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THE ANNALS 


AND 


MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, 


INCLUDING 


ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY. 


(BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITH LOUDON AND 
CHARLNSWORTH’S ‘ MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.’) 


CONDUCTED BY 


WILLIAM CARRUTHERS, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., 
mieten EH. SHIPLEY, M.A. 'Se.D.,, F.W.S4 2.Z.S., 


AND 


WILLIAM FRANCIS, F.L.S. 


eee 


VOL. X.—EIGHTH SERIES. 


_— eee oer 


LONDON: 
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS. 


SOLD BY SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT, AND CO., LD. ; 
BAILLIERE, PARIS: HODGES, FIGGIS, AND CO., DUBLIN : 
AND ASHER, BERLIN, 


1912. 


“Omnes res creatz sunt divine sapientie et potenti testes, divitie felicitatis 
humane :—ex harum usu Jonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini ; 
ex ceconomid in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis 
elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper zstimata ; 
a veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper 
inimica fuit.”—Linnaus. 


“Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour 
voir qu’elle est le chef-d’ceuvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor- 


tent toutes ses opérations.”—Brucwner, Théorie du Systéme Animal, Leyden, 
1767. 


5 8 bdo oe olor Lene srilvend jeer eres 
Obey our summons; from their deepest dells 
The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild 
And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs 
That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme 
And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, 
But scatter round ten thousand forms minute 
Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock 
Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too 
Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face 
They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush 
That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles, 
Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread, 
The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, 
All, all to us unlock their secret stores 
And pay their cheerful tribute. 
J. Taytor, Norwich, 1818. 


CONTENTS OF VOL. X. 


[EIGHTH SERIES. } 


NUMBER 55. 


Page 
I. Descriptions of new Species of Pyralide of the Subfamily 
Pyraustine. By Sir Grorer F, Hampson, Bart., F.Z.S., &e. .... 1 
II. Descriptions and Records of Bees—XLV. By T. D. A. 
@ocmmnnuL, Oniversity of Colorado: 6.6 sfc'e sels slalsie'e eles cae ees 21 


Ill. Preliminary Descriptions of Eleven new Crinoids belonging 
to the Families Himerometride, Mariametride, and Colobometride, 
discovered by the ‘Siboga’ in the Dutch Hast Indies. By Austin 


IE WeR COOH A Kear stn er eh costs OR ED OBIS nN ag ganas ai hare ere ee te 


IV. Mammals from the Ja River, Cameroons. By OLpFIELp 
ERETOMEAS chee os cine « wie GRO Beek” Mee eGeneIe. Carica aie 


V. Small Mammals from South America, By OLDFIELD THomas. 44 


VI. Notes on Fossorial Hymenopteraa—XI. By Rowzanp 


een a A, BLN. 0 5 yaw ok « hea aoe een cos Lees aes 48 
VII. Descriptions of new Harvest-men of the Family Phalango- 
meepeeby STANGMY bresie «(Plate Di)ic ws. cnie. crags seaoeeuee 63 
VUI. Hersilia (Clausidium) vancouverensis. By KATHLEEN 
re mR ke Eta rere ia ort ela sep act sain, od hd ave, onsen 9 acs 84 
IX. Descriptions of Ethiopian Rhynchota (Heteroptera). By 
UE i NUNS ae afelshe) ceo ak cin, etpeis. ho Mp ta Ve wm hd a, Ui) aiard apes wap es 87 


X. A Discussion of the General Classification of the Pelecypoda, 
By M. Cottey Marcu, M.Sc., Geological Department, Manchester 
Miioersiigee: (hice PEE sits y's dees ee ka eh es bade cele sets ve, GE 
XI. Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews.— 
No. XXXIII. By Prof. M‘Inrosn, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., &e. 
PEM UE Ways salads ie titldiele we leutdielwtrnistelnivids 4 aigene® wansdes 117 


XIf. A new Elephant Shrew from the Island of Zanzibar. By 
Guy DoLLMAN .,......., Pa Rowse aM Pusha Vee Ow ane ony via eae 180 


lv CONTENTS. 


Page 
XIII. On a new Palm-Civet from Timor. By Ernst Scuwanrz. 131 


XIV. On a Terrestrial Amphipod from Kew Gardens. By W.T. 
OMAN, DP Ts. gas eae cae kee Daite omleW inn REET Bo 132 


XV. Descriptions of Three new African Cichlid Fishes of the 
Genus Tilapia,, preserved in the British Museum. By G. A. 


BOULENGHE, LYE S. 26 eer «sss + ais shemies Oe siege Giese ett © binge 138 
XVI. Descriptions of new African Batrachians preserved in the 

British Museum. By G. A. BouLEnGER, F.R.S. ......--...06- 140 
XVU. A Revision of the Asilide of Australasia. By GERTRUDE 

BRE CNIDG 5 6 85 ais cise s uti fe io Sites eee nit wl OR oiele Posi eee ee i 142 


New Books:—A Revision of the Ichnewmonide, based on the 
Collection in the British Museum (Natural History), with 
Descriptions of new Genera and Species. Part I. Tribes 
Ophionides and Metopiides. By CraupE Mortry, F.Z5., 
F.E.S.—Records of the Indian Museum. (A Journal of Indian 
Zoology.) Vol. iv. no. x. Annotated Catalogue of Oriental 


Culicrde. Supplement. By E. BRUNETTI ......,..... 160, 161 
Proceedings of the Geological Society ........--....ee eee 161, 162 
Ee Hitorsal NGC ory sy pice e es pe ana 7 iupka Ca vpoisinnawains Catan 164 


NUMBER 56, 


XVIII. Report on the Annelida Polycheta collected in the North 
Sea and adjacent parts by the Scotch Fishery Board Vessel 
‘ Goldseeker.—Part I. Amphinomide to Sigaliontide. By WILLIAM 
Smatu, M.A., B.Sc., Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 


CPA ate Way SSS. keke. tales athe gp eles sie Ce ee ena eee 165 
XIX. Descriptions of new Batrachians from the Andes of South 
America, preserved in the British Museum. By G. A. BouLENGER, 
BUSS 25555 Gi8 ie ob AG leek eink oi ties OOPRS date te eet ote e ae ace 185 
XX. New or little-known Ethiopian Hemiptera. By E. Brr- 
ROTH, COPEL IS. 1.5 5545 555058 bois gdh ae kk 0 bless Oe cee nha aan 191 
XXI. Lygistorrhina urichit, a new Mycetophilid from Trinidad. 
SBy-F. ‘W.: Eowarnns, BaAs- FOES.” 6526.5 sn ses es a on ne 203 
XXII. A new Vespertilionine Bat from Angola. By Ovp¥rirLp 
PISERONGASS <5), 5 005.5 dicts ascle himloles 6» ehe/aiienr tp ialeie yo ele ta nate ea 204 


XXIII. On a Species of Nymphon from the North Pacific. By 
Fiora M. Scott, M.A., University College, Dundee. (Plate VII.) 206 


XXIV. A Revision of the South-American Siluroid Fishes of the 
Genus Corydoras, with a List of the Specimens in the British 
Museum (Natural History). By C. Tare Rrean, M.A. 209 


CONTENTS. 


XXYV. Some Considerations in regard to the Classification of the 
Order Thysanoptera. By Ricwarp S, Baenatn, F.LS., F.ES., 
Hope Department of Zoology, University Museum, Oxford ...... 


XXVI. Entomological Notes from the London School of Tropical 
Medicine.—No. LV. ”Blood-sucking Diptera from Port Darwin, 
Australia. By Sopuia L. M. SUMMERS, M.A., B.Sc., Carnegie 
Biameniou Aperaeen University’ fo... cv cch ue ct ete c ences cceebe 


XXVII. Two new Species of Nasua, By OtpFreLtp THomas ., 
XXVIII. Description of a new Desert-Lark from the Central 


Weecstemsanara.) By Henge HaRTERE o.oo s eda w ceieala gene 2: 


XXIX. New Species of Heterocera from Costa Rica.—XVII. 
a eR GIANT Miia wow cali os av Ni odele vldg aw dil i’a stead dae o>. 


XXX. A new Species of Tabanus from German East Africa, in 


the British Museum (Natural History). By Ernest E. Austen... 2 


XXXI. On a new Species of Oligoneuria (Ephemeride) from 
British Hast Africa. By Rey. A. EH. HATON.......-...00ce ne esi 


XXXII. Some new Species of Ipide and Pp ee in the 
British Museum. By Lt.-Col. Winn Sampson, F.1.S. me 


XXXIII. On new Species of HWisteride and Notices of others. 


LY 2 SLE US REALS Be are na WL CL" Pere ane See 2 


XXXIV. Notes on Guiana Birds. By Lorp Brapournge, F.ZS., 
M.B.0.U., and Caar.tes Cuups, F.Z.8., M.B.0O.U., Zoological 
SEMEN SretisEY NEUSEUTE 2275.65 io1ig swe sisinsieisia’e les lnaata aanaa 


XXXYV. Description of a new Cichlid Fish from the Lower 
eee by Cy. A SOULENGERS BZ.5. Slee sice ssc. cavdcsende ens 


New Book :—Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India. 
Entomological Series. Vol. IV. No. 1. Eri Silk. By H. 
Maxwett-Lerroy and ©. C. SHOSH, Agricultural Research 
PPE PEGE EISEN isthe tet soot var area oles aeeeer ne eee oie Wi sia e a ate, whe, ns 


A Review of South-African Lind-Mollusca belonging to the Family 
Zontide, by Lt.-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen, F.R.S. &e.; 


Errata in Dr. Arnbiick-Christie-Linde’s paper in the ‘ Annals’ 
CUP OCs gS Ge eS have Meare arcs wer sata or eeaks 
NUMBER 57. 


XXXVI. The Classification of the Blennioid Fishes. By C. Tarr 
eRe RNME OE a eNaer Hier soc e Cee eetA eC f uink sche vie ss 


XXXVI, Two new West-African Mammals. By Oxvrretp 
PERIOMAS cer sis do. 28 RSE ah, cs be sia saa Natta oat we ar ye eats a eet 9 28 


XXXVIII. Self-evisceration in the Asteroidea. By NATHANIEL 


SRM EMA oh cps oleic sriinct'« if See ere be. Pave A Yd ba 5,8 gmp lee ees 2 


XXXIX, New Bers. o of Heterocera from Costa Rica.—XVII. 


By W. Scuavs, F.Z.8. aang Sick AOC OE ICE Ak : 


vt 


Page 


220 


261 


268 


vb. 


264 


265 


280 


al CONTENTS. 


Page 
XL. Descriptions and Records of Bees—XLVI. By T. D. A. 
COGKERELL, University of Colorado <0 056. sjc2 63 sss = 5 ince dll 
XLI. Three new Species of Neotropical Coccinellide. By Guy 
PAS? SIE A EEA TYLON seg ches sone igre i eterone aici nhals g eh etc ice’ ole) sce ee 820 
XLII. Description of Two new Eels from West Africa, belonging 
to a new Genus and Family. By C. Tare Beaan, M.A. ........ 323 
XLII. Notes on Malay Tigers, with Description of a new Form 
from Bali. (By Benet SCHWAHZ (7 2). ohio: sania ae ttebinns oer 324 


XLIV. Descriptions of some new Burmese Species of Ruteline 
@oleoptera belonging to the Genus Anomala. By GitBertr J. 


PPATEREROOW «Re Bonu on, betes asus pogo as n\n oe pepe ects i Sop Bley Sak eee ae 327 
XLV. Onthe Stromatoporoids and Eozoon. By R. Kirkpatrick, 

(Pigtes Waitt EX.) i. ss cae se eee week we slees ce een eee 341 
XLVI. The Anatomy and Classification of the Teleostean Fishes 

of the Order Lyomeri. By C. Tarz Reaan, M.A............... 347 
XLVII. A Revision of the Asilide of Australasia. By GERTRUDE 

TRA a1 1 ae ERE Lata Mtarairg tia sy eocrn e835 5 350 


NUMBER 88. 
XLVIII. Notes on Fossorial Hymenopteraa—X. By Rowxianp 


10M Vom tepor el De eae On ONS ee SO A Pee RI hg dat 361 
XLIX. The Osteology and Classification of the Teleostean Fishes 
of the Order Apodes. By C. Tarr Rue@an, M.A..............++- 377 


L. A Revision of the South-American Characid Fishes of the 
Genera Chalceus, Pyrrhulina, Copeina, and Pogonocharax. By 
CoiBawe HmGan, MAS feos «0 thasiate asl aabis cree: cree alee ea 387 


LI. On a Collection of Small Mammals from the Tsin-ling 
Mountains, Central China, presented by Mr. G. Fenwick Owen to 


the National Museum. By OLpFrELD THOMAS ................ 395 
LII. New Bats and Rodents from 8. America. By OLpFreLp 
THOMAS Ty. cs sawed eee ewes ss om oe opie eee ee 405 


LIIT. New Land and Freshwater Shells collected by Dr. J. 
Elbert in the Malay Archipelago. By Dr. F. Haas, Frankfurt-a.-M. 412 


LIV. Descriptions of new Reptiles from the Andes of South 
America, preserved in the British Museum. By G. A. BouLENGER, 
ORES, eee an wiv. c GF bib shee oe ealenne eal tee Cte ete ee 420 

LY. A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Fauna of Bromel- 
acee. By Hues Scort, M.A. (Cantab.), F.L.S., F.E.S., Curator in 
Entomology in the University of Cambridge. Including Descriptions 
of new Insects by W. L. Distant, F.E.S., and the late R, Suxr- 
FORD, M.A., F.L.S. (Plate KX.) oo... cece ene ne cece were cece 424 

LVI. Descriptions of some new Homoptera. By W. L. Distant. 438 


LVII. On the Structure of Stromatoporoids and of Hozoon. By 
R KapepatTricr: »(Plates XL, & ATL) oo. ease ee eee 446 


New Book :—Recent Foreign and Colonial Natural History 
IPeriodreals ee rey etree MMH mn tromhintho Minoe ao ae oF 460 


CONTENTS. Vil 


NUMBER 59. 
Page 
LVIII. Notes on the Apide (Hymenoptera) in the Collection of 
the British Museum, with Descriptions of new Species. By 
GEOFFREY MEADE-WALDO, M.A. ..........00008 Rep eremehesteat haces 461 


LIX. Observations on living Gorgonias (Gorgonia verrucosa) 
occurring in the English Channel. By J. Sruarr Tuomson, Ph.D., 
F.L.S., F.R.S.E., Lecturer and Senior Demonstrator in Zoology, 
Victoria University of Manchester ..........cccessseeeecueeees 479 


LX. Descriptions and Records of Bees —XLVII. By T. D. A. 
CockERELL, University of Colorado 


LXI. A Revision of the Peeciliid Fishes of the Genera Rivulus, 
Pterolebias, and Cynolebias. By C. Tate REGAN, M.A........... 494 


LXII. New Species of Heterocera from Costa Rica.— XVIII. 
NMR A Setsvencadienuhiesste eaten anh a wisi a aie hale am ceare 8 


LXIII. Notes on Fossorial Hymenoptera.—XI. By Row1anp 
E. Turner, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 


LXIYV. Brief Diagnoses of Eight new Petalia, with a List of the 
known forms of the Genus. By KNup ANDERSEN 


LXV. On Specimens of Cephalodiscus nigrescens supposed to have 
been dredged in 1841 or 1842. By W.G. RipEwoop............ 550 


New Books:—Recent Foreign and Colonial Natural History 
Periodicals.—Records of the Western Australian Museum and 
Art Gallery. Edited by the Director, Bernarp H. Woop- 
warp. Vol. I. Part 2.—Distribution and Origin of Life in 
America. By Ropert Francis Scuarrr, Ph.D., B.Sc, 555, 556 


NUMBER 60. 


LXVI. Descriptions of new Species of Pyralide of the Subfamily 
Pyraustine. By Sir Grorce F. Hampson, Bart., F.Z.S., &e. .... 557 


LXVII. On some Reptilian Lower Jaws. By D. M.S. Watson, 
M.Sc. 


LXVIII. Two new Races of Mongoose. By O_pFrrLp THomas. 588 


LXIX. On new Mammals from the Islands of the Johore Archi- 
pelago, South China Sea. By Hersperrt C. Roprnson, C.M.Z.S, .. 689 


LXX. Eight new Fishes from Baluchistan. By Dr. Ericu 
ZUGMAYER, of the Zoological Museum, Munich 


LXXI. Apherusa jurinei (M.-Edw.). By ALFRED O. WALKER, 
RRs ef) 1S Gand = ay Ue a SAE Me siaj oie PE Ke eee 600 


LXXII. Descriptions of Two new Fishes from the Nile System. 
eee HOUCENGHE, PVE Si < s vcdeituar deus. sedade tds tence’ 601 


LXXIII. Rhynchotal Notes. By W. L. Distant ............ 602 


Vill CONTENTS. 


Page 
LXXIV. Descriptions of new African Agaristide in the British 
Museum. By Sir Georex F. Hampson, Bart........... 000.000: 609 
LXXV. Two new Mongooses from Somaliland. ae R. E, DRAKE- 
Brockman, M.R.C.S., L.B.C.P., BZib. ees cuusas Gases. . te tae 612 


LXXVI. On the Development of the Pectoral Girdle in the 
Pipefish (Syngnathus acus). By T. P. Burst, M.A., B.Se., Gatty 
Marine Laboratory, University of St. Andrews. (Plate XT)». 3a 


LXXVILI. Notes on some New Zealand Pselaphide in the British 
Museum, with Descriptions of new Species of the Genus Sagola, By 


Major T. IBROUN, HBGB. . ees eun es dificil eee th pean ee 621 
IXXVITI. The Anatomy and Classification of the Teleostean 

Fishes of the Order Discocephali. By C. Tarz Recan, M.A. .... 634 
LXXIX. The Caristiide, a Family of Berycomorphous Fishes. 

By ©. Tate Reaan, M.A... ss. sees es sas se eee 637 
LXXX. New Centronycteris and Ctenomys from S. America. By 

Cem ruD THOMAS. oy ies hs ve ale eoe eye es Npleb ae oyu Glee .. 638 


LXXXI. A new Cynopterus from Borneo. By KNup ANDERSEN. 640 


LXXXII. Sexual Differences in the Peeciliid Fishes of the Genus 
Cynolebias. By Ox Tare RrGan, MeAw. o. iene eee .. 641 


Index severe ee 


PLATES IN VOL. X. 


Piatr I, New Harvest-men of the family Phalangodide. 
II. Hersilia (Clausidium) vancouverensis, K. Haddon. 
III. Classification of the Pelecypoda. 
IV. White Porpoise. 
V. Eteone depressa and Dasybranchus caducus. 
VI. Annelida Polycheta from the North Sea. 
VII. Nymphon pixelle, /. M. Scott. 
VIII. | 
Ix. 
X. Fauna of Bromeliacez. 
XI. | 
X11.1 
XIII. Pectoral girdle in the Pipefish, 


Stromatoporoids and Eozoon. 


Stromatoporoids and Eozoon. 


Vol.10. § SIGHTH SERIES. — No. 55. 


THE ANNALS | 
| MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. 
| ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, anp GEOLOGY. 


CONDUCTED BY 


WILLIAM CARRUTHERS, Pu.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., 
ARTHUR E. SHIPLEY, M.A., Sc.D., F.R.S., F-.Z.S., 


AND 
WILLIAM FRANCIS, F.L.S. 


BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘‘ANNALS” COMBINED WITH 
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THE ANNALS 


AND 


MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, 


[EIGHTH SERIES.] 


Coat aaa toa per litora spargite muscum, 
Naiades, et circiim vitreos considite fontes: 
Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores: 
Floribus et pictum, dives, replete canistrum. 
At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas ; 
Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco 
Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas 
Ferte, Dez pelagi, et pingui conchylia suceo.” 
NV. Parthenii Giannettasi, Eel. 1,, 


No: 55. JULY: 1912. 


T.— Descriptions of new Species of Pyralide of the Subfamily 
Pyraustine. By Sir Grorcz F. Hampson, Bart., F.Z.S. 


Ke. 
[Continued from vol, ix. p. 633. ] 


(4a) Goniorhynchus lasyguialis, sp. u. 


Fore tibiz of male tufted with long hair on inner side, the 
first joint of tarsus curved and fringed with lovg hair on 
inner side ; fore wing with slight depressed grooves in cell. 

6. Head, thorax, and abdomen reddish brown ; pectus, 
base of legs, and ventral surface of abdomen whitish. Fore 
wing glossy ochreous brown suffused with fuscous; traces of 
a dark antemedial line; an obscure dark discoidal spot ; 
postmedial line dark, rather strongly dentate, excurved from 
costa to vein 4, then oblique; a terminal series of black 
points ; cilia greyish ochreous at base followed by: Begfit 1€ 
dark line. Hind wing brown with a cupre St Siva ter 
minal series of black points ; cilia greyish Hus at base 
followed by a dark line; the underside greyer, an obscure 
discoidal a and indistinct maculate postmedial line defined 
by greyish on outer side. 

Hab. Paracvay, Sapucay (Foster), 1g type. Hep. 28mm 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. i! 


2 Sir G. F. Hampson on new 


(7a) Goniorhynchus octosema, sp. 0. 


gd. Head and thorax yellow ; palpi black, white at base ; 
lower part of frons black ; shoulders with brown stripes ; 
tibize with blackish bands at extremities; abdomen yellow, 
a black band on third segment, the terminal segments tinged 
with red-brown, the anal tuft black above and with a black 
bar before it below. Fore wing golden yellow ; the costal 
area black-brown from near base to end of cell, expanding 
into a triangular antemedial patch, a small round spot iu 
upper part of middle of cell and confluent with a figure-of- 
eight-shaped discoidal patch, its centre slightly tinged with 
grey ; antemedial line fine, brown, from cell to inner margin; 
postmedial line brown, excurved below costa and between 
veins 5 and 2, then retracted to below the discoidal patch 
and sinuous to inner margin ; a terminal black-brown line 
expanding somewhat at apex ; cilia black-brown with a fine 
pale line at base. Hind wing golden yellow ; a brown dis- 
coidal point ; postmedial line brown, bent outwards between 
veins 5 and 2, then retracted to below end of cell and oblique 
to above tornus ; aterminal black-brown line except towards 
tornus; cilia black-brown with fine white lines at base and 
middle. 


Hab. Stnearore (Ridley), 1 3 type. Hep. 22 mm. 


(7b) Goniorhynchus marginalis, sp. n. 
?. Head and thorax yellowish tinged with brown ; palpi 


3 
black-brown, white at base; frons and antenne black- 
brown ; fore tibiz black-brown ; abdomen yellowish white 
with pair of dorsal brown points on second segment. Fore 
wing pale yellow, the costal area suffused with brown, the 
terminal area deep cupreous brown, widening towards costa ; 
a small brown spot at middle of cell conjoined to the costal 
area and with a faint line from it to inner margin ; a trian- 
gular brown discoidal patch conjoined to the costal area ; 
postmedial line indistinct, nearly straight from costa to 
vein 2, then retracted to just below angle of cell and erect to 
inner margin. Hind wing pale yellow; a slight discoidal 
point ; postmedial line indistinct, excurved between veins 5 
and 2; a terminal cupreous-brown band narrowing to a 
point at tornus. 

Hab, Peru, La Merced (Watkins & Tomlinson), 1 2 type. 
Hep, 24mm. 


(1a) Puletosoma holophealis, sp. n. 
Antenne of male thickened by a ridge of scales at base ; 


Species of Pyralide. 3 


hind tibie fringed with very long hair above, with a tuft of 
long hair from base below followed by a thick fringe of hair, 
the medial spurs absent, the terminal outer spur very long, 
the first joint of tarsus fringed with very long hair below. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen dark brown ; pectus and base 
of legs whitish ; ventral surface of abdomen white, fuscous 
towards extremity, the anal tuft and claspers white below, 
genital tufts ochreous white. Wings uniform dark brown 
tinged with purplish, a slight pale line at base of cilia. 

Hab. Stnearorn (Ridley), 1 3, 1 2 type; Borneo, 
Sandakan (Pryer),2 9. Hap. 28 mm. 


(3 @) Botyodes brachytorna, sp. n. 


Hind wing of male with the termen indented at submedian 
fold, the tornal area contorted and thickly clothed with rough 
hair above and below. 

6 . Head and thorax orange-yellow; palpiwith black points 
at sides of joints ; antenne ringed with black towards base ; 
tegulz, shoulders, and patagia with black spots; fore coxe 
with black spots, the femora and tibiz at extremities with 
black bands, the fore tarsi ringed with black; abdomen 
yellow, the second segment with subdorsal black spots, the 
terminal segments with silvery rings and the anal tuft silvery, 
the ventral surface dark brown at extremity. Fore wing 
yellow; a subbasal black spot below costa ; smal! antemedial 
black spots below costa and cell and above inner margin ; a 
silvery discoidal bar defined by brown; the terminal area 
red-brown with a leaden gloss and defined on inner side by 
a dark brown line which is sinuous to vein 4, then angled 
inwards to the discoidal bar and again sinuous to inner 
margin ; a dark brown subterminal shade, a terminal series 
of black strize, and fine pale line at base of cilia. Hind wing 
yellow, the terminal area broadly red-brown with a silvery 
leaden gloss and defined on inner side by a dark brown line; 
a dark subterminal shade and black terminal line. 

?. Hind wing without the silvery gloss on termen and at 
tornus, the terminal line broken up into black striz, a dark 
line near base of cilia. 

Hab. Br. N. Guinea, Ekeikei (Pratt), 3 3, 1 2 type, 
Mt. Kebea (Pratt), 1 3, 2 2, Mafalu (Pratt),1 9. Hap. 
30-32 mm. 


(4c) Sylepta monoleuca, sp. n. 


Antenne of male with the tooth on basal joint large, 
the shaft thickened just beyond it ; fore wing on underside 
1 


4 Sir G. I’. Hampson on new 


with fringes of scales and hair at upper and lower angles 
of cell. 

3g. Head and thorax black-brown, the antennze whitish 
towards tips, the tarsi whitish ; abdomen fuscous black, the 
ventral surface white. Fore wing uniform black-brown with 
a cupreous tinge. Hind wing black-brown with a cupreous 
tinge; arather quadrate white spot beyond lower angle of cell. 

Hab. DutcuH N. Guinea, Fak-fak (Pratt), 1 g type. 
Kap. 28 mm. 


(12a) Sylepta microspilalis, sp. n. 

3g. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous tinged with 
brown ; palpi white at base; pectus and ventral surface of 
abdomen white. Fore wing ochreous tinged with brown, 
the costal and terminal areas rather darker; two dark 
antemedial points in cell and one below the cell with an 
oblique line from it to inner margin ; a small yellowish 
discoidal lunule defined by fuscous ; postmedial line dark, 
minutely dentate and oblique from costa to vein 2, then 
retracted to below angle of cell and oblique to inner margin 
with a dark point at submedian fold ; cilia fuscous. Hind 
wing pale ochreous, the apical area tinged with fuscous ; a 
slight postmedial line bent outwards and minutely dentate 
between veins 5 and 2. 

Hab. Sincavore (Ridley), 2 g type. Exp. 24 mm. 


(18a) Sylepta albirivalis, sp. un. 

9. Head, thorax, and abdomen cupreous brown, the vertex 
of head whitish ; abdomen with slight whitish segmental 
lines; palpi at base, pectus, legs, and ventral surface of 
abdomen white. Fore wing cupreous brown ; an indistinct 
oblique whitish antemedial line slightly defined on outer side 
by fuscous ; a small white spot in middle of cell and discoidal 
bar defined by fuscous ; a postmedial white line arising below 
costa, its outer edge very slightly waved to vein 5, where it is 
very slightly bent outwards, at vein 2 bent inwards to below 
end of cell, then slightly excurved. Hind wing cupreous 
brown ; a slight whitish discoidal lmnule defined by fuscous ; 
postmedial line white faintly defined on inner side by fuscous, 
very slightly bent outwards at vein 5, at vein 2 bent inwards 
and almost obsolete to below end of cell, then oblique to 
above tornus ; cilia whitish with a dark line through them ; 
the underside greyer. 

Hab. Duvcu N. Guinea, Kapaur (Doherty), 1 2 type. 
Exp. 28 mm. 


Species of Pyralide. g 


(20 c) Sylepta parvipuncta, sp. n. 


Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous brown with a greyish 
tinge ; palpi black, white at base ; pectus, legs, and ventral 
surface of abdomen white, the fore tibize with blackish band. 
Fore wing fuscous brown with a cupreous gloss ; antemedial 
line indistinct, whitish defined on outer side by blackish, 
somewhat oblique from costa to submedian fold ; smali black 
spots at middle of cell and on discocellulars, the latter with 
faint whitish marks before and beyond it ; postmedial line 
whitish defined on inner side by blackish, forming a tridentate 
white mark from below costa to vein 5, then excurved to 
vein 2, then bent inwards to below base of cell and more 
distinct and excurved to inner margin. Hind wing fuscous 
brown with a cupreous gloss; a blackish discoidal spot ; 
postmeddial line whitish defined on inner side by blackish, 
bent outwards between veins 5 and 2, then inwards to below 
angle of cell and oblique to above tornus ; cilia with a fine 
whitish line at base and whitish tips ; the underside whitish 
with the terminal area suffused with fuscous, the discoidal 
lunule and postmedial line more distinct. 

Hab, Sizrra Leone (Clements), 1 ¢ type ; Gotp Coast, 
Kumasi (Whiteside),1 9. Eup. 24-26 mm. 


(22a) Sylepta leucographalis, sp. n. 


3. Head and thorax fuscous mixed with greyish ; palpi 
black, greyish at base and tips; pectus and legs whitish, the 
fore tibiz fuscous at extremities ; abdomen with the basal 
half grey with fuscous lines, the terminal half fuscous with 
grey segmental lines, the ventral surface whitish. Fore wing 
fuscous brown suffused with purple; an antemedial white spot 
in cell and whitish band from cell to immer margin ; quadrate 
black spots in middle of cell and on discocellulars with a 
quadrate white spot between them and smaller spot below the 
cell ; postmedial line fuscous, incurved and with quadrifid 
yellowish white patch beyond it from costa to vein 5, bent 
outwards and slightly defined by white between veins 5 and 2, 
then retracted to lower angle of cell and excurved to inner 
margin, with yellowish white spot beyond it in submedian 
interspace and small spot above inner margin ; cilia yellowish 
white from vein’3 to tornus. Hind wing yellowish white ; 
some diffused fuscous below base of cell; an oblique fuscous 
band from upper angle of cell to above tornus ; a small dark 
lunule beyond the cell ; the terminal area fuscous suffused 
with purple, a postmedial line between veins 5 and 2 slightly 


6 Sir G. F. Hampson on new 


defined by whitish on outer side and retracted at vein 2 ; cilia 
white at submedian interspace. 
Hab. Batt (Doherty), 1 3 type. Exp. 30 mm. 


(32 b) Sylepta tumidipes, sp. un. 


Mid femora of male greatly dilated. 

¢. Head, thorax, and abdomen white tinged with ochreous, 
the vertex of head, tegule, and patagia with some brown; 
fore tibize with fuscous band; abdomen with blackish bands 
on second and penultimate segments and subdorsal streaks 
on anal segment. Fore wing white tinged with ochreous ; a 
curved black subbasal line from costa to vein 1, followed by 
a blackish shade from below costa to inner margin; a strong 
curved black-brown antemedial line, conjoined at median 
nervure to an oblique bar in middle of cell ; a pale discoidal 
bar on a black-brown patch extending to costa ; postmedial 
line strong, black-brown, incurved from costa to vein 5, ex- 
curved to vein 2, then bent inwards to the lower edge of the 
discoidal patch and oblique to inner margin near the ante- 
medial line; a terminal black-brown band, broad and with 
curved inner edge from costa to vein 4, then narrow to 
vein 2 and expanding into a large patch on tornal area 
confluent with the curve of postmedial line ; cilia brownish 
with a white line at base and whitish patch above tornus. 
Hiud wing white tinged with ochreous ; a black discoidal 
spot with oblique line from it to above inner margin towards 
tornus ; postmedial line blackish, bent outwards between 
veins 5 and 2 where it terminates ; a blackish terminal line 
expanding into patches at apex and in submedian interspace ; 
cilia with a slight brownish line through them. 

Ab. 1. Head and thorax yellower with much more black- 
brown ; abdomen yellower banded dorsally with black-brown 
and almost wholly black-brown towards extremity ; wings 
yellower with the dark areas more extensive and tinged with 
purple ; fore wing with the whole terminal area dark except 
a bar from costa and small spot below vein 2; hind wing 
with the whole terminal area dark except a slight pale line 
beyond the postmedial line towards costa and the excurved 
medial part. 

Hab. Sizrra Leone (Clements), 2 g type ; Goutp Coast, 
Kumasi (Whiteside), 1 8; S. Nicgerta, Sapele (Sampson), 
23. Exp. 26-28 mm. 


(35 a) Sylepta microdontalis, sp. n. 


3. Pale grey-brown : pectus, legs, and ventral surface of 


Species of Pyralide. 7 


abdomen whitish, the fringe of hair on hind tibie red-brown 
on inner side. Fore wing with faint pale point in cell and 
spot below it before the very indistinct antemedial line ; 
a small pale spot in end of cell before the shght dark discoidal 
lunule with pale centre ; postmedial line indistinct, dark, 
slightly bent outwards between veins 5 and 3 with two small 
dentate white marks before it, then retracted to below end of 
cell and erect toinner margin ; the costa pale before and just 
beyond it. Hind wing with indistinct dark discoidal spot 
followed by a faint pale bar before the postmedial ime, which 
is very indistinct and diffused, forming a spot beyond lower 
angle of cell, then retracted to lower angle and oblique to 
inner margin beyond middle ; cilia with brown line near base 
and whitish tips ; the underside whitish. 

@. Fore wing rather browner ; the point in cell and spot 
below it more distinct ; no spot before the discoidal lunule, 
the lower extremity of which is connected with three small 
dentate pale marks in sinus of postmedial line, costa not pale ; 
hind wing with the pale spot beyond the cell more djstinct, 
the postmedial live excurved at median nervules, not forming 
a spot. : 

Hab. Venezurta, 1 fg; Fr. Guiana, Cayenne (Schaus), 
1 § type, Maroni R. (Schaus), type 2 in Coll. Schaus. 
Lxp., § 30, 9 28 mm. ‘These may possibly be different 
species. 


(38 a) Sylepta leucinalis, sp. n. 


9. Head whitish suffused with cupreous brown; palpi 
with blackish bands at extremities of first and second joints ; 
thorax white slightly tinged with brown, the tegule with 
fuscous patches at middle; the fore tibize with blackish band ; 
abdomen white with dorsal black band on third segment, the 
terminal segments slightly tinged with brown. Fore wing 
white slightly irrorated with brown ; a black point at base of 
costa, slight subbasal striga from costa and point above inner 
margin; antemedial line slight, dark, excurved from below 
costa to inner margin; small dark annuli in and below middle 
of cell ; an oblique black discoidal bar with white point in its 
upper part and some brown suffusion below it ; postmedial 
line double, dentate, oblique from costa to vein 3, at vein 2 
bent inwards to below end of cell and angled outwards above 
vein 1, the area beyond it suffused with brown from apex to 
vein 4 and towards tornus; a terminal series of blackish 
striz ; cilia with dark line through them and dark pcints at 
tips. Hind wing white slightly irrorated with brown ; two 


8 Sir G. F. Hampson on new 


slight dark discoidal points and brownish shades below and 
beyond end of cell ; postmedial line double, dentate, with a 
dark spot on the inner line at discal fold, ineurved at sub- 
median fold ; the apex with brown patch ; a terminal series 
of blackish strize and a brown line through the cilia. 

Hab. HK. Peru, Pozuzo, 2 2? type. Hap. 30 mm. 


(40a) *Sylepta desmialis, sp. n. 


Hind tibiz of male with very thick tufts of hair on upper 
ide. 

¢d. Fuscous ; palpi at base, pectus, and ventral surface of 
abdomen white; legs black and white. Fore wing with sub- 
basal hyaline point in cell ; quadrate antemedial spots in cell, 
the latter with a similar spot below it; a lunulate mark just 
beyond the cell composed of five almost conjoined spots 
between veins 3 and 8, the two middle ones larger. Hind 
wing witb oblique dark medial line ending above tornus ; a 
quadrage discoidal hyaline spot with a short dark line on its 
outer edge; cilia of both wings with a fine white line at 
base. 

Hab. S. Nienria, Lagos (Boag), 1 3s, Sapele (F. W. 
Sampson), 3 & type. Exp. 24 mm. 


(40 c) Sylepta melanomma, Sp. n. 


9. Head and thorax ochreous white mixed with dark 
brown; palpi white with blackish bands at middle and 
extremity ; pectus and legs ochieous white, the fore tibiz 
with fuscous band at extiemity; abdomen ochreous white 
banded with brown, the terminal segment with blackish 
pateh, the veutral surface white. Fore wing ochreous 
white ; somewhat oblique blackish subbasal and antemedial 
bands, the latter confluent with a spoi on its outer side 
below the cell ; somewhat quadrate blackish spots in end 
. of cell and on discocellulars, confluent on median nervure, 
and a band from lower angle of cell to inner margin ; the 
terminal area broadly blackish with a cupreous gloss, an 
ochreous-white postmedial bar on it from costa to vein 6 ; 
cilia whitish. Hind wing ochreous white ; a faint diffused 
dark subbasal band; a blackish discoidal spot ; a dark post- 
medial band, oblique to vein 8, then bent inwards to lower 
angle of cell and oblique to above tornus; terminal area 
blackish with a cupreous gloss, joined at vein 2 by a spur 
from postmedial band and with an ochreous-white sub- 


Species of Pyralidee. 9 


terminal band on it from vein 4 to near tornus ; cilia white 
at base, dark at tips. 

Hab. S. Nicerta, Ilesha (Humfrey), 2 9 type. Eup. 
26-28 mm. 


(44a) Sylepta vylocraspis, sp. n. 


9. Head, thorax, and abdomen fulvous yellow tinged 
with red-brown; palpi whitish at base ; pectus and ventral 
surface of abdomen white. Fore wing orange-yellow, the 
costa tiuged with fulvous, a broad terminal red-brown band ; 
an indistinct curved brown antemedial line; a small brown 
spot in middle of cell and larger discoidal spot ; postmedial 
line brown, strong and obliquely incurved from costa to the 
terminal band at vein 5, at vein 2 retracted to below end of 
cell and erect to inner margin. Hind wing orange-yellow 
with a broad brown terminal band; an oblique brown 
discoidal striga ; postmedial line brown, rather strong, ex- 
curved between veins 5 and 2; the underside with the 
terminal band narrower. 


Hab. Natau, Durban (Innes), 29 type. Exp. 32-34 mm. 


— (506) Sylepta holopheaiis, sp. n. 


6. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark reddish brown ; 
palpi white at base, black towards tips ; pectus, greater part 
‘of legs, and ventral surface of abdomen whitish ; genital 
tufts ochreous. Fore wing brown with a cupreous gloss ; 
traces of a dark antemedial line, a slight dark discoidal 
lunule ; an indistinct dark postmedial line shghtly bent 
outwards between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to lower 
angle of cell and erect to inner margin. Hind wing brown 
with a cupreous gloss ; a faint dark postmedial line, slightly 
excuryed between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to lower 
angle of cell and oblique to tornus. 

Hab, Paraguay, Sapucay (Foster), 1 g type. Eup. 
28 mio. 


(0c) Sylepta semilugens, sp. n. 


dg. Head, thorax, and abdomen fulvous yellow; palpi 
whitish at base ;- pectus aid legs whitish, the tore femora at 
extremity and tibiz above brownish. Fore wing with the 
basal area fulvous yellow with subbasal black spot on inner 
margin; a medial pale yellow band with the costal area 
fulvous and a slight brownish point in middle of cell; the 
terminal half pale brownish with faint dark discoidal bar 


10 Sir G. F. Hampson on new 


and some yellowish on costa beyond middle. Hind wing 
with the basal half pale yellow, the terminal half pale 
brownish. Underside of fore wing with slight fuscous 
discoidal spot and diffused brownish postmedial baud, bent 
inwards below vein 2; hind wing with slight black subbasal 
spot in upper part of cell and diffused brownish postmedial 
band. 

Hab. W. Arnica, Cameroons (Sjostedt), 1 3 type. Exp. 
42 mm. 


(50 d) Sylepta acridentalis, sp. n. 


&. Yellow; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen 
whitish ; fore tibiz banded with brown, mid tibie streaked 
with brown. Fore wing with curved, somewhat waved and 
diffused antemedial line from subcostal nervure to mner 
margin ; a dark point in middle of cell and discoidal lunule ; 
postmedial line strongly and rather irregularly dentate, 
oblique, bent outwards between veins 5 and 2 and with 
diffused dentate band across its sinus. Hind wing with 
oblique diffused somewhat dentate band from costa beyond 
middle to tornus, towards which it narrows and with dentate 
line beyond it between veins 5 and 2; the apical part of 
costal area suffused with brown. 

Hab. 8.W. New Guinea, Kapaur (Doherty), 1 g type. 
Exp. 32 mm. 


(51 c¢) Sylepta retractalis, sp. n. 


¢o. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale yellow, the neck with 
fulvous ring, the abdomen with faint fulvous-yellow segmental 
bands ; palpi white at base, fulvous at tips ; pectus, legs, and 
ventral surface of abdomen white, the fore tibize yellowish. 
Fore wing pale yellow, the costa and veins tinged with 
fulvous ; antemedial line fuscous, oblique; a fuscous dis- 
coidal bar; postmedial line fuscous, slightly bent outwards 
between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to lower angle of 
cell, and oblique to inner margin near antemedial line; a 
fuscous terminal line and a fine line through the cilia which 
are whitish at tips. Hind wing pale yellow; a fuscous 
discoidal spot; postmedial line fuscous, bent outwards 
between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to lower angle of 
cell and oblique to above tornus ; a fuscous terminal line 
and a line through the cilia which are whitish at tips. 

Hab. Goupv Coast, Kumasi (Whiteside), 2 g type. Hap. 
24 mm. 


Species of Pyralide. 11 


(52a) Sylepta heliochroa, sp. n. 


3. Head, thorax, and abdomen very pale yellow; pectus, 
legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white, the fore legs 
faintly tinged with brown. Fore wing very pale yellow, 
the costa whitish, the termen with faint dark shade expanding 
at apex. Hind wing very pale yellow. 

?. Abdomen dorsally fulvous except at base ; fore wing 
without trace of the terminal shade. 

Hab. Br. N. Guinea, Dinawa (Pratt), 2 3, 2 ¢ type. 
Exp. 30 mm. 


(52 b) Sylepta tetrathyralis, sp. n. 


3d. Head, thorax, and abdomen orange-yellow; palpi 
with the third joint black ; maxillary palpi black above ; 
pectus and ventral surface of abdomen whitish. Fore wing 
orange-yellow, the medial area suffused with fulvous except 
the costal area and inner margin ; the costal edge black ; 
a hyaline spot from middle of cell to above vein 1 connected 
with a hyaline point beyond it in cell; a yellow point at 
upper angle of cell and a hyaline spot beyond lower angle 
between veius 5 and 2; an indistinct diffused waved sub- 
terminal line, incurved from vein 6 to below 5. Hind wing 
orange-yellow ; some fulvous suffusion on basal inner area ; 
a small dark brown mark on median nervure near base 
followed by a hyaline patch from middle of cell to submedian 
fold, then a fulvous-brown patch extending to beyond cell 
with a hyaline spot on it beyond lower angle, somewhat 
constricted at middle ; an indistinct, rather diffused, waved 
fulvous subterminal line. 

Hab. 8.W. New Guinea, Kapaur (Doherty), 1 ¢ type. 
Hep. 26 mm. 


(59 a) Sylepta attenualis, sp. n. 


Head and thorax pale ochreous tinged with brown; ab- 
domen pale ochreous dorsally tinged with brown and with 
paired subdorsal black points on third segment, in male very 
elongate and attenuated ; wings thinly scaled. Fore wing 
elongate and produced at apex ; pale ochreous irrorated with 
brown especially on costal area to postmedial line ; a subbasal 
black spot ou inner margin; an oblique sinuous fuscous ante- 
medial line ; a black point in middle of cell and discoidal bar ; 
postmedial line fuscous, bent outwards below veins 5 and 2, 
then retracted to below angle of cell and oblique to inner 
margin; a punctiform black terminal line; cilia whitish 


12 Sir G. F. Hampson on new 


tinged with fuscous. Hind wing pale ochreous irrorated 
with brown especially on disk; a slight fuscous discoidal 
bar ; postmedial line fuscous, bent outwards between veins 5 
and 2, then retracted and oblique to above tornus; a fine 
black terminal line, reduced to points in female ; cilia whitish 
with a slight fuscous line near base. ; 

Hab. Br. E. Arrica, Lagari (Belton), 1 3 type, Ndimu 
(Betton), 1 9, Uganda Ry. Mile 478 (Betton), 1 ¢, E. Quaso 
(Betton), 1 3,19. Ezxp., § 40, 9 34mm. 


(60 a) Sylepta glaucalis, sp. n. 


Head, thorax, and abdomen grey-brown tinged with olive ; 
palpi fuscous, white at base; pectus, legs, and ventral surface 
of abdomen whitish ; fore tibiz and tarsi banded with fuscous. 
Fore wing grey-brown tinged with olive ; a slight waved dark 
antemedial line; an indistinct dark point iu middle of cell and 
discoidal Junule ; postmedial line minutely dentate, bent out- 
wards between veins 6 and 2, then retracted to below angle of 
cell; aslight dark terminal line and line at base of cilia. Hind 
wing grey-brown tinged with olive ; a slight oblique dark 
discoidal striga ; postmedial line bent outwards and minutely 
dentate between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to lower angle 
of cell and sinuous to tornus; a fine dark terminal line and 
line at base of cilia. 

Hab. Venezvueta, Palma Sol, 1 ¢; Paracuay, Sapucay 
(Foster), 14 3,1 2 type. Hap. 28-30 mm. 


(70 a) Sylepta glaucosia, sp. n. 
Sathria cephalis, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Am., Het. ii. p. 242 (part.). 


Head, thorax, and abdomen fulvous brown mixed with 
whitish, the last with the medial segments darker and with 
slight white segmental lines, the ventral surface white. Fore 
wing pale glaucous grey, the costa white with a fulvous 
streak below it; a fuscous subbasal shade from cell to inner 
margin followed by a whitish band ; a quadrate semihyaline 
white spot just beyond the discocellulars. Hind wing pale 
glaucous grey with the basal area semihyaline white; cilia 
white. 

Hab. Mexico, Presidio (Forrer),1 2 ; Guatrmaua, Zapote 
(Champion), 1g, Godman-Salvin Coll.; Panama, La Chorrera 
(Dolby-Tyler), 1 $ type. Lap. 28-32 mm. 


(71a) Sylepta diacymalis, sp. n. 


Epicorsia butyrosa, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Am., Het. ii. p. 212 (part.), nee ~ 
Butl. 


Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous yellow mixed with 


Species of Pyralide. 13 


white ; palpi black, white in front except at tips; shoulders 
with black bars with some fulvous above; fore tibize banded 
with black. Fore wing white tinged with ochreous yellow 
and faintly irrorated with grey, the costa pure white, except 
at base which is fulvous ; a faint oblique grey antemedial 
line; a slight white discoidal striga; postmedial line in- 
distinet, grey, oblique from vein 8 to discal fold, bent 
outwards from vein 5 to below 3, then retracted to below 
angle of cell and obiique and sinuous to inner’ margin. 
Hind wing white faintly tinged with ochreous and irrorated 
with grey; a faint grey discoidal striga; postmedial line 
indistinct, grey, bent outwards between veins 5 and 2, then 
retracted to below end of cell and again excurved. 

Hab. Mexico, Cuernavaca (H. H. Smith), 1 & type; Gua- 
TEMALA, San Gerénimo (Champion), 1 ¢, Guatemala City 
(Rodriguez), 19 ; Costa Rica, Candelaria Mts. (Underwood), 
1 g, Jrazu (Rogers), 1 ¢; Panama, Chiriqui (Champion), 
2 2, Godman-Salvin Coll. Hep. 40-48 mm. 


(73a) Sylepta pheophlebalis, sp. n. 


6. White; palpi, tegule, and prothorax tinged with 
orange ; fore tibiz and tarsi tinged with fuscous. Fore 
wing with rather diffused brown streaks on the veins, stronger 
on subcostal and median nervures and veins 8,7,4,1. Hind 
wing with faint brown streaks on median nervure and veins 5 
tol. Underside of fore wing with the costal area and termen 
tinged with fuscous, a slight discoidal bar; hind wing with 
the termen narrowly fuscous. 

Hab. Pexv, Rio Colorado (Watkins & Tomlinson), 1 3 
type. Eap. 34 mm. 


(75 6) Sylepta atrisquamalis, sp. n. 

@ . Head, thorax, and abdomen yellowish white ; palpi with 
black band at base of second joint and streak above; frons 
with black bar above ; fore legs black in front except the tarsi. 
Fore wing yellowish white ; small spots formed of aggregated 
black scales beyond lower angle of cell below veins 5, 4, 3. 
Hind wing yellowish white with an irroration of large black 
scales in, beyond, and below end of cell. 

Hab. Germ. EL. Arnica, Bueni (Neave), 1 9 type. Exp. 
32 mm. 


(76 6) Sylepta brunnescens, sp. n. 


Hedylepta terricolalis, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Am., Het. ii, p. 269 (part.), 
nec Moschl. 


?. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale reddish brown ; palpi 


14 Sir G. F. Hampson on new 


brown, whitish at base; pectus, mid and hind legs, and 
ventral surface of abdomen white. Fore wing pale reddish 
brown, the inner half rather paler; traces of a sinuous 
antemedial line; a faint dark spot in middle of cell and 
discoidal lunule ; posenved al line indistinct, slightly curved 
from costa to vein 2, then retracted to lower angle of cell 
and again excurved ; ‘a fine pale line at base of cilia followed 
by a dark line. Hind wing pale reddish brown, the basal 
and inner areas whitish; a slight dark discoidal bar; post- 
medial line indistinct, dark, slightly sinuous from costa to 
vein 2, then obsolete ; a fine pale line at base of cilia followed 
by a dark line; the underside with the postmedial line slightly 
bent inwards at vein 2 and continued to inner margin. 

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz, Atoyac (H. H. Smith), Lees 
Godman-Salvin Coll. ; Brazizt, Rio Janeiro, 1? type. Hap. 
30 mm. 


(86 a) Sylepta prorogata, sp. n. 


Head, thorax, and abdomen creamy white; palpi with 
blackish bands at extremities of first. and second joints ; 
tegule brownish at base; fore tibize with fuscous band ; 
abdomen with subdorsal fuscous points on second segment, 
faint brownish segmental lines, subdorsal black points on 
penultimate seg ment and bar on terminal segment, the 
extremity tinged with orange. Fore wing ochreous white ; ; 
basal blackish spots on costa and below cell; a subbasal 
black striga from costa and point below the cell, with fuscous 
points beyond them in and below the cell ; antemedial line 
blackish with spot at costa, oblique to median nervure; two 
sinuous bars at middle of cell and two at discocellulars ; the 
veins beyond the cell streaked with blackish; postmedial line 
slightly waved, angled outwards at vein 5, oblique to vein 2, 
then excurved, a curved wayed line arising from it at vein 5 
and joining it again at vein 2; a curved waved subterminal 
line from costa to vein 2 and patch further from termen in 
submedian interspace ; a slightly waved terminal line; cilia 
black at tips. Hind wing ochreous white ; two black striz 
at discocellulars ; an oblique medial line from cell to vein 1 
and an oblique line from lower angle bent inwards to inner 
margin above tornus; postmedial line angled outwards at 
veins 6 and 5, then oblique to above tornus, an irregularly 
waved line beyond it from costa to vein 2; a subterminal 
line from costa to vein 2, slightly excurved at middle; a 
terminal line; cilia yellow at base and with black line 
through them. 

Hab, Surinam, Paramaribo (Lllacombe), 1 3 type; Br. 


Species of Pyralide. 15 


Guana, Rockstone (Rodway), 1 3,12? ; Brazit, Amazons, 
Para, 19. Hep. 22-24 mm: 


(86 c) Sylepta polycymalis, sp. n. 


Head, thorax, and abdomen pale yellow; palpi with black 
spot at end of second joint; frons with black spot above ; 
tegulie with two brown spots, patagia with three spots ; fore 
and mid femora at extremity and fore tibiz at extremity with 
black bands ; abdomen with dorsal brown hands. Fore wing 
pale yellow ; two black points ou base of costal area followed 
by a curved line, then a series of black points; an oblique 
slightly waved antemedial line, followed by a brown annulus 
from costa to median nervure and another below the cell; a 
brown bar from costa to lower angle of cell; a waved post- 
medial line bent outwards between veins Gand 2, then retracted 
to below angle of cell and oblique to inner margin and with 
a waved line across its sinus between veins 6 and 2, and an 
oblique bar from it at vein 2 to tornus ; a waved subterminal 
line from costa to vein 5 connected with termen by a brown 
patch between veins 6 and 5, some subterminal points on 
inner balf; a strong blackish terminal line; cilia with a 
blackish line through them. Hind wing pale yellow; < 
rather diffused sinuous subbasal line from subcostal nervure 
to inner margin ; an oblique discoidal bar and oblique line 
from lower angle of cell to tornus ; a waved postmedial line 
bent outwards between veins 5 and 2, then oblique to above 
tornus, with an irregularly waved line on its inner side from 
costa to vein 2; a waved subterminal line from costa to 
vein 2; a strong blackish terminal line expanding into a 
slight patch at apex ; a brown line through the cilia. 

Hab. Br. E. Arrica, Machakos (Crawshay), 1 $ type; 
Uecanpna, Gondokora (Reynes-Coles), 1 2; Br. C. AFRICA, 
Zomba (Johnston), 1 9 ; Gazauanp, Chirinda Forest (Mar- 
shall), 1 3 ; Nava, Victoria district (Gooch), 1 ¢, Durban 
(Leigh), 1 g. Hap. 26 mm. 


(88 ¢) Sylepta strigicincta, sp. n. 


@. Head and thorax orange-yellow; palpi red-brown 
towards tips; fore and mid legs suffused with red-brown ; 
abdomen clothed with white scales, the base brown, the 
extremity fulvous yellow. Fore wing orange-yellow ; slight 
subbasal brownish spots in cell and above inner margin ; the 
costa brownish to the excurved dark antemedial line, which 
is incurved and obsolescent at vein 1; a -black discoidal 
lunule ; postmedial line formed of small fuscous spots in the 


16 Sir G. F. Hampson on new 


interspaces, arising below costa, incurved at vein 7, excurved 
to vein 2, then bent inwards; a series of dark striz just 
before termen ; cilia fuscous. Hind wing orange-yellow ; a 
black discoidal spot; postmedial line rather diffused, fuscous, 
excurved between veins 5 and 2and slightly below submedian 
fold; a series of dark striz just before termen; cilia 
fuscous. 
Hab. Wicuapor, Quevedo, 1 2 type. Hep. 34 mm. 


(92 a) Sylepta sticligramma, sp. n. 


Head, thorax, and abdomen orange; palpi with black 
bands ; basal joint of antenne with black point in front ; 
vertex of head with black point ; fore tibiz and tarsi banded 
black and white; abdomen with two dorsal black bands with 
white bands before them towards extremity. Fore wing 
orange; obliquely placed subbasal black spots on costa and 
inner margin; antemedial black spots at costa, below cell, 
and inner margin, the costal spot nearer the base ; a black 
discoidal bar; a postmedial series of black points, slightly 
excurved below vein 7 and bent outwards between veins 5 
and 2, ending with a more prominent spot in submedian 
fold nearer the base ; cilia black with a metallic gloss at tips. 
Hind wing orange; a postmedial punctife srm_ black line, 
slightly bent outwards between veins 5 and 2, then retracted 
and with more prominent spot in submedian fold; cilia 
black at base, silvery grey at tips. 

Hab. Bauamas, Nassau (Bonhote), 1 3,1 2 type; Cusa, 
Santiago (Schaus),1 6. Hap. @ 26, 9 24mm. 


92 d) Sylepta orthogramma, sp. n. 
ylep 9 I 


¢. Head, thorax, and abdomen orange; tegule with 
medial black spot; fore tibize whitish with blackish band at 
extremity ; hind tarsi slightly ringed with blackish towards 
extremity ; abdomen with subdorsal blackish spots on second 
segment, the terminal half dorsally suffused with fuscous and 
with two white bands, the ventral surface whitish. Fore 
wing orange ; an oblique black almost basal line ; a strong 
black antemedial line, oblique from costa to submedian fold ; 
a point in middle of cell and discoidal spot; a strong 
black postmedial line, oblique below discal fold and with 
cupreous-brown suffusion beyond it between veins 6 and 4, 
diffused at termen to apex; a black terminal line; cilia 
fuscous at tips. Hind wing orange; a slight blackish dis- 
coidal striga; postmedial line fuscous, oblique from costa to 


Species of Pyralidex. 17 


submedian fold towards termen ; a black terminal line; cilia 


tinged with fuscous at tips. 
Hab. Cua, Santiago (Schaus), 1 g type. Exp. 30 mm. 


(93a) Sylepta planeflava, sp. n. 


?. Head, thorax, and abdomen yellow, the last with the 
base white ; fore tibize with fuscous band at extremity, the 
tarsi ringed with fuscous towards extremity ; pectus and 
ventral surface of abdomen whitish. Fore wing yellow with 
very faint traces of deeper yellow antemedial line, discoidal 
bar, and postmedial line oblique below discal fold. Hind 
wing rather paler yellow. 

Hab. Br. N. Guinea, Mafalu (Pratt), 1 2? type. Exp. 
34 mm. 


(93 6) Sylepta holochralis, sp. n. 


2. Uniform orange-yellow ; palpi with black spot on first 
joint ; mid femora at extremity and base of tibize black. 
Hab. Br. E. Arrica, Tanga, 1 2 type. Hzp. 32 mm. 


(100 a) Sylepta methyalinalis, sp. n. 


¢. Head and thorax black-brown, the vertex of head 
whitish; palpi banded with whitish; antenne ringed black 
and white; thorax with some leaden-grey scales ; pectus and 
legs white, the fore femora and tibiz with black bands at 
extremities, the mid tibiz brown above; abdomen brown, 
with white band on second segment and white rings on 
medial segments, the ventral surface white. Fore wing 
cupreous brown; the costal area fulvous yellow to post- 
medial line; a sinuous dark antemedial line defined by white 
marks on each side with a small quadrate white spot beyond 
it in cell ; a quadrate hyaline white patch in end of cell; a 
slight pale discoidal striga ; postmedial line excurved between 
veins 5 and 2, then retracted to lower angle of cell and 
angled outwards on vein 2, with trifid hyaline patch beyond 
it from costa to vein 5, two spots before it between veins 6 
and 5, a patch in its sinus and a patch beyond it extending 
to termen above tornus, two spots beyond it above and 
below vein 2 and one before it in submedian interspace; a 
dark terminal line; cilia chequered white and brown. 
Hind wing semihyaline white ; the base with slight blackish 
marks; a blackish discoidal annulus; a fine postmedial line 
excurved to near termen between veins 5 and 2, then re- 
tracted and interrupted to near tornus ; a black-brown apical 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 2 


18 Sir G. F. Hampson on new 


patch extending to vein 4 and a spot below vein 2; a fine 
terminal line; cilia white, chequered with black towards 
apex. 

Hab. Br. Guiana, Potaro R. (Kaye), 1 g type. Exp. 
30 mm. 


(109 a) Sylepta achromalis, sp. n. 


2. Pale brownish ochreous ; palpi fuscous above ; thorax 
tinged with fulvous ; fore tibize fuscous at extremities ; pectus, 
mid and hind legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white ; 
wings uniform glossy ochreous ; fore wing with faint dark 
point in middle of cell and discoidal lunule. 

Hab. 8. Leone (Clements), 1 2 type; Nicerta, Sapele 
(Sampson), 1 9 ; Camuroons (Sjostedt),19. Hap. 24 mm, 


(lll a) Sylenta disticta, sp. n. 


¢. Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous brown with a 
slight purplish-grey gloss ; palpi with the basal joint white ; 
pectus and ventral surface of abdomen except at extremity 
whitish. Fore wing fuscous brown with a purplish-grey 
gloss; small white postmedial spots above and below vein 7 ; 
a punctiform white line at base of cilia. Hind wing fuscous 
brown with a cupreous gloss ; a fine white line at base of 
cilia. 

Hab. Dutch N. Guinea, Fak-fak (Pratt), 1 3 type. 
Exp. 32 mm. 


Genus SYNGROPIA, nov. 
Type, 8. stzctica. 


Palpi upturned, the second joint reaching to middle of 
frons and moderately scaled, the third short, naked ; frons 
rounded; antenne of male ciliated. Fore wing with veins 3 
and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from below upper angle; 
7 from angle, straight and well separated from 8, 9, which 
are stalked ; 10 approximated to 8, 9 towards base. Hind 
wing with vein 3 from angle of cell; 4, 5 strongly stalked ; 
6, 7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with 7. 


Syngropia stictica, sp. n. 
Notarcha echmisalis, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Am., Het. ii. p. 248 (nec 
WIk.). 

Head and thorax yellowish white; fore tibize with blackish 
band at extremity ; abdomen yellowish white suffused with 
fulvous except at base and extremity and with subdorsal 
black spots on second segment. Fore wing yellowish white ; 


Species of Pyralide. 19 


obliquely placed subdorsal blackish spots below costa and 
above inner margin ; an antemedial bar from below costa to 
median nervure and a bar above inner margin; postmedial 
line blackish, forming slight spots at veins, excurved between 
veins 6 and 3, then incurved ; terminal blackish spots above 
veins 6 and 38. Hind wing semihyaline yellowish white ; an 
oblique blackish postmedial bar between veins 6 and 3 and 
an oblique line from vein 2 to tornus; terminal blackish 
spots at apex and vein 3. 

Hab. Guatremata, San Gerdnimo (Champion), 1 ¢,1 2 
type, Godman-Salvin Coll. zp., 3 22, 2? 26 mm. 


(la) Lygropia pheocraspia, sp. n. 


Hind wing of male with a tuft of long hair from base of 
inner margin on underside. 

3. Head and shoulders cupreous fuscous ; antenne pale 
ochreous ; tufts of hair on neck and thorax ochreous ; pectus 
and legs ochreous white, the tibiz and tarsi suffused with 
fuscous; abdomen ochreous suffused with fuscous. Fore 
wing ochreous, the costa fuscous, narrowly on postmedial 
area, the terminal area fuscous black, its inner edge slightly 
waved aud bent inwards at vein 2; a faint blackish ante- 
medial line, oblique to just below the cell; a black annulus 
in middle of cell and an oblique discoidal lunule defined by 
biack and connected by streaks at middle and lower extremity 
with the black postmedial line which is incurved at discal 
fold, excurved and minutely waved between veins 5 and 2, 
then bent inwards on vein 2 and with a spot below it; cilia 
whitish, chequered with blackish at apex and at veins 5 
to 2. Hind wing ochreous white ; a black discoidal spot ; 
postmedial line blackish, with a spot at discal fold, excurved 
and minutely waved between veins 5 and 2, then bent 
inwards and with a spot below vein 2; the terminal area 
blackish with some ochreous on termen at middle; cilia 
whitish with a blackish line near base from apex to vein 2. 

Hab. W. Cotomsra, San Antonio (Palmer), 1 ¢ type. 
Exp. 28 mm. 


(6 a) Lygropia pogonodes, sp. nu. 
Hind wing of male with a large tuft of black hair on tornal 
half of inner margin on upperside. 
36. Head, thorax, and abdomen orange-yellow. Fore 
wing orange-yellow ; a small round black discoidal spot ; 


terminal area faintly clouded with fuscous. Hind wing 
Qe 


20 On new Species of Pyralide. 


orange-yellow, the terminal area faintly clouded with fuscous 
to vein 2; the tuft of hair on inner margin deep black. 

9. Hind wing without the tuft of Nok hair on inner 
margin. 

Hab. N. Niceria, Baro (Macfie), 1 3 type; TRANSVAAL, 
White R. (Cooke), 1 9. Hap. 30 mm. 


(66) Lygropia hehosalis, sp. n. 

Mid tibize of male dilated, with a fold enclosing a tuft 
of long hair. 

hic ‘Deep orange ; fore tibie blackish at extremity. 
Fore wing with the costa blackish towards apex, the cilia 
black except at tornus. Hind wing with the termen slightly 
tinged with black at apex, the cilia black except at tornus. 

Hab. Arcrentina, Gran Chaco, Florenzia (Wagner), 1 3 
type. Exp. 20 mm. 


(6c) Lygropia flavivialis, sp. n. 

¢. Brown; palpi in front, sides of frons, vertex of head, 
pectus, greater part of legs, and ventral surface of abdomen 
yellow. Fore wing with oblique yellow medial band broad 
at costa, narrowing to inner margin. Hind wing with broad 
yellow band from middle of cosa to middle of ca men, widest 
at costa and termen ; cilia ar with a brown line through 
them. 


Hab. Brazti, Sao Paulo (D. Jones), 1 8 type. Exp. 24 


mm. 


(6d) Lygropia chrysozonalis, sp. n. 

3. Head, thorax, and abdomen black-brown with a pur- 
plish gloss; palpi with white patches at base and in front of 
second joint, the third joint white ; frons with white patches _ 
at sides and orange band above and between antenne ; neck © 
with orange ring; fore tibize with white band ; tarsi white 
except at extremity ; ventral surface of abdomen white. 
Fore wing black-brown with a purplish gloss ; a very broad 
oblique orange band from middle of costa, towards which it 
expands, to terminal third of inner margin. Hind wing 
black-brown with a purplish gloss; a large wedge-shaped 
orange patch on costa from middle to just before termen 
extending to just below vein 4; a fine white line at base of 
cilia. 


Hab. Perv (P. O. Simons), 1 3 type. Exp. 24 mm, 


[To be continued. | 


Descriptions and Records of Bees. 21 


II.—Descriptions and Records of Be V. 
By T. D. A. CockxereLi, University of Colorado. 


Bombus lateralis wilmatte, subsp. n. 


Worker.— Hair of ‘head black or with a little pale on 
front ; hair of thorax very pale yellow, with a broad black 
band between wings ; hair of abdomen pale yellow on first 
dorsal segment, middle half of second, and a small elongate 
triangle of yellow (sometimes nearly obsolete) on middle of 
third ; the apex of the little triangle points towards the 
second segment, the yellow of which is emarginate in the 
middle. Compared with a worker lateralis from Costa Rica 
(Bruner) our insect averages distinctly smaller (length 
about 13 mm.) ; the yellow hair is paler and includes the 
anterior and posterior parts of thorax above ; the ocelli are 
‘distinctly smaller, and the malar space is perhaps a trifle 
shorter. The brownish wings are the same. 

Hab. Antigua; Guatemala (type locality), six (W. P. 
Cockerell) ;; Guatemala City, Guatemala, four (W. P. 
Cockerell). 

The original B. Jateralis, Sm., was described from the 
mountains of Guatemala, at a higher altitude than the 
localities of wilmatte. I think it is probable that the 
difference is only racial, the form from the higher altitudes 
being more melanic. It isthe Guatemala City form in which 
the yellow triangle on the third segment is evanescent. 


Psithyrus guatemalensis, sp. 0. 


6 .—Length about 17 mm.; anterior wing 114. 

Black, with the elongate obconical abdomen ; malar space 
broader than long; antenne black, the fiagellum rather 
thick, its joints not in the least arcuate ; hair of head long 
and black, a little pale on lower part of front, that on top of 
head behind ocelli entirely very pale ochreous, but that on 
cheeks black; hair of thorax long and loose, very pale 
ochreous, a moderate amount of black on posterior middle 
of mesothorax and middle of scutellum, hair of hind part of 
pleura (especially a tuft beneath wings) and of metathorax 
black ; tegulze with a rufous spot posteriorly. Wings dusky, 
strongly reddish. Legs with black hair, that on inner side 
of tarsi dark red except at base ; hind tibia slender, convex ; 
hind basitarsi hardly as broad as tibie. Abdomen shining, 
with abundant black hair, but a large pale ochreous tuft at 


22 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and 


each side of first segment, and small yellowish-white tufts on 
sides of segments 3 to 5, 

Distinguished from the North-American species by the 
colours of the pubescence ; also as follows :—Compared with 
P. tricolor, Franklin, it is rather less robust, and the hair of 
the abdomen is considerably shorter ; the wings are much 
redder; malar space shorter (its length perhaps a trifle 
greater than width of mandibles at base, but in ¢ricolor much 
greater) ; mandibles much more slender; third antennal 
joint shorter; hair of hind tibie and basitarsi very much 
shorter, mestly not longer than half diameter of leg. (The 
male of the Kuropean P. quadricolor, Lep., has even shorter 
hair on hind basitarsus, but long hair on the tibia. The male 
of the European P. campestris (Pauz.) has the hair on hind 
tibia and tarsus practically as in P. guatemalensis.) 

Hab. Guatemala City, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell). 

The first Psithyrus from Central America. 


Anthophora usticauda, sp. n. 


? Length about 10} mm. 

Black ; tarsi reddish at apex ; eyes green; antennz black ; 
clypeus with a rather broad, subapical, transverse, yellow 
band, interrupted in middle ; labrum densely and strongly 
punctured, yellow except narrow apical margin and a large 
spot at each upper corner ; mandibles with a large more or 
less bilobed yellow mark ; malar space almost obsolete ; hair 
of face and cheeks white, stained with ochreous on front ; 
hair of vertex long and black (not going so far forward as 
anterior ocellus), of occiput ochreous; hair of thorax above 
mixed pale fulvous and black, at sides and behind a livelier 
fulvous, without black, but on lower part of pleura white ; 
tegule rufo-piceous. Wings smoky, nervures black; ante- 
rior femora and trochanters with long white hair behind, 
Hair on outer side of legs fulvous (that of hind tibiz abun- 
dant, shining), but brush on end of hind basitarsus black ; 
hair on inner side of middle and hind tibice and basitarsi 
black ; spurs ferruginous. Abdomen ornamented with 
appressed, scale-like, rufo-piceous pile, with black hairs inter- 
mixed; the rufo-fulvous parts include rather narrow apical 
margin of first segment, broader margin of second, most of 
third except a narrow longitudinal median band and a large 
basal area on each side, fourth except a median stripe and 
a little space at extreme sides, fifth (the colour paler) except 
a large black median triangle ; beneath, the abdomen has 
white hair. 


Records of Bees. 23 


Hab. Antigua, Guatemala (type locality), four (W. P. 
Cockerell) ; Amatitlan, Guatemala, one, Feb. 5, 1912 (W. P. 
Cockerell). 

The third abdominal segment may be without evident dark 
basal areas. This is a very red member of the subgenus 
Micranthophora, and is closely related to the Mexican Antho- 
phora squammulosa, Dours, differing by the absence of any 
border of dark hair to the abdominal segments, the black 
hair of vertex not mixed with white, the smoky wings, &c. 


Celioxys sanguinosus, sp. n. 


9 .—Length about 11 mm. 

Black, with the tegulz and legs very bright ferruginous ; 
venter of abdomen also red, as well as first dorsal segment 
(except middle of apical margin narrowly), and sides of 
second and third more or less, the red extending suffusedly 
and obscurely over a good part of second ; mandibles stout, 
red, with black apex; lateral margins of labrum broadly 
red; eyes purplish, their hair very short; sides of face and 
region about antenne with pure white hair; clypeus finely 
hairy, but not enough to hide the finely rugose gently 
convex surface, the lower margin straight and entire; an- 
tennze entirely black; vertex with large punctures ; cheeks 
densely covered with white hair ; thorax with the usual hair- 
bands and spots, the dorsal ones creamy; mesothorax 
shining, with very large, not very dense punctures ; scutellum 
with large punctures, closely placed, but a small smooth 
space in the middle; middle of hind margin of scutellum 
with a small but conspicuous shining triangular tooth ; 
axillar spines straight, rather long, with large punctures. 
Wings dusky toward apex, a fuliginous purplish streak in 
upper part of marginal cell ; recurrent nervures joining 
second s.m. equally distant from base and apex. Hair on 
inner side of tarsi shining light yellowish. Abdomen with 
very narrow, entire, pure white hair-bands; first dorsal 
segment with scattered strong punctures; second to fifth 
rather well punctured basally, but beyond that smooth and 
with few punctures except at sides; last dorsal with small 
punctures and a feeble keel, the apex rather thick and very 
obtuse ; last ventral prolonged some distance beyond last 
dorsal, broad and spoon-shaped, margined with very short 
dark hair, neither notched at sides nor with a terminal 
appendage; penultimate ventral segment only moderately 
produced, sparsely punctured. 

Hab. Gualan, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell). 


24 Mr, 'T.D. A; Cockerell—Deseriptions and 


In my table in ‘ Psyche,’ October 1905, this runs to C. ter- 
ana, Cresson, which, however, has the middle and hind tarsi 
black, and differs in other ways. ‘The shape of the last 
dorsal segment resembles that of C. comstockii, Cress., but . 
there is a slight median nodule in the middle of the apical 
truncation; in other characters the insect is quite unlike 
comstockii. In Schrottky’s table of Brazilian species it 
runs to C. ignava, Sm., which has a quite different apex of 
abdomen. 


Xenoglossa assimilis (Smith). 


Quirigua, Guatemala; two males at flowers of [pomea 
sidefolia, Choisy, Feb. 12 and 20 (W. P. Cockerell). 

This is Melissodes assimilis, Smith; it is a Xenoglossa 
related to X. pruinosa, Say. The maxillary palpi are five- 
jointed, the fifth joint very short. 


Agapostemon proscriptus, sp. Nn. 

? Bright green, with the size and general appearance 
of A. radiatus, Say, but differing as follows :—Base of meta- 
thorax coarsely rugose, without well-defined ridges; broad 
basal bands of white hair on abdominal segments 2 to 4 
more conspicuous; knees (broadly), tibize, and tarsi ferru- 
ginous; hair on inner side of hind tarsi orange-fulvous ; 
second s.m. very broad, broader than high. The mandibles 
are light yellow basally and rufous apically ; the labrum is 
dark reddish. 

Hab. Guatemala City, Guatemala, two (W. P. Cockerell). 

Resembles the little-known <A. pulcher, Smith, but the 
wings are distinctly dusky (somewhat yellowish), and the 
femora are black except at apex. Both specimens have 
gathered bright orange pollen. 


Megachile zexmenia@, sp. ni. 


? —Length about 12 mm. 

Black, rather long and parallel-sided, general appearance 
much like M. lenticula, Vachal; head broad ; eyes purplish; 
clypeus short and broad, closely punctured, with a rudi- 
mentary median ridge, the lower margin gently concave, with 
a median tubercle; mandibles broad, black, the two apical 
teeth distinct, the long inner cutting-edge without distinct 
teeth ; supraclypeal area shining, convex, with scattered 
distinct punctures ; hair of face creamy white, mixed with 
black, long black hairs from each side directed toward 


Records of Bees. 25 


middle of clypeus; hair of vertex black, of cheeks white ; 
antenne black, ordinary ; mesothorax dullish, finely punc- 
tured, quite closely except posterior middle, with sparse 
short black hair, and a little pale in front; scutellum with 
conspicuous black hair ; scutello-mesothoracic suture with a 
narrow band of dense pale orange tomentum ; postscutellum 
and metathorax with creamy white hair; pleura with white 
hair below, but a tuft of black just below wings, contrasting 
with the dense creamy hair bordering tubercles ; tegule 
piceous. Wings dusky translucent, darker apically, espe- 
cially beyond end of marginal cell; nervures black. Legs 
black, with mostly whitish hair, that on inner side of tarsi 
and inner side of middle tibiz orange-ferruginous ; spurs 
yellowish white; claws simple; hind basitarsi broad and 
flat ; abdomen of the parallel-sided type, above dense black, 
very finely punctured, with very short black hair, some pale 
hair on first segment, and very fine pale (yellowish) pruinosity 
on sixth, also extremely narrow apical yellowish hair-bands 
on the segments, only at sides on first; ventral scopa very 
bright orange-ferruginous, with some black at sides of third 
and following segments, black on last segment except at 
base. 

Hab. Quirigua, Guatemala, at flowers of Zexmenia vir- 
gulta, Klatt (W. P. Cockerell, 42). 

Related to M. mexicana, Cress., and M. zapoteca, Cress. 
From mexicana it is known by the largely black hair on face 
and the larger size ; from zapoteca also by the size and the 
colours of the ventral scopa. I was a little in doubt whether 
to refer it to M. zapoteca, but after carefully reading 
Cresson’s description I believe it must be distinct. 


Megachile tuxtla, Cresson. 


Male from Guatemala City (W. P. Cockerell); female 
from Antigua, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell). 

The female has not been described; it is like the male 
except in the usual sexual characters; clypeus with black 
hair, but sides of face with white; ventral scopa pale ferru- 
ginous, becoming white basally, black on apical segment ; 
abdomen broad, shovel-shaped ; hair on inner side of tarsi 
very bright orange-ferruginous ; hind basitarsi only mode- 
rately broadened. In Friese’s table of females of the 
Mexican region (‘ Das Tierreich,’ 28 Lief.) it runs nearest to 
M. mexicana, Cress. 

At Antigua my wife also took a female M. chrysophila, 
Ckll. 


26 Mr. 'T’. D, A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and 


Megachile montezuma, Cresson. 
Quirigua, Guatemala, one female (W. P. Cockerell). 


Megachile aurantipennis, sp. n. 


? .—Length about 8 mm.; anterior wing 7. 

Black, short and broad, the antennz, mandibles, and legs 
black, spurs dark; head large ; mandibles broad, of the 
quadridentate type, but the teeth little developed; clypeus 
convex, shining, densely punctured. at sides, sparsely in 
middle, the lower margin broadly and quite deeply emar- 
ginate, with a median tubercle ; mouth-parts rather short ; 
cheeks about half as wide as eye ; front, vertex, and cheeks 
very densely punctured, with largely appressed shining 
ochreous pubescence, only moderately dense; a little band 
of the same shining hair extends down anterior orbits, but 
is overlapped by black hair; mesothorax densely covered 
with appressed shining ochreous (golden-brown) hair, 
tubercles densely tufted with pale hair, and a tuft of fulvous 
hair behind the wings; pleura strongly punctured ; tegulee 
ferruginous, with a basal tuft of short black hair. Wings 
orange-ferruginous, with ferruginous nervures and unusually 
large stigma; apical field brownish hyaline, not orange, the 
apex of marginal cell and beyond fuscous. Hair on inner 
side of tarsi red ; hind basitarsus broad and flat. Abdomen 
short and broad, fourth and fifth segments with broad dense 
apical bands of golden-ochreous hair, and sixth covered with 
the same; ventral scopa pale golden-ochreous, without 
black, at base (second segment) with a large V-shaped band 
of yellowish-white hair. 

¢ —Length about 6 mm. 

Similar to the female, except in the usual sexual cha- 
racters and those now given; clypeus not emarginate, almost 
without punctures in middle ; sides of face with conspicuous 
pale golden-ochreous hair, not overlapped with black ; an- 
tenne long, ordinary; base of metathorax with a median 
groove; tegule rufo-piceous. Wings dusky ferruginous 
instead of clear orange. Anterior legs simple; no coxal 
spines. First abdominal segment fringed with ochreous hair ; 
end of abdomen with two short, sharp, black spines, far apart. 

Hab. Quirigua, Guatemala, one of each sex, at flowers of 
plant no. 15, Feb. 11, 1912 (W. P. Cockerell). The male is 
the type. 

Allied to the Mexican M. bidentis, Ckll., but easily sepa- 
rated by the hair on the mesothorax and the colour of the 


Records of Bees. 27 


wings. In Friese’s table (‘ Das Tierreich’) the female runs 
nearest to M. candida, Sm., which is much larger and alto- 
gether different, or perhaps equally well to the vicinity of 
M. zapoteca and palmeri, which are even more different, if 
that is possible. The male runs nearest to M. bidens and 
tuxtla, much larger species. It is worth while to note that 
the species of Megachile which I described in 1896 from 
tropical Mexico are placed in ‘ Das Tierreich’ among the 
species of the United States, and are quite erroneously stated 
to come from Utah and New Mexico. I make the male of 
M. aurantipennis the type, because the separation from the 
allied didentis is necessarily based on a comparison of males, 
only this sex of dzdentis bemg known. By some strange 
error, the original description of db¢dentis states that the 
insect is a female; it is, in fact, a male. In male bdidentis 
the fifth and sixth abdominal segments are densely covered 
with golden-ochreous hair, and the apex has a pair of short 
triangular teeth or tubercles; in male aurantipennis the fifth 
is largely dark (the surface showing) at base and the end is 
bispmose. Male dzdentis has the wings coloured like female 
aurantipennis ; male aurantipennis has them much browner, 
the orange being mixed with fuscous. It is possible, perhaps, 
that the female described under aurantipennis really belongs 
to bidentis, but considering the circumstances of capture this 
is unlikely. No doubt the females of the two will be found 
to be very much alike, the male aurantipennis having diverged 
from the common type. Another very close relative is the 
Brazilian M. microsoma, Ckll. In this (male) the tuft of 
hair on upper part of sides of metathorax is black and the 
wings are not reddened. The apex of the abdomen is nearly 
as in aurantipennis. 


Megachile (Oligotropus) gualanensis, sp. n. 


9 .—Length 8-9} mm. 

Parallel-sided, black (including antenne, mandibles, and 
legs), with white hair, on clypeus with long coarse black 
hairs intermixed, and the same (hardly so conspicuous) on 
scutellum and hindmost part of mesothorax ; ventral scopa 
white, on last segment black with some pale at sides; the 
four teeth on apical margin of clypeus rather poorly developed 
and variable ; tegule piceous at base, testaceous outwardly, 
Wings greyish hyaline, nervures piceous. Abdomen with 
narrow white hair-bands. 

6 .—Length 7-8 mm. 


28 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and 


Anterior legs simple; sixth abdominal segment feebly 
bituberculate, the tubercles very close together. 

Hab. Gualan, Guatemala, five females, eight males (W. P. 
Cockerell, 1). The female is the type. 

In Friese’s table the female runs to M. zaptlana and 
M. abacula, the male runs to M. abacula and M. bipartita. 
M. gualanensis is, in fact, very close to M. zaptlana, Cress., 
but the female has less black hair on head and the wings are 
not fuliginous on apical costal margin. Otherwise Cresson’s 
description of zoptlana practically agrees. M. abacula, 
Cress., differs at once by the fulvo-ochraceous hair on 
abdomen. Among the United States species, M. gualanensis 
stands nearest to M. subewilis, Ckll. The male flagellum is 
proportionately shorter in gualanensis than in subewilis, and 
in the female the distance from the top of the eye to the 
occipital margin is much less in gualanensis than in subewilis. 


Melissodes raphaelis, Cockerell. 


Quirigua, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell}. One female at 
yellow composite, less robust than types. Six normal males 
(one at flower no. 7; two, Feb. 11, at flower no 15; one, 
Feb. 12, at Ipomea sidefolia, Choisy); one male with fulvous 
hair on head and thorax above, the only dark hairs a few on 
scutellum; eight variously intermediate males (three, Feb. 11, 
at flower no. 15; one, Feb. 12, at Ipomea sidefolia). 

In spite of the great variation all are evidently one species. 
The lighter-haired male is easily distinguished from M. floris, 
Ckll., by the deep notch on each side of yellow of clypeus, 
black hair on outer side of hind tibiw, and colours of 
abdomen. 


Melissodes tepaneca aschenborniana, subsp. 0. 


6 —Differs from M. tépaneca, Cresson, by having the 
fifth abdominal segment with pale hair like the fourth, 
though the sixth has it black; second segment with black 
hair between the basal and median band (it is ochreous in 
tepaneca) ; median band of second segment narrower; hair 
on hind tarsi shorter ; wings more dusky. It is very like 
M. masuca, Ckll., from Texas, but smaller, with the second 
abdominal segment between the bands more closely punc- 
tured and the eyes differently coloured (light green). The 
middle and hind tibiz at apex and their tarsi are ferrugi- 
nous ; labrum, large spot on mandibles, and clypeus yellow, 
the last with the usual spots, but the yellow not notched ; 


Records of Bees. 29 


flagellum black above, clear ferruginous beneath ; tegul 
bright ferruginous. The type has the hair of thorax above 
bright orange-fulvons, and that of abdomen all (except the 
black) warm reddish; the other specimen has the hair of 
thorax above pale ochreous and the median bands on second 
and following abdominal segments white. The hind margins 
of the abdominal segments are broadly more or less _ pallid. 
The middle of the mesothorax is shining, with rather sparse 
strong punctures. 

Ha’, Gualan, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell). Two at 
flowers of Vernonia aschenborniana, Schauer. 

I treat this as a subspecies of M. tepaneca, on account 
of the geographical proximity of that insect, but by the 
characters it is actually closer to the Texan M. masuca. 


Exomalopsis pulchella, Cresson. 


Quirigua, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell). Two females ; 
one has the hair behind ocelli pale ochreous, the other 
(from flowers of Zexmenia virgulta, Klatt) has hair behind 
ocelli and on scutellum black, and the stigma and nervures 
bright ferruginous. 


Thygater cockerelli (Crawford). 


Quirigua, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell). One female, at 
flowers of no. 420. 


Thygater nigravillosa (Crawford). 


‘Quirigua, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell). Two males, 
Feb. 20, at flowers of Ipomea sidefolia, Choisy. 


Lentergatis armata (Smith). 


Quirigua, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell). Twenty females 
(mostly Feb. 20), four males (two, Feb. 20; one, Feb. 12; 
one at flowers of Zexmenia virgulta). 

It is almost impossible to separate the females of this 
from Leptergatis toluca (Melissodes toluca, Cresson), but the 
males are easily separated by the hind legs, 


Leptergatis toluca (Cresson). 


Gualan, Guatemala (IV. P. Cockerell). One male, Feb. 15, 
at flowers of Cordia alba, R. & S. 


30 Descriptions and Records of Bees 


Tetrapedia mayarum, sp. n. 


3 .—Length nearly 10 mm. 

Black, with the labrum (except a median basal reddish 
spot), patch at base of mandibles, and broad lower corners of 
clypeus pellucid whitish ; hind tarsi clear ferruginous, with 
their hair entirely orange-ferruginous ; an obscure round red 
spot on inner side of hind tibize near apex ; hair of head and 
thorax scanty, black above, silvery-white on cheeks, sides of 
face, and lower parts of pleura and metathorax; head 
shining ; clypeus with strong punctures, dense in middle of 
sides ; front with extremely fine punctures and an oblique 
groove on each side; sides of occiput with a sharp elevated 
inargin ; antennee dark, the scape with a light yellowish-red 
spot at base, flagellum red beneath ; mesothorax and _ scu- 
tellum dull, with a granular appearance ; base of metathorax 
punctured ; tubercles with short dark brown hair ; tegule 
shining black. Wings dark fuliginous, a little paler apically, 
nervures fuscous, stigma amber-colour ; second s.m. con- 
siderably narrowed above, receiving first r. n. about halfway 
between middle and apex. Legs black (except as stated 
above), small joints of tarsi obscure reddish ; posterior apex 
of hind tibiz broadly and thickly covered with red hair like 
that on tarsus; anteriorly the hind tibia has some white 
hair near end ; anterior and middle legs with the hair black, 
partly red on tarsi ; anterior tibiz smooth and shining on 
outer side ; anterior basitarsi broad and thick; middle basi- 
tarsi broad and flat, truncate at apex, with an obtuse lobe on 
inner apical corner; hind coxe and trochanters simple ; 
hind basitarsi very broad and flat, with a triangular process 
on inner margin a little before middle; spurs dark, simple. 
Abdomen smooth and shining, dorsally without markings ; 
apical segment triangular, ending im a pencil of hair; fourth 
ventral with an undulate margin and its base broadly 
yellowish white; sixth ventral triangularly produced. 

@ .—Length about 1] mm. 

Similar to the male, except for the usual sexual characters ; 
mandibles ferruginous; labrum black, with a red spot on 
each side, and fringed with copper-red hairs; face entirely 
black ; clypeus well punctured; scape suffusedly red at 
base ; scutellum somewhat bigibbous ; claw-joints all red; 
hind tarsi only obscure reddish, except apically ; spurs 
simple; hind femora with a red patch near apex ; hind tibize~ 
behind with a curious patch of pure white material near 
apex, among the black hairs, the same on each side, entangled 
in pure white very long-plumose hairs ; on inner side of 


On new Crinoids from the Dutch East Indies. 31 


hind tibize the hair is red apically ; hind basitarsi with hair 
black on outer side and behind, on inner side and the broad 
apical brush red, in front of basal part broadly white ; fifth 
dorsal abdominal segment with a large cream-coloured spot 
on each side. 

Hab. Quirigua, Guatemala (IV. P. Cockerell). One of 
each sex. 

Related to JT. bunchosie, Friese, but in the female the 
third ventral segment is like the second (not opaque and 
strongly punctured), while in the male the clypeus has less 
pale colour, and there are other differences. There are 
several more or less related species in South America, none 
having the same structure in detail as 7. mayarum. 

T. bombitarsis, Vachal, must belong to this group, and, if 
so, is not allied to 7. maura, as Vachal states. The groups 
containing maura and bunchosie differ in the spurs and other- 
wise, and are only superficially similar. 

Named after the Mayas, who built temples and made 
remarkable sculptured monuments at Quirigua. The male 
is the type. 

At flowers of Pontederia cordata, L., at Quirigua, Feb. 11, 
1912, Mrs. Cockerell took females of Tetrapedia calcarata, 
Cress., and 7. mesta, Cress. 


Ill.—Preliminary Descriptions of Eleven new Crinoids 
belonging to the Families Himerometride, Mariametride, 
and Colobometridee, discovered by the ‘ Siboga’ in the 
Dutch East Indies. By Austin H. CLARK. 


Tue new unstalked crinoids described below will be con- 
sidered in greater detail and figured in the memoir covering 
the comatulids in the ‘ Siboga’ reports ; as the very extensive 
collection brought back by the ‘Siboga’ will require a large 
amount of study, especially as regards the data bearing on 
the geographical distribution of these animals and on allied 
problems, it has seemed advisable to publish descriptions of 
the new forms discovered in advance of the final report. 


Family Himerometride. 
Amphimetra propinqua, sp. n. 


This species is most closely related to A. producta, but it 
differs from that form in its longer and more slender cirri, 
which are composed of much longer segments. 


) 


2 Mr. A. H. Clark on new Crinoids 
The cirri are VITI-XITJ, 24-36 (usually 30-33), 26 mm. 


to 32 mm. (usually about 30 mm.) long; they are very 
slender, and taper gradually in the proximal third, being 
especially slender from that point onward ; all the cirrus 
segments are approximately subequal in length, about twice 
as long as broad at the ends, though those in the distal third 
of the cirrus are slightly carinate, which makes them appear 
slightly shorter, and those in the proximal half are slightly 
longer, with slightly expanded ends; in the outermost seg- 
ments there is a slight indication of dorsal tubercles. 

The arms vary from ten to thirteen in number, and are 
from 90 mm. to 120 mm. long. 

Type Locality. ‘Siboga’ Station No. 318; north-east of the 
east end of Java; 88 metres. 


e 


~ 


Family Mariametride. 


Selenemetra tenutcirra, sp. n. 


This new form is closely related to S. jfinschit, from 
which it differs in the structure of its cirri, which are 
Jonger and more slender, and are composed of more elongated 
segments. 

The cirri are from 55 mm. to 70 mm. long, and are com- 
posed of 69-78 segments, of which the distal are nearly or 
quite as long as broad, instead of twice as broad as long or 
even broader as in S. finschii, and the more proximal are 
about twice as long as broad instead of slightly, when at all, 
longer than broad as in S. finschit, 

P, is 11 mm. long and is composed of twenty or twenty- 
one segments, of which the first is short, the following 
eradually increasing in length and becoming about as long as 
broad on the fifth or sixth and twice as long as broad distally ; 
P, is 12 mm. long, with twenty-two segments, and resembles 
P,; P;is 10 mm. long, with eighteen segments, and resembles 
P,; P, is 75 mm. long, with thirteen segments, and tapers 
more in its distal portion than P;; P; is 7 mm. long, with 
thirteen segments, and is slightly more slender than P,, 
especially distally ; the distal pinnules are 8 mm. long, with 
seventeen segments. 

Type Locality. ‘Siboga’ Station No. 320; north of the 
east end of Java; 82 metres. 


Mariametra tenuipes, sp. n. 


The centrodorsal resembles that of the other species of the 
genus; the dorsal pole is slightly convex, finely tubercular, 
1 mm, in diameter. 


from the Dutch East Indies. 33 


The cirri are XXVI, 24-29, 22 mm. long: the first seg- 
ment is short, the second is about twice as broad as the 
median length, the third is slightly longer than broad to half 
again as long as broad, and the sixth to the eighth are about 
three times as long as their median diameter ; the following 
gradually decrease in length, so that the last ten or eleven 
are about as long as the distal diameter or only very slightly 
longer ; the cirri are exceedingly slender ; the longer proximal 
segments have slightly prominent ends; slight subterminal 
dorsal spines are found on the eleventh and following. 

The arms are about fifteen in number and about 45 mm. 
long ; together with the division series they resemble those 
of the other species of the genus, The lateral ornamentation 
on the ossicles of the [Br series is confined to the lateral 
third of the dorsal surface; distally it gradually narrows, 
disappearing at the base of P, ; it consists of very numerous 
small blunt spines, more or less coalescent, which exhibit a 
tendency to become arranged in horizontal rows. 

Type Locality. ‘Siboga’ Station No. 294 ; off the south 
coast of l'imor; 73 metres. 


Mariametra tuberculata, sp. n. 


This species is nearest to M. delicatissima; but in that 
form the lateral ornamentation of the division series is merely 
a slight roughening. 

The centrodorsal is large, thick discoidal, the dorsal pole 

slightly convex, 2 mm. in diameter; the cirrus sockets are 
arranged in two closely crowded and irregularly alternating 
rows. 
The cirri are XXI, 25-27, 20 mm. long; they are long 
and rather slender with a slight distal taper : the first seg- 
ment is short, the second slightly longer, the third nearly as 
long as broad, the fourth slightly longer than broad ; after 
the tenth the segments slowly decrease in length, so that the 
last four or five before the penultimate are about as long as 
broad to about one-third longer than broad; the outer eleven 
or twelve have a slight distal dorsal carination, which is low 
and rises very gradually from the dorsal surface, but ends 
rather abruptly distally. 

The radials are concealed in the median line, and are only 
slightly visible in the interradial angles ; the IBr, are very 
short, almost oblong, five or six times as broad as long; the 
axillaries are very short, nearly or quite three times as broad 
as long; the Il Br and I11Br series are 2, the latter developed 
externally ; the sides of the division series are in close 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol, x. 3 


34 Mr. A. H. Clark on new Crinotds 


apposition and are sharply flattened laterally ; the prox:mal 
edge of the IBr, is everted and slightly scalloped; the 
anterior edges of the axillary are slightly everted, but 
smooth; the lateral third of these two ossicles taken to- 
gether bear a dozen or a dozen and a half prominent well 
rounded and entirely separated tubercles, some of which may 
be laterally elongated ; the sides of the ossicles of the I[Br 
series are similarly, though not so extensively, modified, 
this modification being bordered interiorly by a more or less 
marked prominent beaded ridge or row of tubercles, which, 
however, may be absent. 

The type specimen has about twenty-six arms, which are 
75 mm. long. 

Type Locality. ‘ Siboga’ Station No. 51; southern portion 
of Molo Strait ; 69-91 metres. 


Dichrometra tenuicirra, sp. n. 


In all the details of its general structure this species agrees 
with D. flagellata, but it is sharply separated from that form 
by the curious character of its cirri, which are long and 
slender, with elongate, though spinous, distal segments. 

The centrodorsal is low hemispherical, with very sloping 
sides; the dorsal pole is slightly convex, flat, or very 
slightly concave, 1°5 mm. to 2 mm. in diameter; the cirrus 
sockets are arranged in two or in two and a partial third 
marginal rows. 

The cirri (in the type) are XXVIII, 25-28, 20 mm. to 
25 mm. long, slender and delicate: the first segment is very 
short, the second is twice as broad as long, the third is 
slightly broader than long, the fourth is half again to twice 
as long as the median diameter, and the fifth is from two to 
two and one-half times as long as broad; the follewing to 
the ninth, tenth, or eleventh (the latter usually a faintly 
marked transition segment) are similar, but those following 
are slightly shorter, about half again as long as broad ; the 
tenth, eleventh or twelfth, and following bear prominent 
triangular median spines; the earlier of these spines occur 
about in the centre of the dorsal line of the segments; their 
anterior (distal) margin stands out vertically and is from one- 
third to one-half as long as the recumbent side; the hypo- 
thenuse from the apex of the spine to the proximal base is 
usually straight, but there may be a slight tubercle where it 
merges with the dorsal surface of the segment ; sometimes 
it is more or less concave, leading from the dorsal spine to a 
smaller blunt proximal tubercle; the spines change but 
little distally ; their bases become shorter and their apices 


_ from the Dutch East Indies. 35 


consequently sharper; the longer earlier segments have 
slightly enlarged distal ends; this character persists to the 
end of the cirrus, but is less marked on the spinous distal 
segments. 

The division series and the arms resemble those of 
D. flagellata, but are much more slender and delicate ; the 
division series and first brachials may be well separated or in 
lateral contact ; they are usually not quite in apposition, 
though possessing straight lateral edges which are slightly 
swollen, suggesting the lateral processes seen on the proxi- 
mal ossicles of the species of Stephanometra, though their 
outer margin is straight instead of convex. The character- 
istic rugose arm-structure and the low though prominent 
synarthrial tubercles of D. flagellata are reflected in a delicate 
and modified form. 

Type Locality. ‘Siboga’ Station No. 320; north of the 
eastern end of Java ; 82 metres. 


Family Colobometridz. 
Cyllometra gracilis, sp. n. 


This new species is related to C. manca, but differs 
markedly in its longer and more slender cirri, which are com- 
posed of longer segments. 

The centrodorsal is discoidal, the dorsal pole flat or slightly 
concave, 2 mm. in diameter; the cirrus sockets are arranged 
in one and a partial second marginal row, 

The cirri are (in the type) XXIII, 25-30 (usually nearer 
the latter), 21 mm. long: the first segment is short, the 
second is about twice as long, from one-third to one-half 
again as broad as long, the third is slightly longer than 
broad, the fourth and fifth progressively increase in length, 
and the sixth to the ninth or tenth are the longest, about 
twice as long as their proximal diameter; the following 
segments gradually decrease in length, so that the last 
twelve before the penultimate are subequal, slightly longer 
than broad; as a whole the cirri are long and unusually 
slender ; owing to the crowded condition of the cirri on the 
centrodorsal the first segment is sharply flattened laterally 
against the first segments of the cirri on either side; the 
distal dorsal edge of the fourth and following segments is 
slightly swollen, this after the seventh becoming a trio of 
dorsal spines, a central, larger, and two smaller, lateral ; 
the central spine projects more dorsally than do the other 
two, but does not extend so far distally; all are very small ; 
on the last twelve or fifteen segments before the penultimate 

3* 


36 Mr. A. H. Clark on new Crinoids 


the lateral spines disappear and the median becomes slightly 
more prominent, occurring as a small single submedian 
tubercle directed obliquely forward ; all the dorsal processes 
are small and inconspicuous. 

The arms are from twenty-five to thirty in number, and 
about 50 mm. in length ; [11 Br series are always present on 
some or all of the rays. 

Type Locality. ‘ Siboga’ Station No. 49a; Sapeh Strait, 
between Sumbava and Komodo, Sunda Islands ; 69 metres. 


Decametra mylitta, sp. n. 


This new form is nearest to 1). mollis from Kurrachi, but 
the cirri are slightly stouter, the majority of the segments 
being twice as broad as long or even somewhat broader in- 
stead of only slightly broader than long as in D. mollis, and 
the proximal pinnules, while of about the same proportions, 
are relatively longer and stouter and are composed of some- 
what shorter segments. 

The centrodorsal is, discoidal, the flat dorsal pole being 
1:5 mm. in diameter; the cirrus sockets are arranged in two 
closely crowded alternating marginal rows. 

The cirri are XIX, 20-23, 10 mm. or 11 mm. long: the 
cirrus segments are subequal in length and all short; the 
first is very short, the second slightly longer, the third and 
following about twice as broad as long or slightly broader ; 
the last three before the penultimate increase slightly in 
length, so that the antepenultimate is about one-third broader 
than long; the earlier segments have the dorsal surface 
swollen and distally truncated, so that the dorsal profile of 
the cirrus is serrate; after the first three segments the dorsal 
profile becomes straighter, making a considerable angle with 
the longitudinal axis of the cirrus, and the distal edge be- 
comes straight, forming a very finely spinous transverse 
ridge, which, however, is not raised above the general 
surface of the segments; this transverse ridge becomes 
gradually more and more marked, at the same time moving 
more and more toward the centre of the dorsal surface ; on 
the ninth segment it becomes median and begins to acquire 
a slightly concave profile, and after the fourteenth it resolves 
itself into two prominent, entirely distinct, tubercles situated 
side by side, the distance between their two apices being 
about equal to the distance from either apex to the outer 
edge of the segment ; distally these two tubercles gradually 
approach each other, and gradually move nearer the proximal 
margin of the segments ; on the fourth segment before the 


from the Dutch East Indies. 37 


penultimate the two tubercles fuse into a single transversely 
elongate tubercle, which gradually becomes less and _ less 
elongate and on the antepenultimate appears as a single 
small rounded tubercle situated near the proximal margin of 
the segment; when the cirri are viewed from the side no 
distinct dorsal processes are seen (though the dorsal profile 
is serrate) until the distal half, when the tubercles appear as 
low blunt dorsal spines. 

P, is small and weak, 5 mm. long, with fourteen segments, 
tapering with moderate rapidity in the proximal half and 
becoming very slender distally ; the first segment is short, 
the following gradually increasing in length and becoming 
about as long as broad on the fourth or fifth, and about 
twice as long as broad distally; the pinnule is slightly 
prismatic ; P, is 9 mm. long, with seventeen segments, not 
greatly larger than P, basally, but tapering evenly from the 
base to the tip and therefore appearing stouter ; the first two 
segments are slightly broader than those following, and are 
much broader than long ; the third segment is slightly broader 
than long, the fourth is slightly longer than broad, and the 
following are about half again as long as broad, becoming 
twice as long as broad terminally ; the pinnule is rounded 
prismatic ; the fourth and following segments have slightly 
produced and spinous distal edges, this character gradually 
increasing in extent distally and being most marked along 
the prismatic ridge; P; is6 mm. long, with fourteen seg- 
ments, and is similar to P, except in size; P, is 5 mm. long, 
with thirteen segments, and resembles P3; P; is 4°5 mm. 
long, with fourteen segments, and resembles Py, but the 
component segments are proportionately shorter ; P, is 4mm. 
long with fifteen segments, and resembles P;; the following 
pinnules are similar to P,; the distal pinnules are very 
slender, 7 mm. long, with twenty-one segments, of which the 
outer are about twice as long as broad, 

The ten arms are 75 mm. long. 

Type Locality. ‘Siboga’ Station No. 99; anchorage off 
North Ubian, between Borneo and Mindanao; 16-23 metres. 


Prometra levipinna, sp. n. 


The centrodorsal is discoidal, with a broad flat circular 
dorsal pole 2 mm. in diameter; the cirrus sockets are 
arranged in a single closely crowded marginal row. 

The cirri are XIV, 18-23, 13 mm. long: the first seg- 
ment is very short, the following gradually increasing in 
length and after the tenth or eleventh becoming about as 


38 Mr. A. H. C'ark on new Crinoids 


broad as long; the first segment has the distal dorsal edge 
produced ; on the second and third this becomes a strong 
transverse ridge, which gradually moves anteriorly, becoming 
median on the eighth and following, and appearing as a 
minute median spine in lateral view; this ridge shows no 
tendency to resolve itself into paired spines or tubercles, nor 
does it narrow appreciably on the outer segments, appearing 
as a broad transverse ridge on the antepenultimate; the 
opposing spine is small, slender, median, erect, in height 
equal to about one-quarter of the lateral diameter of the 
penultimate segment. 

The arms, which resemble those of the other small species 
of the genus, are 40 mm. long. 

P, is 555 mm. long, with fourteen or fifteen segments, 
moderately slender and somewhat stiffened ; the first segment 
is short, the following gradually increasing jn length, so that 
the fifth is about as long as broad and the outer very 
slightly longer than broad ; from the third segment outward 
the pinnule is rather strongly prismatic, with a prominent 
rounded ridge running along the centre of the outer 
surface; P, is 6°5 mm. long, with seventeen segments, 
resembling P,, but slightly more slender basally and tapering 
more evenly to the tip, and not so strongly prismatic ; Ps is 
4-5 mm. long, with fourteen segments, similar to the pre- 
ceding, but proportionately smaller, and more slender distally ; 
P, is 3°5 mm. long, with thirteen segments, small and 
slender, with the outer segments twice as long as broad; P; 
is similar, 3 mm. long, with eleven or twelve segments ; 
P, resembles P; ; the distal pinnules are very slender, 7 mm. 
long, with from twenty to twenty-two segments ; the outer 
edges of the segments of the earlier pinnules are perfectly 
smooth. 


Type Locality. Saleyer (north of Flores). 


Prometra minima, sp. n. 


The centrodorsal is thin discoidal, with a flat finely papillose 
dorsal pole 1 mm. in diameter. 

The cirri are X, 10-12, 3mm. to 4 mm. long: the first 
segment is short, the following gradually increasing in 
length, so that the fifth or sixth and following are about as 
long as broad ; the second and following have a finely serrate 
transverse ridge, which becomes median after the fourth or 
fifth ; this transverse ridge is low and very narrow, appearing 
as a very minute sharp spine in lateral view ; on the second, 
third, and fourth segments the lateral angles of this ridge 


from the Dutch East Indies. 39 


project beyond the profile of the cirrus as seen in dorsal view, 
but beyond the fourth segment the ridge becomes narrower, 
beyond the sixth dividing more or less completely into two 
transversely oblong sharp ridges or small sharp spines; the 
antepenultimate segment possesses a single dorsal spine ; 
the opposing spine is much larger than the preceding dorsal 
processes. 

The radials are just visible beyond the centrodorsal ; the 
IBr, are very short, about four times as broad as long, the 
proximal and distal edges parallel, the lateral edges slightly 
convergent ; there are slight rounded ventrolateral pro- 
jections ; the axillaries are broadly pentagonal, half again as 
broad as long, with slight rounded ventrolateral processes 
resembling those on the IBr, ; the synarthrial tubercles are 
moderately developed. 

The ten arms are very slender, 35 mm, to 40 mm. long, 
and resemble those of the other species of the genus ; there 
is a faintly indicated rounded median carination on the lower 
oblong brachials. 

P, is 2 mm. long, with eight or nine segments, nearly as 
stout basally as P,, but tapering more rapidly and becoming 
slender and delicate distally; the first segment is short, the 
following gradually increasing in length and becoming 
slightly longer than broad on the third and about twice as 
long as broad distally ; the distal edges of the outer seg- 
ments are slightly spinous; P, is 3 mm. long, stiff and 
spine-like, though slender, tapering slowly and evenly from 
the base tothe tip, with eight or nine segments, of which 
the first is twice as broad as long, the second is nearly as 
long as broad, the third is nearly twice as long as broad, and 
the remainder are about three times as long as broad ; the 
pinnule is rather strongly prismatic, and the distal edges of 
the third and following segments bear long and prominent 
spines on the prismatic angles; P; is 2 mm. long, with eight 
seements, of which the distal are considerably elongated, 
small and slender, slightly stiffened ; P, is 1-25 mm. long, 
very delicate, and not stiffened, with nine segments, of which 
the distal are much elongated; P; is similar, but slightly 
shorter ; the distal pinnules are 2°5 mm. long, with thirteen 
segments, of which the second and third are strongly carinate 
and the outer are very greatly elongated. 

Type Locality. ‘Siboga’ Station No. 117; entrance to 
Kwandang Bay, Celebes; 80 metres. 


Prometra parva, sp. n. 
The cirri are XIV, 14-15, 5°5 mm. long, and resemble 


40 On new Crinoids from the Dutch East Indies. 


those of P. minima; the sixth or seventh and following 
segments are about as long as broad. 

The ten arms are 40 mm. long; the lower discoidal 
brachials are smooth, but those following have rather strongly 
everted distal ends. 

P, is 2°3 mm. long, with eleven segments ; it tapers rather 
rapidly in the first four segments, more gradually from that 
point onward ; the first segment is short, the second slightly 
longer, the third slightly broader than long, the fourth 
slightly longer than broad, the fifth and following about 
twice as long as broad; Py is from 3°5 mm. to 4°5 mm. long, 
with eleven segments, evenly tapering, much larger and 
stouter than the other pinnules, though not greatly enlarged ; 
the first segment is short, the second half again as 
broad as long, the third slightly broader than long, the 
following gradually increasing to the seventh, which, with 
the following, is twice as long as broad ; the pinnule is rather 
strongly prismatic and the fourth and following segments 
have their distal edges produced on the prismatic angles into 
prominent short stout spines, which increase in prominence 
distally ; P, is 1°5 mm. long, with eight segments, of which 
the distal are elongated, small and weak; P, is slightly 
smaller than P;; the distal pinnules are exceedingly slender, 
4 mm. to 4°5 mm. long, with thirteen segments, of which the 
second and third are slightly carinate and the outer are 
greatly elongated. 

Type Locality. ‘ Siboga’ Station No. 315 ; anchorage off 
Sailus Besar, Paternoster Islands ; up to 36 metrés. 


Oligometra marginata, sp. n. 


This new species is most closely related to O. adeone. 

The dorsal pole of the centrodorsal is papillose. 

The cirri are XV, 15-16, 7 mm. long: the first segment 
is short, the following gradually increasing in length, so that 
the fourth, fifth or sixth, and following are about as long as 
broad; the third and following segments have a strong 
transverse ridge near the proximal dorsal margin; this 
ridge is prominent and high with a finely serrate crest; it 
lies about one-third of the distance between the proximal and 
distal margins of the segments; in the proximal half or 
three-quarters of the cirri the distal dorsal edge of the seg- 
ments is more or less everted, so that there is the same 
bidentate appearance characteristic of the cirri of O. adeone ; 
on the earlier segments this eversion may be nearly as high 
as the transverse ridge, but it soon decreases in height and 


On Mammals from the Ja River, Cameroons. 41 


disappears entirely in the outer half or quarter of the cirri; 
the smaller cirri are quite without it. 

The ten arms are 30 mm. long ; the proximal arm structure is 
the same as that of O. adeone; the ossicles of the [Br series 
and the first two brachials are broad and are in lateral contact 
through produced and flange-like ventrolateral borders, the 
outer edges of which are parallel to the longitudinal axes of 
the segments which bear them. 

P, is 5 mm. long, with nine segments, rather slender but 
considerably stiffened, recalling P, in the more delicate 
varieties of Stephanometra monacantha ; the first segment is 
about one-third broader than long, the second half again as 
long as the proximal width, slightly trapezoidal, the third 
about three times as long as its proximal diameter, the fourth 
to the sixth slightly longer, the following rapidly diminishing 
to the small terminal segment; the second to the fourth 
segments are slightly constricted centrally ; P,is4 mm. long, 
with nine segments, similar to P,, but very slightly stouter 
and with slightly shorter segments ; P; is 2°5 mm. to 3 mm. 
long, with eight segments, more slender and less stiffened 
than the preceding; P,is 2 mm. long, small, slender, and 
weak, with eight or nine segments; the next two pinnules 
are similar to P,; the following gradually become elongated, 
the distal pinnules being from 4°5 mm. to 5 mm. in length, 
with thirteen segments, of which most are from two to three 
times as long as broad and very slender. 

Type Locality. ‘ Siboga’ Station No. 305; mid-channel of 
Solor Strait, off Kampong Menanga ; 113 metres. 


1V.—Mammals from the Ja River, Cameroons. 
By OLDFIELD ‘THOMAS. 


Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum. 
YP 


pk 
Kerivoula cuprosa, sp. n. 


A small speckled brown species with short incisors. 

Size decidedly less than in the related species K. wrosa 
and danosa. [Fur soft and fine (hairs of back 6-6°5 mm. in 
length), extending on to the forearm, thinly along the pollex 
and terminal part of the third digit, and down the upper side 
of the legs on to the feet; proximal part of intertemoral 
thinly haired, naked distally, the hinder margin with a 


49 Mr. O. Thomas on 


number of fine hairs not forming a fringe ; under surface of 
legs and interfemoral nearly naked. General colour above 
dark bistre-brown, the tips of many of the hairs conspicuously 
contrasted silvery buff, those on the forearms, rump, and 
hind limbs more ochraceous buff; under surface duller 
brown, the bases of the hairs dark slaty, the tips of some of 
the hairs whitish. 

Ears of medium length, anterior border strongly convex, 
posterior with a sharp concavity just below the tip. ‘Tragus 
long, curved outwards, its base with a small lobule exter- 
nally sueceeded above by an emargination. 

Upper incisors unusually short, their enamel-covered 
portion but little longer than the projecting part of their 
root, the inner one bicuspid, its posterior cusp as thick as and 
half the height of the anterior. Outer incisor also bicuspid, 
owing to its basal ledge being raised up postero-internally as 
a second cusp half the height of the main cusp. Middle 
premolar about two-thirds the height and area of the anterior 
one. Outer lower incisors tricuspid, the outer cusps half as 
large as the median one. Middle lower premolar rather 
smaller than the subequal first and last. 

Dimensions of the type (the starred measurements taken in 
the flesh by the collector) :— 

Forearm 32 mm. 

Head and body *45; tail #45; ear *13°5; tragus on 
inner edge 5°5; third finger, metacarpal 31, first phalanx 15 ; 
lower leg and foot (ec. u.) 21. 

Front of upper canine to back of m*® 5:1; front of lower 
canine to back of ms; 5:5. 

Hab. Bitye, Ja River, 8.E. Cameroons. 2000’. 

Type. Adult male. Original number 564. Collected 17th 
October, 1911, by Mr. G. L. Bates. 

This well-marked species resembles K. @rosa in colour, 
but is much smaller, the forearm of that animal being 37 mm. 
in length. By the characters used in Dobson’s synopsis it 
comes nearest to K. lanosa, but differs both by size and 
colour, and, as from every other, by its peculiarly short and 
deeply bicuspidate upper incisors. At Bitye Mr. Bates also 
obtained the little A. muscilla and an additional specimen of 
K. smithiz, described by me in 1880. The latter is slightly 
larger than A. cuprosa and has practically unicuspid outer 
lower incisors. 


Colomys bicolor, sp. n. 


Larger and darker coloured than C. gosling?. 
Size decidedly greater than in C. gosling?, as shown by 


Mammals from the Ja River, Cameroons. 43 


skull-dimensions. Coloration similarly conspicuously bicolor, 
but the line of demarcation slightly lower, so that the dark 
colour encroaches a little on the forearms, instead of these 
being wholly in the white area. General colour above 
between cinnamon and bistre, the back more heavily black- 
ened than in goslingi. White patch at outer base of ear 
smaller than in gosling?. Arms and hands white except for 
a narrow extension of the dorsal colour downwards from the 
shoulder to the middle of the forearms. Feet greyish flesh- 
colour. ‘T'ail blackish above, whitish below, the difference 
not conspicuous. Mamme apparently 2—1=6. 

Skull similar in all essentials to that of C. gosling?, but 
larger throughout. Nasals longer. Interorbital region nar- 
rower, its edges more rounded.  Brain-case longer and 
higher. Palatal foramina with the peculiar expansion on the 
septum, previously described, so developed as to touch, on 
one side, the outer wall of the foramen, and so isolate com- 
pletely its posterior end. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 143 mm.; tail 175; hind foot 39; ear 21, 

Skull: grea‘est length 36 ; condylo-incisive length 32:8 ; 
nasals 14:2; interorbital breadth 4°5; breadth of brain-case 
15:2; palatilar length 16°7; diastema 10°2; palatal foramina 
7°3 x 3:2 ; upper molar series (worn down and contracted) 5:2. 

Hab, Bitye, Ja River, 8.W. Cameroons (West Congo 
drainage area). Alt. 2000’. 

Type. Old female. Original number 569. Collected 23rd 
October, 1911, by Mr. G. L. Bates. 

The smaller species, C. gosling?, Thos. & Wrought., was 
found on the Welle River, so that the genus is evidently 
widely distributed in the Congo area. 


Epimys eta, Thos. 


Mr. G. L. Bates has sent from Bitye some further 
examples of this distinct little species, and these show that 
the type had by no means attained its full size, especially as 
regards its skull. The following measurements of a fully 
adult female are therefore worthy of record :— 

Head and body 93 mm. ; tail 120; hind foot 18 ; ear 14°5. 

Skull: greatest length 26 ; condylo-incisive length 24:2; 
zygomatic breadth 13°5 ; nasals 8°7; interorbital breadth 4°5 ; 
breadth of brain-case 12°3; palatilar length 11°6; diastema 
7°6; palatal foramina 5°2 ; upper molar series 4:3. 


44 Mr. O. Thomas on 


V.—Small Mammals from South America. 
By OLDFIELD ‘THOMAS. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Leontocebus midas egens, subsp. n. 


General characters of true Guianan midas, but back more 
strongly suffused with dark buffy, generally throughout, and 
in all cases across the shoulders. Black of the head less 
deep and less continued down on to the back, the grizzled 
buffy of the back going further forward on the nape. Hands, 
instead of being wholly ‘ ochraceous ” or “ ochraceous buff,” 
only of this colour on the outer half of the wrist, the meta- 
carpus and digits being decidedly lighter coloured, ‘ buff” 
or “cream-buff.” Feet also rather lighter than in midas, 
though the difference is less conspicuous. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 229 mm.; tail 384; hind foot 65 ; ear 40. 

Skull: greatest length 49-5. 

Hab. Obidos, Lower Amazons. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 12.5.11.5. Original 
number 58. Collected 15th February, 1912, by Fraulein 
Dr. E. Snethlage ; presented by the Goeldi Museum, Para. 
Five specimens examined, 

This Amazonian form of the common yellow-handed 
marmoset is closely similar to the typical Guianan animal, 
but may be distinguished by the paler colour of its hands, a 
difference verified on five examples of egens as compared with 
ten of midas. Curiously enough, two specimens from the 
Moon Mountains, the nearest locality in Guiana to Obidos, 
have hands of an even darker tone than those of British 
Guiana, and resemble in this respect one from Cayenne which 
1 have always considered to represent Geoffroy’s rufimanus. 


Felis pardinoides emerita, subsp. n. 


General characters of F. pardinoides, including size, the 
backward direction of the nape-hairs, and the general colora- 
tion. But the feet, both fore and hind, instead of being 
blackened below, as is usual in the majority of cats, are not 
or scarcely darker below than above, where they are of a 
uniform “ clay-colour”’ ; the heel alone is blackish, as in the 
allied forms. White ear-patches larger than in pardinoides 


small Mammals from South America. 45 


and p. andina. Black nuchal stripes strongly marked in the 
two males, narrow and discontinuous in the female. 

Skull on the whole with a rather less swollen brain-case 
than in true pardinoides and in F. p. andina. Postorbital 
processes directed rather more outwards, less slanted back- 
wards. Bulle smaller than in pardinodes, only one of the 
fonr specimens having them as large as in the type of 
andina, which in turn has them smaller than in §8.-Brazilian 
pardinoides, Teeth about as in pardinoides, smaller than in 
andina. 

Dimensions of the type (an adult female) :— 

Head and body 480 mm. ; tail 330 ; hind foot 98. 

Skull: greatest length 85; condylo-basal length 81:3 ; 
zygomatic breadth 5°5 ; interorbital breadth 14°2 ; breadth of 
brain-case 40; palatal length 31; front of canine to back 
of p* 23°3; length of p* on outer edge 9(1071L in @). 

fab. Northern Venezuela. Type from the ‘‘ Montes de la 
Culata,” Merida (alt. 3000 m.); another specimen (melanistic) 
from ‘Tachira, 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 5.7.5. 3. Collected 
14th April, 1904, by S. Bricefio. Two males and another 
female also in collection. 

The pale colour of the hairy part of the palms and soles of 
this cat is an unusual character, and I have considered the 
possibility of its having been artificially produced by the 
limbs having been dipped in some preservative. But there 
are four specimens, collected at considerable intervals of time, 
all with their feet similarly coloured, so that so uniform an 
alteration seems unlikely. In any case, however, on account 
of the skull-characters described above and its comparatively 
large ear-patches, the Merida wild cat would be subspecifi- 
cally separable from its allies elsewhere. 


The Grisons of Chili and Argentina. 


In 1907 * I showed that the name vittatus, which had 
been commonly used as a “ blanket-name”’ for Grisons from 
all parts of South America, was based on a specimen from 
Surinam, and was therefore no doubt applicable to one of the 
larger forms of the genus, like G. a/lamandi and others, and 
I then gave the specific name of furax tu the “ Furado” of 
S. Brazil and the Argentine, which is not only smaller than 
the members of the vttatus group, but is distinguished by 
having no inner cusp on the lower carnassial tooth. 


* Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist. (7) xx. p. 163 (1907). 
g Pp 


46 Mr. O. Thomas on 


Farther consideration induces me to think that this latter 
character might be made the basis of a snbgeneric division of 
Grison, and that the species without the cusp should form a 
special subgenus, which might be called Grisonella and have 
G. furax as its type. 

In Chili, instead of there being only one form of Grison 
present, it now appears there are two, a larger and a smaller, 
the former inhabiting Central Chili and the latter South 
Chili, whence three specimens have been sent to the British 
Museum by Messrs. Bullock and Saldanha. The question 
therefore arises as to which of these animals should bear the 
specific names cuja and guigué given to members of this 
genus by Molina, and also that of “var. chilensis” assigned 
by Nehring * in rather a casual way toa skull from “ Chili.” 

The specimens received from 8. Chili (Temuco) are marked 
as being called “ Cuya”’ by the natives; and since Molina 
said his ‘ Mustela cuja’”’ was of the size of a ferret, which 
suits the Temuco Grison very well and the large Central 
Chili one not at all, I propose to identify the cuja as being 
this animal, whose name would therefore be Grison (Grison- 
ella) cuja, Mol. 

And further, Molina’s Mustela guiqui can hardly be other- 
wise than the same animal, for it is said to be a weasel 
(“donnola”) about 13 inches in length from nose to base 
of tail, and while a female G. cuja measures 13 and a male 
15 inches in length, the Central Chili species attains not less 
than 17 inches in the female and up to 24 in the male f. 

Nehring’s chilensis is unquestionably a female of the small 
species (basilar length of skull 58 mm.). 

A male skull of this species is 70 mm. in condylo-basal 
length, and a female 64°5. 

All three Chilian names being therefore applicable to the 
smaller species of 8. Chili, the question arises as to what the 
name of the larger Central Chili species should be. 

Careful comparison, however, shows that this animal 
cannot be distinguished from the Argentine “ Huron,” which 
has been hitherto considered the same as the Brazilian 
G. furax. 

But the latter is a much more buffy-coloured animal than 


* Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 1. p. 189 (1886). 

+ Not knowing that a small species of Grison occurred in S, Chili, 
Burmeister (‘ La Plata,’ iii. p. 160) supposed that the Quiqui was the 
young of the ordinary “ Huron.” But Molina gave a general account 
of its habits, evidently knowing the species well, while as to the number 
of its teeth the frequent loss of p' and m2 makes specimens with only 
twenty-eight teeth by no means rare, 


small Mammals from South America. AT 


that inhabiting Chili and the Argentine, to which therefore 
a special subspecific name might be given. 
I would propose to call it 


Grison furax melinus, subsp. n. 


Size as in G. furax, considerably larger than in G. cuja. 

General colour dark greyish, the light ends to the hairs 
nearly white instead of being buffy as in furaw ; light frontal 
band cream-buff, this being “ buft”’ or deeper in fura. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :— 

Head and body 475 mm.; tail 180; hind foot 60. 

Skull: condylo-basal length 80°5 ; zygomatic breadth 46*. 

An oider male from the same locality measures 83:5 in 
condylo-basal length and one from Mar del Plata, Argentine, 
84:6. 

Hab. Chili, between about 30° and 86° S. lat., and Argen- 
tina from Tucuman to Chubut. Type from Quillota, near 
Valparaiso. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 1.6.8.1. Original num- 
ber 191. Collected 5th April, 1901, and presented by John 
A. Wolffsohn, Esq. 

The Museum is indebted to Mr. Wolffsohn for four skins 
and six skulls of this animal. 


A Second Specimen of Glironia venusta. 


Through the kindness of Dr. K. Kraepelin, of the Hamburg 
Museum, the British Museum has been allowed to acquire by 
exchange an example of Glironia from Yungas, Bolivia, 
which had been in the Hamburg Museum for some years, 
having been purchased from Rolle in 1897. 

The specimen is an immature male in spirit, and by its 
help I am enabled to correct some inaccuracies in my original 
account of Glironia tf and to add some further information 
about it. 

The spirit-specimen shows that the tail is more distichous 
than appeared on the skin and that the middle line of the 
underside, instead of being naked only for its terminal three 
inches, is very thinly hairy from close to the base and 
becomes practically naked about halfway along. 

In the skull some at least of the unusual lowness is due to 
the deteriorated condition of the type, the form of the brain- 


* Other measurements given by Nehring, J. c. p. 209, 
7 Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) ix. p. 2389 (1912). 


48 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 


case in the fresh specimen not being materially different from 
that in Marmosa. 

The tooth-characters are all as described in the type, and it 
may be noted in addition that the upper milk-secator is 
narrower than in M/armosa, and has its inner lobe further 
back, the tip of the lobe being behind the level of the ante- 
rior main cusp, while it is in front of it in Marmosa. 

Allowing for the difference in age, I can see no reason to 
suppose that the Yungas specimen is specifically distinct 
from that from Pozuzo. 


VI.—Notes on Fossorial Hymenoptera.—IX. 
By Row.ranp E. Turner, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 


On some new Species from the Australian and Austro- 
Malayan Regions. 


Family Thynnide. 
Agriomyia cornuticollis, sp. n. 

Q. Nigra; pygidio flagelloque testaceo-brunneis, caleariis pallidis ; 
pronoto subconcavo, angulis anticis tuberculatis, posticis spina 
erecta armatis, 

Long. 8 mm. 

Head very thin and almost flat, more than half as broad 
again as long, rounded at the posterior angles, more than 
twice as broad as the thorax. Pronotum broader anteriorly 
than long, narrowed posteriorly, slightly concave, strongly 
raised and tuberculate at the anterior angles, armed with an 
erect acute tubercle on each side close to the posterior 
angles, the posterior margin arched, the angles acute. 
Scutellum narrow; median segment shorter than the pro- 
notum, broadened posteriorly and obliquely sloped. Shining, 
the head finely aciculate, thorax and abdomen with a few 
fine scattered punctures. First dorsal segment broadly 
depressed at the apex, the raised basal portion broadly and 
rather shallowly emarginate at the apex. Second dorsal 
segment with five well-defined transverse carine, including 
the raised apical margin; pygidium lanceolate. Ventral 
segments more strongly punctured, the fifth closely and 
coarsely punctured. 

Hab. Hermannsburg, Central Australia (H. J. Hillier). 

This female is easily distinguished by the peculiar form of 


the pronotum. 


Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 49 


Genus THynnoturneriA, Rohw. 


A%olothynnus, Turn. Wystman’s Gen. Insect. ev. p. 39 (1910). 
Turnerella, Rohw. Ent. News, xxi. p. 349 (1910). 
Thynnoturneria, Rohw. Ent. News, xxi. p. 474 (1910). 
Eurohwertia, Turn, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vii. (1911). 


I am by no means sure that the name /olothynnus 
should not be used for this genus. Ashmead in describing 
the genus 4olothynnus took an undescribed species for the 
type. In my work on the Thynnide I accepted Ashmead’s 
genus, but treated the species as a nomen nudum. 
Mr. Rohwer, on the other hand, holds that the description 
of the genus covers the species also; but I cannot agree 
with this opinion, as Ashmead evidently did not intend the 
description for a specific one, and a description to be 
recognized should be at least intended by the author for a 
description of aspecies. Insome parallel cases Ashmead has 
actually marked the species name as MS. Unfortunately 
A. cerceroides, Sm., selected by me as the type of the genus, 
does not appear to belong to the same genus as Ashmead’s 
type. Yet if Ashmead’s specific name is treated as a nomen 
nudum, A. cerceroides must be treated as the type of the 
genus. It is bad enough to have to recognize the very 
insufficient descriptions of some authors as valid, but if we 
are also to accept what were never intended for descriptions 
things would be still worse. For the present, pending some 
decision on the subject, I am using Rohwer’s name, but do 
not consider that it can stand. The whole confusion is due 
to a want of editing in Ashmead’s paper, as no editor should 
publish a description of a genus with an undescribed species 
taken for the type. 


Thynnoturneria trimaculata, sp. n. 


gd. Niger; femoribus, tibiis segmentisque ahdominalibus sexto 
septimoque rufo-ferrugineis ; clypeo apice lateribusque, pronoto 
marginibus, mesonoto macula elongata, scutello macula, post- 
scutello, segmentis dorsalibus 1-5 fascia curvata utrinque 
maculaque bilobata mediali, segmentisque ventralibus 2-5 
macula utrinque pallide flavis; alis hyalinis, venis nigris, 
stigmate testaceo. 

Long. 9 mm, 


Clypeus strongly convex, longer than the greatest breadth, 
truncate at the apex, with a low and rather indistinct 
longitudinal carina near the apex.  Interantennal pro- 
minence not well defined ; antennz shorter than the thorax 
without the median segment, the flagellum of about even 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 4 


00 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 


thickness throughout. Head and thorax finely and closely 
punctured, the abdomen more sparsely punctured, pubescence 
greyish and short. Pronotum broadly emarginate on the 
anterior margin; scutellum moderately convex; median 
segment steeply sloped posteriorly, but not truncate. Abdo- 
men narrow, the segments strongly constricted at the base ; 
sixth ventral segment with a spine on each side at the apical 
angles; hypopygium ending in three long slender spines, 
the median spine nearly twice as long as the lateral ones. 
Second abscissa of the radius longer than the third by about 
one-quarter ; first recurrent nervure received by the second 
cubital cell a little beyond two-thirds from the base, second 
received by the third cubital cell at about one-tenth from 
the base; the division of the first cubital cell by the branch 
nervure represented by a scar only, 


Hab. Hermannsburg, Central Australia (H. J. Hillier). 


Thynnoturneria centralis, sp. n. 


36. Niger; mandibulis basi, clypeo lateribus, maculis duabus supra 
anteunas, pronoto marginibus, postscutello, mesopleuris macula 
antice, segmento mediano macula apicali utrinque, segmentis 
dorsalibus 1-4 macula obliqua utrinque pallide flavis ; mesonoto, 
scutello, mesopleuris segmentisque abdominalibus 5-7 rufo- 
ferrugineis; pedibus fusco-ferrugineis, flavo-variegatis; lis 
hyalinis, venis fuscis, stigmate ferrugineo. 


Long. 9 mm. 


Clypeus convex, as long as the greatest breadth, truncate 
at the apex, connected by a narrow carina with the inter- 
antennal prominence, which is not strongly raised. Head 
thin, finely and closely punctured ; antenne as long as the 
thorax without the median segment, of even thickness 
throughout. Anterior margin of the pronotum straight, 
not emarginate. Thorax and abdomen more sparsely punc- 
tured than the head, the sides of the scutellum smooth 
and shining. Scutellum rather broadly truncate at the 
apex, with a depressed transverse line at the base. Median - 
segment rather short, sloped posteriorly, not truncate. 
Abdominal segments narrower than the thorax, strongly con- 
stricted at the base; a short spine on each side at the apical 
angles of the sixth ventral segment ; hypopygium with three 
spines, the apical one much longer than the lateral, which 
are short and slight. Second abscissa of the radius longer 
than the third; first recurrent nervure received at three- 
fifths from the base of the second cubital cell, second at 
one-sixth from the base of the third cubital cell. 

Hab. Hermannsburg, Central Australia (H. J. Hillier), 


Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. d1 


Zasptlothynnus birot, Turn. 
Thynnus birot, Turn. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung, p. 117 (1910). ¢. 
Zaspilothynnus birot, Turn, Ann, & Mag, Nat. Hist. (8) vii. p. 302 
(1911). ¢. 


Subsp. pratti, subsp. n. 


6. Differs from the typical form in the narrower hypo- ° 
pygium, and in the greater development of the yellow 
markings. 

Hab. Facfac, S.W. New Guinea. Ex coll. Perkins. 

The typical form is from N.E. New Guinea. The female 
is still unknown. 


Family Psammocharide (olim Pompilide). 


Pseudagenia camilla, Turn. 
Pseudagenia camilla, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 312 (1908). @. 


This is the Australian representative of P. nasuta, Sm. 
It differs from the typical form from Celebes in the greater 
distance between the eyes on the vertex and in the lesser 
length of the third cubital cell on the radial nervure. 


Pseudagenia faustina, sp. un. 

@. Nigra; antennis aurantiacis; tibiis tarsisque anterioribus 
fulvis ; alis hyalinis, fusco bivittatis. 

3? Niger; gracilis; antennis aurantiacis, apice infuscatis ; tibiis 

_ tarsisque anterioribus fulvis ; clypeo apice oculorumque margine 
interiore angustissime flavis; alis hyalinis fusco leviter bi- 
vittatis. 

Long., 2 ¢, 9 mm. 


2. Clypeus broadly rounded at the apex. Antenne 
longer than the head, thorax, and median segment combined ; 
the second joint of the flagellum as long as the first and 
third combined. Eyes separated on the vertex by a distance 
nearly equal to the length of the second joint of the 
flagellum ; the posterior ocelli more than half as far again 
from the eyes as from each other. Front finely rugulose ; 
vertex, thorax, and median segment opaque; abdomen 
slightly shining. Posterior margin of the pronotum with a 
distinct angle in the middle; median segment slender, fully 
half as long again as broad, with a wide but shallow groove 
from base to apex, the sides of the groove slightly raised 
and forming low carine, the sides of the segment sloping, 
First abdominal segment petiolate, the petiole occupying the 
basal third of the segment, the apical two-thirds gradually 

4* 


a2 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 


widened, the apex half as broad as the apex of the second 
segment. Sixth segment triangular, pubescent. Second 
abscissa of the radius a little longer than the third, which is 
twice as long as the first, the third transverse cubital 
nervure curved outward. First recurrent nervure received 
at two-thirds from the base of the second cubital cell, second 
* close to the middle of the third cubital cell. Cubital 
nervure reaching about halfway from the third cubital cell 
to the margin of the wing; submedian cell a little longer 
than the median ; cubitus of hind wing originating beyond 
the transverse median nervure. 

The fuscous band on the basal nervure is irregular, the 
second fuscous band occupies the basal half of the radial 
cell, the second and third cubital cells, reaching into the 
discoidal cell. Posterior tibia: smooth; tarsal ungues with 
one small tooth near the middle, the pulvillus rather small, 
shorter than the ungues. 

Hab. Mackay, Queensland; November. Ex coll. Turner. 

The probable male of this species has the clypeus broadly 
subtruncate at the apex; the antennz stouter and rather 
shorter than in the female, but still longer than the head, 
thorax, and median segment combined, the second joint of 
the flagellum scarcely longer than the third; the eyes 
separated on the vertex by a distance equal to the length of 
the second joint of the flagellum plus half the length of the 
third joint; the median segment flatter than in the female, 
the median groove narrow and only on the basal half; the 
basal segment of the abdomen slender, less than half as wide 
at the apex as the second segment. The third abscissa of 
the radius is a little longer than the second; the first 
recurrent nervure is received close to the middle of the 
second cubital cell, the second before one-third from the 
base of the third cubital cell. The sixth ventral segment 
has the lateral margins elevated, most strongly at the 
base, and a well-defined median carina. The calcaria 
are whitish. The fuscous fascize of the fore wings are less 
extensive than in the female. It is with much doubt that I 
associate the sexes in this species, there being considerable 
differences in the neuration and sculpture. 


Pseudagenia claudia, sp. n. 


9. Nigra; opaca; alis fusco leviter bivittatis; scapo subtus fusco- 
testaceo ; tarsis anticis fusco-brunneis, 
Long. 7 mm. 


9. Clypeus broadly subtruncate at the apex, more than 


Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 53 


twice as broad as the greatest length. Antenne about as 
long as the head, thorax, and median segment combined, the 
second joint of the flagellum as long as the first and third 
combined; the frontal prominence at the base of the 
antenne yery slightly developed. Eyes separated on the 
vertex by a distance equal to the length of the second joint 
of the flagellum plus two-thirds of the third joint; the 
ocelli in an equilateral triangle, the posterior pair much 
further from the eyes than from each other. Pronotum 
very widely arched posteriorly, without an angle in the 
middle. Median segment slightly convex, with a median 
groove from the base, becoming less distinct towards the 
apex, broader at the base than long, narrower at the apex, 
more opaque than the thorax and with a little short whitish 
pubescence at the angles. Petiole of the first abdominal 
segment very short, occupying less than one-quarter of the 
total length of the segment, which is no longer than the 
second segment ; sixth dorsal segment punctured sparsely at 
the base, smooth and narrowly rounded at the apex; the 
abdomen opaque and slightly pruinose. Second abscissa of 
the radius distinctly shorter than the third, scarcely longer 
than the second transverse cubital nervure ; first recurrent 
nervure received a little before the middle of the second 
cubital cell, second before one-quarter from the base of the 
third cubital cell. Submedian cell a little longer than the 
median ; cubitus of the hind wing originating just beyond 
the transverse median nervure. Cubitus of the fore wing 
reaching beyond the third cubital cell, more than halfway 
to the outer margin of the wing. An irregular fuscous band 
along the basal nervure, another filling the second cubital 
cell and extending to the base of the radial and apex of the 
discoidal cell. 

Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Turner) ; March and April. 


eee Oe. 


Pseudagenia fabia, sp. n. 
@. Nigra, obscure viridescens; alis subhyalinis, iridescentibus, 


fusco-bivittatis, fascia basali angusta, apicali lata. 
Long. 6 mm. 


?. Clypeus short, about three times as broad as long, 
broadly truncate at the apex. Antenne about as long as 
the head, thorax, and median segment combined ; the second 
joint of the flagellum as long as the first and third combined. 
Eyes separated on the vertex by a distance about equal to 
the combined length of the first and second joints of the 


54 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 


flagellum ; the front without tubercles above the base of the 
scape. Pronotum broadly arched posteriorly, without an 
angle in the middle. Median segment a little longer than 
the breadth at the base, a little narrowed towards the apex, 
convex, the median sulcus obsolete at the base, faintly 
indicated towards the apex. First abdominal segment 
gradually widened from the base, without a distinct petiole, 
no longer than the second. Second abscissa of the radius 
shorter than the third, first transverse cubital strongly 
oblique, second straight, third curved outward in the middle 
and as long as the third abscissa of the radius. First re- 
current nervure received before the middle of the second 
cubital cell, second beyond the middle of the third cubital 
cell. Submedian cell a little longer than the median; 
cubitus of the hind wing originating far beyond the trans- 
verse median nervure. Cubitus of the fore wing reaching 
about halfway from the third cubital cell to the margin of 
the wing. The fuscous band along the basal nervure is 
reeular but net broad; the second fuscous band is of almost 
even breadth, extending from the base of the stigma to the 
apex of the radial cell and reaching the lower margin of the 
wing. The whole insect is subopaque and glossed with dull 
bluish green. 
Hab. Kuranda, Queensland (Turner) ; November. 
Allied to P. una, Turn. 


Family Crabronide. 
Subfamily Pempurepovinz. 


Psenulus (?) scutellatus, sp. n. 


©. Nigra, nitida ; mandibulis basi, scapo, scutello fascia apicali, 
postscutello, pedibus anticis et intermediis, tibiisque posticis 
basi flavis ; tegulis fusco-testaceis ; alis hyalinis, venis nigris. 
Long. 8 mm. 

Clypeus covered with shining white pubescence, the apex 
almost truncate. An elevated carina between the antennz, 
joining a low arched carina below the base of the antenne ; 
a distinct groove reaching from the anterior ocellus to the 
base of the interantennal carina. Flagellum thickened 
eradually towards the apex, the second joint as long as the 
first and third combined. Posterior ocelli a little further 
from the eyes than from each other. Pronotum distinctly 
raised ; the mesonotum very minutely punctured; a trans- 
verse, deeply punctured groove at the base of the scutellum. 
Median segment finely punctured and pubescent on the 


LA 


Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossortal Hymenoptera. 55 


sides, a striated transverse groove at the base and a median 
groove from the base to the apex. Abdomen shining, 
petiolate ; the basal three-fifths of the first segment linear, 
the apical two-fifths gradually broadened and slightly swollen, 
the whole basal segment about twice as long as the posterior 
femur. Third abscissa of the radius nearly twice as long as 
the second, but a little shorter than the first; the first 
recurrent nervure received by the second cubital cell at 
about one-seventh from the base; the second received by 
the third cubital cell close to the base, almost interstitial 
with the second transverse cubital nervure. Cubitus of 
the hind wing originating beyond the transverse median 
nervure. 

Hab. Cairns, Q. (R. C. L. Perkins). 

Related to P. interstitialis, Cam., which occurs in the 
same locality, but the colour is very different, and the 
position of the recurrent nervures is also different. Neither 
species is very nearly related to true Psenulus. 


AUSTROSTIGMUS, gen. 0. 


Somewhat intermediate between Stigmus and Harpacto- 
philus ; from the former of which it differs in having the 
abdomen subsessile, not petiolate, in the smaller stigma, the 
longer and narrower first cubital cell; from the latter in the 
slenderer build, in the distinct transverse, angulated pro- 
notum, the longer front with distinct carine along the inner 
margins of the eyes, and the recurrent nervure which is 
received considerably before the apex of the first cubital 
cell. 

Type of the genus A. queenslandensis, Turn. 


Austrostigmus queenslandensis, Turn. 
Stigmus gueenslandensis, Turn. Proc. Zool, Soc. London, p. 457 (1908), 


Austrostigmus reticulatus, sp. n. 


¢. Niger; antennis ochraceis; mandibulis, scapo subtus pedi- 
busque flavis; tegulis testaceis; alis hyalinis, iridescentibus, 
venis testaceis; mesonoto reticulato. 

Long. 4 mm. 


6. Eyes distinctly divergent towards the clypeus, se- 
parated at the base of the antennz by a distance equal to 
about twice the length of the scape; clypeus narrowly 
produced in the middle and subemarginate on the apical 
margin, with a median carina from the hase, Tiagellum 


56 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossortal Hymenoptera. 


about twice as long as the scape. A narrow groove with a 
marginal carina along both the inner and outer margins of 
the eyes; the front opaque, with a median carina almost 
reaching the anterior ocellus, the region round the ocelli and 
the vertex reticulate. Posterior ocelli a little further from 
the eyes than from each other. Pronotum transverse, 
sharply produced outwards and forwards at the anterior 
angles ; mesonotum and the upper half of the mesopleure 
coarsely reticulate; scutellum sparsely punctured, with a 
transverse row of deep closely set punctures a little before 
the apex; median segment strongly margined, with two 
longitudinal carinz near the middle from the base to the 
apex and two oblique carine on each side, the space between 
the carine obliquely striated, the posterior truncation of 
the segment abrupt and transversely rugulose. Abdomen 
subsessile, smooth and shining. Second cubital cell subtri- 
angular, almost pointed on the radial nervure; recurrent 
neryure received at about five-sixths from the base of the 
first cubital cell. Cubitus of the bind wing interstitial with 
the transverse median nervure. Radial cell of the fore wing 
lanceolate. 

Hab. Cairns District, Queensland (Ff. P. Dodd). 

Easily distinguished from gueenslandensis by the broader 
face and the coarse sculpture of the mesonotum. 

This genus is connected with Harpactophilus by H. tri- 
color, Turn., which has the slender form and the transverse 
pronotum of the present genus; and with Spilomena by 
S. australis, Turn. 


Subfamily Spaxcrwz. 
Sphex darwiniensis, sp. n. 
@. Nigra, mandibulis basi, scapo, tegulis, abdomine "pedibusque 
ferrugineis ; capite thoraceque albido-pilosis; alis basi flavo- 


hyalinis, apice late infuscatis. 
Long. 20 mm. 


Clypeus truncate at the apex; second joint of the 
flagellum half as long again as the third. Postscutellum 
without a sulcus or tubercles; scutellum with a shallow 
median furrow. Median segment with about twelve trans- 
verse carinz, those near the base and apex lower and 
indistinct in the middle. First joint of the anterior tarsi 
with seven spines on the outer side. Petiole about as long 
as the third joint of the flagellum. Third abscissa of the 
radius shorter than the first. The pubescence on the head 


Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial TTymenoptera. 57 


and thorax is short and rather sparse ; the dorsulum and 
.scutellum bare, smooth and shining ; the pleurze indistinctly 
striated. 

Hab. Port Darwin (F. P. Dodd). Ex coll. Perkins. 

This is very near S. rugifer, Kohl, of which it may prove 
to be a local form. It differs, however, in the colour of the 
legs and wings and also in the number of striz on the 
median segment. I have not seen typical specimens of 


rugifer. 
Subfamily Bewpecrvz, 
Bembex latifasciata, sp. n. 


6. Flavo-ochraceus ; flagello supra fusco, infra testaceo; vertice, 
mesonoto lineis tribus, linea mediana apicem haud attingente, 
scutello basi, segmento mediano basi, segmento dorsali primo 
apice ef macula parva utrinque, 2-6 basi et apice, basi bilobatis 
septimoque basi nigris; alis hyalinis, venis basi testaceis, apice 
fuscis. 

Long. 15 mm. 


g. Labrum not grooved, clypeus strongly convex; front 
distinctly carinated between the antenne. Apical joint of 
the flagellum no longer than the penultimate, rather strongly 
curved and truncate at the apex; joints 9-11 excavated 
beneath, the eighth joint with a small spine beneath, Eyes 
almost parallel on the inner margin. Anterior and inter- 
mediate femora not dentate ; anterior tarsi not dilated, with 
seven spines on the outer margin of the basal joint ; basal 
joint of intermediate tarsi not dilated. First ventral seg- 
ment with a stout, blunt tubercle at the base, second with 
a compressed prominent tubercle, sixth unarmed; seventh 
dorsal segment broadly rounded, shallowly subemarginate at 
the apex. 

?. Sixth dorsal segment very narrowly rounded at the 
apex, black, with a yellow spot on each side; second 
ventral segment rather closely punctured over the whole 
surface. 

Hab. N.W. Australia, Strelley River and Roeburne. 


Subfamily Nrssonzvx. 
Gorytes perkinsi, sp. n. 


@. Nigra; clypeo, fronte sub antennis scapoque flavis; flagello, 
pronoto, scutello, postscutello, segmento mediano macula basali 
utrinque, segmentis abdominalibus primo sextoque, dorsalibus 
tertio, quarto (basi excepta) quintoque, pedibusque aurantiacis ; 
alis flavo-hyalinis, apice leviter infumatis. 

Long, 22 mm. 


58 Mr. R. E. Turner on Possorial Hymenoptera. 


Clypeus widely emarginate at the apex; eyes distinctly 
converging towards the clypeus. Antenne slightly thickened 
towards the apex; the scape short, the second joint of the 
flagellum as long as the third and fourth combined. Front 
clothed with short fulvous-brown pubescence, slightly con- 
cave, with a distinct median sulcus reaching the anterior 
ocellus. Posterior ocelli a little further from each other 
than from the eyes. Thorax stout, opaque, sparsely punc- 
tured; the triangular area at the base of the median 
segment well defined, smooth and shining, with a deep 
median sulcus. Tibiz stout, spinose ; pulvilli rather large ; 
basal joint of anterior tarsi with five long spines. Abdomen 
stout, strongly narrowed to the extremities, a little longer 
than the head, thorax, and median segment combined, opaque, 
the ventral surface slightly shining and sparsely punctured. 
Pygidial area gradually narrowed from the base and rather 
broadly rounded at the apex. Both recurrent nervures 
received by the second cubital cell, the first before one- 
quarter from the base, the second at about one-sixth from 
the apex, the cubital nervure sharply bent upward from the 
junction of the first recurrent nervure to the base of the 
second cubital cell; first abscissa of the radius about equal 
in length to the third, and four times as long as the second; 
first transverse cubital nervure abruptly bent outwards very 
near the cubital nervure, and branching inward at the bend, 
the branch at first clearly defined and then continued as a 
faint scar to the base of the stigma. 

The median segment is striated on the sides near the apex 
and marked with dull ochraceous. 

Hab. Cairns, Queensland (fF. P. Dodd). Ex coll. Perkins. 

This fine species is allied to G. ciliatus, Handl. In colour 
it resembles species of the genus Adispa, and is as large as 
small specimens of that genus. 


Genus CLYTEMNESTRA, Spin. 


I agree with Ashmead in considering that this genus is 
sufficiently distinct from Gorytes. Though almost entirely 
American, the following Australian species should be in- 
cluded :— ; 


1. C. duboulayi, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 496 (1908) (Gorytes d.). 
2. C. sanguinolentus, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 497 (1908) (Gorytes s.). 
3. C. luctdulus, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 498 (1908) (Gorytes 7.). 


These species, however, differ from typical Clytemnestra 
and approach Miscothyris, Sm., in having the first recurrent 


Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 59 


nervure received before the apex of the first cubital cell. 
C. sanguinolentus also has the posterior tibiz serrate near 
the apex, but not so strongly as in Miscothyris. 


Subfamily Szrrcopnorimws. 
Zoyphium doddi, sp. n. 
¢. Minutns, niger; clypeo, mandibulis, scapo pedibusque flavis ; 
flagello tegulisque testaceis; alis hyalinis, venis testaceis, 


stigmate fusco. 
Long. 4 mm. 


Mandibles strongly notched beneath ; clypeus very broadly 
rounded at the apex, short. Inner margins of the eyes 
parallel. Antennz inserted low down on the sides of the 
clypeus, nearly as far from each other as from the eyes, 
short, thickened towards the apex, the apical joint pointed. 
Front broad, covered with delicate golden pubescence ; 
posterior ocelli far apart, more than twice as far from each 
other as from the eyes. Head and thorax opaque ; a deeply 
punctured transverse groove at the base of the scutellum ; 
median segment truncate posteriorly, the dorsal surface with 
indistinct oblique striz at the base; depressed on the 
median line, with a rather strong carina in the depression ; 
the surface of the truncation with several more distinct 
oblique striz. Abdomen shining, closely and minutely 
punctured, the hypopygium produced into a spine at the 
apex. First recurrent nervure received by the first cubital 
cell a little beyond three-quarters from the base, second 
received by the second cubital cell at two-thirds from the 
base. Third cubital celt about half as long on the radial 
nervure as the first; the second pointed on the radial 
nervure, longer than the third on the cubital nervure. 

Had. Cairns, Queensland (f°. P. Dodd). Ex coll. Perkins. 

@. Unknown. 

In colour this species recalls Z. frontale, Turn., described 
from a female, but in that species there are only two cubital 
cells. So far as I can see, the antenne in the male are only 
twelve-jointed. This is the case in Z. rufonigrum, Turn., 
though the figure (P. Z. S. 1908, p. 495) shows only eleven 
joimts, an obscure division in the club being omitted. 
Z. erythrosoma, Turn., and Sericophorus viridis, Sm., show 
a similar structure, but in the latter species the club is 
truncate at the extremity and very thick, not poimted. 
The reduction in the number of joints seems to be due 
to the fusion of two joints in the club. In S. viridis the 


GO Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 


fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh joints of the flagellum are 
flattened beneath and more or less produced into spines as 
in some species of Bembex ; but the antennz of the male of 
S. relucens, Sm., resemble those of Zoyphium. The males 
of Sphodrotes, Kohl, show no such antennal peculiarities 
and, as I have previously pointed out, that genus is near 
Acanthostethus, Sm., and cannot be placed very near Seri- 
cophorus and Zoyphium. The males of Sericophorus appear 
to be much rarer in collections than the females; and only 
one species of the genus, S. relucens, Sm., has a wide range, 
occurring from Cape York to Adelaide, and at least as far 
west as Hermannsburg in Central Australia. 


Zoyphium dipteroides, Turn. 


Sericophorus dipteroides, Turn. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. p. 275 
(1907). 9. 


Zoyphium funebris, Turn. 
Sericophorus funebris, Turn. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. p. 276 
(1907). 9. 

These two species have no appendiculate cell, and therefore 
cannot be retained in Sericophorus. How far this distinction 
will prove to be of generic value is doubtful, as it places the 
very closely allied S. bicolor, Sm.,and Z. erythrosoma, Turn., 
in different genera. None of the species of Zoyphium 
described by me have the tooth on each ‘side of the second 
(first) dorsal segment mentioned by Kohl in his description 
of the genus. 


Subfamily Crazkowrwz. 


Dasyproctus expectatus, sp. n. 
9°. Nigra, opaca; mandibulis basi scapoque flavis; pronoto in 
medio interrupto, callis humeralibus, segmento abdominali se- 
cundo macula minuta utrinque, tertio quartoque fascia angusta 
basali utrinque, quintoque macula mediana nigra, aurantiacis; 
tibiis tarsisque testaceo-brunneis ; alis hyalinis, venis nigris. 
Long. 10 mm. 


Clypeus covered with short silvery pile, the anterior 
margin produced in the middle into two short blunt teeth. 
Eyes separated from each other at the nearest point on the 
front by a distance equal to about two-thirds of the length 
of the scape ; ocelli in a very broad triangle, the posterior 
pair a little nearer to each other than to the eyes, and about 
half as far again from the posterior margin of the head as 


Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 61 


from each other. Head large and broad, thinly covered 
with short pale fulvous pubescence, the cheeks broad and 
covered with silvery pubescence above the base of the 
mandibles. Pronotum depressed in the middle ; the cordate 
space at the base of the median segment coarsely obliquely 
striated at the base, coarsely reticulate at the apex, with a 
deep median sulcus. Abdomen opaque; the basal segment 
a little longer than the posterior femur, the basal two-fifths 
forming a narrow petiole, the apical portion gradually 
widened ; the fifth segment clothed with short, pale, fulvous 
pubescence. Transverse cubital nervure received close to 
the middle of the radial cell ; recurrent nervure received 
beyond two-thirds from the base of the cubital cell. Sides 
of the median segment with very fine vertical striz. 


Hab. Sydney (R. C. L. Perkins) ; June 1904. 


Dasyproctus muiri, sp. n. 

@. Nigra; mandibulis basi, scapo, tibiis apice, tarsisque basi 
flavis; pronoto, tegulis macula basali, scutello macula obliqua 
utrinque, mesopleuris maculis duabus parvis, segmentisque 
dorsalibus 2-4 macula transversa basali flavo-ochraceis; alis 
hyalinis, cellula radiali margine costali infuscata. 

Long. 9 mm. 


Opaque ; clypeus, front, and cheeks clothed with silver 
pubescence. Clypeus with a low median carina, produced 
into two small blunt teeth on the middle of the apical margin. 
Front rather deeply hollowed, with an arched carina above, 
the eyes at the nearest point separated by a distance equal 
to about one-third of the length of the scape. Head large, 
the posterior ocelli a little further from the eyes than from 
each other, and half as far again from the posterior margin 
of the head as from each other. A short depression along 
the inner margin of the eyes before the summit. Second 
joint of the flagellum about twice as long as the first and 
almost half as long again as the third. Enclosed area at 
the base of the median segment finely obliquely striated, 
punctured between the strize, and divided by a median sulcus 
which is continued to the apex of the segment, the sides 
finely obliquely striated. First abdominal segment about 
one-quarter longer than the posterior femur, the narrow 
petiole almost as long as the gradually broadened apical 
portion. Transverse cubital nervure received close to the 
middle of the radial cell; recurrent nervure received beyond 
two-thirds from the base of the cubital cell. 

Hab. Amboina (F. Muir). Ex coll. Perkins. 


62 Mr. R. E. Turner on Possortal Hymenoptera. 


Very near D. eapectatus, but the eyes are nearer together 
on the front and the first abdominal segment distinctly 
longer. There are also small colour differences, especially 
on the legs. 


Dasyproctus burnettianus, sp. n. 


@. Nigra, mandibulis, scapo, flagello articulis duobus basalibus, 
pronoto, callis humeralibus, mesopleuris macula parva, scutello, 
petiolo macula parva utrinque, segmentis dorsalibus 2-4 fascia 
interrupta basali, femoribus subtus, tibiis tarsisque flavo- 
ochraceis; segmentis dorsalibus quinto sextoque totis quartoque 
apice testaceis; alis sordide hyalinis. 

Long. 9 mm. 


Eyes separated on the front by a distance equal to fully 
half the length of the scape; second joint of the flagellum 
a little longer than the third and less than twice as long as 
the first ; the front deeply hollowed, the antenne inserted 
nearer to the eyes than to each other ; a narrow groove on 
the inner margin of the eyes near the summit. Head very 
large; ocelli placed in a very broad triangle, the posterior 
pair nearly as far from the eyes as from each other, and 
more than half as far again from the posterior margin of the 
head as from each other. A deeply punctured transverse 
groove at the base of the postscutellum and another at the 
base of the median segment ; the enclosed triangular area at 
the base of the median segment finely obliquely striated and 
divided by a suleus which is continued to the apex of the 
segment. First abdominal segment nearly half as long 
again as the posterior femur, the narrow petiole occupying 
a little more than half the length of the segment ; apical 
segment very narrow, the sides almost parallel. Transverse 
cubital nervure received a little before the middle of the 
radial cell, recurrent nervure received a little beyond two- 
thirds from the base of the cubital cell. 

Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland (R. C. L. Perkins). 

Differs from D. expectatus in the longer petiole as well as 
in colour and in the proportion of the joints of the flagellum. 
I do not think that this is the female of D. conator, Turn., 
though it is just possible. 


Dasyproctus agilis, Sm. 


Crabro (Rhopalum) agilis, Sm. Proc. Linn. Soe., Zool. iii. p. 18 
(1858). 2; Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 528 (1908). 


On new Harvest-men of the Family Phalangodide. 63 


Dasyproctus conator, Turn. 
Crabro (Rhopalum) conator, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 526 (1908). ¢. 


Dasyproctus idoneus, Turn. 
Crabro (Rhopalum) tdoneus, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soe. p. 527 (1908), 
bo as 


Crabro (Crossocerus) prosopoides, Turn. 
Crabro prosopoides, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soe. p. 528 (1908). ¢ Q. 


The following Australian species are closely allied to the 
European Crabro vagus, Linn., and may be placed in the 
subgenus Solenius, though differing in the sculpture and the 
absence of constrictions between the abdominal segments 
from C. interruptus, Lep., the type of the subgenus :-— 

1. Crabro (Solenius) tridentatus, Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 250 

(1868). 2. 

2. Crabro (Solenius) einctus, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soe. p. 531 (1908). 2. 

3. Crabro (Solenius) bivittatus, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. p.534(1908). 2. 

4, Crabro (Solenius) conglobatus, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 533 (1908). 

3 


5. Crabro (Solenius) tasmanicus, Sm. Cat. Hym, B.M. iv. p. 425 
(1856). °. 


6. Crabro (Solenius) mackayensis, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 532 
(1908). 9°. 


7. Crabro (Solenius) ordinarius, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 532 (1908). 
ao, 


8. Crabro (Solenius) neglectus, Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 249 
(1868). 


In ordinarius, conglobatus, and bivittatus the mandibles are 
tridentate at the apex, as is usual in Solenius, not bidentate 
as stated erroneously in the original description. 


VIl.— Descriptions of new Harvest-men of the Family 
Phalangodide. By Strantey Hirst. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 
[ Plate I.] 


Key to the Genera of Phalangodidse which are represented 
in the British Museum Collection. 
a. Eyes placed on a single tubercle. 


a, A long median thorn present on the 
ocular tubercle. 


64 Mr. S. Hirst on new Harvest-men 


a’, Transverse grooves of scutum well 
defined and four in number. 
Thorn of ocular tubercle not fur- 
nished with granules or processes. 

a’, Patella of palp quite unarmed. 

a‘, Palp of moderate length ...... 

6*. Palp very long, especially its 
femur and patella .......... 

b?, Patella of palp armed with long 
spines. 

a’, Femur of palp armed below with 
several long spines. Femora 
of first and second legs quite 
WMATMEM pat. eke eee ets 

b°. Femur of palp armed both above 
and below with processes of 
moderate length. Femora of 
first and second legs armed 
with short processes ........ 

b?, Transverse grooves five when distinct. 
Central thorn of ocular tubercle 
nearly always furnished either with 
eranules or processes. 

a®, Femur of palp strongly compressed 
DbET AML Wipe we ain biee sim eiers ole jee ince 
b°, Femur of palp at most only slightly 
compressed laterally .......... 

b'. Ocular tubercle without a long central 
thorn. . 

a’, Abdominal part of scutum provided 
with a low but conspicuous tumu- 
lusin‘the middle’ iivecan wees » 

27, Abdominal part of scutum without 
tumulus, 

a’, Fourth leg of both sexes quite 

buat (2050 Mires Poo pomp is 9 

b°. Fourth leg of male furnished ven- 

trally with stronger spinules than 

is the case in the female and 

with a conspicuous process (or 

processes?) on each side near 

the distal end of the tibiz (see 

PL hes 15) see eee aes «0 

b. Eyes not placed on a single tubercle, but 

widely separated from one another and 

either sessile or each placed on a very 
slight tumulus. 

a’, Femur of palp armed below with a 
single spine or without any ventral 
spines. Femur of first leg unarmed. 
No thorn between the eyes ........ 

b°, Femur of palp armed below either 
with long spines or long processes. 
Femur of first leg usually armed with 
long spines. A thorn often present 
midway between the eyes. 


Pseudobiantes, Hirst. 


Parabiantes, gen. nov. 


Epedanus, Thorell. 


Plistobunus, Poe. 


Baramia, gen. nov. 


Sittalces, Simon, and 
[ Podoctis, Thorell. 


Vima, gen, nov. 


Phalangodes, Tellkampf. 


Zalmoats, Sor. 


Hinzuanius, Karsch, and 
[Lacurbs, Sor. 


of the Family Phalangcdidie. 69 


a'°, Femora of posterior legs straight 


SUNG GUM ANIM OCs cele oid so ec eitia 9 ni «32s Ibalonius, Karsch. 
>, Femora of posterior legs curved and 
armed ventrally with processes .. Hodozoster, Loman. 


Zalmowis austerus, sp.n. (PI. I. figs. 1, 1 a.) 


3. Body.—The shape of the body of this new species is 
very like that of Z. robusta, Sor., as figured by Sorensen, the 
cephalothoracic part of it being much narrower than and not 
nearly so high as the abdominal part. 

Scutum longer than the patella + the tibia of the fourth 
leg. It has five transverse grooves; the first one, which is 
well defined and procurved, forms the boundary between the 
cephalothoracic and abdominal parts of the scutum; the 
other grooves are not so distinct, the one between the first 
and second areas of the abdominal part being faint. First 
abdominal area large, but its length (when measured along 
the median line) is very much less than that of the cephalo- 
thoracic part. Except for three or four rather inconspicuous 
granules on each side of the anterior margin and for one or 
two lateral granules, the surface of the cephalothoraciec part 
is quite smooth. Numerous granules are present on the first 
abdominal area and a rather narrow transverse band of them 
is present on each of the three following areas ; the granules 
of which these bands are composed are not very regularly 
arranged, but they are usually about two deep. The last 
abdominal area has fewer granules on its surface than the 
other areas, and for the greater part of its width they are 
arranged in a single series only ; like those of the penultimate 
area, they are sharply pointed and directed backwards. 
There is also a Jongitudinal series of granules on each side of 
the scutum. Ocular tubercle situated near the anterior 
margin. It is elongated transversely, being considerably 
wider than long, and has no large processes of any kind on 
its surface, but is furnished with a number of granules, 
which are not arranged in a regular manner. 

Free dorsal segments.—The two anterior of the free dorsal 
segments each have a single transverse series of granules, 
similar to that on the last area (posterior margin) of the 
scutum ; on- the third free segment the granules are more 
numerous and less regular in arrangement and are mostly 
ranged about two deep. The fourth free dorsal segment has 
numerous granules and they are not arranged in series. 

Ventral surface.—Fourth coxa very much wider than the 
others. There are a number of distinct granules on the 
ventral surface of the first coxa, but only obsolete granules 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 5 


66 Mr. S. Hirst on new THarvest-men 


are to be seen on the other coxe. A transverse series of 
minute granules is present on each of the sternites. On each 
side of the first sternite there is a slight ridge which com- 
mences at the spiracle and runs forward for some distance. 

Chelicera.—Proximal segment short and quite smooth. 
Second segment moderately stout; dorsally it has only two 
or three obsolete granules, which carry hairs. 

Palp not very long. There are two or three very little 
granules on the dorsal surface of the trochanter, and a 
conical granule and two processes, one of which is long g, are 
situated on its lower surface. Femur armed with a single 
Jong spine on its inner side near the distal end ; ventrally it 
has three spines (and also a little tooth-like process), the two 
spines near its proximal end being much the longest. 
Patella with a long spine on the inner side. Tibia much 
higher and wider than the other segments of the palp ; it has 
three spines on each side, the distal one of the outer side 
being short. Tarsus with two long spines on each side and 
also with a very short distal spine on each side. 

Legs short ; the fourth is the longest and stoutest (when 
they are arranged according to length, their order is as 
follows : 4, 2, s iy Lhe denticles on the ventral surface of 
the femur of the fourth lee, especially those near the distal 
end, are larger than those of the rest of its surface. Tibia 
of fourth leg stoutest nearest the distal end; besides the 
denticles on its surface, it has a sharply pointed ventral 
process on each side near the distal end, the outer one being 
long. Number of tarsal segments 3, 7, 5, 6. Claws of poste- 
rior legs smooth. 

Yolour blackish brown. Appendages dark brown, but the 
coxe of the legs are pale above and the tarsi of all the legs, 
except those of the second pair, are rather pale also. 

Measurements in mm.—Length of body 41, of seutum 3°25. 

Material.—Two specimens from New Britain (Neu Pom- 
mern); one of which is an adult male and has the penis 
extruded. These specimens were collected by Prof. Willey 
in the year 1897. 

Remarks.—This new species resembles Z. pygmea, Sor., in 
having its ocular tubercle placed much nearer to the anterior 
margin than to the first transverse groove. ‘The shape and 
granulation of the body are, apparently, quite different to 
what they are in Z. pygmea, however. 


Genus VIMA, nov. 


Cephalothoracic part of scutum only slightly convex. 
Ocular tubercle low and transverse and much wider than 


of the Family Phalangodidee. 67 


long ; on each side of its upper surface a minute and rather 
inconspicuous granule is present. Abdominal part of scutum 
furnished with a low whitish rounded eminence in the middle 
fi ft Palp armed with spi f tk al Phal: 
of its surface. Palp armed with spines of the usual Phalan- 
gogid type. [For their number and arrangement, see the 
specific description.] _ Fourth coxa not so very much broader 
than the third, instead of being very much broader than it, 


as in the Gonyleptide. 


Vima insignis, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 2.) 


Dorsal surface. Scutum.—Both cephalothoracic and abdo- 
minal parts slightly convex ; transverse grooves ill defined, 
except the one which forms the boundary between the two 
principal parts of the scutum and that which is placed just 
in front of its posterior margin. [For the structure of the 
ocular tubercle, see the generic description.] A low rounded 
eminence, which is sometimes circular, sometimes oval in 
shape, is situated in the middle of the abdominal part of the 
scutum. Otherwise the scutum is almost smooth, for it has 
only a few very minute and inconspicuous granules on its 
surface, those of the transverse row, which occurs near the 
posterior margin, being perhaps the most distinct. Free 
dorsal segments each with a transverse row of minute and in- 
conspicuous granules, 

Ventral surface.—First coxa with a process in front, and 
with a transverse series of rather large granules on its 
anterior margin below, the outer ones being the largest. A 
transverse series of obsolete granules is usually present on 
the surface of each of the remaining coxee and a few granules 
are also present on the sternites. 

Chelicera.—On the inner side of the dorsal surface of the 
proximal segment two minute granules are present, and two 
or three little granules, which are slightly more distinct, also 
occur on the outer side. Second segment furnished with 
several granules on the inner side of its upper surface, but 
with one or two exceptions they are quite obsolete. 

Palp armed with long spines. Trochanter with only two 
minute granules below. Femur armed with an apical spine 
on its inner side, and with a ventral row of four spines, the 
two proximal ones being much larger than the other two. 
Patella with a single spine on its inner side. Tibia with 
two spines on its inner side, and sometimes it has also an 
additional little denticle distally ; on its outer side there are 
three spines and also a minute proximal denticle. ‘Tarsus 


with two spines on each side and a short apical spine on the 
ka 


68 Mr. S. Hirst on new Ilarvest-men 


inner side also; the apical spine on the outer side is either 
quite obsolete or absent. 

Legs long. Their femora are furnished with very minute 
granules ; femur of first leg without any processes. Patellze 
of posterior legs with two or three minute granules at the 
distal end above. Apparently there is no scopula on the 
tarsi of the posterior legs and their claws are without teeth. 
Tarsal segments 7, ?, 7, 7. 

Colour.—Body and appendages brown; the eminence in 
the centre of the abdominal part of the scutum is white; 
segments of scutum also seemingly faintly outlined in white. 
Patellee and the distal ends of the femora and of the tibiz of 
the legs blackish. 

Measurements in mm.—Length of trunk 2°5, of first leg 
16°25, of second (?), of third 21, of fourth 31. 

Material.—F our specimens collected by Rose Lloyd in the 
Higher Potaro River District, British Guiana. 


Ibalonius quadrigutiatus, sp.n. (PI. I. figs. 3, 3 a.) 


Scutum convex, and it is a little shorter than the tibia of 
the third leg. There are three pairs of thorns on its surface. 
Those of the first pair are long and they are situated at about 
a third of the length of the scutum from its anterior margin. 
They are followed at a short distance by the thorns of the 
second pair, which are quite short. The thorns of the third 
pair are long; they are placed at some distance in front of 
the posterior margin and are separated from it by a trans- 
verse groove. Some distance in front of this last pair of thorns 
there is a pair of little granules and then a transverse series 
of about four granules. A similar series is also present on 
the last area of the scutum. [I think that the first pair of 
thorns is placed on a part of the surface of the scutum 
corresponding to the hinder half of the cephalothoracic part, 
and that the second pair belongs to the first abdominal area ; 
the last pair of thorns belongs, without doubt, to the fourth 
abdominal area of the scutum. Owing to the absence of all 
of the transverse grooves, except the last one, it is difficult 
to be certain about this, however.] The distance which 
separates the eyes from one another is about twice that which 
separates them from the lateral margin. Hach eye is placed 
ona very slight elevation and a little arch-like structure, 
carrying a little pointed granule on its dorsal surface, joins 
each of these two elevations to the anterior margin of the 
scutum. 


of the Family Phalangodide. 69 


A transverse series of little granules is present on each of 
the anterior free dorsal segments, but they are only distinct 
on the first one, the granules on the others being obsolete. 

Ventral surface.—'Vhere are a number of granules and some 
rather long conical processes on the ventral surface of the 
first coxa. The second coxa has a transverse row of little 
granules and also some scattered obsolete granules. <A 
number of obsolete granules also occur on the posterior coxe, 
but the sternites have not any granules. 

Chelicera.—Proximal segment quite short (for its shape, 
see fig. 3). It has a single long pointed process on the inner 
side below and two long processes on the outer side. There 
are also one or two conical granules on the dorsal surface. 
Second segment fairly large and swollen; on its upper 
surface there are about seven tooth-like processes, and a 
large tooth-like process and a granule are present below. 

Palp.—On the upper surface of the coxa of the palp there 
is a large curved process. The trochanter has a little pointed 
granule above ; and it hasa long spine and a little tooth-like 
process below, the former equalling the longest spine of the 
ventral surface of the femur in length. Two or three little 
granules occur on the upper surface of the femur and a rather 
long curved process is also present at its proximal end ; 
below, this segment has 4-5 spines and processes, three of 
them being long and one or two quite short; a little spine is 
also present on the inner side near the distal end. Patella 
armed with two inner and one outer spine; there is also a 
little granule on its dorsal surface. Tibia and tarsus shaped 
much as in Epedanus, but not very wide. Tibia with three 
inner and two very long outer spines. Tarsus with two 
spines on each side. 

Legs long. A couple of conical processes and a granule 
are present on the ventral surface of the trochanter of the 
first lee. Femur of first leg unarmed, but it is furnished 
with numerous minute granules. A very long process is 
placed on the anterior surface of the trochanter of the second 
leg, and there are a few little granules at the proximal of the 
femur of this leg. Coxa of fourth leg with a rather long 
conical tubercle or process on its upper surface. Scopula 
very dense on the last two segments of the posterior tarsi ; 
claws of posterior legs smooth. Number of tarsal segments 
4,10, 5,5; the proximal segment of the tarsus of the second 
leg is long. 

Colour (faded?) pale yellow-brown; there are two iri- 
descent golden spots on each side of the upper surface of the 


70 Mr. 8. Hirst on new Harvest-men 


trunk, one spot being placed immediately in front of ‘the 
other; the thorns of the scutum are not darker than its 
surface, 

Measurements in mm.—Length of trunk 3°75, of scutum 
3°25, of fourth leg 25. 

Materval.—A single male specimen from Batjan (Dr. W. 
Kiikentha!). 


Ibalonius kuekenthali, sp. n. 


Very closely allied to 7. quadriguttatus, sp. n., but differing 
in the following details of structure and coloration :— 

Scutum armed with two pairs of long thorns, which 
correspond to the first and third pairs of J. quadriguttatus, 
but the second pair of very short thorns, which are present 
in that species, are absent in J. kuekenthali. A little granule 
is placed midway between the eyes. A pair of little granules 
is present on the part of the scutum which apparently corre- 
sponds to the first abdominal area and there are three trans- 
verse series, each of four little granules, on the parts of the 
scutum apparently corresponding to the second, third, and 
fifth (last) abdominal areas of the scutum. Asin J. quadrt- 
guttatus only the last transverse groove is distinct. 

Ventral surfacee-—The granules on coxe 2—4 are more 
numerous and more distinct in this species than is the case 
in I. quadriguttatus. 

Chelicera and palp precisely similar in structure to those 
of I. quadriguttatus. The femur of the first leg is more 
coarsely granular than in that species. Number of tarsal 
segments 4, 12, 8, 5. 

Colour.—Body pale brown, but its spines are very dark 
brown. There are no golden spots on the dorsal surface. 
Chelicera slightly infuscated; the palp pale; legs rather 
dark brownish. 

Measurements in mm.—Length of trunk 3°75, of scutum 
3°5, of fourth leg 26. 

Material_—A single male example from Batjan, collected 
by Dr. W. Kiikenthal. 

Remarks.—The body and legs of this species are darker 
in tint (browner) than is the case in J. guadriguttatus, and 
there are no golden spots on the scutum ; moreover, the four 
thorns are much darker than the surface of the scutum. 
Besides this difference in coloration there are tle slight 
structural differences noted above. 

The most striking feature of these two new species of 
Ibalonius is the absence of the thorn which is usually present 


of the Family Phalangodide. (a 


between the eyes in this genus, but Dr. J. C. C. Loman * 
has already commented upon two female specimens of 
Ibalonius which did not possess this thorn. 


Podoctis taprobanicus, sp.n. (Pl. I. fig. 4.) 


Dorsal surface strongly convex. Scutum about as long as 
the metatarsus of the third leg, slightly longer than the 
patella + the tibia of the third leg, and a little shorter than 
the patella + the tibia of the fourth. Transverse grooves 
five in number, the first two meeting one another in the 
mesial line. A pair of long and sharply pointed thorns, 
which are stout at the base, are situated near the middle 
of the fourth abdominai area. On each side of the anterior 
margin of the scutum a ridge supporting a row of six conical 
granules is present, and this ridge is joined to the ocular 
tubercle by a distinct arch, formed by two fused granules. 
A tooth-like projection is placed on each side of the scutum, 
close to the lateral margin and some distance behind the 
anterior margin. Numerous very fine granules, each carry- 
ing a short hair, also occur on the surface. Towards the 
middle of the hinder part of the cephalothoracic area there is 
a pair of slight elevations on which granules similar to those 
on the rest of the surface are present, one or two of them 
being slightly enlarged, however ; one or two slightly en- 
larged granules are also present laterally in this part of the 
scutum. Besides the minute granules, each of the abdominal 
areas of the scutum, except the fourth, has a few larger 
granules, which are arranged in a single transverse row. 
Ocular tubercle placed slightly nearer the anteiior margin of 
the cephalothoracic area than to the posterior margin. It is 
very wide at the base ; inthe middle there is the usual thorn ; 
it has a very stout and wide base, which is rounded poste- 
riorly, but almost vertical in front; the thorn which springs 
from this tubercular base is straight and fairly long, and as 
is usual in the genus Podoctis, it is directed forwardly. Each 
of the two eyes is situated on the side of a small lateral 
tumulus on the ocular tubercle. Except anteriorly, where it 
is quite smooth, its surface is furnished with numerous 
minute granules. Several slightly larger granules can be 
distinguished, one of them being placed in the middle of the 
upper surface of the basal portion of the spine and one or two 
others on each side of it; on each side of the spine itself a 
slightly enlarged granule is also present. ree dorsal seg- 
ments 1-3 each furnished with a transverse row of enlarged 


* ‘Nova Guinea,’ vol. v. p. 4 (19€6). 


Te Mr. 8S. Hirst on new Harvest-men 


granules, those in the middle of the row being slightly larger — 
than the others and conical in shape. Fourth dorsal segment 
without any especially large granules. 

Ventral surface.—Coxe with a number of distinct granules, 
and each sternite has a single transverse row of granules. 

Chelicera.—First segment rather short; on its dorsal 
surface there is a little granule, and ventrally on the outer 
side this segment has 2-3 conical granules, which are situated 
at the proximal end. There are 6-7 long conical granules 
or tubercles on the upper surface of the second segment 
and they occupy its entire length, but are not very regular 
in arrangement; two or three of them are larger than the 
others. 

Palp stout. Two conical granules, placed close together, 
are present on the dorsal surface of the coxa. Trochanter 
ventrally with two sharply pointed projections, the anterior 
one being comparatively long. Femur with an apical spine 
on its inner side; ventrally it has a small denticle at the 
proximal end and also three long spines, which are situated 
at equal distances from one another. Proximal end of 
patella narrowed ; this segment has two long inner spines, 
and on the outer side it has a sharp little denticle and a 
moderately long spine. Tibia with three spines on each side, 
the middle one being the longest in both cases; on the outer 
side there is also a minute apical denticle. Tarsus about as 
long as the tibia, and furnished with two spines on each side, 
those of the proximal pair being the longest. 

Legs 2, 4, 3,1. With the exception of those of the first 
pair, which are very much shorter than the others, they are 
fairly long. Second leg a little longer than the fourth. A 
rather long upwardly directed process is placed on the dorsal 
surface of the fourth coxa and a much smaller, but very 
similar, process occurs on the coxa of the second leg. Tro- 
chanter of first leg with several granules below, two or three 
of them being fairly large and conical in shape. Only very 
minute and inconspicuous granules are present on the dorsal 
surtace of the femur of the first leg, but it has a longitudinal 
series of spines below, four of which are long, and these long 
spines alternate with short ones, the latter being five in 
number, including the two very short ones at the distal end 
of the row. There are four granules on the lower surface of 
the trochanter of the second leg, three of them being fairly 
large and conical. ‘T'arsal segments 4, 8 or 11, 5, 5; 
the tarsus of one of the legs of the second pair has eight 
seoments, but that of the one on the other side has eleven, so 


of the Family Phalangodide. 73 


that possibly one of them is abnormal. Claws of posterior 
legs unarmed. 

Colour.—Body rather dark brown above; on each side of 
the abdominal part of the scutum there is a pair of little 
yellow spots, one spot being placed in front of the other ; the 
anterior one is situated on the hinder margin of the ‘first 
abdominal area, and the other on the second abdominal area. 
Legs brownish ; the femora, tibiz, and metatarsi of the 
posterior legs are furnished with minute dark spots; the 
extreme distal end of the metatarsi and the entire length of 
the tarsi of all the legs are pale. 

Measurements in mm.—Length of trunk 5°25, of scutum 
4, of second leg (from base of femur) 18, of fourth leg 
16°25. 

Material.—A_ single specimen from Punduloya, Ceylon ; 
collected by Mr. E. B. Green. 

Remarks.—This species resembles P. pictulus, Poc. (from 
Kandy ?) in not having any spines on the upper surface of 
the femur of the first leg, but is larger in size and also differs 
in coloration, in the position and structure of its ocular 
tubercle, armature of scutum, &c. 


Podoctis willeyi, sp. n. (Pl. I. figs. 5, 5 a.) 


Dorsal surface strongly convex. Scutum longer than the 
tibia of the third leg, but not so long as the tibia of the 
fourth. Only four transverse grooves are visible on its 
surface in the adult, and the second and third ‘of them are 
sometimes indistinct ; the transverse groove which is normally 
present between the cephalothoracic and abdominal parts 
of the scutum is indistinct or absent ; in young examples all 
tive transverse grooves can be distinguished, the one between 
the cephalothoracic and abdominal parts being quite distinct. 
The first apparent area, therefore, consists of the cephalo- 
thoracic part + the first abdominal area of the scutum, and 
is very large, its length exceeding that of the rest of the 
scutum. Two pairs of long thorns are present on the scutum ; 
the first pair is situated some distance in front of the first 
transverse groove, and these thorns are a little shorter and 
are situated a little further apart than those of the hinder 
pair; the latter are placed on the penultimate abdominal 
area. Near the anterior margin on each side there is a 
ridge, but the granules which are situated on it are quite 
small in size ; it is joined to the ocular tubercle by an arch- 
like structure, exactly as in P. taprobanicus, sp. n., and a 


G4. Mr. S. Hirst on new Harvest-men 


minute granule is situated on the middle of this arch. 
Numerous minute granules, bearing short hairs, are present 
on the surface and on the bases of the large thorns. A 
transverse series of larger granules is present just in front of 
the first distinct transverse groove, and a similar row is 
present on each of the following areas of the scutum, with 
the exception of the penultimate one. Ocular tubercle situated 
at quite a short distance from the anterior margin; it is 
wider than that of P. taprobanicus, its width being about 
half the length of the scutum, and is low laterally ; in the 
middle there is the usual long thorn, the base of which is 
very wide, but not nearly so stout as five base of the central 
thorn of the ocular tubercle of P. taprobanicus. Hach of the 
Jree dorsal segments las a transverse row of granules similar 
to those which are present on the abdominal segments of the 
scutum., 

Ventral surface furnished with numerous minute granules ; 
a number of larger conical granules occur on the coxa of the 
first leg, and other eranules which are not so large or distinct 
are present on the coxa of the second. 

Chelicera.—Proximal segment of chelicera rather long, but 


fo) 


not slender ; its length is about equal to that of the second 


segment (not including the finger) ; on the inner side it has 
three rather long tooth-like processes and also one or two 
granules ; on its outer side there is a series of six long pro- 
cesses (including the apical one, which is not so strong or so 
well defined as the others). Second segment considerably 
stouter than the first ; a little process is present below on its 
inner side near the proximal end; dorsally this segment is 
furnished with a number of minute denticles and also with 
four larger tooth-like tubercles, of which the largest one is 
placed near the point of Bae of the movable finger 
and is sometimes divided into two points at its apex. Both 
the fingers have four teeth on their edge, three of which are 
placed near the apical end of each finger, and the remaining 
tooth, which is very large in the case of the movable finger, 
is placed midway between these three distal teeth and the 
preximal end of the finger. 

Note.—This description is based on the chelicera of a 
specimen which I believe to be a fully adult male. The 
chelicerze of the other specimens are very different in appear- 
ance, the proximal segment being considerably shorter and 
onmed with fewer lateral processes. I think that these 
differences are not due to sex in this particular instance, but 
merely to immaturity. The dentition of the fingers is the 


same in these specimens as in the adult one. 


of the Family Phalangodide. 75 


Palp slender, its coxa is armed above with a rather long 
curved process. ‘l'rochanter ventrally with a rather long 
process and a short tooth-like process. Femur armed below 
with three spines, which are practically equal in length; the 
spine which is usually present in this genus on the inner 
side of the femur near the apical end is absent in this species. 
Basal portion of spines of patella, tibia, and tarsus very much 
shorter than they are in P. pietulus, Poc., P. taprobanieus, 
sp. n., &c., and the terminal part is generally very long and 
slender. ‘There are two spines on the inner side of the 
patella, the one near the proximal end being much shorter 
than the other; on the outer side there isa single long spine. 
Three spines occur on the inner side of the tibia, but the one 
which is placed nearest the proximal end is much shorter 
than the other two; this segment has two very long spines 
on its outer side, and their bases are comparatively long for 
this species, especially that of the proximal spine. Tarsus 
not quite so strongly flattened ventrally as is usually the case 
in the genus Podoctis; it has two fine spines or bristles and 
three shorter bristles on its inner side, and there are two long 
fine spines or bristles on its outer side. On the upper surface 
of the femur of the palp there are seyeral granules, two pro- 
cesses or granules, which are situated close to the proximal 
end of the segment on its inner side, being more conspicuous 
than the others. One or two inconspicuous granules are 
sometimes also present on the upper surface of the patella 
and tibia. 

Legs 2, 4,3, 1. First leg very short, the others rather 
long. On the dorsal surface of the coxa of the fourth leg 
there is a large upwardly directed process, resembling that 
which is present in the same pees im 2, taprobanicus, 
sp. n., and the coxa of the second leg has a very similar 
process, butit is much smaller. Ventral surface of trochanter 
of first leg furnished with 3-4 fairly large conical processes, 
each of them bearing a fairly long seta. Femur of first leg 
with only two or three obsolete granules on its upper surface ; 
below it has a longitudinal series of three conical processes, 
the first one of which is placed close to the proximal end of 
the segment ; each of them bears a seta, and they are smaller 
than the processes of the ventral surface of the trochanter. 
Tarsal segments 6, 12-14, 5,5. Claws of posterior legs 
apparently without any teeth. 

Colour.—Trunk and appendages rather dark brown, but 
the trochanter of the first leg and the proximal end of its 
femur are quite pale; the tibia of the first leg has a pale 
ring, and the femora, tibiee, and metatarsi of the other legs 


76 Mr. S. Hirst on new Harvest-men 


are each marked near the distal end with a pale ring, but the 
ring of the femur of the second may be indistinct or absent ; 
the extreme distal end of the metatarsi and the entire length 
of the tarsi of all the legs except the second pair are pale. 

Measurements in mm.—Length of trunk of largest specimen 
4:25, of scutum 3°5. (A smaller specimen has the scutum 
2:75 mm. long and the fourth leg 15°5 mm. in length.) 

Material_—Four examples collected by Prof. Arthur 
Willey in New Britain (now known as Neu-Pommern) in 
the year 1897. I think that one of these specimens is an 
adult male. 


Genus BARAMIA, nov. 


The shape of the femur of the palp is the distinguishing 
feature of this new genus, which otherwise closely resembles 
Podoctis, Tlor., in structure. 


Baramia voraz, sp.n. (PI. I. figs. 6, 6 a, 6 4.) 


Dorsal surface convex. Scutum about as long as the tibia 
of the third leg, considerably shorter than the tibia of the 
fourth and slightly less than half the length of that of the 
second. Transverse grooves five in number. There are 
seven conspicuous thorns on the surface (not including the 
three which are present on the ocular tubercle). The first 
pair of thorns is situated in the middle of the second abdo- 
minal area, and they are of considerable length. Those of 
the second pair are a little longer than those of the first, and 
they are placed in the middle of the fourth abdominal area of 
the scutum. There are three thorns on the fifth abdominal 
area, 2 Jong one being present in the middle and a compara- 
tively short one on each side of it. A number of granules, 
each of which is furnished with a tiny hair, are also present 
on the surface of the scutum. On each side, near the ante- 
rior margin, there is a series of about six granules, the two 
outer ones being the largest; this series is joined to the 
ocular tubercle by a little arch-like structure, on the summit 
of which there is a little granule. ‘The remaining granules of 
the cephalothoracic part are not distributed in a very regular 
manner, but those on the abdominal part of the scutum, 
although not numerous, are arranged in transverse series ; 
the series on the last abdominal area is composed of more 
numerous granules than the others, however. There is also 
a longitudinal series of granules on each side of the scutum. 
The ocular tubercle presents much resemblance to that of the 
species of Podoctis. It is situated quite close to the anterior 


of the Family Phalangodide. 77 


margin of the scutum, and is not very low, but is elongated 
transversely, its width being about equal to the length of 
the cephalothoracic part of the scutum. The central thorn is 
inclined forwards and it is very long, its length considerably 
exceeding that of the longest of the thorns of the abdominal 
part of the scutum. Immediately to the inner side of each 
eye there is a fairly long thorn, but these lateral thorns are 
very much shorter than the central one. A number of 
granules similar to those on the surface of the scutum are 
also present on the ocular tubercle; several of them are 
placed on the base of the central thorn, and two very slightly 
Jarger ones are situated on the posterior surface of the slender 
portion of the thorn. 

Free dorsal segments 1-3 each with a transverse series of 
little granules ; the fourth free dorsal segment is furnished 
with rather numerous granules. 

Ventral surface—Numerous granules are present on the 
coxe of the legs, and there is a transverse series of little 
granules on each of the ventral segments. 

Chelicera. — Proximal segment long and comparatively 
slender ; there are a number of granules on its upper surface, 
most of them being quite minute, but two or three larger 
pointed granules occur on each side of the upper surface ; 
ventrally this segment has three or four little granules on its 
inner side and a longitudinal series of 5-6 elongated granules 
(or processes) on its outer side. ‘The second segment is 
considerably stouter than the slender proximal segment and 
has seven processes, nearly all of which are long and acute, 
on its dorsal surface ; it has also two conical processes (or 
granules) on the inner side below. 

Palp.—tTrochanter provided below with a longitudinal 
series of four processes. Femur compressed laterally and 
highest at the proximal end, its height gradually diminishing 
towards the distal end, which is almost cylindrical; on its 
dorsal surface this segment has only a series of minute 
granules, each with a fine hair, but there is a well-developed 
spine near the distal end on the inner side; below the femur 
is armed with a longitudinal series of eight spines. Patella 
with two inner and an outer spine. ‘Tibia and tarsus dis- 
tinctly flattened below, much as in Hpedanus &c. There are 
three spines on each side of the tibia, the two distal ones on 
the outer side being very long; two tooth-like granules are 
present on the upper surface of this segment. The tarsus 
has two spines on each side, the proximal one of the outer 
side being very long. 

Legs 2,4,3,1. First leg very much shorter than the 


73 . Mr. S. Hirst on new Harvest-men 


others and the second leg much the longest. A little granule 
is present on the dorsal surface of the trechanter of the first 
leg, and this segment has two rather long setiferous processes 
or spines (and also two or three granules) on its lower 
surface. Femur of first leg armed with spines both above 
and below. ‘Tarsal segments 3, 4, 5, ?. Claws of posterior 
legs unarmed. 

Colour (faded) rather pale, but the dorsal surface is marked 
with darker specks and little patches. Femora, tibie, and 
ihe proximal end of the metatarsi of the legs conspicuously 
variegated with pale and dark bands. 

Measurements in mm.—Length of trunk 2°5, of seutum 2°25, 

Material—A single adult male from the Baram River, 


collected by Dr. W. Kiikenthal. 


Epedanus orientalis, sp.n. (PI. I. figs. 7, 7a.) 


Scutum very slightly longer than the tibia of the second 
Jeg and as long as the patella +the tibia of the fourth. It has 
four transverse grooves, the first being strongly procurved. 
The cephalothoracic part is large, its length being a little 
ereater than that of the abdominal part; it has the three 
usual tooth-like processes on the anterior margin. Several 
little granules occur on each side near the anterior margin. 
There isa pair of fairly long thorns on the second of the 
abdominal areas of the scutum, and a lateral tooth-like 
process is sometimes present on each side of the last division. 
The greater part of the surface of the scutum is smooth, but 
a longitudinal series of minute granules runs down each side 
of it and the last area has a transverse series of minute 
granules; in one specimen the central granule of this trans- 
verse series is slightly larger than the others. Ocu/ar tubercle 
situated practically in the middle of the cephalothoracie part 
of the scutum; the thorn is shorter than the transverse width 
of the tubercle. 

Each of the first three of the free dorsal segments has a 
transverse series of granules, and sometimes the central 
granule is larger than the others. The last free dorsal 
segment is devoid of granulation. 

Ventral surface—A number of granules are present on the 
surface of the coxa of the first leg, most of them being very 
large and conical and arranged in a single transverse row. 
The second coxa has a transverse series of obsolete granules. 
There are not any distinct granules on the remaining coxe 
nor on the sternites. 

Chelicera.—Proximal segment long and almost cylindrical 


of the Family Phalangodide. fs 


for the greater part of its length, but its apical end is dilated. 
A number of conical eranules and processes are present 
on its dorsal surface, and there are also two or three conical 
granules on the inner side below ; one of the processes on the 
outer side of the dorsal surface and one of the two which are 
present on the dorsal surface of the enlarged distal part of 
the segment are considerably longer than the others. 
Second segment greatly swollen and furnished with several 
tooth-like processes and granules on its dorsal surface, two 
or three of them being bifid apically ; this segment has also 
a single tooth-like process below. 

Palp with the segments normal in shape and armed ve 
long spines. Trochanter with a tooth-like granule and ¢ 
long pointed process on its dorsal surface ; ventrally this 
segment has a long pointed process and sometimes ‘also a 
little granule. Femur with two or three longitudinal series 
of granules above; on its lower surface it has a row of six 
spines, the distal one being placed at some distance from the 
others; there are also two spines on the inner side of the 
femur at its distal end. Patella armed with two inner and 
one outer spine. Tibia with three inner and four outer 
spines. ‘Tarsus with three spines on each side. 

Legs.—'lrochanters of anterior legs furnished with one or 
two granules below. Femur of first leg unarmed ; femur of 
fourth leg almost straight. The number of tarsal segments 
is as follows :—8-9, 19, 7,8. The claws of the posterior 
legs are unarmed. 

“Colowr.—Dorsal surface dark brownish and usually marked 
with blackish reticulate markings. With the exception of 
the first one the sternites also are rather dark brownish ; but 
the first sternite and the coxe are much paler in colour. 
Proximal segment of chelicera rather extensively darkened 
and the second segment has dark reticulate markings on the 
sides. Proximal segments of palp extensively infuscated, 
but the distal seoments are either quite pale or only slightly 
darkened here and there. Legs brownish, but they become 
paler distally, and the distal ends of their metatarsi and the 
entire length of the tarsi are whitish. 

Measurements in mm.—Length of trunk 3°75, of scutum 3, 
of fourth leg (from base of femur) 13°75. 

Material-—Three male specimens, collected by Capt. S. 8. 
Flower at Chantaboon, Siam. 


Epedanus siamensis, sp.n. (Pl. I. fig. 8.) 
Scutum a little shorter than the tibia of the second leg and 
considerably shorter than the patella + the tibia of the 


80 Mr. S. Hirst on new Tarvest-men 


fourth. The transverse grooves are four in number. On 
each side of the cephalothoracic part there is a semitrans- 
parent swelling similar to that which is present in the same 
position in the species of Pseudobiantes. A pair of thorns 
are placed on the abdominal part, and they are of practically 
the same size and are situated in the same position as those 
of L. ortentalis, sp. n. The lateral tooth-like processes 
which are sometimes present on the last abdominal area of 
the scutum of /. orientalis apparently do not occur in the 
species now under discussion. There is a longitudinal series 
of very minute granules on each side of the scutum, and a 
transverse series of very minute granules is present on its 
last abdominal area. With the exception of those just 
mentioned there are very few granules on the surface of the 
scutum ; but a few additional isolated ones are present on the 
abdominal part. 

Ocular tubercle situated some distance in front of the 
middle of the cephalothoracic part. Its thorn is shorter than 
the transverse width of the tubercle. 

The first two of the free dorsal segments each have a trans- 
verse series of very minute granules, and a quite obsolete 
transverse series may also be present on the third, but there 
are no granules on the fourth. 

Ventral surface.—The first coxa has a transverse row of 
granules, but there are no distinct granules on the other 
coxe nor are there any on the sternites. 

Chelicera.— @. Proximal segment very much shorter than 
and quite differently shaped to that of E. orientalis ; it has 
only minute granules on its dorsal surface. Second segment 
swollen ; its upper surface is furnished with several granules 
and also with a process bearing three or four little points or 
granules at the end. This process is placed close to the base 
of the immovable finger. 

2. Second segment of chelicera of female specimen not 
swollen, and the process which is situated on its upper surface 
near the base of the immovable finger is poorly developed ; 
the shape and armature of the fingers are also different to 
what they are in the male. 

Palp.—Trochanter of palp furnished with two or three 
conical granules above, and with another slightly larger one 
below. There is a longitudinal series of conical granules on 
the upper surface of the femur, and a series of four or five 
similar granules is also present towards the inner side of the 
ventral surface. The femur has also two spines on its inner 
side at the distal end and a row of five spines on the outer 
side of its ventral surface, the two of them which are placed 


of the Family Phalangodide. §1 


nearest the proximal end of the segment being the longest, 
whilst the distal one is the shortest. Patella, tibia, and 
tarsus armed with the same number of spines as in L. 
orientalis. 

Legs.—Femur of first leg unarmed ; femur of fourth almost 
straight. Number of tarsal segments 8-9, 22-24, 9, 10. 
Claws of the posterior legs each armed with a single large 
tooth. 

Colour.—Body and appendages pale yellowish brown, but 
the distal ends of the metatarsi and the whole length of the 
tarsi are whitish. 

Measurements in mm.—Length of trunk 3°75, of seutum 3, 
of fourth leg (from base of femur) 16:5. 

Material—A specimen of each sex from Chantaboon, 
Siam (Capt. S. S. Flower). The male has its very long 
penis fully extruded and the tip of the ovipositor of the 
female is visible when the genital operculum is lifted up. 

Remarks.—Like FE. orientalis, sp. n., this species has a 
pair of thorns on the second abdominal area of the scutum, 
but it can easily be distinguished from that species by the 
presence of the swollen area on each side of the cephalo- 
thoracic part of the scutum, by the shortness and difference 
in shape of the proximal segment of the chelicera, by the 
greater number of tarsal segments, &c, It is also much 
paler (yellower) than Z. ortentalis. 

Note—Dr. C. Fr. Roewer gives the shortness of the 
median spine as compared with the transverse width of the 
ocular tubercle as one of the characters distinguishing his two 
new genera (Hpedanellus and Takaoia) from Hpedanus. 
This character does not seem to be of much importance. In 
Pseudobiantes japonicus, Hirst, a species which has an ocular 
tubercle of the same type as the species of Hpedanus, this 
thorn may be either distinctly longer or slightly shorter than 
the transverse width of the tubercle. In Hpedanus orientalis, 
sp. n., it is shorter than the width of the tubercle, and yet 
this species is in all other respects quite a normal member of 
the genus Lpedanus. 

The shape of the proximal segment of the chelicera is 
another character employed by Dr. Roewer to distinguish the 
two new genera mentioned above, but the shape of this seg- 
ment is very different in closely allied species of Hpedanus 
(for instance, in the two new species described above), and 
this is also the case in the genus Phalangodes. I do not 
think myself that this character is of generic value. 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 6 


82 Mr. S. Hirst on new Harvest-men 


Genus PARABIANTES, nov. 


Scutum with four well-defined transverse grooves. Ocular 
tubercle elongated transversely, but not very wide; the thorn 
which is situated in the middle of it is exceedingly long, its 
length being about twice the transverse width of the tubercle. 
Palp very long, the femur and the slender part of the 
patella being especially long; only the tibia and tarsus of this 
appendage are armed with spines. Femur of first leg 
unarmed. 

The ocular tubercle of this genus is built on the same plan 
as that of Hpedanus, Pseudobiantes, &e., but the palp closely 
resembles that of the species which were formerly referred to 
the Hinzuanide. 


Parabiantes longipalpis, sp. n. (PI. I. figs. 9, 9 a.) 


Scutum as long as the patella+ the tibia of the first leg and 
shorter than the tibia of the fourth. It has four well-defined 
transverse grooves, the one which separates the cephalo- 
thoracic part from the abdominal part being the deepest. 
Cephalothoracic part convex and fairly large, its length being 
equal to the united lengths of the first three abdominal areas 
of the scutum. T[irst abdominal area longer than any of the 
other abdominal areas, but its length is less than that of the 
second and third taken together. There area few granules on 
either side of the anterior margin, and a longitudinal series of 
granules is present on each side of the scutum; otherwise 
its surface is quite smooth. It has no processes or spines 
except the one which is present in the middle of the ocular 
tubercle. Ocular tubercle situated slightly in advance of the 
middle of the cephalothoracic part of the scutum [for the 
details of its structure, see the generic description]. 

Free dorsal segments quite smooth, granules being entirely 
absent. 

Ventral surface—Hach of the coxe of the legs has a single 
series of granules, but that on the fourth is obsolete [absent 
on one side]. Sternites quite smooth. 

Chelicera.—Proximal segment elongated ; it is subcylin- 
drical for part of its length, but becomes gradually stouter 
towards the distal end; there are two or three granules on 
its dorsal surface near the proximal end and one or two obso- 
lete granules near the distal end. Second segment fairly 
stout and with several granules on its dorsal surface. 

Palp very long and only its tibia and tarsus are armed 
with spines. Its femur is extremely long, its length equalling 


of the Family Phalangodide. | 83 


that of the body, and is slender and cylindrical, but the distal 
end is a little stouter than the rest of the segment ; except 
for a little conical granule, which is situated on the ventral 
surface near the proximal end, the femur is quite unarmed, 
Patella very long; it is unarmed and is slender and cylin- 
drical almost throughout its length, only the extreme distal 
end being enlarged. Tibia and tarsus fairly stout ; they are 
bent in such a manner that the spines of the one segment 
work against those of the other, as in [inzuanius &e. ‘Tibia 
provided with three inner spines, all of which are long, the 
one which is placed nearest to the distal end being the 
shortest ; on its outer side it has six spines, some of which 
are long and others short. Tarsus with three inner spines 
and four or five outer spines; thissegment has also a number 
of sharply pointed denticles in the middle of its lower 
surface. 

Legs 2, 4, 3, 1; the trochanters of the anterior legs each 
have a little granule on their upper surface and three granules 
on their lower surface; all the other segments of the legs 
are quite smooth and without either granules or spines. 
Tarsal segments 11-12, 30-32, 11, 11-13. Claws of the 
posterior legs unarmed. 

Colour.— Body and appendages dark brown, but the tibia 
and tarsus of the palp are pale brown and the distal ends of 
the metatarsi and the entire length of the tarsi of the legs 
are quite pale. 

Measurements in mm.—Lenegth of trunk 7, of scutum 5:5, 
of first lez (from base of femur) 20°25, of second 37, of 
third 26°5, of fourth 34°5, of femur of palp 7, of patella of 
palp 4°75. 

Material.—A_ single adult example of the female sex, 
collected by Dr. W. Kiikenthal. No exact locality is given 
for this specimen, but it is probably either from Borneo or 
Halmaheira. 


Hinzuantus parvulus, Hirst. 
Hinzuanius parvulus, Hirst, Trans. Linn. Soe. xiv. p. 393 (1911). 


The palp of this curious little species resembles that of 
Acudorsum albimanum, Loman, very closely in structure, the 
armature of the femur and the shape of the patella being very 
similar in these two species and somewhat different to what 
they are in the other species of Hinzuantus which I have 
had the opportunity of examining. In H. parvulus the 


tarsus of the palp is quite as dark as the tibia and there is 
6* 


84 Miss Kathleen Haddon on 


no process on the abdominal part of the scutum ; for further 
characters of this species, see the original description. I am 
inclined to think that Acudorsum is asynonym of [Hinzuantus. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. 


Fig. 1. Zalmoxis austerus, sp. n. Outer view of palp. 
Fig. 1a. Vitto. Fourth leg of male, outer view. 
Mg. 2. Vima insignis, gen. et sp. n. Palp, outer view. 
Fig. 3. Ibalonius quadriguttatus, sp.n. Chelicera, outer view. 
Fig.3a. Ditto. Palp, inner view. 
Fig. 4, Podoctis taprobanicus, sp.n. Anterior end of body and proximal 
part of first leg, from the side. 
Fig. 5. Podoctis willeyi, sp.n. Chelicera of male, outer view. 
Fig. 5a. Ditto. Trochanter and femur of first leg, from the side. 
ig. 6. Baramia vorax, gen. et sp.n. Palp and anterior end of body, 
from the side. 
Fig.6a. Ditto. Chelicera, outer view. 
Fig.6b. Ditto. Trochanter and femur of first leg, from the side. 
Fig. 7. Epedanus orientalis, sp. n. Chelicera of male, outer view. 
Fig.7 a. Ditto. Palp, outer view. 
Fig. 8. Epedanus siamensis, sp.n. Chelicera of male, outer view. 
Fg. 9. Parabiantes longipalpis, zen. et sp.n. Anterior view of ocular 
tubercle. 
Fig.9 a. Ditto. Palp, outer view. 


VIII.—Hersilia (Clausidium) vancouverensis. 
By Karaiteen Happon. 


[Plate IT.] 


Hersilia (Clausidium) vancouverensis, sp. n. 


In the summer of 1911 Mr. F. A. Potts, of Trinity Hall, 
Cambridge, collected a large number of specimens of 
Callianassa pugettensis from a stretch of sandy beach at 
Hammond Bay, near Nanaimo, Vancouver Island. A small 
copepod occurred in vast numbers in the gill-chambers and 
also all over the body of many of the Callianasse, conspicuous 
on account of the bright red colour of the egg-sacs. They 
alternated between a state of quiescence, during which they 
were attached to the surface of the host, and rapid jerky 
movements, made when disturbed. The tiny male was 
attached to the tail of the female in almost every case. 

On his return home Mr. Potts gave me the copepod for 
identification, and I found that it belonged to the genus 
Hersilva. 


Hersilia (Clausidium) vancouverensis. 85 


Apparently only one species, Hersilia (Clausidium) apodi- 
Jormis (Philippi), has been recorded, and it occurs in the 
Adriatic and Mediterranean. Dr. Cerruti, of the Zoological 
Station at Naples, very kindly sent some parasitic copepods 
from Callianassa subterranea which tally with the published 
descriptions of Hersilia apodiformis. 

On comparing this species with the one from Vancouver 
Island, I concluded that the latter presented differences 
which entailed the formation of a new species ; I have hence 
named it Hersilia vancouverensis. 

The genus Hersilia may be distinguished from the other 
genera comprising the family Hersiliide by the following 
points * :— 


Hersilia.—The mandible consists of two accessory pieces 
besides the tooth (Pl. II. figs. 2 & 2 a). 

Giardella—The mandible resembles the above, but the 
maxillipeds of the male have the distal joint in the 
form of a long curved claw. 

Hersiliodes.—The mandible consists of three accessory 
pieces besides the tooth. 


Specific characters of Hersilia (Clausidium) apodiformis 
(Philippt). 


Female.—Length 1°35 mm. 

Carapace practically covering abdomen. 

Abdomen rather slender. 

Antennules depressed, few hairs on anterior margin. 

Mandibles bearing a tooth with serrated edges and no 
hairs (fig. 2 a). 

No gap between maxillipeds and first thoracic legs. 

Fifth thoracic leg slender, no fine hairs (fig. 3a). 

Infects Callianassa subterranea. 

Hab. The Adriatic and Mediterranean. 


Specific characters of Hersilia (Clausidium) vancouverensis, 
Spyies «(el Tae, 1) 


Female.—Length 1°6 mm. 
Carapace only reaches to last thoracic joint. 
Abdomen long and broad. 


* KE, Canu, 1888. 


86 On Hersilia (Clausidium) vancouverensis. 


Antennules bent upwards, numerous hairs on upper edge. 
Mandibles bearing a tooth with smooth edges and having 
a row of hairs (Pl. II. fig. 2). 


Considerable gap between maxillipeds and first thoracic 
legs. 

“Fifth thoracic leg broad, with a few fine hairs (fig. 3). 

Infects Callianassa pugettensis. 

Hab. Near Nanaimo, Vancouver Island. 


The other appendages of the females of the two species are 
similar. 


The males of the two species are alike, except that the 
antennules are bent as in their respective females and the 
Vancouver Island form is slightly larger than the one from 
Naples. 


Literature. 


18389. Hersilia apodiformis, Philippi. “ Einige zoologische Notizen.” 
Archiv fiir Naturgesch. Tafel iv. figs. 9-11, p. 128. 

1840. Hersilia apodiformis, Philippi. H. Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. 
des Crustacés, tome iii. pl. xxxvil. fig. 23, p. 417. 

1866. Hersilia apodiformis, Philippi. C. Heller, “ Carcinolog, Beitr. zur 
Fauna der adriat. Meeres.” Verhandl. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. 
Wien, Bd. xvi. p. 750. 

1874. Clausidium testudo, Kossmann, ‘“ Ueber Clausidium.... &e.” 
Verhandl. phys.-med. Ges, n, F. Bd. vii. Taf. vi. 

1875. Hersilia apodiformis, Philippi. Claus, ‘ Neue Beitriige z. Kennt. 
par. Cop.” Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. xxv. 1, Taf. xxii. 

1888. Hersilia apodiformis, Philippi. Canu, “ Les Copépodes marins 
du Boul. (1) iii.” Bull. Se. de la Fr. et de la Belg. ili. sér. 1, 
t. xix. p. 406, 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. 


Lettering. 


an=antennule; an'=antenna; 7=lower lip; m=mandible; mr= 
maxillule; ma’=maxilla; mep=:maxilliped; t=tooth of mandible; 
tel= telson; th'-th’=thoracic legs 1-5. ° 
Fig. 1. Hersilia vancouverensis, sp. n. Female, with diminutive male 
attached to the lower part of the abdomen, 
“ig. 2. Mandible of Herstla vancouverensis. 
Fig, 2a. Mandible of Hersilia apodiformis (Philippi). 
Fig. 35. Fifth thoracic leg of Herstlia vancouverensis. 
Fig.3 a. Fifth thoracic leg of Hersilia apodiformis. 


On Ethiopian Rhynchota ([leteroptera). 87 


1X.—Descriptions of Ethiopian Rhynchota (Heteroptera). 
By W. L. DIstTant. 


Pentatomide. 


Plataspis angolensis, sp. n. 


Above ochraceous, much suffused and punctured with black, 
on the scutellum the punctures and suffusions obscurely 
resemble three discal longitudinal fascie ; head somewhat 
sparsely blackly punctate, a central black spot on disk and 
two basal longitudinal spots behind it, the anterior margin 
centrally subtiuncate, obliquely rounded on each side to eyes ; 
pronotum more thickly punctate, the basal area more suffused 
with black, on anterior area two black-margined transverse 
spots; outside the basal angles of scutellum a distinct basal 
orange-yellow spot; scutellum less blackly marked and 
punctured on the lateral areas and ‘between the pseudo- 
longitudinal fasciz on disk; the sternum is subviolaceously 
opaque ; head beneath and sternal margins ochraceous with 
scattered black punctures ; legs, rostrum, and abdomen be- 
neath brighter and darker ochraceous; central fascia to 
sternum and abdomen, narrow segmental abdominal margins, 
and a transverse waved fascia to basal segment, black. 

Of the size and shape of P. horvathi, Hagl., but the an- 
terior margin of the head not centrally sinuous, but evenly 
continuous. 

Long. 10 ; lat. 94 mm. 

Hab, Angola (Brit. Mus.). 


Myrochea inermis, sp. n. 


Pale ochraceous; head with the margins of the lateral 
lobes (narrowly) and the margins of the central lobe (broadly ) 
black ; pronotum with four longitudinal black fascize composed 
of confluent black punctures, two similar longitudinal black 
fascize to scutellum ; corium, excluding lateral marginal area, 
thickly, sometimes almost confluently blackly punctate ; 
membrane greyish brown; head beneath with a large black 
spot on each side of base of rostrum, and some black spots at 
base; pro- and mesonota centrally and sublaterally black ; 
abdomen beneath with a central segmental series of large 
transverse black spots and with two longitudinal series of 
black punctures on each lateral area; legs ochraceous; a 
subapical annulation and apices to femora, the anterior tibia, 


88 Mr. W. L. Distant on 


bases and apices of intermediate and posterior tibie, and the 
tarsi, black ; rostrum about reaching the posterior cox, with 
its apex black ; body oval, somewhat elongate; head rounded 
anteriorly, the. margins moderately laminate and recurved, 
the lateral lobes a little longer than the central lobe, their 
apices contiguous; antenne black, with the apices of the 
joints more or less ochraceous; second joint a little longer 
than third, fifth longest ; head, pronotum, and scutellum dis- 
tinctly, somewhat sparsely punctate, corium thickly punctate ; 

lateral margins of the pronotum nearly obliquely straight, 
moderately laminately recurved ; connexivum exposed from 
near middle of corium, orange-yellow, with black lines at the 
incisures. 

Long. 12 mm.; exp. pronot. ang]. 6 mm. 

Hab. Uganda ; between Jinja and Busia or Mbwago’s, 
EK. Busoga (S. A. Neave, Brit. Mus.). 

This species in shape and general markings is closely allied 
to M. distincta, Schout., from which it structurally differs 
by the lateral angles of the pronotum being subangularly 
rounded and not acutely produced as in I. distincta, the 
pronotal lateral margins are more obliquely straight and less 
sinuate, the colour-markings are much darker, but the pattern 
is indicated in Schouteden’s species. 


4 
Caura yalana, sp. n. 


Body above black with a slight olivaceous tint; narrow 
lateral margins to head and a spot at apex of central lobe, 
lateral margins of pronotum, a spot at base of lateral margins 
to corium, connexivum, and body beneath, stramineous ; apex 
of scutellum obscurely ochraceous; three spots in transverse 
series on each side of pro-, meso-, and metasterna, a central 
longitudinal double series of transverse spots, spiracles and 
transverse spots attached to them, a more rounded spot 
between them (two on second segment) to abdomen, bright 
bluish green; coxee and trochanters stramineous; legs, 
rostrum, and antenne bluish black ; second joint of antennze 
distinctly shorter than the third, remaining joints mutilated 
in type; pronotum thickly punctate, with a slight central 
longitudinal ridge, the lateral posterior angles rounded, non- 
prominent; scutellum transversely wrinkled and_ thickly 
punctate; corlum finely punctate; membrane opaque ; 
rostrum reaching the posterior coxa. 

Long. 13 mm. ; exp. pronot. angl. 8} mm. 

Hab. Brit. E. Africa, Yala River, 8. edge of Kakumga 
Forest, 4800-5300 feet (S. A. Neave, Biit. Mus.). 


Ethiopian Rhynchota (Heteroptera). 89 


Allied to C. intermedia, Dist., and C. ovata, Karsch, but 
differing from both in having the third joint of the antenne 
distinctly longer than the second. 


Damarius bicolor, sp. n. 


Indigo-blue ; head, three spots at apex of scutellum, legs, 
basal abdominal spine, rostrum excluding apex, a central 
segmental series of spots, apex of abdomen beneath, and first 
and second joints of antenne, sanguineous ; antenne with 
the first joint not reaching the apex of head, remaining joints 
almost subequal in length; head sparingly punctate, the 
lateral lobes more or less transversely striate, eyes black; 
pronotum thickly, somewhat coarsely punctate, about twice 
as broad as long, the lateral margins sinuate, the posterior 
angles subprominent; scutellum from beyond basal area 
centrally longitudinally slightly raised and levigate, on each 
side of which the punctures are thicker and more confluent ; 
corium smooth, opaque ; membrane shining black, the apical 
margin greyish white ; rostrum about reaching the posterior 
coxze; ventral spine reaching the intermediate coxee. 

Long. 16 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 65 mm. 

Hab. Uganda; Mabira (C. C. Gowdey, Brit. Mus.). 

A larger and broader species than D. splendidulus, Fabr., 
the lateral margins of the pronotum considerably less sinuate ; 
colour-markings very distinct. . 


Gonopsis neavei, sp. 0. 


Black ; scutellum, meso- and metasterna, abdomen beneath, 
and posterior suffusions to prosternum pale testaceous, some- 
times wholly testaceous; more than basal half of lateral 
margin to corium, and the connexivum, ochraceous; legs, 
a broad central longitudinal fascia, and apex of abdomen 
beneath, and small spots near spiracles, black; membrane 
obscure greyish; rostrum either ochraceous suffused with 
black, or black with ochraceous annulations ; a blackish spot 
between anterior and intermediate coxve ; body very elongate ; 
antennz black, second joint reaching apex of head, fifth joint 
slightly longer than fourth and with its apex somewhat 
obscure castaneous ; head with the lateral lobes long, porrect, 
coarsely punctate, their apices acute but well separated from 
each other ; pronotum with the lateral angles longly, acutely, 
transversely produced, before which the surface is obliquely 
depressed to head and the lateral margins serrate, the 


: : a 
posterior half rugulose ; scutellum a little shorter than head 


90 On Ethiopian Rhynchota (Heteroptera). 


and pronotum together, transversely wrinkled and sparsely 
punactate, more thickly so on the posterior half; corium 
thickly punctate; membrane only slightly passing the basal 
margin of the posterior abdominal segment; rostrum reaching 
the eaeoor coxee; head beneath ochraceous, with the lateral 
lobes black; apices of the prosternal lateral spines black ; 
sternum more or less distinctly punctate. 

Long. 173 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 10 mm. 

Hab. Uganda, Hastern Mbale Dist., S. of Mt. Elgon, 
3700-3900 feet (S. A. Neave, Brit. Mus.). 

Allied to G. maura, Dist.: pronotal lateral angles longer 
aud more acute; apex of scutellum less rounded and subacute : 
antenne black, not ochraceous; apices of the lateral lobes to 
the head more acute, porrect, and more widely separated. 


Reduviide. 


Cleontes ugandensis, sp. n 


Ochraceous ;_ head, antenne, rostrum, legs, basal and 
apical areas of abdomen beneath connected by two longi- 
tudinal series of spots, anterior lobe of pronotum, apical half 
and interior lateral area of membrane, inner margin of corium, 
apical area of connexivum both above and beneath, sublateral 
fascia to sternum, and the area between intermediate and 
posterior coxee, black; cox, trochanters, apices of inter- 
mediate femora, two broad annulations to posterior femora, 
and nearly basal half and apex of posterior tibiz, ochraceous ; 
head laterally longly pilose; pronotum posteriorly longlyand 
broadly produced, completely concealing the scutellum, its 
apex truncate; abdomen broadly ampliate, the connexivum 
somewhat strongly recurved, its margins strongly sinuate, its 
apex truncate. 

Long. 174-18 mm.; lat. pronot. angl. 44 mm. 

Hab. Uganda; between Jinga and Busia, E. Busoga 
(S. A. Neave, Brit. Mus.); Mabira (C.C. Gowdey, Brit. 
Mus.). 

Allied to C. genitus, Dist., but a much larger species ; 
pronotum more posteriorly produced, with its apex trun- 

cate, not rounded; connexivum more produced, its apex 
obliquely truncate and its apical area black ; colour-differences 
distinct. 


‘La es £5? “{. — ee 
- 


On the General Classification of the Pelecypoda. Re 


X.— A Discussion of the General Classification of the 
Pelecypoda. By M. Cottey Marcu, M.Sc., Geological 
Department, Manchester University. 


[Plate III.] 


Tuer Pelecypoda, like all other animals possessing skeletons, 
can be classified from the standpoint of their hard or soft 
parts. ‘The ideal method, where both are taken into con- 
sideration, is only available to the paleontologist when the 
soft parts leave some trace on the hard. 

In the case of the Lamellibranchs, the modern classifi- 
cations are based on the gills or the teeth. Dall, writing in 
support of a general hinge classification, said, that as the 
gills leave no impression on the sliell, a gill classification 
must necessarily exclude all fossil forms, and so do away 
with the possibility of forming a phylogenetic classification. 

It might also be argued that the evolution of gills is not 
of sufficient taxonomic importance for the division of orders 
and suborders. It is generally acceded that the pelecypod 
gill is homogenetic, being evolved from a type in which 
there was a main rachis giving off hollow and _ partially 
flattened leaflets. This type is held to have been developed 
in the earliest Pelecypoda. The object of specialization in 
gills and gill-chambers is twofold, to secure the maximum 
respiratory surface and a separation of the incoming and 
outgoing currents. ‘These ends have been secured in the 
Pelecypoda by specialization along one line only, that is by 
elongation of the leaflets and the upgrowth of the free ends. 
The junction of these upturned ends has procured the 
division of the respiratory chamber. Ridewood has shown 
that in the connections between the opposite sides of the 
leaflets ciliary junctions preceded organic. 

These stages in gill development, then, are of great 
interest as showing the evolution of the gill, but are useless 
taxonomically, for they were followed by all lines diverging 
from the common ancestal stock. They form only trans- 
verse divisions across the general classification and can no 
more be used to subdivide the group than can the articulation 
of the femur with two or three bones of the pelvis in the 
Ichthyosauria and Plesiosauria be taken as breaking those 
groups up into orders and suborders. 

Moreover, in general evolution the gills are singularly 
unaffected by any change in environment or habit such as 


92 Mr. M. C. March on the 


leads to the development of new species or genera. Their 
broad changes must be looked upon as being purely intrinsic 
and as common to the whole group as such. 

On the other hand, the primitive Pelecypod ancestor is 
conceived to have been hingeless. The evolution of the 
hinges must therefore have taken place entirely within the 
group. Its development was due to the necessity for securing 
rapid and accurate closing of the shell, as was pointed out 
by Dall. Such an end might be assured in many ways not 
of necessity related to each other, as the hinge has no 
ancestral form common to the whole group. So that the 
development of the hinge apparatus should be of taxonomic 
value, as similarity of development would show a close 
relationship between subdivisions, and not merely a common 
membership in the group. ‘The fact that the variations are 
extrinsic leads to the occurrence of heterogeneric homeco- 
morphy, but such cases should be distinguishable by the 
study of ontogeny and phylogeny. 


Modern Classifications based on the Hinge. 


A, NEUMEYER. 


Neumeyer was the first, after Martini, to classify the Pelecypoda on 
the characters of the hinge; he recognized six orders, founded on distinct 
teeth characters. 


1. Cryptodonta. Including forms without teeth or with folds which 
involved the whole thickness of the valve and which were often 
continuous with the radial ribs. 

2. Taxodontu., Including forms where, in the simplest cases, the teeth 
were perpendicular to the hinge-line, but which might become 
more or less oblique peripherally. 

3. Heterodonta, Including the most highly specialized of the Lamelli- 
branchs in which the teeth were distinguishable into cardinals and 
laterals. 

4, Schizodonta. Including those forms which possess one bifurcated 
tooth in the left valve, fitting into two divergent lamell in the 
right valve. 

5. Desmodonta. Including forms very similar to the Heterodonta in 
anatomy, but with an internal ligament, and teeth not homo- 
logous, 

6. Dysodonta, Containing those Heteromyarians and Monomyarians 
that have partially or totally reduced teeth. 


B. FiscHer. 


Fischer added a seventh order to Neumeyer’s six :— 


Isodonta, included by Neumeyer in the Desmodonta, contains those 
forms which have their teeth symmetrically arranged about an 
internal ligament. 


General Classtfication of the Pelecypoda. 


to 
w 


C. GROBBEN. 


Grobben used the hinge in conjunction with other anatomical 
characters as the basis of his classification. He recognized three sub- 
classes :— 


1. Protobranchia, equivalent to the Protobranchia of Pelseneer, 
2. Desmodonta, equivalent to Neumeyer’s order of that name. 
3. Ambonodonta: (1) Eutaxodonta (Arcidz). 

(2) Heterodonta (sensaw Neumeyer). 

(3) Schizodonta (sensu Neumeyer). 

(4) Anisomyarians (sensw Lamarck). 


D. Datu. 


Dall’s orders are three in number: Prionodesmacea, Teleodesmacea, 
and Anomalodesmacea, 


The Prionodesmacea are described as having hinges which “are the 
product of evolution applied to the development of (among other things) 
teeth to the hinge-margin, or of amorphous teeth ” (14, p. 452). This, 
as an isolated quotation, might seem to show that he considered the 
transverse direction of the Prionodesmacean teeth to be secondary. 
Quotations from his earlier paper of 1889 will, however, show that in 
his conception this transverse direction of the teeth was primary. 


1. (13, p. 452.) “ Attention has been already called to the fact that 
there can be but three fundamental types of hinge ; which may be 
called anodont, prionodont, and orthodont, the latter term being 
used to indicate the forms in which the cardinal margin has 
become longitudinally plicate.” 


2. (13, p. 447.) There are three fundamental types of hinge :— 


(1) The simple edentulous margin. [Anodont.] 

(2) The hinge in which the teeth are developed transverse to the 
cardinal margin. [ Prionodont. } 

(8) The hinge in which the direction of the teeth is parallel to 
the margin. [Orthodont. ] 


Iam disposed to think that the time relations of the different hinges 
are those of the order in which I have cited them. 


The Teleodesmacea include those forms in which the prionodont and 
orthodont types are combined, the latter being superimposed on the 
former either by a fusion of the transverse teeth or by the subsequent 
development of longitudinal teeth. 


The Anomalodesmacea contain those Pelecypoda in which the dorsal 
margin is without a distinct hinge-plate, the armature of the hinge 
being “feeble, often obsolete, or absent.” 


Dall’s three orders, therefore, were made for those Lamellibranchs 
which have teeth— 


(1) transverse to the hinge-margin ; 

(2) parallel to the hinge-margin ; 

(3) so degenerate as to show no definite affinity to the other twa 
orders, 


Qt Mr. M. C. March on the 


The last worker on the hinge from a taxonomic point of © 
view was Bernard. His main work on the subject is found 
in four papers in the Bull. de la Soc. Géol. de France, two in 
the ‘Comptes Rendus,’ and one in the Ann. des Sci. Nat., 
Zool. This last paper was the first half of a synopsis of his 
work, and summed up his views on the Taxodonts and 
Anisomyarians [Dysodonta, Bernard], and included a sketch 
of the relationships of the modern and Paleozoic forms. 
He died the year of the publication of this first part, and 
the second part is not recorded as having been published, 
although he frequently refers to it in the first part. Con- 
sequently he was unable to publish a classification, although 
the bulk of the material for it was already published, and he 
never gave his final views on the relationships of the Taxo- 
donts and Anisomyarians [Dysodonta, Bernard] to the 
Heterodonts. For this reason it is necessary to give a short 
summary of his work, which leads to the adoption of a 
classification which, although agreeing largely with Dall’s 
in general grouping, yet differs from it fundamentally in the 
bases of the classes. 

Bernard’s main work was confirmed by Munier-Chalmas, 
and, with the exception of one minor point, by Fischer. 

The most important points of Bernard’s work are :— 


1. The tracing of the ontogenetic development of the 
taxodont teeth in the Taxodonta proper and also 
in the Anisomyarians. 

. The tracing of the origin of the taxodont dentition. 
(This was in part done also by Dall, though he did 
not grasp the bearing of his work.) 

3. The discovery of the existence of an embryonic 
“dentition ””? in the Taxodonta equivalent to that 
found in some Heterodonts. 

4, The tracing of the development of the heterodont 
hinge. 


© 


The Development of Pleurodont | Taxodont and Dysodont | 
Teeth. 


The taxodont dentition was taken by workers previous to 
Bernard to differ essentially from the heterodont (Teleo- 
desmecean, Dall) hinge, in having the teeth developed in a 
direction essentially perpendicular to the hinge-line instead 
of parallel to it. Bernard clearly demonstrated that in the 
prodissoconch stages, and sometimes continuing into disso- 
conch stages, there is an embryonic “ dentition ” consisting 


General Classification of the Pelecypoda. 95 


of alternating ridges and folds, called by him “ crenulations.” 
This band is separated into anterior and posterior portions 
by the primary ligamental pit. In Ostrea, however, the 
anterior row is wanting, and the ligamental pit lies at the 
anterior edge of the shell. Subsequent to the development 
of the crenulations the true teeth make their appearance. 
These arise, not perpendicular to the hinge-line but as long 
ridges parallel to it. They may retain this position through- 
out life, as in Cucullea crassatina. Usually, however, the 
interior end becomes sharply curved and the external part 
atrophies, leaving the usual taxodont teeth (figs. 1, 2, and 3). 


Fig. I. 


Young Cucullea crassatina, showing the recurviny of the primitive 
lamellz to form taxodont teeth. (After Bernard.) 


L,=primary ligamental teeth. 


The great importance of this is twofold :-— 

Firstly. It refutes the theory that the early embryonic 
dentition seen in certain Heterodonts, and which 
arises perpendicular to the hinge-line, represents an 
early taxodont condition, and for that reason necessi- 
tates the descent of the Heterodonts from Taxo- 
donts as seen in modern forms. 

Secondly. It does away with the radical difference between 
the heterodont and taxodont teeth. 


The Origin of the Pleurodont Dentition. 


Amongst the Anisomyarians (figs. 4 & 5) the teeth show 
a still earlier stage than in the Nuculide and their allies. 
Here they rise before the development of the cardinal plateau 
as lateral folds alternating with the external ribs. These 
internal ribs may occur where the outer test is smooth. In 
forms where the test thickens greatly a transition can be 


95 Mr. M. C. March on the 


traced from a period when these internal ribs alternate 
with the external ribs, and a time when they are entirely 
independent of them. The cardinal plateau is a subsequent | 
development to the first-formed teeth and arises on them. 


Vc & 
Fig. 2. 


Ly c L Cc 


Me 


~~ 


Development of Pectunculus obovatus. (After Bernard.) 


1 & 2, right valve ; 3-7, left valve. L,=primary ligamental pit ; 
C=band of crenulations. 


Where these first-formed teeth remain as internal ribs they 
are called “ dysodont,” when they are developed on the 
plateau, or take their place on it, they become true taxodont 
teeth, and as such become capable of growth into the usual 


- 


General Classification of the Pelecypoda. 97 


taxodont form. Dall noticed the same origin for the 
Anisomyarian teeth; but he read it as excluding them 
from any connection with the Taxodonta, whose teeth he 


Cc 


Young stages of Area. (After Bernard.) 


C=band of crenulations; L;=primary ligamental pit ; L=ligament. 


PI 


ic. ieee 


| 


Avicula microptera (after Bernard), showing the dysodont teeth, which 
anteriorly show a tendency to produce cardinals, 


conceived as arising perpendicular to the hinge-line. Con- 
firming the fact that the dysodont stage precedes tie taxo- 
dont, Bernard cites the case of the development of those young 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. () 


98 Mr. M. C. March on the 


Arcide which grow slowly and have a thin test. Here the 
transition between dysodont and’ taxodont teeth is clearly 
seen. The Monomyarians develop rudimentary dysodont 


PIL ; AIL 


AI Put 


Pecten varius, showing the first dysodont teeth. (After Bernard.) 


PI Al 


Plicatula ramosa, showing the development of I, II, and III. 
(After Bernard.) 


teeth, which show extraordinary variation. Bernard con- 
cludes from these facts that they are degenerate. 
An important fact brought out by Bernard is the order of 


General Classification of the Peleeypoda. 99 


development of teeth in the Taxodonta, The later teeth in 
the Taxodonta appear ventrally except :— 


(a) In the case of the Pectunculide, where the third tooth 
in the left valve appears dorsally to the first and 
second teeth. This may possibly be a case of de- 
generation, Bernard, however, does not suggest 
this (3, p. 61). (Hig. 6.) 

(6) In Nucula (3, p. 166) two teeth appear dorsally, which 
Bernard takes as being developed in their normal 
order. Hecomments, however, on their irregularity, 
In the case of the Monomyarians the irregularity in 
the development of the dysodont teeth is taken by 
him as postulating degeneration, so that these dorsal 
teeth might possibly be degenerate. In both these 
cases the other teeth develop ventrally, 

(c) In the Pectinide and Spondylide, and also in Mytilus, 
the teeth develop dorsally, 


So far the points established by Bernard are :— 


(1) That the Taxodonta (7. e. Prionodesmacea— Naiadacea) 
have an embryonic dentition which is also seen in 
some Heterodonta (i. e, Teleodesmacea + Anomalo- 
desmacea + Naiadacea). 

(2) That the true taxodont dentition develops parallel to 
the hinge and that its position perpendicular to the 
cardinal line is due to rotation, 

(3) That the dysodont dentition of the Anisomyarians is 
an early stage in the development of the taxodont 
and is originally formed from internal ribs, alter- 
nating with external ribs when these are present. 


The Development of the Heterodont Dentition. 


The last great point brought out by Bernard is the 
development of the heterodont teeth. These may or may 
not show the embryonic crenulations. In either case the 
true teeth are developed on a common plan. 

The teeth, lateral or cardinal, are developed from laminze 
running parallel to the edge of the cardinal plateau. Those 
of the right valve lie ventral to those of the left valve. They 
are numbered J, If, III, IV, V, VI, from ventral to dorsal, 
those of the left valve being denoted by the even numbers, 
and those of the right valve by the odd numbers, As before, 
there are two sets of these teeth, one lying anterior, and 
the other posterior, to the ligament-pit, 


7% 


100 Mr. M. C. March on the 


Anterior to the ligament :— 


LAI, LA III, LA V, for the right valve. 
LA II, LA IV, LA VI, for the left valve. 


Posterior to the hgament :— 


LPI, LP IU, LPY, for the right valve. 
LP II, LP IV, 1.P VI, for the left valve. 


The posterior ends of these lamellae bend round so as to 
lie more or less perpendicular to the hinge-line, and may 
become differentiated from the anterior part. The posterior 
portions form the cardinals, the anterior portions form the 
lateral teeth or remain as undifferentiated lamellae. The 
posterior lamellz are unaltered except in the case of Condylo- 
cardia (fig. 7). The anterior cardinals may become bifurcated 
forming anterior portions. 


CA2 


LP IT 


LP3 


Condyli.cardia crassicosta (after Bernard), showing the occurrence of 
posterior cardinals. 


1. Left valve. 2. Right valve. 


The reduction of the heterodont hinge to a scheme, and 
the cursory comparison of that scheme with the actual adult 
heterodont hinge, makes the conception seem too simple to 
be really possible. It is only by carefully following out 
Bernard’s papers, and by the comparison of his descriptions 
of the adult shells with the actual specimens that it becomes 
clear that the hinges do develop on that plan. In actual 
practice V appears rarely, and VI very rarely. 


General Classification of the Pelecypoda, 191 


LP=lateral posterior lamella. 

LA =lateral anterior lamella. 

CA =anterior cardinal. 
a=anterior portion of an anterior cardinal. 
b= posterior portion of an anterior cardinal. 


Left valve. Right valve. 
LP VI ligt. LA VI 
a ay LAV. ligt. LP-V 
A. LP IV ligt. LAIV shade eae ik 
i as, LA III ligt. LP II 


LPI ligt. LAI 


LP VI ligt. CAG LA VI 


B. LPIV ligt: CA4 LAIV 


to] 


LPII ligt. CA2 LAII 
AL CAL ligt. LPI 


LP Vi ligt. 66 6a LAVI 
C. LPIViigt.45 4a LAIV 
LAUT 3a 3b ligt. LPI 


LPII ligt. 2b 2a LATI 
TAL CAsb ‘ict LPI 


a wee eee 


Diagrams showing the relation of the teeth 
according to Bernard. 


A. Stage showing primary lamellee only. 
B. Stage showing development of anterior cardinals and laterals. 
C. Stage showing bifurcation of the anterior cardinals. 


Bernard provisionally divided the Heterodonta into two 
classes. He did not hold these classes to be strictly natural 
ones, but he made them for the sake of convenience. 


Subdivisions of the Heterodonta. 


A. The Cyrina type, where the CA I is present, and CA II 
is divided into 2 a and 2. 

B. The Lucina type, where the first cardinal is undeveloped 
and the second cardinal is consequently simple. 


Families in Bernard’s Orders and Suborders. 
Heterodonta. 
PLIODONTA. 
Mactride: Mactra, Schizodesma, Lutraria, Merope, 
Schizothcerus, Hastonia, Raeta. 
Scrobieularide: Cumingia, Semele, Screbicularia. 


102 


Mr. M. C. March on the 


Mesodesmatide : Paphia (=Mesodesma), Anapa. 

Cardilide: Cardilia. 

Anatinide: Anatina, Thracia. 

Cuspidariide : Cuspidaria. 

Cyrenide: Corbicula, Iphigenia, Cyrena, Spherium, 

Cyrenoida, Velonta. 

Rangide: Rangia. 

Veneride ; Cytherea, Venus, Tapes, Circe, Macrocallista, 
Dosina, Glaucomya. 

Cyprinide: Cyprina, Pygocardia, Cypricardia, Corallio- 

phaga, 

Isocardiide : Tsceakdia, Modiolaria. 

Petricolide ; Petricola. 

Erycinide : Lascea, Kellya, Bornea, Scacchia, Montacuta. 

Kelliellide: Wutetia, Kelliella. 

Chamide: Chama, Echinochama, Gyropleura, Monopleura, 
Capratina. 

Rudiste: Valletia, Radiolites, 

Diceratide : Diceras, Heterodiceras. 


OLIGODONTA. 


Lucinide: Lucina, Fimbria, Diplodonta, Axinus, Felania, 
Ungulina. 

Astartide : Astarte. 

Condylocardiide : Condylocardia. 

Cardiide: Cardium, Hemicardium, Pterocardium, Pro- 
sodacna. 

Donacide: Donax. 

Corbulide : Corbula, Mya, Sphenia, Tugonia. 

Tellinide : Tellina. 

Solenide. 

Paneopeide. 

Pholadide : Pholas. 

Dreissenside : Dreissensia. 

* Trigoniide ; Trigonia. 


Pleurodonta, 


TAXODONTA: 


Nuculide: Nucula. 

Arcide : Arca, Cucullea, 
Pectuneulide : Pectunculus. 
Ledide: Leda, Yoldia, Malletia. 


DYSODONTA. 


Mytilide: Mytilus, Modiola, Modiolaria, Crenella, Litho- 
domus, Hochstetteria. 

Aviculide: Avicula. 

Pectinide: Pecten, Lima. 

Spondylide : Spondylus, Plicatula. 

Anomiide: Placunanomia. 

Ostreide: Ostrea. 


* Possibly may belong to the Pliodonta. 


General Classification of the Pelecypoda, 103 


Bernard’s Classification. 


Bernard’s discovery of the discontinuity of the embryonic 
and adult dentitions of the Taxodonta, and his working out 
of the development of the definitive teeth, overthrew the 
hypothesis that the crenulations observable in certain Hete- 
rodonta postulated the descent of the latter from the former. 
On the other hand, he regarded the Heterodonta as being 
derived from an early taxodont (i. e. dysodont) ancestry by 
the specialization of the lateral lamelle—that is to say, he 
considered these lamelle to be homologous in both groups, 
for he says :— 

** Pour comparer la charniére des Hétérodontes a celle des 
Taxodontes, il sera nécessaire de s’adresser, non pas aux 
formes adultes mais aux formes embryoniques .. . Une dent 
des Taxodontes sera homologue non pas & lune quelconque 
des dents Hétérodontes adultes mais 4 une de leurs lamelles 
primitives qui se recourbent ... pourra donner naissance, 
suivant les cas a 1, 2, ou 3 dents définitives.” 

In his work Bernard clearly states that the Taxodonta 
and Anisomyaria form one group, the latter showing clearly 
the evolution of taxodont teeth from internal ribs. This is 
also shown by the Arcas in the former group. The Aniso- 
myaria show the beginning of the taxodont dentition, but 
not its full development. The Monomyarian dentition he 
shows to be degenerate—indeed, Ostrea never passes through 
a taxodont stage. The absence of a well-developed taxodont 
stage may of course be due either to want of phylogenetic 
development or to a similar degeneration. Into this point 
Bernard does not go. The evidence of the Monomyaria and 
the specialized habit of the Anisomyaria generally point to 
its non-development being due to degeneration. ‘That this 
loss of later specialization threw more and more work on 
to earlier stages is shown by Osétrea, which, never passing 
through a taxodont stage, has embryonic crenulations 
persisting late. 

As the Taxodonta and Anisomyaria are included in one 
order, that order cannot very well be called Taxodonta. A 
name which scems suitable is Pleurodonta, as it refers to the 
definite proof of the evolution of the taxodont teeth from 
internal ribs. As to the names of the two suborders, Taxo- 
donta is perfectly suitable ; but the name Anisomyaria cannot 
very well stand, as it seems to show an order in a general 
classification based on the considerations of the “hinge, 
divided off because of its muscular characters. For the 


104 Mr. M. C. March on the 


teeth of this suborder Bernard retains the name dysodont, 
therefore it might be called the Dysodonta. 

The second order Bernard called Heterodonta, Its two 
main subdivisions he based on the fact that in one type 
cardinal | is not differentiated from lamella 1, and therefore 


Fig. 8. 


LAIZ LAI 


LPI 


LPI 


LPI LAI 


Lab 2 
LPI LAL 


Development of Zucina neglecta. (After Bernard.) 


cardinal 2 is undivided. In the other type cardinal 1 is 
present and cardinal 2 is divided. These two suborders 
might perhaps be called Pliodonta and Oligodonta (figs. & 
& 9), in reference to their diagnostic characters. The former 
suborder is again divided into four classes :— 


1. Containing those forms which are typical of the sub- 
order (figs. 10 & 11). 

2. Containing those forms in which CA 1 is either quite 
undeveloped or not strongly developed (fig. 12). 


3. Contaming those forms in which the ligament is either 
entirely or nearly internal and where CA 1 is un- 
developed (figs. 13 & 14). 


4, Containing Chama and its allies (fig. 15). 


General Classification of the Pelecypoda. 105 


There are two apparent objections to Bernard’s con- 
clusions. The first is Noettling’s (17, p. 87), who, in criti- 
cizing Bernard’s statement that the dorsal primary lamellze 
of the Heterodonta appear later than the ventral ones, 
says :—‘ The view that the dorsal primary lamellze are older 
than the ventral ones is... supported by the fact that the 
Bivalves grow in a ventral direction—in other words, the 
ventral portions of a bivalve shell are younger than the 


Fig. 9. 
LPI 
LAT 
me a6 
LAI 
LAW 
LPL tage 


Cardium. 


dorsal ones ; it would be certainly strange if the opposite 
took place with regard to the hinge, where the ventral parts 
would be the older and the dorsal parts the younger ones— 
that is to say, the hinge would grow just in the opposite 
direction to the remainder of the shell.” This certainly 
would be strange, but Dr. Noettling overlooks three facts :— 

Firstly. That, as is shown by the growth-lines, the teeth 
are formed entirely by secondary thickening which may take 
place at any point. 


106 Mr. M. C. March on the 


Secondly. The growth-lines in the umbonal region of the 
shell show that the earliest formed part of the plateau is 
due to internal thickening. The first growth-line bends 
down, then up, cutting the edge of the young shell. If the 
plateau were formed by downgrowth of the external part the 
growth-lines would run towards the umbonal region as they 
do in the underpart of the plateau. If, then, as seems 
probable from the structure of the shell, the plateau is due 
to secondary thickening, it cannot be possible to speak of 
teeth as being dorsal or ventral with regard to each other 


Fig. 10. 


L 
L LAIY Zw | 
° LAL sY LAI 
L L 
2’L Al ise 
: L 
LAI 
LORS IBN 
3a 
2 LAI 


Vw tN 
LATI 

LAI 

4b 2b age as 


Development of Cytherea deshayesiana. (After Bernard.) 


when they are formed by thickenings on its upper surface. 
They can only be more or less internal or external with 
regard to each other. 

Thirdly. According to Bernard’s hypothesis, the lamellz 
are derived from radial internal ribs, which, except for inter- 
ealation (which only occurs in later shell-development), 
remain constant in number and normally develop simul- 
taneously. Such ribs cannot be regarded as dorsal or ventral 
with regard to each other, 


aN 
oN 


General Classification of the Pelecypoda. 


Fig. 11. 


Ligh 
2a 
cen 4b ab 
Cyrena 
Fig. 12 
2 3b 
! 
a 
Pa 
LAT 
2a 


A Levicardium with reduced teeth. 


LAI 


107 


108 Mr. M. ©. March on the 


Fig. 18. 
4 
L £ LAT 
L 
| 
5 
“ b LAI 
LAI — 
2 fg —s f=» LP 
LPI 
2b 
LAT 
3 wN LPM 
Lb 4bp«2e 
von 3a 3b Lay 


GATE 
Development of Mactra solida. (After Bernard.) 


Fig. 14. 


EP if LA I 


LPI 


Ligf. 


Lutraria. 


General Classification of the Pelecypoda. 109 


Those ribs would then be developed which were of greatest 
importance to the shell—they might be those nearest to the 
hinge-line or those furthest from it. 

The second apparent objection is the alteration of a ventral 
succession in the Taxodonta and some Dysodonta to a dorsal 
one in the remaining Dysodonta and all the Heterodonta if, 
as seems probable, they’ have a common origin. This objec- 
tion has already been partially answered, where it was stated 
that those ribs which were most important would develop 
first. The change in order of development, then, may merely 
mean a change in the relative importance of the upper and 
lower ribs. This may reasonably be accounted for on the 


Fig. 15. 


3a 3b 
Lig 


LP 1 


4 
LPT nue 


Left. Right. 
Chama lazarus. (After Bernard.) 


firmly established principle that those parts of an organism 
most highly developed in the adult tend to appear first in 
ontogeny. In the early shells, the Paleoconchs, the shells 
were thin and would be likely to break under the strain of 
the hgament, The most external, that is the uppermost ribs, 
which are more than mere valleys between the external ribs, 
and, moreover, need not be associated with external ribs, 
would be extremely likely to be useful as helping to 
strengthen that part of the shell. Being more developed 
they would appear sooner than the less important ventral 
ones. After the appearance of the cardinal plateau, or even 
after the general thickening of the shell, this use would be 
subordinated to the use of guiding the shell to ensure rapid 
and accurate closing. This would be better accomplished 
by ventral ribs, which would then develop first. 

Noettling reasons from diagrams 12, numbers 2 and 3 (see 
text-fig. 10), of Bernard’s work on Heterodonts, that lamella 
III, which is shown as curved round, is more differentiated 


Mr. M. C. March on the 


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112 Mr. M. C. March on the 


than lamella I, which is merely a straight ridge. Surely 
here he is confusing the appearance of teeth and lamelle. 
The curving of III is the first stage in the development of 
3aand36. LamellaI might appear before lamella III, and 
yet CA 3 be developed before 1. Indeed, CA 1 may never 
develop. Also the early appearance of I causes II in the left 
valve to appear more or less curved, and this enjoins the 
same fate on III in the right valve. As a matter of fact, 
this reading of these diagrams supports the assumed change 
in order of development by showing that, although the first 
lamella to develop is the most internal, yet the earliest 
formed teeth appear more externally. 


Order I. PLEURODONTA. 


Pelecypoda in which the prodissoconch stage always shows 
an embryonic dentition in the form of crenulations, which 
may or may not continue into the dissoconch stage. The 
true teeth normally develop as lateral folds at the periphery. 
The cases in which they do not may be taken as due to 
acceleration in development. ‘The succession of teeth is 
normally from external (dorsal) to internal (ventral). The 
cardinal plateau develops after the first-formed teeth, which 
may or may not be traceable from internal ribs. The téeth 
when developing before the plateau are dysodont, when 
developing on the plateau they are taxodont. The teeth 
tend to become curved, so as to lie perpendicular to the 
hinge-line internally. Peripherally they tend to atrophy. 


Suborder A. DysoDONTA. 


Pleurodonta in which the teeth definitely arise as continua- 
tions of internal ribs. They are reduced in number and may 
become taxodont in natnre or degenerate. The succession 
may be external (dorsal). 


Suborder B. TAxoDONTA. 


Pleurodonta in which the origin of teeth from internal 
ribs is normally not evident. The teeth are numerous and 
become perpendicular to the hinge-line. The succession is 
internal (ventral), except where not more than two teeth 


arise externally (dorsally). 


General Classification of the Pelecypoda. 113 


Order Il. HETERODONTA. 


Pelecypoda in which the prodissoconch normally shows 
no embryonic crenulations. The teeth develop from lateral 
lamellee. The succession is external (dorsal). The first 
formed lamella is in the right valve. Each valve contains 
lamellz in front of and behind the ligament. The anterior 
Jamellee may develop posteriorly into cardinal teeth and 
anteriorly into lateral teeth. Posterior cardinals are deve- 
loped in one case only. 


Division A. PLIODONTA. 


Heterodonta in which CA] is developed and CA2 is 
subdivided into anterior and posterior portions. 


Division B. OLIGODONTA. 


Heterodonta in which CA 1 does not develop and CA 2 
remains undivided. 


Conclusion. 


The comparison and contrasts between these three classifi- 
cations stand out clearly. To Neumeyer, the first to really 
tackle the problem of the hinge as a basis for classification, 
is due the honour of having divided the hinges into types. 
Three only of these divisions survive, two of these only as of 
subordinal value (Taxodonta and Dysodonta), the third 
(Heterodonta) as an order; but to him is due the general 
basis for such a classification. Dall kept these types of 
Neumeyer’s, but reduced them to the rank of divisions in 
his orders. He created three new orders, founding them, as 
did Neumeyer, on the characters of the adult shell, and, as 
was shown by Bernard’s later work, erroneously. Bernard’s 
work was essentially that of an embryologist. His two 
orders and their suborders were founded on the study of 
individual development. Having worked out the main 
lines of his classification in this way, he compared it with 
Neumeyer’s work on the Palzoconchs of the Palozoic 
period, and found that the results of his work were borne 
out by these earlier researches. 

Neither of these workers claimed that his work was ideal 
phylogenetically ; each fully realized the importance of the 
consideration of other organs in tracing out the relationships 
of members of the group. 

Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 8 


i Mr, M. C. March on the 


Neumeyer’s seven orders bear no distinct relationship to 
the orders established by those who followed the differentia- 
tion of the gills. Dall’s first order, Prionodesmacea, corre- 
sponds to the Protobranchia and Eleutherobranchia of 
Ridewood, except that Ostrea and Pinna are removed by the 
latter, on account of their gills, to the Synaptorhabda, which 
is equivalent to the Anomalodesmacea and Teleodesmacea of 
Dall, with the exception of the above-mentioned families, 

Bernard’s Pleurodonta includes the members of the Proto- 
branchia and Eleutherorhabda, together with the Ostreid:e 
and the Pinnide placed in it, and without the Cardiniide 
and Trigonide. His Heterodonta agrees with the Synapto- 
rhabda with these two families removed and the Trigoniide 
and Cardiniide added. 

Grobben’s classification appears to be untenable for three 
reasons :— 


A. He separates the Desmodonta from the Heterodonta, 
placing them in a different order, although they are 
essentially similar in both the gills and the hinge, 


B. He separates the Arcide from the other Taxodonta, 
placing them in the same order as the Heterodonta, 
although they differ in development and history. 


C. In spite of the same difficulty, he places the Aniso- 
myarians with the Heterodonta. 


As Dall’s orders have been shown to have been founde:l 
on a misconception of the value of the teeth, the only 
important comparisons are between Bernard’s and Ridewood’s 
classifications. 

One of the differences between these classifications is 
the inclusion in the first of Bernard’s orders of the first two 
of Ridewood’s orders. Bernard’s reasons for putting the 
Taxodonta and Dysodonta together are :— 


1. They have a similar prodissoconch with embryonic 
crenulations. 


2. The early dissoconch stages are similar in regard to the 
development of the teeth and cardinal plateau. 


The differences in their later development justifies their 
separation into suborders. 

Ridewood’s reason for separating them is that the gills 
in one case are simple protobranchs and in the other they 
are recurved. Ridewood himself derives the filibranch type 


General Classification of the Pelecypoda. 115 


from the protobranch, so that the difference is merely one of 
degree of development, while Bernard’s comparisons imply 
a relationship of origin and development for the prodisso- 
conch and early dissoconch stages. The reasons for the 
association of these two sections of the Pelecypoda seem to 
be stronger than the reason for their separation. 

Of course it can be urged against Bernard’s order that 
in the Pectinidz, Spondylid, and Plicatulide the order of 
development of the teeth is towards the exterior (i. e. the 
dorsal side), but a foreshadowing of this may be seen in the 
Nuculidz and Pectunculidee. 

The separation of Ostrea and Pinna from Avicula on 
account of the gills is opposed to the results of the researches 
of Jackson on the Aviculide and their allies, and of Bernard 
on the development of the hinge and the general characters 
of the shell. 

The inclusion of the Trigonacea in the Heterodonta, 
which is another difference, as the Heterodonta are practi- 
cally equivalent to the Synaptorhabda, is another point of 
difference. This position of this family resolves itself into 
the question of whether the teeth or the gills are taken as 
being the more important for classification. The arguments 
on this point were given at the beginning of this paper. 

A third and more important point of difference is ths 
inclusion by Ridewood of the Arcide with the Trigoniide 
and Mytilidz in the subgroup Mytilacea. This arrangement 
is opposed to the results of both phylogeny and ontogeny. 
The types of hinge which these families possess were distinct 
at any rate in Ordovician times. 

In general basis Bernard’s classification is sounder than 
Ridewood’s, because it is possible to include in it fossil 
forms and also because it is not based on the degree of 
development of a common character. Where the two 
disagree in detail Bernard’s views are supported by other 
workers and by phylogeny and ontogeny. Moreover, 
Bernard’s conclusions are the result of the detailed study of 
ontogeny. 


Literature. 


(1) Barranpe, J. ‘Systéme Silurien du centre de la Bohéme,’ vol. vi. 
Acéphales. 1882. 

(2) Bernarp, F. “ Premiére note sur la développement et la morpho- 
logie de la coquille chez les Lamellibranches (Hétérodontes),” 
Bull. Soc. géol. de France, (8) t. xxiii. 1895, p. 104. 

“ Deuxiéme note &c. (Taxodontes),” ib. t. xxiv. p. 412. 1895. 

—. “Troisiéme note &c. (Anisomyaires),” ib, t. xxiv, p. 412. 


1896. 


(3) 


s % 


116 On the General Classification of the Pelecypoda. 


(5) Bernarp, F, “Quatriéme note &c.,” Bull. Soc. géol. de France, 
(3) t. xxv. p. 559, 

(6) ——. “Recherches sur la coquille des Lamellibranches,” Ann. des 
Sci. nat., Zool. t. viii. p. 1. 1898. 


(7) “‘ Etudes comparatives sur la coquille des Lamellibranches : 
Condylocardia &c.,” Journ. de Conch. 1898, no. 3. 
(8) “ Etudes &c.: Les Genres Philobrya et Hochstetteria,” ib. 
no. 1. 1897. 
(9) . “Anatomie de Chlamydoconcha orcutti,” Ann. Sci. nat., Zool. 
t.i. 1897. 
(10) . “Sur la prodissoconque &c.,” C. R. Acad. Sc. t. exxiv. 
1897. 
(11) ——. ‘Sur le développement des dents &c.,” ib. t. exxv. 1897. 
(12) ——. ‘Eléments de Paléontologie.’ 1895. 


(13) Dart, W. H. “On the Hinge of Pelecypoda and its Development,” 
Amer. Journ. Sei. (8) vol. xxxviii. 1889. 

(14) “ Contributions to the Tertiary Fauna of Florida.—Part III. 
A new Classification of the Pelecypoda,” Trans. Wagn. Free Inst. 
of Sci. Philadelphia. 1895. 

(15) Fiscurr,H. “ Résumé des travaux de M. F. Bernard sur le 
développement de la coquille des Pélécypodes,” Journ. de Conch. 
no. 4, xlv. 1897. 

(16) Jackson, R. T. “ Phylogeny of the Pelecypoda: the Aviculidee 
and their Allies,” Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. iv. 1890. 

(17) Norrriine, F, “Notes on the Morphology of the Pelecypoda,” 
Pal. Ind. new series, vol. i. 1889. 

(18) PersrneErR, P. ‘Contributions a la étude des Lamellibranches.’ 
1891. 

(19) Rrvewoop, W.G. “On the Structure of the Gills of the Lamelli- 
branchia,” Phil. Trans. B, vol. excv. p. 147. 1905. 

(20) Woopwarp, B. B. “On a proposed new Classification of the 
Pelecypoda,” Nat. Sci. vol. viii. no, 50, p. 289. 1896. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE III. 
A. 1. Left valve of Meretriv. 


2, Right .,, a 
B. 1. Left valve of Mactra. 
Ae leaned ny 55 an 
C. 1. Left valve of Lweina. 
2. Right ,, Bs 
D. 1. Left valve of Pecten. 
2: eee 95, aA 
E. 1. Left valve of Pectunculus. 
2, aight ;, 5 


LA=anterior lamella. 
LP= posterior lamella. 
1, 2a, 26, &c.=cardinal teeth. 
A=anterior dysodont tooth. 
P=posterior dysodont tooth. 


Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory. 117 


XI.—Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 
—No. XXXIII. By Prof. M‘Inrosa, M.D., LL.D., 
F.R.S., &e. 

[Plates IV. & V.] 

. On a White Porpoise. 

. On the Spawning of the Hake (Merluccius merluccius, L.). 

On Eteone depressa, Mgrn., var., a Species not hitherto found in 
Britain. 

. On Nereis zonata, Megrn., in Britain. 

. On the British Capitellide ( Halelminthide). 

. On the Capitellide procured by H.M.S. ‘ Porcupine.’ 


Op OT Cobo 


1. On a White Porpoise. 


For nearly a fortnight amateur fishermen who used the 
hand-lines at night were surprised to see about the beginning 
of August a whitish porpoise, or, as some thought, a Beluga, 
disporting itself in St. Andrews Bay, and it was also ob- 
served by the salmon fishermen early in the morning. It 
was never in company with its neighbours, but was always 
solitary. On the morning of the ]0th August it was 
entangled in the salmon stake-nets off Kinkell Ness, about 
two miles from St. Andrews. When brought to the 
Laboratory it was found to be a young female measuring 
34 inches in length (Pl. 1V.) and was of a dull yellowish 
white all over like that of Beluga, though when care- 
fully examined a faint longitudinal band occurred along 
the upper lateral region on each side. In front of the eye, 
again, a curved band of a blackish hue passed from the 
vertex forward, made a bold sweep forward, and then curved 
backward to the angle of the mouth. The shape of the 
entire patch was somewhat crescentic, the dark pigment 
being toned off at the margin. The eyes had the normal 
pigment, and thus differed from those of an albino. 

Though it is rare to find any noteworthy change in the 
blackish pigment of the dorsum of the porpoise, variations 
occasionally occur in the hue of the latero-ventral and the 
ventral surface in the form of pale or greyish pigment or 
dull streaks. Again, in a foetal porpoise about 6 inches in 
length (18th November, 1911) the anterior region of the 
head, the vertex to a line with the perpendicular from the 
anterior base of the flipper was dark, and the entire dorso- 
lateral region to the tail was of a dull grey hue. The under 
surface aud the ventro-lateral regions were pale. The 
flippers, dorsal fin, and the caudal flukes were blackish, the 
pigment on the latter being densest ventrally. In another 


118 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the 


foetus between 16 and 17 inches in length (6th February) 
the pigment outlined in the early example had become of a 
deep black hue—fading at the edges to the pale tint of the 
ventro-lateral region. Thus in the white form traces of 
embryonic hues have been retained. 

Variations in colour are known in other Cetaceans, such 
as the humpback whales, schools of which have the belly 
nearly white, others with a marbled under surface, and a 
third series with the bellies entirely dark*. Similar 
variations are noted by the old authors, by Prof. Collett + and 
Mr. Lillie t, amongst the rorquals (Balenoptera musculus, 
B. sibbaldii, and B. borealis). In remarking on three 
variations—viz., dark and two lighter-coloured phases— 
Mr. Lydekker § is inclined to think these are not due to 
race but to age. So far as observed, however, the common 
cetaceans of Britain do not appear to lend much support to 
this view, or to the statement that the dark-tailed rorquals 
specially feed on herrings and pilchards and the lighter- 
coloured forms on crustaceans. 


2. On the Spawning of the Hake (Merluccius merluccius, L.). 


The hake is by no means a common fish on the eastern 
shores of Scotland, indeed Parnell || states that “it is seldom 
met with on the east coast of Scotland. About two years 
ago, a single specimen was taken in a stake-net at Mussel- 
burgh and sent to the Edinburgh market, where it,appeared 
to be unknown.” Couch YJ, again, thought it one of the 
commonest fishes round the British Islands, though this 
refers chiefly to the southern shores, and that its spawning- 
season ‘‘is the early months of the year, although this is 
liable to variation, as, indeed, is the case with most fishes, so 
that in the cold season of 1837 the spawning of hakes was. 
not accomplished until August.” Day adds nothing to the 
knowledge of its spawning. Kingsley and Conn allude to 
the egg from the American coast and give a figure. 
M:<‘Intosh and Masterman ** observe ‘that Dr. Raffaele, at 
Naples, ‘‘ mentions that ripe specimens occur in January,” 
and they appear to continue till May ++. ‘‘ In British waters 
the spawning-period seems to extend from January io July 
inclusive, Mr. Cunningham having found one perfectly ripe 

* Morch, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1911, part iii. p. 663. 

+ Ibid. 1886, pp. 209-251. 

t Ibid. 1910, p. 783. § Zbid. 1911, p. 424. 

|| ‘Fishes of the Forth,’ p. 351 (1887). 

4 ‘ Fishes of the Brit. Islands,’ vol. ii. pp. 99 & 100. 

** ‘ British Marine Food-Fishes,’ p. 274 (1897). 
+t ‘Le uovo galleggianti, &c,’ p. 37 (1888), Taf. 1. figs. 28, 29, and Taf, 3. 
fig. 1 (larva). 


Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews, Hy 


on July 6th at Plymouth, “while Mr. Holt procured 
another with nearly ripe ovaries at the end of June 
off the west of Ireland.” Prof. Herdman, again, found 
spawning hake south of the Isle of Man on April 5th. In 
Scandinavia the spawning-season is in the middle of July, 
though the authors appear to attach weight to the statement 
of the fishermen that there is only a single small bank of 
sand and shingle in the Cattegat where the hake spawns *. 

Raffaele described the newly hatched larva and Mr. Holt 
the young from 1} to 1} inches, whilst, lately, an able 
Danish observer, Dr. Johs Schmidt +, from his unique 
opportunities in the Danish research steamer ‘Thor,’ has 
been able to fill in the post-larval stages from 42 mm., aud 
the young to 31 mm., and thus complete the life-history. 
Amongst the marked features distinguishing the post-larval 
hake between 7 and 15 mm.are the plump form of the body, 
the occurrence of three post-anal pigment bars, the last only 
on the tail itself and not on the caudal fin, and the less 
elongated pelvic fins—when contrasted with the lings and 
torsk, while the older stages are marbled (Schmidt). 

No spawning hake having been procured in the trawling 
expeditions of former years or since in Scottish waters, it 
was interesting that on the 4th July, 1911, a female hake 
30 inches long was caught in the salmon stake-nets off the 
Kast Rocks, St. Andrews, the fish having apparently been 
swimming freely in the water. Its ovaries were well- 
developed and portions were ripe, the transparent eggs with 
a clear oil-globule readily issuing from the reproductive 
aperture and floating freely in a vessel of sea-water. The 
eggs measured about °8915 mm., and the oil-globules -2286 
mm. These eggs are somewhat less than those described by 
Raffaele from southern examples. The hake would thus 
appear to agree with the cod in having its spawning-period 
prolonged over a week or two. 


3. On Eteone depressa, Myrn.t{, var., a Species not 
hitherto found in Britain. 


An Eteone collected at Scarborough by Dr. Irving and 
Mr. Arnold Watson during an excursion of the Yorkshire 
Naturalists’ Union Marine Biology Committee appears to 
differ from any hitherto found in Britain, and I am indebted 


* ‘Scand. Fishes,’ Fries, Ekstrém, and Sundevall, 2nd edit. (Smitt), 
18938, pp. 518 & 519. 

+ ‘Meddelelser fra Kommiss. Havunders,’ Kidbenhayn, 1907, Serie 
Fiskeri, Bd. ii. pp. 4-7, pl. v. figs. 1-18. 

t Nordiska Hafs-Annul. p. 1038, tab. xv. f.36; Annul, Polych. p, 149. 


120 Prof. M'Intosh’s Notes from the 


to Mr. Arnold Watson for the opportunity of describing it 
and for his notes and sketches of it when alive. 

The annelid was found between tide-marks, and when alive 
was whitish or cream-coloured, but in sea-water with 24 per 
cent. of formalin it passed through lemon-yellow to a dark 
brown, the tints being darker in some parts than in others, 
whilst a few points remained cream-coloured. 

The head (Pl. V. fig. 1) is somewhat conical, with a 
smoothly rounded anterior border, from the sides of which 
spring the four subulate tentacles which taper distally and 
are nearly equal in length. Behind these the snout is con- 
stricted, then gradually widens till near the posterior border, 
when a slight constriction again occurs, thus giving a 
characteristic outline to the prostomium, the posterior border 
of which is carried backward in the middle line. Just in 
front of the central point is a minute boss, the presence of 
which at once attracted Mr. Watson’s attention, and which, 
though in a different position, simulates the unpaired 
tentacle of Hulalia. On each side and a little in front of the 
boss is a comparatively small eye, quite distinct at first, but 
which gradually faded in the preservative fluid, as, indeed, 
happens to other species of the genus. The peristomium bears 
two tentacular cirri of similar shape to the tentacles and 
scarcely longer. 

The body is about 33 inches long and about {5 of an inch 
wide (Watson) in life, and it is flattened both dorsally and 
ventrally, the latter surface being distinguished by a broad 
median depressed band and a short lateral area in each 
segment. On the dorsum, again, a similar effect is produced 
by the slight elevations at the outer border of each 
segment, though the imedian section is slightly convex 
and of the colour formerly mentioned. It tapers a 
little toward the snout, and much more gradually 
toward the tail, which ends in two lobate or spathulate 
cirri (Pl. V. fig. 2). The segments throughout are well- 
marked, and in the preservative fluid (24 per cent. formalin 
in sea-water and then alcohol) a curious increase of the 
pigment has occurred, with pale segment-junctions. The 
dorsal and the ventral cirri are dark like the ventral surface, 
but the setigerous processes remain pale; such of course, 
though interesting, is the effect of the preservative fluid, and 
must not be confounded with its original pallor. 

The feet form an even series along each side, the typical 
foot (Pl. V. fig. 3) having dorsally an ovate-rotundate 
lamella, which varies a little in the posterior region—that is, 
becomes more elongate and therefore more conical. The 


Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 120 


cirrophore supporting it anteriorly is short and broad, the 
base of the cirrus being constricted in the posterior segments 
as it approaches it, whereas in the anterior segments the low 
broad cone formed by the cirrus shows this less prominently. 
The distal extremity forms a blunt cone. This cirrus, as in 
one or two other species of the genus, is proportionally large 
in a lateral view of the foot, its cirrophore occupying about 
half the vertical diameter of the foot, and it extends distally 
much beyond the other divisions. The setigerous process is 
bluntly conical, the tip being double, with a bite in the 
middle, and the bristle-tuft is supported by a pale spine, the 
tip of which does not project beyond the surface, though it 
almost touches it. The bristles (PI. V. figs. 4 & 5) are 
translucent, with a distal curvature of the shaft, and form a 
broad fan anteriorly, with the convexity of the shaft directed 
upward, The terminal piece is perhaps slightly longer than 
in Eteone picta, and forms a translucent tapering serrated 
blade. The shaft is dilated at its termination above the 
curvature, and carries a long tapering spur, the point of 
which curves toward the serrated or upper border of the 
terminal blade ; and on the same side (that is, with the 
serrated edge of the blade to the left) is a shorter spur and 
a series of diminishing serrations on the free edge below it. 
The bristle thus differs from that of Eteone picta, especially 
in the proportionally longer hook at the end of the shaft 
and the more coarsely spinous edge below the base of -the 
larger process. In FH. picta the large hook is shorter, 
stronger, and more boldly curved, and the lateral hook 
smaller. In EH. arctica the great hook is likewise shorter and 
stouter. In EE. lentiyera the comparatively small though 
stout main hook is only a little larger than the secondary. 
In @. spetsbergensis the secondary hook is long and sharp 
and runs parallel to the larger hook, which is more or less 
straight. In the posterior region of the body both spines 
are well developed, and some have a tendency to curve at 
the tip. In LE. pusilla the disproportion between the two 
hooks or spines is great, the smaller, however, being slender 
and sharp. In some small spines abut on the larger toward 
the dorsal edge of the terminal blade—that is, the side 
opposite the serrated edge. he blade, moreover, is perhaps 
more distinctly bellied inferiorly. 

The ventral cirrus anteriorly has the shape of a truncated 
cone, the tip of which projects beyond the setigerous lobe. 
In the posterior third this cirrus diminishes in bulk and its 
tip is nearly in a line with the setigerous process, its ventral 
outline presenting a swelling or hump, apparevtly an indica- 


122 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the 


tion of its approach to the fused cirrophore. Toward the tip 
of the tail, again, both the setigerous lobe and the ventral 
cirrus have diminished in bulk, the latter especially being 
longer and more slender, and its tip often projects beyond 
that of the setigerous lcbe, the bristles in which are fewer 
and shorter. 

This form generally resembles teone depressa, Malmgren, 
and especially in the structure of the feet and bristies, but 
it differs in the presence of the ‘‘ boss” or rudimentary 
tentacle at the posterior border of the prostomium. If the 
various authors who have examined it, however, had only 
seen spirit-preparations, it is possible that it may have been 
overlooked. Hitherto it has been found, amongst other 
places, at Bellsund, Spitzbergen, Greenland, Nova Zembla, 
and the Murman Sea. In his brief note on the species 
Théel * states that the head differs from Malmgren’s outline, 
and he gives a corrected figure. Fauvel+, another able 
investigator of the Annelids, considers that this species may 
be identical with Atione spetsbergensis, Malmgren, but, as 
indicated in the preceding remarks, there are reasons for 
keeping them separate. 


4. On Nereis zonata, Mgrn., in Britain. 


Nereis zonata, Malmgren, is a form which, though not 
uncommon in northern waters, as in the cruise of the 
‘Valorous,’ appears to be rare in Britain. 

Malmgren received it from Greenland and Spitzbergen. 
and Marenzeller and others from North European and 
North Asiatic regions. The head resembles that of Nereis 
pelagica in regard to general shape, but the eyes are some- 
what larger and the tentacles and tentacular cirri are longer 
and more slender. A dark band of pigment runs in the line 
of the eyes, and a band of white passes forward between 
them. ‘The body has a distinctive coloration, viz. a pale 
reddish-brown hue in spirit, though Malmgren adds yellowish 
or bluish to the reddish brown. ‘The arctic examples from 
the ‘ Valorous’ were distinctly banded transversely, a feature 
very evident in young specimens. It is terminated poste- 
riorly by slightly longer cirri than in N. pelagica, though 
much reliance need not be put on this feature. The maxille 
of the proboscis have the same number of teeth, those of 
N. pelagica perhaps being usually more distinct, and the tip, 


* Annél. N. Zemble, p. 82, pl. il. figs. 19 & 20. 
+ Annél. Campagne Arctique de 1907 (Duc D’Orleans), p. 27, pl. i. 


fix. 6 (1911). 


Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 128 


if anything, is more slender. The paragnathi generally are 
finer than in N. pelagica, and I. is absent in the present 
examples and in those procured by the ‘ Valorous’ in Green- 
land, and at most is represented by a single horny point, as 
in Marenzeller’s specimens. The groups in II. are some- 
what smaller individually, aud apparently less numerous than 
in N. pelagica. III. forms a longer transverse band of more 
minute denticles, and group LV. is composed of more acute 
paragnathi in a double curve, the inner formed of smaller 
denticles. V.is absent, as in N. pelagica, and V1. forms a 
group of smaller denticles than in N. pelagica on the eleva- 
tions at each side. This group is very variable in N. pela- 
gica, occasionally only a single large denticle being present 
on each side, and in all cases the paragnathi are larger. 
VII. and VIII. form the basal row in extrusion, and no 
groups differ from the homologous parts in N. pelagica more 
than these. VII. shows the two largest paragnathi in the 
series constituting a basal band in extrusion, and which 
(band) differs from that of N. pe/agica in the isolation of the 
larger distal and the minuteness of the proximal denticles. 
In N. pelagica the large distal paragnathi are much more 
numerous and less regularly arranged, and the proximal 
smaller denticles are likewise in greater numbers. Side by 
side the contrast between the two is noteworthy. 

In glancing along the feet of the two forms the rounded 
and blunt condition of the tips of the processes in N. pela- 
gica distinguish it, for in N. zonata the lobes are much more 
acute,and Malmgren’s figures originally indicated this clearly. 
The examples were procured in Lambay Deep, Irish Sea, 
and I have to thank Mr. Southern for the opportunity of 
examining them. 


Nereis zonata, Malmgren, var. persica, Fauvel, occurs in 
the Persian Gulf, and has lately been carefully described by 
Prof. Fauvel* both in the ordinary and epitokous conditions. 
The author also states that he considers Nereis procera of 
Ehlers to be the same species, and so with Nereis pulsatoria 
of Grube. He concludes that Heteronereis grandifolia ¢ , 
Malmgren (Heteronereis assimilis, Rathke), is the epitokous 
condition of Nereis zonata. WN. zonata appears to have a 
very wide distribution both off the Atlantic and Pacific 
shores. 

The epitokous forms of Nereis pelayica are distinguished 
from those of N. zonata by the coloration, the latter having 


* Archiy. Zool. Expér. vol. xlvi. p. 382, pls. xix. & xx. (April 1911), 


124 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the 


light transverse bands which are not present in the former, 
and the paragnathi of groups J.and VI. In N. pelagica the 
lobes of the feet are evenly rounded, whilst in N. zonata 
they are triangular and run out to a broad point. Ditlevsen *, 
who has recently written on the subject, further notes that in 
N. pelagica the short terminal processes of the bristles are 
shorter and more curved than in UN, zonata. The author 
disagrees with Michaelsen’s view that Heteronereis arctica of 
(Hrsted is the female epitokous form of N. zonata, and 
therefore thinks that the title N. conata should stand. 
Moreover, whilst N. pelagica is generally a littoral species, 
N. zonata is procured by the dredge. 


5. On the British Capitellide (Halelminthide). 


No notice of these occurs under the ‘ Annelides” cf 
Dr. Johnston’s ‘ Catalogue of Worms in the British Museum,” 
but, following Clitellio in the Order Scoloces, under the 
littoral family of the Tribe Lumbricina, is a species termed 
Valla ciliata, which refers to Capitella capitata, and, indeed, 
the author in a footnote states that De Quatrefages would 
place the genus probably amongst the Ariciidz in the errant 
Annelids. In this arrangement Dr. Johnston probably 
followed Grube in his ‘Familien der Anneliden’ (1851). 
De Quatrefages, again (1865), placed the Capitellidz 
between the Maldanide (his Clyméniens) and the Areni- 
colide—as a group of uncertain position; his three chief 
genera being Capitella, Notomastus, and Dasybranchus. 
Without going further into detail, the monumental work 
of Dr. Hugo Eisig, published in 1887, cleared up all 
ambiguities, and placed the group on a satisfactory basis in 
respect to structure, physiology, systematic position, and 
distribution. In text as well as in plates the high standard 
of this treatise is an honour to the Zoological Station of 
Naples and to the author. 

Only three species of this family—viz., Notomastus lateri- 
ceus, Sars, Capitella capitata, Fabr., and Dasybranchus—occur 
in Britain. The former (Notomastus latericeus) 1s widely 
distributed from Shetland to the Channel Islands, whilst 
abroad it is almost cosmopolitan. Its bright red colour 
makes it a conspicuous feature on the West Sands at 
St. Andrews after storms, and it is by no means a minute 
form, for it ranges from 6-10 inches in length. The 
head consists of two rings and is conical and sharp-pointed, 


* ‘Danmark-Eksped. Grénlands,’ 1906-8, Bd. v. p. 419, pl. xxviii. fig. 6, 
pl. xxx. figs. 18 & 22 (1912). 


Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 125 


and it can be retracted so as to leave only the margin of the 
buccal segment in front. At its base on each side are two 
groups of brownish grains marking the nuchal organs. The 
second or buccal segment is biannulate, devoid of bristles, 
and the mouth opens on its ventral surface as a proportion- 
ally large aperture. The body is a little tapered in front 
of the larger anterior region, remaining of nearly equal 
diameter for a considerable distance, and then tapering 
gradually to the tail, which ends in a slightly upturned vent 
with two papille beneath. 

The anterior region comprehends the buccal and eleven 
bristled segments, each of which is two-ringed and more or 
less tessellated on the surface. The succeeding region 
differs in appearance, having, as a rule, longer segments 
with prominent tori for the hooks. Each segment anteriorly 
shows a double median dorsal elevation and two long lateral 
ridges which pass to the ventral surface. Posteriorly, again, 
the four tori are more nearly equal in size and more widely 
separated, two being dorsal and two ventro-lateral in 
position, the two median elevations of the dorsum having 
disappeared; and toward the tip of the tail the four 
prominent tori give the body a quadrangular aspect on 
section. The anterior segments have a deep transverse 
furrow which divides them into two halves. Laterally this 
furrow bends backward at each bristle-tuft—making, as it 
were, a small setigerous process,—the bristles issuing quite at 
its posterior border. ‘The two upper tufts of bristles are 
wholly dorsal, and thus those of opposite sides approach 
each other more nearly than the ventral. The bristles have 
simple straight shafts, which begin to taper at the slight 
bend marking the commencement of the somewhat narrow 
wing. Though the tip is acute yet the whole bristle is 
elastic and strong. De St. Joseph states that their bases 
rest on a large gland. 

At the twelfth bristled segment a double process carrying 
hooks appears in the mid-dorsal line, and this continues to 
the twentieth segment of the region without much change. 
Thereafter the two processes have a tendency to disappear, 
so that at the thirtieth segment no trace occurs, the arrange- 
ment resolving itself posteriorly into a dorsal and a ventral 
pair of tori, the former rounded and short, the latter more 
elongated. The tori of this (second) region are furnished 
with minute elongated hooks, having a slender shaft 
narrowed at its commencement and again toward the neck, 
the tip ending in a sharp main fang, whilst, in lateral view, 
the crown has two spikes above it. 


126 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the 


The differences in the muscular and other tissues of the 
anterior and posterior regions sufficiently explain the fact 
that, as a rule, only the anterior region is tossed on shore 
by storms. 

In the first segment of the second region, and in the 
following six to eleven, are the openings for the issue of the 
genital elements on papille on the ventral surface. 


The second species, Capitella capitata, Fabr., has a similar 
distribution round the British shores to the foregoing, and 
is likewise almost cosmopolitan. Its length is from 3-5 
inches, and the anterior region has nine or ten segments. 
The head is an elongated cone with two minute lateral 
papillz (nuchal organs). The mouth opens as a puckered 
orifice on the ventral surface of the peristomial segment. 
The body increases in breadth from the snout backward to the 
sixth or seventh, and then slightly diminishes to the four- 
teenth, behind which the body is somewhat narrower, though 
this distinction is often obliterated. It diminishes posteriorly 
and ends in a button-shaped process often with a dimple in 
the centre ; but reproduction of this region is so common 
that it is seldom a complete example is procured. The body 
is rounded anteriorly, and when preserved has a tendency to 
a quadrangular condition posteriorly, the ventral surface 
being flattened and generally grooved anteriorly, the groove 
in the larger examples being specially marked at the eighth 
and ninth segments. On the lateral region of the body at the 
junction of the seventh bristled segment with that following 
in the female is a vertically elongated papilla with a deep 
fissure (genital opening) in its centre. On the ventral 
surface of the ninth bristled segment is the depression at the 
end of the furrow leading into the aperture. 

The copulatory apparatus in the male (ninth and tenth 
segments) has four bundles of strong spines—a pair to each 
segment. About the middle of the ninth segment, and 
apparently immediately in front of the papilla, is the anterior 
series of ten spines, five on each side, the outer being the 
smaller. The concavity of the curve of each spine, like the 
point of the hook at its tip, is directed outward and backward, 
the convexity looking toward the convexity of the adjoining 
series. A space occurs between them and the posterior pair, 
the points of which are directed forward, and just appear, 
under pressure, at the edge of the ciliated sexual aperture. 
These spines are four in number, the two inner being larger 
than the outer, and they are directed forward and inward. 

The anterior region (behind the peristomium) consists of 


PER = 


Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 127 


seven segments, each almost symmetrically divided by four 
rows of golden bristles with a double curve and winged tips. 
At the ninth segment hooks take the place of the bristles, 
and the winged forms have two minute spines above the 
main fang in lateral view, and this arrangement continues 
to the posterior end, though the caudal hooks are smaller. 


Fragments apparently of the anterior third of a form near 
Dasybranchus were dredged by Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys in 80-100 
fathoms in muddy sand in St. Magnus Bay, Shetland, in 
1867. In what seems to be an anterior fragment the 
ventral ridges for tbe hooks extend round the edges of the 
flattened body to the dorsal surface, where they cease. No 
hooks could be found dorsally, and therein it differs from 
Dasybranchus. The dorsal surface is rounded and lobed, 
and the walls are so attenuate that in certain fragments the 
muddy contents and the orange hue of the gut- ‘wall shine 
through. The ventral surface possesses thick walls and is 
flattened in front, with a median ridge, which is absent from 
the posterior fragments, which are only ridged transversely. 
The hooks are minute, have a very short main fang with two 
teeth above it (in lateral view). The ventral longitudinal 
muscles. are greatly developed. 


6. On the Capitellidee procured by H.M.S. ‘ Porcupine.’ 


Dasybranchus caducus, Grube? Dredged in the § Por- 
cupine’ Expedition of 1870, in the Bay of Tunis. Some of 
the fragments are about 4 inches in length and 6-8 mm. in 
diameter. It is distinctly tapered anteriorly, gradually 
enlarges toward the middle, and again probably tapers 
posteriorly, but as the specimen is incomplete this is 
conjectural. 

The head forms a short, blunt cone, which, in the pre- 
paration, is partly withdrawn into the peristomial seement, 
which is marked dorsaliy by a somewhat regular series of 
longitudinal striz over aneminence. Ventrally the proboscis 
is extruded as a short cylinder with a corrugated and 
slightly glistening surface. In the preparation the peri- 
stomial segment forms a blunt cove, and, besides the 
eminence, a differentiation of the longitudinal striz a little 
in front of the middle dorsally and the presence of a 
transverse depression may indicate a sensory organ. Whilst 
this segment is undivided ventrally, a deep furrow dorsally 
cuts off a posterior belt. Such may be an indication of the 
arrangement of the succeeding rings. The segment following 


128 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the 


the foregoing has the type of the thirteen which constitute 
the region, viz. is two-ringed, the middle sulcus having a 
broad papilla on each side dorsally directed backward, and 
bearing a tuft of bristles (Pl. V. fig. 8), which have a long, 
slightly curved shaft ending in a finely tapered tip with 
wings. 

The hooks occupy a ventro-lateral position not far removed 
from the dorsal arch, and thus in a ventral view they escape 
notice. They occupy a similar position with regard to the 
median sulcus of the segment, viz. project on a flattened 
papilla or process behind it. Hach hook (PI. V. fig. 9) has 
a slightly curved shaft tapered a little inferiorly, gradually 
enlarging to the commencement of the wing, then narrowing 
to the throat, from which the main fang comes off at a little 
more than a right angle, and with two teeth on the crown 
above. The wings are fairly broad, and are rounded distally 
beyond the fang. 

Behind the last bristle-bundle a change in the segments 
is inaugurated, for whilst they remain 2-ringed the dorsal 
papilla for the bristles disappears, and a lateral groove is 
gradually formed dorsally a little below the line of the 
bristles, this groove being rendered more distinct by a 
prominent papilla which marks the second ring of the 
segment laterally, and indicates the line of hooks below it. 
The mid-ventral line now presents a groove which continues 
for fully an inch backward. Instead of the bristles dorsally 
a line of hooks—indicated at first by a slight inflection of 
the median groove of the segment—takes their place. 
Ventrally a long band of hooks is present on each side, and 
by-and-by meet in the middle line, so that this region of 
the body is mainly concerned with movements in the tunnel 
in the mud or sand. 

About the sixtieth armed segment the rows of hooks have 
arranged themselves on a long pad on each side dorsally, 
separated in the middle line by a considerable interval ; 
whilst on the ventral surface the rows appear to meet in the 
middle line, so that a continuous series stretches from side 
to side, a slight inflection of the line in front and behind in 
the centre indicating the seat of separation in front. 

Behind the foregoing region (sixtieth foot) the body in 
the preparation undergoes considerable dilatation dorsally, 
and the ventral line of hooks ends on each side laterally in 
a pale elevated ridge which terminates abruptly superiorly, 
a pale striated region occurring between it and the com- 
mencement of the dorsal rows, which are still separated by 
a considerable interval. They are recognized by the opaque 
elevation in front and behind. 


Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 129 


Moreover, in every segment in the more posterior region 
an aperture exists about the upper end of the ventral row of 
hooks, and out of this a small branchia projects. Some are 
included until pressure is made on the body, and then they 
are distinct. These apertures are at a higher level, for 
instance, than those of the‘ Challenger’ form, Station 233 B, 
which are at each edge of the flattened ventral surface and 
have an elongated glandular fillet above them. The position 
of the branchiz thus corresponds with the description and 
figure of Claparéde* from specimens procured at Port 
Vendres. 

In the intestine of the middle region are many ovoid 
masses of mud as in Chetopterus. These consisted for the 
most part of very fine amorphous mud of a pale brown colour, 
with a few sand-particles, a few minute fragments of sponge- 
spicules, but very few traces of softer tissue. 

The specimen appeared to be a female with small ova in 
the perivisceral cavity. 

In an example from Concarneau, De St. Joseph fT found 
the branchiz covered with Rhabdostyla arenicole, Fabre 
Domergue. 

A fragment of the middle region of what appears to be a 
Dasybranchus was dredged in the ‘ Porcupine’ Expedition 
of 1870, off Cape Sagres, in 45 fathoms. The hooks agree 
with those of DL). caducus, 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
PuaTE IV, 
Photograph of the white porpoise by A. W. Brown. 


PuaTE V.t 


Fig. 1. Enlarged view of the head and anterior region of Eteone depressa, 
Malmgren, from the dorsum. 

Fig. 2. Similar view of the tip of the tail after preservation, supplemented 
by a sketch by Mr. Arnold Watson. 

Fig. 3. Lateral view of a foot from the anterior third of the body. 
Xx about 60 diam. 

Fig. 4. rae of the same species after preservation. X Zeiss oc. 2, 
obj. F, 

Fig. 5. Another bristle turned so as to show the serrations at the tip of 
the shaft. x Zeiss oc. 4, obj. C. 


* Glanures Zoot. p. 56, pl. viii. fig. 8. 

+ Ann. Se. Nat. 8® sér. v. p. 391. 

t I have to thank the Carnegie Trust for artistic aid with this 
Plate. 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist, Ser. 8, Vol, x. 9 


130 On a new Elephant Shrew from Zanzibar. 


Fig. 6. Head and anterior region of Dasybranchus caducus, Grube, the 
prostomium being withdrawn. Enlarged under a lens. 

Fig. 7. Segments from the middle of the body of the foregoing showing 
the branchiz. Similarly enlarged. 

Fig. 8. Pare from the anterior region of the same. Zeiss oc. 2, 
obj. D. 

Fig. 9. Hook of the foregoing. x Zeiss oc. 4, obj. F. 


XII.—A new Elephant Shrew from the Island of Zanzihar. 
By Guy DoLiMaN. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Rhynchocyon adersi, sp. n. 


Closely allied to Rhynchocyon petersi, Boc., but con- 
siderably darker in colour, especially on the anterior part of 
the body. 

Size of body much as in peters2. General colour of upper 
surface conspicuously different from that of petersz; snout 
rufous, the colour deepening on the sides of the face and 
forehead to a maroon tint. Crest on head deep chocolate- 
maroon, this colour extending back down the mid line to join 
with the black of the hind-quarters; shoulders and anterior 
portion of flanks dark maroon. Hind-quarters and posterior 
back deep black, the black wash extending considerably 
further forwards on the flanks than in peters/, giving the 
whole animal a much darker and more sombre appearance. 
Backs of hands and feet rufous orange ; metatarsal area 
tinted with dark brownish black. Ventral surface of body 
darker than in peéerst, the general rufous tint deeper and 
less orange. ‘l'ail similar in length but with a much shorter 
white area at the tip, measuring only some 48 mm. in length, 
while in the type specimen of petersd this white area is fully 
60 mm. long. General colour of dorsal surface of tail rufous 
orange, considerably darker than in peters? and without such 
a well-marked dark dorsal line on the basal portion. 

Skull like that of peers? in general form. 

Dimensions of the type (measured from dry skin) :— 

Head and body 300 mm.; tail 240; hind foot 72*; 
ear 26. 

Skull: greatest length 69; basal length 59; zygomatic 
breadth 36°6 ; palatal length 35°5 ; width of palate (inside 
ne) 12°2; length of maxillary tooth-row, from front of first 
premolar to back of last molar, 23:2. 

* Approximate, 


On a new Palm- Civet from Timor. 131 


Hab. Island of Zanzibar. 

Type. Old male. B.M. no. 12.1.6.1. Collected and 
presented to the British Museum by Mr. W. M. Aders. 

In addition to the type Mr. Aders sent home another 
individual of this interesting insectivore, quite similar in 
colour and general proportions. 

Through the kindness of Dr, A. F. de Seabra, of the 
Museu Bocage, I have been able to compare these Zanzibar 
individuals with the type specimen of Bocage’s peters. It 
was at once apparent that the true peters? agreed, not with 
the island specimens, but with those from the mainland ; and 
examination of the label and history of the specimen showed 
that it originally came from East Africa, Zanzibar being 
used in the original description for the whole district and not 
for the island. It thus becomes necessary to give a name 
to the island species, which I am pleased to call after the 
collector and donor, Mr, Aders. 


XIL.—On a new Palm-Civet from Timor. 
By Ernst SCHWARZ. 


Tus new Paradowurus is closely allied to P, hermaphroditus 
sambanus, which is connected by it with the other Malay 
representatives of the genus. L have named it in honour of 
its discoverer, Mr. C. B. Haniel, 


Paradoxurus hermaphroditus hanieli, subsp, n. 


Nearly allied to P. hermaphroditus sumbanus, but dis- 
tinguished from it by its superior size, shorter and softer fur, 
and different colour. 

Fur moderately long, very rich and soft, 

Colour (of type). Back light olive-brown, with a distinct 
black line down the middle of the back, and on each side of 
it a row of black spots. (Hairs of back brownish grey at 
base, then strawy yellow with black tip.) | Crown, ears, 
muzzle, cheeks, limbs, and tail, except its basal fourth, black. 
Nape strongly suffused with grey, markedly contrasted with 
the colour ot the back ; sides of neck with a strong suffusion 
of creamy buff. Face-markings exactly asin P.h. sumbanus, 
Shoulders and thighs indistinctly spotted, Underside of 
body brownish buff, 

In some specimens the hairs of the back have a more pale 
or more golden-yellow subterminal band, thus producing a 

% 


) 


132 Dr. W. T. Calman on a Terrestrial 


more greyish or a more golden-yellow general effect. The 
dorsal lines tend to disappear in some individuals. 

Skull much as in P. A. sumbanus but much larger. Zygo- 
matic arches very wide and intertemporal constriction 
well-marked, but short as in that form. Nasals U-shaped, 
very broad. Bulle small, much smaller than in sumbanus, 
inflated between carotic canal and foramen lacerum posterius. 
Sagittal crest in males very high. 

Teeth similar to those of P. A. sumbanus but a little larger. 
P, with a well-developed anterior tubercle (parastyle) and 
narrow postero-internal ledge. 

Type. Zoological Museum, Munich ; original no. 90; skin 
and skeleton of old male. Collected by C. B. Haniel on 
August Sth, 1911. 

Type locality. Baung, Amarassie, Timor. 

Specimens examined. ‘en from various localities: Ofu, 
Baung, Noimina; all in Timor. 

Dimensions of the type (taken on the flat skin) :— 

Head and body 590 mm.; tail (without hairs) 450. 

Skull: basilar length 96; condylo-basilar length 100 ; 
greatest breadth 65°3 ; mastoid breadth 37; nasals 24 x 11°2 ; 
intertemporal constriction 12°1; width of brain-case 37°5 ; 
palatilar length 44 ; palate, greatest breadth (including teeth) 
37; least breadth (between canines and incisors) 11; breadth 
of rostrum across roots of canines 20°5 ; foramina incisiva 5; 
front of », to back of m, 33; yy, length on outer edge 8-4, 
breadth 7, greatest diameter 9°7. 

The Timor Palm-Civet is readily distinguished by the 
greyish hue on the neck and the black head, From P. A. 
sumbanus it differs in the characters indicated above; 
P. h, setosus of Ceram is larger, more yellowish in coloration, 
and has much larger bull and more complex teeth. 


XIV.—On a Terrestrial Amphipod from Kew Gardens. 
By W. T. Catan, D.Sc. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


SPECIMENS of the Amphipod described below have been sent 
to the Natural History Museum by Mr. A. W. Hill, Assistant 
Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. They were 
found in the ‘ Tropical Pits,” and about a dozen specimens, 


including adults of both sexes, have been collected at various 
times. 


- Amphipod from Kew Gardens. 133 


Terrestrial species of Amphipoda belonging to the family 
Talitride are known from various parts of the world, and 
have been found in hothouses in Kurope, but not hitherto, so 
far as I know, in this country. 

Since the reference of the species to the genus Talitrus 
depends upon the characters of the males, it may be worth 
while to note that the sex of these was definitely ascertained 
by observation of the genital papillae on the last thoracic 


somite. 


Talitrus hortulanus, sp. n. 


Adult male.—Total length 8 mm. 

Length of head along dorsal edge less than that of first two 
free somites together. First cowal plate rather broadly 
rounded below; fifth more than half as long again as fourth, 
its anterior lobe truncated below. First three abdominal 
pleural plates with posterior corners pointed and slightly 
produced. yes round, of moderate size. 

Antennules extending well beyond middle of last segment 
of antennal peduncle ; first three segments increasing succes- 
sively inlength ; flagellum of seven or eight segments besides 
a minute terminal one. 

Antenne: peduncle equal or nearly so to the length of 
head and first two free somites together ; flagellum half as 
long again. 

Maxiliipeds: outer plates with distal edge directed obliquely 
inwards and broadly rounded (not bluntly pointed as in 
TY. sylvaticus) ; palp with a minute fourth segment, obscurely 
defined. 

First gnathopods: carpus about 2} times as long as wide 
and 4 longer than propodus; propodus more than three times 
as long as wide, hardly narrowed distally, 2} times as long 
as dactylus. 

Second gnathopods very long and slender ; basis distinctly 
shorter than three following segments together; merus with 
lower margin evenly rounded, without projecting lobe or area 
of shagreened cuticle ; carpus nearly twice as long as merus, 
five times as long as its width in the middie, with a small 
shagreened lobe close to distal end of lower edge; propodus 
a little longer than carpus, about five times as long as wide, 
with articulation of dactylus at about one-fifth of its length 
from distal end. 

Pereopods ot first and second pairs subequal in length ; 
third pair a little longer than second, basis ovate, with hind 
margin gently convex; fifth pair longer than fourth, basis 


134 Dr. W. T. Calman on a Terrestrial 


nearly as broad as long, hind margin with low and widely 
spaced serrations. 

Pleopods: all three pairs biramous, with the rami not 
distinctly segmented, Peduncle of the first pair about six 
times as long as broad, with a pair of coupling-spines on 
inner edge; exopod half as long as the peduncle, endopod 
a little more, each bearing a few feathered sete. Peduncle 
of second pair as long as that of the first, but much stouter, 
its width about one-fourth of its length, bearing a pair 
of coupling-spines; rami slightly shorter and stouter than 
those of first pair. Peduncle of third pair two-thirds as long 
as that of second and about three times as long as wide, 
with a single coupling-spine and sete on outer and inner 
edges; rami short and broad, the endopod half as long as the 
peduncle, the exopod a little less. 

Uropods: last pair more than half as long as telson, with 
a spine on each segment. 

Telson curved dorsally, with an apical pair of long spines 
on either side of a short median fissure. 

Adult female.—Total length 9°5 mm. 

Hardly differing in general characters from the male; 
peduncle of antenne slightly but distinctly more slender ; 
second gnathopod with propodus slightly stouter, a little more 
than four times as long as wide. / 

One specimen carried six eggs in the brood-cavity. 

Rimarks—Among the accepted species of the genus 
Talitrus (Stebbing, ‘ Tierreich,’ Gammaridea, 1906, p. 524) 
the form here described will find its place, on account of the 
relative length of the antennules, near 7’. sylvaticus, Haswell 
(New Seuth Wales, Victoria, and ‘'asmania), and 1’. al/uaud?, 
Chevreux (Seychelles, Madagascar, and hothouses in France). 
From T. sylvaticus, as recently redescribed by Sayce (Proe. R. 
Soc. Victoria, xxii. 1909, p. 30), and as represented by two 
specimens in the British Museum, it 1s separated by the form 
of the basis of the third perseopod, which, in the species 
named, is characteristically narrowed below, with the hind 
margin straight or slightly concave. 7’. al/uaud?, as described 
by Chevreux (Mém. Soe. zool. France, 1901, p. 389), has 
the telson remarkably large and spinous. The most im- 
portant distinctive characters of the new form, however, are 
those of the second gnathopod, which in both the species 
named is much shorter and stouter, with the propodus not 
more than three times as long as wide, and with a projecting 
shagreened lobe on the under side of both merus and carpus. 
‘here are other characters, such as the relative length of the 


Amphipod from Kew Gardens. 135 


antenne and the form of the outer plates of the maxillipeds, 
which help to confirm the distinctness of the Kew species 
from both the others. 

At the same time it should be noted that comparison of the 
earlier accounts of Talitrus sylvaticus gives the impression 
that this species is more than usually variable, or else that 
more than one species has been included under that name. 
Haswell’s earlier figures (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. iv. 1879, 
pl. vil. fig. 1) show the second gnathopods as very slender, 
with the propodus four times as long as wide in the male. 
In the later figure by Haswell (op. cit. x. 1885, pl. x. fig. 1), 
as in those given by Thomson (Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania, 1892 
(1893), pl. iv.) and by Sayce, the proportions are very 
different. 

A still more puzzling discrepancy exists between published 
accounts of the pleopods. Thomson (é.¢. p. 61) states that 
he failed to find any trace of the third pair. Sayce (é. ¢. 
p- 32) confirms this: “no vestige of a third pair is to be 
found.” Chevreux (¢. ¢. p. 392), on the other hand, de- 
scribing specimens ot TZ. sylvaticus sent to him by Prof. 
Chilton, states that the pleopods of the third pair * resemble 
those of the first two pairs in being biramous, although they 
are of smaller size. In two specimens from Port Jackson, 
received from the Australian Museum many years ago as 
7’, sylvaticus, I find the third pleopods to be represented by 
smail vestiges much like those tigured by Chevreux in the 
case of 7. alluaudi. These vestiges are so small and, from 
. their position, so hard to see, that they may possibly have 
been overlooked both by Thomson and by Sayce. It is 
hardly possible, however, that Chevreux can have been 
deceived on this point, to which he gave special attention in 
comparing the species with 7. alluaudt. 

Mr. A. O. Walker, who has been good enough to examine 
specimens of the Kew Talitrus for me, has called my attention 
to the resemblance of its elongated second gnathopods to 
those figured by Spence Bate in Yalorchestia (?) africana 
(Cat. Amphip. Brit. Mus. 1862, p. 15, pl. ii. fig. 6). The 
resemblance is considerable, and since the holotype is a 
female, it is quite possible that Bates’s species really belongs 
to the genus Zuditrus. Even in its present mutilated and 
fragile condition, however, the specimen shows some characters 
which forbid its association with the Kew species. The 


* M. Chevreux writes “ uropodes de la troisiéme paire,’ but from the 
context it is quite clear that he is referring to the pleopods. 


136 Dr. W. T. Calman on a Terrestrial 


dorsal outline of the head is shorter than that of the first free 
somite; the anterior lobe of the fifth coxal plate is more 
rounded below; the basis of the last pair of legs has a 
different outline, with the hinder margin less convex and 
more strongly serrated; the outer plate of the maxillipeds is 
bluntly pointed and the terminal segment of the palp is 
larger and sharply defined ; the merus of the second gnatho- 
pods has a prominent lobe on the under side, and the carpus 
is, at all events, much less slender than in the species here 
described. 

The genus Talitroides was proposed by Bonnier (in 
Willem, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, xli. 1898, p. 208) for an 
unnamed species found in a conservatory at Ghent. To this 
species Stebbing afterwards gave the name T. bonniert 


Talitrus hortulanus, sp.n. Adult male, x 10. 


(‘ Tierreich,’ Gammaridea, 1906, p. 527). It has not, I 
think, been pointed out that Bonnier’s description contains 
nothing inconsistent with the supposition that he had before 
him specimens of Talitrus alluaudi. 

So far as I know, the only other species of terrestrial 
Amphipod recorded as found living under artificial conditions 
in Europe is Orchestia senni, recently described by Menzel 
(Rev. suisse Zool. xix. 1911, p. 438, figs. 4-9) from the 
botanic garden at Basel. As only the female is described, 
the species may possibly be referable to Talitrus, and may 
even not differ very greatly from 7. alluaudi; it is certainly 
distinct from the species described here. 


Amphipod from Kew Gardens. 137 


Fig. 3. 


Fig. 5. 


Fig. Ty 


Fig. 6. 


Fig. 2.—Talitrus hortulanus 3. First gnathopod. 
Fig. 3.—Ditto, Second gnathopod. 

Fig. 4.—Ditto. Basis of third pereopod. 

Fig. 5.—Ditto. Fifth pereeopod, 

Fig. 6.—Ditto. Third uropod. 

Fig. 7.—Ditto, Telson, 


138 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on 


XV.— Descriptions of Three new African Cichlid Fishes of 
the Genus Tilapia, preserved in the British Museum. By 
G. A. BouLENGER, F.R.S. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Tilapia kafuensis. 

Depth of body 2} times in total length, length of head 3 
times. Head 12 times as long as broad ; snout rounded, 
with straight upper profile, slightly broader than long, a 
little shorter than postocular part of head ; eye 5} times in 
length of head, 2 interorbital width, a little less than pre- 
orbital depth ; mouth rather large, 4 width of head, extending 
to between nostril and eye; teeth in 8 series, 110 in outer 
series of upper jaw; 4 series of scales on the cheek, width of 
scaly part a little greater than diameter of eye. Gill-rakers 
moderate, 25 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal XVII 13; 
last spine longest, 2 length of head ; longest soft ray 3 length 
of head. Anal III 11; third spine not quite 4 length of 
head. Pectoral slightly longer than head, reaching vertical 
of origin of anal. Ventral reaching between vent and 
anal. Caudal rounded. Caudal peduncle as long as deep. 
Scales cycloid, 33 #; lateral lines 55. Dark brown above, 
whitish beneath ; a black opercular spot and three ill-defined 
black spots on the side below upper lateral line; soft dorsal 
and anal fins with round light spots between the rays. 

Total length 8360 mm. 

A single specimen from the Kafue River, N.W. Rhodesia, 
presented by Mr. T. Codrington. 

Distinguished from 7. mossambica by the presence of four 
series of scales on the cheek and more numerous gill-rakers. 


Tilapia eduardiana. 


Depth cf body equal to length of head, 2} to 23 times in 
total length. Head nearly twice as long as broad; snout 
rounded, with straight or convex upper profile, much broader 
than long (14 to 12), $ to 3 postocular part of head; eye 34 
to 32 times in length of head, 1} to 14 times in interorbital 
width, much longer than preorbital depth; mouth moderate, 
3 to width of head, extending to between nostril and eye ; 
teeth in 3 series, 66 to 88 in outer series of upper jaw; 2 or 
3 series of scales on the cheek, width of scaly part 3 to 3 
diameter of eye. Gill-rakers short, 20 to 23 on lower part 


new African Cichlid Fishes. 139 
of anterior arch. Dorsal XVI=XVII 11=13; spines sub- 


equal from the fifth or sixth, 2 to not quite 3 length of head ; 
longest soft rays 4 to 2 length of head. Anal III 9-10; 
third spine longer than longest dorsal, } or a little more than 
$ length of head. Pectoral 1 to 14 times as long as head, 
reaching beyond vertical of origin of anal. Ventral reaching 
vent or origin of anal. Caudal truncate. Caudal peduncle 
as long as deep. Scales 31-32 =; lateral lines 22. Dark 
brown above, with or without very indistinct darker cross- 
bars, yellowish beneath ; a black opercular spot ; fins brown 
or blackish, uniform or with oblique streaks on the soft dorsal. 

Total length 180 mm. 

Several specimens from the south-eastern slope of 
Mt. Ruwenzori, altitude 3200 feet, collected by Mr. R. B. 
Woosnam on the Ruwenzori Expedition. [had first referred 
this fish to Tilapia nilotica, from which it differs in the longer 
caudal peduncle, the truncate caudal fin, and the longer anal 
spines. 


Tilapia macrochir. 


Depth of body 1? to 2! times in total length, length of 
head 3 times. Head 13 to 14 times as long as broad ; upper 
profile descending in a strong curve, often very abrupt in 
front ; snout rounded, sometimes with concave upper profile, 
a little broader than long, shorter than postocular part of 
head; eye 4 to 5} times in length of head, 2 to 2 inter- 
orbital width, equal to or a little less than preeorbital depth ; 
mouth rather small, $ to 8 width of head, extending to be- 
tween nostril and eye; teeth in 5 to 8 series, 70 to 100 in 
outer series of upper jaw; 2 or 3 series of scales on the 
cheek, width of scaly part not greater than diameter of eye. 
Gill-rakers moderate, 21 to 25 on lower part of anterior arch. 
Dorsal XVI (rarely XV) 12-13; last spine longest, } to 2 
length of head ; longest soft ray # to 1 length of head. 
Anal III 9-10; third spine 4 to 4 length of head. Pectoral 
13 to 14 (1¢ im young) length of head, reaching beyond 
vertical of origin of anal. Ventral reaching vent or anal. 
Caudal truncate or slightly emarginate. Caudal peduncle 


deeper than long. Scales cycloid, 29-31 2%; lateral lines 
19-22 


Hi: Olive-brown above, golden-yellow beneath, sometimes 
with rather indistinct darker longitudinal streaks following 
the series of scales ; a blackish opercular spot ; head and 
anterior part of body usually with small brown or blackish 
spots ; young with 7 to 10 narrower vertical dark bars; 


140 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on 


dorsal fin with more or less dark and light longitudinal 
streaks. 

Total length 340 mm. 

Several specimens from the Victoria Falls, Zambesi, 
presented by Mr. T. Codrington, and from Lake Bangwelu, 
presented by Mr. F. H. Melland. 

Nearly allied to 7. andersonit, Casteln. ; distinguished by 
the longer pectoral fin. 


XVI.—Descriptions of new African Batrachians preserved 
in the British Museum. By G. A. BouLENGER, F.R.S. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Pyzxicephalus macrotympanum. 


Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choane, 
close to the inner borders of the latter. Head feebly depressed, 
much broader than long ; snout rounded, as long as the orbit ; 
canthus rostralis obtuse, loreal region concave ; nostril a little 
nearer the eye than the end of the snout ; interorbital space 
nearly as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, 
larger than the eye. Fingers extremely short, blunt, first 
and second equal; toes short, blunt, half webbed; sub- 
articular tubercles small; a large, compressed, very pro- 
minent but not sharp-edged inner metatarsal tubercle, its 
length equalling that of the inner toe. ‘Tarso-metatarsal 
articulation reaching the tympanum ; tibia two-fifths the 
length of head and body. Skin smooth. Pale greyish 
brown above, with dark brown dots, and a dark brown band 
extending from the end of the snout, through the nostril and 
eye, to the groin, where it breaks up into spots, and expanding 
into a large blotch below the eye and on the temple ; a brown 
line borders the upper lip; lower lip with large brown 
blotches ; lower parts white, with a few brown dots on the 
throat. 

From snout to vent 55 mm. 

A single female specimen from Gallaland, west of the 
Juba River, from the collection of Dr. Donaldson Smith. 
Had been referred to Rana (Pyxicephalus) ornata, Peters, 
in P. Z. 8. 1895, p. 540; differs from that species in the 
broader head with more rounded snout and broader inter- 
orbital region, and in the larger tympanum. 


new African Batrachians. 141 


Phrynobatrachus francisc?. 


Tongue with a conical papilla in the middle. Habit 
ranoid. Head moderate; snout short, rounded, projecting, 
without canthus ; interorbital space as broad as the upper 
eyelid ; tympanum feebly distinct, about half the diameter 
of the eye. First finger not extending quite so far as second ; 
toes two-thirds webbed ; tips of fingers and tces obtusely 
pointed; subarticular tubercles small; two small, rounded 
metatarsal tubercles and a small conical tubercle in the 
middle of the tarsus. ‘Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the 
end of the snout; tibia half the length of head and body. 
Head and back with small smooth warts and short glandular 
ridges, limbs and lower parts smooth. Brown above, with a 
dark brown band between the eyes, two pairs of large dark 
brown spots on the back, separated by an interrupted yellow 
vertebral line, and dark cross-bars on the limbs; white 
beneath. 

From snout to vent 15 mm. 

A single specimen from the Zaria Province of Northern 


Nigeria, presented by Mr. A. C. Francis. 


Hylambates verrucosus. 


Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choane. 
Head a little broader than long ; snout rounded, as long as 
the diameter of the eye; canthus rostralis rounded ; inter- 
orbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum 
distinct, half the diameter of the eye. Fingers moderate, 
free ; toes barely one-fourth webbed; disks rather large, as 
large as the tympanum; inner metatarsal tubercle small, 
oval, not compressed. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches 
between the shoulder and the eye; tibia two-fifths length of 
head and body. Skin with small smooth warts above, 
granulate on the belly and under the thighs. Dark purplish 
brown above and beneath; axil and groin with a large 
orange spot; thighs and lower surface of tibia and tarsus 
barred black and orange. 

From snout to vent 58 mm. 

A single female specimen from the Mabira Forest, Chagwe, 
Uganda, presented by Dr. C. Christy. 


Hylambates christyt. 


Vomerine teeth in two small groups just behind the level 
of the choane. Head much broader than long; snout 
rounded, as long as the diameter of tle eye; canthus rostralis 


142 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of 


obtuse; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; 
tympanum distinct, three-fourths the diameter of the eye. 
Fingers rather short, with a rudiment of web; toes half 
webbed; disks rather large, but much smaller than the 
tympanum ; inner metatarsal tubercle large, compressed, 
about two-thirds the length of the inner toe. The tibio- 
tarsal articulation reaches the eye; tibia nearly half length 
of head and body. Skin smooth above; a fine glandular 
fold running from the eye downwards to the middle of the 
side. Purplish brown above, with rather indistinct dark 
cross-bands on the limbs; glandular lateral fold and a 
transverse line above the vent yellowish, dark-edged beneath ; 
two or three dark brown ocellar spots edged with yellowish 
on the lumbar region ; lower parts white. 

From snout to vent 53 mm. 

A single female specimen from the Mabira Forest, Chagwe, 
Uganda, presented by Dr. C. Christy. 


XVII.—A Revision of the Asilide of Australasia. 
By Gerrrupe Ricarpo. 


(Continued frem vol. ix, p. 594.] 


Deromyia, Philippi. 


Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xv. p. 705 (1865). 
Diogmites, Loew, Berlin. ent. Zeitschr. x. p. 21 nota (1866). 


This genus has been as yet confined to the American 
continent, but the species described below appears to belong 
to the genus, which is distinguished by the closed fourth 
posterior cell of wing before it reaches the margin, by the 
absence of a style to antennz, by the comparatively long 
first two joints of antenne, and by the wide head. The face 
has no tubercle and the moustache is almost confined to the 
oral opening. My new genus Neosaropogon is distinguished 
from it by the fourth posterior cell of wing being open or 
only narrower at border. 


Deromyia australis, sp. n. 

Type (¢) and two other females from Stannary Hills, 
N. Queensland, circa 3000 feet (Dr. T. L. Bancroft), 1909. 

An Asilus-looking species, with hyaline wings, blackish 
abdomen, reddish-yellow antenne and legs. 

Length of type 18 mm., others 16 mm. 


the Asilidee of Australasia. 143 


Head wider than thoraw. 

Face covered with pale golden tomentum, flat, raised at 
oral opening almost as a tubercle, on which the pale yellow 
bristles forming the moustache are placed. Palpi reddish 
yellow, with long pale yellow hairs. Proboscislong. Beard 
white. Antenne reddish yellow: the first two joints with 
thick black hairs; the second slightly the longest; the third 
club-shaped, hardly longer than the first two joints together. 
Forehead darker than face, with six long black bristles on 
the ocelligerous tubercle. Hind part of head with bristle- 
like yellow hairs. Thorax greenish grey, with greyish-yellow 
tomentum, with three black bristles above the transverse 
suture at sides and numerous ones beyond ; breast-sides 
paler in colour; prothorax well developed; scutellum armed 
with two black bristles. Abdomen blackish, with narrow 
dull reddish posterior borders to segments ; sides of dorsum 
yellowish, grey tomentum on anterior borders and at sides 
of segments; pubescence very scauty, short, yellowish ; 
ovipositor prominent below. 

Legs reddish yellow ; hiud tarsi and apices of tibie black ; 
femora devoid of bristles, tibize and tarsi with strong yellow 
ones. Wings hyaline, greyish at apex; veins brown, the 
small transverse vein situated just beyond the middle of 
discal cell; the first posterior cell slightly narrower at border, 
the fourth closed far from border; anal cell very much 
narrowed at border, but open. 


Saropocon, Loew. 
Linn. Ent. ii. p. 439 (1847). 


For species from New Zealand see Hutton, Trans. New 
Zealand Inst. xxxii. p. 18 (1900), et p. 195 (1901). 

The species as yet recorded from the Australasian Region 
are confined to Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand, 
ViZ. :— 


Saropogon sergius, Walker, List Dipt. ii. p. 347 [| Dasypogon] (1849), et 
vi. Suppl. 2, p. 477 [Dasypogon] (1854) ; Kertesz, Cat. Dipt. p. 73 
[ Lasvopogon | (1909).—Dasypogon festinans, 3, Walker, Dipt. Saund. 
1, p. 92 (1851), et List Dipt. vi. Suppl. 2, p. 405 (1854). 
Saropogon viduus, Walker, List Dipt. 11. P. 304 et vi, Suppl. 2, p. 485 
| Dasypogon| (1849) ; Hutton, Trans. New Zealand Inst. xxxiii. p. 19 
(1901). 


Saropogon discus, Walker, List Dipt. ii. p. 558 (1849), et vi. Suppl. 2, 
p. 488 [ Dasypogon | (1854) ; Hutton, Trans. New Zealand Inst, xxxiii. 
p. 19 (1901).—Saropogon hudsont, Hutton, l. c. p. 20. 

Saropogon suavis, Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, n. ser. iv. p. 327 
| Dasypogon] (1857) ; Kertesz, Cat. Dipt. p. 1382 [Dasypogon] (1857), 
—Dasypogon gamaras, Walker, List Dipt. ii. p, 346 (1849), et vi. 
Suppl. 2, p. 486 (1854) ; Kertesz, Cat. Dipt. p. 73 [ Lasiopogon | (1909). 


144 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of 


Saropogon limbinervis, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 5, p. 71 [Dasypogon] 
(1855) ; Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (5) vill. p. 222 (1898). 

Saropogon antipodus, Schiner, Novara Reise, Dipt. p. 166 (1868) ; Hutton, 
Trans. New Zealand Inst. xxxiii. p, 20 (1901). 

Saropogon semirufus, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (5) viil. p. 414 (1878). 

Saropogon chathamensis, Hutton, Trans. New Zealand Inst. xxxiii. p. 20 
(1901). 

Saropogon clarkii, Hutton, /. c. p. 19. 

Saropogon extenuatus, Hutton, /. ¢. p. 21. 

Saropogon fugiens, Hutton, /. ¢. p. 20. 

Saropogon fascipes, Hutton, /. e. xxxiv. p. 195 (1901). 

Saropogon proximus, Hutton, 7. c. xxiii. p. 19 (1901). 


Note.—Saropogon aphidus, W1k., from unknown locality. Type appears 
to be lost. 


Saropogon sergius, Walker. 
Dasypogon festinans, $, Walker. 


Type (¢) from New South Wales (presented by Haslar 
Hospital), in bad preservation. 

A reddish species, with reddish-yellow legs and antenne. 

Length 15 mm. 

Face covered with golden-yellow tomentum. Moustache 
of pale yellow bristles. Palpt ferruginous, with yellowish 
hairs. Antenne reddish yellow; the first two joints with 
yellowish hairs and bristles, the third about one and a half 
times as long as the first two joints together. Forehead 
blackish, a broad black stripe extending to base of antenne. 
Hind part of head with a thick fringe of yellow bristly 
hairs. Thorax (denuded) reddish brown, with black stripes. 
Scutellum reddish brown. Abdomen reddish brown, the first 
segment black; two black lateral stripes begin on the 
second and extend to posterior border of third segment. 
Genital organs prominent. Underside reddish yellow, 
shining. Legs reddish yellow. Wings (broken) ; Walker 
describes them as “ colourless, with a slight tawny tinge on 
the fore part ; wing ribs and veins black” ; the small trans- 
verse vein beyond the middle of discal cell; the transverse 
vein closing the discal cell joins the fourth vein just below 
the fork. 

Dasypogon festinans, a male type from unknown locality, 
is identical with this type. 

From the description of Dasypogon nitidus, Macq., from 
Tasmania, it is possibly the same species as this. 


Saropogon viduus, Walker. 


Type (2?) and others from New Zealand. 
A wholly black species, with clear wings, clouded at apex. 


the Asilidee of Australasia, 145 


Length 12-14 mm. 

Face black, covered with grey tomentum. Moustache of 
long black bristles. Palpi black, with black hairs. An- 
tenne with many black hairs on the first two joints; the third 
joint bare, not much longer than the first two joints together. 
Forehead with black hairs. Thorax brownish black, with 
grey tomentose stripes; sides and breast black, with grey 
tomentum, which is more silvery white on the sides of 
breast. Scutellum with some grey tomentum. <Addomen 
black, somewhat shining, small silvery white spots appear on 
the sides usually from the second segment onwards. Legs 
black, with black bristles and hairs. Wings large, veins 
brown, apex tinged brown, small transverse vein beyond the 
middle of discal cell. 

The co-type of Saropogon clarkii in Brit. Mus. Coll. is 
almost identical with the above type and specimens, also 
from New Zealand; the ouly difference apparent is the 
position of the small transverse vein of wing, which in 
Hutton’s co-type is at or below the middle of discal cell and 
is clouded with brown, fore border tinged brown, not ex- 
tending beyond the first submarginal cell. Abdomen more 
blue-black, with the white tomentose spots at side more 
apparent. 


Saropogon discus, Walker. 
Saropogon hudson, Uutton. 


Type (@) and another from New Zealand, and a co-type 
of Saropogon hudsoni. 

A black robust species with a broad black abdomen, red at 
apex. Legs red, tarsi blackish. Wings clear. 

Length 12 mm. 

Face covered with pale yellowish tomentum. Moustache 
of pale yellow bristles. Palpi black, with pale hairs. An- 
tenne black, the first two joints with black hairs and bristles, 
the third joint nearly once and a half as long as the first 
two joints together, the usual style present. Forehead 
blackish, with some Jong black hairs at sides. Hind part of 
head with black bristly hairs. Thorax blackish, with some 
tawny tomentum and indistinct black stripes; sides and 
breast with greyish tomentum. Scutellum black, covered 
with tawny tomentum. Abdomen black, sides and apex bright 
testaceous, the fifth and sixth segments being so on their 
posterior borders, and the last two segments entirely so. 
Underside reddish yellow. Legs reddish yellow; the tarsi 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist, Ser. 8. Vol. x. 10 


146 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of 


black ; coxze blackish, with grey tomentum. Wings hyaline, 
very faintly greyish at apex ; veins brown ; small transverse 
vein just beyond the middle of discal cell; anal cell very 
narrow at border. 

The co-type of Saropogon hudsoni, presented to the 
British Museum by the late Capt. F. W. Hutton, is identical 
with the Walker type. He records his species from Mount 
Peel, Nelson. 


Saropogon suavis, Walker. 
Dasypogon gamaras, Walker, 


Type (3) from Australia. 

A small, slender, reddish species, with a general resem- 
blance to a Leptogaster species. 

Length 11 mm. 

Face covered with golden-yellow tomentum. Moustache 
of pale yellow bristles. Palpi ferruginous, with yellowish 
hairs. Antenne (third joint destroyed) : Walker describes 
them as “ tawny, the third joint nearly linear, black above.” 
Forehead blackish, covered with some golden-yellow tomen- 
tum. Thorax (denuded) reddish. Scutellum similar. Ab- 
domen wholly reddish, slender. Legs reddish, middle and 
posterior femora and apices of posterior tibiz black. Wings 
tinged yellow, veins brown, fourth posterior cell slightly 
narrowed at opening, the small transverse vein just beyond 
the middle of discal cell. 

Though the third joint of antenne is wanting, there is 
little doubt this species is a true Saropogon. 

Dasypogon gamaras, a male type from unknown region, is 
identical, but a little larger, measuring 14 mm., and stouter ; 
there is a tinge of black on the second and third segments 
of abdomen. 

Dasypogon analis, Macq., Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 4, p. 369 
(1849).—Type seen by me in Paris Museum may possibly 
be identical with this species. Head of type is gone. A 
small species with yellow abdomen. Wings clear, tinged 
yellow and slightly clouded on cross-veins; all posterior 
cells open. In Walker’s types none of the black markings 
mentioned by Macquart are present. 


Saropogon limbinervis, Macquart. 


This species is placed in this genus by Bigot, who had 
Macquart’s type before him. 


the Asilidee of Australasia. 147 


It is described as black, the fifth segment of abdomen 
testaceous. Legs black. Wings with veins shaded brown. 
Length 6 lines. ?. 


Saropogon antipodus, Schiner. 


Described as brown-red. Face golden yellow. Antenne 
black-brown. Thorax with golden-yellow stripe and spots, 
scutellum and breast-sides golden yellow. Abdomen shining 
reddish, the first two segments partly black. Legs bright 
rusty yellow, femora with black stripe, tarsi brownish. 
Wings tinged very pale brownish yellow, with brown veins ; 
the second posterior cell very narrow at base, the fourth 
narrowed a little at opening. 

Length 6 lines. 

Auckland. One female. 


Saropogon semirufus, Bigot. 

From Australia. 

A species described as red and black. Face with a shining 
black stripe. Abdomen blackish, red at sides and apex. 
Antenne fawn-coloured. Wings pale brown. 

Length 12 mm. 


Saropogon clarkii, Hutton. 


Co-type (3) in Brit. Mus. Coll., presented by Capt. F. W. 
Hutton, from New Zealand. 

A large black species. Face brownish, with whitish-grey 
tomentum. Moustache black, composed of stout bristles. 
Forehead with bristly black hairs. Thorax with two grey 
tomentose narrow stripes; shoulders grey tomentose and 
scutellum the same. Abdomen blue-black, shining ; genital 
organs black, with black pubescence. Legs wholly black. 
Wings hyaline, tinged brown on the fore border at base and 
where the second vein has its origin. 

Length 16 mm. 


Saropogon fugiens, Hutton. 


Co-type ( ¢ ) presented by Capt. F. W. Hutton, from New 
Zealand ; males and females from same locality (Hudson, 
Cochrane). 

A blue-black species with golden tomentum on face, on 
sides and dorsum of thoraz, and on scutellum, Leys reddish, 
the femora blackish above; tibiz black at apices, largely so 

1Q* 


148 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of 


on the posterior pair. Wings hyaline or clouded brown, 
small transverse vein just beyond the middle of discal cell. 
Abdomen blue-black, shining; in some of the specimens a 
reddish line at sides is visible; genital organs in male black, 
with black pubescence ; in female a circlet of spines at apex 
of abdomen. 

Length of co-type 12 mm. 


AcNEPHALUM, Macquart. 
Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 167 (1838). 


One species is recorded from Australia. 

A. punctipenne, Macq. Suppl. 5, p.71 (1854), unknown to 
me. The type of A. coon, Walker, from unknown locality, 
is not to be found in the Brit. Mus. Coll. 


; Microstyium, Macquart. 
Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 142 (1858). 


One species, M. testaceum, Macq. [ Dasypogon] Suppl. 1, 
p. 188 (1844), is recorded from Australia. Unknown to me, 
and not in the Paris Museum. 

It is described as testaceous; the abdomen black, apex 
testaceous. Legs black, the femora testaceous. Wangs 
yellow, the fourth posterior cell closed. 
~ Length 12 lines. 


Puevivs, Walker. 
Dipt. Saund. i. p. 110 (1861). 


This genus was formed for one species. 


Phellus glaucus, Walker. 

Dipt. Saund. i. p. 110, pl. iv. fig. 6 (1851) ; id., List Dipt. vi. Suppl. 2, 
p. 503 (1854); Froggatt, Australian Insects, p. 300, pl. xxviii. fig. 12 
(1907). 

Type (2) and another from West Australia. Two males 
from Swan River, W. Australia. Froggatt states that it is 
found in the interior of W. Australia. 

This genus is not identical with Phoneus, Macq., or 
Obelophorus, Schiner, as suggested by this latter author, but 
is probably nearly related to the latter genus peculiar to 
Chili, from which it is distinguished by the short stout 
prolongation on the middle tibie. The face is covered with 
hairs, the forehead broad, the ovipositor of female long, the 
abdomen hairy, the antennz with a long third joint. The 


the Asilide of Australasia. 149 


wing with an appendix and the first posterior cell narrowed 
at opening, the fourth and anal cell closed. The legs are 
stout and hairy, more especially the hind tarsi and apex of 
hind tibiz; the curious prolongation of middle tibize is 
short, armed with very stout short spines on outer border, 
and on inner border with thick hairs. 


Coputa, Macquart. 
Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 4, p. 374 (1849). 


This genus, formed by the author for C. limbipennis from 
New South Wales, is allied to his genus Brachyrrhopola, to 
which his second species of Codula belongs, but it is at once 
distinguished by the absence of the curved spine on fore 
tibiz, the moustache is composed of fewer hairs and con- 
fined to the oral opening, and the abdomen is stouter and 
shorter. With Macquart’s second species and one placed 
by Bigot in this genus transferred to Brachyrrhopola, only 
Macquart’s typical species and one nearly allied to it remain 
in the genus. 


Codula limbipennis, Macq., Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 4, p. 374, pl. vii. fig. 2 
(1849). 
Codula vespiformis, Thoms., Eugen. Resa, Diptera, p. 464 (1869). 


Codula limbipennis, Macquart. 


Type ¢ seen in Paris Museum by me, from E. Australia. 
A species with a- stout club-shaped abdomen, black and 
yellow in colouring. Wings deep brown on fore border. 

Face black, covered with bright yellow tomentum, leaving 
a black stripe in the middle. Moustache composed of five 
or six long yellow bristly hairs. Palpi black, with black 
pubescence. Antenne long, the third joint twice as long as 
the first two together, yellow. Thorax black with dull 
yellowish tomentum, two bright orange spots above the 
shoulders. Abdomen black, with bright orange tomentum 
beginning from the posterior border of the third segment, 
the fourth entirely black in the centre, the other segments 
wholly covered with the bright orange tomentum; under- 
side black, with two orange-coloured segmentations only. 
Legs black, knees and hind tibie yellow. MWéings clear, deep 
brown on the fore border, extending through both basal 
cells, then in a straight line to the apex, bordered by the 
third vein, not extending beyond its first forked branch. 

Macquart’s description is as follows :— 

Thorax black. Abdomen red. Legs black; tibie red. 


150 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of 


Wings brown on external border. Length 5 lines @. 
Palpi with black hairs. Beard black. Face with yellow 
tomentum: a black denuded space under the antenne ; 
moustache black. Forehead black. Antenne fawn-coloured, 
the third joint brown at apex. Thorax dull with some grey 
tomentum, the shoulder spot fawn-coloured ; sides shining. 
Abdomen: the first, second, and anterior border of third 
segment black, the remainder bright fawn-coloured ; the 
fourth with a large blackish transverse dorsal spot, the 
seventh very small, black ; underside wholly shining black. 
Femora fawn-coloured at apices; anterior and intermediate 
tibiz black, at base fawn-coloured ; posterior pair fawn- 
coloured. Anterior and intermediate tarsi black, posterior 
pair fawn-coloured. Wings hyaline, with a wide brown fore 
border; base of the second submarginal cell very narrow. 
From east coast of New South Wales. 


Codula vespiformis, Thomson. 
One male from Burpengary, Queensland, in Brit. Mus. 


Coll. 

Thomson described his type, a male from Sydney, as 
related to C. limbipennis, Macquart, but easily distinguished 
by the colour of abdomen. 

Face golden yellow with a short black median stripe, 
raised at oral opening, which is covered by the moustache 
composed of yellow bristles. Antenne reddish yellow; the 
third joint long cylindrical, notched on upper border, no 
style apparent. Forehead black, shining, with some grey 
and black hairs. Thoraz biack, with solden yellow tomen- 
tose spots on prothorax, shoulders, and two spots on lower 
border the same colour ; one stout fulvous spine-like bristle 
at side of thorax above base of wing. Scutellum black, with 
horizontal golden-yellow tomentose stripes. dbdomen club- 
shaped, black, reddish golden tomentose on posterior border 
of second segment as a narrow band, a similar but wider 
band on posterior border of third segment, avery narrow 
one on posterior border of fourth, and fifth and sixth wholly 
reddish golden except at the sides ; underside wholly black ; 
on sides of first segment appears a ‘small black bristle. Legs 
reddish yellow ; fomond with exception of apices black, apices 
of fore tibiz and the tarsi fuscous. Wings hyaline, fore 
border deep brown, reaching the discal cell and almost 
filling up the basal cells, on apical half it does not extend 
beyond the third vein; all cells open, the fourth posterior 
and anal cells narrowed at border. 

Length of specimen 15 mm. 


the Asilide of Australasia. 151 


Baruypocon, Loew. 
Progr, Realschule, Meseritz, 1851, p. 15 (1851). 


This genus was formed by Loew for his species B. asili- 
formis from Australia, and Schiner added B. brachypterus, 
Macq., besides other species from Chili. 

The genus belongs to the group of Dasypogonine with no 
spine on fore tibiz and is distinguished by the rather short 
wings with the fourth posterior cell closed and the first 
widely open, the vein closing the fourth posterior cell is 
nearly on a line with the one closing the discal cell; the 
face has a distinct tubercle, with the moustache reaching the 
antenne, which have a style-like bristle on the end of the 
third joint. It appears to be distinguished from Stenopogon 
by the broader face. 

The statement in Schiner’s table that the wings in this 
genus in proportion are long and narrow, is somewhat mis- 
leading, so far as concerns its relationship to the other 
Australian genera of Dasypogonine, from which it is clearly 
distinguished by the rather short narrow wings, often not 
reaching far beyond half the length of the abdomen. 

The following described and one new species, all from 
Australia, now belong to this genus. 

The differences between some of the species are very small 
and probably with the advent of fresh material some will 
hardly be maintained as distinct. 


Bathypogon brachypterus, Macq., Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 160, pl. iii. fig. 3 
| Dasypogon] (1838); id., Suppl. i. p. 50 ready ei (1847) ; 
Rond. Nuov. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bologna, (3) ii. p. 105 [Astylum|] 
(1850).—Proctacanthus postica, Walker, List Dipt. vii. Suppl. 3, 
p. 655 (1855). 

Bathygogon aoris, Walker, List Dipt. ii. p. 821 [Dasypogon] ee 
cerus| (1849), et vi. Suppl. 2, p. 480 [Dasypogon] (1854) ; Certesz, 
Cat. Dipt. p. 100 [Ancylorrhynchus] (1909].—Bathypogon asili- 
formis, Loew, Progr. Realschule, Meseritz, 1851, 31 (1851). ? Aszlus 
mutillatus, Walker, List Dipt. vii. Suppl. 3, p. 789 (1855). 

Bathypogon pedanus, Walker, List Dipt. il. p. 820 | Dasypodon] (1849), 
et vi. Suppl. 2, p. 481 [Dasypogon] (1854); Kertesz, Cat. Dipt. 
p. 102 (| Ancylorrhynchus] (1909). ps 

Bathypogon testaceovittatus, Macq., Dipt. Exot. Suppl. v. p. 70, pl. il. 
fic. 1 [ Dasypogon] (1855) ; Bigot, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, (5) vii. 
p- 221 (1878). ‘ 

Bathypogon maculipes, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, (5) viil. p. 485 


(1878). 
Bathypogon nigrinus, sp. n. 
He Pibtertecdish. 6s. sl pa ccna empires te % 2. 
UR OREO 2 AG 25 U5 eg ee ae eee ed oe 3. 


2. Femora red and black; bristles on legs and 
thorax chiefly, white 2... oo. uie ue case ein © brachypterus, Macq. 


152 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of 


Femora red and black; bristles on legs and 


AHOKAX MICU VIOIACE Joon chm wee aka, os 5 Ks nigrinus, sp. 0. 
Femora black ; bristles on legs white, on thorax 
PLA te atk ete er ecm Mamie ane ny ae Fa" pedanus, W1k. 
3. Bristles on legs and thorax chiefly white ....  aoris, WIk. 


Bathypogon brachypterus, Macquart. 
Proctacanthus postica, Walker. 


This species is erroneously placed in Kertesz’s catalogue 
under Astylum, a genus formed by Rondani for a species 
from Venezuela with no terminal bristle or style to the third 
joint of antenne. 

Type (?) from New S. Wales seen by me in Paris 
Museum, 12. 4. 11. 

In Brit. Mus, Coll.: type of Proctacanthus postica, Walker, 
from Melbourne (Mr. Baby’s coll.), a female from New S. 
Wales (Saunders coll.), and another from Mackay, Queens- 
land (G. Turner) (1894). In Mr. French’s coll. a female 
from Victoria. 

Macquart’s description is as follows :— 

Black. Abdomen ashy grey below. Femora and tibiz 
red below. 

Length 8 lines. 9. 

Face and forehead yellowish grey ; moustache reaching to 
the base of antenne, yellowish white; the upper hairs black. 
Beard and hairs of palpi white. Hind part of head with 
yellow hairs. Antenne black. Thorax black; stripes on side 
and scutellum with grey tomentum. Abdomen black, with 
scattered small yellow hairs; sides and belly ashy grey. 
Legs: femora and tibie red; with a black stripe above, 
which is wider on the posterior ones; posterior legs black ; 
tarsi black, with yellow hairs, which are also present on the 
tibia. Wings rather short, slightly yellowish ; brownish at 
the apex; the fourth posterior cell closed, with a very 
oblique posterior vein, the posterior vein of fork of third 
vein longer than the anterior one. 

New South Wales. 

The antenne have a short terminal style. Moustache 
black above, then yellow. In the specimens before me there 
are no black hairs on upper part of moustache. The small 
cross-vein of wing is situated slightly beyond the middle of 
the discal cell. 

Length of specimens 18-20 mm. 

Walker’s type is probably a specimen of this species; the 
type is in very bad preservation. 


the Asilidee of Australasia. 1 


Or 
ew) 


Bathypogon aoris, Walker. 


Bathypogon asiliformis, Loew. 
? Asilus mutillatus, Walker. 


Type female from Adelaide (Ent. Club), other females and 
males from Mackay, Queensland (G. Turner) (1894), and 
Burpengary, Queensland (Dr. T. L. Bancroft), 1904. 

Distinguished from Bathypogon brachypterus by the 
wholly blackish femora, and by the blackish tibiz, bristles 
on legs chiefly yellowish, the small cross-vein of wing is 
situated about the middle of the discal cell. 

Two of the females and one male from Queensland have 
the femora largely reddish as in B, brachypterus, but the 
tibiz remain blackish ; perhaps eventually the two species 
may be merged in one. 

Length 17-26 mm. 

The type of Asilus mutillatus, Walker, from Australia, 
abdomen missing, is evidently a species of this genus, 
apparently similar to B. aoris, with the exception of the 
small cross-vein of wing, which is distinctly below the 
middle of the discal cell. 

Loew suggested that his species B. asiliformis might be 
identical with Dasypogon plumbeus, Fabr. (Ent. Syst. Iv. 
p. 382; id. Syst. Antl. p. 165; Wiedem. Ausszweifl. Ins. i. 
p- 418 [ Asilus |; see Kertesz’s Cat. for further refs.), but that 
the description of this last is too poor to serve for recognition 
of the species, and further concluded Dasypogon bebius, 
Walker (List Dipt. 11. p. 333), placed in the same group as 
Dasypogon plumbeus by Walker, might be identical ; this last 
type is apparently destroyed, not being in the Brit. Mus. 
Coll. From Loew’s description his species is evidently 
identical with B. aoris. The Fabrician and Walker species 
might well be deleted from list. 


Bathypogon pedanus, Walker. 


Type (2) and another from Swan River, W. Australia 
(Ent. Club). 

Distinguished from B. brachypterus by the wholly black 
femora, and from B. aoris by the pale reddish tibize ; the 
posterior pair are darker. Thorax black, with very distinct 
whitish-grey sides ; shoulders red. 

Length 18 mm. 


Bathypogon testaceovittatus, Macq., said by him to be 


154 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of 


allied to Bathypogon aoris, Walker, was placed by Bigot in 
this genus, probably correctly, judging from the figure of 
wing given by Macquart; it is described by him as having 
the sides of thorax and abdomen testaceous. If the figure of 
the wing is correct this species is distinguished by the 
rounded angle of the anterior branch of the fourth vein 
emitted from the discal cell. 


Bathypogon maculipes, Bigot, from Australia, measuring 
22 mm., is described as having the anterior and intermediate 
femora black, but reddish in the middle, and the posterior 
pair with an elongated reddish spot. The anterior tibize 
with a similar smaller reddish spot, the bristles of tibiz 
whitish. 

Neither of these species is known to me, 


Bathypogon nigrinus, sp. n. 


Type (¢) and a series of males and one female from 
Burpengary, S. Queensland (Dr. T. L. Bancroft). 

A species very similar to B. brachypterus, Macq., but 
distinguished by the black (not yellow) bristles on the legs 
(yellow bristles are only present on the fore tarsi) and by 
the paler indistinct red of the fore tibiz, which are covered 
with short white pubescence, and by the first two joints of 
antenne being red, not black. 

Length 16-18 mm. 

Face reddish, with some little grey tomentum, at the sides 
of the face and below the antenne appearing grey, being 
covered with a silvery white and grey tomentum; the 
tubercle large, taking up most of the face; moustache 
reaching its whole length, formed of strong black bristles, 
with a few white ones below. Palpi black, with yellowish- 
white hairs. Beard white. Antenne black; the first two 
joints red, with yellowish-white long hairs; the first joint 
twice the length of the second, the third broad, with a style- 
like ending. Forehead black, with yellowish-grey tomentum, 
which is silvery-white above antennz ; pubescence of black 
hairs, at vertex very stout, black, spine-like bristles; round 
head white hairs. Thorax brownish, with two median 
and side black stripes, posteriorly covered with silvery- 
grey tomentum, which also covers the sides. Scutellum 
black, bordered with same-coloured tomentum and with 
black bristles. Sides of thorax with long black bristles. 
Abdomen black, covered with short white hairs and with 
black bristles at the segmentations ; sides covered with grey 


the Asilidee of Australasia. — 155 


tomentum; underside blackish. Legs armed with bristles, 
which are black, on the fore tarsi some yellow ones; cox 
red, with white tomentum and long white hairs and one 
black bristle below; femora black above, with white pubes- 
cence, below red, with long white hairs; tibiz yellowish red 
on the outside, black on the inside, with white pubescence ; 
underside of fore tarsi with yellow pubescence ; tarsi reddish, 
covered with white pubescence. Wings hyaline, brownish 
at apex and on posterior border; the small transverse vein 
oblique, about the middle of the discal cell; the fourth 
posterior cell and the anal closed; the transverse veins 
closing the discal and fourth posterior cell are not quite in 
a straight line. Halteres reddish yellow. 


Stenopocon, Loew. 
Linn, Ent. ii. p. 453 (1847). 


The genus is distinguished by the very narrow face, with 
a keel-shaped tubercle, the face becoming narrower still at 
antenne, the moustache reaching nearly to the antenne. 
Wings with the first posterior cell more or less narrower at 
border, the fourth closed cr open. In the Australian species 
the front posterior cell is hardly narrower at border. 

The following species are recorded from Australia :— 


Stenopogon elongatus, Macq., Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 1, p. 194, pl. vii. fig. 6 
(1844), et Suppl. 2, p. 50! Dasypogon | (1846).— Dasypogon flavifacies, 
Macq,, /.¢c. Suppl. 4, p. 368, pl. vi. fig. 6 (1849). Dasypogon digentia, 
6, Walker, List Dipt. pt. ii. p. 316 (1849), et part vi. Suppl. 2, 
p- 480 (1854); Kertesz, Cat. Dipt. p. 101 [Ancylorrhynchus] (1909). 
Dasypogon lanatus, 9, Walker, 7. c. p. 317, et part vi. Suppl. 2, 
p. 486 (1854); Kertesz, 7. c. [ Ancylorrhynchus] (1909). Dasypogon 
thalpius, 3, Walker, 7. c. p. 317, et part vi. Suppl. 2, p. 481 (1854) ; 
Kertesz, l. e. [_Ancylorrhynchus] (1909). Dasypogon agave, Walker, 
l. ¢. p. 317, et pt. vi. Suppl. 2, p. 480 (1854). Stenopogon fraternus, 
Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (5) viii. p. 421 (1878). 

Stenopogon nicoteles, ¢, Walker, List Dipt. pt. ii. p. 320 (1849), et 
pt. vi. Suppl. 2, p. 481 [Dasypogon| (1854); Kertesz, Cat. Dipt. 
p- 102 [Ancylorrhynchus] (1909). 


Stenopogon elongaius, Macq. 


Dasypogon flavifacies, 9 , Macq. 
Dasypogon digentia, §, Walker. 
Daspogon lanatus, 2, Walker. 
Dasypoyon thalpius, 3, Walker. 
Dasypogon agave, 3, Walker. 
Stenopogon fraternus, Bigot. 


156 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of 


Macquart’s types both seen by me in Paris Museum, 
12. 4. 11. S. elongatus, § 2, from New South Wales ; 
D. flavifacies, a female (not a male) from Tasmania. 

In Brit. Mus. Coll. :— 

Type of D. digentia, a male from New South Wales. 
Haslar Hospital. 

Type of D. lanatus, a male from Van Diemen’s Land 
(J. Brynce). 

Type of D. thalpius, a male from Perth, W. Australia 
(G. Clifton). 

Type of D. agave, a male from Swan River, W. Australia. 

Also a series of males and females from 8. Australia, Tas- 
mania, Queensland, and W. Australia. 

Macquart’s description is as follows :— 

Elongated, black. Abdomen narrow, the apex testaceous. 
Moustache golden. Antenne black. Legs testaceous. 

Length 9 lines. ¢ 2. 

Palpi black, with black hairs. Face black ; moustache 
and beard golden yellow, the first reaching the antenne. 
Forehead black, with black hairs. Antenne black ; the first 
joint a little elongated, with black hairs below. Thorax 
black, with black hairs; sides with greyish-yellow tomentum 
and whitish hairs. Abdomen narrow, 6 lines long, black, 
with whitish tomentum and long whitish hairs below; genital 
organs a little swollen, testaceous; the anterior half of the 
last two segments testaceous. Legs with black bristles and 
whitish hairs ; anterior femora black, testaceous at the apex, 
posterior ones black, the posterior half below testaceous ; 
tibize black at apex; anterior tibiz with no spines; tarsi 
black. Wings clear, a little yellowish; apex slightly 
brownish. 

From New South Wales. Coll. M. Fairmaire and M. Bigot. 
One specimen in the coll. of Marquis Spinola comes from 
Sydney Island, Oceania. 

Macquart further remarks, in the second Supplement, that 
the species which appears common in ‘Tasmania affords him 
several subforms. One female differs from the type by the 
entire black abdomen, ovipositor, and femora; another has 
the femora entirely testaceous ; in the males the abdomen is 
black and the genital organs blackish testaceous. 

These remarks are fully borne out by an examination of 
Walker’s type and others in the Brit. Mus. Coll. D. digentia 
has the abdomen entirely black. In some specimens the 
testaceous colouring, if present, is confined to the last seg- 
ment. The bristles on the legs are often fulvous instead of 


the Asilidee of Australasia. aay 


black or partly so. Macquart’s type of D. flavifacies has the 
abdomen aud femora entirely black. 

Length of specimens, males from 17-23 mm., females 
from 20-25 mm. 

Stenopogon fraternus from the description is no doubt the 
same as S. elongatus. 


Stenopogon nicoteles, Walker. 


Type (¢) from Swan River, West Australia (Dr. Richard- 
son). 

A small black species allied to S. elongatus, but the 
moustache is silvery white below, with black hairs above. 
Face black, covered with silvery-white tomentum. Thorax 
black, with grey tomentose stripes. Abdomen black, covered 
with brownish tomentum. Legs black, the tibie pale 
reddish yellow, the posterior pair almost wholly blackish ; 
bristles on legs pale yellow. Wings hyaline; smali trans- 
verse vein below the middle of discal cell. 

Length 145 mm. 


PsILozONA, gen, nov. 


Formed for two species from Queensland. 

Blue-black shining species. Fore and middle tibie and 
tarsi fringed with hairs, the tarsi broad. Wings with the 
fourth and anal cells closed, the veins closing the fourth 
posterior and discal cell almost parallel. Face shining, 
broad, somewhat raised above oral opening; the moustache 
composed of strong bristles, not confined to the oral opening, 
but not extending up the face; the forehead broad, shining, 
with hairs at sides. Head broader than it is high, excised 
in centre. Fore tibize have no curved spine. Antenne with 
a distinct style. 


Psilozona albitarsis, sp. n. 


One male type and two females (type 1903) from Towns- 
ville, Queensland (Ff. P. Dodd), 1904 and 19038. 

A blue-black species, with brownish wings. The male with 
white-haired fore tarsi and the base and apex of abdomen 
white-haired. Female with abdomen bare, long, and pointed 
at apex, the fore tibiz with black hairs. ~ 

Length, ¢ 17, 2? 23 mm. 

3. Face black, shining, with whitish tomentum at the 


153 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of 


sides. Moustache composed of numerous strong black 
bristles, with some yellowish ones below, not extending to 
the sides, which have soft whitish pubescence. Palpi black, 
clothed with coarse, white, fairly long hairs, and with some 
stout black bristles at the apices. Proboscis slightly longer. 
Beard of thick white pubescence. Antenne black, the third 
joint reddish yellow, the first two joints with black hairs, 
the third bare, with a distinct style, longer than the first two 
joints together and broader. Forehead black, with grey 
pubescence. Hind part of head with whitish hairs. Thorax 
black, with spare greyish pubescence on the dorsum; the 
shoulders covered with ashy-grey tomentum; two stripes of 
grey tomentum apparent ; sides whitish, with white pubes- 
cence ; breast-sides black, with a broad horizontal whitish 
stripe and white pubescence; one long black bristle on side 
of thorax beyond the transverse suture and three shorter 
ones below on the breast-sides just above the suture. Scw- 
tellum black, with long whitish pubescence. Abdomen 
bluish, shining, the first three segments with whitish pubes- 
cence, fourth and fifth with very short, chiefly black pubes- 
cence, sixth and seventh with bristly yellowish hairs; anus 
with similar hairs ; sides of abdomen with white hairs, except 
on the fourth and fifth segments, where it is short and black. 
Legs black, slender, the middle and anterior tibiz and tarsi 
with thick fringes of black hairs, replaced on the fore tarsi 
by white hairs, which cover the tarsi on upper sides and are 
very noticeable. Hind tibiz and tarsi armed with some 
short black bristles. Wings hyaline, brown on basal half, 
extending to the apex of first basal cell, and to the base of 
the discal cell, filling most of the anal cell, leaving the 
axillary to be almost hyaline; veins brown, the fourth poste- 
rior and anal cell closed, the transverse veins closing discal 
and fourth posterior cells almost parallel, the fourth at base 
not pedunculated, the small transverse vein situated beyond 
the middle of discal cell. 

Female similar. Abdomen longer and pointed, the pubes- 
cence much less and shorter, white on the first two segments, 
then black; the first segment is blackish, the next three 
purplish, the remaining ones blue, metallic, shining ; sides 
with short white hairs, intermixed with black on the first 
three segments, then black and shorter. Legs: the pubes- 
cence is wholly black. Face with the sides more widely 
covered with light tomentum, which is golden yellow; the 
hairs on first two jomts of antenne are yellow below, the 
hairs on palpi yellowish. Wings more wholly brown, only 


the Asilidee of Australasia. 159 


the apex and centres of fourth and fifth cells and oeneey 
lobe being hyaline. 


Psilozona nigritarsis, sp. n. 


Three males from Townsville, Queensland (Ff. P. Dodd), 
1903. 

A species very similar to P. albitarsis, but distinguished 
by the pale wings, the absence of white hairs on the fore 
tarsi, aud by the presence of fuur black bristles on the breast- 
side just above the transverse suture in the type only. The 
moustache has more yellow hairs and fewer black bristles, 
the colouring on sides of face is golden yellow; the hairs on 
palpi, on lower part of the first two antennal joints, com- 
posing the beard, and round head are yellowish. Thorax 
not quite so pubescent. Abdomen with whitish pubescence 
only at base and a little short, scattered, white pubescence on 
the apex. The pubescence on fore legs less thick. 

Length 18 mm. 


Damatis, Fabr. 
Syst. Antl. p. 147 (1805). 


Only one species is recorded from Australia :— 


Damalis fuscipennis, Macq., Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 1, p. 222 
(1844). 


This must be nearly allied to Damalis pandens, Walker, 
Proc. Linn. Soe. London, iv. p. 104 | Discocephala] (1860), 
from Celebes, the type in the Brit. Mus. Coll.; but that of 
Damalis lugens, W1\k., from New Guinea, is not to be found. 

Doleschall recorded one species, Dainalis erythrophthalnus, 
from Amboina. 


ANcyLoRRHyYNcHUSs, Latreille. 


Fam. Régn, Anim. p. 490 (1825). 
Xiphocera, Macq., Suites & Buffon, i. p. 279 (1834). 
See Kertesz, Cat. Dipt. p. 100, for other synonyms. 


This genus has not been recorded from Australia itself. 
All the Walker species placed in it in Kertesz’s Cat. belong to 
other genera ; v. d. Wulp records one species from the Island 
of Waigou, X. complacita, and Doleschall one from Amboina, 
X. rufithoraz. 


160 BL ibliograph ical Notices. 


Hererorocon, Loew. 
Linn. Ent, ii. p. 488 (1847). 


Dasypogon bebius, Walker, is recorded from Australia. 
The type is not to be found in the Brit. Mus. Coll. It 
probably does not belong to this genus, in which it is placed 
in Kertesz’s Cat.; but, as stated above, Loew suggests it 
may be a Bathypogon species. 

The following Walker species from unknown localities 
also placed here by Kertesz do not belong to this genus, 
having curved spines on fore tibize, and the fourth posterior 
cell is closed, in line with the transverse vein closing discal 
cell ; they appear to belong to a genus near Deromyia :-— 
e@gon, animetus, cerretanus, copreus, silanus, politus. Generi- 
cally similar are carvilius under Oligopogon in Kertesz’s Cat., 
and volcatius under Isopogon; they do not appear to be 
from Australia. 

Dasypogon fossius, Walker, from unknown locality, is 
exactly similar to specimens labelled the same from 8. Africa, 
and is evidently a South-African species; it has spines on 
the fore tibiz. 


(To be continued. | 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 


A Revision of the Ichneumonidee, based on the Collection in the 
British Museum (Natural History), with Descriptions of new 
Genera and Species. Part I. Tribes Ophionides and Metoprdes. 
By Cravpre Morey, F.Z.S., F.K.8. London: Printed by Order 
of the Trustees of the British Museum. 8yo. 1912. Pp. xi, 88. 
Coloured plate. 


Lirriz was done to elucidate the collection of Ichneumonide in the 
British Museum since it was arranged by Frederick Smith in 1860 
until Mr. Morley recently took up the work, and the present small 
volume is published as a first instalment. It includes a list, gene- 
rally with comments and often with full descriptions, of 198 species 
of Ophionides and 33 Metopiides, and 5 genera and about 70 species 
are described as new. ‘The coloured plate is an admirably enlarged 
diagram of the common and widely distributed Ophion luteus, L., 
illustrating its structure and neuration. WW EK 


Geological Society. 161 


Records of the Indian Museum. (A Journal of Indian Zoology.) 
Vol. iv.no.x. Issued March 30th, 1912. Annotated Catalogue 
of Oriental Culicidee. Supplement, By EK. Brunertr. Calcutta, 
1912, Pp. 403-516. 


Mr. Brunerti’s “ Annotated Catalogue of Oriental Culicide” was 
published in 1907 in the ‘ Records of the Indian Museun,’ i. 
pp. 247-377; and a vast amount of fresh material has now accumu- 
lated, which is exhaustively discussed and criticized in the present 
Supplement. ‘The “ Additions to the List of Literature” (pp. 411— 
413) alone contain 57 items, many of these being works of primary 
importance. Itis impossible for us to do more here than direct the 


attention of dipterists to this most important publication. 
W.F. K. 


PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. 
GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


May Ist, 1912.—Dr. Aubrey Strahan, F.R.S., President, 
in the Chair, 


The following communication was read :— 


‘Insect-Remains from the Midland and South-Eastern Coal- 
fields.’ By Herbert Bolton, F.R.S.E., F.G.S., Director of the 
Lristol Museum. 


The writer describes a series of three insect-wings obtained by 
Dr. L. Moysey, F.G.8., from the Shipley Clay-pit near [keston 
(Derbyshire), and a blattoid wing, and three fragments from the 
borings of the Kent Coal Concessions Company, Ltd., in East Kent. 

The first series of insect-wings occur in greyish-brown ironstone 
nodules, which lie in bands in a yellow clay about 30 or 40 feet 
below the Top Hard Coal. 

The East Kent insect-remains occur in core shales, the horizon 
of which is not yet determined. 

The wings obtained by Dr. Moysey are not referable to any 
known families. Three new families are formed to contain them, 
one of which is nearly related to the Dictyoneuride with some 
suggestion of the family Heliolide. A second new family is allied 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 11 


162 Geological Society. 


to the Heliolide, and the third new family to the Homoiopteride, 
or, as the writer believes, near to the Lithomantide. 

The East Kent insect-remains contain one wing, referable to the 
genus Soomylacris (Ettoblattina), a species of which is already 
known from the Forest of Dean Coalfield. 

The finding of two species of the same genus in coalfields so 
widely separated as those of the Forest of Dean and East Kent is 
not without interest, in view of the generally-accepted belief in the 
former continuity of the Coal Measures across the South of England. 


June 5th, 1912.—Prof. W. W. Watts, Se.D., LL.D., F.R.S., 
Vice-President, in the Chair. 


The following communications were read :— 


1. ‘The Further Evidence of Borings as to the Range of the 
South-Eastern Coalfield and of the Paleozoic Floor, and as to the 
Thickness of the Overlying Strata.’ By Hon. Professor W. Boyd 
Dawkins, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.S.A., F.G.S. 


In this paper the Author gives an outline of the history of the 
experimental borings made in order to verify Godwin-Austen’s theory 
concerning ‘the Axis of Artois,’ which led to the discovery of the 
South-Eastern Coalfield. The first of these was at Netherfield(1872- 
75) near Battle (Sussex). Here the borehole, ending in Oxford 
Clay at a depth of 1905 feet below the surface, showed that 
the Paleozoic floor is buried under so great a thickness of rock 
that it was advisable to look farther north for a site for further 
experiments. The second boring (1886-92), under the Shakespeare 
Cliff, Dover, on the site of the Channel Tunnel works, resulted in 
the discovery of the Coal Measures belonging to the Pennant or 
Middle Series of the Bristol and South Wales Coalfields, at a depth 
of 1100 feet below O.D. This affords a practical basis for further 
exploration. The extension of the coalfield to a distance of 
8 miles north of Dover was proved by the boring (1897-99) at 
Ropersole, where the same Pennant Series occurred at 1180 feet 
below O.D., and its extension in the intervening area about 5 miles 
to the west of Dover by a boring under the direction of M. Breton 
at Ellinge (1901-1902), where the coalfield was struck at 1286 feet 
below O.D. 

In these three borings the strata of the Coal Measures are 
practically horizontal, a fact) which, in the opinion of the Author, 
implies that they form the bottom of a syncline with its long axis 
passing from Dover in a north-westerly direction parallel to the 
scarp of the North Downs. 

The boring at Brabourne (1897-98), under the direction of 
Mr. Brady and the late Mr. Etheridge, gave the next fixed point in 
the enquiry. It established the fact that, at the base of the North 
Downs, the Paleozoic floor consists of highly inclined strata (in the 
opinion of the Author, of Devonian age) at 1789 feet below O.D. 


Geological Society. 163 


These are covered by Dolomitic Conglomerate and Triassic marls, the 
section being identical with that of the Mendip Hills in Somerset. 
It therefore marks the position in Kent of the Pembroke-Mendip 
anticline which forms the southern boundary of the Coalfields of 
Bristol and of South Wales. It follows that the south-western 
boundary of the South-Eastern Coalfield is to be looked for at a 
sufficient distance east of Brabourne to allow of the presence of 
the Carboniferous Limestone and Millstone Grit, as shown approxi- 
mately on the map. 

These results, laid by the Author before the Royal Coal Commission 
in 1903, led to further experiments under his direction. The first 
of these, at Waldershare (1904-1907), proved the existence of the 
Coal Measures at 1069 feet below O.D., in two distinct groups, the 
upper belonging to the Pennant Series as before with an average 
dip of 10°, and the lower with an average dip of 20°, belonging to 
the Lower Group of Coal Measures of Somerset, Gloucester, and 
South Wales. The second at Fredville (1905-1907), 3 miles north- 
east of Waldershare, reached the Palxozoic floor at 11092 feet, 
and entered the same lower series of valuable coal-seams, dipping 
at an angle of 17° (Journ. Roy. Soc. Arts, vol. lv, 1907, pp. 456— 
57). Further experiments have been carried on north and east 
of Dover, but their results are not yet available for scientific 
purposes. Thus a valuable coalfield has been proved over a large 
area, with its eastern and western boundaries as yet undetermined, 
as shown on the map. 

Two further experimental borings to the north and west, carried 
out under the Author’s direction in 1910-11, led to most unexpected 
results. Hitherto the Coal Measures were either horizontal, or 
dipping in the normal fashion without signs of faulting, and there 
was every reason to believe that the Coal-Measure trough would be 
struck, on the first site, at Chilham, about 3 miles south-west of 
Canterbury. Instead, however, of Coal Measures, Upper Silurian 
shales with Monograptus priodon formed the Paleozoic floor at 
1072 feet below O.D. In the second, at Bobbing near Sittingbourne, 
hard Silurian grits and shales occurred at 1070 feet below O.D. In 
both borings the Silurian rocks are nearly vertical, and bear marks 
of crushing ‘The northern boundary of the South-Eastern Coalfield 
is therefore to be sought in the district between Fredville and 
Chilham, and probably nearer to the former locality than to the 
latter. 

The Silurian portion of the buried Paleozoic floor is then traced 
westwards through Ciiffe, on the Thames below Gravesend, to Ware 
in Hertfordshire, and northwards through Essex to Harwich, Sutton, 
and Culford (Bury St. Edmunds). To the south of this the Devonian 
rocks occupy the area of London, and extend as far as the district 
of Croydon. 

The varying thickness of the overlying rocks is also dealt with, 
and details are given of three sections, at Ropersole, Chilham, and 
Bobbing, in the hope that they may be useful to other explorers. 


164 Miscellaneous. 


2. ‘Shelly Clay dredged from the Dogger Bank.’ By John 
Walker Stather, F.G.S. 


The Dogger Bank fishermen frequently get in their nets a tough 
peaty material, which they call ‘ moorlog.’ In a paper published 
in the ‘ Kssex Naturalist,’ April and July, 1909, this ‘ moorlog’ 
was described by Mr. H. Whitehead and Mr. H. H. Goodchild, with 
a report on the plant-remains by Mr, Clement Reid, F.R.S., and 
Mrs. Eleanor Reid. 

In looking over some recently dredged ‘ moorlog’ brought in by 
a Hull trawler, the Author noticed that, adhering to the specimens 
of ‘ moorlog,’ was a dark silty clay, full of marine shells. These 
specimens of *moorlog,’ with the associated shelly clay, were 
dredged in lat. 55° 24’ N., and long. 3° 10' E., at a depth of 
20 fathoms. 

A collection of these shells was submitted to Mr. Clement Reid, 
who stated that they are ail assignable to very shallow-water species, 
and probably flourished just. beneath low-water level. This and 
other evidence seems to show that the ‘ moorlog’ in this part of 
the North Sea rests upon a bed of shelly silt, and the shells in the 
silt together with the ‘ moorlog’ point to great changes of level in 
the North Sea Basin. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


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All readers of the ‘ Annals’ will join in wishing him happiness 
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scientific life, of which the last to be given up was the Kditorship 
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No. 56. AUGUST 1912. 


XVIII.— Report on the Annelida Polycheta collected in the 
North Sea and adjacent parts by the Scotch Fishery Board 
Vessel ‘ Goldseeker”—Part I. Amphinomide to Sigalionidee. 
By WrituiAM SmMa.tL, M.A., B.Sc., Gatty Marine Labora- 
tory, St. Andrews. 


[Plate VI.]. 


Tue families included in the following report are Amphi- 
nomide, Aphroditide, Polynoide, and Sigalionide., 

The Amphinomide are but sparsely represented by a single 
species, while the Aphroditide show representatives of two 
genera out of the three that are accounted British. The 
Polynoide are represented by nineteen species, and the 
Sigalionidee by four. 

The distribution of several species has been extended. 
Aphrodita echidna, de Quatrefages, and Lvarne atlantica, 
M‘Intosh, are recorded for the first time from the North Sea 
(Moray Firth), while Huphrosyne borealis, Girstedt, Hucranta 
villosa, Malmgren, and Antinvé elegans, 'Théel, are new to 
British waters, if under that term be included the Faroé 
Channel. Canon Norman (1890, p. 345), discussing the 
limits of the British Marine Area and the Report of the 
Committee appointed by the British Association in 1887 to 
define these limits (Brit. Assoc. Rep. 1888, p. 95), gives as 
his opinion that the fauna of the “cold area” or Faroé 
Channel is arctic in character, and should therefore not be 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 1Z 


166 Mr. W. Small on Annelida Polycheta 


regarded as Buitish. The British Association Committee 
defined the British Marine Area as consisting of a shallow- 
water district bounded by the 100-fathom line and a British 
Atlantic-slope district, or deep-water district, extending off 
our western and northern shores from the 100-fathom line to 
the 1000-fathom line, 7. e. to the boundary of the continental 
plateau. This arrangement includes the ‘‘cold area” or 
Faroé Channel in British waters. Canon Norman’s recom- 
mendation to exclude this part from the British Marine Area 
seems based on natural grounds. It is well known that 
many forms occur on the ridge between the Faroé and 
Shetland Islands which are not found in adjacent and deeper 
waters or to the south. 

In the present Report, the Faroé Channel will be found to 
have yielded annelids, e. g. Hunoa tritoni, M‘Intosh, and 
Euphrosyne borealis, Girstedt, which are not recorded from 
the North Sea. ‘These forms may therefore be regarded as 
arctic, and, if so, should be excluded from the British marine 
fauna. 

Lists of synonyms have not been given. They can be 
got from Professor M‘Intosh’s monograph (1900) under the 
heads of the various species, and they occupy a considerable 
amount of space. 

T have to thank Prof. D’Arcy W. Thompson for his courtesy 
in handing over the collection for examination and for pro- 
viding a list of stations. I have also had the advantage of a 
typical series of slides of each group from Prof. M‘Intosh’s 
collection. 


Family Amphinomide, 
Subfamily Lupzrosyyivz. 
Genus EuPHROSYNE, Savigny, 1820. 
Euphrosyne borealis, Hirstedt, 1843. 


Two specimens of this form were dredged along with 
Eunoa tritoni, M‘1., Nephthys ceca, O. ¥. M., and Serpulids 
in the Faroé Channel in 545-788 m. during the month of 
June. These are the sole representatives of the genus 
Euphrosyne and of the family Amphinomide. ‘Their scarcity 
is not surprising, for these forms prefer a littoral habitat. Of 
the two species of Huphrosyne obtained by the ‘ Challenger’ 
Expedition, one, H. capensis, Kinberg, was found between 
tide-marks, and the other, /. borealis, in 85 fathoms. The 
present species would appear to have a preference for deeper 
water. 


from the North Sea and adjacent parts, 167 


The strikingly characteristic appearance of JZ. borealis is 
due to the projection of the dorsal bristles beyond the 
branchiz. The latter are clearly 2- or 3-lobed, and none of 
them show the quadripartite condition in the mid-dorsal line 
mentioned by M‘Intosh (1885, p. 6). 

One of the specimens is mature, the body-cavity containing 
numerous ova. Diatoms were found in the alimentary 
canal, 


Family Aphroditide. 
Genus ApuropiTA, Linneeus, 1735. 


Aphrodita aculeata, Linn., 1765. 


Nine specimens of this annelid were dredged in Loch Aber 
at a depth of 148m. They are small in size, the largest 
being little more than 30 mm. long. None of the specimens 
is ripe. The gut-contents consisted of diatoms, minute alge, 
fragments of various minerals and of echinoderm spines, 
sponge-spicules, fragments of crustaceans, and bristles of 
other annelids. 


Aphrodita echidna, de Quatrefages ?, 1865. 


One small specimen, 6 mm. long, occurred in a haul taken 
in 24 fathoms 3 miles west of Tarbet Ness (Moray Firth). 
The number of segments is only about 20. 

M‘Intosh (1885, p. 36) records A. echidna from the Strait 
of Magellan on two occasions. De Quatrefages (1865, p. 197) 
gives its habitat as South America. Treadwell (1903, 
p- 1157) found it in over 200 fathoms in Hawaii. The 
present record is the first from the North Sea, and shows the 
distribution of this annelid to be cosmopolitan. It has, 
however, yet to be recorded from the western seas of Britain. 

Treadwell remarks that the ventral sete are gradually 
narrowed from the base to the tip, which he notes as pro- 
truding beyond the pilose patch, as in the bristle of Zphione 
spinosa, Kinberg. In the present specimen the pilose patch 
projects beyond the tip of the bristle, and is itself drawn out 
into a fine curved point. The delicate colourless dorsal setz 
described by Treadwell are not present. The dorsal felt has 
much débris entangled in it, but the elytra are quite free from 
any deposit. 

A parasitic Zowvosoma occurred on the dorsum. 


~ 


12* 


168 “Mr. W. Small on Annelida Polychaeta 


Genus L&rMATONICE, Kinberg, 1854. 
Letmatonice filicornis, Kinberg, 1865. 


This species has been found on the western shores of the 
British Isles and on the eastern coasts of North America. It 
has been shown to inhabit the Faroé Channel and to extend 
along the coasts of Norway, and it has been recorded from 
Guernsey. All the localities from which the present speci- 
mens have been taken are to the north of the Shetland 
Islands. L. filicornzs has therefore still to be recorded from 
the North Sea south of the Pentland Firth. 

In no example is the number of segments more than 30. 
Marenzeller (1902, p. 5) gives as the number 382, “ with 3 
smaller ones.” 

The palpi are in every case much longer than the median 
tentacle. In no case are the palpi and median tentacle equal, 
as Kinberg asserted. The palpi in many cases extend to the 
tip of the extruded proboscis. They taper gently and regu- 
larly toa point, except for a dilated portion near the tip. 
They are clearly spinose, the sharp spines becoming smaller 
near the tip of the organ. 

Many ot the present examples are small, from 5 mm. 
upwards in length, and these have sometimes pale bristles 
and spines. ‘The smallest forms were taken in May, and 
were probably spawned in the previous season, most likely 
during late autumn or winter. One specimen, taken in 
September, had ova. 


Family Polynoide. 


Genus Leriponotus, Leach, 1816, char. emend. 
M‘Intosh, 1900. 


Lepidonotus squamatus, Linneus, 1766. 


This annelid was found in company with Aphrodita acu- 
leata, Lagisca floccosa, Savigny, Halosydna gelatinosa, M. Sars, 
Gattyana cirrosa, Pallas, Hvarne impar, Johnston, Nephthyds, 
Glycerids, ‘T'erebellids, Glycinde nordmanni, Mgrn., and 
other annelids at different times. It is commonly distributed 
around these shores, and it extends from between tide-marks 
to deeper water than that from which any of the present 
specimens have been dredged. 

The average length of the specimens is 28 mm., and the 
segments number 25. 

Professor M‘Intosh (1900, p. 279) says it is probable that 


from the North Sea and adjacent parts. 169 


the spawning-period is in June and July ; yet none of the 
specimens captured in July are ripe, nor are there any young 
forms in the collection, though several examples were taken 
in August. 

Of the other British species of this genus, L. clava, Mon- 
tagu, no examples were found. 


Genus GATTYANA (Nychia, Malmgren, 1865), 
M‘Intosh, 1897. 


Gattyana cirrosa, Pallas, 1766. 


Fauvel points out (1911, p. 9) that the Lemidonotus scabra 
of Cérstedt, which M‘Intosh includes as a synonym of 
Gattyana cirrosa, is the same species as Hunoa nodosa, Sars 
—as Prof. M‘Intosh said many years previously,—and should 
therefore be omitted from the list of synonyms of Gattyana 
cirrosa and included among those of Hunoa nodosa. 

The total haul of the species is four specimens, the largest 

of which is 25 mm. long. ‘l'wo of the specimens measure 
only 4 mm. in length, and these were taken in December and 
in shallower water than the other and larger specimens. 
_ Yhe setigerous segments are 34-386 in number. The 
scales are of the British type, showing none of the charac- 
teristics of the more northern forms. ‘Their surface is covered 
with minute spines and the cilia are prominent. 

According to Malmgren and Théel (1879, p. 7), G. cirrosa 
attains its largest development and occurs most frequently in 
arctic waters. M‘intosh mentions a form 47 mm. long from 
St. Andrews. Ditlevson (1911, p. 412, Nychia cirrosa) has 
recorded this annelid from Danmarks Havn and Stormbugt, 
but he gives no measurements. 


Genus Eunoa, Malmgren, 1865. 
Hunoa nodosa, Sars, 1860. 


The representation of this species is very smail, for only 
two fragments were found at Station 16 (62° N., 6° 12’ W.) 
at a depth of 120 m. ‘This state of affairs is only to be 
expected ; Hunoa nodosa occurs off these shores only rarely 
and in deep water. 

The fragments measure a little over 20 mm. each in length, 
one of them being an anterior, the other a posterior part of 
the annelid. Several scales are present, and these correspond 
to the descriptions of them. They are tough, reniform in 
outline, and decorated with at least nine larger tubercles, 
several of which are spinose at the tips. 


170 Mr. W. Small on Annelida Polycheta 


The dorsal and ventral bristles have been fully described, 
Fauvel (1911, p. 8) says there is little difference in length 
between the dorsal and ventral bristles when allowance is 
made for the place of origin of the dorsal bristles, but in the 
present cases the ventral bristles project far enough beyond 
the dorsal to emphasize their greater length. ‘The relatively 
shorter dorsal bristles of Hunoa nodosa serve to distinguish 
that species from Hunoa erstedt’, Malmgren. 

Of the different anterior appendages only one of the palps 
is present. It shows six rows of papille, conical in shape 
and bent over at the tips, in preservation. According to 
M‘Intosh, these papillae become larger towards the extremity 
of the palp. Any increase in size in the distal papille as 
compared with the proximal is very small, and is negligible 
in the present specimen. 


Eunoa tritoni, M‘Intosh, 1898. 


The complete specimens of this species measure 20 and 
30 mm. long respectively, but several fragments indicate 
much larger forms. The largest fragment is 14 mm. broad 
with the sete, and 25 mm. long. 

The head (Pl. VI. fig. 1) is broader than long, and is 
deeply incised anteriorly in the middle line. The lateral 
eminences each end in two small peaks, and bear the large 
eyes, which are four in number and situated laterally. The 
median tentacle is absent; the lateral tentacles taper rapidly 
to a point, and for the proximal two-thirds of their length 
are covered with cilia closely resembling those of the tenta- 
cular cirri. The palps are large and are provided with rows 
of very small clavate or conical papille; they are almost 
twice as long as the lateral tentacles. The tentacular cirri 
are thickly covered with long cilia which are knobbed at the 
tips. There is a slight expansion of the cirrus below its 
filiform tip. 

The dorsal markings correspond to those of H. nodosa, with 
the exception of the papilla, which are found in L. nodosa 
internal to the scale-bearing tubercles. These are absent in 
Hunoa iritont. 

The scales are reniform in outline and have a thick fringe 
of cilia on the outer edge. Inside this fringe is a set of 
elongated tubercles divided at the tips, and along the poste- 
rior border and easily seen by the naked eye are several 
capstan-shaped tubercles. The latter are always more than 


six In number, but are never so numerous as the corresponding 
structures In Lunoa nodosa. 


Jrom the North Sea and adjacent parts. 171 


According to Professor M‘Intosh (1900, p. 297) the cilia 
along the outer edge of the scale end in probe-points, the 
majority of which are shown in his text-figure to have 
pointed tips. In the present specimens the free ends of the 
cilia show rather a blunted or rounded condition. The 
surface of the scale is covered with small tubercles. 

The bristles are of two types only. The dorsal sete are 
long, end bluntly, and are spinous for nearly their complete 
length. The ventral sete are graceful ; the naked terminal 
region is large and hooked, and is tapered gradually until it 
curves to a fine point. ‘he ventral line of this region is 
slightly convex, differing thus from the same part of the 
ventral bristle of 7. nodosa. The bristles of the first foot 
partake of the same characters as the bristles of the succeeding 
segments, the ventral being relatively more slender. 

One of the posterior dorsal cirri of one specimen has a 
bitid tip, which condition is no doubt an abnormality. 

This species seems to be found only in deep and cold 
water. All records of it so far confine it to the Faroé 
Channel. 


Genus Laaisca, Malmgren, 1865. 
Lagisca floccosa, Savigny, 1820. 


This annelid is obtainable at all points off British shores, 
and in some parts is very common. In the present collec- 
tion fragments are more numerous than complete specimens. 
Nevertheless it is easily possible to establish the fact that, 
of the total number of complete specimens and fragments, 
GO per cent. are of the variety mentioned by M‘Intosh 
(1900, p. 802). The characteristic serving to distinguish the 
variety from the normal specimen of JL. floccosa is the con- 
dition of the tip of the dorsal bristle. Ordinarily the dorsal 
bristle has a sharply pointed tip; the variety shows a blunted 
and shortened tip. In several of the examples a form of 
dorsal bristle intermediate between that of the normal and 
that of the variety occurs. The tip of the bristle is in this 
case not so elongated as in the normal form or so blunted as 
in the variety. Its shape is quite distinct from that men- 
tioned by M‘Intosh and figured (1900, p. 302, pl. xxxviii. 
fig. 3) by him from a specimen obtained by the ‘ Porcupine’ 
Expedition (1869-70). 

It is unfortunate that none of the specimens or fragments 
possess a single scale. It may have been possible to correlate 
variation in the dorsal bristles with variation in the shape, 
number of tubercles, or coloration of the scales. 


172 Mr. W. Small on Annelida Polycheta 


Among the present examples there is a considerable 
diversity of colour. Several forms are almost black in 
general appearance, while others are of a pale pink colour. 
These differences occur indiscriminately among normal 
forms and examples of the variety, and are probably due to 
the length of time the annelid has been in the preserving 
fluid (formalin). 

Though it is conjectured that the breeding-season of 
DL. floccosa is in the winter, none of the specimens taken in 
November have ova.. The “parasitic granular growth” 
mentioned by M‘Intosh is always present, especially on the 
dorsal bristles. 


Lagisca elisabethe, M'Intosh, 1900. 


Of this species only one anterior fragment, 7 mm. long, 
occurred. It was taken in the same haul as Hunoa nodosa. 
It has hitherto been recorded only from St. Andrews. 

The markings of the head described by M‘Intosh (1900, 
p- 303) are not found in their entirety in the specimen. 
The pale band occurring posteriorly and defined by the collar 
is absent, while the median band of the same shade is 
indistinct. The median tentacle is of the same length as the 
dorsal tentacular cirrus and has a filiform tip and cilia, long 
and clavate, like those of the tentacular cirri. Its base is 
expanded and fits closely between the lateral peaked parts of 
the head. The palps are sparsely supplied with minute 
papillee and have massive bases and elongated filiform tips. 
In the present specimen the tentacular cirri are relatively 
larger than they are shown to be in the drawing of the head 
of this species in Prof. M‘Intosh’s monograph (1900, pl. xxvii. 
tig. 3). The same remark applies to the tips of the cirri, 
lateral tentacles, and palps. 

The markings on the dorsum of the fragment are indis- 
tinguishable. 

When, however, the feet, cirri, and sete are examined, 
there can be no hesitation in identifying the specimen as a 
tragment of Lagisca elisabethe, M‘I. The dorsal cirri have 
two kinds of cilia, the shorter and proximally placed, and the 
Jarger with expanded tips. The dorsal setze occur in a mass, 
are pale and slightly curved, while the ventral have fairly 
long shafts with characteristic terminations. 

The present form corresponds to the Lag/sca elisabethe of 
M‘Intosh (1900, p. 303) and to the Polynoé aspera of Hansen, 
described by Théel (1879, p.10). It differs from both in the 
condition of the palps. These, in the form from St. Andrews, 


from the North Sea and adjacent parts. 173 


have “a dense series of minute papille with enlarged tips.” 
The palps of Théel’s more northern form are quite naked, 
while those of the present form, from more northern waters 
also, have only a few papillae. Unfortunately no scales are 
present. 

A larger supply of material would have made it possible to 
determine whether Polynoé aspera and Lagisca elisabethe 
were identical. It may well be that they are the same form, 
for the points of difference between them are small and com- 
paratively unimportant. 


Genus ACANTHICOLEPIS, Norman, MS. (Dasylepis, Mgrn., 
1867). 


Acanthicolepis asperrima, Sars, 1860. 


The occurrence of this annelid in the collection considerably 
extends its habitat. It has hitherto been found in British 
waters only in the Firth of Clyde; the present examples are 
all from the area to the north of the Shetland Islands. This 
uncommon annelid inhabits both our shallower waters and 
the deeper and colder seas of the north. It is common in 
the Norwegian fiords. 

The complete specimens measure respectively 28 mm. and 
20 mm. in length. All the scales have been lost and none 
of the forms has a complete set of head-appendages. Obser- 
vation shows that the palps are covered for their whole length 
by papille arranged lengthwise in at least four rows. 
M‘Intosh (1900, p. 312) remarks that the palps are only 
partly papillose, being mostly smooth. ‘The papilla are 
conical in shape and bent over at the tips. 

The bristles, especially the ventral, are reminiscent of 
Eunoa tritoni. The animal is a striking one, and its appear- 
ance justifies its specific name. 


Genus Harmornoi (Kinberg, 1857), char. emend. M‘Intosh, 
1900. 


Harmothoé imbricata, Linn., 1767. 


Of this common form only two examples were found on 
the same day at adjacent points in Shetland. The larger is 
only 20 mm. in length. It is remarkable that so ubiquitous 
an annelid should be so sparsely represented in the present 
collection. 

The contents of the gut consisted of diatoms, fragments of 
silica and other minerals, sponge-spicules, foraminifera, spines 


174 Mr. W. Small on Annelida Polycheta 


of small echinoderms, bristles of Nephihys ceca, and remnants 
of other «nnelids. 


Harmothoé antilopis, M‘Intosh, 1876. 


Only two fragments, each about 13 mm. long, were obtained ; 
one is an anterior, the other a posterior part of the annelid. 
This form ranges over a wide area, but always occurs in 
small numbers. Usually no more than a single specimen is 
taken in any one haul. 

Identification of the fragments was not easy because of the 
bad state of preservation of the material. The anterior 
fragment is devoid of head-appendages. ‘The posterior pair 
of eyes is visible from the dorsum, and the peaks of the head 
are rounded in front. The sete, however, are those of 
Hf. antilopis, and the scales, a few of which are present on 
the posterior fragment, correspond to description. 

Neither of the fragments has ova, though they were taken 
during the supposed spawning-season of the species. 


Harmothoé (Polynoé) setosissima, Savigny, 1820. 


This species seems to be an especially irritable one, for no 
complete specimens are present. One of the largest frag- 
ments is 33 mm. long. The species is both a littoral and a 
deep-water form. 

Brown is the characteristic colour of the annelid, and it is 
found not only on the dorsum but on the tentacles &c. The 
dorsal cirri are also occasionally coloured brown. ‘The close- 
set silky bristles give the animal a characteristic appearance. 


Genus Evarne, Malmgren, 1865. 


Evarne tmpar, Johnstone, 1839. 


The smallest examples of this species were taken in 

December. The complete specimens measure 8 mm. in 
length. None of them are ripe, though smaller examples 
(6 mm.) have been found with ova at the same time of the 
Fear. 
: Malmeren (1865, p. 71) mentions 35 as the number of 
segments, and St. Joseph (1888, p. 162, Harmothoé impar) 
gives 38, including the buccal and anal segments. The 
number seems to be very variable, 

While the head agrees generally with the published 
descriptions of it, the peaks of the lateral eminences are more 
prominent, the palps are larger and taper more gradually, 


from the North Sea and adjacent parts. 175 


the lateral tentacles have more massive bases, and the filiform 
tips of the cirri and tentacles are longer than shown in 
M‘Intosh’s figure of the head of EH. émpar (1900, pl. xxvii. 
fig. 13). The papille of the palps are so minute as to 
require a careful search. No scales are present. 

All the examples are of the typical British form. 


Evarne tmpar, Jolnst., var. 


A nearly complete specimen of 25 seginents and of 16 mm. 
length and 6 mm. breadth from tip to tip of the seta was 
taken in 35 fath. off Tod Head. It is evidently a variety of 
EE. impar. It is a softer and smaller form, and shows on the 
dorsum none of the characteristic brown markings. The 
dorsum is pink in colour. The shape of the body is similar 
to that of #. impar. All the scales have been lost. 

The head is slightly broader in proportion to its length 
than that of H. «mpar. There are no eyes. The lateral 
eminences are broader in front, but the peaks are the same in 
both forms. The median tentacle has the same massive 
base, brown colour, and filiform tip, though there is no 
apparent dilatation below the tip. In other points, as, for 
example, the lateral tentacles, the palps, and their papille, 
both forms agree. ‘The tentacular cirri are absent. 

Compared with the breadth of the body, the length of the 
bristles of the variety is less than that of the same structures 
in Evarne impar, while the dorsal bristles of the variety are 
larger in comparison with the ventral than in the normal 
specimens. 

In shape the dorsal bristles (Pl. VI. fig. 2) resemble those of 
Evarne kerquelensis, M‘Intosh (1885, p. 97, pl. vi.a, fig. 12), 
though they are less curved and less attenuated towards the 
tip. The tip is longer and more pointed than that of EH. ¢m- 
par, but the transverse rows of spines and the lateral spines 
are similar. The tip is most like that of H. kerguelensis, 
or, again, it may be said to be intermediate in shape between 
that of H. dmpar and that of E. atlantica, M‘Intosh. 

The superior ventral bristles resemble those of H. impar. 
The median and inferior ventral bristles are more numerous 
and show either no secondary process or only a small trace 
of it, recalling thus the ventral bristle of H. atlantica. 

Many varieties of . impar have been described. The 
present one is probably akin to that mentioned by M‘Intosh 
(1900, p. 357) as procured by the ‘ Porcupine’ in 1870. 
Specimens without eyes have likewise been obtained. 


176 Mr. W. Small on Annelica Polycheta 


Evarne johnstont, M‘Intosh, 1876. 


. This species has previously been obtained only from the 
Atlantic Ocean to the west of Ireland. The present record is 
the first of it from the seas to the north of the Shetlands, 
where it was obtained in 362 m. The haul consists of one 
fragment of a few anterior segments. M‘Intosh gives the 
length of his examples as 9 mm. 

The dorsum shows a distinctive deep brown colour and the 
proboscis is characteristically tinted. Contrary to the usual 
condition, it is not extruded. The body, however, is 
ruptured. 

The eyes are moderately large and of a brown colour; only 
the posterior pair is visible from above. 

No scales are present. ‘The bristles are characteristic and 
are alone sufficient to identify the annelid. 

The present example may be a variety, for the eyes are 
not the ‘‘ minute black points” described by M‘Intosh (1900, 
p- 359). At the same time his figure of the head of H. john- 
stoni (1900, pl. xxvil. fig. 7) shows the eyes large enough to 
be those of the present specimen and too large for his 
description of them. 


Evarne atlantica, M‘Intosh, 1897. 


An anterior fragment of this annelid, which was first 
brought to light by the Royal Irish Academy’s Expedition 
(1896), was taken in 24 fathoms in the Moray Firth in the 
same haul which yielded Aphrodita echidna. 

Both pairs of eyes are yery conspicuous from the dorsum. 
Brown and pink are the characteristic tints of the dorsal 
region. The scale-bearing tubercles and the lateral borders 
of the segments which do not bear scales are outlined in dark 
brown. Internal to these markings there are, on each 
segment, patches of a paler brown colour, and along the mid- 
dorsal line bars of dark brown on a band of pink, which 
passes along the whole length of the fragment, mark the 
posterior border of each segment. The dorsal coloration thus 
differs from that of the original specimen (M‘Intosh, 1900, 
p- 363). The feet and ventral surface are pink in colour 
and the bristles are pale yellow. 

The scales, which are unknown, cannot be described 
because of their complete absence. Prof. M‘Intosh thinks 
that they approach those of HL. norman. 


Jrom the North Sea and adjacent parts. LT 


Genus ANTINO#, Kinberg, 1857. 
Antinoé sarsi, Malmgren, 1868. 


Only one anterior fragment of 6 mm. length was taken. 
It occurred in the same haul as Evarne johnstont. Further 
investigation may prove some kind of a relationship to exist 
between the two forms. They have occurred together in 
different collections. 

Théel (1879, p. 18) gives Antinoé sarsi (Kinberg), Malm- 
gren (excluding Malmgren’s ‘‘nondum adult” form froin 
Spitsbergen), as a synonym of his Polynoé badia, which is, 
however, more likely to be the same form as Antinoé elegans 


(below). 


Antinoé elegans, Théel, 1879. 
Théel (1879, pp. 20-22, pl. i. figs. 13-16) instituted the 


genus Bylgia and the species elegans for one annelid procured 
in the Sea of Kara at a depth of 34m. Levinsen (1883, 

p- 88) mentions this form (bylgia elegans). No further 
Eats of it have been found. 

The present examples are a single specimen from 61° 27’ N., 
1° 47' W., and one complete specimen and several fragments 
from 60° 36' N., 4° 46’ W., at depths of 1240 m. and 1030 m. 
respectively. It is worthy of note that in both hauls Hunoa 
tritont, M‘I., was included. 

Théel characterized the genus Bylgia thus :—‘ Lobus 
cephalicus antice 7n prominentias non productus. Antenne 
e parte anteriore lobi cephalici productee. Tentaculum nullum. 
Hlytra paria 15, totum dorsum tegentia, in segmentis 
setigeris, 2, 4,5, 7,9. 62. 23, 26, 29, 32.” 

Unfortunately no elytra are in situ, but it is easy to 
establish the fact that Théel’s numbers of the elytra-bearing 
segments correspond exactly to those of the present specimens. 
The broadest part of the body is from the middle of its 
length forward to the seventh segment. ‘The anterior seg- 
ments decrease little in breadth; the posterior half of the 
body tapers distinctly towards the last segment. According 
to Théel the body is everywhere of the same breadth; that 
may be so in large specimens. ‘The setigerous segments 
number 37, 

Théel’s specimen measured 59 mm. without and 74 mm. 
with the proboscis. ‘he complete specimen of the present 
collection measures only 46 mm. in length, and none of the 
fragments indicate a form as large as 59 mm. 

Only one of the specimens—and that a doubtful Antinoé 


178 Mr. W. Small on Annelida Polycheta 


elegans, because of its small number of segments (16), lack of 
setae, and bad preservation—shows the violet-brown colour of 
the dorsum, the deep violet-over-grey of the proboscis, and 
the violet palps mentioned in the original description. The 
majority of the examples are brown-coloured on the dorsum, 
resembling Théel’s Polynoé badia (1879, p. 18). The ventral 
surface and the feet are a uniform grey-white and the bristles 
are golden yellow. 

Théel regarded the genus Bylgia as diverging from other 
polynoids after the manner of Kinberg’s family Iphionea, 
because of the absence of a median tentacle, but as being 
removed from the genus /phione because of important anato- 
mical differences. Examination of the present specimens 
would seem to show that Théel’s Bylgia is very closely 
related to the other polynoids and that his diagnosis of the 
genus is a mistaken one. 

The head is as broad as it is long, the greatest breadth 
being in front of the transverse middle line. It is divided by 
a median incision, which narrows posteriorly and passes 
backwards a little beyond the level of the anterior pair of 
eyes. There are thus the usual two lateral eminences, and 
these are pear-shaped and produced anteriorly into two very 
distinct peaks which are not produced forward into the an- 
tenne. ‘These peaks were not observed by Théel. Levinsen 
(1883, pp. 88, 195) has apparently not examined the annelid ; 
at any rate, he mentions the absence of projecting peaks as a 
diagnostic characteristic of By/gia elegans. All the present 
examples having heads, five in number, show the condition 
described above. The anterior eyes are the larger and are 
well removed from the front of the head and placed near its 
lateral border on the highest parts of the eminences. The 
posterior eyes are more closely set together than the anterior 
and are situated near the nuchal border of the head. The 
space between the peaks is filled with the massive rounded 
base of the median tentacle. This base is present in every 
specimen, but no example of the tentacle. Having their 
origin below the peaks are the two lateral tentacles. These 
have a strong basal portion, are conical in shape, and uni- 
formly tapered toa point. Théel avers that their bases are 
partly united to form one, but in the present examples the 
base of the median tentacle is interposed. The palps are 
remarkably large—larger than Théel’s drawing indicates 
and are supplied with minute papillae which escaped Théel’s 
observation. They have no filiform prolongation of the tip. 
The tentacular cirri have all been lost. The head resembles 


from the North Sea and adjacent parts. 179 


on the whole that of Polyno? badia; indeed, the two forms 
are closely united in many points. 

The proboscis has nine terminal papilla on either side— 
the same number and of the same shape as in Lepidonotus. 
The four teeth alternate, are sharply pointed, and have a plain 
biting-edge supported by a ridge. 

Théel remarks that the feet and bristles of Bylgia elegans 
resemble those of Antinoé (Polynoé) sars¢t and the dorsal 
bristles those of Alelenis lovent, Malmgren. The ventral 
bristles are whip-like, being slender and drawn out into a 
long fine tip. The lower part of this bristle is decorated with 
spines, which are shield-shaped, point steeply upwards, and 
are arranged in longitudinal rows. Above these, clothing 
the tip of the bristle, is an investment of very fine hair-like 
spines, and below them, where the bristle is thickest, the 
spines are smaller and more closely set together. As figured 
by Théel, other ventral bristles are terminated in a slender 
and slightly bent-over tip, but none of these were observed. 
The transverse rows of spines of the dorsal bristles are 
closely set together ; the tip is small and pointed, but not 
acutely. 

The elytra are glabrous and the outer and posterior edge 
has minute ciliform papillee, as in Polynoé badia. 

It will now be apparent that Théel’s diagnosis of the genus 
By/gia is wrong, in that it supposes the absence of anterior 
peaks on the cephalic lobe and of a tentacle (median), and 
the forward production of the anterior part of the head to 
form the antennee or lateral tentacles. 

When all points have been considered, it seems best to 
refer Bylgia elegans to the genus Antinoé. The resemblances 
between the present form and Antéinoé spp. are numerous and 
cover practically all the features of generic importance. 

Théel himself remarked that, in aspect, structure of the 
feet, bristles, and number of scales, his ylgia elegans closely 
resembled Antinoé (Polynoé) sarst. ‘The numbers of seti- 
gerous segments in the two forms are nearly alike; the 
structure of the head, disposition of the eyes and median 
tentacle, the condition of the palps and proboscideal papille 
correspond, The resemblance between the setze, especially 
the ventral, is striking. While due consideration has been 
given to the opinions of different authors, e. g. Hansen (1882, 
p- 1) and Harvey Gibson (1886, p. 342), regarding the value 
of setal characters in specific or generic separation of forms 
(cf. M‘Intosh, 1874, p. 371), it is impossible from the struc- 
ture of the setee alone to place Antinoé elegans in any known 


180 Mr. W. Small on Annelida Polycheta 


species of Antinoé or in the genus /armothoé or Polynoé 
so long as Antiénoé remains a genus apart from Harmothoé, 
however closely the former may approach the latter. 

While Théel’s description of Polynoé badia and varieties 
(1879, pp. 18-20) may apply to these forms, it is curious 
that the inferior ventral bristle which is diagnostic of Antinoé 
elegans and is figured by Théel (1879, pl. i. fig. 16) 1s present 
in every specimen. Again, a certain aspect of the superior 
ventral bristle resembles Théel’s figure of a ventral bristle of 
a young specimen of Polynoé badia, one of whose synonyms 
is given by Théel as Antinoé sarsi. 

It is most probable that Théel’s Polynoé badia and Bylgia 
elegans are one and the same form. Again, researches into 
the differences in structure between young, intermediate, and 
adult forms may alone be conclusive. 


Genus MatmerentA, M‘Intosh, 1876. 


Malmgrenia castanea, M‘I., 1876. 


Three very small fragments of this annelid were taken in 
the same haul as contained the fragments of Hvarne johnstoni 
and Antinoé sarst. JZ. castanea has been recorded trom all 
round these shores. 

The head appears to be broader in front than behind and the 
anterior eyes are more widely separated from each other than 
usual. Stress cannot be laid on these points because of the 
scarcity of material, but it is remarkable that the only two 
anterior fragments present these appearances, 


Genus Hatosypna, Kinberg, 1857. 
Halosydna gelatinosa, M. Sars, 1860. 


The only complete specimen is a comparatively small one 
of 20 mm. in length. One specimen has no eyes; in another 
the pairs of eyes are so close together as to touch. The 
enlargement of the median tentacle below the filiform tip is 
prominent, and the same remark holds for the tentacular cirri, 
which are almost as long as the median tentacles. A semi- 
lunar membrane extends from the first body-segment forward 
over part of the head. The palps are massive and trans- 
versely striated. 

St. Joseph (1888, p. 155) gives the number of segments 
of a IZ. gelatinosa as 45. ‘The number in the present example 
is only 17. 


from the North Sea and adjacent parts. 181 


A ripe specimen was taken in December. The repro- 
ductive elements are contained within a membrane, as noted 
by St. Joseph and represented by Claparéde (1870) in 
Hermadion fragile. A ripe male occurs in a haul taken in 
April. The alimentary canal contains remnants of small 
crustaceans and other organic débris. 


Genus PoLyNoii, Savigny, 1820, 
Polynoé scolopendrina, Sav., 1820, 


One fragment of 12 segments was taken in 120 m. at 
Station 16 in the same haul as contained Hunoa nodosa and 
Lagisca elisabethe, 

The eyes are large and the anterior and posterior pairs are 
very close together, Their proximity is probably due to 
antero-posterior shrinkage of the head, which thus appears 
broader than long. The present example belongs to the 
smaller southern type, but is not of the variety of brevipalpa 
of St. Joseph (1888, p, 183). 

More examples of P. scolopendrina may be found when 
terebellid &c. tubes are examined, 


Genus Kucranta, Malmgren, 1865. 
Hucranta villosa, Mgrn., 1865. 


This species is represented by one fragment of 16 segments 
in a fair state of preservation, It was dredged at 61° 39'N., 
4° 45' W., at a depth of 620 m. 

It was first discovered and named by Malmgren (1865, 
pp. 79-80, pl. x. figs. 9-9d). It has been recorded within 
recent years by Ditlevson (1911, p. 416, Harmothoé villosx) 
from 76° 35’ N., 18° 26’ W., at a depth of 150 m. Fauvel 
makes no mention of this species in his Report on the 
Polychet Annelids of the Campagne Arctique de 1907 (Due 
d’Orleans). ‘The species seems to be confined to northern 
waters, It was obtained in Barents Sea (between Spitz- 
bergen and Nova Zembla) by the Austro-Hungarian North 
Pole Expedition, 1872-1874 (Marenzeller, 1877), but the 
Dutch * William Barents’ Expedition of 1878-1879 failed 
to find it in the same locality (d’Urban, 1880, p, 253), 
Hansen (1882, p. 44, Polynoé villosa) records it from the 
southern limit of the “cold area” (off Christiansund) in 
763 m. on a clay bottom. It was found gnly once in the 
three summers of the Norwegian Expedition, 1876-1878, 
It is, like Acanthicolepis asperrima, characteristic of the 
Norwegian fords. 

Ann. & Mag. N, Hist, Ser. 8. Vol. x. 13 


182 Mr. W. Small on Annelida Polycheta 


The head-parts are unfortunately incomplete. The rela- 
tion between the length and breadth of the head in the 
present specimen corresponds to Malmgren’s drawing. The 
eyes are large; the anterior pair are placed well back on the 
head and close to its lateral edge, and are larger than the 
posterior pair, which are placed laterally in front of the 
nuchal border of the head. The tentacles are wanting. 
Théel (1879, p. 23) has completed the descriptions of Malm- 
eren and Sars (1873, p. 4) by describing the median tentacle. 
The one tentacular cirrus and the palps agree entirely with 
the published descriptions. 

No scales and no dorsal cirri are present. The tubercle 
which, according to Malmgren, takes the place of the dorsal 
cirrus on the segments which do not bear scales is not 
apparent. The ventral cirrus is sparingly supplied with 
short clavate cilia. 

Ditlevson, whose material consisted of a fragment of 9 
segments, bases the identification of his specimen on the 
appearance of the bristles, and remarks that his examination 
of the bristles shows them to agree exactly with the descrip- 
tion and figures of Malmgren. 

‘The spines on the dorsal bristles of the present example 
are more prominent than shown by Malmgren’s drawing, 
and the dorsal bristles themselves, especially the superior, are 
more curved. Malmgren’s artist likewise has not given 
sufficient prominence to the spines of the superior and infe- 
rior ventral bristles, nor does the drawing of the inferior 
ventral bristle show that the spines increase in length and 
prominence towards the apex of the bristle. 

The dorsal bristles (twelfth foot) are gracefully curved 
(Pl. VI. fig. 3); the spines become larger towards the tip 
and attain their maximum size a short distance from it. The 
transverse rows of spines almost pass across the complete 
breadth of the bristle, recalling the condition in varne 
impar. Indeed, the dorsal bristle of Hucranta villosa closely 
resembles that of Hvarne impar but for the tip, which in 
Kucranta is rounded and blunt. ‘lhe bristles are covered 
with a brown granular mass. The inferior dorsal sete are 
more curved and slender and have longer spines than the 
superior. 

The bifid condition of the tip of the superior ventral bristle 
(fig. 4) is not common ; it occurs in Lupolynoé occidentalis, 
M‘Intosh, and in Hupolynoé anticostiensis, M‘Intosh, both of 
which are Canadian forms. The bristle itself is slender and 
tapers gracefully. The lateral spines are large and slightly 
recurved and are almost equalled in length by the transverse 


from the North Sea and adjacent parts, 183 


rows of spines. The latter are also recurved. The spines 
decrease in number and size towards the tip, and the bifid 
portion of the bristle is entirely naked. ‘This part is slightly 
swollen immediately below the bifurcation, 

The inferior ventral bristles (fig. 5) are more massive than 
the superior. Their outline recalls the hastate bristles of 
Aricia. The spines are confined to the thicker lower portion 
of the bristle, leaving a large smooth tip the edges of which 
are not so straight and uniformly converging as shown by 
Malmgren, 

Trautzsch (1889, pp. 139 & 143) gives as references to 
Harmothoé villosa, Levinsen (1883, pp. 36, 193) and Malm- 
eren (1865, pp. 79-80), and to Hucranta villosa, Malmgren 
(1865, pp. 79-80), The references to Malmgren are identical, 
while Levinsen, as Trautzsch remarks, does not meution the 
genus Hucranta, but refers to what is undoubtedly the same 
form as Harmothoé villosa, and himself gives the same 
reference to Malmgren. Yet Trautzsch mentions the two 
names, H. villosa and H. villosa, in places apart in the text 
and in a table of dredgings as if they were distinct species. 
His drawing of a ventral bristle of H, villosa (1889, pl. vii, 
fig. 16) does not resemble either Malmgren’s original drawing 
of a ventral bristle of Hucranta villosa or the appearance of 
the same in the fragment of the annelid under discussion, 


Family Sigalionide. 
Genus STHENELAIS, Kinberg, 1857. 


Sthenelais boa (Johnston, 1833), Kinberg, 1857. 


One incomplete specimen of 17 mm. length was dredged 
from a depth of 5 fath. in Quey Firth, Shetland. 

It is remarkable that the representation of this form, 
which ranges from Norway along the western shores of 
Europe to South Africa, should be so small. The specimen 
presents no points of difference from the typical British form 
except in coloration, The head is not of a crimson hue nor 
are the few scales present on the dorsum marked with grey 


or brown, 


Sthenelais zetlandica, M‘Intosh, 1876. 


Two small fragments, one anterior, the other posterior, 
were found in Shetland waters, 
The head is injured, and therefore its structure cannot he 
13* 


184 On Annelida Polycheta from the North Sea. 


described. M‘Intosh’s specimens were similarly deficient 
(1900, p. 414). 

The palps appear to be long, slender, and tapering, like 
those of Sthenelais limicola, Ehlers. The posterior end of 
the annelid is slender and has apparently two caudal cirri. 

An examination of the complete head will determine 
whether this form shall remain in the genus Sthenelais. 


Sthenelais imicola, Ehlers, 1864. 


One specimen was taken along with numerous examples of 
Ophiodromus flecuosus, Della Chiaje, in 56° 48’ N., 1° 19’ E., 
in 94m. It is a deep-water form, ranging from 30 to over 
400 fathoms, and is never found between tide-marks. 

The body is small and incomplete. All the scales have 
been lost, and the head is in a bad state of preservation. 


Sthenelats jeffreystt, M‘Intosh, 1876. 


Specimens of this annelid were taken from the seas to the 
north of the Shetland Islands. It has been recorded only 
from the Atlantic Ocean to the west of Ireland, and has still 
to be found in the North Sea. It would seem to prefer a 
deep-water habitat. 

The largest of the specimens (incomplete) are about 35 mm. 
in length. The body is long and narrow, and tapers gently 
towards the posterior end. No eyes are visible in any of the 
specimens. The proboscis has ten irregularly conical terminal 
papillz dorsally and ventrally. 


Bibliography. 


CLAPAREDE. 1870. Suppl. aux Annél. de Naples. 

DirLtevson. 191]. ‘ Annelids from the Danmark Expedition (1906- 
08).’ Copenhagen. 

D’Ursan. 1880. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., October 1880. 

Favuvet. 1911. Campagne Arctique de 1907 (Duc d’Orleans) : “ Anné- 
lides Polychétes.” 

Hansen. 1882. ‘Norske Nordhays-Expedition, 1876-78.’ Vol. vii 
Annelida, Christiania. 

Harvey Gipson. 1886. L. M. B.C. Report, No.1. Proceedings Lit. 
and Phil. Soc. Liverpool, vol. xl., Appendix. 

LEVINSEN. 1883. “Systematisk-geografisk Oversigt over de nordiske 
Annulata, Gephyrea, Cheetognathi, og Balanoglossi,” Vidensk. 
Meddel. fra den Naturh. Foren. 1 Kjébenbavn, 1882-83. 

MaALMGREN. 1865. ‘ Nordiska Hafs-Annulater.’ Stockholm. 

MaARENZELLER. 1877. ‘ Die Celenteraten, Echinodermen, und Wiirmen 
der k.-k. ésterreichisch-ungarischen Nordpol Expedition.’ 

——. 1902. ‘Stidjapanische Annel.’ ili. Wien. 


On new Batrachians from the Andes. 185 


M‘Inrosa. 1874. Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ix. part vii. “On British 
Annelida.” 

—. 1885. ‘Challenger’ Reports, Zoology, vol. xii. “ Annelida 
Polycheeta.” 

——. 1900. ‘Monograph of British Annelida.—Part II. Polychzta,’ 
Ray Society. 

Norman. 1890. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., May 1890. 

DE QuaTREFAGES. 1865, ‘ Histoire des Annelés,’ vol. i. 

Sars, G.O. 1873. Nyt Mag. f. Naturv. xix. “ Bidrag til Kunsdab 
om Christianiafjordens Fauna.—III. Annelida,” (From MSS. of 
M. Sars.) 

Sr. Josepn. 1888. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, ser. vii. t. 5 

THerL. 1879. “ Annélides Polyehétes des Mers de la Nouvelle- 
Zemble,”* Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., Band xvi. No. 3. Stockholm. 

Travutzscw. 1889. Archiv f. Naturg.55. “Zur Kenntnis der Poly- 
noiden yon Spitzbergen. 2 

TREADWELL. 1903. Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission, vol. xxiii. 
part 8. “ Polychzetous Annelids of the Hawaiian Islands.” 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI. 


Fig. 1. Head of Eunoa tritont, M‘Intosh. Enlarged. 

Fvg. 2. Tip of dorsal bristle of Lvarne tmpar, Johnst., var. Zeiss obj. D, 
oc. 2. 

Fig. 3. Mid dorsal bristle of Zucranta villosa, Mgrn. Zeiss obj. D, oc. 

4, Superior ventral bristle of ditto. Zeiss obj. Doe... 

Fig. 5, Inferior ventral bristle of ditto. Zeiss obj. F, oc. 2. 


XIX.— Descriptions of new Batrachians from the Andes 
of South America, preserved in the British Museum. By 
G. A. BoULENGER, F’.R.S. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum. ) 


Hyla melanopleura. 


Tongue circular, entire and slightly free behind. Vomerine 
teeth in two groups or short transverse series between the 
rather large choane. Head moderate, broader than long ; 
snout short, rounded, as long as the orbit ; canthus rostralis 
obtuse, ical region oblique, concave ; nostril equally distant 
from the eye and from the tip of the snout; interorbital 
space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, two- 
thirds the diameter of the eye. Fingers one-fourth webbed, 
disks smaller than the tympanum; male with a projecting 
rudiment of pollex ; toes three-fourths webbed ; subarticular 
tubercles moderately prominent; a feeble tarsal fold. The 
tibio-tarsal articulation reaches between the eye and the tip 


186 Mr. G. A. Boulenger of 


of the snout ; tibia half the length of head and body. Skin 
smooth, belly and lower surface of thighs granulate. 
Greyish or reddish brown above, sides blackish; the back 
may be spotted or dotted with brown; the sides dotted with 
white; upper lip white ; limbs with irregular dark cross- 
bands ; lower parts dirty white, sometimes speckled with 
dark brown. Male with a subgular vocal sac. 

From snout to vent 50 mm. 

Several specimens from Huancabamba, HK. Peru, above 
3000 feet, from the collection of Mr. EK: Boettger. 


Phyllomedusa loris. 


Tongue cordiform, slightly nicked behind. Vomerine 
teeth in two small groups between the choanse. Snout as 
long as the orbit, vertically truncate at the end; canthus 
rostralis obtuse, loreal region oblique ; eyes directed obliquely 
forwards; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid ; 
tympanum half the diameter of the eye. Fingers with a 
slight rudiment of web, first shorter than second ; toes webbed 
at the base, first and second equal; disks of fingers as large 
as the tympanum, of toes a little smaller; subarticular 
tubercles moderately prominent; inner metatarsal tubercle 
small, elliptic. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip 
of the snout ; tibia ¢ the length of head and body. Skin 
smooth, granulate on the belly and under the thighs ; paro- 
toids feebly developed; heel with a small triangular dermal 
appendage. Lilac above (in spirit) with a few dark dots ; 
humerus, four inner fingers, thigh, except a narrow lilac 
streak, inner toes, and lower parts yellow. 

From snout to vent 46 mm. 

A single specimen from El Topo, R. Pastaza, E. Ecuador, 
4200 feet, from the collection of Mr. M. G. Palmer. 


Bufo leptoscelis. 


Crown with bony ridges, including a parietal obliquely 
directed inwards ; snout truncate, slightly projecting; loreal 
region nearly vertical, concave; interorbital space broader 
than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, three-fourths 
the diameter of the eye. Fingers rather long and slender, 
obtuse, first longer than second ; toes barely half webbed, 
obtuse, with single subarticular tubercles; two small meta- 
tarsal tubercles ; no tarsal fold. Tarso-metatarsal articulation 
reaching far beyond the tip of the snout; tibia half the 
length of head and body. Upper parts with small conical 


new Batrachians from the Andes. 187 


tubercles, more crowded and spinose on the sides ; parotoids 
very prominent, subtriangular, two-thirds the length of the 
head. Uniform pale brown above, the parotoids darker ; 
yellowish beneath, belly dotted with brown. 

From snout to vent 55 mm. 

A single specimen from Santo Domingo, Carabaya, 8.E. 
Peru, 6500 feet, from the collection of the late Mr. G.. 
Ockenden. 


Hylodes ockendeni. 


Tongue oval, entire or indistinctly nicked behind. Vomerine 
teeth in two oblique oval groups just behind the level of the 
choane. Snout rounded, as long as the orbit, with moderately 
strong, curved canthus and very oblique, concave loreal 
region ; nostril near the tip of the snout; interorbital space 
hardly as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum very indis- 
tinct, not half the diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes 
moderate, the tips dilated into large, broad disks ; first finger 
not extending as far as second; scarcely a rudiment of web 
between the toes; subarticular tubercles well developed but 
small; a small, oval inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio- 
tarsal articulation reaches the anterior border of the eye, or 
between the eye andthe nostril; tibia half the length of head 
and body. Skin smooth. Pale pinkish brown above, with 
small scattered black spots, with or without a large brown 
blotch, or three brown blotches on the back ; a narrow light 
vertebral line may be present; a dark bar between the eyes, 
and an oblique black streak in front of and behind the eye; 
two or three oblique brown bars on the tibia ; lower parts 
white. 

From snout to vent 84 mm. 

Three specimens from La Union, Rio Huacamayo, Cara- 
baya, S.E. Peru, 2000 feet, from the collection of the late 
Mr. G. Ockenden. 


Hylodes ventrimarmoratus. 


Tongue large, subcircular, entire. Vomerine teeth in two 
oblique oval groups behind the level of the choanee. Snout 
rounded, as long as the orbit, with very feeble, curved 
canthus and very oblique, concave loreal region; nostril 
near the tip of the snout; interorbital space as broad as the 
upper eyelid; tympanum very indistinct, not half the 
diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes moderate, the tips 
dilated into large, broad disks; first finger not extending as 
far as second ; toes free; subarticular tubercles small, feebly 


188 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on 


prominent ; a small, oval inner metatarsal tubercle. The 
tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye; tibia half the length 
of head and body. Upper parts rugose with small warts, 
lower parts smooth, Grey above, with blackish symmetrical 
markings, forming a large X on the back, and a subtriangular 
blotch between the eyes ; upper lip with dark bars radiating 
from the eye; limbs with dark cross-bands, the front of the 
thighs with black and white bars, the back of the thighs black, 
with or without large white spots; throat and lower surface 
of thighs yellowish, belly and flanks white with large black 
spots and marblings. 

Total length 37 mm. 

A single adult specimen from Chanchamayo, E. Peru, 
2600 feet, from the collection of Mr. C. Schunke, and an 
adult and two very young from El Topo, R. Pastaza, 
E. Ecuador, 4200 feet, from the collection of Mr. M. G. 
Palmers 


Hylodes teniatus. 


Tongue oval, nicked behind. Vomerine teeth in two 
oblique oval groups behind the level of the choanez. Snout 
rounded, as long as orbit, with strong, nearly straight canthus 
and oblique, concave loreal region ; nostril near the tip of the 
snout; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid ; 
tympanum distinct, one-third the diameter of the eye. 
Fingers and toes rather short, the tips dilated into large, 
broad disks ; first finger not extending as far as second; a 
slight rudiment of web between the toes; subarticular 
tubercles well developed ; asmall oval inner and a very small 
rounded outer metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articu- 
lation reaches the tip of the snout; tibia nearly two-thirds 
the length of head and body. Skin smooth, the belly very 
indistinctly granulate. Brown above, darker on the sides ; 
a blackish, light-edged streak on each side of the back, from 
the eye to above the groin, gradually converging towards its 
fellow; a dark brown streak, with a fine median light line, 
from the tip of the snout to the sacral region; a dark streak 
from the upper eyelid to the scapular region; a canthal 
streak and two bars below the eye blackish; limbs with 
oblique dark cross-bands, heel whitish ; white beneath, throat 
speckled with brown, 

From snout to vent 27 mm. 

A single specimen from Noananoa, Rio San Juan, Choco, 


S.W. Colombia, from the collection of Mr. M. G. Palmer, 


new Batrachians from the Andes. 189 


Hylodes palmeri. 


Tongue oval, nicked behind. Vomerine teeth in two feeble 
oblique groups behind the level of the choane, Snout 
rounded, as long as orbit, with moderately strong, nearly 
straight canthus and oblique, concave loreal region; nostril 
near the tip of the snout ; interorbital space as broad as the 
upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, one-third diameter of eye. 
Fingers and toes moderate, the tips dilated into large, broad 
disks ; first finger not extending as far as second ; toes quite 
free; subarticular tubercles well-developed but small; a 
small, oval inner and a very small, rounded outer metatarsal 
tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches between the 
eye and the tip of the snout ; tibia three-fifths the length of 
head and body. Skin smooth, belly feebly granulate. 
Greyish olive above, with small dark brown dots anda 
A-shaped dark marking on the anterior part of the back; 
upper lip with dark vertical bars; a dark streak below the 
canthus rostralis; limbs with dark cross-bands; lower parts 
dirty white, throat marbled with grey, belly with grey 
vermiculations, 

Two specimens from Pueblo Rico, Choco, 8.W. Colombia, 
5200 feet, from the collection of Mr. M. G. Palmer. 


Hylodes margaritifer. 


Tongue oval, indistinctly nicked behind. Vomerine teeth 
in two small rounded groups behind the level of the choane. 
Snout truncate, very prominent, as long as orbit, with strong, 
curved canthus and oblique, concave loreal region; nostril 
near the tip of the snout; interorbital space broader than the 
upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, one-fourth diameter of 
eye. Fingers and toes moderate, the tips dilated into large 
disks, those of the fingers broader and truncate ; first finger 
considerably shorter than second; toes quite free; sub- 
articular tubercles moderate; two feebly prominent meta- 
tarsal tubercles, inner oval, outer round. The tibio-tarsal 
articulation reaches between the eye and the tip of the 
snout ; tibia three-fifths the length of head and body. Skin 
smooth, with scattered tubercles, which are subconical on 
the head and back, and larger, white, pearl-like on the throat 
and belly ; a larger, conical tubercle on the upper eyelid and 
another on the heel. Yellowish above and beneath, above 
with dark brown symmetrical markings and the tubercles 
crimson. 

From snout to vent 15 mm. 

Two specimens from El Topo, R. Pastaza, E. Keuador, 
4200 feet, from the collection of Mr. M. G. Palmer. 


190 On new Batrachians from the Andes. 


Edalorhina nasuta. 


. Vomerine teeth in two feeble oblique series behind the 
level of the choane. Head much depressed; snout pointed, 
ending in a pointed dermal appendage which is at least half 
as long as the eye, canthus rostralis strong ; loreal region 
very oblique, concave ; nostril nearer end of snout than eye; 
interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum 
very indistinct, smaller than the eye. First and second 
fingers equal; toes with a slight rudiment of web; sub- 
articular tubercles strong; two small metatarsal tubercles. 
The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the shoulder or the 
tympanum. Upper eyelid with conical tubercles ; a strong 
fold behind the eye, descending obliquely to the middle of 
the side; a curved ridge between the eyes and a D*€ -shaped 
one on the scapular region. Grey or pale brown above, with 
darker markings; a broad black band behind the eye, 
expanding into a large black blotch covering the side of the 
belly and the pubic region ; lumbar region orange, with a 
large oval black spot; throat and middle of belly white ; 
lower surface of limbs marbled black and white. 

From snout to vent 38 mm. 

Three specimens from Huancabamba, EH. Peru, above 

3000 feet, from the collection of Mr. E. Boettger. 


Hylixalus chocoensis. 


Very closely allied to H. bocagii, Espada, but tympanum 
scarcely distinct and hind limbs longer, the . tibio-tarsal 
articulation reaching the tip of the snout and the tibia 
measuring a little more than half the length of head and 
body. Blackish grey above, with a rather indistinct grey 
streak along each side of the back and a fine grey vertebral 
line ; upper lip with a row of small white spots; a white 
spot on the upper surface of the arm, near its base; a black 
bar across the thigh and another across the tibia; lower 
parts white, with a few blackish spots or marblings. 

From snout to vent 26 mm. 

A single specimen from Noananoa, Rio San Juan, Choco, 
S.W. Colombia, about 100 feet, from the collection of Mr. M. 
G. Palmer. 


Hylixalus collaris. 


Tongue entire or indistinctly nicked. Headas in H. bocagii, 
but tympanum very indistinct or quite hidden. First and 
second fingers equal; toes half webbed, the web produced as 


On new or little-known Ethiopian Hemiptera, 191 


a narrow fringe to the terminal disks; two metatarsal 
tubercles. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye; 
tibia half length of head and body, or less. Dark grey to 
blackish brown above, with more or less distinct darker 
symmetrical markings on the back and cross-bands on the 
limbs ; a light streak sometimes present on the side, ending 
in the groin; lower parts yellowish white, with a dark brown 
bar across the throat, or entirely dark brown or blackish. 

From snout to vent 35 mm. 

Several specimens from Merida, 5200 feet, and Rio 
Albireggas, 11,300 feet, Venezuela, from the collection of 
Mr. 8. Bricefio. 


XX.—WNew or little-known Ethiopian Hemiptera. 
By E. Berecrotu, C.M.Z.S8. 


THE Entomological Research Committee of the British 
Colonial Office having submitted to me fcr examination a 
number of Heteropterous Hemiptera sent in by the Committee’s 
collectors from various parts of Africa, I have found among 
them some new or insufficiently known species, which are 
described or commented upon in this paper. 


Fam. Coptosomatida. 


Ceratocoris dama, sp. n. 


Late ovatus, valde convexus, niger, supra versicoloriter ceruleo- et 
aurichalceo- et cupreo-resplendens, maculis callosis parvis irregu- 
laribus flavis remote conspersus, capite subtus flavo, fascia intra- 
oculari basali intus angustata et abbreviata, excavatione an- 
tennali ac cornubus maris nigris, dimidio externo horum dense 
confluenter flavo-variegato, pectore cinereo, opaco, lateribus pro- 
pleurarum late subnitidulis, fusco- et flavo-variegatis, vitta media 
angusta curvata anteriore propleurarum nitida fusca ; mesosterno 
medio nitido, nigro, acetabulis omnibus flavis, limbo lato ventris 
intra spiracula extenso flavo, in segmentis quattuor mediis macu- 
lam majusculam subquadratam nigram inter spiracula et latera 
includente, spiraculis, linea transversa impressa pone hee mar- 
gineque ipso laterali ventris nigris, hoc ad apicem segmentorum 
interrupto, segmento ultimo ventrali medio flavo. Caput breve 
et latissimum, apici pronoti que latum, medio declive, longitu- 
dine sua media fere triplo et dimidio latius, supra sat remote 
punctulatum, subtus subleve, pro articulo primo antennarum 
recipiendo late excavatum, superne preter maculas parvas con- 
spersas vitta mox intra marginem externum jugorum secundum 


192 Dr. E. Bergroth on new or 


marginem internum cornuum maris ultra medium eornm con- 
tinuata et maculis tribus transversis majusculis basalibus flavis 
(una inter ocellos, una utrinque extra eos) signatum, Jugis lineam 
inter angulos anticos oculorum fictam haud attingentibus, oculis 
minusculis parum prominulis rufis, ocellis ab oculis quam inter 
se triplo longius remotis; rostro flavo-testaceo, articulo tertio 
basin versus et quarto apicem versus nigrescentibus, articulis 
duobus primis antennarum flavis, primo angulum anticum oculi 
attingente, secundo primo nonnihil breviore, apicem versus nigri- 
cante (ceteri articuli desunt). Pronotum medio capite medio 
plus quam duplo et dimidio longius et hoc quarta parte latius, 
longitudine sua media duabus tertiis partibus latius, apice quam 
ad humeros paullo angustius, sat dense punctulatum et preeterea 
latera versus transversim rugosum, maculis callulosis flavis quam 
in scutello minoribus et remotioribus, sed prope latera majoribus 
et magis condensatis, macula transversa irregulari apicali media 
et macula rotundata pone hance etiam majoribus, margine apicali 
biangulato-sinuato, medio pone spatium interocellare recto, deinde 
usque ad angulos apicales late oblique truncato, marginibus late- 
ralibus anticis fortius rotundatis, valde declivibus, marginibus 
lateralibus posticis anticis paullo longioribus, angulis basalibus 
rotundatis sed haud deletis, margine basali levissime sinuato. 
Scutellum sat dense punctulatum, ad basin maculis duabus 
callosis flavis majoribus prope angulos basales pronoti notatum, 
abdomine paullo latius, margine inferiore flavo, utrinque anguste 
nigro-marginato. Pectus in partibus opacis remote vermiculato- 
striolatum et remote minutissime nigro-punctulatum, mesosterno 
medio transversim strigoso. Corium, maculis callcsis flavis 
exceptis, dense fortiter punctatum. Abdomen subtus sub- 
alutaceum, vix punctulatum, modice dense argenteo-sericeum, 


Fig. 1. 


to) 


pilosilate e latere inspecta multo magis perspicua, spiraculis 
magnis, a lateribus quam a margine postico segmentorum magis 
remotis, suturis ventralibus latera non attingentibus. Pedes 
flavi, femoribus maculis parvis fuscis adspersis et apice inferius 
fusco-notatis, subtus molliter albo-pilosis, apicem versus sulcatis 
et inferius subcristatis, tibiis albo-setulosis, supra in dimidio 
basali infuscatis. 

Long., ¢ 14 mm., cum corn. capit. 20 mm. 

Mas: Caput (vide fig. 1) utrinque in cornu longum deplanatum 


little-known Ethiopian Hemiptera. 193 


horizontale apice leviter reflexum prolongatum, his cornubus 
pronoto medio subeque longis, subparallelis, late distantibus, 
extus nonnihil pone apicem in lobum acutum triangularem re- 
flexum dilatatis, margine interno cornuum reflexo; juga com- 
muniter triangulariter producta, apice angulum obtusiusculum 
formantia; scutellum apice e postice visum obtusangulariter 
sinuatum ; operculum fovez intralateralis segmenti sexti ven- 
tralis oblique transversum, dense brevissime fusco-tomentosum, 
margine ejus antico subrecto, postico rotundato; segmentum 
genitale ultimo ventrali medio longius, nigrum, margine labiali 
quinque-sinuato, sinubus tribus mediis obsolete disjunctis, sub- 
confluentibus, margine apicali subrecto, angulis apicalibus rotun- 
datis, appendice magna media deplanata medium segmenti 
atitingente, flava. 


SOUTHERN NIGERIA: Akwete (J, J. Simpson). 

A species extremely remarkable by the structure of the 
head, which is broader and (apart from the horns) very much 
shorter than in the five other known species of the genus. 


PF Fam. Pentatomidz. 


Euryaspis marshalli, sp. n. 


Dilutissime testacea, pronoto, scutello corioque albidis, supra parce 
irregulariter nigro-punctata, partes has nigras exhibens: capitis 
vittulam inferiorem anteocularem supra tuberculum antenniferum, 
marginem lateralem, orbitam oculorum, margines dimidii basalis 
tyli vittasque tres basales, mediam brevem, laterales intra ocellos 
currentes et hos longe superantes, antice oblique extrorsum 
vergentes et marginem lateralem attingentes, pronoti marginem 
apicalem, lineam punctatam utrinque circum areas cicatricales 
maculamque minusculam partem posticam harum linearum tan- 
gentem, scutelli foveam rotundam ad angulos basales maculam- 
que irregularem anteapicalem, segmentorum connexivi fasciam 
latam basalem angulosque imos apicales, segmentorum ventris 
maculas majusculam ad angulos basales et minutam ad angulos 
apicales spiraculaque cum annulo ea cingente; pronotum inter 
angulos laterales maculis quinque diffusis subconfluentibus sepe 
minus distinctis in seriem transversam ordinatis notatum; seg- 
menta dorsi abdominis medio late ferrugineo- vel fusco-fasciata ; 
segmentum genitale maris medio et lobi genitales basales late- 
ralesque feminze fusco-maculata; rostrum et antenne testacea, 
annulo harum angusto apicali articuli primi secundique, annulo 
angusto basali articuli secundi tertiique, dimidio apicali articuli 
tertii, parte plus quam dimidia apicali articuli quarti parteque 
lata media articuli quinti nigris; pedes testacei, apice tarsorum 
fusco; membrana et ale vitrea. Caput subeque longum ae 
latum ( ¢) aut longitudine paullo latius (2), ante sinum ante-~ 
ocularem profundum parallelum, apice late rotundatum, oculis 


194 Dr. E. Bergroth on new or 


magnis, eminentibus, vertice oculo uno circiter duplo latiore, 
rostro basin segmenti tertii ventris subattingente, articulo secundo 
tertio breviore, antennis crassiusculis, articulo secundo tertio 
multo breviore, hoc et quarto aque longis, quinto quarto paullo 
longiore. Pronotum lateribus rectum (¢) vel levissime sub- 
rotundatum (2). Scutellum corio paullo longius, punctura ante 
medium prope latera in maculam oblongam spe coacervata. 
Pleure parce irregulariter nigro-punctulate, area evaporativa 
metapleure in mesopleuram late usque ad angulum ejus late- 
ralem anticum extensa, Corium margine apicali leniter rotun- 
datum, punctura ad angulum apicalem plus minusve confluente. 
Connexivum crebre concoloriter punctulatum, angulis apicalibus 
segmentorum leniter prominulis. Venter medio levi excepto 
parce subtiliter concoloriter punctulatus, segmento genitali maris 
apice arcuato-sinuato. 
Long., ¢ 9mm., 9 J1 mm. 


NYASALAND (Dr. B, Davey). 

A strikingly distinct species, more allied to EH. signorett, 
Stal, from Senegal, than to any other described form. 

Named after Mr. Guy A, K. Marshall, whose fiye years’ 
investigations of mimicry and warning colours in South- 
African insects (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, pp. 287-584, 
with 15 plates) have so considerably increased our knowledge 
of this subject. 


Fam. Coreide. 


Plectropoda cruciata, Dall. 


Ucanpa (C. C. Gowdey). 

The East-African specimens differ from the typical West- 
African form in being darker, with the corium and clavus 
uniformly fuscous ; the structural characters are identical. 


Fam, Pyrrhocoride. 
Ceneus gowdeyt, sp. n. 


Oblongo-ovalis, rufescenti-testaceus, capite, margine laterali pro- 
thoracis epipleuraque corii rufis, margine basali superiore capitis, 
impressione fere tota aream elevatam pronoti circumscribente 
(solum lateribus postice breviter rufo-interrupta), limbo basali 
scutelli, vitta lata brevi basali clavi pectoreque nigris, membrana 
sordide rufo-testacea, abdomine fulvo, bucculis, margine apicali 
pronoti et prosterni inter oculos, limbo postico pleuraram acetabu- 
lisque eburneis, pedibus fuscis, femoribus (basi excepta) rufis. 
Caput vertice alutaceum et ibidem linea impressa longitudinali 
preditum, rostro fusco, medium segmenti secundi ventris attin- 
gente, articulo primo antennarum fusco, capite paullo longiore, 


little-known Ethiopian Hemiptera. 195 


apicem versus incrassato, prope basin intus breviter setuloso, 
secundo primo distincte breviore, nigro (articuli ultimi desunt). 
Corium et clavus fusco-punctulata, punctis partis basalis exocorii 
in vittam angustam congestis, limbo externo corii rufo-punctato. 
Femora antica subtus in margine anteriore dimidii apicalis 
denticulis duobus armata. 

Long., 9, 12 mm. 


Ucanpa: Masaka (C. C. Gowdey). 
Allied to C. carnifex, Fabr., but much larger and differently 
coloured. 


Fam. Myodochide. 
Letheus simpsont, sp. n. 


Oblongus, angustus, subnitidus, niger, vena cubitali corii post 
medium macula minuta oblongula subcallosa lutea et vena radiali 
nonnihil ante apicem maculis talibus duabus minus distinctis 
notatis, membrana fusca, venis pallescentibus, antennis, rostro 
pedibusque piceis, tiblis et tarsis obscure sordide testaceis. 
Caput paullo transversum, crebre minute punctulatum, margine 
basali lave, rostro coxas posticas subattingente, articulo primo 
antennarum plus quam dimidio apicem capitis superante, secundo 
primo sesqui longiore, tertio primo parum longiore (art. quartu® 
deest). Pronotum longitudine tertia parte latius, latitudine 
apicali dimidio longius et apice quam basi duplo angustius, usque 
ad margines laterales haud explanatos ante medium leviter rotun- 
datos transyersim nonnihil convexum, sat fortiter haud dense 
punctatum, ante medium area transversa levi medio punctis 
longitudinaliter interrupta preditum. Scutellum et pleure sat 
dense punctata. Hemelytra apicem abdominis attingentia, clavo 
regulariter triseriatim percurrenter punctato, corio modice dense 
punctulato, vena transversa venas tres exteriores membrane 
conjungente interdum incompleta. Abdomen subtus haud nisi 
quam subtilissime punctulatum. Femora antica inermia. Arti- 
culus primus tarsorum posticorum duobus ultimis unitis vix 
magis quam dimidio longior. 

Long., ¢, 6 mm. 


SOUTHERN NiGerIA: Badagri (J. J. Simpson). 
A narrow species, very distinct in several characters from 
the hitherto known African forms. 


Fam. Reduviide. 


Subfam. Zermz. 


ERhinocoris nitidulus, Fabr, 


A specimen from Uganda, found by Mr. Gowdey, differs 


196 Dr. E. Bergroth on new or 


from the typical West-African form by having the middle 
and hind femora broadly annulated with red immediately 
before the apex. It shows no structural differences. 


Rhinocoris neavet, sp. n. 


Ochreo-testaceus, corio ferrugineo-testaceo, pedibus rufo-castaneis, 
capite cum antennis rostroque, lobo antico marginibusque laterali- 
bus posticis pronoti, scutello, macula denudata propleure et 
mesopleura, fascia basali segmentorum connexivisupra et subtus, 
suturis et macula transversa denudata intralaterali segmentorum 
ventris, coxis, annulo lato medio femorum, tibiis apicem versus, 
tarsis, segmento genitali feminz maculaque oblonga laterali 
segmenti genitalis maris nigris, parte anteoculari superiore 
capitis, pronoto, medio scutelli, pectore (densissime), ventre 
(limbo laterali excepto) corioque ochreo-sericeis. Caput erecte 
albo-pilosum, gula preeterea dense minute albo-squamulosa ; rostro 
glabro, articulo primo secundo paullo breviore, articulo primo 
antennarum pronoto paullo longiore, secundo primo triplo 
breviore. Pronotum leve, angulis apicalibus oblique truncatulis, 
lateralibus leviter prominulis, late rotundatis, lobo antico postice 
alte subconice bituberculato, pube sericea antice densissima, 
medio in vittas fasciasque congesta, postice deficiente, pube lobi 
postici minus densa. Hemelytra apicem abdominis leviter (9 ) 
aut sat longe (¢) superantia, membrana fusco-enea. Seg- 
mentum genitale maris apice medio in lobulum nigricantem 
obtusum sed lateribus acute denticulatum productum, stylis geni- 
talibus gracilibus, apicem versus haud incrassatis. 

Long., ¢ 17°5-19 mm., 2 22 mm, P 


NyYASALAND: Lower Shire Valley, near Chikawa, 600 feet, 
and N.W. shore of Lake Nyasa, between Florence Bay and 
Karonga, 1650 feet (S. A. eave). 

Allied to Rh. erythrocnemis, Germ., but larger and quite 
differently coloured on the under side, with more elevated 
tubercles on the anterior pronotal lobe and the male genital 
segment differently constructed. ‘The colour is quite constant. 


Phonolibes tricolor, sp. n. 


Ruber, lurido-testaceo-tomentosus, antennis (basi excepta), rostro, 
lobo antico pronoti, scutello, pectore (excepta parte posteriore 
propleure), maculis duabus transversis apicalibus late distantibus 
segmentorum ventris (sexto excepto), segmento genitali pedibus- 
que nigris, membrana cerulea. Antenne validiusculi, articulo 
primo capite paullulo breviore, secundo primo angustiore et triplo 
breviore, tertio incrassato (saltem in mare), primo tertia parte 
breviore. Pronotum fortius convexo-declive, lobo postico antico 
triplo longiore, medio longitudinaliter anguste canaliculato. 


little-known Ethiopian Hemiptera. 197 


Hemelytra apicem abdominis paullum superantia, corio (limbo 
laterali excepto) dense et crasse reticulato. 
Long., 5, 16 mm. 


Ucanpa: Sunga Masaka (C. C. Gowdey). 
A large species, easily recognized from all others. 


Phonolibes bimaculatus, Dist. 


Distant has omitted the principal character of this species : 
the non-reticulated corium, which has a single oblique trans- 
verse vein in the mesocorium. The antenne are broken in 
the female specimen before me; in the male the third joint 
is incrassated (as in Ph. tricolor, Bergr.), and I suppose that 
this is a secondary male sexual character, 

Of this species I have also seen a brachypterous specimen 
in which the hemelytra are convergent, only twice the length 
of the scutellum, and with the membrane quite rudimentary. 

NYASALAND: between Mlanji and Zomba, 2000-3000 feet 
(S. A. Neave) ; N.E. Ruopesia: Fort Jameson, 3800 feet 


(S. A. Neave). 


Subfam. Repurimv2z. 


Edocla precox, sp. n. 


Forma aptera: Nigra, parce anguste albo-squamulosa, apice spine 
lateralis lobi postici pronoti spinzeque scutellaris, macula trans- 
versa laterali-apicali segmentorum connexivi supra et subtus 
maculisque dorsi abdominis in series duas approximatas longitu- 
dinales ordinatis luteis, squamulis dorsi abdominis hic et illic, 
presertim in segmento secundo, densioribus et aurescentibus, 
capite et thorace granulatis. Caput ante oculos fortiter declive, 
jugis inter antennas in processus duos contiguos apice brevissime 
liberos porrectis, ocellis nullis, articulo primo antennarum parti 
postoculari capitis cum oculo subzeque longo, secundo primo fere 
duplo longiore, sepe pallescente, rostro parce breviter albo- 
setuloso. Pronotum abdomine plus quam duplo angustius, 
angulis apicalibus rotundatis, lobo antico valde convexo, inermi 
sed presertim postice fortiter sculpto, lobo postico antico multo 
breviore et humiliore sed paullulo latiore, spinis duabus discoid- 
alibus et utrinque spina laterali oblique sursum et paullo retror- 
sum directa armato, Scutellum apice spina valida suberecta apice 
recurva armatum. Rudimenta hemelytrorum basin abdominis 
attingentia, subtriangularia, apice truncata. Abdomen late 
ovale, segmentis ventralibus latera versus concretis, secundo 
basin versus carinato, sexto (2) medio duobus praecedentibus 
unitis longiore, medio transversim plicato-elevato, segmentis 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 14 


198 Dr. E. Bergroth on new or - — 


genitalibus nigro-setulosis. Pedes picei, fossa spongiosa tibiarum 


anteriorum minus quam trientem apicalem occupante. 
Long., 9, 11:5-13 mm. 
Forma alata ignota. 


NyasaLanD: §.E. shore of Lake Nyasa, between Fort 
Maguire and Fort Johnston (S, A. Neave); N.E. Ruopesta: 
between Fort Jameson and Lundazi, 4000 feet (S. A. Neave). 

Allied to Z. bisbisignata, Stal, but smaller and differently 
coloured, with the first antennal joint shorter. 


Edocla pilosula, Dist. 


Abdomen ad angulos apicales segmentorum, ultimo excepto, spina 
armatum, his spinis in segmento primo validis, in segmentis 
sequentibus longitudine sensim decrescentibus. 

Forma aptera (Q): Lobus posticus pronoti antico duplo brevior et 
multo humilior. Mesonotum lateribus spinula erecta parva, 
metanotum ibidem spinula erecta majore armatum. Hemelytra 
et ale nulla. 

Long. 6-7 mm. 


NYASALAND: Lower Shire Valley, near Chikawa, 600 feet 
(S. A. Neave). 

Distant has omitted the principal character of the species, 
the spinous abdominal margin, by which it differs from all 
other species of the genus. Mr. Champion has kindly 
examined the type, and informs me that the abdomen is 
spinous also in the winged form. 


Subfam. Prerarocyrrina. 
Petalochirus pugil, sp. n. 


Elongato-ovatus, parce pilosus, capite superiore, pronoto scutelloque 
ochraceis, hemelytris fuscis, connexivo fusco-nigro, capitis maculis 
duabus oblongis anterioribus postice confluentibus, impressione 
transversa interoculari, vitta retrorsum angustata inter ocellos et 
basin lateribusque postocularibus, pronoti vitta media antice 
abbreviata sublateralique subcurvata lobi antici ac vitta media 
angusta antice abbreviata, maculis quattuor antemedianis (exte- 
rioribus minoribus) basique anteriore spine lateralis lobi postici, 
scutelli disco spinaque laterali nigris, maculis numerosis hem- 
elytrorum squalide albidis, macula transversa obliqua apicem 
mesocorii occupante fuliginosa, fascia vel macula transversa 
prope basin segmentorum connexivi (in segmentis duobus ultimis 
feminze solum ad marginem Jateralem distinctis) fulva, maculis 
duabus denudatis horum segmentorum, altera ante, altera mox 
pone medium sita, nigris, spinis angulorum apicalium seg- 
mentorum piceis, apice late pallide flavidis; subtus cum rostro 


little-known Ethiopian Hemiptera. 199 


niger, preter pilos suberectos pubescentia adpressa auro-sericea 
haud densa preesertim latera versus indutus, bucculis, spinis pro- 
sternalibus, vittis tribus anterioribus (externis postice plerumque 
conjunctis) et macula postica mesopleurarum, vitta sublaterali 
metapleurarum, limbo acetabulorum omnium, vitta angusta ( d ) 
vel latiuscula irregulari e maculis composita (2 ) ventris, maculis 
oblongis lateralibus hujus prope basin segmentorum positis spira- 
culisque ochraceis ; antenne et pedes testacea vel fusco-testacea, 
articulo secundo illarum apice nigro, coxis nigris, apice cum 
trochanteribus ochraceis, tibiis anticis fusco- et testaceo-varie- 
gatis. Caput inerme, tylo basi inter antennas latiuscule tumido, 
sed haud carinato-elevato, oculis fortiter prominulis, sed magni- 
tudine mediocribus, spatio interoculari superiore oculo fere duplo 
latiore, spatio inter bucculas et oculos diametro horum maximo 
(e latere viso) subeeque longo, rostro piloso, articulo primo an- 
tennarum capite nonnihil longiore, secundo primo ? longiore. 
Pronotum linea longitudinali media impressa preditum, lobo 
antico inermi, utrinque carinis tribus obtusis obliquis instructo, 
angulis apicalibus extus levissime obtuse prominulis, angulis 
lateralibus lobi postici spina valida acuta sursum et extrorsum 
directa armatis. Scutellum paullo pone medium laterum spina 
brevi vel tuberculo spiniformi et apice spina longa suberecta 
leviter curvata armatum, postscutello etiam in spinam semi- 
erectam producto. Metasternum e margine postico paullo ultra 
medium levissime carinatum. Hemelytra basin ( 2 ) vel medium 
(3d) segmenti ultimi dorsalis paullum superantia. Abdomen ad 
angulos apicales segmentorum, ultimo excepto, spina semierecta 
armatum, ventre transyersim strigoso, inter spiracula et mar- 
ginem lateralem carina instructum, hac carina pone segmentum 
tertium vel quartum evanescente, sutura inter segmenta duo 
prima crenato-carinulata. Pedes breviusculi, femoribus anticis 
apicem capitis vix attingentibus, in dimidio basali paullo latiori- 
bus, basin versus leviter curvatis, fovea apicali superiore pro 
tarsis recipiendis tibiarum anticarum lata, longitudine sua solum 
duplo angustiore, fossa spongiosa tibiarum anticarum lata, tarsis 
duplo breviore, femoribus posticis medium segmenti quinti (9) 
vel basin segmenti sexti ( ¢ ) ventris attingentibus. 

Long., ¢ 13 mm., 2 17°5 mm. 

Mas: tibie antic intus modice, extus fortius rotundato-dilatatee ; 
venter medio per segmenta quinque prima carinatus ; segmentum 
genitale primum elongato-triangulare, medium secundi haud 
attingens; styli genitales depressiusculi, nigri, apicem versus 
sensim angustati. 

Femina: tibiz antice intus modice, extus valde rotundato-dilatate, 
parte dilatata interiore apicem versus sensim fortius angustata ; 
venter medio per segmenta duo prima carinatus. 


NYASALAND: Chiromo, 400 feet, and Ruo Valley, 1000- 
2000 feet (S. A. Neave). 


Very similar and closely allied to P. vittiventris, Bergr., 
14* 


200 Dr. E. Bergroth on new or 


but the head and pronotum are differently coloured and 
scarcely sericeous, the base of the tylus between the an- 
tennee is broader, not carinate, the eyes are smaller, the ante- 
rior pronotal lobe is much more distinctly sculptured, the 
posterior lobe less depressed, the metasternum is more shortly 
and less distinctly carinate, the legs are shorter and not 
annulated, the fore femora broader in their basal half, the 
fore tibiae much more dilated, particularly on the inner 
side, and the dilated part is differently shaped, their superior 
apical fovea (for the reception of the tarsi) is much broader, 
their spongy pit shorter and broader, the female venter is 
carinated only on the two basal segments, the first male 
genital segment is much more elongate, and the male genital 
styles are black. 

In P. vittiventris the upper interocular space is only one- 
third broader than an eye, the distance between the eyes and 
the buccule is distinctly shorter than the greatest diameter 
of the eye (seen from the side) ; the two denudated spots of 
the connexival segments are more or less pale, and therefore 
much less conspicuous than in pugil; the fore femora pass 
the apex of the head by one-third their length or more, and 
are not or scarcely broader in their basal half ; the upper 
apical impression of the fore tibiz is very narrow, their 
spongy pit narrow and only one-third shorter than the tarsi ; 
the hind femora reach the apex of the abdomen ; the venter 
is carinated in both sexes from its base to the apex of tlie 
fifth segment ; the first male genital segment is equilaterally 
subtriangular, and the genital styles are luteous. 

P. vittiventris, Bergr., and pugil, Bergr., form a distinct 
section of the genus, intermediate in a way between the 
typical Petalochiri and the subgenus Platychiria, H.-Sch. 


Tragelaphodes bergrothi, Bredd. 


Mas: segmentum ultimum dorsale abdominis penultimo duplo et 
dimidio longius, basi quam apice fere quinquies latius, marginibus 
lateralibus rectis, apicem versus sinuatis, spinis apicalibus longi- 
usculis, retrorsum porrectis ; segmentum genitale e supero visum 
ultra latera segmenti dorsalis ultimi late prominens, duplicatum, 
primo supra partem intermediam secundi usque ad medium ejus 
rotundato-producto, secundo apice medio subrecto, solum latera 
versus leviter rotundato, stylis genitalibus oblongo-triangularibus, 
apice late truncatis et per totam latitudinem contiguis. 

Femina: segmentum ultimum dorsale abdominis penultimo subeque 
longum, basi quam apice late truncato duplo latius, marginibus 
lateralibus leviter rotundatis, spinis apicalibus brevibus, 


little-known Ethiopian Hemiptera. 201 


NyASALAND: S.E. shore of Lake Nyasa, between Fort 
Maguire and Fort Johnston; Chiromo, 400 feet; between 
Fort Mangoche and Chikala Boma, about 4000 feet (S.A. 
Neave). 

This species was originally described from a single specimen 
from Dar-es-Salaam. 

The two known species of the curious genus Tragelaphodes, 
Bergr., are possibly always apterous; at least, no winged 
specimen has yet turned up. 


Fam. Nabide. 
Reduviolus corixipennis, sp. n. 


Oblongus, testaceus, capite subtus et lateribus vittaque ejus lata 
superiore ac vitta lata postice angustata scutelli nigris, parte 
superiore anteantennali capitis, pronoto, hemelytris, pectore 
abdomineque fusco-variegatis. Caput breviuscule testaceo-pilo- 
sum, pilis paucis longis erectis intermixtis, rostro et antennis 
etiam pilosulis, articulo primo harum spatio inter basin ejus et 
ocellum subseque longo, infuscato, mox ante apicem nigrum 
annulo testaceo signato, articulo secundo primo circiter dimidio 
longiore, capiti et etiam pronoto sine collari zeque longo, testaceo, 
mox ante apicem annulo nigro notato, articulis duobus ultimis 
infuscatis, tertio secundo subeque longo, basi et apice testaceo, 
quarto tertio paullo breviore. Pronotum (forme macroptere ) 
longitudine saltem quinta parte latius, breviter erecte pilosulum, 
vitta angusta percurrente fusca notatum, collari preterea utrinque 
vittis duabus fuscis signato, lobo antico lateribus fusco-nigro, 
disco ejus medio infuscato vel lituris obliquis fuscis plus minusve 
confluentibus notato, lobo postico fere horizontali, concoloriter 
punctato, maculis fuscis transversim quadrisubseriatis signato. 
Scutellum parce erecte pilosum. Mesosternum medio nigrum. 
Acetabula posteriora subimpicta. Sulcus orificialis oblique 
retrorsum directus, leniter curvatus. Area evaporativa meta- 
pleuram totam occupans, margine antico et postico hujus parallelis, 
Hemelytra apicem abdominis aliquantum superantia, corio et 
clavo fasciolis numerosis fuscis signatis, subadpresse testaceo- 
pilosis, margine costali corii basin versus densius et longius 
fimbriato ; membrana testacea, venis fuscis predita et inter has 
presertim basin versus dense confluenter fusco-variegata, cellulis 
tribus basalibus basi late confluentibus, venis duabus eas sepa- 
rantibus nempe ante medium cellularum subito abruptis. Alee 
apicem abdominis paullum superantes, cinereo-infumate. Abdo- 
men pronoto paullulo latius, subtus testaceo-sericeum, segmentis 
connexivi postice fuscis, margine eorum laterali pone medium 
nigro, ventre fusco, margine laterali (angulis apicalibus seg- 
mentorum exceptis), spiraculis vittisque duabus angustis irregu- 
laribus utrinque intra hee testaceis, maculis denudatis nigris 


202 On new or little-known Ethiopian Hemiptera. 


intralateralibus in segmento primo et tribus ultimis utrinque una, 
in segmentis secundo et tertio utrinque tribus, quarum duabus ad 
marginem basalem sitis, macula segmenti sexti longe pone medium 
ad ipsum marginem lateralem posita, segmento primo ad latera 
segmento secundo et metapleure subeeque longo (hamo copulatorio 
maris infra delineato), Pedes testacei, pilosi, femoribus annulis 
compluribus fuscis interdum interruptis cinctis, anticis pronoto 
paullulo longioribus et latitudine sua subbasali fere quadruplo 
longioribus, tibiis anterioribus annulis tribus fuscis (paullo pone 
basin, medio apiceque) notatis, lenissime curvatis, subtus minute 
spinulosis, tibiis posticis paullo pone basin et apice annulo fusco- 
nigro et inter hos annulis compluribus dilute fuscis ornatis, apice 
articulorum tarsorum omnium fusco, articulis duobus ultimis 
tarsorum posticorum eeque longis. 

Long., d 8-85 mm., 9 9 mm.; cum hemelytr., ¢ 9-9°5 mm., 
© 10 mm. 


NYASALAND: between Mlanji and Zomba, 2000-3000 feet 
(S. A. Neave). 

Belongs to the subgenus Apéus, and is allied to &. hotten- 
tottus, Reut., but it is scarcely “ oblongo-ovatus”; the pro- 
notum is broader, its posterior lobe almost horizontal, not 
“ convexo-declivis,’” and without the sublateral fuscous 


Fig. 2. 
\ iS 
\\ sm i 
yy» ~\ 
one 
a b Cc 


Left copulatory hook of Reduviolus corizipennis, Bergr., seen from the 
outside (a), from below (6), and obliquely from the inside (c). 


vitta; the hemelytra are considerably longer and the legs 
differently coloured, with the second joint of the hind tarsi 
longer; there are also some colour-differences in the antennz 
and other parts of the body. The markings of the hemelytra 
remind one of the genus Cortwa. 

To this species belong the specimens recorded from 
Kilimandjaro by Poppius (in Sjéstedt, Kiliman.-Meru Exp. 
xii. p. 59) under the name A, hottentottus, Reut, 


Mr. F. W. Edwards on Lygistorrhina urichi, 203 


N.B.—The copulatory hooks of the male give very good 
specific characters in this genus, and many of them have 
been figured by Reuter in various papers and by Champion 
in the ‘ Biologia Centrali-Americana.’? They are often fairly 
well visible from the side of the abdomen; but in some 
Species, as in the above-described coriwipennis, they are of a 
rather complicated structure and must be detached from the 
body (which can be easily done without injuring the abdo- 
men) and examined from different sides. 


XXI.—Lygistorrhina urichi, a new Mycetophilid from 
Trindad. By F. W. Epwarps, B.A., F.E.S. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


THE writer has received for examination from Mr. H. Scott, 
of Cambridge, a small series of a very peculiar and interesting 
Mycetophilid, described below. The species is undoubtedly 
congeneric with Williston’s Proboleus singularis from 
St. Vincent, but, for reasons which will appear, the writer 
does not consider that Proboleus can be retained as a distinct 
genus from Skuse’s Lygistorrhina. The latter was described 
(in the female sex only) as possessing three ocelli, the median 
one being minute. In Proboleus (described from males 
only) the ocelli were described as apparently absent, the 
remaining characters of P. singularzs being almost exactly 
like those of ZL. ¢nstgnis. Fortunately in Mr. Scott’s series 
both sexes are represented, and a careful examination showed 
that while in the male ocelli seem to be absent, in the female 
a pair of large ones is present in the same position as in 
Lygistorrhina. The loss of the ocelli in the male is no doubt 
due to the much greater development of the eyes, which are 
quite. twice the size of those of the female. The chief 
(supposed) distinction between these two genera is thus 
proved to be non-existent, and Proboleus therefore becomes 
a synonym of Lygistorrhina. There are, however, some 
slight differences which can hardly be considered of generic 
value: (1) In Z. uricht the median ocellus is apparently 
wanting ; (2) in the two West-Indian species the mediastinal 
vein (sc) reaches the costa, while in the Australian L. ¢nszgnis 
it does not; (8) Lygistorrhina has two small spurs to the 
middle tibia, Proboleus only one. 


204 Mr. O. Thomas on a new 


Lygistorrhina urichi*, sp. n. 


3. Head (including antenne) black, antenne scarcely 
longer than head; proboscis brownish. horaz uniformly 
shining black. Abdomen very long and thin, swollen 
apically ; black, with well-marked yellow apical bands on 
the first five segments. Legs: front cox with the base 
fuscous, the apex and trochanters yellowish; mid and hind 
coxe and trochanters shining black; fore and mid femora 
and tibize yellowish ; hind femora swollen, yellow, with the 
apical two-fifths black ; hind tibia yellow, apical fifth black, 
swollen on the apical half, a close-set row of stiff hairs along 
the whole of the upper surface ; fore and mid tarsi brownish 
black, hind tarsi black, appearing thickened through being 
clothed with short very dense hair. Wangs almost hyaline ; 
a distinct brown blotch at the apex, darker in colour towards 
the costa; venation exactly as figured by Williston for 
P. singularis. Halteres yellow. 

Length 5-6 mm. 

@?. Resembles the male, but the eyes are much smaller 
and the front much broader; abdomen much shorter and 
rather stouter, and the yellow bands less distinct; apical 
half or rather more of hind femora brownish black. 

Length 3°5 mm, 

Hab. Trinidad. ‘Swept by F. W. Urich and Hugh 
Scott from grass, bushes, &c., on either side of a small stream 
below a waterfall at Diego Martin, 22. iii. 1912, between 8 
and 10.30 A.M. The day was sunny, but the flies were swept 
from shady places.” (Note by H. Scott.) Number of 
specimens, 7 g,1 ¢. 

Type presented to the British Museum by Mr. H. Scott. 


XXIL—A new Vespertilionine Bat from Angola. 
By OLDFIELD THOMAS. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


A FEW years ago, by the kindness of the authorities of the 
Lisbon Museum, the British Museum obtained an example of 
a peculiar Vespertilionine bat which had been received from 


Angola, and whose systematic position seemed by no means 
readily determinable. 


* Named, by request of Mr. Scott, in honour of F. W. Urich, Govern- 
ment Entomologist in Trinidad. 


Vespertilionine Bat from Angola. 205 


I have now been able to make a careful study of this 
specimen, and have come to the conclusion that it represents 
a new genus, which may be called 


CisTuGo, gen. nov. ( Vespertilionide). 


Allied to Myotis, but with differently proportioned teeth 
and with glands in the wings. 

Skull essentially as in Myotis, but the brain-case not 
specially vaulted and the muzzle rather less pinched in laterally. 

Dental formula as in Myotis. 

Incisiors of the same essential structure as in Myotis, but 
shorter. Janines similar. Small premolars subequal, 
minute, not half as large as the incisors, short, stumpy, 
quite without the similarity to a minute canine shown at least 
by the anterior one in /yotis, their tips barely rising to the 
level of the cingulum of the canine, the two closely pressed 
together and just filling the space between the canine and the 
large premolar. Large premolar with an unusually well- 
developed antero-internal cusp, as high as the large inner 
cusp of the molars. Lower incisors as in Myotis; canines 
proportionally short, barely rising as high as the posterior 
premolar; premolars all with their antero-posterior less than 
their transverse diameter, the two small ones closely crowded 
together between the canine and posterior premolar, 

General external characters as in the smaller species of 
Myotis. Tragus of medium length, differing from that of 
most species of Myotis by being broader slightly above its 
base than at the base, its inner and outer edges both slightly 
convex. 

Wings with peculiar thickened glands in them on the 
outer side of the forearms distally; three present on the left 
side and two on the right in the single specimen, but the 
situation of the third one is perceptible in the right wing, so 
that the normal number is probably three ; the glands them- 
selves about 3-3°5 mm. in length by 1-1°5 in breadth, more 
sharply outlined than the corresponding glands in Pizonyz ; 
also situated closer to the forearm than in that genus, less in 
the centre of the wing. 


Ly pe :— 


Cistugo seabre, sp. n. 


General appearance that of a Pépistrellus, say P. kuhli?, 
to which there is a considerable resemblance in size and 
colour. ars of average size, their anterior margin convex 
at base, then nearly straight to the tip, which is narrowly 


206 Miss F. M. Scott on a Species of 


rounded ; outer edge angularly concave above, convex below. 
‘Tragus pointed, its inner and outer edges both slightly con- 
vex, a rounded lobe at its outer base. Wings from the base 
of the toes. No post-calcareal lobule. Tip of tail projecting. 
General colour dull drab, the bases of the hairs everywhere 
slaty, the tips above drab, below whitish. Membranes 
brown, with whitish edges, the light-coloured reticulations 
conspicuous. 

Skull and teeth as described above. 

Dimensions of the type (measured on the spirit-specimen) :— 

Forearm 52°35 mm. 

Head and body 40 mm.; tail 40 ; ear 12; tragus on inner 
edge 5; third finger, metacarpal 31°5, first phalanx 10°7, 
second phalanx 9°7; lower leg and foot (c. u.) 18°2. 

Skull: greatest length 13°2; basi-sinual length 10:1 ; 
breadth of brain-case 6°6; front of canine to back of m? 4:6. 

fab. Mossamedes. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 6.1.3.3. Presented by 
the Lisbon Museum. 

This interesting little bat, which I have named in honour 
of Senhor A. F. de Seabra, C.M.Z.S., of the Lisbon Museum, 
is distinguishable from Myotis by the presence of glands in 
its wings, by the reduced proportions of its anterior premolars, 
and the large antero-internal cusp on p*. Its general appear- 
ance is rather that of a Pepistrellus than a Myotis. 


X XII.— On a Species of Nymphon from the North Pacific. 
By Fiora M. Scorr, M.A., University College, Dundee. 


[Plate VIL] 


THE genus Nymphon, and indeed all the Nymphonide, are 
of rare occurrence in the Pacific. The total number of 
Pyecnogonida recorded there is not yet very large, and the 
Nymphons included are relatively very few. From the 
South Pacific two deep-water forms were brought home by 
the ‘Challenger,’ viz. Mymphon longicollum, Hoek, and 
Nymphon procerum, Hoek. Ortmann describes one well- 
defined species, Nymphon japonicum, trom Japan; and from 
the China Sea a more doubtful one, Nymphon longiceps, has 
been described by Grube. ‘l'wo are recorded from Australia— 
NV. longicova, Hoek, and N. equidigitatum, Haswell. If we 
then exclude those found from the Straits of Magellan south- 


Nymphon from the North Pacifie. 207 


wards, which are, more strictly speaking, Antarctic or 
Subantaretic, the species of ,Nymphon from the Pacific are 
2 b ‘ 

six in number. 

It is therefore of interest that another should be added to 
this short list; more especially as it comes from a region— 
the west coast of North America—where, though many 
genera of Pycnogonida have been found, no single Vymphon 
has been recorded. 


Nymphon pizelle, sp.n. (PI. VII.) 


About ten specimens were collected by Miss H. L. M. 
Pixell, B.Sc., at Departure Bay, Vancouver Island, in the 
summer of 1911. In life, its colour is salmon-pink. 

The body is slender, with well-developed, widely separate, 
lateral processes. Segmentation is distinct, and from the 
middle of each segment springs the lateral process (fig. 1). 

The head and proboscis are equal in length to trunk. The 
neck is slender, cylindrical, expanded in front and marked 
by a slight median groove. ‘Lhe ocular tubercle (figs. 2 & 3) 
is very high and conical, slightly depressed anteriorly, 
directed slightly backwards; near the base are four well- 
developed lenses. Beneath it ventrally on neck are developed 
body-processes from which the ovigerous legs arise (fig. 6). 

The proboscis is cylindrical and very slightly shorter than 
the cephalic segment. Distinctly articulated with the last 
body-segment and directed slightly upwards is the abdomen 
(fig. 2). 

The length of the body is 8 mm., and of the trunk alone 
4 mm. 

The chelifers are slender, with the hand longer than the 
scape, and slightly curved. The chele are long and narrow 
(fig. 10). The palm is about equal in length to the fingers. 
The immovable finger bears an even row of very powerful 
curved teeth. The movable finger is likewise armed 
with teeth, which are double the number of those of the 
immovable finger, and are straight and lanceolate. Sete are 
few and scattered. 

The palps have the normal five joints and are slender ; 
except on the fourth and fifth joints, setee are almost absent. 
The first joint is very short ; the others are in the proportion 
epit 215-11 sib (fe. 9): 

The ovigers are ten-jointed, and arise, as aforesaid, from 
two processes in the ventral surface of the neck. ‘The first 
three joints are short and stout, with no sete; together they 


208 On a Nymphon from the North Pacifie. 


are less than the length of the fourth joint. The proportion 
of this and the remaining joints is as 
fg 8 Ono 1G eso 3 8Gos S15. 

The fifth joint is more slender than the fourth, and is 
markedly swollen at the distal extremity ; and on the swelling 
are numerous hairs. The sixth joint is straight, with 
few sete. ‘The next four joints, in addition to scattered 
sete, bearan even row of toothed spines numbering about 
18,12, 14, 18. The claw is powerful, with 15-17 small 
teeth on its inner edge (figs, 2, 7, and 8). 

The legs are very long, attaining a length of 83 mm. 
Together the first and third coxee are shorter than the second. 
The proportion of the remaining joints is as follows :— 
LG): 20520121670 22 'Be 

The setee increase in number distally, the last three joints 
being closely covered. In addition there is on the inner 
surface of each an even row of lanceclate larger sete (fig. 5). 
The claw is powerful and one-third the length of the pro- 
podus. Accessory claws are well developed. The relative 
lengths of claw and accessory claws (in the same terms as 
above leg measurements) are as "92 : °25 (fig. 4). 

In one specimen only were egg-masses seen: the eggs are 
very small (fig. 11). 

Ina large genus like Nymphon, where species are in the 
main characterized by differences in the relative size, or in 
the degree of development, of the several parts, or where one 
part may be enlarged and another diminished with little 
apparent order or connection, there is very little ground for 
assumption as to the actual kinship between one species and 
another. Among our Atlantic species, it is perhaps J. longi- 
tarse that this new species most resembles in general pro- 
portions both of limbs and body. On the other hand, 
the slender and graceful chele and chelifers more closely 
resemble those, for instance, of N.macrum, trom which, how- 
ever, this species is easily distinguished by other characters, 
such as those of the neck, the palp, the length of the tarsus, 
and the form of the ocular tubercle. In its assemblage of 
characters the present species could not, I think, be mistaken 
for any species yet described. 

Co-types of the species have been presented by Miss Pixell 
to the British Museum (Natural History). 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIL 
Fig. 1. Nymphon pivelle ; dorsal view. 
Fig. 2. Profile view. 
Fig. 3. Ocular tubercle. 
Fig. 4, Terminal joints of leg. 


A Revision of the Genus Corydoras. 209 


Fig. 5, Spines on terminal joints of leg. 

Fig. 6. Dorsal view ; walking-legs removed. 
Fig. 7. Terminal joints of ovigerous leg. 
Fig. 8. Spine of oviger. 

Fig. 9. Palp. 

Fig. 10. Chela. 

Fig. 11. Oviger with egg-mass. 


XXIV.—A Revision of the South-American Siluroid Fishes 
of the Genus Corydoras, with a List of the Specimens in the 
British Museum (Natural History). By C. Tate REGAN, 
M.A. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


THE Callichthyid fishes with the occipital process extending 
to the plate at the base of the dorsal fin-spine may be divided 
into two genera—Corydoras, Lacep., 1803, with 6 to 8 soft 
rays in the dorsal and the base of the fin about equal to its 
distance from the adipose fin, and Brochis, Cope, 1871, with 
9 to 11 soft rays in the dorsal fin, which is more extended, its 
base considerably more than its distance from the adipose 
fin. In his recent list of Neotropical fishes Eigenmann 
recognizes the genus Osteogaster, Cope, including therein two 
species which have the humeral shields somewhat larger than 
usual. One of these is a Corydoras, viz. C. eques, Steind., 
which is closely related to C. nattereri and still more closely 
to C. macrosteus, described below as new; the other is of a 
very different type, and should, in my opinion, be placed in 
the genus Brochis ; it is B. splendens, Casteln. 

There are so many species of Corydoras unrepresented in 
the British Museum collection and of uncertain position that 
I find it difficult to make a satisfactory key to the species. 


Synopsis of the Species. 
I. Interorbital width 3 the length of head or less; snout more than 4 
the length of head. 
Scutes in upper lateral series 23.. ..........000. 1. trettliv. 
Scutes in upper lateral series 26 or 27............ 2. kronet. 
II. Interorbital width 2 the length of head or more. 
A. A series of spots along the side and a second series on the back. 


1. Diameter of eye 6 or 7 in length of head.. 3. micracanthus. 
2. Diameter of eye 4 or 5 in length of head. 
TUES) Sabana veg (reg | | erty eka ee »» 4, microcephalus. 
Eleddiss 10.44. 1n the lengthy.) 4:4 « csctems «Wav. ot 5, paleatus, 


3. Diameter of eye 3} in length of head,,.. 6, garbei. 


210 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision 


B. Spots smaller and more numerous. 
1. Operculum 3 as broad as deep .......... 7. agassizit. 
2. Operculum more than 3} as broad as deep. 
a. Dorsal spine shorter than longest soft rays. 
8-13. multimaculatus, julti, elegans, trilineatus, 
punctatus, raimundi. 


b. Dorsal spine rarely a little shorter than first soft ray. 


Dorsal spine longer than Head os... hewbsens acknos 14. armatus. 
Dorsal spine a little shorter than head............ 15. polystictus. 
Dorsal spine as long as head ....... 0.5. .00:00006 16. melanistius. 


C. A black arrow-shaped spot at base of caudal fin. 
17. hastatus. 


D. Dark undulating longitudinal stripes...... 18. undulatus. 
E. A dark lateral band; fins immaculate. 


1. Depth of suborbital not more than its distance from upper lip. 


a. Depth of body 3} to 33 in the length... 19. melanotenia. 
b. Depth of body 23 to 3 in the length. 


Snout not shorter than postorbital part of head ; 


edge of dorsal fin somewhat convex.......... 20. eneus. 
Snout shorter than postorbital part of head; edge 
of dorsal fimdtraicht: 2% ose es 22s aust 21. natterert. 


2. Depth of suborbital twice its distance from the upper lip. 
22. macrosteus. 


3. Suborbital extending from eye to upper lip. 
23. eques. 


1. Corydoras treitlit. 
Steind. Anz. Akad. Wien, 1906, p. 478. 


Depth of body equal to or a little more than length of 
head, which is 2} to 3 in the length. Snout 14 to 13, 
diameter of eye 44 to 5, interorbital width 3 to 32? in the 
length of head. Barbels reaching gill-opening. Dorsal 18 ; 
adipose fin preceded by 4 or 5 median scutes. Anal I 7, 
Pectoral spinea little shorter than that of dorsal. Scutes 23/21. 
Brownish above, yellowish below ; a dark grey lateral stripe ; 
caudal usually with dark upper and lower margins, rarely 
with a few spots on the middle rays. 

R. Parnahyba. 

Total length 66 mm. 


2. Corydoras kronei. 


Ribeiro, A Lavoura, xi. no. 5, 1907, p. 189, fig.; Steind. Anz. Akad. 
Wien, 1910, p. 61. 

Corydoras eigenmannit, R. von Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paulist. i, 1907, 
p- 35. 


Depth of body about equal to length of head, 33 to 4 in 


of the Genus Corydoras. 211 


the length. Snout more than 4} the length of head ; diameter 
of eye 6 in length of head, interorbital width 3. Suborbital 
narrow; barbel nearly reaching gill-opening ; males with 
bristles on sides of snout. Dorsal I 7-8; spine about 2 
length of head ; soft rays decreasing from first, the fourth or 
fifth as long as spine; base equal to or less than distance 
from adipose fin. Anal I 6-7. Pectoral spine extending a 
little beyond base of pelvics. Scutes 26-27/22-23 ; humeral 
shields wide apart, each separated by 2 scutes from base of 
pelvic fin. Dark blotches at bases of dorsal and adipose fins 
alternate and are connected with a series of blotches on the 
side, which may unite to form a band; head spotted or 
reticulated ; dorsal and caudal with series of spots on rays ; 
lower fins with or without spots. 


1-4 (co-types of C. exgen- Near Santos. R. von Lhering. 
mann). 45-60 mm. 


3. Corydoras micracanthus, sp. n. 


Depth of body 3 to 34 in the length, length of head 4. 
Diameter of eye 6 or 7 in length of head; snout as long as 
postorbital part of head or interorbital width. Suborbital 
narrow; barbels nearly or quite reaching gill-opening. 
Dorsal I 8; spine } the length of head ; fin small, rounded, 
its base less than its distance from adipose fin, which is 
preceded by 1 or 2 median scutes. Anal I 6. Pectoral 
spine not reaching base of pelvicfin. Scutes 25/22; humeral 
shields widely separated below, each separated by 2 scutes 
from base of pelvic fin. Yellow, with a series of 3 to 6 dark 
brownish or purplish spots along the side and a second series 
on the back ; dorsal dusky anteriorly, sometimes with spots 
on rays; caudal barred ; lower fins immaculate. 


1-8 (types). 35-50 mm. Salta, Argentina. Borelli. 
9-10. rp rf Steinbach. 


4. Corydoras microcephalus, sp. n. 


Depth of body 3 in the length, length of head 33. Snout 
as long as or a little longer than postorbital part of head ; 
diameter of eye 43 in the length of head, interorbital width 24. 
Suborbital narrow; barbel nearly reaching gill-opening. 
Dorsal I 6-7; spine 2 to 2 the length of head; first and 
second rays longest, the edge of fin slightly convex ; base 
about equal to distance from adipose fin, which is preceded 
by 1 or 2 median scutes. Anal I 6. Pectoral spine ex- 
tending to base of pelvics. Scutes 22-23/20 ; humeral shields 


212 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision 


not in contact below, each separated by 14 scutes from base 
of pelvic fin, A lateral series of 4 or 5 dark oblong spots, 
the third below the adipose fin ; a similar series of spots on 
the back ; dorsal dusky anteriorly and usually with spots on 
the rays ; caudal usually barred with series of spots ; lower 
fins immaculate or anal sometimes with a spot. 


1-4 (types). 50 mm. La Plata. Doria. 


5. Corydoras paleatus. 

Callichthys paleatus, Jenyns, Zool. ‘ Beagle,’ Fish. p. 113 (1842). 

Corydoras marmoratus, Steind, Denkschr. Akad. Wien, 1879, p. 26, 
pl. v. fig. 1. 

Corydoras paleatus, Eigenm. & Higenm. Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. i. 1890, 
p. 471. 

? Corydoras aurofrenatus, Eigenm. & Kennedy, Proc. Acad. Philad. 
1903, p. 507; Eigenm. & Ward, Ann. Carnegie Mus, iv. 1907, 
pl. xxxviili. fig. 4. 

Corydoras ehrhardti, Steind. Anz. Akad. Wien, 1910, p. 60. 

? Corydoras meridionalis, R. von Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paulist. viii. 1911, 
p. 381. 

? Corydoras nattereri triseriatus, von Ihering, t. c. p, 386. 

? Corydoras fiaveolus, von Thering, ¢. ¢. p. 387. 


Depth of body 22 to 3 in the length, length of head 33 to 
34. Snout as long as or a little longer than postorbital part 
of head; diameter of eye 4 to 5 in the length of head, inter- 
orbital width 2 to 24. Suborbital narrow; barbel rarely 
reaching gill-opening. Dorsal I 7-8; spine 2 to as long as 
head; soft rays decreasing from first, which 1s longer than 
spine; base nearly equal to distance from adipose fin, which 
is preceded by 2 or 3 median scutes. AnalI6. Pectoral 
spine extending to or beyond base of pelvics. Scutes 22— 
24/20-22; humeral shields not in contact below, each sepa- 
rated from base of pelvic fin by one scute. Three oblong 
dark spots along middle of side, respectively below the dorsal 
and adipose fins and on the caudal peduncle, connected with 
less definite spots on the back; both series of spots may 
unite to form longitudinal bands ; dorsal dusky anteriorly 
and with spots on the rays; caudal barred; lower fins each 
with a single spot ; sometimes some or all the fins immaculate. 


La Plata; Rio Grande do Sul; Sta. Catharina. 


1 (one of the types). 35 mm. Cambridge Mus, 

2-3. 70 mm. Buenos Ayres. White. 

4-6. 60 mm. Parana. Salmin. 

7-9. 25 mm. R. Grande do Sul. von Ihering. 
10-1]. Dried. Cordova. 


12 (co-type of C. ehrhardti). Joinville, Steindachner, 


of the Genus Corydoras. 213 


6. Corydoras garbet, 
R. von Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paulist. viii, 1910, p. 383 (1911). 


Depth of body 22 in the length, length of head 3. Snout 
2 in length of head, interorbital width a little more than 2, 
diameter of eye 34. Barbels reaching gill-opening, Dorsal 
spine shorter than that of pectoral; base of dorsal longer 
than distance from adipose fin, which is preceded by 1 or 2 
median scutes. A series of 5 spots along the side and 4 
along the back; dorsal blackish anteriorly ; caudal with 4 
cross-bars. 

Length 50 mm, 

Rio San Francisco, 


7. Corydoras agasstziv. 

? Corydoras ambiacus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1871, p. 280. 

Geer as SARE, Steind, Sitzungsb. Akad. Wien, Ixxiv. 1877, p. 138, 

=o Xe, HOY, 

@ dorydaras punctatus, Kigenm. & Higenm. Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. i, 

1890, p. 472. 

Depth of body 23 to 23 in the length, length of head 33. 
Snout nearly } length of head; diameter of eye 4 in length 
of head, interorbital width 2. Suborbital narrow, separated 
by a broad naked space from upper lip; barbels reaching 
gill-opening ; operculum twice as deep as broad. Dorsal 17; 
spine ? length of head; soft rays decreasing from first, which 
is longer than spine ; edge of fin slightly concave ; base equal 
to distance from adipose fin, which is preceded by 3 median 
scutes. Anal 16-7. Pectoral spine extending beyond base 
of pelvics. Scutes 23/21; humeral shields not in contact 
below, each separated by one scute from base of pelvic fin, 
Sides with small brown spots; a yellowish lateral band 
bearing 3 longitudinal series of spots ; dorsal blackish ante- 
riorly and with series of spots on the rays; caudal barred with 
series of spots; anal spotted ; pelvics and anal immaculate, 

Amazon. 

Total length 60 mm, 

1. 25 mm, R, Jurua. Bach, 


This specimen is too small for description, but shows the 
characteristic deep snout and narrow operculum, 


8, Corydoras multimaculatus. 
Steind. Anz, Akad. Wien, 1907, p. 291. 
Depth of hody 2? to more than 24 in the length, length of 
Ann, & Mag, N. Hist, Ser. 8. Vol. x, 15 


914 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Leviszon 


head 3. Snout 12 to nearly 2 in the length of head, diameter 
of eye 5, interorbital width 2. Barbels reaching gill-opening. 
Dorsal I 8 ; height of fin 12 to 1} in depth of body ; base 
equal to distance from adipose fin, which is preceded by 2 
median scutes. AnalI 6. Scutes 22/20. Head, body, and 
fins with numerous small dark spots. 

Rio Preto, Bahia. 

Total length 44 mm. 


9. Corydoras julit. 
Steind. Anz. Akad. Wien, 1906, p. 480. 


Depth of body 24 to 22 in the length, length of head 3 to 33. 
Snout 2 in length of head, diameter of eye 4, interorbital width 
2. Barbels not reaching gill-opening. Dorsal 18; spine a 
little shorter than that of pectoral, which is as long as head; 
3 median scutes before adipose fin. AnalI6. Scutes 21/20. 
Head, upper 2 of body, dorsal and caudal fins with numerous 
small dark spots, those on the caudal forming 7 to 10 trans- 
verse series. A lateral series of larger spots and a large 
black spot on upper part of dorsal fin. 

R. Parahim. 


Total length 52 mm. 


10. Corydoras elegans. 


Steind. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wien, Ixxiv. 1876, p.471; Kigenm. & Eigenm. 
Oce. Pap. Calif, Acad. i. 1890, -p. 469. 


Depth of body 23 in the length, length of head 33 to 4. 
Snout as long as or a little longer than postorbital part of 
head; diameter of eye 3} to 33 in the length of head, inter- 
orbital width 2. Suborbital narrow ; barbel extending to 
gill-opening ; breadth of operculum more than } its depth. 
Dorsal 1 7; spine as long as or a little shorter than head ; 
rays decreasing from first or second, which are longer than 
spine; free edge straight or slightly convex; base about 
equal to distance from adipose fin, which is preceded by 2 or 
3 median scutes. Anal 1 6. Pectoral spine as long as head, 
extending beyond base of pelvics. Scutes 22-23/20; humeral 
shields not in contact, each separated by 1 or 13 scutes from 
base of pelvic fin. Yellowish; 3 series of brownish spots 
along middle of side; above them a brown band tapering 
posteriorly and a narrow band on each side of back ; dorsal 
blackish superiorly ; other fins immaculate. 

Amazon (Cudajas and Teffé). 


1-6. 40-50 mm. Cudajas. Mus, Comp. Zool. 


of the Genus Corydoras. 215 


11. Corydoras trilineatus. 


Cope, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1871, p. 281, pl. vi. fig. 2. 
? Corydoras acutus, Cope, 1. ¢. 


Very closely related to C. elegans, but with a larger eye, 
its diameter + the length of head in a specimen of 49 mm. 
A yellowish lateral band with brownish margin above and 
below and blackish median line ; dorsal rays blackish supe- 
riorly ; caudal barred; anal spotted. 

Ambyiacu R. 

According to HKigenmann this species is the same as (Q, 
agassicit, but it has the shorter snout and broader operculum 
of C. elegans. 


12. Corydoras punctatus. 
Cataphractus punctatus, Bloch, Ausl. Fisch. pl. ceclxxvii. fig. 2 (1794). 


A species resembling C. elegans and C. trilineatus in form 
and in coloration, the dorsal fin blackish superiorly and some 
spots along the middle of the side; caudal barred, 

Surinam. 


13. Corydoras raimundt, 
Steind. Anz. Akad. Wien, 1907, p. 84. 


Depth of body 3 to 4 in the length, length of head 3} to 3}, 
Diameter of eye 5 to 6 in the length of head, interorbital 
width 2, length of snout 2. DorsalI 8. Anal I6. Pectoral 
fin usually a little shorter than head. Scutes 23-25/22-23. 
3 longitudinal series of greyish-violet spots on the body ; 
a blackish band across middle of dorsal fin; caudal with 
cross-bars. 

Rio Parnahyba near Victoria, 


14. Corydoras armatus. 


Callichthys armatus, Giinth. Proc, Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 230, fig. 
? Corydoras amphibelus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1871, p. 282. 


Depth of body 22 to 24 in the length, length of head 3}, 
Snout a little longer than eye, the diameter of which is 3} in 
the length of head ; interorbital width 2. Suborbital narrow, 
its depth less than 4 diameter of eye ; barbel not reaching 
gill-opening. Dorsal I 7-8 ; spine as long as depth of body 
below it; soft rays decreasing from first, which is a little 
shorter than spine; base equal to or a little more than 
distance from adipose fin, which is preceded by 4 or 5 


median scutes. Anal I 6-7. Pectoral spine as long as or 
15* 


216 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision 


longer than head, extending to or beyond middle of pelvics. 
Scutes 22-23/20 ; humeral shields not in contact below, each 
separated by one scute from base of pelvic fin. Sides with 
small dark spots, strongest anteriorly, and forming longitu- 
dinal series above and below the lateral line ; traces of spots 
on dorsal rays; other fins immaculate. 


R. Avwiazon. 
1-2 (types). 60 mm. Xeberos. 


Higgins. 
3-4. 55 mm. Huallagas, ” 
5-8, 30-35 mm. R. Jurua. Bach. 


According to Cope’s description C. amphibelus seems to 
differ from C. armatus only in the barred caudal fin. 


15. Corydoras polystictus, sp. n. 


Depth of body 24 to 23 in the length, length of head 3 to 
34. Snout strongly decurved, a little longer than diameter 
of eye, which is 3 in the length of head; interorbital width 2. 
Suborbital narrow; barbel nearly reaching gill-opening. 
Dorsal I 7; spine nearly as long as head; soft rays de- 
creasing from first, which is as long as or a little longer than 
spine ; base more than distance from adipose fin, which is 
preceded by 2 median scutes. Anal 16. Pectoral spine as 
long as head, extending to middle of pelvics. Scutes 21- 
22/19~20. Longitudinal series of small dark spots on sides 
of body and on rays of dorsal fin ; other fins immaculate. 


1-2 (types). 35 mm. Descalvados, Matto Grosso. Ternetz. 


16. Corydoras melanistius, sp. n. 
Callichthys punctatus (non Bloch), Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 229 (1864). 


Depth of body 23 in the length, length of head 33. 
Snout nearly 3 length of head; diameter of eye 34 in the 
length of head, interorbital width 2 to 21. Suborbital 


narrow, its depth about $ diameter of eye; barbel not 


reaching gill-opening, Dorsal I 7; spine as long as head ; 
soft rays decreasing from first, which is as long as spine ; 
base a little more than distance from adipose fin, which is 
preceded by 4 median scutes. Anal 16. Pectoral spine as 
long as or longer than head, extending to or beyond middle 
of pelvics. Scutes 21-23/19-20; humeral shields not in 
contact below, each separated by one scute from base of 
pelvic fin. 38 or 4 series of small dark spots on side; dorsal 
fin blackish, the colour extending on to the back below it ; 
other fins pale, immaculate. 


1-2 (types). 50 mm. Exssequibo, Ehrhardt. 


of the Genus Corydoras. 217 


17. Corydoras hastatus. 


Figenm. & Eigenm. Proc. Calif. Acad. (2) i. 1888, p. 166, and Occ. 
Pap. Calif. Acad. i. 1890, p. 474. 


Depth of body 2? in the length, length of head 3%. Diam- 
eter of eye 34 in length of head and 2 in interorbital width. 
Barbels not extending beyond eye. Dorsal I 7-8; spine 
nearly as long as head. Anal 7-8. Pectoral spine a little 
longer than dorsal spine. Scutes 22/20; humeral shields 
not incontact below. Light brown; a jet-black lateral band 
ending at base of caudal in a large arrow-shaped spot, 
bordered posteriorly with white and again with a narrow 
blackish margin ; minute black points on body and fins. 

Amazon at Villa Bella. 

Corydoras australis, HKigenm. & Ward (Ann. Carnegie 
Mus. iv. 1907, p. 123), from Paraguay, is said to be very 
closely related to hastatus, and perhaps identical with it ; it 
has the same caudal spot, but the lateral band is represented 
by an indistinct dusky line. 


18. Corydoras undulatus, sp. n. 


Corydoras microps (non Higenm. & Kennedy), Eigenm. & Ward, Ann. 
Carnegie Mus. iv. 1907, p. 128, pl. xxxviii. figs. 2, 3. 


Depth of body 24 to 24 in the length, length of head 34 to 
4. Diameter of eye 5 to 6 in length of head, interorbital 
width 13 to 1#. Snout nearly as long as postorbital part of 
head ; preorbital narrow; barbel nearly or quite reaching 
gill-opening. Occipital plate a little longer than broad. 
Dorsal I 7-8; spine 2 length of head; second and third soft 
rays longest, fifth as long as spine ; base of fin longer than 
distance from adipose, which is preceded by 3 or 4 median 
scutes. Anal 1 7. Caudal deeply emarginate. Pectoral 
spine extending to base of pelvics. Scutes 1%; humeral 
shields not in contact below, on each side separated by a 
single scute from base of pelvics. Yellowish, with dark 
purplish spots tending to run together, forming undulating 
longitudinal bands ; fins with or without series of spots. 


La Plata. 
1 (type). 55 mm. La Plata, Wolterstorff. 
2-3. 35 mm. 3 Arnold, 
19. Corydoras melanotenia, sp. n. 


Depth of body 3} to 33 in the length, length of head 33 
to 33. Diameter of eye 54 in the length of head, interorbital 


218 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision 


width 23 to 2}. Snout } the length of head; suborbital a 
little narrower than diameter of eye ; barbel nearly or quite 
reaching gill-opening. Dorsal I 7; spine about 2 length of 
head; 3 or 4 rays longer than spine; edge of fin slightly 
convex; base nearly equal to distance from adipose fin, 
which is preceded by 3 or 4 median scutes. Anall 6. Pec- 
toral spine extending to base of pelvic. Scutes $=; humeral 


shields widely separated below, and each separated by one 

scute from base of pelvic fin. Brownish above, yellowish 

below ; a broad blackish lateral band; fins immaculate. 
Colombia. 


1-2 (types). 50 mm. Honda. Leighton. 


From C. eneus of the same size they differ in the more 
elongate form, smaller head, longer snout, narrower inter- 
orbital region, and more numerous scutes: 


20. Corydoras ceneus. 


Hoplosoma eneum, Gill, Ann. Lyc. N. York, vi. 1858, p. 403. 
Corydoras microps, Kigenm. & Kennedy, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1903, 
p. 506. 


? Corydoras venezuelanus, R. von Ihering, Rev. Mus, Paulist. viii. 1911, 
Pp: 385, 


Depth of body 24 to 3 in the length, length of head 3} to 
32, Diameter of eye 5 to 6 in length of head, interorbital 
width 2. Snout as long as or longer than postorbital part of 
head ; suborbital not very narrow, in the adult its depth 
about equals the diameter of eye or its distance from upper 
lip; barbels usually extending to gill-opening. Dorsal 17-8; 
spine ? to # the length of head; first or second soft rays 
longest, 2 to 6 rays longer than spine, free edge slightly 
convex; base about equal to distance from adipose fin, 
which is preceded by 3 to 5 median scutes. Anal I 6-7. 
Caudal deeply emarginate. Pectoral spine extending to or 
beyond base of pelvics. Scutes [= ; humeral shields not in 
contact below, on each side separated by a single scute from 
base of pelvic fins. Brownish above, yellowish below; a 
blackish lateral band broadening anteriorly into a blotch, 
which may join others on occiput and at base of dorsal fin ; 
fins immaculate. 


Trinidad to La Plata. 


1-3. 70 mm. Granada. Higgins, 
4-5. 50-60 mm. Trinidad. Guppy. 
6-8. 40 mm. a3 Hart. 
9. 60 mm. Urucum, Matto Grosso. Borelli. 
10-11. 40-50 mm. Carandasinho, Matto Grosso. nr 
12. 70 mm. Sara, Bolivia. Steinbach, 


of the Genus Corydoras. 219 


21. Corydoras nattereri. 


Steind. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wien, xxiv. 1877, p. 145, pl. xi. fig. 1. 
Corydoras juquie, R. yon Ihering, Rey. Mus. Paulist. i. 1907, p. 37. 


Depth of body 22 to 3 in the length, length of head 3} to 
34. Diameter of eye 34 to 4 in the length of head, inter- 
orbital width 2} to 24. Snout blunt, shorter than postorbital 
part of head; suborbital narrow, less than diameter of eye ; 
barbels just reaching gill-opening. Occipital plate longer 
than broad. Dorsal [7 ; spine 2 to + the length of head ; 
free edge of fin straight, the rays decreasing from the first ; 
1, 2, or 3 longer than spine; base about equal to distance 
from adipose fin, which is preceded by 2 to 4 median scutes. 
Anal I 5-7. Caudal deeply emarginate. Pectoral spine 
reaching anterior part or middle of pelvics. Scutes ee 
humeral shields not in contact below, on each side separated 
by one scute from base of pelvics. A dark lateral band 
broadening forwards ; a dark spot below anterior part of 
dorsal fin ; fins immaculate. 

Eastern Brazil. 


1-2. 50-55 mm. Rio Janeiro. R. von Ihering. 
3-4 (co-types of C. gugwe), R, Juquia, 8. Paulo. 3 
50-55 mm, 


22. Corydoras macrosteus, sp. n. 


Depth of body 22 to 3 in the length, length of head 32 to 
34, Diameter of eye 6 in length of head, interorbital width 2. 
Snout 4 the length of head or less ; suborbital deep, 14 the 
diameter of eye and twice its distance from the upper lip ; 
barbels reaching gill-opening. Occipital plate longer than 
broad ; process with concave edges. Dorsal I 7; spine 4 
the length of head or less ; fin rounded, with 5 or 6 rays 
longer than spine; base less than distance from adipose fin, 
which is preceded by 3 or 4 median scutes. Anal I 6. 
Caudal emarginate. Pectoral spine reaching base of pelvics. 
Scutes =="; humeral shields not in contact, on each side 
separated by one scute from base of pelvic fins. Brownish 
above, yellowish below ; a broad dark lateral band tapering 
backwards ; fins dusky. 

San Paulo, Brazil. 


1-4 (types). 60 mm. Rio Piracicaba, San Paulo. R. von Ihering. 


220 Mr. R. 8. Bagnall on the Classification 


23. Corydoras eques. 
Steind. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wien, lxxiyv. 1877, p. 140, pl. xii. fig. 3: 


Depth of body 23 inthe length, length of head 34. Diami- 
eter of eye 4 in length of head, interorbital width 23. Snout 
as long as postorbital part of head; suborbital very deep, 
reaching upper lip; barbel reaching gill-cpening. Dorsal 17; 
spine nearly as long as head ; free edge of fin convex, with 2 
rays longer than spine 3 3 median scutes before adipose fin. 
Anal I 7. Caudal emarginate. Pectoral spine reaching 
middle of pelvics. Scutes ==$; humeral shields large, 
reaching base of pelvics and meeting below. Brownish 
above, yellowish below, with a broad blackish lateral band 
tapering backwards ; fins immaculate. 


Amazons (Teffé and Cudajas). 


XXV.—Some Considerations in regard to the Classification 
of the Order Thysanoptera. By RicHarp 8S. BAGNALL, 
F.L.S., F.E.S., Hope Department of Zoology, University 
Museum, Oxford. 


Since my papers on the Urothripide were published *, I 
have come to the conclusion that in retaining that family as 
a family of the suborder Tubulifera unnecessary difficulties 
will be created. I have already shown that whereas Uro- 
thrips superficially resembles the Tubulifera very closely, it 
really differs from true Tubulifera more strongly in its 
structure than do the members of the suborder Terebrantia ; 
or, in other words, the two suborders Tubulifera and Tere- 
brantia are more closely related to each other than Urothrips 
to either. JI am now convinced that the only course one can 
reasonably take is to erect a new suborder for the reception 
of the family Urothripidee, for which I propose the name 


POLYSTIGMATA, 


suggested by the character that appears to me to be of the 
greatest taxonomic value. 
It will be well to briefly diagnose the three suborders. 


* Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 1909, vii. pp. 125-136, pl. iii., 
& Mém. 1 Congrés International d’Entomologie, 1910, pp. 283-288. 


of the Order Thysanoptera. 221 
Order THYSANOPTERA. 


I, Eleven pairs of stigmata present; hind pair of core most widely 
separated; palpi single-jointed. (Species bearing a close general 
resemblance to the Tubulifera ; ocelli and wings absent ; antennse 
7-jointed, joints broad and strongly characteristic; spiracular 
openings large and protected externally by specialized dorso- 
lateral papilla ; ninth abdominal segment elongated, longer than 
the preceding ; intermediate terminal hairs obsolete.) 

Suborder Potystiamara, mihi, 
Containing the family Urothripide, Bagnall. 
II. Not more than four pairs of stigmata present ; intermediate pair of 
coxe most widely separated ; palpi never less than 2-jointed. 


1, Female without an ovipositor; last abdominal seement tubular in 
both sexes (ninth abdominal segment not exceptionally elongated, 
and intermediate terminal hairs present; antennse composed of 
eight more or less strongly elongated and slender joints *, certain 
of which bear one or more sense-cones), Lower and upper 
wings, when present, similar in structure, with only one median 
longitudinal vein, which is only partially developed, sometimes 
obsolete, and never reaches the tip of wing. 

Suborder Tusutrrera, Haliday. 
Containing the diagnosed families Phiwothripide, Haliday, and 
Idolothripide, Bagnall. 


2. Female with a saw-like ovipositor; last abdominal segment 
usually conical, that of male unlike the females and usually 
bluntly rounded. Fore wing with at least one longitudinal 
vein reaching from base to tip of wing. (The structure of the 
wings, palpi, antenne, and ovipositor affords good characters for 
tabulating the families.) Suborder TEREBRANTIA, Haliday. 

Containing the diagnosed families Holothripide, Haliday, and 
Thripide, Haliday. 

When Uzel monographed the Thysanoptera in 1895 the 
ultra-Kuropean species were unworked. Since then the 
North-American forms have received a good deal of attention, 
whilst material from tropical and subtropical regions is 
being received and dealt with. As a natural consequence, 
highly specialized forms and groups of species that cannot 
be regarded as members of the previously diagnosed families 
have been discovered, though the tendency with workers in 
the order has been to regard the three families Phlceo- 
thripide, @olothripide, and Thripide as fixed and to fit 
new and specialized genera into one or the other. To 
eliminate difficulties as far as possible, I think it very 
desirable to make certain divisions and subdivisions to 
receive certain genera and groups, but shall be able to write 
more on this matter when I have had the opportunity of 


* A few species possess 7-jointed antennz, undoubtedly derived by the 
fusion of the seventh and eighth joints. 


222 Miss S. L. M. Summers on Blood-sucking 


working out certain anomalous material now in my 
possession. 

In the meantime I would recommend that the following 
specialized genera be regarded as the types of distinct divisions, 
which we may, for the moment, regard as families :— 


TEREBRANTIA. 


Heterothrips, Hood (nec Buffa) (THRipm#), on account of the 
structure and segmentation of the antennz, the character of the 
sensoria, and the tarsal appendages. H&TEROTHRIPID#, mihi. 


Panchetothrips, Bagnall (THRiPID#), on account of the structure of 
the head, the abdomen, last abdominal segment and ovipositor in female, 
and venation of fore wings. PANCHZTOTHRIPIDA, mihi, 


Ceratothrips, Reuter, chiefly on account of the 6-jointed antenne, 
which possess only a single-jointed style, the reduction in the antennal 
joints not being caused by fusion. CERATOTHRIPIDZ#, mihi. 


TUBULIFERA. 


Ecacanthothrips, Bagnall (PHL@oTHRIPID#), chiefly on account of the 
specialized antennal sense-cones congregated (in the form of numerous 
fingers) on the third antennal joint. EcACANTHOTHRIPID&, mihi. 


XXVI.—Entomological Notes from the London School of 
Tropical Medicine.—No. 1V. Blood-sucking Diptera from 
Port Darwin, Australia. By Sorta L. M. Summers, 
M.A., B.Se., Carnegie Student of Aberdeen University. 


Dr. CG. L. STRANGMAN has recently presented to the School 
a collection of blood-sucking flies collected by himself in 
Port Darwin and its neighbourhood, in the northern territory 
of the Government of South Australia. It includes eighteen 
species, and as very little seems to be known of the blood- 
sucking Diptera of this part of the world, it seems advisable 
in describing several of the new forms to put the names of 
all the species on record. All the identifications have been 
confirmed from the collections in the British Museum 
(Natural History) and may therefore be regarded as 
authentic. 

I take this opportunity of renewing my acknowledgments 
to Messrs. E. EK. Austen and F. W. Edwards for their 


kindness in giving me access to the collections in their 
charge. 


Diptera from Port Darwin, Australia. 223 


Family Culicide. 
Subfamily Cuzrerz. 
Section CULICINI. 


1. Teniorhynchus brevicellulus, Theob. 


This species exhibits a considerable range of variety in 
colour. 


2. Mansonioides uniformis (Theob.). 
3. Stegomyta fasciata, Fabr. 


4, Ochlerotatus vigilax (Skuse). 
These four species appear to be common. 


5. Mucidus alternans, Westwood. 


Section ANOPHELINI. 


6. Anopheles (Myzorhynchus) bancroftii, Giles. 


Appears to be common. 

I leave the name, as these specimens are not in the best 
condition, but for my own part I am convinced there is no 
difference between this species and A. barbirostris, V. de 
Wulp. The spots in the fringe are not merely variable in 
this and other species of the subgenus, but also they depend 
to some extent on the angle from which the light is 
reflected. 


7. Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) annulipes, Walker. 


This specimen has been compared with those in the 
British Museum (Nat. Hist.) and differs only in having 
scales on all the abdominal terga. Scales are extremely 
scanty on the first tergum, slightly more numerous on the 
second, still more numerous on the third, and fairly abundant 
on all the rest. If the artificial classification of Theobald 
were adopted this specimen would be included in the 
“oenus” Neocellia. ‘There seems good reason to suppose 
that in the subgenns Nyssorhynchus, using the term in a wide 
sense, to include all the forms catalogued by Theobald under 
Nyssorhynchus, Neocellia, and Cellia, the amount of the 
scaling on the abdomen is often a fluctuating and inconstant 
character. 


224 Miss 8S. L. M. Summers on Blood-suching 


Family Tabanide. 
Subfamily Tapaviva. 
8. Tabanus brevivitta, Walker. 
9. Tabanus serus, Walker. 


10. Tabanus cinerascens, King. 


These three species seem to be common. 


11. Tabanus sp. prox. serus, Walker. 


Three females which have been stewed in their own juice, 
and are consequently too much discoloured for description, 
resemble 7’. serus very closely, but differ: (1) the antenna are 
entirely black, while in 7. serus only the tips are biack ; 
(2) the front is much narrower and the frontal callus is of 
quite a different shape. 


12. Tabanus elestéem, sp. 2. 
13. Tabanus badius, sp. n. 


14. Tabanus anellosus, sp. n. 


Subfamily Paveowrwa. 
15. Silvius strangmani, sp. ». 
16. Silvius mansoni, sp. n. 


17. Silvius alcocki, sp. n. 


Family Muscide. 
Subfamily Svouoxrrvz. 
18. Lyperosia exigua, Meijere. 


This seems to be the first record of any species of Lyperosia 
from Australia. According to Dr. Strangman, it is known 
locally as the buffalo-fly. 


DIAGNOSES OF THE NEW SPECIES. 


Tabanus elestéem, sp. n. 


Smallish species, length 12 mm. 

Two females. 

Face and palps hoary, covered with long white hairs; palps 
a little more than half the length of the proboscis, which is 
black and rather slender for a Tabanus. 


Diptera from Port Darwin, Australia. 225 


Antenne dark rusty brown, the first two segments covered 
with short black bristles; basal angle of the third well 
pronounced, 

Front wide, maximum breadth one-sixth that of the head, 
sides slightly convergent anteriorly, grey with some sparse 
hairs. Frontal callus in two parts, namely a large tumid 
shiny plug filling the whole front just above the antenne, 
and a short somewhat ill-defined streak above. Eyes quite 
bare. 

The denuded scutum is dark rusty brown inclining to 
black; scutel/um reddish brown. 

Legs: first pair black, except the proximal two-thirds of 
the tibize, which are reddish brown ; the other two pairs are 
reddish yellow, except the tarsi and tip of the tibice, which are 
dark brown. 

Wings hyaline, with a long dark brown spot at the distal 
end of the first longitudinal vein; the root of the veins is 
light brown, the rest dark brown. ‘The upper branch of the 
third longitudinal vein is angulated, a short blind branch 
running inwards from the angle. Ha/teres reddish brown. 

The abdomen (which is badly rubbed) appears dorsally to be 
seven-striped—three light stripes alternating with four black ; 
the middle stripe, which is whitish, is strikingly distinct, the 
two dorso-lateral light stripes are not so distinct. 


Tabanus badius, sp. n. 


Also a smallish species, length 11 mm, 

Four females. 

face grey, with long white hairs ; palps about nine-tenths 
the length of the proboscis, light brown frosted with white ; 
proboscis black, rather slender for a Tabanus. 

Antenne brown, black at the tip ; first two segments with 
stout black hairs. 

Front uniformly narrow (sides parallel), about one-ninth 
the breadth of the head, dirty yellow with numerous short 
black hairs. Frontal cal/us shiny black, racquet-shaped 
with the handle slender and not always well defined. Hyes 
quite bare. 

Scutum and scutellum black, with a greyish dust and 
scattered golden and black hairs. 

Legs: first pair black, except the proximal half to two 
thirds of tibiae which are reddish brown; second and third 
pairs reddish brown, tarsi black. 

Wings hyaline, with a long very light brown spot at the 
distal end of the first longitudinal vein ; veins dark brown, 
Halteres reddish brown, 


226 Miss 8. L. M. Summers on Blood-sucking 


Abdomen reddish brown; distal segments darker, with 
scattered hairs, of which many are black and a few golden. 

This species can be readily distinguished from 1’. elestéem 
by the parallel-sided and much narrower front, by the shape 
of the frontal callus, by the very much longer palps, and by 
the nearly uniformly coloured abdomen, 


Tabanus anellosus, sp, n. 

Small species, length 9 mm, 

Five females. 

Face grey, with long white hairs. Pulps reddish yellow, 
slender, about two-thirds the length of the proboscis, which 
is black and remarkably slender. 

Antenne reddish brown, the rings of the third segment 
black, and the basal tooth acuminate. 

Front uniformly narrow, one-ninth the breadth of the head, 
dirty yellow; frontal callus elongate triangular, shiny black. 
Eyes quite bare. 

Scutum and scutellum black, with grey dust and scattered 
hairs, black and a few golden. 

Legs: femora and tarsi of all the legs black ; tibiz of the 
first pair black with red base, tibize of the second and third 
pairs reddish brown with black tip. 

Wings hyaline, with a long brown mark at the distal end 
of the first longitudinal vein. Haléeres dark brown. 

Abdomen: the first three segments of a reddish-brown 
colour, the second having a small black median triangle ; 
the remaining segments black. At the hinder edge of each 
segment is a row of golden hairs, which on the black segments 
form distinct fine cross-bands. 


Silvius mansoni, sp. n. 

Length 11:6-13 mm. 

Four females. 

Face grey, with long white or yellowish-white hairs ; pa/ps 
a little more than three-quarters the length of the proboscis, 
extremely slender, reddish brown with black abruptly truncate 
tip ; proboscis black, long and slender, 

Antenne reddish brown, third segment broadly triangular 
at base and then becoming very slender. 

Front wide, about one-sixth the width of head, slightly 
convergent anteriorly, dirty yellow. Frontal callus shiny 
black, divided into two parts—the upper elongate triangular, 
almost racquet-shaped, prolonged to the ocelli which are very 
distinct; the lower a large shiny black plug. yes quite 
bare. 


Diptera from Port Darwin, Australia. 227 


Scutum and scutellum black dusted with grey, with curved 
golden hairs. 

Legs reddish brown, tarsi dark brown. Spines on the 
hind tibiae small but conspicuous in a specimen cleared and 
mounted in Canada balsam, Spurson the middle tibiz long 
and stout. 

Wings hyaline, with a long pale yellow spot at the distal 
end of the first longitudinal vein, subcostal vein very pale 
yellow ; other veins dark brown. Halteres reddish brown. 

Abdomen reddish brown, with black and golden hairs ; the 
last two or three segments dark brown or black. 

I have much pleasure in naming this species after 


Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., &e. 


Silvius alcockt, sp. n. 

Small species, length 9 mm. 

Two females. 

Face grey, with long grey hairs ; palps light brown, slender, 
about two-thirds the length of the proboscis, which is black, 
long, and slender. 

Antenne black; third segment with a distinct Tabanus- 
like basal angle. 

Front uniformly wide, about one-sixth the breadth of the 
head, grey. Frontal callus a rather narrow stripe, neither 
prominent nor shiny, squarely dilated above the root of tie 
antenne and somewhat triangularly dilated higher up. 
Ocelli distinct but not prominent. yes quite bare. 

Scutum (denuded) with three dark brown stripes, of which 
the median one is the broadest ; scutellum black. 

Legs black, the tibize and tarsi of the second pair perhaps 
not quite so dark as other parts; spurs on the hind tibia 
strong and conspicuous, reddish brown. 

Wings hyaline, with a very dark brown, almost black, 
spot at the distal end of the first longitudinal vein. Halteres 
very dark brown. 

Abdomen reddish brown to warm sepia, the anterior 
segments lighter than the others. The extreme hind margin 
of every segment is lighter and is clad with whitish hairs, so 
that the whole abdomen appears narrowly cross-banded. 


Silvius strangmant, sp. n. 
Small species, length 9 mm, 
Two females. 
Face dark grey, with dark grey hairs, Pulps very slender, 
about two-thirds the length of the proboscis, truncate tips, 
reddish brown. Proboscis black, long and slender, 


228 Mr. O. Thomas on 


Antenne reddish brown; third segment broadly triangular 
at the base. 

Front uniformly wide, about one-sixth the breadth of the 
head. Frontal callus black, tumid and very shiny, consisting 
of two separate parts—namely, a large trapezium completely . 
filling the space above the base of the antennee, and a smaller 
somewhat oval patch higher up. Ocelli large and very 
prominent. Hyes quite bare. 

Scutum and scutellum (denuded) dark. 

Legs reddish brown, tibie and tarsi of first pair black. 
Spurs on hind tibize small, reddish brown. 

Wings hyaline, with a long light-brown spot at the distal 
end of the first longitudinal vein. Halteres dark brown. 

Abdomen very distinctly cross-banded—the after edge of 
every segment being light brown ; the rest of the segment 
being purplish brown in the case of the first two seoments, 
blackish brown in the case of the other segments. 

This species is very similar to §&. alcocki in size and 
general appearance. It can be distinguished from the latter, 
however, by having no angle on the third segment of the 
antenne. ‘lhe colour of the legs is different and the spines 
on the hind tibiz are not so distinct. The abdomen in this 
species is darker in colour and more distinctly banded. 


XXVII.— Two new Species of Nasua. 
By Ouprinip THomas. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Nasua candace, sp, n. 

Allied to N. dorsalis, but the black dorsal line scarcely 
defined. 

Size about as in WN. nasua, though the teeth are smaller. 
General colour above tawny ochraceous, a median darker 
area, 2-3 in. in breadth, extending from the nape to the 
base of the tail, but not forming a sharply defined black 
dorsal line as in dorsalis. Aloug this area the hairs are 
cream-buff basally, with tawny or ochraceous tips and black 
subterminal rings. Under surface brown, the tips of the 
hairs buffy, throat and chest cream-buff. Muzzle brown. 
Ears thickly hairy, blackish with white edges. Forearms 
pale buffy to the metacarpus; digits dark brown, Hind 
limbs smoky brown, some of the hairs, especially on the 
metatarsus, pale buffy. Tail heavily haired, completely 
ringed with black and pale buffy, about 7-8 rings present. 


new Species of' Nasua. 229 


Skull very like that of N. nasua in size and the proportions 
of the muzzle, Nasal opening not showing evidence of a 
specially lengthened snout, as is the case in N. vittata. 
Palatal foramina oblong, pointed behind. Canines less 
broadened at the base than in male N. nasua. Molars 
conspicuously smaller than in that animal, as small as in 
N. montana and quichua. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in the skin) :— 

Head and body 750 mm.; tail 470; hind foot 90; 
ear 31. 

Skull: greatest length 180 ; condylo-basal length (c.) 122 ; 
zygomatic breadth 64; interorbital breadth 25°7 ; breadth 
of brain-case 43 ; breadth of muzzle behind canines 18°5 ; 
palatal length 80; front of canine to back of m* 46:3 ; 
breadth of canine at base 8; length of molar series 18°6 ; 
m', length 6°4, breadth 6:1. 

Hab. Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia. 

Type. Subadult male. B.M. no. 73.4, 23.5. Collected 
by Mr. J. K. Salmon. 

This Nasua has been many years in the Museum collection 
under the provisional name of N. dorsalis, but it may be 
distinguished from that animal by the greater length and 
diffusion of the darker dorsal area, which does not form a 
defined black line, and by the pale buffy forearms, these 
being dark rufous in the alliedform, From all the members 
of the N. nasua group it is separable by its much smaller 
teeth. 

N. dorsalis is a native of Peru and Ecuador, and the 
present species is a more northern representative of it. 


Nasua manium, sp. 0B. 


N. nasua group. Premaxille short. Posterior back 
blackish. 

Size about as in N. nasua. General colour above dark 
grizzled tawny, the pasterior back black mesially. Under 
surface brown, dull whitish on throat, chest, axilla, and 
inguinal region. Head greyish brown, without defined 
markings. Kars dark with light edges, a well-defined whitish 
streak on the sides of the neck below them. Arms and legs 
grizzled tawny, hands and feet dark brown. Tail rather short, 
black, with six lighter rings, which are narrow and more 
or less incomplete above, especially terminally. 

Skull agreeing in size with that of N. nasua, but the 
nasal opening and premaxille are short, and the anterior 
palatine foramina are short, broad, and rounded, quite 


Ann. & Mag, N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 16 


230 On a new Desert-Lark. 


different from the narrowed foramina of the other species. 
Canines less broad at their bases than in N. nasua. Molars 
large, m! with a well-developed internal cusp. 

Dimensions of the type :— 

Hind foot (dry) 90 mm. 

Skull: greatest length 130; condylo-basal length 120; 
zygomatic “breadth 62; length of nasals in middle line 36 ; 
interorbital breadth Q7 ; breadth of brain-case 47 ; palatal 
length 77 ; palatal foramina 5 ; front of canine to back of 
m®? 46; length of molar series 21:3; m!', length 7°7, 
breadth 6°8. 

Hab. Balzar Mts., N.W. of Guayaquil, Western Ecuador. 

Type. Subadult male. B.M. no. 80.5.6.78. Collected 
by Mr. Illingworth. 

This is the representative of N. nasua in the coast country 
to the west of the Andes. The little N. olivacea is also 
found in Ecuador, as is the intermediate sized N. qguichua, 
Thos, 


XX VIIL.-—Description of a new Desert-Lark from the Central 
Western Sahara. By Ernst Harter. 


THe mountains and stony desert-tracts of the northern 
Sahara are inhabited by sand-coloured Desert-Larks which 
are now generally looked upon as races of Ammomanes deserti. 
Thus in the Algerian Sahara a reddish subspecies, Ammomanes 
deserti algeriensis, is common in suitable places. On the 
expedition to In Salah I found the latter as far south as about 
30 kilometres north of El Golea, but after that it ceased 
entirely, and did not occur again until we came to the banks 
of the waterless Oued Saret, where it suddenly was in evidence 
again, but ina conspicuously different form, which I propose 
to name 


Ammomanes deserti mya, subsp. n., 


after the River or Oued Mya, in the system of which we 
only found this bird. 

This form does not much differ in colour from A. d. alge- 
riensis, though it is generally less reddish, especially on the 
rump, and the tail-feathers are more blackish on the inner 
webs ; but it differs considerably in size: wing of males 107- 
111, of females 97-101 mm., i. e. about 6-7 mm. longer 
than in A. d., algeriensis ; tail about 74-76°5 min. The bill 


On Heterocera from Costa Rica. 231 


is much longer and thicker and generally of a brighter 
yellow. 

The song is also different from that of the smaller northern 
form, and will be described elsewhere. 

Type of Ammomanes deserti mya: 8, no. 200. Oued 
Mya, 7. iv. 1912. In the Tring Museum. 


XXIX.—New Species of Heterocera from Costa Rica. —X VII. 
By W. Scuaus, F.Z.S, 


Geometride. 
Subfam. Bosruiuyz, 


Semiothisa lydia, sp, n. 


9. Body brownish grey, with some darker irrorations on 
abdomen, Wings greyish white, almost obscured by grey 
strie, and some scattered black irrorations ; lines grey- 
brown ; medial line coarse, wavily dentate ; postmedial fine, 
lunular dentate, closely followed by a broad dull shade of the 
same colour, reaching termen, but slightly mottled with 
ground-colour on termen at middle of outer margins. Fore 
wings: a fine antemedial line angled on subcostal; a dark 
streak on discocellular; some white mottlings at apex. 
Hind wings: a black discal point. Wings below whiter, 
mottled with grey-brown striz ; the veins yellow-brown ; 
the lines dark brown ; the postmedial lunular and the shade 
following it narrower; on fore wings the white ground- 
colour is partly shaded with yellowish. Outer margin of 
fore wing sinuous, of hind wing bluntly angled, 
Expanse 26 mm, 


Hab. Tuis, Sixola, 
Semiothisa delia, sp. n. 


2. Very similar to S. lydia, Schs.; the outer margin of 
fore wing more deeply sinuous, of hind wing more sharply 
angled; ground-colour whiter, the markings all dark brownish 
slate-colour ; the hind wings with medial line much broader, 
suffusing with striz to near base. Underneath the same 
difference in colour is noticeable, and the veins are dark 
brown, not yellow-brown. 

Eixpanse 28 mm. 


Hab, Juan Vinas, Sitio, 
16% 


232 Mr. W. Schaus on. 


Apicia flextlis, sp. n. 

6. Palpi and frons brown. Vertex grey. Collar grey, 
mottled with fuscous. Thorax and abdomen whitish buff, 
the latter irrorated with black dorsally. Wings whitish buff 
to outer line, then tinged with lilacine brown, thinly irrorated 
with black scales, partly connected by dark strie, chiefly on 
hind wings; black discal points. Fore wings: antemedial 
line very fine and indistinct, outangled, marked by a darker 
point on subcostal ; outer line from apex to middle of inner 

margin lilacine white, finely wavy, preceded by a dull green 
shade and some black in places ; subterminal fuscous points 
between veins 3 and 4, and 5 and 6. Hind wings: a post- 
medial line near cell like outer line of fore wing; a faint 
subterminal lilacine line, preceded by a dull green shade. 
Wings below dull whitish; a subterminal broad brownish 
shade suffusing with greyish termen at apices and at tornus 
of fore wing. Fore wings heavily striated with brown ; 
traces of a fuscous outer line; a black line on discocellular. 
Hind wings: some strie on costal half; a black discal 

oint. 

Expanse 27 mm. 

Hab, Carillo, Puriscal. 


Pyvinia rufinarta, sp. n. 

3. Head purple-brown. Collar grey, irrorated with 
purple-brown, Thorax and wings reddish brown. Abdomen 
orange-brown. Wings with darker strize; outer margins 
glossed with Jilacine slate ; outer line dark reddish brown, 
slightly wavy, outwardly shaded with slate. Fore wings: 
costa whitish grey, spotted with black, broadest on basal 
half; areddish-brown medial line, angled at end of cell and 
inwardly shaded with slate; a black point on discocellular ; 
the outer line expanding on costa. Wings below orange, 
striated with dark red. Fore wings: a medial purplish 
blotch at end of cell and one from cell to inner margin; the 
shading following outer line bifurcating at vein 3 to tornus. 
Hind wings: the outer line purplish; the termen shaded 
with red. 

Expanse 28 mm. 

Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis, San Mateo. 


Metanema striolata, sp. n. 


g. Antenne pectinated. Head, collar, and thorax dull 
greyish brown, Abdomen brighter brown. Wings light 


Heterocera from Costa Rica. 233 


brown, with long darker brown strize ; fuscous discal points ; 
lines fine, dark brown. Fore wings: antemedial line faintly 
angled on subcostal and submedian; a faint postmedial 
brownish shade, outcurved beyond cell; outer line subter- 
minal, followed by a white point on costa, angled at vein 7, 
slightly sinuous. Hind wings: the subterminal line slightly 
sinuous. Underneath whitish buff, irrorated with grey- 
brown; the subterminal line fine, straighter; the discal 
points minute. 

Expanse 31 mm. 

@. The lines darker, outwardly shaded with fuscous, 
especially the subterminal. The outer margins more sharply 
angled at vein 4, 

Expanse 29 mm. 

Hab. Juan Vinas. 

Somewhat like Anisoperas atropunctaria, Wlk., but brown, 
and the outer line much nearer termen. 


Microgonia amicaria, sp. n. 

6. Head and thorax brown. Abdomen above grey-brown. 
Fore wings: base brown, limited by the antemedial fuscous 
line, which forms three curves marked by grey points on 
median and submedian, by some dark grey shading on inner 
margin, and is preceded by some fine whitish lines on extreme 
costa ; medial space fuscous brown; a black point at end of 
cell, faintly edged with dark grey ; a postmedial outbent 
whitish line on costa to vein 7, then an inbent series of 
whitish points on veins connected by an indistinct lunular 
fuscous line; a large light brown and whitish subterminal 
spot on costa, crossed by black strize and outwardly edged 
with white ; a subterminal, fine, interrupted, dentate, fuscous 
line. Hind wings brown, the basal half shaded with fuscous ; 
the postmedial line with the points less distinct ; some black 
striz on outer half and traces of subterminal line. Wings 
below pale brownish grey, with fine black strie and irrora- 
tions ; black discal points ; a postmedial fuscous line, followed 
by a broad brown shade not reaching termen. 

?. Thorax and wings richer brown, the lines more 
distinct, heavier, grey; the subterminal fuscous, partly 
shaded with grey. Fore wings: a large round grey spot at 
end of cell containing a black point ; the medial space only 
slightly darker; the subterminal costal spot more heavily 
edged with white ; ; some scattered white irrorations. Hind 
wings: grey and whitish irrorations near lines and along 
inner margin ; a small round grey discal spot containing a 
black point. Wings below as in male, the termen whiter. 

Expanse, ¢ 51, 2? 50 mm. 

Hab. Juan Vinas. 


234 Mr. W. Schaus on 


Oxydia obtusaria, sp. Nn. 


3. Palpi and head brown. Collar and thorax yellow- 
buff. Abdomen and wings buff-grey, faintly tinged with 
lilacine and with scattered black irrorations. Fore wings: a 
fine brown antemedial line, outcurved in cell ; outer line dark 
brown, more heavily marked except on costa, angled just 
below vein 7, and inbent to inner margin beyond middle, 
followed by a dentate fuscous shade from veins 7-2 ; a black 
point at end of cell. Hind wings: a medial fuscous line. 
Wings below darker, browner, more thickly irrorated with 
black ; black discal points; a broad postmedial pale reddish- 
brown shade and faint traces of the lines. 

Expanse 48 mm. 

Hab. Juan Vinas, Poas. 

Allied to O. platypterata, Gu., but the faleate apex short 
and blunt; it is a variable species in colour, and the outer 
line is sometimes followed by whitish spots at veins 2 and 3. 


Certima annaria, sp. 0. 


&. Body light brown, the collar and thorax darker, 
mottled with lighter scales. Wings light brown, palest on 
medial space, striated with reddish brown to outer spots and 
on termen with fuscous brown. Fore wings: antemedial 
black and grey points on veins, followed by a dull olive-brown 
shade; a postmedial reddish-brown dentate lunular line, 
inbent, so the medial paler space is very narrow on inner 
margin; an outer row of black and grey points on veins, 
slightly inset on veins 5, 2, and submedian, connected by a 
dull greyish-brown shade; cilia with small dark brown 
spots at veins. Hind wings: a reddish-brown medial line; 
the outer spots outcurved, also connected by a broad dull 
greyish-brown shade ; cilia tipped with grey. Wings below 
yellowish, with a few dark striz; dark streaks on disco- 
cellular; a broad subterminal dark purplish-brown fascia, 
expanding to termen between veins 4 and 5 on fore wing 
and vein 4 to fold on hind wing. ’ 

Expanse 36 mm. 

Hab. Juan Vinas. 


Isochromodes bellona, sp. n. 


9. Body light brown; a black dorsal tuft at base of abdo- 
men. Wings light brown, with a few scattered black strize 
and irrorations ; black discal points ; cilia with black spots, 
the largest at veins 2 and 3, Fore wings: antemedial small 


Fleterocera from Costa Rica. 235 


dark brown spots on veins, the one on submedian a little 
larger and preceded by some grey scales; a postmedial 
reddish-brown shade, linear from vein 3 to inner margin ; an 
outer row of small black spots, close to postmedial from 
vein 3, followed from below vein 4 by a dark grey and black 
shade; a black spot at apex; a subterminal black spot 
below vein 3 and a terminal wavy black mark from just 
above 4 to vein 2. Hind wings: inner margin medially 
shaded with reddish brown, followed by irregular black 
markings to anal angle. Wings below buff, with a few dark 
irrorations ; black discal points; the outer spots in a straighter 
line and followed by a broad fuscous shade. 

Expanse 26 mm. 

Hab. Juan Vinas. 

Near J. brumosa, Dogn. 


Therina silanaria, sp. n. 


9. Palpi, body, and fore wings slate-grey. Head 
yellowish. Fore wings: a black point on discocellular; a 
fine whitish outer line from below costa, outcurved and inbent 
to near middle of inner margin, interrupted and consisting 
partly of whitish striae, increasing on inner margin; a small 
white spot striated with grey near apex. Hind wings light 
silky grey. 

Eixpanse 33 mm, 

flab. Poas. 


Therina? perpectinata, sp. n. 


3. Antenne with exceptionally long pectinations finely 
ciliated. Head and thorax olive-black ; some reddish-brown 
scales on vertex. Fore wings silky olive-brown ; a black 

oint at end of cell; a fine outer black line, vertical on costa, 
then slightly outcurved; a small subterminal yellow spot 
between veins 7 and 8. Hind wings dark silky grey; a 
minute black point on discocellular. Underneath dark silky 
grey, with black discal points. 

Expanse 40 mm. 


Hab. Ojo de Agua. 


Macrolyrcea sceva, sp. n. 


3. Body and wings dark olive, the wings shaded with 
silky grey except between medial and outer lines. Fore 
wing: a fine wavy subbasal line, dark olive; antemedial 
dark olive, outbent on costa, angled in cell, inbent and slightly 


236 Mr. W. Schaus on 


wavy; medial line angled beyond cell, suffusing with the 
dark olive postmedial space, which is limited by a slightly 
sinuous, fine, lilacine line; an elongated pale buff space, 
striated with olive-brown on costa, preceding the outer line 3 
a dark olive shade on outer margin from vein 5 to termen 
above tornts. Hind wings: the medial dark shade very 
narrow ; the postmedial line nearly straight, barely visible ; 
some scattered fuscous strize on outer half. Wings below 
olive-brown, thickly striated with buff-grey ; the fore wing 
with costa whitish; the termen broadly clear dark olive-brown, 
and a straight subterminal white line; a dark streak on 
discocellular ; hind wings with scattered black irrorations 
and a very indistinct outer line, nearly straight. 

Expanse 46 mm. 

?. Body and wings buff-brown, the latter with darker 
shades and strize; antemedial line lunular on costa, 

Expanse 50 mm. 

flab. Poas. 

Near 1. nondina, Dr. ; differs in colour, in the absence of 
black discal] points, and in having the medial and outer lines 
closer together. J. nondina has the postmedial line on hind 
wings distinet and sinuous both above and below. 


Alcis herse, sp. n. 


&. Palpi and frons black mottled with grey. Vertex 
grey; a black line between antenne Collar, thorax, and 
abdomen light grey, thinly irrorated with black ; a transverse 
black line at base of abdomen and pale buff segmental lines. 
Wings white, with a few dark irrorations. Fore wings: 
costa, base, and termen shaded with grey ; dark striz on 
costa and fuscous spots at origin of lines; a fine subbasal 
shade ; a fine black antemedial line, inbent below cell, pre- 
ceded by a curved greyish shade; a greyish spot at end of 
cell, edged by a fine fuscous line; a fine medial line, out- 
curved around discocellular; postmedial fine, remote on 
costa, vertical at first, bluntly outcurved across vein 5, then 
sinuous and incurved, approximating medial line from veins 4 
to 3, and from fold to inner margin, followed throughout by 
a brownish shade ; subterminal white, finely lunular; dark 
marginal points on interspaces and a fine terminal black line. 
Hind wings: a black line at base; medial line fine, black, 
_ sinuous, heaviest on inner margin 3 a semilunar outlined spot 
at end of cell ; postmedial fine, wavy to below vein 6, then 
barely incurved, followed by a brownish shade; subterminal 
wavy, lunular. Wings below white. Fore wings: costa 


Heterocera from Costa Rica. 237 


heavily striated with black; a fuscous streak on disco- 
cellular ; termen fuscous, narrowest at tornus, mottled with 
white between veins 3 and 4. Hind wings: a fine medial 
line from cosfa to discocellular ; a narrow marginal fuscous 
shade from apex to near vein 4, 

Expanse 31 mm. 

flab. Avangarez. 

Sometimes the antemedial and postmedial lines on fore 
wings expand on inner margin into fuscous blotches. 


Alcis aglauros, sp. n. 


3. Head, collar, and thorax dull brownish grey; a few 
brown irrorations on collar. Abdomen paler, with dark 
segmental lines. Fore wings pale brown, tinged with lilacine 
in cell and with whitish medially below cell and just beyond 
cell; some scattered dark irrorations and black striz on 
costa; a faint subbasal fuscous shade ; antemedial fine, 
black, angled on subcostal, then slightly inbent, marked by a 
small black spot on median ; a fine medial line, crossing a 
large greyish spot at end of cell and marked by dark points 
on median, vein 2, and submedian ; postmedial fine, black, 
somewhat incurved on costa, bluntly angled across vein 5, 
then inbent, wavy; subterminal whitish, wavily dentate, 
preceded by a fuscous shade above and below vein 5, and 
there followed by dark streaks to termen; dark terminal 
points on interspaces connected by a lunular line. Hind 
wings whitish at base, otherwise pale brown; medial line 
fine, black, downbent towards inner margin; an oval dark 
line on discocellular ; postmedial bluntly angled at vein 6, 
then incurved; subterminal more deeply dentate. Wings 
below pale brownish. Fore wings: a large fuscous spot at 
end of cell, and a similar subapical patch from below vein 5 
to vein 9; traces of postmedial beyond cell ; terminal points 
on interspaces, The hind wings immaculate. 

Hixpanse 35 mm. 


Hab. Juan Vinas. 


Alcis pandrosos, sp. n. 


6. Head and collar grey ; thorax whiter grey, with a 
few dark irrorvations ; abdomen grey, with whitish segmental 
bands. Fore wings grey-white, thinly scaled, with a few 
pale greyish stria and darker irrorations ; terminal third 
shaded with pale greyish brown ; costa pale brown, with 
dark striz and fuscous spots at origin of lines; a faint subs 
basal, straight, brownish shade ; antemedial line fine, black, 


238 Mr. W. Schaus on 


minutely wavy and nearly vertical, preceded by a_ faint 
brownish shade; a large greyish spot over discocellular ; 
postmedial line fine, fuscous brown, minutely wavy, vertical 
from costa to vein 5, then inbent, preceded from vein 2 to 
inner margin by a fuscous shade ; fuscous streaks above and 
below vein 5 to near termen; a subterminal dentate whitish 
line, suffusing with a terminal whitish shade between veins 7 
and 8; marginal small dark spots on interspaces. Hind 
wings: basal half whiter, with a few fuscous irrorations above 
and below cell ; a medial brownish line, irrorated with black, 
geminate, followed by an oval line on discocellular ; the post- 
medial fine, black, angled at discal fold, then incurved ; the 
outer half brownish; a whitish line near postmedial; the 
subterminal white, more deeply dentate than on fore wing. 
Wings below dirty white ; a broad marginal fuscous shade, 
not quite reaching termen ; a fuscous spot at end of cell on 
fore wing. 

Expanse 36 mm. 

Hab. Sixola, Tuis, Juan Vinas, Guapiles. 


Nesalcis leea, sp. n. 


&. Head olive-brown; a dark brown shade between 
antenne. Thorax brownish grey. Abdomen brownish 
white ; a fuscous line at base of abdomen and brownish 
segmental lines, interrupted dorsally. Wings dirty white, 
thinly irrorated with dark brown ; an outer, slightly curved, 
fuscous-brown lunular line, outwardly toothed on veins; the 
veins pale orange-brown, interrupted before the subterminal, 
which is whitish, lunular; a faint brownish shade follows 
both the postmedial and subterminal ; terminal fuscous-brown 
spots on interspaces; a small fuscous spot on discocellular. 
ile wings: a fine fuscous antemedial line; a faint post- 
medial lunular dentate line, suffusing with outer line just 
below vein 2. Hind wings: a fine brown medial line. 
Underneath whitish; faint discal points; the outer line 
visible through wings; costa of fore wings yellowish striated 
with brown. 

Expanse 35 mm. 

Hab. Juan Vinas, Avangarez. 

Smaller and less brilliantly coloured than N. cresaria, 


Schs.=regularis, Dogn. 


Leucula cachtaria, sp. n. 
3. Head black, thinly scaled with white. Body and wings 


Feterocera from Costa Rica. 239 


white, the latter thinly scaled. Fore wings: the edge of 
costa at base black; a fine medial smoky line, angled on 
subcostal and inbent to near base of inner margin; a black 
spot at end of cell; outer line from costa near apex to inner 
margin beyond middle. Hind wings: a smoky medial line 
followed by a black point on discocellular below vein 6; a 
subterminal smoky spot below vein 6 and one on inner 
margin. Fore wings below with a postmedial small black 
spot on costa. 

Expanse 24 mm. 

Hab. Cachi, Juan Vinas. 


Nipteria fronsaria, sp. n. 


3S. Palpi dark brown. Frons deep yellow ; vertex, collar, 
and patagia whitish grey. ‘l'horax and abdomen dark grey. 
Wings thinly sealed greyish white; veins brownish grey ; 
discocellulars finely darker. Fore wings: an outer dark 
grey line from costa before apex to inner margin beyond 
middle, more heavily marked towards costa ; the costal margin 
more heavily scaled and whitish; cilia white, tipped with 
dark grey. Hind wings: a faint darker postmedial line. 
Underneath white, the veins more heavily marked, especially 
on hind wings; the outer line well marked. 

Expanse 24 mm. 


Hab. Guapiles. 


Nipteria mitellaria, sp. n. 

@. Palpidark grey. Headand collar yellow ; someorange- 
brown shading on vertex and collar behind. Thorax, abdo- 
men, and wings grey, the wings thinly scaled. Fore wings: 
a darker grey medial shade, inbent on inner margin; a 
similar postmedial shade, slightly angled at vein 5; a darker 
grey line on discocellular. Hind wings: a subterminal 
darker grey line. 

Expanse 31 mm. 


Hab. Tuis. 


Astyochia lachesis, sp. n. 


3. Palpi dark brown. Head, collar, and patagia yellow. 
Thorax and abdomen greyish buff. Wings whitish grey ; 
veins, lines, discal spots, and some terminal strize fuscous 
grey ; cilia white, shaded with grey at veins. Fore wings: 
antemedial inbent from subcostal; subcostal and median 


240 Mr. E. E. Austen on a new 


darker from near base to just beyond antemedial ; outer line 
outcurved, irregular. Hind wings: discal spot large ; outer 
line outcurved ; the termen of both wings rather more heavily 
scaled. Underneath whiter, the lines duller. 

Jixpanse 27 mm. 


Hab. Tuis. 
[To be continued. ] 


XXX.-— A new Species of Tabanus from German East 
Africa, in the British Museum (Natural History). By 
Ernest HE, Austen. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Tabanus trianguliger, sp. un. 


9 .—Length (22 specimens) 13°6 to 16 mm. ; width of 
head 5 to 5°6 mm.; width of front at vertex 0°8 to 1 mm.; 
length of wing 12 to 13°4 mm. 

Dusky species (dorsal surface of abdomen in rubbed speci- 
mens more or less cinnamon-rufous), with upper surface of 
body bearing conspicuous, light-grey markings; front mode- 
rately broad and of uniform width; dorsum of thorax 
longitudinally striped with grey ; dorsum of abdomen bearing 
three longitudinal series of large, smoke-grey or drab grey 
triangles, so that the ground-colour is reduced to a minimum ; 
wings faintly tinged with drab, almost hyaline; femora pale 
(greyish fawn-coloured or greyish ochraceous buff), inner 
surfaces of front pair more or less dark brown. 

Head: subcallus pale cream-coloured pollinose ; face, 
jowls, and basioccipital region whitish pollinose and clothed 
with white hair; occiput light grey pollinose ; front smoke- 
grey, clothed with short, yellowish hair, but with a darker, 
black-haired patch on vertex, and a similar patch in the 
middle ; front (estimated by eye) about four times as long 
as its breadth at lower extremity, inner margins of eyes 
bordering it parallel or only very slightly convergent below ; 
frontal callus rather large, dark ‘brown, not very shining, 
roughly quadrate in shape but with its angles (at least the 
upper pair) rounded off; traces of a second, similarly 
coloured, elongate (more or less elliptical) callus are usually 
distinguishable in the centre of the median dark patch ; 
proximal joint of palpi greyish cream-buff, clothed with 


Species of ‘Tabanus. 241 


white hair, terminal joint cream-buff, acuminate, moderately 
swollen at base, thickly clothed on outer side with appressed, 
glistening silvery-white hairs, usually mixed with some 
minute black hairs; first and second joints of antenne 
greyish ochraceous-buff, clothed with glistening silvery- 
white hairs (the upper distal angles clothed with minute 
black hairs), expanded portion of third joimt cinnamon- 
rufous or ochraceous-rufous, often more or less brownish 
or dark brown towards distal extremity, relatively short, 
annulate portion of third joint clove-brown, relatively long. 
Thorax : dorsum dark brown (in rubbed specimens appearing 
more or less slate-grey), marked with five light-grey, partly 
yellowish-, partly whitish-haired longitudinal stripes ; ante- 
rior and lateral borders of dorsum also grey; outer surface 
of each postalar callus, and a narrow area immediately in 
front of this above base of wing, clothed with white hair ; 
median dorsal grey stripe very narrow, starting on front 
margin but terminating before reaching prescutellar groove ; 
admedian dorsal grey stripes broad and entire, starting on 
front margin and meeting at tip of scutellum, which their 
distal extremities encircle; lateral grey.stripe on each side 
short, extending only from outer extremity of transverse 
suture to postalar callus ; dark stripes between grey stripes 
clothed with blackish hair ; distal extremity of scutellum 
cinnamon-rufous or ferruginous ; swelling in depression 
at each end of transverse suture drab-grey ; pleure and 
pectus hght grey, clothed with whitish hair, upper portion 
of mesopleure drab-grey, clothed partly with whitish, partly 
with blackish or black hair. Abdomen: tergite of first 
segment with a large drab grey patch on each side, and on 
hind margin in middle line with a small, somewhat triangular 
or transversely elongate spot, similarly coloured and clothed 
with yellowish hair ; in the centre of the segment is a dark 
brown blotch (somewhat greyish in front, where it projects 
from beneath the scutellum) extending to the hind margin ; 
the distal edge of this blotch is indented by the median 
light spot or triangle already described, and its sides are 
concave ; each of the lateral drab-grey patches bears an 
oblique streak or patch of minute black hairs, extending 
outwards towards the posterior angle; tergites of second ta 
fifth segments inclusive each bearing three large drab-grey 
triangles, arranged in a transverse row (thus forming also 
three longitudinal series), resting on the hind margin, where 
they are usually though not always connected, and extending 
to the front margin ; the outer triangles are right-angled or 
obtuse-angled, the right angles or obtuse angles being the 


242 On a new Species of Tabanus. 


inner ones on the hind margins of the segments; those of 
the median series are acute-angled, though their apices are 
truncate and,in the case of the median triangles on the 
second and third segments, usually elongate ; the sides of 
the median triangles on the second and third segmeats are 
also more or less concave ; lateral margins of second and 
following segments, which cut off the outer angles of the 
outer series of triangles, drab-grey or buff; tergite of sixth 
segment with more or less distinct traces of the three 
triangles seen on preceding segments ; basal angles of tergite 
of second segment drab-grey ; basal angles of tergite of first 
segment, and lateral margins of this and of the five following 
tergites, clothed with whitish hair; all drab-grey triangles 
clothed with minute, appressed, yellowish hairs ; intervening 
dark brown or mummy-brown markings clothed with minute, 
appressed, black hairs; tergite of seventh segment clove- 
brown (its sides and hind border buff), clothed with black 
hairs, which at each lateral extremity are usually mixed 
with yellowish hairs ; venter greyish salmon-coloured, when 
viewed obliquely from behind usually with traces of a 
narrow, dark, interrupted, median, longitudinal stripe, 
ventral scute of penultimate segment mouse-grey, that of 
terminal segment slate-grey, hind margins of ventral scutes 
of second to sixth segments inclusive cream-coloured; ventral 
scutes of second to sixth segments inclusive clothed with 
appressed yellowish hairs, which in centre of ventral scute of 
sixth segment are mixed with longer black hairs, a few 
longer black hairs sometimes also present in centre of ventral 
scute of fifth segment ; ventral scute of seventh (terminal) 
segment clothed as usual with coarse, erect, black hairs. 
Wings: veins dark brown ; stigma pale and inconspicuous, 
usually faintly raw-umber-coloured. Squame: alar pair of 
same colour as wing-membrane, but more opaque, their 
borders mouse-grey ; thoracic pair cream-buff, their borders 
somewhat deeper in colour. Halteres: kuobs yellowish 
cream-coloured, more or less buff or orange-buff towards 
base, stalks buff or cream-buff. Legs: cox grey, clothed 
with white hair; femora and tibiz clothed with white or 
-silvery-white hair, except inner surfaces of front femora and 
distal extremities of frout tibiz, which are clothed with black 
hair; tibie buff or ochraceous-buff, distal extremities of 
front pair, to a greater extent on inner than on outer surface, 
dark brown, front pair also narrowly mouse-grey at extreme 
base; front tarsi clove-brown, second, third, and fourth 
joints somewhat expanded ; middle tarsi dark brown ; hind 


On a new Species of Oligoneuria. 243 


tarsi mummy-brown, last joint and tips of the three pre- 
ceding joints dark brown. 

German East Africa: type and eight other specimens 
(para-types) from a water-hole in the Usangu District, 
26.xi.1910, and two additional specimens from the Uhehe 
District, 3000 to 3500 ft., 22-27.xi.1910 (S. A. Neave: 
presented by the Entomological Research Committee). In 
addition to the foregoing the following material, in possession 
of the Entomological Research Committee and also collected 
by Mr. S. A. Neave, has been studied: one para-type from 
the Usangu District, and ten other specimens from the 
Uhehe District—remaining data in each case as before. 

In the shape of its frontal callus and upper frontal callus, 
as also in that of the terminal joint of its palpi, Tabanus 
irianguliger shows some affinity to T. pallidifacies, Surcout, 
which hitherto has been found only in the (British) Hast 
Africa Protectorate. Apart, however, from its very different 
facies, due to the development of the grey abdominal 
markings into a triple series of broad triangles, as described 
above, 7. trianguliger is distinguishable from T. pallidi- 
facies by, among other characters, its front being distinctly 
narrower, and by the inner margins of the eyes bordering 
it being more regularly parallel, instead of somewhat 
divergent above. From 7. distinctus, Ricardo, T. trian- 
guliger, apart from its abdominal markings, may be dis- 
tinguished at once by its broader front, and differently 
shaped (less elongate) frontal callus. From the variatus- 
form of T. teniola, Pal. de Beauv., the new species, apart 
from the greater development of its abdominal triangles, is 
distinguishable by the shape of its frontal callus and of the 
third joint of its antenne, as also by its pale femora. It is 
scarcely necessary to add that in the foregoing comparisons 
the female sex 1s alone considered, 


XXXI.—On a new Species of Oligoneuria (Hphemeridee) 
from British East Africa. By Rev. A. EK. Karon. 


Oligoneuria dobbsi, sp. n. 


Adult (driel) ¢ .—Wings transparent light blackish grey, 
with a faint dull violet-purple gloss and intense sepia-brown 
longitudinal neuration; the cross-veinlets not bordered 


244 On a new Species of Oligoneuria. 


(cf. text-figure). These are numerous (about 30) and straight 
in the marginal area, but are mostly concealed in the dried 
insect so far as the subcosta is overlain in the longitudinal 


Neuration of Oligoneuria dobbsi, sp. n. 


furrow in front of the ridge crested by the radius (3); the 
next three open areas contain respectively about 15, 7, and 5 
cross-veinlets, of which many are obsolescent posteriorly, 
and are too delicate to be shown in the figure. The 
two subfiliform tails terminating the narrow membrane 
incurrent along the posterior edge of the mesonotum or 
scutellum from the roots of the fore wings seem long enough 
to reach the base of the third abdominal segment. Head, 
body, fore legs, and the stout portions of the hinder legs 
pitch-brown ; head opaque; thorax and dorsum lucid; 
venter pallid; tabescent hind tibiz and tarsi impure 
whitish. Abdomen tapering posteriorly ; segments nos. 6,7, 
and 8 longer than those anterior to them, of which the poste- 
rior lateral angles (if not rectangular) are produced into only 
very short, inconspicuous, tooth-like points ; but in segments 
nos. 8 and 9 the points produced are spiniform. Setz 
broken off when captured. Egg-masses lutescent, pale. 
Subanal lamina of the tenth segment narrow, shrunken 
troughwise in the dried insect, and produced on each side 
posteriorly into a broad-based, short, subulate spine. 

Length of body about 20, of fore wing 25 mm. 

Prep. Etn.; wings in Ca. balsam, mounted without pres- 
sure, detached from the pinned type-specimen (Brit. Mus. 
Nat. Hist.). 

Had. Sotik Post (alt. 6000 feet), Lumbwa District, British 
East Africa: one adult fly, captured at night in a house half 
a mile from the river Nyangoris, 22. vii, 1911 (C. MZ. Dobbs). 


i 


\ 
bo, 


4 


ou 


On new Species of Ipide and Platypodide. 


XXXII.—Some new Species of Ipidee and Platypodide in the 
British Museum. By Lt.-Col. Winn Sampson, F.E.S. 


THE first two species described are from specimens received 
through Mr. Guy Marshall from Mr. Urich, and found on 
cacao-plants in Trinidad. The only other specimens of 
X. urichi in the British Museum are two received in 1905 
from Angola (Portuguese West Africa), and reported as 
damaging the cacao-plants there, but whether to a serious 
extent is not stated. 


Amphicranus theobroma, sp. n. 


Oblongus, nitidus, glaber, piceo-brunneus; prothorace lateribus 
subrecto, a triente antico in apicem constricto, supra ad apicem 
oblique rotundatim declivi, asperato; summo antico tuberculo 
minuto ornato; elytris vix conspicue punctatis, post medium 
oblique excavatis, ad apicem breviter productis, anguste divari- 
catis, margine excavationis utrinque dentibus tribus ornato, tertio 
majore prope apicem, exstructo. 

Long. 2°5, lat. 0°9 mm. 


Hab. Trinidad. 

Near to A. collaris, Bldf., but smaller, with all the abdo- 
minal segments similarly coloured and with a prominent 
single tubercle on the centre of the prothoracic anterior edge, 
which is bisinuate, with the base truncate; the exposed 
portion of the mesonotum above the scutellum strongly 
punctured ; anterior tibiz very strongly toothed on the outer 
edge and having the inner edge sinuous and hairy; femoral 
lobe large. 


Ayleborus urichi, sp. n. 


Oblongus, prothorace semielliptico, gibbo, summo apice medio 
granulis prominulis notato, dorso postice punctato; elytris a basi 
ad medium valde nitidis, eque pulvinato-convexis, dense striato- 
punctatis, et interstitiis irregulariter punctatis: sed a medio ad 
apicem opacis, subtilissime granulatis, interstitiis tuberculis 
pilisque ornatis. 

Long. 3°0 mm. 


Hab. Trinidad. 

Head ferrugineous, retracted, slightly convex, and evenly 
rugulose-punctate, with a straight transverse row of pale 
yellow hairs anteriorly; eyes oblong and emarginate, with 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 17 


246 _ Lt.-Col. Winn Sampson on new 


coarse facets ; antenne pale ferrugineous; prothorax ferru- 
gineous and shiny on the posterior half, gibbose and semi- 
elliptical, slightly longer than broad, base truncate, with 
posterior angles acute, anteriorly rugose, with 4-6 prominent 
tubercles on the extreme anterior margin, the rugosity 
decreasing to the middle, the posterior half shiny and punc- 
tate, and the whole surface slightly pubescent. Elytra the 
same breadth as the prothorax and one-half longer, the poste- 
rior half parallel-sided and thence decreasing to form a 
somewhat acuminate apex, longitudinally arched from base 
to apex, with the basal third ferrugineous and shiny ; punc- 
tate-striate, with the interstices irregularly punctured and 
piliferous; the apical portion dark and opaque, the inter- 
stices becoming tuberculate in the centre, with a double row 
of pale hairs, the remainder of the surface being very finely 
shagreened ; a slight sinuosity and depression of the inter- 
stices near the suture is evident towards the apex; the 
under surface of the body uniformly coloured, except the 
abdominal segments, which are slightly darker, sparsely 
hairy, and coarsely punctured ; the anterior coxe contiguous, 
and the legs the same colour as the prothorax. 

This species is near X. capucinus, Eichh., but differs in 
being narrower and longer, with punctate striz on the elytra, 
the sides of which are wot rounded from base to apex, &c. 


Ayleborus arquatus, sp. 0. 


Oblongus, subnitidus, thorace semielliptico, anterius rugis trans- 
versis scabro, posterius subtiliter punctulato, lineola media basali 
dense hirta; elytris striato-punctatis, interstitiis uniseriatim 
punctulatis, lateribus subparallelis, 

Long. 2°5 mm. 


Hab. Ceylon. 

Compact in shape, with pale ferrngineous head and elytra 
pitchy black ; head convex in front, the surface minutely 
and uniformly shagreened, sparsely hairy towards the front, 
with a row of pale hairs over the mouth; eyes transverse, 
black and emarginate; antennz the same colour as the head ; 
prothorax a dirty yellow, semielliptical, and as broad as long, 
with sides and posterior angles rounded, rugose, but not 
tuberculate, slightly hairy, obsoletely asperate behind, gibbose, 
with a small tuft of yellowish hairs at the centre of the base ; 
scutellum small and dark-coloured ; elytra one-half as long 
again as the prothorax, with subparallel sides, and obtusely 
rounded at the apex, slightly rounded at the basal angles, 
longitudinally arched from base to apex, striate-punctate, 


Species of Ipide and Platypodide. 247 


with rows of longish hairs ; interstices with uniseriate rows 
of punctures and shorter hairs; under surface dark, slightly 
hairy, and sparsely punctured ; legs paler than the body, the 
anterior tibiz long and narrow, enlarged towards the apex, 
with a few strong te th on the outer edge. 

This insect has been received from Mr. E. Green, who 
reports it as a troublesome pest on the camphor-trees in 
Ceylon, where it is found both on the living and dead 
branches. 


Ayleborus niger, sp. n. 


Oblongus, niger, nitidus, pilis fulvescentibus parce adspersis, thorace 
gibbo, semielliptico, dorso antice exasperato, posterius subtiliter 
punctato; elytris latitudine thoracis et illo vix duplo longioribus, 
subtilissime lineato-punctatis, interstitiis uniseriatim punctatis, 
apice a medio excavato-retuso, punctato, excavationis fundo 
nitido, lineato-punctato; sutura vix elevata et piliferis tuber- 
culis ornata, interstitiis uniseriatim punctatis, 3° et 4° tuberculis 
ornatis, margine apicali integro. 

Long. vix 6 mm. 


Hab. Ruby Mines, Burmah. 

Head black, sparsely covered with piliferous punctures, 
the hairs very long, especially centrally ; there is a transverse 
fringe of long yellow hairs over the mouth, and anteriorly a 
central small shining depression with a slight, longitudinal 
carina posteriorly, the general surface shagreened ; prothorax 
semielliptical, shiny black, rugose-asperate in front, inter- 
spersed with longish hairs, gibbous, with scattered piliferous 
punctures behind and a medial posterior group of pale hairs ; 
scutellum triangular and polished. 

Elytra nearly twice as long as the prothorax, with sub- 
parallel sides and excavate from the middle, punctate-striate, 
the punctures being large, round, and shallow ; the inter- 
stices before the declivity are smooth, with small uniseriate 
piliferous punctures down the centre; at the commencement 
of the declivity each interstice has a sharp tooth, with one or 
two longish hairs close to it ; interstices 3 and 4 also have a 
few teeth distributed along them towards the apex; the 
sutural striz have a single row of small tubercles after the 
commencement of the declivity. 

This species belongs to Eichhoff’s division ** of the genus 
Xyleborus, but is larger than any described by that author. 


Ayleborus sphenos, sp. n. 


Elongatus, subcylindricus, brunneo-testaceus, subnitidus, antice 
Lee 


248 Lt.-Col. Winn Sampson on new 


rugulosus, postice parce subtilissime punctulatus; elytris supra 
subtilissime striato-punctatis, interstitiis ante declivitatem non 
tuberculatis, apice acuminatis, singulo lateribus seriatim tuber- 
culato, sutura immuni. 

Long. 2 mm. 


Hab. Uganda. 

Head, prothorax, antennz, and legs testaceous ; elytra 
dark; the eyes deeply and broadly emarginate ; prothorax 
bluntly rounded anteriorly and decreasing in breadth towards - 
the base, rugose in front, but shiny and smooth behind ; 
elytra very faintly striate-punctate and gradually narrowing 
to the acute apex, which is lengthened by two blunt broad 
processes, being continuations of the second elytral inter- 
stices ; the declivity (commencing from the apical third of 
the elytra) has the first two striz toothed at the commence- 
ment and then tuberculate to the apex, and the edge of the 
declivity is provided with numerous teeth, increasing in size 
towards the apex. 

In one very pale (immature) specimen the only dark 
portions are the eyes and the elytral declivity. 

These insects were sent me with the specimens of X. in- 
dustrius, but I am not certain as to whether they were 
captured at the same time. 


Xyleborus industrius, sp. n. 


Elongatus, cylindricus, pallide villosus, thorace testaceo, antice 
imbricato exasperato, postice punctato ; elytris striato-punctatis, 
interstitiis subtiliter uniseriatim punctulatis, apice a parte tertio 
abrupte excavato-truncato, ambitu calloso. dentibus pluribus 
minimis ornato, fundo ipso irregulariter punctato, sutura vix 
elevata, tuberculis pilisque ornata. 

Long. 35 mm. 


Hab. Uganda. 

Head and thorax testaceous ; elytra dark except basally 
and laterally ; head asperate, with scattered pale pubescence ; 
eyes very deeply and broadly emarginate ;_prothorax oblong- 
cylindrical and slightly longer than broad, anteriorly rough- 
ened and hairy, the posterior part thickly covered with pili- 
ferous punctures; scutellum pale but well defined ; elytra 
punctate-striate with very short hairs, the interstices having 
a single row of punctures with long hairs; after the 
declivity the hairs are continued only along the sutural striz 
to the apex; the apical third of the elytra is somewhat 
abruptly truncate, forming a shiny very slight excavation 
with large shallow irregularly placed punctures, the margin 


Spectres of Ipidee and Platypodide. 249 


oeing edged with numerous small tubercles (two rather 
larger ones near the apex) and long pale hairs; the sutural 
strize have a single row of tubercles extending to the apex, of 
which one or two near the apex are larger than the others. 

Judging from Dr. Hagedorn’s description, this species is 
somewhat similar to his X. fisheri, but differs in size, colour, 
arrangement of the tubercles, want of the suture between 
the pronotum and prosternum, &e. 

Although here treated as a separate species from X. sphenas, 
I am of opinion that when more material comes to hand 
this insect will prove to be the female of the former. 


Crossotarsus fragmentus, sp. v. 

Brunneus, fronte plana, profunde punctata, medio fossulata ; pro- 
thorace quadrato, parce irregulariter punctato, sulco brevi haud 
profundo; elytris lineato-punctatis, lineis ad basin impressis, 
interstitiis planis tenuiter lineato-punctatis, apice declivi, convexo, 
striato, interstitiis elevatis, seriato-tuberculatis et pilosis, margine 
externo utroque postice profunde emarginato, apice triplice 
emarginato. 

Long. 5°5 mm. 

Hab. Singapore. 

Shiny brown, front flat, deeply punctured and sparsely 
hairy, with a small indentation in the centre and a dark 
median line at the top; prothorax with graduated punctua- 
tion, becoming coarser laterally, median line slight and 
scarcely reaching the base, with no groups of punctures ; 
elytra with faintly punctured lines, the interstices shiny to 
the declivity and then contracted and bearing series of pili- 
ferous tubercles, the base of the third interstice having a 
small group of punctures. 

This handsome insect belongs to the Crossotarsi sub- 
depressi, and seems nearly allied to C. terminatus, Chap., 
and C. venusitus g as described by Mr. Blandford (Ann. & 
Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xv., April 1895). The elytral 
sculpture is somewhat complex, as will be seen from the 
figure (fig. 1, p. 250) of the apical half of the elytra, there being 
a deep lateral emargination on each elytron posteriorly and a 
triple emargination common to both elytra at the extremity ; 
the interstices 1-3 cease a short distance before the apex, 
where the surface becomes smooth and shiny. 


Crossotarsus fractus, sp. 0. 


C. fragmento similis, sed differt magnitudine et apicis elytrorum 
excisione minus profunda. 
Long. 4°3 mm. 


250 Mr. G. Lewis on 


Hab. Borneo : Kuching, Sarawak. 

This species also belongs to the Crossotlarsi subdepresst, and 
only differs from C. fragmentus in size and in the elytra 
being less excised at the apex (fig. 2). 


Fig. 1.—Crossotarsus fragmentus, sp. 0. 
Fig. 2.— Crossotarsus fractus, sp. 0. 


XXXIII.—On new Species of Histeridz and Notices of others. 
By G. Lewis, F.L.S. 


Tar last paper on this family by me was published in July 
1911; the present is the thirty-eighth of the series. 

In all the papers, when referring to the genera Trypaneus 
and Trypeticus I have wrongly assigned the masculine forms 
to the female and the female to the male. Marseul and 
other writers have committed the sameerror. In 1853, when 
Marseul first began the study of the group he described the 
sexes as species, and although warned by Monsieur A. Sallé, 
who had seen the insects in their natural habitat, he was not 
convinced of the truth of the matter. : 

The doubt having arisen as to the sexes of Trypaneus and 
its ally Tirypeticus, specimens were sent to Dr. Sharp for his 
opinion, and he, having dissected them, reported that the 
sexes have hitherto been reversed by describers. In order to 


new Species of Histeride. 251 


make this doubly certain, other specimens were sent to 
Mr. F. Muir in Honolulu, who has examined them thoroughly ; 
his results are given in the following note and drawings :— 

“ The large Zrypaneus thoracicus (marked ¢ ) is a female ; 
the spermatheca is globular, large, and chitinized. I then 
opened up the 7. ensifer and Trypeticus marked ?, and 
found them both to be males. I have therefore not opened 
the specimens marked g. They are both of the Histerid 
type, but very feebly chitinized. Trypaneus is much larger, 
and the: last abdominal segment (hidden beneath pygidium) 
is simple, while in Trypeticus the last abdominal segment 
is complex, with a pair of lateral struts and a large median 
plate (all chitinized invaginations of the last segment and 
not phallic). Cm 2 is very long in these two forms, and the 
edeagus can be drawn into the abdomen a long way, and 
one is apt to destroy it if one tries to only take off the last 
segment of abdomen. 

“Trypeticus fagi (figs. 1 & 2).—The last abdominal segment 
hes under the pygidium, the lateral edges being extended 
forward into the abdomen as two small struts (d) ; imme- 
diately within the segment is the usual ‘cloaca,’ with the 
anal opening on the dorsal face, and the ventral aspect ex- 
tending into the abdomen as the second connecting membrane 
(em 2) which connects the base of the wedeagus to the body- 
wall. In this case this membrane is of great length and 
allows the edeagus to be withdrawn into or thrust out of the 
abdomen to a great extent. From each side of the base of 
the connecting membrane there is a long, thin, chitinized 
strut running forward into the abdomen ; from the ventral 
edge of the ‘ cloaca,’ between these two struts, there are two 
thin semi-membranous plates: the upper one (c) is some- 
what spindle-shaped in outline, and slightly more chitinized 
along the margin than in the middle ; the ventral one is 
angular (6), and also more chitinized on the margin than in 
the middle. ‘The two plates and the lateral struts have 
similar origin, viz. by the invagination of the base of the 
second connecting membrane ; a section through the struts 
near their base shows them to be hollow, with chitinized 
walls, and the plates consist of two membranes closely applied 
together. The lateral lobes are long and slender, sen.i- 
chitinized except at the tips, the chitinization extending a 
little way down the cylindrical basal piece. The median 
lobe is long, slender, and cylindrical, and very slightly chiti- 
nized, with the median orifice at the apex. The basal piece 
is about one and a half times the length of the lateral lobes, 


252 Mr. G. Lewis on 


ee 


ae 


cylindrical and membranous, without any sharp line of 
demarcation at junction with the connecting membrane ; 
there appears to be no specialized internal sac. 

“Trypaneus ensifer (fig. 3).—The last abdominal segment, 
which is hidden under the pygidium, is of a simple nature, 
without any struts; the second connecting membrane, 
which is very long, joins directly on to the ventral plate, and 
sends out no struts or plates into the abdomen. The basal 
piece is cylindrical (4p), about two and a half times the 
Jength of the lateral lobes, membranous, with two lines more 
highly chitinized extending from the base of the lateral 
lobes to end of basal piece; the lateral lobes (//) are sub- 
cylindrical, more highly chitinized than the basal piece except 


new Species of Histeridee. 253 


a) 
Fig. 2 


Crore 2. 


MITER SH Miu 


of ALLL nc chi lilt naa 
SLUT PAE AY Da RUT USN UOTE nerve eee 


Fig. 1—Last abdominal segment and sedeagus of Trypeticus fagi viewed 
from below. /d=last dorsal plate ; 2v=last ventral plate; cm2= 
second connecting membrane ; aey=edeagus; e7=ejaculatory duct; 
a and d=struts; 6 and c=plates. 

Fig. 2.—Alideagus of Trypeticus fagi, Lew. 

Fig. 3.—Atdeagus of Trypaneus ensifer, Mars. 

Fig. 4.—Receptaculum seminis of Trypaneus thoracicus, Fabr., 2 


at the tips; the median lobe is cylindrical, membranous, 
with median orifice at apex; the ejaculatory duct within 
the zdeagus is slightly enlarged and its surface bears 
‘ herring-bone’ striations. 

“Trypaneus thoracicus (fig. 4).—The receptaculum seminis 
(spermatheca) is large, irregular flask-shape.” 


List of Species. 


Hololepta umbratilis. Pleesius acutidens. 
baulnyi, Mars. Platylister habitus. 

—— vagata. Eb isia exortiva, Lew. 
cavata. Hister quadrimaculatus, Z. 
curta, Mars. Pachycrzerus baconi. 

Teretriosoma paratum, Pelorurus fraudator. 
stebbingi, Lew. densistriatus. 

cristatum, Lew., Q. Discoscelis curvata. 


Hololepta umbratilis, sp. n. 


Oblonga, subdepressa, nigra, nitida ; fronte bistriata, striis brevibus ; 
pronoto lateribus anguste punctato ; elytris striis 1 brevi, 2 in- 
terrupta ; propygidio parce, in medio tenuiter punctato; pygidio 
vix dense punctato ; tibiis anticis 4-dentatis. 

L. 10 mill. (absque mandibulis). 


254 Mr. G. Lewis on 


Oblong, depressed, black and shining ; forehead with two 
short transverse strie ; the thorax has a narrow band of 
lateral punctures sparsely set and not quite on the edge, the 
lateral stria passes the basal angle and also the anterior angle, 
the male has no emargination or fovea ; the elytra, striz, 
subhumeral rather wide and shortened before and behind, 
first dorsal basal and about one-quarter of the elytral length, 
second broken not far from the base; the propygidinm is 
wholly punctured, but somewhat sparingly, and the points 
on the disc are smaller than those on the sides ; the pygidium 
is somewhat densely punctured and the points are again 
smaller on the median area, the apex is narrowly smooth ; 
the anterior tibiz are 4-dentate, the two apical teeth have a 
common base. 

The form of this species is distinctly oblong and like 
Hololepta caracasica, Mars., and Lioderma pervalidum, Blais. ; 
it has the disc of the propygidium punctate, a characteristic 
seldom seen in either genus. 

Hab. Argentina. 


Hololepta baulnyi, Mars. 


Marseul (Mon. p. 399, 1857) described the female of this 
species ; the male has no carinaon the mentum, the anterior 
thoracic angle is feebly notched, and the fossette is deep and 
oval and near, but not in, the angle. 


Hololepta vagata, sp. n. 


Oblongo-ovalis, depressa, nigra, nitida; pronoto lateribus parce 
punctulato; elytris striis 2 dorsalibus brevissimis, 1* appendicu- 
lata; propygidio toto sparsim punctulato; pygidio dense punc- 
tato. 

L. 7 mm. (absque mandibulis). 


Oblong-oval, depressed, black and shining ; the forehead 
feebly impressed and without stria, mentum of the male is 
not carinate, mandibles slightly swollen in the middle, the 
vertex of the head has two small fovez (doubtful as to being 
constant) ; the thorax, lateral margin with a band of rather 
fine punctures not densely set, anterior angle minutely 
notched, with a rather deep circular fossette close to the edge ; 
the elytra, the outer basal stria has a short and straight 
apical appendage ; the propygidium has scattered punctures, 
but at no point are the punctures close together, and the 
median area is almost free of them, apically there are two 
shallow impressions ; the pygidium is closely punctate ; the 


new Spectes of Histeride. 255 


prosternum is slightly constricted before the coxz ; anterior 
tibiz 4-dentate. 

This species differs chiefly from cavata in the mentum not 
being distinctly carinate in the male, in the form of the 
thoracic fovea, and in the punctuation of the propygidium. 

Hab. Sukabumi (2000 feet), West Java. 


Hololepta cavata, sp. u. 


Oblongo-ovalis, depressa, nigra, nitida; pronoto lateribus sparsim 
punctulato; elytris striis 2 dorsalibus brevissimis, 1* appendicu- 
lata; propygidio circum punctato ; pygidio dense punctato. 

L. 8-83 mill. (absque mandibulis). 


Oblong-oval, depressed, black and shining; the head, 
surface with microscopic punctures, without striz, forehead 
impressed, the mentum is very feebly carinate in the male ; 
the thorax has a few lateral punctures chiefly in the anterior 
area, the anterior angle is not notched nor emarginate, but 
close behind the angle there is a shallow fovea almost 
circular in outline; the elytra has two basal strie well- 
marked, the first having a short appendage ; the propygidium 
has an external circle of punctures, the lateral points are the 
largest, but apically there are two clusters joining together, 
and here the punctures are most dense; the pygidium is 
densely punctate; the prosternum is slightly constricted 
before the coxe ; the anterior tibiz are 4-dentate. 

The general characters of this small species are similar to 
those of daulnyi, but the thoracic fossette in the male is 
different in form and position. 

Hab. Ruby Mines, Burmah (Doherty). 


Note.—Clean and bright specimens of Hololepta curta, 
Mars., Hister curvatus, Er., and Scapomegas auritus, Mars., 
are distinctly bluish, although they have all been described 
as black. 


Teretriosoma paratum, sp. 0. 


Subcylindricum, cyaneum, nitidum, undique dense et fortiter 
punctatum, pedibus piceis ; elytris transversim basi impressis ; 
prosterno grosse punctato; mesosterno haud marginato, antice 
in medio obtuse arcuato; a metasterno leyiter distincto ; pro- 
pygidio dense punctulato. 

L. 22 mill. 


Cylindrical, blue, shining, above rather densely and rather 
coarsely punctate ; legs obscurely brown ; the head closely 


256 My. G. Lewis on 


punctate, with an obsolete smooth spot on the vertex ; the 
thorax is closely punctate outwardly and scarcely less so on 
the disc, marginal stria complete; the elytra are similarly 
punctate, with a transverse impression near the base ; the 
pygidia, the punctuation is slightly finer than that of the 
elytra, the carina on the pygidium is well marked ; the pro- 
sternum punctate, punctures smaller and less close anteriorly ; 
the mesosternum is immarginate anteriorly and the meta- 
sternal suture is fine but visible, surface punctate; the 
metasternum is somewhat irregularly punctured, and the first 
abdominal segment is evenly punctate; the scape of the 
antennz in ¢ is furnished with flavous hair. 

This species is much less robust and smaller than festivum, 
Lew. (which measures 8} mm.), and the surface punctuation 
is coarser and more dense, especially noticeable on the 
thoracic disc and on the scutellar region. The metasternal 
suture is not visible in festivum. Both species agree in the 
form of the mesosternum, anteriorly it is arched in outline, 
not acuminate. 

Hab, Jatahy, Province of Goyas. Four examples. 


Teretriosoma stebbingi, Lew. Ann. N. Hist. vi. p. 380 
(1901). 


©. cristatum, Lew. J. ¢. p. 381. 


After examining a series of the species, I find that the 
characters I relied on as being specific are sexual. I took 
the long palish hair on the scape of the antenna for a 
masculine character ; the male has a pilosity, but it is much 
less conspicuous. Dr. Sharp has kindly made dissections of 
this species. 


Plesius acutidens, sp. 0. 


Oblongus, niger, nitidus; fronte distincte bistriata; pronoto stria 
marginali antice interrupta ; propygidio margine antice anguste 
levi, postice haud dense punctato; pygidio subconvexo parum 
transverso; prosterno haud striato. 

L. 10 mm. 


Oblong, black and shining; forehead bistriate, surface 
with some fine punctures, mandibles sparsely punctulate, 
with a small but acute tooth on the inner edge; the thorax, 
marginal stria interrupted behind the head; the elytra, 
inner subhumeral stria shortened before and behind, outer 
very short and median, first dorsal apical and shortened 
before the middle 2-8 apical very short, punctiform or 


new Species of Histeride. 257 


obs»lete; the propygidium has a narrow smooth margin 
anteriorly, otherwise it is punctate but not densely ; the 
pygidium is very feebly convex and not very closely punc- 
tured ; the prosternum is without striz ; the mesosternum, 
stria interrupted behind the emargination ; the femora are 
smooth. 

The thoracic and dorsal striz are almost similar to those 
of ellipticus, Mars. ; but acutidens differs in being oblong, the 
mandibles with a small acute tooth only, and the pygidium 
is very slightly convex and not very closely punctate. I 
have not seen an example of ellipticus with the first dorsal 
stria complete, as figured by Marseul, but his species is 
well-known and specimens are in most collections. P. ellip- 
ticus has the “ pygidium bombé, densement ponctué.” 

Hab. Isle of Batian (Doherty). 


Platylister habitus, sp. nu. 


Ovatus, parum convexus, niger, nitidus; fronte concava; pronoto 
stria laterali haud interrupta; elytris striis 1-2 integris, 3 in 
medio interrupta; propygidio transversim punctato; pygidio 
margine haud elevato; mesosterno stria integra; tibiis anticis 
4-dentatis. 

L. 43-5 mill. 


Oval, rather convex above, black and shining ; forehead 
concave, stria fine, complete and nearly straight anteriorly ; 
the thorax, marginal stria complete, parallel to the sides, 
slightly bent inwards at the basal angle; scutellar fovea 
clear but shaliow; the elytra, first stria complete, second 
very slightly shortened at the base where the interstice is 
widest, third widely interrupted in the middle, apical portion 
longest but varying in length ; the propygidium is irregularly 
transversely punctured in the middle; the pygidium is 
similarly punctate at the base and in the middle, but 
posteriorly the points are smaller and fewer, there is no rim ; 
the prosternal keel is a little narrowed before the coxe ; 
the mesosternum, marginal stria complete, fine and close to 
the edge at the emargination but leaving it laterally; the 
anterior tibiz are 4-dentate. 

The form of the pygidium and of the mesosternal stria are 
good distinguishing characters for this species. P. platy- 
pygus, Mars., is seemingly similar, but the forehead of 
habitus is not concave nor punctate, and the stria is feeble, 
not strong. 

Hab. Paumomu River, New Guinea (Loria). In the 
Genoa Museum and in my own collection. 


258 Mr. G. Lewis on 


Eblisia exortiva, Lew. Ann. Mus. Genova, vi. p. 636 (1888). 


This species appears as an Jdister in my catalogue of 
1905, but as the tarsal grooves are not curved, it is well to 
place it in Eblisia until further revision of the genus is 
made. 


Hister quadrimaculatus, L. 


Herr H. Bickhardt has furnished this species with a 
twentieth name, one suggested by its superficial coloration. 
Not long since four other names were given on similar 
trivial characters, and I think that the multiplication of 
names of this kind is much to be deprecated. 


Pachycrerus baconi, sp. n. 


Oblongus, parum convexus, niger, nitidus; fronte punctata, stria 
integra; pronoto stria laterali antice interrupta; elytris striis 
1-3 integris, 4-5 suturalique brevibus, margine apicali punctato ; 
prosterno angustato bistriato, striis parallelis; mesosterno stria 
arcuata; pygidio vix dense punctato ; tibiis anticis 5-dentatis. 

L. 23-3 mill. 


Oblong, rather convex, black and shining; the forehead 
feebly convex, distinctly and somewhat closely punctured, 
stria complete and rather fine; the thorax punctured like 
the head except in the scutellar region where the points are 
finer, lateral stria rather near the edge and it ceases behind 
the eye ; the elytra, apical margin punctate, dorsal strie 1-3 
complete, 4 dimidiate, 5 short not reaching the apex nor the 
middle of the disc, sutural shortened at the apex and reaching 
the disc, subhumeral very short and basal ; the propygidium 
and pygidium are rather closely punctured, the latter is not 
smooth at the apex ; the prosternum, the keel is narrow and 
the lateral striz parallel; the mesosternum is obtusely 
acuminate anteriorly and the stria arched not marginal; the 
anterior tibiz are 5-dentate. 

This species is very similar to P. verulamii, Lew.; it is a 
little smaller and slightly narrower. Both have a narrow 
prosternal keel and the mesosternal stria of each is of similar 
outline. The punctuation of the head, thorax, and pygidium 
is very distinct in daconi and the thoracic stria is similar in 
both species, but the lateral margin is widest in verulamit. 

Hab. Errer River, Abyssinia. Eight examples. - 


new Species of Histeride. ; 259 


Pelorurus fraudator, sp. nu. 


Breviter ovalis, supra depressus, nigro-eneus, nitidus, elytris 
viridi-ceruleis, pygidio rufo; fronte depressa, punctulata, 
lateribus marginata; pronoto lateribus punctato; elytris striis 
1-4 integris geminatis, 5 suturalique simplicibus; propygidio 
parce punctato ; pygidio convexo, tenuissime punctulato ; meso- 


sterno bisinuato marginato; tibiis anticis 6-denticulatis. 
L, 43-53 mill. 


This species is very similar to glaucopterus, Mars., from 
Natal, but the thorax has a wide antescutellar space smooth, 
the inner subhumeral stria is somewhat irregular and broken 
anteriorly, the fifth dorsal stria is single, with a short apical 
appendage parallel to it but not joined. 

There are only ten species of this genus known and they 
all appear to be local and restricted in their distribution. 
The measurements given for this and densistriatus show that 
specimens vary much in size, 

Hab. Beira (A. P. Sheppard); Matopos (Guy A. K. 
Marshall). 


Pelorurus densistriatus, sp. n. 


Breviter ovalis, supra depressus, niger, subopacus, pygidio apice 
obscure rufo; fronte punctulata ; pronoto lateribus sat fortiter 
punctato, disco levi; elytris striis 1-5 dorsalibus geminatis 
interstitiis striatis, suturali in medio furcata; pygidio apice 
utrinque compresso, punctato; prosterno lobo antico grosse 
punctato; tibiis anticis denticulatis. 

L, 3-4 mill. 


Oval, somewhat short, depressed above, black and a little 
opaque ; the head, forehead impressed, surface punctulate 
and margined laterally ; the thorax punctured at the sides, 
disc smooth, scutellar puncture bilinear, being divided in the 
middle, marginal stria complete, posterior rim punctured 
opposite the second and third dorsal striz ; the elytra, 
dorsal striz 1-5 geminate but not very distinctly joined at 
the base, the outer pairs have interstitial striz which render 
the true striz less apparent ; the sutural stria is not gemi- 
nate, but it has a short branch on the discal area obliquely 
pointing outwards, the suture itself is finely marginate; 
the propygidium has punctures of varying sizes, which are 
largest and more close on the anterior half; the pygidium, 
the anterior portion is slightly convex and smooth, and from 
the middle of this area runs a smooth carina to the apical 
margin, on each side of the carina the pygidium is com- 
pressed, the surface distinctly punctured and obscurely red ; 


260 On new Species of Histeride. 


the prosternum, anterior lobe densely and coarsely punc- 
tured, keel with smaller and variously sized points less 
closely set, strize widen out posteriorly (in one example the 
striz are obliterated between the coxe); the mesosternum 
is pointed like the keel, the marginal and the transverse 
striz are crenate; the metasternum has a median furrow 
and a cluster of large punctures on each side at its base ; 
the anterior tibiz are denticulate. 

The fureation or branch in the sutural stria is remarkable 
and also the fine marginal stria along the suture; it is not 
the ordinary sutural stria and the form of the pygidium is 
exceptional. 

Hab. Warrar, Abyssinia (G. Christensen). 


Discoscelis curvata, sp. n. 


Oblongo-ovata, convexa, nigra, nitida; fronte tenuiter impressa, 
stria inconspicua; pronoto impunctato, stria marginali post 
oculos interrupta; elytris striis subhumerali interna basi 
abbreviata, 1-4 integris, 4 incurvata, 5 abbreviata, suturali 
dimidiata ; propygidio vix grosse punctato ; prosterno bistriato ; 
mesosterno tenuissime marginato ; tibiis valde dilatatis. 

L. 62 mill. 

Oblong-oval, convex, black and shining; the head im- 
punctate, slightly impressed in front, frontal stria very fine, 
almost obsolete ; the thorax, surface smooth, lateral stria 
near the edge, continuing at the base as far as the first 
dorsal stria, anteriorly it is interrupted behind the eyes, but 
it is continued as a straight line behind the head, scutellar 
puncture small and shallow; the elytra, the inner sub- 
humeral stria is a little shortened at the base, outer humeral 
is broken behind the middle, the dorsal striz 1-8 are 
complete, 2 markedly turning inwards at the base, the 
fourth stria is complete and like the second turns in at the 
base and continues along it nearly to the suture, 5 apical 
and rather short, sutural apical and almost dimidiate ; the 
propygidium is somewhat coarsely punctured, punctures 
somewhat irregular and not closely set, the points of the 
pygidium are smaller ; the prosternum is hbistriate, striz 
widening out between the coxe and are near together 
anteriorly ; the mesesternum has a fine marginal stria which 
is straight anteriorly and not easily seen, behind the 
marginal stria is an arched stria clearly marked and common 
to it and the metasternum ; the tibiz are widely dilated. 

I have assigned this species to Discoscelis, notwithstanding 
its large size. 

Hab. Mar de Hespanha, Minas Geraes, Brazil. 


Notes on Guiana Birds. 261 


XXXIV.—WNotes on Guiana Birds. By Lorp Brazourng, 
F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., and Cuartes Cuvss, F.Z.S., M.B.0.U., 
Zoological Department, British Museum. 


In the preparation of the List of the Birds of South America 
we have been allowed access to the very fine coilection of 
British Guiana birds in the possession of Mr. F. V. McConnell, 
and in examining some of the species noticed the items 
mentioned below. 

We have also to thank the Hon. Walter Rothschild for 
the loan of specimens which has helped us in the elucidation 
of some of the more difficult points. 

We find that Rkamphastos aracari, Linn., is not appli- 
cable to the Guiana bird, as the author attributes it to the 
Brazilian species: efr. Syst. Nat. i. p. 104 (1758) (Brazil), 
ex Marcgrave. R. atricollis, P. L. 8. Miiller, Syst. Nat., 
Suppl. p. 83 (1776), was also founded on the Brazilian 
form, ex Buffon. 

Wied appears to be the first author to recognize the true 
Pteroglossus aracari (Linn.), cfr. Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. 
p- 283 (1831) ; and P. wiedii, Sturm, must be allocated as a 
synonym of P. aracari (Linn.). 

The habitat of this species is Hastern Brazil, from Para to 
Rio de Janeiro.. 

The Guiana bird therefore requires a name, for which we 
propose 


Pteroglossus roraime, nom. nov. pro Pteroglossus aracari, 
auctorum (nec Linn.),. 


This species is most nearly allied to P. aracari (Linn.), 
from Eastern Brazil, but is distinguished by the broad black 
longitudinal band on the ridge of the culmen and the citron- 
yellow colour on the breast and abdomen, instead of the 
narrow black band on the culmen and the sulphur-yellow of 
the underparts, as in the Brazilian form. 


The following notes have been compiled on a large 
number of examples of the Thryothorus coraya group of 
Wrens, which indicates four different races, or subspecies. 
T. coraya (Gmel.) was founded on Daubenton’s plate, which 
bird was supposed to have come from Cayenne. Ridgway 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 18 


262 Notes on Guiana Birds. 


accepted birds from British Guiana as typical, and named 
the French Guiana form T. oyapocensis. 

Berlepsch, arguing that Cayenne was in French Guiana, 
concluded that Ridgway had named the wrong bird, and 
restricting T. coraya to the French Guiana (=Cayenne) 
form, named the British Guiana bird 7. ridgwayi. 

Reference to Daubenton’s plate, however, proves Ridgway 
to be right, as, notwithstanding the locality “ Cayenne,” the 
French Guiana birds do not agree with Daubenton’s figure ; 
but British Guiana specimens collected at Roraima are 
almost identical in every detail; consequently we should 
select Roraima, British Guiana, as the type locality of 
T. coraya (Gmel.), notwithstanding the locality being given 
as Cayenne. 

The series from Roraima would therefore be known as 


Thryothorus coraya coraya. 


A series of examples from Bartica Grove, British Guiana, 
however, differ from 7. coraya coraya in the deeper chestnut 
colour of the back and the darker and duller fulvous on the 
chest and abdomen. This form we propose to name 


Thryothorus coraya berlepschi, subsp. nu. 


The French Guiana birds must be called 


Thryothorus oyapocensis oyapocensis. 


We consider this form to be specifically distinct from 
T. coraya. Subspecies of this race, however, are existent, as 
a series from Ituribisci differ from TJ. oyapocensis oyapo- 
censis 1n the darker coloration of the head, deeper chestnut 
of the back, and the more tawny colour of the abdomen. We 
propose, therefore, to separate this form under the name of 


Thryothorus oyapocensis ituribisciensis, subsp. n. 


We may remark also that we have examined a good series, 
both male and female, of the Bush-Shrike from British Guiana, 
which has been erroneously called Thamnophilus major by 
many authors, but we find it to be identical with 7. borbe, 
Pelzeln. 


p aOR 


Bibliographical Notice. 263 


XXXV.—Description of a new Cichlid Fish from the Lower 
Niger. By G. A. Bouteneer, F.R.S. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Pelmatochromis arnoldi. 


Depth of body 2} to 22 times in total length, length of 
head 3 times. Head 12 to 1? times as long as broad; snout 
rounded, with concave upper profile, much broader than 
long, as ‘long as the eye, which is 33 times in length of head, 
It tol} times in interorbital width, and slightly exceeds 
preorbital depth ; mouth moderate, extending to between 
nostril and eye ; teeth small, in 8 series, 60 to 70 in outer 
series of upper jaw; 3 or 4 series of scales on the cheek, 
width of scaly part equal to diameter of eye. Gill-rakers 
short, 9 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal XV-XVI 
16-11, spines gradually increasing in length to the last, 
which measures nearly 4 length of head; median soft rays 
produced into filaments, as long as or a little longer than 
head. Anal III 8-9; third spine as long as or slightly 
longer than longest dorsal. Pectoral # to # length of head, 
not reaching origin of anal. Ventral produced into a fila- 
ment, extending beyond origin of anal. Caudal rounded. 
Caudal peduncle a little deeper than long. Scales cycloid, 
28 5-4, ; lateral lines 3. Brownish or dark olive, with five 
indistinct dark bars and six large, blackish, round spots on 
each side, the first being the opercular spot ; fins greyish, 
soft dorsal, anal, and caudal with small blackish spots. 

Total length 90 mm. 

Three specimens from the Lower Niger, presented to the 
British Museum by Mr. J. Paul Arnold, of Hamburg. 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE. 


Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India. Entomological 
Series. Vol. IV. No. 1. Eri Silk. By H. Maxweti-Lerroy 
and C. C. Guosn, Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa. Pp. 1380, 
pls. ix., and 13 figures in the text. May 1912. Price Rs. 3. 


Tue Eri silkmoth is one of the closely allied species belonging to 
the genus Philosamia of Grote, of which P. cynthia, Drury, from 
Java, is typical. The present species, P. lwnula of Walker, feeds on 
the castor-oil plant, and is largely reared for its silk in various parts 
of India. As the cocoon is open at the end, there is no occasion to 


264 Miscellaneous. 


destroy the insect to obtain the silk, as is necessary in the case of 
the mulberry silkworm. The Eri silkworm is a much larger insect, 
and belongs, not to the family Bombycide, like the mulberry silk- 
worm, Bombyx mort, but to the Saturniide, or Emperor Moths (one 
species of which is found in Britain), and is not very distantly 
allied to Attacus atlas, the largest known moth, which, like the Eri, 
is also an Indian species. 

The present monograph gives us the full history of the Eri silk- 
moth in all its stages, illustrated, with elaborate instructions for 
rearing and for preparing the silk. It concludes with chapters on 
the castor-oil plant and on the Eri silk industry. We may add 
that the Eri silkmoth is very closely allied to the Ailanthus silk- 
moth, the cultivation of which Dr. Alexander Wallace attempted to 
introduce into England some years ago, with a moderate amount of 
success. WH ie 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


A Review of South-African Land- Mollusca belonging to the Family 
Zonitide. By Lt.-Colonel H. H. Gopwin-Avsren, F.R.S. &c. 


Ir was at first contemplated publishing the third and concluding 
part dealing with species of the Peltatine in the summer of this 
year. This has been found impossible, owing to insufficient data 
relating to two species—corneus and poeppigi—and the doubtful 
identification of the shells of species dissected ; this could not be 
settled until the types of these species had been seen. ‘These are 
fortunately in the museum at Stettin. Dr. Heinrich Dohrn, to 
whom I recently wrote, has courteously promised assistance, but, 
owing to the collections in his charge being packed up pending 
transfer to new buildings, they cannot be got at until next winter. 

Besides this, further spirit-specimens of some species are wanted 
from Natal; these Mr. H. C. Burnup will endeavour to obtain, but 
he tells me they cannot be secured until the right season comes 
round, viz. midsummer, so that very little more can be done in this 
family until we have entered on 1913. 


Errata in Dr, Arnbéck-Christie-Lindé’s paper in the 
‘ Annals’ for June 1912. 


Page 610, line 24, for the number of premolars read the number 
of upper premolars. 
Page G11, line 9, for . I, L 1, LOPE Meo, weer 
if Ti 2 I, (C) Pi EB (P,) Le, M, M, M.,. 


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CONTENTS OF NUMBER 56 —Liglth Series 3 


XVIII. Report on "he Asenalite Polychacts colleear e } 
Sea and adjacent parts by the Scotch Fishery Board ical 
_ ‘Goldseeker.’—Part I. Amphinomide to Sigalionide, By Wri 
Smatt, M.A., B.Se., Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 
(Plate VI.) 6 
XIX. Descriptions of new Batrachians from the Andes of South re 
_ America, preserved in the British Museum. By G. A. Bovruncer, — : 


“XX. Newor little-known Ethiopian Hemiptera. 
OF VF ESBS An ema er BN A | eae AOR Ghee Su PE MER IEE a en 
XXI. Lygistorrhina urichi, a new Mycetophilid from Trinidad. 
aby a: WW; Hpwanns, BA a eEGs Oh eds bony alia ce naareee | 
XXII. A new Vespertilionine Bat from Angola. By OLDFIELD — 
DHOMAGS 50 sss bho Swab UR RIR ReLeae fe thie She We wa grad gtnte ary ik eet aan goes 
XXIII. On a Species of Nymphon from the North Pacific. ee 
Frora M. Scorr, M.A., University College, Dundee. (Plate VII.) . 
XXIV. A Revision ‘of the South-American Siluroid Fishes of the 
Genus Corydoras, with a List of the Specimens in the British Sx 
Museum (Natural History). By C. Tare Regan, M.A. 2 
XXY. Some Considerations in regard to the ‘Classification of thes 
Order Thysanoptera. By Ricuarp S. Baenat, F.L.S., F.ES., ape 
Department of Zoology, University Museum, Oxford ease cue 
XXVI. Entomological Notes from the London School of Tropical 
Medicine.—No. IV. Blood-sucking Diptera from Port Darwin, 
Australia. By Sopra L. M. Suaaers, M.A., B.Se. , Carnegie Student = 
of Aberdeen University ii 490 ei oo ores eens pins es SOOO 
XXVII. Two new Species of Nasua. By OLprretp Peonse. ous BB: am 
XXVIII. Description of a new Desert- Lark from we Central es 
Western Sahara, “By Henst HaRterr sieves os ee ewes aie 230 a 
XXIX. New Species of Heterocera from Costa Rica, XVI. ie a 
PRY: AV OOHAUE, BZUB. oe oe oc etter: ert pencyis siege cy meee . 231 : 
XXX. A new Species of Z’abanus from German East Aerioe in the 
British Museum (Natural History), By Ernest E, Austen ..... 
XXXI. On a new Species of Oligonewria (Ephemer ee from 
British East:Africa.: By Rev A.B, Havow no... ik ct ee 
XXXII. Some new Species of Jpide and Platypodidee in the. 
British Museum. By Lt.-Col. Winn Sampson, F.E.S. 2... 0 
XXXIII. On new Species | of Histeride and Notices of voters, . 
By G. Tews, LB AY. age ae ok sy od eee ee err ee a 
XXXIV. Notes on Guiana Birds. By Lorp Baa novnne, E.ZS., oat 
M.B.0.U., and Cuaries Cuuss, F.Z. S. - M. B.0.U., Zoological De- fe 
partment, Britios Musegiats oh 5s shee ewe we oes Pees pe 361 
XXXY. Description of a new Cichlid Fish from the ‘Lower a 
Niger. “By G..A. Bounenesn, FURS.) oye: cos sea se ne eae i - 


BIBLIOGRAPHIOAL NOTIOB, = 

Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India. Entomological _ 
Series.. Vol. [V. No. 1. Eri Silk. By H. Maxwart-Lerroy 
and C. C. Guosn, Agricultural Research Institute, hoi ete ee Ade 


MISCELLANEOUS. ; 

A Review of South-African Land- Mollusea. traded to the Fouly Rs 
ZLonitide. By L.-Col. H. H. Gopwin-AvustEN, FERS. &e.. . 0's 208 

Errata in Dr. Arnbick-Christie-Linde’s paper in the ‘ cs get Z ? for 
June MILA os As eee ese bees Ree kates a 


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MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. 
[EIGHTH SERIES.] 


No, 57. SEPTEMBER 1912. 


XXXVI.—The Classification of the Blennioid Fishes. 
By C. Tate Reaan, M.A. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


THE Blennioids may be defined as Percomorphous Teleosts 
with the pelvic fins jugular or mental, each of a spine and 
four soft rays or still further reduced, with the dorsal and 
anal rays typically corresponding in number to the vertebra, 
each basal bone attached to its own neural or hemal spine 
(rays more numerous in Ophidiiformes), with well-developed 
wings of the parasphenoid ascending in front of the prootics, 
and with all or most of the ribs inserted on strong para- 
pophyses. The limits and contents of the group are indicated 
in the following scheme ;— ihe, 


Order PERCOMORPHI. 
Suborder BLENNIOIDEA. 

1. Blenniiformes: Blenniidee, Anarrhichadide, Congrogadide, 
Notograptide, 

2. Cliniformes; Clinide, Dactyloscopidee, Xiphidiontide, 
Sticleide, Pholidide, Lumpenide, Microdesmide, 
Ptilichthyidw, Zoarcide, Scytalinide, Rhodichthyidas. 

3. Ophiditformes ; Brotulidee, Ophidiide, Fierasferide, 

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 19 


266 Mr. C. T. Regan on the 


The principal genera usually regarded as Blennioid and 
now excluded from the group are Putaecus, Acanthoclinus, 
and Gadopsis. 

Pataecus proves to be a Scorpzenoid related to Gnathan- 
acanthus (cf. Gill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1891, p. 701). 

Acanthoclinus is related to Plesiops, differing especially in 
the absence of a subocular shelf, the increased number of 
vertebra and of dorsal and anal spines, the more advanced 
pelvic fins with fewer rays, the smaller scales, and the 
additional lateral lines. The pelvic fin of Plesiops has a 
spine and four soft rays, the first long, thick, and bifid, the 
third and fourth small and slender; that of Acanthoclinus 
differs only in the absence of the two inner rays. Acantho- 
clinus indicus, Day, 1888, has large scales and only one 
lateral line; [ propose for it the new generic name Acantho- 
plestops. 

Gadopsis has the pelvic fins jugular, reduced to a small 
spine and a bifid ray; the crowding of the posterior dorsal 
and anal rays, the intervention of the prootic between para- 
sphenoid and alisphenoid, the three anal spines, Kc. are against 


Blennioid relationships; this genus is a Percoid of isolated 
position. 


Division 1. BLENNIIFORMES. 


Each basal bone of the dorsal and anal fins attached to its 
own neural or. hemal spine. Suborbital ring stout, rigid ; 
preorbital expanded inwards and firmly united with the 
lateral ethmoid; postorbital similarly expanded and _ solidly 
united to a lateral expansion of the frontal. 


Family 1. Blenniide. 


Body naked. Spinous and soft-rayed portions of the 
dorsal fin subequal; 1 or 2 anal spines ; caudal free, with 
about 13 principal rays; pelvics jugular, each of a small 
spine and 2 to 4 simple rays. Mouth not protractile ; max- 
illary almost or quite excluded from the gape; jaws with a 
single series of slender close-set teeth, resembling the teeth 
of a comb, within which curved canines may be developed ; 
palate usually toothless, Palatines separated by the vomer ; 
pterygoid connecting palatine with quadrate.  Parietals 
separated by the supraoccipital ; exoccipital condyles wide 
apart ; skull more or less contracted and compressed imme- 
diately behind the postorbital expansions of the frontals ; 
sphenotic remote from the orbit. Post-temporal forked ; two 
post-cleithra on each side ; hypereoracoid and hypocoracoid 


Classification of the Blennioid Fishes, 267 


in contact, narrow, especially the latter, which is not deve- 
loped below the base of the pectoral fin ; radials elongate, 
4 in number (fig. 1, A) ; pelvic bones short, firmly attached 
at the cleithral symphysis. 

Principal genera: Ophioblennius, Blennius, Salarias, 
Andamia, Chasmodes, Petroscirtes, Xiphasia, from tropical 
and temperate seas. 

In Ophioblenniys webbit I find that the comb-like outer 
series of teeth is developed, although very small; this genus 
differs from other Blenniidze in the presence of symphysial 
canines and of more than one lateral canine in the lower jaw. 
Xiphasia has the head, mouth, teeth, gill-openings, &c. of 
Petroscirtes, but differs from that genus in the very long tail 
and greatly increased number of fin-rays and vertebra. 


Fig. 1. 


Pectoral arch of A. Blennius bufo and B. Anarrhichas lupus. 
ptte, post-temporal ; sc/, supra-cleithrum ; c/, cleithrum ; pel, post= 
cleithrum ; sc, hypercoracoid ; cor, hypocoracoid ; 7, radials, 
Family 2. Anarrhichadide *. 


Body naked or with vestigial scales, Dorsal fin formed 


* Since this paper was written Dr. Gill has issued a memoir entitled 
“ Notes on the Structure and Habits of the Wolffishes” (Proc. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. xxxix. 1911, pp. 157-187, pls. xvii.-xxviil.)—a valuable account 
of the fishes of this family. 
19* 


268 Mr. C. T. Regan on the 


entirely of flexible spines; caudal with about 13 principal 
rays; pelvics absent. Mouth not protractile; praemaxil- 
laries fixed; maxillary entering the gape; jaws with conical 
canines anteriorly ; strong molar teeth at the sides of the 
lower jaw and on the vomer and palatines; pterygoid con- 
necting palatine with quadrate. Parietals separated by the 
supraoccipital ; exoccipital condyles separate. Post-temporal 
simple, the lower fork represented by a ligament; no post- 
cleithra; hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid well developed, 
widely separated by cartilage; radials plate-like, not 
elongate (fig. 1, B). 

Anarrhichas and Anarrhichthys, with a few species, are 
large fishes of the noithern seas. In Anarrhichas lupus I 
count 77 vertebree (26451), and in the eel-shaped Anar- 
rhichthys, with about 250 dorsal rays, there are probably 
about 250 vertebre. 

L. A. Adams (Bull. Univ. Kansas, 1908, pp. 331-355, 
pls. -xxv.-xxxvi.) has given a detailed description of the 
skull of Anarrhichthys. Anarrhichas is very similar, and 
both show considerable resemblance to B’ennius in cranial 
structure. 


Family 3. Congrogadide. 


Body covered with small scales. Caudal of 9 or 10 rays, 
joined to the dorsal and anal; all the fin-rays articulated, 
or the first of the dorsal spinous ; pelvics, if present, jugular, 
1- or 2-rayed, appearing as a pair of filaments. Mouth pro- 
tractile, with strongly developed lips; maxillary excluded 
from the gape ; jaws with a single series of conical or some- 
what compressed teeth ; palate usually toothless. Palatines 
separated by the vomer ; pterygoid unconnected with palatine 
or mesopterygoid, curved backwards above the quadrate 
(fig. 2, B). Parietals separated by the supraoccipital; ex- 
occipital condyles almost contiguous. Post-temporal forked ; 
hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid in contact, rather narrow ; 
radials small, hourglass-shaped. 


Synopsis of the Genera. 


I. No dorsal spine; gill-membranes united, free from the isthmus ; 
6 branchiostegals ; lateral line incomplete ; no pelvic fins, 
1. Congrogadus. 


Il. First dorsal ray a short spine; gill-membranes joined to the 
isthmus; 4 branchiostegals. 


Lateral line incomplete ; pelvic fins present......-. 2. Blennodesmus. 
Lateral line complete; no pelvic fins.............. 3. Haliophis. 
Three lateral lines ; pelvic fins present ............ 4. Halidesmus. 


Classification of the Blennioid Fishes. 269 


Congrogadus (including Hiertchthys) comprises three species 
from Japan, the Hast Indies, and Northern Australia. 
Blennodesmus scapularis, Giinth., from Rockhampton, 


Fig. 2. 
Sy mS mal 
Ai ul 


& 


pep 


ly / 


A : 
ar?’ 


Jaws, suspensorium, and opercular bones of A. Brotula jayakari, 
B. Congrogadus subducens, and C. Zoarces viviparus. 


pmx, premaxillary ; mr, maxillary ; sma, supra-maxillary ; den, dentary ; 
ar, articulare ; an, angulare ; pal, palatine ; pt, pterygoid ; ms, meso- 
pterygoid ; md, metapterygoid ; hm, hyomandibular ; sy, symplectic ; 


q, quadrate ; pop, preeoperculum ; op, operculum ; sop, suboperculum ; 
zop, interoperculum. 


Haliophis maculatus, Riipp., from the Red Sea, and Ha/i- 
desmus scapularis, Giinth., from Port Elizabeth, resemble 
each other in the presence of a spot or ocellus above the 


270 Mr. C. T. Regan on the 


pectoral fin, as is indicated by the specific names; all are 
small littoral forms. . 

I have examined the skeleton of Congrogadus subducens, 
and I have ascertained that Halidesmus agrees with it in the 
structure of the pterygoid. 


Family 4. Notograptide. 


Body covered with small scales. Vertical fins confluent ; 
each dorsal and final ray, except the last two, which are 
branched, a slender pointed spine to which a distal filament 
is attached posteriorly ; caudal of 11 branched rays ; pelvics 
small, jugular, l-rayed, appearing as a pair of simple fila- 
ments. Mouth not protractile; a short mental barbel ; 
maxillary excluded from the gape, reduced to a slender rod ; 
broad bands of small pointed teeth in the jaws and on the 
palatines, which nearly meet in the middle line below the 
toothless vomer ; pterygoid connecting palatine with quad- 
tate. Parietals meeting above the supraoccipital ; exoccipital 
condyles wide apart. Post-temporal forked; hypercoracoid 
and hypocoracoid well developed, in contact ; radials hourglass- 
shaped. 

This family includes but a single species, Notograptus 
guttatus, Giinth., represented in the British Museum by three 
examples from Cape York and Bowen. 


Division 2. CLINIFORMES. 


Kach basal bone of the dorsal and anal fins attached to 
its own neural or hemal spine. Suborbital ring laminar, 
movable. Exoccipital condyles wide apart. 


Family 1. Clinida. 


Body usually scaly. Dorsal with spinous portion more 
extended than the soft, or with all the rays spinous; 1 or 2 
anal spines; caudal free, with about 138 principal rays; 
pectorals broad-based ; pelvics jugular, of a spine and 3 or 4 
simple articulated rays, 2 or 3 of which are usually thickened, 
closely articulated and free distally. Gill-membranes united, 
free from isthmus. Mouth protractile; conical or villiform 
teeth in jaws and often on vomer and palatines. Suborbitals 
not stout ; preeorbital a lamina with a small pit on its upper 
edge articulating with a small facet on the lateral ethmoid ; 
postorbital a lamina adherent by its upper edge to the skull. 
Postorbital part of skull of nearly equal width throughout ; 


Classification of the Blennioid Fishes. 271 


parietals separated by supraoccipital ; a basisphenoid ; para- 
sphenoid meeting alisphenoids ; exoccipital condyles wide 
apart. Post-temporal forked ; 2 post-cleithra on each side ; 
4 flattened radials inserted on hypercoracoid and_hypo- 
coracoid, which are in contact and well-developed, the latter 
continued forward below the base of the pectoral. Pelvic 
bones erect laminz that meet above and enclose a chamber 
between them. Vertebra 34 to 57 (10-22 + 24-35) or more ; 
lees with parapophyses from the sixth or seveuth to the 
ast. 

The principal genera are: Heterostichus, Clinus, Globio- 
clinus, Sticharium, Emnion, Neoclinus, Emblemaria, Cristiceps, 
Lxerpes, Auchenopterus, Tripterygium, Lepidoblennius, from 
tropical and temperate seas. 


Family 2. Dactyloscopide. 


Body scaly; a single lateral line. Dorsal with the spinous 
portion less extended than the soft; anal long, preceded by 
2 spines ; caudal free, with 10 or 11 principal rays ; pectorals 
broad-based, somewhat procurrent below ; pelvies jugular, 
each of a small spine and 3 simple articulated rays. Mouth 
protractile ; jaws with bands of cardiform or villiform teeth ; 
palate toothless. Operculum fringed ; gill-membranes not 
united, free from the isthmus. Head-skeleton as in the 
Clinidze, except that there is no basisphenoid; parasphenoid 
meeting frontals. Pectoral arch as in the Clinide, except 
that the hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid are separated and 
the two lower radials are inserted on the cleithrum (fig. 3, 1) ; 
pelvic bones formed exactly as in the Clinide. 

Four genera: Gillellus, Dactyloscopus, Dactylagnus, and 
Myxodagnus, from the coasts of tropical America, 

In Dactyloscopus tridigitatus I count 46 vertebrae (12 +34) ; 
there are 10 pairs of ribs, the last 7 inserted on parapophyses. 


Family 3. Xiphidiontide. 


Body covered with small scales; 3 or 4 lateral lines with 
numerous vertical branches. Vertical fins confluent; dorsal 
formed of spines only ; anal long; caudal with 15 branched 
rays; pectorals small; pelvics absent. Moutl small, scarcely 
protractile ; jaws with conical or villiform teeth and with 
anterior canines; palate toothless. Gill-membranes united, 
free from the isthmus. Head-skeleton as in the Clinide, 
except that there is no basisphenoid ; parasphenoid meeting 


272 Mr. C: T. Regan on the 


frontals. Pectoral arch much as in the Dactyloscopide, 
except that the coracoids and radials are smaller (figs 3, 2). 


Fig. 3. 


Bones at base of pectoral fin of 1. Dactyloscopus tridigitatus and 2. X7- 
phidion chirus. Pectoral arch of 3. Zoarces viviparus and 4. Brotula 
jayakart, 


Lettering as in fig. 1; pv, pelvis. 


Xiphidion comprises a few species, eel-shaped shore-fishes 
of the North Pacific. 

In AXrphidion chirus I count 76 vertebre (24452); para- 
pophyses are developed on the preecaudals from the fourth. 


Family 4. Sticheide. 


Body usually scaly. Caudal either free or united with 
the dorsal and anal, usually with 15 principal rays. Pelvic 
fins, when present, jugular, with the soft rays normally 
branched. Parietals separated by supraoccipital ; no basi- 
sphenoid ; parasphenoid meeting frontals. Preeorbital with 
an inner shelf attached anteriorly to the posterior face of 
lateral ethmoid ; suborbitals well ossified ; exoccipital con- 
dyles above the basioccipital, with articulating surfaces 
looking downwards and backwards ; centrum of first vertebra 


Classification of the Blennioid Fishes. 273 


concave anteriorly; normal parapophyses on most of the 
precaudal vertebra. Post-temporal forked; hypercoracoid 
and hypocoracoid well-developed, in contact or scarcely 
separated ; radials sometimes hourglass-shaped, but usually 
rather short and squarish, inserted on the coracoids. Pelvic 
bones slender, elongate, not expanded vertically. 

The numerous genera may be arranged thus :— 


I. Dorsal with a posterior soft-rayed portion. 
Dictyosoma, Eulophias, Neozoarces, Cebedichthys, &c. 
II. Dorsal fin of spines only. 
Chirolophus, Stathmonotus, Anoplarchus, Opistho- 
centrus, Plagiogrammus, Sticheus, Dinogunnellus, 
Cryptacanthodes, &e. 


Ail are inhabitants of Arctic or northern seas. 


Family 5. Pholidide. 


Closely related to the Sticheide, differing in that the 
precaudal parapophyses are united to form closed hemal 
arches. The body is elongate, compressed, covered with 
very small scales; there is no lateral line. The vertical fins 
are confluent ; the dorsal is long and low, of 75 to 100 short 
spines ; the anal, preceded by 1 or 2 spines, is about half as 
long as the dorsal; the pectorals are rather small, placed low, 
and the pelvics, when present, are formed each of a spine and 
one small soft ray. The mouth is rather small, oblique, with 
conical or villiform teeth in the jaws and sometimes on the 
palate ; the gill-+membranes are united, free from the isthmus. 

Pholis, Apodichthys, &c., small shore-fishes of Arctic and 
northern seas. 


Family 6. Lumpenide. 


Differs from the Stichzeide especially in that the preorbital 
is represented by the inner shelf only, the suborbitals are not 
ossified, and the anterior surface of the first vertebra is 
convex, fitting into the single concavity formed by the basi- 
occipital and by the laterally placed exoccipital condyles. 

The body is very elongate, little compressed, covered with 
small scales; the lateral line is indistinct or absent. The 
caudal, of 13 principal rays, is free ; the dorsal is long, of 55 
to 75 slender spines ; the anal, preceded by 2 or 3 spines, is 
more than half as long as the dorsal; the pectorals are well 
developed and each pelvic is formed of a spine and 8 or 4 
branched rays. ‘lhe head is longer, the eyes larger, and the 
mouth less oblique than in the Xiphidiontide or Pholidide ; 


274 Mr, C. T. Regan on the 


small conical teeth are present in the jaws and sometimes on 
the palate; the gill-openings are rather wide, the gill- 
membranes being joined to the isthmus below the pre- 
operculum. 

In Lumpenus lampetriformis there are 81 vertebrae (28+ 
53); the skull has the interorbital region narrower and the 
postorbital part shorter and flatter above than in Chirolophus, 
Dictyosoma, Pholis, &e. 

It is doubtful whether more than one genus is really 
definable: Lumpenus, Reinh., with a few species from 
Arctic and northern seas. 


Family 7. Microdesmide. 


Body elongate, covered with small scales ; no lateral line. 
Vertical fins confluent; dorsal long, anteriorly of slender 
spines, posteriorly of soft rays; anal without spines; caudal 
of 15 principal rays ; pelvics subthoracic, of a small spine 
and 1 or 2 soft rays. Mouth small, not protractile, terminal, 
oblique, with the lower jaw prominent ; teeth in the jaws 
only ; eyes small; suborbitals apparently not ossified ; gill- 
openings small oblique slits in front of the lower part of the 
pectorals. 

Three species, from the Pacific coast of Tropical America, 
have been referred to two genera, MJicrodesmus and Cerdale. 
In Microdesmus dipus, Giinth., I find that each pelvic fin 
consists of a small spine and 2 soft rays, the outer simple, 
the inner bifid distally ; in some features this species recalls 
the Sticheid Cebedichthys. 


Family 8. Ptilichthyide. 


Ptilichthys goodei, Bean, from the North Pacific, has the 
naked body extremely elongate, tapering posteriorly, without 
caudal fin; the anterior part of the dorsal fin is formed of 
short isolated spines, and the soft dorsal and anal are many- 
rayed ; there are no pelvic fins. There is a broad mental 
barbel ; the mouth is terminal, non-protractile; the teeth 
form a single series in the jaws; the gill-membranes are 
united but free from the isthmus, and the gill-openings are 
restricted from above. According to Gilbert* the post- 
temporal is not forked, but is a very slender bony rod; the 
coracoids are well-developed and are not separated by carti- 
lage ; the radials are large, hourglass-shaped, one on the 


* Gilbert, in Jord. & Everm. Fish. N. Amer. iii, pp. 2451-2452 (1898). 


Classification of the Blennioid Fishes. 275 


hypercoracoid and three on the hypocoracoid. If, as is 
probable, the fin-rays correspond to the myotomes, the 
vertebrae number about 235, if 


Family 9. Zoarcide. 


There are no spinots fin-rays, except sometimes a few 
posterior rays of the dorsal, the ventral fins are confluent and 
the pelvic fins, when present, are small, jugular. The mouth 
is non-protractile, the suborbitals are delicate, attached as in 
the Clinide, and the gill-membranes are joined to the isthmus, 
The width of the gill-openings is extraordinarily variable; in 
Melanostigma they are small foramina, in Lycodapus and 
Bothrocara they extend forward to below the eye; other 
genera are intermediate. 

I have examined the skeleton in Zoarces and Lycodes. 
The skull is flattish above, with the frontals narrowed 
between and expanded behind the orbits; the parietals are 


Fig. 4 
oe. , lelh 
z ene 
: ---elh 
ce Sores: 


f folo-- 


ie! \ 
po yo 


La 


Skull of Zoarces viviparus from above, from the side, and from behind. 


n, nasal; eth, mesethmoid; Jeth, lateral ethmoid; v, vomer; psp, para- 
sphenoid; asp, alisphenoid; f, frontal; p, parietal; soc, supra- 
occipital; eoc, exoccipital; boc, basioccipital; pro, prootic; spo, 
sphenotic ; pto, pterotic; epo, epiotic; opo, opisthotic. 


separated by the supraoccipital, which has a feeble crest or 
none; the exoccipital condyles are widely separated and the 
wing of the parasphenoid meets a descending process of the 
frontal; the opisthotic is small, the pterotic elongate, and 
the sphenotic not very prominent. These features are shown 
in the figures of the skull of Zoarces viviparus (fig. 4), from 


276 Mr. C. T. Regan on the 


which Lycodes frigidus differs chiefly in the greater length 
of the narrow orbital portion of the frontals. The jaws, 
suspensorium, and opercles (fig. 2, C) are much as in the 
Sticheide, as is the pectoral arch except for the separation 
of the coracoids by cartilage (fig. 8,3). The vertebra are 
numerous, 112 (24+88) in Zoarces and 102 (22480) in 
Lycodes ; strong transverse processes are present on the 
preecaudals from the first to the last ; the ribs are slender. 

A variety of forms, chiefly from Arctic and northern seas, 
but with Antarctic representatives olso. 

The principal genera are: Zoarces, Lycodes, Embryx, Lyco- 
dopsis, Aprodon, Lycenchelys, Lycodonus, Lyconema, Melano- 
stigma, Gymnelis, Bothrocara, Lycodapus, Phucocetes, Iluo- 
cetes, Platea, Maynea. 

Lycodapus, Gilbert, includes small deep-sea fishes of the 
North Pacific, and has been made the type of a distinct 
family and placed near the Fierasferide. But the head and 
mouth recall those of Lycodopsis or Bothrocara, the gill- 
membianes join the isthmus between the rami of the lower 
jaw (at least in L. fierasfer), and the dorsal and anal rays 
correspond in number to the myotomes. 

Two other aberrant genera, Scytalina and Rhodichthys, are 
closely related to the Zoarcide, but may for the present be 
regarded as tle types of separate families. 


Family 10. Scytalinide. 


Scytalina cerdale is a small eel-like fish known only from 
specimens obtained on the shores of Waadda Island, in the 
Straits of Juan de Fuca, where it lives in the wet shingle. 
The very small eyes placed far forward and the tumid cheeks 
give it a physiognomy unlike that of the Zoarcide ; the gill- 
membranes are united, but not joined to the isthmus; the 
pectoral fins are small and the pelvics absent. The skull 
is much more depressed than that of Zoarces or Lycodes, the 
frontals gradually increase in breadth backwards, and the 
union of the parasphenoid and frontals is very elongate, 
almost as in the Symbranchide. The parietals, occipital and 
otic bones are much as in Zoarces ; the suspensorium, opercles, 
and pectoral arch are also as in Zoarces, except that the very 
small coracoid3 are in contact; the vertebrae number 69 
(22+47); strong transverse processes are present on the 
precaudals from the third to the last. 


Classification of the Blennioid Fishes. 277 


Family 11. Rhodichthyida. 


Rhodichthys regina is known to me only from Collett’s 
description and figures* of the type, 297 mm. in total 
length, from the depths of the North Atlantic ; it is a very 
remarkable fish, naked, translucent, and bright red in colour ; 
it agrees with the Zoarcide in the restricted gill-openings, 
the jugular position of the pelvic fins, and the correspondence 
between the fin-rays and the myotomes. ‘The vent is placed 
at the throat and each pelvic fin is a long bifid filament, 
characters which indicate that this fish should probably rank 
as the type of a separate family. 


Division 3. OPHIDITFORMES, 


Dorsal and anal basalia outnumbering the corresponding 
neural or hemal spines. Suborbital ring, when ossified, as in 
the Cliniformes. Operculum V-shaped. No spinous fin-rays. 
Eixoccipital condyles meeting above the basioccipita] ; ante- 
rior face of first centrum convex, fitting the slight concavity 
of the basioccipital. —. 

The three families have also the following characters in 
common :— 

Pelvic fins, when present, jugular or mental, close to- 
gether, each of 1 or 2 filamentous rays. Teeth cardiform or 
villiform, in bands in the jaws and usually on the vomer and 
palatines ; premaxillaries with short ascending processes ; 
maxillaries well developed, expanded behind. Palatine with 
a maxillary process; pterygoid normally connected with 
palatine and quadrate; hyomandibular very broad; oper- 
culum V-shaped, the upper fork usually forming a sharp 
spine ; suboperculum large; 6 to 8 branchiostegals. Cranium 
elongate, with the postorbital portion longer than the orbito- 
rostral and the parasphenoid united with the frontals in front 
of the pro-otics and alisphenoids ; ethmoid keeled. Post- 
temporal more or less distinctly forked ; coracoids weakly 
ossified; pectoral radials 4, moderate. First two vertebre 
short ; third with a sessile rib, which is expanded to support 
the air- bladder, 


Family 1, Brotulide, 


The pelvic fins, when present, are jugular and the vent is 
remote from the head, Asarule the long dorsal and anal 


* Norwegian N, Atlantic Exped, Fish. p, 153, pl, v. (1880). 


278 Mr. C. T. Regan on the 


fins are confluent with the reduced caudal, but the latter may 
be well-developed and free (Dinematichthys) or may be 
absent. The gill-openings are wide, with the gill-membranes 
separate and free from the isthmus (except in Dermatopsis). 
The mouth is usually protractile. 

This family includes the blind cave-fishes of Cuba (Stygi- 
cola and Lucifuga) as well as a number of marine forms, some 
of those inhabiting the depths of the sea being extraordinarily 
aberrant (Tauredophidium, Aphyonus, Typhlonus, Acan- 
thonus, &c.). Many have been described by Giinther 
(‘Challenger ’ Deep-sea Fishes), and Goode and Bean 
(‘ Oceanic Ichthyology’) give a useful synopsis of the genera. 

I have examined the skeleton of Brotula jayakari, and 1 
have already figured the skull (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 
xi. 1903, p. 461). The parietals are separated by the supra- 
occipital, the latter forms with the exoccipitals a strong 
median crest which does not project above the level of the 
upper surface of the skull, the opisthotic is not enlarged, the 
basioccipital and pro-otic form a rather prominent auditory 
bulla, 

The structure of the jaws, the hyo¢palatine and opercular 
bones (fig. 2, A), and the pectoral arch (fig. 3, 4) is shown 
by the figures ; the lower fork of the post-temporal is directly 
attached to the opisthotic, and the hypercoracoid and hypo- 
coracoid are separated by cartilage. 

In Brotula jayakari there are 55 vertebrae (15440) ; the 
first two vertebre are short and bear sessile epipleurals; the 
third, fourth, and fifth bear sessile ribs, the first two pairs 
being expanded; from the sixth to the fifteenth the ribs are 
borne by strong transverse parapophyses. 

Emery has figured the suspensorium of Pteridium atrum *, 
but I find that his figure is incorrect and that the pterygoid, 
mesopterygoid, and metapterygoid are exactly as in Brotula ; 
he has overlooked the suture between pterygoid and meso- 
pterygoid, and has mistaken the anterior part of the meta- 
pterygoid for the latter bone. 


Family 2. Ophidiide. 


Differ from the preceding externally in the anterior 
position of the pelvic fins, inserted between the rami of the 
lower jaw ; behind them the gill-membranes are attached to 
the isthmus. J have examined the skeleton of Genypterus 
blacodes, which differs from that of Brotula especially in the 


* Fauna u. Flora d. Golf. vy. Neapel, ii, (1880). 


Classification of the Blennioid Fishes. 279 


ankylosis of the ‘pterygoid and mesopterygoid, and the 
prolongation forwards of the cleithra within the isthmus as 
a pair of slender processes, with the pelvic bones attached at 
their extremities. The lower fork of the post-temporal is 
shortened and attached to the opisthotic by a ligament, and 
the coracoids are incontact. There are 72 vertebrae (20+ 52) : 
the first five are as in Brotula, except that only the first rib 
is expanded; the anterior six pairs of parapophyses (on 
vertebrae 6-11) are strong and broad, much as in Merluccius, 
the rest are normal. 

Principal genera: Ophidiwm, Otophidium, Lepophidium, 
Genypterus, from tropical and temperate seas, some in- 
habiting deep water. 

Derepodichthys, Gilbert, from the North Pacific, has the 
mouth non-protractile, the body naked, and the gill-openings 
more restricted than the others ; it may not pertain to this 
family and may prove to be related to the Zoarcide, 


Family 3. Fierasferide. 


Differ externally from the Brotulidee in that the anal fin 
extends further forward and the vent is placed at the throat, 
caudal and pelvic fins are absent *, and the mouth is non- 
protractile. The eraniuin shows many striking resemblances 
to that of Brotula, but differs in that the parietals meet above 
the supraoccipital, the occipital crest is weak, and the ex- 
occipitals do not take part in its formation, and the enlarged 
opisthotic reaches the basicecipital, sharing with that bone 
and the pro-otic in the formation of the auditory bulla f. 
The lower tork of the post-temporal is reduced to a little 
knob; otherwise the pectoral arch is as in Genypterus. In 
Fierasfer acus (fide Emery) the yertebree number 125 to 144, 
of which 17 or 18 are precaudal ; in #. dentatus there are 26 
piecaudal vertebre; the first rib is more strongly expanded 
in the former species than in the latter. 

Seeing that the Fierasferide had always been placed near 
the Optididee, and that Emery’s anatomical researches con- 
firmed this view as to their systematic position, it is not 


* Tat one time thought that a reduced homocereal fin was present in 
some Fievasferidee, as in the Brotulide ; but on looking into the matter 
I find that whenever a caudal fin appears to be present it is due ta 
regeneration after the end of the tail has been broken off, 

+ These features were first described by Emery (Faun. u. Flora d. 
Golf. v, Neap. ii. 1880), and I am able to confirm the accuracy of his 
account of the head-skeleton, after preparing and examining that of 
FE. acus. ; 


280 Mr. O. Thomas on 


easy to understand Boulenger’s transferetice of the family to 
the Heteromi, with which they have practically nothing in 
common. 

There are two genera, Fierasfer and Jordanicus, widely 
distributed in tropical and temperate seas, 


XXXVII.—Two new West-African Mammals, 
By OLDFIELD ‘THOMAS. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Mungos phenicuius, sp. n, 


A small species with the terminal pencil of the tail rich 
reddish. 

General appearance that of the members of the gracilis 
group of the genus, apart from the red tail-tip.. Colour most 
nearly approaching that of a pale Lake Zuai specimen of 
M. gracilis, far paler than the West-African M. melanurus. 
General colour of back approaching ‘ clay-colour,”’ paler and 
more buffy on the shoulders, more rufous on the posterior 
back. Head as usual greyer than back, but still with a buffy 
tone in it, Sides grizzled buffy. Under surface uniform 
buff, the throat more ‘“ cream-buff.” Hands and feet dull 
buffy, rather darker than ‘cream-buff,” Tail coarsely 
grizzled with black and buffy above, uniform ochraceous buff 
below; the full terminal pencil deep tawny rufous. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 330 mm.; tail 288; hind foot 61; ear 28. 

Skull: condylo-basal length 68°3 ; zygomatic breadth 33°5 ; 
palatal length 35:4; greatest diameter of p* 7°7. 

Hab. Panyam, Bauchi Provinee, N. Nigeria. Alt. 4000’. 

Type. Old male. B.M. no. 12. 7.9.2. Collected 12th 
February, 1912, and presented by the late Rev. G. T’. Fox. 

The only other known mungoose with a red tail-tip is 
M. sanguineus, Riippell, of Kordofan, which is considerably 
smaller (hind foot 50-54 mm.), is lighter coloured throughout, 
and has the under surface white instead of buffy. 

In Mr. Wroughton’s monograph of this group he assigned 
to M. sanguineus an example from Suakin with the tail-tip 
half chocolate-brown and half black,” but the conspicuous 
and evidently natural red tail-tip of the N. Nigerian species 
leads me to think that sangucneus has also a really red tail- 
tip and that the Suakin specimen is merely one of the ordinary 


new West-African Mammals. 281 


gracilis type with a more or less bleached tail-tip. Examples 
of the true Kordofan sanguineus would be valuable accessions 
to the British Museum collection. 

The type of the present handsome and distinct species was 
obtained by Mr. Fox shortly before his death, and was 
forwarded to the Museum by his brother Mr. J. C. Fox. 


Kerivoula phalena, sp. n. 


A small pale brown species with subequal incisors. 

Size as in the smallest members of the genus. Fur long, 
soft, and fine; hairs of back about 7 mm. in length. General 
colour above uniform pale reddish brown—like ‘‘ Mars-brown ” 
of Ridgway, but much paler; the hairs of this colour all 
through, except that on the posterior back they have incon- 
spicuously darker bases. Extreme tips of some of the rump- 
hairs silvery buff. Under surface similar but rather paler, 
and with more blackish at the bases of the hairs. Membranes 
and wings almost naked, the base and edge of the inter- 
femoral with thinly scattered hairs, not forming a fringe, the 
upper surface of the legs thinly hairy, the feet well haired. 

Ears with inner margin strongly convex, a distinct con- 
cavity below the tip. Tragus slender, straight, a well- 
marked projection at its outer base, succeeded above by an 
emargination, above which there is again a projecting point, 
forming the broadest part of the tragus; in front of the 
middle of the base there isa wart clothed with long hairs, 
forming a loose tuft; a particularly prominent tragoid pro- 
jection present facing the tragus on the inner side of the 
outer base of the ear. 

Skull very light and delicate, with narrow brain-case. 
Upper incisors subequal in length, the outer rather shorter, 
and practically unicuspid, a small secondary cusp at the 
extreme posterior base of the inner one and at the internal 
base of the outer. First and second lower incisors tricuspid, 
third with a single large rounded cusp with minute anterior 
and posterior secondary cusps. 

Dimensions of the type (the starred measurements taken in 
the flesh) :— 

Forearm 29°5 mm. (28 mm. in the male). 

Head and body *33; tail *40; ear *13; third finger, 
metacarpus 29°5, first phalanx 12:5; lower leg and foot 18°8. 

Skull: greatest length 12-1; basi-sinual length 9:1 ; 
zygomatic breadth 7:1; breadth of brain-case 6°1; front of 
upper canine to back of m? 5:1. 

Hab. Bibianaha, inland of Denkwa, Gold Coast. Alt. 720’. 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 20 


282 Mr, N. Colgan on 


Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 12.6. 20.3. Original 
number 224. Collected 24th April, 1912, and presented by 
Dr. H. G. F. Spurrell. Male and female skins, female and 
-young in spirit examined. 

This delicate little Kerivoula belongs to Dobson’s second 
group of the genus, and would seem to be allied to K. lanosa 
and smithiz, but is markedly smaller than either. 

Perhaps its nearest relative is the Kamerun K. muscilla, 
Thos., which is, however, distinguishable by its more inflated 
brain-case and its interfemoral fringe. 


XXXVIII.—Self-evisceration in the Asteroidea. 
By NATHANIEL Cogan, M.R.LA. 


In the considerable body of extant literature which deals 
with the subject of autotomy, or self-mutilation, I can find no 
instance on record of self-evisceration in the Asteroid section 
of the Echinodermata, although the existence of that curious 
propensity or infirmity in the Holothuroid division is well 
known to every student of the phylum. The following notes 
of observations made three years ago on some living speci- 
mens of the common Cribella oculata of Pennant—Henricia 
sanguinolenta, O. F. Miiller—are accordingly published here 
in the belief that they may contain something new and may 
stimulate to further research. 

On the 17th April, 1909, I took at low tide from the shore 
near Bullock, Dublin Bay, two living specimens of this 
species. ‘The larger of the two was quite regular in form, 
with a spread of arms measuring 4 inches, the smaller, with 
a spread of 34 inches, had a sixth supernumerary arm from 
the upper surface of which protruded a monstrous wart placed 
midway between the disk and the tip of the arm. In the 
hope that these specimens might deposit ova and so enable 
me to study the early stages in the development of the 
species, they were placed in sea-water, each in a separate 
dish, just deep enough to permit of the animals being fully 
immersed. 

Four days later, on the 21st April, on examining the 
smaller specimen with the abnormal sixth ray, I was 
astonished to find that it had completely eviscerated itself. 
The paired dendroid pyloric czeca, closely resembling those 
of Asterias rubens as figured by Miller and Troschel, hung 
in festoons from the tip of each of the five normal rays, 


Se/f-evisceration in the A sterotdea. 283 


while a sixth mass of ceca issued from the wart-like pro- 
tuberance halfway down the upper surface of the super- 
numerary sixth ray. Hach of the five normal rays was 
ruptured for a length of 5 mm. on the upper surface close to 
the tip, and from these small slits protruded the whole cecal 
contents of the ray still paired by their basal connection. The 
animal thus eviscerated was in a lively condition. It moved 
across the dish with its tube feet in active motion and the 
dermal branchiz exserted, and when turned over on its back 
was able to quickly resume its normal position. The rays 
had become flattened and in places even concave by the 
withdrawal of the ceca. This individual lived for three days 
after the rejection of its cca, and on the 22nd April, the day 
after this rejection, a mass of orange gonads was seen to 
issue from the ruptured tip of one of the arms, Though 
changed from time to time, the water in which this specimen 
was kept became rather stale at intervals, as it did with the 
other specimens dealt with in these notes. 

The actual process of self-evisceration, which I had no 
opportunity of observing in this six-rayed individual, I was 
enabled to watch closely in the larger and normally five-rayed 
specimen taken on the same day, the 17th April. At 11 a.m. 
on the 23rd April the first sign of extrusion was noticed. 
A small lump of tawny ceca made its appearance on the 
upper surface and near the tip of one of the arms. Three- 
quarters of an hour later this extrusion was completely 
withdrawn and no trace of rupture could be made out on> 
examining the tip of the arm with a hand lens. No further 
extrusion took place that day, but at 8 A.M. on the following 
day, 24th April, a mass of ceca as large as a pea was 
observed at the extremity of one ray and a much smaller 
mass at the tip of a second and adjacent ray. Half an hour 
later the smaller mass was found to have doubled in size and 
at 10 A.M. a fairly large extrusion appeared at the end of a 
third ray, adjacent to those already 1uptured. Nearly two 
hours later, at 11.45 A.M., measurements were taken of the 
cca extruded from the three contiguous rays, when the 
lengths were found to be 4, 8, and 11 millimetres respectively, 
About this time swellings and pale bands and blotches were 
seen to travel very slowly along the ruptured arms and to 
come and go on different parts &F the disk, suggestive of the 
slowly propagated swellings which precede self-evisceration 
in certain Holothurians. 

Further measurements of the extruded cca made at 
12.45 p.m. the same day gave lengths of 4, 10, and 16 
millimetres, and about the same time orange-coloured gonads 

20* 


284 Mr. N. Colgan on 


were seen to issue in the normal way from the oviduct in the. 
angle between two adjacentarms. At 1 P.M. the pale blotch 
on one of the arms was seen to accompany the swelling, 
which slowly travelled along the arm towards the ruptured 
extremity, and a further extrusion occurred as soon as the 
swelling and its accompanying pale blotch had reached the 
point of rupture. About the same time the tip of the fourth 
ray became ruptured and a portion of the ceca was extruded 
at the moment when a slowly travelling swelling had reached 
the tip. At four minutes to 7 P.M. on the same day a pro- 
minent swelling was seen to have travelled along the fifth 
ray almost to the tip, and watching this narrowly the beginning 
of a protrusion of the ceca, which ultimately reached to a 
length of 4 mm., was seen to take place at the moment when 
the swelling reached the extremity of the arm. While the 
extrusion was being slowly effected—it occupied fully four 
minutes—the unattached sucker feet near the tip of the ray 
were seen to be in vigorous spasmodic action, and the 
swelling proceeded to travel backwards along the ray to- 
wards the disk, The propagation along the rays of these 
swellings or waves of inflation was very slowly effected, the 
average of several observations giving a rate of 6 mm., or, 
say, a quarter of an inch per minute. 

By 8 p.M. on the 24th April one pair of czeca was found 
to be fully extruded from an arm of this second specimen of 
Cribella. It was detached and placed in spirit and the 
following day the animal was treated with chloral and then 
preserved in spirit so as to show the unequal extrusion of the 
ceca from the tipsof the otherarms. In this case no gonads 
were observed to have been extruded from the ruptured arm- 
tips, as they probably would have been had the process of 
self-evisceration been suffered to proceed. 

In October 1909, further observations were made on a 
third individual of this species, a regular 5-rayed specimen 
21 inches in diameter over all, which I had dredged in 
10 fathoms off Bullock on the 25th of the month. On the 
morning of the 29th, four days after the capture, slight 
swellings and constrictions were noticed on some of the arms, 
and on the 81st two distinct knots or abrupt swellings 
appeared on one of them. For ten days these swellings 
continued to appear and to pass in very slowly propagated 
waves along the arms without any rupture being effected. 
Finally, at 8.30 A.M. on the 11th November, a minute 
rupture of the integument was observed on the upper surface 
of one of the arms near its tip, and from this breach a small 


Self-evisceration in the Asteroidea. 285 


mass of the ceca was protruded. By the 14th November 
this mass had grown toa length of 6 mm., and two other 
arms showed protrusions of about 3 mm. in diameter; by the 
17th the protrusions from all three arms had grown in size ; 
and, finally, at 9 P.M. on the 18th, the two remaining arms 
were ruptured and showed small protrusions. This individual 
died the next day before self-evisceration had proceeded very 
far. 

Is the peculiar form of self-evisceration here described 
purposeful or morbid? Is it in any way useful to the 
individual or to the species, or is it to be regarded as purely 
pathological? These are the questions suggested by the 
observations just recorded, and it must be confessed that it 
is not possible in the present state of our knowledge to do 
more than hint at an answer. The fact that the operation 
was seen to be effected by three distinct individuals of the 
same species would warrant at least the suspicion that it may 
be purposeful, and this suspicion gains a certain strength 
from the many observations already on record of the occur- 
rence of an analogous operation in another section of the 
Echinodermata, the Holothuroid section. The manner, too, 
in which the effect is produced in Cribella, not by a cata- 
strophic rupture, but by a long-continued series of muscular 
efforts, all tending towards the same end, may fairly be taken 
as further strengthening the inference of purpose, while the 
extrusion of the sexual products along with the viscera 
suggests, at all events, the nature of that purpose. It is, 
perhaps, hardly necessary to say that the word “ purpose” 
here is not meant to imply any volitional action in the 
human sense. It merely denotes action helpful in repro- 
duction and dissemination of the species; and the suggestion 
that autotomy, or self-mutilation, in the Asteroidea may be 
purposeful in this sense is not a novel one. 

On the other hand, it may be urged in opposition to this 
hypothesis of purposeful self-evisceration that the unnatural 
conditions under which the living specimens were kept were 
such as to inevitably induce a morbid state of the organism. 
Exposed as they were to strong light for considerable periods 
while barely covered with water, which from time to time 
became moure or less foul as compared with their native 
element, the animals must necessarily have grown sickly, so 
that the long-drawn-out muscular efforts which finally 
effected the extrusion of the viscera may have been merely 
symptoms of the approaching death of the organism. Ob- 
viously, further study of the life-history of Cribella and of 


286 Mr. W. Schaus on 


other species of the Asteroidea is necessary before one can 
venture with any degree of assurance to answer the questions 
raised by the observations recorded in these notes. 

For assistance in consulting the scattered and hy no means 
readily accessible literature of autotomy and self-evisceration, 
I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Bather of the British 
Museum of Natural History, and of Mr. A. R. Nichols of 
the National Museum, Dublin. 


XXXIX.—New Species of Heterocera from Costa 
fica. —X VII. By W. Scuaus, F.Z.S. 


[Continued from p. 240.] 


Subfam. Gzouerrin Zz. 


PROUTOSCIA, gen. nov. 


3. Antennee serrate and densely ciliate. Palpi short ; 
second joint thickly scaled, third slender. Femora and tibize 
dilated, the hind tibize with large tufts of long hairs; ventral 
tufts at end of abdomen. Fore wings broad; outer margin 
rounded, slightly incurved above tornus; vein 2 from just 
beyond middle of cell; 3 and 4 apart; 6 from cell; 7 from 
end of areole ; 8, 9, 10 stalked from end of areole ; 11 from 
middle of areole. Hind wings broad, excised and lobed at 
anal angle; median approximated to inner margin; vein 2 
apparently absent; 3 from near angle; 4 from angle; 5 from 
middle of discocellular, downbent towards angle; 6 from 
upper angle; 7 from cell; underneath with long tufts about 
anal angle, upturned hairy scales along vein 4, and down- 
turned scales along vein 6; an oblique ridge of hairy scales 
between veins 6 and 7. In the female the neuration is 
normal, and the tufts are absent; the anal angle is slightly 


produced. 


Proutoscia mirifica, sp. n. 


g. Frons buff-white with black points. Vertex white 
shaded with lilacine grey behind. Collar and thorax mottled 
lilacine and whitish, with a few dark irrorations. Abdomen 
above lilacine grey ; two dorsal and an interrupted lateral 
reddish-brown line. Wings: base and margins pale lilacine 
grey. Fore wings: disc of wing with a large semihyaline 
pale yellow space pointed towards’ base of cell, its hind edge 


Feterocera from Costa Rica. 287 


curved to near inner margin postmedially, its fore edge 
following subcostal, and interrupted on vein 6 by a pro- 
jecting brown shade, its outer edge parallel with outer 
margin; this space is edged with reddish brown, and is 
followed from vein 2-7 by a narrower reddish- brown shade ; 

an oblique brown line at base of costa ; an elongated yellow 
spot edged with reddish below cell at base ; a brown, sinuous 
antemedial line from cell to submedian below which it is 
deeply inbent ; a subterminal fine dark purplish line from 
costa, curved before apex, and slightly inbent below vein 3. 
Hind wings: a subbasal yellow spot partly edged with 
reddish ; a large semihyaline yellow space, angled towards 
base, upturned towards costa, constricted postmedially, and 
not expanding towards apex, edged with reddish brown; a 
reddish-brown postmedial line, and a yellow, reddish-edged 
spot below vein 7 ; the subterminal purple line sinuous to 
termen at vein 6; termen shaded with reddish brown from 
apex to vein 6; termen from 6—5 shaded with black. Wings 
below yellowish white, simply showing the semihyaline 
spaces. 

Expanse 40 mm. 

The female differs in having the terminal opaque space on 
fore wings broader; the semihyaline space on hind wings 
outbent towards middle of outer margin, and has five rounded 
projections ; the subterminal line continues to inner margin, 
and there is no black shading near anal angle. 

Expanse 42 mm. 


Hab, Sixola. 


Oospila peralta, sp. n. 


6. Palpi dark brown. Frons rubbed. Vertex green; a 
white line between antennee. Body and wings deep green. 
Abdomen: three suffusing oval tufts on segments 2-4 
dorsally, dark brown irrorated with white and silver’ ; smaller 
brown dorsal tufts on following segments. Wings: faint 
traces of an outer and subterminal darker shade; terminal 
white spots extending on cilia which are otherwise fuscous 
brown tipped with white. Fore wings: costa finely yellow, 
with a few brown irrorations; a faint darker antemedial 
shade; a black discal point. Hind wings: a small white 
discal spot. Wings below greenish white ; ; the costa of fore 
wing more broadly yellowish, 

Expanse 26 mm. 

Hab. Peralta. 

Near O, restricta, Warr. 


288 Mr. W. Schaus on 


Blechroma epaphras, sp. n. 


3. Palpi black, edged below and above with white. 
Frens white mottled with brown; vertex and body above 
green ; some brown mottlings on thorax; abdomen with 
four small white dorsal spots, and faint whitish segmental 
lines on following segments. Wings green with some 
scattered darker green spots ; cilia whitish green, with small 
fuscous spots at veins. Fore wings: costa finely creamy 
white striated with fuscous grey ; some antemedial smoky 
spots forming an inbent line; four fuscous spots about 
discocellular ; an outer lunular smoky shade, slightly inset 
between veins 5 and 6. Hind wings ; a fuscous spot at base ; 
a fine antemedial line and smoky spot on inner margin ; the 
outer smoky shade nearer termen from vein 4 to inner 
margin. Wings below greenish white; the costa of fore 
wings with dark stria and spots; some small spots in cell, 
and larger spots at end of cell and beyond it ; the outer line 
well marked on costa. 

Expanse 28 mm. 


Hab. Juan Vinas, Carillo. 


Tachyphyle oleaster, sp. n. 


$. Frons green; vertex white. Thorax, abdomen, and 
wings dull green, the wings tinged with brown; minute 
black discal points ; a greenish-white line from near apex of 
fore wing to middle of inner margin of hind wing. Fore 
wings: the costa brighter green; a faint whitish-green 
medial line; cilia rather long, silky green. Wings below 
whitish olive ; the whitish lines indistinct ; the apex of fore 
wing tipped with black; minute black discal points. ‘The 
female has no black tip to apex of fore wing below. 

Expanse, ¢ 21 mm., ? 30 mm. 


Hab. La Florida, Sixola, Tuis, Guapiles. 


Tachyphyle hamata, sp. n. 


3S. Palpi white. Vertex white. Collar and thorax green ; 
abdomen above paler green. Wings green. Fore wings: the 
apex falcate ; the cuter margin incurved ; some brownish striz 
in cell and below it, forming a faint antemedial line extending 
to submedian ; a fine fuscous line on discocellular; outer 
space to termen shaded with brown, crossed by a broad dark 
purplish-brown shade, outwardly tinged with lilacine ; this 
shade extends across middle of hind wings. Fore wings 
below dull dark green, the hind wings greenish white; a 


Fleterocera from Costa Rica. 289 


broad dull purplish-green shade from apex of fore wing to 
middle of inner margin of hind wing. 
Expanse 32 mm. 


Hab. 'Tuis. 


Racheospila acutularia, sp. n. 


3. Palpi brownish fringed with white below. Head and 
body green; a white line between antenne; three dorsal 
white spots on abdomen, the first and third edged with dark 
red. Wings green ; a terminal reddish-brown line, cut by 
fine buff lines on veins; cilia pale buff, darker-tipped, and 
with faint reddish shades at veins; minute black discal 
points ; lines whitish, very fine ; antemedial very indistinct ; 
pestmedial straight on fore wings, slightly angled on hind 
wings. Apex of fore wings acute, the costa white, shaded 
brown at base. 

Expanse 25 mm, 

Hab. 'Tuis. 

Belongs to Sect. I. 


Racheospila agenoria, sp. n. 


6. Palpi brown fringed with white below, the second 
joint long, the third minute. Frons dark green with lateral 
white points below; a white line between antenne edged 
behind with brown, ‘Thorax and abdomen above green ; a 
small white spot edged with roseate brown dorsally at base ; 
traces of segmental white lines and two points; in the female 
there are three dorsal spots of about the same size. Wings 
green; a terminal red line; cilia white tipped with greyish, 
and with narrow brownish shades at veins; an outer Wavy 
lunular white line; black discal points. Fore wings: the 
costa finely white shaded with brown at base; an antemedial 
white line faintly wavy and outbent from costa. Lind 
wings: the antemedial white line slightly wavy, indistinct. 

Hixpanse 22 mm. 

flab. Juan Vinas, Tuis. 

Belongs to Sect. 1. Allied to R. lizaria, Gn., but dis- 
tinguished by the green frons and more wavy lines, 


Racheospila dorsilinea, sp. n. 

3. Palpi whitish tipped with reddish brown. Head 
reddish brown crossed by a white line between antenne, and 
one near palpi. Body above green; a white dorsal line on 
thorax behind and on abdomen. Wings pale green finely 


290 Mr. W.-Schaus on 


irrorated with darker green; a very fine terminal brownish- 
red line; cilia creamy white ; minute black discal points. 
Fore wings: costa white shaded with brownish red at base ; 
a fine white antemedial line, slightly outcurved; a fine 
white outer line, parallel with termen. Hind wings: a fine 
white outer line, slightly curved. Underneath greenish 
white, the costa of fore wing tinged with pale brown, and 
with dark red at base. 
Expanse 25 mm. 
Hab. Poas. 
- Belongs to Sect. I. d. 


Racheospila nympharia, sp. n. 


6. Frons. greyish brown edged with green in front. 
Vertex and body green; three dorsal white spots on abdomen 
faintly edged with reddish, the basal spot smallest. Wings 
green ; a very fine terminal pale brownish line, sometimes 
absent ; cilia buff-white, with faint darker shades at veins; 
minute black discal points; antemedial and postmedial lines 
fine, white, the antemedial outcurved, the postmedial straight 
on fore wings, faintly wavy on hind wings. The female 
has the frons darker brown, and the white line on vertex 
edged with reddish brown. 

Expanse, ¢ 27 mm., ? 30 mm. 

Hab. Juan Vinas, Sitio, Tuis. 

Belongs to Sect. I. d. 


Racheospila strigaria, sp. n. 


?. Frons brown. Vertex green ; a white line between 
antenne. Body green, with traces of paler green segmental 
lines on abdomen. Wings green crossed by whitish striz ; 
cilia green ; costa of fore wings finely white. Wings below 
whitish green; some fuscous shading at base of costa, and 
similar faint irrorations above median on fore wings. 

Expanse 29 mm. 

Hab. Turrialba. 

Belongs to Sect. I. A. 


Racheospila concinnaria, sp. n. 


3. Palpi white shaded with light brown. Frons light 
brown crossed by a white line near palpi; vertex white. 
Body above green; a dorsal white line on abdomen. Wings 
pale green; antemedial and outer lunular white lines, the 
latter outbent between veins 3 and4; minute black discal 


Fleterocera from Costa Rica. 291 


points ; terminal minute white points; cilia white tipped 
with pale greyish brown. 

Expanse, ¢ 15 mm., 2? 19 mm. 

Hab. Sixola, Guapiles, Juan Vinas, Avangarez. 


Belongs to Sect. II. 


Racheospila interlucens, sp. n. 


8. Palpireddish brown fringed with white. Frons reddish 
brown crossed by a white horizontal line; vertex white, 
edged with reddish brown behind. Collar and thorax green. 
Abdomen above purple with short white segmental lines 
dorsally. Wings green; an outer row of short purple 
streaks on veins ; a fine terminal roseate brown line; cilia 
roseate white, with faint darker shades at veins. Fore 
wings: antemedial small purple spots on subcostal, median, 
and submedian ; costa white shaded with brown at base, and 
edged behind by a faint yellowish line; a purple discal 
point. Hind wings: a large semi-oval purple spot on inner 
margin, edged with a broad yellowish shade on discal side. 
Underneath greenish white. 

Expanse 27 mm. 


Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis. 


Racheospila porcius, sp. n. 


Palpi purplish fringed with white below. Frons purplish. 
Vertex green edged with white behind. Collar and patagia 
green. ‘lhorax and abdomen above roseate brown, partly 
irrorated with black ; two white dorsal spots. Wings green ; 
discal spots rather large, lilacine brown. Fore wings: costa 
creamy white ; inner and outer lines paler green, edged on 
medial side with darker green, the former slightly outbent, 
the latter faintly outcurved and barely lunular, suffusing at 
vein 2 with roseate brown blotch on inner margin, which is 
downcurved to tornus, and upbent as a line on termen ; a 
similar large spot on outer margin from just above vein 4 to 
vein 8, its inner edge rounded; both spots edged with 
purple-brown and then narrowly with orange-yellow ; termen 
green from below to above vein 4. Hind wings: termen 
from apex to near vein 4, and from 2 to inner margin broadly 
lilacine brown, edged as spots on fore wings, but connected 
by a fine terminal purple line; a narrow purplish streak 
from anal blotch along inner margin, not reaching base. 

Expanse 29 mm. 

Hab. Juan Vinas. 

Near R. fallax, Warr., but spots all larger. 


292 Mr. W. Schaus on 


Leptolopha marginata, sp. n. 


9. Palpi buff-white. Frons reddish brown ; a white line 
between antenne. Body above green; abdomen with 
yellowish-white dorsal line, and lateral white segmental lines. 
Wings green with some scattered darker green irrorations ; 
termen pale greenish yellow inwardly edged by a fine yellow- 
brown line; cilia greenish yellow. Fore wings: costa 
greenish yellow; a black discal point. Hind wings: a 
whitish-yellow streak across'end of cell. Wings below 
greenjsh white. 

Expanse 24 mm. 
Hab. Tuis. 
Between L. flavolimes, Warr., and permagna, Warr. 


Subfam. Acrpazimz. 


Anisodes aquila, sp. n. 


2. Body olive-buff, the last three segments of abdomen 
above bright magenta. Fore wings yellow-buff, finely 
irrorated with purplish brown; an indistinct dark ante- 
medial line, angled in cell, and marked by purplish points 
on subcostal, in cell, on median, and on submedian ; a fine 
purplish-red outer line from vein 7, straight and inbent to 
inner margin, followed by a slightly fuscous shade ; sub- 
terminal purple-brown points on veins; a fine terminal 
magenta line, and similar points on interspaces. Hind wings 
similar, the irrorations partly replaced by purplish strie, 
the outer line not reaching costa. Wings below similar, but 
duller ; purplish discal shades; the outer line broader, 
purplish ; the fore wing below cell shaded with purplish. 

Expanse 43 mm. 


Hab. Poas. 


Anisodes erastus, Sp. n. 


?. Head fuscous grey. Collar, thorax, and abdomen pale 
brownish red. Wings yellow thickly irrorated with brown- 
red, the lines fine, fuscous grey. Fore wings: costa fuscous 
grey; antemedial slightly outcurved; a streak on disco- 
cellular ; veins from cell greyish; postmedial slightly out- 
curved, vertical from vein 2 ; outer line oblique from vein 8 
to vein 6, then lunular; a subterminal greyish line from 
costa to termen at vein 4. Hind wings: medial space and 
veins beyond greyish ; a black point on discocellular ; post- 
medial slightly curved ; outer line straight from costa to 


Feterocera from Costa Rica. 293 


vein 6, then lunular and closer to termen. Wings below 
luteous tinged with roseate ; lines faintly marked. 
Expanse 22 mm. 


Hab. Sixola. 


Anisodes peplumaria, sp. n. 


?. Palpi purplish fringed with pale buff. Head, collar, 
thorax, base, and tip of abdomen yellow irrorated with red ; 
abdomen otherwise dorsally fuscous tinged with lilacine. 
Wings fuscous tinged with lilacine. Fore wings: base 
yellow irrorated with red, its outer edge inbent from end of 
cell to inner margin at antemedial line, which is fine, fuscous, 
and slightly outcurved ; an outbent fuscous line at base; 
a medial line on costa, beyond which are some yellowish 
irrorations ; postmedial fine, black, lunular, deeply out- 
curved and barely visible on dark ground-colour ; outer line 
fine, lunular, oblique to vein 4, then inbent, followed by 
yellow to termen, but cut by dark veins, and greatly reduced 
before apex by a broad fuscous line from costa to termen at 
vein 4. Hind wings: base and termen from below vein 4 
to anal angle yellow irrorated with red; a black discal point ; 
traces of a postmedial and subterminal black line; a few 
black scales postmedially below vein 3. Wings below 
purplish; the yellow spaces on termen whiter; the base 
suffused with roseate yellow. 

Expanse 24 mm. 

Hab. Sixola. 


Anisodes scriptilinea, sp. n. 


9. Frons lilacine brown, Vertex, collar, thorax, and 
base of abdomen deep yellow irrorated with red; abdomen 
otherwise lilacine white irrorated with yellow and reddish 
brown. Wings yellow, the lines purplish. Fore wings 
thinly irrorated with red, rather more thickly on basal half ; 
a basal line ; antemedial line outbent on costa, then vertical, 
preceded by a short line in cell; a lilacine grey line on 
discocellular edged with purple, and a spot above it on costa ; 
postmedial fine, outcurved, straight and slightly outbent 
from vein 2, below discocellular, to inner margin ; outer 
line outbent, wavy, lunular, and incurved from vein 4; a 
heavy -straight line from costa before apex to termen at 
vein 4; a terminal lunular line, veins finely greyish. 
Hind wings more heavily irrorated with red, except on 
medial space which is lilacine grey, and encloses a small 


294 Mr. W. Schaus on 


yellow, red, and black discal spot; antemedial line wavy ; 
postmedial outbent between veins 4 and 3 ; outer line oblique 
to vein 4, then lunular and subterminal; a fine line from 
costa to termen at vein 4; the veins on outer half fuscous 
grey. Wings below tinged with red; the lines fine, faintly 
indicated. 

Expanse 24 mm. 


Hab. Sixola. 


Anisodes silas, sp. n. 


3. Palpi whitish buff edged above at base with magenta. 
Head, body, and wings pale yellow; terminal half of 
abdomen whiter, and with a few dark red hairs. Wings 
irrorated with reddish-brown points connected by ochreous- 
yellow shades, forming short strie. Fore wings: two dark 
superposed points on costa beyond base; black points on 
subcostal, in cell, on median and. submedian, connected by a 
fine ochreous-yellow antemedial lunular line, inbent from 
subcostal ; a white point circled with purple-brown at end of 
cell, followed by an oblique dark line, faintly lunular, from 
costa to middle of inner margin; a fine outer lunular line- 
marked by dark points on veins; a fine subterminal lunular 
shade, the lunules outwardly filled with clearer yellow; 
terminal dark points on interspaces. Hind wings: a fine 
antemedial wavy line; a dark transverse shade from costa 
beyond middle to middle of inner margin, crossing the 
discocellular spot which is white, broken into three parts by 
some dark shading; outer and subterminal line, also terminal 
spots, as on fore wing. Underneath whitish yellow, the lines 
as above, purplish ; a similar faint shade on fore wing along 
median and between veins 3 and 4 to subterminal. 

Expanse 36 mm. 


Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis, Poas. 


Anisodes sopater, sp. n. 

3. Body above roseate brown, the third and fourth 
segments of abdomen dorsally purplish ; underneath luteous. 
Wings roseate brown ; minute subterminal black points on 
veins; fine terminal points on interspaces; a very faint 
postmedial smoky shade. Fore wings: a white point on 
discocellular. Hind wings: a white point edged with black 
on discocellular. Fore wings below roseate ; a fine whitish 
line on discocellular ; a fine darker outer line. Hind wings 
below yellowish white, the costa tinged with roseate ; a fine 
roseate outer line. 

Expanse 29 mm. 


Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis. 


Heterocera from Costa Rica. 295 


Anisodes tertullus, sp. n. 


?. Palpi and head fuscous brown. Body and wings deep 
yellow thickly irrorated with red; a dorsal line on abdomen, 
and lines on wings fuscous. Fore wings: costa fuscous; a 
fine antemedial line, slightly curved ; a line on discocellular ; 
postmedial slightly outbent to vein 4, angled and inbent to 
below discocellular, then downturned ; subterminal fine, 
lunular ; veins tinged with fuscous brown, irrorated with 
yellowish ; cilia purplish. Hind wings: a small white spot 
at end of cell, dark-edged; postmedial straight from costa to 
vein 4, angled and upturned and outbent to middle of inner 
margin; subterminal fine, lunular. Wings below roseate 
yellow, the lines faintly indicated, 

Hxpanse 30 mm. 

Hab. Juan Vinas. 


Anisodes timotheus, sp. n. 


?. Palpi whitish buff, the second joint streaked above 
with purple-red. Frons whitish, edged with dark brown 
above. Vertex, collar, thorax, and wings lilacine buff with 
brownish striz ; a fuscous line on collar in front. Wings: 
lines dull olive-green irrorated with black ; outer line lunular, 
outcurved ; traces of subterminal dull greenish shades, veins 
terminally so shaded; terminal black points. Fore wings: 
costal margin dark olive, with fuscous-brown irrorations ; 
antemedial line outcurved to below cell, then outbent; an 
oblique narrow oval line at end of cell ; postmedial sinuous, 
nearly vertical ; two small subterminal black spots between 
veins 4 and 6. Hind wings: a black point at base ; ante- 
medial lunular, outangled near inner margin; an oval black 
spot containing a white point on discocellular ; medial line 
fine; outer line a continuation of medial line on fore wing. 
Wings below yellowish white; fore wings with lines and 
strie purplish red; hind wings with faint traces of outer line 
and a few striz on costa; terminal points reddish, 

Expanse 27 mm. 

Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis, Guapiles. 

Very near A. spissata, Warr. 


Anisodes transecta, sp. n. 


3. Body above olive-grey ; abdomen pale buff terminally 
and with a lateral purple-red streak about middle. Wings 
whitish buff, shaded and striated with light brown. Fore 
wings: costal margin olive-grey, irrorated with fuscous; a 


296 Mr. W. Schaus on 


reddish-brown line from base along median and close above 
vein 4 to termen, crossed by a similar line from costa near 
apex to middle of inner margin, both partly shaded with dark 
grey ; a curved antemedial line in cell and a short line from 
cell, inset ; a reddish-brown annular spot at end of cell con- 
taining lilacine scales; an outer, wavy, reddish-brown line 
from vein 8 to just below 4, and a similar point on vein 3; 
termen mottled with dark grey and red-brown from line at 
vein 4 to near 6; olive-grey shading and reddish irrorations 
from vein 4 to tornus; terminal dark points. Hind wings: 
a fuscous basal streak ; a fine red-brown antemedial line and 
broader medial line, suffusing below costa, diverging on inner 
margin, the latter followed by olive-grey shading and a 
silvery-white point on discocellular ; outer line fine, reddish 
brown from vein 6 to inner margin ; termen broadly fuscous 
grey from near vein 4 to inner margin. Underneath whitish 
yellow, with few striz ; the lines fuscous, less distinct; the 
outer line punctiform. : 
Kixpanse 37 mm. 
Hab. Juan Vinas. 


Antsodes trophinus, sp. n. 


9. Body and wings deep yellow, irrorated with red ; a 
black dorsal patch, irrorated with white near base of abdo- 
men; lines fine, black ; a subterminal deeply lunular dentate 
line; an interrupted terminal red line; a fine black and red 
line on discocellulars ; some black mottling on cilia at veins. 
Fore wings: antemedial line twice outcurved to submedian ; 
a lunular postmedial line, incurved below vein 3 and thick- 
ened on veins. Hind wings: subterminal line irregular, 
angled at vein 4. Wings below yellow, shaded with red ; 
the subterminal line well marked. 

Expanse 33 mm. 


Hab. Juan Vinas. 


Anisodes tychicus, sp. n. 


2. Palpi buff, edged with purple above. Frons purple. 
Vertex fuscous. Collar and thorax red. Abdomen above 
red at base, otherwise purplish ; underneath luteous. Wings 
yeddish orange, thickly striated with red; a faint sub- 
terminal lunular line, marked by dark points on veins ; 
terminal purplish points on interspaces. Fore wings: costa 
and inner margin dull purplish brown; antemedial line 
slightly outbent, dark red; a white point at end of cell, 
closely fullowed by a broad medial reddish shade, interrupted 


Heterocera from Costa Rica. 297 


by a dull greyish-brown shade just below cell, this shade 
extending on veins 3 and 4 to termen. Hind wings: a fine 
subbasal line ; a large white spot at end of cell, followed by 
a transverse dark shade ; veins 3, 4, 6, and 7 heavily shaded 
with dull greyish brown. Wings below pale yellowish, 
shaded with roseate purple; medial shade and subterminal 
line well marked; discocellular spots dull white, on fore 
wing linear. 
Bxpanse 33 mm. 


TTab. Juan Vinas. 


Anisodes vineotincta, sp. n. 


2. Body above brownish red, underneath yellowish buff, 
the legs partly dull roseate. Wings dull brownish red, with 
scattered white striz; veins fuscous; subterminal white 
points on veins. Fore wings: a round white spot at end of 
cell, edged with fuscous. Hind wings: a large round white 
discal spot, edged with fuscous and containing an interrupted 
fuscous ring, within which the white is tinged with yellow. 
Wings below thinly scaled, whitish buff, tinged with roseate ; 
a postmedial sinuous red line; an indistinct fine red sub- 
terminal line ; termen with reddish striz. 

Expanse 35 mm. 


Hab. Juan Vinas, San José. 


Heterephyra directilinea, sp. n. 

?. Body and wings brown, thickly irrorated with reddish, 
the lines purplish red. Fore wings: the antemedial line 
outecurved on costa and slightly outbent, very distinct ; post- 
medial line straight, distinct; outer line finer, twice out- 
curved; a minute white discal point, dark-edged. Hind 
wings: a white discal spot, dark-edged; postmedial line 
straight ; outer line wavy. Wings below yellowish, tinged 
with pale roseate brown; black streaks on discocellular ; 
postmedial line straight, fuscous; outer line dentate, wavy, 
without the pronounced curves of upper side. 

Expanse 35 mm. 

Hab. Juan Vinas. 

Closely allied to HZ. ladrilla, Dogn. 


Heterephyra johannis, sp. n. 


&. Palpi reddish brown, fringed below with pale buff. 
Frons below dark brown, shading to black above and on 
vertex. Collar, thorax, abdomen, and wings brown, tinged 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 21 


298 Mr. W. Schaus on 


with red and finely irrorated with fuscous. Fore wings: 
the costa darker shaded; lines fine, fuscous; antemedial 
slightly angled on median; postmedial vertical to vein 4, 
inbent to vein 2, and vertical to inner margin ; outer line 
finely wavily lunular, inbent at vein 3 and vertical below it; 
a small white discal spot. Hind wings: a black discal point, 
edged with grey; postmedial bluntly angled at vein 4 ; 
outer line curved, finely wavy, indistinct. Wings below 
roseate brown, with faint traces of postmedial and outer 
lines. 

Expanse 32 mm. 

Hab. Juan Vinas. 

Allied to H. fuscicosta, Warr., but differently coloured. 


Dichromatopodia masinissa, sp. n. 


3. Head, thorax, and wings reddish brown, finely irrorated 
with buff; discal spots small, whitish and fuscous grey ; a 
fine outer buff line, faintly curved ; a medial fuscous shade. 
Fore wings: a fine buff antemedial line, angled on subcostal. 
Wings below pale reddish brown ; a medial dark line; a fine 
purplish-red outer line. Abdomen fuscous brown. 

Expanse 26 mm. 

The female has the base and outer margin tinged with dark 
purple, and some fuscous shading following outer line. 

Hab. Juan Vinas, Cartago. 


Dichromatopodia micipsa, sp. n. 

3. Body and wings reddish brown, irrorated with greyish 
buff; veins slightly yellowish; discal spots small, mottled 
grey and black; an outer nearly straight buff line, inwardly 
edged with slightly darker brown. Fore wings: an ante- 
medial buff line, angled on subcostal, then straight to inner 
margin. Wings below luteous, shaded with pale red; cilia 
purplish ; a faint reddish outer line. 

Jixpanse 25 mm. 

Hlab. Juan Vinas. 

Very similar to D. mintata, Dr., which has a white line on 
discocellular. 


Dichromatopodia orbona, sp. n. 


?. Body and wings purplish brown. Fore wings: costa 
dark-shaded; a fine antemedial purple-red line, inwardly 
edged with dark grey, outwardly oblique from costa; a small 
white spot on discocellular; outer line heavily marked, 


Heterocera from Costa Rica. 299 


fuscous brown, outwardly edged with ochreous grey, from 
costa near apex to middle of inner margin on hind wings; 
the ochreous-grey shade on hind wing is followed by a fine 
black line. Wings below dull roseate, the outer line less 
conspicuous, 

Expanse 24 mm. 

Hab. Tuis. 


Subfam. Larenrirz. 


Cambogia citriaria, sp. n. 

9. Head and collar orange-brown ; a white line between 
antenne. ‘Thorax and abdomen yellow, spotted with orange- 
brown. Wings bright yellow, crossed by broken orange- 
brown lines; the small discal spots distinct on a clear yellow 
shade preceding the postmedial fascia, which is broad, tinged 
with dull lilacine grey, and striated with yellow, its inner edge 
slightly curved, its outer edge on fore wing incurved beyond 
cell and below vein 2; this fascia is followed by a narrow 
clear yellow shade; the lines on outer space are darker 
yellow, edged with orange-brown, and irregularly confluent. 
Hind wings: the outer edge of postmedial fascia expands 
between veins 2 and 4, Wings below pale yellow, the 
markings purplish. Fore wings: an antemedial shade; 
postmedial shade broad, outlined as above, followed by a fine 
line and heavier subterminal line; terminal points between 
the veins. Hind wings: the postmedial shade narrow; a 
subterminal line ; discal spots on both wings. 

Expanse 21-23 mm. 

Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis. 

Intermediate between C. odatis, Dr., and C. numeria, Dr. 


Hammaptera caribbea, sp. n. 


?. Body and fore wings pale green. Fore wings: sub- 
basal fascia consisting of three black lines on a greenish- 
brown ground ; antemedial space clear, with faint traces of 
a line and dark spot on costa ; medial fascia consisting of 
four black lines on greenish brown; a dark line on disco- 
cellular ; postmedial geminate, irregular, somewhat incurved 
opposite cell, followed by two outer lines, the inner one more 
heavily marked, indentate between veins 6 and 5, outcurved 
and punctiform on veins and fold ; another line suffuses with 
the brown shadings preceding the subterminal lunular 
whitish line, these shadings being blacker and heavier above 


and below vein 5 and at vein 7; terminal geminate black 
21% 


300 Mr. W. Schaus on 


points at veins. Hind wings dull brownish grey, the outer 
margin darkest. Wings below yellowish white ; black discal 
points; three wavy postmedial lines; the outer margins 
broadly black ; cilia greenish yellow, spotted with black on 
fore wings. 

Expanse 32 mm. 

Hab. Sixola, Banana River, Alajuela. 

‘he male has anal fold to near base filled with long creamy 
tufts. 


Tlammaptera fartaria, sp. n. 


3g. Body greenish mottled with brown ; black segmental 
lines on abdomen, edged behind with grey. Fore wings to 
outer line dark green; subbasal, medial, and postmedial 
fascie dark brown, edged and crossed by still darker lines, 
starting from three black lines on costa, the medial and post- 
medial suffusing shortly below cell; a narrower antemedial 
fascia marked by two lines; outer line white, strongly 
marked, slightly incurved between veins 6 and 4, then 
lunular, projecting somewhat between 4 and 3, inwardly 
shaded with dark green and outwardly edged by a green line 
from costa to vein 6 and between veins 4 and 3; terminal 
space broadly light green, crossed by some darker lunular 
lines, and with fuscous-brown shadings on costa, from vein 3 
to tornus, and above vein 4, the latter having its anterior 
edge oblique and shaded with reddish brown. Hind wings 
slate-colour, without fovea or long hairs in fold. Wings 
below fuscous ; black discal points. Fore wings: an outer 
white fascia from costa to vein 4, angled and less distinct, 
but expanding and better marked on inner margin; apex 
white ; a terminal white spot between veins 3 and 4. Hind 
wings: a narrow outer whitish line. 

Expanse 38 mm. 

Hab. Juan Vinas, Sitio. 


Hammaptera herbosaria, sp. n. 


3. Palpi green, mottled with fuscous. Head and body 
green, collar with a transverse fuscous shade; patagia 
heavily shaded with fuscous brown; abdomen with trans- 
verse black shades, most distinct on three basal segments. 
Fore wings bright green; asubbasal dark green fascia, some- 
what constricted below cell, edged by fine black lines and 
crossed by two fine dark brown lines; antemedial space 
crossed by a geminate dark green line, and a fine single line 
before medial fascia, which is similar to subbasal, but its 


Lleterocera from Costa Rica. 301 


outer edge is lunular below cell and touches the inversely 
lunular postmedial on vein 2, on fold, and not quite on sub- 
median ; postmedial fuscous brown, geminate, wavy, and 
outcurved beyond cell ; a fuscous line edged with pale green 
on discocellular ; postmedial followed by a fine indistinct 
dark green line ; a geminate outer line, the inner portion 
heavily shaded with black from costa to vein 4, and on veins 
otherwise; a lunular subterminal pale green line, preceded 
by fine geminate lines and outwardly partly edged with 
black; a terminal black line; cilia green, spotted with 
fuscous green. Hind wings dark slate-colour; the fovea 
above anal angle whitish, shaded with roseate buff; a terminal 
black line and pale points at veins; cilia brown, tipped with 
rey. Wings below whitish, finely irrorated with black ; 
black discal lines. Fore wings: an antemedial small black 
spot on costa ; postmedial and outer fuscous lines angled at 
vein 4 and not reaching inner margin, which is broadly clear 
white; termen broadly fuscous, a whitish shade at apex and 
terminally between veins 3 and 4, Hind wings: fine post- 
medial and outer black lines ; a broad marginal black shade, 
partly mottled with white terminally, 
Expanse 35 mm. 7 


Hab. Juan Vinas. 


Hammaptera linusaria, sp. n. 


3S. Palpi light brown, joints tipped with white. Head 
and abdomen cream-colour, the latter with fine pale brown 
transverse lines. Thorax grey ; patagia streaked with black. 
Fore wings white, irrorated with brown; medial space 
brown; termen shaded with brown; a subbasal brownish 
line, edged with black irrorations ; a fine brownish antemedial 
line, preceded and followed by a less distinct line; the medial 
space inwardly edged by a wavy black line and outwardly by 
angled black lines on veins, also crossed by black lines, 
suffusing below black discocellular line, forming spots to 
inner margin; a subterminal lunular white line, preceded by 
black spots above and below vein 5; terminal geminate 
black spots at veins. Hind wings whitish, the termen 
rather broadly dark grey. Wings below whitish, the outer 
margin broadly fuscous grey ; fine discal streaks, more pro- 
nounced on fore wing. 

Expanse 24 mm. 

Hab. Esperanza, Tuis, Banana River, Avangarez. 

The description is taken from a specimen with medial space 
heavily marked, some specimens having it mueh greyer, with’ 


302 Mr. W. Schaus on 


only its margins darker; this is especially the case in the 


females. ‘The species is very similar to H. tenera, Warr., 
but differs below, 


Coremia apollosaria, sp. n. 


8. Body brownish grey ; abdomen with transverse dark 
brown shades and whitish segmental lines. Fore wings 
grey ; base and medial space light reddish brown, the termen 
shaded with grey-brown; basal space edged by a darker line ; 
two fine antemedial lines ; the medial space crossed by fine 
darker lines before and beyond the black point on disco- 
cellular, the last line vertical from costa to vein 4, outangled, 
and slightly inbent ; postmedial space whitish, with geminate 
black points on veins ; apex greyish, with an oblique terminal 
fuscous shade below it. Hind wings whitish ; a minute 
point on discocellular ; postmedial lines very faint ; some 
grey-brown shading at anal angle. Wings below greyish, 
with faint traces of lines; minute discal points and some 
scattered irrorations on hind wings. 

Expanse 24 mm. 

The female has the medial space broader and deep reddish 
brown. 


Hab. Poas, Turrialba. 


Coremia discataria, sp. n. 


6. Body slate-grey ; abdomen with paler segmental lines. 
Fore wings slate-grey; a medial and a postmedial broad 
brownish fascia, suffusing below a large pale patch at end of 
cell and crossed by indistinct fuscous lines, the outer edge 
of postmedial finely paler grey, sinuous; a subbasal curved 
brownish line and traces of a finer antemedial; traces of a 
subterminal lunular whitish line, preceded by brownish 
shadings, all very indistinct ; traces of an interrupted ter- 
minal fuscous line. Hind wings grey; three sinuous, fine, 
medial fuscous lines, and traces of other lines on inner margin 
close to anal angle. Wings below greyish; black discal 
points; three fine postmedial fuscous lines. Hind wings 
thinly irrorated with fuscous and reddish brown. 

Eixpanse 26 mm. 

Hab. Poas, ‘Turrialba. 


Coremia lucasaria, sp. n. 


¢. Body brown; some black irrorations on abdomen. 
Fore wings: basal and outer thirds yellow-brown ; medial 


| Heterocera from. Costa Rica. 303 


space fuscous brown; basal space crossed by indistinct 
darker lines; medial space broad on costa, narrower below 
vein 4 and cell, its inner edge outcurved, shaded with white 
on costa, its outer edge serrate, vertical to vein 4, projecting, 
slightly inbent, with darker streaks on veins 2—4 and some 
white shading on costa ; veins on postmedial space irrorated 
with fuscous and whitish; subterminal black spots from 
veins 4—8, partly edged with white ; an interrupted terminal 
black line. Hind wings grey-brown ; a broad medial shade, 
slightly darker. Wings below greyish ; outer third of fore 
wing and entire hind wing irorated with reddish ; minute 
black discal points. 

Eixpanse 23 mm. 


Hab. Vurrialba. 


Coremia zenasaria, sp. n. 


3. Head, collar, and thorax greyish brown. Abdomen 
dark grey, mottled with black and crossed by pale segmental 
lines. Fore wings grey-brown, rather browner on medial 
space; a black discal point; lines fine, fuscous, slightly 
outcurved ; a basal, two subbasal, two antemedial, three 
medial, three postmedial ; the outer medial and inner post- 
medial somewhat lunular; a fuscous spot on postmedial 
above vein 4, not always present; two lunular dark grey 
outer lines marked with black points on veins ; subterminal 
whitish, more distinct from veins 4-8, and inwardly. shaded 
with black; an interrupted terminal black line. Hind wings 
greyish ; a black point on discocellular anteriorly ; three fine 
medial and two subterminal fuscous lines. Wings below 
grey ; hind wings and costa of fore wings shaded with lilacine 
brown ; black discal points; the lines faintly marked ; the 
outer postmedial line most distinct. 

Expanse 20 mm. 


Hab. Turrialba. 


Anapalta artemas, sp. n. 


3.» Head and collar brown. Thorax brown; patagia 
mottled black and grey. Abdomen brown, with black dorsal 
spots. Fore wings dark brown; a subbasal lunular black 
line; a broad antemedial whitish fascia, irrorated with light 
brown; medial and postmedial space with some lighter 
brown irrorations ; two medial black lines and two postmedial 
lunular lines, black on costa, otherwise fuscous brown, and 
followed on costa to below vein 7 by a brownish-white 


shade, less so on inner margin; outer space lighter brown, 


304 Mr. W. Schaus on 


with a faint subterminal pale lunular line, preceded by a 
black shade at vein 6; an interrupted terminal dark brown 
line. Hind wings greyish, with traces of two lunular dentate 
postmedial lines, closer together on inner margin ; a terminal 
fuscous line. Fore wings below fuscous grey; the outer 
margin and hind wings brownish white; black discal points ; 
the two postmedial lines finely lunular dentate; two con- 
verging lines from costa before apex of fore wing. 

Expanse 26 mm. 

Hab. Poas. 

This species shows considerable variation, especially in the 
intensity of the antemedial fascia. 


Pertzoma pudens, sp. n. 


Palpi and body black-brown, except terminal half of 
abdomen, which is light grey. Fore wings light silky grey ; 
basal fourth dark brown, crossed by two fine black lines, 
starting from indistinct fuscous-grey spots on costa ; a faint 
fuscous spot at end of cell; a postmedial and a smaller sub- 
terminal dark brown spot on costa; a faint postmedial darker 
shade and some dark points on veins; termen irregularly 
and faintly shaded with brown; cilia fuscous grey. Hind 
wings whitish grey. 

Expanse 17 mm. 

flab. Turrialba, Poas. 

Near P. fallax, Warr. 


Perizoma tetrica, sp. ni. 


3. Palpi and frons black-brown, vertex paler, shaded with 
grey behind. Collar and three terminal segments of abdo- 
men whitish grey; abdomen otherwise and thorax black- 
brown. Fore wings: basal third fuscous brown, crossed by 
three fine wavy black lines, the outer two edged with grey 
on costa; outer two-thirds pale grey shaded with fuscous 
grey at end of cell, terminally, and broadly on inner margin 
from postmedial line to tornus; a quadrate dark brown 
postmedial spot on costa, from which are two fine and 
interrupted dark lines, slightly incurved, and macular on 
inner margin; a subterminal broad fuscous-brown shade 
from costa to near vein 6; a terminal black line interrupted 
by pale spots on veins; cilia grey partly shaded with black. 
Hind wings dark silky grey-brown; the dark postmedial 
line of underside partly visible. Wings below dark silky 


Heterocera from Costa Lica. 305 


grey; black discal spots. Hind wings: the postmedial 
tuscous line angled below vein 4. 
Expanse 13 mm. 


Hab. Juan Vinas. 


Eriopygidia myrtusaria, sp. n. 

?. Palpi brownish ringed with white. Head whitish 
buff, possibly faded green. Collar and thorax dark green. 
Abdomen orange-yellow. Fore wings sage-green, lines 
black-brown, thick ; an irregular subbasal line; antemedial 
outcurved from subcostal to fold, preceded on costa by a short 
line; medial broad on costa, oblique and angled near 
discocellular and suffusing with the inbent postmedial, the 
two lines diverging to vein 2, from which to inner margin 
they are connected by dark brown lines forming four green 
spots between them ; a costal spot between medial and post- 
medial, from which a darker green shade extends to and on 
discocellular ; an outer line, replaced from between veins 7 
and 6 to between 5 and 4, and also from below vein 3 to 
below 2, by a pale brownish shade; a dentate bluish-green 
subterminal shade partly shaded outwardly with black- 
brown ; cilia with large black spots at veins. Hind wings 
orange, the base and inner margin clouded with fuscous, and 
similar subterminal clusters of scales; the spots on cilia 
smaller, not reaching apex. Underneath pale olive-brown ; 
fine dark discal streaks; faint traces of a darker postmedial 
shade, and a subapical shade on fore wings. 

Expanse 38 mm. 

Hab. Poas. 


Near 1’. narangilla, Dogn. 


Psaliodes demasaria, sp. n. 
3d. Palpi grey. Head brown. Collar, thorax, and 


abdomen brown mottled with white. Fore wings chocolate- 
brown, darkest between medial and postmedial lines and on 
outer margin; an antemedial white fascia, crossed by a 
brown line and expanding on inner margin to medial line, 
which is lunular, the lunules incurved, preceded by a small 
white spot on costa; an oblique fuscous streak on disco- 
cellular; postmedial white, irregularly outbent from costa, 
sharply inturned at vein 3 to cell, expanding on inner margin, 
where it is crossed by a brown line, and followed on costa by 
an inbent white line to vein 6 ; subterminal white markings 
on costa, between veins 4 and 2, and at tornus; base of 


306 Mr. W. Schaus on 


cilia black spotted with buff, terminally paler. Hind wings 
greyish brown; cilia spotted at base with dark brown. Fore 
wings below greyish brown, darker shaded apically ; white 
points on costa, and similar irrorations on termen; post- 
medial whitish shadings below costa; an outer lunular 
velvety brown line edged with white outwardly. Hind 
wings below brownish thickly mottled and irrorated with 
white ; a round yellowish spot at end of cell partly edged 
with dark brown; a deeply lunular dark brown outer line 
from costa to vein 3; apostmedial dark brown spot on inner 
margin. 

Expanse 18 mm. 

fab. Volcano Turrialba. 


Psaliodes claudiaria, sp. n. 


Palpi, head, and thorax brown; the abdomen paler, with 
dark transverse shades posteriorly, edged dorsally by white 
segmental lines. Fore wings brown; a darker inbent sub- 
basal line, faintly edged with white outwardly; a medial 
white line, slightly inbent, edged with dark brown, more 
broadly outwardly ; a postmedial white line, also edged with 
dark brown and followed by a whitish line outbent above 
vein 5 to apex; this outbent line edged by a fuscous shade, 
which is irregularly outbent below vein 5 to termen at vein 3 ; 
the terminal space from vein 3 to apex shaded with grey- 
brown ; a terminal fuscous line; cilia yellowish spotted with 
fuscous. Hind wings whitish, the termen faintly shaded — 
with brown; a terminal dark line; cilia yellow. Hind 
wings below white striated with grey-brown; the veins 
partly yellow; a dark discal point; a postmedial curved 
brown line, inangled at vein 3. 

iixpanse 18 mm. 


Hab. Juan Vinas. 


Psaliodes crispata, sp. n. 


3. Palpi, head, collar, and thorax brown. Abdomen 
silvery grey at base with brownish irrorations; dorsum 
shaded with dark brown terminally. Fore wings: base 
brown, becoming darker before antemedial line, which is 
white, inset from median to inner margin ; space to medial 
line dark brown, thinly irrorated with pale brown and shaded 
with white along subcostal; medial line broad, white, its 
edges incurved and crossed from subcostal by a fine wavy 
brown line; space to postmedial dark brown, its outer edge 
deeply lunular; postmedial white, the space beyond pale 


Heterocera from Costa Rica. 307 


brown, mottled with white towards apex and crossed near 
postmedial by whitish lunules ; a broad terminal dark brown 
space from vein 7-4, inwardly edged with whitish, and dark 
marginal lunules below 4 and below 3; cilia dark brown 
spotted with yellowish. Hind wings whitish grey; cilia 
pale yellowish with dark spots at veins. Fore wings below 
greyish, with traces of whitish lines; a vermilion streak 
above subcostal from base to medial line, then below sub- 
costal and along vein 8 to apex. Hind wings below whitish 
striated with brown ; a dark brown line on discocellular; a 
dark outer dentate line, inset at vein 3. 

Expanse 19 mm. 

Hab. Pvas. 


Psaliodes infulata, sp. n. 


@. Palpi and frons brown. Vertex, collar, and thorax 
yellowish buff, the collar and patagia anteriorly shaded with 
dark brown. Abdomen light brown with pale segmental 
lines. Fore wings: base yellowish buff mottled with brown, 
shading to dark brown at antemedial line, which is white, 
vertical, indentate on submedian ; space following yellowish 
buff mottled with brown; medial and postmedial lines white 
inversely lunular edged with dark brown, the space between 
them filled in with irregular dark brown blotches at end of 
cell, and from vein 2 to inner margin, otherwise lighter 
brown shaded with yellowish buff; postmedial line followed 
by a straight yellowish-white shade; outer space brown, 
paler shaded; a terminal dark brown space, very broad 
between veins 4 and 6, narrowing to apex, and similar 
lunules below vein 4 to tornus; cilia yellowish spotted with 
fuscous brown. Hind wings whitish grey, shaded with pale 
brown on outer half. Fore wings below fuscous grey, the 
costa shaded with orange. Hind wings below yellowish 
white, striated with grey, chiefly at base and on outer third ; 
a brown discal spot and sinuous postmedial line. 

Expanse 23 mm. 
Hab. Cachi. 


Psaliodes interstrata, sp. n. 


2. Palpi and frons light brown. Vertex white. Collar 
and thorax whitish buff shaded with brown. Abdomen pale 
brown with whitish segmental lines, edged with dark brown. 
Fore wings white striated with brown except on lines, which 
are rather broad and with nearly straight edges; antemedial 
line inbent, inwardly edged with dark brown; medial line 


308 Mr. W. Schaus on 


inbent, the space to postmedial line dark brown from costa 
to median, and from vein 2 to inner margin; postmedial line 
inbent below vein 4, its outer edge suffusing somewhat with 
ground-colour ; some terminal dark brown shading, chiefly 
above vein 4 to apex; cilia yellowish white spotted with 
dark brown. Hind wings white, the termen shaded with 
pale brown. Fore wings below fuscous grey ; a white medial 
spot across cell, and one above inner margin; the postmedial 
line and subterminal markings white, distinct. Hind wings 
below white striated with brownish grey; a dark streak on 
discocellular ; a fine dark postmedial line, slightly sinuous. 
Expanse 21 mm. 


Hab, Poas. 
Psaliodes philetus, sp. n. 


@. Palpi brown. Head, collar, and thorax olive-brown, 
with paler mottlings ; a dark brown spot on patagia. Abdo- 
men whitish buff, finely irrorated with brown. Fore wings 
olive-brown ; the lines white, divided by a fine dark brown 
line; the antemedial sinuous, the medial and postmedial 
inversely lunular ; a fuscous-brown streak on discocellular, 
and dark brown shade beyond it; a subterminal lunular dark 
brown line, almost touching postmedial between veins 4 
and §, and outwardly shaded with dull fuscous brown to 
termen; some yellowish striz on costa and outer space ; 
cilia alternately black and yellow. Hind wings whitish, 
outwardly shaded with brown; a faint fuscous medial line ; 
cilia yellow, with fine fuscous streaks at veins. Hind wings 
below yellowish white striated with greyish brown ; a black 
discal spot followed by a fuscous-brown line, broad on inner 
margin and barely reaching costa. 

Expanse 27 mm. 

Hab. Poas, ‘Turrialba. 

Near P. aurantivena, Warr. 


Psaliodes simplex, sp. n. 


$. Palpi dark brown fringed above with white. Head, 
collar, patagia, and abdomen purplish grey; thorax dark 
reddish brown. Fore wings purplish grey, with a few 
scattered whitish irrorations; a fine subbasal dark brown 
vertical line; inner and outer lines fine, yellowish white, 
broadly edged on medial side with dark reddish brown, the 
inner line faintly inbent, the outer line vertical on costa, 
outangled on vein 6, where a faint brown shade extends to 
apex, and parallel with outer margin from vein 6 to inner 


Tleterocera from Costa Rica. 309 


margin; terminal yellowish points at veins ; cilia fuscous on 
basal half, outwardly white spotted with fuscous. Hind 
wings dull roseate, terminally shaded with lilacine grey ; a 
straight brownish outer line ; cilia fuscous grey partly tipped 
with white. Fore wings below roseate brown; traces of 
inner and outer lines ; costa and termen fuscous grey; a 
fuscous line on discocellular. Hind wings below roseate 
brown, the termen shaded with fuscous grey ; a black line 
on discocellular ; a broad yellowish outer line edged with 
dark reddish brown. 

Expanse 18 mm. 

Hab. Carillo. 

Near P. cronia, Dr., and P. acutangula, Warr. 


Psaliodes sutum, sp. n. 


@?. Palpi whitish outwardly shaded with roseate brown. 
Head and collar whitish divided by a purplish line. Thorax 
and abdomen purplish brown, the latter with slate-colour 
segmental lines. Fore wings brown faintly tinged with 
purple; a broad inner fascia, dull greyish, shaded with 
ochreous brown on costa, edged by white lines, and crossed 
by a faint similar line, its inner edge angled in cell, its outer 
edge straight and inbent ; a fuscous shade on discocellular ; 
a faint postmedial darker brown line, irrorated with grey, 
outcurved beyond cell, dentate from vein 3 to inner margin, 
the space beyond it broadly clearer brown crossed by a faint 
darker line; cilia dark brown, irregularly tipped with white. 
Hind wings white, the termen shaded with roseate brown; 
a black discal point. Wings below roseate brown. Fore 
wings: a black streak on discocellular. Hind wings: a 
black discal point broadly edged with white; a lunular 
postmedial whitish line. 

Expanse 20 mm. 

Hab. Poas, 
Allied to P. bicolor, Prout. 


Subfam, Gi yvocnrominz. 


Dolichoneura eriphyle, sp. n. 


. Palpi and head fuscous brown. Thorax slate-grey. 
Abdomen brownish slate ; dorsal white points. Wings slate- 
grey; a terminal fine black line; cilia light brown. Fore 
wings: an antemedial pale brown line, broadest in cell and 
on costa; a pale brown wavy outer line, shaded on either 


310 On Heterocera from Costa Rica. 


side with buff, slightly incurved opposite cell and below 
vein 2; terminal space shaded with buff except at apex; a 
dentate lunular subterminal greyish shade. Hind wings: 
an antemedial and a postmedial light brown line; an 
irregular and faintly marked subterminal greyish line. 
Wings below dark grey. 

Expanse 35 mm. 

Hab. Tuis. 


Dolichoneura squalida, sp. n. 


@. Palpi and head dark brown. Body and wings slate- 
grey ; white dorsal points on abdomen. Fore wings: ante- 
medial geminate whitish spots on inner margin; a white 
discal point; an outer light brown lunular line, angled at 
vein 6, preceded by a narrow light grey shade, the space 
beyond to termen being ochreous grey except on costa to 
subterminal which is slate-grey ; an interrupted subterminal 
lunular dentate slate-grey line partly shaded with whitish 

rey. Hind wings: a subbasal geminate whitish line, closely 
followed by the white discal point; a pale brown lunular 
outer line edged with ochreous grey, somewhat interrupted, 
and chiefly noticeable on inner margin; faint subterminal 
whitish spots ; cilia dark olive-brown. Wings below dark 
rey. 

Expanse 35 mm. 

Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis, Guapiles. 

This may possibly be the female of D. ertphyle, Schs., in 
spite of their dissimilarity. 


Phellinodes gratiosa, sp. n. 


g. Head brown. Collar and thorax mottled grey and 
white. Abdomen dark grey irrorated with white. Fore 
wings grey mottled with dark grey and fuscous, the inner 
margin tinged with brown; costal and outer margins mottled 
with white except at apex which is occupied by a large dark 
brown spot inwardly edged by a curved black line and con- 
taining some fuscous strie ; a small black spot on disco- 
cellular. Hind wings black, slightly mottled with grey on 
inner margin; a broad white space from base to well beyond 
cell. Fore wings below: costal margin broadly brownish 
grey striated with fuscous; a small postmedial white spot ; 
the apical spot more broadly edged with black; a narrow 
white shade from base above median, expanding between 
veins 2 and 4 to termen, and terminally irrorated and spotted 


Descriptions and Records of Bees. 311 


with black; inner margin broadly fuscous grey. Hind wings 
below white mottled with fuscous brown, forming a well- 
marked subterminal shade ; discocellular shaded with fuscous ; 
cilia black spotted with white from vein 4 to apex. 

Expanse 38 mm. 

Hab, 'Tuis. 

Belongs to Sect. IT. 


XL.—Descriptions and Records of Bees.—XULVI. 
By T. D. A. Cockrreti, University of Colorado. 


Trigona ziegleri mayarum, subsp. un. 

Worker.—Agrees with Friese’s short account of T. ziegleri, 
except that the hair of the thorax is pale ferruginous, and 
the head is distinctly wider, fully 24 mm. The size also is 
a little greater, length fully 6mm. Friese states that the 
hind tibiz of zieglert are black at apex, in mayarum about 
the apical half is black, and the hind basitarsi are black on 
outer side. Among the species known to me, 7. mayarum 
comes closest to 7. jaty, Sm. ; but the latter is much smaller, 
with the pleura mainly dark, and the yellow lateral face- 
marks forming a much more acute angle above. Other 
characters of mayarum are: mandibles with a little tooth at 
inner corner, but otherwise unarmed ; scape very broadly 
yellow in front; flagellum clear ferruginous beneath, 
rufo-piceous above; yellow supraclypeal mark an equilateral 
triangle; front dullish with fine short reddish hair, but 
smooth and shining below the ocelli; tegule apricot-colour ; 
wings with a faint orange tint; abdomen apricot-colour, 
shining. 

Hab. Quirigua, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell). 

I expect that when this can be actually compared with 
T. ziegleri it will be found to be a distinct species. An allied 
but larger species is the Brazilian 7. manni, Ckll. 


Trigona jatiformis, sp. n. 


Worker.—Length 44 mm. 

Smooth and shining; head and thorax black with 
pale markings; abdomen clear ferruginous, with a rather 
narrow black or blackish band along hind margin of 
first dorsal segment; labrum _ honey-colour; mandibles 
edentate, pallid (pellucid whitish) basally, rufous apically ; 


312 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell— Descriptions and 


clypeus yellow, slightly suffused with reddish; triangular 
supraclypeal mark and lateral marks pale yellow, the 
latter elongate, pointed above on orbital margin above level 
of antenne, but with the inner margin reddish and not 
sharply defined ; scape pale reddish yellow, black above at 
apex; flagellum dark ; mesothorax nude, shining black, with 
yellow lateral margins; axille yellow; hind margin of 
scutellum yellowish white; tubercles cream-colour ; tegul 
pellucid rufo-testaceous ; wings hyaline, faintly dusky, stigma 
and nervures reddish ; legs ferruginous ; hind tibiz with apex 
broadly, and hind margin except at base, black ; hind basi- 
tarsus with a large black patch; face and front with fine 
short pale hair, not at all dense. 

Hab. Quirigua, Guatemala, = type locality, four workers 
(W. P. Cockerell) ; Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, one, Jan. 28, 
1912 (W. P. Cockerell). 

Looks exactly like T. jaty, Smith, but differs at once 
by the abdomen, which is broad instead of almost linear. 
Smith’s description of 7. jaty refers to the male, but I 
have workers with the same narrow abdomen. The new 
species also differs from jaty by the dark flagellum and other 
small characters. 


Trigona jaty, Smith. 

Amatitlan, Guatemala, Feb. 1912 (W. P. Cockereil) ; 
Quirigua, Guatemala, two on “ common yellow Composite,” 
one at flowers of Zeamenia virgulta, Klatt, one Feb. 11, on 
plant no. 15 (W. P. Cockerell). 


Trigona mellaria, Smith. 


Gualan, Guatemala, one Feb. 23, at flowers of Calopogonium 
ceruleum, Desv., Feb. 23 (W. P. Cockerell); Quirigua, 
Guatemala, one (W. P. Cockerell, 7). 


Trigona stigma, Smith. 


Quirigua, Guatemala, one (W. P. Cockerell). New to 
Central America. 


Trigona nigerrima, Cresson. 


Quirigua, Guatemala, sixteen (W. P. Cockerell). Taken 
at sap, and at flowers of Pontederia cordata, L. (Feb. 11), 
Ipomea sidefolia, Choisy (Feb. 20), and Centrosema plumieri, 
Benth. (Feb. 13). This is smaller than 7. silvestriana, Vachal. 
Is it possible that the “ silvestriana” reported by Vachal 
from British Honduras was nigerrima? 


Records of Bees. 313 


Trigona argyrea, sp. n. 

Worker.—Length slightly over 3 mm. 

Black, including antenne and legs, but abdomen (which is 
short and rather broad) shining dark sepia-brown; head large; 
face up to antenne flattened, densely covered with short, ap- 
pressed, brilliantly silver hair; mandibles edentate, black with 
the apical margin rufous; cheeks small; front shining, the 
upper part with rather large sparse punctures, as they appear 
under alens, but the microscope shows that they are the bases 
of black bristles ; vertex with black hair ; posterior ocelli very 
close to occipital margin ; thorax narrower than head, without 
light markings, the dorsum shining, with black hair, the 
mesothorax also with very short strongly plumose pale hairs ; 
pleura with pale hair; sides of metathorax minutely pale- 
tomentose; hair of legs largely black, but white hair ou 
underside of middle trochanters and basal half of their femora 
(hind legs broken off in type) ; wings dusky, nervures and 
stigma dark sepia; tegule rufo-piceous; underside of 
abdomen pale ochreous. 

Hab. Quirigua, Guatemala, one (W. P. Cockerell). The 
specimen is labelled “nest in clay bank,” where it was 
taken along with a couple of 7. cupira, Smith. 

This may be compared with T. hyalinata, Lep., and T. tubiba, 
Smith ; differing from both by its very silvery face, from 
hyalinata also by the smaller size, and from fubiba by the 
shining front and mesothorax (these parts in tubiba are 
absolutely dull). 7. argentata, Lep., has silvery hair on face, 


but the wings are clear. 


Trigona zexrmenie, sp. n. 

Worker.—Length 7} to 9 mm. 

Robust, abdomen parallel-sided, not quiteso broad as thorax ; 
head and thorax dull black, but the clypeus and supraclypeal 
area shining and strongly punctured ; Jabrum ferruginous, 
more or less bigibbous ; mandibles rufo-piceous, edentate, the 
broad apical margin sharply marked off and ornamented with 
elongate punctures ; malar space rather large ; no light face- 
marks ; front dull and densely granular, as also are the meso- 
thorax and scutellum ; antennz black, with the scape red at 
base and extreme apex, and flagellum dark reddish beneath ; 
hair of head and thorax above scanty and black, longest on 
scutellum; edge of mesothorax above tegule with a narrow 

ul yellow stripe; hair of pleura mostly black, partly pale 
below; tegulz piceous or rufo-piceous. Wings dusky, witha 


& Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 22 


314 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell— Descriptions and 


strong reddish tint; stigma and nervures testaceous. Legs 
black, the small joints of tarsi dark red; abdomen dull but 
not dark reddish fulvous, the segments more or less dusky, 
though uarrowly, at apex. The face is very broad. 

Hab. Quirigua, = type locality, eight; one at flowers of 
Zeamenia virgulta, Klatt, two at flowers of common yellow 
Composite, three (Feb. 21) at blue flowers of a species of 
Labiate (W. P. Cockerell); Gualan, Guatemala, one at 
flowers of Vernonia aschenborniana, Schauer, one (Feb. 18) 
without flower record (W. P. Cockerell). 

A relatively large species, looking a little like Melpona 
mandacaia, Smith, but the resemblance is merely superficial. 
It should rather be compared with Trigona fulviventris, Guér., 
which is considerably smaller and has a shining abdomen. 
The two agree in the dense white tomentum on cheeks. 


Trigona fulviventris, Guérin. 

Mrs. Cockerell took this in Guatemala as follows :—Puerto 
Barrios, six, Jan. 28; Quirigua, five, two at Zeamenia 
virguita, Klatt, one (Feb. 20) at Ipom@a quinquefolia, 
Grisebach, one (Feb. 11) at Pontederia cordata, L.; Ama- 
titlan, February, one ; Guatemala City, one. 


Trigona cupira, Smith. 


Mrs. Cockerell took this in Guatemala as follows :— 
Amatitlan, one; Puerto Barrios, one, Jan. 28; Guatemala 
City, three (I also have three from Guatemala City collected 
by Mr. J. Rodriguez) ; Antigua, one ; Gualan, twelve, all 
but one at flowers of Vernonia aschenborniana, Schauer ; 
Quirigua, sixteen, two at nest in clay bank, five (I*eb. 12 and 
20) at flowers of Ipome@a sidefolia, Choisy. 


Trigona amalthea, Olivier. 


Mrs. Cockerell took this in Guatemala as follows :—Gualan, 
two, Feb. 22-23, at flowers of Calopogonium ceruleum, Desv.; 
Puerto Barrios, one; Quirigua, five, one (Feb. 11) at 
Pontederia cordata, li., one at flowers of common yellow 
Composite. 


Trigona frontalis flavocincta, Cockerell, var. a. 


Quirigua, Guatemala, a variety with lateral thirds of 
clypeus black or nearly, bases of first and second abdominal 
segments usually creamy white, the hind margin of first 
segment very broadly dark ; nine workers, one at nest in 


Records of Bees. ala 


clay bank, six at sap, others at flowers of plant no. 7 
(W. P. Cockerell). 
Melipona fulvipes, Guérin. 

Gualan, Guatemala, one male, Feb. 18 (W. P. Cockerell). 
Near to MW. ligata, but the male differs. Mrs. Cockerell took 
workers of M. fulvipes at Quirigua, eleven specimens ; three 
(eb. 20) at flowers of Solanum, one (Feb. 11) at Pontederia 
cordata. 


Melipona solani, sp. n. 


Worker.—Length about 10 mm. 

Black, with the general build and structure of M. fulvipes ; 
face without light markings, except the faintest possible 
reddish median line on the dull minutely granular clypeus ; 
labrum ferruginous, minutely punctured; antenne dark, scape 
rufo-piceous, flagellum reddish at end; hairof head and thorax 
above abundant, mixed dark fuscous and ferruginous, of sides 
of thorax rich ferruginous, beneath whitish ; mesothorax and 
scutellum shining, the latter testaceous ; tegulze clear amber- 
red ; wings dusky, very red, especially toward base ; stigma 
and nervures ferruginous ; much of middle, and nearly all of 
hind femora, bright red ; apical tarsal joits and end of lobe 
of hind basitarsus red; hair of legs partly black and partly 
red, the short appressed hair on inner surface of hind tibize 
with a purple lustre in certain lights; abdomen black with 
black hair, hind margins of the segments very narrowly 
obscure reddish (this is wholly wanting on the fifth), and 
the second and third with a fringe of pale golden-brown hair ; 
venter ferruginous suffused with darker, and with glittering 
cream-coloured hair, 

Hab. Quirigua, Guatemala, one at flowers of Solanum, 
Feb. 20, 1912 (W. P. Cockerell). 

Allied to MW. fulvipes, but easily known by the lack of yellow 
bands on the abdomen and of yellow face-markings. 


Augochlora gemmella, sp. u. 


? Length about 6 mm. 

Very brilliant shining blue, more green on thorax, varying 
to nearly all blue-green; in the type the face, vertex, and 
cheeks are peacock-green, the front blue ; thorax blue-green 
with purple shades, but the scutellum and postscutellum very 
green, contrasting with the blue metathorax ; abdomen blue 
with purple lights, dorsum of second segment distinctly 


green; on the legs the blue colour extends to the femora 
22* 


316 Mr. I’. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and 


and anterior and middle tibiz; labrum black, mandibles 
with the apical half rufous; clypeus not much produced, 
strongly but sparsely punctured, its lower margin rather 
broadly black ; antennz black, scape rufous at extreme base ; 
front minutely granular ; cheeks with rather abundant white 
hair; mesothorax very brilliant, with extremely minute 
punctures, sparse in middle, becoming dense only at sides ; 
anterior angles of prothorax prominent, greater (but not 
very much greater) than right angles; hair of thorax scanty 
and pale; area of metathorax semilunar, with fine plice 
which cover little more than the basal half; apical trunca- 
tion not distinctly defined above ; tegulze pale rufo-testaceous, 
with a blue spot. Wings slightly dusky, nervures and the 
large stigma dark sepia; third s.m. twice as long as second ; 
first r.n. joining second t.-c. on entering basal corner of 
third s.m.; hind spur with three spines, two very long ; 
hair on inner side of hind basitarsus shining mouse-grey. 
Abdomen broad, shining, very brilliant, the linear hind 
margins of the segments reddish; no vibrissee; much hair 
on ventral surface of abdomen. The specimens have col- 
lected an abundance of white pollen on the hind femora and 
the under surface of the abdomen. 

Hab. Quirigua, Guatemala, six females (W. P. Cockerell). 
Three collected Feb. 18, 1912, at flowers of Centrosema 
plumieri, Bentham. One at flowers of Zexmenia virgulta, 
Klatt. Two at plant no. 60. 

Quite distinct from all other Guatemalan species by the 
small size and brilliant colours. It belongs to Vachal’s 
group sericei, and in his table runs to the much larger and 
otherwise different Augochlora tonsilis (Halictus tonsilis, 
Vachal), except for the long spines on the hind spur, There 
is quite a close resemblance to A. cyaneoviridis, Ashm., 
from St. Vincent; but Ashmead’s species has the area of 
metathorax covered with fine striz, the wings browner, 
the head narrower, and the mesothorax rugulose with dense 
punctures. 


Augochlora amatitlana, sp. 0. 


g .—Length about 10 mm., anterior wings about 7. 

Head and thorax bright blue-green with purple tints, the 
purple mainly in the form of two suffused longitudinal bands 
on mesothorax and two spots on scutellum ; middle of face 
golden green; metathorax and postscutellum of the same 
colour, not so blue as scutellum ; a small golden triangle at 
upper end of metathoracic truncation; head broad above, 
eyes deeply emarginate, almost without hair ; clypeus strongly 


Records of Bees. 317 


produced, shining, rather sparsely punctured, with a little 
median golden stripe, and the lower margin rather broadly 
testaceous; labrum brown, pointed below ; antennz black, 
with a red spot at extreme apex, flagellum very long; front 
densely granular; mesothorax and scutellum densely granular- 
punctate; postscutellum large, with indications of longi- 
tudinal fluting ; area of metathorax large but poorly defined, 
the middle and base densely wrinkled ; posterior truncation 
sharply defined only at sides below ; tegule red-brown, with 
a large green spot and pallid margin. Wings orange-tinted, 
not dark ; the nervures and rather small stigma ferruginous ; 
second s.m. broad, its sides parallel ; first r. n. joining second 
t.-c.; femora and tibie green, hind tibie black behind ; 
tarsi ferruginous; hind legs long and slender ; spurs light 
ferruginous. Abdomen brilliantly shining, but finely and 
rather conspicuously punctured, dise of first segments with 
punctures all over; general colour of abdomen brilliant 
coppery shading to golden, the middle of the segments 
(especially the second) reddest, the hind margins broadly 
pale greenish ; thin pale pubescence, especially at sides, but 
no bands or vibrisse; underside of abdomen dark green, 
the third segment broadly emarginate at apex, and the 
middle beyond the third broadly excavated or hollowed. 

Hab. Amatitlan, Guatemala, Feb. 1912 (W. P. Cockereill). 

A magnificent species, presumably one of the sericei, but 
the female is unknown. It seems to be nearest to A. aurora, 
Smith, in which the abdomen is yellowish green and the 
thorax dark blue-green. It does not agree with anything in 
Vachal’s tables. 


Cenohalictus wilmatia, sp. n. 


g.—Length about 10 mm., anterior wings nearly 84. 

Eyes with short scanty hair; pubescence very conspicu- 
ously plumose ; eyes deeply emarginate; head broad, eyes 
converging below; clypeus much produced, shining blue- 
green, with scattered strong punctures, lower margin rather 
broadly dull whitish, the actual edge ferruginous ; labrum 
transverse, rufo-fuscous, the base whitish, the apex angular 
and fringed with long golden hairs; mandibles black ; 
malar space about twice as broad as long; supraclypeal area 
with a golden patch in middle ; front dark green, very hairy; 
hair of head and thorax below sordid white, of vertex and 
dorsum of thorax dull fulvous; cheeks brilliantly purple- 
blue; thorax dark purple-blue, the pleura richly colowred, 
the mesothorax and scutellum blackish except at sides, the 


318 Mr, T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and 


middle of mesothorax slightly greenish; metathorax very 
dark green or greenish black ; mesothorax and scutellum 
densely granular-punctate, almost rugose ; anterior corners 
of prothorax not at all prominent ; area of metathorax poorly 
defined, coarsely rugose-wrinkled at base and middle; pos- 
terior truncation quadrate, sharply defined only below, over- 
lapped at apex by the golden-tinted tip of basal area ; tegule 
rufo-fuscous, with pallid margins and a bluish spot. Wings 
ample, somewhat dusky, conspicuously so at apex; nervures 
and stigma ferruginous; second s.m. large ; first r. n. joining 
second t.-c. Legs with pale hair, orange-tinted on inner side 
of tarsi; femora and tibiz mainly metallic blue, hind tibize 
black behind ; tarsi more or less ferruginous, especially the 
hind ones. Abdomen closely and finely punctured but shining, 
golden green, the disc of first segment and base and sides 
of second faintly flushed with coppery ; hind margins of 
segments suffusedly and rather obscurely blackish ; venter 
of abdomen formed as in Augochlora amatitlana ; antenne 
long and black. 

Hab. Amatitlan, Guatemala, Feb. 5, 1912 (W. P. 
Cockerell). 

This certainly must be quite closely related to Augochlora 
amatitlana, having essentially the same structure and general 
type of coloration. In detail, however, A. amatitlana is very 
differently coloured. The eyes of A. amatitlana are practi- 
cally hairless, but with the compound microscope I find a 
very few short hairs. It is a question whether A. amatitlana 
should not stand as Cenohalictus amatitlanus; but, on the 
other hand, it is possible that actual comparison with the 
type of Cenohalictus (from Ecuador) would show that 
neither of the insects now described should really be referred 
to it. Certainly they have not the long hair of the eyes of 
C. trichiophthalmus, Cameron. If, however, we redefined 
Cenohalictus as Augochlora of the sericei group with hair 
on the eyes, we have four species : C. trichiophthalmus, Cam. ; 
C. chetops, Vachal; C. amatitlanus, Ckll.; C. wilnatte, 
Ckll. ‘The species of Vachal and Cameron are considerably 
smaller than those from Guatemala, being only about 8 mm. 
long, 


Dialictus onustudus, sp. n. 


9 .—Length fully 55 mm. 

Head and thorax olive-green ; clypeus smooth with sparse 
large punctures, the lower half black, the upper half crimson 
and green ; supraclypeal area tinged with brassy ; mandibles 
red at apex; front dull and densely granular; antenne 


eRe i OD 


Records of Bees. 319 


black, the flagellum stout ; mesothorax dullish, with minute 
not very dense punctures ; area of metathorax rugose, hardly 
plicate ; tegule small, rufo-piceous. Wings hyaline, faintly 
dusky, stigma and nervures brownish testaceous ; first r. n. 
joining second s.m. more than a third from base. Legs black, 
with pale hair. Abdomen black with a distinct zeneous tint, 
the hind margins of the segments so slightly and narrowly 
reddish that the fact is hardly noticeable ; no bands, but 
rather abundant pale hair. The following characters are 
microscopical: face and front minutely tessellate, sides of 
front as densely punctured as is possible ; sides of meso- 
thorax (also minutely tessellate) with punctures about as far 
apart as the diameter of one; middle of mesothorax with 
punctures about or nearly twice as far apart ; tegule with 
minute piliferous punctures only ; area of metathorax with 
irregular basal plicre ; abdomen with extremely fine piliferous 
punctures, sparse but not absent on disc of first segment ; 
third segment with much beautifully plumose hair ; hind 
spur with four long teeth. The type carries much yellow 
pollen. 

Hab. Guatemala City, Guatemala (W. P. Cockereil). 

Except for the larger size, this agrees fairly well with the 
description of D. costaricensis, Crawford, but the tegulee are 
no larger, and the punctures of the mesothorax are not 
closer, than in D. occidentalis, Crawford, from the United 
States. The insect is nearest to D. occidentalis, from which 
it is known by the brassy or greenish-tinted abdomen and 


somewhat dusky wings. 


Exomalopsis callura, sp. n. 


¢ .—Length 6-65 mm. 

Black, shining ; head broad ; face and front with shining 
white hair ; labrum with much white hair; cheeks with 
white hair, except the uppermost part, where it is black ; 
occiput with much black hair; sides of vertex smooth and 
shining ; ocelli in a very slightly curved line; no light face- 
markings ; clypeus and supraclypeal area smooth and flat, 
with very few minute and feeble punctures; mandibles 
black ; scape black ; flagellum normal, black above, bright 
yellowish ferruginous below ; mesothorax with rather small 
but strong and close punctures, except the posterior disc, 
which is impunctate ; hair of thorax black, but a large white 
tuft on lowermost part of pleura ; tegule black. Wings 
hyaline, suffused with orange, the apical margin broadly pale 
greyish; stigma and nervures bright apricot-colour, stigma 


320 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on new 


large ; second s.m. rather large, receiving first r. n. near 
beginning of its last third. Legs black, the small joints of 
tarsi ferruginous ; hair of legs mainly black, but partly 
reddish on middle and anterior tarsi, and some pale glittering 
hair on anterior side of hind tibie and a little on base of 
basitarsus. Abdomen shining, finely punctured ; first two 
segments appearing dark, with hair partly black, though 
broadly pale ochreous at base and sides of first segment, and 
red at base of second ; third and following segments densely 
covered with appressed shining red-orange hair. 

Hab. Gualan, Guatemala (W. P. Cockerell). 

Three at flowers of Vernonia aschenborniana. Nearest to 
E. otomita, Cresson, but colours of abdomen different, wings 
not yellowish fuscous, stigma not brown, &c. 


XLI.—Three new Species of Neotropical Coccinellidee. 
By Guy A. K. MArsHALt. 


Azya trinitatis, sp.n. (Fig. 1.) 
Parva, subcyaneo-nigra; abdomine, pedibus, ore, epistoma rufo- 


flavis; supra setulis parvis erectis griseis undique squaliter 
vestita. 


Black, with a slight dark blue reflection; the abdomen, 
legs, mouth-parts, and epistome reddish yellow. The entire 
upper surface densely and evenly clothed with very fine, 


Fig, 1, 


Azya trinitatis, Mshl. 


short, erect, grey hairs, and without any patch or patches of 

dark hairs. The elytra closely, evenly, and distinctly punc- 

tate throughout ; the punctation of the thorax shallower. 
Length 2°75 mm. 


Species of Neotropical Coccinellide. 321 


TRINIDAD: Cedros, April 1911 (7. W. Urich). 

Type in the British Museum. 

Described from five specimens received by the Entomo- 
logical Research Committee from Mr. F. W. Urich, Ento- 
mologist to the Board of Agriculture, Trinidad. Mr, Urich 
states that the species is of economic importance, as both the 
adults and larve attack the coconut scale (Aspidiotus 
destructor), upon which they operate as a very serviceable 
check. 

This species may be readily distinguished from all the 
previously described species of Azya by its small size and by 
the complete absence of any of the characteristic patches of 
dark hairs. 


Azya nana, sp. n. 
Parva, cyanea, nitida; abdomine, pedibus, ore rufo-flavis ; supra 
setulis griseis subreclinatis vestita, elytris ante medium macula 


circulari communi setulis fuscis brevioribus suberectis obsita 
ornatis. 


Dark blue, shining ; the abdomen, legs, and mouth-parts 
reddish yellow. The upper surface is densely clothed with 
fine subrecumbent grey hairs, which are rather longer than 
those of A. trinitatis, and on the elytra there is, before the 
middle, a common circular patch of rather shorter suberect 
dark hairs; the front margin of the patch does not quite 
reach the scutellum, and its hind margin is just behind the 
middle. The punctation is very similar to that of A. trinz- 
tatis, but is distinctly shallower on the disk of the elytra. 

Length 2°25 mm. 

Brazit: Pernambuco (Alexander Fry). 

Type in the British Museum. 

The two Brazilian species, A. scutata, Muls. (3°5 mm.), 
and A, nigrina, Weise (4 mm.), which agree with A. nana in 
having a common patch of dark hairs on the elytra, may be 
at once distinguished by their much larger size, reddish- 
yellow epistome, and less strongly punctate elytra, as well as 
by their different colour—the first-mentioned being black 
with a dark purplish reflection, and the other entirely black. 
I have seen sixteen specimens of this species. 


Cryptognatha nodiceps, sp.n. (Fig. 2.) 


Parva, flava, signaturis piceis notata; elytris singulatim litura 
magna irregulari picea discum fere totum obsidente (vide fig. 2) 
et macula parva elongata longitudinali ante medium juxta suturam 
ornatis. 


322 On new Species of Neotropical Coccinellide. 


Pale yellow or reddish yellow, with a large irregular 
piceous black patch occupying nearly the whole disk of each 
elytron, and an elongate longitudinal spot close to the suture 
before the middle. Head of g broadly impressed, with a 
small projecting tubercle close to the inner margin of the eye, 
the epistome broadly truncate anteriorly, its external angles 
roundly subrectangular and somewhat recurved; in the ¢ 


Cryptognatha nodiceps, Mshl. 


the head is much less deeply impressed and the tubercles are 
less conspicuous. Pronotum with a fine, transverse, curved, 
raised line just in front of the scutellum, the entire surface 
closely and distinctly punctate. Elytra broadest before the 
middle, the punctation rather less close than on the pro- 
notum; the epipleure sloping steeply inwards and with deep 
excavations for the anterior pairs of legs. Front tibiz with 
the exterior border angularly dilated in both sexes (omitted 
in the figure); tarsal claws simple. 

Length 2°75 mm. 

TRINIDAD: Cedros (C. W. Hewlett, FY. W. Urich). 

Types § % in the British Museum. 

The structure of the head and epistome, as well as the very 
distinctive coloration, will render this an easily recognizable 
species. The discal patch on the elytra varies somewhat, 
the included paler areas being often entirely dark and the 
outline of the whole patch more sharply defined. Described 
from six specimens. 

As in the case of Azya trinitatis, Mr. Urich has found this 
species to be an effective check on the coconut scale in 


Trinidad. 


On new Eels from West Africa. 323 


XLIL.—Deseription of Two new Kels from West Africa, 
belonging to a new Genus and Family. By C. Tare 
ReGan, M.A. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


HETERENCHELYS, gen. nov. 


Naked, elongate, subcylindrical, with the tail much longer 
than the trunk. Dorsal and anal fins long, but very low 
except towards the end of the tail, where they are confluent 
with the caudal; rays concealed beneath the skin; no 
pectorals. Gill-openings separate, placed low. Nostrils 
lateral, the posterior in front of the very small eye. Mouth 
moderate ; teeth conical, biserial in jaws and on vomer; 
tongue not free; pharyngeal apertures of branchial clefts 
wide ; pharyngeals covered with small teeth. 

Very similar to Moringua, which has the trunk much 
longer than the tail, the teeth uniserial, and the pharyngeal 
apertures of the interbranchial clefts small. A study of the 
anatomy confirms the relationship to Moringua, but reveals 
some important differences, notably that the heart is placed 
just behind the gills and the palato-pterygoid is well developed 
in Heterenchelys, whereas in Joringua the heart is a con- 
siderable distance behind the gills and the palato-pterygoid 
is vestigial. In these and other characters the new genus is 
the more generalized ; it is the type of a new family, which 
will be further characterized in a forthcoming paper on the 
classification of the Apodes. 


Heterenchelys microphthalmus, sp. n. 


Depth about 22 in the length. Tail nearly twice as long 
as rest of fish ; head, to gill-opening, about 4 as long as 
distance from gill-opening to vent. Eye nearly equidistant 
from end of snout and angle of mouth; cleft of mouth a little 
more than 4 the length of head. Coloration uniform. 

Two specimens, 390 and 460 mm. in total length, from 
the mouth of the Congo, presented to the British Museum in 
1893 by Mr. V. H. Cornish. 


Heterenchelys macrurus, sp. n. 


Depth about 27 in the length. Tail more than three times 
as long as rest of fish; head, to gill-opening, nearly ~ of 


324 Mr. E. Schwarz on Malay Tigers. 


distance from gill-opening to vent. Eye a little’ nearer to 
angle of mouth than to end of snout; cleft of mouth 4 the 
length of head or a little less. Coloration uniform. 

Three specimens, 300 to 330 mm. in total length, from 
Lagos and Elobi. 


XLIII.—WNotes on Malay Tigers, with Description of a new 
Form from Bali. By Exnst Scuwarz. 


In 1868 * Fitzinger described the tiger from Sumatra and 
Java as “Der Sunda-Tiger” (Tigris sondaica). As the 
Sumatra and Java tigers are subspecifically distinct, Fitz- 
inger’s name can only stand for one of these, and I propose 
to use it for the Javanrace. In 1908 Pocock used Fitzinger’s 
name for the Sumatran tiger, but he does not appear to have 
distinguished more than one race of Malay tiger, but simply 
followed Fitzinger. 

In the diagnosis of Tigris sondaica Fitzinger describes the 
stripes as follows :—“ fasciis angustis transversalibus parum 
numerosis.” Ina skin of a tiger from Java in the Sencken- 
berg Museum, Frankfurt-a.-M., the stripes are narrow, as 
described by Fitzinger, whereas in a skin from Deli, 
Sumatra, in the same collection, and in the specimen 
described and figured by Pocock + (also Deli, Sumatra), they 
are “ numerous, closely placed, and broad.” 

The tiger from Java will therefore have to stand as Felis 
tigris sondaica (Fitzinger). 

The following races of Malay tiger can be distinguished :-— 


Felis tigris, subsp. 
Felis tigris, var. nigra, Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. R. Anim., Mamm. p. 50 
(1842) (Sumatra) (nom. nud.). 
Tigris sondaica, Fitzinger (part.), Sitzungsb, k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 
math.-nat. Cl. Bd. lviii. i. Abth. p. 454 (1868) (Java). 
Felis tigris sondaica, Pocock (part.?), P. Z. 8. 1908, ii. pp. 890-893, 
text-tig. 174 (1908). 


Hab. Sumatra. 
Specimens examined. 1 8 skull, 1 9 skin (mounted) with 
skull. Deli, Sumatra. Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt- 


a.-M. 


* Sitzungsb, k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Cl, Bd. lviii. i, Abth. 
p. 454 (1868). 
+ P. Z. 8. 1908, ii. pp. 890-898, text-fig. 174 (1908). 


Mr. E. Schwarz on Malay Tigers. 325 


Ground-colour somewhat paler than in sondaica; stripes 
rather broad, but less so than in ¢zgris, and duplicated, espe- 
cially on the hind-quarters and thighs. Shoulders rather 
scantily striped. Horizontal stripes on forehead distinct, 
broad. Back of ears black, with an elliptical white band 
below the tip and a number of brown hairs at base. Lower 
portion of face and anterior part of cheek-beard white. 
The light area above the eyes much larger than in sondaica, 
consisting of a white spot above the anterior angle of the eye 
and a buffy area above the eye, separated by a black band. 

Fur longer and beard more distinct than in sondaica. 

Skull. Somewhat smaller than in F. ¢. sondaica ; zygo- 
matic width markedly less. Occipital plane broad, its upper 
margin rounded ; mastoid process conspicuously projecting 
laterally. Bulle more rounded than in sondaica; P, with 
better developed metacone and weaker protocone. 

This local form of tiger appears to be intermediate between 
F. t. sondaica from Java and the mainland races. It is 
easily distinguished from sondaica by the broad nasals and 
the shape of the occipital plane. 


Felis tigris sondaica (Fitzinger). 

Tigris sondaica, Fitzinger (part.), Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 

math.-nat. Cl. Bd. lviii. i. Abth. p, 454 (1868) (Sumatra), 

Hab. Java. 

Specimens examined. 1 skin, 8 @ skulls, 1 2 skull. Java. 
Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt-a.-M. 

Ground-colour light rusty; stripes very narrow, often 
duplicated. Less stripes in the shoulder region. Frontal 
stripes indistinct. Back of ears black except an elliptical 
white spot below the tip. Lower portion of cheeks white. 
A very small whitish area above the anterior angle of the 
eye. 

Fur short and close. 

Skull. Size rather larger. Nasals long and narrow. Occipi- 
tul plane narrow, its upper margin triangular. 

This is the largest of the island tigers. It is distinguished 
by the shape of the occipital plane. 


Felis tigris balica, subsp. n. 


Type locality. Bali. 

Type. @ ad., skin and skull. Senckenberg Museum, 
Frankfurt-a.-M. No. 2576. Purchased from Dr. J. Elbert. 

Specimens examined. One, the type. 


326 Mr. E. Schwarz on Malay Tigers. 


Ground-colour somewhat brighter than in sondaica and 
light markings clearer white. Stripes a little broader and 
more duplicated. Frontal markings indistinct. Back of 
ears black except an elliptical white spot below the tip. 
Lower portion of cheeks white. A rather small white area 
above the anterior angle of the eye. + 

Fur short and close. q 

Skull. Very small; general plan as in sondaica. Nasals 
long and narrow. Occipital plane narrow, its upper margin 
triangular. Bulle of the same general shape as in sondaica, 
but much flatter. P, shorter. 

Dimensions of type :—Head and body 1530 mm. ; tail 580. 

Skull: basilar length 207; condylo-basilar length 228 ; 
greatest breadth 169 ; mastoid breadth 100 ; nasals 86 x 41: 5D; 
intertemporal constriction 44; width of brain-case 86: 
palatilar length 110; palate, greatest breadth (incl. teeth) 
102; breadth of rostrum across roots of canines 71; p,, 
length on outer edge 30°6, breadth 15°5, greatest oblique 
diameter 31-5. 

The Bali tiger is easily recognized by its very small size. 
In the shape of its skull it is much like F. ¢. sondaica, but 
differs in the flatness of the bullae and the narrower zygomatic 
arches.. 


Skull-measurements (in mm.) of Malay Tigers. 


. E A 
2 rS 

; Ei a E = 4 
: ra iz > 2 Ss 
Locality. S = 80 "© se 
Zz : a = 49 
Se ee a 

© 2 2, =p B a 

BG = a Ea 

Bel peck Ba ee ea ee 

Deli, Sumatra ....| d ad.| 2 3809 | 206 | 101x50°3} 65 
Sumatra Anche Q ad. | 1160 | 270 | 176 94x50 | 51°5 
UPUVIS Tis aiade t's anos ob | do ad.| 1616 | 815 | 220 | 103x48°7| 52°8 
PUVA oahe es ictc-c = (oos |Q@ad.| 4 290 | 195 96 x 47°7 | 47:2 
BOA etc dercie Js 55s @ ad. | 2576 | 254 | 169 7 86x41°5/ 41°5 


On new Burmese Species of Ruteline Coleoptera. 327 


XLIV. — Descriptions of some new Burmese Species of 
Ruteline Coleoptera belonging to the Genus Anomala. By 
GILBERT J. ARROW. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


ADDITIONAL forms of this great genus are continually found, 
and the larger the number of its species grows the less 
practicable becomes the task of subdividing it. About 700 have 
already been described, and yet from various tropical regions 
in which they abound hardly any have yet received names. 
Probably no country is more richly provided with species 
of this attractive group than Burma, but the number of 
described forms at present known from that country is insig- 
nificant. A few additions form the subject of this paper. 
They were collected chiefly by the late L. Fea, H. Doherty, 
and G. Q. Corbett, and a few by Mr. H. EH. Andrewes. The 
types of all are in the British Museum, and co-types are 
either in Mr. H. E. Andrewes’s collection or the Genoa 
Museum, or in both. 


Anomala (subg. Spinanomala) pallidospila, sp. n. 


/E€neo-viridis vel cuprea, elytris testaceis, marginibus vel parte 
majora sneo-nigris, pronoti lateribus lineaque basali medio 
interrupta, scutello, elytrorum puncto submarginali post medium, 
femoribus, coxis sternoque partim, pallide flavis, pygidio obscure 
rufo, tibiis cupreis : elongato-ovata, paulo depressa, capite rugoso, 
clypeo semicirculari; prothorace crebre inequaliter punctato, 
parce setoso, medio leviter sulcato, lateribus fortiter arcuatis, 
angulis anticis acutis, posticis fere rectis, basi anguste marginato, 
leviter trisinuato; scutello grosse punctato; elytris profunde 
striatis, interstitiis ineequalibus, subtiliter punctulatis; pygidio 
metasternoque leviter rugulosis et hirtiferis, abdomine crebrius 
ruguloso et flavido piloso, segmento 2° utrinque spinis tribus 
munito; pedibus posterioribus gracilibus, tibia antica fortiter 
bidentata, pedum 4 anticorum ungue majori fisso. 


Deep metallic green or coppery green, the elytra light 
brown, with margins of varying breadth and sometimes 
nearly the whole greenish black, and the sides of the pro- 
notum, a narrow basal line on each side, the scutellum, a 
small spot near the outer edge of each elytron behind the 
middle, and the greater part of the femora, cox, and 
sternum pale yellow. The pygidium is deep reddish and the 
tibizs are coppery. 

The shape is elongate ovate, rather depressed and dis- 
tinctly tapering before and behind, and almost the whole 


328 Mr. G. J. Arrow on new 


body, except the elytra, is clothed with rather coarse and 
not close greyish hairs. ‘The head is rugose and the clypeus 
flat and semicircular. The pronotum is rather strongly 
punctured, the close and fine punctures being intermixed 
with larger ones, which bear long erect hairs. The scutel- 
lum bears a few large punctures and the elytra are deeply 
striated, the interstices being unequal and finely punctured. 
The pygidium and metasternum are rather lightly rugose and 
hairy, and the abdomen more closely. The second abdominal 
segment bears on each side three spines, rather larger than 
those forming the general clothing. The mesosternum is 
not produced, the front tibize are strongly bidentate, the four 
posterior legs very long and slender, and the larger claw of 
the front and middle feet cleft. 

3. The hind legs are longer than those of the female and 
the inner front claw is broad but very acute. 

Long. 8-9 mm. ; lat. 455-5 mm. 

Hab. Burma: Maymyo, 3500 ft. (May 1910—H,. LZ. 
Andrewes). 

This species is said to feed on Prunus persica. 

It is closely related to the group of Bornean species to 
which Dr. Ohaus has given the name Spinanomala. The 
characteristic spines at the sides of the abdomen differ only 
slightly from the general hairy clothing, and the mesosternal 
epimera are not produced upwards. It seems to me that no 
sufficient reason remains for regarding Spinanomala as more 
than a subgenus of Anomala in the present condition of the 
latter. 


Anomala bruchomorpha, sp. n. 


Leete fulva, capite (clypeo antice excepto), clava antennali, scutello, 
prothoracis vitta lata mediana nonnunquam, elytrorum fasciis 
duabus interruptis, pygidii maculis 2 basalibus bifidis, pectoris 
medio, tibiis posticis tarsisque omnibus nigris vel fuscis, corpore 
(elytris exceptis) sneo-micante: breviter ovata, supra paulo 
depressa, capite dense punctato, clypeo brevi, antice fere recto ; 
pronoto crebre et equaliter sat minute punctato, lateribus medio 
valde angulatis, dein antice fere rectis, postice paulo sinuatis, 
angulis anticis vix, posticis fere, acutis, basi haud marginato; 
scutello crebre punctato; elytris profunde sat equaliter sulcatis, 
interstitiis minute et sparse punctulatis; pygidio subtiliter 
transverse strigoso; mesosterno haud producto, metasterni 
lateribus breviter griseo-pilosis; tibiis anticis bidentatis, pedum 
4 anteriorum unguibus majoribus fissis. 


Orange, suffused, except upon the elytra, with a greenish- 
metallic lustre and with black markings consisting of the 


Burmese Species of Ruteline Coleoptera. 329 


head (except the front part of the clypeus), a broad median 
stripe upon the pronotum (sometimes absent), the scutellum, 
and four irregularly shaped spots upon each elytron, forming 
two transverse median bands, A bifid mark upon each side 
of the base of the pygidium, the middle of the sternum, 
transverse bands on the dorsal side of the abdomen, the hind 
tibiz and all the tarsi are also usually dark, and the posterior 
part of the elytra from the second transverse row of spots is 
deeper in colour than the anterior part, 

The body is shortly ovate and rather depressed above. 
The head is densely punctured, with the clypeus broad and 
nearly straight in front. The pronotum is minutely, densely, 
and evenly punctured, with the lateral margins strongly 
angulated in the middle, nearly straight to the front angles 
and gently incurved to the hind angles, all the angles being 
nearly right angles. The base is well lobed and without a 
marginal stria. Tie scutellum is closely punctured and the. 
elytra are deeply and rather closely and regularly suleate, 
the second sulcus broken into irregular punctures at the base 
and the interstices minutely and sparingly punctured, the fifth 
having a linear row of punctures either throughout its length 
or restricted to the basal part. ‘The pygidium is finely 
transversely strigose. There is only a very short pubes- 
cence at the sides of the metasternum and the mesosternum 
is not produced. The front tibia is strongly bidentate and 
.the longer claw of the front and middle feet is cleft. he 
club of the antenna is rather long. 

6. The club of the antenna is very long, and the teeth 
of the front tibia short and sharp. 

?. There is a slight dilatation of the outer margins of the 
elytra at the middle and the terminal tooth of the front tibia 
is long and blunt. 

Length 10-12°5 mm.; breadth 6-7 mm. 

Hab. Burma: Toungoo (G. Q. Corbett), Karen Hills 
(L. Fea—2700-3300 ft.). 

Both in shape and coloration this is a very well-marked 
and peculiar insect. I have examined several females, but 
only a single male, in which specimen alone the prothorax 
has a broad median dark band, It is not yet possible to 
decide whether this represents a sexual feature er merely a 
colour variety, 


Anomala bilobata, sp. n, 


Testacea, clypeo, tibiis posticis tarsisque omnibus rubris ; corpus 
cylindricum, sat angustum, convexum, capite paryo, fortiter 


Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x, 23 


330 Mr. G. J. Arrow on new 


punctato, clypei margine valde reflexo, antice bilobato; pro- 
thorace subtiliter punctato, lateribus arcuatis, angulis anticis fere 
rectis, posticis obtusis, basi marginato, leviter arcuato; scutello 
minute punctato; elytris minute punctatis, punctis plerisque 
seriatis, interstitio secundo lato, irregulariter nunctato; pygidio 
rugose punctato; metasterno subtiliter rugose punctato, haud 
longe aut dense fulvo-piloso; pedibus omnibus setis raris rigidis 
munitis, pedis antici tibia tridentata, ungue majori fisso. 


Testaceous, with the clypeus, hind tibiz, and all the tarsi 
reddish. The form is elongate and cylindrical. The head 
is small and deeply punctured, and the clypeus transverse, 
with the margin strongly reflexed and bilobed in front. 
The pronotum is very finely punctured, rounded at the sides, 
with the front angles nearly right angles, the hind angles 
very obtuse and the base finely margined and very gently 
rounded, ‘The scutellum is finely punctured and the elytra 
bear irregular rows of fine punctures, the second interstice 
being wide and irregularly punctured. The pygidium is 
rather rugosely but not deeply punctured. ‘The metasternum 
is finely and densely punctured and clothed with fine yellowish 
pubescence. The front tibia is tridentate and the inner claw 
of the front tarsus is cleft. 

3S. The inner front claw is very broad. The clypeus is 
shining, a little excavated on each side and the lobes 
pointed. ; 

?. The clypeus is rugosely punctured, the lobes blunt, 
and the apex of the front tibia spatulate. 

Long. 16-19 mm. ; lat. max. 7°5-9°5 mm. 

Hab. BENGAL: Calcutta, Murshidabad, Koolna (March— 
Ind. Mus.) ; BurMA: Tharrawaddy (G. Q. Corbett), N. Chin 
Hills, Bhamo, Teinzo (L. Fea—May & June, 1886): 
'TENASSERIM : ‘T'avoy (Doherty). 

This insect, together with that which follows and 
A. stamensis, Nonfr., form a peculiar group distinguished by 
the bilobed clypeus and in the male by a form of cedeagus 
the paramera of which end in transverse laminee. A. bilobata 
is extremely like A. s¢amensis, of which Dr. Ohaus has 
kindly sent me for examination a typical male specimen, but 
it is a little more elongate and less stout. It is doubtful, 
however, if the absolute discrimination of the two is 
possible without examination of the genitalia, which are very 
different. ‘They are shown in the accompanying sketches, 
the cedeagus of A. bilobata (fig. 1) being longitudinally 
grooved and the two terminal laminze meeting in a sharp 
angle behind. In that of A. stamensis (fig. 2), both groove 


a6 


Burmese Species of Ruteline Coleoptera. a31 


and angle are absent and the laminz are larger and of more 
irregular shape. 


Anomala fissilabris, sp. 0, 

Testacea, tibiis tarsisque posticis nigris, clypeo et tarsis reliquis 
rufis; corpus sat angustum, cylindricum, parum convexum, 
capite parvo, fortiter punctato, clypei margine valde reflexo, 
bifido ; prothorace cum scutello subtilissime punctato, hujus 
lateribus paulo fortius, marginibus lateralibus arcuatis, angulis 
anticis fere rectis, posticis obtusissimis, basi marginato, leviter 
arcuato; elytris minute punctatis, punctis plerisque seriatis, 
intervallo subsuturali lato, irregulariter punctato; pygidio 
modice punctato; metasterno subtiliter rugose punctato, fulvo 
piloso; pedis antici tibia tridentata, ungue majori fisso; pedis 
intermedii femore prope marginem inferiorem hirtis rigidis fylvis 
dense cristato, 


Testaceous, with the hind tibia and tarsi black and the 
remaining tarsi and the clypeus red, 

The body is elongate and a little depressed. ‘The head is 
small and strongly punctured, the clypeal margin strongly 
elevated and bilobed in front. The pronotum and scutellum 
are very minutely punctured, the former a little more strongly 
at the sides, ‘The lateral margins are rounded, the front 
angles nearly right angles and the hind angles very obtuse, 
The elytra are very finely punctured, most of the punctures 
forming longitudinal rows, but with a wide irregularly 
punctured subsutural space. ‘I'he pygidium is moderately 
punctured and the metasternum finely rugose and clothed 
rather thinly with yellowish hairs. The front tibia is tri- 
dentate, the larger front claw cleft, and the middle femur 
bears a thick fringe of stiff hairs just behind the posterior 
edge. 

g. The inner front claw is strongly dilated. The clypeus 
is a little excavated on each side and not densely punctured, 

9. The clypeus is densely punctured and the apical tooth 
of the front tibia long and blunt, 


23% 


332 Mr. G. J. Arrow on new 


Long. 17-18 mm.; lat. 9 mm. 

Hab. Burma: Tharrawaddy, Promé (G@. Q. Corbett), 
Minhia (LZ. Fea— May 1885). 

This species is extremely close to A. dilobata, but differs 
in its rather finer puncturation, the black hind tibia and 
tarsi, and the thick fringe on the middle femur. 


Anomala latipes, sp. n. 


Lete testacea, vertice, humeribus suturaque sat late nigris, linea 
suturali scutellum amplectente, prothorace nonnunquam bi- 
maculato; corpore cylindrico, parum depresso aut lato, clypeo 
brevi, rugose punctato, margine antico fere recto, fronte crebre 
punctato ; prothorace subtiliter sequaliter punctato, lateribus 
arcuatis, angulis anticis acutis, posticis obtusis; scutello 
punctato; elytris profunde punctato-striatis, marginibus mem- 
branaceis sat latis; pygidio «qualiter sat crebre punctato; 
corpore subtus parce piloso; tibiis anticis fortiter 3-dentatis, 
pedibus posticis brevibus, femoribus latis, trochanteribus longis, 
haud acutis, tibiis latis, postice haud constrictis; pedis antici 
ungue majori fisso. 


Bright yellow, with the head behind the eyes, a spot on 
each shoulder, and a broad sutural line extending to the base 
black. A pair of black spots sometimes appears at tie 
middle of the pronotum. ‘The tarsi are reddish. 

The body is rather cylindrical in shape, nearly parallel- 
sided, and not very depressed. The clypeus is rugose, short, 
and nearly straigkt in front and the forehead is closcly 
punctured. The pronotum is finely and evenly punctured, 
with the sides rounded, the front angles acute, the hind 
angles very obtuse and the base finely margined and very 
feebly trisinuate. The scutellum is punctured and the elytra 
are deeply punctate-striate. The pygidium is evenly and 
fairly closely punctured. The lower surface of the body is 
very thinly hairy. ‘The front tibia is strongly tridentate and 
the hind legs are short, with the femur broad, the trochanter 
long and not acute, the tibia broad and not acute nor con- 
stricted before the extremity, 

d. The inner anterior claw is unequally divided and the 
trochanters of the hind legs are long, nearly parallel-sided, 
and rather prominent at the end. 

@. ‘he black sutural line is broader than in the male, 
the forehead has a rugose area in front, the apex of the front 
tibia is spatulate, and the inner anterior claw almost equally 
divided. 

Long. 14°5-16 mm.; lat. 7°5-8 mm. 


Burmese Species of Ruteline Coleoptera. 333 


Hab. Burma: Tharrawaddy (G. Q. Corbett), Cachin 
Hills. 

A, latipes is very closely like A. communis, Burm., and 
A, pallida, F., but is narrower in shape, the black sutural 
line is broader, especially in the female, and the hind femora 
and tibize are shorter and broader. 


Anomala semiusta, sp. 0. 


Pallide testacea, capite, pronoto (lateribus exceptis), scutelli lateri- 
bus, elytrorumque sutura (antice late) fusco-brunneis, capite 
pronotoque vix perspicue metallicis, clypeo, tibiis tarsisque rufis ; 
pronoto nonnunquam medio plus minusye pallido: cylindrica, 
parum convexa, clypeo parvo, rugoso, antice fere recto, fronte 
ruge punctata; pronoto ubique sat equaliter, haud fortiter 
punctato, basi marginato, lateribus cum angulis posticis regulari- 
ter arcuatis; scutello bene punctato; elytris fortiter punctato- 
striatis, interstitiis alternis latis atque irregulariter punctatis ; 
pygidio cum metasterni lateribus crebre punctatis, parce pilosis ; 
processu sternali nullo ; tibia antica 3-dentata. 

do. Clava antennali modice elongata, oculis majoribus, tibix antice 
dentibus paulo acutis. 

©. Clypeo paulo latiori, tibiz antics dente apicali clavato, tertio 
subobsoleto. 


Pale testaceous, with the head, pronotum, exce;t the 
lateral margins, the sides of the scutellum and the elytral 
suture brown, and the clypeus, tibie, and tarsi reddish. 
The head and pronotum have usually an exceedingly faint 
metallic lustre. The dark central mass of the pronotum is 
often divided into two by a pale median line. 

Rather shortly cylindrical and parallel-sided, not very 
convex, with the clypeus small, nearly straight in front and 
finely rugose, and the forehead rugosely punctured. The 
pronotum is rather evenly but not strongly punctured all 
over, margined at the base, with the lateral margins and 
hind angles strongly and continuously rounded. The scutel- 
lum is well punctured and the elytra are deeply punctate- 
striate, with the humeral and alternate dorsal interstices very 
wide and irregularly punctured, the punctures of the fourth 
interstice becoming reduced upon the anterior half to a single 
row. The pygidium and metasteruum are strongly and 
closely punctured and scantily hairy. There is no sternal 
process. The front tibia is 8-dentate and the inner claw of 
the front tarsus alone is cleft. 

3. The eyes are large, the clypeus very small, and the 
club of the antenna long. The three teeth of the front tibia 
are all well marked and rather sharp. 


334 Mr. G. J. Arrow on new 


@. The eyes are a little smaller, the clypeus rather larger, 
the terminal tooth of the front tibia blunt and clavate and 
the third tooth feeble. 

Length 12-14 mm. ; breadth 6°5-7'5 mm. 

Hab. Burma: Teinzo (L. Fea—May 1886). 

This belongs, like the last species, to the pallida and 
communis group. It is more easily recognized than most of 
its allies by its marking and the almost obsolete hind angles 
of the thorax. 


Anomala erosa, sp. n. 


Testacea, capite toto, prothoracis disco, scutelli margine vel toto, 
elytrorumque marginibus internis et externis, vitta humerali 
striisque omnibus (nonnunquam dorso fere toto) nigris, pygidio 
et corpore subtus vel testaceis vel nigris vel variegatis, femoribus 
testaceis, tibiis et tarsis plus minusve infuscatis: breviter ovata, 
convexa, nitida, capite densissime punctato, clypeo brevi, margine 
valde reflexo; pronoto subtiliter sat crebre punctato, postice 
marginato, lateribus fortiter arcuatis, angulis anticis paulo 
obtusis, posticis fere obsoletis; scutello minute punctato; elytris 
profunde punctato-striatis, interstitiis alternis latis, crebre irre- 
gulariter punctatis; pygidio crebre et subrugose punctato; 
corpore subtus minute punctato, parum hirsuto; processu meso- 
sternali nullo; tibiis anticis 3-dentatis, pedum 4 anteriorum 
ungue majori fisso. 


Testaceous, with the entire head, the disc of the pronotum 
(sometimes divided by a pale median line), the circumference 
or the whole of the scutellum, the inner and outer borders of 
the elytra, a vitta extending backwards from the shoulder, 
and the grooves and punctures of the elytra black. The 
pygidium and underside of the body are either entirely pale 
or partly or entirely black, and the amount of dark pig- 
mentation generally is extremely variable. The femora are 
usually pale and the tibize and tarsi more or less dark. The 
body is oval, short, convex, and smooth and shining. The 
head is densely and finely punctured, with the clypeus short 
and its front margin strongly reflexed, The pronotum is 
finely and rather closely punctured, with the sides strongly 
rounded, the front angles slightly obtuse and the hind angles 
rounded away. ‘The base is finely margined. ‘he scutellum 
is finely punctured. The elytra are very deeply striated, 
with the striz closely punctured, the primary dorsal coste 
very narrow and the intermediate intervals very broad, the 
lateral ones strongly punctured all over and the dorsal ones 
with deep crowded punctures along the middle, the latter 
reduced to a single row posteriorly upon the second sub- 
sutural interstice, and anteriorly upon the fourth interstice. 


Burmese Species of Ruteline Coleoptera. 335 


The pygidium is finely and subrugosely punctured and the 
lower surface is finely punctured and only very scantily 
hairy. There is no mesosternal process. The front tibia 
is tridentate and the longer claw of the front and middle 
feet cleft. The hind tibia is not strongly inflated or 
constricted, 

6. The inner front claw is very broad and divergently 
cleft, and the last abdominal segment is extremely short and 
only visible at the sides. 

?. The penultimate ventral segment is very broad and 
the last segment well developed. 

Length 11°5-14°5 mm.; breadth 7-8°5 mm. 

Hab. Burma: Mandalay, Shenmaga (Z. Fea—June 
1885). 

This is closely related to A. varicolor, Gyll., of which it 
has the general appearance and type of coloration, as well as 
great variability in the degree of pigmentation. 


Anomala dorsopicta, sp. n. 


Flava, vertice, pronoti vittis duabus, extus medio productis 
elytrisque nigris, his utrinque macula media ovata oblique 
ornatis, clypeo tarsisque rutis: clongato-ovata, sat lata, parum 
convexa; capite ubique sat fortiter punctato, clypeo brevi, 
margine valde reflexo; prothorace minute sat «qualiter punctato, 
lateribus arcuatis, basi marginato, trisinuato, angulis posticis 
rotundatis; scutello punctato ; elytris profunde punctato-striatis, 
interstitiis angustis, convexis, lateribus post humeros paulo 
deplanatis ; pygidio sat fortiter punctato; mesosterno haud pra- 
ducto; metasterno punctato et brevissime flavido-hirto; tibiis 
anticis bidentatis, pedum + posteriorum ungue majori bifido. 


Bright testaceous yellow, with the head and tarsi reddish 
and the forelead (except a triangular excision in front), a 
longitudinal bar on each side of the pronotum, extending 
from front to hind margin and emitting an external branch 
at the middle, and the elytra, except an oblique oval patch 
a little before the middle of each, black. ‘Ihe head and pro- 
thorax have generally a very slight metallic lustre. 

The shape is elongate-oval, moderately broad and not 
very convex. The head is strongly and rather evenly 
punctured, with the clypeus short, rounded at the sides and 
strongly reflexed at the edge. The pronotum is rather 
finely but regularly punctured, strongly rounded at the sides, 
margined and trisinuate at the base, with the hind angles 
very obtuse. The scutellum is punctured and the elytra are 
deeply punctate-striate, with the interstices narrow and con- 
vex and the outer edge flattened for a short distance behind 


336 Mr. G. J. Arrow on new 


the shoulder. The pygidium is evenly punctured and the 
sides of the metasternum rugosely punctured and very thinly 
clothed with short hair. ‘The front tibiz are strongly bi- 
dentate and the larger claw of the front and middle feet 
cleft. 

&. The forehead and clypeus are shining and the inner 
lobe of the cleft front claw is broad. 

@. The forehead and clypeus are more densely punctured 
and scarcely shining, and the dilated margins of the elytra 
are thickened. 

Long. 13-14 mm.; lat. 7-3 mm. 

Hab. Burma: Tharrawaddy, Toungoo, Promé (G. Q. 
Corbett). 


Anomala auripennis, sp. n. 


Testacea, viridi- vel roseo-aurata, capite, pronoto (marginibus 
lateralibus exceptis), tibiis posticis tarsisque omnibus viridi- 
cupreis: ovata, vel elongato-ovata, convexa, parum nitida; 
capite omnino dense punctato, clypeo rugoso, sat lato; pronoto 
etiam dense punctato, basi haud marginato, lateribus medio 
obtuse angulatis, angulis anticis fere rectis, posticis distinctis sed 
paulo obtusis; scutello sat fortiter punctato, lateribus levi ; 
elytris minute punctatis, punctis majoribus intermixtis, his costas 
suturalem, intrahumeralem et intermediam plus minusve dis- 
tinctas indicantibus, interstitio subsuturali latissimo et confuse 
punctulato; pygidio subtiliter transverse strigato; pectore sat 
dense flavido-pubescenti, mesosterno haud producto, tibiis anticis 
bidentatis ; tarsorum 4 anteriorum ungue majori fisso, antennis 
paulo longis, articulo 5° ad duos preecedentes vequali. 


Pale yellow, entirely suffused with a rosy or greenish- 
golden tinge, the head, pronotum (except the pale lateral 
margins), hind tibize and all the tarsi deep coppery green. 

It is ovate, short, or moderately long, convex and only 
slightly shining. The head and pronotum are very closely 
punctured all over, the clypeus rugose and broadly rounded. 
The prothorax is not margined at the base and the sides are 
scarcely rounded, but slightly angulated before the middle, 
with the front angles almost right angles and the hind onés 
well marked but obtuse. ‘The scutellum. is well punctured 
except at the sides. ‘I'he elytra are minutely punctured all 
over, with larger punctures between. The ier form a 
sutural and two paired dorsal rows, the subsutural interstice 
being very broad and coarsely punctured. The pygidium 
is finely transversely strigose. The sternum is moderately 
thickly clothed with soft yellowish pubescence. ‘There is no 
mesosternal process. The front tibia is bidentate and the 


Burmese Species of Ruteline Coleoptera. 337 


larger claw of the front and middle tarsi cleft. The antennze 
are rather long and the fifth joint equal in length to the two 
preceding joints together. 

d. The club is as long as the remainder of the antenna 
and the front tibial teeth are very short. 

9. The body is more elongate, the antennal club moderately 
long, and the terminal tooth of the front tibia long and 
clavate. 

This rather resembles the Japanese A. ducens, Ball., and 
some varieties of the Huropean A. @nea, Deg., but it is 
sharply distinguished from these, as from nearly all species 
of the genus, by the length of the fifth joint of the 
antenna. 

Length 13-18 mm. ; breadth 8-9°5 mm. 

Hab. Burma: Ruby Mines (Doherty), Karen Ghecu 
(L. Fea, 3900-4200 ft.—Feb., Mar. 1888) ; 'TENASSERIM : 
Plapoo (L. Fea—Apr. 1887), Mooleyit (3000-3900 ft.— 
Apr. 1887). 


Anomala aurora, sp. n. 


Lete testacea, toto roseo-metallico-suffusa, pronoti et pygidii 
lateribus femoribusque posticis nonnunquam brunneo-punctatis : 
breviter ovalis, convexa; capite rugoso-punctato, clypeo semi- 
circulari, plano, margine reflexo; pronoto minute haud dense 
punctato, lateribus medio obtuse angulatis, angulis anticis 
acutis, posticis distinctis sed obtusis, basi marginato, leviter 
trisinuato ; scutello minute punctato ; elytris fortiter et equaliter 
seriato-punctatis, spatio subsuturali lato, irregulariter punctato ; 
pygidio corporeque subtus fortiter haud dense punctatis, hoc 
sparse pallido-hirto; mesosterno haud producto; tibia antica 
fortiter bidentata, femore postico brevi, crasso, tibiaque antice 
paulo inflata ; tarsorum 4 anteriorum ungue majori fisso. 


Pale yellow, entirely suffused above and beneath with a 
delicate rosy-green metallic lustre, sometimes with a large 
vaguely reddish patch on each side of the pronotum, a small 
brown spot near each lateral margin and two or three still 
smaller on each side of the pygidium. 

Tt is a stout, oval, and highly convex species. The head 
is rugosely punctured, with the clypeus semicircular and flat. 
The pronotum is minutely and sparingly but rather deeply 
punctured, with its sides obtusely angulated in the middle, 
the front angles acute, the hind angles obtuse but well- 
marked, and the base margined and gently trisinuated. The 
scutellum is minutely punctured and the elytra strongly 
in regular rows, with a wide, irregularly punctured second 


338 Mr. G. J. Arrow on new 


interstice. The pygidium and the lower surface are rather 
strongly but not closely punctured, the latter thinly clothed 
with pale hairs. The tront tibize are strongly bidentate, the 
hind femora short and thick, the hind tibiz a little inflated 
in the basal half, and the larger claw of the front and middle 
feet cleft. 

The sexes scarcely differ, but the inner anterior claw of 
the male is a little widened and the apex of the front tibia 
rather less blunt. 

Long. 10°5-12 mm, ; lat. 5°5-6°5 mm. 

Hab. Burma: Maymyo (il. L. Andrewes—May 1910), 
Ruby Mines (Doherty). 

Mr. H. M. Lefroy has received the species from Maymyo 
as feeding upon Prunus persica. 


Anomala puella, sp. n. 


Tota pallide flava, leviter metallescens, tarsis antennisque paulo 
rufescentibus: breviter ovata, nitida, convexa, pygidio corpore- 
que subtus pilis erectis pallidis vestitis; capite profunde rugoso- 
punctato, clypeo late rotundato, margine valde reflexo, sutura 
clypeali distincte carinata ; pronoto sat crebre equaliter punctato, 
lateribus fortiter arcuatis, angulis anticis acutis, posticis fere 
obsoletis, basi omnino marginato; scutello punctato; elytris 
profunde punctato-striatis, interstitio subsuturali lato, grosse 
punctato, aliis angustis, parce et minutissime punctulatis ; 
pygidio crebre irregulariter punctato ; prosterno postice paulo 
tuberculato, mesosterno haud producto; tibiis anticis bidentatis 
pedumque 4 anteriorum ungue majori fisso. 


Entirely pale yellow, with a faint metallic lustre, the 
antenne and tarsi only being a little darker. The body is 
shortly ovate in form, convex and shining, with pale erect 
hairs upon the pygidium and lower surface. The head is 
strongly and rugosely punctured, with the clypeus short and 
broadly rounded, its margins strongly reflexed and the 
frontal suture carinate. The pronotum is strongly and 
closely punctured, with the base completely margined, the 
sides strongly rounded, the front angles acute and the hind 
angles rounded away. The scutellum is well punctured and 
the elytra are closely striate-punctate, with the interstices 
narrow, except the subsutural one which is broad and strongly 
and irregularly punctured. The pygidium is strongly and 
closely punctured. ‘The prosternum is slightly lobed behind 
the front coxse and the mesosternum is not produced. The 
front tibize are bluntly bidentate and the larger claw on each 
of the four anterior feet is cleft. 


Burmese Species of Ruteline Coleoptera. 339 


dg. The lower lobe of the inner front claw is acutely 
pointed, broad, and angulated at the lower edge. 

Length 10 mm. ; breadth 5°5-6°5 mm. 

Hab. Burma: Karen Hills (Doherty). 

This little insect is one of the puzzling species which 
stand on the border-line between Anomala and Mimela. It 
is very much like Mimela debilis, Sharp, to which it is un- 
doubtedly allied. ‘The prosternum is prominent behind the 
front coxe, but does not form an angular process between 
them, and the species must, I think, be placed in Anomala if 
any distinction is to be retained, 


Anomala (Euchlora) laniventris, sp. n. 


Obscure cupreo-olivacea, pronoti lateribus, corpore subtus femori- 
busque testaceis, tibiis tarsisque viridi-zeneis, abdomine subtus 
brunnescenti: ovalis, supra parum nitida, pectore, abdominis 
lateribus pygidioque sat dense griseo-pubescentibus, corpore 
supra undique crebre sat minute punctato, elytrorum lineis 
nonnullis inconspicuis longitudinalibus, marginibus externis 
latissime membranaceis; mesosterno haud producto; tibiis 
anticis bidentatis, pedum 4 anteriorum ungue majori fisso. 


Dark coppery olivaceous, with the lateral edges of the 
pronotum, the lower surface of the body and the femora 
yellow, the abdomen browner and the tibiz and tarsi deep 
metallic green. 

Klongate oval, not very shining, with the sternum, the 
pygidium and sides of the abdomen rather thickly clothed 
with soft grey pubescence. The entire upper surface is 
closely and finely punctured, except the clypeus, which is 
rugose and broadly rounded, ‘lhe base of the pronotum is 
rather prominent in the middle and not margined, and the 
sides are obtusely prominent in the middle, with the front 
angles nearly right angles and the hind angles obtusely 
rounded. There are a few indistinct longitudinal rows of 
fine punctures on the elytra, the outer margins of which are 
bordered with very broad membranous fringes. There is no 
mesosternal process, The front tibia is sharply bidentate 
and the larger claw of the front and middle feet is cleft. 
The third and fifth joints of the antenna are longer tian the 
fourth. 

d. The terminal tooth of the front tibia is slender and 
the upper one short but sharp. The inner lobe of the inner 
front claw is very broad and abruptly angulated at the middle 
of the lower edge. 


340 On new Burmese Species of Ruteline Coleoptera. 


9. The teeth of the front tibia are rather long and 
sharp. 

Length 17-19 mm. ; breadth 9°5-10°5 mm. 

Hab. BurMA: Paungde (G. Q. Corbett); Palon, Pegu 
(L. Fea—Aug. & Sept. 1887) ; Rangoon (£. T. Atkinson). 

This species is related to the Himalayan A. perpleaa, 
Hope, but much duller in colour and easily recognizable by 
the very broad external membranes of the elytra. 


Anomala (Euchlora) chlorochelys, sp. n. 


Lete viridis, nitida, corpore subtus, pedibus, capitis, prothoracis et 
elytrorum marginibusque extremis aureo-rufis: grandis, ovalis, 
conyexa ; clypeo crebre punctato, fronte minus crebre aut grosse, 
pronoto subtilissime sat dense, elytris similiter sed minus dense 
punctatis, his valde nitidis, lateribus postice paulo dilatatis, apice 
fere recte truncato, marginibus membranaceis obtectis; pygidio 
minute haud profunde striguloso. 


Bright green, with the lower surface, legs, and extreme 
edges of the head, pronotum, and elytra golden red. 

It is a large, very shining, oval and convex species, with 
the outer margins of the elytra conspicuously dilated behind 
the middle and truncate at the apex. The clypeus is rounded 
and closely punctured, the forehead more finely and less 
closely. The pronotum is very finely and closely punctured, 
a little more strongly at the sides. The elytra are very 
shining, finely and lightly punctured, with the outer margins 
conspicuously dilated towards the extremity and truncate 
behind, forming an obtuse external angle. The membranous 
margins are narrow and almost concealed by the lateral 
dilatation. The pygidium is submetallic and transversely 
rugulose. The front tibize are bidentate and the larger claw 
of the front and middle feet cleft. 

3. The two teeth of the front tibia are sharp and close 
together. 

?. The two teeth of the front tibia are less sharp and 
close together, and the pygidium bears a few long scattered 
hairs. 

Long. 26-29 mm. ; lat. max. 15-16°5 mm. 

Hab. Burma: Bhamo (Selkirk, Hea—June 1885) ; 
Teinzo (Fea—May 1886) ; TENASSERIM (Col. Adamson). 

The species resembles A. truncata, Bates, but is larger and 
much more smooth and shining. 


On the Stromatoporotds and Kozoon. 341 


XLV.—On the Stromatoporoids and Kozoon. 
By R. KirkPATRICK. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 
[Plates VIII. & IX.] 


In a letter to ‘ Nature,’ Aug. 15, 1912, p. 502, I wrote that 
the presence of siliceous spicules in the Stromatoporoids, 
similar to those found in Merlia and Monticulipora, had led 
me to the conclusion that Stromatoporoids were Sponges. 
I must now state that I was misled to that conclusion, for it 
has become evident to me that the supposed spicules are 
the calcified chitinous rings and half-rings belonging to the 
canals and chambers of Foraminifera, It is now clearly 
obvious also that the calcareous skeleton of Stromatoporoids 
has a structure similar to that of the higher forms of 
Perforate Foraminifera, ; 

It is not surprising that paleontologists have failed to arrive 
at acorrect solution of the problem of the Monticuliporas, for 
these organisms, when alive, exhibit extraordinary phenomena 
without parallel elsewhere in biology, and wholly impossible 
to understand without observing living specimens. Most 
fortunately the discovery of the living Monticulipora (Merlia) 
normant off Porto Santo Island will enable me to explain 
the real nature of the Palzeozoic examples, 

The Stromatoporoids, on the other hand, carry in them- 
selves the clue to the problem they present, and it is at first 
sight a little surprising that this clue has eluded the patient 
search of so many investigators. This result was, I believe, 
due to the use of insufficiently high magnifying-powers. 

Stromatoporoids are commonly in the form of hemispherical 
or cake-like masses, but they may be inerusting or digitate, 

The surface has a roughly granular aspect and presents 
scattered stellate patterns (astrorhize). A vertical section (or 
weathering of the edges) shows that. the mass is built up of 
concentric lamin or crusts. 

Slight magnification of a vertical section shows apparently 
a meshwork of regular or irregular radial and concentric 
calcareous strauds, these being really the edges of walls of 
Foraminiferal chambers, 

The so-called “tabule” are present in the usually darker 
calcified soft tissues filling the meshes or Spaces not only 
in S romatopora, but also in Actinostroma. Stromatoporoids 
are found in the Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian strata, 


342 Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on the 


From Nicholson’s great monograph on the British Stroma- 
teporoids I extract a few historical data. 

The history of the group practically begins with Goldfuss 
(1826), who described a fossil (probably from the Devonian 
of Gerolstein), which he named Stromatopora concentrica 
and placed near ALillepora. 

In the following list I give the name of the author, the 
date, and his views as to the nature of Stromatoporoids :— 


GoutpFuss, 1826. Hydrocoralline. 

STEININGER, 1834. Sponges. 

F. Rammr, 1843-4. Corals. 

Haut, 1847. Alcyonarians near Tudbipora. 

D’OrBIGNY, 1850-51. Sponges. 

The two SANDBERGERS, 1850-56. Polyzoa. 

F,. Ramer, 1851-56. Polyzoa, but later tabulate corals like Favosites 
and Chetetes. 

BILurinGs, 1857. Beatricea (a Stromatoporoid), a vegetable. 

ErcHwa.p, 1860. Horny sponges. 

Hyatt, 1865. Some Stromatoporoids regarded as Cephalopoda. 

Baron von Rosen, 1867. Horny sponges. 

Dr. G, Linpstro6m, 1870. Foraminifera, and, in 1873, Ladechia allied 
to Hydractinia. 

SALTER, 1873. Calcareous sponges. 

NicHotson, 1873-4, Calcisponges, 

Dawson, 1875. Between Foraminifera and Sponges. 

Sorxas, 1877. Hexactinellid sponges, and, later, partly siliceous 
sponges, partly Hydrozoa. 

CartTER, 1877. Hydrozoa. 

NicHoLson, 1886 (the Monograph), Partly Hydroida, partly Hydro- 
corallinee. 

ZiTTEL, 1903. Hydrozoa, 

GerKIg£, 1905, Polyzoa. 

STEINMANN, 1907, Hydrozoa. 

KirKPATRICK, August 1912: Sponges. September 1912: Fora- 
minifera. 


To sum up, within the last eighty-six years Stromato- 
poroids have been regarded as Foraminifera; calcareous, 
horny, Monaxonellid, and Hexactinellid Sponges; Hydroida, 
Hydrocorallinee, Aleyonaria, corals (Anthozoa), Polyzoa, 
Cephalopoda, vegetables, 


Kepler wrote a treatise, which is said to be highly instruc- 
tive, entitled £ A Book of Mistakes,’ A few observations on 
some of the errors recorded in the above list will not be 
without interest. 

The ‘ Coelenterate’”? view was mainly held on account 
of the presence of “ tabule,’’ the Sponge theory owing to 
the oscule-like astrorhize, to the incrusting and enveloping 
character of some species, and to the resemblance of the skeletal 


——- 


Stromatoporotds and Eozoon. 343 


framework to that of a Dictyonine sponge. Beatricea was 
compared to an Orthoceras-like mollusc. 

I myself at first mistook altered chitinous rings and coils 
for siliceous spicules, the astrorhize for oscules, and the 
tabula for diaphragms and dissepiments like those of Cliona, 
and regarded the general skeletal framework as an originally 
spicular structure altered by mineralization, for I could often 
see rings and apparent sigmas imbedded in it. I found 
later, however, that the supposed “ spicules”? were altered 
chitinous hoopsand spirals. The astrorhizee appear to be due to 
the fusion of several outer openings of tubuli, thereby leading 
to the converging of finer pseudopods into main trunks. 
Pl. IX. figs. 13, 14, representing a longitudinal vertical 
section of Polytrema cylindricum, shows, for instance, tubuli 
with a relatively large single external opening and one, two, 
or three smaller inner openings, a compound system being 
funnel-shaped with a cribriform mouth directed inwards. A 
growth and extension of this simple system would result in 
the formation of an astrorhiza. Further, a more careful 
examination revealed the typical Foraminiferal structure of 
the skeleton itself. 

What chiefly led me to regard the Stromatoporoids as 
siliceous sponges was the discovery, in the sections of those 
fossils, of little “ pockets ”’ of coiled sigma-like bodies and also 
tubular canals lined with these bodies in scalariform fashion. 
IT had seen a somewhat similar arrangement of ring-like real 
siliceous spicules in the sponge part of “ Merlia normani,” 
which at one stage of my devious gropings after the clue 
to this mystery I had named Noronha scalariformis. But 
presently I found similarly shaped rings in the soft tissues 
of decalcified recent Foraminifera*. Here the chitin bas 
resisted the acid used for decalcifving, and the rings seemed 
to be chitinous, but in the fossils they looked like siliceous 
spicules. I now examined the skeletal framework, and saw 
that it was penetrated by tubuli and channels of communi- 
cation between chambers. 

The so-called tabulee, which were supposed by Nicholson 
to be similar to those of A/illepora, are diaphragms formed in 
the chambers and in the course of the canals. 

Tuese “ tabulze”’ are present in the spaces filled by the soft 
tissues, both in the Stromatopora type and in the Actinostroma 


* Evidently the function of the chitinous hoops and coils is to give 
support to the soft monilated branching sarcode, The swellings on many 
of them are due apparently to lateral compression arising from the pull 
of the extensile sarcode along an axis at might angles to the plane of the 
hoops. 


344 Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on the 


type of Stromatoporoids. Apparently Nicholson failed to 
see them in the latter, supposing the holes in the regular 
“ tangential lamine”’ to represent the ‘ zooidal tubes.” 
Nicholson’s classification, based on the erroneous idea that 
one group of Stromatoporoids (the Actinostromide) was 
related to AHydractinia, and the other (Stromatoporidee) to 
Millepora, needs revision. As Nicholson himself pointed out, 
there are transitions between Actinostromids and Stromato- 
porids. In both there are concentric layers, astrorhizz, 
“‘tabule,” and a capacity for incrusting and enveloping other 
objects, such as corals. In the Actinostromid or rectilinear 
type the calcareous skeleton has a more regular and definite 
arrangement of chambers than has the Stromatoporid type. 


My intention in the present paper, however, is not to enter 
into the question of the classification of Stromatoporoids, 
but mainly to announce that these fossils have a calcareous 
skeleton showing the Foraminiferal structure, 


While I was examining sections of the aberrant genus 
Beatricea I was reminded of the peculiar structure of 
Hozoon, and was thereby led to examine specimens of the 
latter, despite the fact that current opinion is almost wholly 
opposed to a belief in their organic nature. Zittel*, following 
Prof. Karl Mobius f, refers to Hozoon as a product of purely 
mineral origin. Steinmann { does not even mention this, 
perhaps the most interesting of all fossils, but writes, ‘“ Aus 
der eozooischen Periode kennen wir kaum sichere Spuren 
organischer Wesen.” Likewise in Lister’s § memoir on the 
Foraminifera there is no reference to Hozoon. Hartog || 
writes in a footnote: ‘The alleged Archzean genus Lozoon, 
founded by Carpenter and Dawson on structures found in 
the Lower Laurentian serpentines and referred to the close 
proximity of Nummulites, has been claimed as of purely 
mineral structure by the petrologists ; and recently biologists 
have admitted the claim.” Geikie]], while stating the pros 


* Zittel, K., ‘Grundziige der Paliontologie,’ Abth. i. 2nd edition, 1903, 
. 35. 

4 + Mobius, K., ‘ Paleesontographica,’ xxv. 1878, p.175. Also Carpenter, 
on MObius’s results, ‘ Nature,’ vol. xx. 1880, p. 272. 

{ Steinmann, G., ‘ Kinfiihrung in der Palaontologie,’ ed. 2, 1907, p. 7. 

§ Lister, J. J., ‘Treatise of Zoology’ (ed. by E. R. Lankester), 
Memoir “ Foraminifera.” 

| Hartog, M., ‘Cambridge Natural History’ (Harmer and Shipley), 
Memoir “ Protozoa,” 1906, p. 70. 

§| Geikie, A., ‘Text-book of Geology,’ 1903, p. 878. See also Sher- 
born, ‘Bibliography of the Foraminifera,’ under Dawson, Modbius, 
Carpenter, &c. 


— 


Stromatoporotds and Kozoon. 345 


and cons of the opposing views, apparently inclines to a 


belief in the mineral theory, and demands, in view of the 
antiquity of the rocks and the changes to which they have 
been subjected, the clearest possible evidence of organic 
structure before accepting the theory of the organic nature of 
Eozoon. 

I consider that the sections made by the late Dr. Carpenter 
yield abundant evidence of organic structure. 

Eozoon canadense is a Foraminiferan. Its calcareous 
skeleton shows clearly the Foraminiferal structure of pores 
and tubuli, and, further, chitinous rings and coils are present. 

Dr. Carpenter’s specimens must have died peacefully on 
the Lower Laurentian sea-bottom, and have been buried and 
slowly metamorphosed by infiltration, but in such a way as 
to preserve a good deal of their structure. Possibly igneous 
irruptions may have occurred later within varying distances 
of the dead specimens, leading to varying degrees of mineral- 
ization. I suppose the theory of the mineral origin of 
Fozoon is due to the existence of much metamorphosed 
specimens. 

Fortunately Dr. Carpenter had several very fine examples 
of Hozoon in his magnificent collection (now in the British 
Museum, Nat. Hist.). About the time of his death he was 
engaged in writing a monograph which would have finally 
settled the whole question. A friend of mine who knew 
him tells me that Dr. Carpenter could scarcely listen with 
patience to the arguments of the mineralists, and I can 
appreciate this attitude when I look at his beautiful sections. 
Sir William Dawson, too, had occasion to resent the charge of 
*subjectivism’’ brought against him by an upholder of the 
mineral theory. 

Sir W. Logan* was the first to notice the resemblance of 
Eozoon to the Stromatoporoids. 

The recent Foraminiferan Po/ytrema ecylindricum, Carter, 
recalls in certain respects both Beatricea and Kozoon. This 
pretty little branching Foraminiferan, of a brilliant yellow or 
red colour, has a surface-layer of Jarge chambers, but at the 
same time the central axis of the branches is occupied with a 
smaller vesicular tissue. A tiansverse section of Beatricea 
has somewhat the appearance of that of a megalospheric 
Foraminiferan. 

In the Stromatoporoids and Lozoon there is a many- 
chambered (Polythalamous) calcareous skeleton with the 
walls of the chambers penetrated by fine tubuli. Altered 
chitinous hoops and coils are found in the communication- 


¥ Logan, W., ‘Geology of Canada,’ 1863, p. 49. 
Ann. & Mag. NV. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 24 


346 On the Stromatoporotds and Kozoon. 


channels between chambers and in the chambers themselves, 
a. e. in the spaces formerly filled with sarcode. Similar 
structure to the above is found in the recent Perforate Fora- 
minifera. Weathered edges of specimens of Hozoon are finely 
laminate. 

With regard to Hozoon, two objections are urged against 
the organic theory, viz. the immense antiquity of the Lower 
Laurentian limestones and the unlikelihood that any organic 
structure could survive the effect of metamorphosing agencies. 
Concerning the first objection, it may be said that when once 
an organism is entombed and infiltrated the time factor per se 
is not an important one. Many Devonian Stromatoporoids 
are less well preserved than those of Silurian age, and a 
Foraminiferan might retain its structure as well in a Lauren- 
tian as in a Wenlock limestone. ‘The effect of igneous action 
on the fossils of any particular formation is apparently more 
or less a matter of chance, and examples of late origin may 
fare worse than those of earlier date. 

Leaving hypotheses and coming to facts—to wit, the speci- 
mens themselves,—I find that the Foraminiferal theory is 
wholly adequate, and I am certain it is unnecessary to go 
further afield in search of some highly complicated and proble- 
matical theory of mineral origin. As a matter of course, the 
evidence for the mineral theory, based mainly on the existence 
in Hozoon of minerals of igneous origin, falls to the ground in 


. me) . 
presence of the least trace of indubitable organic structure. 


Summary.—The Stromatoporoids are Foraminifera. 
Eozoon canadense likewise belongs to the Foraminifera, 
and is nearly related to Labechia and Beatricea. 


Note on Caunopora, 


Many of the Caunopora tubes so frequently found in Stroma- 
toporoids are not corals, but Cheetopod worms, apparently 
belonging to the group Spioniformia, 

It is sometimes possible to see anatomical features, such as 
the introvert, pharynx, intestine, peristomial cirri, and acicula. 
The supposed “ tabulze,”’? which have misled some investi- 
gators, are simply the expression of Annelidan segmentation 
or, rather, annulation. 

I have found what appears to be a similar kind of worm 
in the living Monticulipora (Merlia) normani, and at Porto 
Santo Island have often watched it extending and drawing 
in its peristomial cirri or “ tentacles.” The Palaeozoic Monti- 
culiporas are frequently infested with a worm possibly related 
to this modern one. If this is so, we have a curious instance 
of the conservatism of Nature. 


Anatomy and Classification of the Order Lyomert. 347 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
Prats VIII. 


Fig. 1. Stromatopora concentrica, Goldfuss, from Devonian of Gerolstein. 
Wall of a chamber, showing tubuli. x 325, 


Fig. 2. Larger tubuli from an older wall. x 550. 

F%g. 38, Hoops and coils in chambers and canals of S. concentrica. 
3a. Ditto from Actinostroma clathratum, Nich. Both 
x 1800, 

Fig. 4. Ditto from sarcode of Polytrema cylindricum, Carter. x 1800. 

Fug. 5. Part of wall of chamber of Evzoon canadense, Dawson, from 


Lower Laurentian limestones, Burgess, Canada, showing 
mural pores and tubuli, x 140. 


Fig. 6. Thesame. x 550. 

Fvg. 7, Old branching canals in Hozoon. x 13800. 

Zig. 8. Branching system of canals in Hozoon. xX 85. 8a. The same 
showing hoops. x 325. 

F%g. 9. Hoops and coils in chambers and canals of Zuzoon. x 1300, 

Fg. 10. The same from another specimen. x 1800. 


PLATE IX, 


Fig. 11. Canals in Eozoon. x 140. 

Fxg. 12. Eozoon. Young chambers forming just below surface of speci- 
men. a, mural tubuli; 6, diaphragm across opening in 
chamber. xX 140. 

Fig. 12 a. Series of young chambers. x 50. 

Fig. 128%. Minute Foraminiferan found in one of the chambers of 
Eozoon. X 190. 

Fig. 18. Vertical longitudinal section of Polytrema cylindricum, Carter. 
12. 

Fg. 14. Wall of chamber of same, showing branching tubuli. x 100. 

wg. 15. Caunopora tube in Stromatopora biichehensis, Bargatzky, Devo- 

nian, Showing Spioniform worm inside. a, acicula. x 35. 

Fig. 16, Another Cawnopora tube from same section, showing surface 
annulations of annelid inside. x 17. 


XLVI.—The Anatomy and Classification of the Teleostean 
Fishes of the Order Lyomert. By C. TATE Reaan, M.A. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Order LYOMERI. 


Scaleless soft-rayed fishes with a long slender tail, dorsal 
and anal fins long, no caudal, pectorals (when present) small 
and pelvics absent. Gill-openings small, separate. Mouth 


* The discovery of the beautiful little coiled shell (fig, 12 8) in one of 
the chambers of Zozoon canadense settles the ‘“‘ Hozoon controversy” 
beyond the possibility of further dispute. I do not think that the shell is 
a young stage of Lozoon, but rather that it has been ingested as food from 
without, 

24* 


348 Mr. C. T. Regan on the Anatomy and 


very large and pharynx very distensible; upper border 
of mouth formed by a single pair of slender bones (pra- 
maxillo-maxillaries) meeting anteriorly-and with their distal 
extremities attached within the quadrates, connected by a 
loose membrane anteriorly with a movable ethmoidal ros- 
trum and for the greater part of their length with the 
suspensorium ; lower jaw of dentary, articulare, and angulare ; 
mandibular rami slender, loosely united at the symphysis and 
connected by a broad distensible membrane; suspensorium long 
and directed obliquely backwards, of two bones, hyomandibular 
and quadrate, which are movably articulated ; opercular bones 
absent and branchiostegals vestigial; branchial arches and 
pectoral arch far behind the head, with skeleton reduced and 
little ossified. Skull with much cartilage, the membrane 
bones very thin; parietals meeting in front of the small 
supraoccipital ; no exoccipital condyles. Vertebral centra 
co-ossified with arches, which are reduced, the neural arches 
appearing as paired, erect, spine-like processes ; no ribs. No 
air-bladder. Gonoducts normally developed (fide Zug- 
mayer). 

The whole structure of the Lyomeri is quite unlike that of 
the Apodes ; in my opinion they may well have been derived 
from Iniomi such as the Synodontide, which approach them 
in the short snout, wide mouth, oblique suspensorium, &c. 


(cf. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vii. 1911, p. 124). 


Diagrams of upper surface of skull in A. Gastrostomus bairdi, B. Sacco- 
pharynx ampullaceus, and C. Sauridanebulosa. (A after Zugmayer’s 
figure, modified by omission of sutures that appear to subdivide the 
frontals.) 


eth, mesethmoid; Jleth, lateral ethmoid; f, frontal; p, parietal; spo, 
sphenotic ; pto, pterotic; epo, epiotic; soc, supraoccipital; coe, 
exoccipital. 


The skull of the Synodontide has much in common with 
that of the Lyomeri, and the greater width of the pterotics 
and greater size of the whole postorbital portion of the 


Classification of the Order Lyomert. 349 


skull in the latter is for the attachment of the enlarged 
suspensorium, and is consequently more marked in Grastro- 
stomus than in Saccopharynex. 

The vertebre of the Synodontidz are also very similar to 
those of the Lyomeri; inferiorly theve are short processes at 
the end of each centrum, exactly as shown in Zugmayer’s 
figure of the anterior vertebrae of Gastrostomus; the neural 
arches are slender processes, and in the vertebra below the 
dorsal ‘fin these are shortened and do not meet to form 
unpaired neural spines. 

It is of interest to note that in the Apodes the pectoral 
arch is pushed backwards by the large branchial apparatus, 
but in the Lyomeri the pectoral arch and the reduced 
branchial apparatus are displaced by the enormous pharynx, 
the distensibility of which is increased by the pendent 
movable ethmoid and the joint between the hyomandibular 
and the quadrate. 

The order Lyomeri was first characterized by Gill and 
Ryder (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. 1883, p. 262), who gave 
an account of the anatomy of Gastrostomus batrdii and 
maintained the distinctness of these fishes from the Apodes. 
Quite recently the anatomy of G‘astrostomus has again been 
described by Zugmayer (Rés. Camp. Sci. Monaco, xxxv. 
a leep, S8;, pl. tv.) 

After comparison of the upper surface of the skull of 
Saccopharyne with Gill and Ryder’s description and Zug- 
mayer’s figure of Gastrostomus I agree with the former 
authors that the Saccopharyngide and Eurypharyngide may 
be regarded as distinct families. 


Family 1. Saccopharyngide. 


Mouth large; jaws with slender, curved, pointed teeth ; 
stomach very distensible; gill-openings much nearer to end 
of snout than to vent; skull longer than broad; frontals 
larger than the parietals. Piscivorous. 

A single species, Saccopharynx ampullaceus, Harwood, 1827, 


Family 2. Eurypharyngide. 


Mouth enormous; jaws with minute teeth, the mandibles 
sometimes with a pair of symphysial canines ; stomach not 
specially distensible; gill-openings much nearer to vent than to 
end of snout; skull not longer than broad; parietals larger than 
frontals. Probably feeding mainly on small invertebrates. 

Eurypharyne, Vaill. 1882 (with symphysial mandibular 
canines); Gastrostomus, Gill and Ryder, 1883; Jacro- 
pharyna, Brauer, 1902 (without pectoral fins). 


350 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of 


XLVIL—A Revision of the Asilide of Australasia. 
By Gerrrupe Ricarpo. 


[Continued from p. 160. ] 


Dasyrocon, Macquart. 
Illiger’s Magazine f. Ins. ii. p. 70 (1803). 


The species from Australia and Tasmania not yet assigned 


to other genera from Dasypogon in sensu lato are the 
following :— 


Dasypogon australis, Macq., Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 45 (1838). 

Dasypogon albonotatus, Macq., 1. c. Suppl. ii. p. 49 (1846). 

Dasypogon nigripennis, Macq., 1. c. Suppl. iii. p. 180, pl. i. fig. 10 
(1847), 


Dasypogon nigrinus, Macq,, 1. c. Suppl. iv. p. 66, pl. vi. fig. 9 (1849), 
Dasypogon carbo, Walker, Dipt. Saund. i. p. 87 (1851). 

The type of this last is probably destroyed, not being in 
the Brit. Mus. Coll. 


Dasypogon australis, Macq. 


Type a female seen by me in the Paris Museum, 12. 4.11. 

The head is gone, and Macquart makes no mention of it 
in his description ; it is therefore impossible to assign it to 
any genus, apparently it will belong to the Dasypogon genus 
in sensu stricto. It should be easily recognized by the 
wings, which are brown on the fore border, by the absence 
of spines on fore tibiz, and by the black abdomen, with 
broad reddish-yellow segmentations, the apex has spines; 
no ovipositor visible. Legs yellowish. Thorax black, 
shoulders reddish. Scutellum reddish, with long yellow 
bristles. The brown colouring on the wings extends along 
the fore border to the apex, as far as the posterior branch of 
fork of third vein, fills the first basal cell, the extreme base 
of the first posterior, and only touches the discal cell on its 
border; the fourth posterior cell is wide open, anal not 
quite closed. 

Macquart gives the length as 6 lines, 

From New 8S. Wales. 


Dasypogon albonotatus, Macquart. 


From Tasmania. 

Described as having a long, slender, black abdomen, with 
white spots at sides of second to fifth segments. Face and 
forehead golden yellow. Beard and the plain moustache 
white. Legs red, the anterior tibie with a curved spine. 


the Asilidze of Australasia. 351 


Wings hyaline, a little yellowish at base and on fore border, 
apex grey, fourth posterior cell closed. 
Length 8 lmes. ¢. 


Dasypogon nigripennis, Macquart. 

Type is probably lost. From New S. Wales. 

Described as black. Face white, with a black moustache 
confined to oral opening. Beard black. Palpi black with 
black hairs. Legs black, the fore tibize with a curved spine. 
Wings violet-black, centre of cells yellowish. In the figure 
of wing the fourth posterior cell is practically closed at 
border and anal cell closed. The figure of head shows the 
antenne with the third joint ‘about the length of the first 
two, with a short terminal style. 


Dasypogon nigrinus, Macquart. 

Type, a male, seen by me in Paris Museum, 12. 4.11. 

Furnished with a spine on the fore tibiz and the abdomen 
is club-shaped, but the short antennz seem to preclude it 
from belonging to the genus Brachyrrhopola or Codula. 
Face not very broad; no tubercle ; moustache confined to 
oral opening, composed of yellow bristles ; the face is covered 
with yellow tomentum. Pa/pt black with black hairs. 
Antenne very short, the third joint conical, about as long 
as the first two together, the latter with black hairs, on the 
second a very strong black bristle is present. Thorax black 
(denuded). Abdomen black (denuded). Macquart states the 
first two segments are shining black, the fifth and sixth with 
testaceous segmentations; no pubescence is visible, but 
some white hairs at sides; genitalia large, protruding, but 
not club-shaped ; underside reddish with white hairs. Legs 
red, stout, shining; femora largely black; tarsi black ; 
bristles on legs black and yellow. Wings dark brown, 
hyaline at base, ouly the apices of the basal cells being 
brown; the fourth posterior cell is a little narrowed at the 
border ; the anal half open; the small transverse vein is 
below the middle of discal cell; Macquart’s figure of wing 
gives this incorrectly, and also makes the fourth posterior 
cell too narrow at border. 

Length 10 mm. 

From Tasmania. 


The species from New Guinea or other parts of the 
Australian region are :— 

Dasypogon occlusus, Meijere, Nova Guinea, v. Zool. p. 75 
(1906), which the author suggests may be the same or nearly 
allied to, Stichopogon congressus, Wk. 


352 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of 


The Walker types of the following species described from 
unknown localities are not to be found in the Brit. Mus. 
Coll., viz. Dasypogon aphidnus, inserens, and oceidens, and 
might well be deleted from the list of species. 


SreLiporocon, Bezzi. 

Zeitschr. Hymen. u. Dipt. ii. p. 192 (1902). 

Fore tibize with a curved spine. 

Selidopogon diadema, Fabr., a European species extending 
to Asia Minor, has a number of synonyms, among others 
Dasypogon punctatus, Fabr., which Macquart records as from 
New Holland, stating that a female he had seen was similar 
to the European specimens: see Dipt. Exot. Suppl. i. p. 180, 
(1848). I have not seen any specimens of this species from 
Australia. 

The genus extends through Europe, N. Africa, Asia Minor, 
and the American continent. 


Sricnopocon, Loew. 
Linn. Ent. ii. p. 499 (1847). 


Slichopogon congressus, Walker. 

Proc. Linn. Soe. London, v. p. 802 (1861) [Dasypogon]; Kertesz, Cat. 
Dipt. p. 127 [Dasypogon] (1909); Meijere, Nova Guinea, v. Zool. 
p. 75 (1906). 

Stichopogon albicapillus, v. d. Wuip, Tyd. v. Entom. (2) vii. (xv.) 
p. 147 (1872); Kertesz, Cat. Dipt. p. 83 (1909). From New 
Guinea. 

Stichopogon scalaris, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Entom, France, (5) viii. p. 440 
(1878). From Fiji Islands. 

Type (3) from Tidore, Celebes, and a ¢ from Sula 

Island. 


See v. d. Wulp for description of this species. 


Diocrria, Meigen. 

Mliger’s Magaz. f. Ins, ii. p. 270 (1803). 

Methylla, Hansen, Fulnea oris Dipt. pp. 145 et 198 (1888). 

The type of D. claviventris, Walker, trom New Guinea, 
and D. tasmanica, Walker, from Tasmania, are both species 
of Brachyrrhopola, the latter being a synonym of B. maculi- 
nevris, Macq. 

D. conopsoides, ¥., from Australia, was unknown to Wiede- 
mann and Schiner. From the description it is impossible 
to ascertain what genus it belongs to; it would seem 
therefore best to expunge the name from list. 

D. horsleyi, Walker, from unknown locality, is not a 


the Asilidee of Australasia. 353 


species of Dioctria, though it bears a general resemblance 
to the genus and has a long third antennal joint; but the 
fore tibiz are armed with a very distinct curved spine. It 
cannot belong to the genus Cyrtophrys, Loew, the antenne 
having no apparent style. The abdomen is black, reddish at 
the apex. 


LAPuRINE. 


Table of Genera. 


1. Fore tibize with a curved spine at apex ...... 2. 
Tore tibize with no curved spime at apex .... 3. 
2. Blue-black species marked with white abdo- 
minal spots. Moustache usually reaching 
nearly to antenne, tubercle distinct on face . Zhereutria, Loew. 
Small species. Moustache confined to oral 


opening, no tubercle on face ............ .. Metalaphria, g. n. 
3. Posterior transverse yein in a straight line, or 
almost so, with the vein closing discal cell.. 4. 
Posterior transverse vein not so placed ...... 6. 
4, Third joint of antenne notched at apex, usually 
ith a spine... %. passe A On ae Oee . Clariola, Kertesz. 
Third joint of antennze not notched .......,. 5. 


5. Abdomen punctuate, third joint of antenne 
longer than the first two joints together .... dtomosia, Macquart. 

Abdomen hardly punctuate, the third joint 

three times as long as the first two joints 


SLIT STAR eS pam Ard ei racer .. Aphestea. 
G. First posterior cell closed or very narrow. 
Abdomen bare..... Seema Sale Me eee Nusa, Walker, 
First posterior cell wide open or not very 


TSU O Wierd cree tke ce Bron AG IC : See ae, We 


=] 


...ee. Matra, Schiner. 
Moustache not confined to oral opening. Head 
semicircular, not usually so much excised 
BOING .. ere ee cds them yet ee re onan Opera, NMeiron, 


THerRevuTris, Loew. 


Progr. Reaischule Meseritz, 1851, p. 20 (1851). 
Scandon, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. i. p. 108 (1851). 


This genus was formed by Loew for a new species from 
Australia, viz. ZT’hereutria calcar, which Loew made the 
type of the genus. He separated the genus from Laphria 
by the presence of the curved spine on the fore tibiz. It is 
as yet peculiar to the Australasian region. The species are 
distinguished by the blue-black abdomen often marked with 
white spots, by the blue-black Jegs, the tibiz or femora 
often yellow, the latter usually stout, curved, the face with a 
prominent tubercle covered by the thick moustache, with 
often long hairs continued to the base of the antenne, which 


304 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of 


last have the third joint broad, longer than the first two 
joints together. Wings with the first and fourth posterior 
cells open, the anal cell closed. 

The species as yet recorded in this genus are :— 


Thereutria luctuosa, Macq., Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 155 [Dasypogon] 
(18388). 

Thereutria amaracus, Walker, List Dipt. ii. p. 880 [Laphria] (1849) et 
vii. Suppl. 3, p. 559 [Laphria] (1855).— Ommatius calmus, Walker, 
lc. p.479 et p. 759. Dasypogon diversicolor, Macq., Dipt. Exot. 
Suppl. iv. p. 868 (1849); Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (5) vii. 
p- 219 (1878). Dasypogon aurifacies, Macq., 7. ¢. p. 367, pl. vi. 
tig. 5. Thereutria calear, Loew, Progr. Realschule Meseritz, 1851, 
p- 20 (1851). Scandon compacta, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. i. p. 108, 
pl. iv. fig. 7 (1851), et List Dipt. vii. Suppl. 3, p. 563 (1855). 
Laphria diversipes, Macq., Dipt. Exot. Suppl. v. p. 78 (1855); 
Froggatt, Australian Insects, p. 295 (1907). Thereutria caligula, 
Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (5) vill. p. 233 (1878). Dasypogon 
diversipes, Kirby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 458 (1884). 

Thereutria pulchra, Schiner, Reise Novara, p. 169 (1868). 


Thereutria luctuosa, Macquart. 


Type, a male, seen in Paris Museum, 12.4. 11, described 
by Macquart as from unknown locality: a label below gives 
“New Holland” ; no doubt this is correct, as the genus, at 
any rate as yet,is peculiar to Australasia. It is a species 
of Thereutria distinguished from 7. amaracus and T. pulchra 
by the wholly black Jegs and brown wings. A blue-black 
species. Abdomen with white spots at sides of segments 
2-6. Face with white lines on each side, flat, hardly raised 
at oral opening. Moustache white. Antenne gone, except 
the first two joints, which are black, with black pubescence. 
Wings brownish, the fourth posterior cell narrowed at border, 
the anal almost closed. 


Thereutria amaracus, Walker. 


Ommatius talmus, W1k. 

Dasypogon diversicolor, Macq. 

Dasypogon aurifacies, Macq. 

Thereutria calear, Loew. 

Scandon compacta, W1k. 

Laphria diversipes, Macq. 

Thereutria caligula, Bigot. 

Dasypogon diversipes, Kirby. 

Type (3) from Hunter River, New S. Wales, and 
other specimens from Burpengary, Queensland, and New S. 
Wales. 

Two male specimens from New 8. Wales (presented by 
J. Hunter) were described by Walker as Ommatius ialmus ; 
in both the third joint of antenne is wanting and Walker 


the Asilidee of Australasia. 305 


made no mention of them in his description ; they appear to 
me identical with the above. ‘The type of Dasypogon auri- 
facies, Macquart, a male, was seen by me in the Paris 
Museum, 12. 4. 11, and is a species of Thereutria ideutical 
with Thereulria amaracus, Walker. 

The drawing of the wing by Macquart, pl. vi. fig. 5, is 
incorrect, the submarginal cell should be closed not open, 
and the small transverse vein is beyond the middle of the 
discal cell. Type has the moustache black, two female 
specimens with it have it yellow. Antenne now wauting, 
except the first two joints, which are black with black 
pubescence. Legs reddish ; the tibiz pale yellow with black 
apices, the anterior pair with curved spine, no black stripe 
on the femora. 

From New S. Wales. 

Macquart’s description precedes the one of D. diversicolor, 
which apparently is the same species. Bigot, who had the 
type before him, declared it to be a species of Thereutria. 

Loew’s species is no doubt identical, judging from the 
description. Scandon compacta was declared to be identical 
with it by Schiner; the type is not to hand. The type of 
Dasypogon diversipes, Kirby, is a female from Sidney, New 
S. Wales. 

Laphria diversipes, Macq., was described from Sidney 
Island, Oceania, and is evidently the same as 7. amaracus. 
Mr. Froggatt describes it as being a common insect about 
Sidney, often taken on fences. 

The specimen, a female, described by Bigot as T. caligula, 
appears to be an example of this species, as the only 
difference in the short description is the mention of the 
upper side of femora being black ; in one of the specimens 
in the Brit. Mus. Coll. of 7. amaracus there is a black stripe, 
very short however, beginning at the apex. Bigot gave 
Australia as the locality. 

The species may be identified by the almost wholly reddish- 
yellow legs, the femora being testaceous, the tibiz yellow, 
only their apices, the coxze, and tarsi being black. Abdomen 
blue-black, with the typical white side spots on the second 
to fifth segments. Wings with the first posterior cell rather 
narrow, narrower at the border, the fourth open at border 
but narrowed, the anal cell closed at border; the males 
mentioned above have the moustache black, in the females it 
is yellow, otherwise males and females seem identical. 


Thereutria pulchra, Schiner. 


Described from one male specimen, from New S. Wales. 


356 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of 


In Brit. Mus. Coll. six males from Burpengary, Queens- 
land (Dr. T. L. Bancroft). 

A black species, distinguished from J. amaracus by the 
wholly black femora, and the tibiz are partly brassy yellow. 

Length 14 mm. 

Face covered with yellowish tomentum. Moustache of 
black bristles surrounding mouth, not reaching up the 
face, tubercle small. Antenne with black hairs on the first 
twojoints. Beardwhite. Palpi with black hairs. Forehead 
with greyish tomentum and black hairs, hind part of head 
with black pubescence. Thorax with the usual white 
shoulder-spots and markings and with black pubescence. 
Scutellum black, with grey tomentum and black pubescence. 
Abdomen dull black, hardly shining, the white side-spots are 
present on the second, third, and fourth segments, covered 
with white hairs; sides of abdomen with white and black 
hairs ; underside black. Legs slender, the femora not 
swollen; cox and femora black, with long white pubescence 
on the former and a few scanty white hairs on the latter, 
thickest on the posterior pair; fore tibiz blackish, a dull 
yellowish-red tinge on the apical two-thirds below, covered 
with fulvous pubescence which appears white above, the 
others are black, dull yellow on outer border, with dense 
white pubescence, on the black part it is black ; tarsi black, 
the posterior pair with the first joint yellow ; pubescence 
chiefly black; all bristles on the legs are black. Wings 
hyaline, veins brown, narrowly yellow on fore border ; 
neuration as in Thereutria amaracus. 


MeETALAPHRIA, gen. nov. 


A genus next to Thereutria, having a curved spine to the 
fore tibise. | Antenne with no style, the third joint long 
cylindrical. Face with no tubercle and the moustache con- 
fined to the oral opening. Wangs with the first posterior 
cell widely open, the fourth very narrow at the border, 
almost closed, the anal cell the same. 

The only species in general appearance resembles a 
Saropogon species. 


Metalaphria australis, sp. n. 


Type ¢, type 2, from Upper Playford, Alexandria, 
N. Australia (W. Stalker), 1906. 

A small species with a bluish-black abdomen, red at apex, 
with reddish-yellow /egs and clear wings. 

Length, ¢ 8mm., ? 9 mm. 


ae 


the Asilidee of Australasia. oe 


Male.—Face covered with pale golden-yellow tomentum. 
Moustache of fairly strong yellowish-white bristles round 
the oral opening. Palpi reddish yellow. Beard silvery 
white. Antenne reddish yellow, the first two joints equal 
in length, with some short black pubescence and two stout 
bristles at apex of second joint ; the third joint a little darker 
in colour, cylindrical, about one and a half times as long as 
the first two joints together. Forehead darker than face, 
with a few short black hairs and two black bristles on the 
ocelligerous tubercle ; hind part of head with some bristly 
hairs, not at all excised behind. Thorax greenish brown, 
covered with yellowish-grey tomentum; a broad, brown, 
median stripe appears ; beyond on each side three or more 
black short bristles are present, and on side of thorax just 
before the suture yellowish ones, and two longer weak ones 
beyond the base of wings; sides and breast with yellowish- 
grey tomentum. Scufellum same colour as thorax, armed 
with two yellowish bristles. Abdomen blue-black, shining 
and bare, the last two segments chiefly reddish ; underside 
chiefly red. Legs reddish yellow, with some black bristles ; 
hind femora almost bare, hardly incrassate. Wings clear ; 
veins yellowish, the small transverse vein situated about the 
middle of the discal cell. Female is identical, the fourth 
posterior cell a little more open at border. 


Carrio, Kertesz. 
Termes Fiizetek, xxiv. pp. 404-406 (1901). 


Formed for Clariola pulchra, a male from New Guinea. 
The author places this genus between Atomosia and Aphestia 
in Schiner’s table (Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xvi. p. 662, 
1866), from both of which it is distinguished by the 
peculiar third joint of antenne, which has on the upper side 
before the middle a small projection with a spine, and also 
by its Dioctria-like appearance. C. pulchra is a small 
species, only 53 mm. ‘The three new species from Queens- 
land now added to this genus are large robust flies, very 
much larger than C. pu/chra, and the projection on the third 
antennal joint is placed deyond the middle of the joint, 
otherwise they seem to agree in all the characters given 
of the genus, though the thorn or spine is not visible in 
one species, even when examined under a strong lens and 
magnified 28 times, but minute hairs fringe the apex. 


1, Abdomen black, pubescence chiefly reddish 
ieown. Legs yellowish s.ncsucdacandess pulehra, Schiner. 
Abdomen and legs blackish, pubescence white. 2. 


358 Miss G. Ricardo—A Revision of 


2. Moustache black and white. Abdomen with 
white-haired bands or spots on each segment. 
Wings brownish, yellower at base ........ albohirta sp. 0. 
Moustache white. Abdomen with the white 
pubescence only at base and apex. Wings 
IBERGRESH Pichia. ei eevee: Seee ae aie ve OS nigrescens, Sp. 0. 
Moustache reddish yellow. Abdomen with 
the white pubescence on apex. Wings 
PSeHISN 7) No eeetnsten ent Cnae aca ern aurifacies, Sp. Ne 


Clariola albohirta, sp. n. 


Types (2 ¢) from Northern Queensland, and another 
female from Dandenong Ranges, Victoria, in Mr, French’s 
collection. 

A handsome, large, black species with brown wings, black 
legs, and abdomen marked with white-haired bands. 

Length 19 mm. 

Face with grey tomentum, which is whiter at the sides. 
Moustache consists of strong black bristles and some fine 
black and yellow hairs intermixed, reaching to the antenne, 
in the 9; in the male the moustache consists wholly of long 
silky yellow hairs; face with no perceptible tubercle ; pro- 
boscis short, black ; beard and hairs on under part of head 
white. Antenne biack, the first joint covered with grey 
tomentum in the ?, cylindrical, longer than the second 
joint, which in the female is broader, both with black 
pubescence ; on the underside of the first joint is a strong 
black bristle, and another is visible on the upper side of the 
second joint; in the male the one on the first joint is 
wanting ; the third joimt longer than the first two joints 
together, with the small tooth on the upper side towards 
the apex ; the small spine Kertesz speaks of is not visible. 
Forehead black, with some grey tomentum and black hairs and 
bristles, the hairs on back of head chiefly whitish. Thorax 
blue-black, covered with very short grey pubescence, strong 
black bristles on the sides posteriorly, the pubescence longer 
at base of thorax and on the scutelium, which is armed with 
weak yellowish and black bristles. dbdomen blue-black, 
stout, one width throughout, shining, finely punctuated ; 
the first two segments with silvery white hairs on their 
posterior borders, forming well-marked white bands; the 
third and fourth segments with only a few white hairs on 
the side anteriorly; the fifth segment with almost a com- 
plete white-haired band (in the male quite complete), the 
sixth segment with a complete white band, these last two 
bands are situated on the anterior borders of the segments ; 
the seventh segment almost covered with white pubescence ; 
sides of abdomen with some black bristles and fine hairs ; 


the Asilidee of Australasia. 359 


underside black. Legs long, fairly stout, blue-black; the 
coxre with brown tomentum and black hairs, some white 
hairs on the anterior and middle ones; the femora with 
black pubescence, on their upper sides some fine white 
pubescence, which is thickest on the hind pair and extends 
below, a few yellow bristles appear on these last ; tibize with 
dense white pubescence and with black bristles, the hind 
pair with a few yellow ones; the tarsi with chiefly black 
pubescence and bristles, but some white pubescence and a 
yellow bristle on first joint of posterior tarsi. Wings tinged 
brown, the subcostal cell ending in a point, the anterior 
branch of the third vein curved, the cross-veins closing the 
discal and fourth posterior cell almost in a line. Halteres 
yellow. 


Clariola nigrescens, § 2, sp. n. 


Type ¢, type 2, and three other malcs from S. Queens- 
land (Bancroft). 

A black, robust, but smaller species than C. albohirta, to 
which it is closely allied; distinguished from it by the 
moustache being almost wholly white in both sexes, but 
chiefly by the white-haired bands of abdomen only being 
present on the first two segments, and the apex with white 
pubescence. 

Length, ¢ 14 mm., 2 15 mm. 

Face covered with whitish tomentum, yellower at the 
sides ; moustache wholly whitish (4), white, the oral opening 
bordered with black bristly hairs (?); beard white. 
Antenne black, the first joimt with long white hairs below 
and a few short black ones above, the second joint with 
black hairs above and below and a black bristle on its upper 
side at apex (2), two in the male; the spine on te tooth 
on upper edge is here plainly perceptible. Forehead blackish, 
with yellowish-grey tomentum and white pubescence, a few 
black hairs intermixed, more numerous in the female. 
Back of head with white hairs. Thorax shining bluish black, 
with short white pubescence anteriorly, elsewhere black. 
The white bands on abdomen are situated on posterior borders 
of segments; abdomen convex, finely punctured, sides after 
the second segment with black hairs, the last two segments 
with white hairs. Legs blue-black, all the bristles black ; 
the posterior tibize with a dense white fringe of hairs below, 
otherwise similar to those of C. albohirta. Wangs blackish, 
paler at base and on posterior border; neuration as in 
C. albohirta. 


360 A Revision of the Asilide of Australasia, 


Clariola aurifacies, 2, sp. n. 


Type ? and another from Townsville, Queensland 
(F. P. Dodd), 29.11.1902; and a male and female from 
Mackay, Queensland (G. Turner). 

A species distinguished from Clariola albohirta and Clariola 
pulchra by the golden-haired face and hind part of head, and 
by the blackish wings. 

Length 19 mm. The specimens from Mackay only 15 
and 16 mm. 

It differs from Clariola albohirta in the following parti- 
culars :—Face black, covered with bright golden tomentum 
and with the monstache reddish golden, thick, occupying 
the whole of the middle of face to base of antenne. Beard 
same colour. Pa/pismall, black, with black hairs. Antenne 
similar to those of C. albohirta, but the spine on the pro- 
jection of the third joint is here visible and there are two 
bristles on the first jomt. Forehead same colour as face. Hind 
part of head similar in colouring of pubescence to that of 
the face. Thorax shining, blue-black with very short 
yellowish-white pubescence, hardly visible to the naked eye, 
some black hairs on the posterior border, black bristles 
at the sides; sides and breast the same. Scutellum the 
same, bordered with black bristly hairs. Abdomen punc- 
tuated blackish with greenish reflections at the apex, the 
white pubescence is only visible on the last four segments, 
chiefly at the sides ; pubescence on the dorsum black and 
short except at the apex, where it is whitish; sides with 
black pubescence; underside brownish. Legs with no white 
hairs on the coxe, no white pubescence is visible on the 
femora nor white bristles on these or on the tibiz; the 
tarsi have dense white pubescence like the tibiz, only the 
posterior pair with chiefly black pubescence and no yellow 
bristles. Wings blackish, a little lighter on the posterior 
border and apex, viewed against the light they appear 
brownish with clear spaces; the other female has lighter 
wings than the type; veins black ; neuration as in C. albo- 
hirta, with the exception of the cross-veins not being exactly 
in a line, the one which closes the third posterior cell being 
a little above the other; the female has a short appendix, 


The species from other parts of the Australasian region will 
include, besides Clariola pulchra, two of Walker’s species 
placed under Laphria, viz. Laphria complens, type, from 
Celebes, and Laphria obliquistriga, also from Celebes. 


[To be continued. ] 


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No. 58. OCTOBER 1912. 


XLVIII.—WNotes on Fossorial Hymenoptera.—X. 
By Rowtanp EF. Turner, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 


On new Species from the Oriental and Ethiopian Regions. 


Family Psammocharide (olim Pompilide). 


Ceropales pictus, Shuck. 
Ceropales picta, Shuck. Trans, Ent. Soc. London, ii. p. 70 (1837). 9. 
Ceropales ruficollis, Cam. Sjéstedt’s Kilimandjaro-Meru Exp. ii. p. 260 
(1910). 9. 


Hab. Cape Colony (Shuckard); British East Africa, 
Kikuyu Escarpment, Kijabe to Limorn, 7000 feet (S.A. 
Neave); Harar, Abyssinia (G. Epaiaeeny, 

Abyssinian specimens are dar ker on the legs and antenne, 
which are only irregularly tinted with fusco- ferruginous, 
not almost entirely ferruginous as in the typical form. 


Xanthampulex perniz, Bingh. 
Ceropales pernix, Bingh. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xxv. p. 425 (1896). 


This species, though near to X. trifur, Schulz, in colour, is 
probably distinct. The eyes are strongly convergent towards 
the clypeus, as in the other species of the genus. The 
sculpture differs somewhat from the description of ¢rifur, 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 25 


562. Mr. R. E. Turner on FPossorial [/ymenoptera. 


especially on the head; but as the female only of trifur is 
known and the male only of pernix, there is a possibility 
that they are opposite sexes of the same species. Ceropales 
parva, Cam., which closely resembles X. albovariegata in 
colour, does not belong to the same genus, but I do not 
think that it is correctly placed in Ceropales, the eyes being 
without emargination. 


Xanthampulex albovariegata, Cam. 


Ceropales albovartegata, Cam, Mem. Manch. Lit. & Phil. Soe. xli. p. 84 
(1896). 


This species is mentioned, but without a name, by Schulz 
(Zool. Annal. iv. p. 145, 1911). 

I cannot agree with Schulz as to the position of this 
genus, which I look on as closely allied to Ceropales in the 
structure of the pronotum and the emarginate eyes. The 
median segment is very unlike any of the Ampulicine, with 
which group Schulz connects the genus, and the frontal 
prominence is not similar in form to that in Dolichurus. 


Family Crabronide. 
Subfamily Pzwpexrevonin#. 
Psen matalensis, sp. n. 


®. Nigra; tegulis, tarsis intermediis et anterioribus, tiblisque basi 
testaceis ; segmentis abdominalibus primo apice secundo lateribus 
ferrugineis. 


?. Clypeus covered with dense, fine, silver pubescence, 
more than twice as broad as long, the anterior margin very 
slightly rounded and shallowly emarginate in the middle, 
moderately convex and with a very obscure carina from the 
base to the apex. Antenne inserted nearly twice as far 
from each other as from the eyes, and separated from the 
base of the clypeus by a distance equal to half the length of 
the clypeus, the first joint of the flagellum very short, partly 
concealed in the apex of the scape, less than one quarter of 
the length of the second joint, which is more than half as 
long again as the third joint, the apical joints thickened but 
all much longer than broad, the whole antenna about equal 
in length to the thorax and median segment combined. 
Head shining, sparsely and very finely punctured, a very 
short longitudinal carina between the antenne, the eyes 
separated on the front by a distance equal to twice the length 
of the scape. Thorax shining and sparsely punctured ; the 


Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 363 


mesopleure sparsely clothed with white pubescence, a vertical 
carina below the anterior wings joining a wide shallow 
vertical groove, a few very short horizontal striz behind the 
carina. Median segment short, the basal area shorter than 
the scutellum and strongly longitudinally striated, a deep 
groove running from the apex of the basal area to the apex 
of the segment, which is very steeply sloped behind the basal 
area and very coarsely rugose. Petiole as long as the thorax 
without the median segment, not grooved or carinated; the 
abdomen shining, very minutely punctured, the four apical 
segments with sparse, short, grey pubescence. Pygidial area 
well defined, elongate-triangular and very coarsely punctured. 
First recurrent nervure received before one-third from the 
base of the second cubital cell, the second received by the 
third cubital cell very near the base ; the second cubital cell 
not more than one-third of the length of the third on the 
radial nervure. 

Black ; the tegulz, intermediate and anterior tarsi, the 
base of the intermediate and anterior tibiz, and tle spines 
of the tibize and tarsi testaceous ; the apex of the first abdo- 
minal segment most broadly on the sides and the sides of 
the second ferruginous. Wings hyaline, nervures black, the 
stigma fusco-ferruginous. 

6. As in the female, but the petiole is slightly longer and 
the ferruginous colour is more extensive on the second dorsal 
segment ; the apical joint of the antenne is light brown. 

Length, 2? 11, ¢ 9mm. 

Hab. Matale, Ceylon, 2000 feet (P. Beirne). 

Types in B. M. 


Psenulus bicinctus, sp. 0. 


@. Nigra; segmentis abdominalibus secundo, quinto sextoque 
rufis ; alis hyalinis. 
Long. 8-9 mm. 


@. Clypeus very finely and closely punctured, thickly 
clothed with silvery-white pubescence, more than twice as 
broad as long, the anterior margin nearly straight, with two 
small teeth near the middle. Antenne inserted a little 
further from each other than from the eyes, and separated 
from the base of the clypeus by a distance equal to the length 
of the clypeus, gradually thickened to the apex, shorter 
than the thorax and median segment combined ; the second 
joint of the flagellum nearly as long as the first and third 
combined ; a very narrowly V-shaped carina between the 


antenne, which extends to a transverse feebly arched carina 
25* 


364 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 


less than halfway between the base of the antenne and the 
clypeus, the transverse carina reaching halfway from the 
middle of the front to the eyes and produced upwards at its 
extremities so as to touch the base of the antenne. Front 
between the eyes as broad as the length of the scape and 
three basal joints of the flagellum. Head shining, opaque 
on the front, closely and very minutely punctured ; thorax 
shining, finely and rather sparsely punctured; mesopleure 
more closely and minutely punctured, with a deep vertical 
groove below the anterior wings. Median segment shining 
and almost smooth, with long white pubescence on the sides ; 
a narrow transverse depression at the base, with about six 
short oblique caring on each side, produced in the middle 
and joining a deep longitudinal groove which reaches to the 
apex of the segment and is transversely striated. Abdomen 
smooth and shining, petiolate; the petiole as long as the 
posterior tibia, with a shallow and narrow groove from the 
base to the apex ; pygidial area feebly defined, elongate- 
triangular and finely punctured. First recurrent nervure 
interstitial with the first transverse cubital nervure, second 
received by the third cubital cell very near the basal angle; 
the second cubital cell is less than half as long as the third 
on the radial nervure. Cubital nervure of the hind wing 
originating just beyond the apex of the anal cell. 

Black ; the second, fifth, and sixth abdominal segments 
entirely and the apical margins of the other segments very 
narrowly ferruginous red; spines of the tibiz and tarsi 
testaceous. Wings hyaline, nervures black, stigma fusco- 
ferruginous. 

Length 8-9 mm. 

Hab. Shillong, Assam, 6000 feet (Turner). Four 


specimens. 


Subfamily Ampurrerz. 


Dolichurus bipunctatus, Bingh. 
Dolichurus bipunctatus, Bingh. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xxv. p. 459 
(1896). ¢. 
Dolichurus reticulatus, Cam, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) iv. p. 56 (1899). 
Q. 


Hab. Burma; Assam; Sikkim ; Kangra Valley, N.W. 
India. 

The female differs from taprobane, Sm., in the slightly 
ereater length of the median segment, the lesser development 
of the lateral spine on the posterior truncation of the median 


_Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. — 365 


segment, and the less strongly punctured front. The two 
species are very closely allied, and may possibly prove to be 
mere local forms of one species. 


Dolichurus taprobane, Sm. 
Dolichwrus taprobane, Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 304 (1869). 2. 


Smith’s type is a female, not a male as stated by him in 
the description. So far as I know, the male is unknown, 
but Bingham appears to have seen a male differing from his 
bipunctatus, unless, indeed, he has been misled by Smith. 

Hab. Ceylon; Nicobar Isl. ; Sikkim. 


Dolichurus gilberti, sp. u. 


2. Nigra; segmentis abdominalibus 4-6 rufis ; segmento mediano 
postice lateribus haud denticulatis. 

Long. 9-10 mm. 

dg. Omnino niger; fronte longitudinaliter striata. 

Long. 6 mm. 


2. Eyes separated from each other on the vertex by a 
distance almost equal to the length of the second and third 
joints of the flagellum combined ; the posterior ocelli very 
close together, nearly twice as far from the eyes as from each 
other. Front longitudinally striate-rugulose, the plate 
above the base of the antennz smooth and shining; the 
space round the ocelli punctured ; the vertex shining, with 
sparse and fine punctures. Clypeus with a longitudinal 
carina not reaching the apex. Second joint of the flagellum 
almost half as long again as the third. Thorax shining, 
finely punctured; mesopleure rugulose. Median segment 
broader than long, truncate posteriorly, the angles without 
spines, the dorsal surface transversely striated, with five 
longitudinal carine, the two lateral carine forming raised 
margins and meeting at the apex; the three middle carine 
not reaching the apex, the outer two parallel at the base, 
curved and forming a broad enclosed area posteriorly ; the 
surface of the truncation coarsely rugulose. Abdomen 
smooth and shining. Spies of the tibie testaceous. First 
abscissa of the radius as long as the third, but a little 
shorter than the second. 

3. The carina of the clypeus reaches the apex; the 
surface of the frontal plate is punctured, not smooth, and 
the carinz on each side of the median carina of the median 
segment are convergent towards the apex, not parallel at the 
base. The calcaria are whitish. 


366 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 


Hab. Shillong, Assam, 5000 feet (G. Turner) ; May, 5 9, 
26. 
The male differs from the European D. corniculus, Spin., 
in having the posterior ocelli nearer together and the front 
more coarsely sculptured, also in the convergence of the 
carine of the median segment. ‘The female is without the 
lateral spines of the median segment, and has the posterior 
ocelli nearer together and the front more coarsely sculptured 
than in the same sex of corniculus. The shape of the cubital 
cells does not seem to be quite constant, and cannot be 
relied upon for small specific distinctions. It is just possible 
that this species may be identical with the S.-European 
D. hemorrhous, Costa, which I havenot seen. But Schulz 
(Zool. Annal. iv. p. 147, 1911) treats that form as a mere 
colour-variety of corniculus. From the similarly coloured 
D. ignitus, Sm. (syn. D. tertius, Sauss.), from 8. Africa, 
this species differs in the sculpture of the front and median 
segment, in the lesser distance between the posterior ocelli, 
and the greater distance between the eyes on the vertex. 

The female is the type. 


Genus TrirHocMA, Westw. 


Trirhogma cerulea, Westw. 


Trirhogma cerulea, Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. iii. p, 225 (1842). 3; 
Westw. Arc. Ent. ii. p. 67 (1844). ¢ Q. 


It is remarkable that all males which I have seen from 
India are of the form prismatica, Sm., which has a large 
tubercle on the scutellum and the base of the mandibles 
white ; Westwood’s description does not make any reference 
to these points, though taken from a North-Indian 
specimen. All females from India seem to be without the 
tubercle. Males in the British Museum collection from 
Celebes answer well to Westwood’s description, and Colonel 
Bingham’s account of cerulea gf (Faun. Brit. Ind., Hym. i. 
p. 262) seems to be taken from these rather than from 
Indian specimens. I have not seen the types, but if the 
type ¢ is similar to the Celebes form, I do not consider 
that it can be the ¢ of the usual Indian form, for which 
the name prismatica, Sm., would have to stand. A male 
from Hongkong in the British Museum collection has the 
tubercle on the scutellum less strongly developed than Indian 
specimens. I consider that only one species of the genus 
occurs in India. 


‘ 


Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. — 367 


Ampulex approximata, sp. un. 


@. Nigra; mandibulis, clypeo apice, scapo subtus pygidioque 
obscure fusco-ferrugineis ; alis hyalinis, venis fuscis, 
Long. 10 mm. 


?. Clypeus strongly convex, with a median carina, pro- 
duced into a tooth at the apex, with a smaller tooth on each 
side. Head subopaque, microscopically punctured, the 
frontal carinz very short, the median one scarcely developed 
and continued by a narrow and shallow sulcus which is lost 
halfway between the base of the clypeus and the anterior 
ocellus, the lateral carinee extending very little above the 
base of the antennz. Second joint of the flagellum nearly 
twice as long as the third. Eyes separated on the vertex by 
a distance equal to the length of the second joint of the 
flagellum ; posterior ocelli nearer to each other than to the 
anterior ocellus. Thorax shining, very minutely punctured ; 
the pronotum convex, longer than the breadth in the middle, 
with a narrow median sulcus from the base not reaching 
the apex, without a tubercle; mesonotum with an obscure 
median sulcus and a much deeper sulcus on each side, be- 
tween which and the tegule is a deep depression. Scutellum 
with a depressed transverse row of very deep punctures at 
the base. Median segment longer than broad, with a distinct 
median carina and two slightly oblique lateral carine on 
each side, the space between the carinz transversely striated, 
the distance between the carine at the base of the segment 
almost equal, the posterior angles of the segment without 
spines. ‘The narrow petiole of the first abdominal segment 
is considerably shorter than the broadened portion of the 
segment; second segment distinctly longer than broad, the 
veutral surface rather strongly convex. The third dorsal 
segment has fine white pubescence at the base, the apical 
segment compressed laterally, Fourth tarsal joint reaching 
to the middle of the apical joint. Two cubital cells; the 
second abscissa of the radius a little longer than the first, 
the third half as long as the second. 

Hab. W. India, Bombay Presidency. 

Nearly allied to the European A. fasciata, Jur., from 
which it differs in the sculpture of the median segment, on 
which the carine are strovgly developed, in the greater 
length of the second cubital cell, the almost complete absence 
of fuscous colouring on the fore wing, and the greater 
proportionate length of the second abdominal segment. 


368 Mr. R. E. Turner on Possorial Hymenoptera. 


Ampulex latifrons, Kohl. 


Ampulex lutifrons, Kohl, Ann. natur. Hofmus. Wien, vill. p. 461 
(1893). 

Ampulex brevicornis, Cam. Entomologist, p. 312 (1902). 9. 

A mpulea: pulchriceps, Cam. Ann, & Mag. ‘Nat. Hist. (7) v. p. 38 (1900). 
d- 


Ampulex longicollis, Cam. 


Ampulex longicollis, Cam, Entomologist, P: 263 (1902). 9. 
Ampulex trichiosoma, Cam, Ann. & Mac. Nat. Hist. (7) x. p. 55 (1902). 
3. 


Ampulex crudelis, Bingh. 
Ampulex crudelis, Bingh. Fauna Brit. India, Hym. i. p. 258 (1897). 


oF 
Ampulex trigona, Cam. Entomologist, p. 264 (1902). 9. 


Ampulex sodalicia, Koll. 
Ampulex sodalicia, Kohl, Ann. naturh. Hofmus. Wien, viii. p. 417 
(1893). Q. 


Ampulea tricarinata, Cam. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) ix. p. 246 
(1902).3 7D), 


Ampulex striatifrons, Cam. Journ. Straits Br. Asiat. Soc. xxxvii. p. 95 
(1902). . 

The type of Cameron’s species from Borneo has the red 

colour of the hind and intermediate femora and cox very 


strongly suffused with green, but does not seem to differ 
otherwise. 


Hab. Sikkim ; Assam ; Malacca; Borneo. 


Ampulex hospes, Sm. 


Ampulex hospes, Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 272 (1856). @. 
Ampulex foveifrons, Cam, MS. ? 


Specimens marked as type and co-type of foveifrons are in 
the British Museum, but I cannot find that the name has 
been published. 

A. cognata, Kohl, is at most a local form of this species, 
differing in the more strongly punctured pronotum and the 
greater depth of the pronotal longitudinal furrow. ‘The 
specimen recorded by Bingham from the Khasi Hills is now 
in the British Museum, and answers well to Kohl’s descrip- 
tion, being thus apparently identical with the Java variety 
rather than with Bornean specimens. Cameron, whose 
work on this genus is very careless, throws doubt on 
Bingham’s record without any cause. 


Mr. R. E. Turner on Possorial Hymenoptera. 369 


Ampulex sibirica, Fabr. 


Sphex sibiriea, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. p. 207 (1793). og. 

Ampulex sibirica, Sm, Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 209 (1856). 

Ampulex compressiventris, Guér. Iconogr. Régn, Anim., vii. Insect. 
p. 436 (1845). Q. 

Chlorampulex sibirica, Sauss., Grandidier, Hist. Madagascar, xx. p. 444 
(1892). 


- From an examination of the Fabrician type, I have no 
doubt that Saussure was quite correct in his identification of 
the species. He had probably seen the type, though he does 
not say so. Kohl, in his excellent monograph of the genus, 
does not seem to have thought of the possibility of this, and 
puts aside Saussure’s identification too lightly. The locality 
given by Fabricius is, of course, erroneous, the species being 
West African. 


Subfamily Spzecryvz. 


Sphex hemorrhoidalis, Fabr. 
Sphex hemorrhoidalis, Fabr. Spec. Insect. i. p. 443 (1781). 
Sphex ngripes, Sim., var, volubiis, Kohl, Ann. naturh. Hofmus, Wien, 
x. p. 64 (1895). 

Hab. Sierra Leone; Uganda. 

Type in the Banksian Collection. 

The name hemorrhoidalis must stand as the specific name 
and the name nigripes, Sm., as only subspecific. The typical 
form has the wings dark, whereas in the Indian form they 
are flavo-hyaline, clouded with fuscous at the apex. In 
specimens from Ceylon the wings are fusco-violaceous, as in 
the African form. 


Sphex (Parasphex) elegantulus, sp. un. 


2. Nigra; albo-hirta, abdomine lete ferrugineo; petiolo seg- 
mentisque dorsalibus 3-5 nigris, lateribus ferrugineis, apice 
anguste flavo-testaceis ; alis subhyalinis, venis fuscis. 

Long. 25 mm. 


?. Clypeus slightly convex at the base, flattened at the 
apex and broadly truncate, the base and sides closely covered 
with silvery pubescence intermixed with long white hairs. 
Eyes very slightly convergeut towards the clypeus, separated 
on the vertex by a distance about equal to the length of the 
three basal joints of the flagellum combined. Posterior 
ocelli a little further from each other than from the eyes ; 
second joint of the flagellum nearly twice as long as the 


370 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 


third. Head sparsely, thorax more closely punctured ; 
scutellum without a median sulcus, slightly emarginate at 
the apex. Dorsal surface of the median segment narrow 
and very slightly concave, the sides above the spiracles 
smooth and shining, the rest of the segment covered with 
pubescence. Petiole fully half as long again as the broad- 
ened portion of the first dorsal segment, as long as the 
second, third, and fourth joints of the hind tarsi combined. 
Fifth ventral segment deeply emarginate at the apex, 

Hab. Lo-Fou Mountains, 8. China (ez coll. Perkins). 

Very nearly allied to the common S. viduatus, Chr., from 
which it differs in the distinctly slenderer form, the greater 
proportionate length of the second joint of the flagellum, 
the smooth sides of the median segment above the spiracles, 
the absence of a sulcus on the scutellum, and the distinctly 
longer petiole. The sculpture of the dorsal surface of the 
median segment is somewhat concealed by pubescence, but 
is certainly not so strong as in viduatus. 


Subfamily Parzanrurw2Z. 
Cerceris yreeni, sp. 0. 


@. Nigra; clypeo, margine interiore oculorum sub insertione an- 
tennarum latissime, carina frontali, scapo subtus, macula post 
oculos, pronoto angulis posticis, tegulis macula parva, segmentis 
dorsalibus 2-3 fascia apicali angustissima, tibiis anticis et inter- 
mediis subtus, tarsisque anticis subtus albido-flavis ; clypeo late 
emarginato, segmento mediano area basali longitudinaliter 

. striata, segmento ventrali secundo area basali elevata nulla; alis 
fusco-hyalinis, ceruleo-tinctis. 

Long. 14 mm. 


2. Eyes divergent towards the clypeus; posterior ocelli 
more than half as far again from the eyes as from each other. 
Mandibles with a triangular tooth on the inner margin a 
little before the middle. Clypeus very widely emarginate, 
the angles of the emargination slightly produced and forming 
short teeth ; a very short longitudinal carina just before the 
teeth.. Head very broad ; the cheeks nearly as broad as the 
eyes ; the clypeus short, subconcave, very broadly truncate 
at the base, separated from the base of the antenne by a 
distance equal to the length of the second joint of the 
flagellum, which is almost equal in length to the first and 
third joints combined. Pronotum transverse, the margins 
slightly raised. Head and abdomen rather closely and not 
finely punctured ; thorax coarsely and closely punctured, 


Mr. R. EK. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 371 


the postscutellum almost smooth, the triangular area at the 
base of the median segment strongly longitudinally striated. 
First abdominal segment twice as broad as long ; pygidial 
area transversely rugulose, nearly three times as long as 
broad, the sides almost parallel, truncate at the apex. Ven- 
tral segments more sparsely and finely punctured ; second 
segment without a raised basal area, sixth segment deeply 
and narrowly emarginate and ending in two small spines on 
each side, the outer spine the shortest. First recurrent 
nervure received at three-fifths from the base of the second 
cubital cell, second at about one-sixth from the base of the 
third cubital cell. : 

Hab. Kharkur, Nilgiris, 8. India (H. E. Green) ; May 
1910. 

Type presented to the British Museum by the Bombay 
Natural History Society. 

This is another species of the small group of which feroz, 
Sm., may be taken as the typical species. The group hitherto 
has only been known from Borneo, Sumatra, Siamese 
Malaya, and Southern Burma. 


Subfamily Beuwpecrvz. 
Bembex scotti, sp. n. 


3. Niger; clypeo albido, nigro bimaculato ; labro scapoque subtus 
pallide flavis ; mandibulis basi, carina frontali, linea post oculos 
pedibusque flavis; pronoto linea postice, callis humeralibus, 
mesonoto lateribus et macula parva utrinque in medio marginis 
postici, scutello postscutelloque fascia subapicali, segmento 
mediano fascia arcuata angulisque anticis et posticis, mesopleuris 
macula magna, segmento dorsali primo fascia late emarginata, 
segmentis 2-6 fascia bisinuata, septimo macula magna basali, 
segmentisque ventralibus basi nigris, secundo macula magna 
triangulari nigra, flavo-olivaceis ; segmento dorsali septimo spinis 
lateralibus ; alis hyalinis, venis fuscis. 

Long. 16 mm, 


3. Basal joint of fore tarsi with seven spines, all the tarsi, 
tibiz, and femora simple, not broadened or serrate. Clypeus 
not very strongly serrate, a distinct carina between the 
antenne ; eyes almost parallel. Four apical joints of the 
flagellum excavate beneath, the apical joint longer than the 
penultimate, slightly curved, rounded at the apex, the ninth 
to eleventh joints of the flagellum slightly produced beneath 
at the apex, the sixth joimt a little thickened at the apex, the 
seventh at the base beneath, but not spinose. Second ventral 
segment without a carina; sixth with a delicate carina on 


872 Mr. R, E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 


the apical half, shallowly sinuate at the apex; seventh 
unarmed. Seventh dorsal segment narrowly rounded at the 
apex, with a spine on each side near the base. 

¢. Second ventral segment shining and very sparsely 
punctured in the middle ; sixth dorsal segment subtriangular, 
rounded at the apex. 

Hab. Zungeru, N. Nigeria; November 1910 (J. W. Scott- 
Macfie). 

Very nearly allied to B. bidentata, Lind., but the inter- 
mediate femora of the male are not toothed, the shape of 
the seventh dorsal segment is different in both sexes, and the 
colouring is very different. 


Bembex johnstoni, sp. n. 


3. Niger ; mandibulis, apice nigris, labro, clypeoque maculis binis 
nigris, flavis ; antennis, pedibus capiteque (vertice nigro excepto) 
ochraceis; pronoto, tegulis, lateribus mesonoti, segmentisque 
abdominalibus sexto septimoque fusco-ferrugineis; abdomine 
obscure iridescenti ; alis hyalinis, venis fuscis. 

Long. 24 mm. 


g. Antenne with the three apical joints strongly exca- 
vated beneath, the apical joint much longer than the penulti- 
mate, slightly curved and rounded at the apex, the eighth 
and ninth joints of the flagellum with a small spine beneath, 
the sixth emarginate beneath, the seventh with a very minute 
spine near the base. Eyes almost parallel on the inner 
margin; front distinctly carinated between the antennae, 
the carina continued on the base of the clypeus, which is 
strongly convex. Fore tarsi normal, the basal joint with 
seven spines on the outer margin; none of the femora 
serrate, intermediate tibiz not produced at the apex, basal 
joint of intermediate tarsi normal. Second ventral segment 
with a low longitudinal carina ending in an acute spine, sixth 
segment produced and bluntly tuberculate at the apex, 
seventh segment with an indistinct median carina. Seventh 
dorsal segment narrowly rounded at the apex, the sides not 
sinuate. Finely and closely punctured, the ventral segments 
more sparsely punctured. ‘The apical margins of the dorsal 
abdominal segments are very narrowly tinted with testaceous, 
the whole abdomen with a blue iridescent sheen. Wings 
very feebly tinted with fuscous towards the base. 

Hab. Uganda (Sir H. Johnston). 

Allied to B. mébii, Handl., but in that species the seventh 
dorsal segment is toothed at the sides. In the type of the 
present species, however, the seventh segment is so much 


Mr, R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 373 


withdrawn that it is quite possible that the spines are really 
present, though I cannot see them. The colour is very 
distinct, the apical dorsal segment is narrower at the apex 
and rounded, not subtruncate as in médii, aud the structure 
of the eighth and ninth joints of the flagellum is different. 


Bembex albofasciata, Sm. 
Bembex albofasciata, Sm. Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xii. p. 296 
(1873). o. 
Bembex karschii, Handl. Sitzungsb. Akad, Wiss. Wien, cii. p. 742 
(1898). 3 Q. 


These descriptions undoubtedly refer to the same species. 
The range does not appear to be very extensive, the series in 
the National Collection being mostly from the Southern 
Transvaal, with one or two specimens from Basutoland and 


Zululand. 


Bembex diversipennis, Sm. 


Bembex diversipennis, Sm. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xii. p. 297 
(f873).) ¢o 2. 


The localities in the National Collection are from Angola 
to Nyasaland, Mashonaland, and Harar, Abyssinia. 


Subfamily NVyrssowrz. 


Genus Ammaromus, Costa. 
Ammatomus, Costa, Fauna Napoli, Nyssonid. p. 86 (1859). 
Gorytes, Handl, (pars) Sitzungsh, Akad. Wiss. Wien, xevii. p. 317 
(1888). 

Tanyoprymnus, Cam. Trans, Amer. Ent. Soc. xxxi. p. 875 (1905). 

I cannot agree with Handlirsch in sinking this genus in 
Gorytes, though I think that Ashmead goes too far in 
removing it from his family Nyssonide and placing it with 
his Stizide. In addition to the list of species given by 
Handlirsch in the supplement to his most valuable mono- 
graph as belonging to the species group of coarctatus, Spin. 
(Ammatomus), the following species should be included :— 


A, alipes, Bingh. Fauna British India, Hymen. i. p. 273 (1897). (Go- 
rytes a.) 

A, ornatus, Sm. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 248 (1868), (Gorytes o.) 
(nec Sm. 1856), Syn. Gorytes decoratus, Handl. 

A, icaricides, Turn. Proc, Zool. Soc. London, p. 499 (1908). (Gorytes 7.) 

A, longitarsis, Cam. Trans. Amer. Ent, Soc. xxxi. p. 876 (1905). 
( Tanyoprymnus 1.) 


374. Mr. R. E. Turner on Possorial ITymenoptera. 


The latter is probably a synonym of A. moneduloides, Pack. 

I suspect that A. rufonodis, Rad., will prove to be a 
synonym of A. amatorius, Sm. 

The genus seems to me to be most nearly related to 
Kohlia, Uand\., though differing in the convergence of the 
eyes and the clavate antennz. 


Ammatomus africanus, sp. 1. 


2. Nigra; clypeo, fronte sub antennis, scapo subtus, pronoto postice 
angustissime, mesonoto macula minuta angulis posticis, segmento 
dorsali primo macula transversa utrinque, segmentis 2—5 fascia 
angusta apicali, tibiis supra tarsisque albido-flavis ; alis hyalinis, 
venis nigris. 

Long. 9 mm. 


2. Hyes strongly convergent towards the clypeus, at the 
base of which they are separated by a distance equal to about 
two-thirds of the length of the scape ; posterior ocelli nearly 
twice as far from each other as from the eyes. Antenne 
clavate, the four apical joints as broad as long or broader. 
Opaque, covered with very delicate, close-lying, white pubes- 
cence; head almost smooth, with a well-marked frontal 
sulcus reaching the anterior ocellus; thorax and median 
segment sparsely punctured ; the basal area of the median 
segment distinctly defined, triangular, and very sparsely 
punctured. Mesopleure rather closely punctured, the sides 
of the median segment almost smooth, with a few scattered 
punctures. Abdomen shallowly and rather sparsely punc- 
tured ; first segment narrow, nearly three times as long as 
the apical breadth, of almost equal width throughout, not 
constricted or inflated at the apex, about equal to the second 
segment in length, but not more thaa one-third of the apical 
breadth of the second segment. Hind tarsi very long and 
slender, fully as long as the tibia and femur combined ; hind 
tibie with very short feeble spines; anterior tarsi without a 
comb. Second abscissa of the radius about equal to the first, 
but distinctly less than half as long as the third. Both 
recurrent nervures received by the second cubital cell, the 
distance between them on the cubitus slightly exceeding the 
length of the second abscissa of the radius (in one specimen 
slightly less). Cubitus of hind wing originating a little 
before the transverse median nervure. 

The yellow band at the apex of the second dorsal segment 
is narrowly interrupted in the middle. 

Hab. Pakasa, N. Rhodesia (Silverlock) ; January, 2 ? 9°. 

This is the first species of the genus recorded from the 


Mr. R. E. ‘Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. — 375 


Ethiopian Region. It seems to be most nearly allied to 
mesostenus, Handl., which I have not seen, but is more finely 
and sparsely punctured. As in other species of the genus, 
there is a strong elbow close to the cubitus on the first 
transverse cubital nervure, from which on the inner side 
branches the stump of a nervure continued as a scar to the 
base of the stigma. 


Gorytes (Harpactus) escalere, sp. n. 


9. Nigra; clypeo, mesopleuris, scutello, postscutello, segmento 
dorsali secundo basi et linea lata, longitudinali, mediana, seg- 
mento ventrali secundo fascia lata interrupta, segmentoque quinto 
dorsali albido-flavis ; alis fusco-hyalinis, venis fuscis. 

Long. 7 mm. 


@. Eyes almost parallel on the inner margin ; posterior 
ocelli twice as far from each other as from the eyes. Clypeus 
broad, transverse at the apex. Head and thorax opaque, 
very finely and closely punctured, mesopleure and abdomen 
more sparsely but a little more deeply punctured and shining ; 
a transverse crenulated groove between the mesonotum 
and the scutellum. Second ventral segment only slightly 
convex ; first abdominal segment broad and short ; pygidial 
area well defined, flat, rather narrowly triangular, and more 
deeply punctured than the other segments. Basal area of 
the median segment well defined, coarsely longitudinally 
rugose-striate, with a distinct median sulcus. Third abscissa 
of the radius longer than the second by one-quarter, both 
recurrent nervures received by the second cubital cell, the 
distance between them on the cubitus scarcely greater than 
that between the second recurrent nervure and the apex of 
the second cubital cell. Cubitus of the hind wing origin- 
ating distinctly beyond the transverse median nervure. 

Hab. Mogador, 8.W. Morocco (Escalera). 

The absence of the ferruginous colouring prevalent in the 
group and the great extent of the yellow markings on the 
mesopleure and second abdominal segment distinguish this 
species at a glance. It is more robust than most of the 


allied species, and the pygidial area is more distinctly 
margined. 


Subfamily Crapronrva. 


Rhopalum seychellense, nom. n. 


Crabro (Rhopalum) oceanicus, Turn. Trans. Linn. Soe., Zool. (2) xiv. 
p. 873 (1911). 


Nee Crabro (Rhopalum) oceanicus, Schulz, Spolia Hymen. p. 202 (1906). 


376 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 


The name oceanicus, being preoccupied, has to be changed, 
Schulz having priority. 


Dasyproctus opifex, Bingh. 
Crabro opifex, Bingh. Faun. Brit. India, Hym. i. p. 323 (1897). 2. 


Dasyproctus buddha, Cam. 


Rhopalum buddha, Cam. Mem. Manch. Lit. & Phil. Soc. (4) ii. p. 18 
(1889). ¢. 
Crabro buddha, Cam. Mem. Manch. Lit. & Phil. Soe. (4) iii. p. 270 
(1890). ¢; Bingh. Faun. Brit. India, Hym. i. p. 328 (1897). ¢. 
Crabro brooki, Bingh. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xxv. p. 444 (1896). Q. 
I think there can be no doubt that buddha and brookii are 
sexes of one species. 


Dasyproctus orientalis, Cam. 


Crabro orientalis, Cam. Mem. Manch. Lit. & Phil. Soe. (4) il. p. 272 
(1890). 


Dasyproctus solitarius, Sm. 
Crabro solitarius, Sm. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. iii. p. 162 (1858). 9. 


Crabro (Ceratocolus) alatus, Panz. 


Crabro alatus, Panz. Faun. Insect. Germ. iv. (1797). 
Crabro quadriceps, Bingh. Faun. Brit. India, Hym. i. p. 527. 


Hab. Kumaun. 


This wide-ranging species extends to N. China and N.W. 
India. 


Crabro auricomus, Bingh. 
Crabro auricomus, Bingh, Faun. Brit. India, Hym. i. p. 327 (1897). @. 
Crabro khasianus, Cam. Ann, & Mag. Nat, Hist. (7) x. p. 61 (1902). 
So 

There is only a slight colour-difference between the types. 
The species seems to me to be a Crabro of the same group as 
C. fossorius, but I cannot see the structure of the mandibles 
distinctly. The striation of the mesonotum is transverse, 
not longitudinal. 


CRABRO, subgenus SOLENIUS. 
It is unfortunate that Ashmead, in selecting a type for 
Solenius, Lep., should have departed from Kohl’s indication 
of the typical forms of the group and selected C. interruptus, 


Osteology and Classification of the Order Apodes. 377 


Lep., a North-American species, as the type. Kohl’s indi- 
cation can hardly be accepted as fixing the type, as he 
mentions two species, C. vagus, Linn., and C. dives, H.-Sch., 
as examples of the group. It would certainly have been 
more convenient if Ashmead had followed Kohl and selected 
C. vagus as the type of Solenius. The valuable work done 
by American authors in revision of nomenclature is unfor- 
tunately sometimes disfigured by inconvenient changes which 
might easily have been avoided. C. vagus and the allied 
eastern forms differ from Ashmead’s definition of Solenius in 
not having the abdominal segments constricted and strongly 
punctured, and eventually may have to be separated. Pro- 
visionally the following species may be placed in Solenius, 
being allied to C. vagus, most of them having been described 
as Crabro without any definite indication of the subgenus 
to which they belong. In nearly all the specimens I have 
examined the mandibles are closed, and I have often been 
unable to distinguish clearly the tooth on the inner margin 


near the base. 


AstaTIc SPECIES. 


Crabro (Solenius) agyeus, Cam. 
Crabro agycus, Cam. Entomologist, p. 261 (1904). 


Crabro (Solenius) palitans, Bingh, 
Crabro palitans, Bingh, Proc. Zool, Soc. p. 446 (1896). 


Crabro (Solenius) alacer, Bingh, 


Crabro alacer, Bingh. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 443 (1898). 


XLIX.—The Osteology and Classification of the Teleostean 
Fishes of the Order Apodes. By U. Tate Recan, M.A, 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum,) 


Order APODES, 


Malacopterous physostomes with the pelvic fins, when 
present, abdominal. Body elongate, cylindrical, or com- 
pressed ; scales vestigial or absent; gill-openings restricted ; 
dorsal and anal fins contiguous to or continuous with the 
reduced caudal, when this is present ; pectoral fins small and 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8, Vol. x. 26 


378 Mr. C. T, Regan on the Osteology and 


pelvics usually absent. Premaxillaries not developed as 
distinct elements ; maxillaries bordering the mouth, sepa- 
rated anteriorly by the ethmoid*; hyo-palatine bones 
reduced to 2 or 3, hyomandibular, quadrate, and _palato- 
pterygoid, the last sometimes absent; lower jaw of dentary 
and articulare ; opercular bones small, the membrane covering 
the large branchial chambers chiefly supported by the long 
branchiostegals. A single pair of dentigerous upper pla- 
ryngeals, opposed to the separate lower pharyngeals. Skull 
long and low; premaxillaries, mesethmoid, and_ lateral 
ethmoids represented by a single dentigerous ¢ bone; parietals 
meeting in front of the supraoccipital ; no exoccipital con- 
dyles f ; no opisthotic, but other otic bones well developed ; 
pterotic extending forward above sphenotic to alisphenoid ; 
paired § orbitosphenoids; no basisphenoid. No post-temporal ; 
supra-cleithrum attached by ligament to the vertebral column ; 
hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid small, laminar; no meso- 
coracoid. Vertebree numerous; arches ankylosed to centra ; 
precaudals with strong parapophyses bearing the ribs; epi- 
neurals and epipleurals usually present. Gonoducts reduced 
to genital pores. 

The peculiarities of the skull, jaws, suspensorium, and 
pectoral arch separate the Apodes very sharply from the 
Isospondyli, of which they must be regarded as an offshoot. 
They correspond to the family Murenide of Giinther after 
removal of the Saccopharyngide, now generally regarded as 
comprising a separate order, Lyomeri (see ‘ Annals,’ Sept. 
1912, p. 347). 

Except for the elevation of the subfamilies to family rank 
and the addition of the more recently discovered Urenchelide, 


* According to Boulenger (Camb. Nat. Hist. p. 600) the maxillaries 
of the Mureenide are palato-pterygoids. I find that in all their relations 
these bones are the same in the Murenide as in the other families ; 
distally they are external to the mandibles ; moreover the true palato- 
pterygoids are present in the usual place, but reduced to mere threads of 
bone. 

+ In Heterenchelys and also in Synaphobranchus the vomerine teeth are 
separated by an interspace from the premaxillary teeth and the vomer is 
a distinct bone. It can hardly be doubted that the dentigerous bone in 
front of the vomer and between the maxillaries represents the prz- 
maxillaries ankylosed to the mesethmoid. 

{ As in the lsospondyli an anterior half-centrum is very firmly united 
to the basi- and exoccipitals, 

§ The orbitosphenoids lie in front of the alisphenoids and usually 
separate the parasphenoid from the frontals; rarely (Moringua and some- 
times in Anguilla) the parasphenoid and frontals meet, concealing the 
orbitosphenoils, 


Classification of the Order Apodes. 379 


Simenchelide, Ilyophide, and Dyssomide, Giinther’s arrange- 
ment (Cat. Fish. viii. p. 19) is the one still in general use 
(cf. Jordan & Evermann, ‘ Fishes of N. America,’ p. 345). 

Gill (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. 1890, pp. 157-170, 231- 
242) has added considerably to our knowledge of the diagnostic 
characters of the Anguillidse, Simenchelidea, Synapho- 
branchidz, Murenesocide, and Murenide, Mlle, Popta 
(Ann. Sci. Nat. (8) xix. 1905, p. 367) has described the 
pharyngeals in a number of types. 


Synopsis of the Families. 
Fy Caudal entrees «cho sc a tete aetrdee die ae 1, Urenchelide. 
II. Caudal fin, when present, continuous with dorsal and anal; no 
pelvic fins. 
A. Frontals paired, united by suture, 
1. Jaws not produced, the snout conical or obtuse, 
a. Otic bulla little inflated. 


#. Pharyngeals oblong or ovate, covered with small teeth ; 
caudal vertebree without transverse processes. 


* Pharyngeal openings of branchial clefts wide; palato- 
pterygoid well developed; pectoral fins present, 


Mouth with lateral cleft; 8 pectoral radials .. 2. Anguillide. 
Mouth transverse; 4 pectoral radials ........ 3. Simenchelida. 

** Pharyngeal openings of branchial clefts narrow. 
Palato-pterygoid an elongate lamina; no pec- 


ROM RHR 1PM omic ba wits day cas elias 4, Xenocongride. 
Palato-pterygoid very slender, almost vestigial ; 
pectoral fins present ......005s.cceenes 5. Myrocongride. 


8. Upper and lower pharyngeals with strong biserial teeth 
elongate, supported by the enlarged fourth epi- and 
cerato-branchials ; caudal vertebrae with transverse pro- 
cesses ; pharyngeal openings of branchial clefts narrow ; 
palato-pterygoid very slender, almost vestigial; no pec- 
HOPHL TOGO. fy 3 8 cyte t ood Poo 6. Murenide. 


b. Prootic and basioccipital forming a prominent bulla; eyes 
very small; vertical fins well developed only near end of 
tail ; pectorals vestigial or absent. 

Heart just behind gills; palato-pterygoid well 
developed ; pharyngeal openings of bran- 
SeaAW LET a WIGS ene ee aot oy clay apcereienate 7. Heterenchelide, 
Heart far behind gills; palato-pterygoid yes- 
tigial; pharyngeal openings of inter- 
branchial clefts narrow .........+s0000% 8. Moringuide. 


2, Jaws much produced, the snout long and slender; no palato- 
pterygoid; pharyngeal openings of branchial clefts wide. 


Suspensorium vertical ; vent near gill-openings 
and tail very long; vertebrae very nume- 
ROMIS Ouse sisi 6 SCO Sr con owed binwe OMOoE Aa 9, Nemichthyide. 
ZO" 


380 Mr. C. T. Regan on the Osteology and 


Suspensorium directed obliquely backwards ; 
vent equidistant from gill-npenings and 
end of short tail; vertebre about 80 .... 10. Cyemide. 


B. Frontals ankylosed to form a single bone; pharyngeals oblong or 
ovate, covered with small teeth; pharyngeal openings of 
branchial clefts wide. 


1. Jaws strong; suspensorium vertical or directed obliquely 
forwards; palato-pterygoid well developed as an elongate 
lamina. 


a. Nostrils superior or lateral; neural spines long and slender. 
Maxillaries articulating with ethmoid at some 
distance from end of snout; caudal ver- 
tebree without transverse processes ...... 11. Murenesocide. 
Maxillaries articulating with ethmoid near end 
of snout; caudal vertebree with transverse 
DPEOCORSOS a pre gie ee oie jeter ieee 12. Congride. 


b. Nostrils labial; neural spines vestigial; maxillaries articu- 
lating with ethmoid near end of snout; caudal vertebrze 
with transverse processes. 


Caudal fin present; ribs strong.............. 13. Echelide. 
No caudal fin; ribs feeble ...... pee Mamas sire 14, Ophichthyide. 


2. Jaws slender; suspensorium directed obliquely backwards. 
Gill-openings weil separated ; vent remote from 
| AS: btm ieee esa TAde ee byt tinlg aortas 15. Ilyophide. 
Gill-openings well separated ; vent not far be- 
hind them ; no palato-pterygoid ........ 16, Dysommide, 
Gill-openings confluent ; palato-pterygoid very 
slender, almost vestigial............++6 17. Synaphobranchide. 


Family 1. Urenchelide. 


Cretaceous eels with the caudal fin free from the dorsal and 
anal. Several species of Urenchelys have been described by 
Smith Woodward (Cat. Foss. Fish. iv. p. 337, 1901). 
Anguillavus bathshebe, Hay (Bull. Amer. Mus, xix. 1903, 
p. 489, pl. xxxvil. fig. 1), from the Upper Cretaceous of 
Mount Lebanon, is of great interest as an undoubted eel with 
pelvic fins; these are small, 8-rayed, abdominal in position. 

I here designate this species as the type of the genus 
Anguillavus, for, in my opinion, Anguillavus quadripinnis 
(Hay, t. c. p. 437, pl. xxxvi. figs. 2 & 3) is the representative 
of another genus, and probably not an eel at all. Although 
the body as far back as the pelvic fins is preserved, there is 
no trace of the dorsal fin, which begins just behind the head 
in Anguillavus and Urenchelys ; on the other hand, there are 
traces of lateral rows of bony plates, unknown in these 
genera. 

Dr. Hay’s description of maxillz “parallel with the 
premaxille,” and of supramaxillz, palatines, entopterygoids, 


Classification of the Order Apodes. 381 


ectopterygoids, and prefrontals, is not in accord with the 
systematic position assigned to this fish, and his figure leads 
me to believe that it may belong to the family Dercetide 
and possibly to the genus Leptotrachelus. 


Family 2. Anguillide. 


Dorsal and anal continuous with the reduced caudal ; 
pectorals present; body scaly; vent remote from head. 
Mouth terminal, with lateral cleft extending to below eye; 
maxillary articulated with ethmoid near end of snout ; teeth 
small, cardiform or villiform, in bands ; nostrils lateral ; gill- 
openings well separated ; pharyngeal apertures of branchial 
clefts wide. IT rontals paired ; vomer ankylosed to ethmoid ; 
suspensorium directed obliquely forwards ; palato-pterygoid 
well developed as an elongate lamina. 8 pectoral radials. 
Neural spines slender, free ; no lateral transverse processes 
(additional to parapophyses or hemal arches) on caudal and 
posterior precaudal vertebre ; ribs and intermuscular bones 
feeble. 

A single genus, Anguilla. 


Family 3. Simenchelide. 


Simenchelys parasiticus differs from Anguilla in the trans- 
verse mouth, blunt uniserial teeth, and very large tongue ; in 
osteological characters it is very similar to the Anguillide, 
but there are only 4 pectoral radials. The recently described 
Gymnosimenchelys, ‘Vanaka, is naked and has _ pluriserial 
teeth. 


Family 4. Xenocongrida. 


Xenoconger fryert, from Assumption (Regan, Trans. Linn. 
Soc. 1912), differs from the Anguillide in the absence of 
scales and os pectoral fins and in the small pharyngeal aper- 
tures of the branchial clefts. I have ascertained that the 
frontals are paired, the palato-pterygoids are developed as 
elongate lamine, and the caudal vertebre lack lateral 
processes. 


Family 5. Myrocongride. 


Naked, but traces of large regularly arrangéd scale-pouches 
on the thorax ; body compressed, with the tail longer than 
the trunk and the vertical fins well developed; pectorals 
present. Mouth terminal, with lateral cleft extending a little 
behind eye ; maxillary articulating with ethmoid near end of 


382 Mr. C. T. Regan on the Osteology and 


snout; teeth cardiform, in bands; nostrils lateral; gill- 
openings well separated ; pharyngeal apertures of branchial 
clefts restricted ; pharyngeals ovate or oblong, covered with 
smallteeth. Frontals paired ; suspensorium vertical ; palato- 
pterygoid very slender, not laminar. 4 pectoral radials. 
Neural spines long and slender ; caudal vertebrae without 
transverse processes. 

Myroconger compressus, from St. Helena, appears to be 
quite as closely related to the Anguillidee as to the Mureenidee. 


Family 6. Murenide. 


Naked, compressed or cylindrical; vertical fins variously 
developed ; no pectorals. Mouth terminal, with lateral cleft 
extending behind eye; maxillary articulated with ethmo- 
vomer at some distance from end of snout; teeth strong, 
acute or obtuse, in one or more series; nostrils lateral ; gill- 
openings well-separated ; pharyngeal apertures of branchial 
clefts restricted; upper and lower pharyngeals bearing 
strong curved teeth in a double series, elongate, supported 
by the enlarged epi+ and ceratobranchials of the fourth arch. 
Frontals paired ; hyomandibular with broad head; palato- 
pterygoid very slender, almost vestigial. Neural spines 
developed in caudal region only, short, laminar; caudal 
vertebrae with lateral transverse processes. 

Murena, Gymnothorax, Echidna, Strophiodon, Thyrsoidea, 
Rhinomurena, Murenoblenna, Channomurena, Enchelychore, 
&e., from tropical and temperate seas. ; 


Family 7. Heterenchelide. 


Naked, cylindrical, with the tail much longer than the 
trunk ; vertical fins well developed only towards the end of 
the tail; pectorals absent. Mouth moderate, with lateral 
cleft extending behind the very small eye; maxillary articu- 
lating with ethmoid near end of snout ; teeth conical, biserial ; 
nostrils lateral ; gill-openings separate; pharyngeal apertures 
of branchial clefts wide; pharyngeals oblong or ovate, 
covered with small teeth. Heart just behind the gills. 
Frontals paired, anteriorly with strongly developed mucous 
channels; vomer distinct, united by suture with ethmoid ; 
orbitosphenoids long and narrow, separating parasphenoid 
from frontals ; prootic and basioccipital swollen to form a 
thin-walled bulla containing a large otolith. Suspensorium 
vertical ; palato-pterygoid a rather broad lamina. Neural 


Classification of the Order Apodes. 383 


spines short, laminar ; neural arches without zygapophyses ; 
caudal vertebree without lateral transverse processes; ribs 
and intermuscular bones feeble. 

Heterenchelys, with two species from West Africa (‘ Annals,’ 


Sept. 1912, p. 323). 
Fig. 1. 
pe , (in HEP rl Sap 


r oe z ; \\ 


po P Sooasp f 
=, D , 


Heterenchelys macrurus. Jaws, hyo-palatine, and opercular bones, and 
skull from above and from the side. 


ma, maxillary; den, dentary; ar, articulare; pt, palato-pterygoid ; 
hm, hyomandibular; g, quadrate; pop, preoperculum; op, opercu- 
lum ; sop, suboperculum; 7op, interoperculum ; 6, branchiostegals ; 
eth, ethmoid; v, vomer; f, frontal; p, parietal ; psp, parasphenoid ; 
asp, alisphenoid ; osp, orbitosphenoid ; pro, prootic; spo, sphenotic ; 
pto, pterotic; epo, epiotic; sec, supraoccipital; eoc, exoccipital ; 
boc, basioccipital, 


384 Mr. C. T. Regan on the Osteology and 


Family 8. Moringuide. 


Naked, cylindrical, with the tail much shorter than the 
trunk ; vertical fins developed on the tail only; pectorals 
small or absent. Mouth small, with lateral cleft extending 
behind eye; maxillary articulating with ethmoid not far from 
end of snout ; teeth uniserial ; nostrils lateral ; gill-openings 
separate; pharyngeal apertures of interbrachial clefts re- 
stricted, of cleft in front of first gill wide ; pharyngeals oblong 
or ovate, covered with small teeth. Heart at some distance 
behind the gills. Frontals paired, anteriorly with moderately 
developed mucous channels ; vomer ankylosed to ethmoid ; 
parasphenoid meeting frontals in a long sutural union; a 
prominent otic bulla. Suspensorium vertical ; palato- 
pterygoid slender, almost vestigial. Neural arches with 
zygapophyses, without distinct spines; caudal vertebrae 
without lateral transverse processes ; ribs and intermuscular 
bones feeble. 

Moringua. 


Family 9. Nemichthyide. 


Naked, very elongate, compressed; dorsal and anal long, 
confluent with the reduced caudal, or extending to the end of 
the long slender tail; vent not far behind gill-openings. 
Snout and lower jaw produced, slender ; maxillary articulated 
to ethmoid far behind tip of snout; nostrils lateral; gill- 
openings wide, sometimes confluent below; pharyngeal 
apertures of branchial clefts wide. Frontals paired. Suspen- 
sorium vertical ; palato-pterygoid absent. Caudal vertebrae 
with long neural spines and without transverse processes. 

Principal genera: Spinivomer, Serrivomer (Gavialiceps), 
Stemonidium, Avocettina, Nemichthys. 

In the last three the teeth are small and numerous, regu- 
larly arranged in quincunx; the first two have a series of 
strong teeth on the vomer. 


Family 10. Cyemide. 


Cyema atrum has the jaws and dentition of Nemichthys, 
except that the maxillary is longer, extending backwards far 
behind the small eye; the suspensorium is directed obliquely 
backwards. The body is only moderately elongate, with the 
trunk and tail nearly equal in length; the dorsal and anal 
fins are opposed, separated only by a notch at the end of the 
tail; the vertebrae number about 80. 


Classification of the Order Apodes. 385 


The suggestion that Oyema is a Nemichthys with regene- 
rated tail cannot be entertained; the four specimens known 
are extremely similar and the posterior caudal vertebra 
decrease in length backwards in a perfectly regular manner. 


Family 11. Murenesocide. 


Murenesox is related to the Congride, but the maxillaries 
are articulated to the ethmoid at a considerable distance from 
the end of the somewhat produced snout, the ribs are rather 
strong, and the caudal vertebre are formed as in the Anguil- 
lide, without lateral transverse processes. The jaws have 
strong anterior canines and the vomer is armed with a median 
series of large teeth. 


Family 12. Congride. 


Dorsal and anal fins continuous with the reduced caudal ; 
body naked; vent remote from head. Mouth with lateral 
cleft, not extending far behind eye; maxillary articulated 


: eer 

S72 fro OSp 

Conger conger. Skull from above and from the side. 
Lettering as in fig. 1. 


with ethmoid near end of snout; teeth conical, cardiform, or 
compressed, in bands or in one or more series, well developed 


386 Osteology and Classification of the Order Apodes. 


in jaws and on vomer. Nostrils lateral; gill-openings sepa- 
rate ; pharyngeal apertures of branchial clefts wide; pha- 
ryngeals ovate or oblong, covered with small teeth. Frontals 
ankylosed to form a single bone ; vomer ankylosed to ethmoid ; 
orbitosphenoids small. Suspensorium vertical or directed 
obliquely forward; palato-pterygoid an elongate lamina. 
4 pectoral radials. Neural spines well developed; caudal 
and posterior preecaudal vertebrae with lateral transverse 
processes, in addition to hemal arches or parapophyses; ribs 
and intermuscular bones feeble. 

This large and varied family corresponds to the Lepto- 
cephalide, Muraenesocidee (except Murenesow), and Nettasto- 
mide of Jordan and Evermann. 

Principal genera: Heteroconger, Promyllantor, Congro- 
murena, Conger, Congrosoma, Uroconger, Coloconger, Neo- 
conger, Stilbiscus, Leptoconger, Gordiichthys, Hoplunnis, 
Oxyconger, Xenomystaa, Nettastoma, Saurenchelys, Netten- 
chelys, Chlopsis, Venefica, Metopomycter. 

In this family there is a more or less prominent vertical 
ridge on the middle of each centrum and the parapophysis is 
more or less completely divided into two. chelion montium 
(Hay, Bull. Amer. Mus. xix. 1903, p. 441, pl. xxxvii. 
figs. 2-6), from Mount Lebanon, described as an apparently 
diplospondylous eel, had vertebrae of this type. 

Derichthys serpentinus, Gill, is said to have distinct pree- 
maxillaries, but this requires confirmation, as in other cha- 
racters it seems to be a member of the family Congride. 


Family 13. Echelide. 


Differs from the Congride in the Jabial nostrils, the rather 
strong ribs and intermuscular bones, and the vestigial neural 
spines. 

Y Eehabae Ahlia, Myrophis, Paramyrus, Chilorhinus, Muren- 
ichthys. Homyrus, from the Upper Hocene of Belgiam, also 
belongs to this family (Storms, Bull. Soc. Belge Géol. x. 
1896, pp. 225-240, pls. v., vi.). 


Family 14. Ophichthyide. 


Differs from the Congridz in the absence of the caudal fin, 
the tip of the tail projecting beyond the dorsal and anal, the 
labial nostrils, and the vestigial neural spines. 

Sphagebranchus, Pisodontophis, Callechelys, Ophichthys, 
Brachysomophis, &c. 


A Revision of South-American Characid Fishes. 387 


Family 15. Ilyophide. 


Dorsal and anal continuous with the reduced caudal ; 
pectorals present; body scaly ; vent remote from the head. 
Mouth terminal, with lateral cleft extending behind the eye ; 
maxillary slender, articulated with ethmoid near end of 
snout ; teeth conical, small and in narrow bands in the jaws, 
large and in a single series on the vomer ; nostrils lateral; 
gill-openings separate; pharyngeal apertures of branchial 
clefts wide. Suspensorium probably directed somewhat 
obliquely backwards. 

Llyophis brunneus, Gilbert, may be related to the Anguil- 
lida on the one hand and the Synaphobranchide on the 
other, but it seems still nearer to the Dysommide. 


Family 16. Dysommidz. 


External characters, jaws, and dentition of the Ilyophide, 
except that the body is naked, the vent is not far behind the 
gill-openings, and the cleft of the mouth extends far 
behind the eye. Frontals ankylosed to form a single bone; — 
suspensorium directed very obliquely backwards ;_palato- 
pterygoid absent ; vertebral column as in the Anguillide. 

T'wo genera, Dysomma, with pectoral fins and the vent 
below the gill-openings, and Dysommopsis, without pectorals 
and with the vent further back, have been described by 
Alcock from the depths of the Indian Ocean, 


Family 17. Synaphobranchide. 


External characters of the Ilyophide, except that the cleft 
of the mouth extends far behind the eye and the gill-openings 
are confluent ; teeth small, conical, in narrow bands or in a 
single series in jaws and on vomer. Frontals united to form 
a single bone ; suspensorium long, directed very obliquely 
backwards; palato-pterygoid long, slender, almost vestigial. 
Vertebral column as in the Anguillide. 


L.—A Revision of the South-American Characid Fishes of A 
the Genera Chalceus, Pyrrhulina, Copeina, and Pogono- 
charax. By C. Tare Recan, M.A. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


THE four genera here dealt with form a natural group, 
differing from other Characidee in the very large mesethmoid 


388 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision of 


and showing further agreement in their oblong or elongate 
form, rounded abdomen, flattish upper surface of the head, 
large scales, short dorsal and anal fins, &e. 

I give a list of the specimens in the British Museum 
collection, considerably augmented in the last few years by 
gifts of examples from the Amazon (Herr J. Paul Arnold), 
Obidos (Herr A. Rachow), Manaos (E. Stanley Sutton, Esq.), 
and Colombia (Sir Bryan Leighton), and by the acquisition 
of a set from Professor Eigenmann’s collection made in 
British Guiana. 


1. CHALCEUS. 


Chalceus, Cuv. Mém. Mus. Paris, iv. 1818, p. 454; Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. 
p- 333 (1864). 

Plethodectes, Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. xi. 1871, p. 563. 

Pellegrinina, Fowler, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1906, p. 442. 


Body oblong, compressed. Scales large, unequal ; lateral 
line present, running low. Mouth moderate, terminal ; 
premaxillary teeth triserial, the outer tricuspid, the inner 
pentacuspid ; maxillary toothed ; mandibulary teeth biserial, 
the outer tri- or pentacuspid, the inner series conical, small, 
except for an enlarged median pair; palate toothless. Nos- 
trils close together. Gill-membranes free. Dorsal and anal 
fins short ; adipose fin present. 


1. Chalceus macrolepidotus. 


Chalceus macrolepidotus, Cuv. Mém. Mus. Paris, iv. 1818, p. 454, 
pl. xxi. fig. 1; Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 833 (1864). 
Pellegrinina heterolepis, Fowler, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1906, p. 442, fig. 


Depth of body 34 to 4 in the length, length of head 34 to 
32. Diameter of eye 3 to 4 in length of head, interorbital 
width 2 to 24. 20 or 21 scales in a longitudinal series from 
upper angle of gill-cleft to base of caudal, 37 in the lateral 
line. Dorsal 12; origin behind base of pelvics, equidistant 
from tip of snout and end of middle caudal rays. Anal 12. 

Guiana. 


1. 150 mm, ‘Essequibo. Ehrhardt. 
2-3. 110 mm. Brit. Guiana, Schomburgk. 
4, 65 mm. Surinam. Kappler. 


2. Chalceus erythrurus. 
Plethodectes erythrurus, Cope, Proc. Amer, Phil. Soc. xi. 1871, p. 563, 
fig. 
Depth of body 32 in the length, length of head 3%. 


South-American Characid Fishes. 389 


Diameter of eye 4 in length of head, interorbital width 21. 
18 or 19 scales from upper angle of gill-opening to base of 
caudal fin, 33 or 34 in the lateral line. Dorsal 12; origin 
above base of pelvics, equidistant from tip of snout and end 
of scales on caudal. Anal 11. 

Upper Amazon. 


1. 170 mm. R. Cupai. Stevens. 


Cope’s type was a specimen of 65 mm. with the head } of 
the length, eye 4 and interorbital width 2 of the length of 
head, &c. He described the outer premaxillary teeth as 
conical, and indeed they are less expanded than in C. macro- 
lepidotus, but they have a pair of cusps. 


2. PYRRHULINA. 


Pyrrhulina, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xix. 1846, p. 585; Giinth. 
Cat. Fish. v. p. 286 (1864). 


Body oblong or rather elongate, compressed. Scales 
large ; no lateral line. Mouth moderate or small, terminal, 
with the lower jaw projecting ; premaxillary and mandibulary 
teeth conical, biserial; palate toothless. Nostrils close 
together. Guill-membranes free. Dorsal and anal fins short ; 
no adipose fin, 


Synopsis of the Spectes. 
I, 26 or 27 scales in a longitudinal series ; diameter of eye 22 to 32 in 
length of head, in specimens of 35 to 80 mm... 1, filamentosa. 
II. 20 to 25 scales in a longitudinal series; diameter of eye 8 to 4 in 
length of head, in specimens of 25 to 85 mm. 
A. Body slender, the depth 5 in the length ; caudal peduncle nearly 
as long as head ; 22 scales in a longitudinal series. 
2. natterert. 
B. Body deeper, the depth 33 to 43 in the length. 
1. Caudal peduncle at least 2 length of head ; 22 to 25 scales in a 
lonpabidimal Series oi cas wales re hes 3. semifasciata, 
2. Caudal peduncle at most 3 length of head. 
Interorbital width 2 in length of head; 20 scales in a 
longitudinal series; depth of body 34 in length .. 4. vittata, 
Tnterorbital width 2 to 23 in length of head ; 20 to 23 
scales in a longitudinal series; depth of body 32 


to 42 in length ... «./.2. ).ahneeeneuee ee, 5. australis, 
Interorbital width 23 to 3 in length of head; 20 to 
22 scales in a longitudinal series .............. 6. brevis, 


1. Pyrrhulina filamentosa. 


Pyrrhulina filamentosa, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xix, 1846, p, 535, 
pl. 589; Giinth. Cat, Fish. v. p. 286 (1864). 


390 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision of 


Depth of body 43 to 54 in the length, length of head 4 to 
43. Caudal peduncle 2 to # length of head. Snout shorter 
than the diameter of eye, which is 23 to 34 in the length of 
head ; interorbital width 24 to 24. 26 or 27 scales in a 
longitudinal series. Dorsal 10; origin equidistant from 
middle or posterior part of operculum and base of caudal. 
Anal 11-12. Olivaceous; a blackish stripe round lower jaw 
to eye, continued as a more or less distinct brownish stripe 
from eye to operculum; a large black spot on dorsal fin. 

Guiana. 


1-2. 65-80 mm. Essequibo. Ehrhardt. 
3. 50 mm. Issorora, Brit. Guiana. Eigenmann. 
4-5, 35-40 mm. Lama, ¥ “7 x 


2. Pyrrhulina natterert. 
Piieleeams melanostomus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. xi. 1871, 
. 065. 
Purine natterert, Steind. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wien, Ixxii. 1876, 
p- 13, pl. ii. fig, 5. 

Depth of body 5 in the length, length of head 43. Caudal 
peduncle nearly as long as head. Snout somewhat shorter 
than diameter of eye, which is 34 in the length of head ; 
interorbital width 24. 22 scales in a longitudinal series. 
Dorsal 9-10, elevated in the male, nearly reaching caudal 
when laid back ; origin equidistant from middle of operculum 
and base of caudal. Anal 10-11. Olivaceous; scales of 
back and sides dark-edged ; a small pale blue spot with dark 
margin at the posterior end of each scale on the side; a dark 
stripe from upper part of eye round end of snout, another 
from eye round lower jaw, continued on body as a faint 
dusky band; a large blackish spot on middle of dorsal fin, 
with red band below it. 

Amazon. 


1. 40 mm. Amazon. Arnold. 


This specimen is undoubtedly P. natterert ; it agrees with 
the description of H. melanostomus in every way, except that 
the latter is said to have 25 scales, a number perhaps 
obtained by counting forward above the opercle or by 
including the scales on the caudal fin. 


3. Pyrrhulina semifasciata. 


? Holotaxis leta, Cope, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1871, p. 257. 

Pyrrhulina semifasciata, Steind. Sitzungsb, Akad. Wien, Ixxii. 1876, 
p 7, pl. i. figs. 1,2; Higenm, & Eigenm, Proc. Calif. Acad. (2) ii. 
1890, p. 110. 


South-American Characid Fishes. 391 


? Pyrrhulina maxima, Eigenm, & Eigenm. ¢. e. p. 111. 
? Pyrrhulina leta, Fowler, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1906, p. 294, fig. 1. 


Depth of body 34 to 44 in the length, length of head 32 to 
43. Caudal peduncle 2 to 3 the length of head. Snout as 
long as or shorter than diameter of eye, which is 3 to 32 in 
the length of head ; interorbital width 24 to 22. 22 to 25 
scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 10 ; origin equidistant 
from eye or postorbital part of head and base of caudal, Anal 
10-12. Scales sometimes with pale bases and dark margins. 
A dark stripe from lower jaw through eye, ending on anterior 
part of body ; sometimes a long dark median spot on back 
between head and dorsal fin and a smaller one just in front of 
dorsal fin ; a blackish spot on dorsal fin. 

Amazon ; Guiana ; Colombia. 


1-4. 35-70 mm. Nickafaroo, Brit. Guiana. Eigenmann. 
5-9. 45-55 mm, Christiansburg, Brit. Guiana, + 
10-14, 40-85 mm. Holmia, Brit. Guiana. * 
15-16. 45-55 mm. Honda, Colombia. Leighton. 
17, 50 mm. Bogota, ” Cutter. 


In these specimens the dark stripe usually runs on only 
2 to 4 scales of the body; in the larger ones it is continued 
backwards, as shown in Steindachner’s figures; in the 
smaller fish the mid-dorsal spots are absent. 

P. leta is evidently closely related to P. semifasciata, even 
if it be distinct. ‘The saddle-shaped spot on the back would 
easily be formed by the increase in size of the two spots seen 
in P. semifasciata. 

P. maxima is based on a single specimen, and as described 
seems to differ from P. semifasciata only in the fewer scales ; 
but ‘‘ the scales are partly lost, so an exact count is impossible.” 


4, Pyrrhulina vittata, sp. n. 


Depth of body 34 in the length, length of head 34, 
Caudal peduncle 2 length of head. Diameter of eye 3 in 
the length of head, interorbital width 2. 20 scales in a 
longitudinal series. Dorsal 11; origin equidistant from 
preeoperculum and base of caudal. Anal ll. A dark stripe 
from lower jaw through eye, ending in a spot just behind 
head; 3 blackish bars on body, the first above end of pectoral, 
the second running upwards from base of anal, the third in 
front of the caudal; a blackish spot on dorsal fin. 

Amazon. 


1, 28 mm. (type). Obidos. Rachow, 
* 


392 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision of 


5. Pyrrhulina quaint 


Pyrrhulina australe, Eigenm. & Kennedy, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1903, 
p. 508. 


Depth of body 3? to 43 in the length, length of head 32 
to 43. Caudal peduncle 4 to 2 length of head. Snout 
shorter than diameter of eye, which is 3 in the length of 
head ; interorbital width 2 to 23. 20 to 23 scales in a 
longitudinal series. Dorsal 10-11 ; origin equidistant from 
head and base of caudal or a little nearer to head. Anal 11-12. 
Olivaceous ; a blackish stripe from lower jaw to eye, usually 
continued as a brownish stripe on postorbital part of head ; 
a black spot on dorsal fin. 

La Plata ; Rio Grande do Sul. 


1-3. 30-40 mm. Colonia Risso, Upper Paraguay. Borelli. 


4-5, 30 mm. Carandasinho, Matto Grosso. 5s 
6-11. 25-45 mm. Corumha, 5 PP Moore. 
12-14, 30-35 mm. Descalvados, * a Ternetz, 
15-16. 25-30 mm. Monte Sociedad, Chaco. = 
17. 25 mm. R. Grande do Sul. Von Ihering. 


6. Pyrrhulina brevis. 
Pyrrhulina brevis, Steind, Sitzungsh. Akad. Wien, Ixxii. 1876, p. 11, 
pl. i. figs. 8-4; Eigenm. & Eigenm. Proc. Calif. Acad. (2) ii. 1890, 
p. 111. 


Depth of body nearly equal to length of head, 3} to 4 in 
the length of the fish. Caudal peduncle } or 3 length of 
head. Snout nearly as long as or even a little longer than 
diameter of eye, which is 3} to 4in the length of head; 
interorbital width 23 to 3. 20 to 22 scales in a longitudinal 
series. Dorsal 9-10, moderately elevated; origin equi- 
distant from operculum and base of caudal, or a little nearer 
the former, Anal 11-12. Olivaceous ; a dark stripe from 
eye round lower jaw ; a dark spot on dorsal fin; pelvic and 
anal fins with narrow blackish edge. 

Amazon. 


1, 85 mm, Manaos, Sutton, 


. 3. COPEINA. 
Copeina, Fowler, Proc. Acad. Philad, 1906, p. 294, 


Differs from Pyrrhulina in the uniserial preemaxillary 
teeth. 


South- American Characid Fishes. 393 


Synopsis of the Species. 
I, Depth of body less than } of the length; caudal peduncle nearly as 
long as head; origin of dorsal fin well behind base of pelvics. 


A. Origin of dorsal fin nearer to base of caudal than to head. 
1. arnoldi. 


B, Origin of dorsal fin equidistant from head and base of caudal, or 
a little nearer head. ; 


21 scales ina longitudinal series. .......ecceeeeees 2. callolepis. 
23 or 24 scales in a longitudinal series ............ 3. elgenmannt. 
26 scales in a longitudinal series..............000. 4, carsevennensis, 


Il. Depth of body not less than } of the length; caudal peduncle 
considerably shorter than head. 
Origin of dorsal fin a little behind base of pelvics .. 5. guttata. 
Origin of dorsal fin above base of pelvics .......... 6. argyrops. 


1. Copeina arnoldi, sp. n. 


Depth of body 43 to 4? in the length, length of head 42 to 
5. Caudal peduncle nearly as long as head. Snout shorter 
than diameter of eye, which is 34 in the length of head; 
interorbital width 2}. 23 or 24 scales in a longitudinal 
series. Dorsal 10; origin nearer to base of caudal than to 
head. Anal 1l. Olivaceous; a dark stripe from eye round 
lower jaw ; a blackish spot on dorsal fin. 

Amazon. 


1-2. 30-40 mm. (types). Amazon, Arnold. 


2. Copeina callolepis, sp. n. 
Pyrrhulina natterert (non Steind.), Eigenm. & Eigenm. Proc. Calif. 
Acad, (2) ii. 1890, p. 112. 

Depth of body 43 to 5 in the length, length of head 44. 
Caudal peduncle nearly as long as head. Snout shorter than 
diameter of eye, which is 3 in length of head ; interorbital 
width 21 to 24. 21 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 
10; origin equidistant from head and base of caudal, or 
slightly nearer the former. Anal 11. Olivaceous; a dark 
stripe from lower jaw to eye continued as a dusky band on 
lower part of body ; a pale spot on each scale, except below 
the band ; a black spot on the dorsal fin, 

Amazon. 


1-2. 35-40 mm. (types). Amazon, Arnold. 


3. Copeina eigenmanni, sp. n, 
Depth of body 43 to 5 in the length, length of head 4 to 42, 
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist, Ser. 8. Vol. x. 27 


394 A Revision of South-American Characid Fishes. 


Caudal peduncle nearly as long as head. Snout shorter than 
eye, the diameter of which is 3 to 4 in the length of head ; 
interorbital width 24. 23 or 24 scales in a longitudinal 
series. Dorsal 10; origin equidistant from head and base 
of caudal, or nearer head. Anal 11-12, originating a little 
behind end of dorsal. Olivaceous ; a dark stripe from lower 
jaw through eye to operculum ; a blackish spot on dorsal fin. 
Amazon ; Guiana ; Colombia. 


1-2. 25 mm. (types). Para. Eigenmann. 
§-9. 25 mm. 3 R. Aruka, Brit. Guiana. i 
10, 27 mm. + Lama, 5 is < 
11-12, 35-45 mm. ,, Bogota. Cutter. 


In the smaller examples there is sometimes an indistinct 
dusky band on the anterior part of the body and an indication 
of a pale stripe above the dark one on the head. In the 
larger ones, from Bogota, a silvery stripe from eye to caudal 
fin separates a broad dark band below from the dark colour 
of the back. 


4. Copetna carsevennensis, sp. 0. 


Depth of body nearly equal to length of head, 44 to 43 in 
the length of the fish. Caudal peduncle nearly as long as 
head. Snout shorter than eye, the diameter of which is 23 
to 23 in the length of head ; interorbital width 24. 26 scales 
in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 10; origin equidistant from 
head and base of caudal, or a little nearer head. Anal 11-12, 
commencing scarcely behind end of dorsal. Olivaceous ; 
a dark stripe from lower jaw through eye to operculum; a 
black spot on dorsal fin. 

French Guiana. 


1-6. 25-33 mm, (types). Carsevenne. Paris Mus, (Coll. Geay). 


5. Copetna guttata. 


Pyrrhulina guttata, Steind. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wien, Ixxii. 1876, p. 15, 
pl. it. fig. 6; Eigenm. & Eigenm. Proc. Calif. Acad. (2) ii, 1890, 
p- 112. 


Depth of body 33 to 4 in the length, length of head 4 to 44. 


Caudal peduncle much shorter than head. Diameter of eye 


31 in the length of head, interorbital width 24 to 22. 23 or 
24 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 10; origin a little 
behind base of pelvics. Anal 12. A silvery spot at the base 
of each scale; a dark spot on dorsal fin. 

R. Amazon. 


Total length 70 mm. 


eee - 


On Small Mammals from Central China. 395 


6. Copeina argyrops. 


Pyrrhulina argyrops, Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. xvii. 1878, p. 694. 
Copeina argyrops, Fowler, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1906, p. 295, fig. 2. 


Very similar to C. guttata in form, coloration, &e., but 
with the dorsal fin a little further forward, originating above 
base of pelvics. 

R. Maranon, Peruvian Amazon. 


4, POGONOCHARAX. 
Pogonocharax, Regan, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. 1907, p. 261. 


Differs from Pyrrhulina in the toothless mouth and the 
presence of two pairs of barbels, preemaxillary and maxillary. 


1. Pogonocharax rehi. 
Regan, J. ¢. fig. 


Dorsal 8, above the anal. Anal 8. 25 scales in a longi- 
tudinal series. Maxillary barbel ? as long as the fish. 
Argentina. 


1, 45 mm. (type). Argentina. Reh, 


L].—On a Collection of Small Mammals from the Tsin-ling 
Mountains, Central China, presented by Mr.G. Fenwick Owen 
to the National Museum. By OLDFIELD THOMAS. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


DuRING the late summer of 1911 Mr. G. Fenwick Owen, to 
whom the National Museum already owed some valuable 
collections of mammals from French Gambia, made an 
exploring and collecting expedition into Central China, into 
_ Southern Shen-si and Kan-su, with the intention of exploring 
the mountain-ranges between those provinces and Hastern 
Tibet. Owing, however, to the breaking out of the recent 
revolution in China, Mr. ’ Owen’s party had to shorten their 
work and to come home through Tibet and Russia in Asia, 
by which route they were fortunately enabled to transport in 
safety such collections as they had made before the revolution 
broke out. 

The small mammals, which Mr. Fenwick Owen has now 
presented to the British Museum, were all prepared by his 

27 


396 Mr. QO. Thomas on 


companion and interpreter, Dr. J. A. C. Smith, who had 
already accompanied Mr. Malcolm Anderson into this region, 
and had also made collections on his own account, so that 
both country and fauna were well known to him. 

The collection consists of 68 specimens, belonging to 18 
species, of which 7 are new, thus again showing the richness 
and diversity of the fauna of this wonderful region. 

Of these by far the most striking is the new mole, Scapan- 
ulus oweni, representing a new genus more allied to the 
American moles than to any previously known in Asia. 
Other valuable accessions are the Zapus, the Sicésta, and the 
new shrews of the new genera Blarinella and Chodsigoa. 

Mr. Fenwick Owen and Dr. Smith are to be congratulated 
on the amount of novelties yielded by the collection, which 
forms a most valuable supplement to the series obtained by 
Mr. Anderson during the Duke of Bedford’s Exploration of 


Eastern Asia. 


1. Scapanulus oweni, gen. et sp. n. 


g. 59. 46 miles S.H. of Tao-chou, Kan-su. Alt. 10,000°. 
gd. 72. 23 miles 8.E. of Tao-chou. 99000’. 
“Tn mossy undergrowth in fir-forest.”"—J. A. C. S. 


ScAPANULUS, gen. nov. (Talpide, subfam. Scalopine). 


Manus broadly expanded, nearly as much so as in the true 
moles, more so than in Scaptonya. Claws rather slender for 
a mole ; those of hind foot thin, rather straight, except that 
of the hallux, which is curved. On both sides in both speci- 
mens the hallux is peculiarly twisted away from the other 
digits, but this may possibly be due to distortion in drying. 
Tail comparatively long and thickly haired. Skull about as 
in Urotrichus, the pterygoid region less inflated and with 
better developed pterygoids than in Scapanus. Tympanics 
incomplete. Interparietal broad, less tapering forwards than 
in Urotrichus. 

Teeth 2x 2=36, these being apparently 

1, 3, C. 7, PM. 5, M. 5. 
As to the individual homologies of the teeth, I would 


tentatively suggest the following as the complete formula of 
the permanent dentition :— 
ene. ar al. 1 Oe Bere ato: 
I. e109 C. 1? PM. Ls0.9 042 M. ie Senay 


In this the premolar formula is not very certain, since it 


Small Mammals from Central China. 397 


may possibly be 1.2.0.4, as in the Urotrichus-Uropsilus 
series of genera; but I am quite confident about the lower 
incisors, which are 1.2.0, as in Desmana and the American 
moles, as compared with 0.2.3 or 0.2.0 in Urotrichus, 
Uropsilus, and their allies. 

The most salient points of the dentition are: (1) the total 
number of 9 above and below, elsewhere only found in 
Neurotrichus, and (2) the Desmana-like character of the 
lower incisors, which are subequal, strongly proclivous, the 
second equally with the first abutting upon and being worn 
down by the hinder surface of the large anterior upper 
incisors. 

I* large, about as large proportionally as in Scalops and 
Urotrichus, therefore larger than in Scapanus, but very far 
from as large or as specialized as in Desmana and Galemys. 
J? and p' subequal, small, the canine between them rather 
larger, double-rooted. P? of about the same length and 
twice the bulk of the canine ; p* about four times the bulk of 
p®, with a well-marked internal cusp. Molars with their 
internal ledge subtrilobate, about as in Scapanus. 

Type. Scapanulus owent, sp. n. 


Dividing, as 1 should, the family Talpide into five sub- 
families—the Desmanine, Talpine, Scalopine, Condylurine, 
and Uropsiline—this most interesting new genus falls 
obviously into the Scalopine, within which it belongs rather 
to the Scalopine than the Urotrichine series of genera. But 
with its rather less modified manus and pterygoids and com- 
paratively delicate skull it adds another to the links which 
bind these two series of genera to each other. From Scaptonyz, 
the only allied genus geographically near it, it is at once 
separable by its more modified manus, fewer teeth, much 
larger z', and its Desman-like lower incisors. 


Scapanulus owent, sp. n. 


Bulk about half that of Talpa europea. Colour of body 
exactly as in that animal, the lower surface almost imper- 
ceptibly lighter than the upper. Head rather paler. Hands 
pale brown above, with whitish edges. Feet brown proxi- 
mally, white on the digits. ‘Tail long, thick, well-haired, 
grey-brown with rather lighter tip. 

Skull and teeth as described above. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :— 

Head and body 108 mm. ; tail 38; hind foot 14. 

Skull: greatest length 28°2; condylo-basal length 27°5 ; 


398 Mr. O. Thomas on 


greatest breadth 13; zygomatic breadth 10°6; interorbital 
breadth 5:5; palatal length 12°7; upper tooth-series 12°3 ; 
molars only 5°2. 4 

Hab. as above. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 12. 8.5.2. Original num- 
ber 72. Collected 31st October, 1911. 

I have great pleasure in naming this most interesting new 
mole in honour of Mr. Fenwick Owen, to whose interest and 
kindness the Museum owes this valuable accession to its 
collections. 


2. Sorex sinalis, sp. n. 


3.8, Ty 12; 138) .16 5.09.45, 7, 14.> 45 umiles S.H.of 
Feng-siang-fu, Shensi. 10,500’. 

@. 71. 17 miles S.E. of 'T'ao-chou, Kan-su. 8900’. 

““ Rocky mossy mountain-top.”—J. A. C. S. 

A large plain-coloured species, with a long tail. 

Size one of the largest of the genus. Fur about 5 mm. 
long on the back in summer specimens. General colour 
uniform greyish brown, with scarcely any tendency to a 
tricolor pattern ; under surface drab-brown. Hands and feet 
brownish white. Tail long, slightly pencilled at the tip, 
brown above, lighter below. 

Skull large, with long muzzle; brain-case not specially 
broadened. 

Unicuspids slightly but evenly decreasing backwards. 
Concavities behind molars well marked. 

Dimensions of the type :— WE 

Head and body .70 mm.; tail 55; hind foot 14. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 21; condylo-basal length 
20°3 ; greatest breadth 9°6; upper tooth-row 9:1; front of 
a) to front of p* 4:2 ; front of pt to back of m? 4:5; breadth 
between outer corners of m! 4°8, 

Hab. 45 miles 8.E. of Feng-siang-fu, Shen-si. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 12. 8.5.3. Original num- 
ber 8. Collected 10th August, 1911. 

This large but rather delicately built shrew has a decidedly 
longer skull than the other large Eastern plain-coloured 
species S. unguiculatus and shinto. It has nothing of the 
remarkable development of tooth-pigment characteristic of 
S. daphenodon. 


3. Sorex cansulus, sp. n. 


d. 68. 15 miles S.E. of Tao-chou. 83500’. 
?. 56,65. 46 miles S.E. of Tao-chou. 9800-10,000'. 


Small Mammals from Central China. 399 


S. anneaus-centralis group, paler than the former and 
without the long muzzle of the latter. 

Size as in S. centralis. Fur of back about 4 mm. in 
length. General colour above greyish brown, about as in 
S. centralis, much greyer than in S, annexvus, which verges 
towards Prout’s brown ; sides in one specimen tinged with 
buffy, but no definite tricolor pattern present. No trace of a 
darker dorsal stripe. Under surface drab or broccoli-brown. 
Hands and feet brownish white. Tail dark brown above, 
lighter below. 

Skull slightly longer than in S&. annevus, its muzzle not 
specially lengthened as in S. centralis. 

Dimensions of the type :— 

Head and body 64 mm.; tail 38; hind foot 12. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 19:2 ; condylo-basal length 
181; greatest breadth 9; upper tooth-row 8 ; front of 2° to 
front of p* 3°7; front of p* to back of m? 4; breadth between 
outer corners of m1 4°6. 

fab, (of type). 46 miles S.E. of Tao-chou. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 12. 8.5.13. Original 
number 56. Collected 23rd September, 1511. 

This species connects the Korean S. annexus with the 
Central-Asian S. centralis. It is much paler in colour than 
the former and has not the lengthened muzzle of the latter. 
While the skulls of all three are of about the same bulk, the 
muzzle, as measured from the front of p* to the front of the 
large incisors, is in S. annecus 3°5 min., S.cansulus 3°7 mm., 
and S. centralis 4-2 mm. 


4, Sorex wardi, Thos. 


3. 42, 43, 45; 9.46. 42 miles S.E. of Tao-chou. 
10,000’. 

6. 58, 638, 64. 46 miles 8.E. of 'ao-chou. 10,000’. 

9. 29. 30 miles S.E. of Tao-chou. 9000’. 

In summer pelage. ‘lhe type, which is in winter pelage, 
came from 10 miles §. of T'ao-chou. 


5. Chodsigoa lamula, sp. n. 


g- 66. 40 miles S.E. of Tao-chou. Alt. 9500’. Ist 
October, 1911. B.M. no. 12. 8.5.22. Type. 

* Picked up on path in forest." —J. A. C. S. 

Allied to C. hypsibia, but smaller. 

General proportions and comparative length of tail about 
asin C. hypsibia, but size decidedly less. Fur close and soft ; 
hairs of back about 3°5 mm. in length. General colour above 


400 Mr. O. Thomas on 


‘“ mouse-grey,” scarcely paler below. Hands and feet white, 
a slightly darker shade edging the latter externally. Tail 
greyish above, glossy whitish below. 

Skull smaller than in C. hypsibia, its interorbital region 
even lower and flatter than in that species. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :— 

Head and body 67 mm.; tail 54; hind foot 13. 

Skull: condylo-basal length 18; condylo-incisive length 
187; greatest breadth (c.) 9 ; upper tooth-series 8-0; com- 
bined length of p*-m? 4°7. 

Hab. & Type as above. 

The species of Chodsigoa are all very closely allied, 
differing mainly by size and length of tail. This is the 
smallest and shortest-tailed as yet described. 


6. Blarinella griselda, sp. n. 


9.41. 42 miles 8.E. of Tao-chou. 10,000’. 17th Sep- 
tember, 1911. B.M. no. 12. 8.5.23. Type. 

“On mossy bank, in birch-wood.”—J. A. C. S. 

Smaller, greyer, and shorter-tailed than B. quadraticauda, 

Size rather less than in guadraticauda. General colour 
above “mouse-grey,” rather paler and more drabby below, 
Hands, feet, and tail all dull greyish, not dark brown as in 
the allied species ; tail decidedly shorter than in that animal. 

Skull rather smaller than in quadraticauda. Second upper 
unicuspid evenly intermediate in size between the first and 
third—in quadraticauda the second nearly equals the first 
and is conspicuously larger than the third. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :— 

Head and body 68 mm. ; tail 33; hind foot 11. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 20; condylo-basal length 
18°6 ; greatest breadth 9°4; upper tooth-series 8°6; front of 
p* to back of m? 4°5. 

Hab. & Type as above. 

This second species of the genus Blarinella is easily distin- 
guishable from the Sze-chwan form by its smaller size, 
greyer colour, and shorter tail. 


7. Mustela astuta, M.-Edw. 
3. 40,73. 25 and 40 miles §.E. of Tao-chou. 9000- 
9500’. 
The marked narrowness of the frontal region distinguishes 
this weasel from the Tibetan J. temon, Hodgs., which it 


Small Mammals from Central China. 401 


resembles very closely in external characters. The type was 
obtained by David at Moupin. 

The species had not previously been represented in the 
Museum collection. 


8, Eutamias asiaticus, Pall. 


3. 62. 46 miles S.H. of Tao-chou. 9800’. 


9. Apodemus speciosus peninsule, Thos. 


dg. 21, 22, 23, 24, 47, 53, 67; 9. 25. 15 to 46 miles 
S.E. of Tao-chou. 8500-10,000’. 


10. Microtus malcolm?, Thos. 


36-10; 2. 6,9,15. 45 miles S.E. of Feng-siang-fu, 
Shensi. 10,500’. 


9.19,49. 40 to 46 miles S.E. of Tao-chou, Kan-su. 
9500’. 


11. Microtus oniscus, Thos. 


aS OU 4927, 3135, 36, 37,138. 40° to 46 ‘miles 
S.E. of Tao-chou, Kan-su. 9500’. 


12. Microtus(Caryomys) eva, Thos. 


6 « 28, 52,54, 55 9: 17, 39, 57,69, 70. 17 to 46 miles 
S.E. of T'ao-chou. 8900-9500’. 


13. Myospalax smithii, Thos. 


2 (immature). 44. 40 miles S.E. of Tao-chou. 9000’. 

The second specimen known of this species. Though 
immature, it already shows evidence of the cranial and dental 
characters distinguishing J. smithi¢ from M, cansus. 


14, Sicista concolor, Biichn. 


?. 30. 35 miles 8.H. of Tao-chou. 9000’. 

9. 33. 44 miles 8.E. of Tao-chou. 10,000’. 

The type locality of this species is the Alps of Si-ning, 
also in the province of Kan-su. No example of it had 
hitherto been in the Museum collection.’ 


402 On Small Mammals from Central China. 


15. Zapus (Eozapus) setchuanus vicinus, subsp. n. 


3. 61; 2. 52to60. 46 milesS.E. of Tao-chou, Kan-su. 
9800-10,000’. 

Similar to the Sze-chwan form in essential characters, but 
with longer tail, entirely white belly without central line 
(one specimen with a few pale buffy hairs along the mesial 
line of the belly), and with the tail usually black above to 
the tip. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :— 

Head and body 78 mm. ; tail 144; hind foot 28; ear 15. 

Skull: greatest length 23°2 ; condylo-incisive length 20; 
zygomatic breadth 12°7; nasals 9; interorbital breadth 4:2 ; 
palatilar length 8°7; palatal foramina 4°6; upper tooth- 
series 3°6. 

Hab. as above. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 12. 8.5.62. Original 
number 52. Collected 22nd September, 1911. 

These are the first specimens of the Asiatic Zapus received 
by the British Museum, and, so far as I know, the first that 
have been obtained since the Paris Museum received the 
examples from Sze-chwan described by M. Pousargues. 
They are therefore a most acceptable addition to the Museum 
collections. 

The Kan-su form is evidently closely allied to that from 
Sze-chwan, but has a longer tail (126, 137, and 144 mm. in 
three specimens as compared with 95, 103, and 120) and is 
practically without the ventral stripe characteristic of the 
latter. One specimen (no. 60) has a few of the mesial hairs 
of the abdomen washed with buffy, and this indicates the 
affinity of the two forms. Ina similar way one specimen 
(no. 61) out of three has a white tail-pencil, like all three of 
the true setchuanus. 


16. Ochotona syrina, Thos. 
gd. 34. 42 miles 8.E. of Tao-chou, Kan-su. 12,000’. 


he typical specimens were obtained at 10,600’ on 
ried . ¢ : ? 
Mount Tai-pei-san, some 200 miles further east on the same 
mountain-chain. 


17. Ochotona cansa, Lyon. 


go. 48,51; ¢. 20. 40 to 46 miles §.E. of Tao-chou. 
9500-10,000’. 

These specimens are slightly darker in colour than examples 
from nearer Tao-chou, the type locality, and are therefore to 


On new Bats and Rodents from S. America. 403 


some extent intermediates between the true cansa and the 
subspecies next following. 


18. Ochotona cansa morosa, subsp. n. 


9. 4. ‘Tai-pai-san, 45 miles 8.E. of Feng-siang-fu, 
Shen-si. 10,500’. 4th August,1911. B.M. no. 12.8.5. 68. 
Type. 

Size slightly greater than in typical cansa. Colour darker, 
the hairs of the back more heavily blackened terminally. 
Under surface with all the hairs broadly washed with dark 
buffy, instead of, as in true cansa, only those of the middle 
line being so coloured, the sides of the belly being whitish. 
Hands and feet darker and more uniformly buffy above and 
more blackish below, the whitish fringes on either side of the 
feet, so marked in cansa, less developed and dull buffy in 
colour, so that practically the whole of the sole appears 
sooty brown. 

Skull with rather more strongly convex frontal outline, 
broader interorbital space, larger brain-case, and broader 
palatal bridge than in any of the specimens of true cansa. 
In the type the projecting point representing the posterior 
part of the septum of the palatal foramina is more developed 
than usual, but this may be an individual peculiarity, 

Dimensions of the type :— 

Head and body 149 mm.; tail 8; hind foot 27; ear 18. 

Skull: greatest length 36; condylo-incisive length 34:3 ; 
zygomatic breadth 18 ; nasals 11°2 x 4:4; interorbital breadth 
4*1 ; breadth of brain-case 14:2; palatal bridge 2°6 ; upper 
tooth-series (alveoli) 6°7. 

Hab. & Type as above. 

In its dull colour this Pika has some resemblance to the 
O. tibetana of Sze-chwan, but is smaller, with larger bulle 
and a more bowed frontal outline. Much more material is 
needed before the true relationship to each other of these 
allied forms of Ochotona can be clearly understood. 


LII.— New Bats and Rodents from S. America, 
By OLDFIELD THOMAS. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 
Cheronycteris inca, sp. 0. 


Nearly allied to Ch. minor, but the premolars shorter 
(horizontally) and the molars longer. 


404 . Mr. O. Thomas on 


Fur of back about 6 mm. in length. General colour above 
of the usual dark brown, the bases of the hairs lighter, their 
tips blackish brown. Interfemoral membrane broad. 

Skull rather larger and broader than in Ch. minor. 
Upper premolars shorter, less excessively compressed laterally. 
Two anterior molars longer, narrower proportionally, the 
posterior lobe particularly elongate, and with a well-marked 
postero-external cusp, each of the teeth showing three distinct 
cusps when viewed from the side. Last molar and lower 
teeth about as in Ch. minor. 

Dimensions of the type :— 

Forearm 33 mm. 

Head and body 62; tail 8; lower leg and foot 21; 
calcar 6°5. 
Skull: greatest breadth 8:5; interorbital breadth 4 ; 
front of canine to back of m? 7°8; length of p* 0°8, p* 0-9, 

m I'l, m7 1:1, p, 079, m; 1-0. 

Hab. Yahuarmayo, 8.E. Peru. Alt. 1200!. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 12. 9. 5. 2. | Original 
number 709. Collected 7th February, 1912, by H. and C. 
Watkins. One specimen. 

Taking as representing Peters’s Surinam Ch. minor the 
skull from the Cuparé River, Lower Tapajoz, so determined 
by Dobson (and there is a very strong Guianan character in 
the fauna of that part of the Amazon), the present bat from 
Peru differs in the proportional size of its teeth, but is other- 
wise closely similar to it. The Trinidad bat described by 
Allen and Chapman as Ch. intermedia is very probably the 
same as Ch. minor, as those authors were deceived by Peters’s 
impossible measurement of 11 mm. for the calcar, an organ 
drawn as about 5 mm. long in the more recently published 
plate of the latter species (Chiropt. Mus. Berol. pl. viii. a). 


SCLERONYCTERIS, g. n. ( Glossophagine). 


Like Cheronycteris, but molars and premolars more normal 
in structure. 

External characters, general shape of skull *, and dental 
formula all as in Cheronycteris. Zygomata not ossified. 
Yhin unusually prominent, projecting both forwards apd 
downwards. Interfemoral membrane broad. 

Upper teeth.—Incisors comparatively large, the space be- 
tween the inner pair not greater than the diameter of one of 


* The only skull is imperfect in the pterygoid region, so that the 
relationship to Hylonycteris cannot be stated. That genus agrees with 
Charonycteris in its dental characters. 


new Bats and Rodents from S. America. 405 


these teeth. Outer pair slightly larger than inner,  Pre- 
molars normal in shape and size, not of the peculiar narrow 
elongate shape of those of Cheronycteris, but evenly oval in 
outline, each with one main cusp and without anterior or 
posterior secondary cusps; the anterior about two-thirds the 
size of the posterior. Molars broader than in the allied 
genus, their outer border straight, inner evenly convex ; the 
hinder of the two main cusps, which are seen in lateral view, 
pushed inwards by an external broadening tending in the 
direction of the usual W-shaped structure of ordinary 
Glossophagine bats; but the anterior main cusp absolutely 
at the external edge of the tooth. 

Lower teeth —Incisors absent. Canines with well-marked 
posterior basal ledge. Premolars quite normal in shape, 
elongate oval in outline, increasing slightly in size from 
before backwards, nearly touching one another, therefore 
very different from the abnormal linear widely separated 
lower premolars of Cheronycteris, the anterior of which is the 
longest of the three. Lower molars nearly oval in outline, 
with something of the normal triangle in front and a broad 
deeply concave talon behind. 

Type :— 


Scleronycterts ega, sp. n. 


General external characters as in Charonycteris minor. 
Colour above Prout’s brown, paler at bases of hairs, blackish 
at tip. Under surface rather lighter, except on the chin and 
interramia, where the colour is as dark as on the back. 
Palate-ridges three undivided and five divided. ‘Tail present, 
its tip appearing on the upper surface of the membrane. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in skin) :-— 

Forearm 35 mm. 

Head and body 57; tail 6; third finger, metacarpus 34, 
first phalanx 14, second phalanx 18; lower leg and hind 
foot (c. u.) 20; calcar 7. 

Skull: greatest length (c.) 22 ; breadth of brain-case 9 ; 
front of canine to back of m’° 7:4, greatest breadth between 
outer corners of m? 4°8; horizontal length of p* 0:9, p, 0°7, 
ps 1:0. 

Hab. Ega, Amazons. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 7,1.1.671. Original 
number 171. Tomes’s number 212a. Collected by H. W. 
Bates. From the Tomes Collection. 

The type specimen has only recently had its skull extracted, 
so that its peculiar characters have not hitherto been 
observed. It is a most interesting form, as tending to 


406 Mr. O. Thomas on 


connect the aberrant Cheronycteris and Hylonycteris with the 
more normal-toothed members of the Glossophagine. 


Phyllotis magister, sp. n. 


General characters of Ph. darwint; size greater than in 
any other species of the genus. 

Size conspicuously greater than in Ph. darwint. Fur of 
medium length and thickness. General colour above grizzled 
drabby grey, with slight buffy suffusion. Under surface dull 
creamy whitish, the bases of the hairs slaty. ars large, as - 
in the allied species ; pale brown. Hands and feet large and 
heavy, their upper surfaces white. ‘Tail long, well haired, 
blackish brown above, white below. 

Skull as in darwini, but conspicuously larger throughout. 
Supraorbital edges not very sharply ridged. 

Dimensions of the type, measured in the flesh :— 

Head and body 152 mm.; tail 158; hind foot 32; 
ear 29. 

Skull: greatest length 36°8 ; condylo-incisive length 34:2 ; 
zygomatic breadth 18:5; nasals 15°3 ; interorbital breadth 
4°5 ; palatilar length 16°6 ; palatal foramina 9; upper molar 
series 6. 

Hab. Arequipa, Peru. Alt. 2300 m. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 0.10.1.31. Original num- 
ber 997. Collected 29th March, 1900, by Perry O. Simons. 
Presented by Oldfield Thomas. 

This fine species is represented by a single specimen caught 
at the same place as a number of examples representing the 
northern form of Ph. darwini,a species in which the head 
and body length rarely exceeds 125 mm. and the skull 
length 33 mm. Its large molars and heavy rat-like feet also 
considerably surpass those of that animal. 


Phyllotis darwint posticalis, subsp. n. 


Proportions about as in true darwinz. Fur very long, 
summer specimens with the wool-hair of the back very thick, 
about 15 mm. in length. General colour dark, little buffy, 
about as in typical Chilian darwini or in lutescens, therefore 
very different from the paler and more buffy forms inhabiting 
Southern Peru and the highlands of Bolivia. ‘Tail rather 
longer than head and body, thickly hairy, the hairs practi- 
cally hiding the scales, blackish above, sharply contrasted 
white below. 

Skull as in true darwini, the teeth slightly larger. 


new Bats and Rodents from S. America. 407. 


Dimensions of two specimens, measured in flesh ; the first 
the type :— 

Head and body 117 and 125 mm.; tail 122 and 135 ; 
hind foot 25 and 30; ear 27 and 26. 

Skull of type: greatest length 30°7; condylo-incisive 
length 28°1; interorbital breadth 4; palatilar length 13°6 ; 
palatal foramina 7:2 ; upper molar series 5:3. 

Hab. Galéra, W. of Oroya, Department of Junin, Peru. 
Alt. 4800 m. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 0.7.7.38. Original 
number 870. Collected 26th February, 1900, by P. O. 
Simons. Presented by Oldfield Thomas. 

This is a dark well-haired mountain race of Ph. darwini, 
a widely spread species which ranges over the whole Andean 
area from Central Peru at least as far south as Santiago and 
Valparaiso in Chili, whence the Museum owes a good series . 
from our generous correspondent Mr. J. A. Wolffsohn. By 
its dark colour it resembles the southern forms and differs 
from the other Peruvian and Bolivian representatives of 
darwint, which are pale and may mostly be referred to the 
following subspecies. 


Phyllotis darwint limatus, subsp. n. 
A pale race of Ph. darwint. 


Size as in true darwinit. Fur fine and soft. General 
colour pale greyish drab with a variable suffusion of buffy ; 
the sides especially buffy. Face clearer grey. Under 
surface dull creamy white. [ars large, pale brown. Hands 
and feet white. Tail not very heavily haired, brown above 
and white below, some specimens with an all-white  tail- 
tip. 

Skull as in true darwini. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :— 

Head and body 115 mm. ; tail 150 (generally 1380-135) ; 
hind foot 25 ; ear 28. 

Skull: greatest length 31:4; condylo-incisive length 29:2 ; 
zygomatic breadth 16 ; interorbital breadth 4-4; upper molar 
series 4°8. 

Hab. Chosica, near Lima, Peru. Alt. 850 m. 

Type. Old male. B.M. no. 0.5. 7.48. Original number 
820. Collected 29th January, 1900, by Perry O. Simons. 
Presented by Oldfield Thomas. 

This northern representative of PA. darwint is paler and 
has a longer tail than the typical Chilian form. Specimens 
referable to it are in the Museum from various parts of the 


408 Mr. O. Thomas on 


highlands of Peru and Bolivia, including Caylloma, Arequipa, 
La Paz, &c. Further eastwards it probably grades into the 
form I named wolffsohn?, which has, however, a rather 
differently shaped skull. 


Phyllotis darwint tucumanus, subsp. n. 


Proportions as in darwini. Colour dark. Nasals narrow. 

Size about as in true darwint. Fur long and fine. 
General colour dark, about as in Ph. lutescens. Under 
surface dull soiled greyish buffy, less white than in most of 
the races of darwint. Ears not very large. Hands and feet 
white. ‘T'ail rather longer than head and body, well haired, 
blackish above, white below. 

Skull slightly smaller than that of true darwinz, rather 
larger than that of dutescens. Nasals comparatively narrow, 
tapering backwards to a fine point. Interorbital region 
narrow, its edges less sharply angular than usual. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :— 

Head and body 107 mm.; tail (“two or three vertebre 
lost”) 110; hind foot 24; ear 22. 

Skull: greatest length 31 ; condylo-incisive length 29:2; 
zygomatic breadth 15°8; nasals 13:5; interorbital breadth 4 ; 
palatilar length 14°5; palatal foramina 7-8 ; upper molar 
series 5°2. 

FTab. Cunbre de Mala-mala, Sierra de Tucuman. Alt. 
3300 m. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 4.10.2.6. Original 
number 3027. Collected 10th April, 1904, by E. Dinelli. 
Presented by Oldfield Thomas. ‘T'wo specimens. 

The skull of this animal is somewhat intermediate between 
that of Ph. darwini and Ph. lutescens, but I consider it pro- 
visionally as being more allied to the former. No species of 
this group have been previously recorded from anywhere 
near Tucuman. 


Phyllotis darwini vaccarum, subsp. n. 


A mountain race of Ph. darwini, with long hair and 
yellowish rump. 

Size larger than in true darwint of the Central Chilian 
lowlands. Fur very long; hairs of back about 15 mm, in 
length. General colour paler than in true darwin?, the upper 
surface suffused with butty, especially on the ramp, which is 
strong clear buffy. Face greyer. Under surtace of the 
usual dull greyish white. Hands and feet white. ‘Tiail 
heavily haired, dark brown above, white below. 


new Bats and Rodents from S, America. 409 


Skuli longer than in any of the available specimens of 
true darwini, its interorbital region narrow, sharply edged, 
concave mesially. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :— 

Head and body 130 mm.; tail 140; hind foot 28; 
ear 27. 

Skull: greatest length 34; condylo-incisive length 31-7; 
zygomatic breadth 17°5 ; nasals 13°7 ; interorbital breadth 4 ; 
palatilar length 16°2; palatal foramina 84; upper molar 
series 5°8. 

Hab. Las Vacas, Argentine slope of Cordillera opposite 
Mendoza. Alt. 2500 m. 

Type. Old male. B.M. no. 2.2.5.51. Collected 15th 
November, 1901, by P. O. Simons. Presented by Oldfield 
Thomas. . 

This Phyllotis, found at the well-known station of Las 
Vacas, on the Andean route between Mendoza and Santiago, 
differs from the true Ph. darwini of the Chilian plains by its 
rather larger size, longer skull, sharply edged interorbital 
region, long fur, and buffy-coloured rump. It was also 
obtained by Philip Gosse at Puente del Inca, about 9000, 
but there is no evidence as to whether these animals are able 
to surmount the Andean chain (altitude of pass 12,800!) or 
whether the eastern and western races are now completely 
isolated. 

None of Philippi’s numerous species of “ Aus” that are 
referable to Phyllotis darwixi are inhabitants of the high 
Andes. 


Phyllotis andium, sp. n. 


Like Ph. haggardi, but tail much longer. 

Size and general characters as in haggardi. Colour a 
little darker grey on the average, but the difference is neither 
great nor constant. Under surface dull greyish white slightly 
tinged with buffy. Kars not immensely large, greyish 
brown. Hands and feet white. Tail considerably and 
uniformly longer than in haggard?, brown above, white 
below. 

Skull slightly larger and heavier than in haggardi, smaller 
than that of darwint, with which it agrees in general 
proportions, 

Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :— 

Head and. body 115 mm.; tail 119; hind foot 25; 


ear 21. ; 
Skull: greatest length 28°7 ; condylo-incisive length 26°8 ; 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. a: 


410 Mr. O. Thomas on 


zygomatic breadth 15:2; nasals 11°3 ; interorbital breadth 
4°3 ; palatilar length 13°2; palatal foramina 7; upper molar 
series 4°4, 

Hab. Ecuador and Peru, along the Andean chain. Type 
from Cafiar, Ecuador. Alt. 2600 m. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 99.9.9.68. Original 
number 267. Collected 18th April, 1899, by P. O. Simons. 
Presented by Oldfield Thomas. 

The numerous examples of this Phyllotis obtained by 
Mr. Simons in the mountains of Ecuador and Peru have 
been hitherto looked upon as referable to Ph. haggardt, but 
additional specimens of the latter, received since its first 
description, show that it always has a comparatively short 
tail (85-90 mm.), while that of Ph. andium is rarely less 
than 115 mm. in length. 


Euneomys mordax, sp. n. 

A large heavily built greyish species, with normal-sized 
claws. 

Size large, much larger than in the southern species 
E. chinchilloides and petersoni, more as in EL. fossor, Fur 
long, thick, and woolly; hairs of back about 12-13 mm. in 
length. General colour dull greyish, too much faded in the 
type for exact description. Under surface lighter, not sharply 
defined, the hairs broadly washed with cream-buff. Ears of 
medium length, well-haired, the proectote blackish. Hands 
and feet dull greyish white above ; fore claws of normal 
length, not elongated as in FH. fossor. Tail thickly haired, 
greyish white with an indistinct darker line above. 

Skull stout and heavily built, very like that of EZ. fossor 
and quite unlike that of the comparatively delicate 1. chin- 
chillotdes. ‘he supraorbital edges are, however, less sharply 
angular than in 4. fossor, the muzzle and palatal foramina 
are shorter, and the teeth are smaller. Incisors very broad 
and heavy, strongly grooved. 

Dimensions of the type (measured on the dry skin) :— 

Head and body (no doubt stretched) 147; tail (vertebrae 
dried in) 78 ; hind foot 28. 

Skull (old, with worn teeth) : condylo-incisive length 31 ; 
zygomatic breadth 20 ; interorbital breadth 4:7; breadth of 
brain-case 16; palatilar length 15°7; diastema 9; palatal 
foramina 7°6 ; upper molar series 6°1. 

Hab. Fort San Rafael, Province of Mendoza. 


Type. Old female. B.M. no. 55.12. 24.199. Collected 
by Mr. T. Bridges. 


new Bats and Rodents from S. America. 411 


In general proportions of body and skull this species 
resembles the Salta EH. fossor, but is distinguished by its 
normal-sized claws, that animal having them elongated as in 
the subgenus Chelemys. 


Reithrodon cuniculoides lammarum, subsp. n. 


A large pale race of R. cuniculoides. 

Size comparatively large, larger than in any other member 
of the genus. General colour pale, as in the typical race, 
much paler than in the inland forms hatchert and obscurus. 
Posterior back suffused with buffy. Sides with the buffy 
wash at a maximum, the flanks and under surface bright 
“buff.” Feet and tail heavily haired, the latter with a well- 
defined dark line along its upper surface. 

Skull longer and more bowed than in the allied forms, so 
that the height is markedly greater. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 169 mm. ; tail 100; hind foot (s. u.) 34; 
ear 18. 

Skull: greatest length 37-4 ; condylo-incisive length 34°8 ; 
zygomatic breadth 21; nasals 16-7; interorbital breadth 4°4 ; 
height from anterior base of m* 12°3; palatilar length 19 ; 
palatal foramina 11; upper molar series 6:4. 

Hab. Tierra del Fuego. Type from Spring-hill, in the 
north of the island. 

Type. Adult male. B.M.no.9.9.10.1. Original number 
357. Collected 15th June, 1909, by Dr. W. H. France, and 
presented through Mr. J. A. Wolffsohn, of Valparaiso. 

The Tierra del Fuego Retthrodon seems to be rather 
larger than the typical form of Hastern Patagonia and is paler 
coloured than the two inland races described by Dr. Allen, 
R. c. obscurus of Punta Arenas* and BR. hatcheri of the 
Cordilleras farther north. How these two latter differ from 
each other is not clear, as each is simply diagnosed as being 
darker than R. cuniculoides. Dr. Allen has given the skull- 
length of a series of three cuniculovdes as 33-35 mm., while 
the type skull of Aatchert is 35°7 in length. The Tierra del 
Fuego animal, with a skull-length of 37:4, is therefore 
markedly larger than either. 


* Probably pachycephalus, Philippi, 1900, based on a young specimen : 
cf. Wolffsohn, Bol. Mus, Chile, ii, p. 101 (1910). 


412 Dr. F. Haas on new Shells 


LITI.—New Land and Freshwater Shells collected by Dr. J. 
Elbert in the Malay Archipelago. By Dr. F. Haas, 
Frankfurt-a.-M. 


THE collection upon which the present paper is based was 
made by Dr. J. Elbert in the islands of South Celebes, 
Moena, Boeton, Kabaéna, Lombok, Soembawa, Flores, and 
Wetar. It contained a considerable number of new species 
and subspecies, which are described below. The types are 
in the Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt-a.-M. 


(1) Xesta everetti elberti, subsp. n. 


Distinguished from typical X. everetti by its more conic 
form, more convex whorls, purple epidermis, and more opened 
umbilicus. 

Diam. maj. 47, diam. min. 40 mm. ; alt. 44 mm. 

Type locality. Tongkok, Soembawa. 


Specimen examined 1. 


(2) Hemiplecia (Rhysota) rugulosa, sp. n. 


Shell perforate, depressed conic, rather solid, striulate, with 
faint spiral lines and numerous elevated regular ruge ; some- 
what shining, yellowish to brown, with a light peripheral 
and a dark subperipheral band; whorls. 52, regularly in- 
creasing, the upper ones somewhat flattened, only with 
marked oblique ruge, the lower ones more convex, with less 
maiked oblique, and faint, somewhat undulating spiral lines ; 
last whorl very broad, not deflexed anteriorly ; suture im- 
pressed, submargined ; aperture oblique, ovate-lunate ; peri- 
stome sharp, not expanded, columellar margin reflexed above 
the umbilicus. 

Diam. maj. 49, diam. min. 41 mm.; alt. 35 mm. 

Type locality. Mengkoka, 8.1. Celebes. 

Specimens examined 8. 


(3) Xesta rugosissima wetarana, subsp. n. 


This local form differs from typical X. rugosisst¢ma by its 
somewhat lower spire, more convex whorls, and by not being 
carinate at the periphery of the last whorl. 

Diam. maj. 29, diam. min. 24 mm.; alt. 19 mm. 


Type locality. Tihoe, Wetar; another specimen from 
Tlwaki, Wetar. 


Specimens examined 2. 


from the Malay Archipelago. 413 


(4) Hemiplecta rasor?, sp. n. 


Shell perforate, thin, diaphanous, densely and obliquely 
striate above, with a few faint spiral strie, greyish brown, 
slightly striulate and shining below; spire low, conically 
globose, suture faint, appressed ; whorls 5, rapidly increasing, 
the apical ones polished, the following ones flattened and 
scarcely striate, the last convex, densely striate, with an 
indistinct darker supraperipheral band, not descending ante- 
riorly ; aperture oblique, ovate; peristome faint, not ex- 
panded, columellar margin reflexed above the umbilicus. 

Diam. maj. 39, diam. min. 32 mm.; alt. 24 mm. 

Type locality. Raha, island of Moena, off S.E. Celebes. 


Specimen examined 1. 


(5) Hemiplecta demmeri, sp. n. 


Shell narrowly perforate, diaphanous, minutely and 
obliquely striate above, almost polished and shining below, 
covered with a very subtile green epidermis ; spire depressed 
conic, apex rather well marked; whorls 54, regularly in- 
creasing, the upper ones somewhat flattened, the last very 
convex, not descending anteriorly ; suture well impressed ; 
aperture oblique, ovate; peristome not thickened nor ex- 
panded, columellar margin reflexed above the umbilicus. 

Diam. maj. 33, diam. min. 27 mun. ; alt. 22 mm. 

Type locality. Tongkok, Soembawa; another specimen 
from Dompoe Plain, Soembawa, 

Specimens examined 2. 


| (6) Nanina trauti, sp. n. 


Shell perforate, rather solid, densely and obliquely striate 
above, with a few faint spiral striz, light chestnut, slightly 
striulate and shining below, umbilicus dark chestnut; spire 
depressed conic, apex distinctly marked; whorls 64, the 
upper ones flattened and rather polished ; the last scarcely 
deflexed anteriorly, convex, very striate, with a white peri- 
pheral band and a narrow dark chestnut one below it ; suture 
faint, appressed; aperture narrow, ovate, peristome not 
thickened nor expanded, columellar margin partly covering 
the umbilicus. 

Diam maj. 31, diam. min. 26 mm..; alt. 20 mm. 

Type locality. Baoe-baoe, Boeton, off S.E. Celebes. 

Specimens examined 2. 


414 Dr. F. Haas on new Shells 


(7) Nanina butonensis hageni, subsp. n. 


Distinguished from typical NV. butonensis by its higher 
spire, more convex whorls, chestnut-coloured umbilicus, and 
by the distinctly marked black peripheral band on the last 
whorl. 

Diam. maj. 33, diam. min. 28 mm.; alt. 22 mm. 

Type locality. Baoe-baoe, Boeton. 

Specimens examined 3. 


(8) Nanina butonensis rarimaculata, subsp. n. 


Nearly related to typical N. butonensis, but somewhat 
larger, with two peripheral bands on the last whorl which are 
not connected at the aperture, and the last whorl above the 
upper band densely spotted with black ; umbilicus dark. 

Diam, maj. 36, diam. min. 30 mm. ; alt. 21 mm. 

Type locality. Lipoemangaoe, 8... Boeton. 

Specimens examined 4. 


(9) Hverettia iridescens, sp. n. 


Shell small, moderately umbilicated, thin, corneous, 
shining and iridescent, very minutely striate above and 
below ; spire much depressed, apex blunt, suture rather deep ; 
whorls 54, rounded at the periphery, somewhat flattened 
above and below, regularly increasing; last whorl not 
descending anteriorly ; aperture oblique, lunate; peristome 
thin, not thickened nor expanded; columellar margin some- 
what reflexed upon the umbilicus. 

Diam. maj. 8°5, diam. min. 7°5 mm.; alt. 4 mm. 

Type locality. Swela, island of Lombok, 

Specimens examined 2, 


(10) Lrochomorpha ( Videna) sterni, sp. n. 


Shell widely umbilicated, acutely keeled, thin, minutely 
and regularly striate above and below, pale corneous, with a 
dark chestnut, narrow band both above and below the keel; 
spire depressed, apex obtuse ; whorls 54, regularly increasing, 
rather flattened below, the last obtusely angulated round the 
deep umbilicus, not descending anteriorly ; suture very faint, 
appressed ; peristome thin, columellar margin not reflexed. 

Diam. maj. 15°5, diam. min. 13°3 mm. ; alt. 5°5 mm. 

Type locality. ‘Lihoe, island of Wetar. 

Specimen examined 1. 


from the Malay Archipelago. 415 


(11) Trochomorpha (Videna) griindler?, sp, n. 


Shell widely umbilicated, acutely keeled, thin, minutely 
and densely striated above and below, the striz decussated 
below by faint undulated spiral lines ; pale corneous, with a 
broad chestnut band both above and below the keel, shining ; 
spire rather depressed, apex obtuse but distinctly marked ; 
whorls 54, regularly increasing, the last obtusely angulated 
round the umbilicus, not descending anteriorly ; suture faint, 
somewhat appressed ; peristome thin, columellar margin not 
reflexed. 

Diam. maj. 11, diam. min. 10 mm. ; alt. 5 mm. 

Type locality. Swela, island of Lombok; some more 
specimens from Sadjang, island of Lombok. 

Specimens examined 6. 


(12) Chloriti’s planorbina, sp. n. 


Shell discoid, widely umbilicated, thin, brownish corneous, 
with a slight trace of a darker band near the suture, paler 
below, finely striated; spire somewhat impressed ; whorls 4}, 
the first ones increasing regularly, the last almost suddenly, 
slightly dilated towards the aperture, descending distinctly in 
front ; aperture somewhat oblique, subovate ; peristome thin, 
slightly reflexed, reddish, whitish at the columellar margin ; 
the latter slightly overhanging the umbilicus. 

Diam, maj. 24, diam. min. 19°5 mm.; alt. 11°5 mm. 

Type locality. Roembia, 8.E. Celebes. 

Specimens examined 2. 


(13) Amphidromus wetaranus, sp. n. 


Shell oblong-conic, sinistral, nearly imperforate, solid ; 
whorls 64, rather convex, pale yellow, with oblique greyish- 
purple stripes showing a tendency to break up and to form 
spira Jbands; apex obtuse, dark brown; aperture very high ; 
peristome slightly expanded and reflexed, whitish and shining 
inside. 

Long. 37, diam. 18 mm. 

Type locality. Tihoe, island of Wetar. 

Specimen examined 1. 


(14) Clausilia (Pseudonenia) simillima kabaéne, subsp. n, 


Nearly allied to typical Cl. sémillima, but easily distin- 
guished from it by its smaller size and by its mouth being 


416 Dr. F. Haas on new Shells 


much more elliptical and not so high as in specimens of the 
typical form. 

Long. 18°5, diam. 3°5 mm. 

Type locality. Kabaéna Island, off S.E. Celebes. 


Specimens examined 6. 


(15) Prosopeas elberti, sp. n. 


Shell very high, imperforate, subsolid, finely striated, 
pale corneous; spire high conic, turreted, apex very blunt ; 
whorls 104, the upper ones somewhat convex, the others 
nearly flat, gradually increasing in breadth; suture incised ; 
aperture piriform, rather acute above, effuse basally ; peri- 
stome sharp, not reflexed, terminations connected by a flat 
shining callus, columellar margin’ whitish, somewhat 
thickened. 

Long. 36°5, diam. 10 mm. 

Type locality. Sadjang, Lombok. 

Specimen examined 1. 


(16) Prosopeas hasta, sp. n. ‘ 


Shell imperforate, cylindric-turreted, densely and minutely 
striated, whitish corneous ; spire very high and slender, apex 
obtuse, suture rather deep, impressed; whorls 104, the upper 
ones somewhat convex, the others more flattened ; aperture 
nearly vertically, narrowly piriform, acute above; peristome 
thin, columellar margin thickened, reflexed. 

Long. 16, diam. 4°5 mm. 

Type locality. Swela, Lombok ; some more specimens from 
Sadjang, Lombok. 

Specimens examined 3. 


(17) Limncea javanica elberte, subsp. n. 
Distinguished from typical 1. javanica by its higher spire, 
less convex whorls, and enormous fragility. 
Long. 27, diam. 14°5 mm. 


Type locality. Swamps of Sembaloen Plain, Lombok. 
Specimens examined 135. 


(18) Limnea javanica nana, subsp. n. 


A dwarfed solid form of Z. javanica, with flattened whorls 
and thickened, reflexed peristome. 
Long. 11, diam. 6 mm. 


Type locality. Rapids of Kali Poetih River, Lombok. 
Specimens examined 26. 


from the Malay Archipelago. 417 


(19) Planorbis (Gyraulis) elberti, sp. n. 


Shell discoidal, rather thin, semitransparent, pale horn- 
colour; spire somewhat concave; whorls 53, rapidly in- 
creasing, densely striated, the last obtusely carinated at its 
periphery ; suture deeply impressed ; base of shell concave ; 
aperture somewhat rhomboidal, a little broader than high, 
rounded above and below, angulated laterally ; peristome 
thin, acute. 

Diam. maj. 7°5, diam. min. 6°5 mm. ; alt. 1°75 mm. 

Type locality. Swamps of Sembaloen Plain, Lombok ; some 
more specimens from Sadjang, Lombok. 

Specimens examined 47. 


(20) Cyclotus discoideus, sp. n. 


Shell very depressed-conic, nearly discoid, widely umbili- 
cated, solid, faintly and densely striated above and below, 
pale horn-colour, marbled with dark brown, and with a 
narrow dark subperipheral band ; apex obtuse ; whorls 43, 
regularly increasing, the last slowly descending anteriorly ; 
suture well impressed ; aperture circular, somewhat oblique ; 
peristome double, the inner margin simple, the outer thickened 
and somewhat expanded. 

Diam. maj. 18:5, diam. min. 15 mm.; alt. 11 mm. 

Type locality. Kabaéna Island, off S.E. Celebes. 

Specimens examined 17, 


(21) Cyclophorus wetaranus, sp. n. 


Shell somewhat depressed-conic, umbilicated, solid, very 
faintly striated above, nearly smooth below, pale to dark 
horn-colour, with very indistinct darker markings and a 
narrow dark subperipheral band; apex obtuse; whorls 5, 
regularly increasing, the last swollen, somewhat descending 
anteriorly ; suture distinctly impressed ; aperture circular, 
somewhat oblique; peristome somewhat thickened, slightly 
expanded, with a slight whitish callus inside. 

Diam. maj. 14, diam. min. 11 mm. ; alt. 11°5 mm. 

Type locality. Ilwaki, Wetar; other locality, Tihoe, 
Wetar. 


Specimens examined 9. 


(22) Lagochilus tricarinatus, sp. n. 


Shell conic, umbilicated, solid, with a strong peripheral 
and a faint keel both above and below it, finely striated, horn- 


418 Dr. F. Haas on new Shells 


colour, with dark undulating oblique striz between the suture 
and the uppermost keel; apex distinctly marked; whorls 6, 
rapidly increasing, the last somewhat descending anteriorly ; 
suture well impressed ; aperture oblique, circular ; peristome 
somewhat thickened and expanded, the margins connected 
by a faint columellar callus. 

Diam. maj. 7, diam. min. 6°25 mm. ; alt. 6°5 mm. 

Type locality. Kabaéna Island. 

Specimen examined 1. 


(23) Leptopoma celebesianum concolor, subsp. n. 


Smaller than typical L. celebesianum, wider umbilicated, 
extremely fine sculptured, and of a uniform whitish colour. 

Diam. maj. 8°5, diam. min. 7 mm. ; alt. 8°25 mm. 

Type locality. Mengkoka, 8.E. Celebes. 


Specimen examined 1, 


(24) Vivipara javanica soembawana, subsp. n. 
Differs from typical V. javanica by its more globular 
general form, lower spire, and more convex whorls. 
Diam. maj. 18, diam. min. 16 mm.; alt. 23 mm. 
Type locality. Dompoe, Soembawa. 
Specimen examined 1. 


(25) Vevipara javanica lombocensis, subsp. n. 


This loeal form is strikingly similar to V. yavanica borneensis, 
Kob., from which it is distinguished by its smaller size, lower 
spire, better impressed suture, and more convex whorls. 

Diam. maj. 17°5, diam.*min. 15 mm. ; alt. 23 mm, 

Type locality. Bajan, Lombok, 

Specimens examined 16. 


(26) Nerttina (Clithon) soembawana, sp. n. 


Shell semiglobose, very solid, densely striated or rugose, 
without spines, greyish brown to dark brown, dull, often very 
indistinctly marbled; last whorl distinctly shouldered ; aper- 
ture white or yellowish white ; columellar area rather smooth, 
columellar edge finely dentate and with a blunt tooth in its 
upper part. 

Diam, 20°5, alt. 17 mm. 

Type locality. Bima, Soembawa. 

Specimens examined 19, 


from the Malay Archipelago. 419 


(27) Neritina (Neritina) wetarana, sp. n. 


Shell semiglobose, very solid, densely and minutely 
striated, light brown with an irregular black network pattern, 
or a nearly uniform black with small yellow markings ; apex 
distinctly marked; aperture bluish white; columellar area 
smooth, polished. 

Diam. 20, alt. 19 mm. 

Type locality. Ilwaki River, near Ilmedo, Wetar. 

Specimens examined 19. 


(28) Septaria elberti, sp. n. 

Shell oviform, rather rounded anteriorly, somewhat pointed 
behind, moderately inflated, rather solid; apex very distinctly 
projecting beyond the posterior margin, worn away below ; 
epidermis light to dark brown, with narrow, oblique, dark 
bands showing the tendency to form a network laterally and 
posteriorly ; septum rather broad, with a distinctly convex 
margin ; inside uniformly bluish white. 

Length 24°5, breadth 20, height 8 mm. 

Type locality. Kali Spi, Flores; some more specimens 
from an unnamed locality in Flores, 

Specimens examined 7, 


(29) Tarebia celebensis boetonensis, subsp. n. 


Distinguished from typical 7’. celebensis by its much more 
conic spire, more convex last whorl, and by the sculpture 
showing nodules only on the upper part of the whorls. 

Length 24, diam. 9°5 mm. 

Type locality. Lipoemangaoe, 8.E. Boeton. 

Specimens examined 13, 


(30) Plotia scabra sublevis, subsp. n. 


A slender, high conic, and nearly smooth form of P. scabra, 
related to von Martens’s P. scabra mutica, but distinguished 
from it by its higher whorls, by a very indistinct angle on 
the uppermost portion of the last two whorls, and by its high, 
natrow, piriform aperture. 

Length 26, diam. 11 mm, 

Type locality. Sadjang, Lombok. 

Specimens examined 12, 


(31) Melanoides striatissimus, sp. n. 
Shell high conic, solid, light brown to black, often with 


420 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on 


very distinct marks of growth; whorls 93, the upper ones 
smooth, somewhat flattened, the last three with numerous 
elevated spiral ledges, rather convex, especially the last ; 
suture moderately impressed; aperture piriform, greyish 
white inside ; columella somewhat bent in. 

Length 32°5, diam. 12 mm. 

Type locality. Kabaéna. 

Specimens examined 23. 


(32) Melanotdes crepidinatus ventricosulus, subsp. n. 


Distinguished from typical J. crepidinatus by its more 
slender general form and by its much more convex last 
whorls ; adult specimens are always decollated. 

Type locality. Mengkoka, 8.E. Celebes. 

Specimens examined 28. 


(33) Melanoides tuberculatus nudatus, subsp. n. 


A high smooth form of JZ. tuberculatus, nearly related to 
AM. tuberculatus seminudus, Marts., but easily distinguished 
from it by its more convex whorls, deeply impressed suture, 
pointed apex, and by the nearly complete lack of spiral 
sculpture. 

Length 34, diam. 12 mm. 

Type locality. Segare Anak, Lombok. 

Specimens examined 45. 


LIV.—Descriptions of new Reptiles from the Andes of South 
America, preserved in the British Museum. By G.'A, 
Bou.enGEr, F.R.S. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Tropidurus holotropis. 


Upper head-scales large, keeled; a series of four trans- 
versely enlarged supraoculars, more than half as broad as 
the supraocular region; occipital very large, as long as 
broad ; anterior border of ear scarcely denticulated. A strong 
transverse gular fold; side of neck with imbricate keeled 
scales, directed backwards and upwards. Body moderately 
depressed ; a vertebral crest, well developed on the nape, 
gradually decreasing in height on the body ; dorsal scales 


new Lteptiles from the Andes. 421 


rather large, strongly keeled and mucronate, the keels 
directed obliquely towards the vertebral line ; ventral scales 
smaller, also strongly keeled ; 49 scales round the middle of 
the body. The adpressed hind limb reaches the eye. Tail 
cylindrical, without crest, covered with unequal-sized scales, 
the largest of which are smaller than the dorsals. Dark 
brown above and on the throat; small black spots on the 
back and on the hind limbs ; a large, black, light-edged spot 
at the angle of the mouth; gular fold white in front, black 
behind; fore limb pale grey, with black bars; belly 
brownish. 


mm, 
Lotal leneth ys yay. Sita) OFA Ss ewe 260 
Fi caa) ois asd thats hictanaerd Aero ae o ak 19 
Waidthy of Regd. : : sais i ace uly xs noe 18 
Bro eee tome nan cig oe ee ec coes 56 
Fare mb's. U7. 2: Sopdet Sripocop bile c 43 
Eisnd limaie a0 92. ts Pate. TRS ee 60 
Rahs cet asay «sedate gs.5) s, caleg isauriaas «Mast 185 


A single specimen from Alpayaca, Rio Pastaza, E. Ecuador, 
3600 feet, from the collection of Mr. M. G. Palmer. 


Ptychoglossus brevifrontalis. 


Head short ; snout subtruncate. Frontonasal broader than 
long ; pretrontals forming a short suture ; frontal not longer 
than broad, but slightly longer than the frontonasal or the 
frontoparietals ; interparietal nearly as broad as the parietals ; 
no occipitals ; a small loreal ; seven upper labials, third very 
long; five lower labials ; chin-shields very large, one antericr 
and three pairs, the first two pairs in contact on the median 
line. Gular scales squarish, in 7 transverse series ; collar 
formed of 7 shields, Dorsal scales in 24 longitudinal and 
33 transverse series; ventrals a little longer than broad, in 8 
longitudinal and 18 transverse series. Four preanals, median 
pair the larger. The hind limb reaches the wrist, the fore 
limb between the ear and the eye; scales on limbs smooth. 
14 femoral pores on each side. Brown above, mottled with 
black ; an interrupted yellowish streak on each side, from 
above the eye to the tail ; below it a black streak, broken up 
into spots towards the middle of the body ; lower parts white. 


mm 
ead: 0 Bee: 12 
Widthrof head css see eee BR O1O 
From end of snout to fore limb........ 22 

ss 5 VEU aye « bales,» iss 65 
Ore LM). ..ccn «as cree meee aera he oes 15 


Hind limb 1 9'@ 60) OW Che ereralele wv 8 Bere a 6h 8 24 


422 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on 


A single specimen from El Topo, Rio Pastaza, EH. Ecuador, 
4200 feet, from the collection of Mr. M. G. Palmer. 


Leptognathus palmer. 


Body slender, strongly compressed. [ye large. Rostral 
broader than deep, just visible from above ; internasals nearly 
half as long as the prefrontals ; frontal slightly broader than 
long, shorter than its distance from the end of the snout and 
than the parietals ; nasal divided ; loreal a little deeper than 
long, bordering the eye, with a preocular above it ; two post- 
oculars; temporals 243; nine upper labials, fourth, fifth, 
and sixth entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with 
its fellow behind the symphysial ; three pairs of chin-shields, 
anterior longer than broad. Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals 
enlarged but longer than broad. Ventrals 187; anal entire ; 
subcaudals 120. Reddish brown, with broad blackish-brown 
annuli, edged with yellowish, on the anterior part of the 
body ; further down these annuli are gradually replaced by 
pairs of large alternating spots which approximate on the 
vertebral line but are widely separated on the belly; head 
blackish brown, with yellowish-white bars on the labial 
shields and a few light dots on the loreal and temporal 
regions. 

Total length 950 ; tail 310 mm. 

A single maie specimen from El Topo, Rio Pastaza, 
E. Ecuador, 4200 teet, from the collection of Mr. M. G. 
Palmer. 

Allied to Z. alternans, Fisch. Distinguished by the shorter 
frontal, the divided nasal, and the absence of a lower pre- 
ocular. Distinguished from JZ. boliviana, Werner, from 
Bolivia, by the shorter frontal and the presence of two super- 
posed anterior temporals. 


Leptognathus polylepis. 


Body slender, rather strongly compressed. Lye large. 
Rostral broader than deep, scarcely visible from above ; 
internasals nearly half as long as the preefrontals ; frontal as 
long as broad, a little longer than its distance from the end 
of the snout, much shorter than the parietals ; nasal divided ; 
loreal as long as deep, bordering the eye, with a preocular 
above it; two postoculars; temporals 2+33; nine upper 
labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye; first lower 
labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial ; 
three pairs of chin-shields, anterior a little longer than broad. 


new Reptiles from the Andes. 4233 


Scales in 19 rows, vertebrals not enlarged. Ventrals 199 ; 
anal entire ; subcaudals 94. Black, with narrow, whitish, 
black-spotted cross-bars above, widening or bifurcating on 
the sides; a few whitish spots on the upper lip, behind the 
eye; belly lineolate with white. 

Total length 950; tail 240 mm. 

A single female specimen from Huancabamba, E. Peru, 
above 3000 feet, from the collection of Mr. E. Boettger. 

Allied to Z. alternans, Fisch. Distinguished from all the 
species of the genus by the number of rows of scales. 


Lachesis pleuroxanthus, 


Head short, cordiform ; snout turned up at the end, with 
sharp canthus. Rostral a little deeper than broad; nasal 
divided; upper head-scales small, feebly imbricate, smooth 
on snout and vertex, feebly keeled on occiput, larger and 
more decidedly keeled on temples; supraocular large, sepa- 
rated from its fellow by 8 series of scales; internasals sepa- . 
rated by a pair of apicals; two or three series of scales 
between the eye and the third and fourth upper labials ; loreal 
pit separated from the uppex labials; latter 7. Scales rather 
feebly keeled, in 23 rows. Ventrals 144; anal entire ; sub- 
caudals 49 pairs. Tail not prehensile. Greyish above, 
bright yellow on the sides, which bear A-shaped dark grey 
markings, some of which meet on the back, each branch 
terminating in a black spot; a dark streak, light-edged above, 
from the eye to the angle of the mouth; sides and lower 
surface of head bright yellow, without spots; belly closely 
mottled with blackish, with a series of large black spots on 
each side. 

Total length 350; tail 55 mm. 

A single female specimen from Alpayaca, Rio Pastaza, 
K. Ecuador, 3600 feet, from the collection of Mr. M. G. 
Palmer. 

Closely allied to Z. microphthalmus, Cope. Distinguished 


by the larger eye, the shorter body, and the feebly keeled 
scales. 


Lachesis chloromelas. 


Snout rounded, with sharp canthus. Rostral as deep as 
broad; nasal divided; upper head-scales keeled; a large 
supraocular ; 5 or 6 longitudinal series of scales between the 
supraoculars ; small frontal and parietal shields sometimes 
present ; two series of scales between the eye and the third 
and fourth upper labials; temporal scales strongly keeled ; 


424 Mr. H. Scott on 


7 upper labials, second forming the anterior border of the 
loreal pit. Scales strongly keeled, in 23 or 25 rows. Ven- 
trals 178-187; anal entire; subcaudals 41 (?) -63 (¢), 
partly single, partly in pairs. Tail prehensile. Yellowish 
green above, speckled with black, with large black irregular 
spots, some of which may form cross-bars; the spots very 
large on the top of the head, separated by narrow lines of 
the ground-colour forming symmetrical markings ; a broad 
black band on each side from the eye to the angle of the 
mouth ; lower parts greenish yellow, speckled or spotted 
with black ; end of tail bright yellow. 

Total length 740; tail 110 mm. 

Three specimens from Huancabamba, E. Peru, above 
3000 feet, from the collection of Mr. E. Boettger. 

Closely allied to Z. peruvianus, Blgr.; distinguished by the 
rounded snout without raised canthus, the presence of two 
series of scales between the eye and the labials, and the very 
different coloration. 


LV.-—A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Fauna of 
Bromeliacee. By Hueu Scorr, M.A. (Cantab.), F.L.S., 
F.E.S., Curator in Entomology in the University of 
Cambridge. Including Descriptions of new Insects by 
W.L. Distant, F.E.S., and the late R. SHetrorp, M.A., 
iS. 


[Plate X.] 


Tne fauna inhabiting the spaces between the bases of 
leaves of Monocotyledonous plants in the tropics offers for 
investigation a fascinating field, in which that of the 
Bromeliacez is pre-eminent in its interest. The curious 
funnel-like form and closely fitting leaf-bases of these plants, 
adapting them for the holding of water and organic detritus, 
their distribution throughout the richest parts of the 
Neotropical Region, their vast numbers of individuals and 
frequent epiphytic habit, all lead to the expectation that 
they may contain a rich and interesting series of animal 
forms. 

In a recent article* on “les Broméliacées épiphytes 


* C. R. Ac. Sci., tome cliii. no. 20, 1911, p. 960: this article also 
contains interesting remarks on the means by which Bromeliacese may 
have become peopled by their fauna, &c. 


the Fauna of Bromeliacee. 425 


comme milieu biologique,’ Monsieur C. Picado has likened 
the Bromeliacee and their contents taken as a whole to 
“un grand maréeage fractionné, étendu dans toute ? Améri- 
que intertropicale.’? The bromeliad marshes, he writes, 
are very different from terrestrial marshes, owing to their 
arboreal situation, restricted area, conditions of lighting, &c. ; 
they are supplied not only with rain-water, but also with 
water condensed daily from the atmosphere, and so they 
may continue to contain water even at seasons when terres- 
trial marshes are dried up; substances do not undergo a 
real putrefaction in Bromeliacee *, but the water in them is 
exceptionally pure. Dr. Ohaus also mentions (Stettin. ent. 
Zeit. 1900, p. 211) that the water in bromeliads does not 
disappear even in the dry season, and even in places whcre 
sometimes rain does not fall for months. From this it can 
be seen that the fauna is likely to be largely amphibious or 
aquatic in nature. 

Professor P. P. Calvert, who has given much time to the 
study of the bromeliad fauna in Costa Rica, has published 
several articles on the subject, dealing particularly with the 
bromeliadicolous Odonate larve. Previously to his researches 
nothing was known of the early stages of the remarkable 
dragonflies of the genus J/ecistogaster, the larvee of which 
are among the most interesting of the bromeliad dwellers. 
In one paper he states that various forms of animal life are 
found in the Bromeliaceze in many localities, 7. e. at very 
different elevations and consequently under very different 
climatie conditions: “cockroaches, earwigs, katydid-like 
insects, larvee of beetles, of moths, of flies and of mosquitos, 
ants....., snails, earthworms, scorpions, both true and 
false, centipedes, and even snakes of poisonous repute are 
common bromeliadicoli which we met in our examinations’’f. 
In another article is given a long list t{ of the creatures 
found in a single clump of Bromeliaceze near Juan Vifias, 
a list which includes Odonate larve, a scorpion and a 
pseudoscorpion, Phalangids, Coleoptera and Coleopterous 
larve of many kinds (including Hydrophilide, Elateride, a 
Lampyrid, an Endomychid, a weevil, &c.), Lepidopterous 
and Dipterous larve, two Heteropterous bugs, an earwig, an 


* See a second article by Picado, C. R. Ac. Sci., tome cliv. no. 9, 1912, 


. 607. 
- + From ‘Old Penn, Weekly Review of the University of Penn- 


sylvania, ix. no. 6, pp. 165-170 (1910): an extract is given by Champion 
in Ent. Mo. Mag. xxii. 1911, p. 17. 

{ Ent. News Philad. xxii. 1911, pp. 402-11: the list referred to above 
is quoted im extenso in Ent. Rec. xxiv. 1912, p. 76. 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 29 


426 Mr. H. Scott on 


ant, &c. In another place in the same paper (p. 407) 
spiders, slugs, and planarians are mentioned as being found 
in Bromeliacez ; and (on p.411) Morton is cited as writing 
(in litt.) that Fritz Miller once sent him cases of caddis-fly 
larvee found in epiphytic bromeliads in the primeval forests 
of Southern Brazil., 

To quote again the work* of Dr. Ohaus: in Brazil he 
found that large Bromeliacee, growing both on trees and 
on steep rock-faces, were rich hunting-grounds, containing 
beetles (particularly Tenebrionide), many kinds of spiders, 
myriapods, Peripatus, and numbers of Blattide. In the 
water in the bromeliads he frequently found tree-frogs, 
which deposit their spawn there; and he considers this not 
an exceptional but a normal habit, persisted in even when 
terrestrial pieces of water are quite close at hand. In a 
later record + of South American travel he records finding a 
dung-beetle, Aphengium seminudum, Bates, usually several 
specimens together, in large Bromeliacee. These lists are 
summarized to show the extent of the bromeliad fauna, and 
for the sake of comparison with the results of my bromeliad 
collecting in the West Indies, given below. 

My own interest in the matter was roused by my 
experiences in the Seychelles Islands during the Percy 
Sladen Trust Expedition of 1908-9. Some of the most 
interesting species of beetles were found there between leaf- 
bases of certain endemic species of palms and Pandanus, 
notably a true water-beetle (Dytiscid) in the latter. In 
the paper describing my experiences a short account { is 
given of this form of collecting, with a list of the creatures 
found in leaf-bases of palms and Pandanus: a list which 
includes earthworms, planarians, snails, woodlice, a scorpion, 
Lepidopterous and Dipterous larve, Coleoptera and Coleo- 
pterous larve of very different forms, earwigs, and a very 
peculiar flattened form of cockroach described by Bolivar as 
a new genus (Hololeptoblatta: a find in Pandanus very 
interesting in connection with the discovery of the interesting 
new bromeliadicolous cockroach described below). 

Thus in the tropics of both hemispheres, and in other 
plants besides Bromeliacee, an interesting and largely 
aquatic or amphibious fauna dwells between the bases of the 
leaves. Nor does this exhaust the list of curious situations 
in which aquatic insects have been found in plants. In 


* Stettin. ent. Zeit. 1900, pp. 211, 212. 
+ Op. ert. 1909, p. 26. 
} Trans. Lim. Soc. London, ser. 2, Zool. vol. xiv. 1910, p. 24. 


the Fauna of Bromeliaceze. 427 


Trinidad I was informed that many Culicid larve are some- 
times found in the water that collects in the strange inflo- 
rescences of Heliconiea (wild Musacez) ; and in the Sandwich 
Islands Dr. Perkins found that nymphs of some dragonflies 
exist and complete their development in the water accumu- 
lated in the leaves of lilies growing on dry land *. 
Therefore, during a short visit to Trinidad and Dominica 
in March of this year, I determined to try to see something 
of the bromeliad fauna. I was only able to examine Brome- 
liaceze for this purpose on three occasions, in a single locality 
in Trinidad and in two localities in Dominica. A_ brief 
account of these investigations will be given, followed by 
descriptions of four new species of bromeliadicolous insects. 


I. Trinipap.—The locality was the actual summit of the 
highest mountain in the island, El Tucuché, 3100 feet, in 
the northern range of hills. My visit was made on March 
20th, in company with Mr. F. W. Urich, Government Ento- 
mologist, and Mr. W. G. Freeman, Assistant Director of 
Agriculture, to both of whom I am greatly indebted for 
much kindness and help. Having left Port of Spain at 
daybreak and travelled by rail to St. Joseph, formerly the 
capital, we then drove northwards into the mountains up 
the Maracas valley as far as the road is passable for vehicles. 
We then climbed the steep side of the valley-head through 
cacao-plantations till we arrived at a gap or saddle between 
two peaks high in the hills. Pushing our way through a 
dense bed of Heliconie, the broad banana-like leaves of 
which reached some way over our heads, we crossed the gap 
and emerged on to the track leading to the mountain-top. 
From this point we followed the track to the summit, 
mounting gradually for about 4 miles through a dense 
tropical forest of extreme beauty. In the higher part espe- 
cially was an indescribable luxuriance of vegetation, very 
noticeable being many graceful palms of several kinds 
(Euterpe, Bactris, Geonoma, &c.), an extraordinary wealth 
of ferns, Lycopodiacee, climbing and epiphytic Aroids, lianes, 
and epiphytic Bromeliacee often with gaudily-coloured 
inflorescences, not to mention the many kinds of Dicotyle- 
donous trees. Immediately below the summit the forest 
becomes somewhat stunted, and trunks and branches of trees 
wear a shaggy clothing of thick moss. At the actual summit 
a small area is cleared and a little wooden camping-house 
has been built. On the way through the forest we had been 


* See Sharp, ‘Cambridge Natural History,’ vol. vy. pp. 425-6, 
id 


425 Mr. H. Sectt on 


delayed by heavy rain, and at the summit found ourselves in 
a chilly driving cloud, the difference of temperature between 
this place and the lowlands being so great that one gladly 
sought the shelter of the house. Later the cloud rolled off, 
disclosing a magnificent view, southward over the low-lying 
level ceutral part of the island, and northward over those 
peaks and forests and that beautiful northern coast which 
form the subject of one of the most charming chapters in 
Kingsley’s ‘ At Last.’ 

In contrast with the climatic conditions on the mountain, 
the country in the lowlands was extremely parched, the dry 
season being at its height, and a severe drought, such as had 
not been experienced for years, prevailing in addition. But 
in the mountain-forests moisture is perennial, and the water 
between the bromeliad leaves would never dry up—an 
important fact with reference to the amphibious and aquatic 
nature of the bromeliad fauna. 

During the hour spent on the summit we collected a 
sample of this fauna. One or two plants of a species of 
Tillandsia were taken by Mr. Urich from two or three feet 
above the ground (it being very difficult to get at specimens 
perched in lofty trees) and brought into the house, where 
the leaves were stripped off one by one, from outside inwards. 
In the water and humus between their bases were found the 
following :— 

Two specimens of a small frog; a millipede; crustaceans 
(Isopoda); Odonate larvee, about which I shall say nothing, 
as they are being further investigated by Mr. Urich ; an 
earwig, determined by Dr. Burr as an immature Psalid, 
perhaps Psalis americana; numbers of a new species of 
cockroach, Homalopteryx scotti (described below by Shelford), 
adults of both sexes and young in several stages; large 
numbers of a Coleopterous larva, either of or allied to the 
genus Helodes (mentioned again below) ; a series of a new 
Dytiscid beetle, Aglymbus bromeliarum (described below) ; 
several of a new Hydrophilid, Cyclonotum urichi (described 
below) ; four specimens of a species of Trichopteryx (deter- 
mination of the genus due to Mr. H. Britten); a single 
specimen of a Thysanopteron, determined by Mr. R.S. Bagnall 
as a species of Kupathithrips Bagn.*; and, lastly, a number 
of a new Hemipteron, Microvelia insignis Distant (described 
below). 

Of these the Dytiscid (Aglymbus), the Microvelia, the 
Odonate larvee, and the Helodine larve are purely aquatic 


eA = Heterothrips Bufta (nec Hood),=Polyommatothrips Bulffa (teste 
agnall). 


the Fauna of Bromeliacez. 429 


insects. The finding of the Aglymbus is specially interesting 
im connection with the previous discovery, already referred to 
above, of a tree-inhabiting species of the allied genus 
Copelatus in the Old-World tropics—i. e. Copelatus panda- 
norum, which lives in the water between leaf-bases of Pan- 
danus in. the perennially moist mountain-forests of the 
Seychelles. Beyond these two species I am unaware that 
any Dytiscid has been found inhabiting trees. The larvee of 
Helodine are aquatic, e. g. those of Helodes minuta live 
beneath stones submerged in streams; and Microvelia 
belongs to a group the members of which run on the surface 
of fresh water. As to the Hydrophilid, the members of the 
genus Cyclonotum might be described as subaquatic, most of 
them appearing to live in decaying vegetable refuse which 
often contains much moisture. Shelford has called attention 
(below) to an adaptation of the new cockroach (Homalo- 
pteryx) for an amphibious existence. In this connection 
nothing can be said at present with regard to the Tricho- 
pteryx or the Eupathithrips; but the facts just summarized, 
in conjunction with the presence of the frogs, show the 
aguatic or amphibious nature of the bromeliadicolous fauna. 

It may be asked if the truly aquatic insects show any 
special adaptation for livingin the Bromeliacez as compared 
with their congeners which inhabit waters on the ground. 
The Aglymbus is more flattened dorso-ventrally than its con- 
geners, this being perhaps an adaptation for living in the 
narrow spaces between the leaf-bases (Copelatus pandanorum 
is also flattened). Iam unaware of any special adaptation in 
the Microvelia. The Helodine larve are less flattened than 
those of Helodes minuta, which live under stones; and 
Prof. Carpenter considers the bromeliadicolous larvee the less 
specialized of the two (see below). 

In a letter to me Mr. Urich writes :—“ If these beetles 
[the Aglymbus | are confined to higher elevations and must 
live at the tops of our highest hills, then they are entirely 
confined to Bromelia-water, as the tops of several hills of the 
Northern Range appear to have no other water” within a 
mile of the summit by road, or, vertically, above 2500 feet *. 
Mr. Urich reters to the fact that, although there is extremely 
abundant moisture on the mountain-tops, yet there are no 
pools or streams, and the only water in which truly aquatic 
sects such as Dytiscidee could live is that which collects 
between leaf-bases, in inflorescences, &c. The same state- 
ment applies to the highest parts of the Seychelles forests ; 


* Mr. Urich adds that he has seen frogs similar to those found by us 
in the same kind of bromeliad at similar elevations on other peaks. 


430 Mr. H. Scott on 


they are saturated with moisture, but there are no pools, 
and though swift mountain-streams are numerous at lower 
levels, they are not present on the peaks; so that on those 
peaks the only water in which aquatic insects can exist is 
that which accumulates in hollow leaves, pitchers of Ne- 
penthes, leaf-bases of Pandanus, &c. In speaking of the 
lily-dwelling Odonate larvee referred to above Dr. Sharp 
states that the Sandwich Islands are extremely poor in 
stagnant waters; in large areas of forest the only water that 
Odonata can find for their larve to live in may be small 
accumulations in plants. 


II. Dominics.—In this island I made two excursions, on 
both of which I was accompanied and guided by Mr. Jones, 
Assistant at the Botanic Station at Koseau, who aided me 
in collecting, and to whom I am greatly indebted for his 
kindness. On March 29th we rode to a point above the 
freshwater lake, whence a view is obtained in two directions— 
westward down the valleys towards Roseau and the leeward 
coast, and eastward down on to the windward coast. I am 
uncertain of the elevation, but it is in the neighbourhood of 
3000 feet, probably over. Two or three plants of an un- 
determined bromeliad, growing just low enough to be 
reached, were taken from trees growing at the roadside edge 
of the luxuriant forest. These contained numbers of 
Helodine larva very similar to, or perhaps identical with, 
those found in Trinidad ; three specimens of asmall Staphy- 
linid beetle, which Mr. Champion tells me is a new species 
of Stamnoderus near to S. optatus Sharp; one worn specimen 
of a Barid weevil, possibly a species of Nicentrus Casey 
(teste Champion) ; one (wingless) specimen of a Microvelia, 
determined by Mr. Distant as identical with the new species 
(M. insignis) found in Trinidad Bromeliacee ; and some 
Chironomid larve. 

On March 80th we visited a piece of virgin forest at an 
elevation somewhat over 1000 feet in the mountains behind 
Roseau. Here, in a single epiphytic bromeliad, numbers of 
the Helodine larvee were again met with: in my journal I 
wrote that Hydrophilide and a Tirichopteryx were also seen, 
but these are not now forthcoming and were perhaps lost in 
the hurry of departure ; and a single specimen was captured 
of a cockroach, determined by Mr. Shelford as a well-known 
species, Hpilampra conspersa Burm. Some, at any rate, of 
the species of Hpilampra are amphibious, and in the specimen 
before me the spiracular tubes can be seen projecting from 


the Fauna of Bromeliacez. 431 


beneath the antepenultimate abdominal tergite as clearly as 
they can in the new Homalopterya *. 


Nore on tue Hetopiny Larvaz.—Professor G. H. Car- 
penter has kindly determined these larvae, of which such 
numbers occurred in the Bromeliaceze, as being either 
members of or closely related to the genus Helodes. No 
imago to which they could belong was found. They are 
long and narrow, not tapering much towards the posterior 
extremity, flattened dorso-ventrally, with filamentous an- 
tenne nearly as long as their bodies, and a group of rectal 
gills. Prof. Carpenter writes (in litt.) that they are closely 
hike the larve of Helodes minuta, but on the whole less 
specialized, being less flatteued dorso-ventrally. He and 
Miss MacDowell have recently published (Quart. J. Mier. 
Sci., vol. lvii. part 4, 1912, p. 373) a very interesting paper 
in which the mouth-parts of the larva of Helodes minuta 
are described and figured. I have made preparations of the 
mouth-parts of two of the bromeliadicolous larvz, and on a 
cursory examination find them much like those of H. minuta 
in general structure, though differing in detail (especially in 
the form of the labrum, which is strongly emarginate) ; the 
hypopharynx and maxillule appear much as they do in 
pl. xxxv. fig. 11 of the paper just cited. 


Descriptions oF NEw SPECIES. 
Blattida. 


1. Homalopteryx scotti, sp.n. (PI. X. figs. 1 & 2.) 


g. Head and antenne rufo-castaneous ; vertex of head 
freely exposed, smooth, impunctate; eyes widely remote, 
their distance apart and that of the antennal sockets equal ; 
ocelli distinct, closer together than the eyes. Pronotum 
trapezoidal, anteriorly: and posteriorly subtruncate, impunc- 
tate, nitid, castaneous, broadly bordered laterally with 
ochreous, a narrow line of the same colour on the anterior 
border, extreme outer lateral margins castaneous. Scutellum 
not visible. Tegmina ovate, semicorneous, not extending 
beyond the middle of the antepenultimate segment of the 
abdomen, impunctate, strongly overlapping, marginal area 


%* See Shelford, below, under the description of Homualopteryx scott: ; 
also his papers in ‘ Zoologist,’ vol. xi. 1907, p. 221, and ‘ Records of the 
Indian Museum,’ vol. iii. part 2, 1909, p. 129. 


432 Mr. H. Scott on 


broad, costals regular, discoidal sectors oblique ; castaneous, 
laterally bordered with ochreous, the band diminishing from 
before backwards ; extreme outer margin of mediastinal 
area castaneous, mediastinal vein piceous; radial vein 
ridged on the under surface of the tegmina. Wings flavo- 
testaccous, equal in length to teemina ; costals irregular ; 
11 ulnar rami, 4 being “incomplete. The abdomen “above 
yellow-brown, the disc dark , posterior angles of distal tergites 
dentately produced ; beneath castaneous. Supra-anal jarei 
subbilobate, barely exceeding the subgenital lamina, which 
is narrow, produced, slightly asymmetrical (Pl. X. fig. 2), 
and with two small slender styles. Cerci short, pointed, 
piceous, the two apical joints ochreous. Legs rufo-casta- 
neous ; femora strongly armed, front femora with three to 
four spines on the anterior margin beneath ; formula of 
apical spines ?, 1,1; no genicular spines on front femora. 
Tibize triseriately spined on their outer aspect. ‘'Tarsi short, 
with large pulvilli and arolia; metatarsi quite unarmed 
beneath ; posterior metatarsus rather shorter than the suc- 
ceeding g joints. 

a. eesemiiles the g, but is larger, the ochreous margins 
of the pronotum and tegmina translucent ; the tegmina and 
wings are shorter and the abdomen is dark castaneous in 
colour both above and beneath ; supra-anal lamina slightly 
more produced, and subgenital lamina ample, produced, with 
sinuate margins. 

Larve dark castaneous, variegated with rufous in some 
specimens; lateral margins of the thoracic tergites trans- 
lucent ochreous. 

Measurements (g and ? types).—Total length (¢) 28, 
(2) 3885 mm.; length of tegmina (¢) 16, (2) 19 mm.; 
greatest breadth of abdomen (¢) 14, (?) 19 mm; pro- 
notum (¢) 8x12, (? ) 95 x 142 mm. 

Loe. Trinidad, summit of El Tucuché, 3100 feet, 20. iii. 
1912 ; from leaf-bases of Tillandsia sp.,2 3,4 2, 7 larvee. 

Type (¢) and one paratype (? ). presented to British 
Museum, and one paratype (?) to the Hope Museum, 
Oxford; remaining paratypes and larve in Cambridge 
University Museum. 

A certain amount of water collects in the spaces between 
the leaf-bases, and the cockroaches must therefore lead a 
more or less aquatic life; the spiracular tubes which in 
both sexes are clearly visible, prejecting from beneath the 
antepenultimate abdominal tergite, show that this species 
is as well adapted for an aquatic existence as those Oriental 


the Fauna of Bromeliacee. 433 


forms of Epilampra and Rhicnoda described by me*. It is 
quite possible that a new genus will have to be erected 
eventually for this species, since in the free exposure of the 
vertex of the head it differs from typical Homalopteryx ; but 
at present it may be allowed to rest in that genus. Hitherto 
Homalopteryx was represented in the New World by but a 
single species, H. capucina Brunn., from Venezuela, the 
type of the genus.—R. Suetrorp f. 


COLEOPTERA. 


2. Aglymbus bromeliarum, sp.n. (Pl. X. fig. 3.) 


3. Depressus, ovatus, subopacus, persubtilissime reticulatus, cor- 
pore supra subtusque omnino nigro, palpis antennisque pedibusque 
piceo-rufis; capite subtilissime punctato et breviter longitudinaliter 
striolato, antice utrinque impresso; prothorace tote tenuiter 
longitudinaliter striolato, ante angulos posteriores leviter curvatim 
impresso; elytris omnino dense longitudinaliter striolatis, striis 6 
tenuibus, parte anteriore strix suturalis tenuissima, interdum 
obsoleta, stria submarginali nulla; tibiis anticis ad basin attenu- 
atis, curvatis, intus leviter emarginatis; tarsorum anticorum 
mediorumque articulis 1-3 dilatatis. 

Q. Striolis longitudinalibus in capite et in parte media prothoracis 
fere obsoletis; tibiis anticis simplicibus, tarsis haud dilatatis. 

Long. corp. (3 2) 5-6 mm, . 


Depressed, ovate, body entirely black above and beneath, 
with mouth-parts reddish, and palps, antenne, and legs 
pitchy red ; subopaque, the entire surface extremely finely 
reticulate {. Head extremely finely punctured, with short 
fine longitudinal striole in addition to the punctures, these 
striole, however, much fewer or nearly absent in ?; on 
either side in front 1s a marked impression bearing several 
larger punctures, and there are also one or two larger punc- 
tures behind and nearer to the eye than this impression ; in 
some specimens a vague median impression on the back of 
the head is present. Prothorax entirely covered with short 
fine longitudinal striole in the ¢; in ? these striole are 
more strongly marked at the sides and are present along the 


* See footnote on p. 451, 

+ These specimens were examined and the description made by Mr. 
Shelford about three weeks before his death. Ue gave his assent in a 
letter to my publishing the description in this paper.—H. Scorr. 

+ This tine reticulation of the entire surface of the chitin is not to be 
confounded with the sculpture of striole described below. 


434 Mr. H. Scott on 


anterior and posterior margins, but become obsolete in the 
median part of the disc. A median longitudinal impression, 
abbreviated before and behind, is sometimes present on the 
disc, and the bise has a slight impression on either side 
about halfway between the middle and the posterior angle. 
A series of punctures extends across the thorax immediately 
behind the front margin; it continues as an impressed 
series along each side, in the front part running parallel to 
the lateral margin, but behind curving inwards away from 
the side and approaching the basal impression. Scute//um 
smooth. Elytra entirely and closely covered with very 
numerous fine striole, elongate and rather irregular in 
direction, appearing to form a network of elongate meshes, 
though few, if any, of the striole are actually connected 
with one another ; each elytron has six very fine striz on the 
disc, reaching almost to the base, though striz 1] and 3 are 
extremely fine in front, stria 1 (the sutural stria) being 
sometimes obsolete in its anterior portion ; striz 2, 4, 6 are 
a little more strongly marked and finely punctured ; striz 5 
and 6 are closer together than the others are to one another ; 
the striz do not quite reach the apex, 2 and 4 are a little 
shorter than 1, 3, and 5, and 6 is the shortest of all; the 
apical portion of the elytron beyond the ends of the striz 
bears some punctures; there is no submarginal stria, but a 
series of punctures, rather difficult to see, close to the margin. 
Metasternum without striole or punctures. Hind cove and 
* abdominal segments 1 and 2 with numerous fine striole, 
segments 3-6 smooth. 

Loc. Trinidad, summit of El Tucuché, 3100 feet, 20. iii. 
1912; from between leaf-bases of Tillandsia sp.,4 o,5 2. 

Type (&) and one paratype (¢) presented to British 
Museum; remaining paratypes in Cambridge University 
Museum. 

A sculpture of longitudinal striole on the upper surface 
is very characteristic of the genus Aglymbus. Most of the 
previously known species have only the striolee and no striz 
on the elytra, but A. dromeliarum has both striz and striole. 
In this one character it resembles the two Abyssinian species 
(A. gestroi Sharp and A. brevicornis Sharp) more than it 
does the South American species ; but they only have four 
strize on each elytron, while it has six. In fact, A. bromeli- 
arum is unlike any of the other species of the genus. 
Several of the South American species which I have seen in 
Dr. Sharp’s collection are very different; in addition to 
being devoid of elytral striz, they are narrower and much 


the Fauna of Bromeliacere. 435 


less flattened, and the striolw are much coarser and stronger. 
In A. bromeliarum both striole and striz are very fine 
indeed, forming a remarkable and beautiful sculpture ; a 
rather similar type of elytral sculpture is to be seen in 
Copelatus incognitus Sharp (Biol. Centr.-Am., Col. i. 2, p.38), 
though that imsect is absolutely different in other respects. 

Aglymbus closely resembles Copelatus, but is distinguished 
therefrom by the absence of coxal lines. Seven species were 
enumerated in Dr. Sharp’s monograph ‘On Dytiscide ’ 
(p. 596), five from South America and two from Abyssinia. 
He stated (op. cit. p. 893) that they are “ excessively rare.” 
Van den Branden, in his Catalogue of Dytiscide published 
in 1885, three years after Dr. Sharp’s monograph, only gives 
the same seven species (Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, xxix. 
p- 87), and, although I have searched, I have found no 
record of any species being added to the original seven up 
till now. It is just possible that an Aglymbus might be 
described as a Copelatus ; but though 1 have looked up the 
descriptions of many species of Copelatus published since 
Dr. Sharp’s monograph, I have found none in the least 
resembling Aglymbus bromeliarum. Possibly further investi- 
gation of the fauna of Bromeliacez will add to our knowledge 
of the rare genus Aglymbus.—-H. Scorr. 


3. Cyclonotum urichi, sp. n. 


Oblongo-ovale, convexum, nitidum, corpore supra subtusque nigro, 
antennis palpisque flavescentibus, pedibus piceo-ferrugineis ; 
capite conspicue lato, subtiliter crebre punctulato, ad marginem 
anteriorem persubtilissime reticulato ; prothorace subtiliter crebre 
punctulato ; elytris dense parum fortius punctulatis, punctorum 
seriebus nullis, stria suturali postice tenuissima, dimidio anteriore 
omnino obsoleta; tarsis intermediis et posticis brevibus, hirsutis, 
articulo basali incrassato. 

Long. corp. ca. 47 mm. 


Oblong-oval but not elongate, rather less convex than 
some members of the genus. Head very broad and short, 
scarcely narrowing in front of the eyes except for the 
rounding off of the angles, with the front margin straight ; 
closely and finely punctured ; towards the anterior margin 
very finely reticulate, this portion appearing dull, while the 
rest of the head and all the remainder of the upper surface 
are strongly shining. Thorax closely and finely punctured. 
Scutellum very finely punctured. Elytra very closely punc- 
tured (if anything a little more closely than the thorax), the 


436 Mr. H. Scott en 


punctures fine but slightly stronger than those on the head 
and thorax. ‘There are no traces of seriate punctuation. ‘The 
sutural stria is visible as a very fine line in the posterior 
part of the elytron, but in the anterior half is quite absent. 
Wing examined in one specimen and found to be 54 mm. 
long, the elytron being 3 mm. long. Middle and hind tibie 
short, narrowed at base, with fine short spines on the ante- 
rior margin, a number of very short spmes on the under 
surface near the apex, and two long strong spines on the 
inner side at the apex. Middle and hind ¢arsi considerably 
shorter than the tibiz, hirsute, with the basal joint incrassate 
and considerably longer than the second. 

Being not quite satisfied as to the generic position of this 
insect, 1 add the followi ing characters : t—Eyes not emarginate 
in front ; mentum broader than long, strongly impressed 
and concave in front (the concave part shining, the posterior 
part appearing very finely rugose-punctate) ; maxillary palpi 
short, second joint incrassate, terminal joint slightly longer 
than penultimate ; ; labial palpi short, with basal joint short 
and transverse, second joint somewhat incrassate, with sete 
at its apex, terminal jomt narrower and a little shorter than 
second ; antenne 9-jointed, basal jem elongate and about 
equal to joints 2-6 together, a nearly as stout as basal 
joint, jot 3 slender ; joints 4, 5, 6 very short and trans- 
verse ; joints 7-9 forming a loose club; prosternum not 
longitudinally carinate in middle, not very short (longer in 
proportion than that of some members of the genus, e. g. 
C. orbiculare) ; mesosternum forming a somewhat elongate 
elevated lamina (much longer than in C. orbiculare and some 
other species), stretching back to meet the front of the 
metasternum, which is elevated medially but not produced 
far forward between the middle cox: the produced part 
narrows in front and there is a depression where meso- and 
metasternum meet. Basal abdominal segment without a 
carina, 

Loc. Trinidad, summit of El Tucuché, 3100 feet, 20. iii. 
1912; from between leaf-bases of Tillandsia sp., 5 specimens. 

Type presented to British Museum; paratypes in Cam- 
bridge University Museum. 

This species is dedicated to Mr. F. W. Urich, Government 
Entomologist of Trinidad. 

The very short broad head, oblong-oval form, and short, 
hairy, tapering tarsi give this insect a most distinct appear- 
ance. The tarsi somewhat resemble those of Phenonotum, 
but C. urichi is distinguished from that genus by the abso- 


the Fauna of Bromeliacee. 437 


lutely different structure of meso- and metasterna and by 
the presence of a sutural stria on the posterior part of the 
elytra. Its prosternum is longer than in those species of 
Cyclonotum with which I have compared it; the raised 
mesosternal lamina is much more elongated and does not fit 
nearly so closely to the front of the metasternum, there 
being a depression at the pomt of meeting. The Central 
American Cyclonotum posticatum Sharp also differs from its 
- congeners in having the mesosternal lamina much elongated, 
but in that species the lamina is differently formed and fits 
much more closely to the front of the metasternum than it 
does in C. urichi. ‘The oblong-oval form of the body slightly 
recalls Dactylosternum, but C. urichi differs widely from 
that genus in the structure of its underside and in the entire 
absence of seriate punctuation on the elytra. Altogether it 


seems best to retain it as a very aberrant Cyclonotum.— 
H. Scorv. 


HEMIPTERA. 


4. Microvelia insignis, sp.n. (PI. X. figs. 4 & 5.) 


Winged form.— Head and pronotum black; hemelytra 
black, with rather more than basal third greyish white and a 
small spot at apex dusky grey; body beneath black ; an- 
tennz, rostrum, cox, and legs pale ochraceous, extreme 
apices of the femora infuscate, apices of the tarsi black ; an- 
tennze with the first and sccond joints robust, first distinctly 
longer than second, third and fourth slender, a little the 
longest, aud almost subequal in length; head with a central 
longitudinal subcarinate line; pronotum with the lateral 
angles obtusely prominent ; hemelytra with the veins distinct 
and slightly ochraceous on the basal white area. 

Apterous form.—Body above black, about basal half of 
connexivum very pale ochraceous, the first two abdominal 
segments obscure greyish. 

Long. 2 mm. 

Localities. ‘lrinidad, summit of El Tucuché, 3100 feet, 
20. 11. 1912; from between leaf-bases of Tillandsia sp., 
1 winged and 6 wingless specimens. Dominica, from above 
freshwater lake, about 3000 feet, 29. iii. 1912; leaf-bases 
of undetermined bromeliad, 1 specimen (wingless). 

Type (winged specimen) presented to British Museum ; 
apterous specimens in Cambridge University Museum. 

A very distinct species by the structure of the antenn 


438 Mr. W. L. Distant on 


and the prominent coloration of the hemelytra——W. L. 
Distant, 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE X. 


Fig. 1. Homalopteryx scotti, sp. n. (Shelford), gd. x 13. 

Fig. 2. Ditto. Apex of abdomen from beneath, showing subgenital 
lamina, cerci, and styles. X 3. 

Fig. 3. Aglymbus bromeliarum, sp. n. (Scott), dg. x 10. 

Fig. 4. Microvelia insignis, sp. n. (Distant), winged form. x 15. 

Fig. 5. Ditto, apterous form. x 15. 


LVI.—Descriptions of some new Homoptera. 
By W. L. Distant. 


Fam. Cicadide. 


Macrotristria occidentalis, sp. n. 


?. Head and pronotum piceous, more or less ochraceously 
pilose, ocelli red ; pronotum with the basal margin and an 
elongate spot on lateral margins behind eyes pale ochra- 
ceous ; mesonotum castaneous, the disk more or less piceous, 
two central obconical piceous spots, margined with castaneous 
on anterior margin, extending over about half the disk, 
lateral margins longly greyishly pilose and also greyishly 
pilose between the anterior angles of the basal cruciform 
elevation ; abdomen above black, greyishly pilose, the poste- 
rior segmental margins ochraceous ; body beneath ochra- 
ceous, greyishly pilose and pubescent, a small castaneous 
spot on each side of the last ventral segment; face with the 
central sulcation and transverse ridges castaneous ; tegmina 
and wings hyaline; tegmina with the venation black, the 
costal and greater part of the postcostal membranes and the 
claval vein ochraceous, basal cell and a basal longitudinal 
streak above it black, the whole venation of the apical areas 
broadly infuscated, posterior margin of the clavus mostly 
black ; wings with the venation either ochraceous or black ; 
front of head with the lateral areas obliquely carinate, the 
lateral areas of vertex also carinate; pronotum with a 
central, longitudinal, subcruciform carination ; rostrum 
reaching the bases of the posterior coxze ; face moderately 
globose, the transverse carinations strong and distinct. 

Long., excl. tegm., 2? , 30 mm.; exp. tegm. 92 mm. 


some new Homoptera. 439 


Hab. West Australia, Southern Cross (H. Brown, Brit. 
Mus.). 

I have only seen the female sex of this species, which may 
be placed near M. hillieri, Dist. 


Terpnosia crowfooti, sp. n. 


Head, pronotum, and mesonotum pale olivaceous green ; 
head with anterior marginal lines to front, lateral margins to 
vertex, and the area of the ocelli black ; pronotum with two 
central curved longitudinal lines, the outer fissure, a trans- 
verse spot near lateral angles, and two small, central, con- 
tiguous spots near base black; mesonotum with a central 
straight longitudinal line, on each side of which is a short 
inwardly curved line, a curved fasciate line on each lateral 
area, two spots in front of the basal cruciform elevation, 
and the anterior angles of the same black ; abdomen pale 
brownish ochraceous, shortly palely pilose, the central area 
darker, with a series of large segmental spots on each lateral 
area and smaller spots on lateral margins piceous, apical 
segment covered with greyish-white pile; head beneath, 
sternum, legs, and opercula pale greenish ochraceous ; tibiz, 
tarsi, and rostrum brownish ochraceous; abdomen beneath 
thickly covered with greyish pile; tegmina and wings 
hyaline, unspotted, both with the venation and the first with 
the costal membrane piceous ; opercula in ¢ not extending 
beyond base of abdomen, their lateral and apical margins 
convex ; tympanal coverings less than half the length of 
tympanal orifices, small and rudimentary. 

Long., excl. tegm., ¢, 24 mm.; exp. tegm. 58 mm. 

Hab. Badamtam, near Darjeeling (A. R. Crowfoot, Brit. 
Mus.). 

By the completely unspotted tegmina and the rudimentary 
tympanal coverings this species is allied to 7. madhava, 
Dist., from which it differs by the more elongate tegmina 
and totally different markings &c. 


Gudaba maculata, sp. un. 


Head, pronotum, and mesonotum ochraceous; head with 
the apex and two longitudinal fasciz to front, area of the 
ocelli, and an oblique fascia before each eye black ; pronotum 
with two central longitudinal fasciz, a spot behind each eye, 
and the lateral fissure black ; mesonotum with a central 
longitudinal line, on each side of which is a short oblique 


440 Mr. W. L. Distant on 


linear fascia, a sublateral fascia (sometimes much broken), 
two small spots in front of the cruciform elevation, and the 
anterior angles of same black ; abdomen brownish ochra- 
ceous, in g a small black basal spot and the apical area 
castaneous, in ¢ a central black spot on the first three 
segments and aseries of small lateral marginal spots ; body 
beneath and legs brownish ochraceous in @, the apices of 
the femora distinctly black, and the apical area of the 
abdomen piceous or black; in the @ the underside of 
the body and legs is virescent ; tegmina and wings hyaline, 
venation brownish ochraceous or fuscous ; tegmina with a 
sublateral series of marginal fuscous spots placed on the 
lateral veins to apical areas ; head as long as breadth between 
eyes ; pronotum with the lateral angles angulated ; abdomen 
considerably longer than space between head and base of 
cruciform elevation, second and third ventral segments 
furnished with a tubercle near each lateral margin, the 
posterior tubercle very small; tympanal coverings very 
much shorter and narrower than the tympanal orifices ; 
opercula short, oblique, not passing the base of abdomen ; 
rostrum reaching the posterior coxe ; wings with five apical 
areas. 

Long., excl. tegm., ¢ 9, 13 mm.; exp. tegm. 33-34 mm. 

Hab. 8, Sikhim (Bingham); 92, Dehra Dun (N. C. 
Chatterjee, Brit. Mus.). 

Allied to the Burmese species G. marginata, Dist., and 
constituting the first species described from India proper. 


Urabunana verna, sp. n. 


?. Body virescent or greenish ochraceous ; head with a 
black line on each side of front and a large irregular black 
spot on each side of vertex before the eyes; pronotum more 
ochraceous in hue, with the anterior and posterior margins 
and a central longitudinal fascia, widened posteriorly, pale 
virescent, near base this fascia contains a small quadrate 
black spot; mesonotum with four anterior black obconical 
spots, the two central smallest; abdomen above with a 
central black macular fascia reaching the penultimate 
segment, where it is narrowest ; face centrally black ; apex 
of rostrum black; tegmina and wings hyaline; tegmina 
with the veins infuscated, the costal and _postcostal 
membranes pale virescent ; lateral margins of the pronotum 
nearly straight, slightly ampliated at posterior angles ; 
tegmina a little arched towards apex of radial area and 
sinuate at the junction of costa] and postcostal membranes ; 


MS : 
¢ 
some new Homoptera 44] 
Pi 


wings with four apical areas; tegmina with eight apical 
areas. 

Long., excl. tegm., 2, 14 mm. ; exp, tegm. 30 mm. 

Hab. Australia; Byron Bay, N. 8S. Wales (Ross, Brit. 
Mus.). 


Fam. Jasside. 


Petalocephala bombayensis, sp. n. 


Head, pronotum, scutellum, body beneath, and legs very 
pale virescent or greenish ochraceous ; tegmina subhyaline, 
talc-like, the clavus and basal third of costal area pale 
virescent or greenish ochraceous, inner area of clavus more 
or Jess castaneous ; lateral margins of vertex and pronotum, 
and a small central spot on anterior and posterior margins 
of pronotum, castaneous; vertex about as long as breadth 
between eyes, lateral margins almost straight for a little 
before eyes and then subangularly rounded to apex, centrally 
medially carinate ; pronotum centrally, finely, longitudinally 
impressed, more or less distinctly transversely wrinkled ; 
face strongly flattened from in front of eyes to anterior 
margin ; posterior tibiz outwardly strongly spinose, 

Long., 2,9 mm. 

Hab. Bombay (Brit. Mus.). 

In general coloration allied to P. nigrilinea, Walk., but 
differing in the larger vertex of head, which is about as long as 
breadth between eyes. 


Petalocephala perakensis, sp. un. 


Head, pronotum, scutellum, body beneath, and legs 
greenish ochraceous ; lateral and anterior margins and a 
slightly curved transverse fascia near basal margin of vertex, 
and lateral margins (narrowly) and basal margin (broadly) 
to pronotum castaneous; tegmina castaneous; face with the 
anterior margin and two short angulate fasciz on anterior 
area castaneous; lateral margins of sternum castaneous ; 
vertex distinctly shorter than breadth between eyes, the 
lateral margins perpendicularly continued for a short space 
in front of eyes, and then obliquely continued to apex, 
centrally very finely longitudinally carinate; pronotum 
with the lateral margins nearly straight; clavus and costal 
membrane to tegmina very finely granulose, the venation 
on apical third very coarse and distinct; posterior tibize 
outwardly strongly spinose. 

Long. 9 mm, 


Ann, & Mag. N. Hist, Ser. 8. Vol. x, 30 


449 Mr. W. L. Distant on - 


Hab. Malay Peninsula ; Perak (Doherty, Brit. Mus.). 

Allied to P. censpicua, Dist., but differing by the shorter 
vertex, the lateral margins of which are perpendicular for a 
short distance in front of eyes, different markings to face, &c. 


LepRotyPA, gen. nov. 


Vertex of head flat, the margims moderately laminately 
reflexed, about as long as pronotum and scutellum together, 
the anterior margin broadly rounded, the lateral margins 
slightly sinuate before eyes, ocelli near base, nearer to eyes 
than to each other, eyes posteriorly elongate ; face concave, 
moderately convex on the apical area; pronotum short, 
deflected from base, scarcely longer than scutellum, distinctly 
foveate before each lateral margin, anterior margin centrally 
truncate, posterior margin angularly concave before base of 
scutellum ; scutellum broader than long, posteriorly deflected 
from base, the apex acute ; tegmina with the veins prominent ; 
posterior tibia: four-cornered, curved, armed with numerous 


spines, the outer edge slightly expanded, and _ strongly 
spinous. 


Type, ZL. spatulata, Dist. 
In the enumeration of the Indian species this genus may 
follow Petaloeephala. 


Ledrotypa spatulata, sp. un. 


?. Somewhat uniformly dull ochraceous ; a short black 
fascia between and outside the anterior and intermediate 
coxze ; vertex of head very finely and obscurely punctate, its 
posterior margin levigate ; pronotum with the disk ver 
finely transversely striate, foveate on each side a little behind 
anterior margin, very obscurely centrally longitudinally 
impressed ; scutellum with a transverse impressed line before 
apex ; posterior tibize a little curved, with numerous some- 
what remote fine spines on outer margin. 

Long., incl. tegm., 11 mm. 

Hab. “‘ Himalayas” (Brit. Mus.); Bhogaon, Purneah 
Distr., N. Bengal (Paiva, Ind. and Brit. Muss.). 


Ledrotypa greent, sp. n. 


Body and legs brownish ochraceous; (abdomen muti- 
lated) ; tegmina pale ochraceous, the veins darker and with 
piceous markings which consist of two long subcostal linear 
streaks, four similar streaks (three short and one long) on 
subapical area, the lowermost streak followed by one or two 


~ \ 


some new Homoptera. 443 


small rounded piceous spots ; vertex of head very finely and 
obscurely punctate, the apex a little more angulate than in 
the preceding species, traversed by two central, longitudinal, 
somewhat obscure impressions; pronotum very obscurely 
transversely striate ; tegmina with the veins subprominent ; 
wings hyaline, with the veins ochraceous, 

Length, incl. tegm., 11 mm. 


Hab. Ceylon (Green). 
This description is based on a somewhat mutilated speci- 


men sent to me by Mr. Green. It is to be readily separated 
from L. spatulata by the less concavely sinuate lateral margins 
of the vertex and by the piceous markings to the tegmina. 


AMBERBAKIA, gen. nov. 


Vertex of head not so long as pronotum and scutellum 
together, but a little longer than pronotum, the lateral 
margins gradually narrowed from in front of eyes to apex, 
which is subangulate; ocelli near lateral margins a little in 
front of eyes; head beneath very foliaceous, face widened 
and thickened between the antennz, thence anteriorly elon- 
gately much narrowed and centrally sulcate, and posteriorly 
less narrowed to clypeus; pronotum a little shorter than 
vertex, its lateral margins straight, anterior margin straight 
but obliquely recurved behind eyes, posterior margin con- 
cavely sinuate ; scutellum almost as long as pronotum ; legs 
moderately slender, posterior tibiz maderately curved, very 
long, and outwardly somewhat closely longly spinose ; 
tegmina broad, costal and apical margins rounded, clavus 
broad, with transverse veins on its basal area, two elongate 
discoidal areas, and a series of transverse veins before apical 
area defining longitudinal apical cellular areas, 

Type, A. specularia, Walk, 


Amberbakia specularia. 


Petalocephala specularia, Walk. Journ, Linn. Soc, Lond., Zool. x. 
p- 3807 (1869). 


Lateral areas of face at region of antenne distinctly 


foveate. 
Hab. New Guinea. 


Amberbakia bispecularis. 


Petalocephala bispecularis, Walk, Journ. Linn. Soe. Lond., Zool. x. 
p. 807 (1869), ‘ 
30* 


444 Mr. W. L. Distant on 


Lateral areas of face at region of antenne entire, not 
foveate. 
Hab. Mysol. 


Penthimia mudonensis, sp. 0. 


Body above castaneous ; vertex of head with the anterior 
and basal margins, a central longitudinal line, and the eyes 
black; scutellum with three ochraceous spots, one near 
middle of each lateral margin and the third apical ; margins 
of clavus narrowly black; more than apical third of tegmen 
dull ochraceous, tessellated with black cellular rings varying 
in size, prominent of which are spots in frontal margin of 
the apical area continued up the lateral margin of tegmen ; 
at extreme apex the colour is greyish, semiopaque, with a 
blackish spot in the apical cells ; body beneath castaneous ; 
face, cheeks, clypeus, disk of sternum, suffusions to femora, 
and transverse central basal spots to abdomen beneath black ; 
vertex of head convexly rounded in front, in length nearly 
half the breadth between eyes ; pronotum convex, wrinkled 
transversely ; posterior tibize longly strongly pilose. 

Long. 53 mm. 

Hab. Tenasserim ; Mudon-Amherst Distr. (Annandale, 
Ind. Mus.). 

A distinct species by the three pale spots to the scutellum, 
‘the large tessellate apical area to the tegmina, the short 
vertex, &c. 


Penthimia nitida, sp. n. 


Head, pronotum, scutellum, and tegmina (excluding apical 
area) shining black, apical area of tegmen greyishly sub- 
hyaline, outwardly and inwardly ochraceous, more or less 
extending upward to the opaque black area ; body beneath 
black, the legs ochraceous, anterior femora basally suffused 
with black; head rounded in front, the anterior margin 
somewhat acutely reflexed; pronotum moderately convex, 
slightly wrinkled, and sparingly coarsely punctate ; scutellum 
opaquely black, thickly finely punctate; tegmina (excluding 
apical area) coarsely punctate; posterior legs suffused with 
black, posterior tibise strongly spinose, the tarsi ochraceous. 

Long. 4 mm. 

Hab. Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.). 

A species to be recognized by the strongly punctured 
upper surface ; it may be placed near P. erebus, Dist. 


some new Homoptera. 445 


Vulturnus ornatus, sp. 0. 


Vertex pale ochraceous, finely speckled with brownish ; 
pronotum very pale castaneous, thickly blackly reticulate, 
the posterior margin and a central transverse fascia greyish 
white ; scutellum ochraceous, with black reticulations, which 
are more dense near basal margin and less so on lateral 
areas ; body beneath (including face) and legs black ; basal 
margin of head beneath between eyes, anterior and inter- 
mediate tibize and tarsi, minute spots to posterior tibia, 
bases and apices of posterior tarsi, and a lateral marginal 
spot to metasternum ochraceous ; tegmina ochraceous, finely 
blackly reticulate, clavus with a discal black patch enclosing 
about four small white spots, its apex also whitish; a large 
central, longitudinal, costal white spot, which contains two 
small black spots and is followed by a larger black spot, and 
a cluster of subapical white spots ; vertex a little broader 
than long, with an indistinct central longitudinal carination. 

Long., incl. tegm., 4 mm. 

Hab. Ceylon; Peradeniya (Green). 


Vulturnus speciosus, sp. 0. 


Vertex ochraceous; a black submarginal apical line not 
reaching eyes, and with three testaceous discal spots, the 
central one transverse, the other two shorter and oblique ; 
eyes black ; pronotum ochraceous or very pale castaneous, 
thickly blackly reticulate, the posterior margin and a central 
transverse fascia greyish white ; scutellum piceous, with 
four greyish-white spots, two before apex and two near basal 
margin ; body beneath (including face) and legs black ; basal 
margin of head beneath containing a few minute dark spots 
and anterior and intermediate tibiz and tarsi ochraceous ; 
tegmina ochraceous, finely, thickly, blackly reticulate, a 
small black patch in clavus containing about three white 
spots, some white spots on claval suture, a small white spot 
on disk of tegmen, three whitish spots on costal margin, and 
a small cluster of subapical white spots: vertex slightly 
longer and a little more narrowed anteriorly than in V. or- 
natus, with a central dark incised line extending from base 
about halfway to apex. 

Long., incl. tegm., 34 mm. 

Hab. Ceylon ; Peradeniya (Green). 


Haranga borneensis, sp. un. 
Black, more or less finely punctate; membrane bronzy 


446 Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on the Structure of 


brown, with the apex and some obscure spots greyish ; body 
beneath and legs black or piceous; eyes piceous ; pronotum 
distinctly transversely wrinkled ; scutellum reaching apex of 
clavus, somewhat obliquely depressed at basal area, punctate, 
wrinkled, the apical area longitudinally ridged; corium’ 
somewhat thickly punctate; face strongly compressed be- 
hind eyes ; spinules to the posterior tibiz long and prominent. 

Long. 9 mm. 

Hab. Borneo ; Kuching (Hewitt, Brit. Mus.). 

Allied to the Indian species H. orientalis, Walk., from 
which it differs by the considerably: more acute apex of the 
face, more strongly wrinkled pronotum, &c. 


Vangama? tuberculata. 
Prolepta? tuberculata, Walk. List Hom., Suppl. p. 815 (1858). 


This species, described by Walker in the Fulgoride, really 
belongs to the Jasside, and can apparently be included in 


my genus Vangama (Faun. B. I., Rhynch. iv. p. 260). 
Hab. N. China. 


Ledropsis singalensis, n. nom. 


Ledropsis maculata, Dist. Faun. B. Ind., Rhynch. iv. p. 181 (1907), 
nom. proce. 


LVI1I.—On the Structure of Stromatoporotds and of Kozoon. 
By R. KirKPATRICK. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 
[Plates XI. & XIT.] 


In last month’s ‘Annals’ I published a paper proving that 
Stromatoporoids and Hozoon were Foraminifera. It was 
there pointed out that they had a calcareous chambered 
skeleton, with the walls of the chambers penetrated by tubuli, 
and that there were present in the canals hoops and rings 
similar to those of recent Perforate Foraminifera. Further, 
I figured a coiled Foraminiferan shell in one of the chambers 
of Hozoon, So far my evidence was not much in advance of 
that already given by Dawson and Carpenter. 1 had done 
nothing to unravel the bewildering complexity and confusion 
presented by the ‘skeletal arrangement nor to explain how 


Stromatoporoids and of Kozoon. 447 


these Eozoic and Paleozoic Foraminifera were related to 
those of later ages. I hope in this brief preliminary com- 
munication to show that a great advance has been made and 
that it is now possible clearly to recognize the plan of growth 
and organization, and to indicate with some degree of proba- 
bility the relationships existing between the ancient and 
modern forms. 

In my last paper I had stated that the stellate patterns or 
“‘astrorhize’’ so often found on the surface of Stromato- 
poroids could be accounted for by assuming that the outer 
ends of several mural tubuli became united to form one large 
orifice ; but I soon discovered the incorrectness of this view, 
and at the same time suspected that the clue to the Stromato- 
poroid problem was to be sought in the astrorhizz. 

While examining a broken fragment of Stromatopora I 
carefully mapped out the exposed chambers as seen on a 
tangential surface, and here and there made out several series 
showing a concentric arrangement in relation to an astrorhiza. 
Then it occurred to me that we had hitherto viewed Stromato- 
poroids from a wrong aspect, viz. the vertical, whereas the 
horizontal or tangential aspect was the one which revealed 
the mode of growth. The coiled series of alternating 
chambers reminded me of Ordztolites, and soon it became 
clear that astrorhize were the. central and circumambient 
chambers of a spiral system, and that the multiple systems 
must have arisen by budding in some way. 

Prof. F. Roemer * had spoken of certain Stromatoporas 
from the Hifel with surface tubercles each having a hole at 
its summit leading down to the orifice of a small specimen of 
Spirorbis omphalodes. He surmised that the little creature 
prevented the growth of the Stromatopora layers, and so kept 
up its communication with the outside world. The Spirorbes 
was probably nothing but the central and circumambient 
chamber of a Foraminiferan. This particular oudados might 
in a sense be compared with that of the temple of Apollo at 
Delphi in being the centre of the Stromatoporoid and the hub 
of its universe. 

Curiously enough, G. Lindstrém makes a similar observa- 
tion about a Sirorbis saving itself from death by keeping 
open a passage of communication ft. 

The whole plan of Stromatoporoid organization now became 
delightfully obvious. A polished slab of any Stromatopora 
revealed clearly the numerous systems of spirally arranged 


* Geol. Mag. 1880, vol. vii. p. 345. 
+ K. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad, Handl. 1870, vol. ix. no. 6, p. 8. 


448 Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on the Structure of 


chambers, each system grouped round its central and cireum- 
ambient chamber. Young specimens of Labechia conferta 
showed in the earliest stage a thin disk formed of forty or 
fifty spiral coils. Later the gradually ascending spiral led to 
the formation of a solid cone standing on its apex, and still 
later to the great hemispherical masses commonly met with. 


Orbitolites complanata, Lamarck, showing central and circumambient 
chamber and succeeding spirals divided into segments. xX 35. 
(From Carpenter, ‘ Challenger’ Report on Orbitolites, pl. vi. fig. 2.) 


Labechia conferta. Silurian, Gothland. Young specimens: side view 
and view of under surface; spiral growth indicated. Natural size. 


The extension in the horizontal plane partly takes place by 
the formation of a central chamber in the course of some 
particular coil, but mainly by the widening out of the spiral 


Stromatoporotds and of Kozoon. 449 


systems already in existence. The formation of a new 
lamina is due to the budding upwards from an_ original 
central or “interpolated central”? chamber, the bud becoming 
the centre of a newspiral. The peripheral series of chambers 
may become cyclical. In Orbitolites there is often a change 
from a spiral to a cyclical plan. 

The small central chamber has a narrow straight neck, 
whence originates the cirecumambient chamber, and the latter 
continues the spiral and gives off radial offshoots. The 
sarcode following the circeumambient chamber becomes seg- 
mented, owing to the formation of radial vertical partitions, 
and the outer walls increase in thickness. 


Fie. 5. 


Clathrodictyon striatellum, Orb. Wenlock. a, interpolated central 
chamber. x 30. 


A varying degree of complexity is brought about by the 
pressure of neighbouring spiral systems on each other and 
by the curving of successive laminge. Hach lamina represents 
so many vertically produced buds, each with its system of 
spirals, and each latilamina marks a season of growth. 

A vertical section of an Actinostroma cuts through so many 
coils, each coil being in relation to acentral chamber. Some- 
times a central chamber produces a wart or tubercle. 

The branched forms (Lditostroma, Stachyodes) lave only 
vertical budding along one axis. 


450 Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on the Structure of 


One group of the Stromatoporoids, the Labechiids, appear 
to have a somewhat different type of central chamber from 
that of the rest, and the succeeding chambers are thinner- 
walled and more vesicular. 

The sharp longitudinal ridges of Beatricea have each a 
little spiral system beneath the edge. 

To sum up: Stromatoporoids are adherent colony-forming 
Perforate Foraminifera, each unit in one group of Stromato- 
poroids consisting of a central and circumambient chamber 
followed by spiral series of simple rather thick-walled 
chambers, with the walls perforated by pores and tubuli ; 
here the growth is like that of the Imperforate genus Orbi- 
toides (which has only vertical radial partitions, and not 
horizontal ones in addition, as in Orbitolites). 

In another group—the Labechiide—the central chamber 
and immediately succeeding growth somewhat reminds one 
of the Globigerina type. 

The Stromatoporoids are found in Ordovician, Silurian, and 
Devonian strata. 


Eozoon. 


A vertical section of Hozoon shows an alternating series of 
wavy bands varying in appearance according to the varying 
mineral changes it has undergone. Commonly one finds 
white zones of calcite and yellowish translucent zones of 
olivine, which last may have undergone further changes into 
green serpentine, 

The white zones of dolomite or secondary calcite constitute 
the “supplementary skeleton,” and are seen to be abundantly 
traversed by branching sy stems of canals, The yellowish or 
greenish zones are oceupied by horizontal rouleaux of minute 
Nummulitid shells standing vertically, 2. e. on their edges, 
and closely pressed against one another. Sometimes the 
peripheral edges of neighbouring shells overlap, and there 
may be here and there an appearance of a continuous spiral, 
but in reality the arrangement is like that of a rouleau of 
coins or flat disk-like beads strung on a string. Lach shell 
has a funnel-like umbilicus through which the main stolon 
passes, and around which each coiled shell grows. In 
addition, minute shells appear to be budded off promiscuously 
from other stolon- like offshoots than the main central one. 
Each rouleau forms a common supplemental chamber, which 
communicates with its neighbours through cireular orifices in 
diaphragms. Each coiled shell (or coin of a rouleau) has 
radiating septa and rows of pores in its thin primary wall. 


Stromatoporoids and of Eozoon. 451 


Accordingly Hozoon canadense is a colonial Perforate 
Foraminiferan, each unit being a coiled shell of the Nummu- 
litidtype. There are no alar prolongations as in Nummulites *. 


Classification of »Stromatoporoids. 


The current classification, that of Nicholson, is based on 
the theory that Stromatoporoids are Hydrozoa, and naturally 
needs revision. My work is not sufficiently advanced to 
enable me to make any other than a few general remarks. 

The first point to notice is that these ancient Foraminifera 
are all colonial forms which frequently form massive blocks. 

Murchison and Lindstrém mention the thick strata, the 
pillars, and huge balls composed mainly of Stromatopora 
discoidea to be found at Gothland, and Dupont calls atten- 
tion’to the fact that these organisms enter largely into the 
formation of the Devonian limestones of Belgium. The 
Stromatoporoids and ozoon were, in fact, reef-forming 
Foraminifera. 

These colonies of Foraminifera represent a simpler type 
than is found at present, wlien most of the Foraminifera exist 
as separate individuals, though it is not improbable that some 
of the larger modern Foraminifera may be true colonies, and 
not merely individuals which have grown by extension of 
single segments in vertical and horizontal directions. 

I believe Hozoon to be the ancestor of the Nummulitidee 
and the Stromatoporoids to be the predecessors of some of the 
spirilline, rotalian, and acervuline Rotaliide. 

In fitting these primitive colonial Foraminifera into Brady’s 
system they should be placed at the head of their respective 
families, viz. Hozoonine in the Nummulitidee, and Stromato- 
porinee and Labechiinee in the Rutaliide. The colonial habit 
is not of the first importance from the systematic point of 
view. Itis the unit which gives the clue to the affinities. 
Certainly the unit of Hozoon is a Nummulitid and that of - 
Stromatopora Rotalian. In Beatricea 1 see central globular 
Globigerina-like chambers, but the general mode of growth 
suggests the acervuline type common among the Rotaliide. 


Eozoon. Geological and Biological Implications. 


I find that Eozoonal specimens from N.W. Scotland, from 
Connemara, and from Central Europe (Prof. Giimbel) are 


* It may be pointed out, alar prolongations are only present in some 
subfamilies of Nummulitide, and not in all, 


452 Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on the Structure of 


certainly genuine Foraminifera and not mineral pseudomorphs. 
Professors King and Rowney remark sarcastically * :— 
‘“‘Hozonal rocks, we are certain, will turn out to be much 
more common than may be conveniently admitted.” I would 
say, in reply, the more the better, for then geologists will be 
able to map out the Archean seas with more precision. 

I shall be asked, and in a tone of irony, whether I have 
found any evidence of organic structure in the bombs from 
Monte Somma. I have found abundant evidence. I can 
see plainly in places the coils of little Nummulites and the 
regularly arranged pores on the surface of the broad edges of 
coils. 

I propose to name this species, following the usual prece- 
dent, Hozoon vesuvit, sp. n. 

These topographical names will help geological carto- 
graphers to draw their maps. 

The Eozonal limestones lying over the fundamental gneiss 
apparently have had an almost world-wide distribution. Evi- 
dently the throat of Monte Somma was very deep. I see no 
difficulty in imagining an eruption tearing off fragments of 
Archean limestone. They would be hurled up with planetary 
velocity and some of them deposited on ledges on the inner 
face of the already formed crater. ‘The interior of a white- 
hot meteor may be intensely cold with the cold of interstellar 
space. Curiously enough, the surface of Hozoon vesuvit is 
incrusted with a Melobesia and also what looks like a Cheilo- 
stomatous Polyzoon. ‘The latter, of course, is certainly not 
Archean. Evidently the crater of Monte Somma was beneath 
the sea at one time, so that the bomb became overgrown with 
marine organisms of relatively recent date. 

Now we know for certain that the Lower Laurentian 
limestones of Canada are marine deposits formed from the 
skeletons of animals and plants, does not this fact give some 
support to the view that the bands of gneiss between which 
the limestone is sandwiched may be of sedimentary origin, 
metamorphosed by both local and regional agencies? If it is 
not altogether presumptuous for one who is devoid of expert 
knowledge + to express an opinion concerning a problem 


* “On Eozoon canadense,” Proc. Roy. Irish Academy, vol. x. 1869, 
. 612. 

+ Though devoid of expert knowledge, I have viewed several hundred 
square miles of Archean country from the summit of Mount Marcy in 
the Adirondacks. This region is very similar to that of the Original 
Laurentian on the other side of the St. Lawrence. There are the same 
gneisses and limestones, and Mount Marcy itself is an intrusive tooth of 
gabbro. 


Stromatoporvids and of Kozoon,. 453 


about which the greatest experts differ, viz. the problem of 
the aqueous or igneous origin of many of the metamorphic 
rocks, I would state my belief in the aqueous origin in some 
cases. At the same time I recall the sandwiched layers of 
Miocene coral-reef and lavas in the Baixo Island near Porto 
Santo, which might in some respects be compared to Archean 
Foraminiferal reefs and layers of rock (gneiss) of possibie 
igneous origin. Whether it is possible or not for lava to 
become metamorphosed so as to resemble gneiss is apparently 
not definitely known. 


The biological implications are of the deepest interest. 
The ancestor of Hozoon must have lived immeasurable ages 
before the appearance of its highly organized descendant. 
We may imagine that ancestor to have been a naked mass of 
sarcode, from the periphery of which reticulate pseudopods 
radiated out. This animal would have been more entitled to 
the poetic name of Dawn Animal than its descendant, which 
had travelled some distance along the road since the first 
glimmer of life’s dawn. The real dawn rays (of animal life) 
were, may one say, the pseudopods of a shell-less Rhizopod 
(like the treshwater Lieberkihnia). 

In the next stage towards Hozoon we have to imagine knots 
on a stolon each forming the centre of a coil, and, lastly, the 
formation round pseudopods of a highly elabcrate secondary 
skeleton, enclosing the rouleau of coiled shells. 


I wish to express my sincere thanks to my colleague 
Mr. W. D. Lang, who has taken the greatest trouble in 
furnishing me with abundant material from among the 
treasures under his charge. 


Finally, I would express my deep regret that, owing to 
great pressure of work, I have been able to set forth this 
important communication only in a very disjointed fashion. 


APPENDIX. 


Note 1.—In my paper in the September ‘ Annals’ I failed 
to do justice to Sir W. Dawson, the only investigator who 
definitely stated that Stromatoporoids and ozoon were 
Foraminifera, I only noticed his remarks in ‘'The Dawn of 
Life,’ where he supposes Stromatoporoids to be a connecting- 
link between Sponges and Foraminifera. But in the Quart. 
Journ. Geol. Soc. xxxv. pp. 48-66 (not seen by me at the 


454 Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on the Structure of 


time) he distinctly records his opinion that they are Forami- 
nifera, and even gives fairly good reasons for his faith; but 
he failed to convince his successors. 


Note 2.—Recently I have examined a thick section of a 
specimen in my own possession labelled “ Havosites, Wen- 
lock.” I find that it is certainly not a Monticuliporoid. 
Accordingly I withdraw the statement I made to the effect 
that the genus Favosttes comes within the Monticulipora 
eroup (2. e. siliceous sponges with supplementary calcareous 
skeletons). 


Note 3.—In the ‘Annals’ for Sept. 1912 I also stated 
that Hozoon was allied to Beatricea. At that time I held 
the same views on Hozoon as Carpenter, and regarded the 
spaces formed by the secondary skeleton as huge vesicular 
chambers. Of course a space bounded by secondary skeleton 
and containing a rouleau of Nummiulitid shells is in no way 
to be compared with one of the chambers of Beatricea with 
its thin curved roof of primary skeleton. 


Note 4.—Both Stromatoporoids and Hozoon have laminated 
structure, and the weathered edges show the layers, which, 
however, have an entirely different origin. The edges of 
Stromatoporoids are those of horizontal coils of spiral 
chambers, but the edges seen in ozoon are mainly those of 
the supplementary skeleton. The structures in LHozoon 
really corresponding to the edges of the layers of Stromato- 
poroids are the margins of the upright-standing Nummulitid 
shells arranged in horizontal rouleaux. 


Note 5.—Eozoon must have grown in shallow seas and 
may have formed fringing reefs to continents. At the 
present day coral-reefs are distributed within the tropic and 
sub-tropic belt; but in the earliest times probably the waters 
of the globe were practically isothermal, just as ina kettle of 
water over the fire, the bottom of the kettle representing the 
thin consolidated crust of the earth. When the internal heat 
was withdrawn owing to thickening of the crust, the outside 
meteorological influences would set up the various isothermal 
zones at present existing. 

Seeing that we now know definitely that Archzean lime- 
stones were of organic origin, it does not seem unreasonable 
to assume that the bands of gneiss below and above them 


Stromatoporoids and of Kozoon. 455 


were sedimentary deposits. Possibly future geologists will be 
comparing the successions of strata in Eozoic cretaceous rocks 
with those of the Mesozoic cretaceous series. 


Note 6.—Amidst the hurry of preparations for my departure 
on a fourth expedition to Porto Santo Island to work out the 
Monticulipora problem ab ovo, I omitted to mention that I 
had found three Coralline algee on a block of Hozoon cana- 
dense, viz. (1) an incrusting pluristromatic Melobesta, (2) a 
jointed Corallina with terete internodes, and (3) a Penicillus- 
like form with broad basal internodes and elongated tufted 
terminal internodes. I propose to name the first provisionally 
Melobesia canadensis, the second Corallina teretiformis, and 
the third Lopenicillus aurore. We may now be certain 
that Hozoon canadense lived in the Coralline zone. 

I hope that on my return in October the authorities will 
permit me to describe and figure the members of the Hozoic 
fauna referred to in this paper, viz. EZ. canadense, E. vesuvit, 
E. bavaricum, E. scoticum, and E. erinense. 

The Hozoon problem is mainly a Foraminiferal one. Some 
of those who have attacked it have evidently had no know- 
ledge of Foraminifera, I hope the present paper will have 
the effect of breaking through the crust of petrological preju- 
dice which for nearly fifty years has misled the scientific 
world with regard to an important question. 


Note 7.—The difference in construction between Zozoon 
and the Stromatoporoids is due to the laying down of a 
secondary skeletal deposit by the former. A typical Stromato- 
pora may be compared to an inverted laminated pyramid in 
which the succeeding layers rapidly spread out widely in the 
horizontal plane, so that the pyramid does not topple over 
sideways. In Hozoon, on the other hand, the coils succeeding 
the first flat disk remain small, being unable to spread out 
owing to deposition of secondary skeleton. Soon the little 
pile or tower of disks leans or topples over, and the disks 
now form horizontal rouleaux of vertically arranged disks, 
a. e. of disks standing on their edges, 

The Stromatoporoids form horizontal laminz made up of 
disks or coils lying on their flat surfaces, and being un- 
hampered by secondary deposits the coils may grow to a 
very large size. The original cause of the formation of the 
supplementary skeleton in Hozoon probably lay in the greater 
abundance of lime-salts in certain areas of the Eozoic seas, 
leading to depositiun of thick secondary deposits outside the 
primary shells. 


456 Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on the Structure of 


Note 8.—The discovery of the primitive colonial Fora- 
minifera will probably shed much light on the origin of 
dimorphism (see J. J. Lister, Phil. Trans. 1895, vol. 186, 
p. 401, and F. W. Winter, ‘ Protistenkunde,’ vol. x. 1907, 
p- 1). The colonial habit gave way to the individual one 
possibly owing either to the breaking off of the buds or to 
premature blocking up of the main gemmiparous stelon by 
calcareous deposit. In either case injury or damming up 
might lead to endogenous division. The vegetatively formed 
megalospheric shell would then have become a gamont 
producing isogametes. Conjugating isogametes would form 
a young microspheric agamont, which, by agamogony, would 
form agametes, each of the latter becoming a young megalo- 
spheric gamont. 

Winter writes (/.c. p. 106) :—‘“‘halte ich es fiir héchst 
wahrscheinlich, dass Dichromasie und Dimorphismus derselben 
allen Thalamophoren zukommt.” I think this condition has 
arisen owing to the repression of the original primitive 
colonial habit giving rise to a simple sexual phase, the latter 
recurring to a vegetative phase. In the text of this paper I 
pointed out that in addition to the large buds formed on the 
main axial stolon there were often little buds formed on any 
part of a coiled shell. I think these little buds are almost 
certainly megalospheric, but I am not at present certain. 


Note 9.—The great prevalence of an organism at a certain 
epoch followed by its almost total disappearance constitutes a 
very strange phenomenon in evolution. About the Hocene 
epoch, for instance, the Nummulites flourished amazingly 
and carpeted sea-floors over vast areas along a great belt 
extending across the Eurasian continent from Spain to the 
north-east corner of Asia. Nummulites were mostly heavy 
benthos organisms living in shallow seas, the latter probably 
covering rising areas. At the very summit of a Himalayan 
peak 19,000 feet above sea-level we find an Eocene sea-floor 
composed mainly of Nummulites, the sea-bottom having been 
gradually elevated by lateral thrust. (Figures of this lime- 
stone are given in the Natural History Museum Guide to the 
Coral Gallery.) During the Cretaceous epoch and over 
hundreds of millions of square miles of ocean at the present 
day a surface- or plankton-Foraminiferan, viz. Globigerina, 
has largely contributed to the formation of thick deposits of 
Grlobigerina-o0ze. 


Note 10.—It seems to be legitimately within the limits of 
the subject of this paper to consider why a primitive Rhizopod 


~ 


Stromatoporoids and of Hozoon. 457 


like Hozoon should have a calcareous skeleton and why other 
Rhizopoda should have a siliceous one, 

I think we must go back to the cooling mineral magma, 
which would vary greatly in character over different areas 
and which would form shallower or deeper troughs. Probably 
at first, before diffusion produced more or less uniformity, 
seas filling those troughs would vary in composition. Rocks 
are classified as acid or basic according to the percentaze of 
silicic acid present in them, and similarly: a classification 
based on mineral constituents might have been extended to 
primitive seas (just as doctors classify mineral waters). 
Sarcode living in seas with a high percentage of silica and a 
small one of calcium salts would become saturated with the 
former mineral. Apparently silica forms a more intimate 
union with protoplasm than carbonate of lime does, and, 
though isotropic when thus united, seems to impress some of 
its mineral characters on that protoplasm, as witness the 
beautiful symmetry of Radiolaria and of Hexactinellid 
spicules *, Acanthin of Radiolaria seems to be halfway 
between silica-saturated protoplasm and silica of the skeleton. 

Organisms with skeletons of silica, probably on as:ount of 
their want of flexibility, have only travelled a short distance 
along the path of evolution. The calcareous animal organisms, 
on the other hand, have deposited their skeletal material in 
masses (acicula, dorsal pillar, limb-girdles, &c.) which have 
served as points d’appui for contractile protoplasm, and thus 
they have been enabled to come into relation with a varied 
environment. Consequently the path of evolution from the 
Dawn Animal to human civilization has been along the 


calcarcous way. 


* For some time past I have thought that possibly sponges are tri- 
phyletic and that there were at least three ancestral olynthuses (and not 
one olyuthus), viz. a shallow-water calcareous, a shallow-water pre-Demo- 
sponge, and a deeper water Hexactinellid olynthus, all three originating 
from colonial Volvox-like Flagellates or Choanoflagellates. In all three 
a free-swimming phase would be followed by a fixed one brought about 
by the increasing disproportion between weight and carrying capacity. 
On coming to rest the little organism would form a disk with an inferior 
layer of granular cells and a superior layer of flagellate cells. The 
increasing growth of the lower nutritive layer would soon cause it to 
encompass the upper motile layer, which would sink into it and an 
olynthus would be formed. 

The Choanoflagellate pre-Hexactinellid was highly vacuolated and its 
delicate reticulate strands would be best sustained by « type of spicule 
having three axes crossing a common centre at right angles, like building 
scaffolding, and the loose-textured protoplasmic network would permit of 
the formation of large flagellated chambers. (I would add that I hold 


this homoiousion heresy very lightly.) 


adnn, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 31 


458 Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on the Structure of 


Note 11.—The umbilicus of each Nummulitid shell or coil 
of Hozoon corresponds to the astrorhiza of Stromatoporoids. 
The umbilicus is funnel-shaped, being broad at the proximal 
end and reduced to a small pore at the distal, ‘To obtain in 
Eozoon the same appearance as is seen on the surface of 
Stromatopora it is necessary to cut a vertical section in the 
plane of the flat surfaces of the Nummulitid shells. In 
Hozoon each coil would be found to be small and surrounded 
by a zone of supplementary deposit. The dark radial streaks 
of the astrorhize of Stromatoporoids are probably the expres- 
sion of the thick masses of sarcode (? with iron) in the grooves 
between surface-tubercles of the coils of chambers. 


Note 12.—Possibly the little “ buds ” seen on the Nummu- 
litid shells of Hozoon may result from a process of agamogony. 
See the beautiful figures of Peneroplis pertusus in F. W. 
Winter’s remarkable study of the Thalamophoren (‘ Pro-= 
tistenkunde,’ x. 1907, p. 1, pl. i. fig. 1). Probably thin 
sections of Hozoon will reveal some very interesting facts. 


Note 18.—The rouleaux of Nummulitid shells are serpentine 
in a double sense. ‘I'he existence in Hozgoon of bands of 
dolomite or secondary calcite alternating with bands of 
olivine or serpentine results, I think, from the following 
‘auses:—The supplementary skeleton (calcite or dolomite) 
originally formed masses of pure calcite with very little 
protoplasm in it, but the coils of shells were full of proto- 
plasm containing metallic compounds, There would be a 
great difference in the molecular changes and affinities in the 
primary and secondary skeletons, and in the former the silica 
would much more easily combine with the iron-magnesian 
compounds to form olivine. ‘The reasonableness of this theory 
is shown by the fact that the canal-system permeating the 
secondary skeleton is wonderfully preserved in olivine and 
ean be etched out by dissolving the calcite. 

Eozoon may be regarded as a marvellous nature-print by 
Nature herselt, and one beside which the most refined products 
of human art are clumsy, for the finest details of the 
structure of the skeleton have been preserved. During each 
“process” the parts have been changed molecule by molecule. 
It is true the resulting work of “art”? has been woefully 
damaged in the case of Hozoon vesuvii, EL. bavaricum, &c. by 
later rough treatment, such as heat, pressure, and crumpling. 

In FE. vesuvii the extra baking has converted the olivine 
into a serpentine almost resembling tha granular Cornish 
kind, but the original Nummulitid pattern is still obvious, 


Stromatoporotds and of Wozoon. 459 


In the presence of examples of Hozoon canadense with all 
the details of their structure so perfectly preserved it 1s 
amazing to think that they lived at a time so distant that 
even the Cambrian epoch with its highly organized’ fauna 
does not seem very remote. 


Note 14.—In each colony of Hozoon the horizontal rouleaux 
radiate outwards from a dense vertical central sheaf composed 
of strings of small Nummulitid shells without secondary 
skeleton or with only very little. 

At a time when I was deluded by theories of pressure and 
by serpentine tgnes fatut, I had thought that this dense 
central conical column or sheaf, seen in vertical sections 
through the centre, was produced by a crushing-in force, 
The resemblance between Evzoon and, say, Stromatopora 
concentrica is now seen to be very close. Hach may be 
compared to a huge hemispherical mushroom with a very 
small stem. In Eozoon the main body is composed of small 
disks limited in size owing to secondary deposit. In Stroma- 
topora the usually larger coils or disks are not thus limited. 
Again, in its plume- -like upwaid and outward growth the 
Dawn Animal may be compared to a fountain. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


Prats XI, 


Fig, 1. Stromatopora hiipsehit, Barg. Devonian, Teignmovth (P. 6328.) 
Polished slab. Targential view, showing spiral systems. 
Nat. size. 

. Hematostroma episcopate, Nich. (P. 5690) Polished slab. 
Tangential view, showing spiral systems and central chambers. 
Nat. size. 

. Actinostroma heblornense, Nich. Mid-Devonian, Teignmouth. 
A spiral system. xX 6. 

. Labechia conferta, Lonsdale. Very young specime», showing 
thin disk with coils. x 2. 


>| 
bo 


Age 
ele 
Hw Co 


PLATE XII. e 


Fig. 5, Eozoon canadense, Dawson. Vertical section, showing alternating 
light layers of calcite (supplementary skeleton) and dark 
layers (which contain piles of Nummiulitid shells), Nat. size. 

Fig. 6. Evzoon canadense. Layers of coiled Nummulitid shells. The 
calcareous supplementary skeleton has been dissolved by acid. 
The shells he in rouleaux in the green areas (olivine and 
serpentine) bou:.ded by the supplementary skeleton. x 25. 

Fig. 7, Eozoon canadense. A single apparently broken-off Nummulitid 

shell, showing funicular umbilicus, x 190. 


~N 


460 Bibliographical Notice. 


Figs. 84, 8B. Evzxoon eanadense. Vertical sections, showing Nummu- 
litid shells mostly laid open, but partly (in fig. 8B) showing 
thin outer walls and pores. a@ (in fig. 8 4), stolon uniting 
four shells and passing through infundibulum in each shell. 

Fig, 9, Lozoon canadense. Vertical section at and near surface, showing 
supplementary canal-system ramifying in supplementary 
skeleton and pseudopodia (in olivine) forming a branching 
network outside the specimen; at base five large Nummu- 
litid shells, with their surfaces ground down, so that the shells 
are opened. X 12. . 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE. 
Reeent Foreign and Colonial Natural History Periodicals, 


(1) Annales Setentifiques de VUn'versité de Jassy. Tome vii. 
sme Fascicule. Juillet 1912. 

(2) Smithsonian Institution, US. Nat. Mus. Bulletin76.  Asteroidea 
of the North Pacific and Adjacent Waters. By Wauter 
Keyrick Fisner, Assistant Professor of Zoology, Stanford 
University, California. Part Il. Phanerogamia and Spinulosa. 
Washington, 1911. 

(3) Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences. Vol. xiii. 
LOA. 

(4) Records of the Indian Museum, (A Journal of Indian Zoology.) 
Vol. vii. part 3. July 1912. 


(1) IxctupEs a very varied assortment of papers on mineralogy, 
Crustacea, cave-fauna, Protozoa, parasites of Trichoptera, &c. 

(2) An exceedingly elaborate publication, of which it is stated 
that “The region covered by the present report embraces the 
western coast of North America from the thirty-second parallel of 
latitude to Point Barrow on the Arctic Ocean, all of Bering Sea, 
the coast of Asia from East Cape to Sakhalin, and the Kuril 
Islands. It thus includes all the waters north of a line drawn from 
the southern end of Sakhalin to the southern boundary of the 
United States. .... 

«In tho preparation of this report six thousand nine hundred and 
twenty-seven specimens have been listed, and many more examined ” 
belonging to seven principal collections. 

This report runs to 419 quarto pages, and is illustrated by 122 
excellent plates. 

(3) Includes papers onthe mammals of the Lake Maxinkuckee 
Region ; the collapse of recent beds at Staunton, Virginia; remarks 
on the fossil turtles accredited to the Judith River formation ; and 
on the systematic value of Rana chinensis, Osbeck. 

(4) Includes a series of short papers on Gordius, Chelonia, Oligo- 
cheeta, Symbiotica, a freshwater Medusa, a new Thrips, Crinoids, 
Earthworms, Apus, &c., and on malaria mortality, 


cvze 


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CONTENTS OF NUMBER 58.—Bighth Series. 


XLVIII. Notes on Fossorial Hy smi is —X. By Rows on 
E. Toenue, ¥:Z.8,, FES. i oica os eee os 52'S plied on sth eee on 


XLIX. The Osteology and Classification of the cs BS : “ane 
of the Order Apodes. By C. Tarn Rucan, M. A. a dan Sn ie es 3 


L. A Revision of the South-American Chavacia F ishes of ihe 


Genera Chalceus, Pyrrhulina, Copeina, and Pogonocharax. rae nee 
C. Tate Reean, M.A. .......... Sb ey eee iS Ber Sy ie ake ateces BOT 


LI. On a Collection of Small Mammals from the Tsin-ling — 
Mountains, Central China, presented by Mr. G. Fenwick Owen fips 
the National Museum. By Oxprisrp Tuomas .........006- sige oe. 


LII. New Bats and Rodents from 8. America. By Oxprretp ie Ha 
TESIOMEAS 82, 240s fe 4 Sines Soke Be ead hike ee Pa or ke? rater epee 


-LIIl. New Land and Freshwater Shells collected by Dr. J. 
Elbert in the Malay Archipelago. By Dr. F. Haas, Frankfurt-a.-M. 412 — 


LIV. Descriptions of new Reptiles from the Andes of South 
America, preserved in the British Museum. By G. Ais Bovrenanr, 
BF EU sis hicks sdivia es a hinte earn ob lela eae piece Beateso ie a eee Soe 420 


LY. A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Fauna of Bron Wr 
By Hvex Scorr, M.A.(Cantab.), F.L.S., F.E.S., Curator in Entomo- | . 
logy in the University of Cambridge. Fouts Descriptions of = 
new Insects by W. L. Disranz, F.E.S., and the late R. Soe Hite 
M:A., FL. (Plate X,) ves pitmeeice Wisie' se ame eigen tecneee 424 


LVI. Descriptions of some new Homoptera. By W. L. Distant ~ 438 ‘ 


LYVII. On the Structure of Stromatoporoids and of LHozoon. By 
R. Kinxparricx, - (Plates XI. & XT.) eek. es bisiapebsine pete 446 


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LVIIT.—Notes on the Apide (Hymenoptera) in the Collection 
of the British Museum, with Descriptions of new Species. 
By Grorrrey Mrape-Watpo, M.A. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


I. Subfamily Mzeeacurrrm x. 


Tue following notes were made during a recent rearrange- 
ment and expansion of the bees of this subfamily. 

A considerable number of types have, of necessity, come 
under notice during this work, and the fact that many of 
the species have been either iguored or misunderstood by 
other workers has made the present appear a good oppor- 
tunity in which to make an effort to facilitate the identifi- 
cation of these species by means either of keys or notes on 
synonymy. 

The species which appear to be least understood are those 
described by the late Frederick Smith, and to these special 
attention has been paid. Much valuable information has 
already been published on the British Museum collection of 
bees, notably by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell in his paper 
“Notes on some Bees in the British Museum” (Trans. 
Amer. Ent. Soc. xxxi. p. 309, 1905), and by A. Ducke 
(Deutsch. ent. Zeitschr. p. 862, 1910). Friese’s valuable 
monograph of the subfamily (‘ Das Tierreich,’ 28 Lieferung) 
has been of great assistance. 

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 32 


462 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo on 


As Prof. Cockerell rightly remarks (J. c. p. 809), Smith’s 
descriptions, though good for the time when they were 
written, are inadequate for modern requirements, since the 
number of described species has so vastly increased. 

The types of all the new species here described are in the 
British Museum. 

My best thanks are due to Professor Poulton, F.R.S., for 
the loan of Wallace’s Malayan Megachile described by 
F. Smith, the types of which are in the Hope Department of 
the Oxford University Museum. 


Errapss, Spin. 
Eriades rugifrons, Smith. 


This species was described as Chelostoma rugifrons (Catal. 
Hymen. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 220, 1854) from Georgia, U.S.A. 

In his description Smith makes no mention of the clypeus, 
which is very similar to that of Megachile subgenus Hu- 
megachile : 2. e., very short, much broader than long, broadly 
emarginate, and laterally provided with blunt tubercles. The 
length given (5 lines) is an underestimate, the correct 
length is 18 mm. ‘The insect has a superficial resemblance 
to E. grandis, Mor., the form of the clypeus being very 
similar. 


Osis, Panz. 


There are but few types of this genus in the British 
Museum collection. Smith described three species from 
the Angara River, Siberia, which may be separated as 
follows :— 


1. ee entirely black, robust insect. L.11 mm. ephippiata. 
Legs partially ferruginous, more slender insects, 2. 
2. ( Legs ferruginous (coxee and trochanters black), 
thorax clothed with fulvous pubescence, 
| abdominal tergites with lateral fascie of 
4 pale pubescence, scopa pale fulvous. L.9mm. rubripes. 
| Tarsi ferruginous, thorax clothed with black 
pubescence, abdominal tergites with lateral 
| fascize of rich golden pubescence, scopa 
t golden, da. d9inin. )i4 28. aye eae aan rufitarsis. 


O. ephippiata is a Melanosmia, Schmied., very near 
O. pilicorns, Sm., but with the abdomen wholly black- 
haired. The vertex and thorax are clothed with ochraceous 
pubescence (teste Smith’s original description), not reddish 
yellow (rotgelb) as stated by Friese (‘ Das Tierreich,’ Lief. 28, 
p- 130). 


the Apidee in the British Museum. 463 


Osmia rubripes is very near O. rufohirta, Lep., and be- 
longs to the subgenus Acanthosmia, Thoms. 

Osmia laboriosa, Sm., from Yarkand, somewhat resembles 
O. rufigasira, Lep., from Algeria, but differs in having the 
scape, mandibles, and anterior margin of the clypeus reddish, 
whereas in O. rufigastra all these parts are black. Cockerell 
(Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxxi. p. 333, 1905) writes a note 
on the species. The black markings on the abdomen give 
the insect a very distinct appearance. The North American 
species are satisfactorily dealt with by Cockerell. 


Osmia jucunda, Smith. 
Osmia jucunda, Smith, Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i. p. 139. no. 36 
(1853). 9. 
Osmia vidua, Gerst. Stettin, ent. Zeit. xxx. p. 345. no. 9 (1869). 
dQ. 
Smith’s type of O. jucunda from Albania agrees perfectly 
with specimens determined by Friese in the Edward Saunders 
collection. Gerstaecker described his species from Sicily. 


Osmia apicata, Smith. 
Osmia apicata, Smith, Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i. p, 140. no, 87 
(1853). @. 
ae macroglossa, Gerst. Stettin. ent. Zeit, xxx. p. 349. no. 12 (1869). 
o YL. 

Smith’s type of O. apicata agrees perfectly with specimens 
in the Edward Saunders collection determined as O. macro- 
glossa by Friese, and with a specimen from Corfu determined 
by Schmiedeknecht. In his ‘Apide Europe,’ Schmiede- 
knecht suggests that they are co-specific, but does not 
synonymise them, being unable to determine O. apicata 
satisfactorily from the description. 


Litnurevs, Latr. 


Lithurgus rotundipennis. 


Megachile rotundipennis, W. F. Kirby, Monograph of Christmas 
Island, p. 87 (1909). 


This species from Christmas Island, Indian Ocean (C. WW. 
Andrews), is a typical Lithurgus. 


Lithurgus scabrosus. 
Megachile scabrosus, Smith, Journ. Linn, Soc., Zool. iii. p, 154. no. 2 
(1853). 
Type n the Hope Department, University Museum, 


Oxford. In the British Museum there are specimens from 
aoe 


464 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo on 


Rarotonga (Wyatt-Gill), Celebes (Ida Pfeiffer), and Am- 
boyna (F. Muir). 


Mrcacai tt, Latr. 


Megachile albopicta, Smith. 
Megachile albopicta, Smith, Catal. Hymen. Brit, Mus. i. p. 154 (1853). 


Megachile flabellipes, Pérez, Espéces Nouy. Melliféres Barbarie, p. 23 
(1895). “¢ Q. 

Both described from Algeria, and evidently co-specific. 

M. flabellipes has the scopa rather more golden than 


M. albopicta, but the latter is probably a rather faded 
specimen. 


Megachile ceylonensis, Bingh. 


Megachile ceylonensis, Bingh. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 453, pl xv. 
f. 9 (1896). ¢. 


The male of this species from Pundaloya, Ceylon (E. £. 
Green), is the type. The species is recorded as ‘ M. cey- 
lonica”’ in the Fauna Brit. India, Hymen. vol. i. p. 482: 
through an oversight, as it is correctly named in the key to 
the species (J. c. p. 472). The insect from Tenasserim 
described as the female of WM. ceylonensis can have no affinity 
with it, and is totally different in appearance, so that the 
description of the male given in the ‘Fauna of India,’ 
Hymenoptera, vol.i., is misleading, since no mention is made 
of the most conspicuous character in the coloration of the 
abdomen. 

A new name is thus necessary for this sex :— 


Megachile caroli, nom. nov. 


Megachile ceylonensis, Bingh, Fauna Brit. India, Hymenoptera, vol. i. 
p. 482 (1897). 


The species is quite adequately described (J. c.). 


Megachile stulta, Bingh. 


Megachile stulta, Bingh. Fauna Brit. India, Hymenoptera, vol. i. 
p. 476 (1897). ¢ Q. 

This is certainly a composite species, and the female must 
be considered the type of Megachile stulta, Bingh. 

The specimen marked by Bingham as his type of the male 
from Bangalore, S. India, agrees very well with a specimen 
from Dehra Dun, United Provinces, determined by Dr. R. 
C. L. Perkins as M. schauinslandi, Alfken, described from 


the Apides tn the British Museum. 465 


Honolulu (Entom. Nachrichten, xxiv. p. 340 (1898), ?). 
It would not be advisable, however, to synonymise these two 
species without examining the type of J. schauwinslandi. 
In addition to this, the male of Alfken’s species is as yet 
undescribed. 

The description given by Bingham of the insect he con- 
sidered to be the male of M. stulta in no way agrees with the 
specimen itself, and is misleading. From the description 
(/.c.) one would expect to find a black insect, the abdomen 
covered with ferruginous-red pubescence, more sparse than 
in the female, in which the abdomen is altogether covered 
with a ferruginous-red pile. In colour the male belongs to 
the danata group, and has the first abdominal segment alone 
with any considerable clothing of ferruginous pubescence, 
although segments 2 and 3 bear narrow fascie ; in the 
terminal segments the fasciz of ferruginous pubescence 
give way to white. 


Megachile bellula, Bingh. 


Bingham describes both sexes of this species (Fauna Brit. 
India, Hymen. i. p. 476, 1897). In the Museum there are 
two specimens labelled as “ M. bellula, Bingh., g,” one of 
which is designated as the type. The species is certainly 
composite, the true male of M. bellula being the insect so 
labelled by Bingham, but noé described. ‘The name must be 
retained for the female, which becomes the type. The other 
male, labelled as type ¢ of M. bellula and described (/. c.), 
must be renamed 


Megachile (Eumegachile) binghami, nom. nov. 


Megachile bellula, Bingh. Fauna Brit. India, Hymen. i, p. 476, 

fic. 158 (1897). 3. 

Hab. Rangoon, Burma, vi. 1887 (type) (nec 2); Yé 
Valley and Amherst, Tenasserim (Bingham Coll.). 

This species is adequately described (/.c.). The sixth 
abdominal segment is provided with a distinct longitudinal 
carina, which is well shown in the text-figure. 

T'here is also a series of five females from various localities 
in Tenasserim of an insect which is doubtless the true female 
of M. binghami. 

9. Head and thorax black, abdomen entirely clothed with 
rich reddish-brown pubescence, scopa reddish brown. 
Legs black, posterior tarsi reddish on the inner side. Head 
with thick, black pubescence, pleure with whitish pubescence 
of varying thickness. Wings fusco-hyaline. Clypeus very 


466 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo on 


short, broad, shallowly emarginate, with a slight longitudi- 
nal carina. Mandibles arched, 4-toothed. Posterior tibiz 
very coarsely punctured. Metatarsus iu. cylindrical, only 
half as broad as tibiz. 

Length 15 mm. 

The species can be separated from M. bellula, which is a 
Megachile sens. str., as fellows :— 


M. (Eumegachile) binghami, 2. M. bellula, °. 
Face without white pubescence, Face with white pubescence. 
Wings fusco-hyaline. Wings hyaline. 


Metatarsus iii. cylindrical, half as | Metatarsus iii, as broad as tibiee. 
broad as tibie. 


The following characters serve to separate the males :— 


M, (Lumegachile) bingham, 3. M. bellula, 3. 

Auterior tarsi simple. Anterior tarsi dilated. 

Thorax clothed with dark pubes- | Thorax clothed with pale, golden- 
cence. brown pubescence. 


Abdomen entirely clothed with | Abdominal segments with fulvous 
fulvous pubescence. apical fascie. 


Abdominal segment 6 notched, | Abdominal segment 6 simple, with- 
with longitudinal carina, out longitudinal carina. 


Megachile luculenta, Bingh. 
Megachile luculenta, Bingh. Journ, Bomb. N. H. Soe. p. 249 (1890). 
Se 


Hab. Tavoy, x. 1889 (type); Runjit Valley, Sikkim, 
vy. 1894; Salween Valley, Upper Tenasserim, vii. 1892 and 
iv. 1893 (Bingham Coll.) ; Bhutan (G. C, Dudgeon). 

It is necessary to revive this name, which has been made 
a synonym of M. mystacea, F. It is evident that Bingham 
has wrongly identified the Fabrician species (type in Banks 
Coil.) from Australia, though later he quite correctly 
remarks (Trans. Zool. Soc. p. 183, 1909) that M. mystacea 
has nothing to do with the African M. (Humegachile) rufi- 
ventris, Guér. 

M. luculenta is a considerably larger species, being 20 mm. 
in length, whereas M. mystacea is only 15 mm. 


Megachile ornata, Smith. 


Megachile ornata, Sm. Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i. p. 185 (1853). 


Megachile miniata, Bingh. Journ. Bomb. Soc. x. p. 199, fig. 6 
(1896). 


Smith did not know the locality of this species at the 
time he described it, but has written in “ Sumatra” in the 


the Apidee in the British Museum. 467 


Museum copy of the catalogue at a later date. Bingham’s 
type of miniata from Deli, Sumatra, agrees perfectly 
with it. 


Megachile bicaniculata, Cam. 


Megachile bicaniculata, Cam. Proe. Zool. Soe. ii. p. 85 (1901). 
Megachile canieulata, Cam. MS. 


The type of M. dicaniculata is from the Malay Peninsula 
(3000 ft.), that of MW. caniculata from Kuching (Sarawak). 
It is possible Cameron ‘discovered that they were the same 
species, since no description of M. caniculata appears to 
have been published. 


Megachile semivestita, Smith. 

Chalicodoma semivestita, Sm. Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i. p. 148. no, 5 
(1858). 3. 

Megachile determinata, Sm. Descr. New Spec. Hymen. p. 69. no, 26 
(1879). 9. 

These are sexes of the same species, though described from 

such widely separated places as India and Java. A male 

from Java (Horsfield Coll.) agrees in every detail withthe 


type. 
Megachile architecta, Smith. 


Megachile architecta, Smith, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. ii. p. 46. no. 6 


(1857). 
Megachile tarea, Cam. Journ. Straits Asiat. Soc. xxxvii. p. 124 


(1902). 
These two species are from the same _ type locality 
(Sarawak, Borneo). A comparison of Smith’s type from 
the Hope Department of the Oxford University Museum 
with Cameron’s type in the British Museum proves them 
to be identical. 


Megachile atrata, Smith. 


Megachile atrata, Smith, Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i. p. 182. no, 112° 


(1853). @. 
Megachile fulvipennis, Smith, Descr. New Spec. Hymen. p. 68. no. 22 


@@ig79). 2. : 4 
Megachile viriplaca, Cam. Journ. Str. Asiat. Soc. xxxvil. p. 119 


(1902). ¢. u 
Megachile shelfordi, Cam. Journ. Str. Asiat. Soc. xxxvii. p. 124 


(1902). ¢. 

Widely distributed through the Malay Archipelago. 
The type (atrata) is from the Philippine Islands ; Nicobars 
(fulvipennis) ; Borneo, Sarawak (Shelford) (viripiaca and 


468 Mr. G. Meade- Waldo on 


shelfordi) ; Sumatra; Kota Raja, Achin, Puloweh (Wallace, 
Meade-Waldo); Tenasserim, Mergui (Bingham); Java 
(Horsjield) ; Singapore (H. N. Ridley). 


Megachile dimidiata, Smith. 
Megachile dimidiata, Sm. Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i. p. 174, no. 88 
(1853). Q. 
Megachile velutina, Sm. Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i. p. 180. no. 105 
(1853). 9. 


M. dimidiata (type in British Museum) has the pollen- 
brush deep fulvous m the centre and black laterally, not 
entirely black as Smith states; in his description of M. velutina 
he describes it correctly. 

Bingham (Fauna Brit. India, i. p. 472) separates the two 
species on the colour of the antennz and legs, which he says 
are fulvous red in M. dimidiata and black in M. velutina, 
although the original descriptions of both species distinctly 
state that the legs are fulvous, and specimens determined by 
Bingham himself as M. velutina have red antenne and 
fulvous legs. The type of JZ. velutina was in the collection 
of the late J. S. Baly. 


Megachile rotundiceps, Smith, ? . 


This species, described from Mt. Ophir (type in the Hope 
Department), belongs to the subgenus EKumegachile. The 
scopa is silver-white except sternite 5 (at the apex) and 6, 
where it is black. 


Megachile terminalis, Smith, ? . 


As Friese rightly says, this species is like M. ornata, 
Smith, but differs in having the scopa black. Other 
differences, noticeable on comparing the types of the two 
species, are to be found in the considerably darker wings of 
M. terminalis and its slenderer form. 


Megachile placida, Smith, 3. 


Described from Gilolo. The species has a slender, forward- 
curving spine on each of the anterior cox. Type in Hope 
Department. 


Megachile laboriosa, Smith, 3. 


This species has a short tubercle on each anterior coxa, 
Type in Hope Department. 


the Apidee in the British Museum. 469. 


Megachile lateritia, Smith, and Megachile albobasalis, Smith. 


These two species are extremely nearly related ; they differ 
as follows :— 


M. lateritia. M. albobasalis, 
(Type in Hope Department.) (Type in B.M.) 
No pale hair on median segment. | Median segment clothed with white 
hair, 


Scopa deep foxy red, contrasting | Pubescence on tergites and scopa 
strongly with the brick-red of the same shade of ferrugi- 
clothing of the tergites. nous. 


M. lateritia was described from Aru and M. albobasalis | 
from Murray Island, Torres Straits; there is also a speci- 
men labelled as coming from Aru, but it is possibly an 
error. 


Megachile tertia, D. T. 


Megachile senex, Smith, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vil. p. 92 (1865). 
Megachile albiceps, Friese, Zeitschr. Hym. Dipt. iii. p. 243 (1903). 


Friese is correct in suggesting that these are the same 
species. An examination of Smith’s type shows that there 
is white pubescence on the prothorax, though this is not 
mentioned in his description. 


Key to some African Species of Megachile described 
by F. Smith. 


1. ( Clypeus normal, truncate, 1-2 as broad as 
long (subgenus Megachile)..........+. 2, 
Cypeus apically emarginate, the sides of 
the emargination produced to form two 
teeth (subgen. Amegachile). Black ; 
truncation of median segment and abd. 
tergite 1 white-haired ; abdomen apically 
with ferruginous pubescence ; scopa pale 
yellow, apically ferruginous ; wings fus- 
cous) 4 Vip mame) (Zac), As wie.d ofa nasalis. 
(= volkmanni, Fr.) 
2. { Abdomen entirely clothed with ferrugi- 
nous-red_ pubescence, vertex clothed 
with dark hairs, scopa pale ferruginous. 
Pete ram. (South. Africa. scene aes imitata, 
Abdomen otherwise clothed .......... 3. 
3. (Thorax and abdomen black, all the seg- 
ments with lateral patches of white 
| pubescence, scopa golden fulvous, ante- 
~ rior wings fuscous. L.16. (Natal.) .. consanguwinea. 
Thorax black, with ochraceous or rufous 
pubescence ; abdomen with fulvous or 
_L grey pubescence ......05 syareiee ete © op 4, 


——— = 


470 Mr. G. Meade- Waldo on 


CB ea basally red, apically black ; wings i 
clear hyaline. L.12 mm. (Natal.) .. basalis. 
\ Wings dusco-byalie: j.'s iatbis wets mena is : 
5. (Thorax with dense rufous pubescence ; 
abdomen covered with grey pubescence, 
| densest on apical margin of segments, 
2. scopa whitish. L.13 mm. (Gambia.). iia vi Fr) 
=fiilleborni, Fr. 
Thorax somewhat sparsely clothed with 
ochraceous pubescence, abdomen and . 
(Skseopatiul yous ce yn eo. erences 6. 
om fs Mista tancus iii. flattened, abdominal tergites 
with broad apical fascia. L. 13 mm. 
J (Cape Good Hope) Mivan-ce ssa. eurymera. 
| Metatarsus iil. linear, fulvous pubescence 
| more sparse towards apex. L. 16 mm. 
\. (¢Gapesot Good Hopes) 5 4. bith sjset cvqe cle dorsata. 


The above species are not included in Friese’s table of 
African Megachile (‘ Die Binen Afrikas,’ p. 327 et seq.), and 
though included in ‘ Das Tierreich, Lief. 28, p. 274 e¢ seq., 
it seems that a further short table taken from the actual 
types is not superfluous. 

Of the species not tabulated by Friese in his African 
monograph, /. maculata and 1. perplexa are omitted here, 
as it has not been possible to identify the types, which were 
in the collection of the late W. W. Saunders. 


Megachile fervida, Smith. 


Osmia fervida, Sm, Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus, i. p. 142 (1853). ¢. 
Megachile intricata, Sm. Descr. New Spec. Hymen, p. 61. no. 1 (1879). 


3 2. 

Smith marked the male of M. intricata as his type, and it 
agrees in every respect with his Osmia fervida. There are no 
females of the latter species, but a female of M. intricata is 
certainly Megachile sens. str. 


Megachile (Eumegachile) paucipunctulata, W. F. Kirby. 


Megachile paucipunctulata, Kirby, Bull. Liverpool Museum, vol. iii- 
p. 21 (1900). 2. 
Meguchile (Eumegachile) sokotrana, Friese, Zeitschr. Hym. Dipt. 
Bd. iii. p. 287 (1903). 2. 
An examination of Kirby’s type proves that Kohl was 
correct in placing the species in this subgenus. 


Megachile discolor, Smith. 
Megachile discolor, Smith, Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i. p. 157 (1853)-« 


Q. 
Megachile fiilleborni, Friese, Zeitschr. Hym, Dipt. Bd. iii. p, 281 (1903), 
3 Q. 


the Apide in the British Museum. 471 


This species is widely spread in Africa, Smith redescribed 
it from the Gambia. ‘There are other specimens from Zun- 
geru, N. Nigeria, iv. 1910 (J. W. Scott-Macfie) ; near 
Johannesburg, Transvaal (A. J. Cholmley) ; Salisbury, 
Mashonaland (G. dA. K. Marshall) ; various localities in 
N.E. Rhodesia (S. A. Neave) ; N. Rhodesia, Sinapunga, 
13. 11. 1911 (Silverlock Coll.); and Nyasaland, Karonga 
(S. A. Neave). 


Megachile (Amegachile) fimbriata, Smith. 


Smith’s type of this species from the Gambia agrees well 
in all points of structure with a male of M. cerulea, Friese, 
determined by Friese himself, from Nyasaland. M. fimbriata 
has the abdomen clothed with fulvous pubescence ; possibly 
M. cerulea may prove to be a subspecies. 

Megachile (Amegachile) bituberculata, Rits. 
Megachile bituberculata, Rits. Tijdschr. v. Entom. xxiii, Versl. p. xevii 
(1880). 

Megachile tuberculata, Smith, Descr. New Spec. Hymen. p. 63. no. 8 
(1879). 9. [Nec Smith, 1857,] 

Megachile (Amegachile) sjéstedti, Friese, Zeitschr. Hym. Dipt. Bd. i. 
p. 72 (1901). Q. 

A specimen from Ilesha, S. Nigeria, 4. 11.1910 (J. J. 
Simpson), determined by Dr. Friese, agrees with Smith’s 
type of M. tuberculata in the British Museum. 


Megachile (Amegachile) nasalis, Smith. 
Megachile nasalis, Smith, Deser. New Spec. Hymen. p. 61. no. 2 (1879). 


Or 
Megachile (Amegachile) volkmanni, Friese, Zeitschr. Hym. Dipt. Bd. iv. 
p. 299 (1904): 


Smith’s type from Zululand, in the British Museum, 
belongs to Friese’s subgenus Amegachile, 

Other specimens in the collection are from N.E. Rhodesia, 
Fort Jameson, 38800 feet, September 1910 (S. A. Neave), 
presented by the Entomological Research Committee 
(Tropical Africa); S.E, Congo Free State, Lufira River, 


Katanga, 3500 feet, 27. vii. 07 (S. A. Neave) ; and Lake 
. Shirwa, Zomba, B.C.A. (R. Newstead). . 


Megachile ethiops, Smith. 


Megachile ethiops, Smith, Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i. p. 166. no. 68 
(1853). 
Lithurgus ethiops, Friese, Die Bienen Afrikas, p. 322 (1910), 


472 Mr. (3, MeadeswWaldavn 


This species is not a Lithurgus, as recorded by Friese in 
‘Die Bienen Afrikas,’ p. 322. It resembles the European 
M. muraria superficially. The clypeus is somewhat of the 
Chalicodoma type and is crenulated apically. 


Megachile habropodoides, sp. n. 


@. Nigra, hirsuta; capite, pleuris, abdominis segmentis 1—4 nigro-, 
segmentis 5 et 6 fulvo-ferrugineo-hirsutis; pronoto, mesonoto, 
scutelloque flavo-cinereo-hirsutis ; scopa fulvo-ferruginea ; clypeo 
subtruncato, apice duobus tuberculis minutis munito ; mandibulis 
robustis, 4-dentatis ; alis hyalinis. 

Long. 15 mm. 

3. Similis sed clypeo flayo-cinereo-hirsuto, prosterno spatioque 
postoculari griseo pubescentibus ; mandibulis apice ferrugineis, 
elongatis ; tarsis anterioribus albidis, dilatatis, albo-tomentosis ; 
coxa’. tuberculo subacuto instructa. 


2. Black; head, pleurz, abdominal tergites 1-4, and 
legs for the most part covered with long black hair; pro- 
notum, mesonotum, and scutellum clothed with a dense 
cinereous pile; abdominal tergites 5 and 6 covered with 
long ferruginous hairs; intermediate and posterior tarsi 
covered within by dark ferruginous hair. Scopa ferruginous 
red. Calcaria ferrunginous. Wings hyaline. Clypeus sub- 
truncate, broader than long, armed with two small tubercles 
at apex; mandibles massive, 4-toothed. The whole insect 
somewhat finely and evenly punctured. Metatarsus iu. 
normal, about as long as tibia. 

Length 15 mm. 

g. Similar to the female, but with the face and clypeus 
covered with a long, dense, cinereous pile ; postocellar region 
and prosternum clothed with thin white pubescence. 
Clypeus black at base, apically ferruginous, somewhat 
swollen. Anterior tarsi ivory-white, dilated, and fringed 
with long white hair, anterior coxz provided with stout 
blunt tubercles. Abdominal segment 7 bidentate. 

40 92 56 16. 

Hab. Khamba Jong, Sikkim, 15,000-16,000 feet, 15-30. 
vii. 1903. Collected by H. T. Walton on the Tibet Expe- 
dition (1903-4). 

The colouring and general robust facies of this insect 
strongly recall Bombus and Anthophora. 


the Apidex in the British Museum, 473 


Megachile (Eumegachile) neavei, sp. un. 


9. Nigra; facie nigro-, genis infra, thorace omnino, abdominis 
segmento primo omnino, segmento secundo lateribus albido-hirtis ; 
segmentis 2 et 3 sparsim, 4-6 dense ferrugineo-tomentosis ; scopa 
aureo-brunnea, basi pallidiore; clypeo basi tuberculo mediano 
lato instructo ; mandibulis forcipatis; metatarsis angustis; alis 
fuscis. 

Long. 16 mm. 


2. Black; the face densely and vertex sparsely covered 
with dark pubescence ; the cheeks below, the whole thorax, 
first abdominal tergite wholly, and second abdominal tergite 
apico-laterally clothed with white pubescence ; the rest of 
the abdomen covered with ferruginous-red pubescence, that 
on segments 2 and 3 much sparser; legs dark ferruginous, 
tarsi inclining to black, intermediate and posterior tarsi with 
rufous pubescence on the inner side. Scopa golden brown, 
paler at the base. Wings dark brown. 

Clypeus very short, with a broad tubercle in the centre ; 
mandibles arched, bidentate at apex. Punctured, mandibles 
and abdomen finely, clypeus, head, and thorax closely and 
somewhat coarsely. Metatarsus ii. slender, shorter than 
and about half as broad as tibia. 

Length 16 mm. 

¢. Similar to the female in general appearance, but with 
apex of clypeus and interantennal space covered with white 
pilosity, coxa i. with a short slender spine, abdominal seg- 
ment 6 impressed at apex (as in M. chrysorrhea). 

222; 3'66- 

Hab. Lower Luangwa River, N.E. Rhodesia, Sept. 1910 
(S. A. Neave), type 9; Ngoa, Nyasaland, 21. x. 1910 (Dr. 
J. E. 8. Old), 3 2; Fort Jameson, 3800 feet, Oct. 1910, 
and Luangwa to Petauke, Sept. 1910, N.E. Rhodesia (S. A. 
Neave), 6 o. 

This species comes nearest to M. cornigera, Fr., but differs 
in having the mandibles 3-toothed (in cornigera they are 
‘5-6-toothed) and abdominal segment 1 and part of 2 white-, 
not black-haired. 


Megachile battorensis, sp. n. 


Q. M. (Eumegachile) rufipedis similis, sed non Lumegachile. Capite 
thoraceque antice fusco-, postscutello, segmento mediano, pleuris, 
abdominisque segmento primo basi pallide flavo-hirtis ; segmentis 
abdominis 1 apice, 2 et 3 omnino ferrugineo-tomentosis, 4-6 


474, Mr. G. Meade-Waldo on 


sparsim nigro-hirtis; scopa ferruginea, apice obscuriore, nigra; 
pedibus brunneis, plus minusve flavo-pilosis; alis flavo-hyalinis, 
apice fuscis; tegulis ferrugineis. Clypeo truncato, plano, crasse 
punctato; mandibulis robustis, rugoso-striatis. 

Long. 20 mm. 


Similar to M. rufipes, F., differing as follows :— 


Clypeus normal, rather broader 
than long; no carina; mandibles 
stout, not arched. (Subgenus Me- 
gachile.) 

Legs brown. 


Clypeus extremely short, with 
median tubercle; mandibles arched, 


M. ( Eumegachile) rufipes, F. | M. battorensis, sp. 0. 
| 
slender. (Subgenus Lumegachile.) | 


Legs red. 


Length 20 mm. 

Hab. Battor, Gold Coast, Oct. 1911 (H. T. Palmer), 1 2, 
type; Uganda Protectorate, between Seziwa R. and Kam- 
pala, 8500-3750 feet, Aug. 1911 (S. A. Neave), 3 2; En- 
tebbe, Uganda, Aug. 1911 (C. C. Gowdey), 1 9. Presented 
by the Entomological Research Committee (Tropical Africa). 

In Megachile sens. str. the most nearly allied species 
appear to be M. stephanelli, Friese, also from W. Africa, 
and M. kigonserana, Friese, from German East Africa. 

M. stephaneili has the scopa fuscous at base and grey at 
apex, and the wings smoky, while in M. kigonserana the 
thorax is wholly black-haired and the wings are hyaline. 


Megachile (Amegachile) frederici, sp. n. 


2. Nigra, nitida; mandibulis (apice excepto), antennis basi, pedibus 
tegulisque rufis ; facie argenteo-brunneo-, genis, pleuris sparsim, 
segmento mediano, abdominisque segmento primo lateribus 
albido-pilosis; scopa nigra, basi pallida; metatarsus iii, intus 
aureo-hirtis; clypeo apice emarginato; mandibulis robustis, apice 
4-dentatis; alis plerumque czruleo-micantibus, basi extremo 
hyalinis. 

Long. 15 mm. 


9. Shining black; mandibles (except the apex), scape, 
flagellum beneath, tegule, and legs red; the face about the 
insertion of the antenne clothed with silvery-brown pubes- 
cence, interspersed with a few black hairs; the pleure 
sparsely, median segment and abdominal tergite 1 densely 
clothed on the sides with white pubescence; scopa black, 
sternite 1 medially clothed with pale hair, 

Wings with a bluish effulgence, the extreme base hyaline. 

Clypeus about as broad as long, emarginate at apex, the 


the Apide: in the British Museum. 475 


sides of the emargination produced to form two tubercles ; 
mandibles massive, 4-toothed. Whole insect somewhat 
sparsely and evenly punctured, metatarsus ii. broader than 
tibiee. 

Length 15 mm. 

3. Similar to female, but smaller. Face and clypeus 
clothed with pale hair. First joint of anterior tarsi dilated, 
anterior coxze armed with spines, 

229,1¢. 

Gambia (F. Smith Coll.), 3 % (type); Zungeru, N. Ni- 
geria (Dr, W. Morrison), 2. 

Most nearly allied to M. bituberculata, Rits.,=sjéstedti, 
Fr., but at once separated from that species by the red legs 
and black ventral scopa. The species bore a MS. label 
* cyanipennis, Guér.,” in F. Smith’s Coll., and it certainly 
bears a superficial resemblance to that species. 


Key to the Australian Species of Megachile described 
by F. Smith. 


er 


1. (Clypeus very short, 3-4 times as broad 
| as long, more or less armed with tu- 
J bercles at apex. Scopa pale, black 
species with pale pubescence........ 2. Subg. Eumegachile. 
Clypeus normal, 1-2 times as broad as 
| long; variously coloured insects .... 5. Subg. Megachile. 
2. ( Clypeus truncate, the apex armed with 
| asmall tubercle or tubercles........ 3. 
2 Clypeus with a broad, medio-apical, sub- 
1 quadrate lobe, or else porrect, with the 
| apex semicircular; wings fusco-hya- 
We MGR. Saetes vce anes eae ame ee 4, 
3. ( Apex of clypeus with small lateral tu- 
bercles; head very massive; wings 
fuscous; abd. tergite 1 with white 
pubescence; scopa pale testaceous. 
L. 21-mm. (Champion Bay.) ...... monstrosa. 
Clypeus with a small medio-apical 
tubercle ; head normal; wings fusco- 
hyaline; abd. tergites 1 and 2 with 
white pubescence ; scopa pale yellow. 
tf. 18mm. (Adelaide.)”’. “cee semiluctuosa. 
4, ( Apex of clypeus with a broad, medio- 
apical, subquadrate lobe; face covered 
with dense golden pubescence; abd. 
tergite 6 with silver-grey pubescence. 
4+ L.13mm. (“New Holland”) .... aurifrons. 
Clypeus porrect, the apex semicircular ; 
face sparsely clothed with grey hairs; 
abd. tergite 6 with golden pubescence. 
_ L.12mm. (Champion Bay.) .,.... nasuta, 


476 Mr. G. Meade- Waldo on 


. ( Abdomen unicolorous ; scopa bright ful- 
POO tid ota ata ais edin SOS watt a'e Gi a ¢ 6, 
J Median segment and abdomen basally 
} with white pubescence. L.14-15mm. 7. 
| Abdomen otherwise coloured ; scopa 
(‘pales avangs Wyalime 50% i jeton eg cause 9. 
6, Padoren covered with bright fulvous 
| pubescence; wings fuscous. L. 16 
jJ mm. (Australia. ) ord nat asain wong ustulata. 
\ Abdomen black, with violet iridescence ; 
| wings fusco-hyaline. L. 14 mm, 
Lae RAGHMONG SHIVEL.) Gs jue acu ctctere Sate pictiventris. 
Wings dark fuscous; scopa_ black. 
(Champion Bay:),..;.% f<. starch fumipennis. 
Wings not dark fuscous; scopa white,. 8, 
if Wings wholly dark fusco-hyaline, abd. 
| tergite 3black. (‘New Holland.”).. ducidiventris. 
~ Wings with basal half hyaline, fuscous 
| apically ; abd, tergite 3 laterally with 
|_ white pubescence. (Champion Bay.) fabricator 
9. ( Abdominal tergites with apical fascize of 
pubescence ..............seeeeees 13. 
Abdominal tergites 1-3 with apico-lateral 
J marks of pale pubescence ; abd. ter- 
‘\  gites 5 and 6 with golden-yellow or 
fulvous pubescence... 0.6... 0054. 10. 
Abdominal tergites 1 and 2 black, 3-6 
| ferruginous, L.10mm. (Queensland.) calida. 
10. ( Face sparsely clothed with white pubes- 
cence ; slender insects ............ 21. 
< Face clothed with golden pubescence ; a 
| robust insect. L. 13 mm, (Cham- 


7. 


8. 


( spton Bay.) 2. aici. s fee honk eee sexmaculata, 
11. (Apex of clypeus simple. L. 113 mm. 
(Dasmanias) 4 wah peep meee leucopyga. 
Apex of clypeus with a small tubercle 
or tubercles... sok nee eye Ee 12. 


12. ( Apex of clypeus with 2 small tubercles ; 
; abd. tergite 4 with narrow whitish- 
J yellow fasciz. L.11mm. (Adelaide.) ertadiformis. 
\ Apex of clypeus with a small median 
| tubercle; no fascia on abd. tergite 4. 
( L.10mm. (Western Australia.) .. oblonga. 
13. ( Sides of face sparsely covered with white 
' pubescence, abdominal fascize narrow ; 
smaller, more slender insects........ 16. 
4 Whole face (including clypeus) covered 
| with dense ochraceous or fulvous 
pubescence, abdominal fascize broader ; 
| more robustimsects?s.. 2 cn snene 14, 
(Face densely covered with fulvous 
pubescence ; abd. tergite 5 partly and 
6 wholly covered with fulvous pubes- 
cence. LL. 12} mm. (Western Aus- 
aT): wie apc o's ve bn hm LS ANS chrysopyga 
Face densely covered with ochraceous 
pubescence; abdomen unicolorous, with 
{ ochraceous fascie. L.18mm.,..... 15. 


14. 


NS 


the Apidee in the British Museum. A477 


15, ( Dise of mesonotum with spots of ochra- 
| ceous pubescence, (W. Australia.)..  macularis, D. T. 
(maculata, Sm.) 
Disc of mesonotum ne so spotted. 
| (ChamprongBay a). : cvincnss vere weed » australasie, D. T. 
(tmitata, Sm.) 
~All the abd. tergites black, with narrow 
apical fascia. L. 10 mm, (Hunter 
River.) ..¢ sure et aanteata asa < teas simplex. 
he pani 6 or 5 and 6 otherwise 
coloured! / J 1. Watt o: ane wea seine ame eos i 


17. | Abd. tergite 6 laterally ferruginous ; a 
small insect. L. 8 mm. ( Adelaide.) apiecata, 
Larger insects. .L.11 mm, .......,... 18. 
Abd, tergite 6 with a short griseous 
pilosity, (Tasmanian 4 1,00 ee ardinaria. 
Abd. tergites 5 (apically) and 6 with pale 
fulvous pilosity. (Australia.) ...... modesta, 
3a. 
Anterior tarsi dilated, anterior coxse 
armed with spines ................ 2. 
Anterior tarsi simple, anterior cox un- 
PETC OH lem tec tae atid Say ca a's BSS os 2. 
2. (Face cayered with fulvous pubescence ; 


abd, tergite 6 black. L. 13 mm, 
(New Holland’) Si Ooi... latipes, 
Face covered with white pubescence ; 
abd. tergite 5 with a patch of ferru- 
ginous pubescence. L. 11mm, (Swan 
BEAR Velo ngtate 8 gtlult ccasaia sh « Names & Serox, 
“Abd. ee 6 entire, not emarginate ; 
face with white pubescence ........ 4, 
Abd. tergite 6 notched ; face with yellow 
or fulvous pubescence ; abdomen 
black, with white or white and. ferru- 
ginous pubescence ,.............05 5, 
Abd. tergite 6 bluntly rounded ; abdo- 
men black, with white pubescence 
basally ; tergite 5 with a patch of 
J ferruginous pubescence. L. 9 mm, 
ne OW, Aosta Bei. se yarn canifrons, 
Abd, tergite 6 truncate ; abdomen wholly 
ferruginous. L. 8 mm. (Macintyre 
DRUV OR eV aietain) oierape « op5. si °. 5's! +. ¢ ston a agrgian COLOR 
5. (Abdomen black, with white pubes- 
cence basally ; tergites 4 (apically) and att 
5 or 5 and 6 ferruginous; abdomen 
4 not coarsely punctured Se ape cae aera 6, 
Abdomen black, with white pubescence 
basally ; apical tergites black; abdo- 
men coarsely punctured 2S tenn ad fy 
6. (Tergite 6 deeply notched, tergites 5 and 
' 6 ferruginous, L. 14 mm. (“New 
Beotlantd.”” )o 3.00: 4208 5» paket 
Tergite 6 faintly "notched ; an apical 
fascia on tergite 4 and tergite 5 for 
the most part ferruginous. L.11mm, 
L (W. Australia.) ....... SEE. OO unL . erythropyga, 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 33 


ignita, 


478 On the Apidee in the British Museum. 


7. (Tergite 1 with small apico-lateral tufts 
| of white pubescence. L. 13 mm. 
J (CS Newstead 2) ys: nieces © punctata. 
| Tergite 1 wholly: and 2 apico-laterally 
| clothed with white pubescence. L. 
|. 11mm. (W. Australia.) ..... esos. TUGOSH. 


Megachile exaltata, Smith. 
Megachile exaltata, Smith, Catal. Hymen. Brit. Mus. i, p. 185 (1853), 


3. 
Megachile incongrua, Smith, Descr. New Spec. Hymen. p. 78 (1879). 
dQ. 
The older species, described from the male alone (Rio 
Tapajos, Brazil), is certainly co-specific with M. incongrua 
from Tunantins, of which both sexes are described. 


Antuipium, F. 
Anthidium (Proanthidium) cimbiciforme, Smith. 


This is a valid species, and not synonymous with A. laterale, 
Latr., as stated by Friese, ‘Bienen Europas,’ iv. p. 153 
(1898). 

The yellow markings are much more profuse than in 
laterale. The antenne and two curved lines on the dise of 
the mesonotum are yellow. In the males the apical segments 
of the two species show great disparity ; in A. laterale the 
seventh abdominal tergite bears a short median tubercle, 
whereas in A, cimbiciforme the median prolongation is long 
and apically truncate. 

The species was described from Albania. 


Anthidium africanum, Smith, 
? Euaspis abdominale, F. ¢. 


There seems to be a great probability that Smith’s species 
is the male of EH. abdominale, F. Friese (‘Die Bienen 
Afrikas’) quotes Séelis rufiventris, Lep., as the male of that 
species, querying the locality (Brazil) given by Lepeletier 
(Hist. nat. Insect. Hymén. ii. p. 531), though Lepeletier 
himself seemed in no doubt about it. 

Smith’s type is 14 mm, in length, though he inexplicably 
gives 5 lines. 

In the British Museum copy of Smith’s Catalogue 4. afri- 
canum is followed by a MS. note “¢@ of no. 69,” i. e. A. bi- 
color, this being the synonymy adopted by Friese in ‘ Die 
Bienen Afrikas.’ In ‘ Das Tierreich’ he has placed the two 
species separate. An earlier MS. alteration by Smith is a 
bracket uniting A. africanum and A. (now Euaspis) abdo- 
minale, F.; and this appears to be the correct solution. 


Observations on living Gorganias. 479 


LIX.— Observations on living Gorgonias (Gorgonia verru- 
cosa) occurring in the English Channel. By J. Stuart 
THomson, Ph.D., F.L.S., F.R.S.E., Lecturer and Senior 
Demonstrator in Zoology, Victoria University of 
Manchester, 


DurinG a brief period of work at the Marine Biological 
Station, Roscoff, in August 1912, I had excellent opportunities 
of observing the variations in the form of Gorgonia verru- 
cosa, Pall., from living specimens, and of comparing the 
Jatter with the form designated Gorgonia cavolini, von 
Koch. 

These two forms, sometimes called Sea-fans, are the 
commonest Gorgonacee occurring in the Gulf of Naples, the 
Gulf of Lyons, and in the English Channel, off the coasts of 
Brittany, Devonshire, and Cornwall. 

In 1887, von Koch in his admirable Monograph on the 
Gorgonide of the Gulf of Naples, gives a detailed account 
of the anatomy and development of a red Gorgonia under 
the name Gr'orgonia cavolint, sp. n.. which he regards as 
very similar to, but not identical with, Gorgonia verrucosa, 
Pall. Von Koch holds that naturalists had, hitherto, fre- 
quently erred in regarding these two forms as belonging to 
the same species. He rightly insists that one should observe 
as many forms as possible before arriving at conclusions as 
to their identification. 

The object of this note is mainly to state my reasons for 
regarding Gorgonia verrucasa, Pall., and Gorgonia cavolini, 
von Koch, as one and the same species. It is of importance 
in the determination of species that specimens from different 
localities should be compared with one another; and my 
present note is of importance in this connection, as 
von Koch’s work was based on Mediterranean forms, but my 
observations are on specimens from the western part of the 
English Channel, namely from the coasts of Brittany. It is 
also almost necessary in some difficult or disputable cases 
that Alcyonarian forms should be studied in the living 
state. 

The first character upon which von Koch rests his deter- 
mination is the colour—Gorgonia cavolint being red, Gor- 
gonia verrucosa white. When these two forms are dead or 
preserved in spirit, they are both white and are practically 
indistinguishable. ‘The colour of the red form, Gorgonta 
cavolini, is very unstable, disappearing very readily and 
rapidly, and the pigment is not present in the spicules. 
The red colour of Gorgonia cavolini also varies in shade in 
different specimens even in the living state; thus 1 find some 

33* 


480 Dr. J. S. Thomson on living Gorgonias 

much paler in colour, and on the other hand there are 
examples of Gorgonia verrucosa which have yellowish or 
slightly reddish tints. Von Koch also mentions the occur- 
rence of a yellowish-red specimen of Gorgonia cavolint. 

This instability of the colouring is met with in other 
Aleyonarian forms, and perhaps it is most conspicuously 
illustrated in Aleyonium purpureum, Hickson, occurring in 
False Bay at the Cape of Good Hope. Alcyonium pur- 
pureum is a brilliant purple colour (not due to the spicules), 
which it has been found almost impossible to retain by 
different methods of preservation. 

The colour of Alcyonarians has within recent years been 
recognized as being so variable in character that it is 
no longer regarded as of importance in the determination of 
species. 

After an examination of a number of the red form 
(Gorgonia cavolint) and of the white form (Gorgonia verru- 
cosa) it appears to me that none of the characters which 
von Koch gives for their differentiation mto two species 
will hold in all cases, The characters by which von Koch 
separates Gorgonia cavolint from Gorgonia verrucosa are as 
follows :— 

Gorgonia verrucosa, Pall. 


The colonies are white during 
life, 


Gorgonia cavolini, v. Koch. 


Are red or reddish during life, 


white when dried or preserved 

in alcohol, 

The colonies are, as a rule, of larger 
size. 


The branching is rarely in one 


The branching is in one plane and 
plane and is irregular. 


more regular. 


The branches are longer and less 
divided up into minor branches. 
The branches frequently appear 
little thinner than the stem, and 
often have a tendency to lie 
parallel to one another, and 
perpendicular to the basal plane 
of attachment. 


The branches are shorter and fairly 
uniform; the twigs are little 
thinner than the branches and 
always disposed in one plane. 


The polyps are yellowish or light 
brown. 


The polyps are reddish, 


The polyps are not arranged in 
rows on the twigs. 


The polyps have the margins of 
the calyces divided up into 
5-8 lobes, but wsually into 8. 


Yellow cells occur in the ectoderm 
of the tentacles. 


The polyps are arranged in rows 
on the twigs. 


The margins of the calyees are 
usually 5-lobed. 


Yellow cells do not occur in the 
ectoderm of the tentacles, 


occurring in the English Channel. . 481 


I would now indicate that the points stated above, by 
which von Koch seeks to distinguish Gorgonta verrucosa 
from Gorgonia cavolint, are not sufficiently constant in either 
variety to enable one to hold this position. 

I have already alluded to the colour, and pointed out that 
the red coloration of Gorgonia cavolini is unstable. In 
regard to size, the relative size of the red and white form is 
so variable that it appears to me that no definite character 
can be deduced from this point. 

Specific characters are derived by some authors from the 
mode of branching, but von Koch’s most important contrast 
in this respect—namely, the branching in Gorgonta cavolini in 
one plane but not so in Gorgonta verrucosa—does not hold 
strictly true for many specimens of either form which I have 
examined. Further, I find the disposition of the branches, 
their relative thickness to the stem, so variable in both the 
white and the red variety that 1 cannot attach specific 
importance to these points. 

Regarding the mode of occurrence of the polyps on the 
twigs, I have been unable to find in a number of the red 
forms, Gorgonta cavolint, a regular arrangement in rows, 

In the older colonies of Gorgonia verrucosa one frequently 
finds that the majority of the polyps have a 5-lobed calyx, 
and, on the other hand, one occasionally observes an 8-lobed 
calyx in Gorgonia cavolini. Von Koch notes and figures in 
another part of his monograph that there is variability in 
regard to this point. I believe that the presence of eight 
lobes in the calyx is only a temporary stage. 

It seems true that yellow cells are, as a rule, present in the 
tentacles of the polyps of Gorgonia verrucosa; but, on the 
other hand, I am unable to confirm Koch’s statement that 
these yellow cells do not occur in the tentacles of Gorgonia 
cavolii %. 

In his tables for the identification of the Gorgonacex of 
the Gulf of Naples, von Koch gives as a common character 
of Gorgonia verrucosa and Gorgonia cavolini that the polyps 
are without spicules. In another part of his monograph he 
writes of the presence of a number of needle-like spicules in 
the young developing polyps, and of these being later reduced 
in number in slightly older polyps to seven or eight for each 
tentacle, but that these spicules are absent in the polyps of 
the trunk. In both forms I find seven needle-like spicules 
at the base of each tentacle in the polyps of the trunk. 

My reasons for regarding Gorgonia verrucosa and Gorgonia 
cavolini as the same species are as follows :— 

The “ habitus ”’ of the two forms is, on the whole, the same. 
The form, size, and distribution of the spicules is similar. 


482 . Dr. J. S. Thomson 6n hving Gorgonids 


The internal structtire and development of the two forms is 
alike. ‘The two forms are sexually niature at the same time. 
The two forms show variations, but during the young stages 
they are essentially inagreement. ’ 

One may slightly extend von Koch’s cliaracters for 
Gorgonia terrutosa so as to include Gorgonia caviélini as 
follows:—The ground-colour is white or red, the polyps 
yellow; brown, or reddish. The axis is dark, almost black, 
and scarcely visible through the rind: The surface of the 
rind appears smooth when magnified ten times: The 
branching may be irregular, but is frequently in one plane. 
The branches frequently tend to lie parallel to one another 
and perpendicular to the basal plane of attachment. The 
relative size of the stem and branches is variable, frequently 
no great difference between them. 

The spicules of the rind and verruce are clubs and 
spindles arratiged in two layers; the clubs of the external 
layer stand very close to one another and with their 
principal axes perpendicular to the surface. ‘The spicules 
are transparent. 

The polyps are rettactile; and there are usually seven or 
eight small; needle-like spicules at the base of each tentacle. 
The polyps are scattered over the surface of the cosnenchyma, 
but sometimes show a tendency on the smallest branches 
towards an arrangement in rows. 

The verrucee have the form of low warts, with 5-8, 
ustially 5, marginal lobes. 

Yellow or red cells occur in the ectoderm of the tentacles. 

I would therefore suggest that one should retain the older 
specific name verrucosa and abandon that of cavolinz, but 
that the species verrucosa be recognized as including two 
varieties—red and white. Itis also to be noted that these 
two forms, verrucosa and cavolini, are now frequently referred 
to the genus Hunicella. 

In 1869 Verrill constituted the new genus Huni¢ella, taking 
Gorgonia verrucosa, Pall.; as his generic type, and regarded 
it as belonging to the family Plexauridie. Verrill’s diagnosis 
of the penus Hunicella is as follows :— 

“ Coenenchyma thin or moderately thick; composed chiefly 
of small warty double spindles, but having a distinct external 
layer of very small, peculiar club=shaped spicules perpendi- 
cular to the surface, which often have one or two whorls of 
fine spindles towards the larger end. Cells scattered, either 
raised on prominent verruce or perfectly flat, Longitudinal 
ducts nearly equal, in a circle around the axis. The colour 
usually white.” 


occurring in the English Channel. 483 


In some measure this brief note is a protest against the 
splitting up of Alcyonarian genera into an unnecessary 
number of species, and undoubtedly there are other specific 
names under the genus G'orgonia which do not represent true 
species. 

I may now shortly refer to one or two other points observed 
during the course of this comparison. It is interesting to 
find that when a twig of Gorgonia (Eunicella) verrucosa is 
isolated from the rest of the colony, and left in a well-aerated 
aquarium, it has the power of living on for some time (for at 
least a fortnight) apparently in an active condition, showing 
the extension and retraction of the tentacles. From our 
knowledge of the powers of regeneration possessed by other 
members of the Ccelenterate Phylum, it is possible that 
Gorgonia has the power of propagation from twigs which 
have been broken away from the main colony. 

Another point which I may mention is that the red and 
white specimens were sexually mature at Roscoff on the 
20th of August; this is much later than those of the 
Mediterranean, which are recorded as being mature in May 
and June. 

The distribution of Hunicella (Gorgonia) verrucosa is a 
wide one in Huropean waters. It has been accurately re- 
corded at the following :— 

Off the coasts of Devonshire and Cornwall—Mewstone 
Ledge, very common ; Queen’s Ground ; Rame ; Eddystone 
Ground; Stoke Point Ground. Usually at a depth of 
10-20 fathoms. 

Off the coasts of Brittany, common. Off the west coast 
of Scotland, rare. Off Marseilles and Nice, the Bay of 
Naples, the Adriatic and other localities on the Italian coast. 


References. 


Carus, J. V. ‘Prodromus Faunz Mediterranee.’ Vol. [. Stuttgart, 
1884, 1885. 

Kocu, G. von. “Die Gorgoniden des Golfes von Neapel.” Fauna und 
Flora des Golfes von Neapel. XV. Monographie. Berlin, 1887. 

——. “Plymouth Marine Invertebrate Fauna.” Journ. Mar. Biol. 
Assoc., N.S. vol. vii. No. 2. Dec. 1904. 

Prouvort, G. “ Essai sur les Fonds et la Faune de la Manche occidentale 
(Cétes de Bretagne). _Comparés 4 ceux du Golfe du Lion.” 
Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale. 3¢ Série. 
Tome v. 1897. 

Verritt, A. E. “Notes on Radiata, No.6,” Trans, Connect. Acad. 
vol. iil. p. 386, 


484 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and 


LX.+Descriptions and Records of Bees—XLVII. 
By T. D. A. Cockzreti, University of Colorado. 


Ceratina leta, Spinola. 
Trinidad, March 1912 (Hugh Scott). New to Trinidad. 


Ceratina minima, Friese. 


Trinidad, March 22,1912 (Hugh Scott). Three males, 
marked “ Diego Martin ; herbage by stream.” 


Nomada (Micronomada) jamaicensis, sp. n. 


2. Length a little over 6 mm. 

_ Ferruginous, including the legs, but the abdomen mainly 
black above ; head broad; basal part of mandibles broadly 
pale yellow; sides of iface broadly hight yellow, this colour 
ending obtusely a little above level of middle of front, and 
below ending about level of middle of clypeus; labrum 
blackish in middle; clypeus, supraclypeal area, front and 
cheeks bright ferruginous, the cheeks with a broad yellow 
stripe along upper part of orbits; imterocellar region 
blackened ; antenne entirely ferruginous, third joint longer 
than fourth ; thorax above densely and coarsely punctured, 
the ridges between the punctures shining ; upper border of 
prothorax, tubercles, scutellum, band on postscutellum, two 
large patches on metathorax, and very large transverse 
patches on pleura, bright yellow ; mesothorax suffused with 
black in middle posteriorly, and area of metathorax also 
blackish ; the extremely scanty pubescence of thorax light 
fulvous above, white at sides; tegule creamy white, punc- 
tured. Wings long, with a conspicuous dusky apical cloud ; 
stigma ferruginous, nervures fuscous ; b. n. meeting t.=m.; 
secoud s.m. receiving first r. n. before middle. Legs bright 
red, hind coxe with a large yellow mark, hind tibie slightly 
yellowish at base; spines of anterior coxe short, but very 
distinct. Abdomen very finely punctured: first segment 
with a broad yellow band, narrowest in middle, the part 
before the band dark red; second ségment with a yellow 
band which is extremely broad at sides, but greatly narrowed, 
or even broken, in middle; third and fourth segments with 
a large yellow mark on each side, fifth with a band (these 
markings often largely concealed by the retraction of the 
segments) ; apical segment with a semicircular pale pubes- 
cent area; venter -dark ferruginous, with a broad yellow 
band on third segment, 


Records of Bees. - 485 


3. Similar to the female, except as follows: ground- 
colour of head and thorax black, not red; labrum pale 
reddish ; clypeus and supraclypeal area bright yellow, and 
the bright yellow lateral face-marks wholly filling space 
between clypeus and eye; yellow band along posterior orbits 
variable, either extending along whole length of orbit or 
broken in middle; basal part of first abdominal segment 
black ; apical plate of abdomen broad, truncate, not 
emarginate. 

Hab. Liguanea Plain, Jamaica, Nov.-Dec. 1911, three of 
each sex (C. T. Brues). One was collected by Mrs. Brues. 
The type is a female. 

The genus is new to Jamaica, and the species is closely 
related to the various Micronomade inhabiting the western 
United States. From the species of Cuba, Haiti, and Porto 
Rico it is readily known by the red head and thorax of the 
female. By the red legs, it resembles N. krugii, Cress., from 
Porto Rico rather than N. cubensis, Cress., from Cuba. 


Halictus (Chloralictus) bruesi, sp. n. 


6 .—Length about or nearly 5 mm. 

Entirely pale brownish testaceous, including antenne and 
legs ; clypeus prominent ; face with fine white hair; eyes 
moderately emarginate within ; antennze long, the flagellum 
thick, Wings clear, iridescent, the stigma and nervures 
sepia; head and thorax dullish, abdomen shining ; thorax 
with thin white hair. 

The following characters are microscopic: front finely 
and very densely and evenly punctured ; mesothorax. micro- 
scopically tessellate, with rather widely separated very 
distinct punctures; area of metathorax with about twenty 
fine but distinct more or less wavy ridges; punctures of 
abdomen very fine, becoming moderately dense toward 
bases of segments, absent on apices of segments, which are 
transversely striatulate; first r.n. joining second s.m. a 
little before the beginning of its last fourth; outer nervures 
scarcely at all weakened. 

Hab. Liguanea Plain, Jamaica, Nov.—Dec. 1911, 1 
(C. T. Brues). 

Easily known by its singular coloration, which made me 
think at first that it might be immature or diseased ; but 
it is perfectly formed in every way, and doubtless normal. 
Many species of Halictus are more or less testaceous, 
or have the abdomen orange or brownish. The present 
insect is perhaps nearest to the Brazil an H. nanus (Smith), 
which, however, has the head and thorax yellowish green, 


486 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and 


Halictus leichardti, Cockerell. 


The type of H. leichardti is abraded; H. paracolletinus, 
Ckll., described from fresh specimens, is the same species. 
I arrived at this conclusion after the types had been returned 
to the British Museum, but Messrs. Meade-Waldo and 
Turner have kindly compared the types, and have no doubt 
that the names refer to a single species. 


Megachile liguanensis, sp. un. 


? .—Length about 9 mm. 

Black, with white pubescence (a slight admixture of dark 
hairs on vertex and scutellum) ; legs bright ferruginous, 
hair on inner side of tarsi orange-ferruginous, very bright 
on hind basitarsi ; ventral scopa white, entirely black on 
last two segments; clypeus densely punctured, with a 
smooth shining median stripe, the lower margin feebly 
denticulate; mandibles quadridentate; flagellum beneath 
dark rufo-fuscous ; vertex dull, densely and minutely punc- 
tured; mesothorax and scutellum sculptured like vertex ; 
no anterior hair-spots on mesothorax, but a very conspicuous 
tuft of white hair on each side above the hind end of tegula ; 
a rather feeble hair-band in scutello-mesothoracic suture, 
but long white hair behind scutellum. Wings slightly dusky, 
especially in costal region ; stigma dull ferruginous, nervures 
fuscous. Abdomen shovel-shaped, but not of the very broad 
type, shining, with narrow and weak white hair-bands; 
tegule piceous, obscurely reddish toward the margins. 

Hab. Liguanea Plain, Jamaica, Nov.—Dec. 1911 (Mrs. C. 
T. Brues). 

From the same locality Mr. Brues sent also M. lanata 
(Fabr.), and M. poeyi, Guér. In Friese’s table of West 
Indian Megachile, this runs to M. deceptriz, Smith, a larger 
and otherwise different insect, the type of which I have 
examined. It may also be compared with M. poeyi, which 
is larger and has yellow abdominal bands. [ have not been 
able to find any species from North or South America which 
it closely resembles. 


Megachile huascari, sp. u. 


? .—Length about or almost 13 mm. 

Robust, broad, black, with black hair, mixed with dull 
white on face around anteune; ventral scopa light orange, 
last segment with scanty black hairs ; clypeus shining but 
closely punctured, with no median smooth line, its anterior 


Records of Bees. 487 


margin with a very broadly triangular smooth impunctate 
space, the actual margin, which is straight, deeply trans- 
versely channelled ; antennz entirely black ; vertex finely 
and quite closely punctured ; mesothorax closely punctured 
at sides, but the middle very broadly smooth and shining, 
with widely scattered punctures; tegule with reddish 
margins. Wings fuliginous ; spurs ferruginous. 

Hab. Huasearay, Peru, 6500 ft., Sept. 21 (C. H. T. 
Townsend). 

Very close to M. piurensis, Ckll., which is known only in 
the male. I was at first disposed to regard it as the female 
of that species, but as the sculpture of the mesothorax is 
entirely different, and the insect comes from a different 
locality, it must be presumed to be distinct. Superficially, 
seen from above, M/. huascari might be taken for a rather 
small example of J/. xylocopoides, Sm. The locality is 
evidently named after Huascar, to whom I have accordingly 
dedicated the bee. 


Megachile microsoma, Cockerell. 
Manaos, Brazil (B. Piffard). British Museum. 


Megachile agustini, Cockerell. 


Abbott Ranch, Rito de los Frijoles, New Mexico, Aug: 
1912 (Cockerell). 


Megachile sayi sancta, subsp. n. 


3.—lLike M. sayt heterodonta, but hair of face strongly 
suffused with tawny; wings not reddened (the stigma is 
clear ferruginous), but with a strong dusky apical cloud ; 
middle of mesothorax covered with black hair ; eyes purplish 
black instead of green; fifth dorsal abdominal segment, 
before the band, with the hair entirely black, long and 
coarse. Legs as in heterodonta. 

Hab. Santa Fé, New Mexico, August 3, 1912 (Cockerell). 


Megachile pugnata, Say. 


3 .—Santa Fé, New Mexico, August 1, 1912, at flowers of 
Hymenoxys floribunda. (Cockerell.) 


Epeolus novomexicanus, sp. n. 


¢.—Length 6 mm. 

Black, with the tubercles, ends of axillar teeth, and venter 
of abdomen ferruginous ; antenne clear ferruginous, the 
scape blackened above ; legs clear bright ferruginous, the 


488 Mr. I’. D. A. Cockerell— Descriptions and 


spurs of the same colour; tegule light apricot-colour ; 
apical plate of abdomen red, rounded, entire ; eyes pale 
green ; face, except lower part, covered with brilliant silver- 
white appressed hair ; clypeus minutely granular-punctate ; 
labrum dark, obscurely reddish ; mandibles red; hair of 
cheeks and vertex, and thorax above, slightly tinged with 
ochreous; mesothorax finely rugose, its hair dense around 
the margins and in anterior middle, but not forming clean- 
cut markings; pleura densely covered with hair; axillar 
teeth broadly triangular, rather sharp. Wings dusky along 
apical margin. Abdomen with broad entire yellowish-white 
apical hair-bands, the other parts more thinly hairy ; first 
segment densely hairy, except for a straight median band, 
the margins of which are very indistinctly defined ; beneath 
the hair the bases of the segments become more or less 
reddish, while the apical margins become ivory-white. 

Hab. Santa Fé, New Mexico, Aug. 2, 1912 (Cockerell). 

A pretty little species, best known by the red antennze 
and ill-defined band on first abdominal segment. These 
characters will at once separate it from LE. beulahensis, Ckll., 
which is similar in general appearance. Thereis no distinct 
spot of pubescence on the anterior part of the mesothorax, 
such as is found in £. crucis, Ckll. 


Melissodes mizee, Cockerell. 

@.—Abbott Ranch, Rito de los Frijoles, New Mexico, 
Aug. 1912 (Cockerell). ‘The specimen differs from the type 
in having much more black hair on the legs. 

Andrena mellea, Cresson. 

@.—Abbott Ranch, Rito de los Frijoles, New Mexico, 

Aug. 1912 (Cockerell). 
Prosopis aposuara, Cockerell. 
g.—Stradbroke Island, Oct. 2, 1911 (H. Hacker) ; 
Queensland Museum, 50. Gjilgai, N.S.W., Dec. 1911 
(Froggatt, 212). 
Meroglossa persulcata, Cockerell. 
3 .—Brisbane, April 26, 1911 (Queensland Museum, 67). 


Paleorhiza perviridis (Cockerell). 
9 .—Kuranda (F. P. Dodd); Queensland Museum, 68. 


Records of Bees. 489 


Gnathoprosopis hackeri, sp. un. 


¢.—Length a little over 7 mm. 

Robust, black ; mandibles broad and short, black ; head 
rather broad ; face below antenne entirely smooth and 
shining pale yellow, with very sparse punctures; supra- 
clypeal area broad, pale yellow ; lateral marks ending in a 
point near orbital margin at about level of middle of front ; 
scape scarcely swollen, pale yellow in front; flagellum short 
and thick, ferruginous beneath; swollen upper border of 
prothorax and tubercles bright chrome-yellow ; rest of thorax 
entirely dark; mesothorax closely and finely punctured ; 
area of metathorax coarsely and very irregularly cancellate, 
posteriorly with a transverse keel. Legs brownish black, the 
anterior tibize in front, a stripe on middle tibiz, and base of 
hind tibiz yellow ; tarsi reddened apically; tegule piceous. 
Wings hyaline, stigma and nervures dark ; first r.n. entering 
apical end of first s.m., which is very long. Abdomen broad, 
shining, but finely and closely punctured, with conspicuous 
erect hair, which is greyish white except apically, where it is 
dark fuscous ; ventral teeth extremely large, conical, with no 
ridge between them. 

Hab. Sunnybank, Brisbane, Queensland, Jan. 17, 1912 
(H. Hacker). Queensland Museum, 36. 

Nearest to G. bituberculata (Smith), but easily separated 
by the light yellow face and the relatively slender scape. 
The type of this genus will be known as Gnathoprosopis 
euxantha (Ckll.), the name xanthopoda being preoccupied. 


Prosopis kelvini, sp. n. 

2? .—Length nearly 8 mm. 

Black ; rather robust; head rather elongate ; face-~ 
markings reduced to an elongate-oval yellow spot on each 
side, its upper end level with antenne ; cheeks small ; face 
finely longitudinally striate, the high and narrow clypeus 
with a fine median longitudinal keel; mesothorax and 
scutellum very finely but distinctly punctured; the swollen 
upper border of prothorax and tubercles bright chrome- 
yellow ; no other yellow on thorax ; postscutellum with fine 
short light pubescence, especially anteriorly; area of meta- 
thorax with the basal part very irregularly cancellate, no 
transverse keel. Legs black; anterior tibiz with an obscure 
reddish spot in front near base ; anterior and middle femora 
short and broad; tegule piceous. Wings clear, stigma and 


490 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and 


nervures dark ; second s.m. long, receiving both recurrent 
nervures. Abdomen very finely punctured, scarcely at all 
hairy. 

Hab. Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, Nov. 20, 1911 
(H. Hacker). Queensland Museum, 33. 

Runs in my table of Prosopis to the vicinity of P. amicula, 
from which it is easily known by the reduced face-markings. 
It resembles in its markings P, flavojugata, Ckil., but that 
species has a much shorter head, the yellow spots on the 
face lower down, and the quadrate second submarginal cell 
entirely different from that of kelvini. In P. amicula also 
this cell is very much shorter than in kelvini. The second 
s.m. of kelvini is formed much as in P. alcyonea (Erichs.), 
which is in other respects a totally different insect. 


Prosopis leat, sp. n. 


3 .—Length about 65 mm. 

Rather slender; the abdomen subclavate, narrowed 
basally; black, with yellow markings; head moderately 
elongate, face below antenne yellow (reddened by cyanide in 
type), the very broad supraclypeal mark obtusely rounded or 
subtruncate above, the lateral marks ending abruptly at 
level of antennz, the lower margin of clypeus dark; scape 
with a yellowish mark in front; flagellum long, ferruginous 
beneath ; the large tubercles, scutellum, and postscutellum, 
with a small elongate mark touching each anterior corner of 
scutellum, very bright chrome-yellow ; no other yellow on 
thorax ; mesothorax dull, the dense punctures so minute as 
to give the effect of a minutely granular surface ; area of 
metathorax shining, without distinct sculpture. Legs black; 
anterior tibiz ferruginous in front ; tegule piceous. Wings 
dusky at apex ; neryures and stigma dark ; first r.n. joining 
tirst t.-c. ; second s.m. longer below than high, but not much 
elongated. Abdomen dull, scarcely hairy ; venter normal. 

Hab. National Park, New South Wales (Lea, 10716). 
Froggatt Coll. 143. 

Best compared with P. chrysognatha, Ckll., and P. apo- 
suara, Ckll., from both of which it differs by the much finer 
sculpture of the mesothorax, The broad supraclypeal area 
also separates it at once from P. aposuara. The second 
submarginal cell is shorter than in chrysognatha. 


Records of Bees, 491 


Nomia lyonsie, sp, 0. 


? .—Length nearly 11 mm. 

Black ; the first four abdominal segments with moderately 
broad emerald-green bands suffused with vermilion ; scu- 
tellum depressed in middle, but not bituberculate; post- 
scutellum with a pair of large lamelle or teeth ; clypeus with 
a fine keel. Wings dusky hyaline, 

So exactly like the Indian N. ellioti, Smith, that it is 
difficult to point out many differences. The postscutellar 
teeth are larger than in ellioti, and the punctures of the 
mesothorax are smaller and evidently of two sizes. The 
abdomen is more strongly and closely punctured, especially 
on the second segment. The antenne are dark, with the 
flagellum faintly reddish beneath toward the apex. 

Hab. Brisbane, Queensland, at flowers of Lyonsia (Apo- 
cynacez), Feb. 6, 1912 (H. Hacker). Queensland Museum, 
60. 

It seems not altogether impossible that this is the female 
of N. darwinorum, Ckll., described from Port Darwin. The 
localities, however, are about 1800 miles apart, and probably 
the species are distinct. N. dyonsie agrees structurally with 
N. rubroviridis, Ckll., but differs by the black hair covering 
apex of abdomen, partly black hair on thorax above, rather 
large punctures of mesothorax, and only moderately broad 
abdominal bauds. 


Gastropsis pubescens (Smith). 


Brisbane, Queensland, Nov. 27, 1911 (H. Hacker), 
Queensland Museum, 54. 


Dioxys aurifuscus (Titus), 


Dioxys fulvohirta, Ducke, from Durango, Colorado, is 
apparently a synonym. ‘Titus described his species in a 
distinct genus (Chrysopheon), and it was overlooked by 
Ducke. 


Xylocopa varians, var. piurensis, v. nov. 


2? .—Like var. incarum, Ckll., but hair on outer side of 
middle and hind basitarsi and end of hind tibiew shining 
cream-colour; herein it resembles var. ecwadorica, Ckll., but 
it differs from that in having the hair on inner side of tarsi 
(especially hind tarsi) bright ferruginous. 


492 Mr, T. D. A: Cockerell— Descriptions and 


Hab. Piura, Peru (C. H. T. Townsend). 
The varieties or races of X. varians may be separated 
thus :— : 


Tegule red; hair on inner side of hind tarsi black, 


GS. Brazil) 4... wrspuis ale scsi noe aan varians, Sm. 
Dee site DIAG se sa sss ns nig bree & tye oe olen ce Se i 
i) Hairton hind starsi.allired.) (Beru:)iiest. seteeeinte incarum, Ckll. 
Hair on outer side of hind tarsi cream-colour .... 2 


2, Hair on inner side of hind tarsi black. (Ecuador.) ecmudaries, Ckll. 
Hair on inner side of hind tarsi red. (Peru.) ..,.. pdurensis, Ckll. 


Aylocopa splendidula charapensis, subsp. nu. 

2? — Agrees with X. splendiduta, Lep. (Mendoza specimen 
compared), except that the abdomen is more closely punc- 
tured and the hair on outer side of hind basitarsi (except at 
apex) is brilliant orange-ferruginous, while the middle basi- 
tarsi have a band of hair of the same colour. 

Hab. Rio Charape, Peru, 5000 feet, Sept. 12-16 (C. H. T. 


Townsend). 


Xylocopa brasilianorum (L.). 


& .—Cosma, Peru, April 6, 1912 (C. H. T. Townsend). 

The yellow clypeus has a large diamond-shaped black 
mark, produced above to the margin, which is narrowly 
black-edged. 


Trigona nigerrima, Cresson. 


Rio Charape, Peru, 5000 feet, Sept. 12-16 (C. H. T. 


Townsend) . 
I cannot separate this from Guatemalan specimens. The 


species is new to Peru. 


Bombus vogti, Friese. 
A worker from Huascaray, Peru, 6500 feet, Sept. 21, 
1911 (C. H. T. Townsend), agrees with Friese’s brief 
description. 


Bombus butteli, Friese. 


Huascaray, Peru, 6500 feet, Sept. 21, 1911, workers and 
males (C, H. T. Townsend). 

A peculiar species, apparently nearest to B. funebris, 
Smith, which also occurs in Peru. 


Records of Bees. 493 


Nomia mesillensis, Cockerell. 

At Santa Fé, New Mexico, in the first week of August, 
1912, I took a good series of Nomia at flowers of Peritoma 
serrulatum. To my surprise I find that the females are all 
N. mesillensis, while the males are those ascribed by me 
(Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct. 1908, p. 333) to N. foziz. 
Fox described his punctata (fovii, D.'T.) from the female, 
and the ‘distinctly punctured” abdomen clearly indicates 
the female I have called fowii rather than mesillensis. This 
female (from Las Cruces and Rincon, New Mexico) is, 
however, eyidently the recently published N. moctezume, 
Crawford, which must, | think, be a synonym of N. fowit. 
The matter will be settled by the examination of the type of 
fowii, from Vega, S. José, N. M, 


Nomia nevadensis, Cresson. 
Santa Fé, New Mexico, Aug. 3, 1912 (Cockerell). 


Nomia savignyi, Kohl. 
Multan, India, Sept. 1909 (H. Comber). British Museum. 


Nomia comperta, sp. n. 

6 .—Length 105 mm, 

Black, with approximately the basal half of abdomen red ; 
head broad; mandibles with a small rufous spot beyond 
middle; face densely covered with shining creamy-tinted 
hair ; vertex shining, with very large, scattered, irregularly 
placed punctures ; antenne long, flagellum crenulate, dull 
red beneath ; thorax brilliantly shining, the mesothorax and 
scutellum with scattered strong punctures ; area of meta- 
thorax shining, with a minutely granular surface, but no 
ridges, its lateral extensions with a rather strong sulcus 
running down the middle; hair of thorax thin and long, 
white, very faintly creamy-tinted dorsally. Legs shining 
brown-black, with pale hair ; hind coxz with a small apical 
tubercle posteriorly ; hind femora slightly swollen ; hind 
tibiz and tarsi normal; spurs very pale reddish; tegule 
brown, with the margin hyaline, not enlarged. Wings 
hyaline basally, dilute reddish-fuliginous apically; stigma 
pale orange-testaceous, nervures testaceous; second s.m. 
approximately square, receiving first r.n. a little beyond 
middle. Abdomen dullish sericeous, the hind margins of 
the segments shining; first segment with the basal half 
blackish, with an interrupted red band, the apical part clear 


Ann. & Mag. N. Mist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 34 


494 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision 


red (orange-ferruginous) ; second segment entirely clear red ; 
third red, with a large, suffused, dusky, dorsal shade ; 
remaining segments black; third and following segments 
with apical bands of white tomentum, such bands also at 
sides of second; hair at apex of abdomen white; fourth 
ventral with a prominent median apical lobe. 

Hab. Nasik, India (E. Comber). British Museum. 

Runs in Bingham’s table to N. pilipes, Smith, but the 
colour of the pubescence and wings is so different that it 
cannot be the male of that species. There is a striking 
superficial resemblance to N. phenacura, Ckll., also found at 
Nasik, but the sculpture of the thorax is entirely different, 
especially that of the metathoracic area. 


LXI.— A Revision of the Peciliid Fishes of the Genera 
Rivulus, Pterolebias, and Cynolebias, By C. Tarr Reean, 
M.A. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Tur three closely related genera here dealt with are the 
neotropical Funduline*, In them the snout is short, the 
margin of the eyes is not free, and the gill-membranes are 
separate. The mouth is rather wide and transverse, with 
the prremaxillaries protractile, but not produced, and the 
lower jaw prominent and very oblique ; the teeth are sub- 
conical, in bands, with an outer series of enlarged and 
spaced teeth, more or less canine-like, a lateral pair in the 
lower jaw being usually the strongest. The membrane 
connecting the premaxillary with the lower jaw folds when 
the mouth is closed so as to fit into the nght angle formed 
by the very narrow vertical preorbital and the horizontal 
nasal. ‘The pectorals are placed low and the pelvics are not 
far in advance of the anal, 

I give a list of the specimens in the British Museum 
collection, including the types of four species now described 
as new. Two of these, Rivulus strigatus from the Amazon 
and Cynolebias nigripinnis from the La Plata, have been 


* Except that a few species of the nearctic genus Wundulus occur in 
Central America. 

I take this opportunity of proposing the new generic name Pefa- 
lurichthys, to replace Petalosoma, Regan, 1908, as Mr. C. O. Waterhouse 
has kindly called my attention to the fact that this is preoccupied in 
Coleoptera (Lewis, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xii. 1903, p. 418). There 
are two species of this neotropical Peeciliid genus, viz. Petalurichthys 
cultratus, Regan, 1908, and P. amazonum, Regan, 1911. 


of Peciliid Fishes. 495 


presented by Herr J. Paul Arnold, one, Rivulus brevis from 
Colombia, by Dr. W. Wolterstorff, and the fourth, Cyno- 
_ lebias melanotenia fyom Paranagua, by Herr A, Rachow. 


Rivvu.vs. 


Rivulus, Poey, Mem, Cuba, ii. 1861, p. 307. 

Cynodonichthys, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus. Zool. v. 1904, p. 101. 

In this genus the dorsal is shorter and further back than 
the anal. D.6-1]. A.8-17. The pelvicfinsaresmall. In 
the typical species the head is depressed and the body is 
subcylindrical anteriorly, moderately compressed posteriorly ; 
sometimes (e. g. R, brevis) the fish is compressed through- 
out. 

Twenty-two species from Central and South America, 
ranging from Cuba and Southern Mexico to the La Plata. 


Synopsis of the Species. 


I. 45 to 52 scales in a longitudinal series. 
D.10-11, A 14-16. Dorsal origin twice as dis- 
tant from eye as from base of caudal ...... 1, peruanus. 
D.9. A. 16-17. Dorsal origin twice or more 
than twice as distant from head as from base 
PE CAMED 6g Seu. cuss De Poe a Maire o's Hteee Oe 2. holmie. 
Bee OE Lr tate oh orotate eo alate foe pe 8 one . 98. ocellatus. 


II. 36 to 42 scales in a longitudinal series, 
A. Anal ending below anterior part or middle of dorsal. 
1. D, 6-8. 
A. 11-18. Dorsal origin more than twice as dis- 


tant from head as from base of caudal, 
Caudal with ocellus in 9, without pale or 


dark lower eden) Gre. tai anciele cates os ees 4, urophthalmus. 
A, 12-15. Dorsal origin about twice as distant 
from head as from base of caudal. Candal ‘ 


without ocellus in 2, with dark lower edge 


Sate So 0 Fs) Wo) wie Ofe eet © 9 66) 8 0 0.6 0 6 Oe 0 8 ae 


5. elegans. 


Caudal with ocellus in 2, with pale lower 

edge and dark intramarginal stripein g¢ .. 6. godmant. 
A, 11-12. Dorsal origin more than twice as dis- 

tant from head as from base of caudal. 


Gandal asin &. godmant. « «< o. me. st apers 7. tenuis. 
eee bO 4 A LD-14. 2... ous ae are 8, flabellicauda. 

B. Anal ending below posterior part of dorsal. 
(0) 2, So eect irr or 9. eylindraceus. 
D. 9. <A. 14. Dorsal origin 23 head-lengths 

eOHOAD . cc: aye cee. sy 9 elmer mny 10. micropus. 
D, 8-10. A.15-17. Dorsal origin less than 

2 head-leneths behind head .............. Ll. hartit, 


34% 


496 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision 


IIL. 28 to 35 scales in a longitudinal series. 
A. D. 6. 29 to 81 scales in a longitudinal series. 


A. 10-11, ending below first ray of dorsal, 
which is twice as distant from base of 


pectoral as from base of caudal .......... 12. ornatus. 
A. 9-10; dorsal origin 3 times as distant from 
occiput as from base of caudal............ 13. atratus. 


A. 8; dorsal origin above middle of anal, 3 times 
as distant from middle of eye as from base of 
PROS: tgs wire mins b Rime bnce ate bs Re Ria ee Ble 14. obscurus. 


B. D.7-9. A. 10-18, ending below middle of dorsal. 32 to 35 
scales in a longitudinal series. 


Dorsal origin twice as distaut from head as from 


busesot Caudal)... ..0oe os aoe eine Meet eens 15. strigatus. 
Dorsal origin twice as distant from some part of 

eye as from base of caudal...,............ 16. geayt. 
Dorsal origin three times as distant from eye as 

fromebase oleaudala. 2 ecer “phir erate 17. punctatus. 


CG. D. 8-10. A. 11-14, ending below posterior part of dorsal. 
a. A. 11 to12. 381-33 scales in a longitudinal series. 


Dorsal origin twice as distant from head as from 

ase OrCAUdall cic etele ¢ ota seen iedeme lobes 18. zsthmensis. 
Dorsal origin equidistant from middle of pectoral 

and base of caudal; head 33 in length of fish ; 

pectoral nearly reaching pelvics .......... 19, brasiliensis. 
Dorsal origin equidistant from middle of pectoral 

and base of caudal; head 4 in length of fish ; 


pectoral not nearly reaching pelvics ...... 20. breviceps. 
b. A, 14, 
34 scales in a longitudinal series Bs re ae eae 21. balzanii.° 
30 scales in a longitudinal series .............. 22. brevis. 


1. Rivulus peruanus. 


Hones peruanus, Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xii, 1908, 
p. 626. 

Depth of body about 5 in length, length of head about 4. 
Head broader than deep. Diameter of eye 35 in the length 
of head. 45 to 47 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 
10-11 ; origin above middle of anal, twice as distant from 
eye as from base of caudal. Aual 14-16, ending below last 
2 or 3 rays of dorsal. Pectoral § or ? length of head, not 
reaching pelvics, which do not or barely reach the vent. 
Brownish, with darker longitudinal stripes along the series 
of scales and small dark spots on the vertical fins. 

Peru. 


1-2 (types). 55 mm. Perim, Peru, 800 metres. Simons. 


of Peciliid Fishes. 497 


2. Rivulus holmie. 


Rivulus holmie, Eigenm, Ann. Carnegie Mus, vi. 1909, zp, 49, 50; 
Mem. Carnegie Mus. v. 1912 2, pp. 452, 453, pl. lxiii. figs. 2 

Rivulus waimacut, Kigenm, 1, c. & t. ¢. pp. 452, 454, pl. Ixiii, figs. 4, 5. 

Depth of body about 5 in the length, length of head 4 to 
43, Head broader than deep. Diameter of eye 34 to 4 in 
the length of head. 46 to 50* scales in a longitudinal 
series Dorsal 9; origin above posterior part of anal, at 
least twice as distant from head as from base of caudal. 
Anal 16-17, ending below middle or posterior part of dorsal. 
Pectoral ? length of head, not extending to pelvics, which 
just reach vent. In spirit brownish, “with darker spots 
which may become confluent to form longitudinal stripes, of 
which 3 on the tail are most prominent ; vertical fins with 
series of small spots ; caudal ocellus sometimes present. In 
life the back olive, sides olive or blue, belly white, yellow, or 
orange, spots or stripes red, brown, or purplish. 

British Guiana. 
1-2 (co-types). &0-60 mm. Holmia. Higenmann. 
3-4 (co-types of R. waimacut). Shrimp Creek. Fe 


3. Rivulus ocellatus. 
Rivulus ocellatus, Hensel, Arch. f. Nat. xxxiy. 1868, p. 365. 


Depth of body 43 to 5 in the length, length of head 33 
to 4. Head broader than deep. Diameter of eye 34 to 4 
in the length of head. 47 to 50 scales in a longitudinal 
series. Dorsal 8- 9; origin above posterior part ‘of anal, 
twice as distant from base. of pectoral as from base of caudal. 
Anal 11-12, ending below anterior part of dorsal. Pectoral 
2 or ? the length of head, not extending to pelvics, which 
reach the vent. A dark spot (ocellated in 2) on upper part 
of base of caudal, another above the pectoral; vertical fins 
more or less distinctly spotted ; male with irregular dark 
eross-bands on body and with a blackish margin and pale 
intramarginal band to vertical fins. 

Rio Janeiro ; Santos. 

1. 60mm. Santos Arnold. 
2-3. 40-45 mm. ” Bartsch. 

Dr. Pappenheim has very kindly informed me that the 
type has 48 to 50 scales in a longitudinal series, not 39 as 
stated in the original description. 


* Higenmann counts 43 scales in holmie, 46 to 52 in waimacui, but in 
co- types of the former I count 46 and 47, of the latter 47 and 40. 


498 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision 


A, Rivulus urophthalmus: 
Rivulus urophthalmis, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 827 (1866). ‘ 
Rivulus poeyt, Steind. Sitzungsh. Akad. Wien, xxiv. 1877, p. 165. 
Rivulus brasiliensis (non Val.), Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool: xix, 
1895, p. 185. 
Rivulus stagnatus, Higenm. Ann. Carnegie Mus. vi. 1909, pp. 49, 50; 
Mem. Carnegie Mus. v. 1912, pp. 458, 454, pl. Ixili. figs. 6, 7. 
Rivulus lanceolatus, Kigenm. t. c. pp. 49, 51 & t. c. pp. 458, 455, 
pl. Lxiv. fig. 1. 


Rivulus frenatus, Higenm. 1. ¢. & t. c. pp. 458, 455, pl. Ixiv. fig. 2. 

Depth of body 44 to 54 in the length, length of head 4 
to 44. Head broader than deep. Diameter of eye 3 to 32 
in the length of head. 387 to 42 scales in a longitudinal 
series: Dorsal 6-7; origin above last rays of anal, more 
than twice as distant from head, and 2? to 34 as distant 
from eye as from base of caudal fin. Anal 11-13, ending 
below anterior part or middle of dorsal. Pectoral # the 
length of head; not extending to pelvics, which just reach 
the vent. Olivaceous ; each scale sometimes with a dark 
spot ; sometimes longitudinal stripes between series of scales 
on sides ; dorsal, caudal, and sometimes anal with series of 
small dark spots; caudal ocellus sometimes present (9 ). 

Amazon ; Guiana. 
1-5 (types). 85-50 mm. Para. 
6-8. 35-45 mm. 


} 3 Eigenmann, 
7-9 (co-types of R. stagnatus). 86-88 mm. Christianburg. 


”) 

This description was written from the Para specimens and 
was found to need no modification to include the co-types of 
R. stagnatus: R. lanceolatus is evidently the same species, 
the apparently different form of the caudal fin being due to 
the fact that it is less expanded. 2&. frenatus is said to have 
only 23 scales in front of the dorsal and the anal origin 
equidistant from base of caudal and preoperculum, but from 
the figure it would seem that there are about 29 scales from 
head to origin of dorsal fin and that the anal origin is equi- 
distant from base of pectoral and base of caudal, as in small 
specimens of R. urophthalmus from Para, or in the co-types 
of R. stagnatus. 


5. Rivulus elegans. 


Rivulus elegans, Steind. Denkschr. Akad. Wien, xlii. 1880; p, 85, 
pl. vi. fig. 6. 

Depth of body about 5 in the length, length of head 
about 4. Head broader than deep. Diameter of eye 3 to 
34 in the length of head. 36 to 40 scales in a longitudinal 
series. Dorsal 6-8 ; origin above posterior 4 of anal, about 


of Peeiliid Fishes. 499 


twice as distant from head as from base of caudal, or 2? to 
23 as distant from eye. Anal 12-15, ending below anterior 
part or middle of dorsal. Pectoral about 3 the length of 
head, not extending to pelvics, which usually just reach the 
vent. Olivaceous; often with dark longitudinal stripes 
between the series of scales ; males with 3 dark longitudinal 
stripes on back from occiput and eyes to dorsal fin, which, 
in the females, are broken up into series of spots that 
generally extend transversely, forming a zigzag pattern ; 
vertical fins plain, the caudal and anal with lower edge 
dark (¢) or dorsal and caudal with series of small 
spots ( ? ). 
Colombia. 


1-10. 25-55 mm. R. Condoto, R. San Juan, Palmer. 
S.W. Colombia. 


6. Rivulus godmani. 


Rivulus godmani, Regan, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. 1907, p. 65, 
and Biologia Centr.-Am., Pisces, p. 82, pl. x. fig. 5. 


Depth of body 43 to 5 in the length, length of head 33. 
Head broader than deep. Diameter of eye 3 in the length 
of head. 36 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 8; 
origin above posterior part of anal, 2} to 24 as distant from 
eye as from base of caudal fin. Anal 11-12, ending below 
middle of dorsal. Pectoral 2 length of head, not extending 
to pelvies, which reach the vent. Olivaceous, marbled with 
darker ; a dark spot on each scale; operculum blackish ; 
caudal with an ocellus ( ¢ ) or with a pale lower-margin and 
dark intramarginal stripe (3). 

Guatemala. 


1-2 (types). 40 mm. Guatemala. Godman. 


7. Rivulus tenuis. 


Cynodonichthys tenuis, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus, Zool. v. 1904, 
p- 101, fig. 27. 

Rivulus tenuis, Regan, Biologia Centr.-Am., Pisces, p. 82 (1907). 

Depth of body 44 to 5 in the length, length of head 
4 to 44. Head broader than deep. Diameter of eye 33 to 4 
in length of head. 388 scales in a longitudinal series. 
Dorsal 7-8; origin 23 to 3 times as distant from eye as 
from base of caudal fin. Anal 11-12, ending below middle 
of dorsal. Pectoral 2 length of head, not extending to 
pelvics, which may reach vent. Olivaceous ; back and sides 
sometimes marbled; operculum blackish; caudal with an 


500 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision 


ocellus (2) or with rather broad pale lower edge and dark 
intramarginal stripe (¢). 
Southern Mexico. 


1-2. 30-40 mm. Coaxacoalcos. Aynold. 
3, 40 mm. . Bartsch. 


&. Rivulus flabellicauda. 


Rivulus flabellicauda, Regan, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. 1907, 
p. 64; Biologia Centr.-Am., Pisces, p. 81, pl. x. fig. 6 (1907). 
Depth of body 44 in the length, length of head 34. Head 
broader than deep. Diameter of eye 33 to 4 in the length 
of head. 40 to 42 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 
9-10; origin above posterior part of anal, twice as distant 
from preoperculum as from base of caudal fin. Anal 12-14, 
ending below middle of dorsal. Pectoral 3 the length of 
head; pelvics just reaching vent. Brownish; scales dark- 
edged ; vertical fins with small spots ; a caudal ocellus. 
Costa Rica. 


1 (type). 70 mm. Juan Vinas. Underwood. 
2. 30 mm. San José. Biolley. 


9. Rivulus cylindraceus. 

Rivulus cylindraceus, Poey, Mem. Cub. ii. 1861, p. 308; An. Soc. Esp. 
v. 1876, p. 140, pl. v. fig. 4, and ix. 1830, p. 247, pl. viii. fig. 1; 
Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 827 (1866) ; Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. 
Zool. xix. 1897, p. 184. 

Rivulus marmoratus, Poey, Ann. Soc. Esp. ix. 1880, p. 248. 

Depth of body about 45 in the length, length of head 33. 
Head broader than deep. Diameter of eye 44 in length of 
head. 38or39scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 10-11; 
origin over middle of anal, twice as far from occiput as from 
base of caudal. Anal 13, extending back nearly as far as 
dorsal. Olivaceous, uniform or marbled; centres of scales 
darker; a caudal ocellus. 

Cuba. 

Total length 45 mm. 


10. Rivulus micropus. 

Fundulus micropus, Steind. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wien, xlviii. 1863, 

p. 184. 

Depth of body about 5 in the length, length of head about 
42 (5% in total). Head broader than deep. Diameter 
of eye 4 in length of head. 41 scales in a longitudinal 
series. Dorsal 9; origin 2} head-lengths from gill-opening. 
Anal 14, ending somewhat before the end of dorsal. 


of Peciliid Fishes. 501 


Pectoral as long as head without snout; pelvics not nearly 
reaching anal. Brownish above, yellowish below ; vertical 
fins with series of small dark spots. . 

Rio Negro. 


ll. Rivulus hartii. 


Rivulus mecropus (non Steind.), Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 327 (1866) ; 
Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1895, p. 136. 

Hlaplochiius hart, Bouleng. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) vi. 1890, 
p- 190; Regan, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1906, i. p. 389, pl. xxi. fig. 2. 


Depth of body 45 to 53 in the length, length of head 34 
to 4. Head broader than deep. Diameter of eye 3 to 4 in 
the length of head. 387 to 42 scales in a longitudinal series. 
Dorsal 8-10 ; origin above middle or posterior part of anal, 
twice as distant from some part of operculum as from base 
of caudal fin. Anal 15-17, ending below posterior 4 of 
dorsal. Pectoral about # the length of head, not extending 
to pelvics, which reach vent or origin of apal. Olivaceous ; 
sides with a red spot on each scale; vertical fins usually 
orange, with or without small dark spots; caudal ocellus 
often present. 

Venezuela and neighbouring islands. 


1-10 (types). 70 mm, Trinidad, Hart. 
11, 12-15, 35-95 mm. cf Guppy. 
16-25. 75 mm. Granada, Wilton, 
26-27, 35 mm. Venezuela. Dyson. 


12. Rivulus ornatus. 
Rivulus ornatus, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1895, p. 139. 


Form of the majority of the species. Length of head 4 
in that of the fish. Diameter of eye 4 in length of head. 
31 scales in a longitudimal series. Dorsal 6; origin twice 
as distant from base of pectoral as from base of caudal. 
Anal 10-11, ending below first ray of dorsal. Pectoral as 
long as head, nearly reaching pelvics, which do not reach 
anal. Puncticulations form blotches along the back, streaks 
along the sides, series of small spots on the fins, a band on 
the lower lip, and a streak backward from below each eye; 
sometimes pale bands on the back meet dark vertical bars 
on sides. 

Amazon. 

Total length 35 mm. 


502 Mr. ©. T. Regan—A Revision 


13. Rivulus atratus. 
Rivulus atratus, Garman,,Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1895, p. 140. 


Depth of the body 6 in the length, length of head 4. 
Head broader than deep. Diameter of eye 34 in length of 
head. 81 scalesin a longitudinal series. Dorsal 6 ; origin 
3 times as distant from occiput as from base of caudal ; base 
its length further back than that of anal. Anal 9-10. 
Pectoral nearly as long as head; pelvics very small, not 
reaching vent. Brownish; blackish below, with three 
vertical bands ascending respectively behind the pectorals, 
between pelvics and anal, and to the base of the dorsal ; a 
dark stripe from eye ronnd chin. 

Jutahy. 


14. Rivulus obscurus. 
Rivulus obscurus, Garm. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1895, p. 140. 


Moderately slender, with the head broader than deep. 
Diameter of eye 3 in length of head. 29 scales in a longi- 
tudinal series. Dorsal 6; origin above middle of anal, 3 
times as distant from middle of eye as from base of caudal. 
Anal 8, about half its base in front of dorsal. Pelvics hardly 
reaching anal. Back brownish, sometimes with darker 
blotches, among which there may be two series of pale 
blotches. 

L. Hyanuary, Amazon. 


15. Rivulus strigatus, sp. n. 


Depth of body 5 in the length, length of head 4. Head 
broader than deep. Diameter of eye 34 in the length of 
head. 83 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 8; origin 
twice as distant from head as from base of caudal. Anal 12, 
ending below middle of dorsal. Pectoral 2 the length of 
head, not reaching pelvics, which extend to origin of anal. 
Olivaceous above, orange below ; dark longitudinal stripes 
along series of scales on sides; irregular spots on back ; 
dorsal, caudal, and posterior part of anal barred. 

Amazon. 


1 (type). 37 mm. Amazon, Arnold, 


16. Rivulus geayi. 
Rivulus geay?, Vaill. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1899, p. 156. 
Depth of body 43 to 5 in the length of head, length of 


of Pweiliid Fishes. 503 


head 34 to 4. Head broader than deep. Diameter of eye 4 
in the length of head. 33 or 34 scales in a longitudinal 
series. Dorsal 7-9; origin twice as distant from some part 
of eye as from base of caudal. Anal 10-12, ending below 
middle of dorsal. Pectoral 2? length of head, not extending 
to pelvics, which reach origin of anal. A few dark bars or 
vertically expanded spots on the tail ; dorsal and caudal fins 
usually spotted or barred: 
French Guiana. 


1-5 (co-types). 25-35 mm.  Carsevenne. Paris Mus. (Coll. Geay). 


17. Rivulus punctatus. 
Rivulus punctatus, Bouleng. Boll. Mus, Torino, x. 1895, tio, 196, p. 3. 


Depth of body 4} to 4? in the iength, length of head 
about 4. Head nearly as deep as broad. Diameter of eye 
about 4 in length of head. 382 to 35 scales in a longitudinal 
series. Dorsal 7+8 ; origin above posterior part of anal, 3 
times as distant from eye as from base of caudal. Anal 
12-138, ending below middle of dorsal. Pectoral 3 the length 
of head or a little more, sometimes almost reaching pelvics, 
which extend to the vent. A dark longitudinal band from 
chin through eye, sometimes continued to the tail; brownish 
above, yellowish below the band; small dark spots on sides, - 
mostly forming series running obliquely dowuward and 
forward ; vertical fins with series of spots; anal usually 
dark-edged. 


La Plata. 

1 (type). 20 mm. Colonia Risso, Paraguay. Borelli. 

2, 30mm. Valenzuela, ‘ Barbero. 
3-4, 30mm. Arroyo Yaca, ps * 
5-7, 23-85 mm: Urucu, Matto Grosso. Genoa Mus: 


18. Rivulus isthmensis. 
Rivulus isthmensis, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix: 1895, p. 140: 


Length of head 34 in length of fish. Head depressed. 
Diameter of eye 3 in length of head. 32 scales in a longi- 
tudinal series. Dorsal 9; origin over middle of anal, twice 
as distant from head as from base of caudal. Anal 1], last 
ray nearly as far back as that of dorsal. Olivaceous ; a dark 
blotch at base of dorsal, another on back above or in front 
of origin of anal. 

Rio San José, Costa Rica. 


S04 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision 


19. Rivulus brasiliensis. 


Fundulus brasiliensis, Val. in Humboldt, Obsery. Zool. ii. p. 163, pl. li. 
fig. 2 (1828); Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xviii. 1846, p. 200. 


Depth of body 4 in the length, length of head 34. Diam- 
eter of eye about 32 in the length of head. 30 or 81 scales 
in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 8; origin above anterior 
part of anal, equidistant from middle of pectoral and base of 
caudal. Anal 11, ending below end of dorsal. Pectoral 
almost reaching pelvics, which reach anal. Brownish ; 9 or 
10 blackish bars on lower part of body, from pelvic fin to 
caudal ; dorsal dusky. 

Brazil. 

Total length 24 inches. 

I am indebted to Dr. Pellegrin for kindly informing me 
that he counts 30 or 31 scales in a longitudinal series in the 
types; this is quite a different species from R. urophthalmus. 


20. Rivulus breviceps. 
Rivulus breviceps, Eigenm. Ann. Carnegie Mus. vi. 1909, pp. 48, 49; 
Mem. Carnegie Mus. v. 1912, pp. 452, 453, pl. xiii. fig. 1. 

Depth of body 44 in the length, length of head 4. Head 
broader than deep. Diameter of eye 3} in length of head. 
33 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 9-10; origin 
above anterior part of anal, equidistant from middle of 
pectoral and base of caudal. Anal 11-12, ending below 
posterior part of dorsal. Pectoral # length of head, not 
extending to pelvics, which just reach anal. Brownish; a 
few vertical bars across middle rays of caudal. 

British Guiana. 


1 (co-type). 35mm, Shrimp Creek. Eigenmann. 


21. Rivulus balzanii. 
Haplochilus balzanit, Perugia, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) x. 1891, p. 653. 


Depth of body 4 in the length, length of head 3. Head 
depressed. Diameter of eye 3 in length of head. 384 scales 
in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 9, originating above seventh 
ray of anal. Anal 14. Sides with 4 or 5 brownish longitu- 
dinal stripes, each covering a series of scales ; dorsal and 
anal with 8 series of brown spots. 

Villa Maria, Matto Grosso (Rio Paraguay). 


22. Rivulus brevis, sp. n. 
Depth of body 32 in the length, length of head 33. Head 


of Peciliid Fishes. 505 


a little deeper than broad. Diameter of eye 3 in the length 
of head. 30 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 9; 
origin in advance of middle of anal, twice as distant from 
eye as from base of caudal. Anal 14, ending below last 2 or 
3 rays of dorsal. Pectoral $ the length of head, extending 
beyond base of pelvics, which extend beyond origin of anal. 
Brownish, with a darker spot on each scale of upper part of 
sides ; dorsal and anal barred ; caudal dusky. 
Colombia. 


1 (type). 45 mm. Colombia. Wolterstorff. 


PrEROLEBIAS. 
Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1897, p. 141. 


This genus appears to differ from Rivulus in the deep, 
strongly compressed tail, with sharp lower edge, and in the 
elongate fin-rays, the pelvics extending to the posterior end 
of the anal. 


1. Pterolebias longipinnis. 


Pterolebias longipinnis, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1897, 
p- 142. 


Dorsal 9-10. Anal 19-20. 31 or 32 scales in a longitu- 
dinal series. Brownish ; fins spotted. 

Santarem. 

Total length 80 mm. 


CyNOLEBIAS. 
Steind. Sitzungsh. Akad. Wien, Ixxiy. 1876, p. 172. 


This genus differs from Rivulus in the subequal many- 
rayed dorsal and anal fins ; the species are deeper and more 
compressed than most of the Rivuli. 


Synopsis of the Species. 


I, Pectoral fin not extending beyond origin of anal, which is nearly 
below that of the dorsal, nearer to base of caudal fin than to end 
of snout. 


A. Pelvics not reaching anal. 
28 scales in a longitudinal series. D. 16-18. A.17-20. 1. melanotenia. 
45 to 50 scales ina longitudinalseries, D.17, A. 20, 2. elongatus. 


B. Pelvics extending beyond origin of anal; 28 to 30 scales in a 
longitudinal series. D.17-19, A, 22-26.,,, 38. maculatus. 


506 Mr, C. T, Regan—A Revision 


II, Pectoral fin extending beyond origin of anal. 


A. Dorsal origin behind that of anal, nearly equidistant from end of 
snout and base of caudal, or nearer the latter. 


D. 18. <A. 20. 40 seales in a longitudinal series .... 4. porosus. 
D.22. A. 24. 33 scales in a longitudinal series .... 5. robustus. 
D, 21-24. A. 26-30. 28 to 30 scales in a longitudinal 

BTIGS 0h foo act Ginn as naes ger sheiccas ind ole acy ois a eo eR 6. bellottit. 


B. Dorsal origin a little in advance of that of anal, nearer to end of 
snout than to base of caudal. D. 26. <A. 25. 28 scales in a 
longitudinal: series fabe.. sess «ie eee nine FREE 7. niyripinnis, 


1. Cynolebias melanotenia, sp, un. 


Depth of body 3} to 44 in the length, length of head 3} 
to 34. Caudal peduncle longer than deep. Diameter of 
eye 3 in the length of head. 28 scales in a longitudinal 
series. Dorsal 16-18, origin above that of anal, equidistant 
from some part of eye and base of caudal. Anal 17-20. 
Dorsal and anal rather elevated posteriorly. Pectoral 
shorter than head, not reaching anal; pelvics small, not 
reaching anal. A_ blackish lateral band from lower jaw 
through eye to base of caudal, another at base of anal con- 
tinued forward to base of pectoral, sometimes a third on the 
back ; vertical fins usually spotted. 

S.E. Brazil. 


1-9 (types). 32-37 mm, Paranagua, Rachow. 


2. Cynolebias elongatus, 
Cynolebias elongatus, Steind. Denkschr. Akad. Wien, xliv. 1882, p. 11. 


Depth of body 33 in the length, length of head 3. Caudal 
peduncle longer than deep. Diameter of eye 6 in length of 
head. 45 to 50 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 17 ; 
origin equidistant from preeoperculum and base of caudal ; 
posterior rays longest, } length of head. Anal 20; origin 
scarcely in advance of that of dorsal ; middle rays longest, 
rather shorter than longest rays of dorsal. Pectoral as long 
as postorbital part of head, extending to middle of pelvics, 
which reach the vent. Brownish; a dark vertical bar 
through eye; vertical fins spotted. 

La Plata. 


1, 140 mm. La Plata. Arnold. 


— ee 


of Peciliid Fishes. 507 


3. Cynolebias maculatus. 


Cynolebias maculatus, Steind. Denkschr. Akad. Wien, xliv. 1882, p. 10, 
pl. v. fig. 2; Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1897, p. 145. 


Depth of body 3 in the length, length of head 3} to 32, 
Caudal peduncle longer than deep. Diameter of eye nearly 
4 in the length of head. 28 to 30 scales in a longitudinal 
series. Dorsal 17-19; origin nearly above that of anal, 
about equidistant from eye and base of caudal ; posterior 
rays longest, ? or # length of head. Anal 22-26; middle 
rays as long as longest of dorsal. Pectoral ? length of head, 
extending to anterior part or middle of pelvics, which reach 
beyond origin of anal. Olivaceous; a dark stripe below 
eye ; vertically expanded violet spots on body and vertical 
fins. 


La Plata. 
1-8. 55-60 mm. La Plata. Doria. 
4, 47 mm. ee Arnold, 


4. Cynolebias porosus. 


Cynolebias porosus, Steind. Sitzungsh. Akad. Wien, lxxiv. 1876, p, 173, 
pl. x. tig. 3; Garman, Mem. Mus, Comp. Zool, xix. 1897, p. 148. 


Depth of body nearly equal to length of head, about 3 in 
the length of fish. Caudal peduncle nearly as long as deep. 
Diameter of eye 5 in length of head. 40 scales in a longi- 
tudinal series, Dorsal 18; origin equidistant from pre- 
operculum and base of caudal; posterior rays longest, 3 
length of head. Anal 20; origin equidistant from anterior 
margin of eye and base of caudal; posterior rays longest, 
nearly as long as head. Pectoral 4 length of head, ex. 
tending beyond origin of anal; pelvics extending beyond 
origin of anal. Brownish ; fins greyish. 

Pernambuco. 

Total length 75 mm, 


5. Cynolebias robustus. 
Cynolebias robustus, Ginth. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, (5) ii. 1883, p. 140. 


Depth of body 23 in the length, length of head 32. 
Caudal peduncle deeper than long. Diameter of eye 5} in 
the length of head. 33 scales in a longitudinal series. 
Dorsal 22; origin equidistant from middle of eye and base 
of caudal; posterior rays longest, ? length of head. Anal 


508 A Revision of Peciliid Fishes. 


24; origin considerably nearer to end of snout than to bsae 
of caudal ; middle rays as long as longest of dorsal. Pectoral 
as long as postorbital part of head, extending beyond origin 
of anal. Brownish, with indistinct cross-bars ; a dark bar 
below eye; small pale blue spots on dorsal and anal fins. 

La Plata. 


1 (type). 92 mm, San Antonio, ; Gibson. 


6. Cynolebias bellottii. 


Cynolebias bellottii, Steind. Denkschr. Akad. Wien, xliv. 1882, p. 9, 
pl. v. fig. 8; Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1897, p. 144. 


Depth of body 23 to 3 in the length, length of head 3} to 
33. Caudal peduncle deeper than long. Diameter of eye 4 
in the length of head. 28 to 380 scales in a longitudinal 
series. Dorsal 21-24; origin nearly equidistant from end 
of snout and base of caudal; posterior rays longest, $ to 2 
length of head. Anal 26-30; origin about equidistant from 
end of snout and end of its own base ; middle rays as long as 
longest of dorsal. Pectoral 3 or $ length of head, extending 
beyond origin of anal. Brownish; a dark vertical stripe 
through eye ; fins violet ; vertical series of pale spots some- 
times present on body and fins. 


La Plata. 
122; (65 mm. La Plata, Doria. 
3h Skel, ” ” 
4-5. 55-60 mm, oe Arnold. 


7. Cynolebias ngripinnis, sp. n. 


Depth of body 33 in the length, length of head 3}. 
Caudal peduncle nearly as long as deep. Diameter of eye 
34 in the length of head. 28 scales in a longitudinal series. 
Dorsal 26; origin a little nearer to end of snout than to 
posterior end of its own base. Anal 25; origin a little 
behind that of dorsal. Dorsal and anal rays increasing in 
length posteriorly, the longest # the length of head. Pectoral 
a little shorter than head, extending beyond origin of anal. 
Olivaceous ; a dark bar between and below eyes ; fins bluish 
black ; some small pale spots on body and fins. 

La Plata. 


1 (type). 45 mm. La Plata. Arnold. 


On Heterocera from Costa Rica. 509 


LXII.—New Species of Heterocera from Costa Rica. —X VIII. 
By W. Scuaus, F.Z.8. - 


Noctuidze. 


Calymniodes maneti, sp. n. 


3. Palpi and vertex black; frons brown-black. Collar 
and thorax reddish brown. Abdomen fuscous grey; anal 
hairs buff and brown. Fore wings mostly slate-colour ; a 
light brown shade from base of costa to antemedial on inner 
margin, interrupted in cell, crossed on costa and just below 
cell by a dark brown line ; antemedial line reddish brown, 
outcurved on inner margin, finely edged with black-brown ; 
medial space shaded with light brown on costa and 
before postmedial line, the inner margin similarly irrorated ; 
orbicular broadly circled with buff-brown, followed by a 
fuscous shade outbent from costa to median, then down- 
turned ; reniform oblique, light brown, containing two darker 
brown lines suffusing in front and behind ; a dark brownish 
slate shade beyond cell filling angle of postmedial ; post- 
medial fine velvety black-brown, angled at vein 6, vertical 
from vein 4 to inner margin; the veins on outer space 
irrorated with grey ; terminal whitish points at veins; a 
light brown shade at apex, also subterminally from vein 4 
to tornus. Hind wings fuscous grey, tinged with brown, 
darkest terminally ; a large fuscous discal spot; cilia dirty 
white crossed by a dark line at base. Hind wings below 
whitish irrorated with brown especially on costa and apex ; 
discal spot large, black ; a dark postmedial line, inbent at 
vein 2; a terminal fuscous shade between veins 4 and 6. 

Expanse 28 mm. 

Hab. Juan Vinas. 


Vespola plumipes, sp. n. 

Very similar to V. ceruleifera, Wik., but larger, and the 
postmedial line more deeply incurved below vein 4. The 
abdomen below is entirely black in both sexes and the hind 
tibiz of male are dilated and fringed with long hairs. 

Expanse, ¢ 44 mm., ? 40-43 mm. 

Hab, Sixola, Tuis. 


Acidaliodes infantilis, sp. n. 


9. Body and wings greyish ; collar shaded with roseate 
brown ; abdomen with transverse roseate-brown shades, and 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 35 


510 Mr. W. Schaus on 


black dorsal tufts at base, middle, and end. Wings crossed 
by antemedial, medial, postmedial, and subterminal roseate- 
brown shades; terminal black spots. Fore wings: small 
clusters of black scales on costa, cell, fold, and inner margin 
of antemedial and postmedial shades. Fore wings below 
fuscous grey. Hind wings below whitish; a faint sub- 
terminal fuscous shade, and medial shade on costa. 
Expanse 12 mm. 


Hab. Esperanza. 


Thyriodes terrabensis, sp. n. 


gd. Palpi, head, and collar dark brown irrorated with 
white. Thorax dark purplish grey, the patagia edged with 
dark brown. Abdomen similar, the dorsal tufts dark brown. 
Fore wings dark purplish grey; diffuse basal and subbasal 
brown shades; antemedial fine, outangled, followed by a 
small fuscous triangular spot on costa, and a larger one on 
inner margin, the latter with inner edge oblique, outer edge 
vertical, posterior edge excurved ; a vertical fuscous medial 
shade; postmedial fuscous, fine, sinuous, and outangled just 
below vein 6, lunular from vein 3 to inner margin, followed 
on costa by a fine white line and fuscous brown shade, which 
are both upturned towards costa at vein 6; a dark brown 
terminal lunular line. Hind wings fuscous brown with some 
darker scaling at anal angle; a pale line at base of cilia. 
Fore wings below grey-brown, shaded with clearer brown 
towards apex ; costa to postmedial line thickly irrorated with 
white ; postmedial white, macular on costal margin; three 
white points and a white subterminal streak on costa. Hind 
wings below brown, streaked with whitish grey on inner 
margin; a postmedial whitish line, distinct only on inner 
margin ; cilia on both wings mottled with white below. 

Expanse 27 mm. 


Hab. Terraba. 


Near 7. dissimilis, Dr. ; darker, more uniformly coloured. 


Homoptera excellens, sp. n. 


&. Palpi brownish buff shaded above with black. Head, 
collar, and thorax pale rufous, with some white mottling 
posteriorly on thorax, Abdomen buff irrorated with dark 
grey. Fore wings: base brown, crossed by a subbasal and 
antemedial paler line, the former inwardly edged with fuscous 
on costa; a fuscous streak at base of inner margin; medial 
space inwardly broadly greyish buff, partly mottled with pale 
greenish scales, and containing a minute black point in eell, 


Teterocera from Costa Rica. 511 


outwardly brown shaded and crossed by two dark brown 
lines, dentate on vein 2 and submedian, closely followed by 
the blue-green and narrow reniform; postmedial space 
lilacine buff, crossed by a dentate brown shade and limited 
by a fine, outcurved, sinuous, black line, Junular from vein 4 
to inner margin; this line is outwardly edged with whitish 
on costa and is followed by a narrow dark brown space 
expanding on costa, where it contains three small white spots, 
and above inner margin it is partly shaded with lighter 
brown, its outer edge is slightly incurved from costa to 
vein 4, angled, and more deeply incurved to inner margin, 
being followed by a bluish-green shade; outer margin 
broadly lilacine, darkest terminally ; terminal fuscous spots 
between veins, connected by a fine black lunular line, the 
spot above tornus the largest; cilia brown. Hind wings 
buff-brown ; an angled fuscous line on discocellular; three 
dark lines postmedially, followed by a fine black line; a 
subterminal, narrow, fuscous shade from vein 6 to tornus, 
inwardly pale shaded, outwardly with pale green; the 
termen below vein 6 as on fore wings. Wings below buff, 
shaded with brown and irrorated with darker brown ; small 
black discal spots ; outer line lunular, fuscous; two dark 
medial lines on fore wings, three postmedially on hind 
wings. 

Expanse 43 mm. 

Hab. Juan Vinas. 


= 


Campometra guapila, sp. n. 


g. Head, collar, and thorax dark brown, mottled with 
reddish and buff-brown. Abdomen fuscous brown ; a broad 
black transverse shade at base. Fore wings brown, shading 
to fuscous brown on inner margin and on postmedial space ; 
a subbasal light brown shade crossed by a fine black line ; 
antemedial line fine, black, vertical, wavy, followed by a 
small fuscous spot on costa; orbicular very small, fuscous : 
some reddish-brown irrorations in cell; reniform indistinet 
crossed by a pale line outwardly shaded with fuscous ; post- 
medial line very indistinct, dentate, defined by pale shadin 
on costa and there preceded by a fuscous spot, the space 
beyond fuscous brown suffusing with the dentate subterminal 
black shade; terminal space grey-brown thinly irrorated 
with dark red, the veins shaded with dark grey ; marginal 
black spots inwardly shaded with whitish; a wavy terminal 
fuscous line. Hind wings fuscous brown, limited by the 
subterminal dentate black line, which is outwardly dentate 

35* 


512 - Mr. W. Schaus on 


between veins 7 and 6, and slightly incurved between 5 and 2 ; 
terminal space as on fore wings; cilia fuscous grey, mottled 
with. brown and red: Wings below fuscous grey tinged 
with brown; a faint postmedial line; cilia fuscous grey, 
spotted with whitish. Fore wings: some fuscous spots on 
costa separated by smaller buff spots. Hind wings: a faint 
dark line on discocellular. 

Expanse 42 mm. 

Hab. Guapiles, Avangarez. 

Near C. bidens, Kaye. 


Campometra obsolefacta, sp. n. 


3. Palpi fuscous, thinly irrorated with buff. Frons, 
medially brownish buff, laterally fuscous brown; vertex, 
collar, thorax, and base of abdomen fuscous brown, thinly 
irrorated with buff. Abdomen buff-grey, irrorated with 
reddish brown ; a long fuscous dorsal tuft between third and 
fourth segments. Fore wings: base black, slightly mottled 
with buff just below cell, crossed by a fine velvety subbasal 
line, and limited by a dentate antemedial line, the angies 
scaled with -buff; medial space buff irrorated with reddish 
brown, the veins dark grey; a black dot as orbicular ; 
reniform very faintly outlined in fuscous grey ; postmedial 
line very fine, fuscous, irregular and barely traceable, pre- 
ceded on costa by a fuscous spot, and shaded with white on 
subcostal ; terminal space fuscous brown; traces of a sub- 
terminal black line, outwardly dentate on interspaces ; an 
interrupted marginal black line, preceded by some lighter 
brown shading at vein 5; a wavy dark brown terminal.line. 
Hind wings buff irrorated with 1eddish brown; costal 
margin broadly, inner margin narrowly, and a streak from 
base to termen below cell and vein 2 fuscous grey; post- 
medial line black dentate ; marginal and terminal lines as on 
fore wing; the subterminal space shaded with fuscous brown 
and with traces of a line. Wings below slate-grey ; faint 
medial and postmedial darker lines, Female fuscous brown ; 
basal and terminal spaces blue-black; the lines velvety 
black, more distinct; the postmedial shaded with bluish 
white at subcostal, and with light brown near inner margin ; 
the subterminal outwardly shaded with light brown; reni- 
form indicated by buff-brown shading ; intervenal buff spots 
preceding marginal line, the largest at vein 5.. Hind wings 
dark brown irrorated and shaded with fuscous ; streak below 
cell and inner margin fuscous; the subterminal line very 
distinct, dentate ; the marginal line preceded by buff shading. 


Tleterocera from Costa Rica. abe 


Wings below dark greyish brown; subterminal fuscous 
shading; fine pale discal lines ; the two lines on hind wings 
more distinct; whitish buff shades on termen at vein 5; 
buff costal spots on fore wing beyond a medial black 
spot. 

Expanse, ¢ 42 mm., ? 44 mm. 

flab. La Florida, Sixola. 


Hemeroblemma stiva, sp. 0. 


@?. Palpi fuscous irrorated with yellowish and grey. 
Head dark brown irrorated with grey. Collar brown. 
Thorax brownish buff. Abdomen fuscous. Fore wings: 
anterior portion from inner margin before bise to termen at 
vein 5 buff irrorated with fuscous, the postmedial space palest ; 
posterior portion of wing dark brown; antemedial fine, 
fuscous, inset in cell; orbicular small, round, dark brown 
mottled with buff and circled with clear buff; reniform 
bluntly oval, outlined in fuscous ; postmedial fine, dentate, 
fuscous, followed by a similar shade on costa ; an outer fine 
dentate line, slightly inbent at vein 4, thicker, vertical, and 
almost straight to inner margin, outwardly edged on dark 
space by a greyish-brown shade, and then followed by a 
broad yellowish-buff line from vein 4 to inner margin; a 
subterminal fuscous spot above vein 7, followed by a’ very 
faint dentate line, paler shaded and macular below vein 5: 
marginal black and white spots on interspaces ; a buffshade 
at tornus. Hind wings dark brown, the lines fuscous ; ante- 
medial and medial lines wavy, coarse; postmedial fine, 
lunular dentate; subterminal shade, followed by a paler 
brown shade at apex; a dentate lunular marginal line, out- 
wardly shaded with buff-brown. Wings below greyish 
thickly irrorated with brown ; black discal points ; basal half 
dark shaded. Fore wings: medial and postmedial lines 
broad; outer line remote, finer; subterminal partly macular. 
Hind wings: outer line broad and close to postmedial ; sub- 
terminal coarse, continuous ; the marginal lines with white 
shading in angles. 

Expanse 65 mm. 


Hab. Juan Vinas. 


Hypogramma auripennis, sp. n. 


3. Palpi streaked black and whitish. Head, collar, and 
thorax black, mottled with white and greenish-white scales ; 
patagia dull green. Abdomen.to just beyond middle golden 
yellow, with alarge fuscous basal tuft tipped with metallic. 


514 Mr. W. Schaus on 


copper-colour and gold, and followed by a smaller black 
spot ; terminal segments fuscous ; anal hairs buff-brown. 
Fore wings dull olive-green, mottled with grey on costa and 
medially ; an antemedial fuscous shade, expanding to base 
above and below submedian, limited inwardly by a vague 
dark line and paler basal space, and outwardly by a geminate 
fuscous line; a brownish line on discocellular inwardly pale 
edged and followed by a black spot ; a black shade on costa 
above discocellular and one below it; postmedial geminate, 
lunular dentate, outeurved beyond cell; black intervenal 
streaks from postmedial to termen, interrupted by greyish 
scales subterminally ; the whole terminal space beyond 
postmedial irrorated with whitish-grey scales and some 
orange-brown scales. Hind wings golden yellow, the costal 
margin broadly dull olive-green mottled like fore wings. 
Fore wings below fuscous; a black streak at base of costa ; 
a postmedial thick black line. Hind wings below golden 
yellow; the apex black, preceded by a short dentate black 
line. 
Expanse 38 mm. 
Hab. Sitio, Sixola, 


Concana? permixta, sp. n. 

@. Palpi light brown, the second joint tipped with fuscous. 
Frons grey, crossed above by a black line; vertex brown. 
Collar light brown, shaded with white behind. ‘Thorax 
dark brown; patagia light brown mottled with grey. 
Abdomen buff with dark brown segmental lines. Fore 
wings: basal half brownish buff, limited by an outcurved 
dark brown fascia; some subbasal steel-grey shading on 
costa and inner margin; a light brown antemedial space 
widest on costa and extending just below median, followed 
on costal margin by some white scaling crossed by a fine 
black line ; medial fascia interrupted in cell by a light brown - 
spot edged with black, except behind, followed by a steel- 
grey shade, a fine black line, and a brown shade, terminating 
at discocellular ; postmedial space beyond cell and on costa 
pale brownish white, narrowing from vein 3 to inner margin, 
crossed by the postmedial line, which is oblique from costa to 
vein 6, angled and inturned to some black scaling, then out- 
curved, and irregularly inbent to inner margin, followed 
throughout by a pale shade and then the dark brown sub- 
terminal shading; apex shaded with steel-grey; some 
terminal dark grey shading at veins 4 and 2 and a creamy 
white shade between them; some marginal dark brown 
spots, Hind wings dark brown ; a darker terminal line 


Heterocera from Costa Rica. 515 


interrupted by pale streaks on veins. Fore wings below 
brown ; a dark postmedial line outcurved beyond cell, and 
outwardly shaded with white from costa to vein 4, Hind 
wings below white; the costal half shaded with brown; a 
large discal spot crossed by a pale line ; a dentate postmedial 
line and a subterminal shade ; terminal line as above. 

Expanse 26 mm. 

Hab. Avangarez. 


Herminodes latris, sp. n. 


2. Palpi fuscous brown, edged with whitish above. 
Head and collar whitish. Thorax greyish. Abdomen above 
dull grey, underneath whitish grey. Fore wings buff-grey, 
thinly irrorated with light brown ; a minute dark point on 
discocellular ; a faint postmedial outcurved row of short dark 
streaks, followed by a similar lunular dentate line; terminal 
black spots on interspaces. Hind wings dull grey tinged 
with brown ; the costal margin paler. Fore wings below 
dull greyish ; a faint whitish streak in cell. Hind wings 
below whiter. 

Hixpanse 33 mm. 


flab. Tuis. 
Herminodes tphis, sp. n. 
3. Palpi inwardly buff, outwardly brown. Head, collar, 


and thorax buff, with a few scattered black-brown scales. 
Abdomen brown-buff, thickly irrorated with brown scales. 
Fore wings buff, thinly irrorated with brown and black; a 
black point at end of cell ; orbicular round, black ; reniform 
forming a broad black lunule; the two spots connected by a 
black bar close to median ; an elongated black spot below 
the bar; the irrorations form a postmedial line of minute 
spots outangled beyond cell ; subterminal small spots below 
vein 2, between veins 4 and 5, and 5 and 6; terminal black 
spots oninterspaces. Hind wings fuscous, somewhat mottled 
with buff on termen; cilia buff. 

Expanse 36 mm. 

Hab. Tuis. 

Near H. tripuncta, Schs. 


Plynteria florens, sp. n. 


3. Head, collar, and thorax brown, the scales paler tipped. 
Abdomen brown, anal hairs yellowish. Wings brown, some- 
what silky ; cilia darker, with whitish points at veins. 
Fore wings: an antemedial and postmedial small white spot 


516 _ Mr. W. Schaus on. 


‘on costa; antemedial and postmedial lines darker brown 
faintly edged, the former inwardly, the latter outwardly, 
with whitish-grey scales, the antemedial vertical, the post- 
medial outcurved beyond cell ; a minute grey spot in middle 
of cell; some white scales on discocellular; a faint sub- 
terminal darker brown shade. Hind wings: a very faint 
postmedial lunular line, slightly shaded. with white in the 
female. Wings below dark greyish, with faint traces of 
lines and discocellular streaks. 
Expanse 17 mm. 


Hab, Sixola., 


Plynteria costata, sp. n. 


3. Palpi, head, collar, and thorax brown, the collar edged 
behind by a white line. Abdomen fuscous, anal hairs pale. 
Wings brown; small white discal spots; a faint darker 
subterminal shade, outwardly edged with lighter brown 
intervenal spots; minute terminal pale points at veins; 
cilia fuscous.’ Fore wings: the basal half except costal 
margin tinged with iridescent purple; a greyish-white line 
along costa. Wings below rather paler brown; a faint 
subterminal fuscous shade and pale terminal points ; hind 
wings with small fuscous discal spot and postmedial line. 
Female without purple shading on fore wing; the costal 
line more pronounced, whitish edged in front with yellow. 

Expanse, ¢ 23 mm., 2? 26 mm. 

Hab, Carillo, Tuis, Sixola. 


Plynteria stellata, sp. n. 


¢. Antenne finely ciliated. Head, collar, and thorax 
brown, the scales faintly tipped with greyish. Abdomen 
fuscous ; a white dorsal point on second segment; anal 
hairs light brown. Wings brown, the markings white ; 
terminal white points at veins, extending on cilia. Fore 
wings: an antemedial line of small spots, slightly inbent 
from costa; an orbicular point; reniform consisting of an 
incurved line followed by a large spot surmounted by a 
point ; a costal spot above it ; postmedial consisting of small 
spots and fine lunules, inset opposite cell and incurved to 
middle of inner margin; irregular subterminal spots and 
irrorations, the largest on costa, above veins 7 and 5, and at 
fold. lind wings: a faint fuscous discal point; postmedial 
‘whitish lunules, incurved near inner margin. Wings below 
fuscous grey, the hind wings irrorated with whitish grey, 


Heterocera from Costa Rica. 517 


defining a postmedial dark line, and fainter subterminal 
shade, 
Expanse 23 mm. 


Hab. Carillo, Sixola. 


Obroatis gatena, sp. n. 


3. Palpi purplish brown, streaked above with red. Head, 
collar, and thorax, brown tinged with lilacine. Abdomen 
above dull grey shaded with lilacine brown hairs; under- 
neath pale red. Legs with pale red hairs; the tarsi dark 
brown circled with white. Wings roseate brown with 
scattered black irrorations. Fore wings: orbicular and 
reniform small, greenish grey finely edged with brown and 
faint lilacine white lines ; postmedial fine, fuscous, oblique 
from costa, inbent from above vein 5 to middle of inner 
margin; termen from above vein 3 broadly dark shaded 
and more thickly irrorated with black; marginal white 
points connected by a deeply lunular black line. Hind 
wings: a straight medial line; faint white marginal points, 
but without connecting line.. Wings below shaded with pale 
red, especially on veins; black discal points ; cilia fuscous 
brown. Fore wings: inner margin greyish white ; a dark 
medial line on inner margin; a faint lunular outer line, 
Hind wings: a dark medial line. 

Expanse 42 mm. 

Hab. Sixola. 

Near O. negata, W1k. 


Obroatis ? gargilius, sp. n. 


3. Palpi fuscous grey. Head dark brown. Collar and 
thorax greyish brown tinged with reddish. Abdomen 
brownish grey. Fore wings: base lilacine with a few 
darker irrorations ; costa reddish brown; a fine, dark brown 
antemedial line, outcurved on costa, vertical below cell ; 
medial space reddish brown, darkest towards postmedial line ; 
a dark point as orbicular; reniform narrow, outlined in dark 
brown; postmedial line outbent on costa, nearly vertical 
from vein 6 to inner margin, lilacine, edged with fuscous 
brown which expands outwardly to apex; outer margin 
lilacine, irrorated with fuscous brown and crossed by brown 
veins ; a terminal fine lunular line; cilia brownish grey ; 
some subterminal white scales above and below vein 5. 
Hind wings brownish grey ; a postmedial fuscous line, partly 
geminate ; a broad terminal fuscous shade ; the veins out- 
wardly irrorated with brown. Wings below buff, shaded 


518 Mr. W. Schaus on 


with fuscous and irrorated with grey-brown ; fuscous discal 
spots and postmedial line ; termen and inner margin of fore 
wing narrowly pale, inner margin of hind wings broadly so ; 
a fine dark terminal line. 

Expanse 44 mm. 


Hab. Poas. 


Argidia aufidia, sp. n. 

3. Palpi deep olive-yellow. Head, collar, and thorax 
dark greyish brown, mottled with fine lilacine hairs ; abdomen 
above brighter, underneath reddish orange. Fore legs brown 
irrorated with lilacine; hind tibia with long tufts of yellow- 
brown hairs. Wings pale olive-brown. Fore wings : base 
to medial line shaded with lilacine grey; antemedial fine, 
dark brown, shaded with lilacine, outbent on costa, inset on 
subcostal, outwardly curved to submedian, and deeply out- 
curved on inner margin; orbicular dull lilacine, finely circled 
with dark brown; medial line broad on costa, dark brown, 
suffusing with reniform, finer, fuscous, inbent to submedian, 
and outcurved on inner margin; reniform very large, like a 
large “8,” finely outlined in darker brown; costa above 
reniform and towards apex tinged with roseate lilacine; 
outer line oblique from costa, crossing a dull brown shade, 
on which it is darker marked, below vein 7 inbent, fine, and 
nearly black ; postmedial space to outer line brighter brown ; 
outer line closely followed from vein 6 to inner margin by a 
fuscous line on a pale ground; subterminal indistinct, 
dentate lunular, marked by black spots between veins from 
3-6. Hind wings: a fuscous medial line ; outer line as on 
fore wings; outer margin broadly irrorated with lilacine; 
subterminal whitish points; termen narrowly and cilia very 
dark brown. Fore wings below olive; costa to outer line 
broadly lilacine, then to apex orange-brown; medial line 
nearly straight; outer line fine, purple-black ; a subterminal 
fine line ; inner margin yellowish ; orbicular and reniform 
lilacine. Hind wings below orange, finely irrorated with 
dull brown; a medial black line ; a postmedial black and 
purple-red line; a fine black subterminal line. 

Expanse 48 mm. 

Female: body and wings yellow-brown tinged with 
roseate, the lilacine shadings more roseate; the lines as in 
male. Underneath brighter than male, especially the fore 
wings. 

Expanse 49 mm. 

Hab, Juan Vinas, Sitio. 


Heterocera from Costa Rica. 519 


Empelathra pindarus, sp. n. 


3. Palpi fuscous, third joint irrorated with buff. Body 
and wings reddish brown tinged with lilacine. Abdomen 
with fine lilacine-white segmental lines. Fore wings: lines 
darker reddish brown; the antemedial vertical, preceded by 
whitish spots on veins; orbicular rather large, consisting of 
an annular whitish line; a medial darker shade; some 
darker shading at and beyond end of cell, but no reniform ; 
postmedial outcurved beyond cell, marked by white points 
on veins, terminating as a white line on inner margin, where 
it is preceded by a few lilacine white irrorations ; subterminal 
dark points with some white irrorations between veins and 
heavily shaded with whitish grey from vein 4 to apex, 
forming a broad line; small marginal clusters of white scales 
between veins and terminal white points. at veins. Hind 
wings: costa shaded with grey; a broad medial lighter 
brown shade from cell to inner margin, where it is mottled 
with grey, and edged by two dark reddish-brown lines, the 
outer line followed by white points; subterminal, marginal, 
and terminal points as on fore wings, but less distinct and 
without any broad grey shading. 

Expanse 36 mm. 

Hab. Juan Vinas. 


Dagassa ? atalanta, sp. n. 


?. Palpi whitish buff, irrorated with dark purple. Head 
and collar buff irrorated with brown, the latter shaded with 
brown behind. Thorax dark grey, the patagia shaded with 
brown. Abdomen dull brown; a black transverse line at 
base ; grey segmental lines, broadest terminally ; anal hairs 
buff. Wangs dull brown, shaded with purplish grey from 
base to postmedial line; a black-brown terminal line. 
Fore wings: costa buff, finely striated with fuscous to post- 
medial, then finely black with the usual buff spots; lines 
dark brown, the antemedial wavy, inbent in cell, followed by 
a small orbicular black spot; medial line wavy, outcurved in 
cell; reniform consisting of an inbent dark line edged with 
greyish; postmedial line slightly outcurved, geminate, 
filled in with purplish grey ; very faint traces of subterminal 
spots; cilia shaded with buff from vein 3 to tornus. Hind 
wings: a fine dark brown antemedial line; a black discal 
point; postmedial geminate as on fore wings; cilia buff at 
base, then fuscous tipped with white. Wings below greyish 
striated with fuscous, the lines fine, also fuscous. Fore 


520 Mr. W. Schaus on 


wings: outer half faintly shaded with brown, except on 
costa and inner margin; an antemedial black spot in cell ; 
medial and postmedial lines outbent on costal third, then 
sinuous ; a terminal fuscous shade above vein 4, interrupted 
between vein 6 and.7 by pale mottlings. Hind wings: a 
dark discocellular spot followed by a medial and _ post- 
medial wavy line; some marginal fuscous shading at apex. 

Expanse 30 mm. 

fab. Tuis. 


Luthermesia blandita, sp. n. 


9. Palpi brown irrorated with black, third joint black, 
the second and third tipped with white. Head, collar, 
and thorax brown; some white shading on patagia in 
front. Abdomen fuscous brown, with pale segmental 
lines. ‘Wings brown, faintly tinged with red; a lunular 
darker terminal line; cilia broadly tipped with fuscous 
opposite interspaces. fore wings: a lilacine streak from 
base to apex close above subcostal; extreme costa finely 
fuscous brown; a faint inbent darker antemedial line, 
marked by lilacine points on veins ; postmedial line slightly 
curved on costa, then straight and inbent, dark brown, out- 
wardly edged with yellowish and with lilacine points on 
veins; a dark brown shade on discocellular in front with a 
small lilacine spot; a wavy series of subterminal fuscous 
spots outwardly shaded with lilacine. Hind wings: an 
antemedial lilacine spot on median and near inner margin ; 
dark discal spots ; postmedial line straight, as on fore wings ; 
subterminal spots similar, the spot between veins 5 and 6 
inset. Wings below light greyish brown; small fuscous 
discal spots ; subterminal fuscous spots parallel with 
termen. 

Expanse 28 mm. 

Hab, Tuis. 


Mulelocha celita, sp. n. 


9. Palpi mottled brown and buff, the third joint dark 
except tips and base which are buff-white. Head and collar 
brown, the tegule edged with dull grey. Thorax buff, 
narrowly shaded with dark brown in front. Abdomen 
fuscous grey, the second segment darker with a white dorsal 
point. Fore wings buff, the costal margin duller and striated 
with fuscous ; a whitish lunule edged with dark brown on 
discocellular ; from below discocellular and vein 3 a fuscous 
brown space to inner, margin, expanding towards base, but 


— 


HTeterocera from Costa Rica. 521 


not reaching it, followed by a narrow buff shade divided by 
a slate-colour line; postmedial fine, dark brown, lunular, 
outcurved beyond cell, and terminating at dark space below 
vein 3; outer space narrowly fuscous brown, outwardly ex- 
panding between veins 3 and 5, and outbent on vein 6, above 
which there is only a dull greyish shade to apex, cut by a 
buff line; a narrow bright brown shade and a dentate black 
line follows the dark shade, though partly obsolete ; termen 
dull dark slate from tornus to vein 3, above vein 5 mottled 
with buff. Hind wings: base narrowly whitish buff ; 
medial space mottled brown and dark slate, narrow on costa, 
wide on inner margin, containing some irregular black lines 
and a broad black streak on discocellular, its outer edge - 
straight from costa to vein 5, then outcurved, followed by a 
lilacine-buff shade crossed by a slate-grey line ; postmedial 
space broadly brown, outwardly crossed by a faint buff line, 
and limited by an indistinct blackish line ; termen dark 
slate between veins 3 and 4 and from 5 to apex, otherwise 
paler slate mottled with buff. Wings below thickly 
striated with dull brown; discal spots whitish edged with 
fuscous. 

Expanse 27 mm. 

Hab. Guapiles, Sixola, Esperanza. 

Near M. hermelina, Gn.=diversa, W\|k., but differs in 
postmedial line on fore wing, and different lind wing. 


Mulelocha subnigra, sp. n. 


3. Palpi fuscous, the third joint tipped with white, and 
with white ring at base. Head, collar, and thorax fuscous 
brown mottled with dark grey. Abdomen fuscous brown. 
Fore wings brownish slate-colour ; base of costa and inner 
margin fuscous brown edged with dull grey ; a fine dark 
brown curved antemedial line, expanding on costa, where it 
is preceded and followed by a whitish point ; a medial 
fuscous-brown shade, faintly geminate and _ suffusing from 
vein 3 to inner margin with the postmedial line, which is 
slightly outcurved beyond cell, irregular, outwardly finely 
edged with dull grey, and on costa with whitish ; reniform 
large, outlined in dull grey, and enclosing a whitish curved 
line on discocellular; the antemedial space on inner margin 
to fold shaded with pale reddish brown; an irregular and 
broken subterminal line, buff-grey ; a faintly darker terminal 
lunular line marked by dark points om interspaces.. Hind 
wings: base brownish irrorated with fuscous brown and 
crossed by a dark antemedial line; a broad fuscous-brown 


522 Mr. W. Schaus on 


medial shade followed by a slate-grey shade crossed by a 
slightly darker line, its outer edge diverging before anal 
angle and followed by fuscous brown, broadly between 
veins 3 and 6; this last shade outwardly partly edged with 
buff, and with two faint brownish shades outbent to termen ; 
the terminal line more heavily marked than on fore wing. 
Wings below brownish black; fore wings with a white 
lunule on discocellular, a faint postmedial line marked with 
whitish on costa, and some marginal whitish spots from 
vein 5 to apex. 

Expanse 27 mm. 

Hab. La Florida, Esperanza. 


Mulelocha homopteridia, sp. n. 


g. Palpi: second joint outwardly fuscous, inwardly 
orange-brown; third joint buff mottled with fuscous. Head, 
collar, and thorax fuscous brown irrorated somewhat with 
dull lilacine grey, the collar showing transverse darker shades. 
Abdomen dull fuscous grey, brighter mottled at base, and 
with a dorsal white point on second segment. Wings dull 
brown shaded with dull slate-colour; a terminal lunular 
black line. Fore wings: outer half of costa shaded with 
light brown; a similar shade below discocellular ; lines 
velvety black; a basal line on costa; an indistinct wavy 
subbasal line; antemedial fine, inbent from costa where it is 
marked by a spot; a similar medial spot on costa, and a fine 
wavy medial line, geminate on inner margin; postmedial 
fine, outbent on costa, dentate beyond cell, inbent from vein 4, 
expanding on inner margin close to medial line, followed on 
costa by a buff spot; reniform semihyaline white, obliquely 
curved, and finely edged with darker brown; a subterminal 
dark brown shade between veins 6 and 8. Hind wings: a 
white spot on discocellular; a fine medial line, partly 
geminate ; a broad postmedial line ; a subterminal irregular 
fuscous shade, surmounted by lighter brown towards inner 
margin. Wings below fuscous; the light brown spaces of 
upper side replaced by yellowish-buff shades crossed by 
dark strie; these extend on fore wing to base of costa, and 
below cell to base. Fore wings: a fine subterminal bulf 
shade; terminal white strize at vein 5. Hind wings with 
scattered white strize. 

Expanse 33 mm. 

Hab. Juan Vinas. 


Heterocera from Costa Rica. 523 


Orsa flava, sp. 0. 


3. Palpi dark grey. Head and collar grey ; white spots 
on frons. Thorax yellow, shaded with grey in front. 
Abdomen yellow; a roseate line on basal segment, the 
terminal segments shaded with roseate. Wings bright 
yellow. Fore wings: the costa and outer margin broadly 
lilacine grey, the costa finely irrorated with black; some 
roseate scales at base below cell; a subbasal crimson spot on 
inner margin; antemedial fine, black on costa and cell, 
roseate from cell to submedian; orbicular a small dark 
point; medial and postmedial fine, curved on costa, black, 
from cell and vein 3 to inner margin inbent, roseate, the 
latter crossing below costa a reddish-brown shade which fills 
in the angle formed by the subterminal fuscous line, which 
is nearly straight and parallel with termen; a dark grey 
shade at apex. Hind wings: a medial dark roseate shade 
enclosing a white discal spot irrorated with black; a post- 
medial roseate line, finely streaked with dark grey except 
near costa; an irregular punctiform and geminate sub- 
terminal line ; apex shaded with dark red ; a terminal black 
line. Underneath similar, but duller, the lines fuscous. 

Expanse 29 mm. 

Hab. Sixola, Guapiles. 


Isogona capitalis, sp. n. 


3. Palpi, head, and collar bright reddish brown. Thorax, 
abdomen, and wings fuscous slate-colour; anal hairs and 
lines buff-brown. Fore wings: antemedial line slightly 
outbent ; a line from apex to beyond middle of inner margin, 
joined between veins 6 and 7 by an oblique, slightly down- 
curved line from costa above discocellular; spots small, 
hardly perceptible ; a marginal line from apex to termen at 
vein 3, sharply inangled and then straight to tornus. Hind 
wings: a postmedial straight line. 

Expanse 30 mm. 

Hiab. Avangarez, Sixola. 

The specimen from Sixola differs in having the lines 
geminate. 


Capnodes hersilea, sp. n. 


$. Palpi: second joint brown; third joint buff-brown. 
Head and collar brown, thorax and abdomen dull darker 
brown. Wings dull dark brown; a terminal darker line 
inwardly defined by a fine buff-brown edging. Fore wings: 


524 Mr. W. Schaus on 


lines buff, the antemedial slightly inbent ; the postmedial 
angled below vein 7, followed by a diffuse buff shade ex- 
tending from vein 6 to apex, below vein 6 shaded with dull 
brown limited by the subterminal buff line which is out- 
angled between veins 3 and 4; orbicular and reniform large, 
outlined in buff. Hind wings : postmedial line straight to 
inner margin near anal angle; subterminal line dentate, 
indistinct towards costa, close to postmedial’ near inner 
margin. Wings below buff, shaded with fuscous; discal 
spots; hind wings with distinct postmedial fuscous line 
and subterminal fuscous shadings, the intermediate space 
brighter. 

Expanse 26 mm. 

Hab. Juan Vinas. 


Capnodes lycoris, sp. n. 


9. Head, collar, and thorax dark brown. Abdomen above 
fuscous. Fore wings dark reddish brown, glossed with 
lilacine blue except on costa, apex, and termen ; antemedial 
and postmedial lines slightly outcurved, whitish buff, edged 
with reddish brown ; subterminal dark brown spots outwardly 
shaded with lilacine blue, the terminal dark line inwardly so 
shaded. Hind wing dark reddish brown ; some lilacine 
irrorations on outer half; a darker spot on discocellular ; 
postmedial line pale reddish brown, darker edged; _ sub- 
terminal spots and terminal line as on fore wing. Wings 
below dull dark brown with a few greyish irrorations; 
darker discal points ; postmedial line fuscous brown, out- 
wardly edged with white on costa of fore wing; pale 
terminal points at veins. 

Eixpanse 34 mm. 

Hab. Guapiles. 


Capnodes hembrilla, sp. n. 


?. Very close to C. pueritia, Cr.; inner side of palpi 
grey, not white. Collar brown instead of fuscous grey ; 
dark spot at tornus of fore wing more remote from termen, 
and not so round; colour of wings brown without the 
roseate tinge. Wings below darker, thickly irrorated with 
dark brown; a broad subterminal fuscous-brown shade ; 
postmedial line broader, cut on hind wings by yellowish 
veins. 

Expanse 388 mm.; (. pueritia 9 80 mm. 

flab, Suan Vinas. 


Fleterocera from Costa Rica. 525 


Capnodes melie, sp. n. 


3. Body above and wings purplish brown, the lines dull 
reddish brown. Fore wings: large dark brown costal spots 
at origin of lines, followed and preceded by pale brown 
shading on extreme costa; basal spot without a line ; ante- 
medial line incurved in cell, outcurved below cell and below 
submedian; a very faint medial darker shade; reniform 
reddish brown edged with black; postmedial line slightly 
outcurved, lunular; a very faint subterminal irregular 
darker shade; a terminal dark brown line, interrupted by 
light brown points at veins. Hind wings: a medial fuscous 
shade not reaching costal margin; a postmedial lunular liue 
from vein 6 to inner margin; terminal line as on fore wing. 
Fore wing below fuscous grey, the costa broadly tinged with 
light brown; medial and postmedial outcurved fuscous lines 
on costal half of wing. Hind wing below light brown, 
shaded with fuscous grey on outer half; a black discal spot ; 
a fuscous medial and postmedial line and faint subterminal 
shade. 

Expanse 20 mm. 

Hab. Sixola. 

Near C. pira, Dr. 


Antarchea poaphiloides, sp. n. 


g. Palpi brown. Head grey-brown. Collar and thorax 
greyish buff. Abdomen buff. Fore wings creamy buff, the 
termen whiter ; from inner margin beyond middle to termen 
just below apex a broad dark olive-grey stripe, faintly shaded 
about middle of wing with roseate brown, and inwardly 
edged from vein 3 to inner margin with black irrorations ; 
a few scattered black scales ; two fine pale reddish lines near 
dark stripe, barely traceable; terminal black points from 
above vein 2 to apex. Hind wings yellowish white, 
tinged with pale roseate brown terminally; black terminal 
points, 

Expanse 22 mm. 

Hab. Juan Vinas. 


Homopyralis aglata, sp. n. 

@. Palpi dark brown, the third joint buff at base and tips. 
Head, collar, and thorax mottled dark and pale brown. 
Abdomen dark greyish brown. Fore wings brown; some 
lilacine grey irrorations antemedially, at end of cell, post- 
medially beyond cell, and on fold, and also on termen; a 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 36 


526 Mr. W. Schaus on 


broad antemedial light brown shade edged with fuscous 
brown and divided by a fine dark line; a similar shade from 
costa across end of cell to inner margin, expanding outwardly 
beyond cell; subterminal consisting of an irregular dull 
mauve-orey line inwardly shaded wath fuscous brown ; a 
terminal wavy fuscous line. Hind wings fuscous brown. 
Wings below dull fuscous brown ; hind wings with a 
darker curved medial shade and a subterminal shade. 
Expanse 20 mm. 


Hab. Carillo. 


Homopyralis albifasciata, sp. n. 


Head dark brown mottled with fuscous. Collar, thorax, 
and basal half of abdomen whitish mottled with brown ; 
terminal segments darker. Fore wings: base from costa to 
submedian fuscous brown, edged with black, and crossed on 
costa by two fine roseate-brown lines; base of inner margin 
and antemedial space broadl white, crossed by the fuscous- 
brown antemedial line, which is outangled on costa, incur ved 
across cell, outcurved ‘below it, and again below submedian, 
followed in cell by a fine transverse fuscous line ; the anne 
space is followed by a narrow fuscous-brown medial fascia 

edged with black, but interrupted by white on median vein; 
outer portion of wing lilacine brown; reniform indicated by 
a dark line parallel with black outer edge of brown medial 
fascia; postmedial line whitish edged with dark brown, 
oblique and dentate on costa, vertical and zigzag opposite 
cell, inbent along vein 3 and suffusing with medial fascia ; 
traces of a whitish subterminal shade; whitish points ter- 
minally at veins; cilia fuscous. Hind wings dark brown; 
a terminal white line at anal angle. Hind wings below 
whitish irrorated with grey-brown; a dark medial and post- 
medial line; termen dark shaded. 

Expanse 27 mm. 


Hab. Avangarez. 


Homopyralis ardesiaca, sp. n. 


3. Palpi whitish grey with transverse darker shades. 
Head, collar, thorax, and fore wings slate-grey. Abdomen 
dorsally with large lilacine-brown tufts on basal half, 
terminally dark grey irrorated with fuscous. Fore wings: 
a subbasal brown fascia, becoming fuscous on inner margin, 
shaded on either side with green; a faint brownish medial 
shade, indistinctly geminate; a dark brown spot on 
discocellular ; a fine dark brown postmedial line, slightly 


LTetevocera from Costa Rica. 527 


outcurved beyond cell, and narrowly edged outwardly with 
green, followed bya broad dull brownish shade ; an indistinct 
brownish subterminal shade, chiefly opposite cell and be- 
tween vein 2 and submedian; cilia mottled with paler grey. 
Hind wings dull brown, the termen slate-grey ; a fuscous 
discal shade ; a fine postmedial dark line, interrupted below 
vein 2, and partly edged with green. Wings below bluish 
white, irrorated with fuscous brown except on termen; a 
fuscous medial line, spots on discocellular, a fine interrupted 
postmedial line, and broad subterminal shade, Hind tibia 
fringed above with reddish-brown hairs, 
Eixpanse 28 mm. : 


flab. Cachi, Juan Vinas, 


Homopyralis charopus, sp. n. 


3. Palpi fuscous ; a buff shade at base of third joint. 
Head, collar, and thorax fuscous brown mottled with slate- 
colour. Abdomen above fuscous, underneath yellowish buff; 
a dorsal reddish shade on basal segment. Fore wings: costal 
margin and cell mostly fuscous brown, below cell from base 
to postmedial line lilacine brown, thinly irrorated with red ; 
some pale brown spots on extreme costa at origin of lines ; 
some whitish-grey tufts at base; subbasal forming a broad 
black shade; antemedial fine, lunular, black, followed by 
small black orbicular and by a similar medial line ; reniform 
round, black ; postmedial fine, black, somewhat punctiform 
where outcurved beyond cell, vertical from vein 3 to inner 
margin, and followed at vein 8 by a small cluster of reddish- 
brown scales ; terminal space dull greyish brown faintly tinged 
with lilacine, the subterminal line slightly paler, irregular, 
and preceded by a broad fuscous-brown shade; large ter- 
minal fuscous spots between veins. Hind wings fuscous 
brown; a fine -black streak on discocellular; terminal 
lunate black spots; a geminate black line at anal angle, 
separated by a whitish line. Wings below brownish grey ; 
fore wings with faint traces of lines and small discal spot ; 
hind wings with medial, postmedial, and subterminal darker 
shades. 

Expanse 21 mm. 


Hab. Esperanza, 


Homopyralis croceipalpis, sp. n. 


3. Palpi yellow ; second joint streaked with fuscous in 


front and tipped with fuscous ; third joint with a fuscous 
36* 


528 Mr. W. Schaus on 


ring near tip. Head, collar, and thorax fuscous, the collar 
faintly edged with silky buff scales. Abdomen dark grey, 
with some paler transverse shades. Fore wing bone-white, 
shaded with pale olive-brown medially ; base, costal margin, 
cell, and inner margin to beyond middle irrorated with 
fuscous brown, leaving a whitish antemedial line; a broad 
black line on discocellular; a postmedial fuscous-brown line 
from costa to vein 5; outer margin broadly fuscous brown, 
interrupted by an oblique white line from vein 5, bifurcating 
at apex; some whitish marginal shadings above tornus. 
Hind wings fuscous brown; traces of a postmedial buff 
shade, surmounted by a small black spot on inner margin. 
Wings below dull fuscous brown ; darker discal spots; a 
broad pale postmedial shade; a dark medial line on hind 
wings. 
Expanse 19 mm. 


Hab. Sixola. 


Homopyralis elongata, sp. n. 


$. Palpi fuscous grey, the basal half of third joint buff- 
white. Head, collar, and thorax dark greyish brown. Abdo- 
men grey-black; a buff-white dorsal spot at base. Fore 
wings rather long and narrow, dull dark brown, indistinctly 
mottled with grey-buff, forming subbasal and antemedial 
lines, the latter followed by a fine irregular black line, and 
the space between them shaded with black ; a small fuscous 
spot in cell and indistinct darker geminate medial line; a 
round black spot on discocellular ; postmedial consisting of 
vague fuscous spots on veins, outcurved beyond cell, followed 
by a pale shade on costa and marked by a larger spot on 
submedian; the subterminal sinuous, greyish, outwardly 
edged with fuscous shades, chiefly above and below vein 5; 
terminal black spots; cilia black, cut by pale shades at veins. 
Hind wings dark brown ; a short, white, black-edged streak 
at anal angle. Wings below greyish, the hind wings with 
indistinct discal spot, outer and subterminal lines. 

Expanse 23 mm. 

Hab. Sixola; also the Guianas. 

The narrow wings and pale dorsal patch on abdomen will 
help to distinguish this species. 


Homopyralis nireus, sp. n. 


g. Palpi buff, ringed with fuscous brown. Head reddish 
brown. Collar buff, irrorated with olive-brown. Thorax 
mottled reddish brown, buff, and black. Abdomen above 


Feterocera from Costa Rica. 529 


fuscous, irrorated with reddish brown. Fore wings reddish 
brown; base, a broad medial space, narrowing on inner 
margin, a postmedial patch below costa, and termen from 
below vein 5 to tornus heavily shaded with fuscous, mottled 
slightly with brown; antemedial space crossed by a fine dark 
reddish-brown line; a small pale shade beyond discocellular ; 
traces of a dentate postmedial line, not apparent below vein 3 ; 
a fuscous subterminal shade, suffusing with terminal shades 
below vein 5; marginal black points connected by a fine 
lunular line. “Hind wings: base and inner margin to tornus 
fuscous, with geminate black lines at end of cell; outer 
space reddish brown ; a postmedial geminate shade to anal 
angle, fuscous towards costa, dark reddish brown towards 
angle; an irregular subterminal fuscous shade; termen 
irrorated with fuscous, the spots and line as on fore wing. 
Wings below buff, irrorated and shaded with fuscous brow n; 
a ark medial and postmedial line; a broad subterminal and 
marginal shade, dark discal spots; some pale spots on costa 
of fore wing. 

Kixpanse 34 mm. 

Hab. Esperanza. 

Near £7. ypsilon, Bt. : 


Hlomopyralis viridis, sp. n. 


3. Palpi buff-brown, with numerous dark brown rings, 
Head and base of abdomen greyish buff, irrorated with 
reddish brown. Collar and thorax dull reddish brown, the 
broad scales tipped with whitish grey; abdomen except 
basal segment fuscous, dorsally and terminally mottled with 
buff and brown. Fore wings green to postmedial line ; some 
scattered black scales on inner margin and below disco- 
cellular ; costa shaded with dark brown ; traces of a fine 
antemedial fuscous line and a wavy geminate medial line; a 
velvety black streak on discocellular ; postmedial line fine, 
fuscous, outwardly edged with pale g ereen and a dull brownish 
shade, ontbent from costa, incurved opposite cell, dentate on 
veins ‘4, 3, and on Hees terminal space purple- brown, 
with a faintly browner subterminal shade; marginal black 
spots outwardly shaded with pale green and connected by a 
Junular black line ; cilia partly shaded with green. Hind 
wings purple- brown ; ; the inner margin green; a green post- 
medial space not reaching costal margin ; a black spot on 
discocellular ; the lines interrupted, broader and more con- 
spicuous between veins 5 and 6; terminal spots as on fore 
wings. Fore wings below grey-brown, the costa shaded 


530 Mr. W. Schaus on 


with red and black; cilia dull green, tipped with reddish. 
Hind wings below whitish, shaded with roseate brown; a 
thick brown discal streak, postmedial line, and subterminal 
shade. 

Expanse 20 mm. . 

Hab. Avangarez ; also from French Guiana. 


Homopyralis? diffusa, sp. n. 


$. Palpi and body fuscous brown, the thorax mottled with 
dull lilacine. Fore wings dull lilacine slate, the markings 
fuscous brown; a small annular spot at base below cell, 
followed by a broad fascia, and then a fine reddish-brown 
antemedial line ; orbicular small, round; a geminate medial 
line, inset on costa, suffusing with reniform, slightly irrorated 
with reddish scales ; postmedial fine, macular from an inset 
spot on costa, faintly sinuous, and close to outer medial line 
from vein 3 to inner margin, followed between veins 7 and 8 
by a spot; subterminal fine, inangled at veins 5 and 2, 
heavily dark shaded outwardly between 4 and 6; marginal 
spots connected by a lunular line. Hind wings whitish, 
heavily shaded with dull brown, and with faint traces of 
four lines. Wings below whitish, heavily shaded with dull 
brown; large fuscous discal spots: fore wings with ante- 
medial and postmedial lines and geminate subterminal fainter 
shades; hind wings with medial and three punctiform lines ; 
marginal fuscous spots on both wings. 

Expanse 33 mm. 


Tab. Turrialba. 


Homopyralis ? lotis, sp. n. 


3. Palpi outwardly brown, inwardly buff. Head, collar, 
and thorax dark brown, mottled with buff. Abdomen 
fuscous; a tuft of light brown scales dorsally at base. Fore 
wings buff-brown, irrorated with dark brown, the lines black- 
brown ; a basal and subbasal fuscous-brown shade on costa ; 
antemedial partly interrupted, preceded by a small black 
spot in cell, and closely followed by the small white orbicular 
point; a pale line on discocellular; postmedial obliquely 
outcurved beyond cell, thickest on costa and fold, somewhat 
interrupted by veins ; subterminal fine, sinuous, light brown, 
preceded by a fuscous shade from vein 5 to costa ; a terminal 
Innular black line. Hind wings fuscous; cilia mottled buff 
and fuscous. Hind wings below buff, finely irrorated with 
fuscous brown; a spot at end of cell; an interrupted curved 


Heterocera from Costa Rica. 531 


postmedial line; a subterminal shade, less apparent before 
anal angle, where it extends to termen. 
Hxpanse 19 mm. 


Hab. Tuis. 


Corna pegasis, sp. n. 


3. Palpi fuscous brown. Head and body dark brown; a 
dorsal tuft at base of abdomen and tips of patagia mottled 
with metallic blue and red scales. Fore wings dark brown ; 
some white irrorations on costal margin and postmedial space ; 
an inbent antemedial line formed by clusters of white irrora- 
tions ; a white point as orbicular ; a fine white line across 
costa and discocellular, inbent above median, forming a 
short hook, interrupted just below median and above sub- 
median ; a lighter brown sinuous subterminal shade ; cilia 
fuscous brown, irrorated with white at base. Hind wings 
dark brown. Hind wings below buff-grey irrorated with 
brown ; a fuscous discal point; a curved dark postmedial 
line and subterminal shade. 

Expanse 31 mm, 


Had. 'Tuis, Sixola. 


Baniana? haga, sp. n. 


g. Antenne pectinated. Palpi, head, and collar light 
reddish brown. ‘lhorax dark lilacine grey, shoulders fuscous. 
Abdomen pale fuscous grey. Fore wings dull grey, tinged 
with lilacine; a dark brown antemedial vertical fascia, 
narrowing on costa, outwardly edged by a buff line; a small 
dark brown spot in cell medially circled with buff; from 
middle of inner margin a buff line, slightly outbent, curved 
around discocellular, downbent to vein 4, and upturned to 
vein 8 before subterminal shade, outwardly broadly shaded 
with dark brown; subterminal brown shade slightly incurved 
below vein 4; termen paler grey; a terminal dark brown 
line. Hind wings brownish grey ; a terminal dark brown 
line. 

Bxpanse 21 mm. 

Hab. Juan Vinas. 

Near 6. gobar, Dr. 


Elecussa displosa, sp. nu. 


9. Palpi grey, irrorated with brown. Head, collar, and 
thorax dark brown, irorated with grey. Abdomen above 


532 On Heterocera from Costa Rica. 


dark brown. Body underneath pale buff, irrorated with 
brown. Wings slate-brown; a fuscous dentate terminal 
line. Fore wings: base irrorated with grey, antemedial line 
fine, dark brown, outangled on subcostal, inangled in cell, 
sharply outcurved, then incurved, and again abruptly out- 
curved on inner margin ; orbicular round, whitish; reniform 
large, dull brown, edged with whitish, forming an “8” ; 
traces of a dark medial line, outbent on costa ; postmedial 
barely curved on costa, nearly straight and slightly inbent, 
fine, dark brown, partly edged with reddish brown and 
inwardly with whitish, followed by a dark brown patch 
between fold and submedian; veins on outer space shaded 
with reddish brown; subterminal consisting of angled black 
spots, outwardly edged with whitish. Hind wings: a dark 
shade on discocellular ; postmedial as on fore wings, barely 
curved, followed by some black spots near-inner margin ; 
subterminal spots larger than on fore wings. Fore wings 
below greyish buff, the inner margin broadly dull grey ; 
orbicular small, black; a fuscous medial line; reniform 
small, fuscous ; postmedial fine, fuscous, edged with grey ; 
postmedial space tinged with reddish brown ; subterminal 
spots greyish. Hind wings below greyish buff ; postmedial 
and subterminal spots as on fore wings ; a distinct medial 
line, followed by a fuscous line on discocellular. 
Expanse 37 mm. 
Hab. Juan Vinas. 


Anomis gentilis, sp. n. 


@. Palpi, head, collar, and thorax purple-brown, mottled 
with buff scales. Fore wings red, irrorated with yellow, the 
costal margin and veins grey-brown, irrorated with whitish 
scales ; antemedial line slightly outbent from subcostal, fine, 
dark brown, inwardly edged with grey ; a white point as 
orbicular; a medial dark line from subcostal across disco- 
cellular, vertical to inner margin, and outwardly edged with 
grey ; a wavy postmedial line, white on costa, then dark, 
outwardly edged with grey, and only reaching vein 3; a 
sinuous subterminal dark brown shade, outwardly edged with 
paler red and shaded with white on costa; cilia white, 
spotted with fuscous at veins. Hind wings fuscous brown ; 
cilia similar, tipped with white. 

Expanse 26 mm. 

Hab. Esperanza. 

There is a specimen of this species in the B. M. from the 
United States presented by Prof. C. Riley. 


Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 533 


LXIII.—Notes on Fossorial Hymenoptera.—XI. 
By Rowtanp E, Turner, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 


On some new Australian and Austro-Malayan Thynnide. 


Tue following species were received among others from 
Dr. R. Hamlyn-Harris, of the Brisbane Museum, Mr. W. 
W. Froggatt, and Mr. G. A. Waterhouse. The types of all 
are in the British Museum. 


Rhagigaster aruensis, sp. n. 


9. Nigra, subnitida, punctata; antennis pedibusque fusco-ferru- 
gineis ; segmento mediano obliquo, subconcavo. 

36. Niger, albido-pilosus ; pedibus fusco-ferrugineis, coxis nigris ; 
alis fusco-hyalinis, purpureo tinctis. 

Long., 2 8, ¢ 14 mm. 


9. Head moderately convex, subrectangular, slightly 
rounded at the posterior angles, distinctly longer than 
broad, finely and sparsely punctured, the front more closely 
’ and coarsely punctured and thinly clothed with short fulvous 
hairs, a short median sulcus on the front, a sulcus on each 
side converging very slightly posteriorly, reaching from the 
eye to the posterior margin of the head. Pronotum scarcely 
more than half as long as the head, broadly rounded 
anteriorly, narrower than the head, as broad posteriorly as 
long, the whole thorax very sparsely punctured. Median 
segment oblique from just behind the scutellum, subconcave. 
Abdomen more closely punctured, the first segment shorter 
than the second, vertically truncate at the base; second 
dorsal segment with a depressed transverse line at the base ; 
sixth dorsal segment with a distinct pygidial area, almost 
pointed at the apex. 

6. Clypeus rather sparsely punctured, with a carina from 
the base not reaching the apex, which is feebly triangularly 
depressed in the middle, the apical margin truncate. Front 
rugose, vertex strongly punctured ; the interantennal pro- 
minence broadly rounded at the apex, with marginal carinz 
which join a transverse carina not quite extending to the 
eyes. Anteunze about as long as the thorax and median 
segment combined, not very stout, the apical joints very 
slightly arcuate beneath. Anterior margin of the pronotum 
straight and strongly raised. The whole thorax deeply and 
closely punctured’; scutellum broadly rounded or sub. 
truncate at the apex. Abdomen more shallowly punctured 


534 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 


than the thorax; sixth dorsal segment rugose, broadly 
rounded at the apex. Hypopygium forming a recurved 
apical spine, without lateral spines. Jirst recurrent nervure 
received at two-thirds from the base of the second cubital 
cell, second at one-sixth from the base of the third cubital 
cell; third abscissa of the radius nearly half as long again 
as the second. 

Hab. Aru (Elgner). Received from Mr. Froggatt. 

This is the first species of the genus recorded from the 
Austro-Malayan region. It is nearest to R. fulvipennis, 
Turn., from Cape York, but differs both in sculpture and 
colour. 


Tachynomyia fervens, Sm. 
Alurus fervens, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. vii. p. 58 (1859). ¢. 


©. Fusco-nigra; thorace, antennis pedibusque ferrugineis, 
Long. 11 mm. 


?. Head closely and finely punctured, more than half as 
broad again as long, slightly rounded at the posterior angles, 
with a short frontal sulcus. Pronotum very little more than 
half as broad as the head, nearly quadrate, shining and 
sparsely punctured ; scutellum small and narrow; median 
segment twice as long as the scutellum, shining and sparsely 
punctured, strongly broadened posteriorly. Abdomen very 
finely punctured ; first dorsal segment almost vertically 
truncate anteriorly, with a shallow transverse groove before 
the apex ; second dorsal segment with a transverse carina at 
the base and another on the apical margin, the space between 
coarsely transversely rugulose. Pygidium simple, not trun- 
cate or compressed, longitudinally rugose, with a low median 
carina, rounded at the apex. All the ventral segments 
closely and rather strongly punctured. 

Hab. Woodford, N.S.W. (G. A. Waterhouse); December. 

This species ranges with little variation from Victoria to 
Brisbane. The female has not been previously described, 


Leiothynnus spinigerus, sp. 0. 

3. Niger, albo-pilosus, gracilis; clypeo margine apicali, orbitis 
interioribus, pronoto margine anteriore postscutelloque flavis ; 
pedibus anticis et intermediis, tibiisque posticis subtus bruneo- 
testaceis; alis hyalinis, venis nigris, cellula radiali infuscata, 
femoribus intermediis basi dentatis. 

2. Bruneo-testacea; capite rufo-testaceo; thorace nigro; pedi- 
bus fuscis, tibiis bruneis, tarsis anticis intermediisque testaceis ; 
segmento dorsali secundo transverse quadricarinato. 

Long., ¢ 12; 9 7 mm. 


Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 535 


@. Clypeus convex, rather natrowly truncate at the apex. 
Antenne shorter than the thorax and median segment com- 
bined, of almost even thickness throughout, the joints not 
arcuate beneath; interantennal prominence bilobed, not 
strongly developed. Apical joints of the maxillary palpi not 
elongate. Head, thorax, and abdomen finely and closely 
punctured ; a ferruginous spot on each side of the vertex 
close to the summit of the eyes. Scutellum strongly con- 
vex, Abdomen slender, subpetiolate, the first segment 
fully twice as long as its apical breadth ; seventh dorsal 
segment rugose; hypopygium small, about twice as long 
as the greatest breadth, the sides parallel, rounded at the 
apex, with a slender apical spine. Intermediate femora with 
a spine beneath at the base. Third abscissa of the radius 
half as long again as the second ; second recurrent nervure 
received by the third cubital cell at one-fifth from the 
base. 

?. Clypeus convex, with a carina, truncate at the apex. 
Head nearly half as broad again anteriorly as the greatest 
length, strongly rounded posteriorly, smooth and shining, 
with a short frontal sulcus. Thorax much narrower than 
the head; pronotum subquadrate, punctured. First dorsal 
segment hroadly depressed at the apex, with a rounded 
raised mark on each side before the apex ; second segment 
with four transverse carinz, including the raised apical 
margin; dorsal plate of the pygidium lanceolate, very 
narrow, ventral plate recurved at the sides and forming a 
groove for the dorsal plate, a tuft of pale hairs on each side 
near the apex of the dorsal plate. Fifth ventral segment 
sparsely but strongly punctured. 

Hab. Stradbroke Island, Moreton Bay (Hacker) ; October. 

Allied to L. mackayensis, Turn., from which the male may 
be easily distinguished by the spine at the base of the 
intermediate femora; and the female by the absence of a 
sulcus on the pronotum, and the shape of the head, which is 
more strongly narrowed posteriorly. 


Epactiothynnus nitidiceps, sp. n. 

©. Bruneo-testacea ; capite nitido, antice dilatato ; pronoto postice 
longitudinaliter carinato; segmento dorsali secundo transverse 
tricarinato. 

3g. Niger; mandibulis basi, macula utrinque supra basin anten- 
narum, pronoto antice et postice, mesonoto macula longitudinali, 
scutello macula parva mediana, postscutello, tegulis segmentisque 
dorsalibus 2-6 macula transversa utrinque pallide flavis ; pedi- 
bus testaceis ; alis hyalinis, venis fuscis, stigmate testaceo, 

Tong., 9 4, d 7 mm. 


536 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossortal Hymenoptera. 


2. Head smooth and shining, broader anteriorly than 
long, very strongly narrowed posteriorly, only slightly con- 
vex ; pronotum with a low carina on the posterior half, as 
long as broad, a little narrowed posteriorly ; scutellum and 
median segment combined shorter than the pronotum ; 
thorax and abdomen subopaque, almost smooth, the median 
segment ‘shining. First dorsal segment rather broadly 
depressed at the apex; second dorsal segment with three 
strong transverse carine, including the raised apical margin ; 
pygidium very narrow, the si:les parallel, narrowly truncate 
at the apex. Legs slender. 

¢. Head and thorax very finely and closely punctured ; 
clypeus rather narrowly truncate at the apex ; antenne 
rather slender, a little longer than the thorax and median 
segment combined, of about even thickness throughout. 
Scutellum strongly convex, median segment shining and 
almost smooth. Abdominal segments rather strongly con- 
stricted at the base, subopaque and almost smooth. | Hypo- 
pygium produced into a slender acute and somewhat recurved 
spine, with a small spine on each side at the base. Second 
abscissa of the radius a little longer than the third; second 
recurrent nervure received at one-sixth from the base of the 
third cubital cell. 

Hab. Aru (Elgner). 

I think that this is distinct from /evissimus, Sm., which is 
probably the female of abductor and is a much larger species. 
From abductor the male differs in the shape of the hypo- 
pygium, the colour of the legs, and the smaller size. 


Hemithynnus tillyardi, sp. n. 


©. Nigra, sparsissime punctata; fronte supra antennas, macula 
pone oculos, angulis posterioribus capitis, vertice lineis duabus 
postice convergentibus, macula parva frontali, pronoto margini- 
bus lateralibus, margine postico late interrupto, et macula parva 
mediali marginis antici, scutello postice, segmentis dorsalibus 
primo secundoque fascia transversa interrupta, tertio quartoque 
fascia late interrupta, quinto macula utrinque segmentisque 
ventralibus 2-4 macula laterali utrinque flavis ; segmento dorsali 
secundo carinis transversis 8. 

¢g. Niger, albo-pilosus; mandibulis, clypeo apice lateribusque, 
yertice macula parva utrinque, pronoto linea arcuata interrupta, 
mesopleuris macula parva, segmentis dorsalibus 1-6 ventrali- 
busque 2-5 macula laterali utrinque flavis; alis pallide flayo- 
hyalinis, venis fuscis. 

Long., 9 18, ¢ 23mm. . 


?. Clypeus with a carina not reaching the apex, which is 


Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. — 537 


produced in the middle into a point. Head about half as 
broad again as long, rounded at the posterior angles, sparsely 
punctured, the punctures on the front larger and deeper 
than those on the vertex, a short frontal sulcus, the position 
of the posterior ocelli indicated by shallow depressions ; 
eyes narrowly ovate, not reaching the base of the mandibles. 
Pronotum fully twice as broad as long, not narrowed 
posteriorly, the anterior margin straight, with a few seti- 
gerous punctures, the pronotum and scutellum sparsely and 
finely punctured, pleurze smooth. Median segment steeply 
sloped from just behind the seutellum, very finely punctured, 
with a few larger punctures. Abdomen sparsely punctured ; 
first dorsal segment with two transverse carine at the apex, 
with a broad groove between them; second segment with 
about eight strong but slightly irregular transverse carinz ; 
third segment distinctly transversely striated at the base. 
Pygidium almost vertical, a little more than twice as long 
as broad, with a strong spine on each side near the apex, 
the dorsal plate strongly longitudinally striated, a little 
shorter than the ventral plate and narrowly rounded at the 
apex, ventral plate broadly rounded. Fifth ventral segment 
longitudinally rugose. 

g. Clypeus convex, narrowed towards the apex, which is 
rather broadly truncate. Antenne longer than the thorax 
and median segment combined, the apical joints rather 
slender and very feebly arcuate beneath. Head and thorax 
finely and very closely punctured, the anterior margin of 
the pronotum slightly raised. Abdomen fusiform, shining 
and almost smooth, the segments very slightly constricted at 
the base ; apical dorsal segment punctured rugose. Hypo- 
pygium in the form of a slightly elongate triangle, with an 
acute apical spine, the basal angles prominent and rounded. 
Third abscissa of the radius a little longer than the second ; 
first recurrent nervure received at two thirds from the base 
of the second cubital cell, second at one-third from the base 
of the third cubital cell. 

Hab. Dorrigo, N.S.W. (R. J. Tillyard) ; November. 

This belongs to the group of rufiventris, Guér.; the male 
is nearly allied to kirbyi, Turn., and crinitus, Turn., from 
both of which it differs in colour, from the former also in 
the somewhat greater breadth of the head and clypeus and 
the less elongate hypopygium, from the latter in the much 
stronger sculpture of the seventh dorsal segment and the 
much sparser and shorter pubescence of the thorax. The 
female differs from kirbyi in the larger head, the sculpture 
of the first three dorsal segments, and the greater length of 


538 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera, 


the pygidium; from crinitus in the much shorter dorsal 
surface of the median segment and in colour. 


Hemithynnus hamlyn-harrisi, sp. n. 


¢. Flavo-aurantiacus; vertice, mesonoto, mesosterno, scutello basi 
segmentisque abdominalibus 3-7 nigris; segmento mediano 
flavo ; alis flavo-hyalinis, apice hyalinis. 

@. Ferruginea; fronte segmentisque abdominalibus 3-5 nigris ; 
segmentis dorsalibus 1-5 macula laterali utrinque, primo fascia 
transyersa lata, 2-5 fascia interrupta, segmentisque ventralibus 
2-4 macula utrinque flayis; clypeo carinato, in spinam acutam 
producto. 

Long., ¢ 22, 9 16 mm. 


3. Clypeus convex, broadly truncate at the apex; eyes 
divergent towards the clypeus. Antenne about as long as 
the head, thorax, and median segment combined, the apical 
joints slender. Interantennal prominence strongly bilobed. 
Head and thorax opaque, closely and finely punctured ; 
abdomen shining and sparsely punctured. Median segment 
steeply sloped from the postscutellum ; pubescence grey on 
the head and median segment, fulvous on the thorax. 
Seventh dorsal segment striate, the striz curved at the apex ; 
lypopygium triangular, with an acute apical spine, the basal 
angles not prominent. 

?. Clypeus with a strong median carina, produced at the 
apex into an acute spine; mandibles very stout, blunt at the 
apex. Eyes narrowly oval. Head convex, fully half as broad 
again as long, rounded at the posterior, angles ; ; head, thorax, 
and median segment shining, very sparsely punctured, witha 
few long scattered grey hairs. Pronotum twice as broad as 
long; scutellum not much narrowed, a little shorter than the 
median segment. First dorsal segment with a transverse 
groove just before the apex ; second segment with about 
seven irregular transverse carine which are low and curve 
towards the base on each side, the apical margin strongly 
raised. Segments 3-5 shining, almost smooth; pygidium 
vertically truncate posteriorly, the dorsal plate ~ as long as 
the ventral, broadly ovate, closely longitudinally striated, 
with a long spine on each side near the apex, the apical 
margin smooth. Fifth ventral segment rugose-striate. 

Hab. Brisbane (Hacker) ; September. Received from 
Dr. Hamlyn- Harris. 

The male is the type. 

Both sexes are very near the common ;H. apterus, Oliv., 
but the colour of the male is very distinct, the median 


Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 539 


segment more abruptly truncate and the hypopygium rather 
more narrowly triangular. The female differs in the much 
greater development of the apical spine of the clypeus and 
in the distinctly broader pygidium. 

I mentioned the male as a variety of H. apterus (Proc. 
Linn. Soc. N.S.W. xxxiii. p. 191, 1908), but this is a 
mistake, though the structural differences in both sexes are 
slight. H. apterus also occurs near Brisbane; it seems to 
show differences in the sculpture of the second abdominal 
segment of the female in different localities, and it is 
possible that more than one species may be confused under 
the name. 


Thynnoides mesopleuralis, sp. n. 


@. Nigra; thorace segmentoque mediano rufo-ferrugineis ; man- 
dibulis basi fusco-ferrugineis ; pedibus rufo-testaceis ; antennis 
fuscis; segmento dorsali secundo carinis transversis sex ; 
pygidio angusto, elongato ; segmento ventrali quinto rugoso. 

3. Niger, albo-pilosus ; mandibulis basi, clypeo margine apicali, 
maculaque utrinque supra basin antennarum pallide flavis; 
mesopleuris rufo-ferrugineis ; tibiis femoribusque posticis subtus 
fusco-ferrugineis ; alis hyalinis, venis nigris, stigmate testaceo, 


Long., 2 8, ¢ 12 mm. 


?. Head distinctly broader than long, not narrowed 
anteriorly, rounded at the posterior angles, only slightly 
convex, shining, the front strongly but not closely punctured, 
the vertex almost smooth, the clypeus without a carina. 
Pronotum almost smooth, fully twice as broad as long, the 
anterior margin broadly arched ; scutellum almost smooth ; 
median segment closely punctured ; the whole thorax short, 
very little longer than the head. First dorsal segment 
punctured, broadly depressed and smooth at the apex ; 
second dorsal segment with five transverse carine rather 
close together and broadly separated from the strongly raised 
apical margin ; segments 3-5 shallowly and not very closely 
punctured; fifth ventral segment rugose ; pygidium long 
and very narrow, constricted near the middle. 

3. Clypeus convex, very shallowly and widely emarginate 
at the apex, closely punctured. Antenne nearly as long as 
the thorax and median segment combined, very slightly 
narrowed to the apex, the joints not arcuate beneath ; 
interantennal prominence bilobed. Head, thorax, and 
abdomen finely and closely punctured ; scutellum strongly 
convex; angles of the pronotum not prominent; median 
segment rounded. Abdominal segments strongly con- 
stricted at the base; seventh dorsal segment almost smooth 


540 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 


at the base, sparsely punctured at the apex; hypopygium 
narrow, the sides curved upwards, without basal spines, the 
apical spine slender and slightly recurved. Anterior coxe 
distinctly concave. Second abscissa of the radius as long 
as the third ; second recurrent nervure received at one-sixth 
from the base of the third cubital cell. 

Hab. Brisbane (Hacker) ; September. 

In colour the male resembles T. pugionatus, Guér., which 
occurs in the same locality, but the colour of the legs is 
different. The female is quite distinct. 


Thynnoides berthoudi, sp. 0. 


¢. Niger, albo-pilosus; mandibulis, clypeo, orbitis oculorum, 
margine postico capitis, lineisque duabus obliquis inter antennas 
flavis ; alis fusco-hyalinis, basi subhyalinis, venis nigris. 

Long. 16 mm. 


3g. Clypeus convex, produced and not very broadly trun- 
cate at the apex; antenne very slightly attenuated towards 
the apex, as long as the thorax and median segment com- 
bined ; the interantennal prominence broadly rounded at the 
apex, marked in the middle with an obscure longitudinal 
carina. The whole insect opaque, closely and not coarsely 
punctured, more finely on the median segment than else- 
where, the whitish pubescence dense on the median segment 
and on the apical margins of the abdominal segments. 
Abdominal segments strongly constricted at the base; the 
basal segment as broad at the apex as long, with a broad 
‘ongitudinal sulcus nearly reaching the apex. Apical dorsal 
segment longitudinally striated, truncate at the apex ; hypo- 
pygium elongate-triangular, the basal angles prominent, the 
apical spine slightly recurved. Anterior coxe slightly con- 
cave. ‘Third abscissa of the radius half as long again as the 
second ; first recurrent nervure received beyond two-thirds 
from the base of the second cubital cell, second a little before 
one-third from the base of the third cubital cell. 

Hab. Waroona, Western Australia (G. F. Berthoud) ; 
December. 

Nearest to nephelopterus, Turn., but differs in the much 
denser pubescence, the less concave fore cox, and the less 
prominent basal lobes of the hypopygium. The yellow 
markings on the head are also different. 


Thynnoides fuscocosialis, sp. n. 


$.° Niger; mandibulis basi clypeoque margine apicali pallide 
flavis; alis subhyalinis, costa obscuriore, venis nigris. 


Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossortial Hymenoptera. 541 


2. Nigra, nitida, sparsissime punctata; segmento dorsali secundo 
carinis 5 transversis; area pygidiali angusta; segmento ventrali 
quinto rugoso. 


Long., ¢ 17, 2 11 mm. 


3. Clypeus closely punctured, widely and rather shallowly 
emarginate at the apex. Head, thorax, and abdomen closely 
but not coarsely punctured, with sparse white pubescence. 
Antenne short, scarcely as long as the thorax and median 
segment combined, slightly narrowed to the apex; the 
interantennal prominence broadly rounded at the apex. 
Anterior angles of the pronotum not produced; scutellum 
separated by a fovea from the mesonotum, with a low carina 
from the base to the apex ; median segment rounded. Abdo- 
minal segments constricted at the base ; the first segment 
broader at the apex than long and marked with a longitu- 
dinal sulcus from the base to beyond the middle. Sixth 
dorsal segment very coarsely punctured, rounded at the 
apex; hypopvgium transversely striated above, elongate- 
triangular, with an acute apical spine, the basal angles 
strongly produced into blunt teeth. Third abscissa of the 
radius longer than the second; first recurrent nervure 
received beyond the middle of the second cubital cell, second 
at two-sevenths from the base of the third cubital cell. Ante- 
rior coxe very slightly concave; the spur of the anterior 
tibize testaceous. 

2. Head moderately convex, shining and sparsely punc- 
tured, with a short shallow frontal sulcus, nearly half as 
broad again as long, slightly narrowed anteriorly and strongly 
rounded at the posterior angles; the clypeus without a 
carina, the anterior margin straight. Pronotum distinctly 
broader than long, the anterior margin slightly arched, finely 
and sparsely punctured, with a few deep setigerous punctures 
along the anterior margin. Scutellum and median segment 
rather more strongly punctured, the median segment scarcely 
longer than the scutellum, broadened and very steeply sloped 
posteriorly. Abdomen shining, sparsely punctured ; first 
dorsal segment with a wide groove between two transverse 
carine at the apex ; second segment with five strong trans- 
verse Carine, including the raised apical margin; fifth 
ventral segment coarsely rugose. Pygidium narrowed at 
the base, fully three times as long as the greatest breadth, 
the dorsal plate shorter and narrower than the ventral, 
marked with an obscure longitudinal carina, the ventral 
plate rounded at the apex, a tuft of pale fulvous hairs on 
each side before the apex. 


Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. at 


542 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 


Hab. Brisbane (H. Hacker) ; September. 

Very near waterhousei, Turn., from which it differs in the 
shape of the head in the female and in the shape and colour 
of the anterior margin of the clypeus in the male. 


Lestricothynnus optimus, Sm. 


Thynnus optimus, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. vii. p. 29 (1859). ¢. 
Thynnus sulcatus, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. vii. p. 42 (1859). &. 


Hab. Dorre Island, W. Australia (Grant Watson). 3 2 
in Cop. 

I had previously suggested that these were sexes of one 
species, and a considerable series of both sexes, many taken 
in copulé, in Grant Watson’s collection confirms my con- 
jecture. Several of these pairs are now in the National 
Collection. 


Leptothynnus (?) peltastes, sp. n. 


3. Niger, albido-pilosus ; alis subhyalinis, venis nigris ; segmento 
yentrali sexto utrinque spina acuta armato; segmento dorsali 
septimo lamella plana haud instructo; hypopygio linguiforme, 
apice spina acuta armato, spinis basalibus nullis. 

®. Nigra, nitida, sparse punctata; segmento dorsali primo trans- 
versa rugoso, apice late suleato; segmento dorsali secundo 
transverse quinquecarinato; epipygio triangulari, obliquo, basi 
angusto; hypopygio apice late rotundato, epipygio multo longiore ; 
segmento ventrali quinto ruguso. 


Long., d 17, 2 14 mm. 


g. Clypeus moderately convex, closely punctured, broadly 
truncate at the apex, the labrum slightly exposed and 
broadly rounded at the apex. Head closely and finely punc- 
tured, the interantennal carina almost transverse; antenne 
longer than the thorax and median segment combined, 
distinctly slenderer at the apex, the apical joints very feebly 
arcuate beneath. Anterior margin of the pronotum dis- 
tinctly raised, the angles not prominent. ‘Thorax closely 
punctured ; median segment much more finely punctured, 
rounded; scutellum flattened; anterior coxe flattened. 
Abdomen rather slender, fusiform, shallowly and rather 
sparsely punctured, the segments scarcely constricted at the 
base ; sixth ventral segment with a spine on each side at the 
apical angles ; seventh dorsal segment not produced into a 
flattened plate; hypopygium linguiform, with an acute 
apical spine. Second abscissa of the radius as long as the 
third ; second recurrent nervure received just beyond one- 
third from the base of the third cubital cell. 


Mr. R. &. Turner on Fossorial [Tymenoptera. 543 


?. Mandibles rather long, acute at the apex; clypeus 
transverse, without a carina. Head strongly but not very 
closely punctured, much broader than the thorax, nearly 
twice as broad as long, rounded at the posterior angles. 
Pronotum fully twice as broad as long, the sides parallel, 
finely and closely punctured; scutellum more strongly and 
sparsely punctured, much narrower than the pronotum ; 
median segment no longer than the scutellum, finely and 
not very closely punctured. First dorsal segment trans- 
versely rugose, ‘with a deep transverse groove “between the 
caring at the apex ; second dorsal segment with five strong 
transverse carinz, including the raised apical margin ; 
segments 3-5 shining and sparsely punctured ; fifth ventral 
segment coarsely rugose. Pygidium oblique, the dorsal 
plate triangular, narrow at the ‘base, the surface rugose ; the 
ventral plate much longer than the dorsal and very broadly 
rounded at the apex. Tarsi normal. 

Hab. Dorrigo, New South Wales (R. J. Tillyard) ; 
November. 

This species can only be placed provisionally in Lepto- 
thynnus, the male having no flattened plate on the seventh 
dorsal segment and the pygidium of the female being 
narrowed at the base. 


Zaspilothynnus hackeri, sp. u. 


3. Niger, albo-pilosus ; segmentis abdominalibus sexto septimoque 
rufis; alis subhyalinis. 

9. Nigra, nitida, sparse punctata; segmento dorsali secundo 
carinis septem transversis ; segmento ventrali quinto longitudi- 
naliter striato ; pygidio ovato, longitudinaliter striato, basi haud 
constricto. 

Long., 5 20, 9 15 mm. 


3d. Clypeus closely punctured, convex, broadly and 
shallowly emarginate at the apex, the angles of the emargi- 
nation produced into short spines. Head, thorax, and abdo- 
men closely punctured; antennze shorter than the thorax 
and median segment combined, slightly narrowed to the 
apex, the apical joints very feebly arcuate beneath. Inter- 
antennal carina almost transverse, a low frontal carina 
almost reaching the anterior ocellus. Anterior margin of 
the pronotum transverse, the angles not prominent. Dorsal 
surface of the median segment as long as the scutellum, the 
posterior slope steep. Abdomen elongate; the segments 
moderately constricted at the base; sixth ventral segment 
with a very short blunt spine on each side at the apical 


eho 


SAL Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 


angles; seventh dorsal segment longitudinally rugose, pro- 
duced into a very short flattened plate rounded at the apex, 
with several curved strie below the apex of the dorsal plate 
and above the hypopygium, which is triangular, with a short 
blunt apical spine, and produced strongly at the basal angles 
into blunt lobes. Anterior cox slightly concave. Third 
abscissa of the radius longer than the second; second 
recurrent nervure received at one-quarter from the base of 
the third cubital cell. 

?. Clypeus transverse, without a carina; head small, 
broader than long, slightly narrowed anteriorly, strougly 
rounded at the posterior ang'es, shining and almost smooth, 
coarsely punctured in the middle of the front. Pronotum 
finely and closely punctured, half as broad again as long, 
with a few deep setigerous punctures along the anterior 
margiu. Scutellum and median segment sparsely punc- 
tured, about equal in length. Abdomen shining, very 
sparsely punctured, the first dorsal segment with a narrow 
transverse groove before the strongly raised apical margin ; 
second segment with seven well-defined transverse carine, 
including the strongly raised apical margin ; fifth ventral 
segment longitudinally rugose-striate; pygidium vertically 
truncate, ovate, with about five arched carine on the basal 
half, the apical half almost smooth, broadly rounded at the 
apex, not constricted at the base, the ventral plate longer 
than the dorsal. Intermediate tibie moderately stout, basal 
joint of intermediate tarsi slightly broadened. 

Hab. Brisbane (H. Hacker) ; September. 

‘The male is easily distinguished by the emarginate clypeus, 
the very short spines of the sixth ventral segment, and thie 
colour, the latter character resembling that of the West- 
Australian species Z. crudelis, Turn., aud Z. trilobatus, Turn., 
both of which are much smaller. It bears a strong superficial 
resemblance to Dimorphothynnus hemorrhoidalis, Guér. The 
female differs from most species of the genus in the absence 
of constriction at the base of the pygidium, in this character 
resembling Z. dilatatus, Sm. 


Thynnus mutandus, sp. 0. 


3. Niger; clypeo, mandibulis, marginibus oculorum, maculis 
duabus supra antennas, vertice linea transyersa utrinque, pronoto 
marginibus, tegulis, pleuris, mesonoto linea longitudinali discoidali 
utrinque, scutello linea curvata interrupta, postscutello, segmento 
mediano linea nigra longitudinali utrinque, segmentis dorsalibus 
1-6 fascia lata transversa utrinque, segmentis ventralibus 1-6 


Mr. R. KE. Turner on Fossortal Hymenoptera. — 545 


fere totis, coxisque flavis; pedibus pallide ferrugineis flayo- 
variegatis ; alis hyalinis, flavo tinctis, venis fuscis. 

2. Nigra; scutello tibiisque extus flavo-testaceis; segmentis 
dorsalibus primo tertioque fascia lata transversa, quarto, quinto 
sextoque macula obscura laterali utrinque flavo-ochracvis; seg- 
mento dorsali secundo carinis 9 transversis. 

fons, 5°17, 9 10 mm. 


3. Clypeus convex, sparsely punctured, broadly truncate 
at the apex, the angles not produced, almost pointed at the 
base. Interantennal prominence well developed, connected 
with the base of the clypeus by a short narrow carina, 
divided by a longitudinal suleus which almost reaches the 
anterior ocellus. Eyes slightly divergent towards the 
clypeus, the posterior ocelli as far from each other as from 
the eyes, the anterior ocellus situated in a depression. 
Antenne about as long as the thorax and median segment 
combined, the joints not arcuate beneath, the apical joints 
not quite so stout as the basal. Head closely but not 
coarsely punctured, thorax and abdomen more sparsely 
punctured, subopaque ; mesopleurz very closely and finely 
punctured. Scutellum ending in a_ blunt point ; post- 
scutellum depressed below the scutellum, the apex subacute 
and produced beyond the base of the vertical truncation of 
the median segment. First abdominal segment as broad as 
the second, vertically truncate anteriorly ; sixth ventral 
segment with an acute spine on each side at the apical 
angles. Seventh dorsal segment produced into a flat 
process, longitudinally striated. Hypopygium obliquely 
striated above, as broad at the base as long, with a strong 
spine on each side near the base, narrowed towards the apex 
and rather broadly truncate at the base of the stout apical 
spine. Third abscissa of the radius longer than the second, 
first recurrent nervure received at three-quarters from the 
hase of the second cubital cell, second just beyond one- 
quarter from the base of the third cubital cell. 

9. Head rather small, no broader than the pronotum ; 
mandibles falcate, acute at the apex; clypeus without a 
carina, punctured. [ront with a deep excavation on each 
side, smooth and shining; the excavations elongate and 
nearly reaching the eyes, separated by a rather narrow 
elevated space the lateral margins of which are raised into 
carine, the space between the carine punctured, with an 
obscure median carina and a few long cinereous_ hairs. 
Vertex smooth and shining, the posterior margin of the head 
widely emarginate. Pronotum coarsely and shallowly punc- 
tured, with a low median carina from the base to the apex, 


546 Mr. KK. Andersen on new Petalia. 


the anterior margin raised and widely emarginate, nearly 
half as wide again as the posterior and lateral margins. 
Seutellum short and transverse, almost smooth, much 
narrower than the pronotum. Median segment shining and 
almost smooth, broadened posteriorly, the dorsal surface 
only about one- -third of the length of the pronotum, obliquely 
truncate posteriorly, the surface of the truncation raised 
along the median line. Abdomen shining and sparsely 
punctured, much broader than the thorax, the basal segment 
with a patch of long cinereons hairs in the middle ; second 
segment with nine strong transverse carine, higher at the 
apex than at the base; pygidium narrow and _ transversely 
striated at the base, sharply narrowed before the base of the 
almost vertical posterior truncation, the surface of which is 
twice as long as broad, smooth, the dorsal plate much 
shorter than the ventral, with a notch on each side at the 
base, the ventral plate emarginate at the apex and serrate 
at the sides. Fifth ventral segment longitudinally striated. 
Intermediate tibiz broad and strongly spinose. 

Hab. Aru (Elgner), Sent by Mr. Froggatt. 

This belongs to the group of 7. serriger. Sharp, and is 
nearest to T. celebensis, Turn., from which the male differs 
in the sparser puncturation, in which it approaches more 
closely to 7. olivaceus, Turn. From both of these species 
it differs in the truncation of the hypopygium. The female 
differs from ca/vus, Turn., in the narrower pygidium, the 
narrower raised median space on the front, and in the shape 
of the scape, which is curved, not elbowed as in calvus ; the 
sculpture is also different. The raised frontal area is also 
narrower than in ce/ebensis, Turn., and with a less strongly 
marked median carina. 


LXIV.—Breef Diagnoses of Light new Petalia, with a List of 
the known forms of the Genus. By Knup Anpreeue 


Petalia tragata, sp. 


As P. javanica (py, large), but free portion of tragus lingu- 
late (“ tongue-shaped’ ’), 7. €. Inner as well as outer margin 
passing in a smoothly rounded curve into upper margin (in 
P. javanica corresponding portion of tragus semilunate, 7, @. 
inner margin joining upper in a sharp angle); skull a little 
heavier, premolars and molars conspicuously larger. Skull 


Mr. K. Andersen on new Petalia. “Kee 


of type (an ¢mmature, though probably nearly full-grown, 
specimen), condylo-canine length 19:2 mm., against 17°8-19 
in twenty-three fully adult skulls of gavanica, c—m* (crowas) 
8'2, against 7°2-7°8 in twenty-six adult javanica; external 
dimensions probably very nearly as in P. javanica. 

Type, 2 imm. (ale.), Bidi Caves, Sarawak, presented by 
Cecil J. Brooks, Esq., B.M. 3. 8. 31.1. The range of this 
form extends to the Malay Peninsula (@ juv., Biserat, B.M. 
3. 2. 6. 85). 


Petaha nana, sp. n. 


Allied to P. arge (pq large), but considerably smaller, and 
with proportionately much smaller ears (tragus not differing 
in shape, being lingulate as in arge). Korearm of type 
34 mm. (39°5-45 in ten adult arge), third metacarpal 25:7 
(30°5-34°2), tibia 14°5 (20-23°7), ear from base of inner 
margin 15°5 (23-26°5), maxillary tooth-row (c—m’, crowns) 
5:7 (6°8-7°3). 

Type, 3 ad. (alc.), Benito R., French Congo, collected by 
Mr -G. LL. Bates; B.M..0. 2. 5. 46. 


This is the smallest known form of the genus. 


Petalia major, sp. n. 


Similar to P. arge (p, large, tragus lingulate), but easily 
distinguished by its conspicuously larger size, being about 
equal in dimensions to P. ethiopica luteola. Forearm of type 
49 mm. (39°5-45 in ten adult arge) ; skull, total length 22°2 
(19:5-20°2), condyle to front of canine 19°7 (16°8-17:7), 
maxillary tooth-row 7°8 (6°8-7°3). 

Type, @ ad. (ale.), Ja R., Cameroons, 23 Jan., 1906, 
collected by Mr. G. L. Bates, B.M. 9. 10. 2. 49. 


Petalia aurita, sp. n. 


Dentition (incisors and p,), tragus, and external dimensions 
as in P, hispida, but ears much longer, skull larger, tooth- 
rows longer. Forearm of type 43 mm. (in forty-seven adult 
P. hispida 37:2-43), ear from base of inner margin 21°5 
(16°5-18°7) ; skull, total length 18°7 (in thirty-two adult 
hispida 16°5-17°8), condyle to front of canine 1671 (14—15°3), 
c—m® (crowns) 6°5 (5:5-6'1). 

Type, ¢ ad. (ale.), Kili, British East Africa, collected 
and presented by G. D. Trevor-Roper, Esq., B.M. 89.1. 11.1. 
Other specimens from Maungu, B.E.A., and Burao, Somali- 
land, 


548 Mr. K. Andersen on new Petalia. 


Petalia thebaica adana, subsp. n. 


As P. th. thebaica (Egypt), but teeth larger, colour of fur 
paler. c-m* (crowns) in nine skulls (type and topotypes) 
6°8-7'1 mm., as against 6°5-6°8 in four skulls from Hgypt ; 
forearm (type and 1 twenty topotypes) 42:5-46°5 (nine th. the- 
baica, 41-45). Colour of fur of upperside pale drab, in 
th. thebatca drab-slate. 

Type, 9 ad. (skin), Myba, nr. Aden, 17 Aug., 1899, 
collected by Mr. W. Dodson, B.M. 99. 11. 6. 18. 


Petalia damarensis brockmant, subsp. n. 


Probably the north-eastern representative of P. d. dama- 
vensis, from which it is distinguishable only by the larger 
average size of the skull. Total length of skull (fourteen 
specimens) 21-21'5 mm. (20-212 in six d. damarensis), total 
length of lower jaw 13°7-14°2 (12-7-13-7), maxillary tooth- 
row (crowns) 7°2-7°7 (7-7°5). Forearm 47-51, ear from 
base of inner margin 29-31°5 mm. 

Type, 9 ad. (skin), Upper Sheikh, British Somaliland, 
4300’, 11 Jan., 1910, collected and presented by Dr. R. E. 
Drake-Brockman, B.M. 10. 3.27.4. The range of this form 
is known to extend to Erythrea. SP. d. damarensis occurs in 
DamaraJand and Namaqualand, through the Lake Ngami 
region, eastward to Tette. 

“Note.—P. d. brockmani should not be confused with the 
smaller, shorter-eared P. revoilz, which belongs to the same 
section of the genus and occurs in the same region (forearm 
41-45, ear 26-26°5, maxillary tooth-row 6°5-6°8 mm.). 


Petalia damarensis media, subsp. n. 


Probably the Abyssinian representative of the foregoing 
form, from which it differs by its conspicuously smaller size : 
total length of skull of type 20°6 mm., of lower jaw 13, 
maxillary tooth-row 6°8, forearm 45:5, ear from base of inner 
margin 29. 

Type, ad. (skin), Harar, Abyssinia, 19 Jan., 1912, collected 
by Hr. G. Kristensen, presented by the Hon. N. C. Rothschild, 
BME 1202528./1. 


Petalia gambiensis, sp. n. 


Tragus of the P. thebaica type, but species differing from 
any other form of the thebaica section by its remarkably 
small size. Forearm (type and topotype) 39-40°8 mm., 


Mr. K. Andersen on new Petalia. 549 


third metacarpal 29, ear from base of inner margin 23-23°5, 
skull (total length) 18°5, maxillary tooth-row (crowns) 
6°1-6°2. 

Type, ad. (skin), Dialocote, French Gambia, 7 March, 1910, 
presented by G. Fenwick Owen, Esq., B.M. 11. 6. 10. 10. 


Note-—Gambia is inhabited by two other species of 
Petalia, P. hispida and P. macrotis. 


The following nineteen forms of Petalia are known to the 
writer :— 


I. P. javanica group :—p, large, equal in height to cusp 1 of m, ; tragus 
lingulate or semilunate. 
A. Indo-Malayan species. 
1. P. javanica, i. Geoff.—Java; Timor. 
2. P. tragata, K. A.—Borneo; Malay Peninsula. 


Bb. Ethiopian species. 

3. P. arge, Thos.*—Semliki R.; Ituri Forest; Benito R., French 
Congo; Fernando Po; Cameroons (Hfulen; R. Ja); Old 
Calabar ; Oban, 8. Nigeria. 

4. P. nana, K. A.—Benito R., French Congo. 

5. P. major, K, A.—Cameroons (R. Ja). 


II. P. hispida group :—p, small; upper incisors trifid; tragus falciform 
or semilunate. Ethiopian. 

6. P. hispida, Schreber.—From Egypt and Soudan, through British 
Kast Africa and Uganda, south to Ft. Johnston (Nyasa) and 
Upper Shiré R., west to Angola and the Guinea coast, as far 
as Gambia. 

7. P. aurita, Kk. A.—British East Africa and Somaliland. 

8. P. yrandis, Pet.—From Zanzibar, west to French Congo and Old 
Calabar. 


IIL. P. ethiopica group :—p, small; upper incisors bifid; tragus semi- 
lunate (or nearly so), Ethiopian. 
9. P. ethiopica ethiopica, Dobson.—Kordofan and Shendy (Upper 
Nile). 
10. P. ethiopica luteola, Thos.+—Zanzibar; British East Africa ; 
Uganda; west to Loanda (Pungo Andongo and Cassualalla). 
11. P. macrotis t, Dobson.—The Guinea coast representative of 
P. ethiopica: from Nigeria to Gambia, 


IV. P. thebaica group :—p, small; upper incisors bifid; tragus pyriform 
(free portion narrowest at base, its outer and inner margins evenly 
convex). Ethiopian. 

12. P. thebaica adana, K. A.—Aden. 
13. P. thebaica thebaica, K. Geoft.—Egypt (incl. Sinai). 


* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xii. p. 633 (Dec. 1903), 

+ Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) viii. p. 30 (July 1901). 

{ Nycteris geoffroyi, Desmarest (Mamm. p. 127; 1820), may be an 
earlier name of this species, but, unless the type should have been pre- 
served, the identification appears rather doubtful. 


Dr. W. G. Ridewood on 


14, P. revolt, Robin *,— Erythrea; Somaliland; British East 
Africa; Uganda. 

15. P. capensis, Smith.—From Zambesia, south to Transvaal, Zulu- 
Jand, Natal, and Pondoland, west to Mossamedes and 


Gr 
qn 
foam) 


Benguela. 
16. P. damarensis, Pet.—Damaraland ; Namaqualand ; Lake Ngami; 
Tette. 


17. P. d. brockman?, K. A.—Erythrea; Somaliland, 
18. P. d. media, K. A.—Abyssinia (Harar). 
19. P. gambiensis, K. A.—Gambia. 


LX V.—On Specimens of Cephalodiscus nigrescens supposed 
to have been dredged in 1841 07 1842. By W.G. RipEewoop. 


Tue genus Cephalodiscus was founded upon material dredged 
by the ‘Challenger’ in 1876 from a single locality (Station 
311) in the Straits of Magellan. The full report upon that 
material t+ was drawn up by Prof. W. C. M‘Intosh and 
Dr. S. F. Harmer, and published in 1887 (5), the species 
being described as Cephalodiscus dodecalophus. 

Since then twelve new species of Cephalodiscus have been 
described :—C. gracilis, C. siboga, and C. levinseni, by 
Harmer (3); C. nigrescens, by Lankester (4); C. gilchristi 
and C. hodgsoni, by Ridewood (6 and 7) ; C. equatus, C. in- 
equatus, C. solidus, C. densus, and C. rarus, by Andersson (1) ; 
and C. indicus, by Schepotieff (9). 

Another species, somewhat resembling the C. rarus of 
Andersson, is stated to have been obtained on the second 
French Antarctic Expedition. The name given to it by 
Grayier (2) is C. anderssoni; but since the author does not 
enumerate its distinguishing features, the species cannot as 
yet be regarded as more than a nomen nudum, 

Yet another species, of strongly marked facies, was 
obtained by the ‘Scotia’ during the Scottish National 
Antarctic Expedition, when at Station 346 (lat. 54° 25’ S., 
long. 57° 39’ W., depth 56 fathoms), in December 1903. 


* Bull. Soe. Philom. (7) v. p. 90 (1881). Name perhaps antedated by 
Heuglin’s Nycteris laliata (N. Act. Ac, C. Leop.-Car. xxix. p. 5; 1861), 
the type of which I haye not yet seen. 

+ The full report was preceded by a preliminary notice in the ‘ Annals 
and Magazine of Natural History,’ (5) x. 1882, pp. 387-348, and another 
in the Report of the British Association meeting of 1882 (published 1883, 
pp. 596-597). The first published figures of Cephalodiscus, made from 
drawings supplied by Prof. M‘Intosh, appeared in KE. R. Lankester’s 
article “ Polyzoa” in the ‘ Encyclopedia Britannica,’ ed. 9, xix. 1885, 
fies, 8-10. 


Specimens of Cephalodiscus nigrescens. 551 
} P g 


The description of this species has not yet been published, 
but a report upon it is in preparation. 


In May of the present year, when examining some speci- 
mens of Cephalodiscus dredged on the Swedish Antarctic 
Expedition and received by “the British Museum (Natural 
History) from Stockholm in exchange for other specimens, 
Mr. R. Kirkpatrick alluded to the fact that among the 
Pterobranchia in his charge were three bottles of a kind of 
Cephalodiscus, apparently part of the collection of material 
obtained on the ‘Erebus’ and ‘Terror’ Expedition in the 
Antarctic Ocean in the years 1839-1843. The specimens 
were shown to Dr. S. F. Harmer, the Keeper of the Depart- 
ment of Zoology in the Museum, who recognized them as 
similar to those of Cephalodiscus nigrescens dredged by the 
‘ Discovery’ in the Antarctic Ocean, and eabanited them to 
me for examination and report. Iam plea-ed to be able to 
confirm Dr. Harmer’s identification of the specimens as 
C. nigrescens, and I take this opportunity of thanking him 
for allowing me to publish the present note. 

For convenience of reference the specimens may be 
distivguished as A, B, and C. 

Specimen A (see figure, p. 552) is a dark brown piece of 
colony with four branches. Greatest measurements 68 by 
39 mm. ; longest branch 42 mm. long and 11 mm. wide; 
second longest branch 21 mm. long and 10 mm. wide; 
the other two branches are short. The piece is in good 
condition, with the projecting peristomial tubes and lips 
intact. The zooids are numerous, blackish, in fair state of 
preservation, each with three or four buds. The size of the 
body and the proportions of the buccal shield are the 
same as those recorded in the description of C. nigrescens in 
the ‘ Discovery’ Expedition Report (7, p. 28). 

Specimen B is of a paler colour than A: it is evidently a 
young colony, consisting of but one branch; the attached 
base contains included stones and shells ; size 33 mm. by 
22 mm. ; preservation good ; zooids plentiful. 

Specimen C consists of two pieces of colony, very pale in 
colour, in poor condition, with no branches remaining and 
with the peristomial tubes broken off. Both pieces are 
massive in character. The larger measures 64 by 41 mm. ; 
stumps of three branches are recognizable ; sandy particles 
are embedded in the basal end of it. The smaller piece 
measures 58 by 40 mm. Both pieces appear to have been 


be Dr. W. G. Ridewood on’ 


slashed with a knife in various directions. Scarcely any 
zooids remain in the tubes, and such as can be found are in 
a very bad state of preservation. 

The bottles containing specimens A and B bear very old 
brown labels. That on A is illegible, but a second and more 
recent label affixed to the bottle bears the words “ label 
illegible — probably Antarctic Exp. — 98. 7. 26, R. K.,” 
meaning that Mr. R. Kirkpatrick, when working at the 


Cephalodiscus nigrescens (specimen A), supposed to have been dredged in 
1841 or 1842 on the ‘ Erebus’ and ‘ Terror’ Expedition. Nat. size. 


collection on July 26th, 1898, came to the conclusion that 
the material was part of the collection obtained by Ross on 
his Antarctic Expedition in 1839-43. 

The label on bottle B bears the words “ Antarctic Sea, 
Antarctic Exp.,” in the original handwriting, but the rest of 
the label is illegible. It is interesting, however, to note 
that in size and colour and the character of the handwriting 


Specimens of Cephalodiscus nigrescens. 553 


this label agrees exactly with the labels on two other bottles 
in the Museum coilection—one of which, containing a 
specimen of Bugula (B. reticulata, Busk), bears the words 
“ Autaretic Expedition—Admiralty—74°5° §S., 1745° E., 
300 fms.,” and the other, containing a Hexactinellid sponge 
(Anoxycalyx yimai, Kirk.), “ Autaretic Exp.—Admiralty— 
fe Sa 175d° Bo? 

The label on bottle C is evidently of more recent date than 
those on bottles A and B. It bears the words ‘“‘ Antarctic 
xped.—Admiralty,”’ probably copied from an earlier label. 
Ina different handwriting are the words “ No Sponge,’ and 
m a third hand are the words, written in pencil, ‘‘ Cephalo- 
_ discus (Polyzoan)?” Mr. Kirkpatrick informs me that 
these last two words are in the handwriting of Mr. S. O. 
Ridley, who was in charge of the Polyzoa in the British 
Museum until 1887. Credit is therefore due to Mr. Ridley 
for his recognition, even though qualified, of a specimen of 
Cephalodiscus so unlike the Cephalodiscus dodecalophus of 
the ‘ Challenger.’ 


Cephalodiscus nigrescens was first described by Lankester 
in J905 (4), andatuller account, by Ridewood, was published 
in 1907 in the reports of the National Antarctic Expedition 
(7). ‘The whole of the material there described was obtained 
by the ‘ Discovery’ in 1902 off Coulman Island, near 
Victoria Land, in the Ross Sea in the Antarctic Ocean, at a 
depth of 100 fathoms. 

In connection with the three specimens of C. nigrescens 
now under consideration, it is of interest to note that 
Coulman Island (about 733 8., 170° E.) was discovered by 
Captain Sir James Clark Ross, in charge of the ‘Erebus’ 
and ‘ Terror’ Expedition, on January 17th, 18141, when at a 
distance of 100 miles to the west of it (8, vol. i. p. 199). On 
January 18th soundings were taken in 230 fathoms in 73°5., 
176° EK, and small shells and pieces of coral and a Nymphon 
were obtained. During the night they sounded again, and 
found a sandy bottom at a depth of 180 fathoms. Becalmed 
off Coulman Island on January 19th, they put down the 
dredge in 270 fathoms (8, p. 201), and obtained broken 
pieces of rock, living corals, and “ Corallines, Flustre, and a 
variety of marine invertebrate animals.’ They sounded 
again on January 20th, when 25 miles off Coulman Island, 
and some fragments of starfish and pieces of coral were got 
from a muddy and sandy bottom (820 fathoms). On 
January 22ud the dredge was put down on a bottom of 


5o4 On Specimens of Cephalodiscus nigrescens. 


300 fathoms, and after trailing for two or three hours 
“brought up many animals, some corallines, and a quantity 
of sand, mud, and small stones ....and several entirely 
new forms of creatures, of which accurate drawings * were 
taken by Dr. Hooker” (8, vol. i. p. 207). The voyage after 
this was southward towards Franklin Island and away from 
Coulman Island. 

After the first attempt to reach the Pole the vessels came 
back to Tasmania, passed on to Port Jackson (July 1841), 
aud stayed about three months in the northern extremity of 
New Zealand (August—October 1841). 

They commenced a fresh attempt to reach the Pole in 
November 1841, and traversed the Ross Sea a second time . 
in February and March 1842. On February 16th, 1842, 
they reached 78° S., 187° W. (=173° E.), and in the afternoon 
they hove to, and the dredge was put down in 290 fathoms, 
and ‘‘ many curious invertebrate animals and a small fish 
were taken.” The voyage was then continued southward 
and westward, and the region of Coulman Island was left. 
On the second attempt to reach the Pole they thus got 
within 3° longitude of Coulman Island (8, vol. ii. pp. 195-6), 
but not so close to it as on January 20th, 1841. 

From these data the conclusion may be drawn that if 
Cephalodiscus nigrescens were then, as now, peculiarly 
abundant in the neighbourhood of Coulman Island, the 
specimens A-C were in all probability dredged either in 
January 1841 or in February 1842, and from a depth of 
about 300 fathoms. 

The species, however, as recent events show, is not peculiar 
to that district, for on the second French Antarctic Expe- 
dition (1908-10) Cephalodiscus nigrescens was found in 
abundance in the South-American part of the Antarctic 
Ocean in lat. 68° S., long. 70° 20’ W. Paris (2), a region 
widely remote from the Ross Sea. 


References. 


(1) AnpERsson, Kk. A. “ Die Pterobranchier der Schwedischen Sud- 
polarexpedition 1901-1903.” Wissenschaftliche Nrgebnisse der 
Schwedischen Siidpolar-Expedition, Bd. v. 1907, pp. 1-122, eight 

lates. 

(2) Gave C. “Sur les Ptérobranches rapportés par la seconde 
ixpédition antarctique frangaise.” Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. 
t. cliv. Séance du 28 Mai, 1912, pp, 1488-1440. 


* Hooker's original drawings are in the Natural History Museum, but 
there is no drawing of Cephalodiscus among them. 


Bibliographical Notices. 500 


(3) Harmer, 8. F. “The Pterobranchia of the ‘Siboga’ Expedition, 
with an Account of other Species.” Siboga-Expeditie, Monogr. 
xxvi. b’s: Leiden, July 1905, pp. 152, fourteen plates and two text- 
figures. ; 

(4) LANKESTER, E.R. “On anew Species of Cephalodiscus (C. nigres- 
cens) from the Antaretic Ocean.” Proc, Roy. Soc. London, 1905, 
vol. 76 B, pp. 400-402, one plate. 

(5) M‘Inrosu, W.C. “ Report on Cephalodiscus dodecalophus.’ ‘ Chal- 
lenger’ Reports, Zoology, xx. part lxii. 1887, with Appendix by 
S. F. Harmer, pp. 48, seven plates and six text-figures. 

(6) Riprewoon, W.G. “A new Species of Cephalodiscus (C. gilchristi) 
from the Cape Seas.” Marine Investigations, South Africa, iv., 
Cape Town, 1906, pp. 173-192, three plates and five text-figures. 

“ Pterobranchia: Cephalodiseus.” National Antarctic Expe- 
dition, Natural History, vol. ii., London, 1907, pp. 1-67, seven 
plates and seventeen text-tigures, 

(8) Ross, J.C. A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern 
and Antarctic Regions during the years 1839-43. Two vols., 
London, 1847. 

(9) Scurpotrerr, A. “Die Pterobranchier des Indischen Ozeans.” 
Zool. Jahrb., Abth. fiir Syst. Bd. xxviii. Heft 4, 1909, pp. 429- 
445, two plates. 


(7) 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 


Recent Foreign and Colonial Natural History Periodicals. 


(1) Annals of the Transvaal Museum. May 1912. 

(2) The Journal of the East African and Uganda Natural History 
Society. Vol.i.no. 2. 1911. 

(3) Annals of the Queensland Museum. No. 10. November 1911. 


(1) Inctupes a First Check-List of the Flowering Plants and 
Ferns of the Transvaal and Swaziland, by Joseph Burtt-Davy and 
Mrs. Reno Pott-Leendertz (3240 species, included in 920 genera and 
157 families). 

(2) Includes a variety of papers on Game-Birds of the Protecto- 
rate, on Collecting and Preserving Fishes, the Central African Stone- 
‘Curlew, Mimicry in East African Buttertlies, the smaller fauna of 
Mount Elgon, Spitting Cobra, European migrants in British East 
Afriva, the microscopical structure of Diatomite, random observa- 
tions of chameleons, melanism in Felis serval, white water-buck, 
Gazella grantii, Kavirondo Potto, and Honey-Guides. Most of 
these papers are well illustrated, and the frontispiece gives an inter- 
esting flashlight photo of a lion going down to drink. 

(3) Another miscellaneous assortment of papers on fossils, 
mammals, snakes, batrachians, fishes, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, 
Arachnida, Cestodea, &e. 


556 Libliographical Notices. 


Records of the Western Australian Museum and Art Gallery.« 
Edited by the Director, Barvarp H. Woopwarp. Vol. L. Part 2. 
Printed by Order of the Trustees. Perth, 1912. Pp. 39-104, 
pls. vi.-xvi. Price 2s. 6d. 


THe number of scientific periodicals is increasing by Jeaps and 
bounds, and we have perhaps twenty at the present time for each 
one a few years ago; and it is becoming ever more difficult to keep 
abreast of this mass of fresh literature, The part before us contains 
much interesting matter by L. Glauert on Australian Fossils, notes 
on Western Australian Fishes by Allan R. McCulloch, and a list of 
birds observed on Durré and Bernier Islands by Otto Lipfert. 
W. Fea 


Distribution and O.igin of Life in America. By Roserr Francrs 
Scoarrr, Ph.D., B.Sc. London: Constable & Co. 1911. 
Price 10s. 6d. 


Tue title of this book is unfortunate, for its pages have nothing to 
tell us of the origin of life either in America or anywhere else. It 
is a work, and in many respects a mest excellent work, on the 
migrations of animals to and from the American continent, and 
ranging in time from the earliest geological records to the present 
day. 

Dr. Scharff has garnered an immense store of facts, for which 
alone he has earned the gratitude of all who are interested in the 
intricate problems presented by the study of the geographical 
distribution of animals. But we are not so enamoured of his 
interpretation of these facts, and our imagination is paralyzed hy 
the audacious way in which he raises and sinks ‘“land-bridges,” 
often of vast area, to account for the existence of this or that closely 
related group of animals in remote and isolated areas of the globe. 
It is not that we do not believe in “ land-bridges,” there is no room 
for doubt on the subject; but we fee] that Dr. Scharff has postulated 
more than nature ever made. We certainly cannot follow him, for 
example, in his contention that the primitive elephants made their 
“ way into America by a Pacific land-bridge instead of by way of 
Bering Strait. Nor do we agree with him that Greenland was the 
birthplace of the reindeer and that the hares originated in high 
arctic latitudes. Still more do we protest against his suggestion 
that the typical American deer are the descendants of the same 
stock which gave rise to the roebuck: there is absolutely nothing 
to justify such a view. 

But while we differ widely from Dr. Scharff in the interpretation 
of his evidence, we congratulate him on the vast array of facts 
which he has so laboriously brought together. 


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LX V1I.—Descriptions of new Species of Pyralide of the 
Subfamily Pyraustine. By Sir Grorcr F, Hampson, 
Bart., F.Z.S., &c. 


[Continued from p. 20.1 


(6f) Lygropia pheoneuralis, sp. n. 

Head and thorax ochreous yellow ; palpi with the second 
joint fuscous at sides; pectus and legs whitish, the fore 
tibia tinged with fuscous above; abdomen ochreous, the 
ventral surface white. Fore wing ochreous slightly irrorated 
with brown, the veins obscurely streaked with brown ; traces 
of a dark, oblique, slightly waved antemedial line; an 
indistinct dark discoidal spot; postmedial line indistinct, 
dark, oblique from costa to vein 4, then curved inwards to 
below end of cell and oblique to inner margin; a fine dark 
terminal line. Hind wing pale ochreous, with a fine dark 
terminal line. 

Hab. Paraguay, Sapucay (IV. Foster), 12 g type. Eup. 
22 mm. 

(7 a) Lygropia melanoperalis, sp. n. 

@. Uniform orange-yellow ; palpi white, with the third 
joint black ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen 
white, the fore tibiz and tarsi tinged with fuscous. 

Hab. Br. Guiana, Potaro R. (Kaye), 1 2 type. Bap. 
24 mm. 

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 38 


558 Sir G. F. Hampson on new 


(10a) Lygropia straminea, sp. 0. 


3. Head, thorax, and abdomen bright ochreous yellow ; 
palpi with the base of second joint and the third joint black ; 
fore legs aud mid femora streaked with fuscous. Fore wing 
bright ochreous yellow, with small black spots at base of 
cell, in middle of cell, and at lower angle. Hind wing 
bright ochreous yellow. 

Hab. TransvaaL, Kranspruit (Janse),1 g type, Johannes- 
burg (Cooke), 1 3. Exp. 26 mm. 


(16 5) Lygropia tetraspilalis, sp. n. 


9. Head, thorax, and abdomen white tinged with golden 
yellow ; palpi orange; fore tibize with black band at extre- 
mity. Fore wing whitish tinged with golden yellow; sub- 
basal, antemedial, and postmedial small black spots on costa 
and a small discoidal spot; a curved diffused orange ante- 
medial line ; a curved orange band just beyond the cell from 
below costa, where it is diffased inwards to inner margin; 
postmedial line orange, outwardly oblique from below costa 
to vein 2, then diffused to inner margin near tornus; a large 
diffused orange subapical patch ; a fine orange terminal line ; 
cilia orange, with pale tips. Hind wing whitish tinged 
with golden yellow; a diffused sinuous orange antemedial 
line ; a broad orange band from lower angle of cell to inner 
margin; postmedial line orange, incurved below costa, then 
excurved and ending at tornus; a large elliptical subapical 
patch extending to vein 2; a fine orange terminal line ; cilia 
orange at base, pale at tips. 


Hab. Narat, Durban (Jeffery), 1 9 type. Lap. 22 mm. 


(25 a) Lygropia flavinotalis, sp. nu. 

2. Head and thorax black-brown ; palpi yellowish white 
at base and at extremity of second joint ; pectus and legs 
yellowish white, the tibie fuscous at extremity ; abdomen 
black-brown, with slight greyish segmental lines, the ventral 
surface yellowish white. Fore wing black-brown with a 
purplish gloss; a curved pale yellow antemedial line ex- 
panding towards costa; a yellow bar from middle of costa 
across the cell; a wedge-shaped yellow patch from costa 
beyond middle to vei 3, with a slight yellow bar below it 
from vein 2 to above inner margin and an oblique yellow bar 
beyond it from costa to vein 7 ; cilia yellow above tornus. 
Hind wing black-brown with a purplish gloss; a quadrate 
yellowish white discoidal patch ; a yellowish postmedial line, 


ee 
Species of Pyralide. 559 


slightly excurved from costa to vein 2, then retracted to 
below angle of cell and oblique to above tornus; cilia 
yellowish at submedian interspace; the underside yellowish 
to beyond the postmedial line, which is strong, black, and 
conjoined at lower angle of cell to the blackish discoidal 
patch. 

Hab. Nicerta, Sapele (Sampson), 1 @ type. Hap. 
22 mm. 


(25b) Lygropia hyalostictals, sp. u. 

6. Head and thorax fuscous brown ; palpi at base, pectus, 
and legs whitish; abdomen with the basal half fuscous 
brown, the terminal half greyish, the ventral surface white. 
Fore wing fuscous brown with a cupreous gloss; a slight 
whitish antemedial mark in cell and another below the cell ; 
a quadrate hyaline spot in middle of cell and a lunule below 
the cell, concave towards base ; a postmedial hyaline band 
between veins 7 and 8. Hind wing fuscous brown with a 
cupreous gloss ; a hyaline lunule below middle of cell, con- 
cave towards base, and another beyond the cell between 
veins 6 and 3. 

Hab. 8. Niceria, Lagos (Strachan), 1 g type. zp. 
28 mm. 


(30c) Lyyropia epipaschiodes, sp. u. 


gd. Head and thorax white irrorated with a few dark 
brown scales ; palpi black except at base ; antenne blackish ; 
fore and mid tibie and fore tarsi spotted with black in front ; 
abdomen white, dorsally tinged with brown except at base. 
Fore wing white slightly irrorated with dark brown; a 
diffused dark subbasal line and short streak below costa ; 
diffused, somewhat dentate, erect antemedial and medial 
lines; a similar postmedial line, with the area beyond it 
black-brown, leaving some white on termen above and below 
middle ; cilia white, with some black-brown at tips towards 
apex. Hind wing white, the inner area tinged with brown, 
the termen suffused with fuscous, narrowing to tornus ; 
cilia whitish, with a dark line near base, wholly brown 
except at base towards apex. 

?. Fore wing with more white on terminal area, leaving 
a black-brown band beyond postmedial line and spot at 
middle ; hind wing wholly suffused with brown. 

Hab. New Guinea, Kapaur (Doherty), 1 g type, Dinawa 
(Pratt),1 9. Eap., f 22, ¢ 28 mm. 


38% 


560 Sir G. F. Hampson on new 


(50 e) Lygropia scopariodes, sp. n. 

g. Head and thorax white mixed with pale brown ; palpi 
black, white at base and with some white at tips ; antenne 
blackish ; fore tibiz and tarsi marked with brown ; abdomen 
white dorsally, slightly tinged with brown. Fore wing 
white irrorated with pale brown; a waved brown ante- 
medial line ; a dark point in middle of cell and white dis- 
coidal spot defined by brown, with a slight dark mark above 
it on costa ; a dark medial shade from cell to inner margin ; 
a minutely dentate postmedial line somewhat oblique from 
costa to vein 5; a subterminal bar from costa to vein 5 and 
darker somewhat wedge-shaped patch from vein 3 to tornus, 
a dark bar just before termen from costa to vein 5, where it 
expands into a spot; a terminal series of dark points. 
Hind wing white, the terminal area tinged with brown, 
narrowing from costa to submedian fold ; the underside with 
traces of curved postmedial line on costal half. 

?. Hind wing with the postmedial line showing above, 
the terminal area strongly suffused with fuscous from apex 
to submedian fold. 

Hab. Br. New Guinea, Dinawa (Pratt), 1 ¢ type, Mt. 
Kebea (Pratt),1 9. Ezp., 3 30, ? 34 mm. 


(30/) Lygropia hypoleucalis, sp. n. 


Greyish fuscous ; palpi at base, pectus, legs, and ventral 
surface of abdomen white. Fore wing with faint traces of 
a curved antemedial line ; an indistinct dark spot in middle 
of cell and discoidal lunule; faint traces of a postmedial 
line excurved from costa to vein 4, then incurved. Hind 
wing with the costal area white to beyond middle ; cilia 
whitish at tips. Underside of fore wing white tinged with 
fuscous ; hind wing white, with indistinct discoidal spot. 

Hab. Fr. Guiana, Cayenne (Schaus), 1 ¢ type, type ? 
in Coll. Schaus. Hzp. 20 mm. 


(32a) Lygropia bicineta, sp. un. 


3. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous ; palpi white, 
with oblique black band on second joint ; maxillary palpi 
and frons blackish; abdomen with two dorsal black seg- 
mental lines before anal segment, which has a small blackish 
spot towards extremity ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of 
abdomen white, the fore tibiz with black band, the mid 
tibize black at base. Fore wing ochreous, the costa black 
towards base; a subbasal black point on inner margin; 


Species of Pyralidee, 561 


antemedial line slight, oblique to median nervure, then 
almost erect ; a small black discoidal lunule ; postmedial 
line blackish, excurved between veins 5 and 2, then bent 
inwards to near lower angle of cell and oblique to inner 
margin; a black terminal line; cilia chequered ochreous 
and black. Hind wing ochreous ; a black discoidal point ; 
postmedial line slight, blackish, bent outwards between veins 
5 and 2, then retracted to near lower angle of cell and oblique 
to above tornus ; a black terminal line and line at middle of 
cilia which are white at tips. 
Hab. Sincavore (Ridley), 1 3 type. Eap. 20 mm. 


(326) Lygropia ochrotalis, sp. n. 


?. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale ochreous slightly 
tinged with fulvous; palpi blackish at tips; fore tibiz 
fuscous at extremities. Fore wing pale ochreous, the costal 
area tinged with fulvous; a somewhat diffused oblique 
sinuous antemedial line; a black point in middle of cell and 
small discoidal lunule;: postmedial line rather diffused, 
fuscous, bent outwards and minutely dentate between veins 
5 and 2, then retracted to below angle of cell and sinuous to 
inner margin; a lunulate black terminal line. Hind wing 
pale ochreous ; an oblique black discoidal bar; postmedial 
line rather diffused, fuscous, bent outwards and minutely 
dentate between vems 5 and 2, then retracted to below angle 
of cell and sinuous to above tornus ; the apex slightly tinged 
with fuscous ; a punctiform fuscous terminal line. 

Hab. Panama, Cana Mines (Tylecote),1 9 type; Brazit, 
Amazons (Giffard),1 9. Hap. 26 mm. 


(32c) Lygropia anemicalis, sp. n. 


2. Yellowish white, palpi tinged with fuscous at sides. 
Fore wing very faintly irrorated with fuscous, the costal 
area slightly tinged with fulvous; a slight dark antemedial 
line, oblique from costa to median nervure, then somewhat 
sinuous, a dark point beyond it in cell; a black discoidal 
lunule ; a slight dark postmedial line execurved from costa 
to vein 3, then retracted to below end of cell and sinuous to 
inner margin. Hind wing faintly tinged with fuscous ; an 
oblique fuscous discoidal bar; a somewhat diffused post- 
medial line, retracted at vein 3 to beyond lower angle of 
cell, then slightly simuous to above tornus; a fine dark 
terminal line. 

Hab. Gazatann, Chirinda Forest (Marshall), 1 $ type. 


Exp. 30 mm. 


562 Sir G. F. Hampson on new 


(32d) Lygropia leucocepsalis, sp. n. 


9. Head white ; palpi greyish ochreous, white at base ; 
antenn ochreous; thorax greyish ochregus, the pectus, 
femora, and tarsi white ; abdomen greyish ochreous, whitish 
ventrally. Wings uniform pale glossy brownish ochreous ; 
cilia white at base and with brownish tips, a slight dark line 
at middle; fore wing with the costal area whitish at middle 
and a faint dark discoidal lunule. 

Hab. Borneo, Sandakan (W. B. Pryer), 1 @ type. Ezap. 
30 mm. 


(82 e) *Lygropia obscuralis, sp. u. 

gd. Pale dull brown ; fore coxe hollowed out and en- 
closing tufts of ochreous hair; anal tuft very long and 
ochreous. Fore wing irrorated with darker scales ; traces 
of sinuous medial and postmedial line, the latter bent out- 
wards round an obscure discoidal spot; an indistinct 
terminal series of dark points. Hind wing semihyaline 
brownish, the termen suffused with brown from apex to 
submedian fold. 

Hab. Venezvueta, Cucuta. Hep. 34mm. Type in Coll. 
Rothschild. 


(4c) Agathodes minimalis, sp. n. 


S$. Head and thorax brown mixed with ochreous grey ; 
pectus and legs white, the fore tibice and tarsi banded with 
brown; abdomen brown mixed with ochreous grey, the 
medial segments darker, the ventral surface whitish. Fore 
wing ochreous grey thickly irrorated with fuscous, the basal 
half of costa fuscous, a fuscous patch on inner medial area ; 
a pale oblique antemedial line from submedian fold to inner 
margin ; a slight, pale, oblique discoidal striga defined by 
black ; a pale oblique postmedial line from vein 2 to inner 
margin, defined on inner side by black ; a rather diffused 
oblique black fascia across apical area; cilia with black line 
at middle and blackish tips on apical half. Hind wing semi- 
hyaline white, the termen tinged with brown ; cilia with a 
punctiform black line at middle. 

Hab. S. Niceria, Lagos, Ebute Meta (Boag), 1 3g type. 
Exp. 22 mm. 


(9 a) Glyphodes ceruleiceps, sp. n. 


Head greenish blue, the frons white below ; palpi fulvous, 
white above and below and with black streak at sides ; thorax 


Species of Py ralidee. 563 


and abdomen yellow-green, the anal tuft black; pectus, legs, 
and ventral surface of abdomen bluish white, the fore femora 
and tibiz at extremities and the mid femora at extremities 
and tibiz at base fulvous. Fore wing yellow-green, the 
costa pale fulvous ; a black discoidal point and terminal 
series of points ; cilia fuscous, whitish at tips. Hind wing 
yellow-green ; a terminal series of black points ; cilia fuscous, 
whitish at tips. Underside of fore wing with the fringe of 
hair from costa of male ochreous white ; both wings with 
some fuscous suffusion on terminal area except towards 
tornus, 

Hab. Br. N. Guinea, Ekeikei (Pratt), 1 g, 1°9, Mt. 
Kebea (Pratt),6 3,1 ? type. Hap. 26-30 mm. 


(216) *Glyphodes subterminalis, sp. u. 


Fore wing of male with tuft of long hair at base of costa 
below ; hind tibiz normal. 

White; palpi except at base, maxillary palpi, sides of 
frons, and a stripe on shoulders orange ; antennze fulvous ; 
fore tibiz and tarsi yellow ; abdomen with the anal tuft 
tinged with fuscous in male, Fore wing with fulvous fascia 
on costa ; the veins brown, the part of vein 1 a@ recurved to 
14 prominently brown; -the discal area thinly scaled; a 
curved brown subterminal line, the area beyond it thickly 
scaled and mixed with fuscous; a terminal brown line and 
some blackish points towards apex; cilia brown. Hind 
wing semihyaline; a curved subterminal line, the area 
beyond it thickly scaled and mixed with fuscous ; a terminal 
brown line; cilia mixed with brown. 

Hab. Brazit, Sao Paulo. Hzp. 28 mm. Type in Coll. 
Rothschild. 


(32c) Glyphodes holophenica, sp. un. 


3. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark brown, with a slight 
ereyish tinge ; anal tuft with black mixed ; palpi pure white 
at base; pectus, femora, and ventral surface of abdomen 
pure white. Fore wing deep purple, the costa browner, the 
cilia cupreous brown. Hind wing brown, the terminal area 
deep purple ; a faint hyaline shade before the very indistinct 
dark postmedial line, which is excurved to vein 2, then bent 
outwards to termen ; cilia cupreous brown; the underside 
greyish brown, the terminal area cupreous brown with a 
feint purplish tinge, emitting a wedge-shaped dark patch to 
the discocellulars. 

Hab. W. Cotomsia, Jiminez, 2 ¢ type. vp. 32 mm. 


564 Sir G. F. Hampson on new 


(382d) Glyphodes purpurea, sp. un. 

¢. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey-brown, the anal tuft 
with black mixed ; palpi pure white at base ; pectus, femora, 
tarsi, and ventral surface of abdomen white, the last tinged 
with brown towards extremity. Fore wing brown shot with 
deep purple ; a very faint oblique paler patch between veins 
5 and 1 before the very indistinct dark postmedial line, 
which is ineurved at discal fold, excurved between veins 5 
and 2, then oblique; cilia cupreous brown. Hind wing 
greyish brown, the terminal area cupreous brown shot with 
purple, its inner edge oblique from costa beyond middle to 
tornus. 

Hab. Cotomsia, Rio Dagua (Rosenberg),1 3 type. Hap. 
36 mm. 


(88 a) Glyphodes aurogrisealis, sp. n. 


9. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey-brown; palpi at 
base and throat white; tarsi ochreous ; abdomen with the 
terminal segment yellowish white; the anal tuft black above, 
fulvous yellow below. Wings grey-brown shot with golden 
yellow; fore wing with a yellow band just beyond the cell 
between veins 7 and 2, bent round lower angle of cell and 
with its outer edge minutely dentate; hind wing with band 
beyond the cell from costa to submedian fold, towards which 
it narrows, its outer side excurved between median nervules, 
its inner side sending a tooth in cell to near base on under- 
side. 

Hab. Costa Rica (Underwood), Juan Vinas (Schaus), 
1 2 type. Hap. 30 mm. 


(41 a) Glyphodes clavata, sp. 0. 


Eudioptis nitidalis, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Am., Het. ii. p. 281 (part.), 
nec Cram. 


g. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark cupreous brown, the 
last with whitish band ou second segment, the anal segment 
whitish, the tuft black at tip; palpi white at base; pectus, 
legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white, the fore femora 
and tibiz tinged with brown. Fore wing cupreous brown 
with a purple tinge; an oblique semihyaline yellow band 
from below costa beyond the cell to middle of inner margin, 
its outer edge excurved from vein 5 to below 3; cilia with 
a fine pale line at base and whitish tips towards tornus. 
Hind wing semibhyaline yellow, the terminal area cupreous 


Species of Pyralidee. 565 


brown tinged with purple and with curved waved inner edge ; 
cilia whitish, with a shght dark line through them. 

Hab, Guaremata, V. de Atitlan (Champion), 2 3 type, 
Godman-Salvin Coll. Hap. 26-28 mm. 


(42 6) *Glyphodes orthozonalis, sp. n. 


6. Head and thorax yellowish brown; palpi at base 
and throat white; legs whitish; abdomen fuscous brown, 
the second segment with white line at base, the terminal 
segment and ventral surface yellowish white, the anal tuft 
whitish, fulvous yellow and fuscous towards tip. Fore wing 
yellowish brown ; a broad erect yellow band just beyond 
the cell from costa to inner margin with sinuous edges; a 
fine yellowish line at base of cilia. Hind wing semihyaline 
yellowish, tinged with brown on apical part of termen; a 
brown terminal line and a line through the cilia. 

Hab. Bourvia, R. Tanampaya (Garlepp). Exp. 32 mm. 
Type in Coll. Rothschild. 


(43 6) Glyphodes hemicitralis, sp. n. 


6. Head and thorax dark reddish brown; abdomen pale 
red-brown, the anal tuft black; palpi at base, pectus, legs, 
and ventral surface of abdomen white. Fore wing brown 
with a cupreous gloss; a broad, very oblique, yellow band 
from beyond the cell to inner margin near base, its upper 
edge irregular, its outer incurved below vein 3. Hind wing 
yellow, with cupreous brown terminal band, broad at apex, 
narrowing to a point at inner margin at vein 1. 

Hab. Br. Guiana, Rockstone (Kaye), 1 g type. Exp. 


28 mm. 


(44a) Glyphodes eurytornalis, sp. u. 


6. Head, thorax, and abdomen black-brown with a 
cupreous gloss, the vertex of head with some whitish ; palpi 
pure white at base; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of 
abdomen white, the fore femora and tibiz on inner side 
and the mid tibiz brownish ; anal tuft ochreous, brown and 
whitish mixed. I'ore wing semihyaline white, the costal 
and terminal areas very broadly cupreous black-brown, the 
apex of the triangular white area curving up to vein 7, the 
inner edge of the terminal band bent inwards at vein 2; 
cilia greyish. Hind wing semihyaline white; a cupreous 


566 Sir G. F. Hampson on new 


black-brown terminal band, narrowing to a point at vein 1; 
cilia greyish. 

Hab. Grenava, Balthassar (H. H. Smith}, 2 @; Para- 
Guay, Sapucay (Foster), 3 ¢ type. Harp. 32 mm. 


(446) Glyphodes editornalis, sp. n. 


ELudioptis lucidalis, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Am., Het. ii. p. 230 (part.), 
nec Hiibn. 


do. Head, thorax, and abdomen black-brown with a 
purplish gloss ; palpi white at base; pectus, legs, and ventral 
surface of abdomen white, the fore femora and tibiz on inner 
side and the mid tibiz tinged with brown; anal tuft brown 
and rufous. Fore wing semihyaline white, the costal area 
and termen very broadly black-brown with a purplish gloss, 
the apex of the triangular white patch curving upwards to 
vein 6, the inner edge of the terminal band curving inwards 
at vein 2; cilia greyish. Hind wing semihyaline white, 
with terminal black-brown band tinged with purple and 
narrowing to a point at tornus. 

Hab. Guatemara, San Geronimo (Champion), 4 3 type, 
Godman-Salvin Coll. ; Cotomsia, 1 ¢. Hzp. 80-32 mm. 


(46 a) Glyphodes equicincta, sp. n. 


Eudioptis lucidalis, Druce, Biol. Centr.-Am., Het. ii. p. 230 (part.), nec 
Hiibn. 


dg. Head, thorax, and abdomen black-brown; palpi at 
base, pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white. 
Fore wing semihyaline white, the costal area very broadly 
black-brown with a shght purplish gloss, the terminal band 
moderate and with even inner edge, the apex of the trian- 
gular white area curving up to vein 7; cilia white at tips. 
Hind wing semihyaline white, with rather narrow, evenly 
curved, terminal black-brown band glossed with purple ; cilia 
white at tips. 

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (Trujillo), 1 ¢ type, Godman-Salvin 
Coll. Hap. 36 mm. 


(48 a) Glyphodes euryzonalis, sp. n. 


3. Head and thorax black-brown with a purple gloss, the 
patagia with tuft of white hair below, the metathorax white ; 
palpi at base, pectus, and legs white, the fore femora and 
tibize on inner side and the mid tibie on outer side black- 
brown ; abdomen white, the two terminal segments and anal 


Species of Pyralide. 567 


tuft black-brown. Fore wing semihyaline white, the costal 
and terminal areas very broadly black-brown with a brilliant 
purple gloss, the apex of the white triangular area with 
oblique series of faint whitish points between it and vein 7. 
Hind wing semihyaline white ; a terminal black-brown band 
with brilliant purple gloss, very broad at costa, narrowing 
to a point at vein 1; cilia pure white to vein 3, with their 
bases dark at apex, wholly dark from vein 8 to tornus. 
Hab. W. Coromsia, Jiminez, 1 g type. Eap. 84mm. 


(51a) *Glyphodes interpositalis, sp. n. 


Differs from G. hyalinaiis in the point of the white area of 
fore wing being more upcurved below apex, the brewn costal 
fascia being broader at that point ; the terminal band in- 
curved and dilated towards tornus. Hind wing with a small 
brown patch at apex only. 

Hab. Brazit, Si0 Paulo (Jones). Exp. 30 mm. Type in 
Coll. Rothschild. 


(60a) Glyphodes albifascialis, sp. n. 


?. Head and thorax white; palpi (except at base), sides 
of frons, antennz, and stripes on shoulders golden-brown ; 
fore tibiz banded with brown ; abdomen white, with series 
of golden-brown dorsal patches. Fore wing golden-brown ; 
a white patch at base of inner margin; a wedge-shaped white 
patch in end of cell ; a dark brown discoidal lunule ; a white 
fascia in submedian fold from before middle to near termen ; 
white fascize above and below vein 6 from end of cell to near. 
termen, where they are met by an oblique fascia from apex ; 
subterminal dentate white marks below veins 5, 4,3; cilia with 
fine white line at base and silvery tips. Hind wing semi- 
hyaline white, with rather narrow dark brown terminal band 
from apex to submedian fold. 

Hab. Cusa, Santiago (Schaus), 1 9 type. Exp. 28 mm. 


(63 a) Glyphodes decipiens, sp. n. 


3. Only distinguishable from G. laticostalis by the an- 
tennz being simple, the anal tuft blackish at extremity. 

Hab. Mauacca, Penungah ; Ceram (Wallace), 1 3 type; 
Sura Maneorr (Doherty); Gr. Knry (Webster). Hap. 
38 mm. 


(63 6) Glyphodes chalcicraspis, sp. nu. 
Head, tegule, and shoulders golden bronze; palpi white 


568 Sir G. F. Hampson on new 


at base; thorax white; the fore tibie with dark brown 
bands at base and extremity ; abdomen white. Fore wing 
semihyaline white with golden-bronze costal fascia, its 
lower edge indented by slight white points at middle of 
cell and discocellulars ; the termen silvery, with a series, of 
fuscous striz just before it. Hind wing semihyaline white ; 
a fuscous discoidal point; the termen silvery, with a series 
of fuscous strize just before it. 

Hab. Br. N. Guinea, Mt. Kebea (Prati), 3 g, 4 9 type, 
Ekeikei (Pratt), 19. Exp. 36-42 mm. 


(66a) Glyphodes hololeuca, sp. n. 


6. Head, thorax, and abdomen white. Fore wing semi- 
hyaline sparsely clothed with white scales, the termen rather 
more thickly scaled and defined on inner side by a faint 
brownish line. Hind wing semihyaline, sparsely clothed 
with white scales, the termen more thickly scaled and defined 
on inner side by a faint slightly waved brownish line; a 
faint brownish discoidal point. 


Hab. Granp Cayman (Nicholl), 1 9 type. Hap. 24 mm. 


(659 5) Glyphodes ocelliferalis, sp. n. 


White ; palpi, except at base, and frons black ; vertex of 
head, antenne, and tegule fulvous ; femora, fore tibiz, and 
base of mid and hind tibie blackish ; abdomen tinged with 
fulvous towards extremity, the anal tuft black. Fore wing 
with the costal area fulvous, expanding into black-edged and 
black-centred spots in cell before and at middle and on 
discocellulars where the spot extends to vein 2; the apex 
fulvous ; small black subterminal spots above veins 4 and 5 
and a larger spot above vein 2. Hind wing with black- 
edged fulvous discoidal spot extending from vein 6 to 2; 
the termen and cilia towards apex tinged with orange ; sub- 
terminal black points above veins 5, 2, and 1; the tornal 
area in male dilated. 

Hab. Nicreria, Sapele (Sampson), 1 92 type, Warri 
(Roth) ; Ucanpa, Kimmi I. (Minchin), 1 ¢; Br. EK. Arrica, 
Boiyuba (Betton), 1 g,192. Hap. 20 mm. 


(70 a) Glyphodes triopis, sp. n. 


6. Head and thorax white tinged with cupreous brown, 
the palpi white at base, cupreous brown at tips, the sides of 
head and thorax and tegul in front cupreous brown ; fore 


Species of Pyralide. 569 


legs blackish above ; abdomen white dorsally tinged with 
cupreous brown, the anal tuft black, brown at tip. Fore 
wing white, the costal area pale cupreous brown, the ter- 
minal area tinged with cupreous brown, the costal edge 
blackish ; the base of cell cupreous brown defined by a 
blackish antemedial bar and with a minute brown antemedial 
ocellus belew the cell; a brown ocellus defined by blackish 
in middle of cell, a similar elliptical discoidal spot and an 
elliptical spot below origin of vein 2 ; postmedial line brown, 
excurved from costa to vein 8, then incurved; a terminal 
series of black points; cilia whitish. Hind wing white; a 
small elliptical spot defined by brown on discocellulars; a 
sinuous brown postmedial line ending above tornus; the 
termen tinged with brown from apex to vein 2; a fine brown 
terminal line ; cilia white. 

Hab. N. Guinea, Fak-fak (Pratt), 1 g type. Lap. 
28 mm. 


(74.6) Glyphodes phlebitis, sp. n. 


?. Head, thorax, and abdomen white; palpi except at 
base, antennze, and shoulders rufous; fore tibiz rufous. 
Fore wing silvery white ; the costa narrowly rufous ; the veins 
slightly streaked with rufous, the curved vein 1 arather more 
distinctly streaked; the termen tinged with brown ; a fine 
brown terminal line ; cilia tinged with brown at base. Hind 
wing silvery white, somewhat semibhyaline; a fine brown 
terminal line; cilia tinged with brown at base from apex to 
vein 2. The underside with the termen of fore wing and 
of hind wing from apex to vein 2 suffused with brown. 

fab. 8.E. Peru, La Oroya (Ockenden), 1 9 type. Exp. 
38 mm. 


(776) Glyphodes atrisquamalis, sp. n. 


Head, thorax, and abdomen white; palpi black-brown 
except at base; sides of frons black-brown ; fore tibize 
tinged with fuscous at extremity ; abdomen with some black- 
brown irroration at sides of second and third segments and 
dorsally tinged with brown toward extremity. Fore wing 
semihyaline white irrorated with large black scales, except 
on basal area, where there are a few black scales below 
median nervure only ; the costal area tinged with rufous ; 
a small black spot in upper part of middle of cell and dis- 
coidal lunule; a diffused subterminal black line, excurved to 
vein 3, then incurved, slightly dentate towards costa; a 
terminal series of punctiform black striz; cilia with slight 


570 Sir G. F. Hampson on new 


fuscous line near base. Hind wing hyaline white; a black 
point at lower angle of cell; a diffused fuscous subterminal 
line ; a terminal series of black striz ; cilia with a slight 
fuscous line near base from apex to vein 2. 

Hab. U.S.A., Arizona, Phoenix (Kunzé),1 3,1 2 type. 
Exp. 26 mm. 


(77 c) Glyphodes diplocyma, sp. n. 


3. Head, thorax, and abdomen silvery white ; palpi red- 
brown, white at base; sides of frons and shoulders red- 
brown ; tibiz and tarsi tinged with red-brown. Fore wing 
silvery white; the costal edge ochreous ; the inner area 
with three faint oblique brown striz on medial area ; two 
faint waved brown subterminal lines with slight brown 
irroration beyond them; a fine terminal brown line with 
black points at the veins of apical half; cilia tinged with 
brown. Hind wing semihyaline silvery white; two faint 
brown subterminal lines, the inner waved, a series of faint 
brown spots beyond them before termen; a fine brown 
terminal line except towards tornus. 

Hab. Frimnpity Is., Vavau (Eclipse Exp.), 1 ? type. 
Exp. 42 mm. 


(77 d) Glyphodes irroratalis, sp. n. 


9. Head and thorax white; palpi except at base, sides of 
frons and shoulders fulvous; fore femora at extremity and 
tibiz on inner side brown; abdomen white tinged with 
fulvous except at base. Fore wing white thickly irrorated 
with large brown scales, the costa tinged with brown; a 
terminal series of black points ; cilia brownish white with a 
brown line near base. Hind wing white irrorated with 
brown except basal and inner areas; a terminal series of 
black points; cilia brownish white with brown line near 
base. 

Hab. Br. E. Arrica, Eb Urru (Betton), 1 2 type. Hap. 
28 mm. 


(81a) Glyphodes argyritis, sp. n. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen brown with a slight silvery 
gloss ; palpi darker, ochreous white at base ; pectus ochreous 
white in front. Fore wing brown with a slight silvery gloss 
especially on the costa and cilia. Hind wing brown with a 
slight silvery gloss especially on the cilia, faintly semihyaline. 

Hab. Br. N. Guinea, Mafalu (Pratt), 3 g type, Mt. Kebea 
(Pratt),1 9. Ezp.40 mm. 


or 
~1 
— 


Species of Pyralide. 


(91a) Glyphodes pyritalis, sp. n. 

Bright pale green ; palpi fulvous except at base ; shoulders 
with fulvous stripes; fore tibie pale fulvous; anal tuft 
whitish and fuscous mixed. Fore wing with the costal edge 
narrowly pale fulvous; traces of a dark discoidal point ; 
cilia green at base, white at tips. Hind wing with traces of 
a dark discoidal point ; cilia green at base, white at tips. 

Hab. Br. E. Arnica, Munisu (Ld. Delamere), 2 3,1 2 
type. Exp. 30 mm. 


(91) Glyphodes chlorophylalis, sp. n. 


Head, thorax, and abdomen bright yellow-green ; palpi 
rufous, white at base; fore tibiz with rufous bands at base 
and extremity, mid tibiz rufous towards base, the tarsi 
tinged with rufous; abdomen of male with large black- 
brown anal tuft with white bar before it, the ventral surface 
whitish. Fore wing bright yellow-green, the costal edge 
narrowly rufous; a black discoidal point and terminal series 
of points; cilia reddish brown. Hind wing bright yellow- 
green, the costal area whitish ; a black discoidal point; the 
termen and cilia reddish brown. 

Hab. Br. N. Guinea, Ekeikei (Prati), 26,19, Mt. 
Kebea (Pratt), 3 $,4 9 type. Ezxp., 3 28, ? 30 mm. 


(92 a) Glyphodes prasinophila, sp. n. 


3. Head, thorax, and abdomen yellow-green ; palpi with 
a few brownish hairs at extremity of second joint; fore 
tibiz fuscous with a whitish ring; abdomen with the anal 
tuft pale brown, the ventral surface whitish. Fore wing 
yellow-green ; a slight blackish discoidal striga ; a terminal 
series of black poits ; cilia whitish tinged with fuscous 
and with a dark line at base. Hind wing yellow-green; a 
black discoidal point; a terminal series of black points 
except towards tornus, forming striz in submedian inter- 
space ; cilia whitish tinged with fuscous and with a dark line 
at base. 

Hab. Transvaat, Nelspruit (Cooke), 1 g type. Exp. 
40 mm. 


(94a) Glyphodes vernalis, sp. n. 


Pale green; palpi fulvous except at base ; shoulders with 
slight fulvous stripes; fore tibie tinged with fulvous; anal 
tuft of male large, fuscous black mixed with silvery scales. 


572 On new Species of Pyralide. 


Fore wing with the costal edge pale fulvous ; a black dis- 
coidal point; a terminal series of slight black points ; cilia 
whitish. Hind wing with black discoidal point; cilia 
whitish. 

Hab. Niewrta, Old Calabar (Crompton), 1 8, 1 ? type. 
Ezp. & 22, 9 26mm. 


(946) Glyphodes chlorochroalis, sp. n. 


Bright green ; palpi fulvous except at base; fore tibize 
banded with fulvous at base and extremity ; anal tuft of 
male large, blackish mixed with silvery scales. Tore wing 
with the costa narrowly fulvous; a black discoidal spot ; 
cilia brown at base, brownish white at tips. Hind wing 
with black discoidal point ; cilia brown at base, brownish at 
tips. 

Hab. Nigeria, Old Calabar (Crompton), 1 2? ; CamERoons 
(Sjéstedt), 1 g type. Ezp., o 30, 9 34 mm. 


(1196) Glyphodes vagilinea, sp. un. 


gd. Head and tegule pale orange-yellow, the latter 
dorsally blackish at tips; thorax yellowish white, with a pair 
of blackish spots on prothorax and black spots at base of 
patagia; fore tibiz with black band at tips, the tarsi banded 
with blackish; abdomen yellowish white, the third and 
fourth segments with brownish subdorsal spots, the anal tuft 
with black dorsal patch and lateral stripes. Fore wing pale 
yellow; a diffused blackish subbasal line ; a curved blackish 
antemedial line connected by a short streak in submedian 
fold with the blackish postmediai line, which is obliquely 
incurved from costa to vein 3, then very strongly curved 
upwards to lower angle of cell and inwards to inner margin, 
at vein 8 connected with a subterminal line from vein 5, 
where it emits a streak to termen, to inner margin, slightly 
angled inwards at vein 3; the costa towards apex and the 
termen to vein 4 black. Hind wing semihyaline yellowish 
white ; an oblique dark discoidal striga ; an oblique striga 
below middle of vein 1; an oblique postmedial bar between 
veins 7 and 4; a subterminal line between veins 6 and 3 and ° 
an oblique striga across vein 2 with some orange-yellow at 
its upper extremity; a fine brown terminal line;- cilia 
yellow at base, with a fine brown line at middle. 

Hab. Dutcu N. Guinea, Fak-fak (Pratt), 1 ¢ type. 
Exp. 30 mm. 


On some Reptilian Lower Jaws. 578 


(128 a) * Glyphodes bocchorialis, sp. n. 


3d. Ochreous white; palpi with the second joint above 
and at extremity black; vertex of head and thorax mixed 
with black; fore tibize banded with black ; abdomen with 
obscure blackish bands. Fore wing with almost basal, sub- 
basal, and antemedial fulvous yellow bands with sinuous 
black edges; a large fulvous yellow discoidal ocellus with 
black centre and black edges extending to costa; a black- 
edged fulvous yellow band, slightly excurved from vein 6 to 
below 2, then retracted to discoidal oce'lus and bent out- 
wards again to inner margin, connected with the antemedial 
band at vein 1 and with its own sinus, a white line on its 
outer edge from costa to vein 6 and some white spots be- 
tween vein 5 and inner margin; the terminal area black ; a 
subterminal series of irregular white spots conjoined towards 
apex ; cilia black, yellow above and below middle. Hind 
wing with black-edged fulvous yellow discoidal spot con- 
nected by a black line with the inner margin towards which it 
forks ; the terminal area black with irregular inner edge, a 
yellow spot on it between veins 3 and 5 and a subterminal 
series of irregular white marks, double towards apex; cilia 
yellow with a black line near base, black at apex, middle, 
and tornus. 

Hab. Straits Serrrements, Padang Rengas. Exp. 
16mm. Type in Coll. Rothschild. 


[To be continued. ] 


LXVII.—On some Reptilian Lower Jaws. 
By D. M. 8. Watson, M.Sc. 


THE object of this paper is to describe the lower jaws of 
some fossil reptiles and amphibians of Permian and Triassic 
age from South Africa, and to discuss briefly the bearing of 
their structure on some morphological questions. 


Deinocephalia, 


The structure of the Deinocephalian lower jaw has been 
briefly described by Seeley (1896) and Broom (1910, 1911), 
but is not completely known. No known specimen shows 
the splenial or coronoid. 

The outer aspect is very like that of Dimetrodon, and the 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 39 


574 Mr. D. M.S. Watson on some 


whole structure is very similar in the two types. The sur- 
angular and angular are flat bones overlapped by the dentary 
in front and covering the outer side of the small articular 
and the long prearticular. The articular has two cotyli for 
the double condyle of the quadrate, and has a small post- 
articular process which is directed backwards and slightly 
downwards. 


Pelycosauria. 


The lower jaw of Dimetrodon is now well known from the 
work of HE. C. Case; its structure is shown in fig. 1, which is 
diagrammatized from his published figures and photographs, 
checked by specimens at Munich and Tiibingen. 


Figs 


Sue fine. 


an fe RT. 


A. Left ramus of the lower jaw of Dimetrodon, inner aspect. B. Right 
ramus of the same jaw, outer aspect. Teeth omitted. x 4. 


AnG., angular; Art., articular; Cr., coronoid; Drn., dentary; Pr.Art., 
prearticular, Williston, =dermarticular, Kingsley, =goniale, Gaupp ; 
Sp., splenial; Sur.Ana., surangular, 


The large dentary meets its fellow in a loose symphysis, 
and at the back overlaps the surangular and angular. ‘These 
latter are thin flat bones covering the outer faces of the 
articular and prearticular. The angular is remarkable for 
possessing a notch on the lower border towards the back; it 
will be shown in this paper that this notch more or less 


Reptilian Lower Jaws. 575 


modified occurs in all known types of Therapsids, and it 
occurs in no other reptiles whatever. 

The splenial is a long narrow strip of bone lying on the 
inner side of the dentary, but not entering the symphysis. 
The coronoid has never been figured, but is said to be a 
narrow slip of bone, presumably lying inside the dentary 
over the splenial. 


Anomodontia. 


The structure of the lower jaw of Dicynodon has been 
described by Owen and Broom. Seeley has described the 
lower jaw of Endothiodon, which has an essentially identical 
structure. None of these descriptions is complete or altogether 
accurate. 

The present description is founded on a beautifully pre- 
served lower jaw of a new species of Dicynodon ( Oudenodon= 
female Dicynodon) from the Cvsticephalus-zone of Kuils 
Poort, Beaufort West District, collected by the author. 
Several other jaws in the British Museum have been used 
for comparison, the sutures between the bones of the back of 
the jaw being best shown in a fragmentary jaw of Kanne- 
meyerta* collected by the author at Winnaarsbaaken, 
Burghersdorp District. 


The dentary is a very powerful bone, uniting with its fellow 
in a median symphysis which completely closes even in quite 
young indiyiduals. The posterior part of the bone is pro- 
duced into two processes, the upper of which is split vertically 
into an inner and an outer plate, leaving between them a 
deep groove which receives the anterior ends of the surangular 
and angular. . 

The lower process, which is separated from the upper by a 
deep notch, forms only the outer surface of the same groove, 
the inner side being provided by the splenial. 

The splenial is a short bone, meeting its fellow in a very 
strong fused symphysis. Behind the region of the symphysis 
the bone is a thin plate, separated from the dentary by the 
groove already referred to, which in this region receives the 
angular and prearticular. 

The coronoid is a thin slip of bone lying on the inner face 
of the dentary, separated from it and the splenial by very 


* Kannemeyeria is a genus founded by H. G. Seeley in 1908 on an 
imperfect skull of Dicynodon simocephalus, Weithofer. The genus is 
easily distinguished from Dicynodon, and I know three species belonging 
to it. The lower jaw does not differ from that of Dicynodon. 


39* 


576 Mr. D. M. S. Watson on some 


distinct sutures in several specimens, and apparently just 
entering the symphysis. 


A. Left ramus of lower jaw of Dicynodon, inner aspect. B. Right ramus 
ot the same jaw, outer aspect. 
above and behind. xX 3. 


C. Left articular region viewed from 


For key to reference-letters see fig. 1. 


The surangular is a thin plate of bone whose upper edge is 
thickened so as to form a ridge on the outer surface, nearly 


Reptilian Lower Jaws. Gy 


the whole of which is covered by the angular. Posteriorly it 
unites by a suture, which is very seldom visible, with the 
articular, A good deal of its inner surface is covered by the 
prearticular. 

The angular is a very large bone, consisting essentially of 
a more or less flat plate tightly applied to the outer sides of 
the surangular and prearticular and separated above and 
behind by a suture from the surangular. Its anterior end is 
bevelled off to a point and received in the groove between 
the dentary and splenial. This plate is, however, modified 
by a great development of the notch mentioned above in 
Dimetrodon, protected and covered by a strong reflected 
lamina from the outer face of the bone, which forms a pocket 
open backwards, ‘he body of the bone and the reflected 
lamina combine to form a deep descending flange on the lower 
border of the jaw. 

The articular is perhaps the most characteristic bone of the 
whole skeleton of Dicynodon. Its articular face is directed 
upwards and backwards; it is throughout divided by a median 
keel which fits into a groove in the pulley-shaped quadrate. 
The anterior part of the articular face is shallowly concave 
and narrow from side to side; the concave region passes 
quite smoothly intoa very convex ‘(antero- poster iorly ) surface, 
the sides of which are bounded by upstanding parapets, which 
render the bone much wider in this region; the outer of 
these is much the higher and clasps the side of the quadrate. 
Posteriorly the articulating face is bounded by a continuation 
of the edges of these parapets. ‘The whole arrangement 
permits a great backward and forward motion of the jaw, 
together with an alteration of the angle which the upper 
surface of the dentary makes with the palate even when the 
mouth is closed. 

The whole structure is quite unique, but very characteristic 
of Anomodonts, occurring as it does in a less pronounced 
form in ELndothiodon. 

The hinder end of the articular is continued into a post- 
articular process which is directed downwards and_ lies 
entirely in front of the hinder end of the articulating surface. 
It is still fairly large, and its flat posterior surface would 
afford good attachment to the digastric muscle. This process 
is continued forward by a ridge which forms a very narrow 
keel on the under surface of “the body. of the bone and is 
connected with the prearticular, 

The prearticular 1 is a long narrow bone, united by a suture, 
which is seldom visible, with the inner ide of the keel on 
the under surface of the articular, and stretching forward on 


578 Mr. D. M. S. Watson on some 


the inner side of the surangular and angular until it passes 
inside the splenial nearly to its symphysis. The enormous 
development of this bone occurs in all Anomodonts, and is 
no doubt correlated with the great massiveness of the whole 


jaw. 


Therocephaha. 

Scymnosuchus whaitst, Broom, is taken as the type of the 
Therocephalia, of which it is a fairly primitive member. 
The material on which the description is founded consists of 
the two rami of the same lower jaw, the right of which has 
the bones naturally arranged and exposed from the outer side, 
whilst the left has the bones somewhat displaced, the back of 


the jaw being separated from the front; this jaw is free from 
“matrix on all sides. 


A, Left ramus of lower jaw of Seymnosuchus whaitsi, inner aspeet. 
B. Right ramus of the same jaw, outer aspect. Teeth omitted. 
x > 


‘The dentary is long and narrow, thick at the symphysis, 
where it is loosely articulated with its fellow, and thinning 
off posteriorly to an oblique feather-edge, which oyerlaps the 
surangular and angular. ‘There is a large coronoid process 
which projects freely above the surangular. 

The splenial is a thin strip of bone lying on the inner side 
of the dentary, and meeting the corresponding bone of the 


Reptilian Lower Jaws. 579 


opposite side in a relatively large symphysis. Its position in 
the figure may be slightly misplaced, being that which it now 
occupies in the somewhat disturbed jaw. ‘The posterior 
narrow part of the bone is separated by a wide crack, and 
may conceivably be a somewhat misplaced part of the pre- 
articular. 

The coronoid is a very thin bone whose shape is shown in 
the drawing lying on the inner aide of the dentary in the 
position shown. 

The surangular is a very thin sheet of bone whose outer 
surface is almost entirely overlapped by the angular. Poste- 
riorly it thickens and is united with the articular by a visible 
suture, its hinder edge overhanging the outer part of the 
articular facette. 

The angular isa large thin bone overlapping the surangular 
and itself overlapped in front by thedentary. It is strength- 
ened by a narrow rib which crosses its outer surface diagonally, 
and its lower border has a deep notch which is overhung by 
a reflected lamina exactly as in Dicynodon. 

The articular is a small bone, triangular in shape when 
viewed from above, whose outer face is covered by the sur- 
angular. The base of the triangle is formed by the articular 
facette, which is directed backwards and very slightly 
upwards. The inner and lower faces of the bone are covered 
anteriorly by the prearticular. The lower side of the bone 
bears a very small and reduced postarticular process, 

The prearticular is a long bone, flat anteriorly, but bearing 


a prominent ridge behind where it covers the articular, from 


which it is very obviously distinet in the specimen, 


Cynodontia, 


The lower jaw of Cynognathus has been described by 
Seeley, whose description is, as usual, quite accurate, although 
hard to follow in the absence of intelligible figures. Most of 
his determinations of individual bones, although offered with 
great reserve, are also accurate. Broom has also described 
the type, but his reading of its structure is not quite correct, 

The following account is founded on the perfectly preserved 
and prepared lower jaw of the type specimen of Cynognathus 
crateronotus, but I have compared it with all the other known 
specimens of higher Cynodonts. 

The dentary is a very large bone fused with its neighbour 
at the powerful symphysis, produced backward into an enor- 
mous coronoid process and overlapping all the other bones of 
the jaw. 


580 Mr. D. M. 8. Watson on some 


The splenial is a narrow strip of bone lying on the inner 
side of the dentary and having a relatively large symphysis. 

The coronoid is a large thin film of bone tightly pressed 
onto the inner side of the dentary and overlapping the sur- 
angular and prearticular at the back. It is remarkably 
similar to the corresponding bone in Scymnosuchus. 

The surangular is a narrow sheet of bone whose outer 
surface is largely covered by the angular and dentary; its 


Vig. 4, 


ANG. 


A. Left ramus of lower jaw of Cynognathus crateronotus, inner aspect 


B. Right ramus of the same jaw, outer aspect. Teeth omitted. 
xg 


inner face must be applied to the articular, but in no specimen 
is the suture between the two bones visible, 

The angular is a plate of bone thickened below and covering 
a large part of the outer face of the surangular ; its lower 
border has the usual notch placed very far forward and pro- 
vided with a vestigial reflected lamina, not completely pre- 
served in Oynognathus, but very well shown in Liademodon. 

The articular is a small bone almost completely surrounded 


Reptilian Lower Jaws. 581 


by the others; the articular face points backwards and 
slightly upwards, and the downwardly directed postarticular 
process is a scarcely visible knob. 

The prearticular is a long, thin, straight bone covering the 
inner side of the articular, from which it is separated by a 
scarcely visible suture. It lies inside the angular, and its 
forward end is covered by the coronoid. 


It is a remarkable fact that in Cynodonts increasing size of 
the dentary, and of the masticatory muscles which in Cyno- 
gnathus must be inserted on it, is correlated with a reduction 
and weakening of the back part of the jaw, which alone 
articulates with the skull; not only are the actual bones 
small, but their attachment to the dentary is weak, they 
merely rest in a groove in that bone and are often displaced 
in the fossil skulls. Hxamination of any higher Cynodont 
skull with the mandible in place will show that the very 
powerful masseter had its attachment on the dentary, and can 
scarcely have had any connection with the angular, and the 
temporal muscles were obviously inserted in mammalian 
fashion on the coronoid process of the dentary. The action 
of these powerful muscles must have set up such great stresses 
in the hinder part of the jaw that it is doubtful if it could 
have supported them. Directly correlated with increase in 
size of the dentary and reduction in size of the angular &e. is, 
an increase of the descending process of the pterygoid. It is 
noteworthy that this takes place not only between the higher 
aud lower Cynodonts, but also in the Therocephalian ‘ Lyco- 
saurus’’ curvimola, which pretty certainly comes from the 
Cisticephalus-zone of Upper Permian age. These processes 
give rise to the anterior part of the pterygoidal muscles, and 
their increase in size no doubt implies a corresponding increase 
in the muscles, which in reptiles are normally attached to the 
angular. As it is impossible that a muscle should increase 
whilst its point of attachment is degenerating, it appears 
probable that the pterygoidal muscles were mainly inserted 
onto the postero- inferior angle of the dentary, which is 
thickened. ‘Thus inserted these muscles, whilst tending to 
close the mouth, will produce stresses in the hinder part of 
the jaw in the opposite direction to those induced by the 
masseter and temporal muscles, in this way permitting the 
reduction of the linder part of the jaw which we actually see. 
The tact that in higher Cynodonts all the masticatory muscles 
have their attachments on the dentary renders the freeing of 
the articular and quadrate demanded by the quadrate=incus 


582 Mr. D. M. S. Watson on some 


theory of the mammalian ossicula auditus much more under- 
standable. 


The most marked characteristic of the Therapsid mandible 
is that it is no longer hollow and box-like, as in the Stego- 
cephalia and the majority of the other reptiles, but that the 
bones of the inside of each ramus are tightly pressed against 
the outer bones, making it very narrow and solid. This 
feature (which is not very easy to describe) is eminently 
characteristic of the group and seems to occur in no other 
reptiles. 


Pariasaurus. 


The lower jaw of Pariasaurus has been somewhat incom- 
pletely described by Seeley, but three jaws in the British 
Museum enable one to get a clear idea of the principal lines 
of its structure, although in one or two cases the sutures, 
shown dotted in the figures, are doubtful. The jaw is hollow, 
all the bones except the articular simply surrounding a cavity. 

The dentaries meet in symphysis and pass backwards on 
the outer side of the jaw to overlap the angular and surangular ; 
it is doubtful if the dentary ever reaches the lower border of 
the jaw—if it does so, it is only for a very small space just 
in advance of the angular. The wide tooth-bearing area of 
the dentary forms the roof of the cavity of the jaw. 

The splenial is a bone having a large symphysis with its 
fellow ot the opposite side ; it certainly forms a good deal of 
the lower border of the Jaw and apparently a good deal of 
its outer surface, but here the suture is not certain. On the 
inner aspect on each side the splenial is separated from the 
dentary by a narrow slit-like vacuity, which is bounded out- 
wardly by the upper margin of the splenial rising rapidly to 
near the top of the jaw. Posteriorly the upper edge of the 
bone is separated from the dentary by the anterior part of 
coronoid, which is wedged in between the two bones. The 
hinder end of the splenial overlaps the prearticular and 
angular, forming also a small part of the border of the inte- 
rior mandibular vacuity. 

The coronoid is a small bone forming the front border of 
the supra-Meckelian vacuity, and prolonged forward by a 
thin strip which is wedged in between the splenial and 
dentary. 

The surangular and angular are not separated by a satis- 
factory suture, but are overlapped anteriorly by the dentary 
and splenial, and form the outer and lower walls of the jaw ; 


Reptilian Lower Jaws. 583 


the well-known process on the underside of the jaw is formed 
entirely by the angular, as Seeley thought. 

The articular is a rather large bone fitting as a plug into 
the cavity of the back of the jaw, and extending rather far 
forward ; its outer face is largely covered by the surangular 


A. Left ramus of lower jaw of Pariasaurus, inner aspect. B. Right 
amus of the same jaw, outer aspect. ‘Teeth omitted. x 4. 


and angular, and its inner side by the prearticular. The 
articular face has two cotyli for the condyles of the quadrate, 

The prearticular is a large bone covering the inner face 
of the articular, overlapping the angular, and being itself 
covered by the splenial and coronoid in front. 


There can be no doubt that the bones which in the pre- 
ceding descriptions I have called by the same name are 


584 Mr, D. M. &. Watson on some 


homologous. It remains to show that they correspond with 
the bones which bear those names in Crocodilus, the standard 
animal for reptilian nomenclature. No doubt arises as to any 
of the bones except the splenial and coronoid. In all these 
types except Dimetrodon the splenial enters the symphysis 
and in some cases has a very large articulation with its 
fellow. In Crocodilus the splenial does not enter the 
sympliysis, but in all Mesozoic crocodiles, in which there can 
be no doubt of its identity, it has a symphysis, sometimes a 
very large one. ‘There is, in fact, no doubt that in all 
primitive reptiles the splenial takes a large part in the 
symphysis ; it does so, for example, in Cotylosauria (Parta- 
saurus, Limnoscelis, Diadectis, Labidosaurus, Captorhinus, 
Procolophon), Therocephalia (all types examined) , Cynodontia 
(all types examined), Anomodontia (all types), Saurepterygia 
(Nothosaurus, Peloneustes, Pliosaurus), Ichthyosauria (Jch- 
thyosaurus, Ophthalmosaurus), ‘* Rhynchocephalia” (/hyn- 
chosaurus, Hyperodapedon?, Champosaurus), Thecodontia 
(Belodon, Mystriosuchus), Crocodilia (Alystriosaurus, Steneo- 
saurus, Metriorhynchus)—a list which might be extended 
indefinitely. 

‘The identity of the coronoid is not quite so obvious, owing 
to the fact that it frequently extends far forward, in Dicyno- 
don probably reaching the symphysis. In the living croco- 
diles it is a very small bone forming the front of the supra- 
Meckelian vacuity. In Metriorhynchus, however, as has been 
described by Deslongehamps and as Dr. Andrews has demon- 
strated it to me, it is a long bone stretching far forward 
between the splenial and dentary, much as in Pariasaurus. 
In Peloneustes Dr. Andrews has shown that the coronoid, 
which has exactly the same relations as in Metriorhynchus, 
may extend forward to the symphysis, and does extend far 
forward in all Plesiosaurs. 

These facts seem to me to justify the terminology of this 
paper; it is, however, interesting to examine a Stegocephalian 
jaw in the light of them. The Stegocephalian mandible is 
best known from the work of Branson on Anaschisma and 
Lryops, checked and accepted for EHryops by Case, and 
supported by Seeley’s description of the hinder part of the 
lower jaw ot * Labyrinthodon” lavisti and Smith Woodward’s 
of the mandible of “ Labyrinthodon” leptognathus. 

These descriptions, when compared with the less well- 
known mandibles of other types, go far to show that the plan 
of structure is the same in all Zemnospondylus and Stereo- 
spondylus Stegocephalia. 

Bothriceps is a small Temnospondylus Stegocephalian of 


Reptilian Lower Jaws. 585 


Upper Permian age from the Orange Free State, South 
Africa; the excellent series of specimens in the British 
Museum show all points of the structure of the mandible with 
great clearness, except the upper edge, which in all cases is 
obscured by the skull. 

The dentary is a long shallow bone meeting its fellow in a 
loose suture and extending backwards on the outside of the 
jaw until it meets the angular and surangular: it never 
reaches the lower border of the mandible. 


MEPL Ss SANE DEN 


Pee hee f 
— me eee eee - 
—~ eae ee - 


A. Left ramus of lower jaw of Bothriceps, inner aspect. B. Right 
ramus of the same jaw, outer aspect. Teeth omitted. x 1. 


The splenial is the bone figured by Branson in Anaschisma 
and Hryops without determination and with some doubt. It 
was clearly figured by Smith Woodward in Labyrinthodon 
leptognathus, and called infra-dentary by analogy with the 
bones of that name in the Crossopterygian jaw ; the homology 
implied by this nomenclature is no doubt correct. 

In Bothriceps it is a small element with a large symphysis, 
forming the lower border of the anterior part of the jaw; 
posteriorly it meets and overlaps the angular. 

Dr. A. 8. Woodward, in his account of the Labyrinthodon 
jaw, described a little slit on the inside of the jaw lying on 
each side of the symphysis, bounded by the “ infra-dentary ”’ 
below and the dentary above. These little vacuities also 
occur in the type specimens of Rhinesuchus oweni (Lydd.) and 
Rhytidosteus africanus, Owen, and no doubt generally in the 
group. ‘They correspond exactly with the similarly placed 
openings in Partasaurus described above, and are clearly 
shown in Williston’s figure of Casea and Williston and Case 
on Diadectes lentus. 


586 Mr. D. M. 8. Watson on some 


The coronoid is the bone usually described as splenial in 
the Stegocephalian mandible ; it is a long strip of bone lying 
on the inside of the jaw and overlapped by the splenial and 
angular; behind, it forms a good deal of the lower border of 
the supra-Meckelian vacuity, overlaps the prearticular, and 
forms the anterior border of the small interior mandibular 
vacuity. It cannot be seen in Bothriceps whether it enters the 
symphysis, but as it does not in any other known amphibian, 
including Zvrimerorachis (which is nearly identical with 
Bothriceps), it probably does not in Bothriceps. 

In Eryops, Anaschisma, and Labyrinthodon this bone 
forms a parapet on the inner side of the tooth-bearing area of 
the dentary. 

I have pointed out above that in all early reptiles the 
splenial is a bone of the mandibular symphysis, and that in 
its appearance and relations it is identical with the “ infra- 
dentary” of Stegocephalia. The so-called “splenial” of 
Stegocephs is equally similar to the coronoid of such forms 
as Pariasaurus, Peloneustes, and Metriorhynchus, in which it 
is a long narrow splint bordering the tooth-bearing area of 
the hinder part of the dentary, and overlapped below by the 
splenial; in Peloneustes and probably Dicynodon the coronoid 
actually reaches the symphysis, so that the great forward 
extension of the “splenial”? of Stegocephalia cannot be 
advanced against this correlation. 

The only sound piece of evidence against this interpretation 
is the occurrence, recorded by Branson, of a small coronoid- 
like bone lying between the ‘“‘splenial”” and the dentary in 
front of the supra-Mickelian opening in Anaschisma and 
Eryops. It seems to me easier to regard this bone, for which 
I propose the name epicoronoid, as having disappeared in the 
reptilian jaw, than to imagine that it should secondarily 
acquire a forward extension, that the “splenial” should 
extend forward and gain asymphysis, and downwards by the 
disappearance of the “infra-dentary”’ to form the lower 
border of the jaw, completely mimicking in the appearance of 
its anterior part the “ infra-dentary ” which it displaced. 

As Smith Woodward has pointed out, the bone here 
regarded as splenial in the Stegocephalia is apparently homo- 
Jogous with the first or one of the infra-dentaries of the 
Crossopterygian mandible. The true coronoid will be homo- 
logous with the “splenial”’ of the fish, and Branson’s 
“ coronoid ” in Anaschisma may correspond to the last of the 
little bones which in Holoptychius and all allied fish lie 
between the dentary and the “ splenial.”’ 


Reptilian Lower Jaws. 587 


I wish to express my thanks to the Trustees of the Percy 
Sladen Fund, who assisted me to visit South Africa; to 
Messrs. J. Strydon and M. de Jager, on whose farms I found 
some of the specimens described above ; to the Rev. J. H. 
Whaits, to whom the British Museum owes the Scymno- 
suchus ; and to Drs. A. Smith Woodward and C. W. Andrews, 


for their constant kindness at the Museum. 


Bibliography. 


AnpreEws, C. W. “The Lower Jaw of Plesiosaurs.” Geol. Mag. 1911, 
dec. v. vol. viii. pp. 160-164. 

—. ‘Catalogue of the Marine Reptiles of the Oxford Clay.’ Vol. ii. 
(Not yet published.) 

Branson, KE. B. “The Structure and Relationships of the American 
Labyrinthodontidee.” Journ. Geol. vol. xiii. pp, 568-610, 19085. 

Broom, R. ‘ On the Structure and Affinities of Oudenodon.” P.Z.S8, 
1901, vol. ii. p. 162. 

——. “On the Structure of the Theriodont Mandible and on its Mode 
of Articulation with the Skull.” P. Z. 8. 1904, vol. i. p. 90, 

——. ‘A Comparison of the Permian Reptiles of North America with 
those of South Africa.” Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xxviii. 
p. 197. 1910, 

—. “On the Structure of the Skull in Cynodont Reptiles.” P. Z. 8. 
1911, vol, ii. p. 893. 

—. ‘On some new South-African Permian Reptiles.” P. Z. S. 1911, 
vol. ii. p. 1073. 

Casr, KE. C. “The Pelycosauria.” Carnegie Institution Publ. no. 190. 

‘¢ Revision of the Ampbibia of the Permian of North America.” 

Carnegie Institution Publ. no. 146. 1911. 

—. “Revision of the Cotylosauria of North America.” Carnegie 
Institution Publ. no. 145, 1911. 

OwEN, R. Trans. Geol. Soc. vol. vi. ser. 3. 1846. 

—. ‘A Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia in the Museum of the Royal 
College of Surgeons,’ 

SeevEy, H.G. ‘On Delphinognathus conocephalus (Seeley).” Q.J.G.S. 
vol. xlviil. pp. 469-475, 1892. 
“On further Evidence of Enodothiodon bathystoma, Owen.” 
Q. J. G.S. vol. xlviii. pp. 476-480. 1892. 

—. “On the Skeleton in new Cynodontia from the Karroo Rocks,” 
Phil. Trans. vol. 185 B, p. 59. 1895. 

Wiuiston, 8. W. ‘American Permian Vertebrates.’ Chicago, 1911. 

——, and Casr, E.C. “ A Description of the Skulls of Diadectes lentus 
and Animasaurus carinatus.’ Amer, Journ. Sci. vol. xxxiii. 
1912. 

Woopwarp,A.8. ‘Outlines of Vertebrate Paleontology.’ Cambridge, 
1898. 

—. “On a Mandible of Labyrinthodon leptognathus, Owen.” Rep. 
Brit. Assoc. Leicester Meeting, 1907, Publ. 1908, 


588 On Two new Races 0) Mongoose. 


LXVIIT.—Two new Races of Mongoose. 
By OupFrieLp THOMAS. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Mungos paludinosus mordax, subsp. n. 


Size very large, the skull larger than in any example of 
M. p. robustus. Frontal region unusually convex, the outline 
strongly bowed. Crest well developed. Posterior palatal 
tube of medium breadth. Bullee well inflated. 

Teeth exceedingly large and heavy, far surpassing those 
of any other member of the group (see measurements below}. 
Small anterior premolar absent as usual, this tooth being 
only present in the western race of the species, JZ. paludi- 
nosus pluto, 'Temm. 

Dimensions of skull :— 

Cendylo-basal length 115 mm. ; zygomatic breadth 63°4 ; 
breadth of nasal opening 12°63; interorbital breadth 23°5 ; 
intertemporal breadth 11°3 ; palatal length 66 ; palate breadth 
outside p* 39°45; outer breadth of posterior palatal tube 10°6. 

Teeth Combined breadth of upper incisors 15°2; p* 8°5 x 
71; p*, greatest diameter 14°5, length on outer side 11°7 ; 
mi, transverse diameter 12°5; m? 7:5x3°7; m, 1L7x71; 
mM, 6°8 x 5:6. 

Hab, Rombashi River, in German E. Africa, N.W. of the 
north end of Lake Nyasa. Alt. 1600’. 

Type. Adult skull with unworn teeth ; said to be female, 
but more probably male. B.M. no. 3. 2.16.2. Collected 
in November 1888, and presented by Capt. R. Crawshay. 

The conspicuously greater size of the teeth will readily 
distinguish this fine mungoose from its allies M. p. robustus 
and rubellus. Hollister’s M. p. rubescens* from Kilima- 
njaro is decidedly smaller. 


Mungos naso nigerianus, subsp. n. 


Kssential characters as in true naso, but size markedly 
smaller. 

Colour as in naso. 

Skull smaller in all dimensions, as indicated by the dimen- 
sions below. Frontal region rather less convex. Bulle 
much smaller. 


* P. Biol, Soc. Wash. xxv. p. 1 (1912). 


On new Mammals from the Johore Archipelago. 589 


External dimensions as recorded by collector :— 

Head and body 534 mm.; tail 861; hind foot 98; ear 33. 

Skull: condylo-basal length 101; zygomatic breadth 53:5 ; 
interorbital breadth 20°5 ; intertemporal breadth 17°5 ; 
palatal length 55; breadth between outer sides of p* 33 ; 
length of bulle 19; breadth between outer surfaces of bullee 
38°5. Length of p* on outer edge 9°8. 

Hab. Niaji, 20 miles N.E. of Oban, Southern Nigeria. 
Another specimen without skull from Oban. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 10.6.1.14. Original 

number 20. Collected 17th October, 1909, by P. A. Talbot, 
Esq. 
The Museum now possesses six skulls of J/. naso from 
different localities in the Cameroons, and these are so 
uniformly larger than Mr. Talbot’s specimen that I only 
hesitate as to whether the latter ought not to be referred to a 
different species. The difference in the size and lateral 
extension of the bullze is especially noticeable. 


LXIX.—On new Mammals from the Islands of the Johore 
Archipelago, South China Sea. By Herpert C. RoBINson, 
C.M.Z.S. 

Crocidura klossi?, nom. nov. 

Crocidura major, Kloss (Wagler), Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vii. 
p- 117 (4911); id. Journ, Fed. Malay States Mus, iv. pp. 194, 195 
(1911). 

Mr. G. 8S. Miller has pointed out to me that Mr. Kloss’s 
name for this shrew from Great Redang Island is antedated 
by Crocidura major, Wagler, Isis, p. 1218 (1832), a synonym 
of Crocidura russula, and I therefore substitute the above 
name for it. 


Crocidura doris, sp. n. 

Type.—Adult female (skin and skull), No. 166/12, 
Selangor Museum, collected at Batu Berhala, Pulau Aor, 
Johore Archipelago, South China Sea, 13th June, 1912, by 
H. C. Robinson and E. Seimund. Original no. 4859. 

Characters.—A large member of the subgenus Crocidura, 
slightly larger than C. klossi, but very distinctly paler above 
and with a marked liver-brown coloration on the breast and 
anterior portion of the abdomen. 

Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 40 


590 Mr. H. C. Robinson on new 


Colour.—Above silvery grey, somewhat darker on the 
muzzle, feet, hands, and lower portion of the back, the base 
of the fur very slightly lighter. General colour beneath 
similar but paler on the throat, pelage of the chest and upper 
abdomen with a very decided wash of liver-brown. Tail 
very finely annulated, dull black, above and below, furnished 
with a few long whitish hairs towards the base. Vibrissa 
silvery grey, blackish at the extreme base. No lateral scent- 
glands in the only specimen (female) available. 

Skull and teeth.—The skull very closely resembles that of 
C. klossiz, but the interpterygoid space is narrower and more 
parallel-sided and the molar series, viewed from above, are 
less divergent and more parallel, so that the palate appears 
narrower in proportion to its length than is the case with 
C. klossii. 

Measurements.—Collectors’ external measurements (taken 
in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 102 (97*) mm.; tail 78 (69); hind 
foot 16 (16) ; ear 11 (10°6). 

Skull: greatest length (excl. incisors) 23°8 (23:0) ; basal 
length 21:1 (20°9); palatal length 10°3 (10:0) ; lachrymal 
breadth of rostrum 4°9 (4°7) ; greatest breadth above molars 
79 (7:8) ; cranial breadth above mastoid 10°5 (10°) ; 
maxillary tooth-row, including incisors, 11°0 (10°8) ; mandi- 
bular tooth-row (including incisors) 10:0 (10:0). 

Specimens examined.—Une, the type. 

Remarks.—The species seems closely allied to C. lepidura F 
from Hast Sumatra, though that form has apparently a longer 
foot and, relatively to the breadth of skull above the posterior 
molars, a rather longer muzzle. ‘The skull of the only 
specimen known is, however, very imperfect. 


Atherurus macrourus pemangilis, subsp. n. 


Type.-—Adult female (skin and skull), No. 341/12, 
Selangor Museum, collected on Pulau Pemanggil between 
Pulau Aor and Pulau Tioman, Johore Archipelago, South 
China Sea, 16th June, 1912, by Museum collectors. 
Original no. 5014. 

Characters.—A race of the mainland A. macrourus (Linn.), 
differing in its very much smaller size. Separated from 
A. m. tionts f, of Tioman, by its shorter nasals and deeper 


* Measurements in parentheses those of the type of C. klossiz. 
+ Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxiv. p. 662 (1908). 
{t Thomas, Journ, Fed. Malay States Mus. ii. p. 105 (1908): 


Mammals from the Johore Archipelago. 591 


muzzle, and from A. m. zygomaticus *, of Aor, by the large 
size of the lachrymal and by the absence of the tooth-like 
process on the under side of the malar. 

Colour.—Somewhat darker than either A. m. macrourus 
or A. m. tions, closely resembling A. m. zygomaticus. 

Skull.— Quite distinct from that of its nearest geographical 
neighbour, A. m. zygomaticus, in that the lachrymal is dis- 
tinctly visible when the skull is viewed from above, the- 
zygomatic arch much narrower, and the tooth-like process 
of the malar not even indicated. Intertemporal constriction 
less marked than in the mainland form, the nasals shorter 
than in that from Tioman, the muzzle being also deeper and 
the posterior portion of the frontals more inflated. Fronto- 
premaxillary suture in advance of the posterior termination 
of the nasals and not in line with it as in the two related 
forms. 

Measurements.—Collectors’ external measurements of type 
(taken in the flesh) :-— 

Head and body 456 (516 T) mm.; tail — (176); hind 
foot 64 (60) ; ear 35 (34). 

Cranial measurements: upper length 89 (91) ; condylo- 
basilar length 75 (77) ; greatest breadth 45 (48) ; nasals 
24°5x13 (27x15) ; intertemporal breadth 24°3 (26) ; 
height of muzzle on diastema 20°8 (18°5); height of crown 
above palate 24:2 (25) ; palatilar length 35 (39) ; diastema 
23°2 (28); length of upper tooth-row (crowns) 16°3 
16°8). 

The dimensions of an adult male are :— 

Head and body 490 (586 }) mm. ; tail 180 (304) ; hind 
foot 64 (73) ; ear 36 (38). 

Cranial measurements: upper length 89-5 (102) ; condylo- 
basilar length — (94); greatest breadth — (51); nasals 
24:5 x14°5 (26:9x15); intertemporal breadth — (27); 
height of muzzle on diastema 21 (22); height of crown 
above palate — (27°) ; palatilar length — (43°5) ; diastema 
28°5 (31°8) ; | length of upper tooth-row (crowns) 16:1 
(17-0). 
ee examined.—F our, all from the type locality. 

Remarks.—Exceedingly abundant among the rocks on the 


* Miller, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 45, p. 42, pl. ii. fig. 4 (1903) ; Lyon, 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxii. pp. 587, 588, 593 (1907). 

+ Measurements in parentheses those of the type of <Atherurus 
tionis. 

{ Measurements in parentheses those of an adult male <Atherurus 
macrourus from Sungei Siput, Central Perak, Selangor Museum, 


No. 966/11. 
40* 


592 Mr. H. GC. Robinson on new 


higher portions of Pulau Pemanggil, this porcupine is more 
closely allied to the form from ‘Tioman than it is to that of 
Aor, though in the case of the other species inhabiting 


Pemanggill their affinities are rather with those of the latter 
island. 


Sciurus vittatus famulus, subsp. n. 


Type. — Adult male (skin and skull), No. 153/12, 
Selangor Museum, collected on Pulau Dayang, near Pulau 
Aor, Johore Archipelago, South China Sea, June 16th, 1912, 
by H. ©. Robinson and E. Seimund. Original no. 4938. 

Characters.—A dwarfed form of the viitatus group, closely 
approximating in size to its geographical neighbour Se. v. 
aoris, Miller, but in colour intermediate between that form 
and Se. v. peninsularis from the mainland of Johore and 
Singapore Island. Skull: greatest length (mean of ten 
specimens) 44°7, zygomatic breadth 26:0, against 49-4 and 
28-0 in the type of Se. v. peninsularis. 

Colour.—Upper parts a fine grizzle of black and buffy 
olivaceous, less greyish than in Se. v. aoris and less rufescent 
than in Se. v. peninsularis. Feet and hands grizzled black 
and golden buff, the latter in excess. Cheeks grizzled 
greyish buff; a buff eye-ring. Buffy-white side-stripe 
broader and not quite so clearly defined as in Se. v. penin- 
sularts, but the black stripe shorter and narrower and not so 
dark, but still sharply defined and not largely obscured by 
erizzling as in many specimens of Sc. v. aoris. Tail like 
back, but annulations more pronounced and with the terminal 
portion strongly washed with ochraceous rufous, a tint 
entirely absent in Se. v. aorts. _ Under surface ochraceous 
rufous, rather less ochraceous than in Se. v. peninsularis, 
but not nearly so buffy asin Sc. v. aoris. ‘Throat, upper 
chest, and under surface of fore limbs golden buff. 

Measurements.—Collectors’ external measurements (taken 
in the flesh) :-— 

Head and body 176 (199*) mm. ; tail 158 (198) ; hind 
foot 40 (47°5) ; ear 16°5 (16). 

ranial measurements: greatest length 45:1 (51°2) ; 
condylo-basilar length 38°8 (43:1); interorbital breadth 
16:2 (18:1) ; zygomatic breadth 26°0 (29°8) ; cranial breadth 
20°8 (23°2) ; median length of nasals 13-1 (15:4); diastema 
10°3 (11°1) ; upper molar series, including pm*, 8°3 (9°6). 

Specimens evamined.—Ten, all from the type locality. 


* Measurements in parentheses those of an adult male Scirus ». 


peninsularis from Changi, Singapore Island, Selangor Museum, No. 
1743/08. 


Mammals from the Johore Archipelago. . 593 
Remarks.—Though Pulau Dayang is separated from 
Pulau Aor by a channel which is little more than a quarter of 
a mile wide, there is a minimum depth of twenty-five fathoms 
between the two islands, and it is unlikely that any inter- 
communication can take place between the races of squirrels 
and rats found on either side of the strait, ‘The ten speci- 
mens from Pulau Dayang when mixed with thirty trom 
Pulau Aor can be picked out without the slightest difficulty 
by any person able to appreciate marked differences in tint. 
The affinities of the present form and Se. v. tenudrostris 
inhabiting Tioman are decidedly with the mainland races, 
while those of Se. ec. aorts and Se. v. pemangilensis are rather 
with those inhabiting the Natunas and Anambas. 


Lpimys surifer pemangilis, subsp. n. 


Type.—Adult male (skin and skull), No. 447/12, Selangor 
Museum, collected on Pulau Pemanggil, Johore Archipelago, 
South China Sea, 16th June, 1912, by Museum Collectors. 
No. 4999. 

Characters.—In size about equal to Z. s. grandis and 
LE. s. favigrandis* (Kloss), but much brighter in colour than 
either of these races, young and unabraded specimens 
approaching L. s. deonist from Singapore in clearness of 
tint. 

Colour.— Upper parts ochraceous orange, brightest on the 
flanks, nape, and limbs, darkened on the shoulders, back, and 
rump with the brown tips of the spines. Upper part of the 
head, muzzle, and patches round the eyes earthy brown. 
Cheeks and sides of the head pale yellowish buff, not whitish 
at the base of the vibrissse, which are dark brown, paler at 
the tips. Hands and feet whitish, without darker stripe, 
sharply defined in the case of the feet from the colour of the 
limbs. Beneath white, this colour continued as an ill-defined 
stripe on the outer side of the leg and the inner side of the 
arms to the ankles and wrists. ‘l'ail black above and at the 
tip, whitish beneath. 

Skull and teeth.—Skull stout and heavily built as in 
Ei. s. grandis and EF. s, flavigrandis, but with the rostrum 
rather more slender and the nasals narrower than in these 
races. Anterior edge of infraorbital plate sloping slightly 
forwards. Palatal foramina rather longer and broader and 
bullee smaller and flatter than in any of the other forms. 
Teeth with no differential characters. 

* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vii. p. 119 (1911); Journ. Fed. Malay 
States Mus. iv. pp. 209-211 (1911). 
+ Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus, iy. p. 170 (1911). 


594 On new Mammals from the Johore Archipelago. 


Measurements.—Collectors’ external measurements of type 
(taken in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 220 (208*) mm. ; tail 175 (180) ; hind 
foot 42 (43) ; ear — (23). 

Cranial measurements: greatest length 48:0 (48-0) ; basal 
length 42°3 (42); palatal length 22:2 (22) ; length of nasals 
19-0 (20°7) ; greatest breadth of combined nasals 4:9 (5:3) ; 
shortest distance between tips of nasals and lachrymal notch 
19-8 (19:2) ; diastema 14:0 (14:0); upper molar row 7:1 
(7°4) ; length of palatal foramina 7-9 (7:0); breadth of 
combined foramina 41 (3°9) ; zygomatic breadth 20°9 (21°5) ; 
cranial breadth 17:0 (17°2) ; depth of rostrum at anterior 
extremity of palatal foramina 9°0 (9°1); breadth of rostrum 
midway between henselion and palatal foramina 6°3 (7:4). 

Specimens examined.—Thirteen skins and skulls and one 
additional skull, all from the type locality. 

Remarks.—From E. surifer microdont (Kloss) from 
Tioman this race differs mainly in its more heavily built 
skull, the teeth not reduced in size, and in the absence 
of abuff gorget across the throat. In LE. s. mzerodon also 
the white of the under surface is, as a rule, broadly separated 
from the ankles by the buff of the thighs. 


Epimys surtfer aoris, subsp. n. 

Type.—Adult male (skin and skull), No. 445/12, Selangor 
Museum, collected on Pulau Aor, Johore Archipelago, South 
China Sea, 15th June, 1912, by H. C. Robinson and 
KE. Seimund. Original no. 4947. 

Characters.—Very similar to the preceding race and with 
a similiarly robust skull, but colour decidedly less intense. 
Head rather darker. Anterior margin of infraorbital plate 
almost vertical ; nasals broader, the anterior margin much 
less receding. 

Colour.—Mingled black and ochraceous buff, hardly 
brighter on the flanks than elsewhere, but pelage of all the 
adult specimens somewhat abraded. ‘Top of head, muzzle, 
and patches round the eyes darker brown than in the allied 
forms. No whitish patch at the roots of the vibrisse. 
White of the under surface continued as a more or less ill- 
defined line to the wrists and ankles. 

Skull and teeth.—Skull generally similar to that of 
EE. s. pemangilis, with the differences noted above. Outline 


* Measurements in parentheses those of the type of Mus surifer 


flavigrandis, 
+ Journ, Fed, Malay States Mus, ii. p. 145 (1908). 


On new Fishes from Baluchistan. 595 


of cranium, viewed from above, rather more rounded, the 
fronto-parietal ridge less sharply deflected at the suture. 
Nasals broader and much less sharply cut away at the 
anterior extremity. Teeth similar to those of 2. s. pemangilis. 

Measurements.—Collectors’ external measurements (taken 
in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 214 (204*) mm. ; tail 185 (188) ; hind 
foot 41 (42); ear 22 (23). 

jranial measurements: greatest length 47:8 (49) ; basal 
length 42:0 (41°7) ; length of nasals 17:4 (19°8); greatest 
breadth of nasals 5°8 (5°6); shortest distance between tips 
of nasals and lachrymal notch 19-0 (20°4); palatal length 
22°3 (22); diastema 13-9 (13°4) ; length of palatal foramina 
71 (69); breadth of combined palatal foramina 4°1 (3:9) ; 
zygomatic breadth 21:2 (21) ; cranial breadth 17°3 (17:2) ; 
depth of rostrum at anterior extremity of palatal foramina 
8-9 (9°3) 5; breadth of rostrum midway between henselion and 
palatal foramina 7°1 (8:0) ; upper molar row 7:2 (7°53). 

Specimens examined.—Vitteen skins and skulls and one 
additional skull, all from the type locality. 

Remarks.—This race can be readily separated from the 
adjacent H. s. pemangilis by its duller coloration and by the 
shorter and less acuminate nasals, which seem a fairly 


constant feature. 


LXX.—EHight New Fishes from Baluchistan. By Dr. Ericu 
ZUGMAYER, of the Zoological Museum, Munich. 


AMONG a collection of marine and freshwater fishes which 
I made during a journey along the Mekran coast and in the 
interior of Baluchistan the following appear to be new. 


J. MARINE FISHES. 


Platycephalus platysoma, sp. v. 


Distinct from all other species by its strongly depressed 
body, whose depth is less than +4; of the total length. Length 
of head a little over 3} in total length, breadth of head 43 in 
the same. Interorbital space flat, equal to 2 diameters of 


* Measurements in parentheses are those of the type of Mus surifer 
grandis. 


596 Dr. E. Zugmayer on new 


eye, snout 23, length of head 9; two strong preopercular 
spines. Lateral line unarmed. 


Dps 13,.P.19, VGA. 13.1. 


Uniform reddish brown, spines and rays of dorsal with 
rows of black spots. Caudal yellow, with an oblique black 
bar in its lower and two oblong black blotches in its upper 
half. 


One specimen, 570 mm. long, from Gwadar. 


[A Pleuronectid from Gwadar answers in every respect to 
the description of Pseudorhombus russellii, Gray, except that 
the gill-membranes, which should be united to the isthmus, 
are free to the chin. 

In ‘Zool. Anzeiger,’ vol. xxxix. no. 21/22, Mr. R. Engel- 
hardt has, under the name of Torpedo zugmayeri, described a 
new electric ray, which I found at Gwadar.—E. Z. 


II. FRESHWATER FISHES. 


Scaphiodon watsont, Day, var. belense, var. n. 


D. 1V/9-10, P. 15-16, V. 8, A. II/7, Il. 33-36, It. 7/6, 
dph. PV ae es Ey 


Length of head 54, height of body a little less than 3 in 
total length. Diameter of orbit 6 in length of head. Last 
undivided dorsal ray strong, osseous and serrated to the tip ; 
pectoral almost as long as head. Coloration bluish on back, 
sides yellow, abdomen white; fins pale. 

This variety is distinguished from the typical species 
by its longer pectoral, greater depth of body, shorter head, 
and much smaller eyes. 

Forty-two specimens, up to 230mm., from the Purali River, 

near Las Bela. 


Scaphiodon daukes?, sp. n. 


D. III/10-11, P. 18, V. 8, A. II/7, ll. 38-39, lt. 8/6-8/7, 
dph. 4—38—2—2—3—4. 


Length of head 34-4 in total length, depth of body 4; 
45; orbit 5 in length of head, twice in interorbital He 
Barvee 2, shorter than the eye. Lower jaw with a very 
thin horny covering, without sharp margin. Mouth terminal, 


Fishes from Baluchistan. 597 


large and broad, lips fleshy, snout with glandular pores and 

warts and a groove across it. Dorsal arises slightly ahead of 
ventrals, its last undivided ray moderately strong, serrated 
nearly to the tip. Scales regular on sides and back, small 
and hardly touching each other on the abdomen. None of 
the fins reaches the next. Caudal moderately forked, the 
lower lobe the longer. 

Coloration dark olive above, silverish yellow on sides, 
white on lower surface. Orange blotches in both sexes on 
preopercle, base of pectoral, and along the lateral line; fins 
yellowish. 

Distinguished from Se. baluchiorum, Jenkins, by the size 
and position of the mouth, greater size of eye, and greater 
length of head; from Sc. macmahoni, T. Reg., by the 
same characteristics and the comparatively smaller depth of 
body. 

Ten specimens, from 110 to 190 mm., were caught in 
irrigation channels and pools near Panjgur, 


Labeo macmahoni, sp. 0. 


D, 111/8, P. 17, V. 10, A. 11/5, C. 22, ll. 35-36. It. F, 
l].-v. 43, dph. 5—4—2—2—4—5, 


Leneth of head 53, depth of body 44 in total length. 
Diameter of orbit 4 in ‘head, 21 in interorbital space, and 12 
in snout. Mouth very soft and flabby, with pronounced 
lateral lobes. Jaws closely enveloped by lips; a median 
transverse fold to lower lip, two external folds. Lower jaw 
with a hard and sharp horny margin. Barbels four: two 
rostral, shorter than the eye, two very small ones in the 
corners of the mouth. Dorsal arises midway between tip of 
snout and end of base of anal fin, considerably before the 
origin of ventrals; pectoral reaches 2 towards ventral, the 
latter 2 towards anal. 

Slate-blue on back, golden and silvery on sides and abdo- 
nfen ; no marks; fins pale, unspotted. 

None of the other Asiatic species combines the low number 
of dorsal rays with the presence of 4 barbels. 

Thirteen specimens from Dasht River, near Suntsar and 
Turbat ; this seems the westernmost habitat of the genus in 
Asia. 


598 Dr. E. Zugmayer on new 


Labeo gedrosicus, sp. n. 
Five specimens, 300-345 mm., from Panjgur. 


D. III/10, P. 14, V. 9, A. IL/6—7, ll. 42, It. 5, l-v. 72, 
dph. 5—4—2—2—4—5, 


Length of head 53, depth of body not quite 5 in total 
length. Breadth of head 4% of its height, height 2 of its 
length. Snout a little over 4 of length of head. Hye at the 
end of the first half of length of head, diameter 7-8 in head, 
3 in interorbital space. Lips continuous, the lower only 
fringed ; median, transverse, and jateral folds to lower lip. 
‘The lower jaw only with a horny covering and margin ; no 
lateral lobe to snout, a groove across the latter; glandular 
pores present. Barbels two, hidden in lateral grooves. 
Dorsal arises over end of pectoral, considerably before ventral. 
Last undivided dorsal ray articulate, slightly longer than 
head; margin of dorsal strongly concave, the shortest rays 
being 2 of the longest. Pectoral nearly as long as head and 
reaching towards ventral; the latter measures zo of pectoral 
and reaches 2 towards anal; anal ? towards root of caudal. 
Length of caudal, which is deeply forked, equal to depth of 
body. 

Greyish brown, bluish on back, fins pale; a golden spot on 
preopercle, anterior margin of dorsal black. 

Allied to L. diplostomus (Heck.), which occurs at the same 
locality, but distinguished by its smaller eyes, the median fold 
to the lower lip, and the covering of the jaws, which here is 
found on the lower jaw only. Moreover the dorsal arises 
midway between snout and beginning (not end) of base of anal. 


Nemachilus brahui, sp. n. 
D..9, (Pe DL Wer hai ty Ce les 


Head 5, depth of body 63 in total length. Depth of head 
6 of its breadth, breadth 13 in its length. Diameter of orhkit 
+ of length of head, # of interorbital space. Snout as long 
as postorbital portion of head. Cleft of mouth does not 
extend to below the anterior nostril. Lips thick, papillose, 
ihe lower interrupted. Barbels six, the outer rostral, which 
is the longest, reaching to posterior nostril. No scales. 
Dorsal arises midway between anterior margin of orbit and 
root of caudal, slightly but distinctly before ventral. Pectoral 
equal to depth of body, extends halfway towards ventral; the 
latter passes the anal opening and misses the anal by one 


Fishes from Baluchistan. 599 


diameter of orbit. Caudal very slightly emarginate. Free 
portion of tail half as high as long, its length equalling that 
of the head less one diameter of eye. 

Greyish green, with irregular transverse bars and blotches ; 
fins dirty orange, D. and C, speckled with black. 

Distinguished from WV. rhadinaeus, 'T. Reg., by the greater 
depth of body, the position of the eye, and the form and size 
of the mouth ; from WV. macmahoni, Chaudh., by the length 
of the ventral, the greater length of the head, and the lesser 
depth of the body. 

Twenty-four specimens, between 100 and 130 mm., were 
collected at Kelat. 


Nemachilus baluchiorum, sp. n. 
PF LO, Talis On 18. 


Length of head 5-53, depth of body 64 in total length. 
Depth of head § of its breadth, breadth 1} in its length. Eye 
7 of length of head, ? of interorbital space. Snout as long 
as postorbital portion of head. Cleft of mouth does not 
extend to below the nostrils. Lips moderately thick, the 
lower interrupted. Barbels six, the outer rostral being the 
longest and extending to front margin of orbit. Scales 
embedded in the skin, but distinct. Dorsal arises midway 
between hind nostril and root of caudal, opposite ventral. 
Length of pectoral equalling that of head less diameter of 
eye, reaches 2 towards ventral ; the latter does not reach the 
anus. Caudal distinctly emarginate. Free portion of tail 
as long as high, 4 of total length. Males with a movable 
protrusion of the preorbital. 

Greenish yellow, with 11-13 dark olive cross-bars, another 
nearly black at base of caudal. Anterior base of dorsal with 
a black mark, dorsal and caudal with oblique rows of spots; 
lower fins yellow. 

In coloration this species is similar to N. kessleri, Gthr., 
but the presence of scales and the size of the orbit make it 
quite distinct ; from the similarly coloured species VV. bam- 
purensis, Nik., and N. sargadensis, Nik., it is easily distin- 
guished by its much greater depth of body. From the 
above-mentioned WV. drahui it differs in colour, as well as in 
the presence of scales, the proportions of the caudal peduncle, 
and the length of the ventral fin. 

Thirteen specimens from Panjgur. 


600 On Apherusa jurinei (,-Hdw.). 


LXXI.—Apherusa jurinei (M.-Edw.). 
By Aurrep O. Watker, F.L.S., F.Z.S. 


Tus species, which is a not uncommon inhabitant of rock- 
pools along our coasts, has been rather unfairly treated by 
describers. A. Boeck (Skand. Arkt. Amph. p. 348, pl. xxii. 
fig. 6) and G. O. Sars (Crust. Norw. Amphipoda, p. 445, 
pl. elviil. fig. 1) describe and figure what must be regarded 
as the typical form, in which the third pleon-segment is thus 
described by the latter :—‘‘ Last pair of epimeral plates of 
metasome forming a broadish expansion, the inferior corner 
of which is dentiform, the superior one triangularly produced, 
edge of the projection quite smooth.” Boeck’s description 
is to much the same effect. 

In looking over collections from various parts of our 
coasts, especially those of N. Wales, I have been struck by 
the great variability of the above segment, the hind margin 
varying from the form described by Boeck and Sars to an 
even curve like that of Calliopius rathkei figured by Sars in 
the same plate (2 ep.?). A very common form has the acute 
upper angle reduced to a more or less rounded obtuse angle 
near the middle of the curve. This appears to be commoner 
than the typical form in the specimens examined, and is to 
be seen in specimens of both sexes, all ages, and from various 
localities. 

There are also considerable differences in the antenne of 
the males and females which appear to have escaped notice 
hitherto. All authors agree in saying that antenne 1 are 
shorter than ant. 2, but I find that im the adult males they 
are often subequal and occasionally somewhat longer. The 
structure of the peduncle of ant. 1 also differs greatly in the 
two sexes, though no author has called attention to this. 
Bruzelius and Boeck both speak of a tooth at the end of the 
lower margin of the last joint of the peduncle, which is not 
mentioned or figured by G. O. Sars; yet both are strictly 
correct, the former being the male and the latter the female 
form. Further, the adult male has, in addition to this tooth, 
from one to three teeth on the lower margins of the last two 
joints of the peduncle, each tooth being generally crowned 
with a calceolus, which I have never seen on the flagellum 
in this species. These teeth are indicated in Boeck’s figure 
of the antenne, which are shown of equal length. 

An adult male with the rounded or subangular form of the 
hind margin of the third pleon-segment might well be taken 


On new Fishes from the Nile System. 601 


for a distinct species when compared with any published 
description, which leads to the conclusion that differences of 
outline in this part alone cannot properly be used to distin- 
euish species; and the same may be said of the dorsal hind 
margins of the body-segments. 


LXXII.—Descriptions of Two new Fishes from the Nile 
System. By G. A. Boutencur§ F.R.S. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


A couuection of fishes recently made by Mr. F. J. Jackson, 
C.B., in Uganda, and presented by him to the British 
Museum, includes examples of two new species, one of which 
belongs to a genus which was not previously represented in 
the fauna of the Nile system. 


dllestes jacksonit. 


Depth of body 3 times in total length, length of bead 4 
times. Head twice as long as broad, slightly longer than 
deep ; snout rounded, as long as the eye, which is lateral 
and 3} times in length of head ; interorbital region feebly 
convex, its width 22 times in length of head ; maxillary 
nearly reaching to below anterior border of eye; 16 teeth 
() in upper jaw, 10 (3) in lower ; lower border of second 
suborbital as long as eye. Gill-rakers moderately long, 16 
on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal II 8, originating 
just behind vertical of base of ventral, at equal distance 
from eye and from caudal, longest ray as long as head. 
Anal III 15, pointed in the middle (male). Pectoral nearly 
as long as head, reaching ventral. Caudal deeply forked, 
Jobes pointed. Caudal peduncle a little longer than deep. 
Scales with radiating and anastomosing canals, 26 a, 2 be- 
tween lateral line and root of ventral. Silvery, brownish on 
the back, with a rather indistinct dark lateral band from 
above the gill-cover to the root of the caudal fin ; dorsal fin 
greyish, other fins yellow. 

Total length 150 mm. 

A single specimen from the Malawa River, Kavirondo, 
4000 feet. 

Allied to A. affinis, Gthr. 


602 Mr. W. L. Distant on Rhynchota. 


Amphilius jacksonii. 


Depth of body 7 times in total length, length of head 41 
times. Head much depressed, slightly longer than broad ; 
snout rounded, 4 length of head; eye small, 6 times in 
length of head, twice in interocular width ; posterior nostril 
much nearer eye than end of snout; maxillary barbel 
slightly shorter than head, just reaching root of pectoral ; 
outer mandibular barbel 2 length of head, inner 3. Gill- 
rakers rather long, 7 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal 
I 6, much nearer gnd of snout than root of caudal. Adipose 
dorsal 3 times as long as deep, 14 times as long as rayed 
dorsal, twice its distance from latter. Anal III7. Pectoral 
as long as head. Ventral as long as pectoral, well behind 
base of dorsal, equally distant from end of snout and from 
root of caudal. Caudal deeply emarginate, crescentic. 
Caudal peduncle twice as long as deep. Yellowish brown, 
spotted and marbled with dark brown; a blackish streak 
from the eye to the maxillary barbel; a blackish bar at the 
root of the caudal; fins whitish, dorsal with a distal transverse 
series of black spots, dorsal, ventral, and anal with two black 
transverse bars, caudal spotted with black. 

Total length 100 mm. 

A single specimen from the Hima River, eastern foot-hills 
of Ruwenzori, 3500 feet, flowing into Lake George 
(Ruisamba). 


LXXIII.—Rhynchotal Notes. 
By W. L. Distant. 


HETEROPTERA. 
Fam. Pentatomide. 


MABUSANA, gen. nov. 


Body subovate, moderately convex ; head long, obliquely 
depressed, its apex subtruncate, lobes of equal length, lateral 
lobes somewhat flat and ampliate, anteriorly rounded ; ros- 
trum about reaching the posterior coxe, first joint slightly 
passing base of head, second longest, about reaching inter- 
mediate cox ; antenne five-jointed, moderate in length, 
first joint about or almost reaching apex of head, remaining 
joints longer and subequal in length; pronotum broader 


Mr. W. L. Distant on Rhynchota. 603 


than long, obliquely deflected towards head, posterior angles 
subprominent and broadly subacutely rounded, anterior 
angles minutely laterally toothed ; scutellum about as broad 
at base as long, a little longer than pronotum, apex rounded, 
passing inner angle of corium; corium with the lateral 
margin a little convex, apical margin oblique, slightly con- 
vex ; membrane short, apically rounded, scarcely passing 
abdominal apex, veins robust, about seven in number; tibiz 
moderately sulcated. 

Type, M. (Caura) durbanensis, Dist. 

This genus principally differs from Caura, Stal, by the 
structure of the head and shorter and more rounded niem- 
brane. I originally included the type in the genus Caura, 
but find it requires distinct generic position. 


CHAUBATTIANA, gen. nov. 


Subelongate; head longer than broad between eyes, 
narrowed towards apex, the lateral margins distinctly 
sinuate, somewhat angulate before the eyes ; lobes of equal 
length, the apex subtruncate ; eyes large, somewhat strongly 
produced, reaching the apices of the anterior pronotal 
angles, ocelli near base of head and close to inner margins of 
eyes ; antenne five-jomted, basal joint short, not nearly 
reaching apex of head, remaining joints almost subequal in 
length, second and third slightly longest; rostrum slender, 
reaching the posterior coxe, first joint not reaching base of 
head, second about reaching anterior coxe ; pronotum about 
half as long as broad at base, posterior angles not produced, 
anterior margin concave, lateral margins oblique, entire, 
neither serrate nor crenulate, basal margin truncate before 
scutellum, thence oblique to lateral angles; scutellum 
passing the middle of abdomen, about as long as broad at 
base, sinuate beyond middle and near inner angle of corium 
and prominently narrowed to apex, which is rounded, apical 
margin of corium moderately sinuate ; connexivum exposed 
from about one-third from basal margin of corium; mem- 
brane not or only*slightly passing the abdominal apex ; 
abdomen beneath acutely spined at base, the spine about 
reaching the apex of posterior coxee, abdominal spiracles 
prominent. 

This genus, in the arrangement pursued in my Indian 
Rhynchota (Fauna Brit. India), vol. i., will be placed in the 
division Nezaria (p. 218), and in that enumeration must be 
located near Prezodorus, 


604 Mr. W. L. Distant on Rhynchota. 


Chaubattiana rubrovittata, sp. n. 


Head testaceous, subrugulose, extreme base and posterior 
margins of eyes ochraceous, ocelli purplish red; antennz 
ochraceous, fourth and fifth joints fuscous, base of fourth 
ochraceous ; pronotum testaceous, irregularly punctate, 
extreme lateral margins, basal margin, an irregular central 
longitudinal fascia, and a narrow, waved, transverse, linear 
fascia dull greyish or pale ochraceous ; ; seutellum pale ochra- 
ceous, sparingly punctate, and with a somewhat broad, 
central, longitudinal, sanguineous fascia, in some specimens 
a sanguineous spot near each basal angle; corium pale 
ochraceous, finely darkly punctate; body beneath thickly 
finely punctate, metanotum more or less opaque purplish 
red ; apex of rostrum black ; other structural characters as 
in generic diagnosis. 

Long. 8-9 mm. 

Hab, Bengal; Chaubattia, Kumaon (Brit. Mus.). 

This fine species has been recently received fram Dr. A. M. 
imms. 


Bathycelia natalicola, sp. n. 


Head, pronotum, and scutellum pale virescent, with irre- 
gular darker virescent mottlings, in type principally on 
apical area of head; posterior disk of pronotum and apical 
area of scutellum, lateral margins of head and pronotum 
(narrowly) indigo-blue ; corium dull pale ochraceous, its 
lateral margin before base of connexivum pale bright ochra- 
ceous, its remaining lateral margin narrowly indigo-blue ; 
membrane subbyaline ; ; conuexivum bright ochraceous, its 
inner and outer margins virescent ; body beneath and legs 
pale ochraceous or virescent, anterior and intermediate tibiz 
and tarsi, and bases and apices of posterior tibi, pale 
purplish brown ; extreme lateral margins of head beneath 
and sternum indigo-blue, apical segmental segment oliva- 
ceous ; antenne carmine- red, first joint, short, not reaching 
apex of head, second a little ‘longest, third and fourth sub- 
equal, fifth mutilated in type ; head above finely transversely 
wrinkled, ocelli red; pronotum finely punctate and sub- 
rugulose, the basal area a little convexly rounded, thence 
oblique to anterior margin ; scutellum finely punctate and 
slightly wrinkled, a bright distinct black spot in the foveations 
at basal angles; corium thickly finely punctate; membrane 
moderately passing the abdominal apex; rostrum with the 
second joint reaching the intermediate coxe, remainder 


Mr. W. L. Distant on Rhynchota. 605 


mutilated in type; abdomen beneath broadly, centrally, 
longitudinally grooved, its marginal ridges a little elevated. 

Long., ¢, 18 mm. 

Hab. Natal; Tongaat (H. C. Burnup, Brit. Mus.). 

Apart from its distinct coloration and markings this 
species may be recognized by the slight but distinct con- 
vexity of the basal areas of both scutellum and pronotum. 
It is the first species of the genus to be received from South- 
east Africa. 


‘Bathycelia variolaria, sp. n. 


Head, pronotum, and scutellum dark virescent, lateral 
margins of pronotum narrowly carmine-red ; corium ochra- 
ceous, the lateral margin narrowly virescent; connexivum 
dark virescent ; membrane subhyaline; body beneath pale 
virescent, central area of abdomen and the legs pale 
ochraceous ; tibiz and tarsi pale carmine-red; antennee 
very pale purplish, nearly apical half of third joint black, first 
joint not reaching apex of head, second joint considerably 
shorter than third, remaining joints mutilated in type; 
head finely wrinkled, the lateral lobes concavely grooved ; 
pronotum somewhat sparingly but coarsely punctate ; 
scutellum finely punctate, obscurely wrinkled ; corium 
thickly somewhat coarsely punctate; membrane passing 
abdominal! apex; rostrum reaching the base of the fourth 
abdominal segment ; abdomen beneath broadly longitudinally 
grooved ; sternum more or less thickly finely punctate. 

Long., ¢, 164 mm. 

Hab. Uganda Prot.; Entebbe (Forest), 300-600 feet 
(S. A. Neave, Brit. Mus.). 


Synonymicat Note. 
Thoria natalensis, Stal, = Neocrollius natalensis, Dist. 


HoMoPTERA. 
Fam. Jassidee. 
Subfam. BrryzoscorinZz. 


Idiocerus maculatus, sp. 0. 


Head, pronotum, and scutellum ochraceous, head and 
pronotum more or less suffused with dull greyish, scutellum 
with three large triangular black spots at base and four 
very small black spots on disk; body beneath and legs 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 41 


606 Mr. W. L. Distant on Rhynchota. 


ochraceous ; tegmina subhyaline, costal margin ochraceous, 
veuation black, an elongate inwardly curved black spot near 
middle of costal margin, and the apical margin also black ; 
a spot at base of face, another near apex of clypeus, and 
apices of posterior tibize black ; ocelli nearer to eyes than to 
each other ; front (including face) about as long as broad ; 
front of head between eyes about three times as broad as 
long; scutellum about as long as head and pronotum 
together; posterior tibize with small brown spots and finely 
spinulose. 

Long., incl. tegm., 5 mm. 

Hab. Brit. India; Orissa, Gopuda Island, Lake Chilka 
(Ind. Mus.). 


RaDHADES, gen. nov. 


Front of head short and broad, as seen above about five 
times as broad as long, on each side obliquely directed 
backward to eyes ; ocelli beneath between the eyes, nearer 
to eyes than to each other, front (including face) short and 
broad, considerably broader than long, the face moderately 
convex ; pronotum at base about twice as long as broad, 
moderately gibbous, anterior margin rounded, basal margin 
somewhat strongly sinuate before scutellum, which is a 
little shorter than broad, distinctly shorter than pronotum, 
transversely impressed before apex, which is subacute; teg- 
mina hyaline, five apical and three subapical cells ; costal 
membrane broad, claval vein rounded; posterior tibize 
somewhat slender, finely spinulose. 

A genus which may be placed near Bythoscopus by the 
short and broad front (including face); the ocelli are nearer 
base of face, the front of head above is obliquely deflected 
to eyes, and the pronotum profoundly sinuate at base. 


Radhades crassus, sp. n. 


Head, pronotum, and scutellum pale fuscous brown ; 
scutellum with a black spot at each basal angle, the lateral 
margins ochraceous, widened before apex ; abdomen above 
pale fuscous brown, posterior segmental margins ochraceous, 
the apical segment nearly wholly ochraceous ; body beneath 
and legs pale ochraceous, tibize black ; head, face, and pro- 
notum thickly coarsely punctate, scutellum more finely 
punctate; tegmina with the basal and claval areas semi- 
opaque, ochraceous, and obscurely finely granulate ; other 
structural characters as in generic diagnosis. 

Long., incl. tegm., 5 mm. 

Hab. Tenasserim Valley ; Myitta (Doherty, Brit. Mus.). 


Mr. W. L. Distant on Rhynchota. 607 


Agallia rugosa, sp. n. 


Head, pronotum, and scutellum ochraceous mottled with 
fuscous, the head as seen above less darkly so; scutellum 
with a reversed triangular black spot near each basal augle 
and with a smaller dark basal spot between them ; front and 
face paler, with a small black spot near the insertion of the 
antennz ; body beneath piceous or black; legs ochraceous ; 
tegmina with the clavus brownish ochraceous, its outer 
margin broadly pale ochraceous, beyond the claval area the 
colour is blackish, with the costal margin gradually widening 
to and including the apical area ochraceous; pronotum, 
scutellum, and claval area of tegmina finely granulose ; 
ocelli placed about as near to each other as to eyes ; scutellum 
about as long as pronotum; head (together with the eyes) 
wider than tegmina at base ; face (including clypeus) nearly 
as long as width across eyes ; pronotum anteriorly convexly 
rounded between the eyes. 

Long. 35 mm. 

Hab. N. Bengal (Brit. Mus.). 

Allied to A. plotina, Dist., but differing in its granulose 
upper surface and distinct culoration. 


Agallia montana, sp. ui. 


Head and pronotum ochraceous; vertex with two central 
longitudinal spots, a smaller spot between them, and a spot 
near inner margin of each eye black; pronotum with a large 
waved fasciate spot on each lateral area, commencing on 
anterior but not reaching posterior margin, and a short line 
between them nearly reaching middle, black ; scutellum 
black, the lateral margins (not reaching base) ochraceous ; 
body beneath and legs ochraceous; front with a central 
longitudinal line, two small spots on anterior margin, and a 
larger spot between eyes and ocelli black ; margins and apex 
of face, the whole of the clypeus, and irregular spots to 
cheeks black ; posterior margin of mesosternum, abdomen 
beneath (excluding apex) black ; tegmina pale ochraceous, 
subhyaline ; ocelli placed as near to each other as to eyes ; 
scutellum a little shorter than pronotum ; head together with 
the eyes wider than tegmina at base ; vertex of head very 
slightly rounded in front, almost truncate. 

Long. 5 mm. 

Hab. Simla, 7000 feet (H. M. Lefroy, Brit. Mus.). 

Allied to A. atrovenosa, Melich., from which it differs in 
the more truncate vertex between the eyes and different 


markings and coloration. 
41S 


608 Mr. W. L. Distant on Rhynchota. 


SITADES, gen. nov. 


Vertex short, shorter at middle than on lateral areas, where 
it is distinctly grooved before eyes; ocelli placed on front 
just beneath the anterior margin of the vertex, nearer to each 
other than to eyes ; face a little longer than broad, rounded 
anteriorly ; pronotum somewhat convex, foveately depressed 
on each lateral area, anterior margin moderately rounded, 
posterior margin slightly sinuate ; scutellum a little shorter 
than pronotum, broader than long, its apex acute; tegmina 
moderately broad, passing abdominal apex; costal margin 
rounded, veins coarse and prominent, apical cells five; 
posterior tibiz shortly, thickly, finely spinulose. 

Allied to Moonia, Dist., but differing in the largerscutellum, 
narrower and more elongate face, &c. 


Sitades fasciatus, sp. n. 


Vertex of head and pronotum pale ochraceous, the first 
with a dark indentation before each eye ; scutellum brownish 
ochraceous, with the basal margin (centrally broken) black ; 
body beneath and legs ochraceous, apices of femora annu- 
lated, and tibize spotted with brownish; tegmina pale umber- 
brown, apical area of clavus and an oblique longitudinal 
fascia commencing before middle, terminating before apical 
area, and anteriorly transversely continued towards costal 
area, dull greyish, outer claval margin with piceous linear 
spots, between which are small pale spots, the claval vein 
somewhat similarly marked, the general venation also dis- 
tinctly darker and marked with small pale spots; at the 
posterior termination of the greyish fascia are two piceous 
blotches or spots ; pronotum thickly finely granulose ; front 
of head beneath with the ocelli distinctly darker, and a small 
black spot near the insertion of the antennz; other struc- 
tural characters as in generic diagnosis. 

Long. 4 mm. 


Hab. Bengal (Brit. Mus.). 


DuRGADES, gen. nov. 


Head with the vertex short and broad, centrally carinate, 
the eyes extending beyond the anterior angles of the pro- 
notum, shorter at middle than on lateral areas ; ocelli placed 
on front between eyes, nearer to eyes than to each other and 
nearer to base of face than to the anterior margin of the 
vertex ; face about as long as broad, rounded anteriorly ; 
pronotum about twice as broad as long, anterior margin 


Sir G. F. Hampson on new African Agaristide. 609 


rounded, posterior margin sinuate, posterior angles somewhat 
obliquely rounded ; scutellum broader than long, shorter 
than pronotum, its apex angularly acute; tegmina mode- 
rately broader, extending beyond abdominal apex, costal 
margin convexly rounded, venation distinct, apical cells five, 
claval vein inwardly rounded; posterior tibie distinctly 
spinulose. 

Differs from the preceding genus Sitades by the ocelli 
being placed nearer to base of face than to the anterior 
.margin of the vertex, and nearer to eyes than to each other, 
and by the venation of tegmina, especially on clavus. 


Durgades nigropictus, sp. n. 


Vertex of head ochraceous, with two black spots about as 
far from each other as from eyes ; pronotum and scutellum 
pale fuscous brown, the latter with a central longitudinal 
blackish spot and a much smaller basal spot on each side ; 
body beneath and legs pale brownish; tegmina with about 
interior basal half brownish, remainder dull pale ochraceous, 
some of the veins longitudinally streaked with black ; front 
of head beneath with two small black marginal spots and 
with a black line between them; other characters as in 
generic diagnosis. 

Long. 43 mm. 

Hab. Kastern Himalayas (Brit. Mus.). 


LXXIV.—Descriptions of new African Agaristide in the 
British Museum. By Sir Grorce F’. Hampson, Bart. 


THE numbers refer to the ‘ Catalogue of Lepidoptera Phaleenze 
in the British Museum.’ 


65a. Xanthospilopteryx flavisignata, sp. n. 


3. Head and thorax black; first and second joints of 
palpi, sides of frons, vertex of head, tegule at middle and 
sides, and the patagia with paired yellow points, the meso- 
and metathorax with yellow points ; pectus and femora with 
some yellow, the tibia striped with orange, the tarsi ringed 
with yellow ; abdomen banded orange and black above and 
below. Fore wing black; three slight yellowish spots 
below basal part of costa and a slight spot below the cell; a 
small, triangular, yellow antemedial spot in cell and two 


610 Sir G. F. Hampson on new 


small oblique spots above vein 1; a broad oblique bar across 
end of cell and an elliptical patch below the cell ; an oblique 
band from below costa beyond middle to vein 4 towards 
termen, its lower extremity curved outwards and separated by 
a black streak on vein 4 from a yellow spot below vein 4; a 
small spot above tornus ; some slight silvery blue marks on 
basal area, an oblique striga in middle of cell, and a line on 
discocellulars ; cilia yellowish white at apex. Hind wing 
reddish orange; a black terminal band, rather broad at apex, 
somewhat expanding at vein 2, and narrowing to tornus ; , 
cilia yellowish white at apex. 

Hab. Br. KE. Arnica, E. Victoria Nyanza, Lusinga (Neave), 
2 $ type. Hzxp. 66 mm, 


69a. Xanthospilopteryx atrifusa, sp. n. 


d. Head and thorax black; first and second joints of 
palpi, sides of frons, vertex of head, tegule at middle and 
sides, and patagia with paired white points; pectus and 
femora with some white, the tibiee orange and black, the tarsi 
brown ; abdomen black, with narrow white segmental bands, 
the second and third segments with some yellow at sides, the 
anal tuft orange. Fore wing black; a white point below 
base of costa; a small triangular white antemedial spot in 
the cell, a slight spot above vein 1, and short streak above 
middle of inner margin ; a quadrate white patch in end of 
cell and oblique quadrate patch below the cell; a post- 
medial trifid patch below the costa, divided by black streaks 
on veins 7, 6, an elongate spot above vein 4 and spot below 
vein 4; a small spot above tornus; some slight silvery blue 
marks on basal area, an oblique striga in middle of cell, a 
slight streak below middle of cell, and line on discocellulars ; 
cilia white at apex. Hind wing pale yellow suffused with 
black ; the inner area except towards base less suffused ; the 
terminal area black, expanding widely on costal area and 
narrowing to tornus, its inner edge rather diffused; cilia 
white at apex; the underside pale yellow, the costal area 
orange to the black terminal area and the costa narrowly 
black to base. 

Hab, UGANDA, Semliki Plains (Neave), 1 3 type. Eup. 
68 mm, 


73a. Xanthospilopteryx atribasalis, sp. n. 


9. Head and thorax black; first and second joints of 
palpi, sides of frons, vertex of head, tegule at middle and 
sides, and patagia with white points; gule white; femora 


African Agaristide tn the British Museum. 611 


streaked with whitish, the fore tibiz with some orange, the 
mid and hind tibiz at extremities and the tarsi ringed with 
white; abdomen pale yellowish mixed with blackish, the 
ventral surface more orange, lateral series of small black 
spots. Fore wing black; three slight whitish spots below 
basal part of costa; slight whitish antemedial spots below 
costa and cell and above vein 1; a rather quadrate yellow 
patch in end of cell and oblique patch below the cell; an 
oblique yellow postmedial band from below costa to vein 4, 
traversed by slight dark streaks on the veins, its lower 
extremity excurved and with a spot below it; a small spot 
above tornus; the basal area with slight silvery blue marks, 
an oblique striga in middle of cell, and discoidal line ; cilia 
white at apex. Hind wing orange, the inner margin reddish, 
the base black; the terminal area black, broad at costa, 
expanding at vein 2 and narrowing to tornus; cilia white at 
tips; the underside scarlet, the black on costa extending to 
middle. 

Hab. Br. E. Arrica, 8. Kakumega Forest, Yala R. 
(Neave),2 g type. Hup. 72-80 mm. 


Aphegocera aurantipennis, sp. n. 


3d. Head and thorax black; first and second joints of 
palpi with white spots; frons white at sides ; gule white; 
tegule at middle and sides, patagia, meso- and metathorax 
with white spots, the patagia at tips and sides of metathorax 
with orange-red hair; pectus orange ; femora streaked with 
orange, the tibize at extremities and tarsi ringed with white ; 
abdomen black, with narrow white segmental bands, the sides 
with some orange at base. Fore wing reddish orange; the 
terminal area black-brown, very broad at costa, and extending 
as a triangular patch into upper extremity of the cell, where 
there is a white spot on it, narrowing to tornus; a white 
postmedial patch between veins 7 and 4, traversed by dark 
streaks on veins 6 and 5, and small subterminal spots below 
veins 4 and 3; a silvery blue discoidal bar; cilia with some 
white above tornus. Hind wing reddish orange ; a narrow 
black-brown terminal band, expanding somewhat at vein 2 
and inner margin; cilia chequered black-brown and white. 

Hab. Ucanpa, Kampala (Neave), 1 9g type. Eup. 
62 mm. 


612 On Two new Mongooses from Somaliland. 


LXXV.—Two new Mongooses from Somaliland. 
By R. E. Draxe-Brocxman, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.Z.S. 


Helogale hirtula annulata, subsp. n. 


This subspecies somewhat resembles H. hirtula in general 
characters, but may readily be distinguished from it by 
the darker grizzling on its head and face and the suffusion 
of reddish fawn on back. 

Underneath it more closely resembles H. hirtula lutescens. 
Unfortunately the type of the latter is a young adult, so it 
is difficult to compare the two satisfactorily ; but when com- 
paring the whole hirtula group this subspecies is seen to 
stand out, owing to the fact that it is not only darker but 
the basal part of the fur is dark brown or even black. 

In the Annals & Mag. of Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. vii, 
Thomas mentions this specimen and regards it as a fully 
adult specimen of H. hirtula lutescens, but owing to the 
characteristics above mentioned and the fact that it is a far 
cry from Lake Rudolf to Afgo on the Webi Shebeleh, I am 
of opinion that it is entitled to a distinct name, 

The measurements of the type (in the flesh) :-— 

Head and body 243 mm. ; tail 185 mm. ; hind foot 45 mm. ; 
ear 15 mm. 

Skull (somewhat damaged): posterior end of interparietal 
suture to gnathion 53°55 mm.; zygomatic breadth 29 mm. ; 
interorbital breadth 11°5 mm.; palatal length 26mm. ; front 
of canine to back of m? 18 mm. 

Hab. Afgo, Webi Shebeleh, near Mogadishu, Italian 
Somaliland. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no, 11. 8.2.11. Original 
number 858. Collected 26th January, 1910, by myself and 
presented to the British Museum. 

When shot this animal was alone, a very unusual co- 
incidence, as the members of this genus I have always seen 
in small packs. 


Helogale hirtula powelli, subsp. n. 


This subspecies is like the typical ‘‘ hirtula” obtained by 
Dunn in Central Somaliland, but the general appearance is 
very much lighter. The colouring of the throat and belly 
is very similar, but the underfur and the basal parts of the 
long hairs of the back have a much more reddish coloration. 
The backs of the hands and feet are also much paler and 


Development of the Pectoral Girdle in the Pipefish. 613 


lack the black hairs found at the bases of the nails in the 
typical “‘ hirtula.” 

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :-— 

Head and body 256 mm.; tail 193 mm.; hind foot 
44mm. ; ear 27 mm. 

Skull: condylo-basal length 545 mm.; zygomatic 
breadth 31 mm.; interorbital breadth 12 mm.; breadth of 
brain-case 23 mm.; front of canine to back of m? 19 mm. 

Hab. Eil Hur, near Obbia, Italian Somaliland. 

Type. Adult male. Original number 595. Collected by 
me Jan. 1912 and presented to the British Museum. 

I was fortunate in obtaining two other specimens of this 
mongoose at Gharabwein, a day’s march distant from Eil 
Hur, and they both possess the same distinctive pale 
coloration. It gives me much pleasure in naming this 
mongoose after my friend Mr. H. T. Powell, Treasurer of 
the Somaliland Protectorate. 


LXXVI.—On the Development of the Pectoral Girdle in the 
Pipefish (Syngnathus acus). By T. P. Buist, M.A., B.Sc., 
Gatty Marine Laboratory, University of St. Andrews. 


[Plate XITT.] 


Tuer most important contribution to the study of the anatomy 
of the Lophobranchs is undoubtedly Professor Jungersen’s 
recent paper *, including as it does both an exhaustive 
account of the comparative anatomy of the group, prepared 
from his own investigations and illustrated with a large 
number of exceedingly clear and accurate figures, and a 
critical review of the previous literature, bringing the whole 
subject completely up to date. .Jungersen gives a full and 
accurate description of the pectoral girdle of the adult pipe- 
fish, and also records the less perfect descriptions of earlier 
writers. ‘This renders it unnecessary to do more here than 
mention a few points which are of importance in relation to 
the special purpose of this paper. 

Superficial in position the pectoral girdle in the pipefish 
enters into intimate relations with the adjoining plates of 
the dermal armature, and differs greatly from that of other 


* H. F. E. Jungersen, “ Ichthyotomical Contributions—II, The 
Structure of the Aulostomide, Syngnathidee, and Solenostomide,” D. Kgl. 
Danske Vid. Selsk, Skrifter, 7 Reekke, Nat. og Math, Afd, viii, 5 (1910). 


614 Mr. T. P. Buist on the Development of 


fishes, especially in the peculiar proportions of the coraco- 
scapular skeleton. The main part of the coraco scapular 
skeleton is a triangular cartilaginous plate, the “ intermediate 
cartilage,’ attached by its apex in front and below to the 
ossified coracoid and above and behind by its base to the 
small scapula and four proximal radials, also ossified. 

The coracoid (fig. 1) consists of two main limbs, forming 
a somewhat obtuse V, and of a smaller arm within the angle 
of the V. One limb (pt p) is directed backward, tapered at 
its posterior extremity, and attached internally by a flattened 
surface to its fellow of the opposite side. ‘The other limb 
(pyr.p’) is slighter and wedge-shaped; it passes upward and 
outward and articulates with the posterior aspect of the 
inner branch of the stem of the clavicle. The arm of the 
coracoid divides the angle into two unequal parts, the upper 
being the smaller, and is directed upward, backward, and 
outward to join the apex of the intermediate cartilage. 

The proximal radials are four ossicles with slender middles 
and expanded proximal and distal extremities. The distal 
extremities bear pairs of small ragged processes, carrying the 
distal radials, and also minute recurved processes which 
anchor the ossicle to the lips of the cleft in the dermal 
armature through which the fin passes. 

The scapula is similar to the proximal radials, but its 
distal extremity is expanded into two arms, the upper and 
anterior being attached to the clavicle, while the posterior 
articulates with the distal extremity of the upper proximal 
radial. 

The clavicle is roughly T-shaped; the upper part is 
attached internally to the transverse processes of the first 
and second vertebra, while the stem forks and the branches 
are attached to the jugular plate. Through the two foramina 
thus formed a pair of muscles pass forward from the trunk, 
and, after joining to form a single median tendon, are 
inserted into the urohyal. ~ 

Owing to the difficulty of procuring the requisite niaterial 
a complete range of embryonic stages has not been available, 
and a description of the earlier stages has therefore had to be 
omitted. ‘The figures were prepared from serial sections by 
the contour method of reconstruction *. Ehrlich’s acid hama- 
toxylin followed by orange G in 70 per cent. alcohol as a 
slide-stain was used in the preparation of the sections. 

Stage I.—The youngest stage procured, 21 mm., was 
taken from the pouch of a specimen from the University 

* T. P. Buist, “A Method of Reconstruction by Contours,” Journ. 
Anat. & Phys. vol, xlvii. (1918), 


the Pectoral Girdle in the Pipefish. 615 


Museum. In this stage the post-temporal has not yet 
appeared, but the clavicle already gives an indication of its 
final shape. It has somewhat the form of an inverted L, 
consisting of a thin Jaminar upper part and a slender stem. 
The laminar upper part is attached by an intervening mass of 
fibrous tissue to the transverse process of the first vertebra, 
and extends forward to near the skull, but does not yet 
extend back much behind the stem. The stem passes down- 
ward and finally inward, and terminates above tbe inner edge 
of the muscle to the hyoid in a median mass of fibrous 
tissue which connects it with the jugular plate, the lower 
angle of the coraco-scapular cartilage, and the clavicle of the 
opposite side. 

At this stage in the development the cartilaginous part of 
the shoulder-girdle is still predominant, and consists on either 
side of a vertical triangular coraco-scapular plate in which 
the parts are as yet imperfectly differentiated. This carti- 
laginous plate is slightly concavo-convex, with the convexity 
outward and the curvature more accentuated behind than in 
front. The region of the antero-inferior angle represents 
the coracoid, and at its vertex the cartilage is continued 
downward on the inner side of the stem of the clavicle to 
form the precoracoid process, which terminates beside its 
fellow in the median mass of fibrous tissue already noted, 
The postcoracoid process has not yet appeared. The scapular 
portion is represented by the upper angle of the cartilage, 
which bears the small vertical scapular process. On the 
anterior border of the cartilage toward the lowest point of 
the scapular region a small hook of the cartilage projects 
forward inward and downward, producing a well-detined 
notch, which is probably the rudiment of the scapular 
foramen*., In stage II. this notch has disappeared, the 
structures which passed through it passing round the anterior 
border of the cartilage as in the adult. 

Toward the posterior margin of the cartilage four foramina 
which pierce the cartilage in a vertical series indicate the 
formation of the radial elements, The lowest foramen is as 
yet small, and is evidently the most recent. The uppermost 
foramen separates the first proximal radial from the upper 

* Cf. Derjugin, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. xevi. (1910). A very similar con- 
dition of this foramen is presented in the figure of the girdle of an 8 mm. 
Lophius (p. 599) and alsoina 5 mm. Gobius minutus (pl. xxvii. tig. 16). 
Tbe foramen in this case becomes completed subsequently. In the same 
figure may be seen another notch lower down on the anterior border of 
the cartilage, which in the next stage (8 mm., fig. 17) is almost a com- 


plete foramen bounded above by a hook of cartilage, but eventually 
disappears again (18 mm., fig. 18), 


616 Mr. T. P. Buist on the Development of 


part of the scapular region, which has itself many of the 
characters of a proximal radial and carries two distal radials 
with their fin-rays. The posterior margin of the cartilage is 
convex and is in relation with twelve nodules of cartilage, 
the distal radials, which bear the elements of the twelve 
fin-rays. 

Between the coracoid at the proximal or antero-inferior 
angle, and the scapula and the four radial elements which 
occupy the distal or posterior border with the upper and 
postero-inferior angles, lies an intermediate region which 
forms from a third to a half of the whole cartilage. This 
“intermediate cartilage” is notable in that, although 
practically absent in the adult in most teleosts, in the pipefish 
it persists, and in the adult actually forms the greater part 
of the coraco-scapular skeleton. 

The two nuchal plates appear to develop in the same 
manner as the other plates of the body-armour. In the 
21 mm. embryo they are found as a pair of small thin bony 
scutes each enclosed in a well-defined ‘“ flattened sac” very 
similar to that described by Kazaneff*. Their development 
is at a stage between Kazanefl’s figures 4 and 5, and is thus 
a little behind that of the other plates of the region. 

Stage U.—In a 28 mm. embryo, near the term of intra- 
marsupial life, the post-temporal is present in the form of a 
slender V-shaped ossification at the anterior end of the upper 
part of the clavicle. The clavicle is stouter than in the las 
stage and has now the general form and features of its adult 
state. ‘The stem is branched and the outer branch passes 
downward external to the muscle to the hyoid and gives 
support to the upper part of the jugular plate. The upper 
laminar part of the clavicle extends backward behind the 
stem, and is attached to the transverse process of the 
second vertebra as well as to that of the first. 

In this stage the coraco-scapular cartilage (fig. 2) still 
forms the greater part of the shoulder-girdle and is now flat 
behind. The coracoid region (c¢) is better defined than in 
the previous stage, being slightly thicker than the remainder 
of the cartilage, to the plane of which it now lies somewhat 
internal. The precoracoid process (pr.p) has increased con- 
siderably in diameter without any appreciable increase in 
length, and is no longer a distinct process, but rather a part 
of the coracoid. The postcoracoid process (pt.p) forms a 
small ossified projection at the posterior border of the 


* Kazanetf, “Ueber die Entstehung des Hautpanzers bei Syngnathus 
acus,” Zool, Anz, xxx. (1906), 


the Pectoral Girdle in the Pipefish. 617 


coracoid, just below its junction with the remainder of the 
cartilage. 

The most notable change in the coraco-scapular cartilage, 
however, is in the scapular region. The scapula (sc) consists 
of a short stout vertical column, continuous at its proximal 
end with the “intermediate cartilage” (cs) and with the 
base of the first proximal radial (R). From its distal end a 
more slender column passes backward over the uppermost of 
the four foramina to the postericr margin of the cartilage, 
where it again meets the first proximal radial and is in 
relation with two of the distal radials. This horizontal part 
is attached to a projecting ledge on the posterior arm 
(z. e. behind the stem) of the laminar portion of the clavicle. 
The scapular process (sc.p) points forward instead of upward, 
but does not yet take part in the attachment to the clavicle. 
The scapular foramen or notch has disappeared, being merged 
in the larger space enclosed between the clavicle and the 
coraco-scapular cartilage. 

Stage III., 33 mm., about a fortnight after the young 
fish has left the brood-pouch.—In this stage the skeleton 
presents a new feature in the commencement of ossification 
of the cartilages, the surfaces of many bearing a thin coat of 
clear non-cellular material like the substance of the mem- 
brane bones. 

Beyond an obvious increase in size and strength the post- 
temporal and the clavicle differ little from the previous stage. 
The inner branch of the stem of the clavicle has grown 
toward the jugular plate, but has not yet reached it. 

The appearance of the coracoids at this stage is shown in 
fig. 3. The coracoid (co) is now distinctly marked off from 
the remainder of the cartilage, to which it is joined by a 
thin neck. The precoracoid process (pr.p), directed slightly 
outward, is very short in comparison with its thickness, and 
has become practically the anterior part of the coracoid (co). 
At its anterior end the precoracoid process is attached to the 
_inner branch of the stem of the clavicle (é.cl). The post- 

coracoid process (pt.p), slightly larger than in stage II., is a 
small somewhat conical tuberosity at the posterior end of 
the coracoid, behind and below the neck connecting it with 
the remainder of the cartilage. This process is ossified, and 
from its base the first traces of ossification extend forward 
over the surface of the coracoid toward the precoracoid 
process. 

The anterior border of the coraco-scapular cartilage is 
curved inward above to the point where it is attached to 
the clavicle through the medium of the anterior part of the 


618 Mr. T. P. Buist on the Development of 


scapula. The scapular process is directed forward as in the 
previous stage, but now takes part in the attachment. In 
this region also ossification has commenced, but it is as yet 
only partial and superficial. The proximal radials have now 
approximately attained their adult shape, but show no traces 
of ossification, and are continuous with the remainder of the 
coraco-scapular cartilage. Externally and internally respec- 
tively the proximal radials are now overlapped by the cover- 
plate and the mid lateral plate of the second ring, and are 
attached to them by connective tissue. Above, the scapula 
is similarly loosely anchored within a cleft in the clavicle. 

Stage 1V., 44 mm.—The post-temporal is now roughly 
Y-shaped and is attached in front to the skull by its two 
branches and behind by its stem to the fore-end of the 
clavicle. The inner branch of the stem of the clavicle curves 
toward the mesial plane and is attached at its inferior ex- 
tremity to the jugular plate ; it thus completes between the 
jugular plate and the two branches of the clavicular stem 
the osseous foramen through which the muscle to the hyoid 
passes. 

The coracoid (fig. 4, co) is a roundish mass of cartilage 
lying close to its fellow of the opposite side ; its anterior 
third is the greatly thickened precoracoid process (pr.p) 
which connects it with the inner branch of the stem of the 
clavicle (i.cl). From the upper and posterior part of the 
coracoid the postcoracoid process (pit.p), now comparatively 
long and slender, passes backward and downward, and its 
upper and outer surfaces give origin to part of the fin- 
muscle. The “arm” of the coracoid arises from the upper 
part of the external aspect of the coracoid, and passes outward 
and upward to join the intermediate cartilage. The post- 
coracoid process is ossified throughout its whole substance, 
while the remainder of the coracoid, including the precoracoid 
process and the arm, is ossified superficially. 

The scapula in its form and function is now almost iden- 
tical with the four proximal radials. In the two uppermost 
of-these ossification has commenced, but there is as yet no 
sign of the peculiar serrations and “ anchoring processes” of 
the distal end which develop later. 

An important feature of the last two stages is the stiffening 
of the pectoral skeleton and the changing of the support of 
the pectoral fin from the coraco-scapular girdle to the dermal 
plates enclosing the fin-cleft. In the subsequent develop- 
ment these changes are carried on to their completion. The 
attachment of the clavicle to the transverse processes of the 


the Pectoral Girdle in the Pipefish. 619 


first two vertebre is strengthened by the development of 
longitudinal ridges on the internal aspect of the bone. 
With the advance of ossification the small processes appear 
on the proximal radials, and the scapula and proximal radials 
become differentiated from the intermediate cartilage. As 
the body of the coracoid becomes ossified the vertical limb 
(fig. 1, prp*) arises as an upward extension from the anterior 
end, i. e. from the precoracoid process, while the postcoracoid 
process develops into the posterior half of the horizontal limb 
(pt.p). The arm ossifies with the remainder of the coracoid, 
but its upper end remains hollow, to give a better attachment 
to the intermediate carulage. 

The formation of a practically continuous dermal armour 
of bony scutes, and its special strengthening to produce a 
more rigid framework in the pectoral region by the restric- 
tion of the movements of its individual parts, are closely 
connected with the development of the pectoral girdle in the 
pipefish, and are responsible for most of the peculiarities of 
the adult girdle. 

The clavicle apparently arises as a slender vertical bar in 
front of the coraco-scapular cartilage, and expands both 
forward and backward at its upper end, to have a rigid 
vertebral attachment and to form part of the dermal armour. 

The development of the primary cartilaginous shoulder- 
girdle presents several peculiar features. The scapular 
region is small and is primarily limited by a foramen in the 
cartilage, which apparently rises in conjunction with and in 
the same way as the three foramina by which the four 
proximal radials are initially indicated, and with which it 
forms a series of four which persists in the adult. There is 
apparently no other sign of a division of the primary 
shoulder-girdle into a true coraco-scapular and a radial 
cartilage. A true scapular foramen is present in the earlier 
stages, but eventually becomes merged in the large opening 
between the coraco-scapular cartilage and the clavicle. <A 
scapular process is also present, and persists in the adult 
as the upper arm of the scapula. The adult scapula becomes 
distinct from the remainder of the coraco-scapular cartilage 
by ossifying into a small bone which closely resembles the 
proximal radials in form and dimensions, as well as in its 
genesis. The reduction of the scapula and its resemblance 
to a proximal radial are found in various lesser degrees in 
the Hemibranchiate fishes, and may be traced through a 
series of stages ending with Fistularia, which presents an 
arrangement of these parts closely allied to that in Syngnathus. 


620 Development of the Pectoral Girdle in the Pipefish. 


With the reduction of the scapula the intermediate carti- 
lage is correspondiugly increased and carries the four 
proximal radials, which, as in the case of the scapula, become 
distinct from the remainder of the cartilage by their ossifi- 
cation. The transfer of the direct support of the pectoral 
fin from the internal to the external skeleton renders a largely 
ossified coraco-scapular region unnecessary. 

The coracoid becomes defined by its growth and by the 
constriction of its connexion with the remainder of the 
cartilage. The precoracoid process is distinct at first, but 
eventually forms part of the mass of the coracoid. A poste- 
rior process is also developed which, although not actually 
preformed in cartilage, but arising rather as an extension 
of the ossifying coracoid; occupies the position and relations 
usually associated with the postcoracoid process in teleosteans. 
The postcoracoid process becomes attached to the jugular 
plate, although it does not fuse with it. Its relations thus 
present an interesting resemblance to those of the post- 
coracoid process and infracleithrum in Gasterosteus as 
described by Swinnerton*. Whether this can be regarded 
as more than an analogy is extremely doubtful. After 
ossification has commenced the vertical limb arises as an 
extension of the coracoid and restricts the movements at the 
coraco-clavicular jot. The coracoid thus acts as a bracket 
for the rigid support of the jugular plate at its attachment 
to the clavicle. 

Jungersen was the first to recognize this bone as the 
coracoid, previous writers having usually regarded it as an 
interclavicle. The facts of its development as here shown 
leave no doubt that Jungersen’s interpretation is correct. 


I have to express my gratitude to Professor M‘Intosh for 
continual stimulus and encouragement, and Dr. G. A. 
Boulenger for his kindly advice and assistance; also to 
Professor Sutherland, of University College, Dundee, for 
the freedom of his laboratory during part of the research. 
To Dr. Williamson, of Nigg Bay, Aberdeen, I am much 
indebted for assistance in obtaining material for the work. 


* H. H. Swinnerton, “ A Contribution to the Morphology and Develop- 
ment of the Pectoral Skeleton of Teleosteans,” Q. J. M.S. xlix. ii, (1905). 

Swinnerton found no postcoracoid process in Stphonostoma, a closely 
allied genus, but it is possible that the process had been overlooked or had 
not yet appeared. 


On some New Zealand Pselaphida. 621 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII. 


Fig. 1. Syngnathus acus. Left coracoid of adult, external aspect. 

Fig. 2. Ditto, 28 mm. (Stage I.), Left coraco-scapular plate, internal 
aspect. X 110. 

Fig. 3. Ditto, 33 mm, (Stage III.). Right and left coracoids, seen from 
above. x 110, 

Fxg. 4. Ditto, 44 mm, (Stage IV.). Coracoid region, internal aspect. 
x 110. 


Lettering. 


R, proximal radial; 7, distal radial; c/, portion of clavicle; 7, inner, 
o, outer branch of stem of clavicle; co, coracoid; cs, part of intermediate 
cartilage ; pr.p, precoracoid process; pr.p’, vertical limb of coracoid ; 
pt.p. postcoracoid process ; se, scapula; sc.p, scapular process. 


LXXVII.—WNotes on some New Zealand Pselaphide tn the 
British Museum, with Descriptions of new Species of the 
Genus Sagola. By Major T. Broun, F.E.S. 


In May last, quite unexpectedly, a box containing about eighty 
specimens of Pselaphide was received from the British 
Museum, together with a letter from Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow 
requesting me toname the insects. ‘These specimens formed 
part of Dr. D. Sharp’s collection, which has recently become 
the property of the National Museum, and had been found 
by Mr. R. Helms about thirty years ago, chiefly in the 
South Island. 

In this paper I have endeavoured to give an account of 
such of the specimens as belong to the genus Sagola in the 
Faronini, which, perhaps, is the most complex we possess. 

In a previous paper (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, 
vol. viii. p. 488, Oct. 1911) it was shown that this genus then 
comprised sixty-three species. Those now added make a 
total of seventy-five, and there can be no doubt that the 
number will soon be augmented. 

The study of these old and rather roughly mounted insects 
was far from being an easy matter. There was only one of 
each species, some were not in good order and were more or 
less embedded in gum. They had to be removed from the 
cardboard and carefully cleaned, so that the structure of the 
underside might be examined. Those who have no expe- 
rience in such tedious and delicate operations should ascertain 
by actual practice what it means, always bearing in mind 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 42 


622 Major TI’. Broun on some 
J 


that a large specimen is less than the sixth of an inch in 
length. 

These insects are not agriculturalists’ pests. Many years 
ago I found them destroying Acaride, and during Oct. 1911 
‘I kept three specimens of Sagola eminens (2724) under close 
observation, along with the dead vegetable rubbish, Acaride, 
Lipuride, &c., amongst which they were found, and watched 
them feeding on the Lipure. 

The remainder of the specimens, belonging principally to 
the HEuplectini, will, if all goes well, be dealt with in a 
later paper. Tnos. Broun. 


Mount Albert, 
Auckland, N.Z., 
3lst Angust, 1912. 


List of Species examined. 


1877. Sagola sobrina, Broun. Tairua. 
3364. ,,  nitida, Brown. Greymouth, 
3482. ,,  carinata, sp. n. 43 
3483.  ,, ventralis, sp. n. aa 
3484.  ,,  occipitalis, sp. n. ; 
3485.  ,,  longula, sp. n. Auckland. 
3486.  ,,  pallidula, sp. n. Greymouth. 
3487. ,,  spiniventris, sp. n. Picton. 
3488. ,, grata, sp. n. 3 

3489. ,, — bifoveiceps, sp. n. Greymouth. 


3490. »,  biimpressa, sp. n. 
349]. ,,  clavatella, sp. n. 


” 


” 
3492. ,,  lawsoni, sp. n. Auckland. 
3493.  ,,  latula, sp. n. Greymouth, 
— ,  frontalis, Raffiay. Bealey. 


»  punctulata, Raffray. Greymouth. 


The numbers are in correspondence with the author’s 
‘Manual of New Zealand Coleoptera.’ 


3482. Sagola carinata, sp. n. 


Shining, sanguineous ; legs and antenne paler; pubes- 
cence yellowish, rather elongate, subdepressed, mingled with 
longer erect setz on the wing-cases and abdomen ; the body 
elongate and subdepressed. 

Head rather smaller than the thorax, gradually narrowed 
behind the eyes, with obtuse hind angles; it is finely 
and indefinitely punctate; along the middle there is a 
carina which, in front, is transformed into a very slender 
groove; this separates the flat antennal tubercles ; occipital 
tovees punctiform, yet moderately large. Thorax sub- 
cordate, rounded and widest before the middle, more obliquely 


New Zealand Pselaphide. 623 


narrowed in front than behind, its length and breadth about 
equal, minutely and distantly punctured ; discal depression 
deep, not very large, subrotundate, its two basal punctures 
small; lateral fovez deep, but hardly prolonged as far as the 
middle. lytra oblong, slightly narrowed near the base, 
fully a third longer than the thorax, nearly plane, minutely 
and distantly punctured, and in some lights appearing feebly 
rugose or asperate; sutural strize broad and deep near the 
base, each of the dorsal ones composed of a basal puncture and 
elongate impression and indistinctly prolonged to beyond the 
middle. ind body nearly as broad as and slightly longer 
than the elytra, its first uncovered segment with minute 
brassy scales and evidently shorter than the second or 
following one. 

Antenne stout, with slender elongate puhescence; basal 
joint twice as long as broad, the next suboviform, as thick as 
the first but much shorter, third much narrower, obconical ; 
joints 4-8 suboviform, the others broken off. 

Underside dark red, with elongate yellow pubescence. 
Metasternum moderately elongate and convex. Abdomen 
finely punctate, segments 2-4 inereasing in length, filth little 
more than half as long as the fourth, sixth widely emarginate 
for half its length; the operculum or supplementary segment 
convex and broadly conical. 

On comparison with its only near ally S. lineata (2719) 
this is seen to be rather larger, with coarser vestiture, and 
manifestly and uniformly darker in colour. The antennal 
tubercles are not elevated, the carina along the middle of the 
head is distinct, but the frontal groove is shorter and more 
slender. In 2719 the thoracic pubescence is decumbent, 
very slender, and disposed transversely, and on the middle of 
the second visible dorsal segment fine lines form two sides 
of a triangle. 

6. Length 24; breadth nearly 3 mm. 

Greymouth. British Museum, from Dr. Sharp’s collection ; 
one example found by Mr. R. Heims. 


3483. Sagola ventralis, sp. n. 


Subparallel, sanguineous, shining ; pubescence yellow. 

At first sight this may appear as if 1t were a sexual form 
of S. carinata; it is, however, a male, and exhibits the 
following disparities :— 

The head is broader, less narrowed behind the eyes, with 
obtuse hind angles, the occipital foveze are larger, the fore- 


head has fine rugose sculpture, and the central carina when 
42* 


624 Major T. Broun on some 


inspected sideways is seen to extend right to the front, the 
thoracic median depression is larger and almost reaches 
the basal margin, though more shallow there, the intra- 
humeral strie are more sharply defined as far back as the 
middle of the elytra, without any sign of posterior prolonga- 
tion, and, what is of more importance, outside each of these 
there is an additional slender stria like that seen in M. Raffray’s 
S. frontalis, which species, however, is materially different in 
other respects. 

Antenne as long as the head and thorax, with slender 
elongate greyish hairs, their basal joint hardly twice as long 
as broad, third obconical, nearly as long as, but more slender 
than, the second, joints 4—6 subequal and moniliform, seventh 
and eighth rather broader, ninth and tenth transverse ; the 
basal portion of the eleventh is subquadrate, but its distinct 
apical appendage renders the joint conical. 

Underside dark fusco-rufous, with yellow pubescence ; 
abdomen finely yet distinctly and moderately closely punc- 
tured. Fourth ventral segment largest, fifth nearly as long as 
the second, with a broad median lobe extending nearly halfway 
over the much paler sixth, which is depressed at each side 
but its central portion is broadly conical and marginated. 

This peculiar ventral structure, together with the broader 
head and supplementary elytral strie, constitute the important 
characteristics. 

3. Length 24; breadth fully $ mm. 

Greymouth (Af. R. Helms). One from Dr. Sharp’s collec- 
tion, British Museum. 


3484. Sagola occipitalis, sp. n. 


Slender, elongate, subdepressed, nitid ; head and thorax 
light fusco-rufous, elytra and abdomen flavo-castaneous, legs 
and antennz fusco-testaceous, these latter rufous near the 
base; palpi yellow; pubescence greyish yellow, elongate, 
rather thick behind, but without long erect sete there. 

Head suboblong-oval, not abruptly narrowed anteriorly, 
very slightly rounded behind the moderately large eyes, with 
obtuse hind angles; antennal tubercles nearly flat and sepa- 
rated by a distinct groove, the frontal channel moderately 
broad and deep and prolonged nearly to the base; the occipital 
fovee very minute, hardly discernible; at each side of the 
base there is an indistinct transverse groove. Thorax 
slightly longer than broad, rounded and widest at or just 
before the middle ; discal depression rather small and sub- 
rotundate, the basal punctures distinct though not large, 


New Zealand Pselaphide. - 625 


lateral foveze deep but not prolonged to the middle. Zlytra 
slightly depressed before the middle, indistinctly punctate, 
considerably narrowed towards the base, only about half as 
broad there as they are behind, about as long as broad and 
nearly double the length of the thorax; sutural strize well 
marked throughout, without adjacent basal punctures, the 
dorsal striz fully half the entire length, each consisting of a 
distinctly separated basal puncture and elongate impression. 
Hind body subparallel, almost as broad as the elytra and a 
third longer, indistinctly punctate, its third visible segment 
slightly longer than the second. 

Antenne rather longer than the head and thorax, with 
elongate pubescence ; basal joint twice as long as broad, 
second subglobular, third not as large, joints 4-10 gradually 
thickened, the fourth as long but not quite as broad as the 
second, fifth to eighth nearly equal and moniliform, the 
following two transverse, the terminal conical, nearly twice 
the length of the penultimate. 

The form of the head, its relatively large and elongate 
frontal channel but very minute occipital fovex, the indefinite 
shape of the thorax, neither exactly cordate nor oviform, and 
the basally narrowed elytra render its position doubtful. At 
present it is located in Section XLV. of the genus. 

Length 13; breadth nearly $ mm. 

Greymouth. A single individual from Dr. Sharp’s collec- 
tion in the British Museum, found by Mr. R. Helms. It is 
mounted with the abdomen embedded in gum, so I have not 
considered it advisable to risk injury in dismounting and 
cleaning it to examine the structure of the underside ; I think, 
however, it is a female. 


3485. Sagola longula, sp. n. 


Narrow, subparallel, very elongate, slightly convex, 
shining, with suberect, elongate, yellowish pubescence, the 
head and thorax nearly glabrous; dark rufous, elytra and 
legs paler, palpi yellow, antennee somewhat fulvescent. 

Head subovate, slightly narrowed behind the moderately 
large feebly convex eyes, with obtuse hind angles, finely 
pungtate near the sides ; antennal tubercles slightly elevated, 
frontal channel oblong, deep, extending as far as the middle 
of the eyes, occipital fovex very distinct. Thorax almost 
oviform, being only moderately rounded and rather wider 
near the middle than elsewhere, slightly longer than broad ; 
discal depression subrotundate but not very large, not 
reaching the base, which has two small punctures; lateral 


626 Major T. Broun on some 


fovere deep, prolonged forwards to tle middle.  Elytra 
oblong, a third longer than broad, longer than the thorax, 
not perceptibly depressed near the base ; sutural strize rather 
narrow, finely pluripunctate, and with a basal puncture 
alongside each ; dorsal strize not extending as far back as the 
middle, each distinctly divided, the basal portion punctiform, 
Hind body rather longer but not broader than the wing-cases, 
somewhat transversely convex, its segments gradually in- 
creasing in length, the fourth longer and paler than the 
preceding one, the small fifth conical and quite exposed ; 
the first visible segment, besides the longer pubescence, 
bears numerous minute brassy sete, and, though its apex js 
truncate, its sides as well as the thick lateral margins are 
obtusely prolonged. 

Antenne nearly as long as the head and thorax, their last 
four joints rather broader than the preceding ones ;_ basal 
joint red, thick, almost twice as long as broad, second slightly 
longer than broad, third globular, much smaller than the 
adjacent ones, fourth and fifth globular and equal, sixth and 
seventh very slightly broader, both narrowed in front, joints 
8-10 transverse, the terminal one large, conical, its apical 
appendage distinct. 

This, as regards the elytra, agrees very well with M. Raf- 
fray’s description of S. brevicornts, but the hind angles of 
the head and the shape of the thorax must be very different. 
Unfortunately I have not seen his species, which I think is 
referable to another section. Although this is placed in the 
same section as S. guinness?, 1t does not accord with any of 
its members. 

Length 23; breadth barely 4 mm. 

Auckland, Found by Mr. T. Lawson about forty years 
ago. One from Dr. Sharp’s collection, British Museum. 


3486. Sagola pallidula, sp. n. 


Nitid, wholly testaceous; pubescence elongate, greyish 
yellow, suberect, thicker on the abdomen, with very few long 
hairs. 

Head rather shorter than the thorax, slightly narrowed 
behind the moderately large eyes, with obtuse hind angles ; 
antennal tubercles a little elevated and almost contiguous at 
the apex, frontal channel moderately broad and deep, very 
gradually expanded backwards and extending as far as the 
back of the eyes; occipital fovew distinct. Thorax sub- 
cordate, widest and rounded before the middle, of about equal 
length and breadth ; discal depression moderately large, sub- 


New Zealand Pselaphide. 627 


quadrate; basal punctures small and almost in contact with 
the depression ; lateral fove deep and reaching the middle. 
Elytra oblong, a third longer than the thorax, gently nar- 
rowed towards the base, with well-marked simple sutural 
striz, the dorsal stria consisting of a distinctly separated basal 
puncture and more elongate impression, which is quite short 
on one elytron but longer on the other. Hind body as broad 
and fully as long as the elytra, obliquely narrowed and 
depressed towards the extremity, the first uncovered segment 
evidently shorter than the second, which is hardly as long as 
the third. 

Antenne rather elongate and slender, longer than the head 
and thorax, slightly incrassate from the fourth joint onwards, 
with elongate pubescence ; basal joint twice as long as broad, 
the second more than half the length of the first, somewhat 
obconical, third small and subglobular, joints 4-6 rather 
Jonger than broad, the next two slightly broader, ninth and 
tenth subquadrate, eleventh conical. 

The unusually pale colour is perhaps due to immaturity. 
Although it should be placed in the same section of the genus 
as iS. prisca (247) and its allies, its small size renders its 
separation from all of them a comparatively easy matter. 
S. punctata (1880), formerly the smallest of the section, is 
23 mm. in length, its antenne, though relatively shorter, are 
considerably stouter, the tubercles are more prominent, its 
head is punctate, and there is a distinct puncture alongside 
each of the sutural striz. 

Length 12; breadth nearly } mm. 

Greymouth. Found by Mr. R. Helms. A single example 
in the British Museum from Dr. Sharp’s collection is all I 
have seen, 


3487. Sagola spiniventris, sp. n. 


Elongate, narrowed anteriorly, subdepressed, nitid ; head, 
thorax, and base of elytra rufous, remainder of these last of 
a paler red ; abdomen chestnut-red ; antenne and legs rufo- 
testaceous ; tarsi and palpi flavescent ; pubescence yellowish, 
elongate and suberect, thicker on the abdomen. 

Head rather small, subovate, very slightly narrowed 
behind the rather small moderately prominent eyes, with 
obtuse hind angles; antennal tubercles a little elevated ; 
frontal channel large, oviform, almost reaching the base ; 
occipital foveee very small. Thorax rather broader than the 
head, very slightly longer than broad, moderately rounded 
and widest near the middie; median depression moderately 


628 Major T. Broun on some 


large, of irregular form, subquadrate ; basal punctures small, 
lateral foveze deep, not prolonged beyond the middle. Llytra 
suboblong, distinctly narrowed before the middle, a third 
longer than the thorax, indistinctly punctate ; sutural strize 
deep throughout, with a small basal puncture alongside each, 
the dorsal strie half the whole length, one with a single basal 
puncture, the other with two minute ones. Hind body rather 
longer than the elytra and quite as broad, its first visible 
segment rather shorter than either of the following two. 

Antenne as long as the head and thorax, evidently thick- 
ened from the fifth joint onwards, with elongate pubescence ; 
basal joint twice as long as broad, second oviform, third of 
nearly similar form but only half as large, fourth subglobular, 
fifth rather larger than either of the following two, which 
are also subglobular, eighth slightly larger, ninth and tenth 
transversely quadrate, the terminal one conical and large. 

Underside castaneo-rufous, with elongate yellow pubes- 
cence ; segments 2-4 nearly equal, with deep sutures, fifth 
rather shorter, sixth hardly as long as the preceding one, 
slightly but widely emarginate ; at one side of its extremity 
a slender spiniform process extends backwards, its fellow of 
the other side having been detached along with the gummed 
portion of the supplementary segment. The remaining process 
is visible from above after being remounted on cardboard. 

The body tapers anteriorly, but interruptedly. The 
thorax is oviform rather than cordate, so that this species 
should be placed at present near S. occtpitalis. The frontal 
channel is elongate-oval, and the terminal ventral segment 
remarkable. 

9. Length 24; breadth $ mm. 

Picton. One example from Dr. Sharp’s collection, British 
Museum, found about thirty years ago by Mr. R. Helms. 


3488. Sagola grata, sp. n. 


Elongate, shining, light rufous, abdomen and antenne 
pale castaneous, legs fulvescent, palpi yellow ; pubescence 
elongate, suberect, yellowish grey. 

Head nearly as large as the thorax, obliquely narrowed 
anteriorly, its sides behind the moderately large eyes nearly 
straight, with rounded hind angles ; it is finely and irregularly 
punctate, rather more distinctly on the somewhat flattened 
- tubercles; frontal channel deep, extending to beyond the 
back of the eyes, narrower in front than behind, occipital 
fovess distinct. Thorax subcordate, strongly rounded and 
widest near the middle, as much narrowed in front as behind, 


New Zealand Pselaphide. 629 


minutely and distantly punctate ; discal depression large, 
subrotundate, basal punctures small, lateral fovee deep, 
hardly attaining the middle; its length and breadth about 
the same. iytra distinctly narrowed before the middle, as 
long as they are broad, a third longer than the thorax ; 
sutural strize deep, with a small basal puncture alongside 
each ; the dorsal striz divided, each having a basal puncture 
and elongate impression, which is feebly prolonged beyond the 
middle. Hind body rather longer than the wing-cases, first 
visible segment rather shorter than the following ones and 
bearing minute brassy scales. 

Antenne as long as the head and thorax, very gradually 
incrassate from the fourth joint onwards ; basal joint twice 
as long as broad, second rotundate, third small and oviform, 
joints 4—7 rather broader than long, each narrowed towards 
the extremity, 8-10 laxly articulated, transverse, the terminal 
joint quadrate, but with an additional apical appendage. 

Underside ligit chestnut-red, finely punctate, with elongate 
yellow pubescence. Head obtusely swollen near each side 
behind the middle, the central space concave, and with an 
impression near the inner side of each eye. Fifth ventral 
segment rather shorter than the third or fourth, sixth nearly 
as long as the preceding one in the middle, deeply but 
narrowly emarginate behind, the operculum rather small and 
subovate. 

This is certainly distinct from S. spiniventris, the head is 
broader and its sculpture, both above and below, is quite 
different, 

3. Length 21; breadth } mm. 

Picton. Found by Mr. Helms. <A specimen of this 
species, found on cardboard alongside one of S. spini- 
ventris in Dr. Sharp’s collection, has been returned to the 
British Museum. 


3489. Sagola bifovetceps, sp. n. 


Elongate, shining, head and thorax light rufous, elytra, 
legs and antenne more fulvescent, abdomen light castaneous, 
palpi yellow. 

This species most nearly resembles S. grata, from Picton, 
but on comparing the two the following differences become 
apparent :— 

Head rather narrower, distinctly narrowed behind, frontal 
channel large, deep, broader in front than behind and almost 
reaching the base, antennal tubercles more elevated and 
more evidently separated, occipital foveze almost minute but 


630 Major T. Broun on some 


sharply marked. lytra suboblong, gradually narrowed 
and depressed above before the middle, fully a third longer 
than the thorax; sutural strie deep, punctiform at the base, 
but without distinct basal punctures alongside, dorsal strize 
not prolonged beyond the middle. Hind body slightly 
longer than the elytra, its first visible segment evidently 
shorter than either of the following two, with minute brassy 
scales at its base and numerous short sete behind, the 
terminal two segments horizontal. 

Antenne slightly longer than the head and thorax, their 
second joint suboviform, third small and globular, joints 4-8 
about equal, each narrowed apically, ninth and tenth 
moderately transverse, slightly broader than the eighth, the 
terminal one larger, conical. 

Underside chestnut-red, fulvescent behind. Head red, 
with a pair of semicircular depressions between the eyes. 
Prosternum subtruncate in front (in most species it is dis- 
tinctlyemarginate). Ventral segments 2-4 gradually enlarged, 
the fifth as long as the fourth at the sides, sixth narrow, 
with an elongate central fovea. 

6. Length 24; breadth } mm. 

Greymouth (2. Helms). British Museum, one from 
Dr. Sharp’s collection. 


8490. Sagola biimpressa, sp. n. 

Shining, light rufous, abdomen and legs slightly casta- 
neous, antennze obscurely fulvescent, palpi yellow; the 
pubescence elongate (most of it rubbed off). 

Head rather broad, slightly narrowed behind the moderately 
large and prominent eyes, with obtuse hind angles; frontal 
channel deep, prolonged nearly to the base but becoming 
narrower there, occipital foveze small, antennal tubercles 
slightly elevated. Zhoraw subcordate, widest and rounded 
at the middle, of about equal length and breadth ; discal 
depression subquadrate, basal punctures small, lateral fovew 
deep, extending nearly to the middle. Slytra oblong, 
slightly narrowed in front of the middle, a third longer than 
the thorax ; sutural strize well marked, with a basal puncture 
near each, the dorsal strive deep, not extending beyond the 
middle, each composed of a basal puncture and elongate 
impression. ind body a third longer than the elytra, slightly 
wider in line with the third segment, which equals the 
second in length, the first shorter, with minute brassy sete, 
the fourth much narrowed towards the extremity, the fifth 
very small, 


New Zealand Pselaphide. 631 


Antenne as long as the head and thorax, basal joint twice 
as long as broad, second suboviform, the next small and 
subglobular, joints 4-8 subequal, each narrowed in front, 
ninth and tenth slightly broader, transverse, eleventh 
conical. 

Underside castaneo-rufous, with yellowish pubescence. 
Head with a broad lunate impression between the eyes. 
The third and fourth ventral seements rather longer than the 
second, the fifth rather shorter than the fourth, longitudinally 
impressed on the middle, the sixth deeply emarginate, its 
central portion concave along the middle, but not extending 
as far back as the extremity of the last dorsal segment. 

Though this, at first sight, may seem to be only a sexual 
form of S. bifovetceps it is certainly distinct and of the 
same sex. ‘I'he head is evidently broader, its frontal 
channel is less cuneiform, the elytra are longer and less - 
narrowed towards the base, the abdomen is more elongate, 
and the sexual characters of the underside are materially 
different. 

6. Length 24; breadth quite } mm. 

Greymouth (2. Helms). One from Dr. Sharp’s collection, 
in the British Museum. 


3491. Sagola clavatella, sp. n. 


Elongate, narrow, subparallel, nitid ; head and thorax red, 
elytra castaneo-rufous, abdomen, legs and antenne_ less 
rufescent, palpi yellow; pubescence yellowish, elongate, 
suberect, thicker behind than in front. 

Head subquadrate behind the nearly flat antennal tubercles, 
the gene almost. straight, with obtuse hind angles, very 
finely and irregularly punctate ; frontal channel deep, oblong, 
extending as tar as the back of the eyes, but hardly half as 
wide between the tubercles, occipital foveee small and puncti- 
form. yes moderately large. Thorax rounded and widest 
at the middle and therefore not quite cordate, its length 
and breadth about equal; discal depression subrotundate 
basal punctures small but distinct, lateral foveze deep, not 
prolonged beyond the middle, its surface minutely and 
indistinctly punctured. /ytra oblong, a third longer than 
the thorax, slightly narrowed before the middle, nearly flat 
above ; sutural strise well marked, with a basal puncture close 
to each, the dorsal strize composed of a basal puncture and an 
elongate impression which becomes narrower and less distinct 
behind the middle. Hind body horizontal, a third longer 
than the elytra, its first visible segment with minute brassy 


632 Major T. Broun on some 


scales, rather shorter than either of the next two, the terminal 
two conjointly as long as the third and subtriangular. 

Antenne as long as the head and thorax, distinctly pubes- 
cent, more thickly towards the extremity; basal joint twice 
as long as broad, the next two subglobular, the third much 
smaller, joints 4-6 about equal, all narrowed towards the 
apex and slightly longer than broad, seventh and eighth of - 
similar form but rather broader, tenth rather larger than the 
ninth, both transverse and broader than the preceding one, 
eleventh quadrate but with an additional apical appendage. 

Underside light chestnut-red, cox flavescent; segments 
2-4 increasing in length, fifth subtruncate behind, sixth conical, 
semicircularly emarginate, the operculum subrotundate. 

From all its allies of equal size this is differentiated by the 
horizontal abdomen, details of sculpture, and the subclavate 
antenne. The indefinite shape of the thorax, neither dis- 
tinctly cordate nor oviform, necessitates its being placed at 
present near S. auripila (3371), from which, however, it is 
abundantly distinct. 

3. Length 24; breadth $ mm. 

Greymouth (Helms). One from Dr. Sharp’s collection, in 
the British Museum. 


3492. Sagola lawsoni, sp. n. 


Elongate, shining, head and thorax light fusco-rufous, 
elytra, legs, and antenne nearly rufo-testaceous, tarsi and 
palpi yellow ; pubescence yellowish, elongate and suberect. 

Head vather short and broad, with rounded hind angles, 
the genes not narrowed behind the moderately large eyes ; 
antennal tubercles distinctly elevated, frontal channel 
broad, extending as far as the back of the eyes, occipital 
fovese moderately large but not widely separated, finely 
punctate near the sides. Thorax cordate, slightly broader 
than the head, of about the same length and breadth, with 
some fine punctures near its sides ; median depression sub- 
quadrate, basal punctures distinct but not large, lateral fovea 
deep and prolonged to the middle. lytra oblong, very 
slightly narrowed before the middle; sutural strie well 
marked, finely punctate near the base, the dorsal striz divided, 
not extending beyond the middle, with two, or only a single 
basal puncture. Hind body not longer than the wing-cases, 
second and third segments equal, the basal one much shorter 
and bearing minute brassy scales, the terminal two paler and 
somewhat deflexed. 

Antenne as long as head and thorax, moderately slender, 


New Zealand Pselaphidee. 633 


slightly thickened towards the extremity, with slender out- 
standing hairs; basal joint red, its length double the breadth, 
second oviform, third small and subglobular, fourth slightly 
longer than broad, joints 5-7 about equal, narrowed in front, 
the eighth of similar form but slightly shorter and broader, 
tenth transverse, slightly broader than the ninth, eleventh 
conical, 

Underside castaneo-rufous, with slender, greyish pubes- 
cence. Ventral segments 2-4 increasing in length, fifth and 
sixth simple. 

This differs from 8. sobrina (1877) in being less robust 
and narrower, with more oblong and differently sculptured 
elytra, &c. The frontal channel, though reaching the backs 
of the eye, appears relatively short in comparison with other 
species, owing to the form of the head itself. 

Length 24; breadth } mm. 

Auckland. Sent to Dr. Sharp about forty years ago by 
Mr. T. Lawson, whose name has been given to it. One 
example in the British Museum. 

The peculiar vestiture of the first uncovered dorsal segment 
is almost invariably an indication of the male, but, after 
spending a couple of hours in removing the specimen from the 
card and cleaning the underside as well as possible, I failed 
to detect other male characters, so it is probably a female. 


3493. Sagola laiula, sp. n. 


Nitid, rather broad; rufous, abdomen, legs, and antenne 
light chestnut-red; pubescence yellow, very scanty on the 
head and thorax. 

Head as large as the thorax, broad, with rounded hind 
angles ; antennal tubercles slightly elevated and finely pune- 
tured ; frontal channel deep and broad, somewhat expanded 
near the middle, extending almost as far as the back of the 
eyes and, when looked at from the side, apparently prolonged 
as a slender groove to the base ; occipital fovez distinct and 
somewhat elongated. Thorax rather broader than long, 
widest and rounded near the front, with a few minute 
punctures; discal depression subquadrate, basal punctures 
small but distinct, lateral foveee deep and extending forwards 
to the middle. lytra of about equal length and breadth, 
slightly narrowed near the base, a third longer than the 
thorax ; they are finely and irregularly punctate, and a little 
depressed before the middle; sutural striw deep and broad, 
with a basal puncture alongside, the dorsal striz with a basal 
puncture and elongate impression (longer on one elytron than 
on the other). Hind body as broad as the elytra but a third 


634 Mr. C. T. Regan on the Anatomy and 


longer, its first uncovered segment simple and rather shorter 
than either of the following two. 

Antenne with some very elongate hairs; basal joint twice 
as long as broad, third obconical, narrower than the second 
but nearly as long; joints 4-7 differing but little, each 
slightly longer than broad, the eighth rather shorter, the next 
two transverse, the terminal conical, including its distinet 
apical appendage. 

Underside nitid. Head rather thickly pubescent behind, 
smooth and unimpressed near the hind angles, flat between 
the eyes, but with slightly curved and distinctly thickened 
hind borders; in front, behind the mentum, there is a 
transverse fovea. Metasternum short, slightly impressed 
behind the middle. Abdominal segments: third and fourth 
nearly equal, largest ; fifth nearly as long, truncate behind in 
the middle; sixth broadly conical, flat, not reaching the 
extremity but without any well-marked apical suture. 

Allied to, S. laticeps (3362), but the whole insect is broader 
and the head is less trigonal. In 3362 the hind angles are 
directed slightly outwards ; in this species they are rounded, 
and the sculpture underneath also differs. The elytra are 
larger and less narrowed towards the base. 

Length 22; breadth 2 mm. 

Greymouth (//elms). A single specimen from Dr. Sharp’s 
collection in the British Museum. 

Most of the pubescence has been rubbed off and most 
likely the minute squame on the first exposed dorsal 
segment disappeared along with it. The real structure of 
the terminal ventral segment is obscured by gum, but the 
sculpture of the underside of the head denotes the male. In 
any case, when placed side by side with S. daticeps it is seen 
to be distinetly different from it. 


LXXVIII.—The Anatomy and Classification of the Teleostean 
Fishes of the Order Discocephali*. By C. Tarr Reean, 
M.A. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Tue order Discocephali differs from the Percoids especially 
in the remarkable transformation of the spinous dorsal fin 
into a flat, oval, transversely laminated, adhesive disc, which 


* On the structure of the adhesive dise cf. Beck, ‘ Die Haftscheibe der 
Echeneis remora, Schaffhausen, 1879; and Storms, Ann. & Mag. Nat. 
Hist. (6) ii. 1888, p. 67. For a discussion of the systematic position of 
the group ef. Gill, in Jord. & Everm., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, xlvii, 1898, 
pp. 2265-2268, 


Classification of the Order Discocephali. 635 


extends forward on the upper surface of the head. The 
spines are shortened, depressed backwards, and expanded 
transversely to form pairs of broad flat laminze which are 
denticulated posteriorly ; in the middle line posterior pro- 
jections of each pair of laminz are connected by ligament, 
and a low fin-membrane joins them to the next pair. This 
is the structure in the Echeneidide ; in the Eocene Opistho- 
myzonidz the Jaminz were not nearly so broad and the 
median projection seems to have been stronger and un- 


divided. 


Fig. 1, 


Remora remora, Segments of disc from above (A) and below (B). 


J, fin-ray ; r, radial ; }, basal. 


The small lateral expansions of the radials seen in most 
Percoids have become large overlapping laminz in the 
Kcheneidide ; the basalia are nearly normal, except that 
they are directed very obliquely backwards. 

It is difficult to imagine the initial stages of this extra- 
ordinary modification, but it seems not impossible that some 
pelagic Percoid with the habit of associating with sharks, 
like the pilot-fish (Nawcrates), should have found that the 
spinous dorsal fin, when depressed in its groove, could be 
used more or less effectively as an adhesive organ, and 
should have acquired the habit, when swimming close to its 
protector, of fastening on. 

The other fins are very similar to those of the Pomatomide, 
Carangide, Rhachicentride, &c., in structure and position, 
and the Discocephali may well have evolved from Percoids 
of this type. 

The most important characters of the Discocephali, in 
addition to the peculiar structure of the dorsal fin, are the 
following :— 

Mouth not protractile, with the slender maxillary firmly 
adherent to the preemaxillary ; dentary attached to articulare 


636 On the Anatomy ke. of the Order Discocephali. 


only at the anterior end of the latter, capable of a certain 
amount of independent movement. Palatine elongate, 
attached by its upper edge to the lateral ethmoid ; pterygoid 
and mesopterygoid ankylosed; suspensorium, branchial, and 
opercular bones otherwise typically Percoid. Skull broad, 
very strongly depressed, with flat or concave upper surface ; 
basisphenoid and alisphenoids absent; exoccipital condyles 
transversely expanded, wide apart; nasal and przorbital 
firmly united to each other and to the lateral ethmoid ; 
number and arrangement of other bones of skull as in the 


Fig. 2. 


We ‘ ry 
FN ‘ 
‘ 


€oc eyo “all” opo eoc B ‘boc juro 


’ 
s 
‘ 


Remora clypeata, Skull from above (A) and below (B). 

v, vomer; eth, mesethmoid; Jeth, lateral ethmoid; pror, preorbital ; 
n, nasal; f, frontal; p, parietal; soc, supraoccipital ; ex, exocci- 
pital; boc, basioccipital ; evo, epiotic ; opo, opisthotic; pto, pterotic ; 
spo, sphenotic ; p70, prootic ; psp, parasphenoid ; ptt, post-temporal. 


Perciformes. Vertebre 23 to 80; ribs and epipleurals 
inserted together on strong transverse processes. Pectoral 
arch of the Perciform type, except that the supracleithrum 
is reduced and 3 radials are in contact with the hypocora- 
coid ; pelvic bones directly attached to the cleithra. 

Two families may be recognized :— 


Family 1. Opisthomyzonide. 


Dise of about 6 segments, small, narrow, not extending 
forward to the interorbital region, its width about 4 the 
width of head. Vertebre 23 or 24. Dorsal fin longer than 
anal; caudal widely forked. 

Opisthomyzon glaronensis from the Upper Eocene of 
Switzerland (Wettstein, Mem. schweiz. Palzont. Ges. xiii. 
1886, p. 82, pl. vii. fig. 10 ; Storms, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) 
ii, 1888, p. 73; Cope, Amer. Nat. xxi. 1889, p. 355), 


Mr. 0. T. Regan on the Caristiidee. 637 


The small disc, the broad opercles, the form of the caudal 
fin, &c. indicate that this was a more active swimmer than 
the modern fishes of the order. 


Family 2. Echeneidide. 


Dise of 10 to 30 segments, large, extending forward to the 
snout, nearly as broad as the head. Vertebre 26 to 30. 
Dorsal fin as long as anal ; caudal truncate or. emarginate. 

About 10 recent species * belonging to two genera, 
Echeneis and Remora, the largest species, E. naucrates, 
attaining a length of about 3 feet. Carnivorous fishes of 
warm seas, attaching themselves by means of their adhesive 
dise to large fish or other marine animals, or to ships. 


LXXIX.—The Caristiidee, a Family of Berycomorphous 
Fishes. By C. Tats Recan, M.A. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


In 1905 (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xviii. p. 249) Gill 
and Smith described a remarkable fish obtained in the 
market at Kagoshima as a new genus and species, Carisiius 
japonicus, the type of a new family of jugular acantho- 
pterygians ; the specimen was figured by Smith and Pope 
(Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxi. 1906, p. 491, fig. 10). 

In 1911 (Rés. Camp. Sci. Monaco, xxxv. p. 101, pl. v. 
fig.5) Zugmayer described and figured Platyberyx opalescens 
as a new genus and species, known only from a single 
specimen taken in deep water to the south of Cape St. 
Vincent. 

A comparison of the descriptions and figures leaves no 
doubt that these two fishes are closely related, probably 
congeneric and perhaps not specifically distinct, The 
number" of fin- -rays is not quite the same, 34 dorsal and 
21 anal in the Japanese specimen, 31 dorsal and 18 anal in 
the Atlantic one. As the former was in poor condition, 
not much importance can be attached to the supposed 
absence of the lateral line, which is well developed in the 
latter. 

Zugmayer places his fish in the Berycide (s. 7.) on account 


* Giinther, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) v. 1860, p. 389, or Cat. Fish. 
ii. p. 376. 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. x. 43 


638 Mr. O. Thomas on a new 


of its form, the muciferous channels on the head, the large 
eye, and the oblique mouth, and in spite of the fact that 
the pelvic fin is formed of a spine and only 5 branched rays. 
I have little doubt that he is right, and that the family 
Caristiide belongs to the Beryeomorphi, for the caudal fin 
has spinous procurrent rays and include 19 principal rays, 
17 branched (fide Gill & Smith), as in typical Berycoids. 
In the Percomorphi there are not more than 17 principal 
rays (15 branched) and the number may be much less in 
the more specialized members of the order. 

The Caristiida seem to be nearest to the Diretmide™*, 
differing from them in the cycloid scales, the longer dorsal 
fin commencing above the middle of the eye, the pelvic fins 
more anteriorly placed, with normal spines and folding into 
a ventral groove, the narrower maxillary (? without supra- 
maxillary), and the toothed palate, The vertebre number 
about 40, as shown by a radiograph of C. japonicus. 


LXXX.—New Centronycteris and Ctenomys from 
S. America. By Oupriztp THomAs. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Centronycteris centralis, sp. n. 


Nearly allied to C. maximiliani, but slightly larger, 
colour rather darker, and basi-sphenoid pits of skull 
markedly shorter. 

Fur long and loose; hairs of back about 6°5 mm. in 
length. General colour above dark tawny brown, that of 
a Para example of C. mazximiliant somewhat paler. Basal 
third of interfemoral well clothed with long hairs. 

Skull decidedly larger than that of C. mazximiiani, its 
general structure as in that species, with the exception that 
the basi-sphenoid pits are much shorter, not longer than 
broad and not extending forwards between the pterygoids ; 
their length is 1:8 mm. in the type, as against 2°8 in 
maximiliani, where they reach fog to well between the 
pterygoids. 


* Cf. Ann. & Mag. Nat: Hist. (8) vii. 1911, p. 5. 


Centronycteris and Ctenomys from S. America, 639 


Dimensions of the type :— 

Forearm 45 mm. 

Head and body 52; tail18; third finger, metacarpus 46°5, 
first phalanx 18°5; lower leg and hind foot 26. 

Skull: length 15; zygomatic breadth 10; palato-sinual 
length 5; front of canine to back of m* 6:1; breadth 
between outer edges of m? 6°6, 

Hab. Bogava, Chiriqui, Panama, Alt, 250 m. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 0.7.11.3. Original 
number 31. Collected 20th October, 1898, by H. J. 
Watson. 

Mainly distinguishable from C. mawximiliani by its very 
different basisphenoid pits. 


Ctenomys saltarius, sp. n. 


Size fairly large, about as in Ct. opimus. Fur rather 
short (about 13 mm.in length on the back) and dull in 
tone, having neither the length nor glossiness of that of the 
neighbouring species. Colour dull ‘‘ raw umber”’ above, 
browner along tie median dorsal area, paler on sides. 
Under surface dull buffy whitish. Area round snout 
whitish, succeeded by an inconspicuous darker collar. Feet 
dull white. ‘Tail more markedly bicolor than usual, blackish 
above, dull white below. 

Skull very narrow, the zygomatic spread less than the 
distance from the front of the incisors to the back of the 
tooth-row, markedly greater in other species, Frontal 
region also very narrow, the interorbital breadth less than 
the length of the molar series. Postorbital processes 
practically absent. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in skin) ;— 

Head and body (stretched) 200 mm.; tail 90; hind 
foot 83. Skull: front of nasals to back of frontals 34°8 ; 
front of incisors to back of m* 29°5 ; zygomatic breadth 28:5 ; 
nasals 20 7°73; interorbital breadth 9-2; palatilar length 
23°83; diastema 15; upper tovoth-series, crowns 10°5, 
alveoh 1]. 

Hab. Salta, N. Argentina. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 99, 2.22.26, Original 
number 8904. Presented by the La Plata Museum through 
Dr. F. P. Moreno. 

The only species occurring near this are the far paler 
Ct. opimus (of which a special subspecies, Ct, 0. luteolus, is a 
native of Jujuy) and the dark brown Ch. tucumanus of 


640 On a new Cynopterus from Borneo. 


Tucuman. Both have long glossy fur, very different in both 
colour and texture from that of Ct. saltarius, which in these 
respects has a superficial resemblance to the far southern 
Ct. fueginus. The bicolor tail and narrow skull are also 
strongly characteristic of the Salta Tuco-tuco. 


_ 


LXXXI.—A new Cynopterus from Borneo 
By Knup ANDERSEN. 


Cynopterus persimilis, sp. 0. 

Type, [3 ] ad., skin and skull, Sarawak, Borneo, collected 
by Cecil J. Brooks, Esq., B.M.12. 10. 26. 1. 

Closely allied to C. horsfieldi lyoni* (Sumatra), from 
which it differs chiefly, or perhaps only, in the position of 
the surface cusp of p, and m, (third and fourth lower cheek- 
teeth). . 

This cusp is in C. persimilis situated close to the imner 
longitudinal ridge of the tooth, so close, indeed, that its 
anterior extremity is quite or very nearly in contact with the 
ridge (at a point a little in front of the middle of the ridge). 
In the numerous skulls of the allied foryms of Cynepterus 
which have passed through my hands the surface cusp is 
either central in position or, if nearer the inner edge, quite 
without any connection with this latter. 

Colour of fur as in C. horsfieldi and harpax. Size the 
same, if not a little larger:—Forearm 79°5 mm. (largest 
C. h. lyoni seen, 77°5 mm.), maxillary tooth-row (c-m’, 
crowns) 12 mm. 

The “ Niadius” section of the genus Cynopterus was 
hitherto known only from the Malay Peninsula (C. harpaa), 
Sumatra (C. horsfieldi lyoni), Java (C. horsfieldi horsfieldi), 
and Nias (C. princeps). But farther northward in Indo- 
Malaya, in the Philippine Islands, this type of fruit-bat has 
differentiated into a distinct genus, Ptenochirus (inner pair 
of lower incisors absent, outer pair of upper incisors 
shortened). The interest of the new species here described 
lies chiefly in the fact that it adds Borneo to the area 
occupied by the ‘‘ Niadius” section of Cynopterus, thus 
filling up the distributional gap hitherto supposed to exist 


between this section and its Philippine representative, 
Ptenochirus. 


* Cat. Chir. i. pp. 632, 827. I take this opportunity to correct a slip 
of the pen on p. 631 of the Catalogue: in line 34 for “ larger” read 
“ smaller.” 


Sevual Differehices in Peciliid Fishes. 641 


LXXXII.—Sewual Differences in the Peciliid Fishes of the 
Genus Cynolebias. By C. Tare Reean, M.A. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Herr A. Racnuow, of Hamburg, has written calling my 
attention to the fact that I have overlooked a paper by 
C. Berg (Anales Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, v. 1897) when 
preparing my revision of the genus Cynolebias (¢ Annals,’ 
Nov. 1912, p. 505). Berg’s paper is important not anly for 
the description of two new species, but for the conclusion 
that Cynolebias bellotiii is the male and C. maculatus the 
female of one species, the difference in the number of dorsal 
and anal rays being a sexual character. 

Herr Rachow tells me that from his own observations in 
the aquarium there can be no doubt that C. maculatus is the 
female of C. dellottii, and he has sent me some specimens 
in support of this. After examination of the sexual organs 
of all the specimens of Cynolebias in the collection of the 
British Museum, I have no doubt whatever that he is right ; 
but I am not acquainted with any other instance in the 
whole class of fishes of a difference between the sexes in the 
number of fin-rays. ; 

The males and females of C, bellottii differ as follows :— 


3 C. bellottir. 2 C. maculatus. 
Brownish, sometimes with ver- Vertically expanded dark brown 
tical series of pale spots; fins | or violet spots on body and vertical 
violet. fins. 


Dorsal and anal fins relatively Dorsal and anal fins relatively 
long, low, and many-rayed. short, deep, and few-rayed. 

D. 21- 24, A. 26-31: dorsal origin | D. 16- 19, A. 22-26: dorsal origin 
equidistant from end of snout and | nearer to base of caudal than to 
base of caudal Hh, behind that of | end of snout, above that of anal; 
anal; longest rays 3 to 3 length of | longest rays a or + length of head. 
head. 

In consequence of the length of The pectoral does not reach the 
the anal the -pectoral extends be- | anal and the caudal peduncle is 
yond its origin and the caudal | longer than deep. 
peduncle is shorter than deep. 


Similar differences are exhibited by the two species 
described by Berg; these are :— 


1. Cynolebias gibberosus. 
Bird, Anales Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, v. 1897, p, 294. 


oe. 25, A. 38; 9. D.17, 4.26. 37 to/40\seales m a 


642 Sexual Differences in Paecilud Fishes. 


longitudinal series. Similar to C. bellottii in form and 
coloration in both sexes; back in front of dorsal fin arched, 
bearing a series of bony tubercles; head bony, with post- 
orbital tubercles. 

Province of Buenos Aires. 

Total length 85 mm. 


2. Cynolebias holmbergi. 
Berg, ¢. c. p. 296. 


&o. D. 21, A. 25; ¢. D.17, A. 21. At least 60 scales 
in a longitudinal series. Head 34 to 3} in length to base of 
caudal. Yellowish ; a dark bar on the head. 

Province of Buenos Aires, 

Total length 300 mm, 


In C. melanotenia the males are similar to the females both 
in coloration and in number of fin-rays ; in this species the 
pelvic fins are separated by an interspace, whereas in Cyno- 
lebias proper they are contiguous and often united at the 
base. I therefore propose to make C. melanotenia the type 
of a new genus, which may be named Cynora@ciLus, 


I have ascertained that the types of C. robustus and 
C. nigripinnis are males; the single example of C. elongatus 
in the British Museum collection has been eviscerated, but 
it seems probable that the two or three specimens known of 
this species are females, whilst the type of C. porosus may be 
a female also. 

Assuming this to be the case, the number of scales in a 
longitudinal series, and of dorsal and anal rays in both sexes, 
of the species of Cynolebias may be tabulated as follows :— 


Seales. dé. Q. 
C. nigripinnis. . 28 D. 26; A. 25 utd 
C. bellotti? .... 28to30 OD, 21-24; A. 26-31 D, 16-19; A. 22-26 
C. robustus.... 33 D. 22; A. 24 ate ate 
C. giblerosus ., 37 to 40 D, 25; A. 33 D. 17; A. 26 
C. porosus .... 40 bt D.18; A. 20 
C. elongatus .. 45 to 50 soe 4 D. 17; A. 20 
C. holmbergi .. 60 D. 21; A. 26 D, 17; Age 


643 . 


INDEX ‘tro VOL X. 


ACANTHICOLEPIS asperrima, note 
on, 173. 

Acanthoplesiops, characters of the 
new genus, 266, 

Acidaliodes, new species of, 509. 

Agallia, new species of, 607. 

Agapostemon, new species of, 24, 

Agaristide, new African, 609. 

Avathodes, new species of, 562, 

Aglymbus, new species of, 433, 

Agriomyia, new species of, 48, 

Alcis, new species of, 236, 

Alestes, new species of, 601. 

Amberbakia, characters of the new 
genus, 443, 

Ammatomus, new species of, 374. 

Ammomanes deserti, new subspecies 
of, 230. 

Amphicranus, new species of, 245. 

Amphidromus, new species of, 415, 

Amphilius, new species of, 602. 

Amphimetra, new species of, 51, 

Ampulex, new species of, 367. 

Anapalta, new species of, 303. 

Andersen, K., on eight new Petalia, 
546; on a new Cynopterus from 
Borneo, 640. 

Anisodes, new species of, 292. 

Annelida Polycheta from the North 
Sea, report on, 165. 

Anomala, new species of, 527. 

Anomis, new species of, 532. 

Antarchzea, new species of, 525. 

Anthophora, new species of, 22. 

Antinoé, remarks on species of, 177. 

Aphegocera, new species of, 611. 

‘Apherusa jurinei, note on, 600, 

Apicia, new species of, 252. 

Apodes, on the ostelogy and classi- 
fication of the, 377. 

Arachnida, new, 63. 

Argidia, new species of, 518. 

Arnbiick-Christie-Linde, Dr., errata 
to paper by, in the June number, 
264. 

Arrow, G. J., on new Burmese 
species of Anomala, 327, 


Asilidee of Australasia, revision of 
the, 142, 350. 

Asteroidea, on self-evisceration in 
the, 282. 

Astyochia, new species of, 289. 

Atherurus, new subspecies of, 590, 

Augochlora, new species of, 315. 

Austen, E. E., on a new species of 
Tabanus from German E, Africa, 
240. 

Austrostigmus, characters of the new 
genus, 55, 

Azya, new species of, 320. 

Bagnall, R. 8., on the classification 
of the Thysanoptera, 220. 

Baniana, new species of, 531. 

Baramia, characters of the new 
genus, 76, 

Bathyccelia, new species of, 604. 

Bathypogon, new species of, 154. 

Batrachians, new, 140, 185. 

Bembex, new species of, 57, 371. 

Bereroth, E., on new or little-known 
Ethiopian hemiptera, 191. 

Birds, new, 230, 262; notes on 
Guiana, 261. 

Blarinella, new species of, 400. 

Blechroma, new species of, 288. 

Blennioid fishes, on the classification 
of the, 265, 

Bolton, H., on insect-remains from 
the Midland and §.-Hastern coal 
fields, 161. 

Bombus, new species of, 21. 

Books, new:—Morley’s Revision of 
the Ichneumonide, pt. 1, 160; 
Records of the Indian Museum, 
161; Memoirs of the Department 
of Agriculture in India, 263; 
recent Foreign and Colonial 
Natural History periodicals, 460, 
555; Records of the Western 
Australian Museum and Art 
Gallery, 556; Scharfl’s Distribu- 
tion and Origin of Life in 
America, 556. 

Bothriceps, on the lower jaw of, 585, 


* 


644 


Botyodes, new species of, 3. 

Boulenger, G. A., on three new 
African cichlid fishes, 138 ; on new 
African batrachians, 140; on new 
batrachians from S. America, 
185; on a new cichlid fish from 
the Lower Niger, 263; on new 
reptiles from 8S. America, 420; on 
two new fishes from the Nile 
system, 601. 

Brabourne, Lord, notes on Guiana 
birds, 261. 

Bromeliaceze, on the fauna of, 424. 

Broun, Major T., on some New 
Zealand Pselaphidze and on new 
species of Sagola, 621. 

Bufo, new species of, 186. 

Buist, I, P., on the development of 
the pectoral girdle in the pipefish, 
613. 

Cenohalictus, new species of, 317. 

Calman, Dr. W. T., on a terrestrial 
amphipod from Kew Gardens, 132. 

Calymniodes, new species of, 509. 

Cambogia, new species of, 299. 

Campometra, new species of, 511. 

Capitellidze, on the British, 124; on 
the, procured by the ‘ Porcupine,’ 
127. 


Capnodes, new species of, 523, 
Jaristiidze, note on the, 637. 

Caura, new species of, 88. 

Cenzeus, new species of, 194. 

Centronycteris, new species of, 638. 

Cephalodiscus nigrescens, remarks 
on specimens of, 550. 

Ceratocoris, new species of, 191. 

Ceratothripide, characters of the 
new family, 222. 


Cerceris, new species of, 370. 


Certima, new species of, 234. 


Cheeronycteris, new species of, 403, 

Characidee, on some S.-American, 
387. 

Chaubattiana, characters of the new 
genus, 603, 

Chloritis, new species of, 415. 

Chodsigoa, new species of, 399. 

Chubb, C., notes on Guiana birds, 
261. 

Cistugo, characters of the new 
genus, 205. 

Clariola, new species of, 358. 

Clark, A. H., on new crinoids from 
the Dutch East Indies, 31. 

Clausilia, new species of, 415. 

Cleontes, new species of, 90. 


INDEX, 


Cockerell, T. D. A., descriptions and 
records of bees, 21, 311, 484. 

Codula, notes on species of, 149, 

Coelioxys, new species of, 23. 

Coleoptera, new, 245, 250, 320, 327, 
433, 621. 

Colgan, N., on self-evisceration in 
the Asteroidea, 282, 

Colomys, new species of, 42, 

Concana, new species of, 514, 

Copeina, new species of, 393. 

Coremia, new species of, 502. 

Corna, new species of, 531. 

Corydoras, revision of the S.- 
American species of, 209; new 
species of, 211. 

Cribella oculata, on self-evisceration 
in, 282, 

Crinoids, new, 31. 

Crocidura, new species of, 589. 

Crossotarsus, new species of, 249, 

Crustacea, new, 84, 182, 206. 

Cryptognatha, new species of, 321. 

Ctenomys, new species of, 639. 

Cyclonotum, new species of, 455. 

Cyclophorus, new species of, 417, 

Cyclotus, new species of, 417. 

Cyllometra, new species of, 35. 

Cynodontia, on the lower jaw of, 
579. 

Cynolebias, new species of, 506; on 
sexual differences in the genus, 
641. 

Cynopeecilus, characters of the new 
genus, 612. 

Cynopterus, new species of, 640. 

Dagassa, new species of, 519. 

Damarius, new species of, 89. 

Dasyprocius, new species of, 60, 

Dawkins, Prof. W. B., on the range 
of the S.-Eastern coalfield, 162, 

Decametra, new species of, 36. 

Deromyia, new species of, 142. 

Dialictus, new species of, 318. 

Dichromatopodia, new species of, 
298. 

Dichrometra, new species of, 34. 

Dicynodon, on the lower jaw of, 
575. 

Diptera, new, 142, 203, 224, 240, 
356. 

Discocephali, on the anatomy and 
classification of the, 634. 

Discoscelis, new species of, 260. 

Distant, W. L., descriptions of 
Ethiopian rhynchota, 87; on a 
new bromeliadicolous Microyelia, 


INDEX, 


437; on some new homoptera, 
438 ; rhynchotal notes, 602. 
Dolichoneura, new species of, 309. 
Dolichurus, new species of, 365. 
Dollman, G., on a new elephant 
shrew from Zanzibar, 130. 
Drake-Brockman, R. E., on two 
new mongooses from Somaliland, 
612. 
Durgades, characters of the new 
genus, 608. 
Dysodonta, definition of the new 
subordinal name, 104. 
Eaton, Rev. A. E., on a new species 
of Oligoneuria, 243. 
Keacanthothripide, characters of the 
new family, 222. 
Edalorhina, new species of, 190. 
Edocla, new species of, 197. 
Edwards, F. W., on a new Myceto- 
philid from Trinidad, 203. 
Elecussa, new species of, 531. 
Empelathra, new species of, 519, 
Hozoon, on, 541, 446. 
Kpactiothynnus, new species of, 535, 
Kpedanus, new species of, 78. 
Hpeolus, new species of, 487. 
Ephemeride, new, 243. 
Epimys, new subspecies of, 593. 
seta, note on, 43. 
Eriopygidia, new species of, 305. 
Eteone depressa, on, 119. 
Eucranta villosa, note on, 181. 
Euneomys, new species of, 410. 
Eunoa, remarks on species of, 169. 
Kuryaspis, new species of, 193. 
Euthermesia, new species of, 520. 
Evarne, remarks on species of, 174. 
Everettia, new species of, 414. 
Exomalopsis, new species of, 319. 
Felis, new subspecies of, 44, 325. 
Fishes, new, 138, 211, 263, 328, 391, 
502, 595, 601; on the classifica- 
tion of the blennioid, 265 ; on the 
anatomy and classification of the 
teleostean, of the order Lyomeri, 
347, of the order Apodes, 377 ; 
revision of S.-American characid, 
387; revision of the poeciliid, of 
the genera Rivulus, &c., 494; on 
the anatomy and classification of 
the teleostean, of the order Disco- 
cephali, 634. 
Geological Society, proceedings of 
the, 161. 
Glyphodes, new species of, 562. 
Gnathoprosopis, new species of, 489, 


645 


Goniorhynchus, new species of, 1. 

Gonopsis, new species of, 89. 

Gorgonia verrucosa, on, from the 
English Channel, 479. 

Gorytes, new species of, 57, 375. 

Grison, new sp eel of, 47. 

Gudaba, new species of, 439. 

Haas, Dr. F., on new land and fresh- 
water shells from the Malay 
archipelago, 412, 

Haddon, Miss K., on Hersilia van- 
couverensis, 84, 

Halictus, new species of, 485. 

Hammaptera, new species of, 299. 

Hampson, Sir G. F., on new species 
of Pyralide of the subfamily 
Pyraustine, 1, 557; on new 
African Agaristidee, 609. 

Haranga, new species of, 445. 

Harmothoé, remarks on species of, 
173. ; 

Hartert, E., on a new desert-lark 
from the Sahara, 230. 

Helodes, on bromeliadicolous larvze 
of, 431. 

Helogale, new subspecies of, 612. 

Hemeroblemma, new species of, 51:3, 

Hemiplecta, new species of, 412. 

Hemithynnus, new species of, 536, 

Herminodes, new species of, 515. 

Hersilia, new species of, 84. 

Heterenchelidze, characters of the 
new family, 382. 

Heter€nchelys, characters 
new genus, 325. 

Heterephyra, new species of, 297. 

Heteroptera, new, 87, 191, 487, 602, 

Heterothripide, characters of the 
new family, 222. 

Hirst, S., on new Phalangodide, 6:3, 

Histeride, new, 250, 

Hololepta, new species of, 255. 

Homalopteryx, new species of, 451. 

Homoptera, new, 458, 605. 

Homoptera, new species of, 510. 

Homopyralis, new species of, 525, 

Hyla, new species of, 185, 

Hylambates, new species of, 141. 

Hylixalus, new species of, 190. 

Hylodes, new species of, 187. 

Hymenoptera, new, 21, 48, 311, 361, 
472, 484, 533. 

Hypogramma, new species of, 5138, 

Ibalonius, new species of, 68. 

Tdiocerus, new species of, 605, 

Isochromodes, new species of, 254, 

Isogona, new species of, 523. 


of the 


Ann. & Mag. N, Hist. Ser, 8. Vol. x. 44 


646 


Kerivoula, new species of, 41, 281. 
Kirkpatrick, R., on the Stroma- 
toporoids and Eozoon, 341, 446. 

Labeo, new species of, 597. 

Lachesis, new species of, 423. 

Lagisca, remarks on species of, 171. 

Lagochilus, new species of, 417. 

Ledrotypa, characters of the new 
genus, 442. 

Leiothynnus, new species of, 634. 

Leontocebus, new subspecies of, 44. 

Lepidoptera, new, 1, 231, 286, 509, 
557, 609. 

Leptognathus, new species of, 422. 

Leptolopha, new species of, 292. 

Leptopoma, new subspecies of, 418. 

Leptothynnus, new species of, 542. 

Lethzeus, new species of, 195. 

Leucula, new species of, 238. 

Lewis, G., on new species of His- 
teride, 250. 

Limnea, new species of, 416. 

Lygistorrhina, new species of, 203. 

Lygropia, new species of, 19, 557. 

Lyomeri, on the anatomy and classi- 
fication of the, 347. 

Mabusana, characters of the new 
genus, 602. 

M‘Intosh, Prof., on a white porpoise, 
117; on the spawning of the hake, 
118; on Eteone depressa, Mgrn., 
119; on Nereis zonata in Britain, 
122; on the British Capitgllide, 
124; on the Capitellidee procured 
by H.M.S. ‘ Porcupine,’ 127. 

Macrolyrcea, new species of, 235. 

Macrotristria, new species of, 438. 

Mammals, new, 41, 44, 130, 131, 
204, 228, 280, 325, 396, 403, 546, 
588, 589, 613, 638, 640, 

March, M.C., on the classification of 
the Pelecypoda, 91. 

Mariametra, new species of, 32. 

Marshall, G. A. K., on new neo- 
tropical Coccinellide, 320. 

Meade-Waldo, G., notes on the 
Apide in the British Museum, 
461. 

Megachile, new species of, 24, 472, 
486. 

Melanoides, new species of, 419. 

Melipona, new species of, 315. 

Melissodes, new subspecies of, 28. 

Merluccius merluccius, on _ the 
spawning of, 118. 

Metalaphria, characters of the new 
genus, 356, 


INDEX. 


Metanema, new species of, 232. 
Microgonia, new species of, 233. 
Microvelia, new species of, 437. 
Mollusea, new, 412. 
Mulelocha, new species of, 520. 
Mungos, new species of, 280, 588. 
Myrochea, new species of, 87. 
Nanina, new species of, 413. 
Nasua, new species of, 228, 
Nemachilus, new species of, 598. 
Nereis zonata in Britain, on, 122. 
Neritina, new species of, 418. 
Nesalcis, new species of, 258. 
Neuroptera, new, 243. 
Nipteria, new species of, 239. 
Nomada, new species of, 484. 
Nomia, new species of, 491, 493. 
Nymphon, new species of, 207. 
Obroatis, new species of, 517. 
Ochotona, new subspecies of, 403. 
Oligodonta, definition of the new 
subordinal name, 104. 
Oligometra, new species of, 40. 
Oligoneuria, new species of, 243. 
Oospila, new species of, 287. 
Orsa, new species of, 523. 
Orthoptera, new, 431. 
Oxydia, new species of, 234. 
Pachycreerus, new species of, 258. 
Pancheetothripide, characters of the 
new family, 222. 
Parabiantes, characters of the new 
genus, 82. 
Paradoxurus, new subspecies of, 131. 
Pariasaurus, on the lower jaw of, 
582. 
Pelecypoda, on the classification of 
the, 91. 
Pelmatochromis, new species of, 263. 
Pelorurus, new species of, 259. 
Penthimia, new species of, 444. 
Perizoma, new species of, 304. 
Petalia, new species of, 546. 
Petalocephala, new species of, 441. 
Petalochirus, new species of, 198. 
Phalangodide, new, 63. 
Phellinodes, new species of, 310, 
Phonolibes, new species of, 196. 
Phrynobatrachus, new species of, 
141. 
Phyllomedusa, new species of, 186. 
Phyllotis, new species of, 406. 
Piletosoma, new species of, 2. 
Pipefish, on the development of the 
pectoral girdle in the, 613. 
Plesius, new species of, 256, 
Planorbis, new species of, 417. 


INDEX. 


Plataspis, new species of, 87. 
Platycephalus, new species of, 595. 
Platylister, new species of, 257. 
Pliodonta, definition of the new 
subordinal name, 104. 
Plotia, new subspecies of, 419. 
Plynteria, new species of, 515. 
Podoctis, new species of, 71. 
Polystigmata, characters of the new 
suborder, 220. 
Porpoise, note on a white, 117. 
Prometra, new species of, 37. 
Prosopeas, new species of, 416. 
Prosopis, new species of, 489. 
Proutoscia, characters of the new 
genus, 286. 
Psaliodes, new species of, 305. 
Pselaphide, notes on New Zealand, 
691. 
Psen, new species of, 362. 
Psenulus, new species of, 54, 363. 
Pseudagenia, new species of, 51. 
Psilozona, characters of the new 
genus, 157. 
Psithyrus, new species of, 21. 
Pteroglessus roraime, definition of 
the new specific name, 261. 
Ptychoglossus, new species of, 421. 
Pyralidze, new species of, 1, 557, 
Pyrinia, new species of, 232. 
Pyrrhulina, new species of, 591. 
Pyxicephalus, new species of, 140, 
Racheospila, new species of, 289. 
Radhades, characters of the new 
genus, 606. 
Reduviolus, new species of, 201. 
Regan, C. T., revision of the 8.- 
American siluroid fishes of the 
genus Corydoras, 209; on the 
classification of the Blennioid 
fishes, 265; on two new eels 
fron W. Africa, 323; on the 
anatomy and classification of the 
teleostean fishes of the order 
Lyomeri, 347; on the osteology 
and classification of the teleostean 
fishes of the order Apodes, 377 ; 
revision of the S.-American cha- 
racid fishes of the genera Chalceus 
&e., 387; revision of the pcoeciliid 
fishes of the genera Rivulus &c., 
494; on the anatomy and classifi- 
cation of the teleostean fishes of 
the order Discocephali, 634; on 
the Caristiide, 637; on sexual 
differences in the genus Cyno- 
lebias, 641, 


647 


Reithrodon, new subspecies of, 411. 

Reptiles, new, 420; on the lower 
jaws of some, 573. 

Rhagigaster, new species of, 533. 

Rhinocoris, new species of, 196, 

Rhopalum seychellense, definition of 
the new specific name, 375. 

Rhynchocyon, new species of, 130. 

Ricardo, Miss G., revision of the 
Asilide of Australasia, 142, 350. 

Ridewood, Dr. W. G., on specimens 
of Cephalodiseus nigrescens, 550. 

Rivulus, new species of, 502. 

Robinson, H. C., on new mammals 
from the Johore Archipelago, 
589. 

Sagola, new species of, 622. 

Sampson, Lt.-Col. W., on some new 
species of Ipide and Platypodide, 
245. 

Saropogon, notes on species of, 143. 

Scapanulus, characters of the new 
genus, 396. 

Scaphiodon, new species of, 596. 

Schaus, W., on new heterocera from 
Costa Rica, 231, 286, 509. 

Schwarz, E., on a new palm-civet 
from Timor, 131; notes on Malay 
tigers, 324, 

Sciurus, new subspecies of, 592. 

Scleronycteris, characters of the new 
genus, 404. 


Scott, Miss F., on a species of 


Nymphon from the N. -Pacific, 
206, 

Scott, H., on the fauna of Bro- 
meliaceze, 424. 

Scymnosuchus whaitsi, on the lower 
jaw of, 578. 

Selenemetra, new species of, 32. 

Semiothisa, new species of, 231, 

Septaria, new species of, 419. 

Shelford, R., on a new bromeliadi- 
colous species of Blattide, 4381. 

Silvius, new species of, 226. 

Sitades, characters of the new genus, 
608. 

Small, W., report on Annelida Poly- 
cheeta from the North Sea, 165. 

Sorex, new species of, 398. 

Sphex, new species of, 56, 369. 

Stather, J. W., on shelly clay from 
the Dogever Bank, 164. 

Stromatoporoids, on the, 341, 446. 

Summers, Miss 8. L. M., ou blood- 
ae diptera from Port Darwin, 
222. 


we 


648 


Sylepta, new species of, 3. 

Syngnathus acus, on the develop- 
ment of the pectoral girdle in, 
613. 

Syngropia, characters of the new 
genus, 18. 

Tabanus, new species of, 224, 240, 

Tachyphyle, new speciés of, 288. 

Talitrus, new species of, 133. 

Tarebia, new subspecies of, 419. 

Teleostean fishes, on the anatomy 
and classification of, of the order 
Lyomeri, 347, of the order 
Apodes, 377. 

Teretriosoma, new species of, 255. 

Terpnosia, new species of, 439. 

Tetrapedia, new species of, 30. 

Therina, new species of, 235. 

Thomas, O.,0n mammals from the 
Ja River, 41; on small mammals 
from 8S. America, 44; on a new 
vespertilionine bat from Angola, 
204; on two new species of 
Nasua, 228; on two new W.- 
African mammals, 280; on small 
mammals from the Tsin - ling 
Mountains, 395; on new bats 
and rodents from S. America, 
403; on two new races of mun- 
goose, 588 ; on new Centronycteris 
and Ctenomys from 8. America, 
638, 

Thomson, Dr. J. 8., on living gor- 
gonias occurring in the English 
Channel, 479. 


Thryothorus, new 


subspecies of, 
262. 


INDEX. 


Thynnoides, new species of, 539. 
Thynnoturneria, new species of, 49. 
Thynnus, new species of, 544. 
Thyriodes, new species of, 510. 
Thysanoptera, on the classification of 
the, 220. 
Tilapia, new species of, 138. 
Tragelaphodes, new species of, 200. 
Trigona, new species of, 311. 
Trochomorpha, new species of, 414. 
Tropidurus, new species of, 420. 
Trypan is, note on the genus, 250. 
Trypeticus, note on the genus, 250. 
Turner, R. E., notes on fossorial 
hymenoptera, 48, 561, 533. 
Urabunana, new species of, 440, 
Vespola, new species of, 509. 
Vima, characters of the new genus, 
66. 
Vivipara, new subspecies of, 418. 
Vulturnus, new species of, 445. 
Walker, A. O., on Apherusa jurinei, 
600. 
Watson, D. M. S., on some reptilian 
lower jaws, 573. 
Xanthospilopteryx, new species of, 
609. 
Xesta, new species of, 412. 
Xyleborus, new species of, 245. 
Xylocopa, new subspecies of, 491. 
Zalmoxis, new species of, 65. 
Zapus, new subspecies of, 402. 
Zaspilothynnus, new species of, 543. 
Zoyphium, new species of, 59. 
Zugmayer, Dr. E., on new fishes 
from Baluchistan, 595. 


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CONTENTS OF NUMBER 60.—Eighth Sertés >> 


LXVI. Descriptions of new Species of Pyralide of the Subfamily E 
Pyraustine. By Sir Georex F. Hampson, Bart., F.Z.8., &. .. wees de 

LXVII. On some Reptilian Lower Jaws. By D. M.S, Warsow, _ 
M.Sc. 


ae VRS oo iagat ate Patek Ae Bas OO AE SE MURN pene. seine lotus tenet eetse dale ita nanan ae 


LXVIII. Two new Races of Mongoose. By Otprietp Tuomas .. 


LXLX. On new Mammals from the Islands of the Johore Archi- : 
pelago, South China Sea. By Hurserr C, Rosrnson, C.M.Z.8. ... 8 


LXX. Eight new Fishes from Baluchistan, By be eae a 
Zougmayur, of the Zoological Museum, Munich i 


pa eet en Aim Be CO INE Maat st Si Yr utes 


LX XI. Apherusa jurinet (M.-Edw.). By Atrrep O. Waker, aS 
F.LS., F.Z.8. 


Sign er ey SiS AM DSO Shee 28 at See tO Me! 6 tei Rete G Weer 3195: %, eae Oey eh pie tenets 


LXXIL. Descriptions of Two new Fishes from the Nile System. a 
By G: AU Boutmveme, PRS oe eee 


LXXIII. Rhynchotal Notes. By W. L. Disrant , i 60 


oe 6 8 «0 ee 0 


LXXIV. Descriptions of new African Agaristide in the British 
Museum. By Sir Guores F. Hampson, Bart. ...,...... wis aeee 60! 


LXXY. Two new Mongooses from Somaliland, By R. E. Draxr- i 
Beoceman, MURS. TARO OPA Se el ate say 6]! 


LXXYI. On the Development of the Pectoral Girdle in the Pipe- i 
fish (Syngnathus acus). By T. P. Burst, M.A., B.Sec., Gatty Marine a0 
Laboratory, University of St. Andrews. (Plate B.S By sates po vats ee 


LXXVII. Notes on some New Zealand Pselaphide in the British oe 
Museum, with Descriptions of new Species of the Genus Sagola. B 
Major T. Brown, BEB. ck Sages se tes oe 62] 


LXXVITL. The Anatomy and Classification of the Teleostean a 
Fishes of the Order Discocephali. By C. Tare Rueay, M.A, 634 


«eee ee 


LXXIX. The Caristiide, a Family of Berycomorphous Fishes, 4 
by Ce eae AEGAN, MICA aU ie oe aes eR tee teat 63) 


LXXX. New Centronycteris and Otenomys from §, America. By. 
QLOFIELD TRQMAS Sie Poe ye eels os cous ek ee 638 


LXXXI. A new Cynopterus from Borneo. By Kyup ANDERSEN. . 640 


LXXXII. Sexual Differences in the Pesciliid Fishes of the Genus ‘ 
Cymolebias. By C. Tats Ragan, MoAs its ey ee Res 64] 


*,* Itis requested that all Communications for this Work may be addressed 


post-paid, to the Care of Messrs. Taylor and Francis, Printing Office 
Red Lion Court, Fleet Street, London, — oa es $j) 


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