyond middle golden
yellow, with alarge fuscous basal tuft tipped with metallic.
514 Mr. W. Schaus on
copper-colour and gold, and followed by a smaller black
spot ; terminal segments fuscous ; anal hairs buff-brown.
Fore wings dull olive-green, mottled with grey on costa and
medially ; an antemedial fuscous shade, expanding to base
above and below submedian, limited inwardly by a vague
dark line and paler basal space, and outwardly by a geminate
fuscous line; a brownish line on discocellular inwardly pale
edged and followed by a black spot ; a black shade on costa
above discocellular and one below it; postmedial geminate,
lunular dentate, outeurved beyond cell; black intervenal
streaks from postmedial to termen, interrupted by greyish
scales subterminally ; the whole terminal space beyond
postmedial irrorated with whitish-grey scales and some
orange-brown scales. Hind wings golden yellow, the costal
margin broadly dull olive-green mottled like fore wings.
Fore wings below fuscous; a black streak at base of costa ;
a postmedial thick black line. Hind wings below golden
yellow; the apex black, preceded by a short dentate black
line.
Expanse 38 mm.
Hab. Sitio, Sixola,
Concana? permixta, sp. n.
@. Palpi light brown, the second joint tipped with fuscous.
Frons grey, crossed above by a black line; vertex brown.
Collar light brown, shaded with white behind. ‘Thorax
dark brown; patagia light brown mottled with grey.
Abdomen buff with dark brown segmental lines. Fore
wings: basal half brownish buff, limited by an outcurved
dark brown fascia; some subbasal steel-grey shading on
costa and inner margin; a light brown antemedial space
widest on costa and extending just below median, followed
on costal margin by some white scaling crossed by a fine
black line ; medial fascia interrupted in cell by a light brown -
spot edged with black, except behind, followed by a steel-
grey shade, a fine black line, and a brown shade, terminating
at discocellular ; postmedial space beyond cell and on costa
pale brownish white, narrowing from vein 3 to inner margin,
crossed by the postmedial line, which is oblique from costa to
vein 6, angled and inturned to some black scaling, then out-
curved, and irregularly inbent to inner margin, followed
throughout by a pale shade and then the dark brown sub-
terminal shading; apex shaded with steel-grey; some
terminal dark grey shading at veins 4 and 2 and a creamy
white shade between them; some marginal dark brown
spots, Hind wings dark brown ; a darker terminal line
Heterocera from Costa Rica. 515
interrupted by pale streaks on veins. Fore wings below
brown ; a dark postmedial line outcurved beyond cell, and
outwardly shaded with white from costa to vein 4, Hind
wings below white; the costal half shaded with brown; a
large discal spot crossed by a pale line ; a dentate postmedial
line and a subterminal shade ; terminal line as above.
Expanse 26 mm.
Hab. Avangarez.
Herminodes latris, sp. n.
2. Palpi fuscous brown, edged with whitish above.
Head and collar whitish. Thorax greyish. Abdomen above
dull grey, underneath whitish grey. Fore wings buff-grey,
thinly irrorated with light brown ; a minute dark point on
discocellular ; a faint postmedial outcurved row of short dark
streaks, followed by a similar lunular dentate line; terminal
black spots on interspaces. Hind wings dull grey tinged
with brown ; the costal margin paler. Fore wings below
dull greyish ; a faint whitish streak in cell. Hind wings
below whiter.
Hixpanse 33 mm.
flab. Tuis.
Herminodes tphis, sp. n.
3. Palpi inwardly buff, outwardly brown. Head, collar,
and thorax buff, with a few scattered black-brown scales.
Abdomen brown-buff, thickly irrorated with brown scales.
Fore wings buff, thinly irrorated with brown and black; a
black point at end of cell ; orbicular round, black ; reniform
forming a broad black lunule; the two spots connected by a
black bar close to median ; an elongated black spot below
the bar; the irrorations form a postmedial line of minute
spots outangled beyond cell ; subterminal small spots below
vein 2, between veins 4 and 5, and 5 and 6; terminal black
spots oninterspaces. Hind wings fuscous, somewhat mottled
with buff on termen; cilia buff.
Expanse 36 mm.
Hab. Tuis.
Near H. tripuncta, Schs.
Plynteria florens, sp. n.
3. Head, collar, and thorax brown, the scales paler tipped.
Abdomen brown, anal hairs yellowish. Wings brown, some-
what silky ; cilia darker, with whitish points at veins.
Fore wings: an antemedial and postmedial small white spot
516 _ Mr. W. Schaus on.
‘on costa; antemedial and postmedial lines darker brown
faintly edged, the former inwardly, the latter outwardly,
with whitish-grey scales, the antemedial vertical, the post-
medial outcurved beyond cell ; a minute grey spot in middle
of cell; some white scales on discocellular; a faint sub-
terminal darker brown shade. Hind wings: a very faint
postmedial lunular line, slightly shaded. with white in the
female. Wings below dark greyish, with faint traces of
lines and discocellular streaks.
Expanse 17 mm.
Hab, Sixola.,
Plynteria costata, sp. n.
3. Palpi, head, collar, and thorax brown, the collar edged
behind by a white line. Abdomen fuscous, anal hairs pale.
Wings brown; small white discal spots; a faint darker
subterminal shade, outwardly edged with lighter brown
intervenal spots; minute terminal pale points at veins;
cilia fuscous.’ Fore wings: the basal half except costal
margin tinged with iridescent purple; a greyish-white line
along costa. Wings below rather paler brown; a faint
subterminal fuscous shade and pale terminal points ; hind
wings with small fuscous discal spot and postmedial line.
Female without purple shading on fore wing; the costal
line more pronounced, whitish edged in front with yellow.
Expanse, ¢ 23 mm., 2? 26 mm.
Hab, Carillo, Tuis, Sixola.
Plynteria stellata, sp. n.
¢. Antenne finely ciliated. Head, collar, and thorax
brown, the scales faintly tipped with greyish. Abdomen
fuscous ; a white dorsal point on second segment; anal
hairs light brown. Wings brown, the markings white ;
terminal white points at veins, extending on cilia. Fore
wings: an antemedial line of small spots, slightly inbent
from costa; an orbicular point; reniform consisting of an
incurved line followed by a large spot surmounted by a
point ; a costal spot above it ; postmedial consisting of small
spots and fine lunules, inset opposite cell and incurved to
middle of inner margin; irregular subterminal spots and
irrorations, the largest on costa, above veins 7 and 5, and at
fold. lind wings: a faint fuscous discal point; postmedial
‘whitish lunules, incurved near inner margin. Wings below
fuscous grey, the hind wings irrorated with whitish grey,
Heterocera from Costa Rica. 517
defining a postmedial dark line, and fainter subterminal
shade,
Expanse 23 mm.
Hab. Carillo, Sixola.
Obroatis gatena, sp. n.
3. Palpi purplish brown, streaked above with red. Head,
collar, and thorax, brown tinged with lilacine. Abdomen
above dull grey shaded with lilacine brown hairs; under-
neath pale red. Legs with pale red hairs; the tarsi dark
brown circled with white. Wings roseate brown with
scattered black irrorations. Fore wings: orbicular and
reniform small, greenish grey finely edged with brown and
faint lilacine white lines ; postmedial fine, fuscous, oblique
from costa, inbent from above vein 5 to middle of inner
margin; termen from above vein 3 broadly dark shaded
and more thickly irrorated with black; marginal white
points connected by a deeply lunular black line. Hind
wings: a straight medial line; faint white marginal points,
but without connecting line.. Wings below shaded with pale
red, especially on veins; black discal points ; cilia fuscous
brown. Fore wings: inner margin greyish white ; a dark
medial line on inner margin; a faint lunular outer line,
Hind wings: a dark medial line.
Expanse 42 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Near O. negata, W1k.
Obroatis ? gargilius, sp. n.
3. Palpi fuscous grey. Head dark brown. Collar and
thorax greyish brown tinged with reddish. Abdomen
brownish grey. Fore wings: base lilacine with a few
darker irrorations ; costa reddish brown; a fine, dark brown
antemedial line, outcurved on costa, vertical below cell ;
medial space reddish brown, darkest towards postmedial line ;
a dark point as orbicular; reniform narrow, outlined in dark
brown; postmedial line outbent on costa, nearly vertical
from vein 6 to inner margin, lilacine, edged with fuscous
brown which expands outwardly to apex; outer margin
lilacine, irrorated with fuscous brown and crossed by brown
veins ; a terminal fine lunular line; cilia brownish grey ;
some subterminal white scales above and below vein 5.
Hind wings brownish grey ; a postmedial fuscous line, partly
geminate ; a broad terminal fuscous shade ; the veins out-
wardly irrorated with brown. Wings below buff, shaded
518 Mr. W. Schaus on
with fuscous and irrorated with grey-brown ; fuscous discal
spots and postmedial line ; termen and inner margin of fore
wing narrowly pale, inner margin of hind wings broadly so ;
a fine dark terminal line.
Expanse 44 mm.
Hab. Poas.
Argidia aufidia, sp. n.
3. Palpi deep olive-yellow. Head, collar, and thorax
dark greyish brown, mottled with fine lilacine hairs ; abdomen
above brighter, underneath reddish orange. Fore legs brown
irrorated with lilacine; hind tibia with long tufts of yellow-
brown hairs. Wings pale olive-brown. Fore wings : base
to medial line shaded with lilacine grey; antemedial fine,
dark brown, shaded with lilacine, outbent on costa, inset on
subcostal, outwardly curved to submedian, and deeply out-
curved on inner margin; orbicular dull lilacine, finely circled
with dark brown; medial line broad on costa, dark brown,
suffusing with reniform, finer, fuscous, inbent to submedian,
and outcurved on inner margin; reniform very large, like a
large “8,” finely outlined in darker brown; costa above
reniform and towards apex tinged with roseate lilacine;
outer line oblique from costa, crossing a dull brown shade,
on which it is darker marked, below vein 7 inbent, fine, and
nearly black ; postmedial space to outer line brighter brown ;
outer line closely followed from vein 6 to inner margin by a
fuscous line on a pale ground; subterminal indistinct,
dentate lunular, marked by black spots between veins from
3-6. Hind wings: a fuscous medial line ; outer line as on
fore wings; outer margin broadly irrorated with lilacine;
subterminal whitish points; termen narrowly and cilia very
dark brown. Fore wings below olive; costa to outer line
broadly lilacine, then to apex orange-brown; medial line
nearly straight; outer line fine, purple-black ; a subterminal
fine line ; inner margin yellowish ; orbicular and reniform
lilacine. Hind wings below orange, finely irrorated with
dull brown; a medial black line ; a postmedial black and
purple-red line; a fine black subterminal line.
Expanse 48 mm.
Female: body and wings yellow-brown tinged with
roseate, the lilacine shadings more roseate; the lines as in
male. Underneath brighter than male, especially the fore
wings.
Expanse 49 mm.
Hab, Juan Vinas, Sitio.
Heterocera from Costa Rica. 519
Empelathra pindarus, sp. n.
3. Palpi fuscous, third joint irrorated with buff. Body
and wings reddish brown tinged with lilacine. Abdomen
with fine lilacine-white segmental lines. Fore wings: lines
darker reddish brown; the antemedial vertical, preceded by
whitish spots on veins; orbicular rather large, consisting of
an annular whitish line; a medial darker shade; some
darker shading at and beyond end of cell, but no reniform ;
postmedial outcurved beyond cell, marked by white points
on veins, terminating as a white line on inner margin, where
it is preceded by a few lilacine white irrorations ; subterminal
dark points with some white irrorations between veins and
heavily shaded with whitish grey from vein 4 to apex,
forming a broad line; small marginal clusters of white scales
between veins and terminal white points. at veins. Hind
wings: costa shaded with grey; a broad medial lighter
brown shade from cell to inner margin, where it is mottled
with grey, and edged by two dark reddish-brown lines, the
outer line followed by white points; subterminal, marginal,
and terminal points as on fore wings, but less distinct and
without any broad grey shading.
Expanse 36 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Dagassa ? atalanta, sp. n.
?. Palpi whitish buff, irrorated with dark purple. Head
and collar buff irrorated with brown, the latter shaded with
brown behind. Thorax dark grey, the patagia shaded with
brown. Abdomen dull brown; a black transverse line at
base ; grey segmental lines, broadest terminally ; anal hairs
buff. Wangs dull brown, shaded with purplish grey from
base to postmedial line; a black-brown terminal line.
Fore wings: costa buff, finely striated with fuscous to post-
medial, then finely black with the usual buff spots; lines
dark brown, the antemedial wavy, inbent in cell, followed by
a small orbicular black spot; medial line wavy, outcurved in
cell; reniform consisting of an inbent dark line edged with
greyish; postmedial line slightly outcurved, geminate,
filled in with purplish grey ; very faint traces of subterminal
spots; cilia shaded with buff from vein 3 to tornus. Hind
wings: a fine dark brown antemedial line; a black discal
point; postmedial geminate as on fore wings; cilia buff at
base, then fuscous tipped with white. Wings below greyish
striated with fuscous, the lines fine, also fuscous. Fore
520 Mr. W. Schaus on
wings: outer half faintly shaded with brown, except on
costa and inner margin; an antemedial black spot in cell ;
medial and postmedial lines outbent on costal third, then
sinuous ; a terminal fuscous shade above vein 4, interrupted
between vein 6 and.7 by pale mottlings. Hind wings: a
dark discocellular spot followed by a medial and _ post-
medial wavy line; some marginal fuscous shading at apex.
Expanse 30 mm.
fab. Tuis.
Luthermesia blandita, sp. n.
9. Palpi brown irrorated with black, third joint black,
the second and third tipped with white. Head, collar,
and thorax brown; some white shading on patagia in
front. Abdomen fuscous brown, with pale segmental
lines. ‘Wings brown, faintly tinged with red; a lunular
darker terminal line; cilia broadly tipped with fuscous
opposite interspaces. fore wings: a lilacine streak from
base to apex close above subcostal; extreme costa finely
fuscous brown; a faint inbent darker antemedial line,
marked by lilacine points on veins ; postmedial line slightly
curved on costa, then straight and inbent, dark brown, out-
wardly edged with yellowish and with lilacine points on
veins; a dark brown shade on discocellular in front with a
small lilacine spot; a wavy series of subterminal fuscous
spots outwardly shaded with lilacine. Hind wings: an
antemedial lilacine spot on median and near inner margin ;
dark discal spots ; postmedial line straight, as on fore wings ;
subterminal spots similar, the spot between veins 5 and 6
inset. Wings below light greyish brown; small fuscous
discal spots ; subterminal fuscous spots parallel with
termen.
Expanse 28 mm.
Hab, Tuis.
Mulelocha celita, sp. n.
9. Palpi mottled brown and buff, the third joint dark
except tips and base which are buff-white. Head and collar
brown, the tegule edged with dull grey. Thorax buff,
narrowly shaded with dark brown in front. Abdomen
fuscous grey, the second segment darker with a white dorsal
point. Fore wings buff, the costal margin duller and striated
with fuscous ; a whitish lunule edged with dark brown on
discocellular ; from below discocellular and vein 3 a fuscous
brown space to inner, margin, expanding towards base, but
—
HTeterocera from Costa Rica. 521
not reaching it, followed by a narrow buff shade divided by
a slate-colour line; postmedial fine, dark brown, lunular,
outcurved beyond cell, and terminating at dark space below
vein 3; outer space narrowly fuscous brown, outwardly ex-
panding between veins 3 and 5, and outbent on vein 6, above
which there is only a dull greyish shade to apex, cut by a
buff line; a narrow bright brown shade and a dentate black
line follows the dark shade, though partly obsolete ; termen
dull dark slate from tornus to vein 3, above vein 5 mottled
with buff. Hind wings: base narrowly whitish buff ;
medial space mottled brown and dark slate, narrow on costa,
wide on inner margin, containing some irregular black lines
and a broad black streak on discocellular, its outer edge -
straight from costa to vein 5, then outcurved, followed by a
lilacine-buff shade crossed by a slate-grey line ; postmedial
space broadly brown, outwardly crossed by a faint buff line,
and limited by an indistinct blackish line ; termen dark
slate between veins 3 and 4 and from 5 to apex, otherwise
paler slate mottled with buff. Wings below thickly
striated with dull brown; discal spots whitish edged with
fuscous.
Expanse 27 mm.
Hab. Guapiles, Sixola, Esperanza.
Near M. hermelina, Gn.=diversa, W\|k., but differs in
postmedial line on fore wing, and different lind wing.
Mulelocha subnigra, sp. n.
3. Palpi fuscous, the third joint tipped with white, and
with white ring at base. Head, collar, and thorax fuscous
brown mottled with dark grey. Abdomen fuscous brown.
Fore wings brownish slate-colour ; base of costa and inner
margin fuscous brown edged with dull grey ; a fine dark
brown curved antemedial line, expanding on costa, where it
is preceded and followed by a whitish point ; a medial
fuscous-brown shade, faintly geminate and _ suffusing from
vein 3 to inner margin with the postmedial line, which is
slightly outcurved beyond cell, irregular, outwardly finely
edged with dull grey, and on costa with whitish ; reniform
large, outlined in dull grey, and enclosing a whitish curved
line on discocellular; the antemedial space on inner margin
to fold shaded with pale reddish brown; an irregular and
broken subterminal line, buff-grey ; a faintly darker terminal
lunular line marked by dark points om interspaces.. Hind
wings: base brownish irrorated with fuscous brown and
crossed by a dark antemedial line; a broad fuscous-brown
522 Mr. W. Schaus on
medial shade followed by a slate-grey shade crossed by a
slightly darker line, its outer edge diverging before anal
angle and followed by fuscous brown, broadly between
veins 3 and 6; this last shade outwardly partly edged with
buff, and with two faint brownish shades outbent to termen ;
the terminal line more heavily marked than on fore wing.
Wings below brownish black; fore wings with a white
lunule on discocellular, a faint postmedial line marked with
whitish on costa, and some marginal whitish spots from
vein 5 to apex.
Expanse 27 mm.
Hab. La Florida, Esperanza.
Mulelocha homopteridia, sp. n.
g. Palpi: second joint outwardly fuscous, inwardly
orange-brown; third joint buff mottled with fuscous. Head,
collar, and thorax fuscous brown irrorated somewhat with
dull lilacine grey, the collar showing transverse darker shades.
Abdomen dull fuscous grey, brighter mottled at base, and
with a dorsal white point on second segment. Wings dull
brown shaded with dull slate-colour; a terminal lunular
black line. Fore wings: outer half of costa shaded with
light brown; a similar shade below discocellular ; lines
velvety black; a basal line on costa; an indistinct wavy
subbasal line; antemedial fine, inbent from costa where it is
marked by a spot; a similar medial spot on costa, and a fine
wavy medial line, geminate on inner margin; postmedial
fine, outbent on costa, dentate beyond cell, inbent from vein 4,
expanding on inner margin close to medial line, followed on
costa by a buff spot; reniform semihyaline white, obliquely
curved, and finely edged with darker brown; a subterminal
dark brown shade between veins 6 and 8. Hind wings: a
white spot on discocellular; a fine medial line, partly
geminate ; a broad postmedial line ; a subterminal irregular
fuscous shade, surmounted by lighter brown towards inner
margin. Wings below fuscous; the light brown spaces of
upper side replaced by yellowish-buff shades crossed by
dark strie; these extend on fore wing to base of costa, and
below cell to base. Fore wings: a fine subterminal bulf
shade; terminal white strize at vein 5. Hind wings with
scattered white strize.
Expanse 33 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Heterocera from Costa Rica. 523
Orsa flava, sp. 0.
3. Palpi dark grey. Head and collar grey ; white spots
on frons. Thorax yellow, shaded with grey in front.
Abdomen yellow; a roseate line on basal segment, the
terminal segments shaded with roseate. Wings bright
yellow. Fore wings: the costa and outer margin broadly
lilacine grey, the costa finely irrorated with black; some
roseate scales at base below cell; a subbasal crimson spot on
inner margin; antemedial fine, black on costa and cell,
roseate from cell to submedian; orbicular a small dark
point; medial and postmedial fine, curved on costa, black,
from cell and vein 3 to inner margin inbent, roseate, the
latter crossing below costa a reddish-brown shade which fills
in the angle formed by the subterminal fuscous line, which
is nearly straight and parallel with termen; a dark grey
shade at apex. Hind wings: a medial dark roseate shade
enclosing a white discal spot irrorated with black; a post-
medial roseate line, finely streaked with dark grey except
near costa; an irregular punctiform and geminate sub-
terminal line ; apex shaded with dark red ; a terminal black
line. Underneath similar, but duller, the lines fuscous.
Expanse 29 mm.
Hab. Sixola, Guapiles.
Isogona capitalis, sp. n.
3. Palpi, head, and collar bright reddish brown. Thorax,
abdomen, and wings fuscous slate-colour; anal hairs and
lines buff-brown. Fore wings: antemedial line slightly
outbent ; a line from apex to beyond middle of inner margin,
joined between veins 6 and 7 by an oblique, slightly down-
curved line from costa above discocellular; spots small,
hardly perceptible ; a marginal line from apex to termen at
vein 3, sharply inangled and then straight to tornus. Hind
wings: a postmedial straight line.
Expanse 30 mm.
Hiab. Avangarez, Sixola.
The specimen from Sixola differs in having the lines
geminate.
Capnodes hersilea, sp. n.
$. Palpi: second joint brown; third joint buff-brown.
Head and collar brown, thorax and abdomen dull darker
brown. Wings dull dark brown; a terminal darker line
inwardly defined by a fine buff-brown edging. Fore wings:
524 Mr. W. Schaus on
lines buff, the antemedial slightly inbent ; the postmedial
angled below vein 7, followed by a diffuse buff shade ex-
tending from vein 6 to apex, below vein 6 shaded with dull
brown limited by the subterminal buff line which is out-
angled between veins 3 and 4; orbicular and reniform large,
outlined in buff. Hind wings : postmedial line straight to
inner margin near anal angle; subterminal line dentate,
indistinct towards costa, close to postmedial’ near inner
margin. Wings below buff, shaded with fuscous; discal
spots; hind wings with distinct postmedial fuscous line
and subterminal fuscous shadings, the intermediate space
brighter.
Expanse 26 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Capnodes lycoris, sp. n.
9. Head, collar, and thorax dark brown. Abdomen above
fuscous. Fore wings dark reddish brown, glossed with
lilacine blue except on costa, apex, and termen ; antemedial
and postmedial lines slightly outcurved, whitish buff, edged
with reddish brown ; subterminal dark brown spots outwardly
shaded with lilacine blue, the terminal dark line inwardly so
shaded. Hind wing dark reddish brown ; some lilacine
irrorations on outer half; a darker spot on discocellular ;
postmedial line pale reddish brown, darker edged; _ sub-
terminal spots and terminal line as on fore wing. Wings
below dull dark brown with a few greyish irrorations;
darker discal points ; postmedial line fuscous brown, out-
wardly edged with white on costa of fore wing; pale
terminal points at veins.
Eixpanse 34 mm.
Hab. Guapiles.
Capnodes hembrilla, sp. n.
?. Very close to C. pueritia, Cr.; inner side of palpi
grey, not white. Collar brown instead of fuscous grey ;
dark spot at tornus of fore wing more remote from termen,
and not so round; colour of wings brown without the
roseate tinge. Wings below darker, thickly irrorated with
dark brown; a broad subterminal fuscous-brown shade ;
postmedial line broader, cut on hind wings by yellowish
veins.
Expanse 388 mm.; (. pueritia 9 80 mm.
flab, Suan Vinas.
Fleterocera from Costa Rica. 525
Capnodes melie, sp. n.
3. Body above and wings purplish brown, the lines dull
reddish brown. Fore wings: large dark brown costal spots
at origin of lines, followed and preceded by pale brown
shading on extreme costa; basal spot without a line ; ante-
medial line incurved in cell, outcurved below cell and below
submedian; a very faint medial darker shade; reniform
reddish brown edged with black; postmedial line slightly
outcurved, lunular; a very faint subterminal irregular
darker shade; a terminal dark brown line, interrupted by
light brown points at veins. Hind wings: a medial fuscous
shade not reaching costal margin; a postmedial lunular liue
from vein 6 to inner margin; terminal line as on fore wing.
Fore wing below fuscous grey, the costa broadly tinged with
light brown; medial and postmedial outcurved fuscous lines
on costal half of wing. Hind wing below light brown,
shaded with fuscous grey on outer half; a black discal spot ;
a fuscous medial and postmedial line and faint subterminal
shade.
Expanse 20 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Near C. pira, Dr.
Antarchea poaphiloides, sp. n.
g. Palpi brown. Head grey-brown. Collar and thorax
greyish buff. Abdomen buff. Fore wings creamy buff, the
termen whiter ; from inner margin beyond middle to termen
just below apex a broad dark olive-grey stripe, faintly shaded
about middle of wing with roseate brown, and inwardly
edged from vein 3 to inner margin with black irrorations ;
a few scattered black scales ; two fine pale reddish lines near
dark stripe, barely traceable; terminal black points from
above vein 2 to apex. Hind wings yellowish white,
tinged with pale roseate brown terminally; black terminal
points,
Expanse 22 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Homopyralis aglata, sp. n.
@. Palpi dark brown, the third joint buff at base and tips.
Head, collar, and thorax mottled dark and pale brown.
Abdomen dark greyish brown. Fore wings brown; some
lilacine grey irrorations antemedially, at end of cell, post-
medially beyond cell, and on fold, and also on termen; a
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 36
526 Mr. W. Schaus on
broad antemedial light brown shade edged with fuscous
brown and divided by a fine dark line; a similar shade from
costa across end of cell to inner margin, expanding outwardly
beyond cell; subterminal consisting of an irregular dull
mauve-orey line inwardly shaded wath fuscous brown ; a
terminal wavy fuscous line. Hind wings fuscous brown.
Wings below dull fuscous brown ; hind wings with a
darker curved medial shade and a subterminal shade.
Expanse 20 mm.
Hab. Carillo.
Homopyralis albifasciata, sp. n.
Head dark brown mottled with fuscous. Collar, thorax,
and basal half of abdomen whitish mottled with brown ;
terminal segments darker. Fore wings: base from costa to
submedian fuscous brown, edged with black, and crossed on
costa by two fine roseate-brown lines; base of inner margin
and antemedial space broadl white, crossed by the fuscous-
brown antemedial line, which is outangled on costa, incur ved
across cell, outcurved ‘below it, and again below submedian,
followed in cell by a fine transverse fuscous line ; the anne
space is followed by a narrow fuscous-brown medial fascia
edged with black, but interrupted by white on median vein;
outer portion of wing lilacine brown; reniform indicated by
a dark line parallel with black outer edge of brown medial
fascia; postmedial line whitish edged with dark brown,
oblique and dentate on costa, vertical and zigzag opposite
cell, inbent along vein 3 and suffusing with medial fascia ;
traces of a whitish subterminal shade; whitish points ter-
minally at veins; cilia fuscous. Hind wings dark brown;
a terminal white line at anal angle. Hind wings below
whitish irrorated with grey-brown; a dark medial and post-
medial line; termen dark shaded.
Expanse 27 mm.
Hab. Avangarez.
Homopyralis ardesiaca, sp. n.
3. Palpi whitish grey with transverse darker shades.
Head, collar, thorax, and fore wings slate-grey. Abdomen
dorsally with large lilacine-brown tufts on basal half,
terminally dark grey irrorated with fuscous. Fore wings:
a subbasal brown fascia, becoming fuscous on inner margin,
shaded on either side with green; a faint brownish medial
shade, indistinctly geminate; a dark brown spot on
discocellular ; a fine dark brown postmedial line, slightly
LTetevocera from Costa Rica. 527
outcurved beyond cell, and narrowly edged outwardly with
green, followed bya broad dull brownish shade ; an indistinct
brownish subterminal shade, chiefly opposite cell and be-
tween vein 2 and submedian; cilia mottled with paler grey.
Hind wings dull brown, the termen slate-grey ; a fuscous
discal shade ; a fine postmedial dark line, interrupted below
vein 2, and partly edged with green. Wings below bluish
white, irrorated with fuscous brown except on termen; a
fuscous medial line, spots on discocellular, a fine interrupted
postmedial line, and broad subterminal shade, Hind tibia
fringed above with reddish-brown hairs,
Eixpanse 28 mm. :
flab. Cachi, Juan Vinas,
Homopyralis charopus, sp. n.
3. Palpi fuscous ; a buff shade at base of third joint.
Head, collar, and thorax fuscous brown mottled with slate-
colour. Abdomen above fuscous, underneath yellowish buff;
a dorsal reddish shade on basal segment. Fore wings: costal
margin and cell mostly fuscous brown, below cell from base
to postmedial line lilacine brown, thinly irrorated with red ;
some pale brown spots on extreme costa at origin of lines ;
some whitish-grey tufts at base; subbasal forming a broad
black shade; antemedial fine, lunular, black, followed by
small black orbicular and by a similar medial line ; reniform
round, black ; postmedial fine, black, somewhat punctiform
where outcurved beyond cell, vertical from vein 3 to inner
margin, and followed at vein 8 by a small cluster of reddish-
brown scales ; terminal space dull greyish brown faintly tinged
with lilacine, the subterminal line slightly paler, irregular,
and preceded by a broad fuscous-brown shade; large ter-
minal fuscous spots between veins. Hind wings fuscous
brown; a fine -black streak on discocellular; terminal
lunate black spots; a geminate black line at anal angle,
separated by a whitish line. Wings below brownish grey ;
fore wings with faint traces of lines and small discal spot ;
hind wings with medial, postmedial, and subterminal darker
shades.
Expanse 21 mm.
Hab. Esperanza,
Homopyralis croceipalpis, sp. n.
3. Palpi yellow ; second joint streaked with fuscous in
front and tipped with fuscous ; third joint with a fuscous
36*
528 Mr. W. Schaus on
ring near tip. Head, collar, and thorax fuscous, the collar
faintly edged with silky buff scales. Abdomen dark grey,
with some paler transverse shades. Fore wing bone-white,
shaded with pale olive-brown medially ; base, costal margin,
cell, and inner margin to beyond middle irrorated with
fuscous brown, leaving a whitish antemedial line; a broad
black line on discocellular; a postmedial fuscous-brown line
from costa to vein 5; outer margin broadly fuscous brown,
interrupted by an oblique white line from vein 5, bifurcating
at apex; some whitish marginal shadings above tornus.
Hind wings fuscous brown; traces of a postmedial buff
shade, surmounted by a small black spot on inner margin.
Wings below dull fuscous brown ; darker discal spots; a
broad pale postmedial shade; a dark medial line on hind
wings.
Expanse 19 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Homopyralis elongata, sp. n.
$. Palpi fuscous grey, the basal half of third joint buff-
white. Head, collar, and thorax dark greyish brown. Abdo-
men grey-black; a buff-white dorsal spot at base. Fore
wings rather long and narrow, dull dark brown, indistinctly
mottled with grey-buff, forming subbasal and antemedial
lines, the latter followed by a fine irregular black line, and
the space between them shaded with black ; a small fuscous
spot in cell and indistinct darker geminate medial line; a
round black spot on discocellular ; postmedial consisting of
vague fuscous spots on veins, outcurved beyond cell, followed
by a pale shade on costa and marked by a larger spot on
submedian; the subterminal sinuous, greyish, outwardly
edged with fuscous shades, chiefly above and below vein 5;
terminal black spots; cilia black, cut by pale shades at veins.
Hind wings dark brown ; a short, white, black-edged streak
at anal angle. Wings below greyish, the hind wings with
indistinct discal spot, outer and subterminal lines.
Expanse 23 mm.
Hab. Sixola; also the Guianas.
The narrow wings and pale dorsal patch on abdomen will
help to distinguish this species.
Homopyralis nireus, sp. n.
g. Palpi buff, ringed with fuscous brown. Head reddish
brown. Collar buff, irrorated with olive-brown. Thorax
mottled reddish brown, buff, and black. Abdomen above
Feterocera from Costa Rica. 529
fuscous, irrorated with reddish brown. Fore wings reddish
brown; base, a broad medial space, narrowing on inner
margin, a postmedial patch below costa, and termen from
below vein 5 to tornus heavily shaded with fuscous, mottled
slightly with brown; antemedial space crossed by a fine dark
reddish-brown line; a small pale shade beyond discocellular ;
traces of a dentate postmedial line, not apparent below vein 3 ;
a fuscous subterminal shade, suffusing with terminal shades
below vein 5; marginal black points connected by a fine
lunular line. “Hind wings: base and inner margin to tornus
fuscous, with geminate black lines at end of cell; outer
space reddish brown ; a postmedial geminate shade to anal
angle, fuscous towards costa, dark reddish brown towards
angle; an irregular subterminal fuscous shade; termen
irrorated with fuscous, the spots and line as on fore wing.
Wings below buff, irrorated and shaded with fuscous brow n;
a ark medial and postmedial line; a broad subterminal and
marginal shade, dark discal spots; some pale spots on costa
of fore wing.
Kixpanse 34 mm.
Hab. Esperanza.
Near £7. ypsilon, Bt. :
Hlomopyralis viridis, sp. n.
3. Palpi buff-brown, with numerous dark brown rings,
Head and base of abdomen greyish buff, irrorated with
reddish brown. Collar and thorax dull reddish brown, the
broad scales tipped with whitish grey; abdomen except
basal segment fuscous, dorsally and terminally mottled with
buff and brown. Fore wings green to postmedial line ; some
scattered black scales on inner margin and below disco-
cellular ; costa shaded with dark brown ; traces of a fine
antemedial fuscous line and a wavy geminate medial line; a
velvety black streak on discocellular ; postmedial line fine,
fuscous, outwardly edged with pale g ereen and a dull brownish
shade, ontbent from costa, incurved opposite cell, dentate on
veins ‘4, 3, and on Hees terminal space purple- brown,
with a faintly browner subterminal shade; marginal black
spots outwardly shaded with pale green and connected by a
Junular black line ; cilia partly shaded with green. Hind
wings purple- brown ; ; the inner margin green; a green post-
medial space not reaching costal margin ; a black spot on
discocellular ; the lines interrupted, broader and more con-
spicuous between veins 5 and 6; terminal spots as on fore
wings. Fore wings below grey-brown, the costa shaded
530 Mr. W. Schaus on
with red and black; cilia dull green, tipped with reddish.
Hind wings below whitish, shaded with roseate brown; a
thick brown discal streak, postmedial line, and subterminal
shade.
Expanse 20 mm. .
Hab. Avangarez ; also from French Guiana.
Homopyralis? diffusa, sp. n.
$. Palpi and body fuscous brown, the thorax mottled with
dull lilacine. Fore wings dull lilacine slate, the markings
fuscous brown; a small annular spot at base below cell,
followed by a broad fascia, and then a fine reddish-brown
antemedial line ; orbicular small, round; a geminate medial
line, inset on costa, suffusing with reniform, slightly irrorated
with reddish scales ; postmedial fine, macular from an inset
spot on costa, faintly sinuous, and close to outer medial line
from vein 3 to inner margin, followed between veins 7 and 8
by a spot; subterminal fine, inangled at veins 5 and 2,
heavily dark shaded outwardly between 4 and 6; marginal
spots connected by a lunular line. Hind wings whitish,
heavily shaded with dull brown, and with faint traces of
four lines. Wings below whitish, heavily shaded with dull
brown; large fuscous discal spots: fore wings with ante-
medial and postmedial lines and geminate subterminal fainter
shades; hind wings with medial and three punctiform lines ;
marginal fuscous spots on both wings.
Expanse 33 mm.
Tab. Turrialba.
Homopyralis ? lotis, sp. n.
3. Palpi outwardly brown, inwardly buff. Head, collar,
and thorax dark brown, mottled with buff. Abdomen
fuscous; a tuft of light brown scales dorsally at base. Fore
wings buff-brown, irrorated with dark brown, the lines black-
brown ; a basal and subbasal fuscous-brown shade on costa ;
antemedial partly interrupted, preceded by a small black
spot in cell, and closely followed by the small white orbicular
point; a pale line on discocellular; postmedial obliquely
outcurved beyond cell, thickest on costa and fold, somewhat
interrupted by veins ; subterminal fine, sinuous, light brown,
preceded by a fuscous shade from vein 5 to costa ; a terminal
Innular black line. Hind wings fuscous; cilia mottled buff
and fuscous. Hind wings below buff, finely irrorated with
fuscous brown; a spot at end of cell; an interrupted curved
Heterocera from Costa Rica. 531
postmedial line; a subterminal shade, less apparent before
anal angle, where it extends to termen.
Hxpanse 19 mm.
Hab. Tuis.
Corna pegasis, sp. n.
3. Palpi fuscous brown. Head and body dark brown; a
dorsal tuft at base of abdomen and tips of patagia mottled
with metallic blue and red scales. Fore wings dark brown ;
some white irrorations on costal margin and postmedial space ;
an inbent antemedial line formed by clusters of white irrora-
tions ; a white point as orbicular ; a fine white line across
costa and discocellular, inbent above median, forming a
short hook, interrupted just below median and above sub-
median ; a lighter brown sinuous subterminal shade ; cilia
fuscous brown, irrorated with white at base. Hind wings
dark brown. Hind wings below buff-grey irrorated with
brown ; a fuscous discal point; a curved dark postmedial
line and subterminal shade.
Expanse 31 mm,
Had. 'Tuis, Sixola.
Baniana? haga, sp. n.
g. Antenne pectinated. Palpi, head, and collar light
reddish brown. ‘lhorax dark lilacine grey, shoulders fuscous.
Abdomen pale fuscous grey. Fore wings dull grey, tinged
with lilacine; a dark brown antemedial vertical fascia,
narrowing on costa, outwardly edged by a buff line; a small
dark brown spot in cell medially circled with buff; from
middle of inner margin a buff line, slightly outbent, curved
around discocellular, downbent to vein 4, and upturned to
vein 8 before subterminal shade, outwardly broadly shaded
with dark brown; subterminal brown shade slightly incurved
below vein 4; termen paler grey; a terminal dark brown
line. Hind wings brownish grey ; a terminal dark brown
line.
Bxpanse 21 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Near 6. gobar, Dr.
Elecussa displosa, sp. nu.
9. Palpi grey, irrorated with brown. Head, collar, and
thorax dark brown, irorated with grey. Abdomen above
532 On Heterocera from Costa Rica.
dark brown. Body underneath pale buff, irrorated with
brown. Wings slate-brown; a fuscous dentate terminal
line. Fore wings: base irrorated with grey, antemedial line
fine, dark brown, outangled on subcostal, inangled in cell,
sharply outcurved, then incurved, and again abruptly out-
curved on inner margin ; orbicular round, whitish; reniform
large, dull brown, edged with whitish, forming an “8” ;
traces of a dark medial line, outbent on costa ; postmedial
barely curved on costa, nearly straight and slightly inbent,
fine, dark brown, partly edged with reddish brown and
inwardly with whitish, followed by a dark brown patch
between fold and submedian; veins on outer space shaded
with reddish brown; subterminal consisting of angled black
spots, outwardly edged with whitish. Hind wings: a dark
shade on discocellular ; postmedial as on fore wings, barely
curved, followed by some black spots near-inner margin ;
subterminal spots larger than on fore wings. Fore wings
below greyish buff, the inner margin broadly dull grey ;
orbicular small, black; a fuscous medial line; reniform
small, fuscous ; postmedial fine, fuscous, edged with grey ;
postmedial space tinged with reddish brown ; subterminal
spots greyish. Hind wings below greyish buff ; postmedial
and subterminal spots as on fore wings ; a distinct medial
line, followed by a fuscous line on discocellular.
Expanse 37 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Anomis gentilis, sp. n.
@. Palpi, head, collar, and thorax purple-brown, mottled
with buff scales. Fore wings red, irrorated with yellow, the
costal margin and veins grey-brown, irrorated with whitish
scales ; antemedial line slightly outbent from subcostal, fine,
dark brown, inwardly edged with grey ; a white point as
orbicular; a medial dark line from subcostal across disco-
cellular, vertical to inner margin, and outwardly edged with
grey ; a wavy postmedial line, white on costa, then dark,
outwardly edged with grey, and only reaching vein 3; a
sinuous subterminal dark brown shade, outwardly edged with
paler red and shaded with white on costa; cilia white,
spotted with fuscous at veins. Hind wings fuscous brown ;
cilia similar, tipped with white.
Expanse 26 mm.
Hab. Esperanza.
There is a specimen of this species in the B. M. from the
United States presented by Prof. C. Riley.
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 533
LXIII.—Notes on Fossorial Hymenoptera.—XI.
By Rowtanp E, Turner, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
On some new Australian and Austro-Malayan Thynnide.
Tue following species were received among others from
Dr. R. Hamlyn-Harris, of the Brisbane Museum, Mr. W.
W. Froggatt, and Mr. G. A. Waterhouse. The types of all
are in the British Museum.
Rhagigaster aruensis, sp. n.
9. Nigra, subnitida, punctata; antennis pedibusque fusco-ferru-
gineis ; segmento mediano obliquo, subconcavo.
36. Niger, albido-pilosus ; pedibus fusco-ferrugineis, coxis nigris ;
alis fusco-hyalinis, purpureo tinctis.
Long., 2 8, ¢ 14 mm.
9. Head moderately convex, subrectangular, slightly
rounded at the posterior angles, distinctly longer than
broad, finely and sparsely punctured, the front more closely
’ and coarsely punctured and thinly clothed with short fulvous
hairs, a short median sulcus on the front, a sulcus on each
side converging very slightly posteriorly, reaching from the
eye to the posterior margin of the head. Pronotum scarcely
more than half as long as the head, broadly rounded
anteriorly, narrower than the head, as broad posteriorly as
long, the whole thorax very sparsely punctured. Median
segment oblique from just behind the scutellum, subconcave.
Abdomen more closely punctured, the first segment shorter
than the second, vertically truncate at the base; second
dorsal segment with a depressed transverse line at the base ;
sixth dorsal segment with a distinct pygidial area, almost
pointed at the apex.
6. Clypeus rather sparsely punctured, with a carina from
the base not reaching the apex, which is feebly triangularly
depressed in the middle, the apical margin truncate. Front
rugose, vertex strongly punctured ; the interantennal pro-
minence broadly rounded at the apex, with marginal carinz
which join a transverse carina not quite extending to the
eyes. Anteunze about as long as the thorax and median
segment combined, not very stout, the apical joints very
slightly arcuate beneath. Anterior margin of the pronotum
straight and strongly raised. The whole thorax deeply and
closely punctured’; scutellum broadly rounded or sub.
truncate at the apex. Abdomen more shallowly punctured
534 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.
than the thorax; sixth dorsal segment rugose, broadly
rounded at the apex. Hypopygium forming a recurved
apical spine, without lateral spines. Jirst recurrent nervure
received at two-thirds from the base of the second cubital
cell, second at one-sixth from the base of the third cubital
cell; third abscissa of the radius nearly half as long again
as the second.
Hab. Aru (Elgner). Received from Mr. Froggatt.
This is the first species of the genus recorded from the
Austro-Malayan region. It is nearest to R. fulvipennis,
Turn., from Cape York, but differs both in sculpture and
colour.
Tachynomyia fervens, Sm.
Alurus fervens, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. vii. p. 58 (1859). ¢.
©. Fusco-nigra; thorace, antennis pedibusque ferrugineis,
Long. 11 mm.
?. Head closely and finely punctured, more than half as
broad again as long, slightly rounded at the posterior angles,
with a short frontal sulcus. Pronotum very little more than
half as broad as the head, nearly quadrate, shining and
sparsely punctured ; scutellum small and narrow; median
segment twice as long as the scutellum, shining and sparsely
punctured, strongly broadened posteriorly. Abdomen very
finely punctured ; first dorsal segment almost vertically
truncate anteriorly, with a shallow transverse groove before
the apex ; second dorsal segment with a transverse carina at
the base and another on the apical margin, the space between
coarsely transversely rugulose. Pygidium simple, not trun-
cate or compressed, longitudinally rugose, with a low median
carina, rounded at the apex. All the ventral segments
closely and rather strongly punctured.
Hab. Woodford, N.S.W. (G. A. Waterhouse); December.
This species ranges with little variation from Victoria to
Brisbane. The female has not been previously described,
Leiothynnus spinigerus, sp. 0.
3. Niger, albo-pilosus, gracilis; clypeo margine apicali, orbitis
interioribus, pronoto margine anteriore postscutelloque flavis ;
pedibus anticis et intermediis, tibiisque posticis subtus bruneo-
testaceis; alis hyalinis, venis nigris, cellula radiali infuscata,
femoribus intermediis basi dentatis.
2. Bruneo-testacea; capite rufo-testaceo; thorace nigro; pedi-
bus fuscis, tibiis bruneis, tarsis anticis intermediisque testaceis ;
segmento dorsali secundo transverse quadricarinato.
Long., ¢ 12; 9 7 mm.
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 535
@. Clypeus convex, rather natrowly truncate at the apex.
Antenne shorter than the thorax and median segment com-
bined, of almost even thickness throughout, the joints not
arcuate beneath; interantennal prominence bilobed, not
strongly developed. Apical joints of the maxillary palpi not
elongate. Head, thorax, and abdomen finely and closely
punctured ; a ferruginous spot on each side of the vertex
close to the summit of the eyes. Scutellum strongly con-
vex, Abdomen slender, subpetiolate, the first segment
fully twice as long as its apical breadth ; seventh dorsal
segment rugose; hypopygium small, about twice as long
as the greatest breadth, the sides parallel, rounded at the
apex, with a slender apical spine. Intermediate femora with
a spine beneath at the base. Third abscissa of the radius
half as long again as the second ; second recurrent nervure
received by the third cubital cell at one-fifth from the
base.
?. Clypeus convex, with a carina, truncate at the apex.
Head nearly half as broad again anteriorly as the greatest
length, strongly rounded posteriorly, smooth and shining,
with a short frontal sulcus. Thorax much narrower than
the head; pronotum subquadrate, punctured. First dorsal
segment hroadly depressed at the apex, with a rounded
raised mark on each side before the apex ; second segment
with four transverse carinz, including the raised apical
margin; dorsal plate of the pygidium lanceolate, very
narrow, ventral plate recurved at the sides and forming a
groove for the dorsal plate, a tuft of pale hairs on each side
near the apex of the dorsal plate. Fifth ventral segment
sparsely but strongly punctured.
Hab. Stradbroke Island, Moreton Bay (Hacker) ; October.
Allied to L. mackayensis, Turn., from which the male may
be easily distinguished by the spine at the base of the
intermediate femora; and the female by the absence of a
sulcus on the pronotum, and the shape of the head, which is
more strongly narrowed posteriorly.
Epactiothynnus nitidiceps, sp. n.
©. Bruneo-testacea ; capite nitido, antice dilatato ; pronoto postice
longitudinaliter carinato; segmento dorsali secundo transverse
tricarinato.
3g. Niger; mandibulis basi, macula utrinque supra basin anten-
narum, pronoto antice et postice, mesonoto macula longitudinali,
scutello macula parva mediana, postscutello, tegulis segmentisque
dorsalibus 2-6 macula transversa utrinque pallide flavis ; pedi-
bus testaceis ; alis hyalinis, venis fuscis, stigmate testaceo,
Tong., 9 4, d 7 mm.
536 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossortal Hymenoptera.
2. Head smooth and shining, broader anteriorly than
long, very strongly narrowed posteriorly, only slightly con-
vex ; pronotum with a low carina on the posterior half, as
long as broad, a little narrowed posteriorly ; scutellum and
median segment combined shorter than the pronotum ;
thorax and abdomen subopaque, almost smooth, the median
segment ‘shining. First dorsal segment rather broadly
depressed at the apex; second dorsal segment with three
strong transverse carine, including the raised apical margin ;
pygidium very narrow, the si:les parallel, narrowly truncate
at the apex. Legs slender.
¢. Head and thorax very finely and closely punctured ;
clypeus rather narrowly truncate at the apex ; antenne
rather slender, a little longer than the thorax and median
segment combined, of about even thickness throughout.
Scutellum strongly convex, median segment shining and
almost smooth. Abdominal segments rather strongly con-
stricted at the base, subopaque and almost smooth. | Hypo-
pygium produced into a slender acute and somewhat recurved
spine, with a small spine on each side at the base. Second
abscissa of the radius a little longer than the third; second
recurrent nervure received at one-sixth from the base of the
third cubital cell.
Hab. Aru (Elgner).
I think that this is distinct from /evissimus, Sm., which is
probably the female of abductor and is a much larger species.
From abductor the male differs in the shape of the hypo-
pygium, the colour of the legs, and the smaller size.
Hemithynnus tillyardi, sp. n.
©. Nigra, sparsissime punctata; fronte supra antennas, macula
pone oculos, angulis posterioribus capitis, vertice lineis duabus
postice convergentibus, macula parva frontali, pronoto margini-
bus lateralibus, margine postico late interrupto, et macula parva
mediali marginis antici, scutello postice, segmentis dorsalibus
primo secundoque fascia transversa interrupta, tertio quartoque
fascia late interrupta, quinto macula utrinque segmentisque
ventralibus 2-4 macula laterali utrinque flavis ; segmento dorsali
secundo carinis transversis 8.
¢g. Niger, albo-pilosus; mandibulis, clypeo apice lateribusque,
yertice macula parva utrinque, pronoto linea arcuata interrupta,
mesopleuris macula parva, segmentis dorsalibus 1-6 ventrali-
busque 2-5 macula laterali utrinque flavis; alis pallide flayo-
hyalinis, venis fuscis.
Long., 9 18, ¢ 23mm. .
?. Clypeus with a carina not reaching the apex, which is
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. — 537
produced in the middle into a point. Head about half as
broad again as long, rounded at the posterior angles, sparsely
punctured, the punctures on the front larger and deeper
than those on the vertex, a short frontal sulcus, the position
of the posterior ocelli indicated by shallow depressions ;
eyes narrowly ovate, not reaching the base of the mandibles.
Pronotum fully twice as broad as long, not narrowed
posteriorly, the anterior margin straight, with a few seti-
gerous punctures, the pronotum and scutellum sparsely and
finely punctured, pleurze smooth. Median segment steeply
sloped from just behind the seutellum, very finely punctured,
with a few larger punctures. Abdomen sparsely punctured ;
first dorsal segment with two transverse carine at the apex,
with a broad groove between them; second segment with
about eight strong but slightly irregular transverse carinz ;
third segment distinctly transversely striated at the base.
Pygidium almost vertical, a little more than twice as long
as broad, with a strong spine on each side near the apex,
the dorsal plate strongly longitudinally striated, a little
shorter than the ventral plate and narrowly rounded at the
apex, ventral plate broadly rounded. Fifth ventral segment
longitudinally rugose.
g. Clypeus convex, narrowed towards the apex, which is
rather broadly truncate. Antenne longer than the thorax
and median segment combined, the apical joints rather
slender and very feebly arcuate beneath. Head and thorax
finely and very closely punctured, the anterior margin of
the pronotum slightly raised. Abdomen fusiform, shining
and almost smooth, the segments very slightly constricted at
the base ; apical dorsal segment punctured rugose. Hypo-
pygium in the form of a slightly elongate triangle, with an
acute apical spine, the basal angles prominent and rounded.
Third abscissa of the radius a little longer than the second ;
first recurrent nervure received at two thirds from the base
of the second cubital cell, second at one-third from the base
of the third cubital cell.
Hab. Dorrigo, N.S.W. (R. J. Tillyard) ; November.
This belongs to the group of rufiventris, Guér.; the male
is nearly allied to kirbyi, Turn., and crinitus, Turn., from
both of which it differs in colour, from the former also in
the somewhat greater breadth of the head and clypeus and
the less elongate hypopygium, from the latter in the much
stronger sculpture of the seventh dorsal segment and the
much sparser and shorter pubescence of the thorax. The
female differs from kirbyi in the larger head, the sculpture
of the first three dorsal segments, and the greater length of
538 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera,
the pygidium; from crinitus in the much shorter dorsal
surface of the median segment and in colour.
Hemithynnus hamlyn-harrisi, sp. n.
¢. Flavo-aurantiacus; vertice, mesonoto, mesosterno, scutello basi
segmentisque abdominalibus 3-7 nigris; segmento mediano
flavo ; alis flavo-hyalinis, apice hyalinis.
@. Ferruginea; fronte segmentisque abdominalibus 3-5 nigris ;
segmentis dorsalibus 1-5 macula laterali utrinque, primo fascia
transyersa lata, 2-5 fascia interrupta, segmentisque ventralibus
2-4 macula utrinque flayis; clypeo carinato, in spinam acutam
producto.
Long., ¢ 22, 9 16 mm.
3. Clypeus convex, broadly truncate at the apex; eyes
divergent towards the clypeus. Antenne about as long as
the head, thorax, and median segment combined, the apical
joints slender. Interantennal prominence strongly bilobed.
Head and thorax opaque, closely and finely punctured ;
abdomen shining and sparsely punctured. Median segment
steeply sloped from the postscutellum ; pubescence grey on
the head and median segment, fulvous on the thorax.
Seventh dorsal segment striate, the striz curved at the apex ;
lypopygium triangular, with an acute apical spine, the basal
angles not prominent.
?. Clypeus with a strong median carina, produced at the
apex into an acute spine; mandibles very stout, blunt at the
apex. Eyes narrowly oval. Head convex, fully half as broad
again as long, rounded at the posterior, angles ; ; head, thorax,
and median segment shining, very sparsely punctured, witha
few long scattered grey hairs. Pronotum twice as broad as
long; scutellum not much narrowed, a little shorter than the
median segment. First dorsal segment with a transverse
groove just before the apex ; second segment with about
seven irregular transverse carine which are low and curve
towards the base on each side, the apical margin strongly
raised. Segments 3-5 shining, almost smooth; pygidium
vertically truncate posteriorly, the dorsal plate ~ as long as
the ventral, broadly ovate, closely longitudinally striated,
with a long spine on each side near the apex, the apical
margin smooth. Fifth ventral segment rugose-striate.
Hab. Brisbane (Hacker) ; September. Received from
Dr. Hamlyn- Harris.
The male is the type.
Both sexes are very near the common ;H. apterus, Oliv.,
but the colour of the male is very distinct, the median
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 539
segment more abruptly truncate and the hypopygium rather
more narrowly triangular. The female differs in the much
greater development of the apical spine of the clypeus and
in the distinctly broader pygidium.
I mentioned the male as a variety of H. apterus (Proc.
Linn. Soc. N.S.W. xxxiii. p. 191, 1908), but this is a
mistake, though the structural differences in both sexes are
slight. H. apterus also occurs near Brisbane; it seems to
show differences in the sculpture of the second abdominal
segment of the female in different localities, and it is
possible that more than one species may be confused under
the name.
Thynnoides mesopleuralis, sp. n.
@. Nigra; thorace segmentoque mediano rufo-ferrugineis ; man-
dibulis basi fusco-ferrugineis ; pedibus rufo-testaceis ; antennis
fuscis; segmento dorsali secundo carinis transversis sex ;
pygidio angusto, elongato ; segmento ventrali quinto rugoso.
3. Niger, albo-pilosus ; mandibulis basi, clypeo margine apicali,
maculaque utrinque supra basin antennarum pallide flavis;
mesopleuris rufo-ferrugineis ; tibiis femoribusque posticis subtus
fusco-ferrugineis ; alis hyalinis, venis nigris, stigmate testaceo,
Long., 2 8, ¢ 12 mm.
?. Head distinctly broader than long, not narrowed
anteriorly, rounded at the posterior angles, only slightly
convex, shining, the front strongly but not closely punctured,
the vertex almost smooth, the clypeus without a carina.
Pronotum almost smooth, fully twice as broad as long, the
anterior margin broadly arched ; scutellum almost smooth ;
median segment closely punctured ; the whole thorax short,
very little longer than the head. First dorsal segment
punctured, broadly depressed and smooth at the apex ;
second dorsal segment with five transverse carine rather
close together and broadly separated from the strongly raised
apical margin ; segments 3-5 shallowly and not very closely
punctured; fifth ventral segment rugose ; pygidium long
and very narrow, constricted near the middle.
3. Clypeus convex, very shallowly and widely emarginate
at the apex, closely punctured. Antenne nearly as long as
the thorax and median segment combined, very slightly
narrowed to the apex, the joints not arcuate beneath ;
interantennal prominence bilobed. Head, thorax, and
abdomen finely and closely punctured ; scutellum strongly
convex; angles of the pronotum not prominent; median
segment rounded. Abdominal segments strongly con-
stricted at the base; seventh dorsal segment almost smooth
540 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.
at the base, sparsely punctured at the apex; hypopygium
narrow, the sides curved upwards, without basal spines, the
apical spine slender and slightly recurved. Anterior coxe
distinctly concave. Second abscissa of the radius as long
as the third ; second recurrent nervure received at one-sixth
from the base of the third cubital cell.
Hab. Brisbane (Hacker) ; September.
In colour the male resembles T. pugionatus, Guér., which
occurs in the same locality, but the colour of the legs is
different. The female is quite distinct.
Thynnoides berthoudi, sp. 0.
¢. Niger, albo-pilosus; mandibulis, clypeo, orbitis oculorum,
margine postico capitis, lineisque duabus obliquis inter antennas
flavis ; alis fusco-hyalinis, basi subhyalinis, venis nigris.
Long. 16 mm.
3g. Clypeus convex, produced and not very broadly trun-
cate at the apex; antenne very slightly attenuated towards
the apex, as long as the thorax and median segment com-
bined ; the interantennal prominence broadly rounded at the
apex, marked in the middle with an obscure longitudinal
carina. The whole insect opaque, closely and not coarsely
punctured, more finely on the median segment than else-
where, the whitish pubescence dense on the median segment
and on the apical margins of the abdominal segments.
Abdominal segments strongly constricted at the base; the
basal segment as broad at the apex as long, with a broad
‘ongitudinal sulcus nearly reaching the apex. Apical dorsal
segment longitudinally striated, truncate at the apex ; hypo-
pygium elongate-triangular, the basal angles prominent, the
apical spine slightly recurved. Anterior coxe slightly con-
cave. ‘Third abscissa of the radius half as long again as the
second ; first recurrent nervure received beyond two-thirds
from the base of the second cubital cell, second a little before
one-third from the base of the third cubital cell.
Hab. Waroona, Western Australia (G. F. Berthoud) ;
December.
Nearest to nephelopterus, Turn., but differs in the much
denser pubescence, the less concave fore cox, and the less
prominent basal lobes of the hypopygium. The yellow
markings on the head are also different.
Thynnoides fuscocosialis, sp. n.
$.° Niger; mandibulis basi clypeoque margine apicali pallide
flavis; alis subhyalinis, costa obscuriore, venis nigris.
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossortial Hymenoptera. 541
2. Nigra, nitida, sparsissime punctata; segmento dorsali secundo
carinis 5 transversis; area pygidiali angusta; segmento ventrali
quinto rugoso.
Long., ¢ 17, 2 11 mm.
3. Clypeus closely punctured, widely and rather shallowly
emarginate at the apex. Head, thorax, and abdomen closely
but not coarsely punctured, with sparse white pubescence.
Antenne short, scarcely as long as the thorax and median
segment combined, slightly narrowed to the apex; the
interantennal prominence broadly rounded at the apex.
Anterior angles of the pronotum not produced; scutellum
separated by a fovea from the mesonotum, with a low carina
from the base to the apex ; median segment rounded. Abdo-
minal segments constricted at the base ; the first segment
broader at the apex than long and marked with a longitu-
dinal sulcus from the base to beyond the middle. Sixth
dorsal segment very coarsely punctured, rounded at the
apex; hypopvgium transversely striated above, elongate-
triangular, with an acute apical spine, the basal angles
strongly produced into blunt teeth. Third abscissa of the
radius longer than the second; first recurrent nervure
received beyond the middle of the second cubital cell, second
at two-sevenths from the base of the third cubital cell. Ante-
rior coxe very slightly concave; the spur of the anterior
tibize testaceous.
2. Head moderately convex, shining and sparsely punc-
tured, with a short shallow frontal sulcus, nearly half as
broad again as long, slightly narrowed anteriorly and strongly
rounded at the posterior angles; the clypeus without a
carina, the anterior margin straight. Pronotum distinctly
broader than long, the anterior margin slightly arched, finely
and sparsely punctured, with a few deep setigerous punctures
along the anterior margin. Scutellum and median segment
rather more strongly punctured, the median segment scarcely
longer than the scutellum, broadened and very steeply sloped
posteriorly. Abdomen shining, sparsely punctured ; first
dorsal segment with a wide groove between two transverse
carine at the apex ; second segment with five strong trans-
verse Carine, including the raised apical margin; fifth
ventral segment coarsely rugose. Pygidium narrowed at
the base, fully three times as long as the greatest breadth,
the dorsal plate shorter and narrower than the ventral,
marked with an obscure longitudinal carina, the ventral
plate rounded at the apex, a tuft of pale fulvous hairs on
each side before the apex.
Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. at
542 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.
Hab. Brisbane (H. Hacker) ; September.
Very near waterhousei, Turn., from which it differs in the
shape of the head in the female and in the shape and colour
of the anterior margin of the clypeus in the male.
Lestricothynnus optimus, Sm.
Thynnus optimus, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. vii. p. 29 (1859). ¢.
Thynnus sulcatus, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. vii. p. 42 (1859). &.
Hab. Dorre Island, W. Australia (Grant Watson). 3 2
in Cop.
I had previously suggested that these were sexes of one
species, and a considerable series of both sexes, many taken
in copulé, in Grant Watson’s collection confirms my con-
jecture. Several of these pairs are now in the National
Collection.
Leptothynnus (?) peltastes, sp. n.
3. Niger, albido-pilosus ; alis subhyalinis, venis nigris ; segmento
yentrali sexto utrinque spina acuta armato; segmento dorsali
septimo lamella plana haud instructo; hypopygio linguiforme,
apice spina acuta armato, spinis basalibus nullis.
®. Nigra, nitida, sparse punctata; segmento dorsali primo trans-
versa rugoso, apice late suleato; segmento dorsali secundo
transverse quinquecarinato; epipygio triangulari, obliquo, basi
angusto; hypopygio apice late rotundato, epipygio multo longiore ;
segmento ventrali quinto ruguso.
Long., d 17, 2 14 mm.
g. Clypeus moderately convex, closely punctured, broadly
truncate at the apex, the labrum slightly exposed and
broadly rounded at the apex. Head closely and finely punc-
tured, the interantennal carina almost transverse; antenne
longer than the thorax and median segment combined,
distinctly slenderer at the apex, the apical joints very feebly
arcuate beneath. Anterior margin of the pronotum dis-
tinctly raised, the angles not prominent. ‘Thorax closely
punctured ; median segment much more finely punctured,
rounded; scutellum flattened; anterior coxe flattened.
Abdomen rather slender, fusiform, shallowly and rather
sparsely punctured, the segments scarcely constricted at the
base ; sixth ventral segment with a spine on each side at the
apical angles ; seventh dorsal segment not produced into a
flattened plate; hypopygium linguiform, with an acute
apical spine. Second abscissa of the radius as long as the
third ; second recurrent nervure received just beyond one-
third from the base of the third cubital cell.
Mr. R. &. Turner on Fossorial [Tymenoptera. 543
?. Mandibles rather long, acute at the apex; clypeus
transverse, without a carina. Head strongly but not very
closely punctured, much broader than the thorax, nearly
twice as broad as long, rounded at the posterior angles.
Pronotum fully twice as broad as long, the sides parallel,
finely and closely punctured; scutellum more strongly and
sparsely punctured, much narrower than the pronotum ;
median segment no longer than the scutellum, finely and
not very closely punctured. First dorsal segment trans-
versely rugose, ‘with a deep transverse groove “between the
caring at the apex ; second dorsal segment with five strong
transverse carinz, including the raised apical margin ;
segments 3-5 shining and sparsely punctured ; fifth ventral
segment coarsely rugose. Pygidium oblique, the dorsal
plate triangular, narrow at the ‘base, the surface rugose ; the
ventral plate much longer than the dorsal and very broadly
rounded at the apex. Tarsi normal.
Hab. Dorrigo, New South Wales (R. J. Tillyard) ;
November.
This species can only be placed provisionally in Lepto-
thynnus, the male having no flattened plate on the seventh
dorsal segment and the pygidium of the female being
narrowed at the base.
Zaspilothynnus hackeri, sp. u.
3. Niger, albo-pilosus ; segmentis abdominalibus sexto septimoque
rufis; alis subhyalinis.
9. Nigra, nitida, sparse punctata; segmento dorsali secundo
carinis septem transversis ; segmento ventrali quinto longitudi-
naliter striato ; pygidio ovato, longitudinaliter striato, basi haud
constricto.
Long., 5 20, 9 15 mm.
3d. Clypeus closely punctured, convex, broadly and
shallowly emarginate at the apex, the angles of the emargi-
nation produced into short spines. Head, thorax, and abdo-
men closely punctured; antennze shorter than the thorax
and median segment combined, slightly narrowed to the
apex, the apical joints very feebly arcuate beneath. Inter-
antennal carina almost transverse, a low frontal carina
almost reaching the anterior ocellus. Anterior margin of
the pronotum transverse, the angles not prominent. Dorsal
surface of the median segment as long as the scutellum, the
posterior slope steep. Abdomen elongate; the segments
moderately constricted at the base; sixth ventral segment
with a very short blunt spine on each side at the apical
eho
SAL Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.
angles; seventh dorsal segment longitudinally rugose, pro-
duced into a very short flattened plate rounded at the apex,
with several curved strie below the apex of the dorsal plate
and above the hypopygium, which is triangular, with a short
blunt apical spine, and produced strongly at the basal angles
into blunt lobes. Anterior cox slightly concave. Third
abscissa of the radius longer than the second; second
recurrent nervure received at one-quarter from the base of
the third cubital cell.
?. Clypeus transverse, without a carina; head small,
broader than long, slightly narrowed anteriorly, strougly
rounded at the posterior ang'es, shining and almost smooth,
coarsely punctured in the middle of the front. Pronotum
finely and closely punctured, half as broad again as long,
with a few deep setigerous punctures along the anterior
margiu. Scutellum and median segment sparsely punc-
tured, about equal in length. Abdomen shining, very
sparsely punctured, the first dorsal segment with a narrow
transverse groove before the strongly raised apical margin ;
second segment with seven well-defined transverse carine,
including the strongly raised apical margin ; fifth ventral
segment longitudinally rugose-striate; pygidium vertically
truncate, ovate, with about five arched carine on the basal
half, the apical half almost smooth, broadly rounded at the
apex, not constricted at the base, the ventral plate longer
than the dorsal. Intermediate tibie moderately stout, basal
joint of intermediate tarsi slightly broadened.
Hab. Brisbane (H. Hacker) ; September.
‘The male is easily distinguished by the emarginate clypeus,
the very short spines of the sixth ventral segment, and thie
colour, the latter character resembling that of the West-
Australian species Z. crudelis, Turn., aud Z. trilobatus, Turn.,
both of which are much smaller. It bears a strong superficial
resemblance to Dimorphothynnus hemorrhoidalis, Guér. The
female differs from most species of the genus in the absence
of constriction at the base of the pygidium, in this character
resembling Z. dilatatus, Sm.
Thynnus mutandus, sp. 0.
3. Niger; clypeo, mandibulis, marginibus oculorum, maculis
duabus supra antennas, vertice linea transyersa utrinque, pronoto
marginibus, tegulis, pleuris, mesonoto linea longitudinali discoidali
utrinque, scutello linea curvata interrupta, postscutello, segmento
mediano linea nigra longitudinali utrinque, segmentis dorsalibus
1-6 fascia lata transversa utrinque, segmentis ventralibus 1-6
Mr. R. KE. Turner on Fossortal Hymenoptera. — 545
fere totis, coxisque flavis; pedibus pallide ferrugineis flayo-
variegatis ; alis hyalinis, flavo tinctis, venis fuscis.
2. Nigra; scutello tibiisque extus flavo-testaceis; segmentis
dorsalibus primo tertioque fascia lata transversa, quarto, quinto
sextoque macula obscura laterali utrinque flavo-ochracvis; seg-
mento dorsali secundo carinis 9 transversis.
fons, 5°17, 9 10 mm.
3. Clypeus convex, sparsely punctured, broadly truncate
at the apex, the angles not produced, almost pointed at the
base. Interantennal prominence well developed, connected
with the base of the clypeus by a short narrow carina,
divided by a longitudinal suleus which almost reaches the
anterior ocellus. Eyes slightly divergent towards the
clypeus, the posterior ocelli as far from each other as from
the eyes, the anterior ocellus situated in a depression.
Antenne about as long as the thorax and median segment
combined, the joints not arcuate beneath, the apical joints
not quite so stout as the basal. Head closely but not
coarsely punctured, thorax and abdomen more sparsely
punctured, subopaque ; mesopleurz very closely and finely
punctured. Scutellum ending in a_ blunt point ; post-
scutellum depressed below the scutellum, the apex subacute
and produced beyond the base of the vertical truncation of
the median segment. First abdominal segment as broad as
the second, vertically truncate anteriorly ; sixth ventral
segment with an acute spine on each side at the apical
angles. Seventh dorsal segment produced into a flat
process, longitudinally striated. Hypopygium obliquely
striated above, as broad at the base as long, with a strong
spine on each side near the base, narrowed towards the apex
and rather broadly truncate at the base of the stout apical
spine. Third abscissa of the radius longer than the second,
first recurrent nervure received at three-quarters from the
hase of the second cubital cell, second just beyond one-
quarter from the base of the third cubital cell.
9. Head rather small, no broader than the pronotum ;
mandibles falcate, acute at the apex; clypeus without a
carina, punctured. [ront with a deep excavation on each
side, smooth and shining; the excavations elongate and
nearly reaching the eyes, separated by a rather narrow
elevated space the lateral margins of which are raised into
carine, the space between the carine punctured, with an
obscure median carina and a few long cinereous_ hairs.
Vertex smooth and shining, the posterior margin of the head
widely emarginate. Pronotum coarsely and shallowly punc-
tured, with a low median carina from the base to the apex,
546 Mr. KK. Andersen on new Petalia.
the anterior margin raised and widely emarginate, nearly
half as wide again as the posterior and lateral margins.
Seutellum short and transverse, almost smooth, much
narrower than the pronotum. Median segment shining and
almost smooth, broadened posteriorly, the dorsal surface
only about one- -third of the length of the pronotum, obliquely
truncate posteriorly, the surface of the truncation raised
along the median line. Abdomen shining and sparsely
punctured, much broader than the thorax, the basal segment
with a patch of long cinereons hairs in the middle ; second
segment with nine strong transverse carine, higher at the
apex than at the base; pygidium narrow and _ transversely
striated at the base, sharply narrowed before the base of the
almost vertical posterior truncation, the surface of which is
twice as long as broad, smooth, the dorsal plate much
shorter than the ventral, with a notch on each side at the
base, the ventral plate emarginate at the apex and serrate
at the sides. Fifth ventral segment longitudinally striated.
Intermediate tibiz broad and strongly spinose.
Hab. Aru (Elgner), Sent by Mr. Froggatt.
This belongs to the group of 7. serriger. Sharp, and is
nearest to T. celebensis, Turn., from which the male differs
in the sparser puncturation, in which it approaches more
closely to 7. olivaceus, Turn. From both of these species
it differs in the truncation of the hypopygium. The female
differs from ca/vus, Turn., in the narrower pygidium, the
narrower raised median space on the front, and in the shape
of the scape, which is curved, not elbowed as in calvus ; the
sculpture is also different. The raised frontal area is also
narrower than in ce/ebensis, Turn., and with a less strongly
marked median carina.
LXIV.—Breef Diagnoses of Light new Petalia, with a List of
the known forms of the Genus. By Knup Anpreeue
Petalia tragata, sp.
As P. javanica (py, large), but free portion of tragus lingu-
late (“ tongue-shaped’ ’), 7. €. Inner as well as outer margin
passing in a smoothly rounded curve into upper margin (in
P. javanica corresponding portion of tragus semilunate, 7, @.
inner margin joining upper in a sharp angle); skull a little
heavier, premolars and molars conspicuously larger. Skull
Mr. K. Andersen on new Petalia. “Kee
of type (an ¢mmature, though probably nearly full-grown,
specimen), condylo-canine length 19:2 mm., against 17°8-19
in twenty-three fully adult skulls of gavanica, c—m* (crowas)
8'2, against 7°2-7°8 in twenty-six adult javanica; external
dimensions probably very nearly as in P. javanica.
Type, 2 imm. (ale.), Bidi Caves, Sarawak, presented by
Cecil J. Brooks, Esq., B.M. 3. 8. 31.1. The range of this
form extends to the Malay Peninsula (@ juv., Biserat, B.M.
3. 2. 6. 85).
Petaha nana, sp. n.
Allied to P. arge (pq large), but considerably smaller, and
with proportionately much smaller ears (tragus not differing
in shape, being lingulate as in arge). Korearm of type
34 mm. (39°5-45 in ten adult arge), third metacarpal 25:7
(30°5-34°2), tibia 14°5 (20-23°7), ear from base of inner
margin 15°5 (23-26°5), maxillary tooth-row (c—m’, crowns)
5:7 (6°8-7°3).
Type, 3 ad. (alc.), Benito R., French Congo, collected by
Mr -G. LL. Bates; B.M..0. 2. 5. 46.
This is the smallest known form of the genus.
Petalia major, sp. n.
Similar to P. arge (p, large, tragus lingulate), but easily
distinguished by its conspicuously larger size, being about
equal in dimensions to P. ethiopica luteola. Forearm of type
49 mm. (39°5-45 in ten adult arge) ; skull, total length 22°2
(19:5-20°2), condyle to front of canine 19°7 (16°8-17:7),
maxillary tooth-row 7°8 (6°8-7°3).
Type, @ ad. (ale.), Ja R., Cameroons, 23 Jan., 1906,
collected by Mr. G. L. Bates, B.M. 9. 10. 2. 49.
Petalia aurita, sp. n.
Dentition (incisors and p,), tragus, and external dimensions
as in P, hispida, but ears much longer, skull larger, tooth-
rows longer. Forearm of type 43 mm. (in forty-seven adult
P. hispida 37:2-43), ear from base of inner margin 21°5
(16°5-18°7) ; skull, total length 18°7 (in thirty-two adult
hispida 16°5-17°8), condyle to front of canine 1671 (14—15°3),
c—m® (crowns) 6°5 (5:5-6'1).
Type, ¢ ad. (ale.), Kili, British East Africa, collected
and presented by G. D. Trevor-Roper, Esq., B.M. 89.1. 11.1.
Other specimens from Maungu, B.E.A., and Burao, Somali-
land,
548 Mr. K. Andersen on new Petalia.
Petalia thebaica adana, subsp. n.
As P. th. thebaica (Egypt), but teeth larger, colour of fur
paler. c-m* (crowns) in nine skulls (type and topotypes)
6°8-7'1 mm., as against 6°5-6°8 in four skulls from Hgypt ;
forearm (type and 1 twenty topotypes) 42:5-46°5 (nine th. the-
baica, 41-45). Colour of fur of upperside pale drab, in
th. thebatca drab-slate.
Type, 9 ad. (skin), Myba, nr. Aden, 17 Aug., 1899,
collected by Mr. W. Dodson, B.M. 99. 11. 6. 18.
Petalia damarensis brockmant, subsp. n.
Probably the north-eastern representative of P. d. dama-
vensis, from which it is distinguishable only by the larger
average size of the skull. Total length of skull (fourteen
specimens) 21-21'5 mm. (20-212 in six d. damarensis), total
length of lower jaw 13°7-14°2 (12-7-13-7), maxillary tooth-
row (crowns) 7°2-7°7 (7-7°5). Forearm 47-51, ear from
base of inner margin 29-31°5 mm.
Type, 9 ad. (skin), Upper Sheikh, British Somaliland,
4300’, 11 Jan., 1910, collected and presented by Dr. R. E.
Drake-Brockman, B.M. 10. 3.27.4. The range of this form
is known to extend to Erythrea. SP. d. damarensis occurs in
DamaraJand and Namaqualand, through the Lake Ngami
region, eastward to Tette.
“Note.—P. d. brockmani should not be confused with the
smaller, shorter-eared P. revoilz, which belongs to the same
section of the genus and occurs in the same region (forearm
41-45, ear 26-26°5, maxillary tooth-row 6°5-6°8 mm.).
Petalia damarensis media, subsp. n.
Probably the Abyssinian representative of the foregoing
form, from which it differs by its conspicuously smaller size :
total length of skull of type 20°6 mm., of lower jaw 13,
maxillary tooth-row 6°8, forearm 45:5, ear from base of inner
margin 29.
Type, ad. (skin), Harar, Abyssinia, 19 Jan., 1912, collected
by Hr. G. Kristensen, presented by the Hon. N. C. Rothschild,
BME 1202528./1.
Petalia gambiensis, sp. n.
Tragus of the P. thebaica type, but species differing from
any other form of the thebaica section by its remarkably
small size. Forearm (type and topotype) 39-40°8 mm.,
Mr. K. Andersen on new Petalia. 549
third metacarpal 29, ear from base of inner margin 23-23°5,
skull (total length) 18°5, maxillary tooth-row (crowns)
6°1-6°2.
Type, ad. (skin), Dialocote, French Gambia, 7 March, 1910,
presented by G. Fenwick Owen, Esq., B.M. 11. 6. 10. 10.
Note-—Gambia is inhabited by two other species of
Petalia, P. hispida and P. macrotis.
The following nineteen forms of Petalia are known to the
writer :—
I. P. javanica group :—p, large, equal in height to cusp 1 of m, ; tragus
lingulate or semilunate.
A. Indo-Malayan species.
1. P. javanica, i. Geoff.—Java; Timor.
2. P. tragata, K. A.—Borneo; Malay Peninsula.
Bb. Ethiopian species.
3. P. arge, Thos.*—Semliki R.; Ituri Forest; Benito R., French
Congo; Fernando Po; Cameroons (Hfulen; R. Ja); Old
Calabar ; Oban, 8. Nigeria.
4. P. nana, K. A.—Benito R., French Congo.
5. P. major, K, A.—Cameroons (R. Ja).
II. P. hispida group :—p, small; upper incisors trifid; tragus falciform
or semilunate. Ethiopian.
6. P. hispida, Schreber.—From Egypt and Soudan, through British
Kast Africa and Uganda, south to Ft. Johnston (Nyasa) and
Upper Shiré R., west to Angola and the Guinea coast, as far
as Gambia.
7. P. aurita, Kk. A.—British East Africa and Somaliland.
8. P. yrandis, Pet.—From Zanzibar, west to French Congo and Old
Calabar.
IIL. P. ethiopica group :—p, small; upper incisors bifid; tragus semi-
lunate (or nearly so), Ethiopian.
9. P. ethiopica ethiopica, Dobson.—Kordofan and Shendy (Upper
Nile).
10. P. ethiopica luteola, Thos.+—Zanzibar; British East Africa ;
Uganda; west to Loanda (Pungo Andongo and Cassualalla).
11. P. macrotis t, Dobson.—The Guinea coast representative of
P. ethiopica: from Nigeria to Gambia,
IV. P. thebaica group :—p, small; upper incisors bifid; tragus pyriform
(free portion narrowest at base, its outer and inner margins evenly
convex). Ethiopian.
12. P. thebaica adana, K. A.—Aden.
13. P. thebaica thebaica, K. Geoft.—Egypt (incl. Sinai).
* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xii. p. 633 (Dec. 1903),
+ Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) viii. p. 30 (July 1901).
{ Nycteris geoffroyi, Desmarest (Mamm. p. 127; 1820), may be an
earlier name of this species, but, unless the type should have been pre-
served, the identification appears rather doubtful.
Dr. W. G. Ridewood on
14, P. revolt, Robin *,— Erythrea; Somaliland; British East
Africa; Uganda.
15. P. capensis, Smith.—From Zambesia, south to Transvaal, Zulu-
Jand, Natal, and Pondoland, west to Mossamedes and
Gr
qn
foam)
Benguela.
16. P. damarensis, Pet.—Damaraland ; Namaqualand ; Lake Ngami;
Tette.
17. P. d. brockman?, K. A.—Erythrea; Somaliland,
18. P. d. media, K. A.—Abyssinia (Harar).
19. P. gambiensis, K. A.—Gambia.
LX V.—On Specimens of Cephalodiscus nigrescens supposed
to have been dredged in 1841 07 1842. By W.G. RipEewoop.
Tue genus Cephalodiscus was founded upon material dredged
by the ‘Challenger’ in 1876 from a single locality (Station
311) in the Straits of Magellan. The full report upon that
material t+ was drawn up by Prof. W. C. M‘Intosh and
Dr. S. F. Harmer, and published in 1887 (5), the species
being described as Cephalodiscus dodecalophus.
Since then twelve new species of Cephalodiscus have been
described :—C. gracilis, C. siboga, and C. levinseni, by
Harmer (3); C. nigrescens, by Lankester (4); C. gilchristi
and C. hodgsoni, by Ridewood (6 and 7) ; C. equatus, C. in-
equatus, C. solidus, C. densus, and C. rarus, by Andersson (1) ;
and C. indicus, by Schepotieff (9).
Another species, somewhat resembling the C. rarus of
Andersson, is stated to have been obtained on the second
French Antarctic Expedition. The name given to it by
Grayier (2) is C. anderssoni; but since the author does not
enumerate its distinguishing features, the species cannot as
yet be regarded as more than a nomen nudum,
Yet another species, of strongly marked facies, was
obtained by the ‘Scotia’ during the Scottish National
Antarctic Expedition, when at Station 346 (lat. 54° 25’ S.,
long. 57° 39’ W., depth 56 fathoms), in December 1903.
* Bull. Soe. Philom. (7) v. p. 90 (1881). Name perhaps antedated by
Heuglin’s Nycteris laliata (N. Act. Ac, C. Leop.-Car. xxix. p. 5; 1861),
the type of which I haye not yet seen.
+ The full report was preceded by a preliminary notice in the ‘ Annals
and Magazine of Natural History,’ (5) x. 1882, pp. 387-348, and another
in the Report of the British Association meeting of 1882 (published 1883,
pp. 596-597). The first published figures of Cephalodiscus, made from
drawings supplied by Prof. M‘Intosh, appeared in KE. R. Lankester’s
article “ Polyzoa” in the ‘ Encyclopedia Britannica,’ ed. 9, xix. 1885,
fies, 8-10.
Specimens of Cephalodiscus nigrescens. 551
} P g
The description of this species has not yet been published,
but a report upon it is in preparation.
In May of the present year, when examining some speci-
mens of Cephalodiscus dredged on the Swedish Antarctic
Expedition and received by “the British Museum (Natural
History) from Stockholm in exchange for other specimens,
Mr. R. Kirkpatrick alluded to the fact that among the
Pterobranchia in his charge were three bottles of a kind of
Cephalodiscus, apparently part of the collection of material
obtained on the ‘Erebus’ and ‘Terror’ Expedition in the
Antarctic Ocean in the years 1839-1843. The specimens
were shown to Dr. S. F. Harmer, the Keeper of the Depart-
ment of Zoology in the Museum, who recognized them as
similar to those of Cephalodiscus nigrescens dredged by the
‘ Discovery’ in the Antarctic Ocean, and eabanited them to
me for examination and report. Iam plea-ed to be able to
confirm Dr. Harmer’s identification of the specimens as
C. nigrescens, and I take this opportunity of thanking him
for allowing me to publish the present note.
For convenience of reference the specimens may be
distivguished as A, B, and C.
Specimen A (see figure, p. 552) is a dark brown piece of
colony with four branches. Greatest measurements 68 by
39 mm. ; longest branch 42 mm. long and 11 mm. wide;
second longest branch 21 mm. long and 10 mm. wide;
the other two branches are short. The piece is in good
condition, with the projecting peristomial tubes and lips
intact. The zooids are numerous, blackish, in fair state of
preservation, each with three or four buds. The size of the
body and the proportions of the buccal shield are the
same as those recorded in the description of C. nigrescens in
the ‘ Discovery’ Expedition Report (7, p. 28).
Specimen B is of a paler colour than A: it is evidently a
young colony, consisting of but one branch; the attached
base contains included stones and shells ; size 33 mm. by
22 mm. ; preservation good ; zooids plentiful.
Specimen C consists of two pieces of colony, very pale in
colour, in poor condition, with no branches remaining and
with the peristomial tubes broken off. Both pieces are
massive in character. The larger measures 64 by 41 mm. ;
stumps of three branches are recognizable ; sandy particles
are embedded in the basal end of it. The smaller piece
measures 58 by 40 mm. Both pieces appear to have been
be Dr. W. G. Ridewood on’
slashed with a knife in various directions. Scarcely any
zooids remain in the tubes, and such as can be found are in
a very bad state of preservation.
The bottles containing specimens A and B bear very old
brown labels. That on A is illegible, but a second and more
recent label affixed to the bottle bears the words “ label
illegible — probably Antarctic Exp. — 98. 7. 26, R. K.,”
meaning that Mr. R. Kirkpatrick, when working at the
Cephalodiscus nigrescens (specimen A), supposed to have been dredged in
1841 or 1842 on the ‘ Erebus’ and ‘ Terror’ Expedition. Nat. size.
collection on July 26th, 1898, came to the conclusion that
the material was part of the collection obtained by Ross on
his Antarctic Expedition in 1839-43.
The label on bottle B bears the words “ Antarctic Sea,
Antarctic Exp.,” in the original handwriting, but the rest of
the label is illegible. It is interesting, however, to note
that in size and colour and the character of the handwriting
Specimens of Cephalodiscus nigrescens. 553
this label agrees exactly with the labels on two other bottles
in the Museum coilection—one of which, containing a
specimen of Bugula (B. reticulata, Busk), bears the words
“ Autaretic Expedition—Admiralty—74°5° §S., 1745° E.,
300 fms.,” and the other, containing a Hexactinellid sponge
(Anoxycalyx yimai, Kirk.), “ Autaretic Exp.—Admiralty—
fe Sa 175d° Bo?
The label on bottle C is evidently of more recent date than
those on bottles A and B. It bears the words ‘“‘ Antarctic
xped.—Admiralty,”’ probably copied from an earlier label.
Ina different handwriting are the words “ No Sponge,’ and
m a third hand are the words, written in pencil, ‘‘ Cephalo-
_ discus (Polyzoan)?” Mr. Kirkpatrick informs me that
these last two words are in the handwriting of Mr. S. O.
Ridley, who was in charge of the Polyzoa in the British
Museum until 1887. Credit is therefore due to Mr. Ridley
for his recognition, even though qualified, of a specimen of
Cephalodiscus so unlike the Cephalodiscus dodecalophus of
the ‘ Challenger.’
Cephalodiscus nigrescens was first described by Lankester
in J905 (4), andatuller account, by Ridewood, was published
in 1907 in the reports of the National Antarctic Expedition
(7). ‘The whole of the material there described was obtained
by the ‘ Discovery’ in 1902 off Coulman Island, near
Victoria Land, in the Ross Sea in the Antarctic Ocean, at a
depth of 100 fathoms.
In connection with the three specimens of C. nigrescens
now under consideration, it is of interest to note that
Coulman Island (about 733 8., 170° E.) was discovered by
Captain Sir James Clark Ross, in charge of the ‘Erebus’
and ‘ Terror’ Expedition, on January 17th, 18141, when at a
distance of 100 miles to the west of it (8, vol. i. p. 199). On
January 18th soundings were taken in 230 fathoms in 73°5.,
176° EK, and small shells and pieces of coral and a Nymphon
were obtained. During the night they sounded again, and
found a sandy bottom at a depth of 180 fathoms. Becalmed
off Coulman Island on January 19th, they put down the
dredge in 270 fathoms (8, p. 201), and obtained broken
pieces of rock, living corals, and “ Corallines, Flustre, and a
variety of marine invertebrate animals.’ They sounded
again on January 20th, when 25 miles off Coulman Island,
and some fragments of starfish and pieces of coral were got
from a muddy and sandy bottom (820 fathoms). On
January 22ud the dredge was put down on a bottom of
5o4 On Specimens of Cephalodiscus nigrescens.
300 fathoms, and after trailing for two or three hours
“brought up many animals, some corallines, and a quantity
of sand, mud, and small stones ....and several entirely
new forms of creatures, of which accurate drawings * were
taken by Dr. Hooker” (8, vol. i. p. 207). The voyage after
this was southward towards Franklin Island and away from
Coulman Island.
After the first attempt to reach the Pole the vessels came
back to Tasmania, passed on to Port Jackson (July 1841),
aud stayed about three months in the northern extremity of
New Zealand (August—October 1841).
They commenced a fresh attempt to reach the Pole in
November 1841, and traversed the Ross Sea a second time .
in February and March 1842. On February 16th, 1842,
they reached 78° S., 187° W. (=173° E.), and in the afternoon
they hove to, and the dredge was put down in 290 fathoms,
and ‘‘ many curious invertebrate animals and a small fish
were taken.” The voyage was then continued southward
and westward, and the region of Coulman Island was left.
On the second attempt to reach the Pole they thus got
within 3° longitude of Coulman Island (8, vol. ii. pp. 195-6),
but not so close to it as on January 20th, 1841.
From these data the conclusion may be drawn that if
Cephalodiscus nigrescens were then, as now, peculiarly
abundant in the neighbourhood of Coulman Island, the
specimens A-C were in all probability dredged either in
January 1841 or in February 1842, and from a depth of
about 300 fathoms.
The species, however, as recent events show, is not peculiar
to that district, for on the second French Antarctic Expe-
dition (1908-10) Cephalodiscus nigrescens was found in
abundance in the South-American part of the Antarctic
Ocean in lat. 68° S., long. 70° 20’ W. Paris (2), a region
widely remote from the Ross Sea.
References.
(1) AnpERsson, Kk. A. “ Die Pterobranchier der Schwedischen Sud-
polarexpedition 1901-1903.” Wissenschaftliche Nrgebnisse der
Schwedischen Siidpolar-Expedition, Bd. v. 1907, pp. 1-122, eight
lates.
(2) Gave C. “Sur les Ptérobranches rapportés par la seconde
ixpédition antarctique frangaise.” Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci.
t. cliv. Séance du 28 Mai, 1912, pp, 1488-1440.
* Hooker's original drawings are in the Natural History Museum, but
there is no drawing of Cephalodiscus among them.
Bibliographical Notices. 500
(3) Harmer, 8. F. “The Pterobranchia of the ‘Siboga’ Expedition,
with an Account of other Species.” Siboga-Expeditie, Monogr.
xxvi. b’s: Leiden, July 1905, pp. 152, fourteen plates and two text-
figures. ;
(4) LANKESTER, E.R. “On anew Species of Cephalodiscus (C. nigres-
cens) from the Antaretic Ocean.” Proc, Roy. Soc. London, 1905,
vol. 76 B, pp. 400-402, one plate.
(5) M‘Inrosu, W.C. “ Report on Cephalodiscus dodecalophus.’ ‘ Chal-
lenger’ Reports, Zoology, xx. part lxii. 1887, with Appendix by
S. F. Harmer, pp. 48, seven plates and six text-figures.
(6) Riprewoon, W.G. “A new Species of Cephalodiscus (C. gilchristi)
from the Cape Seas.” Marine Investigations, South Africa, iv.,
Cape Town, 1906, pp. 173-192, three plates and five text-figures.
“ Pterobranchia: Cephalodiseus.” National Antarctic Expe-
dition, Natural History, vol. ii., London, 1907, pp. 1-67, seven
plates and seventeen text-tigures,
(8) Ross, J.C. A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern
and Antarctic Regions during the years 1839-43. Two vols.,
London, 1847.
(9) Scurpotrerr, A. “Die Pterobranchier des Indischen Ozeans.”
Zool. Jahrb., Abth. fiir Syst. Bd. xxviii. Heft 4, 1909, pp. 429-
445, two plates.
(7)
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
Recent Foreign and Colonial Natural History Periodicals.
(1) Annals of the Transvaal Museum. May 1912.
(2) The Journal of the East African and Uganda Natural History
Society. Vol.i.no. 2. 1911.
(3) Annals of the Queensland Museum. No. 10. November 1911.
(1) Inctupes a First Check-List of the Flowering Plants and
Ferns of the Transvaal and Swaziland, by Joseph Burtt-Davy and
Mrs. Reno Pott-Leendertz (3240 species, included in 920 genera and
157 families).
(2) Includes a variety of papers on Game-Birds of the Protecto-
rate, on Collecting and Preserving Fishes, the Central African Stone-
‘Curlew, Mimicry in East African Buttertlies, the smaller fauna of
Mount Elgon, Spitting Cobra, European migrants in British East
Afriva, the microscopical structure of Diatomite, random observa-
tions of chameleons, melanism in Felis serval, white water-buck,
Gazella grantii, Kavirondo Potto, and Honey-Guides. Most of
these papers are well illustrated, and the frontispiece gives an inter-
esting flashlight photo of a lion going down to drink.
(3) Another miscellaneous assortment of papers on fossils,
mammals, snakes, batrachians, fishes, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera,
Arachnida, Cestodea, &e.
556 Libliographical Notices.
Records of the Western Australian Museum and Art Gallery.«
Edited by the Director, Barvarp H. Woopwarp. Vol. L. Part 2.
Printed by Order of the Trustees. Perth, 1912. Pp. 39-104,
pls. vi.-xvi. Price 2s. 6d.
THe number of scientific periodicals is increasing by Jeaps and
bounds, and we have perhaps twenty at the present time for each
one a few years ago; and it is becoming ever more difficult to keep
abreast of this mass of fresh literature, The part before us contains
much interesting matter by L. Glauert on Australian Fossils, notes
on Western Australian Fishes by Allan R. McCulloch, and a list of
birds observed on Durré and Bernier Islands by Otto Lipfert.
W. Fea
Distribution and O.igin of Life in America. By Roserr Francrs
Scoarrr, Ph.D., B.Sc. London: Constable & Co. 1911.
Price 10s. 6d.
Tue title of this book is unfortunate, for its pages have nothing to
tell us of the origin of life either in America or anywhere else. It
is a work, and in many respects a mest excellent work, on the
migrations of animals to and from the American continent, and
ranging in time from the earliest geological records to the present
day.
Dr. Scharff has garnered an immense store of facts, for which
alone he has earned the gratitude of all who are interested in the
intricate problems presented by the study of the geographical
distribution of animals. But we are not so enamoured of his
interpretation of these facts, and our imagination is paralyzed hy
the audacious way in which he raises and sinks ‘“land-bridges,”
often of vast area, to account for the existence of this or that closely
related group of animals in remote and isolated areas of the globe.
It is not that we do not believe in “ land-bridges,” there is no room
for doubt on the subject; but we fee] that Dr. Scharff has postulated
more than nature ever made. We certainly cannot follow him, for
example, in his contention that the primitive elephants made their
“ way into America by a Pacific land-bridge instead of by way of
Bering Strait. Nor do we agree with him that Greenland was the
birthplace of the reindeer and that the hares originated in high
arctic latitudes. Still more do we protest against his suggestion
that the typical American deer are the descendants of the same
stock which gave rise to the roebuck: there is absolutely nothing
to justify such a view.
But while we differ widely from Dr. Scharff in the interpretation
of his evidence, we congratulate him on the vast array of facts
which he has so laboriously brought together.
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LX V1I.—Descriptions of new Species of Pyralide of the
Subfamily Pyraustine. By Sir Grorcr F, Hampson,
Bart., F.Z.S., &c.
[Continued from p. 20.1
(6f) Lygropia pheoneuralis, sp. n.
Head and thorax ochreous yellow ; palpi with the second
joint fuscous at sides; pectus and legs whitish, the fore
tibia tinged with fuscous above; abdomen ochreous, the
ventral surface white. Fore wing ochreous slightly irrorated
with brown, the veins obscurely streaked with brown ; traces
of a dark, oblique, slightly waved antemedial line; an
indistinct dark discoidal spot; postmedial line indistinct,
dark, oblique from costa to vein 4, then curved inwards to
below end of cell and oblique to inner margin; a fine dark
terminal line. Hind wing pale ochreous, with a fine dark
terminal line.
Hab. Paraguay, Sapucay (IV. Foster), 12 g type. Eup.
22 mm.
(7 a) Lygropia melanoperalis, sp. n.
@. Uniform orange-yellow ; palpi white, with the third
joint black ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen
white, the fore tibiz and tarsi tinged with fuscous.
Hab. Br. Guiana, Potaro R. (Kaye), 1 2 type. Bap.
24 mm.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 38
558 Sir G. F. Hampson on new
(10a) Lygropia straminea, sp. 0.
3. Head, thorax, and abdomen bright ochreous yellow ;
palpi with the base of second joint and the third joint black ;
fore legs aud mid femora streaked with fuscous. Fore wing
bright ochreous yellow, with small black spots at base of
cell, in middle of cell, and at lower angle. Hind wing
bright ochreous yellow.
Hab. TransvaaL, Kranspruit (Janse),1 g type, Johannes-
burg (Cooke), 1 3. Exp. 26 mm.
(16 5) Lygropia tetraspilalis, sp. n.
9. Head, thorax, and abdomen white tinged with golden
yellow ; palpi orange; fore tibize with black band at extre-
mity. Fore wing whitish tinged with golden yellow; sub-
basal, antemedial, and postmedial small black spots on costa
and a small discoidal spot; a curved diffused orange ante-
medial line ; a curved orange band just beyond the cell from
below costa, where it is diffased inwards to inner margin;
postmedial line orange, outwardly oblique from below costa
to vein 2, then diffused to inner margin near tornus; a large
diffused orange subapical patch ; a fine orange terminal line ;
cilia orange, with pale tips. Hind wing whitish tinged
with golden yellow; a diffused sinuous orange antemedial
line ; a broad orange band from lower angle of cell to inner
margin; postmedial line orange, incurved below costa, then
excurved and ending at tornus; a large elliptical subapical
patch extending to vein 2; a fine orange terminal line ; cilia
orange at base, pale at tips.
Hab. Narat, Durban (Jeffery), 1 9 type. Lap. 22 mm.
(25 a) Lygropia flavinotalis, sp. nu.
2. Head and thorax black-brown ; palpi yellowish white
at base and at extremity of second joint ; pectus and legs
yellowish white, the tibie fuscous at extremity ; abdomen
black-brown, with slight greyish segmental lines, the ventral
surface yellowish white. Fore wing black-brown with a
purplish gloss; a curved pale yellow antemedial line ex-
panding towards costa; a yellow bar from middle of costa
across the cell; a wedge-shaped yellow patch from costa
beyond middle to vei 3, with a slight yellow bar below it
from vein 2 to above inner margin and an oblique yellow bar
beyond it from costa to vein 7 ; cilia yellow above tornus.
Hind wing black-brown with a purplish gloss; a quadrate
yellowish white discoidal patch ; a yellowish postmedial line,
ee
Species of Pyralide. 559
slightly excurved from costa to vein 2, then retracted to
below angle of cell and oblique to above tornus; cilia
yellowish at submedian interspace; the underside yellowish
to beyond the postmedial line, which is strong, black, and
conjoined at lower angle of cell to the blackish discoidal
patch.
Hab. Nicerta, Sapele (Sampson), 1 @ type. Hap.
22 mm.
(25b) Lygropia hyalostictals, sp. u.
6. Head and thorax fuscous brown ; palpi at base, pectus,
and legs whitish; abdomen with the basal half fuscous
brown, the terminal half greyish, the ventral surface white.
Fore wing fuscous brown with a cupreous gloss; a slight
whitish antemedial mark in cell and another below the cell ;
a quadrate hyaline spot in middle of cell and a lunule below
the cell, concave towards base ; a postmedial hyaline band
between veins 7 and 8. Hind wing fuscous brown with a
cupreous gloss ; a hyaline lunule below middle of cell, con-
cave towards base, and another beyond the cell between
veins 6 and 3.
Hab. 8. Niceria, Lagos (Strachan), 1 g type. zp.
28 mm.
(30c) Lyyropia epipaschiodes, sp. u.
gd. Head and thorax white irrorated with a few dark
brown scales ; palpi black except at base ; antenne blackish ;
fore and mid tibie and fore tarsi spotted with black in front ;
abdomen white, dorsally tinged with brown except at base.
Fore wing white slightly irrorated with dark brown; a
diffused dark subbasal line and short streak below costa ;
diffused, somewhat dentate, erect antemedial and medial
lines; a similar postmedial line, with the area beyond it
black-brown, leaving some white on termen above and below
middle ; cilia white, with some black-brown at tips towards
apex. Hind wing white, the inner area tinged with brown,
the termen suffused with fuscous, narrowing to tornus ;
cilia whitish, with a dark line near base, wholly brown
except at base towards apex.
?. Fore wing with more white on terminal area, leaving
a black-brown band beyond postmedial line and spot at
middle ; hind wing wholly suffused with brown.
Hab. New Guinea, Kapaur (Doherty), 1 g type, Dinawa
(Pratt),1 9. Eap., f 22, ¢ 28 mm.
38%
560 Sir G. F. Hampson on new
(50 e) Lygropia scopariodes, sp. n.
g. Head and thorax white mixed with pale brown ; palpi
black, white at base and with some white at tips ; antenne
blackish ; fore tibiz and tarsi marked with brown ; abdomen
white dorsally, slightly tinged with brown. Fore wing
white irrorated with pale brown; a waved brown ante-
medial line ; a dark point in middle of cell and white dis-
coidal spot defined by brown, with a slight dark mark above
it on costa ; a dark medial shade from cell to inner margin ;
a minutely dentate postmedial line somewhat oblique from
costa to vein 5; a subterminal bar from costa to vein 5 and
darker somewhat wedge-shaped patch from vein 3 to tornus,
a dark bar just before termen from costa to vein 5, where it
expands into a spot; a terminal series of dark points.
Hind wing white, the terminal area tinged with brown,
narrowing from costa to submedian fold ; the underside with
traces of curved postmedial line on costal half.
?. Hind wing with the postmedial line showing above,
the terminal area strongly suffused with fuscous from apex
to submedian fold.
Hab. Br. New Guinea, Dinawa (Pratt), 1 ¢ type, Mt.
Kebea (Pratt),1 9. Ezp., 3 30, ? 34 mm.
(30/) Lygropia hypoleucalis, sp. n.
Greyish fuscous ; palpi at base, pectus, legs, and ventral
surface of abdomen white. Fore wing with faint traces of
a curved antemedial line ; an indistinct dark spot in middle
of cell and discoidal lunule; faint traces of a postmedial
line excurved from costa to vein 4, then incurved. Hind
wing with the costal area white to beyond middle ; cilia
whitish at tips. Underside of fore wing white tinged with
fuscous ; hind wing white, with indistinct discoidal spot.
Hab. Fr. Guiana, Cayenne (Schaus), 1 ¢ type, type ?
in Coll. Schaus. Hzp. 20 mm.
(32a) Lygropia bicineta, sp. un.
3. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous ; palpi white,
with oblique black band on second joint ; maxillary palpi
and frons blackish; abdomen with two dorsal black seg-
mental lines before anal segment, which has a small blackish
spot towards extremity ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of
abdomen white, the fore tibiz with black band, the mid
tibize black at base. Fore wing ochreous, the costa black
towards base; a subbasal black point on inner margin;
Species of Pyralidee, 561
antemedial line slight, oblique to median nervure, then
almost erect ; a small black discoidal lunule ; postmedial
line blackish, excurved between veins 5 and 2, then bent
inwards to near lower angle of cell and oblique to inner
margin; a black terminal line; cilia chequered ochreous
and black. Hind wing ochreous ; a black discoidal point ;
postmedial line slight, blackish, bent outwards between veins
5 and 2, then retracted to near lower angle of cell and oblique
to above tornus ; a black terminal line and line at middle of
cilia which are white at tips.
Hab. Sincavore (Ridley), 1 3 type. Eap. 20 mm.
(326) Lygropia ochrotalis, sp. n.
?. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale ochreous slightly
tinged with fulvous; palpi blackish at tips; fore tibiz
fuscous at extremities. Fore wing pale ochreous, the costal
area tinged with fulvous; a somewhat diffused oblique
sinuous antemedial line; a black point in middle of cell and
small discoidal lunule;: postmedial line rather diffused,
fuscous, bent outwards and minutely dentate between veins
5 and 2, then retracted to below angle of cell and sinuous to
inner margin; a lunulate black terminal line. Hind wing
pale ochreous ; an oblique black discoidal bar; postmedial
line rather diffused, fuscous, bent outwards and minutely
dentate between vems 5 and 2, then retracted to below angle
of cell and sinuous to above tornus ; the apex slightly tinged
with fuscous ; a punctiform fuscous terminal line.
Hab. Panama, Cana Mines (Tylecote),1 9 type; Brazit,
Amazons (Giffard),1 9. Hap. 26 mm.
(32c) Lygropia anemicalis, sp. n.
2. Yellowish white, palpi tinged with fuscous at sides.
Fore wing very faintly irrorated with fuscous, the costal
area slightly tinged with fulvous; a slight dark antemedial
line, oblique from costa to median nervure, then somewhat
sinuous, a dark point beyond it in cell; a black discoidal
lunule ; a slight dark postmedial line execurved from costa
to vein 3, then retracted to below end of cell and sinuous to
inner margin. Hind wing faintly tinged with fuscous ; an
oblique fuscous discoidal bar; a somewhat diffused post-
medial line, retracted at vein 3 to beyond lower angle of
cell, then slightly simuous to above tornus; a fine dark
terminal line.
Hab. Gazatann, Chirinda Forest (Marshall), 1 $ type.
Exp. 30 mm.
562 Sir G. F. Hampson on new
(32d) Lygropia leucocepsalis, sp. n.
9. Head white ; palpi greyish ochreous, white at base ;
antenn ochreous; thorax greyish ochregus, the pectus,
femora, and tarsi white ; abdomen greyish ochreous, whitish
ventrally. Wings uniform pale glossy brownish ochreous ;
cilia white at base and with brownish tips, a slight dark line
at middle; fore wing with the costal area whitish at middle
and a faint dark discoidal lunule.
Hab. Borneo, Sandakan (W. B. Pryer), 1 @ type. Ezap.
30 mm.
(82 e) *Lygropia obscuralis, sp. u.
gd. Pale dull brown ; fore coxe hollowed out and en-
closing tufts of ochreous hair; anal tuft very long and
ochreous. Fore wing irrorated with darker scales ; traces
of sinuous medial and postmedial line, the latter bent out-
wards round an obscure discoidal spot; an indistinct
terminal series of dark points. Hind wing semihyaline
brownish, the termen suffused with brown from apex to
submedian fold.
Hab. Venezvueta, Cucuta. Hep. 34mm. Type in Coll.
Rothschild.
(4c) Agathodes minimalis, sp. n.
S$. Head and thorax brown mixed with ochreous grey ;
pectus and legs white, the fore tibice and tarsi banded with
brown; abdomen brown mixed with ochreous grey, the
medial segments darker, the ventral surface whitish. Fore
wing ochreous grey thickly irrorated with fuscous, the basal
half of costa fuscous, a fuscous patch on inner medial area ;
a pale oblique antemedial line from submedian fold to inner
margin ; a slight, pale, oblique discoidal striga defined by
black ; a pale oblique postmedial line from vein 2 to inner
margin, defined on inner side by black ; a rather diffused
oblique black fascia across apical area; cilia with black line
at middle and blackish tips on apical half. Hind wing semi-
hyaline white, the termen tinged with brown ; cilia with a
punctiform black line at middle.
Hab. S. Niceria, Lagos, Ebute Meta (Boag), 1 3g type.
Exp. 22 mm.
(9 a) Glyphodes ceruleiceps, sp. n.
Head greenish blue, the frons white below ; palpi fulvous,
white above and below and with black streak at sides ; thorax
Species of Py ralidee. 563
and abdomen yellow-green, the anal tuft black; pectus, legs,
and ventral surface of abdomen bluish white, the fore femora
and tibiz at extremities and the mid femora at extremities
and tibiz at base fulvous. Fore wing yellow-green, the
costa pale fulvous ; a black discoidal point and terminal
series of points ; cilia fuscous, whitish at tips. Hind wing
yellow-green ; a terminal series of black points ; cilia fuscous,
whitish at tips. Underside of fore wing with the fringe of
hair from costa of male ochreous white ; both wings with
some fuscous suffusion on terminal area except towards
tornus,
Hab. Br. N. Guinea, Ekeikei (Pratt), 1 g, 1°9, Mt.
Kebea (Pratt),6 3,1 ? type. Hap. 26-30 mm.
(216) *Glyphodes subterminalis, sp. u.
Fore wing of male with tuft of long hair at base of costa
below ; hind tibiz normal.
White; palpi except at base, maxillary palpi, sides of
frons, and a stripe on shoulders orange ; antennze fulvous ;
fore tibiz and tarsi yellow ; abdomen with the anal tuft
tinged with fuscous in male, Fore wing with fulvous fascia
on costa ; the veins brown, the part of vein 1 a@ recurved to
14 prominently brown; -the discal area thinly scaled; a
curved brown subterminal line, the area beyond it thickly
scaled and mixed with fuscous; a terminal brown line and
some blackish points towards apex; cilia brown. Hind
wing semihyaline; a curved subterminal line, the area
beyond it thickly scaled and mixed with fuscous ; a terminal
brown line; cilia mixed with brown.
Hab. Brazit, Sao Paulo. Hzp. 28 mm. Type in Coll.
Rothschild.
(32c) Glyphodes holophenica, sp. un.
3. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark brown, with a slight
ereyish tinge ; anal tuft with black mixed ; palpi pure white
at base; pectus, femora, and ventral surface of abdomen
pure white. Fore wing deep purple, the costa browner, the
cilia cupreous brown. Hind wing brown, the terminal area
deep purple ; a faint hyaline shade before the very indistinct
dark postmedial line, which is excurved to vein 2, then bent
outwards to termen ; cilia cupreous brown; the underside
greyish brown, the terminal area cupreous brown with a
feint purplish tinge, emitting a wedge-shaped dark patch to
the discocellulars.
Hab. W. Cotomsia, Jiminez, 2 ¢ type. vp. 32 mm.
564 Sir G. F. Hampson on new
(382d) Glyphodes purpurea, sp. un.
¢. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey-brown, the anal tuft
with black mixed ; palpi pure white at base ; pectus, femora,
tarsi, and ventral surface of abdomen white, the last tinged
with brown towards extremity. Fore wing brown shot with
deep purple ; a very faint oblique paler patch between veins
5 and 1 before the very indistinct dark postmedial line,
which is ineurved at discal fold, excurved between veins 5
and 2, then oblique; cilia cupreous brown. Hind wing
greyish brown, the terminal area cupreous brown shot with
purple, its inner edge oblique from costa beyond middle to
tornus.
Hab. Cotomsia, Rio Dagua (Rosenberg),1 3 type. Hap.
36 mm.
(88 a) Glyphodes aurogrisealis, sp. n.
9. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey-brown; palpi at
base and throat white; tarsi ochreous ; abdomen with the
terminal segment yellowish white; the anal tuft black above,
fulvous yellow below. Wings grey-brown shot with golden
yellow; fore wing with a yellow band just beyond the cell
between veins 7 and 2, bent round lower angle of cell and
with its outer edge minutely dentate; hind wing with band
beyond the cell from costa to submedian fold, towards which
it narrows, its outer side excurved between median nervules,
its inner side sending a tooth in cell to near base on under-
side.
Hab. Costa Rica (Underwood), Juan Vinas (Schaus),
1 2 type. Hap. 30 mm.
(41 a) Glyphodes clavata, sp. 0.
Eudioptis nitidalis, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Am., Het. ii. p. 281 (part.),
nec Cram.
g. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark cupreous brown, the
last with whitish band ou second segment, the anal segment
whitish, the tuft black at tip; palpi white at base; pectus,
legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white, the fore femora
and tibiz tinged with brown. Fore wing cupreous brown
with a purple tinge; an oblique semihyaline yellow band
from below costa beyond the cell to middle of inner margin,
its outer edge excurved from vein 5 to below 3; cilia with
a fine pale line at base and whitish tips towards tornus.
Hind wing semibhyaline yellow, the terminal area cupreous
Species of Pyralidee. 565
brown tinged with purple and with curved waved inner edge ;
cilia whitish, with a shght dark line through them.
Hab, Guaremata, V. de Atitlan (Champion), 2 3 type,
Godman-Salvin Coll. Hap. 26-28 mm.
(42 6) *Glyphodes orthozonalis, sp. n.
6. Head and thorax yellowish brown; palpi at base
and throat white; legs whitish; abdomen fuscous brown,
the second segment with white line at base, the terminal
segment and ventral surface yellowish white, the anal tuft
whitish, fulvous yellow and fuscous towards tip. Fore wing
yellowish brown ; a broad erect yellow band just beyond
the cell from costa to inner margin with sinuous edges; a
fine yellowish line at base of cilia. Hind wing semihyaline
yellowish, tinged with brown on apical part of termen; a
brown terminal line and a line through the cilia.
Hab. Bourvia, R. Tanampaya (Garlepp). Exp. 32 mm.
Type in Coll. Rothschild.
(43 6) Glyphodes hemicitralis, sp. n.
6. Head and thorax dark reddish brown; abdomen pale
red-brown, the anal tuft black; palpi at base, pectus, legs,
and ventral surface of abdomen white. Fore wing brown
with a cupreous gloss; a broad, very oblique, yellow band
from beyond the cell to inner margin near base, its upper
edge irregular, its outer incurved below vein 3. Hind wing
yellow, with cupreous brown terminal band, broad at apex,
narrowing to a point at inner margin at vein 1.
Hab. Br. Guiana, Rockstone (Kaye), 1 g type. Exp.
28 mm.
(44a) Glyphodes eurytornalis, sp. u.
6. Head, thorax, and abdomen black-brown with a
cupreous gloss, the vertex of head with some whitish ; palpi
pure white at base; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of
abdomen white, the fore femora and tibiz on inner side
and the mid tibiz brownish ; anal tuft ochreous, brown and
whitish mixed. I'ore wing semihyaline white, the costal
and terminal areas very broadly cupreous black-brown, the
apex of the triangular white area curving up to vein 7, the
inner edge of the terminal band bent inwards at vein 2;
cilia greyish. Hind wing semihyaline white; a cupreous
566 Sir G. F. Hampson on new
black-brown terminal band, narrowing to a point at vein 1;
cilia greyish.
Hab. Grenava, Balthassar (H. H. Smith}, 2 @; Para-
Guay, Sapucay (Foster), 3 ¢ type. Harp. 32 mm.
(446) Glyphodes editornalis, sp. n.
ELudioptis lucidalis, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Am., Het. ii. p. 230 (part.),
nec Hiibn.
do. Head, thorax, and abdomen black-brown with a
purplish gloss ; palpi white at base; pectus, legs, and ventral
surface of abdomen white, the fore femora and tibiz on inner
side and the mid tibiz tinged with brown; anal tuft brown
and rufous. Fore wing semihyaline white, the costal area
and termen very broadly black-brown with a purplish gloss,
the apex of the triangular white patch curving upwards to
vein 6, the inner edge of the terminal band curving inwards
at vein 2; cilia greyish. Hind wing semihyaline white,
with terminal black-brown band tinged with purple and
narrowing to a point at tornus.
Hab. Guatemara, San Geronimo (Champion), 4 3 type,
Godman-Salvin Coll. ; Cotomsia, 1 ¢. Hzp. 80-32 mm.
(46 a) Glyphodes equicincta, sp. n.
Eudioptis lucidalis, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Am., Het. ii. p. 230 (part.), nec
Hiibn.
dg. Head, thorax, and abdomen black-brown; palpi at
base, pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white.
Fore wing semihyaline white, the costal area very broadly
black-brown with a shght purplish gloss, the terminal band
moderate and with even inner edge, the apex of the trian-
gular white area curving up to vein 7; cilia white at tips.
Hind wing semihyaline white, with rather narrow, evenly
curved, terminal black-brown band glossed with purple ; cilia
white at tips.
Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (Trujillo), 1 ¢ type, Godman-Salvin
Coll. Hap. 36 mm.
(48 a) Glyphodes euryzonalis, sp. n.
3. Head and thorax black-brown with a purple gloss, the
patagia with tuft of white hair below, the metathorax white ;
palpi at base, pectus, and legs white, the fore femora and
tibize on inner side and the mid tibie on outer side black-
brown ; abdomen white, the two terminal segments and anal
Species of Pyralide. 567
tuft black-brown. Fore wing semihyaline white, the costal
and terminal areas very broadly black-brown with a brilliant
purple gloss, the apex of the white triangular area with
oblique series of faint whitish points between it and vein 7.
Hind wing semihyaline white ; a terminal black-brown band
with brilliant purple gloss, very broad at costa, narrowing
to a point at vein 1; cilia pure white to vein 3, with their
bases dark at apex, wholly dark from vein 8 to tornus.
Hab. W. Coromsia, Jiminez, 1 g type. Eap. 84mm.
(51a) *Glyphodes interpositalis, sp. n.
Differs from G. hyalinaiis in the point of the white area of
fore wing being more upcurved below apex, the brewn costal
fascia being broader at that point ; the terminal band in-
curved and dilated towards tornus. Hind wing with a small
brown patch at apex only.
Hab. Brazit, Si0 Paulo (Jones). Exp. 30 mm. Type in
Coll. Rothschild.
(60a) Glyphodes albifascialis, sp. n.
?. Head and thorax white; palpi (except at base), sides
of frons, antennz, and stripes on shoulders golden-brown ;
fore tibiz banded with brown ; abdomen white, with series
of golden-brown dorsal patches. Fore wing golden-brown ;
a white patch at base of inner margin; a wedge-shaped white
patch in end of cell ; a dark brown discoidal lunule ; a white
fascia in submedian fold from before middle to near termen ;
white fascize above and below vein 6 from end of cell to near.
termen, where they are met by an oblique fascia from apex ;
subterminal dentate white marks below veins 5, 4,3; cilia with
fine white line at base and silvery tips. Hind wing semi-
hyaline white, with rather narrow dark brown terminal band
from apex to submedian fold.
Hab. Cusa, Santiago (Schaus), 1 9 type. Exp. 28 mm.
(63 a) Glyphodes decipiens, sp. n.
3. Only distinguishable from G. laticostalis by the an-
tennz being simple, the anal tuft blackish at extremity.
Hab. Mauacca, Penungah ; Ceram (Wallace), 1 3 type;
Sura Maneorr (Doherty); Gr. Knry (Webster). Hap.
38 mm.
(63 6) Glyphodes chalcicraspis, sp. nu.
Head, tegule, and shoulders golden bronze; palpi white
568 Sir G. F. Hampson on new
at base; thorax white; the fore tibie with dark brown
bands at base and extremity ; abdomen white. Fore wing
semihyaline white with golden-bronze costal fascia, its
lower edge indented by slight white points at middle of
cell and discocellulars ; the termen silvery, with a series, of
fuscous striz just before it. Hind wing semihyaline white ;
a fuscous discoidal point; the termen silvery, with a series
of fuscous strize just before it.
Hab. Br. N. Guinea, Mt. Kebea (Prati), 3 g, 4 9 type,
Ekeikei (Pratt), 19. Exp. 36-42 mm.
(66a) Glyphodes hololeuca, sp. n.
6. Head, thorax, and abdomen white. Fore wing semi-
hyaline sparsely clothed with white scales, the termen rather
more thickly scaled and defined on inner side by a faint
brownish line. Hind wing semihyaline, sparsely clothed
with white scales, the termen more thickly scaled and defined
on inner side by a faint slightly waved brownish line; a
faint brownish discoidal point.
Hab. Granp Cayman (Nicholl), 1 9 type. Hap. 24 mm.
(659 5) Glyphodes ocelliferalis, sp. n.
White ; palpi, except at base, and frons black ; vertex of
head, antenne, and tegule fulvous ; femora, fore tibiz, and
base of mid and hind tibie blackish ; abdomen tinged with
fulvous towards extremity, the anal tuft black. Fore wing
with the costal area fulvous, expanding into black-edged and
black-centred spots in cell before and at middle and on
discocellulars where the spot extends to vein 2; the apex
fulvous ; small black subterminal spots above veins 4 and 5
and a larger spot above vein 2. Hind wing with black-
edged fulvous discoidal spot extending from vein 6 to 2;
the termen and cilia towards apex tinged with orange ; sub-
terminal black points above veins 5, 2, and 1; the tornal
area in male dilated.
Hab. Nicreria, Sapele (Sampson), 1 92 type, Warri
(Roth) ; Ucanpa, Kimmi I. (Minchin), 1 ¢; Br. EK. Arrica,
Boiyuba (Betton), 1 g,192. Hap. 20 mm.
(70 a) Glyphodes triopis, sp. n.
6. Head and thorax white tinged with cupreous brown,
the palpi white at base, cupreous brown at tips, the sides of
head and thorax and tegul in front cupreous brown ; fore
Species of Pyralide. 569
legs blackish above ; abdomen white dorsally tinged with
cupreous brown, the anal tuft black, brown at tip. Fore
wing white, the costal area pale cupreous brown, the ter-
minal area tinged with cupreous brown, the costal edge
blackish ; the base of cell cupreous brown defined by a
blackish antemedial bar and with a minute brown antemedial
ocellus belew the cell; a brown ocellus defined by blackish
in middle of cell, a similar elliptical discoidal spot and an
elliptical spot below origin of vein 2 ; postmedial line brown,
excurved from costa to vein 8, then incurved; a terminal
series of black points; cilia whitish. Hind wing white; a
small elliptical spot defined by brown on discocellulars; a
sinuous brown postmedial line ending above tornus; the
termen tinged with brown from apex to vein 2; a fine brown
terminal line ; cilia white.
Hab. N. Guinea, Fak-fak (Pratt), 1 g type. Lap.
28 mm.
(74.6) Glyphodes phlebitis, sp. n.
?. Head, thorax, and abdomen white; palpi except at
base, antennze, and shoulders rufous; fore tibiz rufous.
Fore wing silvery white ; the costa narrowly rufous ; the veins
slightly streaked with rufous, the curved vein 1 arather more
distinctly streaked; the termen tinged with brown ; a fine
brown terminal line ; cilia tinged with brown at base. Hind
wing silvery white, somewhat semibhyaline; a fine brown
terminal line; cilia tinged with brown at base from apex to
vein 2. The underside with the termen of fore wing and
of hind wing from apex to vein 2 suffused with brown.
fab. 8.E. Peru, La Oroya (Ockenden), 1 9 type. Exp.
38 mm.
(776) Glyphodes atrisquamalis, sp. n.
Head, thorax, and abdomen white; palpi black-brown
except at base; sides of frons black-brown ; fore tibize
tinged with fuscous at extremity ; abdomen with some black-
brown irroration at sides of second and third segments and
dorsally tinged with brown toward extremity. Fore wing
semihyaline white irrorated with large black scales, except
on basal area, where there are a few black scales below
median nervure only ; the costal area tinged with rufous ;
a small black spot in upper part of middle of cell and dis-
coidal lunule; a diffused subterminal black line, excurved to
vein 3, then incurved, slightly dentate towards costa; a
terminal series of punctiform black striz; cilia with slight
570 Sir G. F. Hampson on new
fuscous line near base. Hind wing hyaline white; a black
point at lower angle of cell; a diffused fuscous subterminal
line ; a terminal series of black striz ; cilia with a slight
fuscous line near base from apex to vein 2.
Hab. U.S.A., Arizona, Phoenix (Kunzé),1 3,1 2 type.
Exp. 26 mm.
(77 c) Glyphodes diplocyma, sp. n.
3. Head, thorax, and abdomen silvery white ; palpi red-
brown, white at base; sides of frons and shoulders red-
brown ; tibiz and tarsi tinged with red-brown. Fore wing
silvery white; the costal edge ochreous ; the inner area
with three faint oblique brown striz on medial area ; two
faint waved brown subterminal lines with slight brown
irroration beyond them; a fine terminal brown line with
black points at the veins of apical half; cilia tinged with
brown. Hind wing semihyaline silvery white; two faint
brown subterminal lines, the inner waved, a series of faint
brown spots beyond them before termen; a fine brown
terminal line except towards tornus.
Hab. Frimnpity Is., Vavau (Eclipse Exp.), 1 ? type.
Exp. 42 mm.
(77 d) Glyphodes irroratalis, sp. n.
9. Head and thorax white; palpi except at base, sides of
frons and shoulders fulvous; fore femora at extremity and
tibiz on inner side brown; abdomen white tinged with
fulvous except at base. Fore wing white thickly irrorated
with large brown scales, the costa tinged with brown; a
terminal series of black points ; cilia brownish white with a
brown line near base. Hind wing white irrorated with
brown except basal and inner areas; a terminal series of
black points; cilia brownish white with brown line near
base.
Hab. Br. E. Arrica, Eb Urru (Betton), 1 2 type. Hap.
28 mm.
(81a) Glyphodes argyritis, sp. n.
Head, thorax, and abdomen brown with a slight silvery
gloss ; palpi darker, ochreous white at base ; pectus ochreous
white in front. Fore wing brown with a slight silvery gloss
especially on the costa and cilia. Hind wing brown with a
slight silvery gloss especially on the cilia, faintly semihyaline.
Hab. Br. N. Guinea, Mafalu (Pratt), 3 g type, Mt. Kebea
(Pratt),1 9. Ezp.40 mm.
or
~1
—
Species of Pyralide.
(91a) Glyphodes pyritalis, sp. n.
Bright pale green ; palpi fulvous except at base ; shoulders
with fulvous stripes; fore tibie pale fulvous; anal tuft
whitish and fuscous mixed. Fore wing with the costal edge
narrowly pale fulvous; traces of a dark discoidal point ;
cilia green at base, white at tips. Hind wing with traces of
a dark discoidal point ; cilia green at base, white at tips.
Hab. Br. E. Arnica, Munisu (Ld. Delamere), 2 3,1 2
type. Exp. 30 mm.
(91) Glyphodes chlorophylalis, sp. n.
Head, thorax, and abdomen bright yellow-green ; palpi
rufous, white at base; fore tibiz with rufous bands at base
and extremity, mid tibiz rufous towards base, the tarsi
tinged with rufous; abdomen of male with large black-
brown anal tuft with white bar before it, the ventral surface
whitish. Fore wing bright yellow-green, the costal edge
narrowly rufous; a black discoidal point and terminal series
of points; cilia reddish brown. Hind wing bright yellow-
green, the costal area whitish ; a black discoidal point; the
termen and cilia reddish brown.
Hab. Br. N. Guinea, Ekeikei (Prati), 26,19, Mt.
Kebea (Pratt), 3 $,4 9 type. Ezxp., 3 28, ? 30 mm.
(92 a) Glyphodes prasinophila, sp. n.
3. Head, thorax, and abdomen yellow-green ; palpi with
a few brownish hairs at extremity of second joint; fore
tibiz fuscous with a whitish ring; abdomen with the anal
tuft pale brown, the ventral surface whitish. Fore wing
yellow-green ; a slight blackish discoidal striga ; a terminal
series of black poits ; cilia whitish tinged with fuscous
and with a dark line at base. Hind wing yellow-green; a
black discoidal point; a terminal series of black points
except towards tornus, forming striz in submedian inter-
space ; cilia whitish tinged with fuscous and with a dark line
at base.
Hab. Transvaat, Nelspruit (Cooke), 1 g type. Exp.
40 mm.
(94a) Glyphodes vernalis, sp. n.
Pale green; palpi fulvous except at base ; shoulders with
slight fulvous stripes; fore tibie tinged with fulvous; anal
tuft of male large, fuscous black mixed with silvery scales.
572 On new Species of Pyralide.
Fore wing with the costal edge pale fulvous ; a black dis-
coidal point; a terminal series of slight black points ; cilia
whitish. Hind wing with black discoidal point; cilia
whitish.
Hab. Niewrta, Old Calabar (Crompton), 1 8, 1 ? type.
Ezp. & 22, 9 26mm.
(946) Glyphodes chlorochroalis, sp. n.
Bright green ; palpi fulvous except at base; fore tibize
banded with fulvous at base and extremity ; anal tuft of
male large, blackish mixed with silvery scales. Tore wing
with the costa narrowly fulvous; a black discoidal spot ;
cilia brown at base, brownish white at tips. Hind wing
with black discoidal point ; cilia brown at base, brownish at
tips.
Hab. Nigeria, Old Calabar (Crompton), 1 2? ; CamERoons
(Sjéstedt), 1 g type. Ezp., o 30, 9 34 mm.
(1196) Glyphodes vagilinea, sp. un.
gd. Head and tegule pale orange-yellow, the latter
dorsally blackish at tips; thorax yellowish white, with a pair
of blackish spots on prothorax and black spots at base of
patagia; fore tibiz with black band at tips, the tarsi banded
with blackish; abdomen yellowish white, the third and
fourth segments with brownish subdorsal spots, the anal tuft
with black dorsal patch and lateral stripes. Fore wing pale
yellow; a diffused blackish subbasal line ; a curved blackish
antemedial line connected by a short streak in submedian
fold with the blackish postmediai line, which is obliquely
incurved from costa to vein 3, then very strongly curved
upwards to lower angle of cell and inwards to inner margin,
at vein 8 connected with a subterminal line from vein 5,
where it emits a streak to termen, to inner margin, slightly
angled inwards at vein 3; the costa towards apex and the
termen to vein 4 black. Hind wing semihyaline yellowish
white ; an oblique dark discoidal striga ; an oblique striga
below middle of vein 1; an oblique postmedial bar between
veins 7 and 4; a subterminal line between veins 6 and 3 and °
an oblique striga across vein 2 with some orange-yellow at
its upper extremity; a fine brown terminal line;- cilia
yellow at base, with a fine brown line at middle.
Hab. Dutcu N. Guinea, Fak-fak (Pratt), 1 ¢ type.
Exp. 30 mm.
On some Reptilian Lower Jaws. 578
(128 a) * Glyphodes bocchorialis, sp. n.
3d. Ochreous white; palpi with the second joint above
and at extremity black; vertex of head and thorax mixed
with black; fore tibize banded with black ; abdomen with
obscure blackish bands. Fore wing with almost basal, sub-
basal, and antemedial fulvous yellow bands with sinuous
black edges; a large fulvous yellow discoidal ocellus with
black centre and black edges extending to costa; a black-
edged fulvous yellow band, slightly excurved from vein 6 to
below 2, then retracted to discoidal oce'lus and bent out-
wards again to inner margin, connected with the antemedial
band at vein 1 and with its own sinus, a white line on its
outer edge from costa to vein 6 and some white spots be-
tween vein 5 and inner margin; the terminal area black ; a
subterminal series of irregular white spots conjoined towards
apex ; cilia black, yellow above and below middle. Hind
wing with black-edged fulvous yellow discoidal spot con-
nected by a black line with the inner margin towards which it
forks ; the terminal area black with irregular inner edge, a
yellow spot on it between veins 3 and 5 and a subterminal
series of irregular white marks, double towards apex; cilia
yellow with a black line near base, black at apex, middle,
and tornus.
Hab. Straits Serrrements, Padang Rengas. Exp.
16mm. Type in Coll. Rothschild.
[To be continued. ]
LXVII.—On some Reptilian Lower Jaws.
By D. M. 8. Watson, M.Sc.
THE object of this paper is to describe the lower jaws of
some fossil reptiles and amphibians of Permian and Triassic
age from South Africa, and to discuss briefly the bearing of
their structure on some morphological questions.
Deinocephalia,
The structure of the Deinocephalian lower jaw has been
briefly described by Seeley (1896) and Broom (1910, 1911),
but is not completely known. No known specimen shows
the splenial or coronoid.
The outer aspect is very like that of Dimetrodon, and the
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 39
574 Mr. D. M.S. Watson on some
whole structure is very similar in the two types. The sur-
angular and angular are flat bones overlapped by the dentary
in front and covering the outer side of the small articular
and the long prearticular. The articular has two cotyli for
the double condyle of the quadrate, and has a small post-
articular process which is directed backwards and slightly
downwards.
Pelycosauria.
The lower jaw of Dimetrodon is now well known from the
work of HE. C. Case; its structure is shown in fig. 1, which is
diagrammatized from his published figures and photographs,
checked by specimens at Munich and Tiibingen.
Figs
Sue fine.
an fe RT.
A. Left ramus of the lower jaw of Dimetrodon, inner aspect. B. Right
ramus of the same jaw, outer aspect. Teeth omitted. x 4.
AnG., angular; Art., articular; Cr., coronoid; Drn., dentary; Pr.Art.,
prearticular, Williston, =dermarticular, Kingsley, =goniale, Gaupp ;
Sp., splenial; Sur.Ana., surangular,
The large dentary meets its fellow in a loose symphysis,
and at the back overlaps the surangular and angular. ‘These
latter are thin flat bones covering the outer faces of the
articular and prearticular. The angular is remarkable for
possessing a notch on the lower border towards the back; it
will be shown in this paper that this notch more or less
Reptilian Lower Jaws. 575
modified occurs in all known types of Therapsids, and it
occurs in no other reptiles whatever.
The splenial is a long narrow strip of bone lying on the
inner side of the dentary, but not entering the symphysis.
The coronoid has never been figured, but is said to be a
narrow slip of bone, presumably lying inside the dentary
over the splenial.
Anomodontia.
The structure of the lower jaw of Dicynodon has been
described by Owen and Broom. Seeley has described the
lower jaw of Endothiodon, which has an essentially identical
structure. None of these descriptions is complete or altogether
accurate.
The present description is founded on a beautifully pre-
served lower jaw of a new species of Dicynodon ( Oudenodon=
female Dicynodon) from the Cvsticephalus-zone of Kuils
Poort, Beaufort West District, collected by the author.
Several other jaws in the British Museum have been used
for comparison, the sutures between the bones of the back of
the jaw being best shown in a fragmentary jaw of Kanne-
meyerta* collected by the author at Winnaarsbaaken,
Burghersdorp District.
The dentary is a very powerful bone, uniting with its fellow
in a median symphysis which completely closes even in quite
young indiyiduals. The posterior part of the bone is pro-
duced into two processes, the upper of which is split vertically
into an inner and an outer plate, leaving between them a
deep groove which receives the anterior ends of the surangular
and angular. .
The lower process, which is separated from the upper by a
deep notch, forms only the outer surface of the same groove,
the inner side being provided by the splenial.
The splenial is a short bone, meeting its fellow in a very
strong fused symphysis. Behind the region of the symphysis
the bone is a thin plate, separated from the dentary by the
groove already referred to, which in this region receives the
angular and prearticular.
The coronoid is a thin slip of bone lying on the inner face
of the dentary, separated from it and the splenial by very
* Kannemeyeria is a genus founded by H. G. Seeley in 1908 on an
imperfect skull of Dicynodon simocephalus, Weithofer. The genus is
easily distinguished from Dicynodon, and I know three species belonging
to it. The lower jaw does not differ from that of Dicynodon.
39*
576 Mr. D. M. S. Watson on some
distinct sutures in several specimens, and apparently just
entering the symphysis.
A. Left ramus of lower jaw of Dicynodon, inner aspect. B. Right ramus
ot the same jaw, outer aspect.
above and behind. xX 3.
C. Left articular region viewed from
For key to reference-letters see fig. 1.
The surangular is a thin plate of bone whose upper edge is
thickened so as to form a ridge on the outer surface, nearly
Reptilian Lower Jaws. Gy
the whole of which is covered by the angular. Posteriorly it
unites by a suture, which is very seldom visible, with the
articular, A good deal of its inner surface is covered by the
prearticular.
The angular is a very large bone, consisting essentially of
a more or less flat plate tightly applied to the outer sides of
the surangular and prearticular and separated above and
behind by a suture from the surangular. Its anterior end is
bevelled off to a point and received in the groove between
the dentary and splenial. This plate is, however, modified
by a great development of the notch mentioned above in
Dimetrodon, protected and covered by a strong reflected
lamina from the outer face of the bone, which forms a pocket
open backwards, ‘he body of the bone and the reflected
lamina combine to form a deep descending flange on the lower
border of the jaw.
The articular is perhaps the most characteristic bone of the
whole skeleton of Dicynodon. Its articular face is directed
upwards and backwards; it is throughout divided by a median
keel which fits into a groove in the pulley-shaped quadrate.
The anterior part of the articular face is shallowly concave
and narrow from side to side; the concave region passes
quite smoothly intoa very convex ‘(antero- poster iorly ) surface,
the sides of which are bounded by upstanding parapets, which
render the bone much wider in this region; the outer of
these is much the higher and clasps the side of the quadrate.
Posteriorly the articulating face is bounded by a continuation
of the edges of these parapets. ‘The whole arrangement
permits a great backward and forward motion of the jaw,
together with an alteration of the angle which the upper
surface of the dentary makes with the palate even when the
mouth is closed.
The whole structure is quite unique, but very characteristic
of Anomodonts, occurring as it does in a less pronounced
form in ELndothiodon.
The hinder end of the articular is continued into a post-
articular process which is directed downwards and_ lies
entirely in front of the hinder end of the articulating surface.
It is still fairly large, and its flat posterior surface would
afford good attachment to the digastric muscle. This process
is continued forward by a ridge which forms a very narrow
keel on the under surface of “the body. of the bone and is
connected with the prearticular,
The prearticular 1 is a long narrow bone, united by a suture,
which is seldom visible, with the inner ide of the keel on
the under surface of the articular, and stretching forward on
578 Mr. D. M. S. Watson on some
the inner side of the surangular and angular until it passes
inside the splenial nearly to its symphysis. The enormous
development of this bone occurs in all Anomodonts, and is
no doubt correlated with the great massiveness of the whole
jaw.
Therocephaha.
Scymnosuchus whaitst, Broom, is taken as the type of the
Therocephalia, of which it is a fairly primitive member.
The material on which the description is founded consists of
the two rami of the same lower jaw, the right of which has
the bones naturally arranged and exposed from the outer side,
whilst the left has the bones somewhat displaced, the back of
the jaw being separated from the front; this jaw is free from
“matrix on all sides.
A, Left ramus of lower jaw of Seymnosuchus whaitsi, inner aspeet.
B. Right ramus of the same jaw, outer aspect. Teeth omitted.
x >
‘The dentary is long and narrow, thick at the symphysis,
where it is loosely articulated with its fellow, and thinning
off posteriorly to an oblique feather-edge, which oyerlaps the
surangular and angular. ‘There is a large coronoid process
which projects freely above the surangular.
The splenial is a thin strip of bone lying on the inner side
of the dentary, and meeting the corresponding bone of the
Reptilian Lower Jaws. 579
opposite side in a relatively large symphysis. Its position in
the figure may be slightly misplaced, being that which it now
occupies in the somewhat disturbed jaw. ‘The posterior
narrow part of the bone is separated by a wide crack, and
may conceivably be a somewhat misplaced part of the pre-
articular.
The coronoid is a very thin bone whose shape is shown in
the drawing lying on the inner aide of the dentary in the
position shown.
The surangular is a very thin sheet of bone whose outer
surface is almost entirely overlapped by the angular. Poste-
riorly it thickens and is united with the articular by a visible
suture, its hinder edge overhanging the outer part of the
articular facette.
The angular isa large thin bone overlapping the surangular
and itself overlapped in front by thedentary. It is strength-
ened by a narrow rib which crosses its outer surface diagonally,
and its lower border has a deep notch which is overhung by
a reflected lamina exactly as in Dicynodon.
The articular is a small bone, triangular in shape when
viewed from above, whose outer face is covered by the sur-
angular. The base of the triangle is formed by the articular
facette, which is directed backwards and very slightly
upwards. The inner and lower faces of the bone are covered
anteriorly by the prearticular. The lower side of the bone
bears a very small and reduced postarticular process,
The prearticular is a long bone, flat anteriorly, but bearing
a prominent ridge behind where it covers the articular, from
which it is very obviously distinet in the specimen,
Cynodontia,
The lower jaw of Cynognathus has been described by
Seeley, whose description is, as usual, quite accurate, although
hard to follow in the absence of intelligible figures. Most of
his determinations of individual bones, although offered with
great reserve, are also accurate. Broom has also described
the type, but his reading of its structure is not quite correct,
The following account is founded on the perfectly preserved
and prepared lower jaw of the type specimen of Cynognathus
crateronotus, but I have compared it with all the other known
specimens of higher Cynodonts.
The dentary is a very large bone fused with its neighbour
at the powerful symphysis, produced backward into an enor-
mous coronoid process and overlapping all the other bones of
the jaw.
580 Mr. D. M. 8. Watson on some
The splenial is a narrow strip of bone lying on the inner
side of the dentary and having a relatively large symphysis.
The coronoid is a large thin film of bone tightly pressed
onto the inner side of the dentary and overlapping the sur-
angular and prearticular at the back. It is remarkably
similar to the corresponding bone in Scymnosuchus.
The surangular is a narrow sheet of bone whose outer
surface is largely covered by the angular and dentary; its
Vig. 4,
ANG.
A. Left ramus of lower jaw of Cynognathus crateronotus, inner aspect
B. Right ramus of the same jaw, outer aspect. Teeth omitted.
xg
inner face must be applied to the articular, but in no specimen
is the suture between the two bones visible,
The angular is a plate of bone thickened below and covering
a large part of the outer face of the surangular ; its lower
border has the usual notch placed very far forward and pro-
vided with a vestigial reflected lamina, not completely pre-
served in Oynognathus, but very well shown in Liademodon.
The articular is a small bone almost completely surrounded
Reptilian Lower Jaws. 581
by the others; the articular face points backwards and
slightly upwards, and the downwardly directed postarticular
process is a scarcely visible knob.
The prearticular is a long, thin, straight bone covering the
inner side of the articular, from which it is separated by a
scarcely visible suture. It lies inside the angular, and its
forward end is covered by the coronoid.
It is a remarkable fact that in Cynodonts increasing size of
the dentary, and of the masticatory muscles which in Cyno-
gnathus must be inserted on it, is correlated with a reduction
and weakening of the back part of the jaw, which alone
articulates with the skull; not only are the actual bones
small, but their attachment to the dentary is weak, they
merely rest in a groove in that bone and are often displaced
in the fossil skulls. Hxamination of any higher Cynodont
skull with the mandible in place will show that the very
powerful masseter had its attachment on the dentary, and can
scarcely have had any connection with the angular, and the
temporal muscles were obviously inserted in mammalian
fashion on the coronoid process of the dentary. The action
of these powerful muscles must have set up such great stresses
in the hinder part of the jaw that it is doubtful if it could
have supported them. Directly correlated with increase in
size of the dentary and reduction in size of the angular &e. is,
an increase of the descending process of the pterygoid. It is
noteworthy that this takes place not only between the higher
aud lower Cynodonts, but also in the Therocephalian ‘ Lyco-
saurus’’ curvimola, which pretty certainly comes from the
Cisticephalus-zone of Upper Permian age. These processes
give rise to the anterior part of the pterygoidal muscles, and
their increase in size no doubt implies a corresponding increase
in the muscles, which in reptiles are normally attached to the
angular. As it is impossible that a muscle should increase
whilst its point of attachment is degenerating, it appears
probable that the pterygoidal muscles were mainly inserted
onto the postero- inferior angle of the dentary, which is
thickened. ‘Thus inserted these muscles, whilst tending to
close the mouth, will produce stresses in the hinder part of
the jaw in the opposite direction to those induced by the
masseter and temporal muscles, in this way permitting the
reduction of the linder part of the jaw which we actually see.
The tact that in higher Cynodonts all the masticatory muscles
have their attachments on the dentary renders the freeing of
the articular and quadrate demanded by the quadrate=incus
582 Mr. D. M. S. Watson on some
theory of the mammalian ossicula auditus much more under-
standable.
The most marked characteristic of the Therapsid mandible
is that it is no longer hollow and box-like, as in the Stego-
cephalia and the majority of the other reptiles, but that the
bones of the inside of each ramus are tightly pressed against
the outer bones, making it very narrow and solid. This
feature (which is not very easy to describe) is eminently
characteristic of the group and seems to occur in no other
reptiles.
Pariasaurus.
The lower jaw of Pariasaurus has been somewhat incom-
pletely described by Seeley, but three jaws in the British
Museum enable one to get a clear idea of the principal lines
of its structure, although in one or two cases the sutures,
shown dotted in the figures, are doubtful. The jaw is hollow,
all the bones except the articular simply surrounding a cavity.
The dentaries meet in symphysis and pass backwards on
the outer side of the jaw to overlap the angular and surangular ;
it is doubtful if the dentary ever reaches the lower border of
the jaw—if it does so, it is only for a very small space just
in advance of the angular. The wide tooth-bearing area of
the dentary forms the roof of the cavity of the jaw.
The splenial is a bone having a large symphysis with its
fellow ot the opposite side ; it certainly forms a good deal of
the lower border of the Jaw and apparently a good deal of
its outer surface, but here the suture is not certain. On the
inner aspect on each side the splenial is separated from the
dentary by a narrow slit-like vacuity, which is bounded out-
wardly by the upper margin of the splenial rising rapidly to
near the top of the jaw. Posteriorly the upper edge of the
bone is separated from the dentary by the anterior part of
coronoid, which is wedged in between the two bones. The
hinder end of the splenial overlaps the prearticular and
angular, forming also a small part of the border of the inte-
rior mandibular vacuity.
The coronoid is a small bone forming the front border of
the supra-Meckelian vacuity, and prolonged forward by a
thin strip which is wedged in between the splenial and
dentary.
The surangular and angular are not separated by a satis-
factory suture, but are overlapped anteriorly by the dentary
and splenial, and form the outer and lower walls of the jaw ;
Reptilian Lower Jaws. 583
the well-known process on the underside of the jaw is formed
entirely by the angular, as Seeley thought.
The articular is a rather large bone fitting as a plug into
the cavity of the back of the jaw, and extending rather far
forward ; its outer face is largely covered by the surangular
A. Left ramus of lower jaw of Pariasaurus, inner aspect. B. Right
amus of the same jaw, outer aspect. ‘Teeth omitted. x 4.
and angular, and its inner side by the prearticular. The
articular face has two cotyli for the condyles of the quadrate,
The prearticular is a large bone covering the inner face
of the articular, overlapping the angular, and being itself
covered by the splenial and coronoid in front.
There can be no doubt that the bones which in the pre-
ceding descriptions I have called by the same name are
584 Mr, D. M. &. Watson on some
homologous. It remains to show that they correspond with
the bones which bear those names in Crocodilus, the standard
animal for reptilian nomenclature. No doubt arises as to any
of the bones except the splenial and coronoid. In all these
types except Dimetrodon the splenial enters the symphysis
and in some cases has a very large articulation with its
fellow. In Crocodilus the splenial does not enter the
sympliysis, but in all Mesozoic crocodiles, in which there can
be no doubt of its identity, it has a symphysis, sometimes a
very large one. ‘There is, in fact, no doubt that in all
primitive reptiles the splenial takes a large part in the
symphysis ; it does so, for example, in Cotylosauria (Parta-
saurus, Limnoscelis, Diadectis, Labidosaurus, Captorhinus,
Procolophon), Therocephalia (all types examined) , Cynodontia
(all types examined), Anomodontia (all types), Saurepterygia
(Nothosaurus, Peloneustes, Pliosaurus), Ichthyosauria (Jch-
thyosaurus, Ophthalmosaurus), ‘* Rhynchocephalia” (/hyn-
chosaurus, Hyperodapedon?, Champosaurus), Thecodontia
(Belodon, Mystriosuchus), Crocodilia (Alystriosaurus, Steneo-
saurus, Metriorhynchus)—a list which might be extended
indefinitely.
‘The identity of the coronoid is not quite so obvious, owing
to the fact that it frequently extends far forward, in Dicyno-
don probably reaching the symphysis. In the living croco-
diles it is a very small bone forming the front of the supra-
Meckelian vacuity. In Metriorhynchus, however, as has been
described by Deslongehamps and as Dr. Andrews has demon-
strated it to me, it is a long bone stretching far forward
between the splenial and dentary, much as in Pariasaurus.
In Peloneustes Dr. Andrews has shown that the coronoid,
which has exactly the same relations as in Metriorhynchus,
may extend forward to the symphysis, and does extend far
forward in all Plesiosaurs.
These facts seem to me to justify the terminology of this
paper; it is, however, interesting to examine a Stegocephalian
jaw in the light of them. The Stegocephalian mandible is
best known from the work of Branson on Anaschisma and
Lryops, checked and accepted for EHryops by Case, and
supported by Seeley’s description of the hinder part of the
lower jaw ot * Labyrinthodon” lavisti and Smith Woodward’s
of the mandible of “ Labyrinthodon” leptognathus.
These descriptions, when compared with the less well-
known mandibles of other types, go far to show that the plan
of structure is the same in all Zemnospondylus and Stereo-
spondylus Stegocephalia.
Bothriceps is a small Temnospondylus Stegocephalian of
Reptilian Lower Jaws. 585
Upper Permian age from the Orange Free State, South
Africa; the excellent series of specimens in the British
Museum show all points of the structure of the mandible with
great clearness, except the upper edge, which in all cases is
obscured by the skull.
The dentary is a long shallow bone meeting its fellow in a
loose suture and extending backwards on the outside of the
jaw until it meets the angular and surangular: it never
reaches the lower border of the mandible.
MEPL Ss SANE DEN
Pee hee f
— me eee eee -
—~ eae ee -
A. Left ramus of lower jaw of Bothriceps, inner aspect. B. Right
ramus of the same jaw, outer aspect. Teeth omitted. x 1.
The splenial is the bone figured by Branson in Anaschisma
and Hryops without determination and with some doubt. It
was clearly figured by Smith Woodward in Labyrinthodon
leptognathus, and called infra-dentary by analogy with the
bones of that name in the Crossopterygian jaw ; the homology
implied by this nomenclature is no doubt correct.
In Bothriceps it is a small element with a large symphysis,
forming the lower border of the anterior part of the jaw;
posteriorly it meets and overlaps the angular.
Dr. A. 8. Woodward, in his account of the Labyrinthodon
jaw, described a little slit on the inside of the jaw lying on
each side of the symphysis, bounded by the “ infra-dentary ”’
below and the dentary above. These little vacuities also
occur in the type specimens of Rhinesuchus oweni (Lydd.) and
Rhytidosteus africanus, Owen, and no doubt generally in the
group. ‘They correspond exactly with the similarly placed
openings in Partasaurus described above, and are clearly
shown in Williston’s figure of Casea and Williston and Case
on Diadectes lentus.
586 Mr. D. M. 8. Watson on some
The coronoid is the bone usually described as splenial in
the Stegocephalian mandible ; it is a long strip of bone lying
on the inside of the jaw and overlapped by the splenial and
angular; behind, it forms a good deal of the lower border of
the supra-Meckelian vacuity, overlaps the prearticular, and
forms the anterior border of the small interior mandibular
vacuity. It cannot be seen in Bothriceps whether it enters the
symphysis, but as it does not in any other known amphibian,
including Zvrimerorachis (which is nearly identical with
Bothriceps), it probably does not in Bothriceps.
In Eryops, Anaschisma, and Labyrinthodon this bone
forms a parapet on the inner side of the tooth-bearing area of
the dentary.
I have pointed out above that in all early reptiles the
splenial is a bone of the mandibular symphysis, and that in
its appearance and relations it is identical with the “ infra-
dentary” of Stegocephalia. The so-called “splenial” of
Stegocephs is equally similar to the coronoid of such forms
as Pariasaurus, Peloneustes, and Metriorhynchus, in which it
is a long narrow splint bordering the tooth-bearing area of
the hinder part of the dentary, and overlapped below by the
splenial; in Peloneustes and probably Dicynodon the coronoid
actually reaches the symphysis, so that the great forward
extension of the “splenial”? of Stegocephalia cannot be
advanced against this correlation.
The only sound piece of evidence against this interpretation
is the occurrence, recorded by Branson, of a small coronoid-
like bone lying between the ‘“‘splenial”” and the dentary in
front of the supra-Mickelian opening in Anaschisma and
Eryops. It seems to me easier to regard this bone, for which
I propose the name epicoronoid, as having disappeared in the
reptilian jaw, than to imagine that it should secondarily
acquire a forward extension, that the “splenial” should
extend forward and gain asymphysis, and downwards by the
disappearance of the “infra-dentary”’ to form the lower
border of the jaw, completely mimicking in the appearance of
its anterior part the “ infra-dentary ” which it displaced.
As Smith Woodward has pointed out, the bone here
regarded as splenial in the Stegocephalia is apparently homo-
Jogous with the first or one of the infra-dentaries of the
Crossopterygian mandible. The true coronoid will be homo-
logous with the “splenial”’ of the fish, and Branson’s
“ coronoid ” in Anaschisma may correspond to the last of the
little bones which in Holoptychius and all allied fish lie
between the dentary and the “ splenial.”’
Reptilian Lower Jaws. 587
I wish to express my thanks to the Trustees of the Percy
Sladen Fund, who assisted me to visit South Africa; to
Messrs. J. Strydon and M. de Jager, on whose farms I found
some of the specimens described above ; to the Rev. J. H.
Whaits, to whom the British Museum owes the Scymno-
suchus ; and to Drs. A. Smith Woodward and C. W. Andrews,
for their constant kindness at the Museum.
Bibliography.
AnpreEws, C. W. “The Lower Jaw of Plesiosaurs.” Geol. Mag. 1911,
dec. v. vol. viii. pp. 160-164.
—. ‘Catalogue of the Marine Reptiles of the Oxford Clay.’ Vol. ii.
(Not yet published.)
Branson, KE. B. “The Structure and Relationships of the American
Labyrinthodontidee.” Journ. Geol. vol. xiii. pp, 568-610, 19085.
Broom, R. ‘ On the Structure and Affinities of Oudenodon.” P.Z.S8,
1901, vol. ii. p. 162.
——. “On the Structure of the Theriodont Mandible and on its Mode
of Articulation with the Skull.” P. Z. 8. 1904, vol. i. p. 90,
——. ‘A Comparison of the Permian Reptiles of North America with
those of South Africa.” Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xxviii.
p. 197. 1910,
—. “On the Structure of the Skull in Cynodont Reptiles.” P. Z. 8.
1911, vol, ii. p. 893.
—. ‘On some new South-African Permian Reptiles.” P. Z. S. 1911,
vol. ii. p. 1073.
Casr, KE. C. “The Pelycosauria.” Carnegie Institution Publ. no. 190.
‘¢ Revision of the Ampbibia of the Permian of North America.”
Carnegie Institution Publ. no. 146. 1911.
—. “Revision of the Cotylosauria of North America.” Carnegie
Institution Publ. no. 145, 1911.
OwEN, R. Trans. Geol. Soc. vol. vi. ser. 3. 1846.
—. ‘A Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia in the Museum of the Royal
College of Surgeons,’
SeevEy, H.G. ‘On Delphinognathus conocephalus (Seeley).” Q.J.G.S.
vol. xlviil. pp. 469-475, 1892.
“On further Evidence of Enodothiodon bathystoma, Owen.”
Q. J. G.S. vol. xlviii. pp. 476-480. 1892.
—. “On the Skeleton in new Cynodontia from the Karroo Rocks,”
Phil. Trans. vol. 185 B, p. 59. 1895.
Wiuiston, 8. W. ‘American Permian Vertebrates.’ Chicago, 1911.
——, and Casr, E.C. “ A Description of the Skulls of Diadectes lentus
and Animasaurus carinatus.’ Amer, Journ. Sci. vol. xxxiii.
1912.
Woopwarp,A.8. ‘Outlines of Vertebrate Paleontology.’ Cambridge,
1898.
—. “On a Mandible of Labyrinthodon leptognathus, Owen.” Rep.
Brit. Assoc. Leicester Meeting, 1907, Publ. 1908,
588 On Two new Races 0) Mongoose.
LXVIIT.—Two new Races of Mongoose.
By OupFrieLp THOMAS.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Mungos paludinosus mordax, subsp. n.
Size very large, the skull larger than in any example of
M. p. robustus. Frontal region unusually convex, the outline
strongly bowed. Crest well developed. Posterior palatal
tube of medium breadth. Bullee well inflated.
Teeth exceedingly large and heavy, far surpassing those
of any other member of the group (see measurements below}.
Small anterior premolar absent as usual, this tooth being
only present in the western race of the species, JZ. paludi-
nosus pluto, 'Temm.
Dimensions of skull :—
Cendylo-basal length 115 mm. ; zygomatic breadth 63°4 ;
breadth of nasal opening 12°63; interorbital breadth 23°5 ;
intertemporal breadth 11°3 ; palatal length 66 ; palate breadth
outside p* 39°45; outer breadth of posterior palatal tube 10°6.
Teeth Combined breadth of upper incisors 15°2; p* 8°5 x
71; p*, greatest diameter 14°5, length on outer side 11°7 ;
mi, transverse diameter 12°5; m? 7:5x3°7; m, 1L7x71;
mM, 6°8 x 5:6.
Hab, Rombashi River, in German E. Africa, N.W. of the
north end of Lake Nyasa. Alt. 1600’.
Type. Adult skull with unworn teeth ; said to be female,
but more probably male. B.M. no. 3. 2.16.2. Collected
in November 1888, and presented by Capt. R. Crawshay.
The conspicuously greater size of the teeth will readily
distinguish this fine mungoose from its allies M. p. robustus
and rubellus. Hollister’s M. p. rubescens* from Kilima-
njaro is decidedly smaller.
Mungos naso nigerianus, subsp. n.
Kssential characters as in true naso, but size markedly
smaller.
Colour as in naso.
Skull smaller in all dimensions, as indicated by the dimen-
sions below. Frontal region rather less convex. Bulle
much smaller.
* P. Biol, Soc. Wash. xxv. p. 1 (1912).
On new Mammals from the Johore Archipelago. 589
External dimensions as recorded by collector :—
Head and body 534 mm.; tail 861; hind foot 98; ear 33.
Skull: condylo-basal length 101; zygomatic breadth 53:5 ;
interorbital breadth 20°5 ; intertemporal breadth 17°5 ;
palatal length 55; breadth between outer sides of p* 33 ;
length of bulle 19; breadth between outer surfaces of bullee
38°5. Length of p* on outer edge 9°8.
Hab. Niaji, 20 miles N.E. of Oban, Southern Nigeria.
Another specimen without skull from Oban.
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 10.6.1.14. Original
number 20. Collected 17th October, 1909, by P. A. Talbot,
Esq.
The Museum now possesses six skulls of J/. naso from
different localities in the Cameroons, and these are so
uniformly larger than Mr. Talbot’s specimen that I only
hesitate as to whether the latter ought not to be referred to a
different species. The difference in the size and lateral
extension of the bullze is especially noticeable.
LXIX.—On new Mammals from the Islands of the Johore
Archipelago, South China Sea. By Herpert C. RoBINson,
C.M.Z.S.
Crocidura klossi?, nom. nov.
Crocidura major, Kloss (Wagler), Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vii.
p- 117 (4911); id. Journ, Fed. Malay States Mus, iv. pp. 194, 195
(1911).
Mr. G. 8S. Miller has pointed out to me that Mr. Kloss’s
name for this shrew from Great Redang Island is antedated
by Crocidura major, Wagler, Isis, p. 1218 (1832), a synonym
of Crocidura russula, and I therefore substitute the above
name for it.
Crocidura doris, sp. n.
Type.—Adult female (skin and skull), No. 166/12,
Selangor Museum, collected at Batu Berhala, Pulau Aor,
Johore Archipelago, South China Sea, 13th June, 1912, by
H. C. Robinson and E. Seimund. Original no. 4859.
Characters.—A large member of the subgenus Crocidura,
slightly larger than C. klossi, but very distinctly paler above
and with a marked liver-brown coloration on the breast and
anterior portion of the abdomen.
Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 40
590 Mr. H. C. Robinson on new
Colour.—Above silvery grey, somewhat darker on the
muzzle, feet, hands, and lower portion of the back, the base
of the fur very slightly lighter. General colour beneath
similar but paler on the throat, pelage of the chest and upper
abdomen with a very decided wash of liver-brown. Tail
very finely annulated, dull black, above and below, furnished
with a few long whitish hairs towards the base. Vibrissa
silvery grey, blackish at the extreme base. No lateral scent-
glands in the only specimen (female) available.
Skull and teeth.—The skull very closely resembles that of
C. klossiz, but the interpterygoid space is narrower and more
parallel-sided and the molar series, viewed from above, are
less divergent and more parallel, so that the palate appears
narrower in proportion to its length than is the case with
C. klossii.
Measurements.—Collectors’ external measurements (taken
in the flesh) :—
Head and body 102 (97*) mm.; tail 78 (69); hind
foot 16 (16) ; ear 11 (10°6).
Skull: greatest length (excl. incisors) 23°8 (23:0) ; basal
length 21:1 (20°9); palatal length 10°3 (10:0) ; lachrymal
breadth of rostrum 4°9 (4°7) ; greatest breadth above molars
79 (7:8) ; cranial breadth above mastoid 10°5 (10°) ;
maxillary tooth-row, including incisors, 11°0 (10°8) ; mandi-
bular tooth-row (including incisors) 10:0 (10:0).
Specimens examined.—Une, the type.
Remarks.—The species seems closely allied to C. lepidura F
from Hast Sumatra, though that form has apparently a longer
foot and, relatively to the breadth of skull above the posterior
molars, a rather longer muzzle. ‘The skull of the only
specimen known is, however, very imperfect.
Atherurus macrourus pemangilis, subsp. n.
Type.-—Adult female (skin and skull), No. 341/12,
Selangor Museum, collected on Pulau Pemanggil between
Pulau Aor and Pulau Tioman, Johore Archipelago, South
China Sea, 16th June, 1912, by Museum collectors.
Original no. 5014.
Characters.—A race of the mainland A. macrourus (Linn.),
differing in its very much smaller size. Separated from
A. m. tionts f, of Tioman, by its shorter nasals and deeper
* Measurements in parentheses those of the type of C. klossiz.
+ Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxiv. p. 662 (1908).
{t Thomas, Journ, Fed. Malay States Mus. ii. p. 105 (1908):
Mammals from the Johore Archipelago. 591
muzzle, and from A. m. zygomaticus *, of Aor, by the large
size of the lachrymal and by the absence of the tooth-like
process on the under side of the malar.
Colour.—Somewhat darker than either A. m. macrourus
or A. m. tions, closely resembling A. m. zygomaticus.
Skull.— Quite distinct from that of its nearest geographical
neighbour, A. m. zygomaticus, in that the lachrymal is dis-
tinctly visible when the skull is viewed from above, the-
zygomatic arch much narrower, and the tooth-like process
of the malar not even indicated. Intertemporal constriction
less marked than in the mainland form, the nasals shorter
than in that from Tioman, the muzzle being also deeper and
the posterior portion of the frontals more inflated. Fronto-
premaxillary suture in advance of the posterior termination
of the nasals and not in line with it as in the two related
forms.
Measurements.—Collectors’ external measurements of type
(taken in the flesh) :-—
Head and body 456 (516 T) mm.; tail — (176); hind
foot 64 (60) ; ear 35 (34).
Cranial measurements: upper length 89 (91) ; condylo-
basilar length 75 (77) ; greatest breadth 45 (48) ; nasals
24°5x13 (27x15) ; intertemporal breadth 24°3 (26) ;
height of muzzle on diastema 20°8 (18°5); height of crown
above palate 24:2 (25) ; palatilar length 35 (39) ; diastema
23°2 (28); length of upper tooth-row (crowns) 16°3
16°8).
The dimensions of an adult male are :—
Head and body 490 (586 }) mm. ; tail 180 (304) ; hind
foot 64 (73) ; ear 36 (38).
Cranial measurements: upper length 89-5 (102) ; condylo-
basilar length — (94); greatest breadth — (51); nasals
24:5 x14°5 (26:9x15); intertemporal breadth — (27);
height of muzzle on diastema 21 (22); height of crown
above palate — (27°) ; palatilar length — (43°5) ; diastema
28°5 (31°8) ; | length of upper tooth-row (crowns) 16:1
(17-0).
ee examined.—F our, all from the type locality.
Remarks.—Exceedingly abundant among the rocks on the
* Miller, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 45, p. 42, pl. ii. fig. 4 (1903) ; Lyon,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxii. pp. 587, 588, 593 (1907).
+ Measurements in parentheses those of the type of <Atherurus
tionis.
{ Measurements in parentheses those of an adult male <Atherurus
macrourus from Sungei Siput, Central Perak, Selangor Museum,
No. 966/11.
40*
592 Mr. H. GC. Robinson on new
higher portions of Pulau Pemanggil, this porcupine is more
closely allied to the form from ‘Tioman than it is to that of
Aor, though in the case of the other species inhabiting
Pemanggill their affinities are rather with those of the latter
island.
Sciurus vittatus famulus, subsp. n.
Type. — Adult male (skin and skull), No. 153/12,
Selangor Museum, collected on Pulau Dayang, near Pulau
Aor, Johore Archipelago, South China Sea, June 16th, 1912,
by H. ©. Robinson and E. Seimund. Original no. 4938.
Characters.—A dwarfed form of the viitatus group, closely
approximating in size to its geographical neighbour Se. v.
aoris, Miller, but in colour intermediate between that form
and Se. v. peninsularis from the mainland of Johore and
Singapore Island. Skull: greatest length (mean of ten
specimens) 44°7, zygomatic breadth 26:0, against 49-4 and
28-0 in the type of Se. v. peninsularis.
Colour.—Upper parts a fine grizzle of black and buffy
olivaceous, less greyish than in Se. v. aoris and less rufescent
than in Se. v. peninsularis. Feet and hands grizzled black
and golden buff, the latter in excess. Cheeks grizzled
greyish buff; a buff eye-ring. Buffy-white side-stripe
broader and not quite so clearly defined as in Se. v. penin-
sularts, but the black stripe shorter and narrower and not so
dark, but still sharply defined and not largely obscured by
erizzling as in many specimens of Sc. v. aoris. Tail like
back, but annulations more pronounced and with the terminal
portion strongly washed with ochraceous rufous, a tint
entirely absent in Se. v. aorts. _ Under surface ochraceous
rufous, rather less ochraceous than in Se. v. peninsularis,
but not nearly so buffy asin Sc. v. aoris. ‘Throat, upper
chest, and under surface of fore limbs golden buff.
Measurements.—Collectors’ external measurements (taken
in the flesh) :-—
Head and body 176 (199*) mm. ; tail 158 (198) ; hind
foot 40 (47°5) ; ear 16°5 (16).
ranial measurements: greatest length 45:1 (51°2) ;
condylo-basilar length 38°8 (43:1); interorbital breadth
16:2 (18:1) ; zygomatic breadth 26°0 (29°8) ; cranial breadth
20°8 (23°2) ; median length of nasals 13-1 (15:4); diastema
10°3 (11°1) ; upper molar series, including pm*, 8°3 (9°6).
Specimens evamined.—Ten, all from the type locality.
* Measurements in parentheses those of an adult male Scirus ».
peninsularis from Changi, Singapore Island, Selangor Museum, No.
1743/08.
Mammals from the Johore Archipelago. . 593
Remarks.—Though Pulau Dayang is separated from
Pulau Aor by a channel which is little more than a quarter of
a mile wide, there is a minimum depth of twenty-five fathoms
between the two islands, and it is unlikely that any inter-
communication can take place between the races of squirrels
and rats found on either side of the strait, ‘The ten speci-
mens from Pulau Dayang when mixed with thirty trom
Pulau Aor can be picked out without the slightest difficulty
by any person able to appreciate marked differences in tint.
The affinities of the present form and Se. v. tenudrostris
inhabiting Tioman are decidedly with the mainland races,
while those of Se. ec. aorts and Se. v. pemangilensis are rather
with those inhabiting the Natunas and Anambas.
Lpimys surifer pemangilis, subsp. n.
Type.—Adult male (skin and skull), No. 447/12, Selangor
Museum, collected on Pulau Pemanggil, Johore Archipelago,
South China Sea, 16th June, 1912, by Museum Collectors.
No. 4999.
Characters.—In size about equal to Z. s. grandis and
LE. s. favigrandis* (Kloss), but much brighter in colour than
either of these races, young and unabraded specimens
approaching L. s. deonist from Singapore in clearness of
tint.
Colour.— Upper parts ochraceous orange, brightest on the
flanks, nape, and limbs, darkened on the shoulders, back, and
rump with the brown tips of the spines. Upper part of the
head, muzzle, and patches round the eyes earthy brown.
Cheeks and sides of the head pale yellowish buff, not whitish
at the base of the vibrissse, which are dark brown, paler at
the tips. Hands and feet whitish, without darker stripe,
sharply defined in the case of the feet from the colour of the
limbs. Beneath white, this colour continued as an ill-defined
stripe on the outer side of the leg and the inner side of the
arms to the ankles and wrists. ‘l'ail black above and at the
tip, whitish beneath.
Skull and teeth.—Skull stout and heavily built as in
Ei. s. grandis and EF. s, flavigrandis, but with the rostrum
rather more slender and the nasals narrower than in these
races. Anterior edge of infraorbital plate sloping slightly
forwards. Palatal foramina rather longer and broader and
bullee smaller and flatter than in any of the other forms.
Teeth with no differential characters.
* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vii. p. 119 (1911); Journ. Fed. Malay
States Mus. iv. pp. 209-211 (1911).
+ Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus, iy. p. 170 (1911).
594 On new Mammals from the Johore Archipelago.
Measurements.—Collectors’ external measurements of type
(taken in the flesh) :—
Head and body 220 (208*) mm. ; tail 175 (180) ; hind
foot 42 (43) ; ear — (23).
Cranial measurements: greatest length 48:0 (48-0) ; basal
length 42°3 (42); palatal length 22:2 (22) ; length of nasals
19-0 (20°7) ; greatest breadth of combined nasals 4:9 (5:3) ;
shortest distance between tips of nasals and lachrymal notch
19-8 (19:2) ; diastema 14:0 (14:0); upper molar row 7:1
(7°4) ; length of palatal foramina 7-9 (7:0); breadth of
combined foramina 41 (3°9) ; zygomatic breadth 20°9 (21°5) ;
cranial breadth 17:0 (17°2) ; depth of rostrum at anterior
extremity of palatal foramina 9°0 (9°1); breadth of rostrum
midway between henselion and palatal foramina 6°3 (7:4).
Specimens examined.—Thirteen skins and skulls and one
additional skull, all from the type locality.
Remarks.—From E. surifer microdont (Kloss) from
Tioman this race differs mainly in its more heavily built
skull, the teeth not reduced in size, and in the absence
of abuff gorget across the throat. In LE. s. mzerodon also
the white of the under surface is, as a rule, broadly separated
from the ankles by the buff of the thighs.
Epimys surtfer aoris, subsp. n.
Type.—Adult male (skin and skull), No. 445/12, Selangor
Museum, collected on Pulau Aor, Johore Archipelago, South
China Sea, 15th June, 1912, by H. C. Robinson and
KE. Seimund. Original no. 4947.
Characters.—Very similar to the preceding race and with
a similiarly robust skull, but colour decidedly less intense.
Head rather darker. Anterior margin of infraorbital plate
almost vertical ; nasals broader, the anterior margin much
less receding.
Colour.—Mingled black and ochraceous buff, hardly
brighter on the flanks than elsewhere, but pelage of all the
adult specimens somewhat abraded. ‘Top of head, muzzle,
and patches round the eyes darker brown than in the allied
forms. No whitish patch at the roots of the vibrisse.
White of the under surface continued as a more or less ill-
defined line to the wrists and ankles.
Skull and teeth.—Skull generally similar to that of
EE. s. pemangilis, with the differences noted above. Outline
* Measurements in parentheses those of the type of Mus surifer
flavigrandis,
+ Journ, Fed, Malay States Mus, ii. p. 145 (1908).
On new Fishes from Baluchistan. 595
of cranium, viewed from above, rather more rounded, the
fronto-parietal ridge less sharply deflected at the suture.
Nasals broader and much less sharply cut away at the
anterior extremity. Teeth similar to those of 2. s. pemangilis.
Measurements.—Collectors’ external measurements (taken
in the flesh) :—
Head and body 214 (204*) mm. ; tail 185 (188) ; hind
foot 41 (42); ear 22 (23).
jranial measurements: greatest length 47:8 (49) ; basal
length 42:0 (41°7) ; length of nasals 17:4 (19°8); greatest
breadth of nasals 5°8 (5°6); shortest distance between tips
of nasals and lachrymal notch 19-0 (20°4); palatal length
22°3 (22); diastema 13-9 (13°4) ; length of palatal foramina
71 (69); breadth of combined palatal foramina 4°1 (3:9) ;
zygomatic breadth 21:2 (21) ; cranial breadth 17°3 (17:2) ;
depth of rostrum at anterior extremity of palatal foramina
8-9 (9°3) 5; breadth of rostrum midway between henselion and
palatal foramina 7°1 (8:0) ; upper molar row 7:2 (7°53).
Specimens examined.—Vitteen skins and skulls and one
additional skull, all from the type locality.
Remarks.—This race can be readily separated from the
adjacent H. s. pemangilis by its duller coloration and by the
shorter and less acuminate nasals, which seem a fairly
constant feature.
LXX.—EHight New Fishes from Baluchistan. By Dr. Ericu
ZUGMAYER, of the Zoological Museum, Munich.
AMONG a collection of marine and freshwater fishes which
I made during a journey along the Mekran coast and in the
interior of Baluchistan the following appear to be new.
J. MARINE FISHES.
Platycephalus platysoma, sp. v.
Distinct from all other species by its strongly depressed
body, whose depth is less than +4; of the total length. Length
of head a little over 3} in total length, breadth of head 43 in
the same. Interorbital space flat, equal to 2 diameters of
* Measurements in parentheses are those of the type of Mus surifer
grandis.
596 Dr. E. Zugmayer on new
eye, snout 23, length of head 9; two strong preopercular
spines. Lateral line unarmed.
Dps 13,.P.19, VGA. 13.1.
Uniform reddish brown, spines and rays of dorsal with
rows of black spots. Caudal yellow, with an oblique black
bar in its lower and two oblong black blotches in its upper
half.
One specimen, 570 mm. long, from Gwadar.
[A Pleuronectid from Gwadar answers in every respect to
the description of Pseudorhombus russellii, Gray, except that
the gill-membranes, which should be united to the isthmus,
are free to the chin.
In ‘Zool. Anzeiger,’ vol. xxxix. no. 21/22, Mr. R. Engel-
hardt has, under the name of Torpedo zugmayeri, described a
new electric ray, which I found at Gwadar.—E. Z.
II. FRESHWATER FISHES.
Scaphiodon watsont, Day, var. belense, var. n.
D. 1V/9-10, P. 15-16, V. 8, A. II/7, Il. 33-36, It. 7/6,
dph. PV ae es Ey
Length of head 54, height of body a little less than 3 in
total length. Diameter of orbit 6 in length of head. Last
undivided dorsal ray strong, osseous and serrated to the tip ;
pectoral almost as long as head. Coloration bluish on back,
sides yellow, abdomen white; fins pale.
This variety is distinguished from the typical species
by its longer pectoral, greater depth of body, shorter head,
and much smaller eyes.
Forty-two specimens, up to 230mm., from the Purali River,
near Las Bela.
Scaphiodon daukes?, sp. n.
D. III/10-11, P. 18, V. 8, A. II/7, ll. 38-39, lt. 8/6-8/7,
dph. 4—38—2—2—3—4.
Length of head 34-4 in total length, depth of body 4;
45; orbit 5 in length of head, twice in interorbital He
Barvee 2, shorter than the eye. Lower jaw with a very
thin horny covering, without sharp margin. Mouth terminal,
Fishes from Baluchistan. 597
large and broad, lips fleshy, snout with glandular pores and
warts and a groove across it. Dorsal arises slightly ahead of
ventrals, its last undivided ray moderately strong, serrated
nearly to the tip. Scales regular on sides and back, small
and hardly touching each other on the abdomen. None of
the fins reaches the next. Caudal moderately forked, the
lower lobe the longer.
Coloration dark olive above, silverish yellow on sides,
white on lower surface. Orange blotches in both sexes on
preopercle, base of pectoral, and along the lateral line; fins
yellowish.
Distinguished from Se. baluchiorum, Jenkins, by the size
and position of the mouth, greater size of eye, and greater
length of head; from Sc. macmahoni, T. Reg., by the
same characteristics and the comparatively smaller depth of
body.
Ten specimens, from 110 to 190 mm., were caught in
irrigation channels and pools near Panjgur,
Labeo macmahoni, sp. 0.
D, 111/8, P. 17, V. 10, A. 11/5, C. 22, ll. 35-36. It. F,
l].-v. 43, dph. 5—4—2—2—4—5,
Leneth of head 53, depth of body 44 in total length.
Diameter of orbit 4 in ‘head, 21 in interorbital space, and 12
in snout. Mouth very soft and flabby, with pronounced
lateral lobes. Jaws closely enveloped by lips; a median
transverse fold to lower lip, two external folds. Lower jaw
with a hard and sharp horny margin. Barbels four: two
rostral, shorter than the eye, two very small ones in the
corners of the mouth. Dorsal arises midway between tip of
snout and end of base of anal fin, considerably before the
origin of ventrals; pectoral reaches 2 towards ventral, the
latter 2 towards anal.
Slate-blue on back, golden and silvery on sides and abdo-
nfen ; no marks; fins pale, unspotted.
None of the other Asiatic species combines the low number
of dorsal rays with the presence of 4 barbels.
Thirteen specimens from Dasht River, near Suntsar and
Turbat ; this seems the westernmost habitat of the genus in
Asia.
598 Dr. E. Zugmayer on new
Labeo gedrosicus, sp. n.
Five specimens, 300-345 mm., from Panjgur.
D. III/10, P. 14, V. 9, A. IL/6—7, ll. 42, It. 5, l-v. 72,
dph. 5—4—2—2—4—5,
Length of head 53, depth of body not quite 5 in total
length. Breadth of head 4% of its height, height 2 of its
length. Snout a little over 4 of length of head. Hye at the
end of the first half of length of head, diameter 7-8 in head,
3 in interorbital space. Lips continuous, the lower only
fringed ; median, transverse, and jateral folds to lower lip.
‘The lower jaw only with a horny covering and margin ; no
lateral lobe to snout, a groove across the latter; glandular
pores present. Barbels two, hidden in lateral grooves.
Dorsal arises over end of pectoral, considerably before ventral.
Last undivided dorsal ray articulate, slightly longer than
head; margin of dorsal strongly concave, the shortest rays
being 2 of the longest. Pectoral nearly as long as head and
reaching towards ventral; the latter measures zo of pectoral
and reaches 2 towards anal; anal ? towards root of caudal.
Length of caudal, which is deeply forked, equal to depth of
body.
Greyish brown, bluish on back, fins pale; a golden spot on
preopercle, anterior margin of dorsal black.
Allied to L. diplostomus (Heck.), which occurs at the same
locality, but distinguished by its smaller eyes, the median fold
to the lower lip, and the covering of the jaws, which here is
found on the lower jaw only. Moreover the dorsal arises
midway between snout and beginning (not end) of base of anal.
Nemachilus brahui, sp. n.
D..9, (Pe DL Wer hai ty Ce les
Head 5, depth of body 63 in total length. Depth of head
6 of its breadth, breadth 13 in its length. Diameter of orhkit
+ of length of head, # of interorbital space. Snout as long
as postorbital portion of head. Cleft of mouth does not
extend to below the anterior nostril. Lips thick, papillose,
ihe lower interrupted. Barbels six, the outer rostral, which
is the longest, reaching to posterior nostril. No scales.
Dorsal arises midway between anterior margin of orbit and
root of caudal, slightly but distinctly before ventral. Pectoral
equal to depth of body, extends halfway towards ventral; the
latter passes the anal opening and misses the anal by one
Fishes from Baluchistan. 599
diameter of orbit. Caudal very slightly emarginate. Free
portion of tail half as high as long, its length equalling that
of the head less one diameter of eye.
Greyish green, with irregular transverse bars and blotches ;
fins dirty orange, D. and C, speckled with black.
Distinguished from WV. rhadinaeus, 'T. Reg., by the greater
depth of body, the position of the eye, and the form and size
of the mouth ; from WV. macmahoni, Chaudh., by the length
of the ventral, the greater length of the head, and the lesser
depth of the body.
Twenty-four specimens, between 100 and 130 mm., were
collected at Kelat.
Nemachilus baluchiorum, sp. n.
PF LO, Talis On 18.
Length of head 5-53, depth of body 64 in total length.
Depth of head § of its breadth, breadth 1} in its length. Eye
7 of length of head, ? of interorbital space. Snout as long
as postorbital portion of head. Cleft of mouth does not
extend to below the nostrils. Lips moderately thick, the
lower interrupted. Barbels six, the outer rostral being the
longest and extending to front margin of orbit. Scales
embedded in the skin, but distinct. Dorsal arises midway
between hind nostril and root of caudal, opposite ventral.
Length of pectoral equalling that of head less diameter of
eye, reaches 2 towards ventral ; the latter does not reach the
anus. Caudal distinctly emarginate. Free portion of tail
as long as high, 4 of total length. Males with a movable
protrusion of the preorbital.
Greenish yellow, with 11-13 dark olive cross-bars, another
nearly black at base of caudal. Anterior base of dorsal with
a black mark, dorsal and caudal with oblique rows of spots;
lower fins yellow.
In coloration this species is similar to N. kessleri, Gthr.,
but the presence of scales and the size of the orbit make it
quite distinct ; from the similarly coloured species VV. bam-
purensis, Nik., and N. sargadensis, Nik., it is easily distin-
guished by its much greater depth of body. From the
above-mentioned WV. drahui it differs in colour, as well as in
the presence of scales, the proportions of the caudal peduncle,
and the length of the ventral fin.
Thirteen specimens from Panjgur.
600 On Apherusa jurinei (,-Hdw.).
LXXI.—Apherusa jurinei (M.-Edw.).
By Aurrep O. Watker, F.L.S., F.Z.S.
Tus species, which is a not uncommon inhabitant of rock-
pools along our coasts, has been rather unfairly treated by
describers. A. Boeck (Skand. Arkt. Amph. p. 348, pl. xxii.
fig. 6) and G. O. Sars (Crust. Norw. Amphipoda, p. 445,
pl. elviil. fig. 1) describe and figure what must be regarded
as the typical form, in which the third pleon-segment is thus
described by the latter :—‘‘ Last pair of epimeral plates of
metasome forming a broadish expansion, the inferior corner
of which is dentiform, the superior one triangularly produced,
edge of the projection quite smooth.” Boeck’s description
is to much the same effect.
In looking over collections from various parts of our
coasts, especially those of N. Wales, I have been struck by
the great variability of the above segment, the hind margin
varying from the form described by Boeck and Sars to an
even curve like that of Calliopius rathkei figured by Sars in
the same plate (2 ep.?). A very common form has the acute
upper angle reduced to a more or less rounded obtuse angle
near the middle of the curve. This appears to be commoner
than the typical form in the specimens examined, and is to
be seen in specimens of both sexes, all ages, and from various
localities.
There are also considerable differences in the antenne of
the males and females which appear to have escaped notice
hitherto. All authors agree in saying that antenne 1 are
shorter than ant. 2, but I find that im the adult males they
are often subequal and occasionally somewhat longer. The
structure of the peduncle of ant. 1 also differs greatly in the
two sexes, though no author has called attention to this.
Bruzelius and Boeck both speak of a tooth at the end of the
lower margin of the last joint of the peduncle, which is not
mentioned or figured by G. O. Sars; yet both are strictly
correct, the former being the male and the latter the female
form. Further, the adult male has, in addition to this tooth,
from one to three teeth on the lower margins of the last two
joints of the peduncle, each tooth being generally crowned
with a calceolus, which I have never seen on the flagellum
in this species. These teeth are indicated in Boeck’s figure
of the antenne, which are shown of equal length.
An adult male with the rounded or subangular form of the
hind margin of the third pleon-segment might well be taken
On new Fishes from the Nile System. 601
for a distinct species when compared with any published
description, which leads to the conclusion that differences of
outline in this part alone cannot properly be used to distin-
euish species; and the same may be said of the dorsal hind
margins of the body-segments.
LXXII.—Descriptions of Two new Fishes from the Nile
System. By G. A. Boutencur§ F.R.S.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
A couuection of fishes recently made by Mr. F. J. Jackson,
C.B., in Uganda, and presented by him to the British
Museum, includes examples of two new species, one of which
belongs to a genus which was not previously represented in
the fauna of the Nile system.
dllestes jacksonit.
Depth of body 3 times in total length, length of bead 4
times. Head twice as long as broad, slightly longer than
deep ; snout rounded, as long as the eye, which is lateral
and 3} times in length of head ; interorbital region feebly
convex, its width 22 times in length of head ; maxillary
nearly reaching to below anterior border of eye; 16 teeth
() in upper jaw, 10 (3) in lower ; lower border of second
suborbital as long as eye. Gill-rakers moderately long, 16
on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal II 8, originating
just behind vertical of base of ventral, at equal distance
from eye and from caudal, longest ray as long as head.
Anal III 15, pointed in the middle (male). Pectoral nearly
as long as head, reaching ventral. Caudal deeply forked,
Jobes pointed. Caudal peduncle a little longer than deep.
Scales with radiating and anastomosing canals, 26 a, 2 be-
tween lateral line and root of ventral. Silvery, brownish on
the back, with a rather indistinct dark lateral band from
above the gill-cover to the root of the caudal fin ; dorsal fin
greyish, other fins yellow.
Total length 150 mm.
A single specimen from the Malawa River, Kavirondo,
4000 feet.
Allied to A. affinis, Gthr.
602 Mr. W. L. Distant on Rhynchota.
Amphilius jacksonii.
Depth of body 7 times in total length, length of head 41
times. Head much depressed, slightly longer than broad ;
snout rounded, 4 length of head; eye small, 6 times in
length of head, twice in interocular width ; posterior nostril
much nearer eye than end of snout; maxillary barbel
slightly shorter than head, just reaching root of pectoral ;
outer mandibular barbel 2 length of head, inner 3. Gill-
rakers rather long, 7 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal
I 6, much nearer gnd of snout than root of caudal. Adipose
dorsal 3 times as long as deep, 14 times as long as rayed
dorsal, twice its distance from latter. Anal III7. Pectoral
as long as head. Ventral as long as pectoral, well behind
base of dorsal, equally distant from end of snout and from
root of caudal. Caudal deeply emarginate, crescentic.
Caudal peduncle twice as long as deep. Yellowish brown,
spotted and marbled with dark brown; a blackish streak
from the eye to the maxillary barbel; a blackish bar at the
root of the caudal; fins whitish, dorsal with a distal transverse
series of black spots, dorsal, ventral, and anal with two black
transverse bars, caudal spotted with black.
Total length 100 mm.
A single specimen from the Hima River, eastern foot-hills
of Ruwenzori, 3500 feet, flowing into Lake George
(Ruisamba).
LXXIII.—Rhynchotal Notes.
By W. L. Distant.
HETEROPTERA.
Fam. Pentatomide.
MABUSANA, gen. nov.
Body subovate, moderately convex ; head long, obliquely
depressed, its apex subtruncate, lobes of equal length, lateral
lobes somewhat flat and ampliate, anteriorly rounded ; ros-
trum about reaching the posterior coxe, first joint slightly
passing base of head, second longest, about reaching inter-
mediate cox ; antenne five-jointed, moderate in length,
first joint about or almost reaching apex of head, remaining
joints longer and subequal in length; pronotum broader
Mr. W. L. Distant on Rhynchota. 603
than long, obliquely deflected towards head, posterior angles
subprominent and broadly subacutely rounded, anterior
angles minutely laterally toothed ; scutellum about as broad
at base as long, a little longer than pronotum, apex rounded,
passing inner angle of corium; corium with the lateral
margin a little convex, apical margin oblique, slightly con-
vex ; membrane short, apically rounded, scarcely passing
abdominal apex, veins robust, about seven in number; tibiz
moderately sulcated.
Type, M. (Caura) durbanensis, Dist.
This genus principally differs from Caura, Stal, by the
structure of the head and shorter and more rounded niem-
brane. I originally included the type in the genus Caura,
but find it requires distinct generic position.
CHAUBATTIANA, gen. nov.
Subelongate; head longer than broad between eyes,
narrowed towards apex, the lateral margins distinctly
sinuate, somewhat angulate before the eyes ; lobes of equal
length, the apex subtruncate ; eyes large, somewhat strongly
produced, reaching the apices of the anterior pronotal
angles, ocelli near base of head and close to inner margins of
eyes ; antenne five-jomted, basal joint short, not nearly
reaching apex of head, remaining joints almost subequal in
length, second and third slightly longest; rostrum slender,
reaching the posterior coxe, first joint not reaching base of
head, second about reaching anterior coxe ; pronotum about
half as long as broad at base, posterior angles not produced,
anterior margin concave, lateral margins oblique, entire,
neither serrate nor crenulate, basal margin truncate before
scutellum, thence oblique to lateral angles; scutellum
passing the middle of abdomen, about as long as broad at
base, sinuate beyond middle and near inner angle of corium
and prominently narrowed to apex, which is rounded, apical
margin of corium moderately sinuate ; connexivum exposed
from about one-third from basal margin of corium; mem-
brane not or only*slightly passing the abdominal apex ;
abdomen beneath acutely spined at base, the spine about
reaching the apex of posterior coxee, abdominal spiracles
prominent.
This genus, in the arrangement pursued in my Indian
Rhynchota (Fauna Brit. India), vol. i., will be placed in the
division Nezaria (p. 218), and in that enumeration must be
located near Prezodorus,
604 Mr. W. L. Distant on Rhynchota.
Chaubattiana rubrovittata, sp. n.
Head testaceous, subrugulose, extreme base and posterior
margins of eyes ochraceous, ocelli purplish red; antennz
ochraceous, fourth and fifth joints fuscous, base of fourth
ochraceous ; pronotum testaceous, irregularly punctate,
extreme lateral margins, basal margin, an irregular central
longitudinal fascia, and a narrow, waved, transverse, linear
fascia dull greyish or pale ochraceous ; ; seutellum pale ochra-
ceous, sparingly punctate, and with a somewhat broad,
central, longitudinal, sanguineous fascia, in some specimens
a sanguineous spot near each basal angle; corium pale
ochraceous, finely darkly punctate; body beneath thickly
finely punctate, metanotum more or less opaque purplish
red ; apex of rostrum black ; other structural characters as
in generic diagnosis.
Long. 8-9 mm.
Hab, Bengal; Chaubattia, Kumaon (Brit. Mus.).
This fine species has been recently received fram Dr. A. M.
imms.
Bathycelia natalicola, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum pale virescent, with irre-
gular darker virescent mottlings, in type principally on
apical area of head; posterior disk of pronotum and apical
area of scutellum, lateral margins of head and pronotum
(narrowly) indigo-blue ; corium dull pale ochraceous, its
lateral margin before base of connexivum pale bright ochra-
ceous, its remaining lateral margin narrowly indigo-blue ;
membrane subbyaline ; ; conuexivum bright ochraceous, its
inner and outer margins virescent ; body beneath and legs
pale ochraceous or virescent, anterior and intermediate tibiz
and tarsi, and bases and apices of posterior tibi, pale
purplish brown ; extreme lateral margins of head beneath
and sternum indigo-blue, apical segmental segment oliva-
ceous ; antenne carmine- red, first joint, short, not reaching
apex of head, second a little ‘longest, third and fourth sub-
equal, fifth mutilated in type ; head above finely transversely
wrinkled, ocelli red; pronotum finely punctate and sub-
rugulose, the basal area a little convexly rounded, thence
oblique to anterior margin ; scutellum finely punctate and
slightly wrinkled, a bright distinct black spot in the foveations
at basal angles; corium thickly finely punctate; membrane
moderately passing the abdominal apex; rostrum with the
second joint reaching the intermediate coxe, remainder
Mr. W. L. Distant on Rhynchota. 605
mutilated in type; abdomen beneath broadly, centrally,
longitudinally grooved, its marginal ridges a little elevated.
Long., ¢, 18 mm.
Hab. Natal; Tongaat (H. C. Burnup, Brit. Mus.).
Apart from its distinct coloration and markings this
species may be recognized by the slight but distinct con-
vexity of the basal areas of both scutellum and pronotum.
It is the first species of the genus to be received from South-
east Africa.
‘Bathycelia variolaria, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum dark virescent, lateral
margins of pronotum narrowly carmine-red ; corium ochra-
ceous, the lateral margin narrowly virescent; connexivum
dark virescent ; membrane subhyaline; body beneath pale
virescent, central area of abdomen and the legs pale
ochraceous ; tibiz and tarsi pale carmine-red; antennee
very pale purplish, nearly apical half of third joint black, first
joint not reaching apex of head, second joint considerably
shorter than third, remaining joints mutilated in type;
head finely wrinkled, the lateral lobes concavely grooved ;
pronotum somewhat sparingly but coarsely punctate ;
scutellum finely punctate, obscurely wrinkled ; corium
thickly somewhat coarsely punctate; membrane passing
abdominal! apex; rostrum reaching the base of the fourth
abdominal segment ; abdomen beneath broadly longitudinally
grooved ; sternum more or less thickly finely punctate.
Long., ¢, 164 mm.
Hab. Uganda Prot.; Entebbe (Forest), 300-600 feet
(S. A. Neave, Brit. Mus.).
Synonymicat Note.
Thoria natalensis, Stal, = Neocrollius natalensis, Dist.
HoMoPTERA.
Fam. Jassidee.
Subfam. BrryzoscorinZz.
Idiocerus maculatus, sp. 0.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum ochraceous, head and
pronotum more or less suffused with dull greyish, scutellum
with three large triangular black spots at base and four
very small black spots on disk; body beneath and legs
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 41
606 Mr. W. L. Distant on Rhynchota.
ochraceous ; tegmina subhyaline, costal margin ochraceous,
veuation black, an elongate inwardly curved black spot near
middle of costal margin, and the apical margin also black ;
a spot at base of face, another near apex of clypeus, and
apices of posterior tibize black ; ocelli nearer to eyes than to
each other ; front (including face) about as long as broad ;
front of head between eyes about three times as broad as
long; scutellum about as long as head and pronotum
together; posterior tibize with small brown spots and finely
spinulose.
Long., incl. tegm., 5 mm.
Hab. Brit. India; Orissa, Gopuda Island, Lake Chilka
(Ind. Mus.).
RaDHADES, gen. nov.
Front of head short and broad, as seen above about five
times as broad as long, on each side obliquely directed
backward to eyes ; ocelli beneath between the eyes, nearer
to eyes than to each other, front (including face) short and
broad, considerably broader than long, the face moderately
convex ; pronotum at base about twice as long as broad,
moderately gibbous, anterior margin rounded, basal margin
somewhat strongly sinuate before scutellum, which is a
little shorter than broad, distinctly shorter than pronotum,
transversely impressed before apex, which is subacute; teg-
mina hyaline, five apical and three subapical cells ; costal
membrane broad, claval vein rounded; posterior tibize
somewhat slender, finely spinulose.
A genus which may be placed near Bythoscopus by the
short and broad front (including face); the ocelli are nearer
base of face, the front of head above is obliquely deflected
to eyes, and the pronotum profoundly sinuate at base.
Radhades crassus, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum pale fuscous brown ;
scutellum with a black spot at each basal angle, the lateral
margins ochraceous, widened before apex ; abdomen above
pale fuscous brown, posterior segmental margins ochraceous,
the apical segment nearly wholly ochraceous ; body beneath
and legs pale ochraceous, tibize black ; head, face, and pro-
notum thickly coarsely punctate, scutellum more finely
punctate; tegmina with the basal and claval areas semi-
opaque, ochraceous, and obscurely finely granulate ; other
structural characters as in generic diagnosis.
Long., incl. tegm., 5 mm.
Hab. Tenasserim Valley ; Myitta (Doherty, Brit. Mus.).
Mr. W. L. Distant on Rhynchota. 607
Agallia rugosa, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum ochraceous mottled with
fuscous, the head as seen above less darkly so; scutellum
with a reversed triangular black spot near each basal augle
and with a smaller dark basal spot between them ; front and
face paler, with a small black spot near the insertion of the
antennz ; body beneath piceous or black; legs ochraceous ;
tegmina with the clavus brownish ochraceous, its outer
margin broadly pale ochraceous, beyond the claval area the
colour is blackish, with the costal margin gradually widening
to and including the apical area ochraceous; pronotum,
scutellum, and claval area of tegmina finely granulose ;
ocelli placed about as near to each other as to eyes ; scutellum
about as long as pronotum; head (together with the eyes)
wider than tegmina at base ; face (including clypeus) nearly
as long as width across eyes ; pronotum anteriorly convexly
rounded between the eyes.
Long. 35 mm.
Hab. N. Bengal (Brit. Mus.).
Allied to A. plotina, Dist., but differing in its granulose
upper surface and distinct culoration.
Agallia montana, sp. ui.
Head and pronotum ochraceous; vertex with two central
longitudinal spots, a smaller spot between them, and a spot
near inner margin of each eye black; pronotum with a large
waved fasciate spot on each lateral area, commencing on
anterior but not reaching posterior margin, and a short line
between them nearly reaching middle, black ; scutellum
black, the lateral margins (not reaching base) ochraceous ;
body beneath and legs ochraceous; front with a central
longitudinal line, two small spots on anterior margin, and a
larger spot between eyes and ocelli black ; margins and apex
of face, the whole of the clypeus, and irregular spots to
cheeks black ; posterior margin of mesosternum, abdomen
beneath (excluding apex) black ; tegmina pale ochraceous,
subhyaline ; ocelli placed as near to each other as to eyes ;
scutellum a little shorter than pronotum ; head together with
the eyes wider than tegmina at base ; vertex of head very
slightly rounded in front, almost truncate.
Long. 5 mm.
Hab. Simla, 7000 feet (H. M. Lefroy, Brit. Mus.).
Allied to A. atrovenosa, Melich., from which it differs in
the more truncate vertex between the eyes and different
markings and coloration.
41S
608 Mr. W. L. Distant on Rhynchota.
SITADES, gen. nov.
Vertex short, shorter at middle than on lateral areas, where
it is distinctly grooved before eyes; ocelli placed on front
just beneath the anterior margin of the vertex, nearer to each
other than to eyes ; face a little longer than broad, rounded
anteriorly ; pronotum somewhat convex, foveately depressed
on each lateral area, anterior margin moderately rounded,
posterior margin slightly sinuate ; scutellum a little shorter
than pronotum, broader than long, its apex acute; tegmina
moderately broad, passing abdominal apex; costal margin
rounded, veins coarse and prominent, apical cells five;
posterior tibiz shortly, thickly, finely spinulose.
Allied to Moonia, Dist., but differing in the largerscutellum,
narrower and more elongate face, &c.
Sitades fasciatus, sp. n.
Vertex of head and pronotum pale ochraceous, the first
with a dark indentation before each eye ; scutellum brownish
ochraceous, with the basal margin (centrally broken) black ;
body beneath and legs ochraceous, apices of femora annu-
lated, and tibize spotted with brownish; tegmina pale umber-
brown, apical area of clavus and an oblique longitudinal
fascia commencing before middle, terminating before apical
area, and anteriorly transversely continued towards costal
area, dull greyish, outer claval margin with piceous linear
spots, between which are small pale spots, the claval vein
somewhat similarly marked, the general venation also dis-
tinctly darker and marked with small pale spots; at the
posterior termination of the greyish fascia are two piceous
blotches or spots ; pronotum thickly finely granulose ; front
of head beneath with the ocelli distinctly darker, and a small
black spot near the insertion of the antennz; other struc-
tural characters as in generic diagnosis.
Long. 4 mm.
Hab. Bengal (Brit. Mus.).
DuRGADES, gen. nov.
Head with the vertex short and broad, centrally carinate,
the eyes extending beyond the anterior angles of the pro-
notum, shorter at middle than on lateral areas ; ocelli placed
on front between eyes, nearer to eyes than to each other and
nearer to base of face than to the anterior margin of the
vertex ; face about as long as broad, rounded anteriorly ;
pronotum about twice as broad as long, anterior margin
Sir G. F. Hampson on new African Agaristide. 609
rounded, posterior margin sinuate, posterior angles somewhat
obliquely rounded ; scutellum broader than long, shorter
than pronotum, its apex angularly acute; tegmina mode-
rately broader, extending beyond abdominal apex, costal
margin convexly rounded, venation distinct, apical cells five,
claval vein inwardly rounded; posterior tibie distinctly
spinulose.
Differs from the preceding genus Sitades by the ocelli
being placed nearer to base of face than to the anterior
.margin of the vertex, and nearer to eyes than to each other,
and by the venation of tegmina, especially on clavus.
Durgades nigropictus, sp. n.
Vertex of head ochraceous, with two black spots about as
far from each other as from eyes ; pronotum and scutellum
pale fuscous brown, the latter with a central longitudinal
blackish spot and a much smaller basal spot on each side ;
body beneath and legs pale brownish; tegmina with about
interior basal half brownish, remainder dull pale ochraceous,
some of the veins longitudinally streaked with black ; front
of head beneath with two small black marginal spots and
with a black line between them; other characters as in
generic diagnosis.
Long. 43 mm.
Hab. Kastern Himalayas (Brit. Mus.).
LXXIV.—Descriptions of new African Agaristide in the
British Museum. By Sir Grorce F’. Hampson, Bart.
THE numbers refer to the ‘ Catalogue of Lepidoptera Phaleenze
in the British Museum.’
65a. Xanthospilopteryx flavisignata, sp. n.
3. Head and thorax black; first and second joints of
palpi, sides of frons, vertex of head, tegule at middle and
sides, and the patagia with paired yellow points, the meso-
and metathorax with yellow points ; pectus and femora with
some yellow, the tibia striped with orange, the tarsi ringed
with yellow ; abdomen banded orange and black above and
below. Fore wing black; three slight yellowish spots
below basal part of costa and a slight spot below the cell; a
small, triangular, yellow antemedial spot in cell and two
610 Sir G. F. Hampson on new
small oblique spots above vein 1; a broad oblique bar across
end of cell and an elliptical patch below the cell ; an oblique
band from below costa beyond middle to vein 4 towards
termen, its lower extremity curved outwards and separated by
a black streak on vein 4 from a yellow spot below vein 4; a
small spot above tornus ; some slight silvery blue marks on
basal area, an oblique striga in middle of cell, and a line on
discocellulars ; cilia yellowish white at apex. Hind wing
reddish orange; a black terminal band, rather broad at apex,
somewhat expanding at vein 2, and narrowing to tornus ; ,
cilia yellowish white at apex.
Hab. Br. KE. Arnica, E. Victoria Nyanza, Lusinga (Neave),
2 $ type. Hzxp. 66 mm,
69a. Xanthospilopteryx atrifusa, sp. n.
d. Head and thorax black; first and second joints of
palpi, sides of frons, vertex of head, tegule at middle and
sides, and patagia with paired white points; pectus and
femora with some white, the tibiee orange and black, the tarsi
brown ; abdomen black, with narrow white segmental bands,
the second and third segments with some yellow at sides, the
anal tuft orange. Fore wing black; a white point below
base of costa; a small triangular white antemedial spot in
the cell, a slight spot above vein 1, and short streak above
middle of inner margin ; a quadrate white patch in end of
cell and oblique quadrate patch below the cell; a post-
medial trifid patch below the costa, divided by black streaks
on veins 7, 6, an elongate spot above vein 4 and spot below
vein 4; a small spot above tornus; some slight silvery blue
marks on basal area, an oblique striga in middle of cell, a
slight streak below middle of cell, and line on discocellulars ;
cilia white at apex. Hind wing pale yellow suffused with
black ; the inner area except towards base less suffused ; the
terminal area black, expanding widely on costal area and
narrowing to tornus, its inner edge rather diffused; cilia
white at apex; the underside pale yellow, the costal area
orange to the black terminal area and the costa narrowly
black to base.
Hab, UGANDA, Semliki Plains (Neave), 1 3 type. Eup.
68 mm,
73a. Xanthospilopteryx atribasalis, sp. n.
9. Head and thorax black; first and second joints of
palpi, sides of frons, vertex of head, tegule at middle and
sides, and patagia with white points; gule white; femora
African Agaristide tn the British Museum. 611
streaked with whitish, the fore tibiz with some orange, the
mid and hind tibiz at extremities and the tarsi ringed with
white; abdomen pale yellowish mixed with blackish, the
ventral surface more orange, lateral series of small black
spots. Fore wing black; three slight whitish spots below
basal part of costa; slight whitish antemedial spots below
costa and cell and above vein 1; a rather quadrate yellow
patch in end of cell and oblique patch below the cell; an
oblique yellow postmedial band from below costa to vein 4,
traversed by slight dark streaks on the veins, its lower
extremity excurved and with a spot below it; a small spot
above tornus; the basal area with slight silvery blue marks,
an oblique striga in middle of cell, and discoidal line ; cilia
white at apex. Hind wing orange, the inner margin reddish,
the base black; the terminal area black, broad at costa,
expanding at vein 2 and narrowing to tornus; cilia white at
tips; the underside scarlet, the black on costa extending to
middle.
Hab. Br. E. Arrica, 8. Kakumega Forest, Yala R.
(Neave),2 g type. Hup. 72-80 mm.
Aphegocera aurantipennis, sp. n.
3d. Head and thorax black; first and second joints of
palpi with white spots; frons white at sides ; gule white;
tegule at middle and sides, patagia, meso- and metathorax
with white spots, the patagia at tips and sides of metathorax
with orange-red hair; pectus orange ; femora streaked with
orange, the tibize at extremities and tarsi ringed with white ;
abdomen black, with narrow white segmental bands, the sides
with some orange at base. Fore wing reddish orange; the
terminal area black-brown, very broad at costa, and extending
as a triangular patch into upper extremity of the cell, where
there is a white spot on it, narrowing to tornus; a white
postmedial patch between veins 7 and 4, traversed by dark
streaks on veins 6 and 5, and small subterminal spots below
veins 4 and 3; a silvery blue discoidal bar; cilia with some
white above tornus. Hind wing reddish orange ; a narrow
black-brown terminal band, expanding somewhat at vein 2
and inner margin; cilia chequered black-brown and white.
Hab. Ucanpa, Kampala (Neave), 1 9g type. Eup.
62 mm.
612 On Two new Mongooses from Somaliland.
LXXV.—Two new Mongooses from Somaliland.
By R. E. Draxe-Brocxman, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.Z.S.
Helogale hirtula annulata, subsp. n.
This subspecies somewhat resembles H. hirtula in general
characters, but may readily be distinguished from it by
the darker grizzling on its head and face and the suffusion
of reddish fawn on back.
Underneath it more closely resembles H. hirtula lutescens.
Unfortunately the type of the latter is a young adult, so it
is difficult to compare the two satisfactorily ; but when com-
paring the whole hirtula group this subspecies is seen to
stand out, owing to the fact that it is not only darker but
the basal part of the fur is dark brown or even black.
In the Annals & Mag. of Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. vii,
Thomas mentions this specimen and regards it as a fully
adult specimen of H. hirtula lutescens, but owing to the
characteristics above mentioned and the fact that it is a far
cry from Lake Rudolf to Afgo on the Webi Shebeleh, I am
of opinion that it is entitled to a distinct name,
The measurements of the type (in the flesh) :-—
Head and body 243 mm. ; tail 185 mm. ; hind foot 45 mm. ;
ear 15 mm.
Skull (somewhat damaged): posterior end of interparietal
suture to gnathion 53°55 mm.; zygomatic breadth 29 mm. ;
interorbital breadth 11°5 mm.; palatal length 26mm. ; front
of canine to back of m? 18 mm.
Hab. Afgo, Webi Shebeleh, near Mogadishu, Italian
Somaliland.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no, 11. 8.2.11. Original
number 858. Collected 26th January, 1910, by myself and
presented to the British Museum.
When shot this animal was alone, a very unusual co-
incidence, as the members of this genus I have always seen
in small packs.
Helogale hirtula powelli, subsp. n.
This subspecies is like the typical ‘‘ hirtula” obtained by
Dunn in Central Somaliland, but the general appearance is
very much lighter. The colouring of the throat and belly
is very similar, but the underfur and the basal parts of the
long hairs of the back have a much more reddish coloration.
The backs of the hands and feet are also much paler and
Development of the Pectoral Girdle in the Pipefish. 613
lack the black hairs found at the bases of the nails in the
typical “‘ hirtula.”
Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :-—
Head and body 256 mm.; tail 193 mm.; hind foot
44mm. ; ear 27 mm.
Skull: condylo-basal length 545 mm.; zygomatic
breadth 31 mm.; interorbital breadth 12 mm.; breadth of
brain-case 23 mm.; front of canine to back of m? 19 mm.
Hab. Eil Hur, near Obbia, Italian Somaliland.
Type. Adult male. Original number 595. Collected by
me Jan. 1912 and presented to the British Museum.
I was fortunate in obtaining two other specimens of this
mongoose at Gharabwein, a day’s march distant from Eil
Hur, and they both possess the same distinctive pale
coloration. It gives me much pleasure in naming this
mongoose after my friend Mr. H. T. Powell, Treasurer of
the Somaliland Protectorate.
LXXVI.—On the Development of the Pectoral Girdle in the
Pipefish (Syngnathus acus). By T. P. Buist, M.A., B.Sc.,
Gatty Marine Laboratory, University of St. Andrews.
[Plate XITT.]
Tuer most important contribution to the study of the anatomy
of the Lophobranchs is undoubtedly Professor Jungersen’s
recent paper *, including as it does both an exhaustive
account of the comparative anatomy of the group, prepared
from his own investigations and illustrated with a large
number of exceedingly clear and accurate figures, and a
critical review of the previous literature, bringing the whole
subject completely up to date. .Jungersen gives a full and
accurate description of the pectoral girdle of the adult pipe-
fish, and also records the less perfect descriptions of earlier
writers. ‘This renders it unnecessary to do more here than
mention a few points which are of importance in relation to
the special purpose of this paper.
Superficial in position the pectoral girdle in the pipefish
enters into intimate relations with the adjoining plates of
the dermal armature, and differs greatly from that of other
* H. F. E. Jungersen, “ Ichthyotomical Contributions—II, The
Structure of the Aulostomide, Syngnathidee, and Solenostomide,” D. Kgl.
Danske Vid. Selsk, Skrifter, 7 Reekke, Nat. og Math, Afd, viii, 5 (1910).
614 Mr. T. P. Buist on the Development of
fishes, especially in the peculiar proportions of the coraco-
scapular skeleton. The main part of the coraco scapular
skeleton is a triangular cartilaginous plate, the “ intermediate
cartilage,’ attached by its apex in front and below to the
ossified coracoid and above and behind by its base to the
small scapula and four proximal radials, also ossified.
The coracoid (fig. 1) consists of two main limbs, forming
a somewhat obtuse V, and of a smaller arm within the angle
of the V. One limb (pt p) is directed backward, tapered at
its posterior extremity, and attached internally by a flattened
surface to its fellow of the opposite side. ‘The other limb
(pyr.p’) is slighter and wedge-shaped; it passes upward and
outward and articulates with the posterior aspect of the
inner branch of the stem of the clavicle. The arm of the
coracoid divides the angle into two unequal parts, the upper
being the smaller, and is directed upward, backward, and
outward to join the apex of the intermediate cartilage.
The proximal radials are four ossicles with slender middles
and expanded proximal and distal extremities. The distal
extremities bear pairs of small ragged processes, carrying the
distal radials, and also minute recurved processes which
anchor the ossicle to the lips of the cleft in the dermal
armature through which the fin passes.
The scapula is similar to the proximal radials, but its
distal extremity is expanded into two arms, the upper and
anterior being attached to the clavicle, while the posterior
articulates with the distal extremity of the upper proximal
radial.
The clavicle is roughly T-shaped; the upper part is
attached internally to the transverse processes of the first
and second vertebra, while the stem forks and the branches
are attached to the jugular plate. Through the two foramina
thus formed a pair of muscles pass forward from the trunk,
and, after joining to form a single median tendon, are
inserted into the urohyal. ~
Owing to the difficulty of procuring the requisite niaterial
a complete range of embryonic stages has not been available,
and a description of the earlier stages has therefore had to be
omitted. ‘The figures were prepared from serial sections by
the contour method of reconstruction *. Ehrlich’s acid hama-
toxylin followed by orange G in 70 per cent. alcohol as a
slide-stain was used in the preparation of the sections.
Stage I.—The youngest stage procured, 21 mm., was
taken from the pouch of a specimen from the University
* T. P. Buist, “A Method of Reconstruction by Contours,” Journ.
Anat. & Phys. vol, xlvii. (1918),
the Pectoral Girdle in the Pipefish. 615
Museum. In this stage the post-temporal has not yet
appeared, but the clavicle already gives an indication of its
final shape. It has somewhat the form of an inverted L,
consisting of a thin Jaminar upper part and a slender stem.
The laminar upper part is attached by an intervening mass of
fibrous tissue to the transverse process of the first vertebra,
and extends forward to near the skull, but does not yet
extend back much behind the stem. The stem passes down-
ward and finally inward, and terminates above tbe inner edge
of the muscle to the hyoid in a median mass of fibrous
tissue which connects it with the jugular plate, the lower
angle of the coraco-scapular cartilage, and the clavicle of the
opposite side.
At this stage in the development the cartilaginous part of
the shoulder-girdle is still predominant, and consists on either
side of a vertical triangular coraco-scapular plate in which
the parts are as yet imperfectly differentiated. This carti-
laginous plate is slightly concavo-convex, with the convexity
outward and the curvature more accentuated behind than in
front. The region of the antero-inferior angle represents
the coracoid, and at its vertex the cartilage is continued
downward on the inner side of the stem of the clavicle to
form the precoracoid process, which terminates beside its
fellow in the median mass of fibrous tissue already noted,
The postcoracoid process has not yet appeared. The scapular
portion is represented by the upper angle of the cartilage,
which bears the small vertical scapular process. On the
anterior border of the cartilage toward the lowest point of
the scapular region a small hook of the cartilage projects
forward inward and downward, producing a well-detined
notch, which is probably the rudiment of the scapular
foramen*., In stage II. this notch has disappeared, the
structures which passed through it passing round the anterior
border of the cartilage as in the adult.
Toward the posterior margin of the cartilage four foramina
which pierce the cartilage in a vertical series indicate the
formation of the radial elements, The lowest foramen is as
yet small, and is evidently the most recent. The uppermost
foramen separates the first proximal radial from the upper
* Cf. Derjugin, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. xevi. (1910). A very similar con-
dition of this foramen is presented in the figure of the girdle of an 8 mm.
Lophius (p. 599) and alsoina 5 mm. Gobius minutus (pl. xxvii. tig. 16).
Tbe foramen in this case becomes completed subsequently. In the same
figure may be seen another notch lower down on the anterior border of
the cartilage, which in the next stage (8 mm., fig. 17) is almost a com-
plete foramen bounded above by a hook of cartilage, but eventually
disappears again (18 mm., fig. 18),
616 Mr. T. P. Buist on the Development of
part of the scapular region, which has itself many of the
characters of a proximal radial and carries two distal radials
with their fin-rays. The posterior margin of the cartilage is
convex and is in relation with twelve nodules of cartilage,
the distal radials, which bear the elements of the twelve
fin-rays.
Between the coracoid at the proximal or antero-inferior
angle, and the scapula and the four radial elements which
occupy the distal or posterior border with the upper and
postero-inferior angles, lies an intermediate region which
forms from a third to a half of the whole cartilage. This
“intermediate cartilage” is notable in that, although
practically absent in the adult in most teleosts, in the pipefish
it persists, and in the adult actually forms the greater part
of the coraco-scapular skeleton.
The two nuchal plates appear to develop in the same
manner as the other plates of the body-armour. In the
21 mm. embryo they are found as a pair of small thin bony
scutes each enclosed in a well-defined ‘“ flattened sac” very
similar to that described by Kazaneff*. Their development
is at a stage between Kazanefl’s figures 4 and 5, and is thus
a little behind that of the other plates of the region.
Stage U.—In a 28 mm. embryo, near the term of intra-
marsupial life, the post-temporal is present in the form of a
slender V-shaped ossification at the anterior end of the upper
part of the clavicle. The clavicle is stouter than in the las
stage and has now the general form and features of its adult
state. ‘The stem is branched and the outer branch passes
downward external to the muscle to the hyoid and gives
support to the upper part of the jugular plate. The upper
laminar part of the clavicle extends backward behind the
stem, and is attached to the transverse process of the
second vertebra as well as to that of the first.
In this stage the coraco-scapular cartilage (fig. 2) still
forms the greater part of the shoulder-girdle and is now flat
behind. The coracoid region (c¢) is better defined than in
the previous stage, being slightly thicker than the remainder
of the cartilage, to the plane of which it now lies somewhat
internal. The precoracoid process (pr.p) has increased con-
siderably in diameter without any appreciable increase in
length, and is no longer a distinct process, but rather a part
of the coracoid. The postcoracoid process (pt.p) forms a
small ossified projection at the posterior border of the
* Kazanetf, “Ueber die Entstehung des Hautpanzers bei Syngnathus
acus,” Zool, Anz, xxx. (1906),
the Pectoral Girdle in the Pipefish. 617
coracoid, just below its junction with the remainder of the
cartilage.
The most notable change in the coraco-scapular cartilage,
however, is in the scapular region. The scapula (sc) consists
of a short stout vertical column, continuous at its proximal
end with the “intermediate cartilage” (cs) and with the
base of the first proximal radial (R). From its distal end a
more slender column passes backward over the uppermost of
the four foramina to the postericr margin of the cartilage,
where it again meets the first proximal radial and is in
relation with two of the distal radials. This horizontal part
is attached to a projecting ledge on the posterior arm
(z. e. behind the stem) of the laminar portion of the clavicle.
The scapular process (sc.p) points forward instead of upward,
but does not yet take part in the attachment to the clavicle.
The scapular foramen or notch has disappeared, being merged
in the larger space enclosed between the clavicle and the
coraco-scapular cartilage.
Stage III., 33 mm., about a fortnight after the young
fish has left the brood-pouch.—In this stage the skeleton
presents a new feature in the commencement of ossification
of the cartilages, the surfaces of many bearing a thin coat of
clear non-cellular material like the substance of the mem-
brane bones.
Beyond an obvious increase in size and strength the post-
temporal and the clavicle differ little from the previous stage.
The inner branch of the stem of the clavicle has grown
toward the jugular plate, but has not yet reached it.
The appearance of the coracoids at this stage is shown in
fig. 3. The coracoid (co) is now distinctly marked off from
the remainder of the cartilage, to which it is joined by a
thin neck. The precoracoid process (pr.p), directed slightly
outward, is very short in comparison with its thickness, and
has become practically the anterior part of the coracoid (co).
At its anterior end the precoracoid process is attached to the
_inner branch of the stem of the clavicle (é.cl). The post-
coracoid process (pt.p), slightly larger than in stage II., is a
small somewhat conical tuberosity at the posterior end of
the coracoid, behind and below the neck connecting it with
the remainder of the cartilage. This process is ossified, and
from its base the first traces of ossification extend forward
over the surface of the coracoid toward the precoracoid
process.
The anterior border of the coraco-scapular cartilage is
curved inward above to the point where it is attached to
the clavicle through the medium of the anterior part of the
618 Mr. T. P. Buist on the Development of
scapula. The scapular process is directed forward as in the
previous stage, but now takes part in the attachment. In
this region also ossification has commenced, but it is as yet
only partial and superficial. The proximal radials have now
approximately attained their adult shape, but show no traces
of ossification, and are continuous with the remainder of the
coraco-scapular cartilage. Externally and internally respec-
tively the proximal radials are now overlapped by the cover-
plate and the mid lateral plate of the second ring, and are
attached to them by connective tissue. Above, the scapula
is similarly loosely anchored within a cleft in the clavicle.
Stage 1V., 44 mm.—The post-temporal is now roughly
Y-shaped and is attached in front to the skull by its two
branches and behind by its stem to the fore-end of the
clavicle. The inner branch of the stem of the clavicle curves
toward the mesial plane and is attached at its inferior ex-
tremity to the jugular plate ; it thus completes between the
jugular plate and the two branches of the clavicular stem
the osseous foramen through which the muscle to the hyoid
passes.
The coracoid (fig. 4, co) is a roundish mass of cartilage
lying close to its fellow of the opposite side ; its anterior
third is the greatly thickened precoracoid process (pr.p)
which connects it with the inner branch of the stem of the
clavicle (i.cl). From the upper and posterior part of the
coracoid the postcoracoid process (pit.p), now comparatively
long and slender, passes backward and downward, and its
upper and outer surfaces give origin to part of the fin-
muscle. The “arm” of the coracoid arises from the upper
part of the external aspect of the coracoid, and passes outward
and upward to join the intermediate cartilage. The post-
coracoid process is ossified throughout its whole substance,
while the remainder of the coracoid, including the precoracoid
process and the arm, is ossified superficially.
The scapula in its form and function is now almost iden-
tical with the four proximal radials. In the two uppermost
of-these ossification has commenced, but there is as yet no
sign of the peculiar serrations and “ anchoring processes” of
the distal end which develop later.
An important feature of the last two stages is the stiffening
of the pectoral skeleton and the changing of the support of
the pectoral fin from the coraco-scapular girdle to the dermal
plates enclosing the fin-cleft. In the subsequent develop-
ment these changes are carried on to their completion. The
attachment of the clavicle to the transverse processes of the
the Pectoral Girdle in the Pipefish. 619
first two vertebre is strengthened by the development of
longitudinal ridges on the internal aspect of the bone.
With the advance of ossification the small processes appear
on the proximal radials, and the scapula and proximal radials
become differentiated from the intermediate cartilage. As
the body of the coracoid becomes ossified the vertical limb
(fig. 1, prp*) arises as an upward extension from the anterior
end, i. e. from the precoracoid process, while the postcoracoid
process develops into the posterior half of the horizontal limb
(pt.p). The arm ossifies with the remainder of the coracoid,
but its upper end remains hollow, to give a better attachment
to the intermediate carulage.
The formation of a practically continuous dermal armour
of bony scutes, and its special strengthening to produce a
more rigid framework in the pectoral region by the restric-
tion of the movements of its individual parts, are closely
connected with the development of the pectoral girdle in the
pipefish, and are responsible for most of the peculiarities of
the adult girdle.
The clavicle apparently arises as a slender vertical bar in
front of the coraco-scapular cartilage, and expands both
forward and backward at its upper end, to have a rigid
vertebral attachment and to form part of the dermal armour.
The development of the primary cartilaginous shoulder-
girdle presents several peculiar features. The scapular
region is small and is primarily limited by a foramen in the
cartilage, which apparently rises in conjunction with and in
the same way as the three foramina by which the four
proximal radials are initially indicated, and with which it
forms a series of four which persists in the adult. There is
apparently no other sign of a division of the primary
shoulder-girdle into a true coraco-scapular and a radial
cartilage. A true scapular foramen is present in the earlier
stages, but eventually becomes merged in the large opening
between the coraco-scapular cartilage and the clavicle. <A
scapular process is also present, and persists in the adult
as the upper arm of the scapula. The adult scapula becomes
distinct from the remainder of the coraco-scapular cartilage
by ossifying into a small bone which closely resembles the
proximal radials in form and dimensions, as well as in its
genesis. The reduction of the scapula and its resemblance
to a proximal radial are found in various lesser degrees in
the Hemibranchiate fishes, and may be traced through a
series of stages ending with Fistularia, which presents an
arrangement of these parts closely allied to that in Syngnathus.
620 Development of the Pectoral Girdle in the Pipefish.
With the reduction of the scapula the intermediate carti-
lage is correspondiugly increased and carries the four
proximal radials, which, as in the case of the scapula, become
distinct from the remainder of the cartilage by their ossifi-
cation. The transfer of the direct support of the pectoral
fin from the internal to the external skeleton renders a largely
ossified coraco-scapular region unnecessary.
The coracoid becomes defined by its growth and by the
constriction of its connexion with the remainder of the
cartilage. The precoracoid process is distinct at first, but
eventually forms part of the mass of the coracoid. A poste-
rior process is also developed which, although not actually
preformed in cartilage, but arising rather as an extension
of the ossifying coracoid; occupies the position and relations
usually associated with the postcoracoid process in teleosteans.
The postcoracoid process becomes attached to the jugular
plate, although it does not fuse with it. Its relations thus
present an interesting resemblance to those of the post-
coracoid process and infracleithrum in Gasterosteus as
described by Swinnerton*. Whether this can be regarded
as more than an analogy is extremely doubtful. After
ossification has commenced the vertical limb arises as an
extension of the coracoid and restricts the movements at the
coraco-clavicular jot. The coracoid thus acts as a bracket
for the rigid support of the jugular plate at its attachment
to the clavicle.
Jungersen was the first to recognize this bone as the
coracoid, previous writers having usually regarded it as an
interclavicle. The facts of its development as here shown
leave no doubt that Jungersen’s interpretation is correct.
I have to express my gratitude to Professor M‘Intosh for
continual stimulus and encouragement, and Dr. G. A.
Boulenger for his kindly advice and assistance; also to
Professor Sutherland, of University College, Dundee, for
the freedom of his laboratory during part of the research.
To Dr. Williamson, of Nigg Bay, Aberdeen, I am much
indebted for assistance in obtaining material for the work.
* H. H. Swinnerton, “ A Contribution to the Morphology and Develop-
ment of the Pectoral Skeleton of Teleosteans,” Q. J. M.S. xlix. ii, (1905).
Swinnerton found no postcoracoid process in Stphonostoma, a closely
allied genus, but it is possible that the process had been overlooked or had
not yet appeared.
On some New Zealand Pselaphida. 621
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.
Fig. 1. Syngnathus acus. Left coracoid of adult, external aspect.
Fig. 2. Ditto, 28 mm. (Stage I.), Left coraco-scapular plate, internal
aspect. X 110.
Fig. 3. Ditto, 33 mm, (Stage III.). Right and left coracoids, seen from
above. x 110,
Fxg. 4. Ditto, 44 mm, (Stage IV.). Coracoid region, internal aspect.
x 110.
Lettering.
R, proximal radial; 7, distal radial; c/, portion of clavicle; 7, inner,
o, outer branch of stem of clavicle; co, coracoid; cs, part of intermediate
cartilage ; pr.p, precoracoid process; pr.p’, vertical limb of coracoid ;
pt.p. postcoracoid process ; se, scapula; sc.p, scapular process.
LXXVII.—WNotes on some New Zealand Pselaphide tn the
British Museum, with Descriptions of new Species of the
Genus Sagola. By Major T. Broun, F.E.S.
In May last, quite unexpectedly, a box containing about eighty
specimens of Pselaphide was received from the British
Museum, together with a letter from Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow
requesting me toname the insects. ‘These specimens formed
part of Dr. D. Sharp’s collection, which has recently become
the property of the National Museum, and had been found
by Mr. R. Helms about thirty years ago, chiefly in the
South Island.
In this paper I have endeavoured to give an account of
such of the specimens as belong to the genus Sagola in the
Faronini, which, perhaps, is the most complex we possess.
In a previous paper (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8,
vol. viii. p. 488, Oct. 1911) it was shown that this genus then
comprised sixty-three species. Those now added make a
total of seventy-five, and there can be no doubt that the
number will soon be augmented.
The study of these old and rather roughly mounted insects
was far from being an easy matter. There was only one of
each species, some were not in good order and were more or
less embedded in gum. They had to be removed from the
cardboard and carefully cleaned, so that the structure of the
underside might be examined. Those who have no expe-
rience in such tedious and delicate operations should ascertain
by actual practice what it means, always bearing in mind
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 42
622 Major TI’. Broun on some
J
that a large specimen is less than the sixth of an inch in
length.
These insects are not agriculturalists’ pests. Many years
ago I found them destroying Acaride, and during Oct. 1911
‘I kept three specimens of Sagola eminens (2724) under close
observation, along with the dead vegetable rubbish, Acaride,
Lipuride, &c., amongst which they were found, and watched
them feeding on the Lipure.
The remainder of the specimens, belonging principally to
the HEuplectini, will, if all goes well, be dealt with in a
later paper. Tnos. Broun.
Mount Albert,
Auckland, N.Z.,
3lst Angust, 1912.
List of Species examined.
1877. Sagola sobrina, Broun. Tairua.
3364. ,, nitida, Brown. Greymouth,
3482. ,, carinata, sp. n. 43
3483. ,, ventralis, sp. n. aa
3484. ,, occipitalis, sp. n. ;
3485. ,, longula, sp. n. Auckland.
3486. ,, pallidula, sp. n. Greymouth.
3487. ,, spiniventris, sp. n. Picton.
3488. ,, grata, sp. n. 3
3489. ,, — bifoveiceps, sp. n. Greymouth.
3490. », biimpressa, sp. n.
349]. ,, clavatella, sp. n.
”
”
3492. ,, lawsoni, sp. n. Auckland.
3493. ,, latula, sp. n. Greymouth,
— , frontalis, Raffiay. Bealey.
» punctulata, Raffray. Greymouth.
The numbers are in correspondence with the author’s
‘Manual of New Zealand Coleoptera.’
3482. Sagola carinata, sp. n.
Shining, sanguineous ; legs and antenne paler; pubes-
cence yellowish, rather elongate, subdepressed, mingled with
longer erect setz on the wing-cases and abdomen ; the body
elongate and subdepressed.
Head rather smaller than the thorax, gradually narrowed
behind the eyes, with obtuse hind angles; it is finely
and indefinitely punctate; along the middle there is a
carina which, in front, is transformed into a very slender
groove; this separates the flat antennal tubercles ; occipital
tovees punctiform, yet moderately large. Thorax sub-
cordate, rounded and widest before the middle, more obliquely
New Zealand Pselaphide. 623
narrowed in front than behind, its length and breadth about
equal, minutely and distantly punctured ; discal depression
deep, not very large, subrotundate, its two basal punctures
small; lateral fovez deep, but hardly prolonged as far as the
middle. lytra oblong, slightly narrowed near the base,
fully a third longer than the thorax, nearly plane, minutely
and distantly punctured, and in some lights appearing feebly
rugose or asperate; sutural strize broad and deep near the
base, each of the dorsal ones composed of a basal puncture and
elongate impression and indistinctly prolonged to beyond the
middle. ind body nearly as broad as and slightly longer
than the elytra, its first uncovered segment with minute
brassy scales and evidently shorter than the second or
following one.
Antenne stout, with slender elongate puhescence; basal
joint twice as long as broad, the next suboviform, as thick as
the first but much shorter, third much narrower, obconical ;
joints 4-8 suboviform, the others broken off.
Underside dark red, with elongate yellow pubescence.
Metasternum moderately elongate and convex. Abdomen
finely punctate, segments 2-4 inereasing in length, filth little
more than half as long as the fourth, sixth widely emarginate
for half its length; the operculum or supplementary segment
convex and broadly conical.
On comparison with its only near ally S. lineata (2719)
this is seen to be rather larger, with coarser vestiture, and
manifestly and uniformly darker in colour. The antennal
tubercles are not elevated, the carina along the middle of the
head is distinct, but the frontal groove is shorter and more
slender. In 2719 the thoracic pubescence is decumbent,
very slender, and disposed transversely, and on the middle of
the second visible dorsal segment fine lines form two sides
of a triangle.
6. Length 24; breadth nearly 3 mm.
Greymouth. British Museum, from Dr. Sharp’s collection ;
one example found by Mr. R. Heims.
3483. Sagola ventralis, sp. n.
Subparallel, sanguineous, shining ; pubescence yellow.
At first sight this may appear as if 1t were a sexual form
of S. carinata; it is, however, a male, and exhibits the
following disparities :—
The head is broader, less narrowed behind the eyes, with
obtuse hind angles, the occipital foveze are larger, the fore-
head has fine rugose sculpture, and the central carina when
42*
624 Major T. Broun on some
inspected sideways is seen to extend right to the front, the
thoracic median depression is larger and almost reaches
the basal margin, though more shallow there, the intra-
humeral strie are more sharply defined as far back as the
middle of the elytra, without any sign of posterior prolonga-
tion, and, what is of more importance, outside each of these
there is an additional slender stria like that seen in M. Raffray’s
S. frontalis, which species, however, is materially different in
other respects.
Antenne as long as the head and thorax, with slender
elongate greyish hairs, their basal joint hardly twice as long
as broad, third obconical, nearly as long as, but more slender
than, the second, joints 4—6 subequal and moniliform, seventh
and eighth rather broader, ninth and tenth transverse ; the
basal portion of the eleventh is subquadrate, but its distinct
apical appendage renders the joint conical.
Underside dark fusco-rufous, with yellow pubescence ;
abdomen finely yet distinctly and moderately closely punc-
tured. Fourth ventral segment largest, fifth nearly as long as
the second, with a broad median lobe extending nearly halfway
over the much paler sixth, which is depressed at each side
but its central portion is broadly conical and marginated.
This peculiar ventral structure, together with the broader
head and supplementary elytral strie, constitute the important
characteristics.
3. Length 24; breadth fully $ mm.
Greymouth (Af. R. Helms). One from Dr. Sharp’s collec-
tion, British Museum.
3484. Sagola occipitalis, sp. n.
Slender, elongate, subdepressed, nitid ; head and thorax
light fusco-rufous, elytra and abdomen flavo-castaneous, legs
and antennz fusco-testaceous, these latter rufous near the
base; palpi yellow; pubescence greyish yellow, elongate,
rather thick behind, but without long erect sete there.
Head suboblong-oval, not abruptly narrowed anteriorly,
very slightly rounded behind the moderately large eyes, with
obtuse hind angles; antennal tubercles nearly flat and sepa-
rated by a distinct groove, the frontal channel moderately
broad and deep and prolonged nearly to the base; the occipital
fovee very minute, hardly discernible; at each side of the
base there is an indistinct transverse groove. Thorax
slightly longer than broad, rounded and widest at or just
before the middle ; discal depression rather small and sub-
rotundate, the basal punctures distinct though not large,
New Zealand Pselaphide. - 625
lateral foveze deep but not prolonged to the middle. Zlytra
slightly depressed before the middle, indistinctly punctate,
considerably narrowed towards the base, only about half as
broad there as they are behind, about as long as broad and
nearly double the length of the thorax; sutural strize well
marked throughout, without adjacent basal punctures, the
dorsal striz fully half the entire length, each consisting of a
distinctly separated basal puncture and elongate impression.
Hind body subparallel, almost as broad as the elytra and a
third longer, indistinctly punctate, its third visible segment
slightly longer than the second.
Antenne rather longer than the head and thorax, with
elongate pubescence ; basal joint twice as long as broad,
second subglobular, third not as large, joints 4-10 gradually
thickened, the fourth as long but not quite as broad as the
second, fifth to eighth nearly equal and moniliform, the
following two transverse, the terminal conical, nearly twice
the length of the penultimate.
The form of the head, its relatively large and elongate
frontal channel but very minute occipital fovex, the indefinite
shape of the thorax, neither exactly cordate nor oviform, and
the basally narrowed elytra render its position doubtful. At
present it is located in Section XLV. of the genus.
Length 13; breadth nearly $ mm.
Greymouth. A single individual from Dr. Sharp’s collec-
tion in the British Museum, found by Mr. R. Helms. It is
mounted with the abdomen embedded in gum, so I have not
considered it advisable to risk injury in dismounting and
cleaning it to examine the structure of the underside ; I think,
however, it is a female.
3485. Sagola longula, sp. n.
Narrow, subparallel, very elongate, slightly convex,
shining, with suberect, elongate, yellowish pubescence, the
head and thorax nearly glabrous; dark rufous, elytra and
legs paler, palpi yellow, antennee somewhat fulvescent.
Head subovate, slightly narrowed behind the moderately
large feebly convex eyes, with obtuse hind angles, finely
pungtate near the sides ; antennal tubercles slightly elevated,
frontal channel oblong, deep, extending as far as the middle
of the eyes, occipital fovex very distinct. Thorax almost
oviform, being only moderately rounded and rather wider
near the middle than elsewhere, slightly longer than broad ;
discal depression subrotundate but not very large, not
reaching the base, which has two small punctures; lateral
626 Major T. Broun on some
fovere deep, prolonged forwards to tle middle. Elytra
oblong, a third longer than broad, longer than the thorax,
not perceptibly depressed near the base ; sutural strize rather
narrow, finely pluripunctate, and with a basal puncture
alongside each ; dorsal strize not extending as far back as the
middle, each distinctly divided, the basal portion punctiform,
Hind body rather longer but not broader than the wing-cases,
somewhat transversely convex, its segments gradually in-
creasing in length, the fourth longer and paler than the
preceding one, the small fifth conical and quite exposed ;
the first visible segment, besides the longer pubescence,
bears numerous minute brassy sete, and, though its apex js
truncate, its sides as well as the thick lateral margins are
obtusely prolonged.
Antenne nearly as long as the head and thorax, their last
four joints rather broader than the preceding ones ;_ basal
joint red, thick, almost twice as long as broad, second slightly
longer than broad, third globular, much smaller than the
adjacent ones, fourth and fifth globular and equal, sixth and
seventh very slightly broader, both narrowed in front, joints
8-10 transverse, the terminal one large, conical, its apical
appendage distinct.
This, as regards the elytra, agrees very well with M. Raf-
fray’s description of S. brevicornts, but the hind angles of
the head and the shape of the thorax must be very different.
Unfortunately I have not seen his species, which I think is
referable to another section. Although this is placed in the
same section as S. guinness?, 1t does not accord with any of
its members.
Length 23; breadth barely 4 mm.
Auckland, Found by Mr. T. Lawson about forty years
ago. One from Dr. Sharp’s collection, British Museum.
3486. Sagola pallidula, sp. n.
Nitid, wholly testaceous; pubescence elongate, greyish
yellow, suberect, thicker on the abdomen, with very few long
hairs.
Head rather shorter than the thorax, slightly narrowed
behind the moderately large eyes, with obtuse hind angles ;
antennal tubercles a little elevated and almost contiguous at
the apex, frontal channel moderately broad and deep, very
gradually expanded backwards and extending as far as the
back of the eyes; occipital fovew distinct. Thorax sub-
cordate, widest and rounded before the middle, of about equal
length and breadth ; discal depression moderately large, sub-
New Zealand Pselaphide. 627
quadrate; basal punctures small and almost in contact with
the depression ; lateral fove deep and reaching the middle.
Elytra oblong, a third longer than the thorax, gently nar-
rowed towards the base, with well-marked simple sutural
striz, the dorsal stria consisting of a distinctly separated basal
puncture and more elongate impression, which is quite short
on one elytron but longer on the other. Hind body as broad
and fully as long as the elytra, obliquely narrowed and
depressed towards the extremity, the first uncovered segment
evidently shorter than the second, which is hardly as long as
the third.
Antenne rather elongate and slender, longer than the head
and thorax, slightly incrassate from the fourth joint onwards,
with elongate pubescence ; basal joint twice as long as broad,
the second more than half the length of the first, somewhat
obconical, third small and subglobular, joints 4-6 rather
Jonger than broad, the next two slightly broader, ninth and
tenth subquadrate, eleventh conical.
The unusually pale colour is perhaps due to immaturity.
Although it should be placed in the same section of the genus
as iS. prisca (247) and its allies, its small size renders its
separation from all of them a comparatively easy matter.
S. punctata (1880), formerly the smallest of the section, is
23 mm. in length, its antenne, though relatively shorter, are
considerably stouter, the tubercles are more prominent, its
head is punctate, and there is a distinct puncture alongside
each of the sutural striz.
Length 12; breadth nearly } mm.
Greymouth. Found by Mr. R. Helms. A single example
in the British Museum from Dr. Sharp’s collection is all I
have seen,
3487. Sagola spiniventris, sp. n.
Elongate, narrowed anteriorly, subdepressed, nitid ; head,
thorax, and base of elytra rufous, remainder of these last of
a paler red ; abdomen chestnut-red ; antenne and legs rufo-
testaceous ; tarsi and palpi flavescent ; pubescence yellowish,
elongate and suberect, thicker on the abdomen.
Head rather small, subovate, very slightly narrowed
behind the rather small moderately prominent eyes, with
obtuse hind angles; antennal tubercles a little elevated ;
frontal channel large, oviform, almost reaching the base ;
occipital foveee very small. Thorax rather broader than the
head, very slightly longer than broad, moderately rounded
and widest near the middie; median depression moderately
628 Major T. Broun on some
large, of irregular form, subquadrate ; basal punctures small,
lateral foveze deep, not prolonged beyond the middle. Llytra
suboblong, distinctly narrowed before the middle, a third
longer than the thorax, indistinctly punctate ; sutural strize
deep throughout, with a small basal puncture alongside each,
the dorsal strie half the whole length, one with a single basal
puncture, the other with two minute ones. Hind body rather
longer than the elytra and quite as broad, its first visible
segment rather shorter than either of the following two.
Antenne as long as the head and thorax, evidently thick-
ened from the fifth joint onwards, with elongate pubescence ;
basal joint twice as long as broad, second oviform, third of
nearly similar form but only half as large, fourth subglobular,
fifth rather larger than either of the following two, which
are also subglobular, eighth slightly larger, ninth and tenth
transversely quadrate, the terminal one conical and large.
Underside castaneo-rufous, with elongate yellow pubes-
cence ; segments 2-4 nearly equal, with deep sutures, fifth
rather shorter, sixth hardly as long as the preceding one,
slightly but widely emarginate ; at one side of its extremity
a slender spiniform process extends backwards, its fellow of
the other side having been detached along with the gummed
portion of the supplementary segment. The remaining process
is visible from above after being remounted on cardboard.
The body tapers anteriorly, but interruptedly. The
thorax is oviform rather than cordate, so that this species
should be placed at present near S. occtpitalis. The frontal
channel is elongate-oval, and the terminal ventral segment
remarkable.
9. Length 24; breadth $ mm.
Picton. One example from Dr. Sharp’s collection, British
Museum, found about thirty years ago by Mr. R. Helms.
3488. Sagola grata, sp. n.
Elongate, shining, light rufous, abdomen and antenne
pale castaneous, legs fulvescent, palpi yellow ; pubescence
elongate, suberect, yellowish grey.
Head nearly as large as the thorax, obliquely narrowed
anteriorly, its sides behind the moderately large eyes nearly
straight, with rounded hind angles ; it is finely and irregularly
punctate, rather more distinctly on the somewhat flattened
- tubercles; frontal channel deep, extending to beyond the
back of the eyes, narrower in front than behind, occipital
fovess distinct. Thorax subcordate, strongly rounded and
widest near the middle, as much narrowed in front as behind,
New Zealand Pselaphide. 629
minutely and distantly punctate ; discal depression large,
subrotundate, basal punctures small, lateral fovee deep,
hardly attaining the middle; its length and breadth about
the same. iytra distinctly narrowed before the middle, as
long as they are broad, a third longer than the thorax ;
sutural strize deep, with a small basal puncture alongside
each ; the dorsal striz divided, each having a basal puncture
and elongate impression, which is feebly prolonged beyond the
middle. Hind body rather longer than the wing-cases, first
visible segment rather shorter than the following ones and
bearing minute brassy scales.
Antenne as long as the head and thorax, very gradually
incrassate from the fourth joint onwards ; basal joint twice
as long as broad, second rotundate, third small and oviform,
joints 4—7 rather broader than long, each narrowed towards
the extremity, 8-10 laxly articulated, transverse, the terminal
joint quadrate, but with an additional apical appendage.
Underside ligit chestnut-red, finely punctate, with elongate
yellow pubescence. Head obtusely swollen near each side
behind the middle, the central space concave, and with an
impression near the inner side of each eye. Fifth ventral
segment rather shorter than the third or fourth, sixth nearly
as long as the preceding one in the middle, deeply but
narrowly emarginate behind, the operculum rather small and
subovate.
This is certainly distinct from S. spiniventris, the head is
broader and its sculpture, both above and below, is quite
different,
3. Length 21; breadth } mm.
Picton. Found by Mr. Helms. <A specimen of this
species, found on cardboard alongside one of S. spini-
ventris in Dr. Sharp’s collection, has been returned to the
British Museum.
3489. Sagola bifovetceps, sp. n.
Elongate, shining, head and thorax light rufous, elytra,
legs and antenne more fulvescent, abdomen light castaneous,
palpi yellow.
This species most nearly resembles S. grata, from Picton,
but on comparing the two the following differences become
apparent :—
Head rather narrower, distinctly narrowed behind, frontal
channel large, deep, broader in front than behind and almost
reaching the base, antennal tubercles more elevated and
more evidently separated, occipital foveze almost minute but
630 Major T. Broun on some
sharply marked. lytra suboblong, gradually narrowed
and depressed above before the middle, fully a third longer
than the thorax; sutural strie deep, punctiform at the base,
but without distinct basal punctures alongside, dorsal strize
not prolonged beyond the middle. Hind body slightly
longer than the elytra, its first visible segment evidently
shorter than either of the following two, with minute brassy
scales at its base and numerous short sete behind, the
terminal two segments horizontal.
Antenne slightly longer than the head and thorax, their
second joint suboviform, third small and globular, joints 4-8
about equal, each narrowed apically, ninth and tenth
moderately transverse, slightly broader than the eighth, the
terminal one larger, conical.
Underside chestnut-red, fulvescent behind. Head red,
with a pair of semicircular depressions between the eyes.
Prosternum subtruncate in front (in most species it is dis-
tinctlyemarginate). Ventral segments 2-4 gradually enlarged,
the fifth as long as the fourth at the sides, sixth narrow,
with an elongate central fovea.
6. Length 24; breadth } mm.
Greymouth (2. Helms). British Museum, one from
Dr. Sharp’s collection.
8490. Sagola biimpressa, sp. n.
Shining, light rufous, abdomen and legs slightly casta-
neous, antennze obscurely fulvescent, palpi yellow; the
pubescence elongate (most of it rubbed off).
Head rather broad, slightly narrowed behind the moderately
large and prominent eyes, with obtuse hind angles; frontal
channel deep, prolonged nearly to the base but becoming
narrower there, occipital foveze small, antennal tubercles
slightly elevated. Zhoraw subcordate, widest and rounded
at the middle, of about equal length and breadth ; discal
depression subquadrate, basal punctures small, lateral fovew
deep, extending nearly to the middle. Slytra oblong,
slightly narrowed in front of the middle, a third longer than
the thorax ; sutural strize well marked, with a basal puncture
near each, the dorsal strive deep, not extending beyond the
middle, each composed of a basal puncture and elongate
impression. ind body a third longer than the elytra, slightly
wider in line with the third segment, which equals the
second in length, the first shorter, with minute brassy sete,
the fourth much narrowed towards the extremity, the fifth
very small,
New Zealand Pselaphide. 631
Antenne as long as the head and thorax, basal joint twice
as long as broad, second suboviform, the next small and
subglobular, joints 4-8 subequal, each narrowed in front,
ninth and tenth slightly broader, transverse, eleventh
conical.
Underside castaneo-rufous, with yellowish pubescence.
Head with a broad lunate impression between the eyes.
The third and fourth ventral seements rather longer than the
second, the fifth rather shorter than the fourth, longitudinally
impressed on the middle, the sixth deeply emarginate, its
central portion concave along the middle, but not extending
as far back as the extremity of the last dorsal segment.
Though this, at first sight, may seem to be only a sexual
form of S. bifovetceps it is certainly distinct and of the
same sex. ‘I'he head is evidently broader, its frontal
channel is less cuneiform, the elytra are longer and less -
narrowed towards the base, the abdomen is more elongate,
and the sexual characters of the underside are materially
different.
6. Length 24; breadth quite } mm.
Greymouth (2. Helms). One from Dr. Sharp’s collection,
in the British Museum.
3491. Sagola clavatella, sp. n.
Elongate, narrow, subparallel, nitid ; head and thorax red,
elytra castaneo-rufous, abdomen, legs and antenne_ less
rufescent, palpi yellow; pubescence yellowish, elongate,
suberect, thicker behind than in front.
Head subquadrate behind the nearly flat antennal tubercles,
the gene almost. straight, with obtuse hind angles, very
finely and irregularly punctate ; frontal channel deep, oblong,
extending as tar as the back of the eyes, but hardly half as
wide between the tubercles, occipital foveee small and puncti-
form. yes moderately large. Thorax rounded and widest
at the middle and therefore not quite cordate, its length
and breadth about equal; discal depression subrotundate
basal punctures small but distinct, lateral foveze deep, not
prolonged beyond the middle, its surface minutely and
indistinctly punctured. /ytra oblong, a third longer than
the thorax, slightly narrowed before the middle, nearly flat
above ; sutural strise well marked, with a basal puncture close
to each, the dorsal strize composed of a basal puncture and an
elongate impression which becomes narrower and less distinct
behind the middle. Hind body horizontal, a third longer
than the elytra, its first visible segment with minute brassy
632 Major T. Broun on some
scales, rather shorter than either of the next two, the terminal
two conjointly as long as the third and subtriangular.
Antenne as long as the head and thorax, distinctly pubes-
cent, more thickly towards the extremity; basal joint twice
as long as broad, the next two subglobular, the third much
smaller, joints 4-6 about equal, all narrowed towards the
apex and slightly longer than broad, seventh and eighth of -
similar form but rather broader, tenth rather larger than the
ninth, both transverse and broader than the preceding one,
eleventh quadrate but with an additional apical appendage.
Underside light chestnut-red, cox flavescent; segments
2-4 increasing in length, fifth subtruncate behind, sixth conical,
semicircularly emarginate, the operculum subrotundate.
From all its allies of equal size this is differentiated by the
horizontal abdomen, details of sculpture, and the subclavate
antenne. The indefinite shape of the thorax, neither dis-
tinctly cordate nor oviform, necessitates its being placed at
present near S. auripila (3371), from which, however, it is
abundantly distinct.
3. Length 24; breadth $ mm.
Greymouth (Helms). One from Dr. Sharp’s collection, in
the British Museum.
3492. Sagola lawsoni, sp. n.
Elongate, shining, head and thorax light fusco-rufous,
elytra, legs, and antenne nearly rufo-testaceous, tarsi and
palpi yellow ; pubescence yellowish, elongate and suberect.
Head vather short and broad, with rounded hind angles,
the genes not narrowed behind the moderately large eyes ;
antennal tubercles distinctly elevated, frontal channel
broad, extending as far as the back of the eyes, occipital
fovese moderately large but not widely separated, finely
punctate near the sides. Thorax cordate, slightly broader
than the head, of about the same length and breadth, with
some fine punctures near its sides ; median depression sub-
quadrate, basal punctures distinct but not large, lateral fovea
deep and prolonged to the middle. lytra oblong, very
slightly narrowed before the middle; sutural strie well
marked, finely punctate near the base, the dorsal striz divided,
not extending beyond the middle, with two, or only a single
basal puncture. Hind body not longer than the wing-cases,
second and third segments equal, the basal one much shorter
and bearing minute brassy scales, the terminal two paler and
somewhat deflexed.
Antenne as long as head and thorax, moderately slender,
New Zealand Pselaphidee. 633
slightly thickened towards the extremity, with slender out-
standing hairs; basal joint red, its length double the breadth,
second oviform, third small and subglobular, fourth slightly
longer than broad, joints 5-7 about equal, narrowed in front,
the eighth of similar form but slightly shorter and broader,
tenth transverse, slightly broader than the ninth, eleventh
conical,
Underside castaneo-rufous, with slender, greyish pubes-
cence. Ventral segments 2-4 increasing in length, fifth and
sixth simple.
This differs from 8. sobrina (1877) in being less robust
and narrower, with more oblong and differently sculptured
elytra, &c. The frontal channel, though reaching the backs
of the eye, appears relatively short in comparison with other
species, owing to the form of the head itself.
Length 24; breadth } mm.
Auckland. Sent to Dr. Sharp about forty years ago by
Mr. T. Lawson, whose name has been given to it. One
example in the British Museum.
The peculiar vestiture of the first uncovered dorsal segment
is almost invariably an indication of the male, but, after
spending a couple of hours in removing the specimen from the
card and cleaning the underside as well as possible, I failed
to detect other male characters, so it is probably a female.
3493. Sagola laiula, sp. n.
Nitid, rather broad; rufous, abdomen, legs, and antenne
light chestnut-red; pubescence yellow, very scanty on the
head and thorax.
Head as large as the thorax, broad, with rounded hind
angles ; antennal tubercles slightly elevated and finely pune-
tured ; frontal channel deep and broad, somewhat expanded
near the middle, extending almost as far as the back of the
eyes and, when looked at from the side, apparently prolonged
as a slender groove to the base ; occipital fovez distinct and
somewhat elongated. Thorax rather broader than long,
widest and rounded near the front, with a few minute
punctures; discal depression subquadrate, basal punctures
small but distinct, lateral foveee deep and extending forwards
to the middle. lytra of about equal length and breadth,
slightly narrowed near the base, a third longer than the
thorax ; they are finely and irregularly punctate, and a little
depressed before the middle; sutural striw deep and broad,
with a basal puncture alongside, the dorsal striz with a basal
puncture and elongate impression (longer on one elytron than
on the other). Hind body as broad as the elytra but a third
634 Mr. C. T. Regan on the Anatomy and
longer, its first uncovered segment simple and rather shorter
than either of the following two.
Antenne with some very elongate hairs; basal joint twice
as long as broad, third obconical, narrower than the second
but nearly as long; joints 4-7 differing but little, each
slightly longer than broad, the eighth rather shorter, the next
two transverse, the terminal conical, including its distinet
apical appendage.
Underside nitid. Head rather thickly pubescent behind,
smooth and unimpressed near the hind angles, flat between
the eyes, but with slightly curved and distinctly thickened
hind borders; in front, behind the mentum, there is a
transverse fovea. Metasternum short, slightly impressed
behind the middle. Abdominal segments: third and fourth
nearly equal, largest ; fifth nearly as long, truncate behind in
the middle; sixth broadly conical, flat, not reaching the
extremity but without any well-marked apical suture.
Allied to, S. laticeps (3362), but the whole insect is broader
and the head is less trigonal. In 3362 the hind angles are
directed slightly outwards ; in this species they are rounded,
and the sculpture underneath also differs. The elytra are
larger and less narrowed towards the base.
Length 22; breadth 2 mm.
Greymouth (//elms). A single specimen from Dr. Sharp’s
collection in the British Museum.
Most of the pubescence has been rubbed off and most
likely the minute squame on the first exposed dorsal
segment disappeared along with it. The real structure of
the terminal ventral segment is obscured by gum, but the
sculpture of the underside of the head denotes the male. In
any case, when placed side by side with S. daticeps it is seen
to be distinetly different from it.
LXXVIII.—The Anatomy and Classification of the Teleostean
Fishes of the Order Discocephali*. By C. Tarr Reean,
M.A.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Tue order Discocephali differs from the Percoids especially
in the remarkable transformation of the spinous dorsal fin
into a flat, oval, transversely laminated, adhesive disc, which
* On the structure of the adhesive dise cf. Beck, ‘ Die Haftscheibe der
Echeneis remora, Schaffhausen, 1879; and Storms, Ann. & Mag. Nat.
Hist. (6) ii. 1888, p. 67. For a discussion of the systematic position of
the group ef. Gill, in Jord. & Everm., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, xlvii, 1898,
pp. 2265-2268,
Classification of the Order Discocephali. 635
extends forward on the upper surface of the head. The
spines are shortened, depressed backwards, and expanded
transversely to form pairs of broad flat laminze which are
denticulated posteriorly ; in the middle line posterior pro-
jections of each pair of laminz are connected by ligament,
and a low fin-membrane joins them to the next pair. This
is the structure in the Echeneidide ; in the Eocene Opistho-
myzonidz the Jaminz were not nearly so broad and the
median projection seems to have been stronger and un-
divided.
Fig. 1,
Remora remora, Segments of disc from above (A) and below (B).
J, fin-ray ; r, radial ; }, basal.
The small lateral expansions of the radials seen in most
Percoids have become large overlapping laminz in the
Kcheneidide ; the basalia are nearly normal, except that
they are directed very obliquely backwards.
It is difficult to imagine the initial stages of this extra-
ordinary modification, but it seems not impossible that some
pelagic Percoid with the habit of associating with sharks,
like the pilot-fish (Nawcrates), should have found that the
spinous dorsal fin, when depressed in its groove, could be
used more or less effectively as an adhesive organ, and
should have acquired the habit, when swimming close to its
protector, of fastening on.
The other fins are very similar to those of the Pomatomide,
Carangide, Rhachicentride, &c., in structure and position,
and the Discocephali may well have evolved from Percoids
of this type.
The most important characters of the Discocephali, in
addition to the peculiar structure of the dorsal fin, are the
following :—
Mouth not protractile, with the slender maxillary firmly
adherent to the preemaxillary ; dentary attached to articulare
636 On the Anatomy ke. of the Order Discocephali.
only at the anterior end of the latter, capable of a certain
amount of independent movement. Palatine elongate,
attached by its upper edge to the lateral ethmoid ; pterygoid
and mesopterygoid ankylosed; suspensorium, branchial, and
opercular bones otherwise typically Percoid. Skull broad,
very strongly depressed, with flat or concave upper surface ;
basisphenoid and alisphenoids absent; exoccipital condyles
transversely expanded, wide apart; nasal and przorbital
firmly united to each other and to the lateral ethmoid ;
number and arrangement of other bones of skull as in the
Fig. 2.
We ‘ ry
FN ‘
‘
€oc eyo “all” opo eoc B ‘boc juro
’
s
‘
Remora clypeata, Skull from above (A) and below (B).
v, vomer; eth, mesethmoid; Jeth, lateral ethmoid; pror, preorbital ;
n, nasal; f, frontal; p, parietal; soc, supraoccipital ; ex, exocci-
pital; boc, basioccipital ; evo, epiotic ; opo, opisthotic; pto, pterotic ;
spo, sphenotic ; p70, prootic ; psp, parasphenoid ; ptt, post-temporal.
Perciformes. Vertebre 23 to 80; ribs and epipleurals
inserted together on strong transverse processes. Pectoral
arch of the Perciform type, except that the supracleithrum
is reduced and 3 radials are in contact with the hypocora-
coid ; pelvic bones directly attached to the cleithra.
Two families may be recognized :—
Family 1. Opisthomyzonide.
Dise of about 6 segments, small, narrow, not extending
forward to the interorbital region, its width about 4 the
width of head. Vertebre 23 or 24. Dorsal fin longer than
anal; caudal widely forked.
Opisthomyzon glaronensis from the Upper Eocene of
Switzerland (Wettstein, Mem. schweiz. Palzont. Ges. xiii.
1886, p. 82, pl. vii. fig. 10 ; Storms, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6)
ii, 1888, p. 73; Cope, Amer. Nat. xxi. 1889, p. 355),
Mr. 0. T. Regan on the Caristiidee. 637
The small disc, the broad opercles, the form of the caudal
fin, &c. indicate that this was a more active swimmer than
the modern fishes of the order.
Family 2. Echeneidide.
Dise of 10 to 30 segments, large, extending forward to the
snout, nearly as broad as the head. Vertebre 26 to 30.
Dorsal fin as long as anal ; caudal truncate or. emarginate.
About 10 recent species * belonging to two genera,
Echeneis and Remora, the largest species, E. naucrates,
attaining a length of about 3 feet. Carnivorous fishes of
warm seas, attaching themselves by means of their adhesive
dise to large fish or other marine animals, or to ships.
LXXIX.—The Caristiidee, a Family of Berycomorphous
Fishes. By C. Tats Recan, M.A.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
In 1905 (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xviii. p. 249) Gill
and Smith described a remarkable fish obtained in the
market at Kagoshima as a new genus and species, Carisiius
japonicus, the type of a new family of jugular acantho-
pterygians ; the specimen was figured by Smith and Pope
(Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxi. 1906, p. 491, fig. 10).
In 1911 (Rés. Camp. Sci. Monaco, xxxv. p. 101, pl. v.
fig.5) Zugmayer described and figured Platyberyx opalescens
as a new genus and species, known only from a single
specimen taken in deep water to the south of Cape St.
Vincent.
A comparison of the descriptions and figures leaves no
doubt that these two fishes are closely related, probably
congeneric and perhaps not specifically distinct, The
number" of fin- -rays is not quite the same, 34 dorsal and
21 anal in the Japanese specimen, 31 dorsal and 18 anal in
the Atlantic one. As the former was in poor condition,
not much importance can be attached to the supposed
absence of the lateral line, which is well developed in the
latter.
Zugmayer places his fish in the Berycide (s. 7.) on account
* Giinther, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) v. 1860, p. 389, or Cat. Fish.
ii. p. 376.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 43
638 Mr. O. Thomas on a new
of its form, the muciferous channels on the head, the large
eye, and the oblique mouth, and in spite of the fact that
the pelvic fin is formed of a spine and only 5 branched rays.
I have little doubt that he is right, and that the family
Caristiide belongs to the Beryeomorphi, for the caudal fin
has spinous procurrent rays and include 19 principal rays,
17 branched (fide Gill & Smith), as in typical Berycoids.
In the Percomorphi there are not more than 17 principal
rays (15 branched) and the number may be much less in
the more specialized members of the order.
The Caristiida seem to be nearest to the Diretmide™*,
differing from them in the cycloid scales, the longer dorsal
fin commencing above the middle of the eye, the pelvic fins
more anteriorly placed, with normal spines and folding into
a ventral groove, the narrower maxillary (? without supra-
maxillary), and the toothed palate, The vertebre number
about 40, as shown by a radiograph of C. japonicus.
LXXX.—New Centronycteris and Ctenomys from
S. America. By Oupriztp THomAs.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Centronycteris centralis, sp. n.
Nearly allied to C. maximiliani, but slightly larger,
colour rather darker, and basi-sphenoid pits of skull
markedly shorter.
Fur long and loose; hairs of back about 6°5 mm. in
length. General colour above dark tawny brown, that of
a Para example of C. mazximiliant somewhat paler. Basal
third of interfemoral well clothed with long hairs.
Skull decidedly larger than that of C. mazximiiani, its
general structure as in that species, with the exception that
the basi-sphenoid pits are much shorter, not longer than
broad and not extending forwards between the pterygoids ;
their length is 1:8 mm. in the type, as against 2°8 in
maximiliani, where they reach fog to well between the
pterygoids.
* Cf. Ann. & Mag. Nat: Hist. (8) vii. 1911, p. 5.
Centronycteris and Ctenomys from S. America, 639
Dimensions of the type :—
Forearm 45 mm.
Head and body 52; tail18; third finger, metacarpus 46°5,
first phalanx 18°5; lower leg and hind foot 26.
Skull: length 15; zygomatic breadth 10; palato-sinual
length 5; front of canine to back of m* 6:1; breadth
between outer edges of m? 6°6,
Hab. Bogava, Chiriqui, Panama, Alt, 250 m.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 0.7.11.3. Original
number 31. Collected 20th October, 1898, by H. J.
Watson.
Mainly distinguishable from C. mawximiliani by its very
different basisphenoid pits.
Ctenomys saltarius, sp. n.
Size fairly large, about as in Ct. opimus. Fur rather
short (about 13 mm.in length on the back) and dull in
tone, having neither the length nor glossiness of that of the
neighbouring species. Colour dull ‘‘ raw umber”’ above,
browner along tie median dorsal area, paler on sides.
Under surface dull buffy whitish. Area round snout
whitish, succeeded by an inconspicuous darker collar. Feet
dull white. ‘Tail more markedly bicolor than usual, blackish
above, dull white below.
Skull very narrow, the zygomatic spread less than the
distance from the front of the incisors to the back of the
tooth-row, markedly greater in other species, Frontal
region also very narrow, the interorbital breadth less than
the length of the molar series. Postorbital processes
practically absent.
Dimensions of the type (measured in skin) ;—
Head and body (stretched) 200 mm.; tail 90; hind
foot 83. Skull: front of nasals to back of frontals 34°8 ;
front of incisors to back of m* 29°5 ; zygomatic breadth 28:5 ;
nasals 20 7°73; interorbital breadth 9-2; palatilar length
23°83; diastema 15; upper tovoth-series, crowns 10°5,
alveoh 1].
Hab. Salta, N. Argentina.
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 99, 2.22.26, Original
number 8904. Presented by the La Plata Museum through
Dr. F. P. Moreno.
The only species occurring near this are the far paler
Ct. opimus (of which a special subspecies, Ct, 0. luteolus, is a
native of Jujuy) and the dark brown Ch. tucumanus of
640 On a new Cynopterus from Borneo.
Tucuman. Both have long glossy fur, very different in both
colour and texture from that of Ct. saltarius, which in these
respects has a superficial resemblance to the far southern
Ct. fueginus. The bicolor tail and narrow skull are also
strongly characteristic of the Salta Tuco-tuco.
_
LXXXI.—A new Cynopterus from Borneo
By Knup ANDERSEN.
Cynopterus persimilis, sp. 0.
Type, [3 ] ad., skin and skull, Sarawak, Borneo, collected
by Cecil J. Brooks, Esq., B.M.12. 10. 26. 1.
Closely allied to C. horsfieldi lyoni* (Sumatra), from
which it differs chiefly, or perhaps only, in the position of
the surface cusp of p, and m, (third and fourth lower cheek-
teeth). .
This cusp is in C. persimilis situated close to the imner
longitudinal ridge of the tooth, so close, indeed, that its
anterior extremity is quite or very nearly in contact with the
ridge (at a point a little in front of the middle of the ridge).
In the numerous skulls of the allied foryms of Cynepterus
which have passed through my hands the surface cusp is
either central in position or, if nearer the inner edge, quite
without any connection with this latter.
Colour of fur as in C. horsfieldi and harpax. Size the
same, if not a little larger:—Forearm 79°5 mm. (largest
C. h. lyoni seen, 77°5 mm.), maxillary tooth-row (c-m’,
crowns) 12 mm.
The “ Niadius” section of the genus Cynopterus was
hitherto known only from the Malay Peninsula (C. harpaa),
Sumatra (C. horsfieldi lyoni), Java (C. horsfieldi horsfieldi),
and Nias (C. princeps). But farther northward in Indo-
Malaya, in the Philippine Islands, this type of fruit-bat has
differentiated into a distinct genus, Ptenochirus (inner pair
of lower incisors absent, outer pair of upper incisors
shortened). The interest of the new species here described
lies chiefly in the fact that it adds Borneo to the area
occupied by the ‘‘ Niadius” section of Cynopterus, thus
filling up the distributional gap hitherto supposed to exist
between this section and its Philippine representative,
Ptenochirus.
* Cat. Chir. i. pp. 632, 827. I take this opportunity to correct a slip
of the pen on p. 631 of the Catalogue: in line 34 for “ larger” read
“ smaller.”
Sevual Differehices in Peciliid Fishes. 641
LXXXII.—Sewual Differences in the Peciliid Fishes of the
Genus Cynolebias. By C. Tare Reean, M.A.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Herr A. Racnuow, of Hamburg, has written calling my
attention to the fact that I have overlooked a paper by
C. Berg (Anales Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, v. 1897) when
preparing my revision of the genus Cynolebias (¢ Annals,’
Nov. 1912, p. 505). Berg’s paper is important not anly for
the description of two new species, but for the conclusion
that Cynolebias bellotiii is the male and C. maculatus the
female of one species, the difference in the number of dorsal
and anal rays being a sexual character.
Herr Rachow tells me that from his own observations in
the aquarium there can be no doubt that C. maculatus is the
female of C. dellottii, and he has sent me some specimens
in support of this. After examination of the sexual organs
of all the specimens of Cynolebias in the collection of the
British Museum, I have no doubt whatever that he is right ;
but I am not acquainted with any other instance in the
whole class of fishes of a difference between the sexes in the
number of fin-rays. ;
The males and females of C, bellottii differ as follows :—
3 C. bellottir. 2 C. maculatus.
Brownish, sometimes with ver- Vertically expanded dark brown
tical series of pale spots; fins | or violet spots on body and vertical
violet. fins.
Dorsal and anal fins relatively Dorsal and anal fins relatively
long, low, and many-rayed. short, deep, and few-rayed.
D. 21- 24, A. 26-31: dorsal origin | D. 16- 19, A. 22-26: dorsal origin
equidistant from end of snout and | nearer to base of caudal than to
base of caudal Hh, behind that of | end of snout, above that of anal;
anal; longest rays 3 to 3 length of | longest rays a or + length of head.
head.
In consequence of the length of The pectoral does not reach the
the anal the -pectoral extends be- | anal and the caudal peduncle is
yond its origin and the caudal | longer than deep.
peduncle is shorter than deep.
Similar differences are exhibited by the two species
described by Berg; these are :—
1. Cynolebias gibberosus.
Bird, Anales Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, v. 1897, p, 294.
oe. 25, A. 38; 9. D.17, 4.26. 37 to/40\seales m a
642 Sexual Differences in Paecilud Fishes.
longitudinal series. Similar to C. bellottii in form and
coloration in both sexes; back in front of dorsal fin arched,
bearing a series of bony tubercles; head bony, with post-
orbital tubercles.
Province of Buenos Aires.
Total length 85 mm.
2. Cynolebias holmbergi.
Berg, ¢. c. p. 296.
&o. D. 21, A. 25; ¢. D.17, A. 21. At least 60 scales
in a longitudinal series. Head 34 to 3} in length to base of
caudal. Yellowish ; a dark bar on the head.
Province of Buenos Aires,
Total length 300 mm,
In C. melanotenia the males are similar to the females both
in coloration and in number of fin-rays ; in this species the
pelvic fins are separated by an interspace, whereas in Cyno-
lebias proper they are contiguous and often united at the
base. I therefore propose to make C. melanotenia the type
of a new genus, which may be named Cynora@ciLus,
I have ascertained that the types of C. robustus and
C. nigripinnis are males; the single example of C. elongatus
in the British Museum collection has been eviscerated, but
it seems probable that the two or three specimens known of
this species are females, whilst the type of C. porosus may be
a female also.
Assuming this to be the case, the number of scales in a
longitudinal series, and of dorsal and anal rays in both sexes,
of the species of Cynolebias may be tabulated as follows :—
Seales. dé. Q.
C. nigripinnis. . 28 D. 26; A. 25 utd
C. bellotti? .... 28to30 OD, 21-24; A. 26-31 D, 16-19; A. 22-26
C. robustus.... 33 D. 22; A. 24 ate ate
C. giblerosus ., 37 to 40 D, 25; A. 33 D. 17; A. 26
C. porosus .... 40 bt D.18; A. 20
C. elongatus .. 45 to 50 soe 4 D. 17; A. 20
C. holmbergi .. 60 D. 21; A. 26 D, 17; Age
643 .
INDEX ‘tro VOL X.
ACANTHICOLEPIS asperrima, note
on, 173.
Acanthoplesiops, characters of the
new genus, 266,
Acidaliodes, new species of, 509.
Agallia, new species of, 607.
Agapostemon, new species of, 24,
Agaristide, new African, 609.
Avathodes, new species of, 562,
Aglymbus, new species of, 433,
Agriomyia, new species of, 48,
Alcis, new species of, 236,
Alestes, new species of, 601.
Amberbakia, characters of the new
genus, 443,
Ammatomus, new species of, 374.
Ammomanes deserti, new subspecies
of, 230.
Amphicranus, new species of, 245.
Amphidromus, new species of, 415,
Amphilius, new species of, 602.
Amphimetra, new species of, 51,
Ampulex, new species of, 367.
Anapalta, new species of, 303.
Andersen, K., on eight new Petalia,
546; on a new Cynopterus from
Borneo, 640.
Anisodes, new species of, 292.
Annelida Polycheta from the North
Sea, report on, 165.
Anomala, new species of, 527.
Anomis, new species of, 532.
Antarchzea, new species of, 525.
Anthophora, new species of, 22.
Antinoé, remarks on species of, 177.
Aphegocera, new species of, 611.
‘Apherusa jurinei, note on, 600,
Apicia, new species of, 252.
Apodes, on the ostelogy and classi-
fication of the, 377.
Arachnida, new, 63.
Argidia, new species of, 518.
Arnbiick-Christie-Linde, Dr., errata
to paper by, in the June number,
264.
Arrow, G. J., on new Burmese
species of Anomala, 327,
Asilidee of Australasia, revision of
the, 142, 350.
Asteroidea, on self-evisceration in
the, 282.
Astyochia, new species of, 289.
Atherurus, new subspecies of, 590,
Augochlora, new species of, 315.
Austen, E. E., on a new species of
Tabanus from German E, Africa,
240.
Austrostigmus, characters of the new
genus, 55,
Azya, new species of, 320.
Bagnall, R. 8., on the classification
of the Thysanoptera, 220.
Baniana, new species of, 531.
Baramia, characters of the new
genus, 76,
Bathyccelia, new species of, 604.
Bathypogon, new species of, 154.
Batrachians, new, 140, 185.
Bembex, new species of, 57, 371.
Bereroth, E., on new or little-known
Ethiopian hemiptera, 191.
Birds, new, 230, 262; notes on
Guiana, 261.
Blarinella, new species of, 400.
Blechroma, new species of, 288.
Blennioid fishes, on the classification
of the, 265,
Bolton, H., on insect-remains from
the Midland and §.-Hastern coal
fields, 161.
Bombus, new species of, 21.
Books, new:—Morley’s Revision of
the Ichneumonide, pt. 1, 160;
Records of the Indian Museum,
161; Memoirs of the Department
of Agriculture in India, 263;
recent Foreign and Colonial
Natural History periodicals, 460,
555; Records of the Western
Australian Museum and Art
Gallery, 556; Scharfl’s Distribu-
tion and Origin of Life in
America, 556.
Bothriceps, on the lower jaw of, 585,
*
644
Botyodes, new species of, 3.
Boulenger, G. A., on three new
African cichlid fishes, 138 ; on new
African batrachians, 140; on new
batrachians from S. America,
185; on a new cichlid fish from
the Lower Niger, 263; on new
reptiles from 8S. America, 420; on
two new fishes from the Nile
system, 601.
Brabourne, Lord, notes on Guiana
birds, 261.
Bromeliaceze, on the fauna of, 424.
Broun, Major T., on some New
Zealand Pselaphidze and on new
species of Sagola, 621.
Bufo, new species of, 186.
Buist, I, P., on the development of
the pectoral girdle in the pipefish,
613.
Cenohalictus, new species of, 317.
Calman, Dr. W. T., on a terrestrial
amphipod from Kew Gardens, 132.
Calymniodes, new species of, 509.
Cambogia, new species of, 299.
Campometra, new species of, 511.
Capitellidze, on the British, 124; on
the, procured by the ‘ Porcupine,’
127.
Capnodes, new species of, 523,
Jaristiidze, note on the, 637.
Caura, new species of, 88.
Cenzeus, new species of, 194.
Centronycteris, new species of, 638.
Cephalodiscus nigrescens, remarks
on specimens of, 550.
Ceratocoris, new species of, 191.
Ceratothripide, characters of the
new family, 222.
Cerceris, new species of, 370.
Certima, new species of, 234.
Cheeronycteris, new species of, 403,
Characidee, on some S.-American,
387.
Chaubattiana, characters of the new
genus, 603,
Chloritis, new species of, 415.
Chodsigoa, new species of, 399.
Chubb, C., notes on Guiana birds,
261.
Cistugo, characters of the new
genus, 205.
Clariola, new species of, 358.
Clark, A. H., on new crinoids from
the Dutch East Indies, 31.
Clausilia, new species of, 415.
Cleontes, new species of, 90.
INDEX,
Cockerell, T. D. A., descriptions and
records of bees, 21, 311, 484.
Codula, notes on species of, 149,
Coelioxys, new species of, 23.
Coleoptera, new, 245, 250, 320, 327,
433, 621.
Colgan, N., on self-evisceration in
the Asteroidea, 282,
Colomys, new species of, 42,
Concana, new species of, 514,
Copeina, new species of, 393.
Coremia, new species of, 502.
Corna, new species of, 531.
Corydoras, revision of the S.-
American species of, 209; new
species of, 211.
Cribella oculata, on self-evisceration
in, 282,
Crinoids, new, 31.
Crocidura, new species of, 589.
Crossotarsus, new species of, 249,
Crustacea, new, 84, 182, 206.
Cryptognatha, new species of, 321.
Ctenomys, new species of, 639.
Cyclonotum, new species of, 455.
Cyclophorus, new species of, 417,
Cyclotus, new species of, 417.
Cyllometra, new species of, 35.
Cynodontia, on the lower jaw of,
579.
Cynolebias, new species of, 506; on
sexual differences in the genus,
641.
Cynopeecilus, characters of the new
genus, 612.
Cynopterus, new species of, 640.
Dagassa, new species of, 519.
Damarius, new species of, 89.
Dasyprocius, new species of, 60,
Dawkins, Prof. W. B., on the range
of the S.-Eastern coalfield, 162,
Decametra, new species of, 36.
Deromyia, new species of, 142.
Dialictus, new species of, 318.
Dichromatopodia, new species of,
298.
Dichrometra, new species of, 34.
Dicynodon, on the lower jaw of,
575.
Diptera, new, 142, 203, 224, 240,
356.
Discocephali, on the anatomy and
classification of the, 634.
Discoscelis, new species of, 260.
Distant, W. L., descriptions of
Ethiopian rhynchota, 87; on a
new bromeliadicolous Microyelia,
INDEX,
437; on some new homoptera,
438 ; rhynchotal notes, 602.
Dolichoneura, new species of, 309.
Dolichurus, new species of, 365.
Dollman, G., on a new elephant
shrew from Zanzibar, 130.
Drake-Brockman, R. E., on two
new mongooses from Somaliland,
612.
Durgades, characters of the new
genus, 608.
Dysodonta, definition of the new
subordinal name, 104.
Eaton, Rev. A. E., on a new species
of Oligoneuria, 243.
Keacanthothripide, characters of the
new family, 222.
Edalorhina, new species of, 190.
Edocla, new species of, 197.
Edwards, F. W., on a new Myceto-
philid from Trinidad, 203.
Elecussa, new species of, 531.
Empelathra, new species of, 519,
Hozoon, on, 541, 446.
Kpactiothynnus, new species of, 535,
Kpedanus, new species of, 78.
Hpeolus, new species of, 487.
Ephemeride, new, 243.
Epimys, new subspecies of, 593.
seta, note on, 43.
Eriopygidia, new species of, 305.
Eteone depressa, on, 119.
Eucranta villosa, note on, 181.
Euneomys, new species of, 410.
Eunoa, remarks on species of, 169.
Kuryaspis, new species of, 193.
Euthermesia, new species of, 520.
Evarne, remarks on species of, 174.
Everettia, new species of, 414.
Exomalopsis, new species of, 319.
Felis, new subspecies of, 44, 325.
Fishes, new, 138, 211, 263, 328, 391,
502, 595, 601; on the classifica-
tion of the blennioid, 265 ; on the
anatomy and classification of the
teleostean, of the order Lyomeri,
347, of the order Apodes, 377 ;
revision of S.-American characid,
387; revision of the poeciliid, of
the genera Rivulus, &c., 494; on
the anatomy and classification of
the teleostean, of the order Disco-
cephali, 634.
Geological Society, proceedings of
the, 161.
Glyphodes, new species of, 562.
Gnathoprosopis, new species of, 489,
645
Goniorhynchus, new species of, 1.
Gonopsis, new species of, 89.
Gorgonia verrucosa, on, from the
English Channel, 479.
Gorytes, new species of, 57, 375.
Grison, new sp eel of, 47.
Gudaba, new species of, 439.
Haas, Dr. F., on new land and fresh-
water shells from the Malay
archipelago, 412,
Haddon, Miss K., on Hersilia van-
couverensis, 84,
Halictus, new species of, 485.
Hammaptera, new species of, 299.
Hampson, Sir G. F., on new species
of Pyralide of the subfamily
Pyraustine, 1, 557; on new
African Agaristidee, 609.
Haranga, new species of, 445.
Harmothoé, remarks on species of,
173. ;
Hartert, E., on a new desert-lark
from the Sahara, 230.
Helodes, on bromeliadicolous larvze
of, 431.
Helogale, new subspecies of, 612.
Hemeroblemma, new species of, 51:3,
Hemiplecta, new species of, 412.
Hemithynnus, new species of, 536,
Herminodes, new species of, 515.
Hersilia, new species of, 84.
Heterenchelidze, characters of the
new family, 382.
Heter€nchelys, characters
new genus, 325.
Heterephyra, new species of, 297.
Heteroptera, new, 87, 191, 487, 602,
Heterothripide, characters of the
new family, 222.
Hirst, S., on new Phalangodide, 6:3,
Histeride, new, 250,
Hololepta, new species of, 255.
Homalopteryx, new species of, 451.
Homoptera, new, 458, 605.
Homoptera, new species of, 510.
Homopyralis, new species of, 525,
Hyla, new species of, 185,
Hylambates, new species of, 141.
Hylixalus, new species of, 190.
Hylodes, new species of, 187.
Hymenoptera, new, 21, 48, 311, 361,
472, 484, 533.
Hypogramma, new species of, 5138,
Ibalonius, new species of, 68.
Tdiocerus, new species of, 605,
Isochromodes, new species of, 254,
Isogona, new species of, 523.
of the
Ann. & Mag. N, Hist. Ser, 8. Vol. x. 44
646
Kerivoula, new species of, 41, 281.
Kirkpatrick, R., on the Stroma-
toporoids and Eozoon, 341, 446.
Labeo, new species of, 597.
Lachesis, new species of, 423.
Lagisca, remarks on species of, 171.
Lagochilus, new species of, 417.
Ledrotypa, characters of the new
genus, 442.
Leiothynnus, new species of, 634.
Leontocebus, new subspecies of, 44.
Lepidoptera, new, 1, 231, 286, 509,
557, 609.
Leptognathus, new species of, 422.
Leptolopha, new species of, 292.
Leptopoma, new subspecies of, 418.
Leptothynnus, new species of, 542.
Lethzeus, new species of, 195.
Leucula, new species of, 238.
Lewis, G., on new species of His-
teride, 250.
Limnea, new species of, 416.
Lygistorrhina, new species of, 203.
Lygropia, new species of, 19, 557.
Lyomeri, on the anatomy and classi-
fication of the, 347.
Mabusana, characters of the new
genus, 602.
M‘Intosh, Prof., on a white porpoise,
117; on the spawning of the hake,
118; on Eteone depressa, Mgrn.,
119; on Nereis zonata in Britain,
122; on the British Capitgllide,
124; on the Capitellidee procured
by H.M.S. ‘ Porcupine,’ 127.
Macrolyrcea, new species of, 235.
Macrotristria, new species of, 438.
Mammals, new, 41, 44, 130, 131,
204, 228, 280, 325, 396, 403, 546,
588, 589, 613, 638, 640,
March, M.C., on the classification of
the Pelecypoda, 91.
Mariametra, new species of, 32.
Marshall, G. A. K., on new neo-
tropical Coccinellide, 320.
Meade-Waldo, G., notes on the
Apide in the British Museum,
461.
Megachile, new species of, 24, 472,
486.
Melanoides, new species of, 419.
Melipona, new species of, 315.
Melissodes, new subspecies of, 28.
Merluccius merluccius, on _ the
spawning of, 118.
Metalaphria, characters of the new
genus, 356,
INDEX.
Metanema, new species of, 232.
Microgonia, new species of, 233.
Microvelia, new species of, 437.
Mollusea, new, 412.
Mulelocha, new species of, 520.
Mungos, new species of, 280, 588.
Myrochea, new species of, 87.
Nanina, new species of, 413.
Nasua, new species of, 228,
Nemachilus, new species of, 598.
Nereis zonata in Britain, on, 122.
Neritina, new species of, 418.
Nesalcis, new species of, 258.
Neuroptera, new, 243.
Nipteria, new species of, 239.
Nomada, new species of, 484.
Nomia, new species of, 491, 493.
Nymphon, new species of, 207.
Obroatis, new species of, 517.
Ochotona, new subspecies of, 403.
Oligodonta, definition of the new
subordinal name, 104.
Oligometra, new species of, 40.
Oligoneuria, new species of, 243.
Oospila, new species of, 287.
Orsa, new species of, 523.
Orthoptera, new, 431.
Oxydia, new species of, 234.
Pachycreerus, new species of, 258.
Pancheetothripide, characters of the
new family, 222.
Parabiantes, characters of the new
genus, 82.
Paradoxurus, new subspecies of, 131.
Pariasaurus, on the lower jaw of,
582.
Pelecypoda, on the classification of
the, 91.
Pelmatochromis, new species of, 263.
Pelorurus, new species of, 259.
Penthimia, new species of, 444.
Perizoma, new species of, 304.
Petalia, new species of, 546.
Petalocephala, new species of, 441.
Petalochirus, new species of, 198.
Phalangodide, new, 63.
Phellinodes, new species of, 310,
Phonolibes, new species of, 196.
Phrynobatrachus, new species of,
141.
Phyllomedusa, new species of, 186.
Phyllotis, new species of, 406.
Piletosoma, new species of, 2.
Pipefish, on the development of the
pectoral girdle in the, 613.
Plesius, new species of, 256,
Planorbis, new species of, 417.
INDEX.
Plataspis, new species of, 87.
Platycephalus, new species of, 595.
Platylister, new species of, 257.
Pliodonta, definition of the new
subordinal name, 104.
Plotia, new subspecies of, 419.
Plynteria, new species of, 515.
Podoctis, new species of, 71.
Polystigmata, characters of the new
suborder, 220.
Porpoise, note on a white, 117.
Prometra, new species of, 37.
Prosopeas, new species of, 416.
Prosopis, new species of, 489.
Proutoscia, characters of the new
genus, 286.
Psaliodes, new species of, 305.
Pselaphide, notes on New Zealand,
691.
Psen, new species of, 362.
Psenulus, new species of, 54, 363.
Pseudagenia, new species of, 51.
Psilozona, characters of the new
genus, 157.
Psithyrus, new species of, 21.
Pteroglessus roraime, definition of
the new specific name, 261.
Ptychoglossus, new species of, 421.
Pyralidze, new species of, 1, 557,
Pyrinia, new species of, 232.
Pyrrhulina, new species of, 591.
Pyxicephalus, new species of, 140,
Racheospila, new species of, 289.
Radhades, characters of the new
genus, 606.
Reduviolus, new species of, 201.
Regan, C. T., revision of the 8.-
American siluroid fishes of the
genus Corydoras, 209; on the
classification of the Blennioid
fishes, 265; on two new eels
fron W. Africa, 323; on the
anatomy and classification of the
teleostean fishes of the order
Lyomeri, 347; on the osteology
and classification of the teleostean
fishes of the order Apodes, 377 ;
revision of the S.-American cha-
racid fishes of the genera Chalceus
&e., 387; revision of the pcoeciliid
fishes of the genera Rivulus &c.,
494; on the anatomy and classifi-
cation of the teleostean fishes of
the order Discocephali, 634; on
the Caristiide, 637; on sexual
differences in the genus Cyno-
lebias, 641,
647
Reithrodon, new subspecies of, 411.
Reptiles, new, 420; on the lower
jaws of some, 573.
Rhagigaster, new species of, 533.
Rhinocoris, new species of, 196,
Rhopalum seychellense, definition of
the new specific name, 375.
Rhynchocyon, new species of, 130.
Ricardo, Miss G., revision of the
Asilide of Australasia, 142, 350.
Ridewood, Dr. W. G., on specimens
of Cephalodiseus nigrescens, 550.
Rivulus, new species of, 502.
Robinson, H. C., on new mammals
from the Johore Archipelago,
589.
Sagola, new species of, 622.
Sampson, Lt.-Col. W., on some new
species of Ipide and Platypodide,
245.
Saropogon, notes on species of, 143.
Scapanulus, characters of the new
genus, 396.
Scaphiodon, new species of, 596.
Schaus, W., on new heterocera from
Costa Rica, 231, 286, 509.
Schwarz, E., on a new palm-civet
from Timor, 131; notes on Malay
tigers, 324,
Sciurus, new subspecies of, 592.
Scleronycteris, characters of the new
genus, 404.
Scott, Miss F., on a species of
Nymphon from the N. -Pacific,
206,
Scott, H., on the fauna of Bro-
meliaceze, 424.
Scymnosuchus whaitsi, on the lower
jaw of, 578.
Selenemetra, new species of, 32.
Semiothisa, new species of, 231,
Septaria, new species of, 419.
Shelford, R., on a new bromeliadi-
colous species of Blattide, 4381.
Silvius, new species of, 226.
Sitades, characters of the new genus,
608.
Small, W., report on Annelida Poly-
cheeta from the North Sea, 165.
Sorex, new species of, 398.
Sphex, new species of, 56, 369.
Stather, J. W., on shelly clay from
the Dogever Bank, 164.
Stromatoporoids, on the, 341, 446.
Summers, Miss 8. L. M., ou blood-
ae diptera from Port Darwin,
222.
we
648
Sylepta, new species of, 3.
Syngnathus acus, on the develop-
ment of the pectoral girdle in,
613.
Syngropia, characters of the new
genus, 18.
Tabanus, new species of, 224, 240,
Tachyphyle, new speciés of, 288.
Talitrus, new species of, 133.
Tarebia, new subspecies of, 419.
Teleostean fishes, on the anatomy
and classification of, of the order
Lyomeri, 347, of the order
Apodes, 377.
Teretriosoma, new species of, 255.
Terpnosia, new species of, 439.
Tetrapedia, new species of, 30.
Therina, new species of, 235.
Thomas, O.,0n mammals from the
Ja River, 41; on small mammals
from 8S. America, 44; on a new
vespertilionine bat from Angola,
204; on two new species of
Nasua, 228; on two new W.-
African mammals, 280; on small
mammals from the Tsin - ling
Mountains, 395; on new bats
and rodents from S. America,
403; on two new races of mun-
goose, 588 ; on new Centronycteris
and Ctenomys from 8. America,
638,
Thomson, Dr. J. 8., on living gor-
gonias occurring in the English
Channel, 479.
Thryothorus, new
subspecies of,
262.
INDEX.
Thynnoides, new species of, 539.
Thynnoturneria, new species of, 49.
Thynnus, new species of, 544.
Thyriodes, new species of, 510.
Thysanoptera, on the classification of
the, 220.
Tilapia, new species of, 138.
Tragelaphodes, new species of, 200.
Trigona, new species of, 311.
Trochomorpha, new species of, 414.
Tropidurus, new species of, 420.
Trypan is, note on the genus, 250.
Trypeticus, note on the genus, 250.
Turner, R. E., notes on fossorial
hymenoptera, 48, 561, 533.
Urabunana, new species of, 440,
Vespola, new species of, 509.
Vima, characters of the new genus,
66.
Vivipara, new subspecies of, 418.
Vulturnus, new species of, 445.
Walker, A. O., on Apherusa jurinei,
600.
Watson, D. M. S., on some reptilian
lower jaws, 573.
Xanthospilopteryx, new species of,
609.
Xesta, new species of, 412.
Xyleborus, new species of, 245.
Xylocopa, new subspecies of, 491.
Zalmoxis, new species of, 65.
Zapus, new subspecies of, 402.
Zaspilothynnus, new species of, 543.
Zoyphium, new species of, 59.
Zugmayer, Dr. E., on new fishes
from Baluchistan, 595.
END OF THE TENTH VOLUME,
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Ann.& Mag. Nat.Hist.S. 6. Vol X. PUA,
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CONTENTS OF NUMBER 60.—Eighth Sertés >>
LXVI. Descriptions of new Species of Pyralide of the Subfamily E
Pyraustine. By Sir Georex F. Hampson, Bart., F.Z.8., &. .. wees de
LXVII. On some Reptilian Lower Jaws. By D. M.S, Warsow, _
M.Sc.
ae VRS oo iagat ate Patek Ae Bas OO AE SE MURN pene. seine lotus tenet eetse dale ita nanan ae
LXVIII. Two new Races of Mongoose. By Otprietp Tuomas ..
LXLX. On new Mammals from the Islands of the Johore Archi- :
pelago, South China Sea. By Hurserr C, Rosrnson, C.M.Z.8. ... 8
LXX. Eight new Fishes from Baluchistan, By be eae a
Zougmayur, of the Zoological Museum, Munich i
pa eet en Aim Be CO INE Maat st Si Yr utes
LX XI. Apherusa jurinet (M.-Edw.). By Atrrep O. Waker, aS
F.LS., F.Z.8.
Sign er ey SiS AM DSO Shee 28 at See tO Me! 6 tei Rete G Weer 3195: %, eae Oey eh pie tenets
LXXIL. Descriptions of Two new Fishes from the Nile System. a
By G: AU Boutmveme, PRS oe eee
LXXIII. Rhynchotal Notes. By W. L. Disrant , i 60
oe 6 8 «0 ee 0
LXXIV. Descriptions of new African Agaristide in the British
Museum. By Sir Guores F. Hampson, Bart. ...,...... wis aeee 60!
LXXY. Two new Mongooses from Somaliland, By R. E. Draxr- i
Beoceman, MURS. TARO OPA Se el ate say 6]!
LXXYI. On the Development of the Pectoral Girdle in the Pipe- i
fish (Syngnathus acus). By T. P. Burst, M.A., B.Sec., Gatty Marine a0
Laboratory, University of St. Andrews. (Plate B.S By sates po vats ee
LXXVII. Notes on some New Zealand Pselaphide in the British oe
Museum, with Descriptions of new Species of the Genus Sagola. B
Major T. Brown, BEB. ck Sages se tes oe 62]
LXXVITL. The Anatomy and Classification of the Teleostean a
Fishes of the Order Discocephali. By C. Tare Rueay, M.A, 634
«eee ee
LXXIX. The Caristiide, a Family of Berycomorphous Fishes, 4
by Ce eae AEGAN, MICA aU ie oe aes eR tee teat 63)
LXXX. New Centronycteris and Otenomys from §, America. By.
QLOFIELD TRQMAS Sie Poe ye eels os cous ek ee 638
LXXXI. A new Cynopterus from Borneo. By Kyup ANDERSEN. . 640
LXXXII. Sexual Differences in the Pesciliid Fishes of the Genus ‘
Cymolebias. By C. Tats Ragan, MoAs its ey ee Res 64]
*,* Itis requested that all Communications for this Work may be addressed
post-paid, to the Care of Messrs. Taylor and Francis, Printing Office
Red Lion Court, Fleet Street, London, — oa es $j)
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