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CHARLES   V   AT  THE  AGE  OF 
From  the  portrait  by  Titian  at  Munich 


ANNALS  OF 
THE  EMPEROR  CHARLES  V 

BY 

FRANCISCO  LOPEZ   DE   G6mARA 
SPANISH  TEXT  AND  ENGLISH  TRANSLATION 

EDITED,  WITH  AN  INTRODUCTION  AND  NOTES 

BY 

ROGER   BIGELOW  MERRIMAN 

ASSISTANT    PROFESSOR    OF    HISTORY    IN 
HARVARD    UNIVERSITY 


'  Escrivio  estas  memorias  un  Espanol  curioso  que 
noto  todo  lo  que  vio  y  oyo  en  sus  dias.' — Sandoval, 
Historia  de  Carlos  V,  Vol.  II,  p.  104. 


OXFORD  H// 

AT  THE  CLARENDON   PRESS  ^  ^"V. 

V  J 

MDCCCCXII  -A,   /    \\ 


V 


y  \^ 


//, 


HENRY  FROWDE 

PUBLISHER   TO  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  OXFORD 
LONDON,    EDINBURGH,    NEW   YORK,   TORONTO 
MELBOURNE  AND  BOMBAY 


PREFACE 

When,  in  February  191 1,  I  chanced  to  come  across  the 
manuscript  of  Gomara's  Annals  in  the  Biblioteca  Nacional 
at  Madrid,  its  importance  to  students  of  the  history  of  the 
first  half  of  the  sixteenth  century  seemed  to  me  sufficient 
to  justify  its  publication ;  and  since  then  I  have  found  no 
reason  to  change  that  opinion.  The  description  of  Gomara's 
life  and  work  contained  in  the  Introduction  leaves  ver)-- 
little  to  be  said  by  way  of  preface,  but  a  few  words  about 
the  rules  by  which  I  have  been  g-uided  in  transcription  and 
translation,  and  the  books  which  I  have  utilized  in  pre- 
paring the  notes,  may  not  be  out  of  place. 

In  transcribing  I  have  in  general  aimed  at  literal  exact- 
ness, save  in  a  few  cases  where  clearness  would  have  been 
sacrificed  without  any  compensating  gain,  had  I  followed 
the  vagaries  of  the  scribe.  Thus  the  original  spelling  has 
been  preserved,  and  also  the  original  capitalization  of 
proper  names.  Obvious  lapsus  calami  have  been  for  the 
most  part  transcribed  as  they  stand,  and  duly  pointed  out 
and  corrected  in  the  footnotes  to  the  translation  ;  on  one  or 
two  very  minor  occasions,  where  it  seemed  pedantic  to  follow 
this  course,  and  there  could  be  no  possible  doubt  as  to  the 
meaning,  I  have  rectified  them  in  the  text  itself  without 
remark.  Some  of  the  more  important  variations  of  the 
British  Museum  manuscript,  especially  such  as  affected  the 
sense  of  the  passages  in  question,  have  also  been  indicated 
in  the  footnotes.  Once  I  have  ventured  to  emend  a  passage, 
which  is  obviously  faulty  in  both  the  Madrid  and  London 
manuscripts,  in  accordance  with  Sandoval,  who,  as  will 
afterwards  appear,  stole  a  number  of  paragraphs,  almost 

a  2 


IV 


PREFACE 


word  for  word,  either  from  an  earlier  copy  of  the 
Annals,  or  possibly  from  the  original  itself:  this  matter 
is  explained  at  length  in  footnote  6  to  page  i8.  In  the 
punctuation,  I  have  thought  it  well,  for  clearness'  sake,  to 
make  a  number  of  changes,  and  practically  to  follow  the 
modern  use.  In  the  matter  of  accentuation,  the  scribe 
seems  to  have  evolved  a  method  of  his  own,  chiefly  distin- 
guished by  complete  inconsistency.  After  some  hesitation 
I  have  decided  to  retain  such  accents  as  the  manuscript 
shows  on  final  stressed  vowels  and  antepenults,  but  to  dis- 
regard those  which,  in  anticipation  of  a  very  modern  usage, 
have  been  placed  by  the  scribe  on  final  syllables  which  end 
with  a  consonant. 

In  the  translation  also  I  have  striven  for  exactness  first  of 
all.  Possibly  some  readers  may  think  that  I  have  sacrificed 
smoothness  and  elegance  in  the  process,  but  it  has  seemed 
to  me  that  such  features  of  the  original  as  the  rapid  changes 
of  tense,  which  constantly  occur,  are  too  characteristic  to  be 
left  out.  A  few  passages  have  proved  practically  untrans- 
latable :  in  these  cases  I  have  made  the  best  guess  I  could, 
and  indicated  my  doubts  in  a  footnote.  The  bracket  [  ] 
signifies  that  the  word  or  words  enclosed  have  been  supplied 
by  me  to  make  the  meaning  clear. 

The  matter  of  annotation  has  been  very  troublesome, 
principally  because  it  has  been  so  hard  to  know  where  to 
stop.  I  have  striven  to  test  every  sentence  in  the  A  nnals 
by  other  authors,  contemporary  or  modern,  and  in  the  hope 
of  making  that  thankless  task  lighter  for  those  who  may 
subsequently  use  Gomara's  work,  I  have  set  down,  in 
almost  every  case,  at  least  one  reference  to  a  corrobora- 
tive or  contradictory  statement  in  another  book.  Possibly 
I  may  have  overdone  it.  Whenever  I  have  discovered 
positive  errors  of  fact,  I  have  corrected  them ;  but  I  can 
scarcely  venture  to  hope  that  none  of  these  has  slipped  by 
unnoticed.      The   references    in   the   Introduction   to  the 


PREFACE  V 

*  Annals'  always  apply  to  the  English  translation;  refer- 
ences to  the  '  Text '  apply  to  the  original. 

To  append  a  bibliography  to  a  book  like  this  would  have 
been,  in  my  estimation,  ridiculous.  The  field  covered  by 
the  Annals  is  so  vast,  that  anything  like  a  complete  list  of 
the  works  which  deal  with  it  would  have  reached  literally 
thousands  of  titles.  I  have  therefore  striven  to  limit  myself 
to  a  few  standard  authorities  and  the  most  recent  modern 
monographs.  In  the  latter  case,  the  references  in  the  foot- 
notes are  sufl&ciently  specific  to  enable  the  student  to  look 
up  the  passages  in  question  himself.  The  following  list 
indicates  the  editions  of  some  of  the  more  frequently 
republished  standard  works  which  I  have  used,  and  will, 
I  trust,  make  it  perfectly  easy  to  follow  my  traces  for 
those  who  may  desire  to  do  so. 

Carvajal,  Lorenzo  Galindez.  Anales  Breves.  In  Volume  XVIII  of  the 
Documentos  In^ditos  (Madrid,  1851),  pp.  227-421. 

G6mara,  Francisco  L6pez  de.  Hhtoria  General  de  las  Indias.  In  Volume 
XXII  of  Rivadeneyra's  Biblioteca  de  Autores  Espanoles  (Madrid, 
1852),  pp.  155-455- 

Cronica  de  los  Barbarrojas.    In  Volume  VI  of  the  Memorial  Historico 

Espanol  (ed.  Real  Academia  de  la  Historta,  Madrid,  1853),  pp.  331- 

439- 
Guicciardini,  Francesco.     Istoria  tf Italia.     4. vols.     Fribourg,  1775-6. 
Jovius,  Paulus  (Giovio  Paulo).     Istoria  del  suo  Tempo.     2  vols.     Venice, 

1572. 
Mignet,  M.     Rivalite  de  Francois  i«»"  et  de  Charles-Quint.     3rd  edition. 

2  vols.     Paris,  1886. 
Prescott,  W.  H.     History  of  the  Reign  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,     4th 

edition.     3  vols.     London,  1846. 

The  Conquest  of  Peru.     2  vols.     New  York,  1850. 

Sandoval,  Prudencio  de.     Historia  de  la  Vida  y  Hechos  del  Emperador 

Carlos  V.     2  vols.     Antwerp,  1681. 
Ticknor,  George      History  of  Spanish  Literature.     3  vols.     New  York, 

1849. 

References  to  the  works  of  Bernaldez,  Martyr,  and  Zurita 
are  given  by  book  and  chapter,  not  by  page  and  volume, 
and  thus  apply  to  all  editions. 


VI 


PREFACE 


I  have  received  much  help  from  many  friends  and  col- 
leagues, both  here  and  In  Europe,  In  the  preparation  of  this 
book — far  more,  in  fact,  than  I  can  adequately  acknowledge 
here.  Special  thanks,  however,  ^^are  due  to  the  authorities 
and  archivists  of  the  Biblloteca  Naclonal  at  Madrid  for 
permission  to  transcribe  and  publish  the  manuscript  of 
the  Annals^  and  for  much  valuable  aid  in  deciphering  the 
script ;  to  Professor  Alfred  ^^Morel-Fatlo  of  the  College  de 
France,  for  many  helpful  suggestions  in  regard  to  the  early 
history  of  the  Annals  themselves ;  and  to  Mr.  J.  A.  Herbert 
of  the  British  Museum,  who  made  it  possible  for  me  to 
insert  the  more  important  variations  of  the  London  manu- 
script, which,  owing  to  an  error  in  the  Museum  Index  to 
Gayangos'  catalogue,  I  failed  to  find  when  I  was  in  England. 
I  am  grateful  to  Professor  Leo  Wiener  of  Harvard  for  aid 
in  the  Identification  of  proper  names  and  to  Professor  C.  N. 
Greenough  of  Harvard  for  criticism  on  points  of  style ;  and 
I  am  Indebted  to  Mr.  G.  W.  Robinson  of  the  Harvard 
Graduate  School  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  who  has  compiled 
the  index,  for  saving  me  from  a  number  of  inconsistencies 
of  nomenclature  in  the  translation.  Above  all,  however, 
I  would  emphasize  my  very  deep  sense  of  obligation  to 
Professor  J.  D.  M.  Ford  of  Harvard  and  to  Professor  James 
Fitzmaurlce- Kelly  of  the  University  of  Liverpool,  who  have 
read  through  the  text,  translation,  and  introduction  with  the 
most  painstaking  and  unselfish  care,  and  whose  generous 
guidance  and  counsel  have  aided  and  encouraged  me  at 
every  turn.  It  is  hardly  necessary  for  me  to  add  that  none 
of  these  gentlemen  can  in  any  way  be  held  responsible  for 
such  errors  and  blemishes  as  this  book  contains.  Any 
merits  which  It  may  possess  are  in  large  measure  due  to 
them  :  its  faults  are  my  own. 

R.  B.  Merriman. 

Harvard  University, 
June,  19 1 2. 


CONTENTS 

I.    INTRODUCTION:  page 

Chapter  I.     Gomara's  Life  .         .         .         .         ix 

Chapter  II.    The  Cr6nica  de  los  Barbarrojas 

AND  THE  HiSTORIA  GENERAL    DE  LAS  InDIAS  xiii 

Chapter  III.   The  Annales  de  Carlos  Quinto       xxi 

Chapter  IV.  The  Sources  of  the  Annals, 
AND  THE  Authors  by  whom  they  were 
USED         .......      xxvi 

Chapter    V.     The   Merits   and  Defects   of 

THE  Annals    ......      xlvi 

II.     ENGLISH  TRANSLATION   OF   THE  TEXT 

OF  THE  ANNALS i 

IIL  SPANISH  TEXT  OF  THE  ANNALS,  tran- 
scribed from  the  copy  at  the  Biblioteca 
Nacional  in  Madrid.     (G.  53  :  folios  1-85)   .      159 

INDEX 273 


INTRODUCTION 
I 

G6mara's  Life^ 

Francisco  L6pez  de  Gomara  was  born  on  Sunday 
morning,  the  2nd  of  February,  151 1,  in  the  town  of  Gomara 
near  Soria  in  Old  Castile.^  No  records  of  his  family  and 
antecedents  have  come  down  to  us, save  a  subsequent  mention 
of  a  nephew  named  Pedro  Ruiz,  which  proves  that  he  was 
not  an  only  child.^  I  have  failed  to  discover  any  authority 
for  Vedia's  statement  that  he  was  a  student  and  professor  of 
Rhetoric  at  the  University  of  Alcala ;  ^  but  we  know  that  he 
became  a  priest,^  and  in  1531,  at  the  age  of  twenty,  was  at 
Rome.^  His  writings  indicate  an  unusually  accurate  know- 
ledge of  minor  events  at  the  papal  court  at  that  period  ;  and 
it  is  natural  to  suppose  that  he  was  either  in  the  employ  of 
one  of  the  many  Spanish  representatives  there,  or  possibly 
in  the  service  of  Clement  VII  himself 

The  next  glimpse  of  our  author  shows  him  in  Venice  in 

^  The  only  serious  attempt  to  write  a  life  of  G6mara  is  that  of 
Enrique  de  Vedia,  on  pages  xiii  to  xv  of  volume  xxii  of  the  Biblioteca  de 
Autores  Espanoles  '.  the  article  about  him  in  the  Diccionario  Enciclop'edico 
Hispano- Americano  isvirtuallyacopyof  it.  It  contains  a  number  of  positive 
mistakes,  omits  many  important  details,  and  fails  to  cite  any  authority 
for  most  of  its  facts  :  I  have  not  accepted  any  of  its  statements  unless 
I  have  been  able  to  corroborate  them  from  some  other  source.  Much 
information  can  be  gleaned  from  G6mara's  owrn  works  and  those  of  his 
contemporaries,  as  well  as  from  certain  documents  concerning  his  books 
in  the  Archivo  General  de  Indias,  Estante  139,  Caj6n  i,  Legajo  11. 
Tomo  23  fol.  8,  and  Tomo  24  fol.  291,  which  have  been  printed  in 
J.  T.  Medina's  Biblioteca  Hispano- Americana,  vol.  i,  pp.  259-76.  Cf.  also 
C.  P^rez  Pastor,  La  Imprenta  en  Medina  del  Campo,  pp.  90-7. 

^  See  below,  Annals,  p.  32.  ^  Medina,  Biblioteca,  i.  267. 

*  The  fact  that  his  name  does  not  appear  in  Rezabal  y  Ugarte's 
Biblioteca  de  los  Escritores  que  ban  sido  Indi'viduos  de  los  sets  Colegios  May  ores 
is  strong  negative  evidence  that  he  never  went  to  the  University. 

*  Biblioteca  de  Autores  Espanoles,  xxii.  156  ;  Las  Casas,  Historia  de  las 
Indias,  Lib.  II,  cap.  cxiv;  A.  de  Le6n  Pinelo,  Ep'ttome  de  la  Biblioteca, 
&c.  (edition  of  1737),  column  589,  calls  G6mara  a  ' presbytero '. 

®  See  below,  Annals,  pp.  63  and  91. 


X  g6mara's  life 

1540  with  Hurtado  de  Mendoza,  the  son  of  the  Count 
of  Tendilla ;  ^  and  the  question  naturally  arises  whether  he 
had  remained  in  Italy  ever  since  1531  or  gone  home  to 
Spain  in  the  interim.  Positive  proof  is  not  forthcoming,  but 
there  is  much  to  be  said  in  favour  of  the  former  alternative. 
In  the  first  place,  the  very  remarkable  knowledge  of  Italy 
and  Italians  evinced  on  almost  every  page  of  his  A  nnals  of 
Charles  V  cannot  well  be  explained  save  on  the  assumption 
of  an  extended  residence  there  ;  and  in  the  second,  Gomara 
himself  tells  us  of  long  conversations  which  he  held  with 
Olaus  Magnus,  Archbishop  of  Upsala,  in  Bologna  and  in 
Venice,-  and  which  could  only  have  occurred  during  that 
decade.  But  whatever  the  case  about  the  period  previous 
to  1540,  we  can  be  certain  that  Gomara's  Italian  residence 
terminated  in  1541,  for  we  know  that  he  was  present  at  the 
disastrous  siege  of  Algiers  in  October  and  November  of 
that  year.''  It  is  in  fact  highly  probable  that  he  left  Italy 
with  the  Imperial  expedition,  which  sailed  from  SpezJia  on 
September  28.^ 

It  was  either  during  the  Algerian  campaign  or  else 
shortly  before  it,  that  Gomara  first  made  the  acquaintance 
of  the  man  whose  servant,  chaplain,  and  apologist  he 
afterwards  became,"'  Hernando  Cortes — the  Conqueror  of 
Mexico.  Cortes  returned  to  Spain  from  America  for  the 
last  time  in  the  year  1 540,  and  joined  the  Spanish  expedition 
against  Algiers  led  by  Alva  and  Bernardino  de  Mendoza, 
which  united  with  the  Emperor's  forces  off  the  North 
African  coast  October  23,  1 541.  It  is  evident  from  Gomara's 
own  writings  that  he  knew  Cortes  at  the  time  of  the  siege ; 
his  account  of  the  latter's  offer  to  capture  the  town  after 
the  Emperor's  decision  to  withdraw,  may  be  accepted  as 
proof  of  it.      One  also  feels,  instinctively,  that  Gomara 

'  Cronica  de  los  Barbarrojas,  in  Memorial  Historico  Espanol,  vi.  430. 

^  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias  in  Biblioteca  de  Autores  Espanoles,  xxil. 
159,  162. 

'  Ibid.  xxii.  454,  and  Cronica  de  los  Barbarrojas,  pp.  433-4  «. 

■•  Vandenesse,  Journal  des  Voyages,  &c. :  in  vol.  ii  of  Collection  des 
Voyages  des  Sowve rains  des  Pays-Bas,  p.  193. 

^  Las  Casas,  Historia  de  las  Indias,  Lib.  Ill,  cap.  cxiv. 


GOMARA'S  LIFE  xi 

would  gladly  have  dwelt  longer  on  this  matter,  had  he 
not  been  afraid  of  incurring  Charles's  displeasure  ;  and  the 
excuse  that  he  offers  for  the  Emperor's  failure  to  accept 
Cortes'  proposal  is  singularly  lame  and  insufficient.^  The 
daring  and  heroism  of  the  Conqueror  of  Mexico  had  clearly 
fascinated  him.  By  the  time  that  the  ill-fated  expedition, 
storm-shattered  and  disheartened,  had  struggled  back  to 
the  Spanish  coast,  our  author  had  doubtless  been  definitely 
taken  over,  at  the  age  of  thirty,  into  the  service  of  the  man 
*  who  had  given  the  Emperor  more  provinces  than  His 
Majesty  possessed  cities '. 

Cortes  spent  the  next  few  years  in  a  vain  attempt  to 
secure  some  recognition  and  reward  for  the  immense  services 
which  he  had  rendered  to  the  Spanish  Crown.-  To  this 
end  he  was  continually  forced  to  dance  attendance  at  the 
Castilian  Court,  which,  after  the  Emperor's  departure  for 
Italy  in  the  spring  of  1543,  resided  most  of  the  time  at 
Valladolid.  From  that  town  he  addressed  his  last  touching 
appeal  to  the  absent  Emperor  in  February,  1544 ;  '  on  learn- 
ing of  its  failure  he  retired  to  Seville,  with  the  intention  of 
returning  to  Mexico,  but  was  overtaken  by  death  in  the 
little  town  of  Castilleja  de  la  Cuesta,  December  2,  1547.'* 
We  may  be  reasonably  certain  that  Gomara,  as  his  friend 
and  chaplain,  was  the  faithful  companion  of  Cortes'  dechn- 
ing  years ;  and,  moreover,  the  dedication  of  our  author's 
Cronica  de  /os  Barbarrojas^  to  Pedro  Alvarez  Osorio, 
Marquis  of  Astorga  and  father  of  Alvar  Perez  Osorio,  who 
was  at  that  time  engaged  to  the  daughter  of  Cortes,  furnishes 
additional  evidence  to  that  effect.^  We  may  also  safely 
assume  that  Gomara's  career  as  a  historian  began  soon  after 
his  entrance  into  Cortes'  service,  and  at  the  suggestion  and 
inspiration  of  his  master.  We  know  that  he  was  engaged 
on  his  Hist  or  ia  General  de  las  Indias  and  on  his  Cronica 
de  las  Barbarroj'as  at   the  same   time,   for   the   undated 

^  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  454 ;  Cronica  de  los  Barbarrojas,  433. 
^  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  454. 

*  Printed  in  MacNutt's  Letters  of  Cortes  to  Charles  F,  pp.  62-6. 

*  Ibid.,  p.  66, 

^  Cronica  de  los  Barbarrojas,  331-8  :  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  454. 


xii  GOMARA'S  LIFE 

dedication  of  the  first  part  of  the  former  work  speaks  of  the 
composition  of  the  latter  as  contemporaneous.  We  know 
that  he  had  written  a  part  at  least  of  the  Cronica  de  los 
Barbarrojas  in  1 544 ;  and  he  finished  it,  if  the  date  of  its 
dedication  can  be  accepted  as  evidence,  at  Valladolid  in 
September,  1545.^ 

But  before  passing  on  to  any  detailed  description  of 
Gomara's  historical  writings,  it  remains  for  us  to  record  such 
facts  as  have  come  down  to  us  concerning  the  latter  years  of 
his  life.  There  can  be  little  question  that  it  was  spent  for 
the  most  part  at  Valladolid,  whither  he  doubtless  returned 
directly  after  Cortes'  death.  The  descriptions  of  events  in 
that  town,  given  below  in  the  Annals'^  under  the  years 
1548  and  1549,  could  scarcely  have  been  the  work  of  one 
who.  was  not  an  eye  witness,  and  Garcilaso  de  la  Vega's 
Contentarios  Reales  del  Peru  definitely  state  that  Gomara 
was  in  Valladolid  after  1552,  when  the  Historia  General 
de  las  Indias  was  first  put  forth.^  It  is  possible  that  the 
government's  prohibition  of  the  latter  work  in  November, 
1553*  (of  which  a  full  account  will  be  given  hereafter), 
caused  Gomara  to  retire  into  comparative  seclusion  after 
that  date  :  but  if  so,  he  seems  to  have  managed  to  keep  in 
very  close  touch  with  outside  affairs,  as  is  shown  by  the 
events  recorded  in  the  last  three  years  of  the  A  nnals.  It  is 
impossible  to  fix  the  year  of  his  death.  It  certainly  occurred 
later  than  June  10,  1557 — the  date  of  the  accession  of  King 
Sebastian  to  the  throne  of  Portugal — for  the  A  finals  speak 
of  that  monarch  as  reigning  at  the  time  when  they  were 
written:^  it  certainly  occurred  before  Sept.  26,  1572,  for 
a  document  of  that  date,  to  which  reference  will  here- 
after be  made,  speaks  of  him  as  deceased  at  the  time ;  *^  it 
probably  occurred  before  1 566,  for  we  know  that  some  of 

^  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  156  ;  Cronica  de  los  Barbarrojas,  333,  338,  347. 

^  Cf.  Annals,  pp.  138-9  and  142. 

'  Contentarios  Reales,  Parte  II,  Libro  V,  cap.  xl. 

*  Printed  in  J.  T.  Medina,  Biblioteca  Hispano-jimericana,  vol.  i, 
pp.  264-5  ;  cf.  also  below,  pp.  xvii-xix. 

"  Cf.  Annals,  p.  151. 

*  Cf.  below,  p.  xix;  Medina,  Biblioteca,  i.  266. 


g6mARA'S  life  xiii 

his  papers  were  found  in  the  hands  of  his  nephew  and  heir 
in  or  about  that  year.^  The  fact  that  the  A  nnals  end  with 
the  Emperor's  retirement  to  Yuste  in  1556  instead  of  con- 
tinuing to  the  more  natural  stopping-place,  his  death,  in 
September,  1558,  can  hardly  be  taken  to  indicate  that  the 
author  died  before  his  subject,  in  view  of  the  limits  laid 
down  in  the  first  paragraph  of  that  work ;  but  the  absence 
of  any  definite  information  in  regard  to  Gomara  after  1557 
is  strong  negative  evidence  that  he  did  not  live  much  later 
than  that  year. 

II 

The  Cr6nica  de  los  Barbarrojas  and  the  Historia 
General  de  las  Indias 

The  only  works  of  our  author  that  have  come  down  to  us 
are  the  CrSnica  de  los  Barbarrojas^  the  Historia  General 
de  las  Indias  and  the  A  nnales  de  Carlos  Qtiinto.  We  have 
seen  that  the  first  two  were  probably  begun  at  about  the 
same  time,  soon  after  Gomara  became  chaplain  to  Cortes, 
who  doubtless  supplied  the  inspiration  for  both,  and  much 
of  the  material  for  the  second.^  We  have  also  seen  that 
the  Cronica  de  los  Barbarrojas  was  probably  finished  in 
the  autumn  of  1 545  ;  but  it  remained  unpublished  until  the 
year  1853,^  The  far  more  famous  and  ambitious  Historia 
Ge7teralde  las  Indias  was  completed  between  the  beginning 
of  the  year  1551  (it  records  events  which  occurred  at  that 
date)  and  December  24,  1552,  when  the  printing  of  the  first 

1  Medina,  Biblioteca,  i.  268.  The  fact  that  Honorato  Juan,  Bishop  of 
Osma,  is  reported  as  having  spoken,  just  before  his  death  in  1566,  of  the 
friendship  'that  he  had  felt'  for  G6mara,  strengthens  the  theory  that 
our  author  died  before  that  year.  On  the  other  hand  it  is  to  be  noted 
that  the  royal  cedula  of  that  date  in  regard  to  G6mara's  books  does  not 
speak  of  his  decease,  though  this  may  be  explained  on  the  ground  that 
it  was  merely  a  reissue  of  a  cedula  first  put  forth  in  1553.  Medina,  i.  265, 
266,  267. 

^  Cf.  above,  pp.  xi-xii. 

^  It  was  printed  in  that  year  in  the  Memorial  Historico  Espanol,  vol.  vi, 
PP-  33i-439>  from  a  manuscript  in  the  Real  Academia  de  la  Historia. 
Another  manuscript  copy  is  now  in  the  Biblioteca  Nacional. 


xiv    THE  CRONICA  DE  LOS  BARBARROJAS 

edition  was  finished  in  Saragossa.^  A  word  or  two  about 
each  of  these  works  is  necessary,  before  we  can  intelligently 
approach  the  problem  of  the  production  and  salient 
characteristics  of  the  A  nnales  de  Carlos  Qumio. 

The  Cronica  de  los  Barbarrojas  contains  an  accurate 
and  vivid  account  of  the  deeds  of  the  two  famous  pirates  in 
the  Mediterranean  sea  and  on  the  North  African  coast,  and 
of  the  efforts  of  the  Spaniards,  Venetians,  and  the  Knights  of 
St.  John  to  withstand  them.  It  begins  with  a  brief  sketch 
of  the  rise  of  the  Turkish  power  in  Asia  Minor  and  South- 
Eastern  Europe,  and  ends  with  the  year  1 544.  It  is  about 
thirty  thousand  words  in  length.  Gomara  himself  constantly 
refers  to  it  in  his  other  works  as  Las  Batallas  de  Mar  de 
Nuestros  Tienipos^  a  fact  which  led  Nicolas  Antonio  and 
others  into  the  error  of  supposing  that  Gomara  had  put  forth 
two  different  books  on  this  topic  :  ^  the  fact  that  no  separate 
manuscript  with  the  latter  title  has  as  yet  been  discovered, 
and  that  the  Cronica  de  los  Barbarrojas  contains  a  passage 
which  tallies  exactly  with  a  reference  in  the  Historia  de  las 
Indias  to  the  Batallas  de  Mar  de  Nuestros  Tt'empos,  may 
be  accepted  as  evidence  sufficient  to  disprove  this  theory.^ 
The  dedication  to  the  prospective  son-in-law  of  Cortes  is  well 
worth  reading ;  Gomara  speaks  of  a  plan,  already  partly 
accomplished,  to  rewrite  the  book  in  Latin  ;  but  then  goes 
on  to  say  that  he  had  finally  decided  to  publish  it  in  the 
vernacular  in  the  first  place,  in  order  '  to  advance  the  name 
and  fame  of  our  noble  language ',  as  Pedro  Mejia  and  other 
good  and  learned  men  had  recently  attempted  to  do.^ 

The  accuracy  of  Gomara's  story  of  the  exploits  of  the 
famous  pirates  is  attested  by  its  close  correspondence  to  the 
contemporary  Arabic  accounts  of  the  same  events.  Com- 
parisons reveal  only  trivial  divergences.^  Sandoval,  the 
famous  historian  of  Charles  V,  was  well  acquainted  with 

^  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  282  ;  Medina,  Biblioteca,  i.  250,  278. 
2  Cf.  Annals,  p.  32  ;  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  p.  324. 
^  Biblioteca  Hispana  Nova,  i.  437-8. 

*  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  324  ;  Cronica  de  los  Barbarrojas,  363,  433-4  «. 
®  Cronica  de  los  Barbarrojas,  337,  338. 

*  Ibid.  330. 


THE  HISTORIA  GENERAL  DE  LAS  INDIAS     xv 

Gomara's  work,  and  fully  aware  of  its  excellence.  His 
account  of  the  Ori'gen  de  Barbarrqfas  is  clearly  copied 
directly  from  Gomara's  Cronica^  which  he  has  also 
obviously  made  use  of  in  other  places  as  well.^  His  in- 
debtedness to  it,  however,  is  but  slight,  as  the  sequel  will 
show,  when  compared  to  his  plagiarisms  from  the  Annales 
de  Carlos  Quinto. 

The  Historia  General  de  las  Indias^  like  the  Cronica 
de  los  Barbarrqfas,  is  known  by  more  than  one  title. 
The  work  falls  into  two  separate  divisions,  each  with  a 
dedication  of  its  own — the  first  to  the  Emperor,  the  second 
to  the  son  and  heir  of  Cortes  :  and  while  the  name  Historia 
General  de  las  Indias  is  usually  loosely  applied  to  the 
entire  work,  it  refers,  in  a  more  accurate  and  restricted 
sense,  to  the  first  of  these  two  divisions,  which  tells  of  all 
the  deeds  of  the  Spaniards  in  the  New  World  up  to  the 
middle  of  the  sixteenth  century,  except  the  Conquest  of 
Mexico.  The  second  division,  which  deals  exclusively  with 
that  event,  is  sometimes  called  the  Segunda  Parte  de  la 
Cronica  General  de  las  l7idias ;  but  more  often  the  Con- 
qnista  de  Mejico.  The  name  Hispania  Victrix  is  attached 
to  the  whole  work  in  the  edition  of  1553  at  Medina  del 
Campo,  and  there  are  also  other  titles.^  Again,  as  with  the 
Cronica  de  los  Barbarrojas,  Gomara  tells  us  that  it  was  his 
ultimate  intention  to  rewrite  the  Historia  General  de  las 
Indias  in  Latin,  but  that  he  preferred  to  publish  it  in  the 
vernacular  in  the  first  place  '  in  order  that  all  our  Spaniards 
might  enjoy  reading  it  immediately  '.*  The  beginning  of 
a  Latin  translation  was  found  among  Gomara's  papers  after 
his  death.'^ 

The  merits  and  defects  of  the  Historia  General  de  las 
Indias  have  been  too  often  described  to  need  repetition 
here.^     It    is   brilliantly   written,  vastly  entertaining,  and 

'  Cronica  de  los  Barbarrojas,  350 11.,  and  Sandoval,  i.  64  ff. 
'^  E.g.  Sandoval,  ii.  63  ;  Cronica  de  los  Barbarrojas,  pp.  395-6. 
'  Cf.  the  list  of  the  different  editions  in  Medina,  Biblioteca,  i.  250,  259, 
270-3. 

*  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  156,  °  Medina,  Biblioteca,  i.  267. 

*  In  addition  to  the  works  already  cited,  cf.  Winsor,  Narrative  and 


xvi   THE  HISTORIA  GENERAL  DE  LAS  INDIAS 

obviously  the  work  of  an  able  and  intelligent  man.  It  con- 
tains numerous  errors  of  detail,  to  which  Bernal  Diaz  del 
Castillo  delighted  to  draw  attention  ;  indeed  there  are  some 
parts  of  his  Conquest  of  Neiv  Spain  which  seem  to  have 
been  written  for  the  sole  purpose  of  contradicting  and 
abusing  Gomara.^  Many  of  the  latter's  mistakes  are  of 
course  due  to  the  fact  that  he  never  went  to  America,  and 
so  had  to  get  his  material  at  second-hand,^  but  by  far  the 
most  important  thing  to  be  remembered  about  the  book  in 
this  connexion  is  that  the  entire  story  was  necessarily 
coloured  because  of  the  author's  position  as  chaplain  and 
follower  of  Cortes.  The  whole  of  the  Conquista  de  Mejico 
really  resolves  itself  into  an  extravagant  apology  and  glorifi- 
cation of  Cortes  and  all  his  acts :  every  victory  gained  is 
represented  as  being  due  to  his  energy  and  genius,  every 
defeat  to  the  incompetence  or  disobedience  of  his  subordi- 
nates ;  and  more  space  is  devoted  to  the  Conquest  of  Mexico 
than  to  all  the  other  deeds  of  the  Spanish  conquistador es 
put  together.  Small  wonder  that  such  a  presentation  of  the 
drama  roused  the  ire  of  an  old  soldier  like  Bernal  Diaz  del 
Castillo,  who  was  personally  present  and  played  a  prominent 
part  in  the  scenes  he  described,  and  who  held  that  since '  the 
plans,  the  resolves,  and  their  execution  were  the  common 
work  of  all,  so  should  the  glory  be  equally  shared  by  all '. 
But  Gomara  had  the  enormous  advantage  of  being  able  to 
get  his  book  out  first ;  the  mass  of  the  Spanish  nation  were 
eager  for  information  about  the  New  World,  and  neither  in 
the  mood  nor  the  position  to  criticize  the  historical  accuracy 
of  an  author  whose  intimate  relation  to  the  greatest  of  the 

Critical  History  of  America^  ii.  412-14  ;  Fueter,  Neuere  Historiographie, 
pp.  299-300. 

^  Cf.  the  various  references  to  G6mara  in  the  excellent  translation  of 
the  Conquest  of  Neix)  Spain  recently  brought  out  by  the  Hakluyt  Society ; 
also  Fitzmaurice-Kelly,  History  of  Spanish  Literature,  p.  157. 

^  I  have  not  thought  it  worth  while  to  refute  the  statement  in  Mi- 
chaud's  Biographic  Uni-verselle,  that  G6mara  passed  four  years  in  America. 
It  is  contradicted  by  every  probability  of  the  case  and  by  the  specific 
statements  of  contemporaries  like  Las  Casas,  who  says  that  G6mara 
never  saw  nor  heard  a  thing  about  these  matters  save  what  Cortes  told 
him  and  gave  him  in  writing  when  he  was  his  chaplain.  Cf.  Las  Casas, 
Historia  de  las  Indias,  Lib.  Ill,  cap.  cxiv. 


THE  HISTORIA  GENERAL  DE  LAS  INDIAS  xvii 

Conquistadores  they  doubtless  regarded  as  a  distinction. 
The  enormous  popularity  of  Gomara's  work  in  Spain  and 
the  Spanish  dominions  is  suflSciently  attested  by  the  fact 
that  it  was  twice  reprinted  in  Medina  del  Campo  and  in 
Saragossa  and  five  times  in  Antwerp  within  less  than  two 
years  after  its  first  appearance ;  while  abroad  the  eighteen 
or  twenty  foreign  translations  of  the  whole  or  part  of  it, 
which  were  put  forth  in  Rome,  Venice,  Paris,  London  and 
elsewhere  before  the  end  of  the  century,  give  ample  evidence 
to  the  same  effect,' 

But  the  Spanish  government  viewed  the  book  of  the  hour 
with  very  different  eyes.  On  November  17,  1553,  at  Valla- 
dolid,  Prince  Philip  put  his  signature  to  a  cedula  command- 
ing that  all  copies  of  Gomara's  book  be  seized  and  brought 
to  the  Council  of  the  Indies,  and  that  fines  of  200,000 
maravedis  be  imposed  on  all  who  continued  to  print  or  sell 
the  same,  and  of  100,000  maravedis  on  all  who  read  it  or 
kept  it  in  their  possession,  '  because  it  is  not  fitting  that  this 
book  be  read  or  sold  or  that  other  copies  of  it  be  printed.' - 
No  more  explicit  information  concerning  the  real  cause  of 
this  stern  edict  is  given  in  the  document  itself,  but  there  is 
no  reason  to  doubt  that  it  was  Gomara's  extravagant  praises 
of  his  master  that  aroused  the  displeasure  of  the  authorities.'^ 
The  sovereigns  of  the  House  of  Hapsburg  were  not  wont 
to  be  generous  to  their  servants,  particularly  when  they 
became  so  powerful  that  they  threatened  to  overshadow  the 
sovereignty  of  the  Crown.  As  early  as  1526  the  Emperor 
had  seen  the  danger  of  leaving  Cortes  a  perfectly  free  hand 
in  the  territories  which  he  had  won ;  hence  the  various 
measures  of  the  next  fourteen  years  by  which  the  authority 
of  the  great  Conquistador  was  gradually  withdrawn.* 
Most  of  the  accusations  of  base  ingratitude  hurled  at  Charles 

^  Cf.  list  in  Medina,  i.  250,  259,  270-3,  278-80. 

'•^  Printed  in  Medina's  Biblioteca,  i.  264-5. 

^  A.  de  Le6n  Pinelo  in  his  Ep'ttome  de  la  Biblioteca  Oriental y  Occidental, 
Nautica  y  Geogrqfica  (edition  of  1737),  column  589,  speaks  of  G6mara's 
work  as  a  '  historia  libre '  (which  of  course  may  mean  any  one  of  a 
number  of  things),  and  ascribes  its  suppression  to  that  characteristic. 

*  Armstrong,  The  Emperor  Charles  V,  ii.  93-5. 

1366  b 


xviii    THE  HISTORIA  GENERAL  DE  LAS  INDIAS 

because  of  his  treatment  of  Cortes  after  the  latter 's  return  to 
Spain,  have  doubtless  been  grossly  exaggerated ;  but  it  is 
clear  that  the  Emperor  wished  to  diminish  the  prominence  of 
the  hero  of  the  hour,  so  that  a  frank  panegyric,  published  five 
years  after  Cortes'  death,  before  his  glorious  memory  had 
had  a  chance  to  fade — an  apologia^  which  placed  him  very 
much  in  the  centre  of  the  stage — was  bound  to  be  exceed- 
ingly unwelcome  to  his  sovereign.  Charles  was  absent  in 
Germany  and  the  Netherlands  at  the  time  of  the  publication 
of  Gomara's  work  ;  but  his  son  Philip,  who  represented  him 
in  Spain,  was  doubtless  well  informed  of  his  views,  and  con- 
curred in  them;  hence  the  cedula  of  November  17,  1553, 
and  the  measures  that  were  subsequently  taken  to  enforce 
it.  The  story  of  these  measures  and  of  the  success  with 
which  they  were  attended  is  both  interesting  for  its  own 
sake  and  pertinent  to  the  subject  of  our  main  inquiry,  the 
Annales  de  Carlos  Quinto. 

The  first  evidence  of  the  government's  activities  in  this 
direction  is  given  by  a  record  of  eleven  booksellers  of  the 
town  of  Seville  who  were  solemnly  notified  of  the  royal 
cedula^  haled  before  the  authorities,  duly  sworn,  forced  to 
deliver  up  such  copies  of  Gomara's  work  as  they  had  in  stock, 
and  to  do  their  utmost  to  put  the  royal  oflScials  on  the  track 
of  those  which  they  had  already  disposed  of.'  Apparently 
there  is  no  record  of  similar  proceedings  in  other  Castilian 
towns ;  but  there  is  no  intrinsic  reason  for  supposing  that 
the  booksellers  of  the  other  parts  of  that  realm  did  not 
share  the  fate  of  their  brethren  in  Seville.  In  Aragon, 
indeed,  there  was  another  tale  to  tell,  for  a  new  edition  of 
Gomara's  book  was  actually  put  forth  at  Saragossa  in  1554  ; 
the  government's  control  of  the  affairs  of  the  eastern  king- 
dom being  doubtless  too  imperfectly  organized  and  tardily 
enforced,  to  permit  the  effective  application  of  any  system 
of  press-censorship  there.  But  in  Castile  the  authorities 
never  slackened  their  efforts.  On  August  7,  1566,  the 
cedula  of  1553  was  reissued  by  King  Philip  from  Bosque 

^  All  the  documents  bearing  on  this  and  the  next  paragraph  are 
printed  in  Medina,  Biblioteca,  i.  262-70. 


THE  HISTORIA  GENERAL  DE  LAS  INDIAS  xix 

de  Segovia,  and  six  years  later,  on  September  26,  1572,  a 
royal  mandate  was  sent  to  Juan  de  Salazar,  corregidor  of 
Soria,  ordering  him  to  send  some  careful  and  trustworthy 
person  to  the  town  of  Gomara  to  search  for  and  seize  such 
papers  dealing  with  the  affairs  of  the  Indies  as  could  be 
found  in  the  hands  of  the  heirs  of  the  late  Francisco  Lopez 
of  that  place.  Salazar  received  this  mandate  on  the  third 
of  October,  selected  Martin  Garcia,  a  public  actuary,  for  the 
mission  in  question,  and  the  latter  reported  directly  to  the 
king.  On  his  arrival  at  Gomara  Garcia  betook  himself 
directly  to  the  house  of  the  priest,  Pedro  Ruiz,  the  nephew 
of  our  author,  in  whose  possession  the  papers  of  his  uncle 
were  said  to  be.  A  prolonged  examination  of  Ruiz's 
manuscripts  showed  that  they  contained  nothing  relative  to 
the  affairs  of  the  Indies,  but  it  is  interesting  to  notice  that 
a  copy  of  the  Saragossa  (1554)  edition  of  the  Historia 
General  de  las  Indias  was  found  among  his  books,  and, 
moreover,  that  he  was  allowed  to  retain  it,  on  his  promise  to 
deliver  it  up  at  any  time  it  should  be  asked  for,  '  because  it 
was  public  and  notorious,  and  there  were  many  other  copies 
of  it  elsewhere.'  Was  this  a  special  exemption  granted  to 
Ruiz  on  account  of  his  relationship  to  Gomara,  or  are  we 
to  infer  that  the  government  had  by  this  time  abandoned 
its  attempt  to  suppress  the  work  as  utterly  impossible  of 
accomplishment  ? 

Whatever  may  be  the  answer  to  this  question,  it  is  certain 
that  the  authorities  continued  to  prosecute  their  search  for 
Gomara's  manuscripts  with  unabated  zeal.  In  addition  to 
showing  Garcia  what  he  still  retained,  Ruiz  was  obliged  to 
tell  him  what  papers  of  his  uncle  he  had  previously  sold  or 
given  away,  and  to  whom,  and  to  swear  with  his  hand  on 
his  heart  and  by  the  priest's  garb  that  he  wore,  that  he 
knew  of  no  others  than  those  he  described.  Efforts  to  trace 
the  manuscripts  of  which  he  had  disposed  were  made  in 
every  case;  only  two  of  them,  however,  concern  us  here: 
one  of  these  Ruiz  described  as  Historia  de  guerras  navales 
desdel  alto  que  nascio  el  Emperador  Don  Carlos  nuestro 
Sefior,  the  other  as  Inquiridion  de  cosas  7iotables  acaescidas 

b2 


XX   THE  HISTORIA  GENERAL  DE  LAS  INDL\S 

por  mar  y  por  tierra  en  iieinpo  del  imsmo  Emperadoi" 
Don  Carlos^  nuestro  Sehor^  hasta  el  que  inMrio.  It 
is  not  difficult  to  recognize  the  Cronica  de  los  Barbarroj'as 
and  the  Annales  de  Carlos  Qumto  under  these  two 
titles ;  the  inaccuracy  of  Ruiz's  memory  concerning  them 
may  well  be  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  he  had  disposed 
of  them  six  years  before.  They  were  given  by  him,  so 
he  said,  to  Honorato  Juan,  Bishop  of  Osma,  tutor  to  Don 
Carlos,^  and  secretary  of  the  town  of  Gomara,  when  he 
was  on  a  visit  there,  and  the  Bishop  had  promised  to 
publish  them  for  the  love  he  had  borne  to  Francisco  Lopez 
de  Gomara,  and  to  give  the  profits  of  their  sale  to  Ruiz. 
The  Bishop  then  departed  and  a  few  days  later  died  (July  30, 
1566)^  at  Burgo  de  Osma,  in  his  see.  Ruiz,  on  hearing  this 
news,  at  once  repaired  to  Burgo  de  Osma,  in  order  to 
recover  his  documents,  but  was  told  by,  the  Bishop's  servants 
that  he  could  not  have  them,  because  Prince  Charles  had 
given  orders  that  all  the  dead  man's  books  and  papers  be 
immediately  sent  to  him,  which  had  been  done.  At  this 
point  we  lose  sight  of  what  was  doubtless  the  original 
manuscript  of  the  Annales  de  Carlos  Quinto.  Whether  it 
passed  into  the  Royal  Archives  of  the  Crown  of  Castile  (as 
seems  likely  enough  in  view  of  the  fact  that  Philip  had  the 
papers  of  Don  Carlos  seized  at  the  time  of  his  arrest  in 
January,  1568),  or  into  private  hands,  it  is  impossible  defi- 
nitely to  tell.  Diligent  search  has  failed  to  reveal  any  traces 
of  it  to-day.  Our  knowledge  of  the  Annales  de  Carlos 
Quinto  is  therefore  derived  from  two  copies  of  the  original 
manuscript  made  at  a  later  date,  which  are,  to  the  best  of 
my  knowledge  and  belief,  the  only  ones  now  in  existence." 
The  description  of  these  two  copies  and  the  discussion  of 

^  Annals,^.  151.  ^  Gams,  Series  Episcoporum,  p.  57. 

'  I  have  searched  in  vain  in  the  Biblioteca  Nacional,  the  Archive 
Hist6rico  Nacional,  the  Library  of  the  Real  Academia  de  la  Historia, 
and  in  the  Archives  of  Simancas  for  any  trace  of  the  original  or  other 
copy  of  it.  Senor  F.  de  Laiglesia's  valuable  catalogue  of  the  manu- 
scripts relating  to  Charles  V  at  the  Escorial  {Estudios  Historicos,  pp.  447- 
66)  does  not  mention  it ;  and  I  have  found  no  evidence  of  the  existence 
of  the  original  or  any  copy  of  it  in  any  archives  outside  of  Spain  save  in 
the  British  Museum,  as  explained  below. 


I 


THE  HISTORIA  GENERAL  DE  LAS  INDIAS  xxi 

their  possible  connexion  with  the  original,  must  be  reserved 
for  the  succeeding-  chapter. 

Ill 

The  Annales  de  Carlos  Quinto 

The  first  of  the  two  copies  of  the  Annales  de  Carlos 
Qiiinto  which  have  come  down  to  us  is  to  be  found  on 
folios  1-85  of  the  volume  labelled  G.  53  in  the  Coleccion  de 
Manuscritos  in  the  Biblioteca  Nacional  at  Madrid.^  The 
text  hereinafter  printed  has  been  transcribed  from  it.  The 
other  copy  occupies  the  first  120  folios  of  the  volume 
designated  as  '  Kings  MS.  165 '  in  the  British  Museum.- 
Its  variations  from  the  Madrid  manuscript  are  not  important ; 
when  they  affect  the  sense  of  the  passage  in  any  appreciable 
degree  they  have  been  inserted  in  the  footnotes  to  the 
translation.  Both  these  copies  were  unquestionably  made 
in  the  seventeenth  century.  At  the  end  of  the  volume 
which  contains  the  one  in  the  British  Museum  is  a  colophon 
stating  that  '  the  transcription  was  finished  on  the  eve  of 
Corpus  Christi  in  the  year  1635,  and  was  made,  apparently, 
from  the  original,  which  had  belonged  to  Don  Antonio  de 
Cayas  and  afterwards  to  Don  Sancho  de  Londono  '.^  It  is 
not  absolutely  certain  that  the  colophon  applies  to  the  copy 
of  the  A  nnals^  because  a  work  by  another  author  ^  on  the 
Tunis  campaign  of  1535  occupies  at  least  sixty  folios  of  the 
volume  in  question,  and  thus  intervenes  between  the  two : 

^  Cf.  also  Gallardo,  Ensayo  de  una  Biblioteca,  vol.  ii,  Appendix,  p.  94, 

^  Cf.  P.  de  Gayangos,  Catalogue  of  the  Manuscripts  in  the  Spanish 
Language  in  the  British  Museum,  vol.  i,  pp.  219-20. 

^  Cf.  Gayangos,  Catalogue,  i.  219-20.  The  text  of  the  colophon  is 
*  Acavosse  de  trasladar  en  Madrid,  vispera  del  Corpus  del  ano  de  1635, 
y  sacose,  d  lo  que  parecia,  de  su  original,  que  aula  sido  de  Don  Antonio 
de  (^ayas,  y  despues  de  Don  Sancho  de  Londono  '.  After  quoting  the 
above,  and  stating  on  his  own  authority  that  the  work  is  in  a  seventeenth- 
century  hand,  Gayangos  naively  adds :  *  From  Dr.  Robertson's  collection, 
and  probably  transcribed  for  his  use.'  The  first  clause  of  this  sentence 
is  unproved,  the  last  obviously  impossible. 

*  He  describes  himself  as  '  Un  cavallero  y  soldado  viejo  de  los  de  la 
Cesarea  Mag^*  del  Emperador  Carlos  V '  :  Gayangos  thinks  he  was 
D.  Luis  de  Avila  y  Ziiniga. 


xxii    THE  ANNALES  DE  CARLOS  QUINTO 

still,  as  the  entire  volume  is  written  in  the  same  hand,  the 
probabilities  favour  the  theory  that  it  does. 

Any  account  of  these  manuscripts  and  their  possible 
relation  to  the  original  must  necessarily  be  largely  a  matter 
of  conjecture,  but  there  are  certain  facts  in  connexion  with 
them  which  deserve  at  least  a  passing  notice.  Any  theories 
concerning  the  antecedents  of  the  copy  in  London  must 
necessarily  depend  on  the  accuracy  of  the  colophon.  If  it 
is  exact  and  applies  to  that  manuscript,  it  would  make  for 
the  contention  that  the  original  passed  into  private  hands 
(Antonio  de  Qayas  and  Sancho  de  Londono,  whoever  they 
may  have  been)  after  having  been  seized  by  the  representa- 
tives of  Don  Carlos :  but,  as  has  been  already  shown,  we 
cannot  be  certain  of  the  colophon ;  and,  moreover,  we  must 
recognize  the  possibility  at  least  that  manuscript  and  colo- 
phon were  both  transcribed  from  an  earlier  copy  and  not 
from  the  original.  There  is,  moreover,  no  trustworthy 
evidence  as  to  how  the  manuscript  in  question  got  to 
England  and  into  the  Museum ;  Gayangos'  assertion  that  it 
belonged  to  Dr.  Robertson  is  unproved,^  and  even  if  true, 
it  does  not  take  us  back  of  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  The  Madrid  copy,  on  the  other  hand,  lacks  any 
specific  indication  of  its  origin,  but  the  probabilities  favour 
the  theory  that  it  was  obtained  from  the  library  of  the 
famous  seventeenth-century  collector,  Pedro  Nuiiez  de 
Guzman,  Count  of  Villaumbrosa,  who  is  known  to  have 
possessed  a  copy,^  and  many  of  whose  treasures,  dispersed 
in  Spain  after  his  death,  ultimately  found  their  way  into 
what  is  now  the  Biblioteca  Nacional.  Where  Villaumbrosa 
acquired  his  manuscript  it  is  impossible  definitely  to  say. 
Nicolas  Antonio  speaks  as  if  it  were  identical  with  a  copy 
which  was  found  in  the  library  of  the  famous  Count  of 
Olivares,  the  all-powerful  minister  of  Philip  IV ;  ^  and  the 
fact  that  both  Olivares  and  Villaumbrosa  belonged  to  the 

'  Cf.  ante,  p.  xxi,  note  3. 

*  Museo  y  biblioteca  del  conde  de  Villaumbrosa  por  Don  Josef  Maldonado 
y  Pardo  (Madrid,  1677) ;  Libros  Manuscritos,  fol.  112. 
'  Biblioteca  Hispana  Nova,  i.  438. 


THE  ANNALES  DE  CARLOS  QUINTO    xxiii 

same  great  house  of  Guzman  may  possibly  serve  slightly  to 
strengthen  this  theory.^  Olivares  had  access  to  the  Royal 
archives  and  may  well  have  known  and  had  transcribed  for 
his  own  use  the  original,  which  was  seized  by  the  agents  of 
Don  Carlos,  if  it  remained  there  :  but  we  must  not  forget 
that  if  the  colophon  at  the  end  of  the  volume  in  the  British 
Museum  is  to  be  trusted,  there  is  reason  to  think  that  the 
original  had  passed  into  private  hands.^  All  this,  however, 
is  mere  guess-work  ;  we  have  not  sufficient  information  to 
justify  any  definite  statements,  and  we  can  only  say  that  we 
have  somewhat  more  material  out  of  which  to  construct 
theories  about  the  pedigree  of  the  Madrid  manuscript  than 
about  that  of  the  copy  in  the  British  Museum.  The  fact  that 
the  variations  between  the  two  manuscripts  are  so  compara- 
tively few  and  slight  affords  good  ground  for  believing  that 
they  were  both  transcribed,  either  directly  or  at  most  in  two 
stages,  from  a  common  source,  which  may  well  have  been  the 
original ;  and  the  statement  in  each  that  a  page  is  missing 
at  the  close  of  the  year  1549  materially  strengthens  this 
view.^ 

Three  interesting  problems  present  themselves  in  con- 
nexion with  the  composition  of  the  Annals^  and  must  be 
briefly  discussed  before  we  can  proceed  to  an  examination 
of  their  contents.  First  and  foremost  comes  the  question  of 
the  year  or  years  in  which  they  were  written.  If  the  entire 
work  was  composed  at  substantially  the  same  time,  without 
subsequent  emendation  or  alteration,  its  date  can  be  fixed 
with  considerable  accuracy.  The  mention  in  the  year  1535 
of  Mary  Tudor  as  '  Our  Lady  ','^  places  it  between  July,  1554, 
when  she  married  Philip,  and  December,  1558,  when  her 

^  Against  this  theory  it  may  be  urged  that  a  manuscript  catalogue  of 
the  Biblioteca  Olivariense  (printed  in  Gallardo,  Ensayo  de  una  Biblioteca, 
vol.  iv,  columns  i486  and  1490)  refers  to  the  manuscript  there  as  a 
quarto,  while  Maldonado  y  Pardo,  loc.  cit,,  speaks  of  the  Villaumbrosa 
copy  as  an  octavo.  The  line  of  demarcation  between  quartos  and 
octavos,  however,  is  so  indefinite,  that  it  is  unsafe  to  place  too  much 
reliance  on  such  data ;  moreover,  the  copy  now  in  the  Biblioteca 
Nacional  is  of  such  proportions  that  it  would  be  equally  possible  to 
describe  it  by  either  of  these  two  terms. 

^  Gf.  ante,  note  3.  '  Annals ,  p.  143.  *  Annals,  p.  100. 


xxiv    THE  ANNALES  DE  CARLOS  QUINTO 

death  (Nov.  17)  must  have  been  known  in  Spain:  the 
statement  in  the  year  1554  that  Sebastian  'is  now  king'^ 
in  Portugal,  narrows  the  field  still  further,  by  placing  the 
earlier  limit  at  June  10,  1557.  On  the  other  hand  there  are 
certain  indications  which  point  to  the  possibility  at  least 
that  the  composition  of  the  Annals  was  spread  over  a 
number  of  years.  The  nature  of  the  work  closely  resembles 
that  of  a  diary  ;  and  Sandoval's  remark  concerning  it  ^  tends 
to  strengthen  that  impression :  moreover,  we  know  that  it 
was  a  favourite  custom  with  Spanish  authors  of  that  period 
to  keep  their  books  by  them,  unfinished,  for  a  long  time, 
adding  a  little  every  now  and  then,  so  that  sometimes  as 
many  as  twenty  years  elapsed  between  the  inception  of  a 
work  and  its  completion.^  Personally,  I  incline  strongly  to 
favour  the  first  of  these  two  alternatives  and  to  believe  that 
the  composition  of  the  Annals  fell  wholly  within  the  years 
1557  and  1558.  We  have  already  seen  that  there  is  no 
reason  to  suppose  that  Gomara  turned  his  attention  to  the 
writing  of  history  before  he  entered  Cortes'  service  in  1541  ; 
the  brief  paragraph  in  regard  to  his  own  birth  and  career 
which  appears  under  the  year  1 5 1 1  was  clearly  reduced  to 
its  final  form  after  1552,  because  he  there  speaks  of  the 
Historia  General  de  las  Indias  as  already  finished  ;  more- 
over, the  motives  which  probably  led  Gomara  to  produce 
the  A  nnals  (they  will  be  discussed  at  length  hereafter)  tend 
to  corroborate  the  view  that  the  work  was  written  within  a 
comparatively  limited  period.  Those  who  think,  however, 
that  its  peculiar  diarial  character  indicates  that  its  composi- 
tion was  spread  over  a  number  of  years,  can  plausibly  argue 
that  it  was  begun  at  a  comparatively  early  date,  and  subse- 
quently corrected  so  as  to  give  it  the  appearance  of  having 
been  all  written  at  the  close  of  the  period  with  which  it 
deals.* 

The  second  question  is  whether  the  Annals,  as  they  have 
come  down  to  us,  were  intended  to  be  a  finished  work,  or 

^  Annals,  p.  151.  "^  Quoted  on  the  title-page  of  this  book. 

'  As,  for  instance,  in  the  case  of  the  Dorotea  of  Lope  de  Vega. 
*  The  question  of  the  date  of  the  death  of  Florian  de  Ocampo,  dis- 
cussed below  in  note  4  to  p.  xxxi,  bears  on  this  problem. 


THE  ANNALES  DE  CARLOS  QUINTO     xxv 

whether  they  were  merely  a  set  of  notes  which  Gomara 
ultimately  proposed  to  expand  into  a  book  of  much  larger 
proportions.  The  probabilities  of  this  case  are  so  evenly 
balanced  that  it  is  almost  impossible  to  choose  between  them. 
In  the  Annals  of  Lorenzo  Galindez  de  Carvajal  he  had  an 
excellent  example  of  a  book  which  was  apparently  regarded 
as  complete  in  a  form  similar  to  that  of  his  own ;  while  in 
the  Historia  sui  Teinporis  of  Jovius,  he  had  a  pattern  of 
a  much  more  finished  product.  Some  of  the  passages  of 
the  Annals  are  carefully  and  brilliantly  written,  and  display 
the  author's  marked  literary  gifts  as  fully  as  do  his  other 
works — such  are  the  characterizations  of  Francis  I,  Henry 
VIII,  and  Martin  Luther,  and  the  story  of  the  '  Alguazil 
Espaiiol '  :^  others  are  brief,  scrappy,  and  incomplete,  full  of 
careless  mistakes  and  lapstis  calami^  more  like  a  set  of  notes 
jotted  down  in  a  hurry  than  a  book  ready  for  publication. 
The  fact  that  Gomara 's  nephew  Pedro  Ruiz  spoke  of  the 
Annals  as  an  '  Inquiridion  '  (Encheiridion),  and  that  Jules 
Chifflet,  in  the  seventeenth  century,  referred  to  them  as 
'  Index  historicus  rerum  a  Carolo  Quinto  gestarum  ',  may  be 
used  as  an  argument  for  both  sides  of  this  question  :  and  it 
has  already  been  shown  in  another  connexion  that  the  fact 
that  the  work  stops  with  the  Emperor's  abdication  in  1556, 
rather  than  with  his  death  in  1558,  goes  for  nothing,  in  view 
of  the  limitations  announced  in  the  opening  sentences  of  the 
first  paragraph  of  the  book.^  Much  of  course  depends  on 
the  still  unsolved  problem  of  the  date  of  Gomara's  death. 
If,  as  seems  probable,  it  occurred  soon  after  1557,  it  would 
make  for  the  contention  that  the  work  was  left  unfinished ; 
but  if  not,  the  fact  that  no  evidence  was  found  among  his 
papers,  indicating  his  intention  to  produce  a  larger  book,  is 
a  point  for  the  other  side.  Certainly,  with  our  present 
knowledge,  this  question  is  not  susceptible  of  a  definite 
answer. 

Thirdly   comes   the  problem  as  to  what  the  object  of 
Gomara  was  in  writing  the  A  nnals  of  Charles  F,  so  soon 

'  Annals.,  pp.  53,  125,  129  ff.  ^  Cf.  ante,  p.  xiii. 


xxvi     THE  ANNALES  DE  CARLOS  QUINTO 

after  the  government  had  decreed  the  suppression  of  his 
Hisioria  General  de  las  Indtas ;  and  all  the  probabilities 
point  to  the  conclusion  that  our  author's  chief  aim  was  to 
secure  a  return  of  the  royal  favour.  An  obvious  way  to 
atone  for  his  error  in  magnifying  the  exploits  of  Cortes, 
was  to  write  a  universal  history  of  the  period,  and  place 
Charles  in  the  centre  of  the  stage.  The  article  on  Gomara 
in  Michaud's  Biographie  Universelle  hazards  the  absurd 
guess  that  the  reason  the  A  nnals  were  never  printed  was 
because  they  had  represented  the  Emperor  in  an  unfavour- 
able light ;  but  a  very  brief  inspection  of  the  work  itself 
will  suffice  to  dispel  this  illusion.  Gomara  goes  out  of  his 
way,  at  every  turn,  to  extol  Charles  and  to  emphasize  his 
superiority  to  his  contemporaries,  as  well  as  to  insist 
on  the  pre-eminence  of  Spain  and  the  Spaniards  above 
all  other  countries  and  people.  Unless  further  evidence 
to  the  contrary  should  come  to  light,  we  may  be  reason- 
ably certain  that  Gomara  composed  these  Annals — 
possibly  at  different  times  and  intending  them  as  a  set  of 
notes  for  the  compilation  of  a  larger  and  more  ambitious 
work — as  a  means  of  regaining  the  good  graces  of  his 
sovereign  and  of  enjoying,  as  he  himself  phrased  it,  '  the 
fruits  of  his  labours  in  company  with  many  good  men.' 


IV 

The  Sources  of  the  Annals,  and  the  Authors  by 
whom  they  were  used 

One  of  the  most  interesting  and  valuable  features  of  the 
work  that  lies  before  us  is  the  frequent  mention  which 
Gomara  makes  of  contemporary  Spanish,French,  and  Italian 
writers,  and  the  comments  which  he  occasionally  ventures 
to  add  as  to  the  value  and  importance  of  their  writings.  He 
refers  by  name  to  twenty-two  Spanish,  three  French,  and 
four  Italian  historians,  some  of  them  writers  whose  works 
have  not  come  down  to  us  ;  and  he  also  speaks,  somewhat 
more  indefinitely,  of  several  others  whom  it  is  usually  not 


THE  SOURCES  OF  THE  ANNALS       xxvii 

difficult  to  identify.  From  some  few  of  these  authors  he  has 
obviously  taken  considerable  material ;  of  the  majority  of 
them  he  was,  relatively  speaking,  independent ;  but  it  is 
obvious  at  every  turn  that  he  was  in  close  touch  with  the 
literary  and  historical  world  of  his  day  and  generation,  and 
his  comments  on  the  prominent  figures  in  it  are  worthy  of 
careful  consideration. 

Let  us  turn  in  the  first  place  to  the  Spanish  historians  of 
the  time,  and  select  from  among  them  those  whom  it  seems 
most  probable  that  Gomara  utilized  in  preparing  the 
Annals.  At  the  outset  it  is  important  to  emphasize  the 
fact  that  our  author  was  no  plagiarist ;  he  preferred,  when- 
ever possible,  to  trust  to  his  own  observation  and  knowledge 
of  events  ;  and  when  he  was  forced  to  rely  on  the  reports  of 
others,  he  almost  always  took  pains  to  avoid  copying  their 
phraseology,  in  a  way  which  contrasts  most  agreeably  with 
the  treatment  to  which  he  was  subjected  by  those  who 
utilized  him.  In  searching  for  the  historians  from  whom 
Gomara  took  material,  we  naturally  look  to  those  whose 
writings  cover  the  whole  or  part  of  the  first  quarter  of  the 
century,  when  our  author  was  not  old  enough  to  observe 
and  record  things  for  himself.  Of  these,  the  one  who 
served  him  best  was  doubtless  Andres  Bernaldez^  whom  he 
mentions  among  the  chroniclers  of  Ferdinand  the  Catholic.^ 
There  can  be  little  doubt  that  Gomara's  accounts  of  the 
birth  of  the  miraculous  monster  in  Ravenna  in  1512  and  of 
the  batde  between  the  Portuguese  Alcaide  of  Tangiers  and 
the  King  of  Fez  in  the  same  year  are  taken  directly  from 
him ;  in  the  latter  case  the  fact  that  both  authors  are  in 
exact  agreement  as  to  the  number  of  those  engaged  and  of 
those  captured  is  highly  significant.^  The  story  of  the 
girdle  of  iron  on  the  body  of  King  James  of  Scotland  at  the 
battle  of  Flodden  Field  is  also  strikingly  close  to  that  con- 
tained in  the  last  chapter  of  Bernaldez's  work ;  ^  and  a  care- 
ful inspection  of  the  other  paragraphs  in  the  first  thirteen 
years  of  the  Annals  which  have  been  annotated  below  with 

^  Annab^'^.\\.        ^  Ibid.,  pp.  32,  33  ;  Bernaldez, caps,  ccxxviii, ccxxxiii. 
'  Annals,  p.  37  ;  Bernaldez,  cap.  ccxlv. 


xxviii     THE  SOURCES  OF  THE  ANNALS 

references  to  Bernaldez  will  reveal  other  instances  of  a 
similar  sort.  Next  after  Bernaldez  comes  Pedro  Mejia. 
The  general  arrangement  of  the  material  in  Gomara's 
account  of  the  revolt  of  the  Castilian  Comuneros  in  1520-21 
is  very  similar  to  that  in  the  comparatively  exhaustive  story 
of  the  same  event  which  forms  the  only  published  part  of 
Mejia's  Historia  de  Carlos  Qiiinto ;  ^  moreover,  Gomara 
specifically  cites  that  author  as  responsible  for  the  state- 
ment (which  he  takes  pains  to  modify)  that  Solyman  had 
600,000  soldiers  with  him  on  his  expedition  against  Austria 
in  1532.^  Gomara  was  also  familiar  with  Mejia's  Historia 
delos  Cesar es  desde  Julio y  Augusto  hasta  Maximiliano  I 
de  Austria^  as  is  shown  by  his  reference  to  it  under  the 
year  1519.^  From  Lorenzo  Galindez  de  Carvajal,  also, 
Gomara  doubtless  derived  something.  He  mentions  him 
as  one  of  the  chroniclers  of  King  Ferdinand,*  and  the 
arrangement  style,  title,  and  general  features  of  the  works 
of  the  two  authors  closely  resemble  one  another.  It  seems 
probable  that  Carvajal  was  one  of  the  authorities  on  whom 
Gomara  relied  for  minor  events  of  local  interest  in  Spain 
itself  during  the  last  years  of  the  Catholic  King:  the 
accounts  which  both  writers  give  of  the  renunciation  of  the 
archbishopric  of  Santiago  by  Alfonso  de  Fonseca  in  favour 
of  his  son  in  1507,  and  of  the  capture  of  the  Royal  Alcalde 
by  the  Marquis  of  Priego  in  1508,  are  very  close  to  one 
another :  and  other  cases  of  a  similar  sort  may  be  found 
in  the  succeeding  years,^  It  is  worth  noticing  that  none 
of  these  works  except  Mejia's  Historia  de  los  Cesar  es 
(which  was  published  in  Seville  in  1 544)  was  in  print  during 
Gomara's  lifetime.  He  must  have  had  access  to  manuscript 
copies  of  Bernaldez  and  of  Carvajal,  whose  deaths  occurred 
long  before  he  began  his  historical  career ;  he  may  well 
have  been  personally  acquainted  with  Mejia,  who  began 
his  Historia  de  Carlos  Quinto  in  1549.^ 

The  question  also  arises  as  to  whether  or  not  Gomara 

^  Annals^  pp.  58-9  ;  Bibl'toteca  de  Autores  Espanoles,  xxi,  367-407, 

*  Annals,  p.  91,  ^  Ibid.,  p,  58,  *  Ibid.,  p,  44. 
®  Annals,  pp.  21  and  24  ;  Document os  In/ditos,  xviii,  319,  321. 

*  Bibl'toteca  de  Autores  Espanoles,  vol,  xxi,  p.  xv. 


THE  SOURCES  OF  THE  ANNALS       xxix 

utilized  the  works  of  any  of  the  other  Spanish  historians  of 
this  perio(i,  without  mentioning  their  names.  In  seeking  to 
answer  it,  we  naturally  look,  as  before,  to  the  works  dealing 
with  the  earlier  part  of  the  period  which  the  A  nnals  cover  ; 
and  by  a  process  of  exclusion  arrive,  very  early,  at  the  four 
chronicles  of  the  Great  Captain  which  were  produced  in  the 
first  half  of  the  sixteenth  century,^  and  with  which  we  may 
be  reasonably  certain  that  Gomara  was  familiar.  ^  The  first 
of  these  chronicles  (written  by  Hernan  Perez  del  Pulgar  and 
printed  in  1527)  treats  of  litde  else  than  the  story  of  the 
siege  of  Granada,  and  consequently  lies  outside  our  author's 
field.  Another  (written  by  the  Italian  Jovius,  but  translated 
into  Spanish  and  published  at  Saragossa  in  1554)  differs 
so  widely  from  the  Annals  that  there  is  no  reason  to 
think  that  Gomara  made  use  of  it.  With  the  other  two, 
however,  there  is  a  different  tale  to  tell.  Both  of  them  are 
of  unknown  authorship  ;  one  of  them,  commonly  called  the 
Cronica  Manuscrita^  remained  unprinted  till  very  recent 
times  ;  the  other,  usually  known  as  the  Cronica  General 
del  Gran  Capttdn^  was  first  published  in  Saragossa  in  1554 
together  with  a  brief  autobiography  of  the  famous  soldier, 
Diego  Garcia  de  Paredes.^  There  is  strong  reason  to  think 
that  our  author  made  use  of  both  these  works.  A  comparison 
of  his  account  of  the  famous  combat  of  the  eleven  Spaniards 
and  the  eleven  Frenchmen,  and  of  the  subsequent  encounter 
between  the  thirteen  Frenchmen  and  the  thirteen  Italians, 
with  the  more  detailed  story  of  the  same  events  contained 
in  the  Cronica  Manuscrita^  speaks  for  itself ;  as  does  the 
close  resemblance  between  Gomara's  characterization  of 
Paredes,  and  that  hero's  autobiography.*  Doubt  as  to  the 
authorship  of  these  chronicles  may  well  have  been  the  reason 
why  Gomara,  in  contrast  to  his  usual  frankness,  failed 
definitely  to  acknowledge  that  he  had  derived  material  from 

'  Edited  in  Nueva  Biblioteca  de  jiutores  Espanoles,  vol.  x. 

^  Annals,  p.  48. 

'  On  all  this  cf.  Nucva  Biblioteca  de  Autores  Espanoles,  vol.  x,  Intro- 
duction and  text. 

*  Annals,  pp.  11  and  94-7;  Nueva  Biblioteca  de  Autores  Espanoles, 
X.  333-8;  344-7;  255-9. 


XXX    THE  SOURCES  OF  THE  ANNALS 

them,  if  such  was  the  fact  Possibly  he  may  have  known 
who  the  authors  were,  but  thought  they  desired  to  remain 
anonymous. 

Turning  now  to  the  other  Spanish  writers  to  whom  our 
author  refers,  but  of  whom  he  appears  to  have  remained, 
relatively  speaking,  independent,  it  is  clear  that  Geronimo 
Zurita  holds  the  first  place  in  his  estimation.^  But  the 
question  at  once  arises  as  to  the  extent  to  which  it  was 
possible  for  Gomara  to  have  been  familiar  with  the  work  of 
the  great  Aragonese  chronicler.  Zurita  did  not  begin  his 
historical  career  till  1548,  when  he  started  on  a  long  journey 
in  Spain,  Italy,  and  Sicily  to  collect  his  material :  the  first 
two  volumes  of  his  work,  which  cover  the  period  previous 
to  the  death  of  King  Martin  of  Aragon  in  1410,  were  not 
published  till  1 562  ;  while  the  last  two,  which  deal  with  the 
reign  of  Ferdinand  the  Catholic,  and  are  cited  by  our  author 
as  a  separate  work,  did  not  appear  till  1580 :  ^  judging  from 
what  Gomara  says  of  him,  however,  under  the  year  1547, 
Zurita  was  working  at  the  earlier  and  later  portions  of  his 
book  at  the  same  time.^  It  is,  of  course^  just  possible  that 
our  author's  eulogies  of  his  Aragonese  contemporary  were 
based  on  mere  hearsay ;  but,  in  view  of  the  fact  that  Zurita 
is  known  to  have  been  entrusted  by  Philip  II  with  the  task 
of  arranging  the  archives  at  Simancas  in  1557,*  and  may 
very  likely  have  been  there  at  a  time  when  Gomara  was  at 
Valladolid^  only  eight  miles  away,  it  seems  more  probable 
that  the  latter  had  some  personal  knowledge  of  him,  saw 
his  notes  and  thus  learned  the  character  and  scope  of  his 
work.  Whatever  the  case  it  is  clear  that  our  author  had 
not  mistaken  his  man.  Zurita  was  doubtless  the  foremost 
historian  of  his  day  and  generation  in  Spain. 

The  rest  of  the  list  of  Spanish  writers  mentioned  in  the 
Annals  may  be  dismissed  with  briefer  notice.  Pulgar's 
Cronica  (which  our  author  almost  certainly  knew  only  in 


^  Annals,  pp.  44  and  137. 

^  Cf.  Latassa,  Bibliotecas  de  Escritores  Aragoneses  (Saragossa,   1886), 
iii.  425-35. 

^  Annals,  p.  137.  *  Antonio,  Biblioteca  Hispana  Nova,  i.  605. 


THE  SOURCES  OF  THE  ANNALS        xxxi 

manuscript,  since  it  was  not  published  till  1567)  and  Lebrija's 
Decades  (printed  in  1 545)  close  with  the  latter  part  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  and  therefore  can  have  furnished  no 
material  for  the  present  work ;  and  Gomara  appears  to 
have  been  independent  of  the  Opus  Epistolarum  of  Peter 
Martyr,  though  the  two  writers  corroborate  each  other  at 
certain  points.^  His  reference  to  Juan  Cristoval  Calvete's 
Felicissifno  Vtaj'e,  as  the  authority  on  Philip's  journey  to 
Italy  in  1 548,  sounds  almost  like  the  footnote  to  a  twentieth- 
century  historical  monograph.-  He  gives  us  for  the  first 
time  the  date  (1539)  at  which  the  title  of  Chronicler  was 
conferred  on  Florian  de  Ocampo  ;  '^  but  was  justly  sceptical 
about  the  success  of  that  author's  attempts  to  finish  a  history 
which  began  with  Noah.  Indeed,  he  may  be  fairly  credited 
with  anticipating  Ticknor's  comments  on  that  work,  for 
Ocampo  died  without  having  brought  his  A  nnals  of  Spain 
further  down  than  the  days  of  the  Scipios.*  Gomara  also 
speaks  of  another  project  of  writing  a  General  History  of 
Spain^  which  was  entertained  at  the  time  by  Doctor  Juan 
Paez  de  Castro,  who  took  the  title  of  Chronicler  in  1555, 
but  again  is  careful  not  to  commit  himself  as  to  the  proba- 
bilities of  its  fulfilment ;  ^  as  a  matter  of  fact  the  work  in 
question  was  never  finished,  Paez  de  Castro  being  chiefly 
known  to-day  because  of  his  famous  criticism  or  '  parecer  ' 

'  Annals,  pp.  9,  44.  ^  Ibid.,  p.  140.  ^  Ibid.,  p.  107. 

*  Cf.  Ticknor,  History  of  Spanish  Literature,  vol.  i,  p.  554.  The  best 
modern  accounts  of  Ocampo  are  to  be  found  in  G.  Cirot,  Les  Histoires 
Generales  ctEspagne  entre  Alphonse  X  et  Philippe  II,  pp.  97-147  ;  and 
in  Ferndndez  Duro,  Coleccion  Bibliograjico-Biograjica  de  .  .  ,  7,atnora, 
pp.  379-80.  There  has  been  considerable  discussion  in  regard  to  the 
date  of  his  death,  which  Cirot  places  in  1555,  Duro  in  1590,  and  other 
writers  at  different  points  in  the  intervening  years.  Cirot  makes  out 
a  strong  case  in  favour  of  the  earliest  of  these  dates,  and  the  fact  that 
Paez  de  Castro  was  appointed  Chronicler  in  1555  materially  strengthens 
it :  there  is  still  however,  it  seems  to  me,  just  a  shade  of  doubt ;  and 
it  is  quite  clear  that  Ocampo's  death,  if  it  occurred  in  1555,  was  not 
generally  known  at  once.  I  have  mentioned  the  matter  because  it  has 
an  important  bearing  on  what  has  been  said  above  (p.  xxiv)  in  regard  to 
the  probable  time  of  the  composition  of  the  Annals.  If  Ocampo  died 
in  1555)  and  Gomara  knenu  it,  the  entry  concerning  him  under  the  year 
1539  {Annals,  p.  107)  was  clearly  written  at  least  two  years  earlier  than 
the  paragraph  about  King  Sebastian  of  Portugal  under  the  year  1554 
(p.  151)-  '  Annals,  p.  156. 


xxxii      THE  SOURCES  OF  THE  ANNALS 

on  Zurita's  Annals,  which  is  appended  to  the  sixth 
volume  of  the  edition  of  1610.  The  work  of  Antonio  de 
Guevara,  Bishop  of  Mondofiedo,  and  Pedro  de  Rhua's 
strictures  upon  it  are  briefly  touched  on  by  Gomara,  in 
connexion  with  the  former's  death.^  Other  minor  historians 
of  whom  he  speaks,  and  whose  writings  have  been  preserved 
to  us,  are  Giovanni  Battista  Spagnuoli,  Alonzo  de  Palencia, 
Tristan  de  Silva,  Pedro  de  Gracia  Dei  of  Galicia,  and 
Hernando  de  Ribera.^  The  works  of  the  three  remaining 
Spanish  writers  whom  he  mentions — Bernardino  Gentile 
de  Sicilia,"'  Jacobo  de  Valgrana,*  and  Bellido  Busto  ^ — are 
apparently  no  longer  extant.  Such  information  as  I  have 
been  able  to  glean  concerning  these  men  may  be  found  in 
the  footnotes  to  the  pages  of  the  translation  where  their 
names  occur. 

Before  passing  to  the  French  and  Italian  historians  with 
whom  our  author  was  conversant,  a  word  remains  to  be 
added  concerning  his  comments  on  those  of  his  countrymen 
who  had  written  and  were  writing  on  American  affairs. 
Considering  the  fate  that  had  befallen  the  Historia  General 
de  las  Indias  at  the  hands  of  the  government,  and  the 
harsh  personal  criticism  to  which  (if  we  may  judge  from  a 
story  contained  in  Garcilaso  de  la  Vega's  Coinentarios 
Reales  ^)  he  had  been  probably  subjected  on  account  of  it 
by  those  who  knew  the  facts,  Gomara 's  comments  on  the 
American  works  of  his  compatriots  are  surprisingly  few 
and  singularly  free  from  rancour.  There  are,  in  fact,  only 
two  of  his  statements  in  this  connexion  that  call  for  special 
notice.  The  first  is  the  brief  mention  of  the  beginning  of 
the  famous  Las  Casas-Sepiilveda  quarrel  in  1546,  so  phrased 
that  it  is  perfectly  impossible  to  tell  on  which  side  Gomara's 
sympathies  were  enlisted."    The  second  is  a  piece  of  literary 

*  Annals.,  p.  122.  Rhua  attacked  Guevara's  Menosprecio  de  Corte  y 
Alabanqa  de  Aldea.  ^  Ibid.,  p.  44  and  n.  6. 

^  Ibid.,  p.  44  and  n.  6.  *  Ibid.,  p.  104.  ^  Ibid,,  p.  119. 

'"'  Cf.  Garcilaso  de  la  Vega,  Comentarios  Reales  del  Peru,  Par.  II,  Lib.  V, 
cap.  xl. 

''  Annals,  p.  126.  We  may  be  reasonably  certain  that  G6mara  was 
personally  acquainted  with  Sep61veda,  and  probably  with  Las  Casas  also  ; 
Medina,  Biblioteca,  i.  268. 


THE  SOURCES  OF  THE  ANNALS      xxxiii 

gossip,  which,  as  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  discover,  is 
absolutely  new,  namely  that  it  was  at  the  instance  of  Las 
Casas  that  the  Royal  Council  refused  to  Gonzalo  Fernandez 
de  Oviedo  in  1548  the  necessary  licence  to  publish  the 
second  part  of  his  great  Historia  de  las  Indias^  which  did 
did  not  see  the  light  till  1851.^  The  cumulative  result  of 
all  these  items  may  be  accepted  as  certain  evidence  that 
Gomara  was  intimate  with  the  chief  Spanish  historians  of 
his  day  and  generation,  and  is  a  really  valuable  authority 
on  the  literary  history  of  his  time. 

In  view  of  the  fulness  and  accuracy  of  Gomara 's  informa- 
tion in  regard  to  contemporary  historians  in  Spain  and 
also  (as  we  shall  later  see)  in  Italy,  it  is  somewhat  sur- 
prising that  his  knowledge  of  the  French  writers  of  the 
time  should  be  so  meagre.  He  only  mentions  three  French 
historians  in  the  course  of  his  entire  book,  and  none  of  these 
is  of  first-rate  importance.  The  first  is  Arnoul  le  Ferron, 
to  whose  continuation  in  Latin  of  the  chronicle  of  Paul 
fimile  he  accords  unenthusiastic  praise ;  -  the  second  is 
Nicolas  Gilles,  whose  work,  which  terminates  in  1483,  he 
erroneously  represents  as  dealing  with  the  reigns  of 
Louis  XII  and  Francis  I ;  '■''  the  third  is  a  certain  Jean 
Bonchel,  who  apparently  wrote  a  life  of  Fernando  de 
Alarcon,  which  commended  itself  to  Gomara,^  but  which 
probably  was  never  printed ;  apparently  it  could  not  be 
found  in  the  seventeenth  century ;  ^  and  I  have  been  unable 
to  discover  any  trace  of  the  author  or  of  his  work  to-day. 
The  chronicles  of  Le  Ferron  and  of  Gilles  were  both 
published  before  Gomara's  death — the  latter  four  or  five  dif- 
ferent times ;  and  our  author's  mistake  in  regard  to  it  is  the 
more  surprising  for  that  reason.  His  apparent  ignorance 
of  Seyssel,  most  of  whose  works  were  published  during 

^  y/««fl/j,  pp.  139-40.    Cf.  also:  Medina,  5/ii//o/dTfl,  i.  147-9  ;  Winsor, 

Narrat'fve  and  Critical  History,  ii,  343-6.     G6mara  previously  mentions 

Oviedo  among  the  chroniclers  of  Ferdinand  the  Catholic.    Annals,  p.  44. 

*  Annals,  p.  137.  ^  I5i(j_^  p^  j^7_  4  ibjj^^  p_  uq, 

^  Cf.  Preface  to  Antonio  Suarez  de  Alarc6n's  Comentarios  de  los  hechos 

del  Senor  Alarcon,  Madrid,  1655  :  also  Annals,  p.  no,  n.  5. 

1366  C 


xxxiv      THE  SOURCES  OF  THE  ANNALS 

his  lifetime,  is  also  hard  to  explain :  but  the  writings  of 
d'Auton,  Fleuranges,  Paradin,  the  du  Bellays,  and  other 
contemporaries  remained  in  manuscript  till  after  his  death, 
and  for  that  reason  would  naturally  not  be  known  to  him. 

Of  the  Italian  historians  with  whom  Gomara  was  familiar, 
Jovius  unquestionably  holds  the  first  place.  Our  author 
speaks  of  him  specifically  on  three  separate  occasions,^ 
and  was  obviously  conversant  with  the  Contm-eniarius 
Reruin  Turcicaruiff  and  the  Historia  sui  Temporis 
which  were  published  in  1541  and  in  1550-2  respectively. 
In  fact  there  is  strong  reason  to  believe  that  the  two  men 
were  personally  acquainted  with  one  another,  for  Jovius  was 
employed  by  Clement  VII,  and  constantly  in  attendance  at 
the  Vatican  during  the  period  that  Gomara  was  in  Rome. 
The  arrangement  and  form  of  the  Spaniard's  work  betrays 
the  influence  of  the  Italian  from  beginning  to  end,  and 
there  are  several  occasions  where  the  former's  indebted- 
ness to  the  latter  is  such  as  closely  approaches  the  limits  of 
plagiarism — far  more  closely  in  fact  than  in  any  other  case  in 
which  our  author  has  been  detected.  Gomara's  account  of 
the  cruel  death  of  George  Dozsa  in  15 14  is  perhaps  the 
most  obvious  instance  of  this  sort ;  several  clauses  in  it 
come  about  as  near  to  the  words  of  the  story  as  given  in 
the  Historia  sui  Temporis  as  the  difference  in  language 
will  permit.^  Gomara's  description  of  Selim's  Egyptian 
campaigns  (15 14-17)  and  his  picture  of  that  Sultan's  death, 
are  also  very  close  to  the  corresponding  passages  in  the 
works  of  Jovius.-^  Yet  it  would  be  a  mistake  to  represent 
our  author  as  in  any  sense  a  slavish  imitator  of  his  Italian 
contemporary.  Whenever  possible  he  controlled  and  sup- 
plemented Jovius  with  other  authorities,  and  with  his  own 
personal  knowledge,  thereby  showing  a  laudable  indepen- 

'   Cf.  Annals,  pp.  8,  86,  121. 

^  Text,  Anode  1514,11.23-30.  Jovius, ///j/.  jai  T(?>w/).  (Venice,  1572), 
vol.  i,  p.  301. 

^  Text,  Alios  de  1514,  1516,  1517, />«jjm,  and  Ano  de  1520,11.37-80. 
Jovius,  Hist,  sui  Temp.  i.  476-512  ;  Commentarius  Rerum  lurcicarum, 
chapter  on  Selim. 


THE  SOURCES  OF  THE  ANNALS      xxxv 

dence,  and  a  desire  to  utilize  all  available  sources  of  informa- 
tion, even  if  a  gain  in  accuracy  did  not  always  accompany 
them.     Two  instances  of  this  will  suffice. 

The  first  is  the  very  remarkable  story  which  Gomara 
tells  of  the  counsellor  and  friend  of  Soldan  Tuman  of 
Egypt,  whose  real  name  was  Algazeli,  but  whom  Jovius 
calls  '  Gazelle  ',  and  Gomara  '  El  Alguazil  '.^  The  facts 
about  this  man  seem  to  have  been  that  he  was  an  Austrian 
Slav  by  birth,  and  employed  from  his  youth  up  in  the 
service  of  Soldans  Kansu  and  Tuman.  By  his  courage, 
ability,  and  energy  the  invading  army  of  Selim  was  for  a 
brief  space  kept  at  bay,  but  finally  he  turned  traitor,  went 
over  to  the  Turks,  and  was  rewarded  by  Selim  after  the 
capture  of  Cairo  by  the  governorship  of  Syria  ;  only  to  be 
defeated  and  killed  three  years  later  in  an  attempt  to  raise  a 
revolt  against  Solyman  the  Magnificent.-  Jovius 's  account 
of  this  interesting  person  is  in  general  accord  with  these 
facts,^  but  Gomara 's  is  strangely  different.  He  represents 
Algazeli  as  a  Spaniard  born  in  Seville,  and  brought  as  a 
child  by  his  mother  on  a  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem,  where  he 
says  he  was  kidnapped  by  the  Soldan  and  made  into  a 
Mameluke.  He  follows  Jovius 's  account  of  Algazeli's  early 
resistance  to  Selim  s  invading  armies,  but  represents  him 
as  having  remained  the  loyal  adherent  of  Tuman  to  the  very 
end  ;  not  only  that,  but  asserts  that  he  spurned  Selim's 
offers  of  pardon  and  favour  after  Tuman 's  death,  escaped 
from  the  prison  in  which  vSelim  confined  him,  and  finally 
fled  to  Persia,  where  he  introduced  artillery,  and  advised 
the  Shah  to  use  Spanish  soldiers  in  his  armies,  and  to  make 
an  alliance  with  the  Emperor  Charles  V.  What  Gomara 's 
sources  for  this  story  were  I  have  been  wholly  unable  to 
ascertain.  It  does  not  seem  likely  that  he  invented  the  tale 
out  of  whole  cloth,  for  that  is  contrary  to  what  we  know  of 
the  man  and  his  methods ;  on  the  other  hand  it  would  be 
dangerous  to  set  up  his  story  as  accurate,  in  view  of  the 

'  Annals,  pp.  53-5,  Text,  Ano  de  1517,11.  143-220. 

^  Hammer,  Geschichte  des  Osmanischen  Retches,  ii.  495  ff.  ;  iii.  9  ff. 

*  Jovius,  Hist,  sui  'Temp.  i.  478-506  passim,  531. 

C  2 


xxxvi      THE  SOURCES  OF  THE  ANNALS 

overwhelming-  evidence  on  the  other  side.  It  seems 
probable,  on  the  whole,  that  he  was  describing  the  career 
of  some  other  man,  whom  some  chance  resemblance  of 
name  or  title  caused  him  to  confuse  with  Algazeli.  But 
the  whole  incident  is  noteworthy  as  indicating  that  Gomara 
tended,  whenever  possible,  to  trust  his  own  observation  and 
knowledge  and  even  hearsay  rather  than  rely  on  the  state- 
ments of  other  historians.  Sandoval  was  certainly  right  in 
characterizing  him  as  one  who  '  noted  down  all  he  saw 
and  heard  in  his  day  and  generation  '.^ 

The  other  instance  of  Gomara's  independence  of  Jovius  is 
even  more  striking,  and  far  more  to  the  credit  of  his  accu- 
racy and  determination  to  '  go  to  the  sources  '.  At  the  close 
of  his  long  account  of  the  rise  of  Ismail  Sophy  in  the  year 
1 500,  he  says  '  This  is  a  little  different  from  the  way  in 
which  Paul  Jovius,  the  diligent  historian  of  Turkish  affairs, 
recounts  it,  but  I  found  it  related  in  this  wise  in  a  book 
which  Hernando  Ruy  brought  from  Constantinople,  written 
in  manuscript,  and  taken  from  the  histories  of  that  part  of 
the  world'.-  After  considerable  investigation  concerning  the 
identity  of  this  other  '  book '  I  have  come  to  the  conclusion 
that  it  almost  certainly  was  nothing  else  than  the  Breve 
Narraiione  della  Vita  et  Fatii  del  Signor  Ussuncassano 
by  the  Italian  Giovan  Maria  Angiolello,^  or  if  not  that,  at 
least  some  compilation  which  had  been  practically  copied 
from  it.  In  the  first  place,  we  know  from  Ramusio's  preface 
to  that  work  that  Angiolello  was  in  the  employ  of  the 
Turks,*  a  fact  which  fits  in  well  with  Gomara's  statement 
that  the  book  which  was  the  source  of  his  information  was 
brought  from  Constantinople.  In  the  second,  there  are 
several  passages  in  Gomara's  story,  which  are  almost  iden- 
tical with  the  corresponding  ones  in  Angiolello.  Such,  for 
instance,  are  the  description  of  Ismail's  birth,  the  story  of 
his  capture  of  Piroso  or  Pucosco,  and  the  account  of  his 

^  Cf.  below,  p.  li.  ^  Annals,  p.  8. 

^  Printed  in  vol.  ii  of  Ramusio's  Navigationi  et  Fiaggi  [Wenice,  1583), 
IF.  65-78  :  and  (translated  into  English)  by  the  Hakluyt  Society  in  1873, 
in  Tra'vels  of  Fenetians  in  Persia. 

*  Ramusio,  ii.  65. 


THE  SOURCES  OF  THE  ANNALS    xxxvii 

exhuming  and  burning  the  bones  of  his  enemies  and  of 
putting  his  mother  to  death.^  Gomara,  as  has  been  already 
stated,  was  exceedingly  careful  not  to  incur  the  reputation 
of  being  a  plagiarist ;  the  passages  in  question  are  all  very 
short,  and  separated  from  one  another  by  phrases  of  his 
own ;  moreover,  they  are  arranged  in  a  different  order  from 
that  in  which  they  appear  in  the  other  book.  But,  within 
these  limits,  the  resemblances  are  so  close  that,  coupled 
with  our  author's  familiarity  with  Italians,  and  the  facts  that 
we  know  about  Angiolello,  they  create  a  strong  presumption 
in  favour  of  the  theory  that  Gomara  knew  and  utilized  this 
valuable  work. 

The  other  Italian  writers  specifically  cited  by  Gomara  are 
Bembo,  Giustiniani,  and  Guazzo :  he  merely  mentions  the 
years  in  which  their  books  were  completed  ;  and,  in  addi- 
tion, accords  to  Guazzo  a  rather  grudging  compliment  for 
the  industrious,  painstaking  quality  of  his  work.-  All  three 
were  in  print  during  our  author's  lifetime,  but  I  find  no 
evidence  that  he  utilized  them  to  any  considerable  extent. 
Of  Guicciardini's  great  book  he  seems  to  have  been  igno- 
rant, but  this  is  doubtless  explained  by  the  fact  that  no 
part  of  it  was  published  till  1561.  On  the  other  hand  there 
is  strong  evidence  that  he  was  familiar  with  Machiavelli, 
though  he  does  not  mention  him  by  name,  for  in  the  midst 
of  our  author's  characterization  of  Francis  I  there  occurs  a 
most  striking  passage,^  in  which  Gomara  summarizes  the 
arguments  of  the  great  Florentine  in  defence  of  breach  of 
plighted  faith,  as  contained  in  the  eighteenth  chapter  of  The 

'  Cf.  G6inara's  words  in  the  text,  Ar.o  de  1500,  11.  17 1-2,  15 1-3, 
161-4,  with  the  following  passages  in  Angiolello  as  printed  in  Ramusio, 
vol.  ii,  ff.  71-2  : 

'  Questo  Ismael,  quando  nacque,  venne  fuori  del  corpo  della  madre 
co'  pugni  chiusi  &  pieni  di  sangue.' 

'  Or  essendo  ragunati  li  detti  cinquecento  fanti  &  cavalli,  passarono 
un  fiume  grande,  che  va  alia  volta  di  Sumacchia  detto  Cur,  che  entra 
nel  mar  Caspio.' 

'  In  questo  conflitto  furon  morte  venti  mila  persone  :  egli  fece  poi 
trar  fuori  molte  ossa  delle  sepolture  de'  Signori  gia  morti,  &  fecele  ab- 
brusciare,  fece  rnorir  la  propria  madre.' 

'^  Annals,  pp.  39,  84,  147. 

^  Annnls,  p.  132,  and  Burd's  edition  of  //  Principe,  pp.  297-308. 


xxxviii    THE  SOURCES  OF  THE  ANNALS 

Prince^  and  then  refutes  them  in  characteristic  sixteenth- 
century  fashion.  Our  author  was  almost  certainly  in  Italy  at 
the  time  of  the  publication  of  that  work  (1532),  and  must 
have  realized  the  accuracy  of  Machiavelli's  description  of 
the  political  methods  of  the  successful  ruler  of  his  day 
and  generation  in  that  country.  Nothing,  however,  would 
induce  him  to  admit  that  the  Emperor  would  willingly 
descend  to  such  practices  as  the  Florentine  described ;  and, 
moreover,  like  a  large  number  of  subsequent  critics,  he 
tended  to  confuse  the  ideally  justifiable  and  the  actually 
existent,  and  to  make  the  mistake  of  estimating  The  Prince 
rather  as  an  exposition  of  the  one  than  as  a  delineation  of 
the  other. 

Gomara's  intimate  knowledge  of  Italy  and  of  Italian 
writers  is  really  one  of  the  most  interesting  and  significant 
features  of  his  book.  The  age  in  which  he  lived  saw  the 
literary  relations  of  Spain  and  Italy  at  their  closest.  The 
Spanish  language,  which  had  hitherto  been  regarded  in 
Italy  as  the  tongue  of  a  barbarian  people,^  was  rapidly 
coming  into  fashion  there,  and  being  taken  up  on  all  sides. 
On  the  other  hand,  Italian  works  and  Italian  authors 
flourished  in  the  Spain  of  Charles  V,  to  the  prejudice  of  the 
older  national  ones.  Politically,  too,  we  find  the  destinies 
of  the  two  nations  more  closely  interwoven  than  ever  before. 
To  the  ancient  Spanish  realms  in  Sicily  and  Naples  was  added 
Milan  in  1535  ;  at  the  north  and  the  south  the  peninsula  was 
ruled  by  Spain,  and  many  of  the  intermediate  states,  which 
maintained  theoretical  independence,  were  in  large  measure 
dominated  by  the  influence  of  the  foreigner.  On  the  other 
hand,  it  was  by  putting  into  practice  the  principles  of 
Italian  statecraft  that  Spain  had  sprung  forward  to  the 
leadership  of  Europe  ;  it  was  largely  by  Italian  soldiers  and 
Italian  statesmen  that  Spanish  military  and  diplomatic 
victories  had  been  gained ;  it  was  by  the  efforts  of  an  Italian 
that  Spain  had  become  mistress  of  the  New  World.    To  the 

^  Boccaccio  called  the  Castilians  *  semi-barbari  et  efferati  homines  *. 
Valla  spoke  of  the  Aragonese  as  '  a  studiis  humanitatis  abhorrentes ': 
Fitzmaurice-Kelly,  History  of  Spanish  Literature,  p.  131. 


THE  SOURCES  OF  THE  ANNALS     xxxix 

extent  of  this  Italian  literary  and  political  influence  on  Spain, 
and  also  to  that  of  the  Spanish  literary  and  political  influ- 
ence on  Italy,  the  career  and  writings  of  our  author  bear 
eloquent  tribute.  His  broad  outlook  on  men  and  events, 
his  brilliant  synthetical  power,  and  his  ability  to  distinguish 
the  important  from  the  unimportant,  differentiate  him 
sharply  and  very  honourably  from  the  vast  majority  of 
Spanish  chroniclers  of  his  time,  and  are  doubtless  largely 
traceable  to  his  Italian  experiences.  Yet,  on  the  other  hand, 
his  ineradicable  conviction  of  the  unquestioned  superiority 
of  Spain  to  all  other  nations  in  every  walk  of  life,  saved  him 
from  being  a  mere  imitator  and  plagiarist,  and  caused  him 
to  proclaim  the  glory  and  renown  of  his  native  land  at 
every  possible  opportunity. 

From  the  consideration  of  the  authorities  utilized  by 
Gomara  in  the  preparation  of  his  work,  we  now  pass  to  the 
not  less  interesting  problem  of  the  authors  who  in  turn 
made  use  of  him.  As  the  Annals  of  Charles  F  were  never 
printed  before,  we  cannot  be  surprised  at  finding  that  there 
are  not  many  of  these.  Of  course  the  number  of  manuscript 
copies  which  were  made  also  bears  on  this  point ;  and 
though  it  is  of  course  impossible  to  be  definite,  we  can 
fairly  say  that  the  available  evidence  tends  to  show  that 
there  were  but  very  few,  possibly  only  the  original  (which 
was  very  likely  lost)  and  the  two  seventeenth-century  copies 
in  the  Biblioteca  Nacional  at  Madrid  and  in  the  British 
Museum  in  London.  In  any  case  we  have  no  evidence 
that  Gomara's  work  was  known  to  any  writer  who  did  not 
have  access,  at  one  time  or  another,  to  the  different  archives 
at  the  Spanish  capital,  so  that  it  is  entirely  possible,  indeed 
we  may  fairly  say  probable,  that  the  various  authors  who 
are  known  to  have  taken  material  from  the  A  nnals^  utilized 
either  the  original,  or  else  one  or  the  other  of  the  two 
seventeenth-century  copies  now  extant,  both  of  which  were 
doubtless  made  at  Madrid. 

The  only  writers  that  I  have  been  able  to  discover  who 
unquestionably  made  use  of  Gomara's  A  nnals  are  Prudencio 


xl     THE  SOURCES  OF  THE  ANNALS 

de  Sandoval  ([560  ?-i62i),  Bishop  of  Pamplona,  whose 
well-known  Historia  de  la  Vida  y  Hechos  del  Einperador 
Carlos  Quinto  was  first  published  at  Valladolid  in  1604-6  ; 
Antonio  Siiarez  de  Alarcon,  whose  Commentarios  de  los 
Hechos  delSenor  Alarcon  was  put  forth  at  Madrid  in  1655  ; 
Jules  Chifflet,  the  Besan9on  historian  (1615-1676),  whose 
Aula  Sacra  Principum  Belgii  appeared  at  Antwerp  in 
1650;  and  Antonio  Ferrer  del  Rio,  the  well-known  writer 
and  academician  of  the  nineteenth  century.  Of  these  San- 
doval is  not  only  so  much  the  most  important,  but  also 
utilized  Gomara  to  so  much  the  greatest  extent,  that  we  can 
well  afford  to  dismiss  the  other  three  in  a  few  brief  words, 
in  order  to  concentrate  our  attention  upon  him. 

The  annotations  to  the  brief  characterization  of  Alarcon 
in  the  A  nnals  under  the  year  1 540  ^  will  serve  to  indicate 
the  use  made  of  Gomara  by  Antonio  Siiarez  de  Alarcon  in 
his  biography  of  his  illustrious  kinsman.  In  the  first  place 
he  quotes  with  literal  accuracy  six  lines  of  the  text,  as  it 
appears  in  the  manuscript  at  the  Biblioteca  Nacional  and  is 
transcribed  below,^  and  frankly  acknowledges  his  indebted- 
ness in  the  words,  '  Como  lo  escriue  el  Cronista  Francisco 
Lopez  de  Gomara  en  estas  palabras.'  In  addition  to  this 
Alarcon  summarizes  and  paraphrases  other  passages  from 
our  author's  characterization  of  his  hero  in  language  which 
clearly  denotes  the  source  from  which  they  were  derived ; 
in  fact  it  is  obvious  at  every  turn  that  he  regards  Gomara 
as  an  authority  of  importance,  though  on  several  occasions 
he  diverges  completely  from  the  story  which  the  latter  tells, 
and  follows  instead  such  authors  as  Zurita  and  Mariana,  as, 
for  instance,  when  he  states  that  it  was  by  the  Duke  of 
Ferrara  (instead  of  by  Ramon  de  Cardona  as  Gomara  has 
it)  that  the  Senor  Alarcon  was  captured  at  Ravenna,  and 
subsequently  liberated.^  It  was  also  from  Gomara  that 
Alarcon  learned  of  Jean  Bonchel's  work,  which  however  he 


^  Annals,  pp.  108-110  n. 

^  Text,  Ano  de  1540,  11.  47  to  53,  from  '  Tuvo  tambien'  to  'ellos  de 
Roma '. 
'  Alarc6n,  p.  172. 


THE  SOURCEvS  OF  THE  ANNALS  xH 

was  apparently  unable  to  find.^  In  regard  to  Chifflet's 
indebtedness  to  Gomara  even  less  remains  to  be  said.  In 
the  sixth  chapter  of  his  Atda  Sacra  Principuin  Belgii^ 
entitled  '  De  Protocapellanis  et  Archicapellanis  ',^  he  inserts, 
with  proper  acknowledgements,  a  Latin  translation  of  the 
story  told  by  Gomara  under  the  year  1 549,"  concerning  the 
quarrel  between  the  Canons  of  Valladolid  and  Pedro 
Manuel,  Archbishop  of  Santiago  and  principal  chaplain  to 
the  King.  Chifflet  was  in  Madrid  from  1648  to  1655  and 
had  access  to  the  libraries  there.  He  may  well  have  used 
the  Villaumbrosa  copy  of  Gomara's  work,  which,  as  has 
been  already  shown,  was  probably  the  one  that  is  now  at  the 
Biblioteca  Nacional.  We  have  already  mentioned  the  fact 
that  Chifflet  speaks  of  the  A  nnals,  not  by  that  name,  but  as 
Index  Historicus  Rertim  a  Carolo  Quint o  gestarum. 
Finally  Antonio  Ferrer  del  Rio  quotes  the  story  which 
Gomara  tells  under  the  year  1521  of  the  sheep  that  slew  the 
soldier,  in  a  footnote  to  the  twelfth  chapter  of  his  Historia 
del  Levantavtiento  de  las  Contunidades  de  Castilla.^ 
There  can  be  no  reasonable  doubt  that  he,  also,  utilized  the 
copy  of  the  A  nnals  which  has  been  transcribed  below. 

We  now  turn  to  the  much  more  important  and  significant 
topic  of  the  indebtedness  to  Gomara  of  Prudencio  de  San- 
doval, who  very  likely  had  access  to  the  original  manuscript 
of  the  Annals ;  in  any  event  we  may  be  certain  that  he  did 
not  use  either  of  the  copies  now  extant,  for  his  Historia  de 
Carlos  Qiiinto  was  written  many  years  before  they  were 
made.  In  the  first  place  it  is  interesting  to  notice  that 
Fran9ois  la  Mo  the  le  Vayer,  whose  Disc  ours  de  I'Histoire  ■' 
contains  an  exhaustive  criticism  of  Sandoval's  historical 
work  and  accuses  him  right  and  left  of  partiality  and  igno- 
rance, does  not  mention  plagiarism  as  one  of  his  faults. 
This  is  probably  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  literary 
theft  v/as  not  regarded  in  those  days  in  at  all  the  same  light 

^  Annals^  p.  no,  n.  5.  ^  Chifflet,  Aula  Sacra,  pp.  4C-1. 

^  Annals,  p.  143. 

■*  Annals,  p.  63  ;  Ferrer  del  Rio,  Historia  del  Le'vantamientn,  &c., 
pp. 321-2  n. 

^  La  Mothe  le  Vayer,  QLwvres,  i.  231-78. 


xlii  THE  SOURCES  OF  THE  ANNALS 

as  at  present ;  but  the  fact  remains  that  Sandoval's  work  is 
really  rather  a  compilation  from  various  authors,  plentifully 
interlarded  with  priceless  contemporary  documents,  than  a 
history  in  the  proper  sense  of  the  word.  Several  cases  of 
his  plagiarism  have  been  detected  by  other  writers ;  his 
thefts  from  Alonzo  de  Sanabria's  work  on  the  campaign  of 
Tunis  may  be  cited  as  an  example ;  ^  and  I  have  already 
called  attention  to  his  indebtedness  to  Gomara's  Cronica  de 
los  Barbarrqfas?  From  the  A  nnals^  however,  Sandoval 
has  taken  far  more  than  from  either  of  these  works — 
upwards  of  twenty-five  passages  in  all.  A  few  words  about 
the  most  important  of  these  passages,  and  the  probable 
circumstances  under  which  Sandoval  stole  them,  may  not 
be  superfluous. 

It  is  worth  mentioning  at  the  outset  that  Sandoval  was  at 
special  pains  to  conceal  the  identity  of  the  man  from  whom 
he  took  so  much.  In  only  one  of  the  many  cases  where  he 
copies  from  the  Annais  does  he  give  any  indication  that  the 
words  he  uses  are  not  his  own ;  and  in  that  one  case  he 
expressly  avoids  mentioning  Gomara  by  name.  The 
passage  in  question  is  that  in  which  our  author  tells  of  the 
man  who  was  able  to  go  for  fifteen  or  twenty  days  without 
food,  and  of  Pope  Clement's  remark  concerning  him  :  ^  it  is 
quoted  verbatim  et  liter atitn  by  Sandoval,  who  then  adds 
the  following  words :  '  Escrivio  estas  memorias  un  Espafiol 
curioso  que  noto  todo  lo  que  vio  y  oyo  en  sus  dias.'  ^  Cer- 
tainly no  better  description  of  Gomara  could  have  been  given 
than  this,  but  the  question  at  once  arises  why  Sandoval 
inserted  it,  instead  of  frankly  mentioning  the  name  of  the 
author,  as  he  did  in  one  of  the  cases  in  which  he  copied  from 
Sanabria.  There  can  be  no  reasonable  doubt  that  he  knew 
it :  even  if  the  copy  of  the  A  finals  which  he  used  (we  have 
seen  that  it  was  very  likely  the  original)  lacked  Gomara's 
name  at  the  beginning,  the  last  paragraph  of  the  year  1 5 1 1 

^  Cf.  E.  Cat.  Mission  Bibliographique  en  Espagne,  p.  61,  and  De  Rebus  a 
Carolo  Quinto  in  Africa  gestis,  p.  92.  ^  Cf.  ante,  pp.  xiv,  xv. 

*  Annals,  ^^.  90-1  ;  Text,  Ano  de  1531,11.  16-27. 

*  Sandoval,  Carlos  Quinto  (edition  of  168 1),  vol.  ii,  p.  104. 


THE  SOURCES  OF  THE  ANNALS         xliii 

must  necessarily  have  revealed  its  author's  identity.  It  is 
possible  that  Sandoval  concealed  Gomara's  name  simply  in 
order  to  prevent  the  detection  of  his  other  numerous  and 
totally  unacknowledged  thefts  from  him  ;  but  adherents  of 
this  view  must  explain  why  he  did  not  also  avoid  mention- 
ing the  names  of  other  authors  from  w^hom  he  copied,  as  for 
example,  that  of  Sanabria.  My  own  feeling  is  that  the  real 
reason  that  Sandoval  took  such  pains  to  avoid  revealing 
Gomara's  identity  was  that  the  latter  was  chiefly  known  as 
the  writer  of  a  book  which  had  been  formally  condemned 
by  the  government,  and  was  therefore  an  authority  with 
whom,  even  in  Sandoval's  time,  it  would  be  extremely 
dangerous  for  a  Royal  Chronicler  to  have  anything 
to  do. 

In  any  case  there  can  be  no  question  that  Sandoval  had  a 
copy  of  the  Annals  beside  him  when  he  wrote.  The  first 
clear  case  of  his  plagiarism  from  Gomara  is  the  story  of  the 
combat  between  the  eleven  Frenchmen  and  the  eleven 
Spaniards  at  Trani  in  the  year  1502  ;  ^  the  last  which  I  have 
been  able  to  discover  is  the  account  of  Prince  Philip's 
setting  up  his  Court  at  Valladolid  in  the  Burgundian  fashion 
in  the  year  1548;-  and  nearly  half  the  intervening  years 
contain  one  or  more  cases  of  a  similar  sort  (in  the  year  1 506 
there  are  four).  The  scale  of  Sandoval's  work  is  so  much 
larger  than  that  of  Gomara's,  that  the  former  was  not  always 
content  with  the  brief  entries  that  the  latter  made,  after  he 
had  got  to  the  heart  of  his  subject,  namely,  the  story  of  the 
Emperor's  career  after  the  time  when  the  death  of  Ferdinand 
the  Catholic  had  made  him  independent  ruler  of  the  Spanish 
realms.  It  is  for  the  early  years  of  Charles's  life,  during 
which  he  briefly  summarizes  the  events  of  the  last  years  of 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  that  Sandoval  makes  the  most 
frequent  use  of  Gomara ;  in  the  later  stages  copies  our 
author's  version  of  minor  events  of  local  interest  and  above 
all  his  characterizations,  as,  for  example,  those  of  Antonio 

^  Text,  Ano  de  1502, 11.  21-40  ;  Sandoval,  vol.  i,  p.  5. 
^  Text,  Ano  de  1548,  11.  32-48  ;  Sandoval,  vol.  ii,  p.  487. 


xliv         THE  SOURCES  OF  THE  ANNALS 

de  Leyva,  Henry  VIII,  or  Francis  I ;  ^  on  one  occasion  he 
steals  Gomara's  brief  note  on  the  Diet  of  Worms,  and 
incorporates  it  as  a  marginal  summary  on  the  edge  of  the 
page,  and  then,  strangely  enough,  gives  a  detailed  account 
of  the  same  event  in  the  main  text,  which  omits  one  of  the 
events  noted  in  the  marginal  summary.'-^ 

As  an  example  of  Sandoval's  plagiarism  from  Gomara  it 
will  suffice  to  print  in  parallel  columns  the  paragraphs  in 
which  both  authors  describe  the  character  and  deeds  of 
Pope  Adrian  VI. ^  This  will  serve  as  a  very  fair  example  ; 
the  two  texts  are  neither  more  nor  less  close  to  one  another 
than  they  are  in  the  large  majority  of  similar  cases,  which 
are  cited  in  the  accompanying  footnote.* 

^  Text,  Ano  de  1536,  11.  21-60  ;  Sandoval,  vol.  ii,  p.  232.  Text,  Alio 
de  1547,  11.  49-92  ;  Sandoval,  vol.  ii,  pp.  470-1.  Text,  Alio  de  1547, 
11.  93-170  ;  Sandoval,  vol.  ii,  p.  440. 

-  Text,  Alio  de  152 1,  11.  27-9  ;  Sandoval,  vol.  i,  p.  379. 

^  Text,  Alio  de  1523,  11.  26-43  J  Sandoval,  vol.  i,  p.  436. 

^  Other  obvious  cases  of  Sandoval's  plagiarism  from  G6mara  may  be 
found  by  comparing  the  following  passages  :  Text,  Ano  de  1503, 11.  15- 
27,  and  Sandoval,  vol.  i,  p.  8  ;  Text,  Ano  de  1504,  11.  21-60;  Sandoval, 
vol.  i,  p.  9 ;  Text,  Aiio  de  1506,  11.  1-9,  and  Sandoval,  vol.  i,  p.  10; 
Text,  Ano  de  1506,  11.  10-17,  and  Sandoval,  vol.  i,  p.  10;  Text,  Ano 
de  1506,  11.  27-44,  ^nd  Sandoval,  vol.  i,  p.  n  ;  Text,  Ano  de  1506, 
11.  54-65,  and  Sandoval,  vol.  i,  p.  12  ;  Text,  Ano  de  151 1,  H.  42-6,  and 
Sandoval,  vol.  i,  p.  22  ;  Text,  Aiio  de  151 2,  11.  1-4,  and  Sandoval, 
vol.  i,  p.  26  ;  Text,  Ano  de  1518,  11.  3-9,  and  Sandoval,  vol.  i,  p.  loi  ; 
Text,  Ano  de  15 19,  11.  39-47,  and  Sandoval,  vol.  i,  p.  102  ;  Text,  Ano 
de  1522,  11.  5-12,  and  Sandoval,  vol.  i,  p.  360  ;  Text,  Aiio  de  1526, 11.  79- 
107,  and  Sandoval,  vol.  i,  pp.  565-6;  Text,  Ano  de  1526,  11.  146-51, 
and  Sandoval,  vol.  i,  p.  607  ;  Text,  Alio  de  1529,  11.  28-97,  and  Sandoval, 
vol.  ii,  pp.  77-8  ;  Text,  Ano  de  1532,  II.  29-35,  and  Sandoval,  vol.  ii, 
p.  117;  Text,  Alio  de  1543,  11.  60-109,  and  Sandoval,  vol.  ii,  pp.  343-4; 
Text,  Alio  de  1548,  11,  21-7,  and  Sandoval,  vol.  ii,  pp.  489-90.  In  some 
of  these  cases  Sandoval  has  inserted  passages  of  his  own  between  the 
sentences  he  has  copied  from  G6mara  ;  more  often  he  follows  his  model 
very  closely.  I  have  looked  carefully  but  unsuccessfully  for  evidence 
that  G6mara  and  Sandoval  were  both  copying  from  a  common  source. 
On  several  occasions  Sandoval  takes  from  G6mara  passages  that  G6mara 
has  taken  from  Berndldez  or  other  authors  —as,  for  example,  the  story 
of  the  miraculous  monster  born  in  Ravenna  in  1512  (Text,  Anode  151 2, 
11.  1-4  ;  Berndldez,  cap.  ccxxviii ;  Sandoval,  vol.  i,  p.  26) ;  but  in  all 
such  cases  Sandoval  is  so  much  closer  to  G6mara  than  he  is  to  the 
original,  or  than  G6mara  (who  paraphrases  rather  than  plagiarizes)  is 
to  the  original,  that  there  can  be  little  question  as  to  the  immediate 
source  of  Sandoval's  information. 


THE  SOURCES  OF  THE  ANNALS 


xlv 


G6mara 

'Muere  el  Papa  Adriano 
sexto,  que  no  mudo  nombre. 
Era  olandes  y  dean  de 
Louayna  q''"  el  Emp"""  Maxi- 
miliano  lo  hi90  maestro  de 
Carlos  su  nieto,  por  hombre 
docto  y  bueno.  Vino  a  Es- 
pana  por  embaxador  al  Rey 
Catholico  sobre  la  gouerna- 
cion  de  Castilla,  y  a  tomar 
posesion  del  reyno  por  don 
Carlos.  Fue  gouernador  de 
Castilla  y  obispo  de  Tortosa. 
Mormuran  de  el  porque  no 
se  desemboluio  como  sus 
antecessores,  y  aun  porque 
afeo  a  los  cardenales  sus 
vicios  y  pages,  y  por  que  no 
socorrio  a  Rodas.  No  quiso 
absoluer  a  los  que  saquearon 
a  Genoua  ni  pasar  el  arcobis- 
pado  de  Toledo  en  Don 
Jorge  de  Austria,  hijo  bas- 
tardo  del  Emperador  Alaxi- 
miliano,  acordandose  que  las 
comonidades  se  quexaron 
que  lo  fuese  Guillen  de  Croy. 
Dio  al  Emp"""  Carlos  la 
gouernacion  y  administra- 
cion  perpetua  de  los  maes- 
trasgos  de  Castl-^,  como  a 
Rey  de  Espana,  y  quito  el 
tributo  de  Napoles  para 
siempre,  y  hi90  en  su  fauor 
otras  cosas.' 


Sandoval 

'  Este  aiio  a  i8.  de  Setiem- 
bre  murio  Adriano  Papa  Vl. 
deste  nombre.  Ya  he  dicho 
como  era  Olandes,  y  que  fue 
Dean  de  Lobayna,  quando 
el  Imperador  Maximiliano  le 
hizo  maestro  de  Carlos  su 
nieto,  por  ser  hombre  doto 
y  bueno.  Vino  a  Espana 
por  Embaxador  al  Rey 
Catholico,  sobre  la  gouerna- 
cion de  Castilla,  y  a  tomar 
la  possession  del  Reyno  por 
Don  Carlos.  Fue  Governa- 
dor  de  Castilla,  y  Obispo  de 
Tortosa.  Murmuraron  del, 
porque  no  se  desembolvio, 
como  sus  antecessores,  y  aun 
porque  afeo  a  los  Cardenales 
sus  vicios  y  pages,  y  porque 
no  socorrio  a  Rodas.  No 
quiso  absolver  a  los  que 
saquearo;/  a  Genova,  ni 
passar  el  Argobispado  de 
Toledo  a  Don  Jorge  de 
Austria,  hijo  bastardo  del 
Emperador  Maximiliano, 
acorda/^dose  que  las  Comuni- 
dades  se  quexaron  que  lo 
fuesse  Guillen  de  Croy.  Dio 
al  Emperador  Carlos,  como 
a  Rey  de  Espana,  la  ad- 
ministracion  perpetua  de  los 
Maestrazgos  de  Castilla,  y 
quitole  el  tributo  de  Napoles 
para  siempre,  y  hizo  en  su 
favor  otras  cosas.' 


xlvi    MERITS  AND  DEFECTS  OF  THE  ANNALS 

V 

The  Merits  and  Defects  of  the  Annals 

It  is  now  time  for  us  to  turn  from  our  examination  of  the 
authorities  which  Gomara  used  in  preparing  his  Annals, 
and  of  those  who  in  turn  made  use  of  him,  to  a  scrutiny  of 
the  Annals  themselves,  their  merits  and  defects,  the  extent 
to  which  they  may  be  trusted,  and  the  sort  of  information 
which  they  may  reasonably  be  expected  to  afford. 

The  chief  defects  of  Q6m.2iT2Cs  Annals  are,  first,  a  strongly 
partisan  standpoint,  and,  secondly,  considerable  inaccuracy 
and  carelessness  in  detail.  Of  the  first  there  is  ample  and 
often  very  amusing  evidence  on  almost  every  page.  Usually 
it  takes  the  form  of  comparisons  between  Spanish  and 
foreign  sovereigns  or  between  Spanish  and  foreign  soldiers, 
in  which  the  infinite  superiority  of  the  former  is  upheld 
with  such  vigour  and  frankness  that  the  unwariest  of  readers 
would  never  be  deluded  into  thinking  that  he  was  perusing 
the  work  of  a  non-partisan ;  and  the  evils  incident  to  a 
biased  attitude  are  thus  in  large  measure  obviated.  Such  are 
the  parallels  between  Charles  V  and  Francis  I,  which  are 
inserted  in  the  characterization  of  the  latter ;  ^  such  is  the 
incidental  emphasis  laid  on  the  superior  power  and  valour 
of  the  vSpanish  veterans  in  the  account  of  the  battle  of 
Ravenna  or  in  the  story  of  the  movements  of  the  armies 
about  Landrecies;  ^  such  are  the  last  words  of  the  descrip- 
tion of  the  combat  between  the  thirteen  Frenchmen  and  the 
thirteen  Italians  in  1502.^  Gomara  is  of  course  equally 
frank  in  his  hostility  to  heresy  ;  from  the  very  first  pages  of 
his  book  in  which  he  dilates  on  the  happy  state  of  Germany 
before  the  advent  of  Martin  Luther,*  to  the  extremely  racy 
characterization  of  the  Saxon  reformer  in  1546,^  he  leaves 
no  room  for  doubt  on  that  point.  Incidentally,  it  is  inter- 
esting to  observe  how  closely  Gomara's  account  of  Luther's 
early   life,   conversion,   marriage,   and    subsequent    career 

^  Annals,  pp.  131-2.  -  Ibid.,  pp.  32  and  1 15-17. 

'  Ibid.,  p.  II.  *  Ibid.,  p.  2.  '  Ibid.,  pp.  125-6. 


MERITS  AND  DEFECTS  OF  THE  ANNALS   xlvii 

tallies  with  that  given  in  the  typical  Catholic  histories  of  the 
Protestant  Reformation  which  appeared  in  the  sixteenth  and 
seventeenth  centuries  ;  there  is  really  very  little  difference, 
for  example,  between  his  story  and  that  of  the  French 
Jesuit  Louis  Maimbourg,  who  wrote  in  1681.^  Such  parti- 
sanship as  this,  however,  is  common  to  the  vast  majority  of 
sixteenth-century  writers,  and  carries  its  own  refutation  with 
it ;  indeed,  no  reasonable  being  would  expect  to  find  any- 
thing else  in  a  book  produced  at  the  time  and  under  the 
circumstances  of  Gomara's.  More  serious  by  far  is  our 
author's  occasional  habit  of  sliding  rapidly  over,  if  not 
entirely  omitting,  events  which  tell  against  the  persons  whom 
he  desires  to  extol.  The  first  three  paragraphs  of  the  year 
1552,  for  instance,  would  not  give  the  casual  reader  the 
least  notion  of  the  completeness  of  the  overthrow  of  the 
Imperial  power  in  Germany  that  was  accomplished  by 
Maurice  of  Saxony  ;  ^  and  the  account  of  the  murder  of  Pier 
Luigi  Farnese  in  1547  fails  to  give  the  slightest  hint  that 
Charles  authorized  the  insurrection  which  brought  about 
that  tragic  result.''  Occasionally,  too,  a  fact  is  misstated  or 
overstated  apparently  for  a  deliberate  purpose.  The  last 
paragraph  of  the  year  1520  would  indicate  that  a  Spaniard 
rather  than  a  Portuguese  led  the  first  expedition  which  put 
a  girdle  around  the  globe,*  while  the  bald  entry  which 
avers  that  Bourbon  undertook  to  sack  Rome  and  capture 
the  Pope  on  his  own  responsibility  ('  de  su  caueca ')  ^  is 
obviously  intended  to  convey  the  rather  erroneous  impres- 
sion that  Charles  was  guiltless  of  all  blame  and  even  of 
blameworthy  intentions  in  connexion  with  that  outrage. 
The  Emperor  might  well  have  exclaimed,  in  regard  to 
Gomara's  book,  as  he  did  on  reading  the  commentaries  of 
Avila  y  Zuniga,  '  Alexander's  achievements  surpassed  mine, 
but  he  was  less  fortunate  in  his  chronicler.'  ^ 

Various  instances  of  inaccuracy  of  statement,  quite  apart 
from  the  question  of  bias  and  partisanship,  may  also  be 

'  Histoire  du  Lutheranisme,  Livres  I  et  II.  -  Amtals,  p.  147. 

'  Ibid.,  p.  135,  *  Ibid.,  p.  62.  ''  Ibid.,  p.  79. 

*■'  Fitzmaurice-Kelly,  History  of  Spanish  Literature,  p.  156. 


xlvili  MERITS  AND  DEFECTS  OF  THE  ANNALS 

found  throughout  Gomara's  work.  In  two  places,  and  in 
two  places  only,  does  he  seem  to  have  gone  completely  off 
the  track  ;  and  both  of  them  are  concerned  with  events  of 
which  our  author  can  have  had  no  personal  knowledge. 
The  first,  already  mentioned  in  another  connexion,  is  the 
strangely  improbable  story  of  Algazeli  (or  '  el  Alguazil 
Espariol ',  as  Gomara  calls  him)  in  the  year  1517,^  which  is  in 
flat  contradiction  of  all  the  other  accounts  of  that  personage 
which  have  come  down  to  us ;  the  second  is  the  hopelessly 
incorrect  statement  concerning  the  sons  of  Solyman  the 
Magnificent,  contained  in  the  next  to  the  last  paragraph  of 
the  year  1 548.'^  No  other  deviations  from  established  fact, 
comparable  to  these,  disfigure  the  book.  Of  course,  impos- 
sible stories  occasionally  crop  out  concerning  the  birth  of 
miraculous  monsters  ^'  or  the  appearance  of  bearded  Tritons 
in  the  sea ;  *  these,  however,  are  but  an  evidence  of  the 
credulity  of  the  time,  and  do  not  seriously  affect  the 
historical  validity  of  the  work  as  a  whole.  The  same  may 
also  be  said  concerning  the  somewhat  imaginary  begin- 
nings of  the  genealogies  given  in  the  year  1517;^  and  in 
comparison  with  those  given  in  Sandoval's  great  work, 
which  was  written  half  a  century  later,  they  deserve  to  be 
regarded  as  scientific.  Quite  apart,  however,  from  these 
serious  mistakes,  and  occasional  evidences  of  sixteenth - 
century  superstition,  the  Annals  are  disfigured  by  a 
number  of  minor  errors  of  fact  and  arrangement,  which  can 
be  detected  on  almost  every  page,  A  few  words  remain  to 
be  said  in  regard  to  the  nature,  significance,  and  possible 
origin  of  these. 

A  number  of  them  are  unquestionably  to  be  attributed  to 
mere  carelessness.  It  is,  for  example,  certainly  carelessness, 
and  not  ignorance,  that  is  responsible  for  the  statement  that 
Henry  VIII  was  King  of  England  in  1500,  especially  as  the 
death  of  his  father  is  correctly  placed  in  1 509.^  Such  errors 
as  the  substitution  of  twenty-five  for  fifteen  years  as  the  age 

^  Annals,  pp.  53-5.  ''■  Ibid.,  p.  141.  ^  Ibid.,  p.  32. 

''  Ibid.,  p.  90.  "  Ibid.,  pp.  48-50,  ^  Ibid.,  pp.  3  and  26. 


MERITS  AND  DEFECTS  OF  THE  ANNALS  xlix 

of  Arthur  Prince  of  Wales  at  the  time  of  his  death/  or  the 
placing  of  the  death  of  Servetus  at  Basel  instead  of  Geneva,^ 
are  also  to  be  attributed  to  a  similar  cause.  Carelessness 
too,  rather  than  ignorance,  is  the  most  likely  explanation  of 
the  numerous  cases  in  which  events  have  been  recorded 
under  years  where  they  do  not  belong :  typical  instances  of 
this  are  the  battle  of  Sievershausen,  which  was  fought  on 
July  9,  1553,  but  is  placed  in  the  Annals  in  1555  ;  ^  and 
the  death  of  Catharine  of  Aragon,  which  took  place  in 
1536,  but  is  set  down  under  the  year  1535.*  The 
worst  case  of  this  sort,  however,  occurs  in  the  years 
1520-3.  Nearly  all  the  events  recorded  in  the  last  nine 
paragraphs  of  the  year  1520  ^  really  took  place  in  the  years 
1521,  1522,  or  1523.  The  concentration  of  the  worst  of 
these  errors  of  dating  at  one  point  tempts  one  to  try  to 
place  the  blame  for  them  on  the  scribe  who  made  the  copy 
which  has  been  transcribed  below,  rather  than  on  Gomara. 
The  leaves  of  the  original  manuscript  might  well  have  been 
misplaced  or  turned  over  by  accident  at  the  time  that  the 
copy  was  being  made,  and  the  scribe  thus  caused  to  place 
a  number  of  items  in  the  wrong  year  without  realizing  it. 
The  trouble  with  this  theory  is  that  the  British  Museum 
copy  errs  in  precisely  the  same  way  as  does  the  Madrid 
one,  so  that  we  are  driven  to  conclude  that  the  fault  lay 
with  the  original,  unless,  perchance,  the  two  copies  at 
present  extant  be  merely  copies  of  an  earlier  copy,  and  not 
copies  of  Gomara's  own  work :  if  we  proceed  on  this 
hypothesis  it  is  still  possible  to  acquit  our  author  of  some 
share  of  the  blame.  His  defence  against  the  charge  of 
occasional  inaccuracy  in  dating  events  is,  however,  at  best 
only  very  weak ;  and,  moreover,  the  last  sentence  of  the 
first  paragraph  of  the  Annals^  in  which  he  proclaims  his 
intention  of  avoiding  the  responsibilities  incident  on  under- 
taking to  state  the  exact  days  and  months  at  which  events 
occurred,  looks  very  much  as  if  he  realized  that  chronology 
was  not  his  strong  point. 

^  Annals,  p.  10.  '^  Ibid.,  p.  125.  '  Ibid.,  p.  155. 

*  Ibid.,  p.  100.  ^  Ibid.,  p.  62. 

1366  d 


1      MERITS  AND  DEFECTS  OF  THE  ANNALS 

One  other  form  of  inaccuracy  which  disfigures  the  Annals 
remains  to  be  noticed,  and  here,  also,  it  seems  impossible 
to  avoid  placing  the  bulk  of  the  blame  upon  the  author. 
We  occasionally  find  events  which  bear  a  more  or  less 
intimate  relation  to  one  another  placed  in  the  text  in  the 
inverse  order  to  that  in  which  they  actually  occurred,  so 
that  the  real  connexion  between  them  does  not  appear.  The 
marriage  of  Ferdinand  the  Catholic  and  Germaine  de  Foix, 
arranged  in  1505  and  celebrated  in  March,  1506,  was 
principally  intended  to  strengthen  Ferdinand  against  his 
son-in-law  Phihp:  it  took  place  more  than  a  month  before 
Philip  and  Joanna  arrived  in  Spain.  By  placing  it,  as  the 
Annals  do,  not  only  after  the  arrival  of  Philip  and  Joanna, 
but  also  after  the  death  of  the  former  (Sept.  25,  1506), 
the  significance  of  the  event  is  in  large  measure  lost.* 
Similarly,  in  the  year  1532,  it  is  most  misleading  to  find  the 
account  of  Solyman's  retreat  from  Austria  inserted  before 
the  account  of  the  heroic  defence  of  Giins,  whose  magnifi- 
cent resistance  was  one  of  the  principal  causes  that  induced 
the  Sultan  to  retire.^  Of  course,  no  reasonable  person  would 
go  to  a  sixteenth-century  historian  for  an  extended  discus- 
sion of  the  underlying  causes  and  connexion  of  con- 
temporary events ;  but  an  accurate  statement  of  their 
sequence  can  fairly  be  expected,  and  Gomara's  frank  avowal 
that  he  did  not  propose  '  to  put  down  anything  more  than 
the  year  in  which  events  occurred '  can  scarcely  acquit  him 
of  culpable  negligence  in  this  respect.  It  is  but  fair  to 
add,  however,  that  lapses  of  this  sort  are  of  infrequent 
occurrence. 

Many  of  the  special  merits  of  the  Annals  have  been 
already  incidentally  discussed  in  the  foregoing  pages,  and 
it  does  not  seem  worth  while  to  repeat  them  here ;  the 
acquaintance  with  contemporary  writers,  and  the  knowledge 
of  Italy  and  Italians  which  they  display,  may  be  mentioned 
by  way  of  a  reminder.^     At  the  beginning  of  any  general 

*  Annals,  p.  19.  "^  Ibid.,  pp.  91,  92. 

^  Cf.  ante,  pp.  xxvi-xxxix. 


MERITS  AND  DEFECTS  OF  THE  ANNALS     li 

discussion  of  the  good  points  of  the  present  work  one  is 
tempted  to  quote  once  more  Sandoval's  admirable  characteri- 
zation of  our  author — '  Escrivio  estas  memorias  un  Espaiiol 
curioso  que  noto  todo  lo  que  vio  y  oyo  en  sus  dias '. 
Gomara  was  himself  present,  saw  with  his  own  eyes,  indeed 
played  a  minor  part  in  many  of  the  events  which  this  book 
records.  He  was,  in  other  words,  essentially  a  man  of  the 
world,  a  man  of  action.  This  merit,  however,  was  by  no 
means  exceptional  among-  the  historians  of  the  sixteenth 
century  ;  on  the  contrary,  a  large  majority  of  them  had  some 
personal  experience  of  the  events  they  described.  The 
remarkable  thing  about  Gomara  is  that  he  coupled  his 
practical  experience  of  men  and  affairs  with  a  most  unusual 
literary  training,  and  a  wide  and  intimate  knowledge  of 
books  and  authors.  '  Er  verleugnet  nirgends  seine  hohere 
Bildung,'  as  a  modern  German  critic,  judging  solely  from 
the  Historia  General  de  las  Indias  and  the  Cronica  de  los 
Barbarroj'as^  has  rightly  said ;  ^  and  it  will  be  readily  admitted 
that  the  numerous  pithy  comments  in  the  Annals  concern- 
ing contemporary  historians  and  their  work  serve  materially 
to  strengthen  this  verdict.  In  this  double  equipment,  of 
practical  experience  and  literar}-  training,  lies  one  of 
Gomara's  chief  claims  to  our  attention  :  it  was  possessed  in 
equal  measure  by  very  few  of  his  contemporaries,  and  it  is 
evident  to  a  far  greater  degree  in  the  Actuals  than  in  any 
of  his  other  works.  One  feels  at  every  turn  that  one  is 
dealing  with  an  educated  man  in  the  best  sense  of  the  word, 
in  whom  both  the  practical  and  scholarly  sides  had  been 
given  free  play,  but  neither  suffered  to  develop  at  the 
expense  of  the  other. 

Some  of  the  more  striking  evidences  of  the  breadth  of 
interest  and  keenness  of  intelligence  developed  by  Gomara's 
unusual  training  deserve  special  attention.  Prominent 
among  them  are  the  numerous  passages  devoted  to  economic 
topics,  on  which  our  author's  shrewd  comments  are  the 
more  remarkable  in  that  the  typical  Spaniard—  especially 
the  typical  Spanish  cleric — of  that  epoch  is  usually  repre- 
^  Fueter,  Geschichte  der  neueren  Historiographie,  p.  299. 


lii    MERITS  AND  DEFECTS  OF  THE  ANNALS 

sented  as  having  been  absolutely  blind  to  developments  of 
that  nature.  Such  passages  as  that  which  records  Sultan 
Selim's  expression  of  amazement  that  the  Jews  should  have 
been  driven  out  of  Castile,  since  such  action  was  equivalent 
to  driving  out  wealth,^  or  the  paragraph  which  describes 
the  efforts  and  failure  of  the  officials  of  the  Royal  Council  of 
Castile  to  discover  how  and  by  whom  gold  was  being  taken 
out  of  the  realm,^  reveal  an  inquisitiveness  and  intelligence 
in  regard  to  the  causes  of  material  prosperity  which  one 
would  not  naturally  look  for  in  a  man  of  Gomara's  ante- 
cedents. Significant  in  the  same  connexion  are  his  notice 
of  Francis  I's  edict  of  1532  (which  he  erroneously  places 
in  1531^}  providing  that  grain  be  sold  only  in  the  regular 
markets,  in  order  to  prevent  excessive  prices  from  being 
charged  for  it,  his  mention  of  the  prohibition  of  the  circula- 
tion of  the  small  copper  coinage  of  Beam  in  France  and  in 
Castile  in  1538,*  and  his  account  of  the  way  in  which  King 
Henry  of  France  increased  the  value  of  money  in  his  king- 
dom, in  order  that  it  should  not  be  taken  out  of  the  realm  but 
rather  come  in  to  him  from  foreign  lands.  ^  Most  important 
of  all,  however,  are  Gomara's  discussion  of  the  general  rise  of 
prices  which  occurred  towards  the  middle  of  the  century, 
and  his  shrewd  guess  at  its  probable  cause.  Under  the 
year  1548  he  gives  a  list  of  commodities  and  the  prices 
which  they  brought  at  that  time,  which  he  describes  as 
higher  than  any  that  Castile  had  ever  known  before ;  ®  and 
at  the  beginning  of  his  book  he  offers  a  possible  explanation 
of  the  phenomenon.  Speaking  of  the  condition  of  Spain  in 
1500  he  contrasts  it  with  that  which  pertained  a  half- 
century  later,  and  closes  with  the  statement  that  '  there  is  a 
great  difference  between  that  time  and  this  in  many  things, 
as  for  example  in  dress,  in  expense,  and  in  the  price  of 
commodities,  caused,  in  my  judgment,  by  the  great  quantity 
of  silver  and  gold  which  has  come  to  us  from  the  Indies  'J 
This  expression  of  opinion  is  highly  significant ;  for  it  dis- 
poses of  the  generally  accepted  notion  that  Jean  Bodin  was  the 

^  yinnals,  p.  56.  "^  Ibid.,  p.  143.  ^  Ibid.,  p.  90. 

*  Ibid.,  p.  105.       ^  Ibid.,  p.  144.       *  Ibid.,  pp.  138-9.       ''  Ibid.,  p.  2. 


MERITS  AND  DEFECTS  OF  THE  ANNALS     liii 

first  man  to  enunciate  the  theory  that  the  influx  of  American 
gold  and  silver  was  the  primary  cause  of  the  rise  of  prices  in 
the  sixteenth  century.^  Bodin's  views  on  this  topic  are  to  be 
found  in  his  treatise,  Reponse  aux  paradoxes  de  M.  Males- 
troit  touchant  le  fait  des  monnaies  et  l' encherissement  de 
toutes  choses,  published  in  1568,  and  in  his  later  work,  De 
Republica  (Book  VI,  chapter  ii),  published  in  1576 ;  Gomara's 
Annals  antedate  the  first  of  these  two  works  by  at  least  a 
decade.  It  is  highly  improbable  that  the  Frenchman  was 
acquainted  with  our  author's  work,  and  much  more  likely  that 
he  arrived  at  his  own  conclusions  independently ;  but  the  fact 
that  a  Spanish  priest  saw  the  true  state  of  affairs  and  stated 
it  at  least  as  early  as  1558  is  interesting  evidence  either 
that  the  economic  incompetence  of  the  sixteenth-century 
Spaniard  has  been  grossly  exaggerated,  or  else  that  Gomara 
stood  head  and  shoulders  above  the  mass  of  his  contem- 
poraries in  his  knowledge  and  interest  in  this  particular 
field.  Both  these  alternatives  may  well  have  some  measure 
of  truth  in  them. 

Other  evidences  of  the  peculiar  qualifications  as  a  historian 
which  Gomara's  wide  and  varied  training  gave  him  are 
afforded  by  the  brilliancy  of  his  descriptions,  his  extra- 
ordinary ability  to  summarize  a  difficult  and  complicated 
story  in  a  few  well-chosen  sentences,  his  keenness  in 
grasping  the  essential  things,  and  the  cosmopolitanism  and 
universaHty  of  his  interests.  His  characterization  of  Martin 
Luther  ^  has  already  been  mentioned  in  another  connexion  ; 
however  biased  it  may  be,  there  can  be  no  question  of  its 
vividness  and  realism.  That  of  Henry  VHP  is  in  some 
respects  even  more  brilliant.  It  would  be  impossible  to 
construct  in  equal  space  a  better  summary  of  the  causes  of 
the  Revolt  of  the  Castilian  Comuneros  than  that  given 
under  the  year  1520;'*  not  a  word  is  wasted,  and  no 
essential  element  is  left  out.  Moreover,  Gomara's  selection 
of  the  events  to  be  described  in  his  book  will  be  found,  on 

^  Cf,  G,  Wiebe,  Zur  Geschichte  der  Preisre-volution  des  XFI.  und  XVII. 
Jahrhunderts,  pp.  187-8. 

■^  jinnah,  p.  125.  ^  ibid.,  p.  129.  *■  Ibid.,  p.  58. 


liv     MERITS  AND  DEFECTS  OF  THE  ANNALS 

the  whole,  to  justify  itself  according  to  sixteenth,  if  not 
according-  to  twentieth-century  standards.  Too  much 
emphasis  is  doubtless  laid  on  military  events  and  on  the 
deeds  of  Spanish  heroes ;  too  little  on  the  internal  develop- 
ment of  foreign  nations,  notably  of  England  and  of  the 
Empire ;  the  underlying  causes  of  great  movements  and 
great  events  are  often  not  explained,  and  sometimes  not 
even  hinted  at.  But,  on  the  other  hand,  it  must  be  remem- 
bered that  the  art  of  writing  history  was  at  that  time  only 
just  beginning  to  revive  ;  and  in  spite  of  all  their  faults,  the 
Annals  present  a  general  picture  of  a  most  critical  and  com- 
plicated period  of  the  world's  history,  to  which  it  would  be 
exceedingly  difficult  to  find  a  parallel,  either  contemporary 
or  modern,  of  equal  range  and  similar  bulk.  Their  cosmo- 
politanism is  perhaps  their  most  remarkable  feature ;  it 
speaks  for  itself  and  needs  no  additional  emphasis  here.  It 
shows,  beyond  the  peradventure  of  a  doubt,  how  great  and 
far-reaching  was  the  change  which  had  come  over  Spain 
under  the  reigns  of  the  Emperor  and  of  the  Catholic  Kings ; 
how,  from  a  state  of  comparative  isolation  from  the  affairs 
of  the  outside  world,  she  suddenly  sprang  forward  to  the 
leadership  of  Christendom,  and  began  to  carry  her  conquests, 
her  civilization,  and  her  religion  to  the  uttermost  confines  of 
the  earth. 

Perhaps,  after  all,  the  greatest  value  of  these  Annals  for 
us  to-day  lies  not  so  much  in  the  facts  they  contain  as  in 
the  light  they  incidentally  cast  on  the  outlook,  ideals,  and 
aspirations  of  the  intelligent  Spaniard  of  the  middle  of 
the  sixteenth  century.  The  most  difficult  and  important 
problem  of  Spanish  history  is  that  presented  by  the  nation's 
sudden  disintegration,  coming  so  swiftly  on  the  heels  of  her 
greatest  period  of  glory.  What  were  the  real  causes  of  the 
change,  and  when  precisely  did  the  scale  begin  to  turn  } 
Despotism  of  a  peculiarly  harmful  sort,  economic  mistakes, 
religious  intolerance,  the  burdens  of  an  overloaded  pro- 
gramme and  of  distant  foreign  possessions,  have  all  been 
made  to  bear  their  share  of  responsibility  for  the  catastrophe, 
and  the  majority  of  modern  writers  agree  they  were  all  in 


MERITS  AND  DEFECTS  OF  THE  ANNALS     Iv 

operation,  to  an  extent  at  least,  as  early  as  the  period  in 
which  Gomara  wrote.  But  the  A  nnals  are  surely  the  work 
of  a  man  who  devoutly  believes  in  the  destiny  of  his  people. 
Of  the  various  clouds  on  her  political  horizon  only  one,  the 
economic,  is  faintly  visible  to  him :  in  other  respects  his 
standpoint  is  frankly  optimistic.  The  foreign  dynasty 
which  rules  the  Spanish  realms  commands  his  loyalty  and 
respect.  Make  all  possible  allowance  for  his  desire  to  flatter 
the  Emperor,  and  there  can  really  be  no  doubt  on  this  point. 
Loss  of  national  independence  has  been  more  than  atoned 
for  in  his  eyes  by  vast  increase  of  power  and  prestige ;  the 
attitude  of  the  days  of  the  Comuneros  is  forgotten — the 
old  ideals  of  national  exclusiveness,  internal  autonomy  and 
separatism,  have  given  way  to  new  ambitions  to  become  a 
great  world  power.  That  a  man  of  Gomara's  frankness  and 
intelligence  should  not  hav^e  seen  the  other  side  of  the 
picture  is  a  fact  deserving  of  careful  consideration.  It  is,  to 
be  sure,  only  negative  evidence,  but  negative  evidence  is  not 
always  to  be  despised.  It  bears  eloquent  testimony  to  the 
suddenness  and  completeness  of  one  of  the  most  dramatic 
transformations  of  modern  times,  and  to  the  way  in  which 
contemporaries  were  dazzled  thereby.  It  goes  far  towards 
explaining  why  those  who  guided  the  destinies  of  Spain 
under  Philip  II  were  unable  to  foresee  the  future,  and  to 
discern  and  arrest  those  features  of  her  new  development 
which  presaged  her  speedy  and  tragic  decline. 


ANNALS   OF  THE   EMPEROR 
CHARLES   THE    FIFTH 

BY 

FRANCISCO  l6pEZ  de  G6mARA 
The  Year  1500 

Charles,  the  son  of  the  Archduke  Philip  of  Austria  and  of 
the  Princess  Joanna  of  Castile,  was  born  in  Ghent  on  Leap 
Year  Day,  the  25th  of  February,  which  was  the  feast  of 
St.  Matthias^ ;  and  I  propose  to  relate  in  this  work,  year  by 
year,  the  sum  and  substance  of  the  events  which  occurred 
in  his  time  in  different  parts  of  the  world,  especially  in 
Spain,  from  his  birth  till  his  abdication  of  all  his  realms  and 
seigniories  in  favour  of  his  son  Philip,  our  master.  And 
I  shall  reckon  the  years  only  according  to  the  era  of  our 
Redeemer,  Jesus  Christ,  for  it  is  better  and  also  more  exact 
to  count  them  in  this  wise.  Moreover,  I  am  not  going  to 
put  down  anything  more  than  the  year,  save  in  a  few  cases, 
for  that  suffices  for  a  summary,  and  moreover,  there  are 
many  differences  of  opinion  and  disputes  concerning  the  days 
and  even  the  months  in  which  most  affairs  have  occurred. 

Alexander  VI  was  Pope  at  the  time,^  and  celebrated  the 
Jubilee  with  a  small  concourse  of  pilgrims,  because  of  the 
wars  and  pestilences  of  Italy. 

The  Knights  of  St.  John  were  at  the  height  of  their 
power  and  influence,  under  the  grand-mastership  of  Pierre 
dAubusson,^  but  since  they  lost  Rhodes  and  their  posses- 

^  The  true  date  was,  of  course,  Monday,  February  24,  which  is 
still  reckoned  as  the  bissextus  or  intercalary  day  in  the  ecclesiastical 
calendars  of  the  countries  of  Continental  Europe. 

^  1492-1503. 

^  D'Aubusson  was  Grand  Master  from  1476  to  his  death  in  1503. 


2  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1500 

sions  in  Greece,  in  England,  and  in  Germany,  they  have 
greatly  declined. 

Maximilian,  the  grandfather  of  Charles,  was  Emperor  and 
King  of  the  Romans,^  and  Germany  at  that  time  flourished 
both  in  learning  and  in  Christian  piety ;  almost  all  of  which 
she  has  lost  since  then  because  of  the  heresies  of  Luther  and 
of  other  false  and  wicked  doctors. 

Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  the  Catholic  Kings,  grand-parents 
of  Charles,  ruled  in  Castile  and  in  Aragon,*^  and  they  cer- 
tainly understood  well  the  art  of  reigning.  They  kept  all 
Spain  at  peace  at  that  time,  except  Granada,  where  certain 
Moors  rose  in  revolt ;  for  which  reason  the  Kings,  at  the 
advice  of  Friar  Hernando  de  Talavera,  the  first  Archbishop 
of  Granada,  and  of  Friar  Francisco  Ximenes  de  Cisneros, 
Archbishop  of  Toledo,  confessors  to  the  Queen,  commanded 
that  they  should  become  Christians  or  else  depart  from  their 
realms.  They  continued  the  war  in  Barbary,  and  the  dis- 
covery, conquest  and  conversion  of  the  Indies,  and  they 
aided  the  Venetians  against  the  Turks,  all  of  which  was 
laudable  and  holy.  Arms,  justice,  piety,  and  other  good 
things,  and  also  learning,  flourished  in  Spain  at  that  time, 
all  of  which  has  gone  on  from  good  to  better,  through  the 
grace  of  God  and  the  goodness  of  the  Emperor,  and  so  also 
will  continue  to  do  henceforth  through  the  virtue  of  our 
Lord,  King  Philip.  But  there  is  a  great  diflference  between 
that  time  and  this  in  many  things,  as,  for  example,  in  dress, 
in  expense,  and  in  the  price  of  commodities,  caused,  in  my 
judgment,  by  the  great  quantity  of  silver  and  gold  which 
has  come  to  us  from  the  Indies.^ 

Prince  Miguel  dies  in  Granada.*  He  was  the  son  of 
King  Manuel  of  Portugal  and  of  his  Queen,  the  Princess 
Isabel,  and  was  to  have  been  King  of  Portugfal  and  of 
Castile. 

The   Infanta  Maria   of  Castile    weds   King  Manuel   of 

*  1493-1519- 

2  Isabella  in  Castile  from  1474  to  1504  ;  Ferdinand  in  Aragon  from 
J479  to  1516. 
'  Cf.  Introduction,  pp.  lii-liii. 

*  July  ao  ;  cf.  Peter  Martyr,  Opus  Epistolartim,  Epist.  216. 


I500  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  3 

Portugal.^  They  had  six  sons,  who  were  John,  Louis, 
Ferdinand,  Alfonso,  Henry,  and  Edward,  and  Isabella  who 
was  our  Empress,  and  Beatrice  who  was  Duchess  of  Savoy. 

Gonsalvo  Hernandez  de  Cordova,  who  deserved  his  title 
'The  Great  Captain',  went  to  capture  Cephalonia  with  a 
Spanish  fleet,  in  company  with  that  of  Venice,  which  Benito 
de  Pesaro,  also  an  excellent  leader,  brought  to  aid  him.^ 

In  Cuzco  and  Quito  and  the  other  immense  provinces  of 
Peru  reigned  Huayna  Capac,^  a  very  rich,  warlike,  and 
idolatrous  king. 

In  Navarre  reigned  Jean  d'Albret,*  who  afterwards  lost 
his  kingdom  for  heresy  ;  he  came  to  Seville  that  year  when 
the  Catholic  kings  were  there.^  And  in  Portugal  and 
Guinea  reigned  Manuel,^  who,  through  his  captains,  did 
notable  deeds  in  Asia,  in  order  to  bring  spices  to  Lisbon. 

In  France  ruled  Louis  XII,'^  who,  keeping  peace  at 
home,  made  war  in  Italy  against  the  Duke  of  Milan,  and 
threatened  the  King  of  Naples. 

England  was  well  to  the  fore  under  the  rule  of  Henry 
VIII,^  but  since  then  that  island  has  suffered  many  reverses, 
because  she  forsook  the  true  Christian  faith,  although  our 
sovereign  lord,  King  Philip,  and  our  lady.  Queen  Mary,  his 
wife,  have  restored  it. 

Ladislaus  was  King  of  Hungary  and  Bohemia,'^  and  kept 
peace  with  the  Turk,  which  was  no  small  matter,  and  in 
Poland  ruled  Alexander,^"  who  had  no  children. 

And  in  Muscovy,  Vasili,^'^  who  strengthened  the  Christian 
religion  by  adopting  the  ritual  and  ceremonies  of  Rome.^- 


*  Oct.  30.     Cf.  Zurita,  Historia  del  Rey  Hernando,  Lib.  IV,  cap.  xxi. 

*  Zurita,  Lib.  IV,  caps,  xix,  xxv,  xxx. 

*  Died  1525.     The  date  of  his  accession  is  apparently  uncertain. 

*  1494-1512. 

®  April  30 ;  cf.  Lorenzo  Galindez  Carvajal  in  Documentos  Ineditos,  xviii. 
297. 

®  1495-1521.  "  1498-1515.  *  Sic  for  Henry  VIL 

*  1490-1516. 

'°  1501-6.     John  Albert  was  king  of  Poland  in  1500. 
"  5/V  for  Ivan  III,  who  reigned  from  1462  to  1505,  Vasili  succeeding 
him. 
"*  This  is,  of  course,  a  mistake.     It  doubtless  arose  from  exaggerated 

B  2 


4  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1500 

And  in  Denmark  and  Norway,  John,^  the  father  of  that 
Christian  who  lost  his  realms,  in  which  there  are  already 
Lutherans. 

And  in  Scotland,  James,^  which  name  has  now  been 
borne  by  five  kings  in  succession. 

In  Naples  reigned  Fadrique,^  who  lost  the  kingdom, 
Ferdinand  and  Louis  dividing  it  up  between  themselves. 
The  Venetians,  whose  Doge  at  that  time  was  Agostino 
Barbarigo,*  favoured  the  King  of  France  against  the  Duke 
of  Milan,  and  waged  war  in  Greece  against  Bayazid,  which 
put  them  to  great  fear  and  expense. 

Lodovico  Sforza,  Duke  of  Milan,  lost  and  regained  his 
state,  and  was  captured  that  same  year  and  carried  to 
France,  where  he  afterwards  died  in  prison.^  This  was  his 
reward  for  having  killed  his  nephew,  Gian  Galeazzo  Maria 
Sforza,  who  was  lawful  Duke. 

Genoa  was  for  France,  and  there  were  many  factions 
within  her  walls,  but  since  that  time  she  has  changed  sides 
frequently,  now  favouring  France  and  now  Spain,  for  every- 
one desires  her  alliance,  which  is  so  important  for  him  who 
would  enter  Italy,  and  in  naval  affairs.  She  has  grown 
rich  beyond  measure  through  the  alliance  of  the  Emperor, 
our  Lord  and  King,  although  she  has  also  lost  the  Strait  of 
Bonifacio  and  a  large  part  of  Corsica.^ 

Florence  was  free,''  but  now  she  has  a  master  because  of 
the  arrogance  of  her  citizens,  who  gloried  in  the  alliance 
of  the  French,  recking  naught  of  Pope  Leo  or  Pope 
Clement,  their  neighbours,  nor  of  the  Emperor,  Charles  V, 
their  feudal  overlord. 

Siena,  which  was  self-governing  then,  is  not  now^  free.^ 

reports  of  the  concessions  made  by  Ivan  111  in  the  negotiations  for  his 
marriage.     Gt.  P.  Pierling,  La  Russie  et  le  Saint-Siege,  vol.  i. 
^   1481-T513.  ^  1488-1513.  ^  1496-1501. 

*  1486--150X.  *  May  17,  1508. 

*  Cf.  Jean  d'Auton,  '  Quiconque  est  seigneur  de  Genes  malgre  tout 
le  monde  aura  son  entree  dedans  le  pays  d'ltalie.'  The  last  sentence 
refers  to  the  Gorsican  war  of  1553-5.  Corsica  was  restored  to  Genoa  in 

1559- 
'  Refers  to  the  period  of  the  exile  of  the  Medicis,  1494-1512. 

*  From  1497  to  15 12  Siena  was  governed  by  a  Balia  of  twenty- 
four  citizens,  chosen  for  five  years. 


I500  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  5 

Philibert  was  Duke  of  Savoy,*  but  now  that  state,  which 
contained  five  principal  cities,  fifty  lesser  ones,  and  two 
hundred  walled  towns,  is  already  broken  up.- 

In  Tunis  reigned  Mohammed,^  who  had  many  children 
by  different  wives,  which  was  the  cause  of  great  wars. 

In  Bugia,  Abdul  Aziz,  whose  son  lost  it."* 

In  Tenes,  Baudilla,  who  was  disinherited. ' 

In  Tlemcen,  Abdalla/' 

In  Fez,  Mohammed,  to  whom  Oran  belonged." 

The  Ottoman,  Bayazid  II,  was  King  of  the  Turks  in 
Constantinople,^  and  waged  a  terrible  war  against  the 
Venetians  in  the  Morea,  where  he  took  from  them  Modon, 
Choron,  and  other  places.' 

Mohammed  reigned  among  the  Tartars  of  Europe,  and 
beyond  the  Don,  Tucio.*" 

In  Persia,  Asam  was  Sultan.** 

And  in  Egypt,  Kansu,*^  from  whose  successor  the  Grand 
Turk  Selim  took  that  great  seigniory. 

Canacao  Alguari  Noad  Gran  *^  reigned  in  Ethiopia,  which 
they  also  call  India. 

^  Philibert  II,  1497-1504. 

''■  Referring  to  the  French  occupation,  1535-59. 

*  Abu  Abdallah  Mohammed  II,  1493-1525. 

*  Cf.  Bernaldez,  Reyes  Catolicos,  cap.  ccxxiii ;  Mercier,  Histoire  de 
r  Afrique  Septentrionale,  ii.  427.  Bugia  was  at  this  time  a  dependency  of 
Tlemcen. 

'  Cf.  Sandoval,  Historia  de  Carlos  Quinto,  Antwerp,  1681,  vol.  i, 
p.  103,  and  pp.  21  and  58  of  this  work. 

®  Abu  Abdallah  Mohammed  IV,  of  the  Benu  Zeiyan  dynasty,  1475- 
1505. 

■^  Mohammed  I  of  the  Oatasside  dynasty,  1500-30.  Oran  never  be- 
longed to  him,  as  far  as  I  can  discover,  but  was  always  a  part  of  the 
kingdom  of  Tlemcen  ;  cf.  Marmol,  U Afrique,  ii.  363. 

*  1481-1512.  ^  Bernaldez,  cap.  clxii. 

'"  The  '  Tartars  of  Europe '  doubtless  means  the  Crimean  Tartars, 
who  were  ruled  at  this  time  by  Mengli  Gherai  (1478-15 15),  whose 
daughter  married  Selim  I,  the  Turkish  Sultan.  He  is  often,  however, 
confused  with  his  successor  Mohammed,  as  e,  g.  by  Knolles,  History  of 
the  Turlks  (ed.  of  1621),  p.  479.  *  Tucio  '  1  have  been  unable  to  identify  : 
he  was  doubtless  a  ruler  of  one  of  the  Mongol  States  in  Russia,  CI. 
Stokvis,  ii.  352  fF. 

^'  Sic  for  Alban,  Alamut  or  Alwend,  1497-1507. 

^^  Kansu  succeeded  Tuman  Bey  I  in  1501. 

"  Probably  referring  to  Na'od,  king  of  Abyssinia,  1 494-1 508.  Cf. 
Stokvis,  Manuel  d' Histoire,  i.  443. 


6  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1500 

In  Armenia  and  Cappadocia,  Aladola  was  King.^ 

And  in  Samarcand,  Insilbas,^  a  Tartar  of  the  Djagatai, 
who  wear  turbans. 

And  in  Shiraz,  Murad  Cam.^ 

Ismail  Sophy  was  beginning  to  gain  renown  and  power 
on  account  of  his  conquest  of  Tabriz,  from  which  he  forced 
King  Alban  to  take  flight,  and  by  killing  Murad  Cam  the 
same  year.* 

Ismail  was  the  son  of  Sheikh  Haidar,  lord  of  Erbe,''  a 
place  in  Persia,  and  a  most  pious  though  schismatic  Moslem, 
and  of  Martha,  granddaughter  of  David,*  the  Emperor  of 
Trebizond,  and  daughter  of  Uzun  Hasan,  the  very  famous 
King  of  Persia,  where  he  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Yakub, 
who  murdered  his  two  brothers.  Yakub  married  a  woman 
who  gave  him  a  just  reward  for  that  cruel  deed^  for,  in 
order  that  she  might  wed  one  Salub,  she  poisoned  Yakub 
with  one  of  her  own  sons,  although  she  herself  likewise 
perished  from  the  same  drugs,  which  her  husband,  who  sus- 
pected them,  caused  her  also  to  drink.  After  this,  Salub,  as 
the  nearest  relative  of  Yakub,  reigned  for  three  years,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Baisingar,  who  died  shortly  afterwards. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Rustan,  against  whom,  as  King  of 
Persia,  Sheikh  Haidar  made  war,  claiming  the  realm  as 
his  own  through  Martha,  the  legitimate  daughter  of  Uzun 
Hasan,  but  Sheikh  Haidar  was  slain  in  battle,  and  so 
Martha  and  three  children,  of  whom  Ismail  was  the  middle 
one,  were  banished  to  an  island  in  the  lake  which  they  call 


^  Or  Ala-ed-Daula,  1472-1515. 

^  Jesilbas  or  Sheibani  Khan,  founder  of  the  Usbeg  power.  Cf.  p.  1 1 5 
of  Giov.  Maria  Angiolello,  Life  and  Acts  of  King  Ussun  CassanOy  ed. 
Hakluyt  Society,  1873,  in  Tra'veh  of  Venetians  in  Persia  :  also  p.  155  of 
the  account  of  Caterino  Zeno,  in  the  same,  also  P.  Jovius,  Historia  sui 
Temporis  (Venice,  1572),  vol.  i,  p.  380;  also  Stokvis,  Manuel  dHistoire, 
vol.  i,  p.  157. 

'  Angiolello,  105  ff. 

*  On  this  and  the  succeeding  paragraph  cf.  Jovius,  i.  312  fF.,  380; 
Angiolello,  73,  99  ff. ;  Jorga,  Gescbichte  des  Osmanischen  Retches,  i.  251  ff. 

•''  Or  Erdebil  or  Ardabil :  cf.  Jorga,  ii.  251  ;  and  P.  Teixeira's  Tra'veh 
in  Persia,  ed.  Hakluyt  Society,  1902,  p.  246  «. 

*■'  A  mistake  ;  Martha  was  the  granddaughter  of  David's  brother,  Calo 
Johannes,  or  Black  John.    Cf.  Zeno,  p.  9. 


1600  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  7 

Astumar.  After  six  years  Rustan  was  slain  in  his  bed  by 
Ahmad,  who  had  Rustan 's  own  mother  as  his  mistress, 
both  of  them  thinking  to  seize  his  throne,  but  they  did  not 
succeed,  for  the  next  King  was  Alban,  the  son,  according 
to  some  accounts,  of  Yakub,  and  according  to  others  a 
relative  of  Ismail.  Then,  although  he  was  but  fifteen  years 
old,  Ismail  proclaimed  himself  King  of  Persia.  He  col- 
lected five  hundred  men  among  the  relatives  and  friends  of 
his  father  at  Carabas,  resolutely  crossed  the  river  Kur,  which 
flows  into  the  Caspian  Sea  (which  they  call  the  Sea  of 
Bacum),  in  order  to  enter  Ardebil,^  which  belonged  to  his 
father,  and  scattered  the  forces  which  Sermangoli,  a  friend 
of  Alban  ,2  sent  to  attack  him  on  his  way.  After  this 
good  beginning  many  people  joined  him,  on  hearing  of  his 
great  power  and  noble  hneage.  He  then  conquered  Ser- 
mangoli in  battle,  besieged  and  took  Piroso,^  a  strong  and 
rich  town,  where  he  won  a  reputation  for  generosit}-,  so 
that  shortly  afterwards  he  had  forty  thousand  warriors  and 
a  g^eat  number  of  horses,  with  whose  aid  he  captured 
Tabriz,  from  which  Alban  fled.  It  is  said  that  he  put 
twenty  thousand  persons  to  death  in  the  city,  because  they 
had  been  enemies  of  his  father.  Sheikh  Haidar,  and  he  even 
dug  up  and  burnt  the  bones  of  many  others,  and  he  put 
to  death  his  mother  and  stepfather  a  year  before  he  con- 
quered Murad  Cam.^  Thereafter  Ismail  went  on  extending 
his  military  power  and  renown  through  Persia,  Parthia, 
Media,  and  other  provinces  of  Asia  in  such  a  way  that  he 
created  one  of  the  great  lordships  of  our  time,  and  one 
which  has  caused  many  deaths,  robberies,  and  other  evils 
in  other  parts,  though  it  is  indeed  but  natural  that  such 
things  should  occur  with  changes  of  kingdoms  and  innova- 
tions in  religion.  They  say  that  Ismail  was  born  with  his 
fists  clenched  and  covered  with  blood,  a  sign  of  cruelty, 


^  Or  Erdebil ;  cf.  note  44.  *  Or  Alamut  or  Alwend. 

*  Angiolello,  p.  104,  has  '  Pucosco'. 

*  This  last  passage  is  in  such  close  accord  with  Angiolello  as  to  make 
it  almost  certain'  that  the  latter's  account  was  the  one  referred  to  in  the 
last  sentence  of  this  paragraph.     Cf.  Introduction,  pp.  xxxvi-xxxvii. 


8  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1500 

so  that  his  father,  who  was  an  astrologer,  and  his  mother, 
in  disgust  at  the  sight  of  him,  ordered  that  he  be  slain. 
But  the  servants  saved  him  and  brought  him  up,  and  as 
he  grew  to  be  handsome  and  able,  the  soldiers  called  him 
Sophy,  either  in  flattery  or  in  accordance  with  the  ancient 
custom  of  Persia,  whose  kings  call  themselves  magicians, — 
that  is,  wise  men,  which  is  the  same  as  Sophy  ;  or  else 
because  he  revived  and  upheld  the  sect  of  Sheikh  Haidar,  his 
father,^  together  with  Techelles,  another  great  expounder 
of  the  Koran,  who  taught  that  only  those  would  go  to  the 
Mohammedan  Paradise  who  kept  the  law  of  the  Prophet 
according  to  the  doctrine  and  teaching  of  Ali,  his  disciple. 
The  Sophy  Ismail  and  all  those  of  his  sect  wear  a  red 
turban  with  a  braid  under  the  arm  which  has  on  it  twelve 
knots  or  tassels  or  pearls,  in  token  of  the  twelve  mysteries 
which  his  law  contains.  And  they  shave  their  beards,  leav- 
ing only  a  moustache ;  while  in  other  respects  they  follow 
the  most  ancient  Persian  fashion.  This  is  a  little  different 
from  the  way  in  which  Paul  Jovius,  the  diligent  historian 
of  Turkish  affairs,  recounts  it,  but  I  found  it  related  in  this 
wise  in  a  book  which  Hernando  Ruy  brought  from  Con- 
stantinople, written  in  manuscript  and  taken  from  the 
histories  of  that  part  of  the  world. 

Pedro  Alvarez^  takes  thirteen  armed  ships  to  India,  which 
was  the  beginning  of  the  Portuguese  spice  trade  in  Calicut, 
Cochin,  and  Cananor. 

The  Year  1501 

The  Emperor  Maximilian  invests  his  grandson  with  the 
Duchy  of  Milan.^ 

'  That  is  the  Sufis  or  Safawis, 

^  Pedro  Alvarez  Cabral.  He  discovered  Brazil  on  the  way.  Cf. 
Damiao  de  Goes,  Chronica  do  Ret  D.  Emanuel  in  Bibliotheca  de  Classicos 
Portugueses,  vols,  lix-lx,  caps,  liv-lix  ;  Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  pp.  73-4, 
329-30. 

"  Merely  a  vague  and  conditional  promise  by  Maximilian  in  con- 
nexion with  his  negotiations  with  France  between  1501  and  1504.  Cf. 
Lavisse,  Histoire  de  France,  vol.  v,  part  i,  pp.  67-71  ;  Leva,  Storia  docu- 
mentata  di  Carlo  V,  i.  70-85  ;  Ulmann,  Kaiser  Maximilian  II,  99  ff. 


150I  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  9 

The  Infanta  Catharine  marries  Arthur,  Prince  of  Wales.^ 
There  went  to  England  with  her  Alfonso  de  Fonseca,  who 
at  that  time  was  Archbishop  of  Santiago,  Antonio  de  Rojas, 
Bishop  of  Majorca,  Pedro  Manrique,  Lord  ofVal  deEscaray, 
the  Count  of  Cabra  and  his  mother,  Ehara  Manuel,  and 
many  other  gentlefolk.^ 

King  Louis  and  King  Ferdinand  divide  the  Kingdom  of 
Naples  between  themselves.^ 

The  Moors  of  the  Sierra  Vermeja  rise  in  rebellion  because 
they  do  not  wish  to  become  Christians,  and  they  slay  Don 
Alonzo  de  Aguilar,  who  went  against  them  with  an  army, 
but  afterwards  they  surrendered  themselves  to  the  King  on 
the  understanding  that  he  would  suffer  them  to  go  to  Bar- 
bary.'*  Justice  was  executed  by  the  Catholic  King  on  those 
of  Benefiz,^  because  of  their  rising  of  a  year  before. 

The  Catholic  Kings  send  Peter  Martyr,  their  chronicler, 
to  the  Soldan  of  Cairo,  to  dissuade  him  from  forcing  the 
Christians  who  dwell  in  his  land  to  become  Mohammedans." 

The  Archduke  Philip  and  the  Princess  Joanna  come  from 
Flanders  to  Spain  '  by  way  of  France,  where  they  spoke  of 
a  marriage  between  their  son  Charles,  and  Claudia,  the 
daughter  of  King  Louis  XII. 

The  castle  of  Salsas,  which  the  French  had  demolished 
six  years  before,  is  reconstructed  and  fortified.^  King  Louis 
appropriates  the  tenth  part  of  the  benefices  in  France  for  the 
war  against  the  Turks. 

The  Duke  of  Valentinois  '  captures  Imola^"  and  other 
lands  in  the  Romagna. 

^  Nov.  14. 

''■  Zurita,  Lib.  IV,  cap.  xlix ;  also   Busch,  England  under  the  Tudors  ; 
translated  by  A.  M.  Todd,  pp.  353-4  ;  Spanish  Calendar,  vol.  i.  246-7. 
^  P.  Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  Epist.  218. 

*  Ibid.,  Epist.  221  ;  Zurita,  Lib.  IV,  caps,  xxxi-xxxiii. 

•"'  Sic  for  Belefigui  or  Velefique,  north  of  Almeria.  Cf.  Carvajal  in 
Docs.  Ineds.  xviii.  299. 

"  Zurita,  Lib.  IV,  cap.  xxxii ;  also  Mariejo!,  Pierre  Martyr,  chap.  v. 

''  They  arrived  in  Spain  in  January,  1502.  Cf.  Carvajal  in  Docs.  Ineds. 
xviii.  302-3. 

*  P.  Martyr,  Op.  Epist.,  Epist.  228.     Salsas  is  just  north  of  Perpignan. 
®  Caesar  Borgia. 

"•  This  should  be  Faenza.  Imola  was  taken  in  1499.  Cf.  Burd's 
edition  of  //  Principe,  pp.  108  and  112. 


lo  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1501 

The  Turks  wage  war  in  Greece  and  in  Hungary,  though 
without  advantage  to  themselves. 

The  Sophy  Ismail  marries  Tasluca,^  the  daughter  of  Sani- 
gin  and  granddaughter  of  Yakub,  and  gave  her  one  hundred 
and  fifty  servants. 

The  King  of  Portugal  sends  the  Galician,  Juan  de  Nova, 
to  India  with  four  ships  to  get  spices.^ 

t  The  Year  1502 

Princess  Joanna  is  sworn  to  as  heiress  of  these  realms  of 
Castile,  in  presence  of  her  parents,  the  Catholic  Kings,  at 
Toledo.' 

The  Catholic  Kings  recover  Gibraltar  for  themselves.* 
The  same  sovereigns  command  that  all  Moors  depart  from 
Castile  or  else  become  converted  at  once,  since  the  Queen 
desires  her  subjects  to  be  Christians. 

General  chapter  of  the  Order  of  Santiago  in  Seville,  in 
which  many  ancient  rules  are  changed,  on  account  of  the 
King's  having  already  annexed  the  grand  masterships. 

Arthur,  Prince  of  Wales,  dies,  five  months  after  his  mar- 
riage, at  the  age  of  twenty-five  years.^ 

John,  who  became  King  of  Portugal,  is  born.'' 

James,  Duke  of  Braganza,  slays  his  wife,  the  which  may 
be  a  warning  to  married  women  not  to  play  tricks  on  their 
husbands."^ 

Ferdinand  of  Aragon,  Duke  of  Calabria,  comes  a  prisoner 
to  Spain.^ 

King  Fadrique  of  Naples  also  comes  to  France  with  his 
wife  and  children.^ 


'  Angiolello,  p.  106. 

^  Damiao  de  Goes  in  Bibl.  de  Class.  Port.,  vol,  Ix,  cap.  Ixiii. 

3  May  22.     Gf.  Zurita,  Lib.  IV,  cap.  lix. 

*  Zurita,  Lib.  IV,  cap.  liv. 

'  April  2.     He  was  fifteen,  not  twenty-five  years  old. 

«  June  5. 

''  This  occurred  in  15 12.  Cf.  Garvajal  in  Docs.  Ineds.  xviii.  429-30. 
Braganza  apparently  deserted  his  wife  in  1502  ;  cf.  Damiao  de  Goes 
in  Bibl.  de  Class.  Port.,  vol.  Ix,  cap.  Ixi, 

*  Zurita,  Lib.  IV,  cap.  Iviii;  Burd,  113. 


1602 


CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  ii 


The  French  in  Naples  provoke  a  war  against  the  Spaniards 
about  the  boundaries,  the  which  cost  them  dear. 

Then  occurred  that  most  famous  combat  in  Trani  between 
eleven  Frenchmen  and  eleven  Spaniards  on  horseback, 
because  the  French  had  said  that  the  Spaniards  were  no 
horsemen,  but  mere  foot-soldiers,  and  that  their  own  king 
had  the  better  claim  to  Naples.^  The  Spaniards  were 
Diego  Garcia  de  Faredes,  who  conquered  his  adversary ; 
Diego  de  Vera,  who  later  became  very  famous  in  the  affairs 
of  Algiers  and  of  Fuenterrabia ;  the  Alferez  Segura,  and 
Moreno  his  brother ;  Andres  de  Olivera ;  Gonzalo  de 
Arevalo,  and  George  Diaz,  the  Portuguese  ;  Onate  ;  Martin 
de  Tuesta,  steward  of  the  Great  Captain ;  Rodrigo  Pinan,  and 
Gonzalo  de  Aller,  who  for  his  misfortune  was  vanquished. 
Those  of  the  French  whom  I  know  of  were  Tersis,  Mont- 
dragon,  Arthur,  Olivier,  Cabanacio,  and  Pierre  du  Terrail, 
Seigneur  de  Bayard,  who  afterwards  dubbed  King  Francis 
knight  after  he  had  conquered  the  Swiss.  They  fought  so 
well  that  the  judges,  who  were  Venetians,  did  not  award 
the  victory  to  either  side.  Gonzalo  de  Aller,  who  was  cer- 
tainly valiant,  at  once  challenged  the  conquered  Frenchman, 
on  the  ground  that  he  had  had  less  cause  to  surrender  than 
had  the  latter. 

There  also  took  place  another  combat  between  thirteen 
Frenchmen  and  thirteen  Italians,  who  averred  that  the 
Spaniards  had  won  the  fight,  and  moreover  the  Italians 
conquered,  since  they  were  right.^ 

The  Duke  of  Valentinois  captures  Urbino,  Pesaro,  and 
other  towns  with  the  aid  of  the  Swiss  and  the  French,  whose 
captain  was  Yves  dAllegre.^' 

'  On  this  paragraph  cf.  Zurita,  Lib.  V,  cap.  iii ;  and  Crotiicas  del  Gran 
Capitan  in  vol.  x  of  Nueva  Bib/,  de  Antores  Espaticles,  pp.  120-3,  333~"8. 
G6mara's  account  is  largely  copied  by  Sandoval,  i.  5.  Save  for  Bayard 
and  Montdragon,  his  list  of  the  French  combatants  is  apparently  incor- 
rect ;  cf.  Jean  d'Auton,  Chroniques,  pt.  iv,  chap,  xxvii,  and  Lavisse,  Histoire 
de  France,  vol.  v,  pt.  i,  p.  61. 

^  Cf.  the  Cronicas  in  Nue-va  Bibl.  de  Aid.  Esp.  x.  T44-7,  342-7,  and 
Guicciardini,  Storia  d' Italia  (ed.  Freiburg,  1775-6),  vol.  i,  pp.  480  ff. 

'  Cf.  Yriarte,  Cesar  Borgia,  ii.  75-92.  'Pesaro'  should  be  'Came- 
rino '. 


12  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1502 

The  Emperor  Maximilian  makes  war  on  Philip  of  the 
Palatinate  in  Bavaria.^ 

The  King  of  France  enters  Genoa.^ 

Peace  between  Bayazid  and  the  Venetians,  which  lasted 
more  than  thirty-five  years." 

Peace  also  between  Ladislaus,  King  of  Hungary,  and  the 
same  Bayazid.^ 

Ismail  Sophy  conquers  by  force  of  arms  Bagdad,  which  is 
also  called  Balday,  and  is  Babylon  of  Mesopotamia.^ 

The  King  of  Portugal  assumes  the  new  titles  of  sovereign 
of  the  realms  of  Ethiopia,  Arabia,  Persia  and  India.^ 

The  Year  1503 

The  Archduke  returns  to  Flanders  by  way  of  France, 
and  concludes  peace  between  Maximilian,  Louis  and  Fer- 
dinand at  Lyons,  promising  to  marry  his  son  Charles  to 
Claudia,  daughter  of  King  Louis,  who  was  to  inherit 
Brittany.^  Charles  was  not  four  years  old  at  the  time,  nor 
Claudia  five. 

The  Infante  Ferdinand,  who  became  King  of  Hungary  and 
of  the  Romans,  was  born  in  Alcala  de  Henares.'' 

Count  Ferdinand  of  Andrada  routs  Everard  of  Abigniel  in 
the  battle  of  Groya.^ 

The  victory  which  the  Great  Captain  won  over  the 
French  at  Cerignola.'* 

Another  victory  which  he  won  over  the  same  Frenchmen 
on  the  Garigliano.^'' 

The  siege  of  Gaeta,  in  which  Hugo  de  Cardona,  who  was 
a  most  excellent  leader,  was  slain.^^ 

^  Probably  referring  to  the  Landshut  Succession  War  of  1 504.  Gf. 
Ulmann,  vol.  ii,  chap.  iv. 

*  In  August.     Cf.  Burd,  p.  115. 

*  Lavisse  et  Rambaud,  Histoire  Generale,  iv.  702. 

*  Angiolello,  p.  1 07.  Bagdad  and  the  ruins  of  Babylon  are  some  seventy 
miles  apart :  the  one  on  the  Tigris,  the  other  on  the  Euphrates. 

^  Whiteway,  The  Rise  of  Portuguese  Poiver  in  India,  p.  90. 

•^  Zurita,  Lib.  V,  cap.  x.  ''  March  10. 

*  I  have  been  unable  to  identify  this  battle  or  the  participants  in  it. 
B.  M.  MS.  has  '  Abigni '  and  *  Gioya  '  for  '  Abigniel '  and  '  Oroya '. 

^  April  28.     Nue-va  Bibl.  de  Aut.  Esp.  x.  368. 
^^  Dec.  28.     Ibid.  399.  "  Guicciardini,  ii.  12. 


1503  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  13 

The  French  besiege  Salsas,  Sancho  of  Castile  defend- 
ing it.^ 

The  Catholic  King,  who  had  held  Cortes  at  Saragossa 
and  Barcelona,  relieves  Salsas,  and  Queen  Isabella  sent  large 
companies  of  Castilians  from  as  far  as  Soria  to  help  him.^ 

Fadrique  de  Toledo,  Duke  of  Alva,  general -in -chief  of  the 
army,  pursues  the  French.  His  forces  comprised  thirteen 
thousand  foot,  two  thousand  men-at-arms,  and  four  thou- 
sand troopers. 

Bernardo  de  Rojas,  Marquis  of  Denia,  remains  in  Salsas 
as  general-in-chief,  with  three  thousand  soldiers,  two  thou- 
sand troopers,  and  one  thousand  men-at-arms.'^ 

Treaty  of  peace  between  King  Ferdinand  and  King  Louis, 
after  this  affair  of  Roussillon  and  that  of  Naples,  according 
to  the  tenor  of  which  the  French  are  to  be  allowed  to  regain 
their  part  of  that  realm  by  force  of  arms  if  they  can  and  the 
Spaniards  to  defend  themselves  in  it.* 

Pope  Alexander  dies  of  poison,"'  which  his  son,  Caesar 
Borgia,  Duke  of  Valentinois,  gave  him,  through  a  mistake 
on  the  part  of  the  bottler.  He  was  a  native  of  Jativa, 
learned,  generous,  and  a  lover  of  splendour,  but  so  worldly 
that  he  caused  great  extravagance  in  the  Church.  He 
was  fond  of  women,  and  had  many  children  who  brought 
him  honour,  as  did  Lucrezia,  of  whom  the  Pasquinade  ^  said 
that  she  was  a  queer  sort  of  daughter,  and  devoted  to  the 
interests  of  the  Duke  of  Valentinois,  whom  she  contrived  to 
make  king.  He  involved  himself,  not  without  shame,  in 
many  wars  and  lavish  expenditure.  He  rebuilt  the  castle  of 
Sant'  Angelo,  and  the  small  affair  of  Santa  Maria  Maggiore, 

^  Bernaldez,  cap.  cxcviii ;  Prescott,  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  (London, 
1876),  vol.  iii,  pp.  93  ff. 

*  Ibid,  and  Zurita,  Lib.  V,  caps.  1-liv ;  P.  Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  Epist. 
260,  262-4,  266.    '  Soria  '  should  be  *  Segovia'. 

'  Bernaldez,  cap.  cc. 

*  Probably  referring  to  the  terms  of  the  surrender  of  Gaeta,  Jan.  i, 
1504 ;  cf.  Zurita,  Lib.  V,  cap.  Ixi ;  or  possibly  to  the  peace  of  Lyons, 
Feb.  II,  1504;  cf.  Burd,  p.  123. 

^  Aug.  18.  On  the  poisoning  story  and  other  legends  about  Alexan- 
der, cf.  Creighton,  History  of  the  Papacy  (edition  of  1 90 1),  vol.  v,  pp.  79  ff., 
Burd,  p.  119. 

*  On  the  Pasquinade  cf.  D.  Gnoli,  Le  Origini  di  Maestro  Pasquino. 


14  ANNALS  OF  THE  ExMPEROR  1503 

and  an  apartment  in  the  palace,  and  he  left  to  his  heirs  the 
Duchy  of  Gandia. 

Pope  Pius  III  dies  also,  within  a  month  of  his  election,  for 
which  cause  that  year  was  very  notable.^ 

Pope  Julius  II  begins  to  rule  the  Church.^ 

Princess  Joanna  returns  by  sea  to  Flanders,^  His  Majesty 
could  never  keep  her  here  because  of  what  he  did  and  said 
to  her. 

The  Year  1504 

The  peace  which  the  Archduke  Philip  made  in  Lyons 
is  sworn  to  in  La  Mejorada  for  three  years.* 

Earthquakes  occur  in  Seville,  Carmona,  and  other  places 
in  Andalusia.^ 

Queen  Isabella  dies  in  Medina  del  Campo,^  which  caused 
great  sadness  in  Castile,  although  she  commanded  that  no 
one  should  wear  mourning  for  her,  since  she  knew  the 
excess  to  which  she  had  caused  it  to  be  worn  for  Prince 
John,  her  son.  She  also  commanded  that  her  husband. 
King  Ferdinand,  should  govern  until  her  grandson  Charles 
was  twenty  years  of  age,  in  case  her  daughter.  Princess 
Joanna,  would  not  or  could  not  do  so.  At  the  suggestion 
of  Friar  Hernando  de  Talavera  she  erected  the  Inquisition, 
because  she  herself  had  noted  that  certain  recently  converted 
Jews  in  Seville  were  relapsing  and  causing  her  servants  to 
do  likewise.  She  also  established  the  Hermandad,  because 
of  the  many  criminals  with  whom  the  ordinary  courts  of 


^  Elected  Sept.  22  ;  died  Oct.  18.  ^  Nov.  i. 

'  In  March,  1504.  Cf.  Zurita,  Lib.  V,  cap.  Ixvi ;  Carvajal  in  Docs. 
Ineds.  xviii.  308. 

*  March  31.  Gf.  Carvajal  in  Docs.  Ineds.  xviii.  308.  La  Mejorada  is 
a  Hieronymite  monastery  near  Olmedo. 

^  On  Good  Friday,  April  5.  Cf.  Zurita,  Lib.  V,  cap.  Ixxxiv,  Ber- 
n^ldez,  cap.  cci. 

'  Nov.  26.  On  this  paragraph  cf.  Zurita,  Lib.  V,  cap.  Ixxxiv;  Ber- 
ndldez,  cap.  ccii ;  Prescott,  iii.  172  fF.  Also  Isabella's  will  in  Dormer, 
Discursos  Varios,  pp.  3 14-93.  Sandoval  (i.  9)  copies  thirty-five  lines  from 
G6mara  here,  almost  word  for  word.  The '  lady  Joanna '  refers  of  course 
to  *  La  Beltraneja ',  who  asserted  that  she  was  the  daughter  of  Henry  IV. 
The  last  line  of  the  paragraph  is  very  obscure  as  it  stands  in  the  text. 
I  have  given  what  seems  to  me  to  be  its  most  probable  meaning. 


IS04  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  15 

justice  were  incompetent  to  deal.  She  shouldered  the 
cross  against  the  Infidels,  and  counselled  her  husband,  the 
Catholic  King,  to  do  likewise  ;  but  when  she  saw  the  nine 
million  maravedis  which  had  been  collected  for  this  purpose, 
she  was  very  much  vexed  and  scolded  about  it ;  indeed  she 
would  not  consent  to  the  spending  of  a  single  penny,  except 
it  were  granted  for  some  specific  purpose ;  nor  would  the 
King.  At  first  she  desired  to  govern  alone,  and  this  was 
the  cause  of  violent  quarrels  between  her  and  her  husband, 
who  was  as  proud  as  she ;  and  she  once  said  to  Cardinal 
Pedro  Gonzalez  de  Mendoza  (who  brought  them  to  an 
agreement), '  If  I  were  not  to  ask  for  as  much  as  I  do  the 
King  would  give  me  nothing  at  all ;  and  it  is  only  in  this 
way  that  I  manage  to  keep  on  even  terms  with  my  lord  the 
King  in  the  management  of  my  realms.'  She  was  niggardly, 
as  is  the  custom  of  women,  but  she  strongly  urged  her  son 
Prince  John,  who  was  the  apple  of  her  eye,  to  give  lavishly. 
She  was  much  distressed  that  her  servants,  even  if  they  were 
ambassadors,  should  accept  presents  from  any  one,  and  said 
that  for  them  to  do  so  appeared  to  dishonour  her.  She  was 
exceedingly  dignified,  and  used  to  say  that  the  kings  of 
Castile  had  no  relatives  who  were  their  peers.  She  was 
very  chaste,  a  great  lover  of  justice,  and  deeply  religious. 
From  her  girlhood  she  had  many  trials,  for  she  was 
in  disgrace  with  her  brother,  King  Henry,  and  in  rivalr>' 
with  the  most  Excellent  Lady  Joanna  for  the  inheritance, 
and  she  experienced  poverty  with  her  husband  before 
they  came  to  the  throne.  She  had  the  good  fortune  to 
marry  an  excellent  man,  although  after  her  death  he  was 
guilty  of  certain  faults  and  frailties.  They  were,  however, 
the  best  married  couple  and  the  best  sovereigns  of  their  time. 
She  commanded  that  she  be  buried  in  the  Chapel  of  Granada, 
which  she  had  constructed  and  endowed  for  the  burial  of 
the  Kings  of  Castile.  She  also  restored  the  ancient  cere- 
monies of  the  Cofradia  de  la  Corte. 

King  Ferdinand  publicly  renounced  in  Toro  the  title 
of  King  of  Castile,  though  he  retained  that  of  regent  by 
virtue  of  the  will  of  the  Catholic  Queen  his  wife,  and  he  pro- 


1 6  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1504 

claims  by  public  announcements  with  trumpets  and  drums 
that  his  daughter  Joanna  and  his  son-in-la^y  Philip  are  lawful 
sovereigns,  whilst  Fadrique,  Duke  of  Alva,  holds  aloft  the 
Royal  Standard  of  Castile.^  The  Great  Captain,  at  the  com- 
mand of  the  Catholic  King,  sends  captive  to  Castile  the 
Duke  of  Valentinois,  who  thus  ended  by  losing  by  war  in 
Italy  all  that  he  had  thereby  won  there.^ 

Pope  Julius  begins  to  cherish  resentment  against  the 
Venetians  and  against  Faenza,  Rimini,  and  other  places 
which  had  belonged  to  the  Duke  of  Valentinois.^ 

A  new  treaty  of  peace  between  the  Emperor  Maximilian 
and  Louis,  King  of  France.^ 

A  tax  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  maravedis  the  bushel 
is  imposed  on  wheat  in  Castile,  which  caused  great  hunger 
and  even  want,  and  so  the}^  told  the  Queen,  who  had  ordered 
the  tax  to  be  levied,  that  God  alone^  who  created  her,  could 
lower  and  raise  the  price  of  bread.  The  Jews  acknowledge 
themselves  to  be  slaves,  in  an  argument  with  the  lawyers? 
because  of  their  many  and  great  sins. 

The  Year  1505 

The  Alcaide  de  los  Donzeles  captures  Mers-el-Kebir.^ 

The  Catholic  King,  and  King  Philip  the  First  of  that 
name,  begin  to  quarrel  over  the  government  of  Castile, 
although  the  latter  was  still  in  Flanders.^ 

King  Philip  conquers  in  battle  Charles  Egmont,  Duke  of 
Guelders,  who  had  usurped  that  state.  The  King  of  France 
aided  the  Duke,  with  full  cognizance  of  the  Catholic  King.** 

The  Infanta  Maria,  who  became  Queen  of  Hungary  and 
Regent  of  the  Netherlands,  is  born.^ 


^  Zurita,  Lib.  V,  cap.  Ixxxiv.  *  Guicciardini,  ii.  62. 

'  Burd,  pp.  123-4. 

*  Sept.  13.  The  Alcaide  de  los  Donzeles  was  Diego  Fernandez  de 
C6rdova.  Cf.  Zurita,  Lib.  VI,  cap.  xv  ;  Garvajal  in  Docj.  Ineds.  xviii. 
311. 

"  Zurita,  Lib.  VI,  caps,  i,  ii,  viii. 

"  Henne,  Charles-Quint  en  Belgique,  i.  65  ff. 

''  Sept.  13.     Garvajal,  p.  311. 


1505 


CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  17 


The  Emperor  Maximilian  makes  war  in  Hungary.^ 
Fadrique,  King  of  Naples,  dies  in  France,^  having  miserably 
suffered  the  loss  of  that  noble  realm  which  his  grandfather, 
King  Alfonso  of  Aragon,  had  conquered  with  so  much 
courage  and  labour. 

An  agreement  is  made  between  Kings  Ferdinand  and 
Philip,  though  it  did  not  last  long.^ 

The  Florentines  and  Pisans  make  war  on  one  another/ 

The  Catholic  King,  through  Rodrigo  Manrique,  asks  the 
Excellent  Lady  ^  to  marry  him,  in  order  that  with  her  as  his 
Queen  he  might  reinforce  his  claim  to  Castile  as  against 
King  Philip,  but  King  Manuel  was  unwilling  to  give  her  up, 
nor  would  she  come  of  her  own  accord,  since  in  addition  to 
being  old,  she  was  also  a  saint,  as  pure  as  the  one  whose 
name  she  bore. 

Alonzo  de  Fonseca,  Bishop  of  Osma,  dies,  and  Alonzo 
Enriquez  succeeds  him.'' 

The  Year  1506 

When  King  Philip  and  Queen  Joanna  came  to  Spain  from 
Flanders  in  January,  they  encountered  a  violent  tempest,  and 
had  a  fire  on  board  their  ship,  whose  pilot  was  named 
Santiago.  The  ship,  moreover,  ran  aground  or,  as  they  call 
it,  on  a  sand  bank,  where  it  would  have  infallibly  been  lost 
if  a  huge  wave  had  not  driven  it  in  the  other  direction  with 
its  tremendous  impact.  The  Queen,  on  that  occasion, 
showed  that  she  had  the  courage  of  a  man,  for  when  the 
King  told  her  that  she  would  not  escape  the  danger,  she 
clothed  herself  richly  and  loaded  herself  with  coins,  in  order 


*  Ulmann,  ii.  267  ff. 

^  Sept.  9,  1504.     Cf.  Burd,  p.  113. 

^  Nov.  24,  at  Salamanca.     Zurita,  Lib.  VI,  cap.  xxiii. 

*  Burd,  pp.  122-3. 

^  Meaning  Joanna,  '  la  Beltraneja,'  who  was  Isabella's  rival  for  the 
throne  of  Castile  from  1474  to  1480.  Cf.  note  6,  p.  14.  On  Ferdinand's 
project  of  marriage  with  her  cf.  Prescott,  iii.  204  «. 

*  Carvajal,  p.  312.  Fonseca  died  Nov.  26.  Ci.  Gams,  Series  Episcopo- 
rum,  p.  57. 

13«6  C 


1 8  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1506 

that  she  might  be  recognized  and  suitably  buried.  But  they 
did  not  perish  after  all.^ 

King  Philip,  exhausted  by  the  sea,  lands  in  England 
against  the  wishes  of  his  friends,-  and  verily  it  cost  him 
dear,  for  he  was  forced  to  give  up  Edmund  de  la  Pole,  Duke 
of  Suffolk,  the  heir  of  the  House  of  York,  on  receiving  a 
promise  that  he  should  not  be  executed,  but  the  King  of 
England  did  not  keep  his  word  and  told  them  that  if  they 
did  not  give  up  the  Duke,  they  would  not  be  suffered  to 
leave  the  island.  According  to  John  Manuel  this  was  because 
King  Henry  had  letters  from  King  Ferdinand  asking  him  to 
detain  them. 

King  Philip  and  King  Henry  renew  their  alliance  at 
Windsor,'^  and  agree  that  the  Infanta  Catharine  should  marry 
as  her  second  husband  her  brother-in-law,  Henry. 

The  sovereigns  land  at  Corunna  amid  great  rejoicings  of 
the  people.^ 

Kings  Philip  and  Ferdinand  have  an  interview  at  Remesal,^ 
in  hopes  of  reaching  an  agreement  but  they  failed  to  con- 
clude one,  nor  did  King  Ferdinand  even  see  the  Queen 
his  daughter,  since  John  Manuel,  who  was  close  in  the  con- 
fidence of  King  Philip,  prevented  him. 

Shortly  after  this,  King  Philip,  to  the  great  grief  of  all 
men,  dies  in  Burgos,  at  the  age  of  twenty-nine  years,^  and 

'  Sandoval  (i.  10)  again  copies  several  lines  here  and  in  the  next 
paragraph. 

^  Jan.  16,  at  Melcombe  Regis.  Busch,  pp.  190  fF.,  372  fF.  Henry  pro- 
mised to  spare  Suffolk's  life  and  kept  his  word  :  but  the  Earl  (not  Duke) 
was  executed  in  the  next  reign. 

^  Feb.  9.  Zurita,  Lib.  VI,  cap.  xxv.  The  text  of  the  treaty  in 
Rymer's  Foedera,  xiii.  123-7,  does  not  mention  the  marriage  of  Henry 
and  Catharine.  *  Sandoval,  i.  10;  Prescott,  iii.  210. 

^'  According  to  Prescott,  iii.  213-16,  and  to  Sandoval,  i.  10,  this  inter- 
view took  place  at  Puebla  de  Sanabria.  Cf.  also  Zurita,  Lib.  VI,  caps, 
xxviii-xxx,  xxxii ;  Lib.  VI,  caps,  i-vii,  x. 

^  Sept.  25.  Zurita,  Lib.  VII,  cap,  xv  ;  Sandoval,  i.  11.  The  latter's 
account  is  obviously  taken  from  G6mara.  I  have  slightly  emended  1.  36 
of  the  text,  according  to  the  version  of  Sandoval,  who  may  well  have 
copied  from  G6mara's  original  manuscript,  by  substituting  '  porque  '  for 
'  aunque ',  and  by  inserting  '  no  '  before  '  se  ',  in  order  to  make  sense. 
The  text,  as  it  stood,  was  practically  untranslatable,  and  the  B.  M.  MS., 
virtually  identical  with  the  Madrid  one  at  this  point,  sheds  no  light  on 
the  matter. 


i5o6  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  19 

without  ever  enjoying-  the  great  realms  and  riches  which 
would  otherwise  have  been  his.  He  died,  complaining 
of  those  who  had  put  him  at  such  odds  with  his  father-in- 
law,  and  of  the  fate  which  prevented  his  having  anything  to 
give  his  friends.  He  commanded  that  his  heart  be  carried 
to  Brussels,  and  his  body  to  Granada,  and  that  his  entrails 
remain  at  Burgos.  He  was  a  handsome  man,  though  a 
little  fat,  and  of  good  heart  and  brain,  generous,  and  could 
never  refuse  anything:  so  much  so,  indeed,  that  once  wheji 
a  man  begged  a  certain  office  of  him  he  replied  that  he  had 
not  given  it  to  him  because  he  had  not  asked  for  it ;  'If  they 
had  asked  me  for  it,'  he  added,  '  I  would  have  granted  it.' 
He  left  by  the  Queen  the  following  children  :  Charles,  of 
whom  these  Annals  treat,  who  was  King  of  Spain  and 
Emperor ;  Ferdinand,  who  became  King  of  Hungary  and 
Emperor ;  Eleanor,  who  was  Queen  of  Portugal  and  of 
France;  Isabel,  who,  to  her  misfortune,  married  Christian, 
King  of  Denmark  and  Norway  ;  Maria,  who  ruled  in 
Hungary ;  and  Catharine,  Queen  of  Portugal,  who  was 
posthumous. 

Marriage  of  the  Catholic  King  Ferdinand  in  Duenas  with 
Germaine  de  Foix,  his  own  niece  and  niece  to  King  Louis 
of  France ;  ^  truce  with  the  French  for  one  hundred  and  one 
years  being  made  at  the  same  time,  with  some  stipulations 
not  entirely  good.  Juan  de  Silva,  Count  of  Cifuentes,  and 
Doctor  Thomas  Malferit,  vice-chancellor  of  Aragon,  went 
to  fetch  her  and  arranged  the  treaties. 

King  Ferdinand  passes  over  to  Naples  after  his  disagree- 
ment with  King  Philip,'^  and  was  certainly  sorry  to  leave 
Castile,  so  sweet  a  thing  it  is  to  reign,  and  so  great  are  the 
wealth  and  power  of  a  king. 

With  the  death  of  the  one  King  and  the  absence  of  the 
other  there  were  many  troubles  in  these  realms  of  Castile, 


^  Mar.  18.  Cf.  Can-ajal,  p.  313.  Cf.  also  Zurita,  Lib.  VI,  cap.  xviii ; 
Prescott,  iii.  205.  Germaine  was  the  granddaughter  of  Ferdinand's 
half-sister,  Eleanor  of  Navarre,  daughter,  by  his  first  wife,  of  John  1 1  of 
Aragon. 

^  Embarked  at  Barcelona,  Sept.  4, 1506.   Cf.  Zurita,  Lib.  VII,  cap.xiv. 

C  2 


20  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1506 

for  no  one  desired  to  obey  the  law,  nor  was  the  Queen 
wilh'ng  to  command.  The  Duke  of  Medina  Sidonia  fights 
at  Gibraltar,  the  Count  of  Lemos,  the  Duke  of  Alva,  and 
the  Count  of  Benavente  taking  arms  against  him.  Factions 
arise  in  most  of  the  cities,  some  of  them  in  favour  of  sum- 
moning Charles,  others  Ferdinand,  and  others  Maximilian, 
and  a  very  few  Joanna,  since  she  did  not  desire  to  under- 
take the  government.  Wherefore,  Cardinal  Friar  Francisco 
Ximenes,  Bernardino  de  Velasco,  Constable  of  Castile,  and 
Pedro  Manrique  de  Lara,  Duke  of  Najera,  assumed  power, 
with  the  advice  and  goodwill  of  the  majority  of  the  lords.^ 

Gon9alo  Marino  de  Rivera,  Alcaide  of  Melilla,  takes 
Cazaza.*^  The  Duke  of  Valentinois  escapes  from  the  castle 
of  Medina  del  Campo,  not  without  peril,  and  betakes  him- 
self straight  to  Rodrigo  Pimentel,  Count  of  Benavente,  and 
from  him  to  Navarre.^ 

The  uprising  in  Lisbon  at  the  instigation  of  the  Friars,  in 
which  over  three  thousand  new  Christians  died.  King 
Manuel,  who  commanded  the  friars  and  seventy  other  men, 
chastised  many  of  the  revolutionists  for  what  they  had  done."^ 

Betrothal  of  the  Dauphin,  Francis  of  Angouleme,  and 
Claudia,  daughter  of  King  Louis  of  France,  and  Duchess  of 
Brittany,  who  had  been  promised  to  Charles,  Prince  of 
Castile.'^  French  ambassadors  come  to  Valladolid  to  make 
their  excuses. 

Pope  Julius  forcibly  expels  from  Bologna  the  Tyrant 
Giovanni  di  Bentivoglio,  a  proceeding  which  caused  offence 
to  certain  cardinals.'' 

War  of  certain  Genoese,  near  Monaco."  The  death  of 
Christopher  Columbus,  who  discovered  the  Indies  and 
therefore  will  have  eternal  glory."^ 

1  Zurita,  Lib.  VII,  caps,  xv-xvii,  xxi-xxii,  xxiv-xxx.^^Sandoval  (i.  12) 
again  plagiarizes  here. 

*  In  April.     Bernaldez,  cap.  cciv.     Cazaza  is  close  to  Melilla. 
^  Oct.  25.     Zurita,  Lib.  VII,  cap.  xxiii. 

*  Bernaldez,  cap.  ccvi. 

*  May  21.     Cf.  Sandoval,  i.  12,  and  Lavisse,  vol.  v,  pt.  i,  p.  76. 

*  Nov.  2-11.     Cf.  Burd,  p.  127.  '  Guicciardini,  ii.  116-19, 

*  May  20.  Cf.  Gdmara's  Hist,  de  las  Indias  in  Bibl.  Autores  Espatioles, 
xxii.  172. 


ipo; 


CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  21 


The  Year  1507 

Kings  Louis  and  Ferdinand,  who  had  been  so  much  at 
variance  about  Naples,  have  an  interview  at  Savona.^ 
When  he  was  dining  with  Queen  Germaine,  the  King  of 
France  caused  the  Great  Captain  to  sit  at  table  w^ith  them, 
which  was  a  great  honour  for  him. 

The  Catholic  King  returns  to  govern  Castile,  and  settled 
the  troubles  which  had  occurred  there  without  much  dis- 
turbance.^ 

Queen  Joanna  and  King  Ferdinand  meet  at  Tortoles.'' 

And  Queen  Joanna  met  Queen  Germaine  in  Venta  Bafios, 
and  the  latter  took  the  former's  hand  to  kiss  it,  although 
she  was  her  stepmother.* 

The  Infanta  Catharine  is  born  in  Torquemada.'' 

A  very  general  plague  ravages  Spain,  after  there  had 
been  famine.'^ 

Friar  Hernando  de  Talavera,  of  the  Hieronymite  Order 
and  the  first  Archbishop  of  Granada,  dies  and  was  accounted 
a  saint."^ 

Alfonso  de  Fonseca,  with  the  consent  of  the  Catholic 
King,  abdicates  the  archbishopric  of  Santiago  in  favour  of 
his  son  Alfonso,  which  was  an  innovation.^ 

The  King  of  Tenes  begs  the  aid  of  King  Ferdinand 
against  the  King  of  Tlemcen,  who  was  despoiling  him  of 
his  state .^ 

Treaty  of  marriage  between  Prince  Charles,  and  Mary, 
Princess  of  Wales,  daughter  of  King  Henry  VIII  of  England, 
he  being  eight  years  old  and  she  ten.^" 

'  June  28-July  I.  Cf.  R.  de  Maulde,  VEntrevue  de  Sa'vone  in  Re-vue 
rf  Histoire  Diplomatique,  iv.  583-90;  Burd,  p.  129.  Almost  all  the  con- 
temporary authorities  mention  the  invitation  to  Gonsalvo,  which  ap- 
parently made  a  deep  impression. 

■^  Bernaldez,  cap.  ccxi.  ^  Aug.  28. 

*  Sept.  2.     Cf.  Sandoval,  i.  13.  ®  Jan.  14.     Cf.  Carvajal,  p.  317. 

*  Possibly  refers  to  the  locusts  in  1508-9.     Cf.  Bernaldez,  cap.  ccxiv. 
''  May  8.     Carvajal,  p.  318.  *  Ibid.,  p.  319. 

*  Zurita,  Lib.  VIII,  cap.  xi ;  but  also  pp.  5  and  58  of  this  work. 

'"  Dec.  21.     Henry  VIII  should,  of  course,  be  Henry  VII.   Cf.  Busch, 
pp.  220,  379-80,  and  vol.  ix  of  7be  Camden  Miscellany. 


22  ANNALS  OF  THE  ExMPEROR  1507 

The  war  which  Charles,  Duke  of  Guelders,  wages  in 
Brabant,  with  the  support  of  the  King  of  France.^ 

The  Emperor  Maximilian  stirs  up  a  war  against  the 
Venetians  because  they  had  risen  against  him  and  the  King 
of  France,  in  order  to  shut  them  out  of  Italy.^ 

King  Louis  obtains  the  investiture  of  Milan,  though  he 
did  it  by  cunning.^  This  was  the  cause  of  many  wars  and 
evils. 

Giovanni  di  Bentivoglio  tries  to  recover  Bologna  by  force 
of  arms,  but  was  unable  to  do  so,  and  therefore  was  obliged 
to  live  in  Busseto  with  his  twenty-one  children  as  an  exile 
from  his  own  land.^ 

Revolt  and  wars  in  Genoa,  on  account  of  which  the  King 
of  France  entered  the  city  with  an  armed  force,  and  con- 
structed the  Lantern,  a  very  powerful  fortress.^ 

Great  wars  are  fought  by  the  Turks  and  the  Persians,  the 
former  being  twice  victorious,  and  the  latter  once.^ 

Ismail  Sophy  wages  a  great  war  on  King  Aladola  in 
Cappadocia,  and  takes  from  him  Albistan,  Marash,  and 
other  citiesJ 

War  between  King  John  of  Navarre  and  Louis  de  Beau- 
mont, which  went  ill  for  the  former.  In  it  Caesar  Borgia, 
Duke  of  Valentinois,  met  his  death.^ 

Caesar  Borgia  was  the  son  of  Pope  Alexander  and  of 
a  Roman  woman  called  Vanozza  Catanei.''  He  was  very 
comely,  save  that  he  had  so  many  blotches  on  his  face  and 
such  evil  eyes  that  he  shunned  walking  abroad  during  the 
day-time,  for  he  clearly  showed  by  his  countenance  what  a 
cruel  heart  he  had.    He  was  a  very  rich  Cardinal,  and  among 

*  Henne,  i.  149  ft". 

2  Cf.  Ultnann,  vol.  ii,  chap,  vi  ;  de  Leva,  i.  99-104. 
^  Possibly  refers  to  the  guarantee  to  Louis  by  the  Venetians  of  tiie 
possession  of  Milan,  Burd,  p.  130  ;  Leva,  i.  loo. 

*  Guicciardini,  ii.  161-2.  The  actual  attempt  was  apparently  made  by 
Annibale  and  Ermes  Bentivoglio.  On  Giovanni  di  Bentivoglio  see  Jovius, 
Elogia  virorum  hellica  -virtute  illustrium  (Basel,  1575),  pp.  261-3. 

*  Louis  entered  Genoa  April  29  ;  Guicciardini,  ii.  119  fF. 

"  A  mistake.     Ismail  w  as  at  much  pains  to  keep  peace  with  Bayazid. 
'  Angiolello,  pp.  108-9.  *  Mar.  12.    Cf.  Zurita,  Lib.  VII,  cap.  Ii. 

'^  On  this  paragraph  cf.  Zurita,  Lib.  VII,  cap.  Ii ;  Yriarte,  Cesnr 
Borgia  (Paris,  1889,  2  vols.). 


I507  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  23 

other  benefices  held  the  archbishopric  of  Pamplona  and 
afterwards  that  of  Valencia.  He  earnestly  desired  to  change 
his  calling-,  since  the  sword  seemed  better  suited  to  him  than 
the  breviary,  and  he  gave  up  his  Cardinal's  hat  and  his 
benefices  in  spite  of  the  opposition  and  censures  of  the 
Catholic  Kings,  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  and  in  order  that 
it  might  seem  a  lawful  and  honourable  act  he  gave  evidence 
to  show  that  he  was  illegitimate,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that 
his  father  had  declared  the  contrary  when  he  created 
him  Cardinal.  He  won  the  favour  of  King  Louis  XII  of 
France  by  means  of  a  licence  or  dispensation  which  his 
father  gave  him,  permitting  that  King  to  marry  the  Duchess 
Anne  of  Brittany,  and  to  abandon  Queen  Jeanne,  his  first 
wife,  because  she  bore  him  no  children.  He  himself  also 
was  married  in  France  to  Charlotte  de  Foix,  daughter  of 
Alain  d'Albret,  a  great  and  noble  lord,  who  brought  him 
Valence,  so  that  he  was  called  Duke  Valentin,  or  the  Duke 
of  Valentinois,  according  to  the  French  tongue.  He  also 
desired  to  be  Duke  of  Gandia,  and  it  is  said  that  in  order  to 
accomplish  this  purpose  he  threw  the  Duke,  his  brother,  into 
the  Tiber.  His  father  made  him  general-in-chief  of  the  armies 
of  the  Church  in  place  of  the  Duke  who  was  drowned,  and 
promised  to  make  him  Lord  of  the  Romagna,  of  Spoleto, 
of  the  March  of  Ancona,  and  of  other  states,  provided  he 
would  expel  from  them  their  rulers,  whom  he  called  tyrants 
of  the  Patrimonium  Petri.  Caesar  then  drove  them  all  out,  by 
force  and  fear,  in  the  course  of  two  or  three  years,  and  won 
such  glory  and  renown  that  they  say  that  all  men  feared 
him  and  even  Bayazid,  the  Great  Turk,  desired  to  make  a 
treaty  with  him  in  order  to  be  able  to  attack  the  Venetians. 
He  persecuted  the  Orsini  and  Colonne  cruelly,  publicly 
murdering  certain  gentlemen  of  those  families  and  even 
some  cardinals.  He  tortured  the  clergy,  so  the  story  goes, 
in  order  to  extort  money  for  war.  Finally  he  gave  poison 
to  his  father,  although  it  was  through  a  mistake  of  the 
bottler,  his  real  aim  being  to  kill  certain  cardinals  whom  he 
had  invited  to  dine,  and  indeed  he  would  have  perished 
himself  in  the  same  way,  as  he  deserved  to  do,  had  he  not 


24  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1507 

had  his  body  buried  in  that  of  a  mule,  which  they  cut  open 
alive,  leaving  only  his  head  outside.  However,  as  a  result 
of  his  illness,  and  of  the  death  of  his  father,  he  lost  what  he 
had,  and  the  Great  Captain  took  him  prisoner  at  Naples, 
where  people  were  beginning  to  collect,  and  sent  him  to 
Spain,  although  on  promise  that  no  harm  should  come  to 
him.  He  fled  to  Navarre,  after  escaping  from  the  Castle 
of  Medina  del  Campo  by  lowering  himself  with  ropes. 
When  he  was  there,  Ximen  Garcia  de  los  Fayos,  otherwise 
called  Agreda,  and  another  brother  of  his,i  killed  him 
because  he  had  grievously  quarrelled  with  the  followers  of 
the  Count  of  Lerin,  who  were  going  to  relieve  the  Castle  of 
Viana  from  starvation.  Certain  men  of  Logrofio  who  were 
there  told  me  how  the  drummer,  Damiancillo,  finished  him 
off  as  he  lay  groaning  on  the  ground.  In  this  wise  died 
the  valiant  Duke  of  Valentinois,  whose  vices  equalled  and 
concealed  his  learning,  generosity,  courage,  and  energy.  He 
was  marvellously  expert  in  the  use  of  every  sort  of  arms,  on 
foot  and  on  horseback,  and  exceedingly  nimble  in  jumping, 
running,  wrestling,  handling  weapons,  and  tilting. 

Truce  for  three  years  between  the  Venetians  and  the 
Emperor  Maximilian. - 

The  Year  1508 

Count  Pedro  Navarro  captures  Pefion  de  Velez  de  la 
Gomera,  and  afterwards  a  fortress  was  constructed  there. -^ 
Pedro  Fernandez  de  Cordova,  Marquis  of  Priego,  captures 
the  Alcalde  de  Corte,  Fernan  Gomez  de  Herrera,  of  Madrid, 
and  takes  him  from  Cordova  to  Montilla.* 

The  Catholic  King  punishes  the  Marquis  of  Priego  for 
capturing  his  alcalde,  by  destroying  the  fortress  of  Montilla.'' 

And  he  likewise  punishes  Pedro  de  Giron  because  he 
carried  off  to  Portugal  the  Duke  of  Medina  Sidonia,  whose 
guardian  he  was." 

'  Yriarte  (ii.  275)  gives  the  names  of  Luis  Garcia  de  Agredo  and  of 
Pedro  de  Alio. 

^  June  6,  1508.     Ulmann,  ii.  357. 

^  Cf.  Zurita,  Lib.  VIII,  cap.  xxiii.  *  Ibid.,  caps,  xx-xxii. 

^  Ibid,,  caps,  xx-xxii,  ^  Ibid.,  cap.  xxv. 


i5o8  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  25 

Cardinal  Friar  Francisco  Ximenes  imprisons  Lucero,  a 
severe  Inquisitor.^ 

The  King  of  Fez  with  one  hundred  thousand  Moors  lays 
siege  to  Arcilla,  which  was  defended  by  Count  Vasco  de 
Borba.  This  caused  great  warlike  preparations  to  be  made 
in  Portugal  and  even  in  Castile  for  its  relief,  and  Antonio 
de  Fonseca  collected  an  army,  but  before  it  could  get  there 
Pedro  Navarro  forced  the  Moors  to  raise  the  siege.'^ 

Alonzo  de  Ojeda  founds  a  town  in  Caribana  which  he 
named  San  Sebastian,  and  which  was  the  first  settlement  of 
Spaniards  on  Tierra  Firme  of  the  Indies.^ 

Diego  de  Nicuesa,  who  soon  after  perished  wretchedly, 
begins  to  settle  Nombre  de  Dios.* 

Pope  Julius  excommunicates  the  Venetians  for  usurping 
Ravenna  and  other  lands  of  the  States  of  the  Church.^ 

The  Pope  grants  to  Maximilian  the  right  to  call  himself 
crowned  Emperor.*' 

League  against  the  Venetians  made  at  Cambray  between 
Pope  Julius,  the  Emperor  Maximilian,  King  Ferdinand, 
King  Louis  of  France,  and  other  lords  and  states,  because 
the  Venetians  held  lands  which  had  belonged  to  each  of 
them.'' 

War  between  Maximilian  and  the  Venetians  about  Cadore 
and  Gorizia.^ 

A  boat  of  osier  containing  eight  men  who  ate  raw  flesh 
and  drank  blood  like  water,  and  spoke  a  language  which 
could  not  be  understood,  runs  aground  near  Dieppe.^ 


1  P.  Martyr,  Opus  Epist.,  Epp.  333,  334.         ^  Bemaldez,  cap.  ccxviii. 

^  In  the  gulf  of  Uraba,  in  1509-10.  Cf.  G6mara's  Historic  de  las  InJias 
in  Bibl.  Aut.  Esp.  xxii.  189  fF. ;  Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  pp.  io6  flF. 
On  the  designation  *  Tierra  Firme  ',  cf.  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical 
History,  ii.  169. 

*  G6mara,  pp.  187-91;  Bourne,  pp.  107-8.  Also  in  1509-10.  Nom- 
bre de  Dios  is  near  the  present  town  of  Aspinwall. 

^  April  27,  1509.  Gf.  Burd,  p.  133. 
^  Feb.  4,  1508 ;  Ulmann,  ii.  339-40. 
''  Dec.  10;  Burd,  pp.  13 1-2. 

*  Ulmann,  ii.  341  ff.  B.  M.  MS.  has  '  sobre  Cadora  dusa  y  Goricia' : 
'  dusa '  I  am  unable  to  identify  or  translate. 

*  Cf.  Eusebius  of  Caesarea,  Chronicon  et  Continuatio ;  Ed.  Basle,  1529, 
f.  153.     '  Septem  homines  sylvestres,  etc' 


26  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1508 

War  of  the  Florentines  against  the  Pisans,  to  subject 
them.i 

Insilbas  moves  on  Khorassan  with  two  hundred  thousand 
men,  and  Ismail  Sophy  goes  forth  to  meet  him  with  a  force 
of  about  equal  size,  but  owing  to  the  intercession  of  an 
Armenian  bishop  they  did  not  fight.^ 

The  Year  1509 

Proclamation  of  the  League  of  Cambray  in  the  Iglesia 
Mayor  at  Valladolid,  the  Bishop  of  Palencia  saying  mass." 
The  King  swore  to  it  for  himself  and  for  the  Queen,  his 
daughter,  the  nuncio  Giovanni  Ruffo,  Bishop  of  Bertinoro,* 
for  the  Pope,  Mercurino  de  Gattinara  for  Prince  Charles, 
the  Sieur  de  Guise  for  the  King  of  France,  and  the  ambas- 
sadors of  the  Emperor  Maximilian. 

The  capture  of  Oran  by  Cardinal  Friar  Francisco 
Ximenes.'^ 

Queen  Joanna  enters  Tordesillas,  never  to  leave  it." 

The  Emperor  Maximilian  and  King  Ferdinand  come  to 
an  agreement  about  the  affairs  of  their  grandson  Charles.' 

Queen  Germaine  brings  forth  in  Valladolid  a  son  who 
only  lived  one  hour,  and  whose  death  was  as  great  a  grief 
to  the  realms  of  Aragon  as  its  birth  was  glory .^ 

King  Henry  VII  of  England  dies.  Being  desirous  to  wed 
Queen  Joanna  of  Castile,  he  postponed  for  a  long  time  the 
marriage  of  his  son  and  of  the  Infanta  Catharine,  and  even 
maltreated  his  daughter-in-law  in  order  to  force  her  grand- 
father to  consent  to  what  he  desired.^ 

The  Infanta  Catharine  finally  marries  her  brother-in-law, 
Henry  VIII,  King  of  England,  having  a  dispensation  valid 

^  Burd,  p.  131.  2  Angiolello,  pp.  no,  116. 

^  Sandoval  (i.  16)  copies  G6mara  here. 

*  Giovanni  Ruffo,  Bishop  of  Bertinoro,  was  afterwards  Archbishop 
of  Cosenza.     Cf.  Gams,  Series  Episcoporum,  p.  674, 

'  May  16.     Zurita,  Lib.  VIII,  cap.  xxx  ;  Bemaldez,  cap.  ccxix. 

®  Feb.  14.     Zurita,  Lib.  VIII,  cap.  xxix. 

'  Ibid.,  caps,  xlii,  xlv,  xlvii.  *  May  3.     Sandoval,  i.  14. 

'  April  21.  Busch,  pp.  214-16.  'Grandfather'  (abuelo)  is  of  course 
a  mistake  for  '  father '. 


1509 


CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  i'] 


even  In  case  her  first  marriage  had  been  consummated, 
though  they  say  that  Arthur  was  impotent.^ 

The  prosecution  of  the  supposed  holy  woman  at  Piedrahita 
takes  place,  which  was  a  notable  affair. 

The  University  of  Alcala  de  Henares  begins.^ 

Victory  of  King  Louis  of  France  for  the  allies,  against 
the  Venetians  at  Agnadello,  which  completely  routed  them.-' 
The  King  had  fifteen  thousand  horse,  and  thirty  thousand 
foot,  and  the  Venetians  thirty-three  thousand  foot  and  ten 
thousand  horse.  According  to  the  French  accounts  ten 
thousand  were  slain  in  the  battle. 

Pope  Julius  captures  Modena  and  Mirandola,  which  Duke 
Alfonso  of  Ferrara  held,  by  force  of  arms.* 

The  Emperor  Maximilian  besieges  Padua,  but  was  unable 
to  take  it.^ 

The  Venetians  restore  Ravenna  to  Pope  Julius.*^  Juan 
Ponce  de  Leon  begins  to  conquer  Boriquen.'  War  between 
the  Venetians  and  the  Duke  of  Ferrara,^ 

The  bloody  battle  between  Poles  and  Turks,  the  Chris- 
tians being  victorious.^ 

The  Sophy  captures  Sermangoli,  King  of  Sumacchia,  in 
battle.!'' 

^  June  II.     Busch,  pp.  202  fF.,  374  ff. 

-  On  the  exact  date  of  the  opening  of  the  University  cf.  A.  de  la 
Torre  y  del  Cerro,  La  Universidad  de  Alcala  in  the  Ret'tsta  de  Archi-vos 
for  1910,  pp.  lo-ii. 

^  May  14,  1509.     Guicciardini,  ii.  203. 

■•  This  was  in  1510  and  1511.     Burd,  pp.  136,  138. 

^  Guicciardini,  ii.  241.     He  raised  the  siege  Oct.  3. 

'^  Burd,  p.  134. 

■^  Or  Porto  Rico.  Cf.  G6mara's  Historia  de  las  hidias  in  Bibl.  de  Aut. 
Esp.,  vol.  xxii,  p.  180  ;  also  Bourne,  pp.  133-4. 

^  In  1 5 10.     Guicciardini,  ii.  303,  321. 

'  Probably  referring  to  the  battle  on  the  Dniester,  where  the  Crown 
Hetman  Kamieniecki  defeated  Bogdan  of  Moldavia,  whose  force  was 
composed  of  Turks  and  Tartars.  Cf.  Vapovius  in  Serif  tores  Rerum  Polo- 
nicarum,  vol.  ii,  pp.  86  fF. 

^^  Angiolello  (p.  1 1 2)  tells  a  somewhat  different  story.  According  to 
him,  Sermangoli,  whom  Ismail  had  captured  and  set  free  on  a  former 
occasion  (p.  104),  took  refuge  in  flight. 


28  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1510 

The  Year  151  o 

The  capture  of  Bugia  and  of  Tripoli  in  Barbary.^  The 
league  of  Cambray  against  the  Venetians  is  renewed  by  the 
same  allies  as  before,  with  the  addition  of  Ladislaus,  King 
of  Hungary.^ 

Pope  Julius  abandons  the  league  and  aids  the  Venetians, 
who  humbled  themselves  before  him.^  This  was  the  cause 
of  many  wars  and  evils. 

The  Pope  wages  war  against  the  French  in  Genoa  and  in 
Milan  in  order  that  the  one  might  be  free  and  the  other 
come  under  his  suzerainty,  but  the  Swiss  abandon  him, 
because  of  the  bribes  of  King  Louis.* 

Francesco  Maria  de  la  Rovere,  Duke  of  Urbino  and 
nephew  of  Pope  Julius,  slays  Cardinal  Alidosi  in  Ravenna, 
because  of  the  affair  of  Bologna.^  The  Pope  was  angered 
by  the  murder  of  the  Cardinal,  although  the  latter  had  led 
an  unchaste  life. 

Hatred  develops  between  Pope  Julius  II  and  King  Louis 
of  France,  which  was  the  beginning  of  infinite  evils.  The 
Pope  takes  the  side  of  the  Venetians  and  the  King  supports 
the  Duke  of  Ferrara  in  his  wars.^ 

The  Pope,  in  anger  at  the  King  of  France,  on  account 
of  the  affairs  of  Ferrara  and  of  Bologna,  begs  aid  of  the 
Princes  of  Christendom,  and  they  grant  it,  especially  the 
Catholic  King." 

Pirates  capture  twenty-five  Carmelite  Friars  returning  to 
Sicily  from  the  general  Chapter  which  they  had  held  at 
Rome. 

^  Bernaldez,  caps,  ccxxiii  and  ccxxiv  ;  Zurita,  Lib.  IX,  caps,  i  and 
xvi.     Bugia  fell  Jan.  6,  Tripoli,  July  31. 

"^  Ulmann,  ii.  396-404.  ^  Feb.  24.     Burd,  p.  135. 

*  Ibid.,  p.  136.  The  Swiss  allied  themselves  with  the  Pope  in  March, 
1 510  (Lavisse,  vol.  v,  pt.  i,  p.  95),  and  did  not  abandon  him  till  much  later. 
Cf.  Kohler,  Les  Suisses  dans  les  guerres  d'ltalie  in  Memoires  et  Documents 
lie  la  Societe  d'Histoire  et  d'  Archeologie  de  Genh'e,  2°'®  serie,  tome  4. 

''  May  24,  1511.    Burd,  pp.  138-9.  ^  Ibid.,  pp.  136-7. 

'  Bernaldez,  cap.  ccxxvl  ;  Sandoval,  i.  18,  22. 


I5II  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  29 

The  Year  1511 

The  Conquest  of  Cuba  by  Diego  Velasquez  de  Cuellar.^ 
Alliance  of  King  Ferdinand   the   Catholic  and  of  the 
Venetians  with  the  Pope,  all  three  joining  forces  against 
the  King  of  France.^ 

Session  of  the  Council  which  certain  Cardinals  inau- 
gurated against  the  Pope,  headed  by  Cardinal  Bernardino 
de  Carvajal,  Bishop  of  Sigiienza,  whom  men  called  in  jest 
Pope  Andrew.^  The  cause  of  this  Council,  if  a  reason  must 
needs  be  given,  was  that  when  the  Pope  in  consistory  pro- 
posed to  take  Bologna  by  force  of  arms  from  Giovanni  di 
Bentivoglio,  Cardinal  Bernardino  de  Carvajal,  as  the  senior, 
would  not  consent  in  the  first  place,  and  Cardinals  Francesco 
Soderini,  Federigo  da  San  vSeverino,  Antonio  Gentile, 
Guillaume  Bri^onnet,  and  all  who  were  at  odds  with  the 
Pope  or  desired  to  get  the  Papacy,  followed  his  counsel 
and  advice.  These  men  settled  down  as  a  Council  at  Pisa 
with  the  consent  of  Piero  Soderini,  who  was  in  power  at 
that  time  in  Florence,  and  with  the  favour  of  the  King  of 
France,  who  sent  Lautrec  to  support  them  with  an  army. 
The  Pope  induced  three  of  these  Cardinals  to  return  to 
their  obedience  either  by  offers  of  reward  or  threats  of 
excommunication  ;  the  other  three  went  on  to  Milan,  where 
they  proclaimed  a  Council,  saying  that  the  Emperor  and 
the  King  of  Spain  supported  and  approved  of  it.  This 
angered  the  Catholic  King,  who  begged  the  Pope  to 
deprive  them  of  their  offices  and  benefices,  which  was 
done,  and  then  the  King  appoints  Fadrique  of  Portugal 
Bishop  of  Sigiienza.  The  three  Cardinals  took  fright  and 
betook  themselves  to  France,  where  they  persisted  in  their 
design  of  continuing  their  Council  at  Lyons. 

'  Cf.  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias  in  Bibl.  Aut.  Esp.  xxii.  185. 

^  Oct.  4.     Burd,  p.  141. 

^  On  this  and  the  next  paragraph  cf.  Zurita,  Lib.  IX,  caps,  xxii,  xxx, 
xl,  xliii;  Carvajal,  p.  332;  Bernaldez,  cap.  ccxxvi ;  Burd,  pp.  139-40; 
Sandret,  Le  Concile  de  Pise  in  Revue  des  Questions  Historiques,  xxxiv.  425  ff. 
G6mara  omits  Francisco  Borgia,  Cardinal  of  C^osenza,  from  the  original 
list  of  schismatics. 


30  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1511 

The  Pope  asks,  requires,  and  admonishes  King  Louis  of 
France  again  and  again,  to  show  no  favour  to  the  insolent 
Council  which  these  rebellious  and  excommunicated  Car- 
dinals were  holding,  and  to  lend  no  aid  to  the  Duke  of 
Ferrara,  nor  to  Giovanni  di  Bentivoglio,  nor  to  the  other 
tyrants  of  the  Church. 

The  Pope  excommunicates  the  King  of  France  and  all 
those  who  favoured  his  cause  and  that  of  the  rebel  Car- 
dinals, and  declares  them  to  be  schismatics,  and  deprives 
them  of  their  realms,  states,  and  dignities.^ 

Doctor  William  Ca9a  brings  this  excommunication  and 
sentence  to  Valladolid,  where  they  are  publicly  read  in  the 
Iglesia  Mayor  on  a  holiday,  at  the  end  of  the  Gospel  ot 
the  Mass,- 

Open  war  of  King  Ferdinand  the  Catholic  against  the 
schismatics.  He  asks  the  support  of  his  son-in-law.  King 
Henry  VIII  of  England  ;  he  makes  peace  with  the  Kings  of 
Tunis  and  Tlemcen  ;  he  sends  the  Alcaide  de  los  Donzeles 
to  Fuenterrabia  to  deal  with  the  affairs  of  Navarre,  and 
commands  Ramon  de  Cardona,  viceroy  of  Naples,  and 
Count  Pedro  Navarro  with  the  soldiers  of  his  fleet  to  join 
forces  with  Francisco  Maria,  Duke  of  Urbino,  who  lay  near 
Bologna  with  the  Papal  army.^ 

The  King  of  France  takes  counsel  in  Tours  with  his 
lawyers,  theologians,  and  canonists,  and  decided  that  he  was 
not  obliged  to  obey  a  Papal  excommunication  which  had 
been  launched  with  an  accompanying  threat  of  militarj- 
force,  that  the  Pope  could  not  lawfully  wage  war  against 
another  lord  in  lands  not  belonging  to  the  States  of  the 
Church,  that  he  had  neither  offended  against  the  Faith  nor 
the  Church,  nor  provoked  war  against  them,  that  he,  the 
King,  could  wage  war  in  his  own  defence  against  the  Pope, 
his  public  and  notorious  enemy,  as  an  individual,  but  that 
all  the  churches  and  towns  of  his  kingdom  must  in  the 

'  Lavisse,  vol.  5,  pt.  i,  p.  97. 

^  Nov.  16.     Cf.  Bernaldez,  cap.  ccxxvii;  Sandoval,  i.  22. 

^  Zurita,  Lib.  IX,  caps,  xxxii,  xxxiii,  xxxviii.  Sandoval  (i.  22)  copies 
G6mara  here.  *  Tunis  '  is  probably  a  mistake  for  '  Tenes ' ;  cf.  above 
p.  21,  n.  9. 


15 1 1  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  31 

meantime  obey  the  Canon  Law  and  the  Pragmatic  Sanction 
of  the  Council  of  Basel ;  and  that  he  might  defend  his  friends 
and  allies  against  any  other  person,  even  if  that  other  were 
Pope. 

The  King  of  France  forbids  his  vassals  to  carry  any 
money  to  Rome,  in  order  that  the  Pope  might  not  use  it  to 
make  war  on  him. 

Gaston  de  Foix,  general-in -chief  of  the  King  of  France, 
effects  an  entrance  into  Bologna  by  the  power  of  his  army  ; 
he  also  captures  Brescia,  Bergamo,  and  other  places  of  the 
Pope  and  of  the  Venetians.^ 

Duke  Charles  of  Guelders  harries  Brabant  with  the  sup- 
port of  the  King  of  France. ' 

The  Emperor  Maximilian  takes  the  side  of  the  Pope 
because  the  King  of  France  aided  the  Duke  of  Guelders 
against  him.* 

A  man  who  ate  up  a  sheep  or  a  calf  at  a  single  meal  is 
presented  to  the  Emperor  Maximilian.' 

Thomas  Howard  conquers  and  captures  Andrew  Barton, 
captain  of  the  Scottish  fleet,  in  a  naval  battle." 

Quarrels  and  wars  between  the  Grand  Turk  Bayazid  and 
his  sons.'^ 

The  battle  of  Tchorlu  between  Selim  and  his  father 
Bayazid. 

Insilbas  fights  with  the  Sophy  on  an  island  in  the  River 
Efia  near  Khorassan,  a  great  city,  each  one,  so  it  is  reported, 
having  an  army  of  two  hundred  thousand  men.  They  ar- 
ranged beforehand  for  the  battle,  which  was  the  most  cruel 
and  bloody  of  our  day  and  generation.^ 

'  Lavisse,  vol.  v,  pt.  i,  pp.  96-7.  'Basel'  is  probably  a  mistake  for 
•Bourges',  though  the  Council's  decrees  were  in  close  consonance  with 
the  Pragmatic.  *  All  this  was  in  Jan.-Feb.,  1512  ;  Burd,  pp.  141-2. 

^  Henne,  i.  278  ff.  *  Not  till  1512.     Cf.  Ulmann,  ii.  453-5. 

"  Sandoval,  i.  24. 

*  Diet.  Nat.  Biog.  iii.  340.  The  battle  occurred  Aug.  2  in  the  Downs. 
Barton  was  shot,  not  captured. 

'  On  this  and  the  next  paragraph  cf.  Hammer,  Geschichte  des  Osman't- 
schen  Retches,  ii.  352-63  ;  and  Jorga,  Geschichte  des  Osmanischen  Reiches, 
ii.  30  fF.  The  battle  of  Tchorlu  or  Tschorli,  between  Constantinople 
and  Adrianople,  was  fought  in  July,  151 2. 

*  Angiolello,  pp.  114-18;  Jorga,  ii.  254.     This  was  in  1510. 


32  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1511 

The  Sophy  won  by  dint  of  his  great  strength.  He  sent 
the  head  of  Insilbas  to  the  Grand  Turk,  and  that  of  Azebec, 
an  excellent  general,  to  the  Soldan  of  Cairo— an  act  of 
barbarity.  However,  he  left  the  realm  to  the  sons  of  Insilbas 
under  payment  of  some  small  tribute,  on  condition  that 
they  should  wear  red  turbans  and  put  off  the  green  ones 
to  which  they  were  accustomed.^ 

Francisco  Lopez,  who  wrote  these  Annals,  and  the  Sea 
Fights  of  our  time,  and  the  History  of  the  Indies  with 
the  Conquest  of  Mexico,  and  still  has  a  mind  to  do  some 
other  little  things,  is  born  in  Gomara  ^  on  Sunday  morning, 
the  day  of  the  Purification  of  Our  Lady,  which  they  call 
Candlemas.^  Since  he  has  worked  so  hard,  he  deserves  to 
enjoy  the  fruit  of  his  labours  in  company  with  many  good 
men. 

The  Year  1512 

The  monster  which  was  brought  forth  by  a  nun  in 
Ravenna,  and  which,  according  to  reports,  was  male  and 
female,  had  a  horn  on  its  head,  and  a  cross  on  its  breast, 
and  wings  instead  of  arms,  and  a  single  foot,  and  an  eye  in 
its  knee.^ 

The  pitched  battle  of  Ravenna,  which  the  French  won, 
because  the  Spaniards  did  not  fight  their  hardest.  Our 
men  were  defeated,  but  despite  that  fact  they  slew  their 
enemies.  Sixteen  thousand  men  in  all  perished — two-thirds 
of  the  French  army,  and  forty  generals  on  both  sides,  and 
also  Gaston  de  Foix,  brother  of  Queen  Germaine,  whose 
death  made  the  day  famous,  and  who  (if  there  be  truth  in 
the  stories  of  soldiers)  had  seventy  pieces  of  artillery,  two 
thousand  men-at-arms,  four  thousand  light  cavalry,  and 
twenty-five  thousand  foot.  In  the  Papal  army  with  the 
Duke  of  Urbino  there  were  twenty-four  bronze  cannon, 
and  twenty-three  thousand  infantry  (twelve  thousand  of 
them  Spaniards),  a  thousand   troopers,  a  thousand  light 

*  '  Azebec '  is  doubtless  the  same  as  '  Usbec '  in  Anglolello,  p.  117  ;  q.-v. 
^  About  ten  miles  south-east  of  Soria,  '  Feb.  2. 

*  Bernaldez,  cap.  ccxxviii.  Sandoval  (i,  26)  again  plagiarizes  from 
G6mara. 


15 1 2  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  33 

cavalry,  eight  hundred  Spanish  and  the  same  number  of 
Italian  men-at-arms.^ 

Ambassadors  from  Abdalla,  King  of  Tlemcen,  who  ac- 
knowledged himself  tributary  of  the  King  of  Castile,  come 
to  Burgos  with  the  Alcaide  de  los  Donzeles.  They  brought 
to  King  Ferdinand  the  tribute-money,  twenty-two  horses, 
a  tame  lion's  whelp,  a  fowl  of  molten  gold,  and  thirty-six 
chickens  of  the  same,  and  many  Moorish  things,  and  a 
pretty  little  maid  of  royal  blood,  and  one  hundred  and 
thirty  Christian  captives.^ 

Duarte  de  Menezes,  Alcaide  of  Tangiers,  with  one  hundred 
and  seventy  horse  and  three  hundred  foot,  attacks  the  King 
of  Fez,  who  had  come  with  three  thousand  Moorish  infantry, 
and  seven  hundred  troopers  to  fire  his  crops.  In  the  battle 
and  pursuit  he  captured  two  hundred  and  twenty-five,  and 
slew  twice  that  number.^ 

Agreement  of  King  John  of  Navarre  with  the  King  of 
France,  who  granted  him  Beam  in  return  for  his  promise 
to  fall  out  with  King  Ferdinand  and  to  prevent  the  latter 
from  entering  his  kingdom  of  Guyenne,  where  the  English 
were  already  face  to  face  with  him.* 

Fadrique  de  Toledo,  Duke  of  Alva,  and  General-in-Chief, 
seizes  the  kingdom  of  Navarre  and  enters  Pamplona  with 
six  thousand  soldiers,  one  thousand  men-at-arms,  and  fifteen 
hundred  troopers.^ 

King  John  besieges  Pamplona  for  twenty-six  days,  and 
the  Duke  of  Alva,  Hernando  de  Vega,  Antonio  de  Fonseca, 
and  many  other  Castilian  knights  defended  it  and  held  out 
bravely. 


^  April  II.  Bibliography  in  Pastor,  Gescbic&te  Jer Pa/>ste,\i\,  p.  7o-i,n.  4. 
The  number  of  slain  is  given  by  Jovius  and  Moncenigo  as  20,000 ;  by 
Guicciardini  as  10,000. 

^  Bemaldez,  caps,  ccxxix-ccxxx,  Sandoval  (i.  26)  again  copies 
G6mara. 

'  Bemaldez,  cap.  ccxxxiii.  G6niara's  account  is  clearly  taken  from 
Bemaldez. 

*  Boissonnade,  Reunion  de  la  Navarre  a  la  Caitille,  pp.  31 1-12. 

'  On  this  and  the  next  three  paragraphs  cf.  Zurita,  Lib.  X,  caps, 
xxix-xliii ;  Bemaldez,  caps,  ccxxxv-ccxxxvii ;  Carvajal,  pp.  327-33 ; 
Boissonnade,  p.  325, 

1S66  D 


34  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1512 

The  King-  goes  to  Logrono,  and  sends  aid  thence  to 
Pamplona  by  the  Duke  of  Najera,  in  fear  of  whom  King 
John  raised  the  siege  and  abandoned  the  French  artillery. 
I  have  heard  it  said  that  the  King  wept  for  joy  together 
with  Antonio  de  Fonseca,  who  brought  him  the  news,  such 
importance  did  he  attach  to  the  conquest  of  Navarre. 

The  Dauphin  Francis  and  the  Duke  of  Bourbon - 
Montpensier  besiege  San  Sebastian,  but  the  inhabitants 
repulsed  them  with  loss. 

Diego  Hernandez  de  Cordova,  Marquis  of  Comares, 
whom  they  called  the  Alcaide  de  los  Donzeles,  remains  as 
viceroy  of  Navarre,  and  after  him  Antonio  Manrique,  Duke 
of  Najera,  and  after  him  Francisco  Zufiiga,  Count  of  Miranda, 
and  Martin  de  Cordova,  Count  of  Alcaudete,  and  Martin  de 
Mendoza,  Marquis  of  Canete,  and  Luis  Hurtado,  Marquis  of 
Mondejar,  and  Juan  de  Vega,  Marquis  of  Gragal,  and  Pedro 
de  Mendoza,  Count  of  Castro,  and  .  .  .  de  Cardenas,  Duke 
of  Maqueda,  and  Beltran  de  la  Cueva,  Duke  of  Alburquerque. 

Ferdinand  of  Aragon,  Duke  of  Calabria,  attempts  to  flee 
to  France  from  Logrono.  Therefore,  though  he  had  hitherto 
gone  about  the  court  freelj'-,  he  is  now  taken  captive  to 
Jativa,  where  Mosen  Juan  detains  him  in  custody.^ 

The  Council  of  Saint  John  Lateran  begins  at  Rome.'^ 

Pascal,  Bishop  of  Burgos,  a  truly  Christian  man,  dies 
while  attending  the  Council,  and  is  buried  in  the  Monastery 
of  Santa  Maria  sopra  Minerva  ^  at  Rome. 

Revolt  against  the  Sophy  by  the  sons  of  Insilbas,  who 
put  off  their  red  turbans  at  the  advice  of  a  wretched  Tartar 
who  belonged  to  the  white  turban  faction.* 

Bayazid  II  dies,  after  a  reign  of  thirty-one  years  and 
a  life  of  seventy-four,  as  a  result  of  poison  administered  at 
the  command  of  Selim,  his  younger  brother,  by  Hamon 
Ustaraba,  a  Jewish  doctor.^     He  had  great  trouble  with  his 

^  Zurita,  Lib.  X,  cap.  xxxviii.  '  May  3. 

'  July  19.  Carvajal,  pp.  329-30.  *  Moreria '  in  the  text  is  clearly  a 
mistake  for  'Minerva'.   The  B.M.  MS.  makes  the  same  error. 

*  Angiolello,  pp.  117-18. 

*  April  23.  Bayazid  was  sixty-five  years  old,  not  seventy-four.  Cf. 
Jovius,  i.  353  ;  Hammer,  ii.  366-75  ;  Jorga,  ii.  313-14.    I  am  unable  to 


I5I2  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  35 

brothers  in  order  to  hold  his  throne,  and  still  more  with 
his  sons,  of  whom  he  had  seven,  and  each  one  of  whom 
desired  to  have  the  kingdom.  He  spent  annually  infinite 
sums  on  them,  for  he  kept  them  in  the  provinces  ;  but  the 
eldest  one  got  half  the  money.  Save  for  them  he  was  very 
fortunate,  winning  all  his  battles  but  one,  when  he  was 
conquered  by  the  Mamelukes.  He  was,  moreover,  very 
rich,  for  he  had  ten  millions  in  money  shortly  before  his 
abdication,  a  sum  which  no  other  king  of  this  day  and 
generation  has  possessed  ;  though  Selim  did  not  find  more 
than  one  million  when  he  searched  for  this  treasure,  and  it 
is  said  that  the  servants  made  away  with  a  great  deal. 
Bayazid  was  much  given  to  the  study  of  philosophy  and  of 
the  Koran,  and  it  was  because  of  this  and  of  his  great  age 
that  he  left  the  Empire  to  Selim,  which  angered  the  other 
sons  and  shortened  his  own  life.  At  the  beginning  of  his 
reign  Selim  put  forth  an  ordinance  about  the  clothes  of 
his  soldiers,  saying  that  because  they  were  so  rich  they 
spurred  on  their  adversaries  to  fight  eagerly  against  them. 

The  Year  1513 

Secret  truce  between  Kings  Louis  and  Ferdinand,  which 
greatly  annoyed  the  Kings  of  England  and  of  Navarre.^ 
The  Pope  and  the  Emperor  Maximilian  conclude  a  new 
alliance  against  King  Louis  of  France.^  Through  the 
efforts  of  Mercurino  Gattinara,  Maximilian  and  Ferdinand 
come  to  an  agreement  about  the  regency  for  their  grandson 
Charles,  and  his  affairs.^ 

The  fortress  at  Oran  and  the  Fenon  of  Algiers  are  con- 
structed. Vasco  Nunez  de  Balboa  discovers  the  Southern 
Sea,  after  having  first  waged  many  wars  against  the  Indians 

explain  '  Sahac '  in  the  original  Spanish  text,  unless  it  be  a  misreading 

of  the  Turkish  epithet  '  Jauf  or  *  Sharp  ',  sometimes  applied  to  Selim ; 

cf.  Hammer,  ii.  376. 

^  Truce  of  Orthez,  April  i.     Cf  Boissonade,  pp.  415  ff, 

^  Probably  meaning  the  treaty  of  Mechlin  of  April  5.      Cf.  Burd> 

p.  147. 

'  Cf.  Walther,  Anfdnge  Karls  V,  pp.  ii6  ff. 

D  2 


2,6  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR      151 3 

in  this  year  and  in  the  past.^  This  was  an  event  for  which 
Castile  deeply  longed. 

James  of  Braganza,  with  the  fleet  of  King  Manuel,  con- 
quers the  Moors  at  Azamor.^  The  Pope  reorganizes  his 
army  after  the  battle  which  he  lost  at  Ravenna,  and  drives 
the  French  out  of  Italy  with  it.'' 

The  Pope  reinstates  the  Medici  in  Florence  by  force,  in 
revenge  for  the  support  which  the  inhabitants  of  that  city 
had  given  to  the  Council  of  Pisa ;  but  he  commanded  his 
army  to  withdraw.* 

Pope  Julius  II,  who  was  a  native  of  Savona,  dies  after 
a  pontificate  of  ten  years,  of  whom  it  has  been  said  that  he 
was  a  bad  Pope,  but  a  good  man.^  He  was  a  great  friend 
of  King  Ferdinand,  because  the  latter  always  supported 
him,  and  therefore  gave  him  the  investitures  of  the  king- 
doms of  Naples  and  of  Navarre.  He  died  happy  in  having 
expelled  the  French  from  Italy,  in  having  recovered 
Bologna,  and  in  having  reinstated  the  Medici  in  Florence. 

Election  of  Pope  Leo  X  at  the  age  of  forty  years.^ 
Alliance,  which  was  termed  perpetual,  between  France 
and  Venice  against  the  Duke  of  Milan.'^ 

Pope  Leo  supports  Maximilian  Sforza,  Duke  of  Milan. 

The  battle  of  Novara  in  which  Maximilian  Sforza  con- 
quered the  French,  whose  general  was  Louis  de  la  Tre- 
mouille.® 

The  Venetian  army,  led  by  Bartolommeo  de  Alviano, 
suffers  greatly  near  Cremona  and  Verona.  Octaviano 
Fregoso  frees  Genoa  from  the  power  of  the  French,  with 


^  Sept.  25.  Gdmara,  Hist,  de  las  Indiaj,  pp.  i9zff.  ;  Bourne,  pp.  109-ir, 
"  /V;^.  29-30.  Zurita,  Lib.  X,  cap.  Ixxix  ;  Marmol,  Histoiredes  Cherifs, 
cap.  vii. 

'  This  was  in  1512  ;  cf.  Burd,  p.  142. 

*  In  Sept.  15 12.  Cf.  J.  Nardi,  Istorie  di  Firenze,  Lib.  VL  The  last 
clause  of  the  text  is  untranslatable,  but  the  general  meaning  seems  to  be 
clear.     The  BM.  MS.  has  '  sangirto  su  exercito  apart6 '. 

"  Feb.  20.     Cf.  Bernaldez,  cap.  ccxxxviii. 

*  March  lo-ii.  Ibid.,  cap.  ccxxxix.  He  was  thirty-eight  not  forty 
years  old. 

'  March  23.     Cf.  Burd,  p.  147  and  «. 

*  June  6.     Guicciardini,  iii.  67  If. 


1513  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  37 

the  aid  of  the  Pope  and  the  Spaniards  led  by  the  Marquis 
of  Pescara.1 

Alliance  of  the  Emperor  Maximilian  and  of  King-  Fer- 
dinand and  of  King  Henry  of  England  against  King  Louis 
of  France.^ 

The  King  of  England,  with  the  aid  of  the  Emperor 
Maximilian,  who  was  paid  for  it,  makes  war  on  the  King  of 
France  in  Picardy.^ 

Battle  between  the  English  and  the  Scots,  who  fought 
for  the  love  of  the  King  of  France,  at  Flodden.  Thomas 
Howard,  Earl  of  Surrey,  was  victorious,  and  King  James  IV 
of  Scotland,  with  many  nobles  of  his  realm,  was  slain.  The 
King  was  recognized  among  the  dead  by  a  girdle  of  iron 
which  he  wore  next  to  his  flesh,  in  penance  for  having 
murdered  his  father  in  order  to  gain  the  throne.* 

The  battle  of  Therouanne,  known  as  the  Battle  of  the 
Spurs,  because  the  French  used  their  spurs  so  much  in 
order  to  flee  the  quicker.^  The  English  won,  and  Francis, 
Duke  of  Longueville,  the  Commander-in-chief  of  the 
French,  and  the  famous  leader,  Bayard,  were  captured. 

Prospero  Colonna  and  Ramon  de  Cardona  bombard 
Venice  from  Marghera.  More  insult  than  injury  resulted, 
though  they  caused  great  fear  in  the  city.^ 

King  Henry  VIII  of  England  captures  Therouanne  by 
siege  and  Tournay  by  treaty,'^  the  Emperor  Maximilian 
being  with  him. 

The  English  and  French  fleets  fight  with  one  another. 
At  the  first  encounter  Pregent  of  Guyenne,^  who  had  come 

^  Zurita,  Lib.  X,  cap.  Ixxi  ;  Jovius,  i.  390-1. 

*  Probably  refers  to  the  treaty  of  Mechlin  of  April  5.  Cf.  ante,  para- 
graph I  of  this  same  year. 

'  Henry  crossed  to  France  June  30 :  in  the  ensuing  campaign  14,000 
Germans  served  in  his  pay.  Cf.  Ulmann,  ii.  466  fF. ;  Fisher,  Political 
History  of  England,  148^-1^4  j,  p.  181. 

*  Sept.  9.  G6mara  closely  follows  the  account  in  Bernaldez,  cap. 
ccxlv.     On  Flodden  cf.  Fisher,  pp.  186  fF.,  and  notes  to  p.  189. 

"  Guinegatte,  Aug.  16.     Fisher,  pp.  182-3. 
'  Guicciardini,  iii.  89. 

'  Aug.  22  and  Sept.  24.    Cf.  Fisher,  pp.  183-4. 

^  Pregent  de  Bidoux,  knight  of  Rhodes,  French  Admiral  in  the  Medi- 
terranean. 


38  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1513 

on  from  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar  with  his  galleys,  lost  his  eye. 
The  second  battle  occurred  near  Brest,  and  was  very  terrible 
and  dangerous  because  of  the  fire.^ 

The  famous  battle  of  Vicenza  near  I'Olmo,  between 
Ramon  de  Cardona  and  Prospero  Colonna,  on  the  one  side, 
and  Bartolommeo  de  Alviano,  Commander-in-chief  of  the 
Venetians,  on  the  other.^  The  latter  had  a  great  advantage 
in  numbers  and  position. 

The  former  had  thirty-five  hundred  Germans,  and 
as  many  as  four  thousand  Spaniards,  led  by  the  Marquis  of 
Pescara,  and  one  thousand  men-at-arms  (seven  hundred 
of  them  Spaniards),  six  hundred  troopers  led  by  Pedro  de 
Castro,  a  famous  general,  and  a  squadron  of  light  cavalry 
under  Captain  Succaro,  and  eighteen  cannon.  Our  men 
won  by  superior  strength  and  knowledge.  They  slew  five 
thousand  men,  according  to  some  accounts,  and  twenty-five 
oflficers.  They  captured  twenty-four  cannon,  and  all  the 
banners.  The  victory  was  notable,  as  our  men  were  the 
fewer,  and  few  were  killed,  and  also  because  Bartolommeo 
de  Alviano  had  boasted  and  said  that  he  regarded  them  as 
cattle  in  a  fold.^ 

Milan  and  all  the  state  of  Duke  Maximilian  are  seized  by 
our  army  under  Prospero  Colonna.  The  Swiss  fight  at 
Dijon  in  Burgundy,  taking  the  side  of  the  Pope  and  of  the 
Emperor,  but  they  abandon  the  siege  because  of  the  pro- 
mises of  the  King  of  France,  who  solemnly  binds  himself 
by  writing  and  by  oath  to  many  things,  among  them  to 
give  them  four  thousand  crowns  in  gold,  to  return  to  his 
obedience  to  the  Pope,  to  restore  Burgundy  at  once  to 
Prince  Charles,  to  withdraw  all  his  troops  from  Italy,  and 
never  more  to  go  to  Lombardy — though  he  did  not  keep 
his  word.*  Pope  Leo  X  restores  Cardinals  Carvajal  and 
San  Severino   to  their  cardinalates   and   bishoprics   with 


^  Letters  and  Papers  of  Henry  VIII,  i.  3877,  4005  ;  Fisher,  pp.  179-80. 

*  Oct.  7.     Burd,  p.   147  ;  Guicciardini,  iii.  92-3  ;    Jovius,  i.  261  ff. 
G6mara's  account  is  probably  taken  from  Jovius. 

'  Guicciardini,  iii.  90-4 ;  Jovius,  i.  261  ff. 

*  Lavisse,  vol.  v,  pt.  i,  p.  1 14  ;  Martin,  Hist,  de  France,  vii.  424-5. 


I5I3  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  39 

the  consent  of  King  Ferdinand,  because  they  had  re- 
pented.^ 

Plague  at  Constantinople,  which  they  say  carried  off  one 
hundred  and  fifty  thousand  persons.^ 

Selim,  the  Grand  Turk,  strangles  his  brother,  Ahmed, 
after  having  conquered  him  in  battle  near  Brusa. 

Vasili,  King  of  Muscovy,  captures  Smolensk.^  War  of 
the  Turks  in  Anatolia  against  Techelles,  a  new  expounder 
of  the  Koran.* 

Cardinal  Pietro  Bembo  finishes  his  history.^ 


The  Year  1514 

The  war  against  the  French  continues  in  Italy.  The 
King  of  France  assembles  an  army  against  the  King  of 
England,  but  did  not  fight. 

The  Genoese,  in  their  hatred  of  the  French,  raze  to  the 
ground  their  own  Lantern,  an  impregnable  fortress.^ 

Peace  between  the  Kings  of  England  and  France  arranged 
by  the  Duke  of  Long^eville,  who  was  a  prisoner  at  the 
time.'' 

King  Louis  of  France,  at  the  age  of  fifty-five  years,  in 
order  to  gain  peace,  and  recover  Therouanne  and  Tournay, 
marries  Mary,  sister  of  King  Henry  VIII,  who  was  promised 
to  Charles,  Prince  of  Castile.® 

Thomas,  Cardinal  of  Gran,  preaches  a  crusade  against 
the  Turks  in  Hungary  and  Bohemia,  for  which  purpose 
a  great  many  more  men  assembled  than  the  Cardinal  and 
King  Ladislaus  desired,  and  therefore  they  commanded  that 
all  of  them  should  not  shoulder  the  cross.^ 

George  Dozsa  rises  in  revolt  with  many  of  the  crusaders, 


'  Bemdldez,  cap.  ccxli.  *  Jovius,  L  357-9  ;  Jorga,  ii.  314-15. 

'  Smolensk  fell  in  the  summer  of  15 14. 

*  Cf.  Jorga,  ii.  327  ff. 

*•  The  Istoria  Veneziana,  published  in  1552,  ends  with  the  year  151 3. 

*  Guicciardini,  iii.  126. 

'  July  10.     Cf.  Fisher,  p.  191. 

*  Oct  9.     The  '  Blanca '  of  the  original  text  is  of  course  a  mistake. 

*  Jovius,  i.  295  ff. 


40  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1514 

robbing  and  slaying  those  who  oppose  him,  and  especially 
the  nobles  ;  this  put  the  King  and  kingdom  up  in  arms.^ 

John  Bornemisza,  the  royal  general,  conquers  Lucacho» 
brother  of  George  Dozsa,  near  Buda  Pesth.^ 

John  the  Voivode,  moreover,  captures  in  battle  George 
Dozsa,  who  already  had  begun  to  call  himself  King,  and 
his  brother,  Lucacho.^ 

The  cruel  though  just  death  in  Temesvar  of  the  false 
king  of  Hungary,  George  Dozsa,  whom  they  crowned 
with  red-hot  iron,  pierced  many  of  his  veins,  and  gave  his 
blood  to  drink,  first  to  Lucacho,  and  afterwards  to  twenty 
captains,  who  not  only  sucked  his  wounds,  but  also  bit  his 
flesh,  for  they  had  been  starved  for  three  days.  This  caused 
him  to  suffer  so  much  that  he  did  not  even  groan  when 
they  roasted  him  and  cooked  him  and  gave  his  flesh  to  his 
soldiers  to  eat.* 

The  batde  near  the  river  Borysthenes,  in  which  Con- 
stantin  Ostrojski,  the  general  of  King  Sigismund  of  Poland, 
conquered  King  Vasili,  slaying  eight  thousand  of  the  forty 
thousand  Muscovite  cavalry.^  Constantin  had  forty  thou- 
sand men-at-arms,  and  little  more  than  three  thousand 
infantry,  most  of  them  arquebusiers,  who  effected  the 
slaughter  and  won  the  victory.^ 

The  same  Constantin  besieges  Smolensk  in  vain.  Selim, 
summoned  by  the  Kurds,  or  Persian  chiefs  of  the  opposite 
sect  to  that  of  Sheikh  Haidar,  goes  to  attack  the  Sophy, 
having  first  renewed  his  treaties  with  the  Hungarians,  Poles, 
and  Venetians.'^ 

The  very  famous  battle  on  the  plain  of  Tchaldiran  be- 
tween the  Sophy,  with  only  thirty  thousand  horse,  and 
Selim,  who  had  two  hundred  thousand  soldiers,  of  whom 
eighty  thousand  were  cavalry.     The  Sophy  was  defeated 

^  Jovius,  i.  296-7  ;  Huber,  Geschichte  Oesterreichs,  iii.  438  ff.      D6zsa 
was  a  Szlkler  ;  hence  the  name  '  Sequel '  in  the  Spanish  text. 
'  Ibid.  iii.  440.  '  Jovius,  i.  298-300;  Huber,  iii.  440. 

*  Jovius,  i.  301 ;  Huber,  iii.  440-1.  G6mara's  account  was  doubtless 
taken  from  Jovius.  *  Transdutripa '  in  the  text  is  doubtless  a  mistake  for 
'Temesvar'. 

^  Battle  of  Orcha,  on  the  Dnieper,  Sept.  8.     Cf.  Jovius,  i.  308-1  r. 

*  Ibid.  ''  Jovius,  i.  361  ff. ;  Angiolello,  pp.  1 18-19. 


,514  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  41 

(and  it  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  reverse  of  fortune  that 
he  had  experienced)  on  account  of  the  Turkish  artillery, 
which  frightened  the  Persian  horses  with  its  loud  reports.^ 

Selim  slays  Carbec  Sampri,  an  excellent  general  of  the 
Sophy,  because  on  Selim's  proclaiming  what  manner  of 
man  he  was  to  fight  against  and  that  he  had  God  on  his 
side,  Carbec  Sampri  replied,  '  If  God  were  with  thee,  thou 
wouldest  not  come  to  usurp  foreign  lands.'  ^ 

Selim  enters  Tabriz,  but  soon  after  leaves  it,  because  he 
was  afraid  to  remain,  and  in  want  of  supplies  ;  and  he 
carried  off  with  him  three  hundred  noble  and  lovely 
damsels,  together  with  great  riches.^  It  was  there  that  he 
began  to  sit  in  a  chair,  contrary  to  the  Ottoman  custom, 
saying  that  he  had  gone  one  hundred  and  twenty  leagues 
beyond  the  spot  which  his  grandfather  Mohammed  had 
reached. 

And  in  truth  he  had  gone  a  great  distance  and  had 
fought  well,  and  certainly  returned  with  great  glory  to 
Constantinople,  save  that  he  lost  one  hundred  thousand 
men  in  that  expedition. 

After  this  unlucky  battle  the  Sophy,  after  retiring  to 
Tasnula,  made  an  alliance  with  the  Soldan  Kansu  and 
Aladola,  and  another  black  king  who  was  afraid  of  the 
Turks.* 

The  Year  1515 

Louis  XII,  King  of  France,  dies  ''  without  male  children, 
although  he  married  three  wives.  He  forsook  the  first  one, 
who  was  barren,  in  order  to  get  Brittany  through  the 
second,  though  the  latter  was  married®  to  the  Emperor 
Maximilian.     He  was  very  niggardly,  cared  little  for  re- 

^  Aug.  23.  Angiolello,  pp.  118-20;  Jovius,  i.  366-7,  369-70;  Jorga, 
ii.  330.     G6mara  follows  Jovius  closely. 

^  Angiolello,  pp.  120-1.     G6mara  follows  his  account  here. 

^  Jovius,  i.  370-1  ;  Angiolello,  p.  121. 

*  Ibid.  I  am  unable  to  identify  '  Tasnula  '.  Angiolello  says  that 
Ismail  retired  to  Casibi  or  Casveen. 

"  In  the  night  of  Dec.  31,  1514 — Jan.  i,  1515. 

®  By  proxy  only. 


42  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1515 

ligion,  sacrificed  honour  to  gain,  and  was  a  cruel  and 
revengeful  warrior.  He  captured  Milan,  Genoa,  and  Naples, 
conquered  the  Venetians  by  means  of  his  allies  in  the 
League  of  Cambray,  and  the  Pope  and  his  allies  by  his 
own  resources.  But  on  account  of  his  want  of  Christianity 
he  lost  all  he  had  won,  and  was  excommunicated,  and  had 
to  fight  in  his  own  realm  against  the  English  and  the  Swiss, 
with  whom  he  made  dishonest  treaties  which  he  dishonestly 
renounced.  Those  who  made  alliances  with  him  fared  ill, 
for  this  was  the  occasion  of  King  John's  losing  Navarre, 
of  King  James  of  Scotland's  being  overcome,  and  of 
Florence's  beginning  to  be  deprived  of  her  freedom.  He 
was  jealous  of  no  one  save  the  Catholic  King,  whom  he 
could  neither  conquer  in  battle,  nor  cheat  by  double  dealing 
in  diplomacy. 

Prince  Charles  begins  to  govern  in  Flanders.^  A  French 
army  enters  Navarre,  but  it  is  immediately  expelled  by 
a  Castilian  one.^ 

Navarre  is  incorporated  in  Castile  by  decision  of  the 
Cortes  held  in  Burgos,  and  by  the  authority  of  the  Pope 
and  Cardinals.^ 

Friendly  peace  between  Francis,  King  of  France,  and 
the  Prince  and  Archduke  Charles,  arranged  in  Paris  by 
Henry,  Count  of  Nassau,  in  the  which  it  was  stipulated  that 
Charles  should  marry  Renee,  sister  of  Queen  Claudia,  who 
also  had  been  promised  him  as  his  bride  in  years  gone  by.* 

Caspar  de  Morales  discovers  many  pearls  in  Tararequi.^ 
An  infinite  number  of  them  have  been  brought  to  Spain 
from  that  island  and  from  Cuba,  which  Christopher  Colum- 
bus discovered. 

The  Portuguese  fleet  is  lost  near  Azamor,  where  eighty 
caravels  ran  aground  and  the  Moors  slew  and  captured 
about  three  thousand  men. 


^  Walther,  Anf'dnge  Karls  V,  p.  133. 

^  In  1514.    Cf.  Boissonnade,  p.  431.  '  Ibid.,  pp.  440  ff. 

*  Mar.  24.    Walther,  pp.  142-3  ;  Henne,  ii.  119  IF. 
°  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  pp.  197,  279.    Tararequi  is  the  Pearl 
Islands  in  the  Gulf  of  San  Miguel. 


1615  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  43 

Kings  Henry  and  Francis  make  friends,^  Maximilian 
Sforza,  Duke  of  Milan,  begs  for  the  support  of  Pope  Leo, 
of  the  Emperor,  and  of  the  Swiss,  in  order  to  be  able  to 
resist  King  Francis.^ 

King  Francis,  summoned  by  the  Venetians  and  the 
Genoese,  passes  into  Italy  with  a  great  flourish  of  trumpets 
in  order  to  capture  Milan.  Battle  and  victory  of  King 
Francis  over  the  Swiss  at  Marignano.^  The  former  had 
a  multitude  of  soldiers,  with  eight  thousand  light  cavalry 
and  four  thousand  French  men-at-arms,  and  the  latter  over 
thirty  thousand  infantry,  among  whom  there  were  Italians 
and  some  Spaniards.  King  Francis  captures  Milan  and 
sends  Duke  Maximilian  a  prisoner  to  France. 

Interview  of  Pope  Leo  and  King  Francis  at  Bologna. 
The  latter  obtained  there  the  right  to  collect  funds  for 
a  crusade,  and  the  right  to  appoint  bishops  and  abbots  in 
France,  and  even  claimed  the  title  and  crown  of  Emperor 
of  Constantinople.* 

Alliance  against  King  Francis  between  the  Emperor 
Maximilian,  King  Ferdinand,  Henry,  King  of  England, 
and  the  Swiss.^ 

Interview  of  the  Emperor  Maximilian  and  of  the  royal 
brothers,  Ladislaus  of  Hungary  and  Sigismund  of  Poland, 
in  Vienna,  with  a  great  concourse  of  knights  and  ambas- 
sadors from  many  places.  It  was  there  agreed  that  Sigis- 
mund should  marry  Bona,  daughter  of  Gian  Galeazzo 
Sforza,  Duke  of  Milan,  and  that  Louis,  son  of  Ladislaus, 
should  wed  Maria,  the  Infanta  of  Castile,  and  that  either 
the  Infante  Ferdinand  or  Prince  Charles  should  marry  Anna, 
the  daughter  of  the  same  King  Ladislaus.^ 

^  April  5.     Lavisse,  V.  i.  118.  ^  Zurita,  Lib.  X,  cap.  xci. 

'  Sept,  13-14.  Cf.  Jovius,  i.  390,  416  fF.  ;  Mignet,  Riva/ite  de  Fran- 
cois I^  et  Charles-Quint,  i.  83-94. 

*  Francis  met  the  Pope  at  Bologna,  Dec.  11.  Cf.  J.  Thomas,  Le  Con- 
cordat de  1^16,  vol.  i ;  also  Lavisse,  vol.  v,  pt.  i,  pp.  125-6,  252  ff.  The 
statement  about  Francis's  claim  to  the  title  of  Emperor  of  Constanti- 
nople is  probably  merely  an  exaggerated  account  of  the  crusading  projects 
that  vi^ere  discussed.  Cf.  Ursu,  Politique  Orientale  de  Francois  I^,  pp.  7-9. 

"  Mignet,  i.  101-3. 

*  The  treaty  was  signed  July  22.  Cf.  Jovius,  i.  443-3  ;  Ulmann,  ii.  549  ff. 


44  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  15.5 

The  Emperor  Maximilian  enters  Italy  with  an  army  and 
hovers  about  Milan  without  accomplishing  anything.^ 

The  Swiss  enter  Dauphine,  near  Brian9on,  in  much  the 
same  fashion. 

Petty  wars  between  the  Hungarians  and  Turks  under 
Junis  Pasha.^ 

War  between  Poles  and  Muscovites. 

Ladislaus,  King  of  Hungary,  who  was  a  very  pious 
Christian,  dies.^ 

Selim  conquers  Aladola,  King  of  Cappadocia,  in  a  very 
bloody  battle  in  Malatia.  After  carrying  the  King's  head 
about,  exhibiting  it  in  all  those  parts,  he  sent  it  to  Venice, 
which  was  the  gift  of  a  barbarian.* 

The  Year  1516 

King  Ferdinand  the  Catholic,  the  fifth  of  his  name  in 
Castile  and  the  second  in  Aragon,  dies  in  Madrigalejo.^ 
His  virtues  were  great,  though  he  was  not  without  his 
vices.  His  chroniclers  were  Giovanni  Battlsta  Spagnuoli 
of  Mantua,  Alonzo  de  Palencia,  Antonio  de  Lebrija,  Peter 
Martyr  of  Milan,  Bernardino  Gentile  of  Sicily,  Hernando 
del  Pulgar,  Tristan  de  Silva,  Pedro  de  Gracia  Dei  of  Galicia, 
Hernando  de  Ribera,  and  Lorenzo  Galindez  de  Carvajal. 
Andres  Bernaldez,  Gonzalo  Fernandez  de  Oviedo,  and  others 
also  wrote  something,  but  the  best  of  all  is  the  work  which 
Jeronimo  Zurita  is  writing,  and  which  he  calls  the  History  of 
the  Deeds  of  King  Ferdinand  the  Catholic.^   Cardinal  Friar 


^  March,  1516.     Cf.  Mignet,  i.  103.  -  Jorga,  ii.  322. 

^  March  13,  1516.  *  Angiolello,  p.  123;  Jovius,  i.  466-7. 

^  Jan.  23.     Zurita,  Lib.  X,  cap.  xcix. 

^  Of  these  writers,  Lebrija,  Peter  Martyr,  Pulgar,  Carvajal,  Bernaldez, 
Oviedo,  and  Zurita  are  all  well  known.  Accounts  of  them  and  of  their 
writings  may  be  found  in  Antonio,  Biblioteca  Hispana  Nova,  in  Prescott's 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  and  in  the  standard  histories  of  Spanish  literature. 
Of  the  others,  Battista  Spagnuoli  (1444-1516)  wrote  Ad  divam  Helisabet 
.  .  .  Hispaniarum  Reginam  Epodon  ;  Alonzo  de  Palencia  (or,  more  accu- 
rately, Alfonso  Hernandez  de  Madrid,  called  Palentino,  1474-1559) 
wrote  Memorial  de  los  tiempos :  cf.  Antonio,  Bibl.  Hisp.  Nov.  i.  23; 
Tristan  de  Silva  wrote  Historia  de  la  Conquista  de  Granada  :  cf.  Antonio, 
Bibl.  Hisp.  No-v.  ii.    319;  Pedro  de  Gracia  Dei  wrote  a  Historia:  cf. 


151*6  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  45 

Francisco  Ximenes,  Archbishop  of  Toledo,  and  Adrian 
P'loris,  Dean  of  Louvain,  vie  with  one  another  for  the  control 
of  the  government.^  The  latter  had  come  to  manage  the 
realm  and  take  possession  of  it  for  Prince  Charles. 

Cardinal  Friar  Francisco  Ximenes,  as  regent,  trains 
peasants  as  soldiers,  giving  them  arms  and  military  practice, 
which  some  people  disapproved  of,  and  he  even  wanted  to 
issue  a  new  coinage,  and  take  from  many  their  rights  to  the 
salt  mines  and  alcabalas,  which  angered  them  still  more.^ 

Uprising  of  Pedro  Portocarrero  in  Llerena  in  order  to 
seize  the  grand-mastership  of  Santiago.'^ 

The  uprising  in  Arevalo  of  the  Contador  Mayor  Juan 
Velasquez  against  Queen  Germaine.'* 

Battle  of  Noain  between  our  men  and  the  French.'' 

Another  battle  betw^een  Colonel  Hernando  de  Villalva 
de  Plasencia  and  the  Marshal  Pedro  de  Navarra,  who  after- 
wards committed  suicide.^ 

Renewed  treaty  between  Charles,  the  new  King  of  Spain, 
and  Francis,  King  of  France,  which  was  favourable  to  King 
Francis,  so  that  he  afterwards  excused  himself  and  his  evil 
practices  by  harking  back  to  it.  It  stipulated,  among  other 
things,  that  Charles  should  satisfy  Henri  d'Albret  in  regard 
to  Navarre  (whose  king  the  latter  styled  himself)  in  such 

Antonio,  Bibl.  Hisp.  Ncm.  ii.  199  ;  and  Hernando  de  Ribera  wrote  Guerra 
de  Granada  que  hicieron  los  Reyes  Cathdllcos  :  cf.  Antonio,  Bibl.  Hisp.  No-v. 
i.  388.  None  of  the  works  of  Bernardo  or  Bernardino  Gentile  of  Sicily  is 
apparently  extant.  He  was  a  Dominican  Friar,  and  lived  and  taught  in 
Spain  in  the  sixteenth  century.  He  was  famous  as  a  witty  poet,  and  en- 
deavoured to  extol  the  deeds  of  the  Great  Captain  in  heroic  verse.  Gon- 
zalo  Fernandez  de  Oviedo  (Historia  de  las  Indias,  Lib.  XXXIV,  cap.  iii) 
tells  us  that  he  was  royal  historiographer  to  Ferdinand,  and  wrote  about 
American  affairs.  The  letters  of  his  compatriot  Lucio  Marineo  Siculo 
also  mention  him.  Cf.  J.  B,  Munoz,  Historia  del  Nue'vo-Mundo  (Madrid, 
1793),  p.  20.  Further  information  about  many  of  these  writers  may  be 
found  in  E.  Fueter's  Ceschichte  der  neueren  Historiographie ;  Munich,  191 1. 

1  Prescott,  iii.  383  ff. 

-  Ibid.,  p.  386  ;  Carvajal,  pp.  380  ff. ;  Sandoval,  i.  69. 

'  Carvajal,  p.  357  ;  Sandoval,  i.  46. 

*  Carvajal,  p.  384  ;  Sandoval,  i   62. 

'  This  may  refer  to  the  battle  of  Roncal  (not  far  from  Noain  or  Non), 
fought  March  16-18  between  the  Mar^chal  de  Navarre  and  Villalva  (cf. 
Boissonnade,  462),  but  I  am  by  no  means  certain. 

•  Sandoval,  i.  58. 


46  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1516 

a  manner  as  arbitrating  judges  which  both  appointed  should 
decide :  and  that  Charles  should  marry  Louise,  the  little 
daughter  of  Francis,  and  in  case  she  should  die,  that  he 
should  marry  some  future  daughter  of  King  Francis  as  yet 
unborn  (a  stipulation  such  as  had  never  been  made  before), 
or  if  both  these  plans  failed,  that  Charles  should  wed  Renee, 
who  afterwards  was  Duchess  of  Ferrara,  according  to  the 
agreement  of  the  year  before.^  In  view  of  these  marriages 
King  Francis  renounced  his  claims  to  Naples  for  an  annual 
pension  of  one  hundred  thousand  crowns,  which  he  im- 
mediately collects. 

In  Spain  the  treaties  of  Noyon  are  much  disliked  because 
of  the  arrangement  about  Navarre  and  the  hundred  thou- 
sand crowns  pension.^ 

King  Francis  tries  to  induce  King  Charles  to  attack  the 
King  of  England,  although  he  was  in  league  with  him  at 
the  time.^ 

The  very  auspicious  birth  of  Mary,  Princess  of  Wales, 
who  brought  England  back  to  Christianity.* 

Arudj  Barbarossa  makes  himself  King  of  Algiers.* 

The  defeat  of  Diego  de  Vera  at  Algiers.^ 

King  Charles  wages  war  in  Frisia  with  Spanish  troops.''^ 

The  terrible  siege  of  Brescia,  which  was  defended  by 
Spaniards  under  the  Knight  Commander  Icart  and  assaulted 
by  Gascons  and  Navarrese  under  Count  Pedro  Navarro.^ 

The  siege  of  Verona,  which  was  likewise  terrible,  though 
the  Emperor  Maximilian  abandoned  the  town  to  the 
Venetians,  in  accordance  with  the  treaty  of  Noyon,  in 
return  for  two  hundred  thousand  crowns.^  Therewith 
terminated  his  wars  in  Italy. 

1  Aug.  13.     Treaty  of  Noyon,  Mignet,  i.  171.         ^  Sandoval,i.  72. 
'  On  the  policy  of  this  period  cf.  Walther,  pp.  174  fF.  *  Feb.  18. 

"  Sandoval,  i.  69  ff. ;  G6mara,  Cronica  de  los  Barbarrojas^  in  Memorial 
Historico  Espanol,y\.  365  fF. 

*  Sandoval,  i.  63;  G6mara,  Cronica  de  los  Barbarrojas,  ibid.,  pp.  369  fF. 
■^  Henne,  ii.  137  ff. ;  185  ff.    I  find  no  evidence  elsewhere  that  Spanish 

troops  were  used. 

*  Guicciardini,  iii.  176-7.  On  Icart  cf.  Letters  and  Papers  of 
Henry  VIII,  ii.  1989. 

*  Guicciardini,  ii.  200  ff. 


1516  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  47 

The  men  of  Guelders  lay  waste  the  country  as  far  as 
Holland.! 

Perpetual  alliance  of  the  Swiss  and  King  Francis,  who 
paid  them  a  pension.^  This  has  strengthened  the  French, 
and  gained  the  Swiss  a  great  reputation. 

The  terrible  battle  at  Aleppo  between  Selim  and  Kansu, 
Soldan  of  Egypt,  in  which  thirteen  thousand  Janizaries 
conquered  fourteen  thousand  Mamelukes,  who  were  held 
at  that  time  to  be  the  best  soldiers  in  Asia,  though  the 
victory  was  brought  about,  as  it  appears,  by  the  treachery 
of  Kahir,  Lord  of  Aleppo.^  There  was  such  a  clamour 
and  din  of  arms  and  men  that  all  the  birds  and  beasts  who 
dwelt  in  that  plain  fled  away,  and  many  men  even  became 
deaf  for  life.  One  hundred  thousand  combatants  died  on 
both  sides,  according  to  the  accounts.  Selim,  who  was 
rescued,  and  Kansu  who  perished,  both  fell.  The  men  who 
showed  the  greatest  strength  and  skill  on  that  occasion 
were  Sinan  Pasha  and  Jambardo,  whom  others  call  the 
Gazelle. 

Selim  entered  Damascus,  where  he  had  to  answer  twenty- 
two  nations,  each  in  its  own  tongue.* 

Another  gallant  fight  at  Carici,  near  Gaza,  between 
Algazeli  with  six  thousand  men,  and  Sinan  Pasha  with 
over  ten  thousand  ;  neither  side  being  victorious,^  because 
night  put  an  end  to  the  conflict.  Algazeli  abandoned  his  bag- 
gage in  order  to  carry  off  the  wounded  so  as  to  prevent 
them  from  saying  that  they  had  been  vanquished,  and  Sinan 
cut  off  the  heads  of  the  dead  Mamelukes  and  hung  them 
up  by  their  beards,  which  they  wore  very  long,  in  order 
that  Selim  might  see  them. 


^  Henne,  ii.  189  ff. 

'  Nov.  29,  15 1 6.     Peace  of  Freiburg. 

'  Aug.  24.  Cf.  Angiolello,  124-7  :  Jovius,  i.  483  fF. ;  Jorga,  ii.  336-8. 
The  number  of  the  slain,  100,000  {cien  mil),  is  doubtless  a  mistake  for 
1,000  (cerca  mil).  Cf.  Hammer,  ii.  474-5.  On  Jambardo  the  Gazelle, 
or  Algazeli,  cf.  below,  p.  53,  «.  i. 

*  Jovius,  i.  484-5:  Angiolello  (pp.  126-7)  says  'there  were  people 
speaking  seventy-two  diflFerent  languages  in  the  city '. 

"  Angiolello,  pp.  127  fF. ;  Jovius,  i.  487  fF. 


48  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1516 

Selim  visits  the  Holy  Sepulchre  of  Jesus  Christ,  and  gives 
alms,  very  piously,  to  friars  and  pilgrims,^ 

Death  of  Gonsalvo  Hernandez  de  Cordova,  the  Great 
Captain,  concerning  whom  many  have  written.^ 


The  Year  1517 

The  Dukes  of  Alva  and  Bejar  fight  concerning  the  Priory 
of  St.  John,  the  latter  represented  by  his  brother,  Antonio 
de  Zufiiga,  and  the  former  by  his  son  Diego  de  Toledo.^ 

Queen  Maria  of  Portugal  dies. 

Louise  of  France,  who  was  to  have  married  King  Charles, 
dies  also.* 

Charles  comes  by  sea  from  Flanders  to  Spain  to  take 
up  the  reins  of  government,  and  the  representatives  of  the 
nation  swear  to  him  in  Valladolid  as  King  of  Castile.^ 

Charles  inherits  these  realms  of  Spain,  because  of  the 
deaths  in  infancy  of  Prince  Miguel,  and  of  the  son  whom 
Queen  Germaine  bore,  which  was  good  fortune. 

It  was  also  a  notable  fact  that  all  these  realms  should 
come  to  him,  wherefore  I  have  thought  it  good  to  relate, 
with  the  brevity  which  summaries  demand,  how  so  many 
and  such  different  kingdoms  were  united  together.® 

The  first  count  of  Hapsburg,  then  a  little  state  in 
Germany,  was  Otbert,  a  famous  knight,  from  whom  Charles 
is  directly  descended  in  the  male  line.  For  Otbert  was  son 
of  Sigisbert,  and  grandson  of  Theodobert,  and  great-grand- 
son of  Childebert,  and  great-great-grandson  of  Sigisbert, 

^  Angiolello,  pp.  130-1.  * 

^  Sept.  2.  Cf.  Cronicas  del  Gran  Capitan,  in  vol.  x  of  Nue^a  Biblio- 
teca  de  Autores  Espanoles. 

3  Carvajal,  pp.  391  ff. ;  Sandoval,  vol.  i,  p.  73. 

*  In  September,  1518.  Cf.  Letters  and  Papers  of  Henry  VIII,  vol.  ii, 
pt.  ii,  No.  4460. 

^  Sailed  Sept.  7,  landed  Sept.  20.  The  Cortes  met  Feb.  2,  1518.  Cf. 
Vandenesse,  Voyages  de  Charles-Quint,  1^14-j^^i,  Ed.  Gachard,  in  Collec- 
tion des  Voyages  des  Sowverains  des  Pays- Bus,  vol.  ii,  pp.  58-9. 

*  On  the  genealogies  in  the  following  paragraphs  cf.  Preface  to  vol.  i 
of  Sandoval ;  Zurita,  Lib.  I,  caps,  iv-xx  ;  Stokvis,  Manuel  d'Histoire,  ii. 
16-21,  41,  160,  365;  iii.  15,  494,  515-16. 


151?  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  49 

and  great-great-great-grandson  of  King  Clothaire,  who  was 
son  of  Clovis,  the  first  Christian  King  of  France,  and  Clovis 
was  son  of  Childeric  and  grandson  of  Merovee,  and  great- 
grandson  of  Clodion  and  great-great-grandson  of  Phara- 
mond,  Count  of  Franconia,  who  was  also  the  first  King  of 
France  a  little  more  than  six  hundred  years  after  the  birth 
of  Christ/  and  whose  family  was  already  at  that  time  great 
and  powerful. 

The  successors  of  Otbert,  first  count  of  Hapsburg,  con  - 
tinue  as  follows  from  father  to  son  :  Bebo,  Robert,  Amprinto 
Gontram,  Luthardo,  Werner,  Rapoto,  Berengario,  Otho, 
Werner,  Albert,  Albert  II,  the  Emperor  Rudolf,  Albert  III, 
who  was  first  Duke  of  Austria  and  Emperor,  Albert  who 
was  the  second  Duke  and  Count  of  Tyrol  and  Carinthia, 
Leopold,  Ernest,  Albert,  the  Emperor  Frederick  who  styled 
himself  Archduke,  the  Emperor  Maximilian,  who  was  Duke 
of  Burgundy  and  Count  of  Flanders  in  right  of  his  wife, 
Philip,  who  by  right  of  his  wife  became  King  of  Castile, 
and  Charles,  who  inherited  it  all. 

The  Dukes  of  Burgundy,  whom  I  intend  to  mention, 
were  few,  but  very  distinguished,  for  there  is  no  occasion 
for  going  further  back,  Philip  the  Bold,  son  of  the  King  of 
France,  obtained,  through  his  wife  Margaret,  the  Duchy  of 
Burgundy  and  the  county  of  Flanders  and  other  states. 
From  Philip  they  went  to  his  son  John,  from  John  to  his 
son  Philip,  from  Philip  to  his  son  Charles,  whose  daughter 
was  Mary,  who  married  the  Emperor  Maximilian  and 
became  the  mother  of  Philip,  the  father  of  our  Charles. 

The  first  Count  of  Flanders  who  held  that  state  with 
Judith  his  wife,  daughter  of  King  Charles  the  Bald,  was 
Baldwin,  and  after  him  followed  Baldwin  II,  Arnulf  the 
Great,  Baldwin  III,  Arnulf  II,  Baldwin  IV,  Baldwin  V, 
Baldwin  VI,  Arnulf  III  the  Unfortunate,  Robert  of  P'risia, 
Robert  II,  Baldwin  VII  of  the  Batde-axe,  Charles  the  Good, 
William  his  brother,  Theodoric  of  Alsace,  Philip  of  Alsace, 
Margaret,  Baldwin  the  Emperor  of  Constantinople,  Jane, 
Margaret,  Guy,  Robert,  Louis  de  Cre9y,  Louis  de  Male, 
^  Pharamond  ceased  to  reign  in  427. 

ISM  E 


50  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1517 

Margaret,  John,  Philip  the  Good,  Charles,  Margaret^  to- 
gether with  the  Emperor  Maximilian,  Philip  King  of 
Castile,  and  Charles. 

The  county  of  Barcelona  also  came  to  be  inherited  by  the 
Kings  of  Aragon  through  a  woman.  Its  kings  were  called 
Jaufred^  the  First,  Jaufred  II,  Jofre  Miron,  Jaufred  III, 
Borrel,  Ramon  V,  who  became  King  of  Aragon  through 
his  wife  Petronilla. 

The  Kings  of  Sobrarbe  and  of  Aragon  were  Garci 
Ximenes,  Garci  Iniguez,  Ifiigo  Arista,  Garci  Iniguez,  Sancho 
Garcia,  Garci  Sanchez,  Sancho  11,  Ramiro,  Sancho  III, 
Pedro,  Alfonso,  Ramiro  II,  Ramon  through  Petronilla,  and 
Petronilla  with  Ramon,  Count  of  Barcelona,  Alfonso  II, 
Pedro  II,  James  who  conquered  Mallorca,  Minorca,  and 
Iviza,  Pedro  III  who  had  Sicily  in  right  of  his  wife  Con- 
stance, daughter  of  Manfred,  Alfonso  III,  James  II  who 
also  was  King  of  Sardinia,  Alfonso  IV,  Pedro  IV,  John  who 
acquired  Sicily,  Martin,  Ferdinand  by  election,  Alfonso  V, 
John  II,  Ferdinand  II  who  also  became  King  of  Castile 
through  Queen  Isabella,  Charles.  The  Kings  of  Castile 
and  Leon,  which  have  always  descended  through  fathers, 
sons,  or  sons-in-law,  to  sons  or  to  daughters,  for  which 
cause  their  distinction  is  very  great,  are  the  following: 
Pelayo,  Favila,  Exmisenda  with  Alfonso  her  husband, 
Mauregato,-^  Bermudo,  Alfonso  II,  Ramiro,  Ordono, 
Alfonso  III,  Garcia,  Ordono  II,  Fruela  II,  Alfonso  IV, 
Ramiro  II,  Ordono  IV,*  Sancho,  Ramiro  III,  Bermudo  II, 
Alfonso  V,  Bermudo  III,  Sancha  together  with  Ferdi- 
nand her  husband,  Sancho  with  Elvira,  Alfonso  VI, 
Urraca  with  Alfonso  King  of  Aragon,^  Berengaria  with 
Alfonso,  Ferdinand  III,  Alfonso  X,  Sancho  IV,  Ferdi- 
nand IV,  Alfonso  XI,  Pedro,  Henry  the  Bastard,  John, 
Henry  III,  John  II,  Henry  IV,  Isabella  with  Ferdinand  of 

1  Sic  for  Mary.  ^  Or  Wilfred. 

^  Fruela,  Aurelio,  and  Silo  should  precede  Mauregato. 

*  Should  be  Ordono  III ;  Ordono  IV  (958-60)  comes  in  between  the 
two  parts  of  the  reign  of  Sancho  I. 

^  Sancho  III,  Fernando  II,  Alfonso  VIII,  and  Enrique  I  should  be 
inserted  before  Berengaria. 


I5I7  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  51 

Aragon,  who  conquered  Naples  and  Navarre,  Joanna  with 
Philip  Archduke  of  Austria,  Charles. 

So  that  all  these  kingdoms,  states,  and  seigniories  have 
come  to  devolve  on  Charles,  the  subject  of  this  work,  who 
begins  to  reign  this  year  in  Castile,  together  with  his 
mother.  Queen  Joanna,  who  was  neither  willing  nor  able  to 
rule  alone. 

Asperen  In  Frisia  is  captured  for  King  Charles  by  assault.^ 

Friar  Francisco  Ximenes  de  Cisneros,  Cardinal  and, 
Archbishop  of  Toledo,  a  man  of  the  very  highest  ability 
dies  at  Roa.^  He  was  born  in  Torrelaguna,  and  when 
Canon  of  Sigiienza  took  the  garb  of  a  Franciscan  Friar, 
He  was  made  confessor  to  Queen  Isabella  of  Castile,  and 
Archbishop  of  Toledo  and  Cardinal,  and  Regent  of  Castile , 
both  alone  and  accompanied  [by  Adrian  of  Utrecht].  While 
in  this  last  office  he  took  the  Infante  Ferdinand  out  of  the 
keeping  of  Gonzalo  Nunez  de  Guzman,  his  guardian,  and 
spoke  and  acted  arrogantly  on  many  occasions.  He  had 
angry  words  with  the  Catholic  King,  because  the  latter  had 
begged  for  the  archbishopric  of  Toledo  for  his  son,  John,-^ 
Archbishop  of  Saragossa,  and  had  said  that  he  would  make 
him  Pope.  He  had  his  enemies,  and  there  were  others 
who  spoke  no  good  of  him,  either  because  he  was  so 
dictatorial  or  because  he  did  not  enjoy  the  King's  favour. 
He  captured  Oran,  built  many  monasteries,  founded  the 
University  of  Alcala  de  Henares,  and,  moreover,  richly 
endowed  It,  although  It  possessed  many  benefices,  a  truly 
royal  action,  and  one  as  beneficial  as  it  was  noble.  He 
caused  the  Polyglot  Bible  to  be  prepared  and  printed,  which 
cost  him  much  money,  sliver  plate,  and  jewels,  when  he  died. 

Diet  in  Mainz  to  discuss  whether  or  not  all  kings  ought 
to  obey  the  Emperor.^  This  caused  some  warlike  outbursts, 
especially  In  France. 

War  waged  by  Pope  Leo  against  Francesco  Maria,  Duke 

^  Obviously  a  mistake.      Asperen  in  Utrecht  was  captured  July  17  by 
the  troops  of  Duke  Charles  of  Guelders.     Henne,  ii.  194-5. 
'  Nov.  8. 

'  Sic  for  Alfonso  ;  cf.  Prescott,  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  iii.  292. 
*  Ulmann,  ii.  650-55. 

E  2 


52  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1517 

of  Urbino,  in  order  to  get  his  lands  for  Lorenzo  de'  Medici, 
at  the  solicitation  of  Alfonsina,  the  latter's  sister-in-law.^ 

A  violent  but  indecisive  fight  between  Selim  and  Tuman, 
the  new  Soldan,  in  Matera,  near  Cairo,  in  which  Algazeli 
killed  Sinan,  and  many  others  were  slain.  In  order  to 
bury  them  a  three  days'  truce  was  made,  and  two  thousand 
priests  went  forth  from  the  city,  and  there  were  twenty-two 
hundred  in  Selim 's  carap.^ 

Another  battle,  which  lasted  a  whole  day  and  was  also 
indecisive,  although  the  Turks  said  they  must  have  con- 
quered because  Algazeli  was  not  in  it.  On  this  occasion 
Selim  praised  the  Mamelukes  highly  for  their  courage ;  and 
their  wives,  when  they  went  forth  from  Cairo  to  the  battle, 
begged  them  to  slay  them,  saying  that  if  they  were  killed, 
their  wives  desired  to  have  no  other  husbands,  and  that  if 
they  conquered,  they  would  not  be  at  a  loss  to  find  other 
wives. 

Another  indecisive  fight,  close  to  the  Nile,  in  which 
Algazeli  was  captured.  The  Turks  had  one  hundred 
thousand  men,  and  the  Soldan  only  fifteen  thousand.  But 
the  Soldan  fled,  because  he  had  lost  his  good  captain  and 
friend,  Jambardo  Algazeli. 

Selim  slays  the  Soldan  Tuman,^  who  had  delivered  him- 
self up  to  Kahir,  who  was  traitor  to  Kansu,  and  he  gave 
him  over  to  be  tortured  in  order  to  make  him  tell  where  his 
treasure  was.  A  camel  bore  him  with  chains  at  his  throat 
through  the  streets  of  Cairo  with  an  insulting  inscription, 
and  he  was  hanged  at  the  gate  of  Benzomil,  although  he 
had  been  so  great  a  prince.  And  Selim  took  possession  of 
the  territory  of  Egypt  and  seated  himself  in  the  seat  of  the 
Soldans  in  defiance  of  the  custom  of  the  Turk,  who  usually 
seats  himself  on  carpets.  Egypt  cost  him  two  hundred 
and  fifty  thousand  men,  not  counting  an  equal  number  of 
enemies  whom  he  slew. 


^  Burd,  pp.  150-1. 

^  On  this  and  the  next  three  paragraphs  cf.  Angiolello,  pp.  13 1-8; 
Jovius,  i.  494-512  ;  Hammer,  ii.  492-507  ;  Jorga,  ii.  338-40. 
*  April  13. 


1517  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  53 

Since  Algazeli  was  a  Spaniard  I  will  pause  to  relate  his 
story,  although  it  may  take  some  time.^  Algazeli,  you 
must  know,  was  a  native  of  Seville,  and  his  mother,  whose 
name  was  Joanna,  took  him  with  her,  when  he  was  a  boy  of 
ten  summers,  to  Jerusalem,  whither  she  was  going  on  a 
pilgrimage.  Kansu,  who  had  gone  to  Jerusalem  that  year, 
had  him  kidnapped  because  of  his  beauty  and  grace,  and 
brought  him  to  Cairo,  where  he  was  at  once  made  a  Mame- 
luke, and  given  the  name  of  Jambardo.  His  mother  Joanna 
spoke  to  the  Soldan,  and  begged  him  with  many  tears  to 
give  her  back  her  son,  pointing  out  that  Christian  pilgrims 
came  to  Jerusalem  with  his  consent  and  under  his  safe- 
conduct.  The  Soldan  told  her  what  had  become  of  the 
child,  and  gave  her  plenty  of  money  to  enable  her  to  return 
to  Spain  with  her  companions,  and  promised  to  treat  her 
son  well,  but,  as  she  continued  to  beg  that  she  might  be 
allowed  to  have  him,  the  Soldan  said  that  he  would  send 
him  to  her>  She  waited  a  year  and  afterwards  betook  her- 
self to  Cairo.  She  wept  bitterly  at  finding  her  son  in  the 
garb  of  a  Mameluke,  and  was  in  great  fear  lest  he  should 
apostatize,  as  indeed  he  did ;  and  she  was  never  able  to  get 
him  back  for  four  years,  at  the  end  of  which  time  she  was 
told  that  being  a  Mameluke  he  could  not  return  to  the 
Christian  faith,  without  being  put  to  death,  because  he  was 
fifteen  years  old.  And  this  grieved  her  so  much  that  she 
returned  to  Jerusalem  and  died  there.  A  long  time  after 
this  Jambardo  developed  into  such  a  graceful  youth  and 
polished  courtier  that  he  won  great  favour  with  the  Soldan, 
who  made  him  Alguazil  of  Cairo,  which  is  said  to  be  the 
title  of  the  principal  personage  of  that  city,  and  it  was 

•  It  is  clear  that  G6mara  has  invented  large  portions  of  this  story. 
There  can  be  no  question  that  the  man  of  whom  he  speaks  is  Algazeli, 
or  *  Jamburdo  Gazelle ',  as  Jovius  calls  him  ;  but  there  is  not  the  slightest 
evidence  that  he  was  a  Spaniard,  or  that  he  ever  had  anything  to  do 
with  Spain.  Hammer  states  that  he  was  a  Slavonian.  G6mara  may 
possibly  have  been  led  astray  by  the  similarity  of  the  words  Algazeli 
and  Alguazil.  Instead  of  scorning  Selim's  proffered  pardon,  and  then 
escaping  to  Persia,  Algazeli  accepted  a  post  in  the  Turkish  army,  and 
later  led  an  insurrection  against  Solyman  I.  Cf.  Introduction,  pp.  xxxv- 
xxxvi ;  Jovius,  i.  506  ;  ii.  1-3  ;  Hammer,  ii.  495  if.  ;  iii.  9  fF. 


54  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  151 7 

because  of  this  office  that  he  got  the  name  of  Algazeli, 
since  all  men  were  obliged  to  call  him  Alguazil.  At 
the  same  time  he  developed  into  such  a  good  soldier  and 
military  authority  that  he  was  made  Captain  of  the  Mame- 
lukes, and  so  valiant  was  he  that  even  the  Janizaries  them- 
selves confessed  that  they  had  never  met  his  equal,  for  in 
the  battle  of  Matera  with  a  single  back-handed  stroke — a 
Spanish  trick — he  cut  off  the  hand  of  Sinan  Pasha  at  the 
wrist,  and  then  killed  him  just  as  the  latter  was  raising  his 
mace  to  give  the  cotLp  de  grace  to  a  certain  Mameluke 
called  Setelin.  The  Turks  were  amazed,  for  Sinan,  an 
Albanian,  was  considered  the  most  valiant  leader  Selim  had. 
And  it  was  because  of  Algazeli  that  the  Turks  did  not  win 
the  battle  of  the  Nile.  When  Selim  learned  of  his  valour 
and  loyalty,  he  commanded  him  to  be  seated  when  he  was 
brought  before  him,  and  said  to  him,  '  I  love  and  reward 
highly  valiant  men  like  thee,  and  I  desire  to  pardon  thee  if 
thou  wilt  promise  to  be  as  faithful  to  me  as  thou  hast  been 
to  the  Soldans  Kansu  and  Tuman,  whom  I  conquered,  and 
I  will  leave  thee  with  the  same  office  of  Alguazil,  and  indeed 
will  give  thee  another  even  more  honourable  one — where- 
fore, tell  me  the  truth  of  what  thou  art  thinking  in  thy 
heart.'  Algazeli  sighed  deeply,  and  cast  his  eyes  to  the 
ground,  arose,  kissed  the  earth,  and  after  a  pause  replied, 
'  Sir,  I  am  a  Spaniard  and  a  servant  from  my  childhood  in 
the  household  of  Kansu  and  of  Tuman  Bey,  whom  you 
slew,  and  between  whom  and  myself  there  was  never  a 
difference  in  deed  or  in  wish  ;  I  laboured  hard  to  make  him 
Soldan,  and  whatever  I  accomplished  with  him  I  did  to  his 
satisfaction.  I  have  served  him  and  followed  him  in  his 
prosperity  and  ill-fortune,  and  desired  to  end  my  life  with 
his.  But  God,  in  whose  divine  hand  are  the  life  and  death 
of  men,  has  decreed  otherwise,  and  since  it  is  thus,  I  count 
it  good  fortune  to  have  fallen  into  your  power,  and  to  be  at 
the  mercy  of  one,  who,  without  my  deserving  it,  offers  me 
as  much  as  the  Soldan  could  give  me.  That  which  my 
heart  holds  I  will  tell  your  Great  Highness,  to  whom  no 
lies  must  be  spoken,  especially  by  me,  who  always  have 


1517  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  55 

made  it  my  boast  to  speak  the  truth  and  to  maintain  it.  I 
so  loved  Tuman  Bey,  that  every  time  I  remember  how  dis- 
honourably you  caused  him  to  be  slain,  I  hate  you  and  wish 
you  ill.  For  me  to  receive  from  you  my  life  and  such 
great  favour  would  be  the  foulest  treason,  and  although  the 
armies  might  not  feel  it  or  think  it,  I  should  know  it,  and 
regard  myself  as  a  very  different  person  from  the  one  which 
I  have  hitherto  managed  to  be.  So  I  beg  you  to  hang  me 
from  the  same  gate  as  that  from  which  you  hung  Tuman, 
my  lord,  and  let  the  same  people  bear  me  through  the  same 
streets  with  the  same  inscription,  in  order  that  we  may  be 
united  in  death  as  we  have  been  in  life.'  Having  spoken 
these  words  with  tears  and  sobs,  he  fell  to  the  ground  in  a 
swoon.  Selim  caused  him  to  be  raised  up,  saying  that  he 
would  rather  gain  the  friendship  of  this  man  than  win 
another  Cairo.  And  he  ordered  them  to  keep  him  in  the 
castle  under  a  strong  guard,  but  to  leave  him  plenty  of 
liberty.  From  his  prison  there  Algazeli  fled  on  horseback 
with  a  Janizary  named  Nicholas,  and  betook  himself  to  the 
mountains,  where  the  few  Mamelukes  who  survived  had 
assembled ;  with  these  he  fled  to  Tabriz,  where  Ismail 
Sophy  received  him  most  gladly,  and  made  him  his  Com- 
mander-in-chief. Algazeli  did  such  notable  deeds  in  Persia 
that  they  called  him  the  Great  Devil,  although  this  was 
probably  because  he  introduced  artillery  there,  with  which 
they  were  not  acquainted.  When  Ismail  died  he  left 
Algazeli  as  General  and  guardian  of  Thamasp  Sophy,  his 
eldest  son,  and  Algazeli  advised  him  to  employ  Spanish 
soldiers,  and  to  make  an  alliance  with  Charles,  the  Emperor 
and  King  of  Castile. 

Martin  Luther,  a  regular,  of  the  Augustinian  order,  begins 
to  preach  and  write  heresies  in  Germany,  taking  as  a  pretext 
the  Papal  indulgences  and  buUs.^  This  caused  the  greatest 
possible  loss  to  Christianity,  and  was  the  beginning  of  infinite 
evils,  such  as  are  always  occasioned  by  similar  innovations, 
and  the  new  ways  of  living  and  licence  which  accompany 
them. 

^  Cf.  Sandoval,  i.  78  ff. 


56  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1518 

The  Year  1518 

The  Aragonese  swear  loyalty  to  our  lord  King  Charles 
in  Saragossa.^ 

The  King  sends  Friar  Garci  Jofre  de  Loaysa,  of  the 
Order  of  St.  John,  from  Saragossa  to  ask  Selim,  the  Grand 
Turk,  not  to  maltreat  nor  hinder  pilgrims  travelling  to 
Jerusalem.  The  Sultan  answered  that  he  would  gladly 
comply,  provided  the  Emperor  would  promise  not  to  seize 
the  Greeks  in  Italy,  and  he  even  said  that  he  wondered  why 
the  Jews  had  been  driven  out  of  Castile,  since  doing  so  was 
tantamount  to  driving  out  wealth.^ 

The  Infante  Ferdinand  goes  to  Flanders.^ 

The  Infanta  Eleanor  marries  King  Manuel  of  Portugal, 
but  is  soon  left  a  widow.* 

The  King  gives  the  archbishopric  of  Toledo  to  Guillaume 
de  Croy,  nephew  of  M.  de  Chievres,  although  he  was  already 
Bishop  of  Cambray.  This  greatly  displeased  the  whole 
kingdom,  because  he  was  a  foreigner.^ 

The  Spaniards  slay  Arudj  Barbarossa,  who  waged  war 
gallantly  against  Moors  and  Christians  by  land  and  by  sea.** 

The  defeat  of  Hugo  de  Moncada  at  Algiers.*^ 

Pope  Leo  creates  thirty-one  Cardinals  in  one  day,  which 
looked  rather  badly,  since  most  of  them  gained  their  dignity 
in  return  for  money .^ 

The  Year  1519 

The  Catalans  in  Barcelona  swear  loyalty  to  Charles,  King 
of  Spain,^  who  was  elected  Emperor  of  the  Romans  i**  at 

^  Sandoval,  i.  98;  Dormer,  Annales  de  Aragon,  Lib.  I,  cap.  i8. 

"^  Ibid.  i.  101-2.  Sandoval  takes  this  paragraph  almost  word  for  word 
from  G6mara. 

»  Ibid.  i.  95.  *  Ibid.  i.  97.  ^  11,5^  i  84. 

®  Ibid.  i.  98.  Gdmara,  Cronica  de  los  Bariarroja J,  in  Memorial HistSrico 
Espanol,\\.  376  fF. 

*  In  August.  Sandoval,  i.  98  ;  G6mara,  /or.  «V.,  380  if. ;  de  Rotalier,  His- 
to'tre  d' Alger,  chap.  v. 

^  This  was  done  in  July,  15 17.     Cf.  Carvajal,  p.  410  ;  Burd,  p.  151. 

^  Sandoval,  i.  104. 

"  June  28.  The  exact  title  was  *  Rex  Romanorum  semper  Augustus' 
until  his  coronation  at  Bologna  in  1530. 


\ 


1519  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  57 

Frankfort,  in  spite  of  most  strenuous  competition  on  the 
par.  of  King  Francis  I  of  France,  who  corrupted  the 
F  leccors  with  gifts  and  promises  through  his  ambassadors 
old  niends.  In  addition  to  this,  the  latter,  aided  by  the 
Cardinal  'Legate,  Thomas  de  Vio  Cajetan,  a  good  friar, 
maligned  and  grossly  insulted  the  new  Emperor,  and  even 
King  Francis  himself  said  that  they  never  again  could  be 
good  friends,  as  was  indeed  the  case,  for  in  that  struggle, 
as  in  a  rivalry  for  a  lovely  lady,  the  vanquished  party  bore 
no  good  will  to  the  victor. 

The  Emperor  Charles  V  holds  a  Chapter  of  the  Golden 
Fleece  in  Barcelona,  and  gives  the  collar  of  the  Order  to 
liiigo  de  Velasco,  Constable  of  Castile,  to  Fernando  Ramon 
Folch,  Duke  of  Cardona,  to  Fadrique  de  Toledo,  Duke  of 
Alva,  to  Alvaro  de  Ziiniga,  Duke  of  Bejar,  and  to  Antonio 
Manrique  de  Lara,  Duke  of  Najera.^ 

Queen  Germaine  marries  the  Margrave  of  Brandenburg,- 
for  which  reason  many  gentlemen  were  unwilling  to  call 
her  '  Your  Highness '  until  the  Emperor  commanded  them 
to  do  so. 

Beatrice  of  Portugal  goes  to  marry  Duke  Charles  of 
Savoy.^ 

Battle  of  Cintla,  in  which  Hernando  Cortes  vanquished 
the  Tlascalans.* 

Montezuma  receives  Cortes  in  a  friendly  manner  in 
Mexico.^ 

Cortes  captures  Montezuma — a  feat  as  dangerous  as  it 
was  remarkable.^ 

Pedrarias  de  Avila,  the  Jouster  slays  Vasco  Nunez  de 
Balboa,  who  was  an  excellent  leader  in  the  Indies." 


^  March  5.     Cf.  lists  of  recipients  of  the  collar  of  the  Order  in  San- 
doval, i.  103,  Vandenesse,  pp.  60-1. 

^  Ibid.,  p.  61,  and  Allgemeine  Deutsche  Biographie,  xiv.  156. 
^  They  were  married  in  1521. 

*  March  25.    Cf.  Diaz  del  Castillo,  Conquest  of  Neiv  Spain,  ed.  Hakluyt 
Soc,  Series  II,  vol.  xxiii,  i.  118  ff.  ;  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  p.  309. 

^  Nov.  8.  Diaz  del  Castillo,  he.  cit.  ii.  39-44  ;   G6mara,  loc.  cit.,  p.  340. 

*  Nov.  14.  Diaz  del  Castillo,  Joe,  cit.  ii.  92-100  ;  G6mara,  ioc.  cit.,  p.  350. 
^  Ibid.,  pp.  196  fF. 


I 


58  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1519 

Ferdinand  Magellan  passes  through  the  Strait  that  bears 
his  name,  on  his  way  to  find  the  Spice  Islands.^ 

Five  years'  truce  between  Christian  Princes  at  the  inter- 
cession of  Pope  Leo.2  This  was  done  in  fear  of  the  Turk, 
who  also  was  afraid  of  them. 

King  Francis,  anxious  to  get  a  pretext  for  making  war, 
demands  hostages  and  security  for  the  observance  of  the 
treaties  of  Noyon  from  the  Emperor  Charles,  through  his 
ambassador,  Lansac.^' 

Death  of  the  Emperor  Maximilian,*  who  was  certainly 
the  most  liberal  prince  of  his  time.  He  was  ten  years  in 
learning  how  to  talk,  which  caused  the  Emperor  Frederick, 
his  father,  to  believe  that  he  was  dumb  and  stupid,  but  in 
the  end  he  learned  to  speak  well,  and  was  very  wise.  He 
undertook  many  and  most  difficult  wars,  and  for  that  very 
reason  failed  to  finish  most  of  them,  though  want  of  money 
is  also  a  partial  explanation.  The  Chronicler  Pedro  Mejia, 
a  man  of  many  accomplishments,  wrote  his  life  at  great 
length,  together  with  that  of  the  other  Emperors.'^ 

Baudllla,  King  of  Tenes,  comes  to  Barcelona  to  beg  aid 
against  Khelr-ed-DIn  Barbarossa,  who  had  expelled  him 
from  his  realm.*' 

The  Year  1520 

The  Emperor  Charles  Interviews  Henry  VIII,  King  of 
England,  on  his  way  to  Flanders  by  sea.'' 

Charles  enters  Germany,  and  is  crowned  Emperor 
at  Aix.^ 

The  Communes  of  Castile  begin  their  revolt,  but  after 
a  good  start  had  a  bad  ending,  and  exalted  beyond  what  it 

^  Oct.  21 — Nov.  28,  1520,     G6mara,  loc  cit.,  pp.  213  ff. 
2  Oct.  1 518.     Cf.  Spanish  Cal.,  vol.  ii,  No.  264. 

^  The  Sieur  de  Lansac  or  Laussac.  Sandoval,  i.  116;  Letters  and 
Papers  of  Henry  Fill,  vol.  iii,  pt.  ii,  p.  768. 

*  Jan.  12.     Sandoval (i.  102)  copies  G6mara  here. 

®  In  his  Los  Cesares  desde  Julio  y  Augusta  hasta  Maximiliano  I  de  Austria 
(Seville,  1554). 

*  Cf.  above,  pp.  5  and  58.  '  May  27.    Vandenesse,  p.  63. 
«  Oct.  23. 


I520  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  59 

had  previously  been,  the  power  of  the  King  whom  they 
desired  to  abase.  They  rose  in  revolt  because  the  King 
was  leaving  the  realm,  because  of  the  servicio^  because  of 
the  foreign  Regent,  because  of  the  large  amounts  of  money 
which  were  being  taken  out  of  the  realm,  and  because  the 
chief  office  of  the  treasury  had  been  given  to  Chievres, 
the  archbishopric  of  Toledo  to  Guillaume  de  Croy,  and 
knighthoods  of  the  Military  Orders  to  foreigners.^ 

In  many  cities  the  proctir adores  are  assaulted  because 
they  granted  the  servicio^  and  in  Segovia  the  regidoy 
Tordesillas  is  put  to  death.  This  caused  the  Alcalde 
Ronquillo  to  be  sent  thither.^ 

Of  the  eighteen  cities  represented  in  Cortes  thirteen 
meet  together  at  Avila  for  the  common  good,  and  in 
general  assembly  proffer  sixty  demands.-^ 

Friars  and  confessors  are  to  blame  for  the  movement 
among  the  common  people.  The  Comuneros  seize  the 
person  of  Queen  Joanna,  and  discuss  a  project  of  marrying 
her  to  the  Duke  of  Calabria.* 

The  Comuneros  enter  Tordesillas  by  force  of  arms  in 
order  to  take  possession  of  the  Queen. ^ 

Mexico  rises  in  rebellion  against  the  Spaniards.*^ 

Pedrarias  de  Avila  makes  a  settlement  in  Panama." 

Diego  de  Deza,  Archbishop  of  Seville,  and  Archbishop- 
elect  of  Toledo,  dies.  He  was  tutor  of  Prince  John,  built 
the  college  of  St.  Thomas  in  Seville,  was  a  good  theologian 
and  something  of  an  author,  and  wrote,  among  other  things, 
a  commentary  on  the  Pater  Noster  in  the  vernacular.^ 

^  Sandoval,  i.  140-336;  Meji'a,  Comunidades  de  Castilla,  in  Bibl.  Aut. 
Esp.,  XXI,  367-407  ;  Danvila,  Historia  de  las  Comunidades  de  Castilla,  in 
Memorial  Historico  Esfanol,  vols.  35-70. 

^  Mejia,  ibid.,  pp.  375  fF. 

^  Ibid.,  pp.  384-6.  It  seems  probable  that  Meji'a  was  G6mara's  source 
here  also.     There  were  eighty-two  petitions  in  all. 

*  Danvila  in  Mem.  Hist.  Esp.  xxxvi.  762. 

^  The  '  cavalleros '  in  the  original  text  is  obviously  an  error  for 
*  communeros '. 

*  Diaz  del  Castillo,  ii.  226  fF.  ;  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  pp.  363  fF. 
'  Ibid.,  p.  197. 

^  July  9>  1523,  Gams,  op.  cit.,  p.  73.  Antonio,  BibUoteca  Hispana 
Nova,  i.  281,  says, '  Nee  diversi  auctoris  est  quamvis  anonymus  adhuc 


6o  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1520 

Pope  Leo  condemns  Martin  Luther  as  a  heretic.^ 

The  very  powerful  King  Montezuma  dies  as  a  result  of 
being  struck  by  a  stone.'^  His  greatness  and  estate  I  have 
described  in  the  Conquista  de  Mejico. 

The  Kings  of  France  and  England  and  their  vassals 
meet  at  Ardres,  with  more  show  of  splendour  than  accom- 
plishment of  business,  although  they  discussed  a  project  of 
marriage  between  the  Dauphin  and  Princess  Mary  of  Wales, 
and  promised  one  another  eternal  friendship.^ 

Selim  the  Grand  Turk  dies  in  Tchorlu,*  where  he  fought 
with  his  father,  biting  his  hands  from  the  pain  caused  by 
the  cancer  which  devoured  his  entrails  ;  he  was  forty -six 
years  of  age,°  and  had  reigned  eight.  He  was  long  in  the 
body  and  short  in  the  legs,  had  a  round  face,  a  yellow  com- 
plexion, and  large  dull  eyes.  He  was  stern,  choleric,  and 
daring,  and  ceaselessly  ambitious,  not  slow  in  action,  but 
quick  to  seize  his  opportunity ;  indeed  he  used  to  say  that 
through  delay  good  chances  were  lost  in  important  under- 
takings. He  was  excessively  cruel,  though  he  observed 
justice ;  and  thus  it  was  that  he  slew  his  father  and  two 
brothers,  and  many  nephews  and  sixty-two  other  relatives, 
men  of  his  own  family,  and  said  that  there  was  nothing  so 
delightful  as  to  reign  without  relations,  a  remark  which  was 
both  unworthy  and  hateful.  When  he  went  to  attack  the 
Sophy  he  left  a  shirt  soaked  in  poison,  with  orders  that  Piri 
Pasha  should  clothe  his  son  Solyman  with  it,  in  case  the 
latter  should  attempt  to  raise  his  kingdom  in  revolt  during 
his  absence ;  although  others  say  that  he  did  it  because 
his  cruel  deeds  had  debased  him.  He  slew  Mustafa  Pasha 
because  he  advised  the  sons  of  Ahmed  to  flee,  and  Skander 
Pasha  because  in  the  war  against  the  Sophy  he  made  difl&- 


nianeat  auctor  La  Exposidon  del  Pater  Noster  por  el  obispo  de  Salamanca '. 
Deza  was  Bishop  of  Salamanca  1496-7. 

*  The  bull  was  published  in  Rome  in  June. 

2  June  30.  Diaz  del  Castillo,  ii.  238  ;  G6mara,  Hist. de  las  Indias,'p.  365. 
'  The  F'ield  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold,  June  7-24. 

*  Sept.  20,     Parts  of  G6mara's  account  follow  very  closely  that  in 
Jovius,  Commentarius  Rerttm  Turcicarum. 

^  Sic  for  54. 


I 


,520  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  61 

culties  about  crossing  the  River  Euphrates,  and  Bustan 
Pasha,  his  own  brother-in-law,  because  he  accepted  presents 
and  bribes,  and  Junis  Pasha  because  he  stirred  up  the 
Janizaries  to  revolt  against  Kahir,  and  Chemden  Pasha 
because  be  gave  him  frank  advice ;  ^  and  he  cut  down  his 
Jewish  doctor  with  his  own  scimitar  because  he  would  not 
permit  the  surgeons  to  cut  the  cancer  from  his  flesh,  on  the 
ground  that  it  would  spread  the  more.  He  buried  his  horse 
which  had  been  slain  at  Cairo,  because  it  had  saved  him  in 
the  battle  which  he  waged  against  his  own  father  in  Tchorlu  ; 
an  act  which  but  emphasized  the  brutality  of  the  man,  who 
left  unburied  his  own  brothers,  nephews,  relatives,  servants, 
and  favourites.  He  was  a  great  warrior,  and  used  to  say 
that  no  victory  was  complete  unless  the  sovereign  won  it  in 
person.  He  was  temperate  in  his  appetites,  both  as  regards 
women  and  in  the  pleasures  of  the  table.  He  ate  but  a 
single  kind  of  flesh,  and  that  by  no  means  delicate,  but  it 
was  enough  to  keep  him  alive  and  well.  He  was  a  great 
hunter,  both  in  skill  and  in  strength.  The  year  in  which  he 
died,  in  order  not  to  feel  or  think  of  his  illness,  he  drank, 
contrary  to  the  wishes  of  his  doctors,  a  potion  of  flax,  con- 
cocted with  many  things,  which  causes  unconsciousness  for 
twenty-four  hours,  and  which  always  makes  men  continue 
to  think  of  the  thing  on  which  their  thoughts  were  at  the 
time  of  drinking :  for  example,  if  their  minds  were  on 
women,  they  see  them  in  the  air ;  if  on  war,  they  think  of 
battles ;  if  on  the  chase,  of  wild  beasts,  and  killing  them. 
Contrary  to  the  custom  of  the  kings  who  preceded  him,  he 
did  not  wear  a  beard,  in  order,  so  he  said,  that  no  one 
should  pull  it,  as  the  Pashas  and  Janizaries  did  his  father's. 
He  once  said  to  Piri  Pasha,  who  was  advising  him  to  con- 
struct some  sort  of  a  hospital,  and  to  give  away  in  charity 
many  of  the  spoils  which  he  had  taken  from  different  people 
in  Brusa  and  other  cities :    '  It  is  not  well  that  I  should 


^  This  list  of  Pashas  should  be  compared  with  that  in  Hammer,  ii. 
535-6.  Cf.  also  Jovius,  Commentarius  Rerum  Turcicarum,  under  Selim. 
The  latter  gives  '  Boctangi '  instead  of  '  Bustan  '  Pasha  ;  which  probably 
means  Pasha  or  leader  of  the  '  Bostanji '  or  gardeners  of  the  Sultan, 


62  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1520 

honour  myself  with  other  men's  property  by  the  giving  of 
such  orders  as  these ;  therefore,  let  the  spoils  be  restored.' 
It  was  a  worthy  sentiment,  though  uttered  by  an  evil  mouth. 

Solyman,  the  only  son  of  Selim,  begins  to  reign  in 
Constantinople. 

The  regents  send  Beltran  de  la  Cueva  to  San  Sebastian.^ 
He  fought  with  the  French  and  Germans  at  the  Rock  of 
Aldava,  and  conquered  them  with  the  loss  of  only  one  man, 
and  he  was  slain  by  an  arquebus-shot  in  the  mouth,  which 
was  filled  with  curses  at  the  moment.^ 

The  Emperor  crosses  to  England  on  his  way  to  Spain, 
and  discusses  with  King  Henry  an  alliance  and  a  marriage 
with  his  daughter.^ 

The  Emperor  returns  to  Spain,  and  subdues  the  Castilian 
communes,  punishing  some  and  pardoning  others.* 

War  in  Flanders,  because  of  which  the  Emperor  goes  to 
Tournay,  which  the  French  were  holding.^ 

There  is  a  Diet  at  Worms  in  which  King  Francis,  from 
a  distance,  challenges  the  Emperor  to  war.^ 

War  in  Burgundy  between  the  Flemings  and  the  French, 
without  any  notable  exploit  taking  place.'^ 

King  Francis  musters  his  francs  archers  and  threatens 
the  Emperor  and  Italy.^ 

War  of  King  Henry  of  England  in  Picardy.'' 

The  long  voyage  of  Juan  Sebastian  del  Cano,  which 
encircled  the  whole  world  J" 

^  In  1521.  Cf.  Sandoval,  i.  404.  This  and  the  remaining  paragraphs 
of  this  year  are  all  misplaced  ;  they  deal  with  events  which  occurred  in 
1521, 1522, and  1523.  The  B.M.  MS.  misplaces  them  in  the  same  way, 
so  that  it  does  not  seem  possible  to  impute  the  error  to  the  scribe.  It 
is  worth  noting,  however,  that  G6mara,  in  his  Hist,  de  las  Indiasy 
pp.  218-19,  gives  the  correct  date  (Sept.  6,  1522)  for  the  return  of 
Sebastian  del  Cano,  which  is  here  placed  in  1520, 

^  B.M.  MS.  has  'que  fue  pena  de  un  renegador'  ('which  was  the 
punishment  of  a  blasphemer '), 

3  May  26-July  6,  1522.    B.  M.  MS.  has  'en  Vindisor '  ('in  Windsor'). 

*  Charles  arrived  in  Spain  July  16,  1522.  B.M.  MS.  has  'todos' 
('  all ')  for  '  otros  '  ( others '). 

^  October,  1521.     Vandenesse,  p.  31.  *  Met  Jan.  22,  152 1. 

■^  In  1521.     Sandoval,  i.  403. 

*  Cronique  de  Francois  P^,  ed.  Guiffrey,  p.  36. 

*  1523.     Fisher,  pp.  250  fF. 

^°  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  pp.  218-19.     Cano  landed  Sept.  6,  1522. 


I 


1521  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  63 

The  Year  1521 

The  battle  of  Villalar,  which  the  Communeros  lost, 
despite  the  valiant  fighting  of  Juan  Bravo  and  of  the 
commander-in-chief,  Juan  de  Padilla.^ 

The  solemn  punishment  inflicted  the  day  after  the  battle 
by  the  Alcalde  Antonio,  who  beheaded  Juan  de  Padilla, 
Juan  Bravo,  and  Pedro  Maldonado  as  rebels.  Afterwards 
Saravia  was  beheaded  in  Valladolid,  and  Pedro  Pimentel  de 
Talavera  in  Simancas.^ 

At  this  time  a  sheep  slew  a  soldier  who  had  stolen  it 
and  was  carrying  it  off  slung  around  his  neck,  by  knocking 
him  off  a  wall,  on  which  the  soldier  had  sat  down  to 
rest.  This  was  held  to  be  a  miracle,  but  I  may  add  that 
ten  years  later  in  Rome  I  saw  a  groom  of  Cardinal  Loaysa 
repeat  the  sheep's  exploit,  by  knocking  off  a  perch,  and 
thereby  killing,  a  fellow- servant  who  had  wagered  that  the 
thing  was  impossible. 

The  earthquake  at  Almeria  and  at  Lisbon  and  Santarem.^ 

Hernando  Cortes  captures  Mexico.^ 

Ferdinand  Magellan  dies  in  battle  with  Cilapulapo  at 
Mactan.*^ 

Castilians  discover  Tidore  in  the  Moluccas,  one  of  the 
spice-bearing  islands." 

King  Francis  stirs  up  a  war  in  Luxemburg  by  means  of 
Robert  de  la  Marck,  Count  of  Aremberg,  in  defiance  of  the 
Treaty  of  Noyon,  and  without  having  given  any  notification 
to  the  Emperor  beforehand ;  and  he  sends  Andre  de  Foix, 
Seigneur  de  Lesparre,  with  an  army  against  Navarre,  and 
the  latter  took  Pamplona  and  laid  siege  to  Logrofio.^ 

^  April  23. 

"^  Sandoval,  i.  355.  Danvila,  m  Mem.  Hist.  Esp.  xxxviii,  213,  340. 
FVancisco,  not  Pedro,  Maldonado,  was  executed. 

^  Cf.  Ferrer  del  Rio.  Historia  del  Levantamiento  de  las  Comunidades  de 
Castilla,  pp.  321-2  n  ;  also  Introduction,  p.  xli. 

*  In  September,  1522.  Cf.  Sandoval,  i.  418.  I  am  by  no  means 
certain  that  '  Lisbon  '  is  the  correct  translation  of  the  text ;  but  refer- 
ence to  the  fourth  paragraph  of  the  year  1531  in  this  work,  and  to 
p.  108  of  vol.  ii  of  Sandoval,  which  speaks  of  an  earthquake  in  Almeria, 
Lisbon,  and  Santarem  in  that  year,  points  to  that  interpretation. 

^  Aug  13.  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  p.  392. 

*  April  27.     Ibid.,  pp.  215-16.  ^  Nov.  8.     Ibid.,  pp.  217-18. 

*  Sandoval,  i.  373  ff. 


64  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1521 

The  Emperor  holds  a  Diet,  the  first  of  his  reign,  at 
Worms,  where  Barroys,  the  ambassador  of  King  Francis, 
spoke  discourteous  words  against  His  Majesty.^ 

Henry  of  Nassau  and  Franz  von  Sickingen  enter  Picardy 
with  an  imperial  army  in  retaliation  for  the  action  of  Robert 
de  la  Marck  and  of  Andre  de  Foix,  but  they  did  not  gain 
much  by  it.^ 

The  Constable,  Ifiigo  de  Velasco,  and  the  Admiral 
Fadrique  Henriquez,  regents  of  Castile,  conquer  and  cap- 
ture the  Seigneur  de  Lesparre  behind  the  Sierra  de 
Veniega,  through  the  efforts  of  Beltran  de  la  Cueva,  who 
seized  the  enemy's  artillery.^ 

The  Emperor  and  King  Francis  go  forth  to  battle  near 
Valenciennes  with  good  armies,  but  do  not  accomplish 
anything  worth  telling  of.^ 

Solemn  condemnation  of  the  Lutheran  heresies  by  the 
Emperor  in  Worms  and  by  the  King  of  France  in  Paris.^ 

The  Germanfa  of  Valencia  under  the  '  Rey  Encubierto  ', 
which  was  defeated  at  Murviedro  by  Alonzo  de  Aragon, 
Duke  of  Segorbe,  and  in  Valencia  by  Rodrigo  de  Mendoza, 
Marquis  of  Zenete.^ 

The  revolt  by  those  who  called  themselves  Men  of  the 
Devil  in  GuyenneJ 

The  King  of  France  imposes  a  tax  on  his  clergy  to  pay 
for  the  war.* 

The  Infanta  Maria  of  Castile  marries  Louis,  King  of 

^  Opened  Jan.  22,  1521,  This  paragraph  of  G6mara  is  almost 
identical  with  the  marginal  summary  in  Sandoval,  i,  379;  but  the  latter 
does  not  mention  Barroys  in  the  text, 

^  Mignet,  i.  260. 

^  Battle  of  Esquiros  or  Noain,  June  30.  Cf.  Sandoval,  i.  377  ;  Mig- 
net, i.  261-2. 

*  This  paragraph,  the  tenth  paragraph  of  this  same  year,  and  the 
fourth  from  the  end  of  the  year  1520,  apparently  refer  to  different 
stages  in  the  same  series  of  events.  Cf.  Mignet,  i.  272  ff. ;  Sandoval,  i. 
403  ;  and  above  p.  62,  n.  6,  and  p.  64,  «.  2. 

^  May  26  and  April  15. 

®  Cf.  Sayas,  Annales  de  Aragon,  caps.  Ivi,  Iviii,  Ixviii,  Ixxxii.  On  the 
*  Rey  Encubierto  '  cf.  Danvila,  Germama  de  Valencia,  p.  178. 

'  Probably  refers  to  the  great  uprising  of  1523.  Cf.  Bouchet,  Annales 
d^ AquHa'tne,  pp.  375-6. 

*  Lavisse,  vol.  v,  pt.  i,  p.  260. 


1521  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  65 

Hungary ,1  and  the  Infante  Ferdinand  marries  Anna,  the 
sister  of  Louis.^ 

Manuel,  King  of  Portug-al,  dies  ^ — a  man  of  small  stature, 
but  of  great  heart,  in  whose  name  many  good  things  were 
done  in  Arabia,  Persia,  India,  and  other  provinces  of  Asia. 
His  first  two  wives  were  sisters,  and  his  third  was  their 
niece,  and  all  of  them  were  relatives  of  his  own,  and  he 
had  children  by  them  all,  for  his  first  queen,  the  Princess 
Isabel,  bore  him  Prince  Miguel,  and  her  sister  Maria 
many  children,  and  Eleanor,  their  niece,  a  daughter  who 
was  called  Maria. 

The  Pope  and  the  Emperor  make  an  alliance  against 
King-  Francis  in  support  of  Francesco  Sforza,  Duke  of 
Milan  ;  ^  the  Pope,  because  King-  Francis  had  given  aid  to 
Francesco  Maria,  Duke  of  Urbino,  against  him,  and  because 
he  wanted  to  get  Parma  and  Piacenza,  and  along"  with  them 
Ferrara ;  the  Emperor,  because  of  the  affairs  of  Robert  de 
la  Marck  and  of  Lesparre,  because  he  wanted  to  drive  the 
French  out  of  Italy,  and  because  it  was  his  business  as 
Emperor  to  restore  the  Duke  of  Milan  to  his  estates. 

Two  good  armies  on  the  Adda,  a  river  in  Lombardy,  one 
composed  of  Frenchmen  under  Lautrec,  and  of  Venetians 
under  Teodoro  Trivulcio  and  the  Duke  of  Ferrara,  and  the 
other  representing  the  League,  under  Francesco  Sforza,  in 
which  the  Papal  general  was  Federigo  de  Gonzaga,  Marquis 
of  Mantua,  and  the  Imperial  leader,  Prospero  Colonna.^ 

The  war  continues  in  Lombardy,  more  places  being- 
besieged. 

Death  of  Pope  Leo,  who  was  a  most  liberal  patron  of 
arts  and  letters.*^ 

Election  of  Pope  Adrian  VI,  who  was  in  Vitoria  at  the 
time.'^ 

War  between  King  Louis  of  Hungary  and  the  Voivode, 
who  called  on  the  Turk  to  aid  him.^ 

^  Jan.  13,  1522.  2  May  27,  1521. 

*  Dec.  13.  *  May  8.  Cf.  Nitti,  pp.  431  ff. 

*  Sandoval,  i.  404  fF.  ^  Dec.  21.  ''  Jan,  9,  1522. 
«  Jorga,  ii.  385-90- 

IS6S  F 


66  ANNALS  OF  THE  EiMPEROR  1531 

Solyman  captures  by  treachery  Belgrade,  a  most  impor- 
tant place  in  Hungary.^  This  was  the  first  war  which  he 
waged  in  his  own  person.  He  slew  the  man  who  surrendered 
it,  in  spite  of  his  oath  to  the  contrary,  saying  that  in  pro- 
viding him  and  others  with  a  grave  he  was  giving  them  the 
land  he  had  promised  them;  so  this  was  a  case— not  of 
a  faithless  king,  but — of  a  despot's  edict. 

The  Year  1522 

The  Archbishop  of  Bari,  Gabriel  Merino,  with  the  Dean 
and  Chapter,  and  with  the  Marshal  Payo  de  Rivera  and 
other  knights  of  Toledo,  conquers  and  expels  from  the 
city  Dona  Maria  Pacheco,  the  wife  of  Juan  de  Padilla,  an 
even  more  zealous  supporter  of  the  Comuneros  than  her 
husband.  She  fled  to  Portugal  on  a  mule  in  the  clothes 
of  a  labouring  woman  and  with  some  large  geese  in  her 
hands  in  order  to  avoid  recognition,  for  otherwise  they 
would  have  beheaded  her  also.  The  reason  she  had 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  communes  so  ardently  was  that 
she  hoped  to  be  made  queen,  as  certain  Moorish  witches  in 
Granada  had  prophesied  she  would.  She  captured  clergy- 
men, slew  soldiers,  and  expected  to  be  implicitly  obeyed. 
She  took  crosses  and  used  them  for  banners,  and  even 
carried  on  a  standard  a  picture  of  Juan  de  Padilla  being 
executed. 2 

The  conquest  of  Nicaragua  by  Gil  Gonzalez  de  Avila.^ 

Duke  Francesco  Sforza  effects  an  entrance  into  Milan 
through  the  valour  of  the  Spaniards,  led  by  the  Marquis  of 
Pescara.^ 

Lautrec  captures  Novara  by  force  of  arms,  and  Prosper© 
Colonna,  Alessandria.^ 

The  battle  of  Bicocca,  in  which  our  men  captured  seven- 
teen banners  from  the  enemy,  and  Juan  de  Cardona,  Count 
of  Colosa,  met  his  death.*' 

^  Aug.  29.     Hammer,  iii.  11-14. 

^  Sandoval  (i.  360)  copies  G6mara  here. 

*  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Jndias,p.  280.  *  Mignet,  i.  285-7. 

^  Sandoval,  i.  406.  *  April  27.     Guicciardini,  iii.  366. 


1522  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  67 

The  famous  pillaging  of  Genoa  by  the  Spaniards.^ 
Pope  Adrian  crosses  to  Rome  with  a  good  Spanish  fleet.^ 
Guillaume  Bonnivet,  Admiral  of  France,  enters  Navarre 

with  a   large   army  and   besieges   Pamplona,  which  was 

defended   by   Francisco   de    Ziiniga,   Count   of   Miranda. 

Shortly  afterward  he  captures  Maya,  and  later  Fuenter- 

rabia,  through  the  fault  of  Diego  de  Vera. ' 

The  Year  1523 

The  Constable  Inigo  de  Velasco  besieges  Fuenterrabia 
while  the  Emperor  was  at  \^itoria,  and  a  most  laborious  siege 
it  was,  because  of  the  heavy  rains  and  great  cold.^ 

Agreement  between  the  Emperor  Charles  and  the  King 
of  England  to  attack  the  King  of  France,  against  whom 
they  duly  proclaim  war.^ 

Francisco  Hernandez  settles  Muarasua,  directed  by  Pe- 
■drarias  de  Avila." 

Diego  Velasquez  de  Cuellar,  who  had  been  the  richest 
Spaniard  in  the  Indies,  dies. 

The  French  hand  over  the  castle  of  Milan  to  Duke 
Francesco  Sforza.'^ 

Alliance  of  the  Pope  and  the  Emperor,  the  Duke  of 
Milan,  the  Venetians,  Florence,  Siena,  Lucca,  and  Genoa 
against  all  disturbers  of  the  peace  of  Italy.^ 

Viscount  Boniface  attempts  to  stab  to  death  his  relative, 
the  Duke  of  Milan.^ 

Guillaume  Bonnivet,  Admiral  of  France,  unsuccessfully 
besieges  Milan  with  thirty  thousand  men  and  four  thousand 

'  Ibid,  iii.  370,  "^  He  arrived  at  Rome,  Aug,  29, 

^  In  1521.     Cf.  Sandoval,  i.  403-4  ;  Mignet,  i,  275, 

*  It  surrendered  in  January,  1524,     Sandoval,  i,  421-2  and  440-1, 

'  The  treaty  was  made  June  19,  1522,  when  Charles  was  in  England, 
Fisher,  240.  See  also  Busch,  Kard'mal  Wohey  und  die  engiische  kaiserliche 
Allianz,  1886. 

'  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  p.  405,  *  Muarasua '  must  be  a  mistake 
for  *  Nicaragua '. 

'  April  14.     Guicciardini,  iii,  384, 

*  Really  two  alliances  were  made,  June  28  and  Aug.  3,  Gf,  Burd, 
pp.  157-8. 

'  Sandoval,  i.  430. 

F  2 


68  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1533 

horse.  It  was  defended  by  Prospero  Colonna  with  twelve 
thousand  soldiers,  of  whom  four  thousand  were  Spaniards.^ 

The  English  and  Flemish  army  invades  France,  and 
caused  much  fear  in  Paris  and  did  some  damage  without 
profit  to  itself.  The  army  was  composed  of  over  thirty 
thousand  infantry  and  six  thousand  horse.^ 

Charles,  Duke  of  Bourbon,  flees  from  France  daringly 
and  craftily,  and  the  blame  for  the  war  in  Burgundy  is  laid 
on  the  King  of  France  by  the  Emperor.^ 

A  great  revolt  of  the  common  people  and  clergy  begins 
in  Germany.* 

Death  of  Pope  Adrian  VI,  who  did  not  change  his  name 
when  he  became  Pope.^'  He  was  born  in  Holland  and  was 
Dean  of  Louvain  when  the  Emperor  Maximilian  made  him 
tutor  to  his  grandson  Charles,  because  of  his  wisdom  and 
high  character.  He  came  to  Spain  as  ambassador  to  the 
Catholic  King  to  see  about  the  government  of  Castile,  and 
to  take  possession  of  the  realm  for  Charles,  and  he  became 
regent  of  Castile  and  Bishop  of  Tortosa.  Men  murmured 
against  him  because  he  was  not  lavish  like  his  predecessors, 
and  also  because  he  reproached  the  Cardinals  for  their 
vices,  and  for  their  large  retinues,  and  because  he  did  not 
succour  Rhodes.  He  was  unwilling  to  absolve  those  who 
sacked  Genoa,  nor  would  he  give  the  archbishopric  of 
Toledo  to  George  of  Austria,  bastard  of  the  Emperor  Maxi- 
milian, remembering  that  the  Comuneros  had  complained 
because  it  had  been  given  to  Guillaume  de  Croy.  He 
granted  to  the  Emperor  Charles,  as  King  of  Spain,  the 
perpetual  government  and  administration  of  the  grand- 
masterships  of  Castile,  abolished  for  ever  the  tribute  paid 
by  Naples  to  the  See  of  Rome,  and  did  other  things  to  the 
Emperor's  advantage. 

Cardinal  Giulio  de'  Medici,  who  became  Pope  after  Adrian, 


^  Mignet,  i.  434  ff. 

^  Aug.-Nov.,  1523.    Fisher,  p.  250,  estimates  the  entire  force  at  about 
21,000  men.  *  In  August.     Mignet,  cap.  v. 

*  The  Peasants'  War,  which  began  in  June,  1524. 
"  Sept.  14.     Sandoval  (i.  436)  again  copies  G6mara. 


1523  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  69 

takes  the  title  of  Clement  VIII.^  He  continued  the  alliance 
and  war  waged  by  Leo  and  Adrian  against  the  French, 
despite  the  earnest  prayers  to  the  contrary  of  Alberto  Pio, 
Count  of  Carpi,  ambassador  of  King  Francis. 

The  battle  of  Rebecco  and  that  of  Garlasco,^  where  the 
Duke  of  Urbino  was  very  prominent  against  the  French. 
Charles  de  Lannoy  was  general,  owing  to  the  death  of 
Prospero  Colonna.  After  these  battles,  the  Admiral 
returned  to  France  with  an  arm  shattered  by  a  shot  from 
an  arquebus. 

N  .  .  .  .  de  Cardenas  is  buried  alive  at  Madrid,  and 
Francisco  Marradas  at  Naples. 


The  Year  1524 

Fuenterrabia  is  regained  from  the  French  by  agreement, 
although  they  did  all  in  their  power,  both  by  land  and  by 
sea,  to  retain  it.^ 

Pedro  de  Ayala,  Count  of  Salv^atierra,  perishes  miserably 
in  the  prison  of  Burgos,  where  the  Emperor  was  at  the 
time,  because  he  had  supported  the  cause  of  the  Com- 
muneros.  They  carried  him  to  his  grave  with  his  feet 
uncovered  and  in  fetters.^ 

The  partition  of  the  Indies  and  of  the  New  World  is 
drawn  up  at  Badajoz  between  the  Castilians  and  Portu- 
guese.^ 

The  conquest  of  Cuahutemallan,  accomplished  by  Pedro 
de  Alvarado,  general  of  Hernando  Cortes.^ 

The  conversion  of  the  Indians  in  Mexico  begins  as  had 
been  planned. 

^  5/Vfor  Clement  VII  :  elected  Nov.  18. 

^  On  Rebecco  cf.  Sandoval,  i.  435,  and  Mignet,  i.  462.  The  modern 
name  of  the  place  is  Robecchetto.  On  Garlasco,  cf.  Leva,  ii.  208. 
Colonna  died  Dec.  30.     Cf.  also  Lavisse,  vol.  v,  pt.  ii,  p.  31. 

^  Cf.  the  first  paragraph  of  the  year  1523. 

*  Sayas,  cap.  cvi ;  Sandoval,  i.  253,  304. 

'  Sandoval,  i.  442 ;  Sayas,  cap.  cvii ;  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias, 
pp.  219  ff. ;  Bourne,  pp.  130-2. 

*  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  p.  400. 


70  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1524 

Ambassadors  of  the  Sophy  come  to  Burgos  to  ask  for  the 
alliance  of  the  Emperor  against  the  Turk.^ 

Charles,  Duke  of  Suffolk,  makes  war  on  the  French  in 
Ficardy.2 

John  Stewart,  Duke  of  Albany,  lays  siege  to  Wark  ^  with 
a  Scottish  force,  but  Thomas  Howard  moves  against  him 
with  an  English  army,  and  forces  him  to  abandon  it. 

Rodrigo  de  Bastidas  settles  Santa  Martha.^ 

Francisco  de  las  Casas,  and  Gil  Gonzales  de  Avila  valor- 
ously  slay  Cristoval  de  Olid  in  Triumpho  de  la  Cruz,^ 

King  John  of  Portugal,  the  third  of  his  name,  marries 
Catharine,  Infanta  of  Castile  and  sister  of  the  Emperor.  By 
her  he  had  many  children,  all  of  whom  he  outlived,  and 
seven  of  whom  had  been  sworn  to  as  his  successors,  a  turn 
of  fortune  as  singular  as  it  was  notable." 

The  French  having  already  been  expelled  from  Italy,  the 
Duke  of  Bourbon,  at  the  command  of  the  Emperor  and  of 
the  King  of  England,  attacks  Marseilles  more  violently  than 
ever,  with  fourteen  pieces  of  artillery,  one  thousand  cavalry, 
and  sixteen  thousand  infantry ."^ 

The  audacious  invasion  of  Italy  by  King  Francis,  who 
followed  in  the  rear  of  the  Duke  of  Bourbon,  with  twenty- 
two  thousand  infantry  and  four  thousand  horse.  With 
their  aid  he  forthwith  entered  Milan  and  laid  siege  to  Pavia.^ 

Count  Alberto  de  Carpi  and  Juan  Matheo  Giberto,  of  the 
Papal  Datary,  arrange  an  alliance  of  King  Francis  with  the 
Pope  and  the  Florentines.^ 

King  Francis  sends  the  Duke  of  Albany  against  Naples 
with  ten  thousand  infantry  and  six  hundred  horse,  as  much 


1  In  March.     Sandoval,  i.  441 ;  Sayas,  cap.  cvi. 

2  A  mistake.     The  English  did  not  invade  Picardy  in  this  year, 

^  This  seems  the  most  probable  translation  of  the  Spanish  *  Verchin '. 
Albany  besieged  Wark  in  Sept.-Oct.  1523,  but  was  frightened  off  by 
the  counter-expedition  of  Thomas  Howard,  Earl  of  Surrey.  Albany  left 
for  France,  May  20,  1524,  never  to  return.     Cf.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog.  liv.  321. 

*  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  India s,  p.  200. 

^  Ibid.,  pp.  406-7  ;  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America, 
ii.  384. 

*  Sayas,  cap.  cxix.  '  Guicciardini,  iii.  439.  *  Ibid.,  p.  442. 

*  In  November.     Cf.  Leva,  ii.  228-30  ;  Mignet,  ii.  21  ff. 


1524  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  71 

in   order  to  divert  the  attention  of  the  Spaniards  from 
Lombardy,  as  to  conquer  Naples  itself.^ 

Francisco  de  Garay,  adelantado  of  Panuco,  dies  in  Mexico, 
who  while  governor  at  Jamaica  was  rich  and  powerful, 
but  who  when  he  attempted  conquests  grew  poor,  to  the 
misfortune  of  his  children. ^ 

The  Duke  of  Guelders  stirs  up  war  in  Holland. ' 
Count  Franz  von  Sickingen  provokes  a  war  on  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Treves,  because  the  latter  was  a  Catholic* 
Wars  in  Cairo,  which  revolted  against  the  Turk.^ 
Death  of  Ismail  Sophy,  so  well  known  throughout  the 
world   for   his   devotion  to  religion  and  ability  in  war.^ 
Bayazid  took  umbrage  at  his  glory  and  Selim  was  envious 
of  it.     He  was  much  beloved  and  consequently  bewailed  by 
his  people. 

The  Year  1525 

The  noble  battle  of  Pavia,  in  which  King  Francis  of 
France  was  captured,  fighting  and  wounded,  which  was  to 
his  honour."^  Francisco  Hernando  de  Avalos,  Marquis  of 
Pescara  and  leader  of  the  Spanish  troops,  carried  off  the 
glory  of  the  victory,  though  the  leaders  of  the  imperial 
army  were  Charles  de  Lannoy  and  Charles  Duke  of  Bour- 
bon. The  honour  of  taking  the  King  was  won  by  Captain 
Juanes  de  Hernani,  who  captured  him,  and  by  Diego  de 
Avila,  who  took  his  sword  and  right-hand  glove,  and  by 
Machin,  a  man-at-arms  of  Hugo  de  Moncada. 

Charles  de  Lannoy,  Viceroy  of  Naples,  and  Sefior 
Alarcon  bring  King  Francis  a  prisoner  to  Spain.  Seiior 
Alarcon  continued   to   guard   him   for   a   time,   but  later 

^  In  1525.     Leva,  ii.  231  ff. ;  Mignet,  ii.  23. 

"^  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  pp.  183,  397-8.       ^  Henne,  iii.  348  ff. 

*  It  does  not  seem  as  if  the  corresponding  paragraph  of  the  text 
could  refer  to  anything  except  the  famous  '  Knights'  War '  of  April, 
1523;  and  I  have  so  interpreted  it.  There  are  certainly  difficulties 
about  translating  'Haege'  as  '  Sickingen',  but  I  can  find  no  likelier 
alternative.     The  B.  M.  MS.  sheds  no  light  on  the  matter. 

^  Jorga,  ii.  358  ff.  «  May  19. 

■^  Feb.  24.  Cf.  Guicciardini,  iii.  471  ff. ;  Sandoval,  i.  477;  Mignet, 
vol.  ii,  cap.  vii. 


72  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1525 

handed  him  over  to  the  Alferez  Garcia  de  Carabariantes 
de  Gomara,  an  old  and  valiant  soldier  who  never  swore 
to  God.i 

Burial  in  Granada  of  the  body  of  King  Philip,  after  the 
Queen  had  kept  it  with  her  for  twenty  years.^ 

The  voyage  of  Garci  Jofre  de  Loaysa  to  the  Moluccas.^ 

The  very  difficult  journey  which  Cortes  made  from 
Mexico  to  Higueras.* 

Rising  of  the  Moriscos  of  Valencia  in  the  Sierra  de 
Bernia,  because  of  their  forcible  conversion  to  Christianity.^ 

The  exceedingly  imposing  court  and  assembly  of 
magnates  held  by  the  Emperor  at  Toledo,  at  which  there 
were  present  both  Spaniards  and  foreigners,  among  whom 
were  Philip,  the  Grand  Master  of  Rhodes,  with  forty 
Knights-Commanders,  and  Cardinal  Giovanni  de  Salviati, 
Papal  Legate,  and  ambassadors  from  all  the  states  of  Italy, 
from  the  Sophy,  from  Russia,  and  from  all  the  Christian 
kings  of  Europe.'^ 

The  Emperor  gives  the  Knights  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem 
the  Islands  of  Malta  and  of  Gozo  and  also  Tripoli  in  Barbary, 
where  they  settle  down.' 

The  discovery  of  Peru,  a  land  exceedingly  rich  in  silver 
and  gold,  by  Francisco  Pizarro  and  his  companions.* 

Negotiations  of  the  Pope  with  the  Venetians  and  the  Duke 
of  Milan  against  the  Emperor,  for  the  purpose  of  driving 
the  Spaniards  out  of  Lombardy.^ 

Girolamo  Morone,  counsellor  of  the  Duke  of  Milan, 
armed  with  letters  from  the  Pope  and  the  Venetians, 
attempts  to  win  away  the  Marquis  of  Pescara  from  his 
allegiance  to  the  Emperor,  by  promising  him  the  kingdom 
of  Naples  and  the  leadership  of  the  army  of  Italy,  but 
Pescara  refuses  his  offers  and  discloses  them.^° 

^  Sandoval,  i.  491-2  ;  also  A.  ChampoUion-Figeac,  Captivite  du  rot 
Frangois  I^  in  Documents  Inedits  sur  I'H'tstoire  de  France,  1847. 

"^  Prescott,  iii.  270  w.  ^  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  pp.  221  ff. 

*  Ibid.,  pp.  409  ff.  ^  Sandoval,  i.  505. 
'  Sandoval,!.  492  ;  Vandenesse,  p.  71. 

'  Sayas,  caps,  civ,  cxxvi. 

*  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  pp.  224  ff. 

*  Leva,  ii.  273-81.  "  Ibid.  ii.  281-303. 


1535  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  73 

Louise  of  Savoy,  mother  of  King  Francis  and  regent  of 
France,  negotiates  with  the  Pope  and  the  King  of  England 
and  others  who  were  in  terror  of  the  Emperor,  to  secure 
the  liberation  of  her  son.^ 

The  Emperor  grants  a  six  months'  truce  to  the  French.^ 
He  visits  King  Francis,  who  was  ill,  to  console  him. 

The  Marquis  of  Pescara  besieges  Duke  Francesco  Sforza 
in  the  Castle  of  Milan,  after  having  taken  from  him  prac- 
tically all  his  land,  because  he  had  rebelled  against  the 
Emperor  and  attempted  to  kill  the  Spaniards.^ 

Francisco  Hernando  de  Avalos,  a  most  excellent  general, 
dies  while  besieging  the  Duke  in  Milan,  and  Antonio  de 
Leyva  with  Alonzo  de  Avalos,  Marquis  del  Vasto,  con- 
tinues the  siege.^ 

Thomas  Miinzer  revolts  in  Saxony  against  the  lords  and 
bishops,  who  had  slain  six  thousand  of  his  Lutherans  in 
Franconia.'' 

Uprisings  of  the  Lutherans  in  Germany,  in  which  one 
hundred  thousand  men  were  slain  by  the  knife  within  four 
months.*^ 

The  Year  1526 

The  Emperor  sets  free  the  King  of  France  on  receiving 
his  oath  to  observe  and  fulfil  the  promises  he  had  made 
him,  or  else  to  return  to  prison,  under  pain  of  being  held  to 
have  broken  faith.^ 

The  agreements  made  between  King  Francis  and  the 
Emperor  at  Madrid  on  January  14th  were,  chiefly,  that 
within  a  month  and  a  half  the  French  King  should  hand 
over  to  the  Emperor  the  whole  of  Burgundy,  such  as  it 
had  been  under  Charles  the  Bold ;  that  he  should  and  did 
renounce  all  claim  to  Naples,  Milan,  Asti,  and  Genoa  ;  that 

^  Jacqueton,  Politique  exterieure  de  Louise  de  Sa'voie,  caps,  iii-ix. 

*  Eight  months,  from  June,  according  to  Sandoval,  i.  496. 
^  Ibid.  i.  502.  *  Ibid.  i.  504. 

®  Allgemeine  deutsche  Biog r apbie,  xxiii.  ^i-6. 

*  This  doubtless  refers  to  the  Peasants'  War  at  its  height. 

^  Jan.  24.  Sandoval,  i.  517-42;  Dumont,  Corps  Diplomatique,  vol.  iv, 
pt.  i,  pp.  400  ff. 


74  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1526 

he  should  and  did  abandon  the  suzerainty  of  Flanders  and 
Artois,  in  return  for  Guisnes,  Ponthieu,  and  Peronne  ;  that 
he  should  restore  Hesdin  and  demolish  Therouanne ;  that  he 
should  bear  no  aid  to  Henri  dAlbret,  nor  to  Duke  Charles 
of  Guelders,  nor  to  Robert  de  la  Marck,  nor  to  the  Duke 
of  Wiirtemberg ;  that  he  should  restore  the  Duke  of 
Bourbon  and  Philibert  of  Chalons,  Prince  of  Orange,  to 
their  lands  and  possessions ;  that  he  should  marry  Eleanor, 
Queen  of  Portugal,  the  elder  sister  of  the  Emperor,  and 
that  his  son,  the  Dauphin  Francis,  should  marry  Maria, 
daughter  of  the  said  Eleanor ;  that  he  should  give  two 
millions  of  gold  to  the  Emperor  to  pay  the  expense  of  the 
wars  which  he  provoked,  and  leave  his  sons  Francis  and 
Henry  as  hostages  until  payment  should  be  made  and  his 
agreements  fulfilled  ;  that  the  prisoners  taken  by  both  sides 
should  be  set  free,  and  that  the  merchandise  which  had  been 
seized  on  both  sides  should  be  restored.  Charles  de 
Lannoy,  \'^iceroy  of  Naples,  Hugo  de  Moncada,  Prior  of 
Messina,  and  the  Secretary  Jean  AUemand,  baron  of 
Bouclans,  signed  these  treaties  with  the  Emperor,  and 
Fran9ois  de  Tournon,  Archbishop  of  Embrun,  Jean  de 
Selves,  President  of  the  Parlement  de  Paris,  and  Philippe 
Chabot,  Sieur  de  Brion,  with  the  King  of  France,  These 
last  had  been  given  sufficient  authority  to  conclude  the 
treaty  by  the  regent,  the  Parlement  de  Paris,  and  the  realm.^ 

When  the  Emperor  asked  Hernando  de  Vega  his  advice 
about  setting  the  King  at  liberty,  he  replied  that  the  King 
of  France  was  doing  very  well  at  Madrid  ;  and  Mercurino 
Gattinara,  the  Grand  Chancellor,  said  that  he  should  either 
be  let  go  without  conditions  or  else  retained  in  captivity.^ 

Public  betrothal  of  King  Francis  and  the  Lady  Eleanor 
in  Illescas.^ 

The  Emperor  and  King  Francis  dine  together  in  Madrid, 
which  was  worth  seeing."* 

^  Cf.  Sandoval,  i.  519-42.  The  stipulation  about  paying  the  expenses 
of  the  wars  that  Francis  provoked  probably  refers  to  §  20  of  the 
treaty,  in  which  Francis  promised  to  assume  all  Charles's  debts  to 
Henry  VIII. 

"^  Sandoval,  i.  518.  *  Ibid.  i.  543-4.  *  Mignet,  ii.  177-83. 


1526  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  75 

The  handing  over  of  the  Dauphins  Francis  and  Henry, 
which  was  solemn  and  ceremonious  and  took  place  in  the 
following  manner.^  A  ship  with  six  Spanish  sailors  and  as 
many  French  ones  lay  in  the  stream  between  Irun  and 
Vanzo.  To  this  ship  there  went  out  in  a  small  boat  from 
one  bank  King  Francis,  Charles  de  Lannoy,  Seiior  Alarcon, 
and  two  Spanish  knights,  and  from  the  other  the  Dauphins, 
a  son  of  the  Admiral  of  France,  and  two  other  French 
knights.  The  King  of  France  and  the  Dauphins  entered 
the  ship  first  and  at  the  same  time,  next  the  Viceroy  and 
the  Duke  of  Orleans,  after  them  Alarcon  and  the  Admiral's 
son,  and  finally  the  other  knights,  two  by  two.  The  King, 
after  standing  a  minute  with  his  sons,  crossed  over  to 
France  with  his  French  followers,  and  when  he  landed  on 
French  soil  swore  anew  to  observe  the  treaties  of  Madrid, 
and  was  unable  to  restrain  his  joy  at  being  free.  The 
Dauphins  came  to  Spain  and  were  handed  over  to  the 
Constable,  liiigo  de  \''elasco,  in  Berlanga. 

The  happy  marriage  of  the  Emperor  and  Isabella,  the 
Infanta  of  Portugal,  is  celebrated  in  Seville  with  great 
solemnity  and  rejoicing.-  Ferdinand  of  Aragon,  Duke  of 
Calabria,  Antonio  de  Fonseca,  Archbishop  of  Toledo,  and 
Alvaro  de  Zufiiga,  Duke  of  Bejar,  brought  her  thither. 
Cardinal  Giovanni  di  Salviati,  Legate  Apostolic,  married 
them,  and  Alonzo  de  Manrique,  Archbishop  of  Seville,  pro- 
nounced the  nuptial  benediction. 

The  conversion  and  baptism  of  the  Moors  of  Aragon.'' 

Francisco  de  Montejo  conquers  Yucatan.^ 

The  treaties  to  which  the  French  King  swore  are  revoked 
in  France,  the  King  asserting  that  he  was  not  obliged  to 
fulfil  them,  because  he  could  not  make  a  valid  treaty  when 
he  was  a  prisoner.'" 

The  great  League  made  in  Angouleme,  which  caused 

^  March  17.     Cf.  Sandoval,  i.  550-2  ;  Mignet,  ii.  188-90. 
^  March  10.     Sandoval,  i.  545-9  ;  Vandenesse,  pp.  74-5. 
'  The  edict  was  issued  in  1525.     Cf.  Lea,  Moriscos  of  Spain,  pp.  84  ff. 
*  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  p.  186, 

®  Cf.  Mignet,  ii.  191-6,  Two  unsuccessful  efforts  were  made  to  extort 
a  ratification  of  the  treaties  from  Francis. 


je  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1526 

infinite  evils  and  deaths,  between  Pope  Clement,  Francis 
King-  of  France,  Henry  King  of  England,  Sigismund  King 
of  Poland,  King  James  of  Scotland,  the  Seigniory  of  Venice, 
Francesco  Sforza  Duke  of  Milan,  the  Florentines,  and  others, 
on  the  pretext  of  freeing  the  Duke  of  Milan  and  ridding- 
Italy  of  the  Spaniards,  but  really  in  order  that  King 
Francis  should  not  be  obliged  to  fulfil  the  promises  he 
made  at  Madrid.  Another  object  of  the  League  was  to 
select  a  new  King  of  Naples,  who  was  to  be  Giannin  di 
Medici,  who  was  to  pay  the  King  of  France  seventy 
thousand  crowns  a  year,  and  one  thousand  to  Duke  Fran- 
cesco. An  army  sufiicient  to  expel  the  Imperialists  from 
Italy  was  to  be  collected  for  this  purpose,  and  to  be  kept 
under  arms  until  its  object  was  accomplished.^ 

King  Francis  sends  his  ambassadors  to  tell  the  Emperor, 
who  was  at  Granada,  that  he  could  not  fulfil  any  of  his 
promises,  since  Burgundy  could  not  be  alienated  from  the 
Royal  Domain  of  the  Crown  of  France,  and  to  say  further 
that  if  his  sons  were  returned  to  him  for  a  reasonable  price 
he  would  take  the  Emperor's  sister  to  wife,  but  if  not,  that 
he  intended  to  win  them  back  by  war.^ 

This  demand  was  backed  up  by  the  ambassadors  of  the 
allies,  who  insisted  that  His  Majesty  should  cease  to  besiege 
the  Duke  of  Milan,  withdraw  the  Spaniards  from  Lombardy, 
abandon  Naples,  should  not  enter  Italy  with  an  army,  and 
should  pay  the  debts  of  the  King  of  England :  and  added 
that  if  he  did  not  do  these  things  they  would  all  make  war 
upon  him,  since  it  was  for  this  purpose  that  they  had  made 
an  alliance. 

The  demands  were  outrageous,  and  the  threatened  war 
promised  to  be  very  terrible,  for  the  allies  were  many  and 
powerful,  but  this  did  not  cause  the  Emperor  to  flinch. 
Instead,  he  replied  with  his  accustomed  gravity  that  the 

^  League  of  Cognac,  May  22.  Dumont,  Corps  Diplomatique^  vol.  iv, 
pt.  i,  pp.  451-5.  Henry  VIII  was  declared  protector  of  the  League,  but 
did  not  join  it.  Poland  and  Scotland  were  only  included  as  friends  of 
the  active  participants. 

^  Sandoval  (i.  565-6)  copies  this  and  the  next  two  paragraphs,  almost 
word  for  word,  from  G6mara.     Gf.  also  Mignet,  ii.  214-18. 


1526  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  ^^ 

Most  Christian  King  did  ill  in  failing  to  fulfil  his  promise 
and  oath,  and  that  his  realm  could  not  hinder  him  from 
making  treaties  of  peace,  since  it  had  not  prevented  his 
making  arrangements  for  war.  And  principally,  that  he 
would  have  them  to  know  and  understand  that  he  would 
retain  his  hostages  until  he  had  been  paid,  that  no  one 
ought  to  abandon  his  wife  for  any  slight  whatever  ;  that 
Francesco  Sforza,  as  Duke  of  Milan,  was  his  feudal  vassal, 
and  that  he  therefore  could  and  ought  to  punish  him  as 
a  rebel  and  a  traitor ;  that  he  would  not  abandon  Naples 
because  it  belonged  to  him  by  inheritance,  by  treaty,  and 
by  right  of  a  just  and  good  war  ;  and  that  to  Italy  he  would 
go  as  often  as  he  pleased ;  and  that  if  they  all  made  war 
upon  him  he  would  know  how  to  defend  himself  against 
them  all  with  his  good  and  loyal  vassals,  under  the  guid- 
ance of  God  and  in  the  cause  of  justice  ;  and  that  he  would 
pay  the  King  of  England  with  the  money  of  the  King  of 
France. 

The  Emperor  dispatches  Bourbon  as  his  commander-in- 
chief  to  Lombardy,  not  without  some  hopes  of  gaining  the 
Duchy  of  Milan. ^ 

The  Duke  of  Urbino  captures  Lodi  with  Papal  and 
Venetian  troops.  ^ 

Francesco  Sforza  hands  over  the  Castle  of  Milan  to 
Antonio  de  Leyva  and  goes  off  to  the  Papal  army.^ 

The  great  army  of  the  League  lays  siege  to  Milan,  which 
is  defended  by  Antonio  de  Leyva.  The  general  of  the 
Papal  troops  was  Renzo  da  Ceri,  of  the  Orsini ;  the  Duke 
of  Urbino  led  the  Venetians,  and  the  King  of  France  was 
represented  by  Lautrec.'^ 

The  Pope  gives  the  King  of  France  the  tenth  of  the 
revenues  of  the  benefices  of  his  realm,  to  pay  the  expenses 
of  this  war.''* 

Cardinal  Pompeo  Colonna  and  Ascanio  Colonna  and 
Hugo  de  Moncada  sack  the  Palacio  Sacro  in  Rome  with 

^  Guicciardini,  iv.  128.  ''■  Ibid.  iv.  123.  ^  Ibid.  iv.  152. 

*  Leva,  ii.  342  fF. ;  Mignet,  ii.  224  ff. 

'  Guicciardini,  iv.  203  ;  Lavisse,  vol.  v,  pt.  i,  p.  260. 


78  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1526 

two  thousand  men,  the  Pope  fleeing  to  the  Castle  of  Sant' 
Angelo,  all  because  he  had  turned  against  the  Emperor,^ 

The  Pope  makes  a  four-months'  truce  with  the  Spaniards 
and  Colonne,  and  gives  them  hostages  as  security  for  his 
observance  of  it.^ 

Giannin  de'  Medici  dies  as  a  result  of  a  musket-shot 
which  he  received  from  Germans  in  the  Imperial  service  at 
Gerevolo  near  Peschiera.^  He  was  brave,  but  a  terrible 
practiser  of  nameless  vice. 

The  Pope  sends  the  Duke  of  Vaudemont  (whom  he 
selected  because  he  was  a  Lorrainer  and  an  Angevin) 
with  a  fleet  against  Naples,  in  order  to  attack  the  Emperor 
by  sea,  and  makes  war  on  the  Colonne  in  defiance  of  the 
treaty."* 

Sigismund,  King  of  Poland,  with  sixty  thousand  horse, 
conquers  the  Duke  of  Prussia.^ 

Diet  of  the  Germans  at  Spires,  where,  during  a  discussion 
of  the  war,  the  French  ambassadors  promised  that  their 
King  would  bear  aid  against  the  Turk,  provided  the 
Germans  would  compel  the  Emperor  to  desist  from  waging 
war  in  Italy  in  order  that  France  might  subdue  it,^ 

Solyman  wins  the  battle  of  Mohacs  on  August  29th  with 
two  hundred  thousand  men,  against  Louis,  King  of  Hungary, 
who  had  only  twenty-four  thousand,  and  slays  and  captures 
folk  without  number.  King  Louis  dies,  being  drowned  in 
a  morass,  and  leaves  no  heir.'^ 

Competition  for  the  kingdom  of  Hungary  between  the 
Archduke  Ferdinand  of  Austria  and  John  Zapolya,  the 
Voivode  of  Transylvania.^ 

*  Mignet,  i.  238  if, ;  Leva,  ii.  375  ff.  ^  Mignet,  ii,  242-3. 

'  Nov.  30.  Guicciardini  (iv.  198)  gives  the  place  as  Borgoforte.  Leva 
(ii.  393)  says  he  died  at  Mantua. 

*  Guicciardini,  iv.  208-9. 

*  Probably  refers  to  Sigismund's  attack  on  Dantzig  in  this  year,  in 
which  he  was  supported,  not  opposed,  by  Albert  of  Prussia  ;  cf.  Koniecki, 
Die  Reformation  in  Polen,  pp.  3 1-2  :  also  Count  V.  Krasinski,  7he  Refor- 
mation in  Poland,  i.  118-23. 

•■'  Catalogue  des  Actes  de  Frangois  /*'",  vol.  i,  p.  446. 
''  Sandoval,  i.  566  ;  Hammer,  iii.  54  ;  Jorga,  ii.  399.    Solyman's  army 
is  usually  reckoned  at  100,000. 

*  Sayous,  Histoire  Generate  des  Hongrois  (2nd  ed.,  1900),  pp.  288  fF. 


1526  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  79 

War  in  Siena  over  those  who  had  been  expelled 
from  it.^ 

Isabel,  Queen  of  Denmark,  sister  of  the  Emperor,  dies 
in  Brussels,  leaving  a  son  who  accomplished  little,  and  two 
daughters  of  whom  the  first,  who  was  called  Dorothea, 
married  the  Elector  Frederick,  Count  Palatine,  and  the 
other,  who  was  called  Christina,  became  the  wife  first  of 
Francesco  Sforza,  Duke  of  Milan,  and  afterwards  of  the 
Duke  of  Lorraine.^ 

The  Year  1527 

The  auspicious  birth  of  Philip,  who  is  our  present  king, 
at  Valladolid  on  the  21st  of  the  month  of  May. ^ 

Lautrec  and  his  companions  abandon  the  siege  of  Milan 
because  of  lack  of  funds.^ 

Bourbon  launches  himself  against  Piacenza  because  the 
Pope,  in  spite  of  the  truce,  was  supporting  the  League  and 
waging  war  on  the  Emperor  at  Naples  and  on  the  Colonne 
in  Piperno  and  Frosinone.^ 

The  Viceroy  Charles  de  Lannoy  abandons  the  war  which 
he  was  waging  without  advantage  in  Frosinone,  and  makes 
an  eight-months'  truce  with  the  Pope  in  Rome,  without 
asking  advice  of  Bourbon  or  of  Antonio  de  Ley  va.^ 

The  sack  of  Rome  and  capture  of  the  Pope." 

Charles  de  Montpensier,  Duke  of  Bourbon,  dies  as  a 
result  of  an  arquebus -shot  which  he  received  as  he  was 
entering  Rome.  He  undertook  this  enterprise  on  his  own 
responsibility.  He  was  unwilling  to  abide  by  the  truce  the 
Viceroy  made,  unless  the  Pope  would  give  him  one  hundred 
thousand  ducats  or  more  to  pay  for  his  army,  which  was 
small  and  without  artillery.^ 

^  Guicciardini,  iv.  137  fF. 

^  Sandoval  (i,  607)  again  copies  G6mara  almost  literally. 

^  Sandoval,  i.  618. 

*  On  the  movements  of  Lautrec  in  thisyear,cf.  Guicciardini,  iv.  261-76. 

^  Leva,  ii.  397  fF. 

®  Mar.  15.    Leva,  ii.  411. 

■^  May  6.    Cf.  Burd,  p.  1 64,  for  the  authorities. 

^  Sandoval,  i.  612. 


8o  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1527 

Genoa  declares  for  the  King  of  France,  who  had  ardently 
longed  for  its  alliance.^ 

The  navy  of  the  League  attacks  the  Emperor  in  Sar- 
dinia.^ 

The  Emperor,  who  was  much  grieved  at  learning  of  the 
sack  of  Rome,  sends  Veyre  and  Friar  Francisco  Ximenes 
to  liberate  the  Fope.^ 

Pavia  is  twice  stormed,  once  by  Lautrec  and  again  by 
Antonio  de  Leyva.* 

The  Kings  of  France  and  England  renew  their  league 
against  the  Emperor  at  Amiens.^ 

Wars  in  Hungary  between  Ferdinand  and  the  Voivode, 
John  Zapolya/' 

The  Voivode  summons  the  Turks  to  his  aid,  through  the 
instrumentality  of  Jerome  Lasky.  For  this  he  was  excom- 
municated by  Pope  Clement.'^ 

The  citizens  of  Florence  expel  the  Medici,  to  the  dis- 
honour of  Popes  Leo  and  Clement.  This  cost  them  their 
liberty.^ 

Rebellions  of  Lutherans  and  of  Catholics  in  Germany.^ 

Wars  between  the  Poles  and  the  Muscovites,^*^ 

Great  raids  of  the  Tartars  in  Podolia  and  in  Poland.^^ 

The  Year  1528 

The  challenge  which  was  sent  to  the  Emperor,  who  was 
at  Burgos,  in  the  month  of  January,  by  King  Francis  of 
France  through  his  King-at-Arms  Guyenne,  and  by  King 
Henry  of  England  through  Clarencieux.^^   It  said  that  if  the 

1  Guicciardini,  iv.  263.  ^  Petit,  Andrea  Doria,  p.  67. 

^  Sandoval,  i.  616.     *  Ximenes'  should  be  'Quiiiones'. 

*  Guicciardini, iv.  266,  336. 

®  April  30.     Mignet,  ii.  318.  ^  Sayous,  pp.  289  ff. 

■^  Ibid., pp.  291  fF. ;  Jorga,  ii.  405  ff. ;  Buchholtz,  iii.  225  ff. 

**  Burd,  pp.  164-5. 

'  Probably  referring  to  Pack's  plot  and  the  events  that  resulted  from 
it.     Ranke,  Gescb.  der  deutschen  Reformation,  Bk.  V,  cap.  ii. 

^^  A  mistake.  A  six-years'  truce  was  concluded  in  1526.  Lavisse  et 
Rambaud,  iv.  681. 

"  Ibid.,  pp.  681-3. 

^^  Sandoval,  i.  626  ff.  ;    Mignet,  ii.  365-87;    Weiis,  Papiers  d'Etat  de 


1528  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  8i 

Emperor  would  liberate  the  Dauphins  for  a  fair  price,  and 
pay  to  the  King  of  England  the  debts  of  the  King  of 
France,  and  not  talk  any  more  about  Burgundy,  King 
Francis  would  marry  Queen  Eleanor  and  the  Dauphin 
Francis  would  wed  the  Infanta  Maria  of  Portugal  her 
daughter,  and  Henry,  Duke  of  Orleans,  would  marry  Mary, 
Princess  of  Wales ;  but  that  otherwise.  King  Francis  would 
marry  the  Princess  of  Wales,  and  that  both  he  and  the 
King  of  England  would  wage  war  on  the  Emperor  in 
common,  to  force  him  to  liberate  the  Pope  and  abandon 
Italy.  The  written  reply  of  the  Emperor  to'  the  English 
herald  through  the  Secretary,  Jean  Allemand,  said,  though 
at  greater  length,  that  King  Henry  was  showing  his  enmity 
to  the  Emperor  in  a  way  which  betokened  more  anger  than 
common  sense,  for  he  had  abandoned  his  lawful  wife  in  dis- 
obedience to  the  Church ;  that  the  Emperor  was  not  the 
cause  of  the  wars  of  Turks,  nor  of  those  of  the  Christians,  as 
they  had  wrongly  called  him,  but  rather  a  defender  against 
the  one  and  a  resister  of  the  other,  nor  was  he  the  mover  of 
the  present  war,  but  rather  the  King  of  France,  as  the  King 
his  good  master  knew  very  well,  since  he  had  declared 
through  the  Cardinal  of  York  that  Francis  was  the  aggressor 
as  much  against  the  one  as  the  other,  for  which  reason  he 
had  proclaimed  himself  in  London  to  be  his  enemy ;  and 
moreover,  that  he  himself  before  his  marriage  with  the 
Empress  Isabella  had  asked  for  the  hand  of  Mary,  Princess 
of  Wales,  daughter  of  King  Henry,  who  in  defiance  of  the 
treaty  of  Windsor  ^  refused  to  give  her  to  him,  because  he 
desired  to  marry  her  to  King  James  of  Scotland,^  his 
nephew ;  for  which  reason  the  Emperor  was  not  obliged  to 
pay  the  five  thousand  crowns  forfeit  provided  for  in  the 
treaty  of  marriage  ;  and  also  that  the  King  of  England  had 
even  opened  his  letters,  seized  the  ambassador  who  had 
asked  for  them,  and  in  addition  to  this  insult  had  treated 

Granvelle,  i.  310  ff.  G6mara's  summary  of  the  facts  is  on  the  whole 
fair  and  exact. 

^  Treaty  of  Windsor  signed  June  19,  1522.  Cf.  Letters  and  Papers 
of  Hen.  nil,  vol.  iii,  No.  2333. 

*  Cf.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog.  xxxvi.  334. 

13«S  G 


82  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1528 

him  with  great  disrespect,  and  that  if  he  desired  a  war  he 
should  certainly  have  it.  To  the  French  herald  he  replied 
that  his  master,  King  Francis,  was  the  cause  of  all  the  wars, 
since  he  began  by  taking  Milan  from  Duke  Maximilian 
Sforza  and  forcing  him  to  renounce  his  right  to  it,  recking 
naught  of  the  fact  that  the  latter  had  received  the  investiture 
of  that  state  from  the  Emperor  Maximilian,  who  was  its 
feudal  lord  and  suzerain ;  that  King  Francis  had  infringed 
the  treaties  of  Paris  in  making  those  of  Noyon,  being 
desirous  rather  to  have  the  King  of  Spain  as  a  son-in-law 
than  as  a  brdther-in-law,  and  therefore  forced  him  to  promise 
to  wed  two  of  his  daughters,  one  of  whom  had  been  born 
but  recently,  and  the  other  of  whom  was  not  yet  alive  ;  but 
that  in  his  desire  to  stir  up  wars  and  rebellions,  he  had  set 
at  naught  the  treaties  of  Noyon,  when  his  ambassador 
Lansac  had  demanded  of  the  Emperor  in  Burgos  that  he 
give  hostages  in  pledge  of  his  marriage  with  Louise,  and 
for  the  realm  of  Navarre,  the  which  he  was  not  obliged  to 
do,  because  the  whole  affair  had  been  set  forth  in  the  treaties 
of  Noyon  ;  and  furthermore,  that  the  French  King  had  tried 
to  capture  Naples  and  Sicily  by  sending  thither  Count  Pedro 
Navarro  with  his  fleet  under  pretence  of  going  to  Barbary ; 
that  he  had  furnished  soldiers  and  cannon  to  Count  Robert 
de  la  Marck,  for  the  war  which  he  was  waging  in  Flanders, 
and  had  sent  the  Seigneur  de  Lesparre  with  an  army 
against  Navarre  and  even  Castile,  and  all  this  without  his 
(the  Emperor's)  having  raised  men  or  still  less  waged  war ; 
that  the  King  could  neither  deny  nor  go  back  on  what  he 
had  promised  in  return  for  his  liberty,  especially  since 
he  had  been  captured  in  fair  fight,  and  released  by  an 
honest  treaty,  the  more  so  in  that  all  which  was  asked  of 
him  belonged  to  the  Emperor  anyway,  except  the  Dauphins, 
and  that  they  remained  in  his  hands  rather  as  a  reminder 
than  as  a  pledge  ;  and  also  over  and  above  all  this,  that  the 
French  King  had  opposed  him  in  the  Imperial  Election,  in 
the  Turkish  wars,  in  Italian  affairs,  in  his  dealings  with  the 
Lutherans  and  in  other  important  matters,  and  that  he  had 
not  been  willing  to  withdraw  his  army  from  Italy,  as  he  had 


1528  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  83 

recently  agreed  to  do  in  Palencia,^  nor  to  set  Genoa  free, 
and  that  he  was  more  to  blame  for  the  capture  of  the  Pope 
than  he  (the  Emperor)  because  he  had  made  such  a  wicked 
alliance,  though  indeed  letters  had  already  been  received 
to  say  that  the  Pope  was  released  and  free ;  that  he  (the 
Emperor)  had  no  mind  to  abandon  Italy  in  order  that 
the  King  might  occupy  it,  and  that  as  to  the  challenge,  no 
captive  could  challenge  his  lord,  nor  a  prisoner  liberated 
on  parole  challenge  any  one  without  the  leave  of  the  man 
who  liberated  him ;  that  he  ought  to  return  as  he  swore 
and  promised  to  do,  and  that  then  he  should  have  his  sons, 
and  that  the  war  could  go  on  afterwards. 

King  Francis  sends  the  Emperor  a  challenge  to  mortal 
combat,  in  very  soldierly  fashion,  which  was  drawn  up  in 
Paris,  March  28.2 

The  Emperor  takes  counsel  with  the  chief  men  of  the 
realm  about  this  challenge,  and  gives  notice  of  acceptance 
to  King  Francis,  who  was  at  that  time  in  Noyon  with  the 
Provost  of  Utrecht.^ 

Antonio  de  Leyva  assaults  Lodi,  but  fares  ill  there.* 

The  Emperor  gives  Venezuela  in  the  Indies  to  the  Welsers, 
German  bankers,  in  pledge  of  payment  of  a  loan.^ 

Alvaro  de  Saavedra  Ceron,  one  of  Cortes'  captains,  sails 
from  New  Spain  to  the  Spice  Islands  of  the  Moluccas.*^ 

Hernando  Cortes  receives  the  title  of  Marquis  del  Valle 
de  Huaxacac.^ 

Victory  won  by  Antonio  de  Leyva  over  Fran9ois  de 
Bourbon,  Count  of  St.  Pol,  at  Landriano.^ 

Lautrec  besieges  Naples  with  the  army  of  the  League, 
which  I  should  estimate  at  more  than  twenty-five  thousand 
strong,  though  some  put  it  at  forty  thousand,'' 

^  Sept.  15,  1527.     Cf.  Sandoval,  i.  623.  ^  Ibid.  i.  649-50. 

^  Mignet,  ii.  377-80.    Charles's  herald  was  finally  received  in  Paris. 

*  In  June.     Guicciardini,  iv.  314. 

^  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  p.  202.  ®  Ibid.,  p.  423. 

''  July  6.     G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  p.  424  ;  Sandoval,  i.  672. 

*  June  12,  1529.     Guicciardini,  iv.  358. 

*  Guicciardini,  iv.  302  IF.  Probably  G6mara  meant  to  say  '  not  more 
than  twenty-five  thousand',  though  the  B.  M.  MS.  is  identical  with  the 
Madrid  one  here. 

G  2 


84  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1528 

Naval  battle,  in  which  Filipino  Doria  conquers  Hugo  de 
Moncada.^ 

Rout  of  the  army  of  the  League  and  death  of  Lautrec, 
who  was  called  the  Assaulter  of  Cities.  This  gave  Italy 
a  chance  to  rest.^ 

Andrea  Doria  comes  over  to  the  service  of  the  Emperor, 
which  greatly  irritated  the  King  of  France  and  also  thePope.^ 

Genoa  is  free,  so  that  she  can  be  devoted  to  the  Emperor, 
with  whom  she  has  lived  at  peace,  and  grown  rich  beyond 
measure  since  that  time.* 

Duke  Charles  of  Guelders  loses  his  state  by  war.^ 

Philip,  Landgrave  of  Hessen,  pursues  the  bishops  with 
a  military  force.^ 

Eight-months'  truce  arranged  by  Louise  of  Savoy,  mother 
of  King  Francis,  and  Margaret  of  Austria,  the  aunt  of  the 
Emperor,  at  Cambray,  in  which  it  was  agreed  that  both 
sides  should  disband  their  armies.  This  was  the  beginning 
of  peace.^ 

Wars  of  Solyman  the  Turk  with  the  Sophy  Thamasp.^ 

Agostino  Giustiniani,  who  was  Bishop  of  Nebbio,  finishes 
his  history,  which  some  men  hold  to  be  the  work  of  ignorant 
persons.'^ 

The  Year  1529 

The  Knights  of  Rhodes  settle  at  Malta.i" 

The  operations  of  the  Venetians  and  of  the  French 
against  the  Papalists  in  Apulia  and  Calabria  more  closely 
resemble  pillage  than  war.^^ 

'  Ibid.  iv.  304-5.  ^  Ibid.  iv.  326  fF. 

5  Petit,  pp.  86  ff.  *  Ibid.,  cap.  vi. 

^  Oct.  3.     Treaty  of  Gorcum.     Henne,  iv.  193. 

®  As  a  result  o£  Dr.  Paclc's  revelations.     Ranke,  Bk.  V,  cap.  ii. 

■^  Mignet,  ii.  429  ff, 

*  This  may  refer  to  the  massacre  at  Gallipoli  of  certain  Pei-sian 
prisoners  spared  by  Selim.    Solyman's  first  Persian  campaign  occurred 

in' 1533-4- 

®  Refers  to  the  Annals  of  Genoa,  which  close  with  the  year  1528. 
The  meaning  of  the  last  clause  is  not  at  all  clear,  and  the  B.  M.  MS., 
identical  with  the  Madrid  one  at  this  point,  sheds  no  light  on  the  matter. 
I  have  given  what  seems  to  me  the  most  probable  interpretation. 

"  The  Knights  took  possession  Oct.  26,  1530. 

^^  Guicciardini,  iv.  326  if. 


1529  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  85 

The  Emperor  pledges  the  Spice  Islands  to  King  John  III 
of  Portugal  for  three  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  crowns.^ 

Agreement  between  the  Emperor  and  the  Pope,  drawn 
up  in  Viterbo  by  the  Neapolitan,  Juan  Antonio  Muxetula, 
and  proclaimed  at  Barcelona  by  Jerome,  Bishop  of  Vaison.^ 
It  provided  that  as  soon  as  the  Emperor  should  be  crowned 
he  should  reinstate  the  Medici  in  Florence,  and  give  that 
state,  together  with  Margaret,  his  natural  daughter,  to 
Alessandro  de'  Medici. 

Peace  between  the  Emperor  Charles  and  Francis,  King 
of  France,  concluded  by  the  same  ladies  on  the  same  terms 
as  that  of  Madrid,  save  for  three  or  four  points,  which  were 
chiefly  that  there  should  be  no  more  discussion  about  Bur- 
gundy, that  the  King  of  England  should  be  paid  with  the 
money  of  the  King  of  France,  that  the  King  of  France 
should  withdraw  all  his  soldiers  from  Italy,  and  that  he 
should  make  no  more  compacts  with  Italians  or  Germans 
against  the  Emperor.^ 

The  Emperor  passes  over  to  Italy  with  a  large  fleet.^ 
Naval  battle,  in  which  Rodrigo  de  Portuondo  was  slain.^ 
Guillaume  Bonnivet,  Admiral  of  France,  confirms  the 
Peace  of  Cambray  at  Piacenza,  in  Lombardy,  on  behalf  of 
King  Francis,  and  assures  the  Emperor  that  nothing  could 
be  more  advantageous  for  the  King  his  master  than  to 
abandon  Italy.^ 

The  solemn  entry  of  the  Emperor  into  Bologna  J 
The  siege  of  Florence,  which  lasted  full  eleven  months, 
and  cost  Pope  Clement  a  million  of  gold.* 
Juan  de  Urbina,  who  was  a  native  of  Berberana,  dies.'^ 


^  Sandoval,  ii.  20  ;  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  p.  222. 

^  June  29.  Mignet,  ii.  437.  Muxetula  was  Imperial  ambassador  at 
Rome.     The  name  of  the  Bishop  of  Vaison  was  Selade  or  Scl^dus. 

^  Aug.  3.  Mignet,  ii.  444.  '  The  same  ladies '  were,  of  course,  Louise 
and  Margaret.     Cf.  note  7,  p.  84. 

*  Sailed  from  Barcelona  July  27.     Vandenesse,  p.  83. 

^  Oct.  25,  1529.      Sandoval,  ii.  64  ;    G6mara,  Cronica  de  los  Barbar- 
rojas,  pp.  399,  493-507- 
^  Vandenesse,  p.  84.  "^  Nov.  5.     Vandenesse,  p.  85. 

*  Guicciardini,  iv.  378  fF. 

^  Sandoval  (ii.  77)  copies  this  paragraph  almost  literally. 


86  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1529 

He  was  large,  heavy,  and  coarse  in  body,  but  of  clear 
understanding,  liberal  in  almsgiving,  pious,  never  swore, 
and  also  severely  punished  blasphemers ;  indeed,  he  was  on 
the  whole  a  most  virtuous  man,  save  that  he  gambled  too 
much.     War  and  a  soldier's  life  taught  him  how  to  slay, 
smite,  and  take  advantage  of  his  enemies,  and  to  seize  their 
goods.    He  was  wise  in  counsel,  and  a  man  of  many  strata- 
gems ;  he  never  showed  fear,  although  Jovius  says  he  had 
known  him  to  be  afraid  at  the  time  of  the  sack  of  Genoa, 
but  that  was  because  of  the  artillery,  and  not  because  of  the 
men.  Juan  de  Urbina,  you  must  know,  passed  over  to  Italy 
with  the  Great  Captain  as  a  soldier,  and  on  every  occasion 
gave  proofs  of  valour,  for  which  reason  he  was  one  of  the 
three  who  fought  in  personal  combat  with  three  Italians 
when  our  army  lay  near  Rosano ;  the  cause  of  the  combat 
being  a  dispute  as  to  which  side  served  the  greater  King. 
Captains  Diego  de   Quinones  and  Luis  de  Via  Campo^ 
accepted  the  challenge,  and  took  Juan  de  Urbina  along  with 
them,  though  he,  who  knew  his  business,  was  unwilling  to 
accompany  them  without  first  stipulating  with  his  adver- 
saries that  he  should  go  in  that  capacity.     They  fought  on 
foot,  each  with  whatsoever  arms  he  chose  to  select,  except 
arquebuses,  which  the  Italians  had  specially  excluded  by 
agreement,  and  as  they  were  all  brave  they  fought  well. 
Juan  de  Urbina  conquered  his  adversary,  and,  taking  from 
him  his  arms,  ran  up  to  Quinones  (who,  though  the  tendon 
of  his  leg  was  broken  and  his  knee  was  on  the  ground,  was 
fighting  marvellously  well)  and  conquered  his  opponent 
also.     He  then  helped  Via  Campo^  to  defeat  the  third. 
After  that  Urbina  was  regarded  as  the  best  soldier  in  Italy, 
but  as  the  war  in  Naples  ended  soon  afterwards,  he  was 
unable  to  rise.     He  then  went  to  Rome,  and  settled  down 
as  a  halberdier  with  Diego  Garcia  de  Paredes,  Juan  de 
Vargas,  Pizarro,  Zamudio,  and  Villalba,  all  of  whom  were 
afterwards  well  known  for  their  ability  in  war,  although 
they  were  biding  their  time  at  that  moment,  and  leading 
dissolute  lives.     At  that  time  Pope  Julius  was  raising  an 
^  Sandoval  has  *  Luys  de  Vera '. 


1529  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  87 

army  against  a  certain  rebel,  and  Juan  de  Urbina  entered  it 
as  standard-bearer  to  Diego  Garcia  de  Faredes ;  and  after- 
wards he  fought  against  the  Duke  of  Urbino,  so  that  at  last 
he  became  captain  at  Bologna,  when  the  French  conquered 
it ;  and  he  was  also  in  the  batde  of  Ravenna,  where  he 
remained  in  sorry  plight  among  the  dead  bodies.  He  was 
also  in  the  affair  of  Vicenza,  and  in  all  the  other  wars  in 
Lombardy  against  the  French.  When  Lautrec  besieged 
Milan  with  the  army  of  the  League,  Juan  de  Urbina  was 
general  on  the  field  of  battle,  and  on  one  occasion,  as  he 
was  going-  forth  to  a  skirmish  with  his  enemies  at  San 
Columban,  he  passed,  quite  alone,  close  to  where  five 
Italians  were  stabbing  a  Spaniard,  who,  recognizing  him, 
called  out,  '  See  how  they  are  killing  me,  Senor  Juan  de 
Urbina.'  He,  on  hearing  his  name  called,  went  to  rescue 
the  man,  although  he  had  not  intended  to  do  so.  The  five 
Italians  turned  their  faces  to  him  after  having  knocked  over 
the  Spaniard,  and  at  first  pressed  him  very  hard,  but  soon 
afterwards  two  of  them  left  him  to  return  to  the  fallen  man, 
who  was  getting-  up,  and  then  Juan  de  Urbina  slew  two  of 
the  three  who  remained  to  fight  with  him,  and  with  the 
partisan  of  one  of  them  put  to  flight  the  others,  who  were 
killing  the  soldier  and  were  in  fear  of  being  slain  also.  He 
gathered  up  their  arms  as  a  proof  of  his  victory,  and  re- 
turned to  Milan,  wounded  in  the  breast  by  a  stroke  of 
a  partisan,  and  with  a  knife-thrust  in  the  cheek,  and  another 
small  cut  in  the  sword-hand,  and  so  covered  with  blood 
that  he  was  unrecognizable ;  it  was  a  fortunate  escape,  so 
that  he  used  to  say  that  the  thing  to  do  in  all  important 
crises  was  to  call  on  some  one  by  name.  He  encouraged 
the  soldiers  to  enter  Rome  after  the  death  of  Bourbon,  and 
when  the  soldiers,  who  had  mutinied  at  Nola  after  being 
withdrawn  from  Naples,  owing  to  the  action  of  Lautrec, 
demanded  their  pay,  he  cut  off  the  arm  of  Captain  Salzedo 
in  the  presence  of  his  colonel,  the  Marquis  del  Vasto,  because 
Salzedo  had  laid  on  him  the  blame  for  the  mutiny ;  it  was 
a  most  audacious  act,  although  he  was  not  to  blame  for  it.^ 
^  On  this  incident  cf.  Jovius,  ii.  30, 


88  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1529 

He  performed  some  notable  deeds  in  the  siege  of  Naples, 
and  on  another  occasion,  when  he  accidentally  met  with 
Pedro  Navarro,  who  was  coming  on  to  besiege  Florence,  he 
was  killed  near  Ispello  by  an  arquebus-shot,  the  ball  pass- 
ing through  his  leg  below  the  knee.  They  carried  his  body 
to  Naples  to  be  buried  in  the  Church  of  Our  Lady  de  Pie 
de  Gruta,  in  a  bronze  tomb  which  afterwards  was  destroyed 
by  the  Viceroy  Pedro  de  Toledo  to  make  cannon  with. 
The  Emperor,  who  sent  for  him,  made  him  Commendador 
de  Heliche,  Alcaide  of  Ovo  and  of  Aversa,  and  Marquis  of 
Oyra,  but  he  took  small  pleasure  in  these  honours.  Juan 
de  Urbina  then  was  very  fortunate  and  highly  honoured, 
save  by  his  wife,  but  he  revenged  himself  amply,  for  he 
slew  her,  with  everything  else  he  found  alive  in  her  house. 
Solyman  besieges  Vienna  in  vain  with  one  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand  men,  though  some  put  it  at  two  hundred 
and  fifty  thousand,  and  others  at  five  hundred  thousand. 
Philip,  Duke  of  Bavaria,  defended  it,  and  had  Spaniards 
under  him.  Although  Solyman  could  not  capture  the  city, 
it  is  said  that  he  carried  off  seventy  thousand  prisoners 
from  Hungary.^ 

The  Year  1530 

The  Emperor  Charles  V  is  crowned  in  Bologna  by  the 
Pope,  Clement  VII,  on  Saint  Matthias'  Day,  because  it  was 
his  birthday,  and  with  greater  pomp  and  magnificence  and 
a  larger  assemblage,  especially  on  the  part  of  the  Spanish 
knights,  than  ever  Emperor  was  crowned  with  before.^ 

The  Preste  John  David  promises  obedience  to  the  Pope 
as  head  of  the  Church  of  Jesus  Christ.^ 

Liberation  of  the  Dauphins,  who  were  handed  over  by 
the  constable,  Pedro  Fernandez  de  Velasco,  and  M.  de 


^  Cf,  Hammer,  iii.  81-94  ;  Buchholtz,  iii.  285  fF.  The  usual  estimates 
of  the  Turkish  army  vary  between  200,000  and  300,000  men. 

^  Feb.  24.  Vandenesse,  pp.  86-94  >  Romano,  Cronaca  del  Soggiorno  di 
Carlo  Quinto  in  Italia. 

'  This  was  in  1533.  Cf.  Ramusio's  Navigationi  et  Viaggi  (ed.  Venice, 
1588),  vol.  i,  pp.  255-61  ;  also  Portuguese  Expedition  to  Abyssinia  in 
Hakluyt  Soc,  Series  II,  vol.  10,  pp.  xxxviii,  Ixxxiii  ff.,  129. 


J530 


CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  89 


Praedt,  the  most  intimate  adviser  of  the  Emperor,  to  the 
Cardinal  Francois  de  Tournon  and  Anne  de  Montmorency, 
at  that  time  Grand  Master  of  King  Francis.^ 

The  marriage  of  King  Francis  and  Queen  Eleanor, 
celebrated  by  the  Cardinal  Tournon  in  an  abbey  near 
Bayonne.2 

All  the  grape-vines  in  Castile  are  frozen  in  April. 

The  Emperor  holds  a  diet  in  Augsburg,^  chiefly  to  discuss 
religion  and  the  war  against  the  Turk,  who  was  coming  on 
in  great  force. 

Margaret,  who  was  the  wife  of  Prince  John,  dies.^ 

Queen  Maria  of  Hungary  becomes  Regent  of  Flanders.' 

Florence  loses  her  liberty  with  the  return  of  the  Medici.*^ 

War  waged  by  Francesco  Sforza,  Duke  of  Milan,  against 
Gian  Giacomo  de  Medicino,  who  afterwards  was  Marquis 
of  Marignano  and  a  most  excellent  leader.'^ 

In  order  to  have  peace  in  Italy  the  Emperor  gives  the 
Duchy  of  Milan  to  Francesco  Sforza  in  return  for  nine 
thousand  crowns  which  he  had  spent  in  the  war.* 

The  Emperor  receives  the  Venetians  as  friends,  and  their 
friendship  endures  to  this  day.^ 

WilUam  of  Rogendorf,  leader  of  the  troops  of  King 
Ferdinand,  fights  at  Buda  with  thirty  thousand  men  and 
a  good  lot  of  Spaniards  led  by  Luis  de  la  Cueva,  but  the 
Voivode  and  Lodovico  Gritti  successfully  defended  it,^^ 

Truce  for  one  year  between  Ferdinand  and  John  Zapolya, 
the  two  Kings  of  Hungary,  with  the  consent  of  the  Turk, 
who  favoured  the  Voivode's  side.^^ 

This  year  or  thereabouts  there  was  found  in  the  Canaries 

^  July  I,   1530.     Sandoval,  ii.  91  ff. ;    Decrue,  Anne  de  Montmorency, 
i.  141-62. 

*  July  7,  in  the  Abbaye  des  Clarissesde  Beyries,  near  JMont-de-iNIarsan ; 
Decrue,  i.  162. 

'  Opened  June  20.  Cf.  Armstrong,  i.  235  «.,  for  the  authorities  on 
this  Diet. 

*  Nov.  30. 

5  Henne,  v.  127-8,  139.  "  Leva,  ii.  523  ff. 

■^  In  1531.  Cf.  Leva,  iii.  87-8.     »  Dec.  23,  1529.  Leva,ii.  587  ff. 

^  Dec.  23,  1529.     Leva,  ii.  591  ff. 

^°  Huber  (iv.  33)  places  Rogendorf  s  army  at  10,000  men. 
"  Ibid.,  iv.  34  ;  Buchholtz,  iv.  75. 


90  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1530 

a  dead  whale  which  contained  sixteen  arrobas  of  ambergris, 
and  there  was  also  seen  an  old  and  bearded  Triton, 
according  to  the  story  which  Bishop  Alonzo  de  Virnes 
wrote  to  Garcia  Vechoa  in  Valladolid. 


The  Year  1531 

Ferdinand,  King  of  Hungary,  is  made  King  of  the 
Romans.^ 

Alessandro  de'  Medici  is  made  Duke  of  Florence  with 
immunity  from  Imperial  jurisdiction.^ 

Pope  Clement  also  subdues  Ancona,  which  was  living  as 
a  republic,  without  any  shedding  of  blood.^ 

The  great  earthquake  of  Lisbon  and  the  ensuing  mor- 
tality.^ 

John  Zapolya  and  Lodovico  Gritti  besiege  Gran,  and  the 
Turks  make  raids  as  far  as  Vienna.^ 

The  sea  breaks  and  dashes  over  the  embankments,  which 
they  call  dykes,  of  Holland,  Zeeland,  and  Flanders,  more 
than  ever  it  was  seen  to  do  before,  and  wrought  great 
damage/' 

King  Francis  of  France  forbids  the  sale  of  wheat  except 
in  market-places,  in  order  to  bring  down  its  price."^ 

Civil  war  among  the  Swiss  cantons  concerning  Lutheran- 
ism,  in  the  which  occurred  five  battles.^ 

A  man  was  presented  to  Pope  Clement  who  did  not  eat 
for  the  space  of  fifteen  days  or  even  twenty,  a  most  miracu- 
lous thing,  which  would  have  astonished  us,  except  that  he 
was  really  a  fraud,  so  great  is  the  power  of  habit ;  and  indeed 
the  Pope  said  when  he  finished  the  war  against  Florence, 
which  cost  him  much,  that  it  would  be  an  advantage  to  have 
an  army  composed  of  such  men.  In  Moral,  a  villag-e  of 
Maderuelo,  there  is  a   rich  farmer  who  never  ate  flesh, 

^  Jan.  5.  *  Guicciardini,  iv.  403.  *  Leva,  iii.  102. 

*  Sandoval,  ii.  108. 

^  Jorga,  ii.  414-15,  416  «. ;  Buchholtz,  iv.  109  n. 

^  Sandoval,  ii.  107. 

^  This  was  in  1532.     Cf.  Lavisse,  vol.  v,  pt.  i,  pp.  275-6. 

«  Battle  of  Cappel,  Oct.  1 1. 


I53I  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  91 

though  he  possessed  a  herd  of  cattle,  nor  drank  wine,  nor 
covered  his  head  or  his  feet.  I  also  saw  this  year  in  Rome 
a  man  who  sewed,  cut,  threaded  a  needle,  and  wrote  and 
sealed  letters  with  his  feet,  counted,  and  picked  up  the  coins 
that  were  thrown  to  him,  played  dice,  and  cheated  at  the 
game ;  in  fact,  his  feet  were  like  hands  in  their  skill  and 
ability  to  gain  a  livelihood.^ 

Francisco  Pizarro  founds  S.  Miguel  of  Tangarara,  which 
was  the  first  settlement  of  Spaniards  in  Peru.^ 

The  Year  1532 

Solyman,  the  Grand  Turk,  arrives  before  Vienna  with 
the  biggest  army  of  our  time  or  that  ever  any  Turk  had, 
for  he  knew  that  the  Emperor  was  in  Germany.  He 
brought  three  hundred  thousand  combatants  with  him,  and 
more  than  one  hundred  thousand  of  them  horsemen,  and  at 
least  one  hundred  and  twenty  cannon.  Others  place  it  at 
two  hundred  thousand  and  others  at  five  hundred  thousand, 
and  Pedro  Meji'a  at  six  hundred  thousand,  but  that  figure  is 
doubtless  meant  to  include  all  sorts  of  people.^ 

In  order  to  exhibit  his  magnificence  Solyman  entered 
Belgrade  clothed  in  a  scarlet  garment  embroidered  with 
gold,  with  a  dagger  and  scimitar  of  enormous  value,  and 
mounted  on  a  bay  horse  richly  caparisoned.  There  came 
after  him  the  viziers  Cassim  and  Arpas,  and  Ibrahim  Pasha, 
his  man  of  confidence,  and  after  them  twelve  thousand  cour- 
tiers and  officials  of  his  household  and  court.  Before  him 
there  had  entered  four  thousand  horsemen  with  the  standard 


'  Sandoval,  ii.  104.  After  copying  G6mara  almost  literally  for  several 
lines  Sandoval  adds :  '  Escrivi6  estas  memorias  un  Espanol  curioso  que 
not6  todo  lo  que  vi6  y  oy6  en  sus  dias  '  ;  and  then  quotes  the  words  of 
the  text  from  'Moral'  in  line  21  to  '  caperu9a'  in  line  23. 

"  In  May,  1532.  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  p.  227  ;  Prescott,  Con- 
quest of  Peru,  i.  358. 

^  Huber,  iv.  39-40 ;  Hammer,  iii.  108.  The  latter  estimates  the 
Turkish  army  at  200,000,  and  gives  good  reasons  to  support  this  view. 
Mejia's  figure  is  doubtless  to  be  found  in  his  Hisioria  del  Emperador  Carlos 
Quinto,  which  is  unpublished,  save  for  the  second  book  on  the  Comuni- 
dades  de  Castilla.     Cf.  Ribl.  ylut.  Esp.,  vol.  xxi,  pp.  xiii-xiv,  367-407. 


92  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  153a 

on  which  the  portrait  of  Mohammed  was  painted,  and  four 
thousand  Janizaries  of  his  guard,  one  hundred  and  fifty  slaves 
with  lances  and  coats  of  blue  satin  adorned  with  cloth  of 
silver,  and  fifty  carts  with  dark  brown  coverings,  each  one 
drawn  by  four  horses,  in  which  were  carried  the  treasure, 
the  wardrobe,  and  some  of  his  beautiful  and  beloved  ladies. 
Espanaciel  of  Macedonia  guarded  them  with  four  thousand 
horsemen,  two  hundred  horses  led  by  the  bridle,  a  hun- 
dred pages  of  the  chamber  on  beautiful  horses,  with  coats  of 
cloth  of  gold  and  hats  of  scarlet  adorned  with  gold  and 
silver  and  white  feathers,  twelve  of  them  with  helmets 
inlaid  with  precious  stones  and  pearls,  each  one  of  which 
was  worth  one  hundred  and  forty  thousand  crowns,  a  thou- 
sand lackeys  with  coats  of  blue  silk  embroidered  with  silver, 
and  coifs  of  gold  with  white  feathers,  who  carried  bows  and 
quivers  of  arrows,  and  one  hundred  fierce  dogs  held  in 
leash,  and  birds  of  the  chase. 

The  Emperor  gathered  together  one  hundred  and  twenty 
thousand  soldiers  and  over  thirty  thousand  horsemen  at  his 
own  expense  and  that  of  the  King  his  brother  and  of  Pope 
Clement,  which  was  without  doubt  the  biggest  army  of  our 
time ;  and  he  would  have  no  Lutherans  for  fear  they  might 
contaminate  the  Catholics  or  aid  the  Turks.  He  had  twelve 
thousand  Spaniards  with  the  Marquis  del  Vasto,  and  Antonio 
de  Leyva  was  his  counsellor-in-chief  for  the  war.^ 

Ignominious  and  stealthy  retreat  of  the  Grand  Turk, 
leaving  behind  him  sixty  thousand  men  whom  he  had  lost, 
and  burning  the  bridges  for  fear  of  being  pursued,  and 
when  the  Emperor  arrived  at  Vienna  he  was  already  forty 
leagues  away.  It  is  said  that  it  was  at  the  advice  and 
counsel  of  certain  Christian  friends  of  his  that  he  avoided 
a  battle.2 

The  valorous  defence   of  Guns  by  Nicholas  Jurischitz 

'  Cf.  Buchholtz,  iv.  103  fF. ;  Huber,  iv.  40-1.  Sandoval  (ii.  117)  fol- 
lows G6mara  closely  for  the  most  part,  but  places  the  numbers  of  the 
army  at  300,000. 

"^  Buchholtz,  iv.  iii  ff.  Sandoval  (ii.  117)  puts  the  Turkish  losses  at 
70,000.  The  literal  translation  of  '  senseros  atapados '  in  the  text  is, 
of  course,  *  muffled  bells.' 


I 


1533  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  93 

against  thirteen  assaults  delivered  in  twenty  days  by  Ibra- 
him Pasha  with  his  Turks  and  Janizaries.^ 

The  most  Christian  King  of  France  was  unwilling  to  bear 
aid  against  the  Turk,  which  lost  him  much  reputation, 
despite  his  giving  as  a  reason  the  fact  that  he  had  not  been 
made  commander-in-chief.^ 

The  war  at  Choron  in  Greece  which  Andrea  Doria 
conducted  for  the  Emperor.^ 

The  capture  in  Caxamarca  of  Atahuallpa,  the  exceed- 
ingly rich  King  of  Cuzco ;  indeed,  he  gave  more  than  two 
millions  for  his  ransom.^ 

Pedro  de  Toledo,  Marquis  of  Villa  Franca,  is  made  Vice- 
roy of  Naples,  on  account  of  the  death  of  Cardinal  Pompeo 
Colonna,  who  died  from  eating  early  figs  in  snow.""' 

The  Danes  capture  their  King,  Christian,  but  promise 
under  oath  to  do  him  no  harm.  He  was  attacking  them 
with  an  army  and  a  fleet  which  the  Emperor  gave  him.^ 

Kings  Francis  and  Henry  meet  for  diplomatic  purposes, 
first  at  Boulogne  and  then  at  Calais.^ 

The  Year  1533 

A  new  alliance,  stated  to  be  defensive,  is  concluded  in 
Bologna  between  the  Pope,  the  Emperor,  the  King  of  the 
Romans,  the  Duke  of  Milan,  Ferrara,  and  Florence,  and  the 
Seigniories  of  Venice,  Genoa,  Siena,  and  Lucca,  for  a  year 
and  a  half.  Antonio  de  Leyva,  who  was  dwelling  in  Milan, 
was  appointed  general.^ 

The  Emperor  removes  from  Italy  the  army  of  Spaniards, 
and  thus  did  much  for  the  cause  of  peace,  for  he  granted  in 

'  Hammer,  iii,  no  ff. ;  Buchholtz,  iv.  loi  fF. 

"^  Lavisse  et  Rambaud,  iv.  721-38. 

'  Sandoval,  ii.  125  ff. ;  Petit,  p.  145. 

^  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Ind'tas,  p.  229,  puts  it  in  1533.  The  correct 
date  is  Nov.  16,  1532.     Cf.  Prescott,  Conquest  of  Peru,  i.  421  ff. 

^  Sandoval,  ii.  125. 

®  Ibid.,  Schafer,  Geschichte  D'dnemarks,  vol.  v,  pp.  172-204. 

■^  Sandoval,  ii.  125,  and  Hamy,  Entrevue  de  Francois  P^  avec 
Henri  Fill. 

*  Feb.  27.     Papiers  d'Etat  de  Granvelle,  ii.  pp.  7-19  ;  Leva,  iii.  106-7. 


94  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1533 

response  to  requests  what  he  was  unwilling  to  yield  when 
threatened,  so  proud  was  he.^ 

Garcia  de  Paredes,  who  never  had  an  equal  in  strength 
and  courage,  dies  in  Bologna.^  He  was  a  soldier  in  Cepha- 
lonia  with  the  Great  Captain,  but  afterwards  quarrelled  and 
fought  in  his  own  land  with  Ruy  Sanchez  de  Vargas,  as 
a  result  of  which  he  fled  to  Rome  and  enlisted  as  halberdier 
of  Pope  Julius  II  with  Juan  de  Urbina,  Juan  de  Vargas, 
Pizarro,  Zamudio,  and  Villalba,  who  were  all  colonels,  as 
they  were  then  called,  although  they  were  living  a  life  of 
violence.  He  was  one  of  the  eleven  who  fought  in  Trani 
in  the  combat  against  the  eleven  Frenchmen,  and  defeated 
his  adversary.  One  day,  when  casting  the  bar,  a  Roman 
knight  challenged  him  to  a  contest  for  one  hundred  crowns. 
Garcia  Paredes  was  very  proficient  at  this  sport,  and  told 
the  Roman  that  he  would  throw  for  fun,  but  the  other,  who 
desired  to  bet,  replied  that  such  an  action  would  not  be  to 
his  honour.  Then  Garcia  gave  him  the  lie  and  slew  five 
men  with  his  javelin,  a  feat  which  put  all  Rome  up  in  arms, 
so  that  Garcia  had  to  take  refuge  with  his  cousin,  Cardinal 
Don  Bernardino  de  Carvajal,  who  not  only  liberated  him 
from  this  affair,  but  also  made  him  captain  of  the  infantry  in 
the  army  which  Julius  was  sending  against  Montefiascone, 
which  was  in  rebellion.  He  took  to  the  war  as  standard- 
bearer  Juan  de  Urbina,  and  as  sergeant  his  brother,  Alvaro 
de  Paredes,  and  as  heads  of  squadrons  Villalba,  Pizarro,  and 
Zamudio.  It  was  through  his  efforts  that  place  was  taken, 
for  he  broke  the  gate  down.  In  the  war  against  the  Duke 
of  Ferrara  he  shouted  'Espana'  in  a  skirmish  and  con- 
quered, and  because  of  this  war-cry  his  captain,  Cesaro 
Romano,  reviled  him  as  a  traitor,  but  he  gave  him  the  lie 
and  slew  him  on  the  field  of  battle,  for  which  reason  the 
Pope  commanded  that  he  be  imprisoned,  but  he  escaped  by 
slaying  two  jailors  and  fled  to  the  Duke,  who,  realizing  his 

^  Robertson,  Charles  the  Fifth,  i.  624  (ed.  Routledge  s.  d.). 

^  Paredes  died  in  1530.  G6mara  closely  follows  the  *  Breve  Suma 
de  la  Vida  y  Hechos  de  Diego  Garcfa  de  Paredes ',  by  Paredes ;  cf. 
Nuev.  Bibl.  de  Aut.  Esp.^  vol.  x,  pp.  255-9. 


1533  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  95 

valour,  gave  him  the  command  of  the  company  whose 
captain  he  Jiad  slain  shordy  before,  and  with  it  he  did  good 
things.  He  was  an  officer  at  Ravenna,  after  which  there 
took  place  an  encounter  with  the  French,  as  he  was  passing 
by  Fano,  in  which  he  lost  two  hundred  soldiers  and  slew 
six  hundred  enemies.  When  four  adversaries  captured  him 
and  were  carrying  him  off,  tightly  bound,  he  threw  himself 
into  a  river  with  them  as  they  were  passing  over  an  open 
bridge.  He  escaped  by  swimming,  and  they  were  all 
drowned.  He  fought  in  closed  lists  with  the  Colonel  Palo- 
mino because  the  latter  said  that  he  had  lost  more  honour 
than  he  had  gained  in  the  fight  with  the  French ;  both  of 
them  fought  in  socks  and  shirt  with  a  sword  in  each  hand, 
and  he  had  for  his  second  Perucho  de  Garro  ^ ;  and 
although  he  received  a  good  slash,  he  cut  off  Palomino's 
right  hand,  and  when  he  held  his  life  in  his  hands  he  turned 
him  over  to  Prospero  Colonna,-  judge  of  the  field.  After- 
wards Palomino  denied  that  he  had  been  defeated,  and  said 
that  Garcia  would  never  return  to  fight  again.  Garcia 
answered  that  Palomino  must  go  forth  to  the  fight  in 
exactly  the  same  condition  as  he  had  left  it,  while  he 
himself  tore  off  the  bandages  from  the  hand  which  he  was 
nursing,  which  was  a  chivalrous  act,  but  they  did  not 
fight.  After  that  there  was  a  tourney,  with  the  consent 
of  the  sovereigns,  between  twelve  Frenchmen  and  twelve 
Spaniards,  who  were  Diego  Garcia  de  Paredes,  \lllalba, 
Pizarro,  Andana,  Santa  Cruz,  Juan  de  Haro,  Juan  de 
Gomado,  Alvarado,  two  captains  of  men-at-arms,  and 
two  Italians.  The  Spaniards  won,  the  said  Garcia  slay- 
ing two  Frenchmen  who  were  brothers.  Upon  this  a 
brother  of  these  two  captains  desired  to  fight  to  the 
death  with  Garcia,  with  fair  and  equal  arms.  Garcia  de 
Paredes,  as  the  challenged  man,  chose  to  go  forth  armed 
cap-a-pie,  with  maces  and  swords.  The  Frenchman,  being 
unable  to  lift  the  mace,  which  was  very  heavy,  appeared 

1  Paredes  (p.  257)  has  *  Fu6  mi  padrino  Juan  de  Gomado,  maestre  de 
campo ;  fu6  suyo  Perucho  de  Garro  '. 

"^  Paredes  (p.  257)  says  he  gave  him  up  to  the  Great  Captain. 


96  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1533 

with  the  sword  alone,  thinking  that  his  adversary  could  do 
no  more  himself,  and  gave  him  a  stab  in  the  thigh-piece, 
which  wounded  him.  Garcia  then  gave  him  a  stroke  with 
the  mace  which  sank  his  helmet  into  his  brain  so  that  it 
killed  him.  After  that  he  won  three  more  combats  within 
the  space  of  two  months,  with  friends  and  enemies,  for  all 
brave  men  desired  to  measure  their  skill  with  his,  so  that  he 
undertook  eleven  ^  duels  in  closed  lists  and  won  them  all, 
which  no  other  man  has  done  in  our  day  and  generation. 
It  is  also  said  that  when  some  knights  were  discussing  in 
the  royal  hall  whether  the  Great  Captain  gave  a  good 
account  of  his  expenses  or  not,  Garcia  placed  a  glove  on 
the  table  and  said  that  he  would  fight  to  the  death  with  any 
man  who  dared  to  pick  it  up,  if  he  said  that  the  Great 
Captain  was  not  the  best  servant  that  the  Catholic  King  ever 
had.  He  was  colonel  of  eleven  companies  when  Navarre 
was  conquered,  and  in  the  affairs  of  Fuentarrabia  and 
Beam  and  Salvatierra.^  When  the  Emperor  was  going  to 
Piacenza  from  Genoa  he  threatened  the  Count  of  Nassau, 
who,  at  the  command  of  the  Emperor,  was  drawing  up  the 
troops,  and  had  wanted  to  put  him  out  of  the  squadron  of 
the  knights  because  he  was  not  properly  armed.  The 
Count  complained,  but  his  Majesty  told  him  that  that  was 
Diego  Garcia  de  Paredes,  who  was  worth  more  without 
arms  than  another  man  would  be  with  them.^  In  Soria  he 
broke  a  pimp's  head  with  a  bench,  and  threw  another  into 
the  fire,  and  two  women  afterwards,  so  that  one  of  them 
died ;  also  two  low  fellows  who  were  laughing  at  him  and 
asking  for  the  food  his  servants  had  cooked  for  a  gentle- 
man. On  one  occasion,  when  he  was  in  a  tavern  on  his 
return  from  the  Turkish  war  near  Vienna,  a  number  of 
others  attempted  to  eject  him  from  it,  but  he  defended  the 
inn  against  them,  and  wounded  and  even  slew  some  of  his 
opponents.*  Diego  Garcia  Paredes  was  a  tall  man  with 
a  large  face,  and  one  who  was  made  more  of  bones  than  of 

1  Paredes  (p.  258)  says  '  nine'. 

"^  Paredes  (p.  258)  has  Urdabia,  Monleon  de  Sola,  and  Salvatierra. 

*  This  passage  is  not  in  Paredes.  *  Gf.  Paredes,  pp.  258-9. 


1533  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  97 

flesh,  and  a  great  eater.  He  used  to  sleep  with  his  wife 
with  his  sword  unsheathed  in  his  chamber,  because  of  the 
number  of  enemies  and  quarrels  that  he  had.  His  enemies 
gave  him  poisoned  herbs,  and  put  spells  upon  them,  so  that 
he  was  afraid  to  eat  some  things,  and  indeed  on  many 
occasions  he  completely  lost  control  of  himself,  a  fact  which 
explains  his  failure  to  attain  to  greater  dignities. 

The  Emperor  returns  to  Spain  greatly  honoured  and 
victorious.'^ 

King  Francis  negotiates  with  the  Germans  against  the 
Emperor,  especially  with  Ulrich,  Duke  of  Wiirtemberg, 
and  thus  infringed  the  treaties.^ 

King  Francis  commands  that  seven  legions  of  soldiers  be 
levied  in  the  seven  provinces  of  France,  which  made  more 
than  two  score  thousand  men,  but  they  were  not  permanent."^ 

Elizabeth,  Princess  of  Wales,  is  born,  the  daughter  of 
King  Henry  of  England  and  Anne  Boleyn.* 

Interview  of  the  Pope  with  King  Francis  and  Queen 
Eleanor  in  Marseilles,^  concerning  the  marriage  of  his 
niece,  Catharine  de'  Medici,  with  the  son  of  King  Francis, 
Henry,  the  Duke  of  Orleans  (they  are  King  and  Queen  in 
France  to-day) ;  and  also  because  the  French  King  had 
hopes  of  getting  Milan,  which  was  already  inclining  towards 
the  Emperor,  because  he  gave  his  verdict  in  the  affair  of 
Modena  and  Reggio  in  favour  of  Duke  Alfonso  di  Ferrara.*' 
The  King  at  that  time  told  the  Pope  that  he  neither  desired 
peace  nor  a  Council  unless  they  would  give  him  Milan,  and 
that  not  only  he  would  not  prevent,  but  that  he  would 
actually  further  the  coming  of  the  Turk. 

The  Turks  wage  war  in  Persia,  to  their  own  detriment.'^ 


^  Sandoval,  ii.  128. 

^  In  1534.  Cf.  Lavisse,  vol.  v,  pt.  ii,  p.  80,  and  V.  L.  Bourrilly  in  Bull.de 
la  Soc.  de  I'H'tst.  du  Prot./r.  for  1900-1,  vol.  xlix,  pp.  337  ff.,  477  fF., 
vol.  1,  pp.  225  ff. 

^  Ordonnance  du  24  juillet,  1534.  Lavisse,  vol.  v,  pt.  ii,  p.  85  ;  Decrue, 
i.  240-1.     Each  legion  was  to  be  composed  of  6,000  men. 

*  Sept.  7.  5  Sandoval,  ii.  128-30  ;  Lavisse,  vol.  v,  pt.  ii,  p.  77. 

®  On  this  cf.  Guicciardini,  iv.  403. 

'  Hammer,  iii.  141  ff.  Jorga  (ii.  362)  says  that  there  were  Spanish 
soldiers  in  the  Persian  army. 

13(6  H 


98  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1533 

The  Danes  seize  their  King  Christian,  and  his  son 
dies.^ 

The  Year  1534 

The  Cortes  of  Madrid,  among  other  things,  forbid  the 
use  of  mules  for  riding,  in  order  that  there  may  be  more 
horses  for  the  wars,  and  this  regulation  was  observed  for 
some  years,  and  to  such  an  extent  that  certain  mules  paid 
the  penalty  in  Valladolid  and  in  other  towns  for  justice' 
sake.^  The  Catholic  Kings  also  forbade  them  forty  years 
before,  and  this  regulation  was  observed  while  the  Queen 
lived,  in  conformity  with  a  law  of  the  Partidas  which  com- 
mands that  knights  ride  on  horseback  for  honour's  and 
tradition's  sake. 

Sebastian  de  Benalcasar,  lieutenant  of  Francisco  Pizarro, 
who  was  afterwards  governor  of  Popayan,  conquers  and 
settles  Quito.  He  had  previously  been  a  muleteer,  and 
because  he  had  been  unable  to  pay  for  a  few  donkeys  he 
had  fled  to  the  Indies.  Such  a  rise  is  the  sort  of  thing 
which  in  this  world  is  called  good  luck.^ 

Philip,  the  Landgrave  of  Hessen,  makes  war  on  Ferdinand, 
King  of  the  Romans,  with  funds  supplied  by  King  Francis.* 

Pope  Clement  VII  dies,  a  man  of  ingenuous  mind,  who 
used  to  say  that  the  world  was  governed  with  little  sense, 
a  statement  which  shows  his  wide  experience  and  is  well 
worthy  of  consideration.^  He  was  niggardly  and  revengeful 
against  those  of  the  party  opposed  to  him,  and  therefore 
destroyed  his  enemies  and  made  himself  master  of  their 
lands,  though  he  also  did  this  from  ambition.  He  greatly 
ennobled  his  family,  the  Medici,  who  were  already  powerful 
through  their  own  efforts,  and  made  his  nephew  Duke  of 
Florence,  and  his  niece  Queen  of  France,  but  he  experienced 

^  In  1532.     Cf.  ante,  note  6,  p.  93. 

^  Cortes  de  Leon  y  Castilla,  iv.  635  ff.  Sandoval  (ii.  134)  copies 
G6mara's  account. 

'In  March.  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  p.  234  ;  Prescott,  Conquest 
of  Peru,  ii.  1 6  ff. 

*  Battle  of  LaufFen,  May  12-13, 

^  Sept.  25.  Sandoval,  ii.  133.  Jovius  (ii.  300)  gives  an  interesting 
sketch  of  Clement's  character. 


1534  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  99 

much  adversity,  for  he  suffered  great  dishonour  at  the 
hands  of  the  Florentines.  He  saw  Rome  twice  sacked, 
and  was  himself  captured. 

Election  of  Pope  Paul  III,  a  native  of  Rome,  without  the 
votes  being-  counted.^ 

Kheir-ed-Din  Barbarossa  is  King  of  Tunis.^  Lodovico 
Gritti,  who  was  half  a  Turk,  dies  as  he  deserved.^ 

Alfonso  da  Este,  Duke  of  Ferrara,  dies.*  He  was  very 
famous  as  a  man  of  war,  and  knew  how  to  preserve  his 
own  possessions,  although  in  order  to  do  this  he  changed 
from  alliance  with  one  sovereign  to  alliance  with  another^ 
and  was  blamed  for  so  doing. 

King  Henry  VIII  styles  himself  Head  of  the  Church  of 
England,  and  seizes  all  the  ecclesiastical  revenues  and  tithes.^ 

The  Schmalkaldic  League  of  Lutherans  and  Catholics 
of  which  the  Landgrave  was  the  moving  spirit.^ 

A  great  battle,  and  afterwards  a  good  peace  between  the 
adherents  of  the  Sophy  and  the  Tartars. 

Solyman  enters  Babylon,  victorious.^ 

A  great  slaughter  and  rout  of  the  Turks  made  by 
Delmiantes,  one  of  the  commanders  of  Shah  Thamasp, 
who  already  had  Spaniards  and  artillery  in  his  armies.^ 

The  Year  1535 

The  war  against  the  Turks  waged  by  the  Emperor.^ 
The  Emperor  visits  his  realms  of  Sicily  and  Naples.'" 

^  In  the  night  of  Oct.  12-13.  Jovius,  ii.  303  'non  con  le  polizze  de* 
voti  segnate,  &,  come  si  costuma  messe  in  un  calice,  ma  con  publico 
consentimiento,  &  con  chiarissima  voce  di  tutto  il  Collegio ' ;  also  Leva^ 
ill.  139. 

^  Sandoval,  ii.  139  fF. ;  G6mara,  Cronka  de  los  Barbarrojas,  pp.  412  fF. 
Barbarossa  captured  Tunis  in  August,  1533. 

'  Huber,  iv.  49-52.  *  Oct.  31. 

'  The  title  of  Supreme  Head  was  recognized  by  the  clergy  in 
February,  1531.    The  second  Act  of  Annates  was  passed  Mar.  16,  1534. 

*  Formed  in  December,  1530.  There  were,  of  course,  no  Catholics 
in  it ;  '  y  '  in  the  text  may  be  a  slip  for  '  contra '. 

'  A  mistake  for  Bagdad,  which  Solyman  entered  Dec.  30.  Gf.  Jorga, 
ii  364.  *  Jovius,  ii.  346-7. 

"  This  refers  to  the  expedition  against  Tunis.     Sandoval,  ii.  155-216. 

'"  Charles  was  in  Sicily  Aug.  22  to  Nov.  2,  1535,  and  in  Naples  Nov.  2 
to  April  I,  1536.     Cf.  Vandenesse,  pp.  115-16. 

H  2 


loo  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1535 

The  founding  of  Lima,  which  they  call  Ciudad  de  los 
Reyes.i 

Diego  de  Almagro  enters  Chili  with  an  army. 

Inigo  Lopez  de  Mendoza  y  Ziiniga  ^  dies.  He  was  a  rich 
Cardinal  and  Bishop  of  Burgos,  and  left  a  college  in  that 
city. 

The  sister-Queens  Eleanor  and  Maria  have  an  interview 
in  Cambray.^ 

The  war  of  Pope  Paul  in  Perugia.* 

Death  of  Francesco  Sforza,  Duke  of  Milan,  whose  life 
was  an  example  of  good  and  bad  fortune.^  With  him  the 
lordship  and  lineage  of  the  Sforze  and  Visconti  came  to 
an  end. 

Milan  reverts  to  the  Emperor.^ 

Catharine,  Queen  of  England,  dies,  a  worthy  but  un- 
fortunate woman.'^  She  wedded  two  brothers  by  virtue  of 
a  dispensation  from  Pope  Julius.  She  was  treated  badly 
by  her  father-in-law,  who  in  order  to  force  her  mother 
to  marry  him,  gave  her  little  or  nothing  to  eat,  and 
fared  even  worse  with  her  second  husband,  who  in  order 
to  marry  his  lady-in-waiting  put  her  away.  She  was  very 
beautiful,  so  that  King  Henry  VIII  laboured  hard  to  obtain 
her  for  his  wife.  She  died  happy  in  leaving  such  an 
excellent  daughter  as  is  Queen  Mary,  our  Lady. 

The  Pope  treats  with  all  the  princes  of  Christendom 
against  the  Turk,  but  does  not  accomplish  anything  with 
King  Francis,  because  the  latter  demands  Naples  and  Milan.^ 

King  Francis  seizes  half  the  revenues  of  the  French 
benefices,  on  the  ground  that  he  was  going  to  recover 
Milan,  now  that  its  Duke  was  dead.^ 

^  Jan.  6.  Cf.  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Ind'ias,  p.  236;  Prescott,  Conquest 
of  Peru.,  ii.  24. 

2  Gams,  iSfr/Vj  Episcoporum,'p.  17,  puts  Mendoza's  death  June  9,  1539. 

^  Aug.  16.     Gf.  Spanish  Calendar,  vol.  v,  p.  538. 

*  This  doubtless  refers  to  the  Camerino  War.  Span.  Cal.,  v.  512-13  ; 
Leva,  iii.  141. 

'  Nov,  I.    Leva,  iii.  152.  '  Sandoval,  ii.  220;  Leva,  iii.  152-3. 

''  Jan.  7,  1536.  Sandoval,  ii.  223.  *  Mother'  in  the  text  is  of  course 
a  mistake  for  *  sister  ',  I  e.  Joanna  the  Mad.    Cf.  also  ante,  p.  26,  n.  9. 

'  Sandoval,  ii.  219,  223  ;  Lavisse,  V.  ii.  81.  ^  Lavisse,  V.  i.  360. 


1535 


CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  loi 


King  Francis  addresses  a  letter  to  all  the  Germans, 
maliciously  throwing  the  blame  for  the  Lutheran  heresies 
and  the  Turkish  wars  on  the  Emperor,  and  on  his  brother, 
the  King  of  the  Romans,  and  saying  that  he  (Francis)  was 
arranging  a  universal  peace  for  all  Christendom  with  the 
Turk.i 

Philippe  Chabot  enters  Savoy  with  an  army,  saying  that 
he  would  straightway  show  what  rights  his  lord.  King 
Francis,  had  to  that  state.^ 

War  between  King  Sigismund  of  Poland  and  King 
Vasili  of  Muscovy.^ 

Solyman,  the  Grand  Turk,  slays  his  deeply  beloved 
Ibrahim,  the  which  may  serve  as  a  lesson  for  the  intimate 
advisers  of  sovereigns.  They  say  that  never  did  favourite 
exercise  an  equal  influence  over  his  lord  in  war,  or  peace, 
or  enjoy  such  authority  or  favour,  as  did  he.  His  fall  was 
caused  as  much  by  his  great  wealth,  as  by  his  powerful 
influence  ;  and  indeed  he  (who  was  no  fool)  used  to  ask  Soly- 
man not  to  give  him  so  much  power,  so  many  offices, 
and  so  much  property,  saying  that  Kings  ought  not  to  give 
away  to  one  person  what  they  took  or  asked  from  many. 
Ibrahim  was  a  renegade  from  the  Christian  faith  in  his 
childhood,  and  rose  to  be  Grand  Vizier,  than  which  the 
Turk  can  grant  no  higher  office.* 

Gonzalo  Fernandez  de  Oviedo  publishes  the  first  part 
of  the  Historia  General  y  Natural  de  las  Indias,  which 
was  well  received.^ 

The  Anabaptists  do  great  damage,  but  they  pay  for  it 
thoroughly.*' 

Violent  religious  war  rages  in  Denmark  and  in  England.'^ 


^  Bourrilly,  Guillaume  du  Bellay,  pp.  202  ff. 
^  In  March,  1536.     Leva,  iii.  161. 

*  Vasili  died  in  1533.    Tliis  probably  refers  to  the  Polish  Hetman's 
capture  of  Starodub  in  this  year. 

*  Mar.  16,  1536.     Sandoval,  ii.  220 ;  Jovius,  ii.  349  ;  Hammer,  iii. 
159-63.    G6mara  follows  Jovius  closely. 

''In  Seville.     Cf.  Introduction,  p.  xxxiii. 

®  Miinster  fell  June  24. 

■^  The  Pilgrimage  of  Grace  began  in  October,  1536. 


102  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1536 

The  Year  1536 

King  Francis  most  earnestly  begs  Milan  of  the  Emperor 
for  his  third  son,  Charles.^ 

The  Admiral  Philippe  Chabot  despoils  Duke  Charles  of 
Savoy  of  all  his  estates.^ 

The  Emperor  enters  Rome,  where  he  is  tendered  a  most 
magnificent  reception,  and  having  arranged  about  the 
Council,  he  spoke  publicly  to  the  Pope,  the  Cardinals  and 
other  prelates  and  ambassadors  against  King  Francis  as  the 
causer  and  prime  mover  of  all  the  wars,  and  challenged 
him  to  personal  combat,  in  order  that  another  war  might 
be  avoided.^ 

King  Francis  replied  ambiguously  and  weakly  to  the 
plain  reasoning  of  the  Emperor,  and  as  to  the  personal 
combat,  answered  that  his  sword  was  too  short  to  reach 
enemies  so  remote. 

The  Emperor  takes  the  road  for  France  with  eleven 
thousand  hired  soldiers,  and  eleven  thousand  Spaniards, 
without  much  other  cavalry ;  he  also  had  the  fleet  on  the 
sea.  He  undertook  very  little,  however,  because  of  the 
mortality  among  the  troops,  and  other  difficulties  which  the 
war  brought  in  its  train.  Many  horses  also  died  of  flies.  Both 
here  and  in  the  war  of  Tunis,  it  was  felt  to  be  an  advantage 
to  drink  cold  water,  although  the  soldiers  had  diarrhoea  as 
a  result.* 

Antonio  de  Leyva  dies  in  Aix  in  France,  though  he  had 
objected  to  going  there  for  cogent  reasons,  and  because 
certain  soothsayers  had  told  him  that  he  would  be  buried  in 
the  church  of  San  Dionysius,  though  it  turned  out  to  be 
the  one  at  Milan,  and  not  the  one  in  Paris.^  He  went  to 
Italy  as  lieutenant  of  the  company  of  men-at-arms  led  by  his 
uncle,  Sancho  Martinez  de  Leyva,  who  was  chief  steward  of 

^  Sandoval,  ii.  223  ;  Leva,  iii.  155. 

^  Leva,  iii.  161-2,  and  note  2,  p.  loi. 

'  April  5.     Sandoval,  il  226  ;  Vandenesse,  pp.  117  fF. 

*  Leva,  iii.  168. 

*  Sandoval  (ii.  232)  copies  this  passage  from  G6mara  almost  word  for 
word. 


1536  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  103 

the  Emperor,  together  with  Luis  Portocarrero,  Senor  de 
Fahna,  when  he  brought  aid  to  the  Great  Captain  at  Naples. 
He  gave  evidence  in  the  war  there  of  what  he  was  after- 
wards to  become,  and  still  more  in  the  war  in  Lombardy, 
when  Pope  Leo  expelled  the  French  from  it.  He  won  a 
reputation  at  Pavia  when  Francis,  King  of  France,  besieged 
him  the  year  he  was  captured ;  he  increased  it  in  Milan 
when  he  forced  Duke  Francesco  Sforza  to  yield,  and 
defended  himself  against  Lautrec  and  obtained  and  retained 
that  Duchy.  He  went  to  Vienna  at  the  time  that  the  Turk 
besieged  it,  being  summoned  there  by  the  Emperor,  and 
was  desired  to  take  command  there  because  of  his  ability. 
The  Pope,  the  Emperor,  and  the  Venetians,  and  the 
members  of  the  offensive^  League  which  was  made  in 
Bologna,  selected  him  as  their  leader,  as  the  best  man  that 
there  was  in  Italy.  He  was  governor  in  Milan  after  the 
death  of  the  Duke  Francesco  Sforza.  He  came  to  France 
as  chief  adviser  in  that  war,  and  died  there  of  pains  in  his 
joints.  He  was  always  a  good  leader,  and  never  gave  the 
appearance  of  being  beaten,  though  he  often  was ;  ^  and 
moreover  he  was  usually  carried  in  a  litter,  for,  being 
crippled  in  his  legs  and  hands,  he  never  rode  on  horseback. 
All  men  wondered  at  him  wherever  he  went,  when  they 
heard  that  one  who  was  thus  carried  around  was  such  a 
valiant  and  excellent  captain.  He  was  called  '  Your  Lord- 
ship ',  because  of  his  great  valour  and  ability,  and  even  the 
Emperor  did  not  omit  to  give  him  this  title,  which  was  an 
honourable  renown,  although  the  reason  that  men  began  to 
to  call  him  by  this  name  was  that  he  had  not  been  given 
any  important  title  or  office  at  the  beginning  of  his  career. 
In  return  for  his  virtues  and  services  he  was  given  the 
Principality  of  Ascoli  and  Monza  and  other  things  besides. 
He  was  very  rich,  and  so  was  able  to  leave  almost  one 
hundred  thousand  ^  crowns  to  his  daughter.  Dona  Costan9a, 
who  married  Francisco  de  la  Cueva,  Marquis  of  Cuellar;  and 

^  Sic  for  '  defensive ',  as  in  Sandoval.     Cf.  note  8,  p.  93. 
^  B. M.  MS.  has  here  *ven9iendo  muchas  vezes'  ('and  was  often 
victorious').  ^  200,000  in  Sandoval. 


I04  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1536 

this  was  the  first  great  dowry,  of  our  day  and  generation  in 
Spain,  save  for  the  great  entailed  estates.  Certainly  Antonio 
de  Leyva  would  have  been  worthy  of  comparison  with  the 
great  captains  of  ancient  times,  if  he  had  been  without  vices, 
but  he  was  rough,  cruel,  avaricious,  and  a  believer  in 
augury,  as  Jacobo  de  Valgrana,  who,  as  I  understand,  wrote 
his  life,  should  relate ;  ^  but  the  rose  grows  on  a  thorny 
plant,  and  it  is  only  by  a  miracle  that  great  virtue  exists 
without  accompanying  vice. 

Count  Guy  of  Anjou  attempts  to  capture  Genoa  for  the 
King  of  France,  with  ten  thousand  foot  soldiers  and  two 
thousand  horse.^ 

Henry,  Count  of  Nassau,  Marquis  of  Zenete  and  Imperial 
Chamberlain,  fights  at  Feronne  with  seven  thousand  cavalry 
and  twenty  thousand  infantry.^ 

Manco  Inca,  with  one  hundred  thousand  Indians,  be- 
sieges Cuzco,  in  which  there  were  one  hundred  and  fifty 
Spaniards.* 

The  holy  war  which  certain  Englishmen  waged  against 
their  King  for  religion's  sake,  and  which  cost  them  dear.^ 

The  Turk  sustains  heavy  losses  in  the  war  which  he 
waged  against  the  Sophy .*^ 

Doctor  Juan  Gines  de  Sepulveda  is  g^ven  the  title  of 
official  chronicler  in  Rome.^ 

The  Year  1537 

Lorenzino  de'  Medici  treacherously  slays  his  cousin,  Ales- 
sandro,  Duke  of  Florence,  on  the  plea  that  he  was  a  tyrant.^ 
Lorenzino  afterwards  died  in  exile  and  poverty,  and  even 
the  Turk  was  unwilling  to  listen  to  him. 

^  I  have  been  unable  to  trace  Valgrana's  book. 

^  Sandoval,  ii,  232  ;  Leva,  iii.  172  if, 

'  Sandoval,  ii.  229  ;  Lavisse,  V.  ii.  91 ;  Henne,  iv.  10,  vi.  119  fF. 

*  In  February.  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  p.  237 ;  Prescott,  Con- 
quest of  Peru,  ii.  51. 

®  The  Pilgrimage  of  Grace.  •  Jorga,  ii.  364. 

'  Cf.  'Vita  Sepulvedae '  in  Opera  (ed.  Madrid,  1780),  vol.  i,  pp.  xxx- 
xxxii. 

*  Jan.  7.    Sandoval,  ii.  240;  Leva,  iii.  221. 


1537  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  105 

Many  wars  In  Piedmont  between  the  French  and  the 
Spaniards,  Don  Antonio  de  Avalos,  Marquis  del  Vasto,  being 
governor  of  Milan.^ 

The  Dauphin  Henry,  and  immediately  after  him  Francis, 
his  father,  go  to  the  wars  in  Piedmont.^ 

The  Count  of  Nassau  captures  Montreuil  and  besieges 
Therouanne  with  over  thirty  thousand  foot  and  six  thousand 
horse.^ 

King  Francis  takes  Hesdin  with  thirty  thousand  foot  and 
seven  thousand  horse.'* 

Ten  months'  truce,  which  was  the  beginning  of  peace, 
arranged  by  Queen  Eleanor  and  Madeleine,  sister  of  King 
Francis,  on  the  one  side,  and  by  Maria,  Queen  of  Hungary 
and  Regent  of  the  Netherlands  on  the  other.^ 

Solyman  tries  to  obtain  the  Island  of  Corfu  from  his 
friends,  the  Venetians.'' 

The  Year  1538 

The  Pope  comes  to  Nice,  the  Emperor  to  \^illefranche, 
and  King  Francis  to  Villeneuve,  which  are  all  close  to  one 
another.  The  three  never  met  at  one  place,  for  the  Pope 
avoided  this,  nor  did  they  conclude  peace,  but  instead  a  ten 
years'  truce,  which  was  enough.' 

Interview  of  the  Emperor  and  of  King  Francis  at  Aigues 
Mortes  where  they  dined  together  with  Queen  Eleanor  and 
other  ladies  and  knights.  This  was  a  notable  event  after 
the  insults,  wars,  and  challenges  that  had  passed  between 
them.^ 

In  France  and  soon  after  in  Castile  the  use  of  the  little 
copper  coins  of  the  money  of  Bearn  is  forbidden.^ 

^  Sandoval,  ii.  244  ff.     '  Antonio  '  should  be  '  Alonzo '. 
^  Sandoval,  ii.  244  ff. ;  Decrue,  i.  282.     This  was  in  1536. 

*  Sandoval,  ii.  243-4  ;   Henne,  vi.  195-7. 

*  April  7.     Sandoval,  ii.  242-3  ;  Decrue,  i.  301-2. 

^  Truces  of  Bomy  (July  30)  and  of  Mon5on  (Nov.  16).    Leva,  iii.  234. 
«  Jorga,  ii.  380  if. 

■^  June  18.    Spanish  Calendar,  vol.  v,  pt.  ii.  p.  206  ;  Sandoval,  ii.  257-9  ; 
Leva,  iii.  239  ff. 
^  July  14.     Ibid. 

*  Cf.  Isambert,  Recueil  des  anciennes  loisfranqaises,  vol.  xii,  pp.  548-9. 


io6  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1538 

The  civil  war  and  battle  in  which  Hernando  Pizarro  con- 
quered Rodrigo  Orgoiioz,^ 

The  wretched  death  of  Diego  de  Almagro  at  the  hands  of 
the  adherents  of  Pizarro.^ 

Peranzures  settles  La  Plata,  a  place  in  Peru  very  rich  in 
mines.^ 

The  famous  battle  of  Prevesa  between  the  Christian  and 
Turkish  fleets,  which  were  the  greatest  that  have  been 
collected  in  our  days.* 

The  Kingdom  of  Frisia  falls  to  the  Emperor  on  the  death 
of  Charles  of  Egmont,  Duke  of  Guelders.^ 

Wars  of  King  Ferdinand  with  the  Turks.^ 

King  Ferdinand  and  the  Voivode,  John  Zapolya,  who 
also  is  called  King  of  Hungary,  make  friends  on  the  under- 
standing that  on  Zapolya's  death  the  whole  realm  should  go 
to  Ferdinand^ 

Interview  of  King  Francis  and  Queen  Maria  in  Cambray.^ 

Marriage  of  Ottavio  Farnese  with  Margaret,  the  daughter 
of  the  Emperor,  who  was  the  wife  of  Alessandro,  Duke  of 
Florence.^ 

The  Turks  continue  the  war  in  Greece  with  the  Venetians.^" 

Solyman  Pasha,  the  eunuch,  besieges  Diu,  a  city  of  the 
Portuguese  on  the  River  Indus,  with  ships  which  he  brought 
overland  from  this  sea  to  the  other  one  which  they  call  the 
Red  Sea,  but  he  did  not  capture  it.^^ 

^  Battle  of  Las  Salinas,  April  26.  Gdmara.,  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  p.  241  ; 
Winsor,  Narrati've  and  Critical  History^  ii.  527. 

"^  July  8.  G6mara  {Hist,  de  las  Indias,  pp.  241-2)  erroneously  puts  it 
in  1540.     Cf,  Prescott,  Conquest  of  Peru,  ii.  127. 

»  Ibid.,  p.  149.  *  Sept.  27-28.    Petit,  178  ff. 

^  Charles  of  Guelders  died  June  30.     Henne,  vii.  267-8. 

*  There  was  practically  no  fighting  this  year ;  but  an  offensive  alliance 
against  the  Turks  was  made  between  the  Pope,  the  Emperor,  Ferdinand, 
and  Venice.     Cf.  Buchholtz,  v.  109  ff. 

'  Treaty  of  Gross-Varadin,  Feb.  24.     Cf.  Buchholtz,  v.  108-9. 

*  Henne,  vi.  211  ff.  '  Armstrong,  i.  292-3. 
1"  Jorga,  ii.  383. 

^^  Jovius,  ii.  489  ;  also  Historia  do  Cerco  de  Diu,  por  Lopo  de  Sousa  Cou- 
tinho  in  vol.  i  of  Bibl.  de  Classicos  Portugueses.  Din,  of  course,  is  not  on 
the  Indus,  but  many  miles  south  of  it. 


1539  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  107 

The  Year  1539 

The  loss  of  Castelnuovo  together  with  many  Spaniards.^ 
The  sad   death  of  our  Lady,  the  Empress  Isabella,  a 
woman  of  great  goodness,  and  of  the  sort  that  men  say 
ought  to  be  married.^     She  bore  many  children,  but  the 
only  ones  who  outlived  her  were  Phihp,  our  Lord  the  King, 
and  Maria,  who  is  now  Queen  of  Bohemia  with  Maximilian, 
and  Joanna,  who  became  a  widow  while  yet  a  child  by  the 
death  of  the  unfortunate  Prince  of  Portugal.     The  others 
died  when  they  were  children. 
The  famous  Cortes  of  Toledo.^ 
Rebellion  of  Ghent,  the  capital  of  Flanders.* 
The  Emperor  passes  through  France  on  the  way  to 
chastise  Ghent,  a  fact  which  astonished  all  men,  in  view  of 
the  things  that  had  passed  between  his  Majesty  and  King 
Francis,  when  they  considered  the  trustfulness  of  the  one 
and  the  absolute  security  of  the  other.^ 

The  marriage  of  the  Lady  Eleonor  de  Toledo,  daughter 
of  Don  Pedro  de  Toledo,  Viceroy  of  Naples,  and  Cosimo  de' 
Medici,  Duke  of  Florence,  who  was  a  man  of  high  rank.*' 

The  title  of  official  chronicler  is  conferred  on  Florian  de 
Ocampo,  who  began  to  write  the  General  History  of  Spain 
from  the  time  of  Noah.'  He  will  have  hard  work  to 
finish  it,  but  he  will  gratify  the  public  if  he  fulfils  his 
promise. 

The  Year  1540 

The  Emperor  punishes  the  men  of  Ghent.* 
The  Turks  enter  Gibraltar,  a  fact  which  changed  the 
nature  of  the  fortifications.^ 

^  G6mara,  Cronica  de  los  Barbarrojas,  pp.  427  fF. 

^  May  1.     Armstrong,  vol.  i,  p.  295. 

'  Met  Oct.  25,  1538;  closed  Mar.  30,  1539.  CLCoXmeiro,  Cortes  de 
Leon y  Costilla,  v.  1-160  ;  Haebler,  Geschichte  Spaniens,  283  fF. 

*  Henne,  vol.  vi,  caps,  xxv-xxvi  ;  Armstrong,  i.  297  fF. 

^  Sandoval,  ii.  284  ;  Martin,  viii.  260. 

"  Mar.  29.     Armstrong,  i.  291-2. 

''  Cf.  Introduction,  p.  xxxi  and  note,  .ind  the  lives  of  Ocampo  men- 
tioned there.  *  Henne,  vol.  vii,  cap.  xxvii. 

^  Rotalier,  Histoire  d" Alger,  cap.  xiii ;  Sayer,  History  of  Gibraltar, 
pp.  87-92. 


io8  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1540 

The  naval  battle  of  Alboran,  between  Turks  and 
Spaniards,  which  Bernardino  de  Mendoza  won.^ 

War  of  Pope  Paul  with  Ascanio  Colonna.^ 

The  Emperor  proposes  to  give  his  daughter  Maria  with 
the  states  of  Flanders  as  her  dowry  to  Louis,  Duke  of 
Orleans,  in  return  for  a  real  peace,  but  King  Francis,  his 
father,  refuses  the  offer  because  of  his  desire  to  gain  Milan, 
which  was  the  cause  of  all  the  wars,  and,  as  he  himself  said, 
the  thing  which  he  desired  most  in  life.^ 

The  Emperor  and  King  Henry  of  England,  who  had 
been  much  at  variance,  treat  of  peace.* 

King  Henry  of  England  dissolves  the  order  of  St,  John  ot 
Jerusalem,  which  was  a  great  blow  to  the  knights.^ 

War  in  Transylvania  between  the  Voivode,  John  Zapolya, 
its  King,  and  Stephen  Maylat,  who  was  attempting  to  gain 
possession  of  that  province.^ 

Announcement  of  a  league  against  the  Turk  made  by  the 
Papal  nuncio,  Alonzo  de  Avalos,  Marquis  del  Vasto,  and 
Claude  Annebaut,  governor  of  Turing 

The  Venetians  give  the  Turks  Nauplia  and  Malvasia  and 
over  one  hundred  thousand  crowns  in  money  in  return  for 
peace,  so  ardently  did  they  desire  it,  although  they  placed 
the  blame  on  King  Francis,  who  was  in  touch  with  the 
negotiations  in  Constantinople.^ 

Fernando  de  Alarcon,  a  highly  honoured  Spanish 
general,  dies.^  He  was  a  native  of  Villaverde  and  of  noble 
birth.  He  was  a  leader  of  troopers  at  the  capture  of 
Granada,  and  also  in  Cephalonia  with  the  Great  Captain.    In 

^  Ibid.  Alboran,  Arbalon,  or  Arbolen  is  an  island  just  north  of 
Melilla. 

*  Leva,  ill.  308.        ^  Sandoval,  ii.  288-9.  *  Louis '  should  be  *  Charles '. 

*  Letters  and  Papers  of  Henry  Fill,  vol.  xv,  p.  662. 

^  32  Hen.  VIII,  c.  24.  *  Huber,  iv.  65  fF. ;  Buchholtz,  v.  126  fF. 

''  Sandoval,  ii.  288;  Ursu,  Politique  Orientate  de  Franqois  I"",  p.  114. 
Annebaut  was  governor  of  Piedmont. 

«  Jorga,  ii.  387. 

^  Much  of  the  following  paragraph  was  utilized  by  Antonio  Suarez  de 
Alarc6n  in  his  Commentarios  de  los  Hechos  del  SeHor  Alarcon  (Madrid, 
1655).  I  have  indicated  in  the  succeeding  footnotes  some  of  the  more 
important  places  where  Alarc6n  has  followed  G6mara,  and  those  where 
he  has  diverged  from  him. 


I540  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  109 

Giracia,  when  the  war  with  the  French  over  Naples  began, 
he  was  wounded  by  an  arquebus.^  He  was  a  field-general 
against  the  Venetians  at  Brindisi,  Monopoli,  Trani,  and 
other  places.  In  the  war  of  Ravenna  he  was  field-general 
and  principal  commissary,  and  was  also  captured  and 
wounded  there.  Don  Ramon  de  Cardona  caused  him  to  be 
liberated  when  he  reinstated  Duke  Maximilian  Sforza  in 
Milan. ^  He  went  as  colonel  of  the  Spanish  troops  to 
pacify  Sicily  when  they  drove  the  viceroy,  Hugo  de 
Moncada,  out  of  the  island.  He  had  charge  of  the  army  of 
Milan  by  order  of  the  Emperor,  when  Prospero  Colonna 
was  ill,  at  the  time  when  the  Admiral  of  France  was  routed, 
and  because  Alarcon  took  many  pieces  of  artillery  from  the 
French  on  that  occasion,  he  bore  them  in  the  border  of  his 
arms.^  In  the  battle  when  King  Francis  was  captured,  he 
made  the  breach  in  the  wall  of  the  park  of  Pavia,  through 
which  our  men  entered.  They  gave  him  the  person  of 
King  Francis  to  guard,  as  a  man  on  whom  reliance  could  be 
placed,  and  when  he  had  come  with  him  to  Spain,  the 
Emperor  made  him  Marquis  de  Val  Siciliana,  which  had 
belonged  to  the  Angevin^  Camillo  Pardo.  He  went  to 
France  with  the  viceroy,  Charles  of  Lannoy,  to  inquire  from 
King  Francis  why  he  was  rising  in  rebellion  with  so  many 
other  persons  without  first  fulfilling  his  agreement  with  the 
Emperor.  He  also  had  the  guarding  of  Pope  Clement 
from  his  surrender  till  his  release,  and  at  the  same  time  he 
prudently  resisted  the  Germans,  who  demanded  that  they 
should  have  the  Pope  in  their  power,  as  a  guarantee  that 
they  should  get  their  wages ;  and  he  even  took  away  from 
them  the  hostages  whom  they  had  been  given  in  pledge  of 
payment,  and  who  escaped  by  a  chimney  of  the  house  which 

^  Alarc6n  (p.  171)  says  of  this  passage, '  El  Cronista  Francisco  L6pez 
de  G6mara  refiere  las  heridas  con  que  qued6  el  Senor  Alarc6n.' 

^  Alarc6n  (p.  172)  says  that  Alarc6n  was  liberated  by  the  Duke  of 
Ferrara,  who  captured  him.     Cf.  Zurita,  Lib.  X,  cap,  xx. 

'  Cf.  Alarc6n,  p.  250  :  *  Haziendole  merced  que  las  diez  y  ocho  piezas 
de  Artilleria  que  auia  cogido  a  los  Franceses  y  las  cinco  vanderas  que 
les  quit6  durante  el  sitio  de  Milan  las  pusiesse  por  orla  en  el  escudo  de 
sus  armas  de  Alarcon.' 

*  Alarc6n  (p.  310)  has  'Ursino'. 


no  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1540 

the  Cardinal  of  San  Giorgio  built;  and  this  caused  the 
Germans  all  to  leave  Rome.^  When  Lautrec  died,  and  the 
siege  of  Naples  was  raised,  he  was  granted  the  town  and 
marquisate  of  Tenda,^  and  other  places,  and  the  keeping  of 
the  Castel  Nuovo  of  Naples,  which  had  fallen  vacant  by  the 
death  of  Luis  Castro.  When  the  Emperor  was  before  La 
Goletta  he  sent  for  him  to  get  his  advice  about  the  war, 
which  profited  him  much,  since  there  was  no  one  else 
who  could  better  establish  a  camp  or  plan  out  the  digging 
of  trenches.  He  was  called  '  Your  Lordship '  like  de  Leyva, 
in  order  more  highly  to  honour  and  compliment  him.^  He 
was  reserved,  but  expressed  himself  well  and  wittily,  and 
was  cautious  in  taking  presents ;  he  even  refused  to  accept 
from  King  Francis  a  little  piece  of  silver  in  France,  and 
would  not  take  thirty  thousand  crowns,  which  were  offered 
him  by  the  Pope ;  in  fact  he  lived  a  virtuous  life,  which  is 
no  small  thing  among  soldiers.*  He  died  of  pleurisy,  at 
a  great  age,  and  in  high  esteem.  He  had  many  grand- 
children born  of  an  only  daughter,  who  married  Don  Pedro 
Gonzalez  de  Mendoza.  Jean  Bonchel  composed  his  history 
in  French,  and  tells  the  truth  without  showing  bias  as  other 
Frenchmen  do.^ 

The  Year  1541 

Spanish  soldiers  slay  Caesar  Fregoso  and  Hernando 
Rin9on,  as  they  went  secredy  and  valiantly  down  the  River 
Po  to  treat  for  the  King  of  France  against  the  Emperor,  the 

1  Alarc6n  (p.  331)  quotes  word  for  word  G6mara's  story  of  the 
custody  of  the  Pope  and  escape  of  the  hostages,  prefacing  it  with  the 
following  words :  *  No  refiere  el  Jobio  quien  fue  el  que  di6  libertad  a 
los  rehenes,  aunque  cuenta  el  caso  .  .  .  pero  aunque  este  Autor  no  d€ 
con  su  silencio  la  gloria  que  mereci6  a  quien  los  libr6,  no  por  esso  que- 
dar^  en  olvido  tan  memorable  accion  como  esta,  debida  a  la  prudente 
direccion  y  christiano  zelo  del  Senor  Alarcon,  como  lo  escriue  el  Cro- 
nista  Francisco  Lopez  de  G6mara  con  estas  palabras,  hablando  del 
Senor  Alarcon.' 

^  '  Renda  '  in  Alarc6n. 

^  This  passage  is  quoted  by  Alarc6n,  p.  312. 

*  This  story  is  told  at  length  by  Alarc6n,  p.  329. 

^  Alarc6n  in  his  preface  says :  *  No  pudo  haliar  D.  Antonio  la  vida 
que  escrivi6  en  Frances  Juan  Bonchel,  aunque  hizo  exactissimas  diligen- 
cias  dentro  y  fuera  del  Reyno  para  buscarla.' 


1541  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  in 

one  at  Venice  and  the  other  at  Constantinople.^  Rin9on 
came  from  Medina  del  Campo  and  was  a  man  of  great 
importance  on  account  of  disservice  done  by  him  to  his 
King,  and  because  of  his  negotiations  for  the  King  of 
France  with  the  Turk  against  the  Christians. 

The  followers  of  Almagro  also  slay  at  Lima  Francisco 
Pizarro,  who  conquered  Peru,  a  very  rich  realm,  by  captur- 
ing its  king  Atabaliba.^  King  Francis  allied  himself  with 
William,  Duke  of  Cleves,  against  the  Emperor,  and  with 
Kings  Gustavus  of  Sweden  and  Christian  of  Denmark. 

In  Spires,  where  the  Emperor  held  a  diet,  Julius  Pflug, 
Johann  Gropper,  and  John  Ecclesio,  Catholic  theologians, 
hold  a  disputation  with  Philip  Melanchthon,  Martin  Bucer, 
and  John  Pistorius,  Lutheran  theologians,  who  called  them- 
selves Protestants,-^ 

King  John  Zapolya,  the  Voivode,  dies,  leaving  his  son 
Stephen,  a  vassal  of  the  Turk,  under  the  tutelage  of  Friar 
George  of  Croatia,  Bishop  of  Varadin,  and  Diego  \^iguio 
and  others  of  his  servants.^ 

King  Ferdinand  undertakes  a  war  for  the  purpose  of 
getting  the  whole  of  Hungary,  according  to  the  stipulations 
of  the  agreement  which  he  had  made  with  the  Voivode,  and 
it  cost  him  dear.^ 

The  Pope  and  the  Emperor  meet  to  discuss  matters  in 
Lucca,  because  the  Council  had  been  summoned  for  the 
following  year,  and  also  in  hopes  of  getting  peace  with  the 
King  of  France ;  but  the  peace  was  not  made,  because  the 
King  desired  the  Duchy  of  Milan  for  his  son  Charles.*^ 

Solyman  comes  to  Hungary,  and  threatens  the  King  of 
the  Romans  and  the  Germans,  captures  Buda  in  breach  of 

^  July  3.  Sandoval,  ii.  295-6;  Zeller,  Diplomatie  Franuiise,  cap.  viii. 
'  Hernando  should  be  '  Antonio '. 

"^  June  26.  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  pp.  244-5  ;  'PrescoX.i,  Conquest 
of  Peru,  li.  179  ff. 

'•/Spires'  should  of  course  be  '  Ratisbon'.  Cf.  Kidd,  Documents  of 
the  Continental  Reformation,  pp.  340-1. 

*  July 22,  1540.  Cf.  Hammer,  iii.  224  ;  BuchholtZjV.  131.  'Stephen' 
should  be  *  John  Sigismund '. 

^  Leva,  iii.  449.  The  agreement  refers  to  the  treaty  of  Gross- Varadin 
in  1538. 

"  Leva,  iii.  454-5. 


112  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1541 

his  plighted  faith,  and  expels  from  it  the  child  Stephen  and 
his  mother,  Isabella  of  Aragon,  who  had  summoned  him  to 
come  to  their  aid.^ 

King  Ferdinand  begs  Solyman  to  give  him  the  land 
which  John  Zapolya  the  Voivode  had  held  under  payment 
of  tribute,  but  Solyman  refuses  his  request,  and  demands 
in  turn  the  rest  of  Hungary  and  appears  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Austria.^ 

The  war  at  Algiers,  which  was  waged  by  the  Emperor 
with  as  bad  fortune  as  that  which  Diego  de  Vera  and  Hugo 
de  Moncada  had  encountered  before.^ 

The  Year  1542 

King  Francis,  being  much  aggrieved  by  the  deaths  of 
Hernando  Rin9on  and  Caesar  Fregoso,  and  desirous  of 
gaining  Milan,  wages  war  on  the  Emperor  in  many  places. 
He  continues  the  struggle  in  Piedmont,  sends  Antoine  de 
Bourbon  to  Artois,  Martin  van  Rossem  aided  by  the  Duke 
of  Cleves  into  Brabant,  his  son  Charles,  Duke  of  Orleans,  to 
Luxemburg,  and  the  Dauphin  Henry  to  Catalonia  near 
Perpignan.  He  also  makes  an  attack  on  Navarre,  and 
solicits  aid  from  the  Turks.* 

There  are  great  preparations  for  war  throughout  all 
Spain  for  the  succour  of  Perpignan,  but  they  were  un- 
necessary.^ 

The  Emperor  gives  permission  to  those  men-at-arms  who 
lost  their  horses  at  Algiers  to  ride  on  mules.^ 

The  Council  of  the  Indies  undergoes  a  rigid  inspection, 
as  a  result  of  which  two  of  the  four  oidores  who  were  in  it 
were  put  out.^ 

The  battle  and  victory  of  Chupas,  which  the  licentiate 

^  Cf.  ante,  p.  in,  «.  4.  Buda  fell  Aug.  26.  'Isabella  of  Aragon' 
should  be  '  Isabella  of  Poland  '.  She  was  a  grand-daughter  of  Isabella 
of  Aragon,  the  daughter  of  Alfonzo  II  of  Naples.  Buchholtz,  v.  155  fF. ; 
Hammer,  iii.  227  ff^  2  Ibid.,  pp.  234  ff. 

'  Gf.G6mara,  Cron/Va</e/oj  J5ar^^?rro/«j,  pp.  432  fF. ;  and  above,  note  6, 
p.  46,  and  note  7,  p.  56  ;  also  list  of  authorities  in  Armstrong,  ii.  7. 

*  Cf.  ante,  p.  in,  n.  i  ;  Sandoval,  ii.  309  fF. ;  Lavisse,  vol.  v,  pt.  ii, 
pp.  107-13. 

^  Sandoval,  ii.  315.  «  Ibid. 

'  Ibid.  ii.  319;  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  p.  249  ;  Bourne,  p.  235. 


1542 


CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  113 


Cristoval  Vaca  de  Castro  won  over  Diego  de  Almagro  on 
the  1 6th  of  October.^ 

The  Emperor  punishes  for  slander  those  who  put  up 
libels  in  Valladolid. 

Antonio  de  Mendoza,  Viceroy  of  New  Spain,  sends  his 
ships  to  the  Spice  Islands.^ 

The  laws  of  the  Indies  are  published,  and  put  the  people 
up  in  arms.^ 

Rene,  Prince  of  Orange,  enters  the  duchy  of  Cleves  with 
the  Imperial  army  and  ravages  it.* 

Diet  of  the  Germans  at  Spires,  during  the  absence  of  the 
Emperor,  at  which  the  ambassadors  of  the  King  of  France 
showed  themselves  very  favourable  to  the  Lutherans  and  to 
the  Turks/ 

Summons  of  the  Council,  which  was  so  greatly  longed 
for,  to  meet  at  Trent,*' 

War  between  the  English  and  the  Scots  by  land  and  sea,"^ 

James,  King  of  Scotland,  who  was  by  no  means  well- 
beloved  by  his  subjects,  dies.^ 

The  Margrave  Joachim  of  Brandenburg  attacks  Pesth 
with  a  very  powerful  army  for  the  King  of  the  Romans,  but 
without  avail. ^ 

Caesar  of  Naples  tries  to  capture  Turin  by  stratagem. ^'^^ 

Beltrame  Sachia  of  Udene  plunders  Marano,  a  place 
belonging  to  the  King  of  the  Romans.^^ 

Duke  John  Frederick  of  Saxony,  and  the  Landgrave 
Philip  of  Hesse  expel  the  Duke  of  Brunswick  from  his 
lands.^^ 

A  very  harmful  locust  thrives  in  Spain  and  in  other  parts 
of  Europe.^^ 

^  Should  be  September  16.  G6mara,  ibid.,  p.  247  ;  Prescott,  ii. 
224  if. 

^  G6mara,  ibid.,  p.  453.  '  Ibid.,  p.  249  ;  Sandoval,  ii.  319. 

*  Sandoval,  ii.  311  ff.  ^  Lavisse,  vol.  v,  pt.  ii,  pp.  109-10. 

*  Leva,  iii.  472-3.  '^  Solway  Moss,  Nov.  24. 

*  Dec.  14.  '  In  September.     Buchholtz,  v.  167  ff. 

^"  In  1543.     Cf.  Sandoval,  ii.  320.     Caesar  of  Naples  is  Caesar  Maggi. 
Cf.  Court eault,  Blaise  de  Monluc,  p.  178,  note  i. 
"  Cf.  Zeller,  pp.  71-2,  304  ff.  ^  Armstrong,  ii.  12. 

"  In  1543,  according  to  Sandoval,  ii.  323. 
1SC6  I 


114  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  154s 

The  Year  1543 

Friendship  of  the  Emperor  with  the  King  of  England, 
which  the  Pope  took  amiss  on  the  ground  that  such  an 
alliance  was  heretical,  for  he  maintained  that  King  Henry 
had  incited  the  Turks  to  attack  King  Ferdinand.^ 

The  Emperor  makes  his  son  Philip  regent  of  these 
realms,  and  turns  over  the  affairs  of  state  to  the  Secretary, 
Francisco  de  los  Cobos,  and  those  of  war  to  Francisco 
Alvarez  de  Toledo,  Duke  of  Alva.^ 

The  Emperor  orders  an  enormous  servicio^  both  ordinary 
and  extraordinary,  to  be  levied  in  Castile.^ 

The  Emperor  passes  over  to  Italy  from  Perpignan  on 
his  way  to  wage  war  in  Germany  and  France  with  fifty- 
seven  galleys,  and  more  than  forty  ships  with  five  thousand 
soldiers,  and  the  Duke  of  Najera,  the  Marquis  of  Aguilar, 
the  Count  of  Feria,  Juan  de  Vega,  and  other  knights  go 
with  him.* 

In  Pavia  the  Emperor  gives  Duke  Cosmo  de'  Medici  the 
fortresses  of  Florence  and  Leghorn  for  one  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand  crowns,  and  thereby  greatly  pleased  Italy, 
although  he  did  so  in  order  to  get  money.^ 

Meeting  of  the  Pope  and  the  Emperor,  which  I  am  glad 
to  tell  about,  in  order  that  men  may  know  the  lengths  to 
which  the  presumption  of  the  Holy  Father  extended.^ 
The  Pope  gave  out  that  he  came  to  the  interview  in  order 
to  lend  support  to  the  Council  and  to  treat  of  peace, 
though  the  chief  reason  of  his  coming  was  in  order  that 
he  might  buy  Milan.  He  discussed  the  price  with  the 
Emperor,  who  refused  his  proposal,  and  told  him  that  he 
was  under  no  obligation  to  furnish  him  with  an  army, 
unless  he  had  another  equally  large  himself,  and  that  some 
evilly- disposed  persons  would  attribute  his  actions  to  his 

'  Sandoval,  ii.  321-2  ;  Fisher,  p.  460. 

^  Haebler,  pp.  314  ff.  '  Ibid.,  p.  320. 

*  Vandenesse,  pp.  254-5;  Sandoval,  ii.  322. 
"  Ibid.,  and  Leva,  iii.  470. 

*  June  22.     Sandoval,  ii.  323  ;  Leva,  iii.  478  flF. 


1543  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  115 

having"  a  great  deal  of  money.  The  final  result  was  that 
after  much  haggling  they  arranged  to  meet  in  Busseto, 
a  place  feudally  subject  to  two  different  lords,  each  with 
five  hundred  soldiers,  and  their  guards  on  foot  and  on 
horseback,  and  one  side  held  possession  of  one  gate  of 
the  castle  where  both  lodged,  and  the  other  of  the  other. 
They  spoke  together  three  times  during  the  five  days  that 
they  were  there,  not  counting  the  first  exchange  of  calls, 
the  Emperor  going  twice  to  visit  the  Pope,  and  the  Pope 
going  once  to  visit  the  Emperor. 

Gaspar  de  Avalos,  Archbishop  of  Santiago,  Francisco 
de  Mendoza,  Bishop  of  Jaen,  and  Martin  de  Gurrea,  Bishop 
of  Huesca,  representing  all  the  bishoprics  of  Spain,  pre- 
sent themselves  at  the  Council  of  Trent  before  Cardinal 
Morone,  Bishop  of  Modena  and  Papal  Legate.' 

A  report  is  spread  in  Germany  that  the  Emperor  was 
dead  by  those  who  desired  to  have  him  alive,  in  order  to 
stir  people  up.- 

The  Emperor  captures  Diiren,  a  very  strong  place, 
which  caused  terror  in  the  adjacent  territories,  because 
they  believed  that  the  Spaniards  had  claws  like  cats,  which 
enabled  them  to  climb  up  the  walls,  and  griffins'  teeth  to 
tear  people  to  pieces."'  He  has  with  him,  not  counting  his 
immediate  attendants,  sixteen  thousand  Spaniards,  a  thou- 
sand light  cavalry  from  Italy,  and  as  many  as  twenty- five 
hundred  men  at  arms. 

The  Emperor  pardons  the  Duke  of  Cleves,  to  whom 
Diiren  had  belonged,  and  who  came  and  begged  forgiveness 
at  Venlo ;  and  he  took  from  him  only  Guelders,  which  was 
his  own  anyway.* 

The  Duke  kissed  the  Emperor's  hand  after  the  custom  of 
Castile,  and  was,  I  believe,  the  first  German  who  ever  did  so. 


*  Sandoval,  ii.  328. 

"  B.  M.  MS.  has  '  no  le  quisieran  viuo  '  ('did  not  desire  to  have  him 
alive '),  and  is  doubtless  correct.  Sandoval  (ii.  328)  indicates  that  the 
report  was  spread  by  the  Emperor's  foes. 

^  Aug.  24.     Vandenesse,  pp.  259-60. 

*  Sept.  10-14.  Vandenesse,  p.  263  ;  Sandoval,  ii.  338;  also  Heidrich, 
Geldriscber  Erbfolgstre'it. 

I  2 


ii6  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  154s 

The  Emperor  also  receives  into  his  service  Martin  van 
Rossem,  seneschal  of  Guelders.^ 

The  siege  by  the  Imperialists  of  Landrecies,  which  the 
French  had  captured  shortly  before,  and  which  King- 
Francis  gallantly  relieved  later,  after  having  first  taken 
Luxemburg.^ 

Warlike  demonstration  of  King  Francis,  to  cover  his 
flight  to  Cateau-Cambresis,  while  the  Emperor  really 
wanted  to  fight,  and  even  wrote  to  France  and  Italy  that 
the  French  King  was  fleeing  from  him,  and  that  he  would 
have  to  follow  him  to  the  end  of  the  world."' 

The  King  had  ten  thousand  horse  and  over  one  hundred 
thousand  foot,  if  they  had  only  been  good  soldiers,  in- 
cluding six  thousand  Gascons,  twelve  thousand  Swiss,  two 
thousand  Italians,  and  eighty-four  thousand  Frenchmen.* 
The  Emperor  had  nine  thousand  horse,  of  whom  fifteen 
hundred  were  light  horse,  and  forty-eight  thousand  foot, 
six  thousand  being  Spaniards,  seven  thousand  Englishmen, 
and  one  thousand  Italians.  I  desire  to  relate  how  the  affair 
occurred,  in  order  that  all  men  may  justly  estimate  the 
bravery  of  each  of  the  combatants.  It  was  clearly  a  case 
of  fighting,  in  view  of  the  exchange  of  challenges  between 
them  which  we  have  already  recounted,  and  in  view  of 
their  proximity  to  one  another.  The  Emperor  arrived  at 
his  camp  on  Thursday,  All  Saints'  Day,  and  on  the  Satur- 
day went  forth  on  an  armed  horse  and  fully  armed  himself 
save  for  his  head,  which  he  left  bare,  in  order  that  he 
might  be  recognized ;  and  he  drew  up  the  army,  en- 
couraging each  nation  in  its  own  tongue.  Meantime  seven 
hundred  Low  German  cavalry  who  had  gone  ahead,  had 

'  Sandoval,  ii.  341. 

*  Oct.  20-30.  Sandoval,  ii.  342  ff. ;  Jovius,  ii.  717  ff. ;  Arm- 
strong, ii.  16-17. 

'  Ibid.,  Oct.  30-Nov.  5. 

*  Sandoval  (ii.  343)  has  obviously  utilized  G6mara's  account  of  this 
aflfair,  though  his  estimates  of  the  size  of  the  armies  are  very  different. 
At  the  beginning  of  his  description  Sandoval  says :  '  Dire  muy  por 
menudo  este  cuento,  y  por  relacion  de  testigos  fidedignos,  que  se  hallaron 
presentes,  y  concuerdan,  aunque  lo  escrivieron  sin  saber  unos  de 
otros  .  .  .' 


1543  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  117 

already  begun  to  fight  with  a  part  of  the  French  horsemen, 
and  the  Spaniards,  who  were  deploying  on  both  sides,^ 
until  they  got  to  the  trenches,  kept  continually  asking 
Fernando  de  Gonzaga  if  they  should  enter  them,  though 
he,  in  an  evil  moment,  refused.  So  the  Emperor  put  on  his 
helmet,  saying  to  the  company  of  his  personal  attendants 
that  his  chance  had  at  last  come,  and  that  they  must  fight 
like  honourable  cavaliers,  and  that  if  they  saw  his  horse 
or  his  standard,  borne  by  Luis  Quixada,  fall,  they  were  to 
pick  up  the  standard,  rather  than  himself.  He  then  closed 
his  vizor  and  made  his  way  step  by  step  towards  the 
enemy.  It  was  before  midday,  and  he  waited  four  hours 
quietly  in  one  place  for  the  King  to  come  forth  to  battle, 
as  he  had  proclaimed  that  he  would  do  ;  but  since  the  King 
did  not  come  forth,  although  the  Spaniards  near  the  camp 
did  their  utmost  to  urge  him  on,  and  since  also  the  after- 
noon was  growing  dark,  the  Emperor  pitched  his  camp 
and  sounded  '  taps ',  only  a  quarter  of  a  league  from  the 
camp  of  the  King.  Sunday  passed  in  councils  of  war, 
accompanied  by  some  skirmishing.  When  Monday  dawned 
there  were  no  Frenchmen  there,  and  so  there  was  no 
battle. 

King  Francis,  as  was  afterwards  learned  from  those  who 
were  taken  in  the  pursuit,  was  afraid  of  getting  lost,  as  he  did 
at  Pavia,  when  he  saw  so  many  Spaniards  near  his  trenches 
(although  he  had  been  assured  that  there  were  not  more 
than  three  thousand),  and  said  that  having  succoured  Lan- 
drecies  was  enough  to  vindicate  his  honour,  since  it  was 
to  this  end  that  he  had  come  to  within  sight  of  the  enemy  ; 
so,  sending  ahead  his  heavy  artillery  at  four  o'clock  Sunday 
afternoon,  he  made  them  take  off  the  big  bells  and  the 
litde  bells  of  the  horses  which  dragged  it,  and  even  struck 
a  carter  because  he  made  a  noise  with  his  whip,  so  quietly 
did  he  desire  to  accomplish  his  retreat.  And  he  took  with 
him  the  keys  of  Cambresis,  in  order  that  no  one  should  go 
forth  with  the  news  of  his  flight,  and  at  nine  o'clock  he 
went  off  with  only  three  hundred  cavalry.  The  Dauphin 
^  Sandoval  has  *  en  dos  alas '  (in  two  wings). 


ii8  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1543 

followed  with  the  army  at  midnight,  without  making-  a 
sound,  and  before  it  had  dawned  all  his  people  had  com- 
pleted their  departure.  And  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that 
though  only  three  thousand  Spaniards  showed  themselves 
in  review,  four  thousand  came  forth  to  fight  the  battle,  for 
that  is  the  sort  of  people  they  are.  They  murmured 
against  Don  Fernando,  their  general,  because  he  would 
not  let  them  engage  the  French  army,  and  it  is  certain  that 
the  French  were  afraid,  and  that  the  Germans  changed 
their  black  bands  for  red  ones. 

War  in  Barbary  between  Martin  de  Cordova,  Count  of 
Alcaudete,  and  Hamid,  King  of  Tlemcen,  whom  others 
call  Manat.i 

Blasco  Nunez  Vela  goes  to  Peru  as  viceroy,  and  took 
a  chancilleria  with  him.^ 

Prince  Philip  and  Maria,  the  Infanta  of  Portugal,  are 
happily  married  at  Salamanca.'^  His  sponsors  were  the 
Duke  of  Alva  and  his  wife,  and  there  went  to  Badajoz  to 
meet  her,  Juan  Martinez  Siliceo,  Bishop  of  Cartagena  and 
tutor  of  the  Prince,  and  Juan  Alonzo  de  Guzman,  Duke  of 
Medina  Sidonia,  who  brought  with  him  his  brother,  Pedro 
Giron  de  Guzman,  Count  of  Olivares,  Juan  Carlos  his  son, 
Count  of  Niebla,  Fernando  Arias  de  Saavedra,  Count  of 
Castellar,  Manuel  Ponce  de  Leon,  Count  of  Baylen,  and 
other  principal  gentlemen  of  Seville. 

The  French  and  the  Spaniards  continue  their  wars  in 
Piedmont.^ 

Ahmed  rises  in  rebellion  at  Tunis  against  his  father 
Hassan,  who  had  come  across  to  Italy  to  interview  the 
Emperor,  and  when  the  latter  returned  with  an  army  of 
Neapolitans  he  took  him  prisoner  and  put  out  his  eyes 
with  a  red-hot  iron,  and  did  the  same  by  his  brothers 
Nahazar  and  Abdalla."^ 


^  Mercier,  Hist,  de  V  Afrique  septentrionale,  iii.  58-9, 
^  He  arrived  in  March,  1544.     G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  p.  250; 
Prescott,  ii.  259. 

'  May  13.     Sandoval,  ii.  251  fF.  *  Courteault,  cap.  iv. 

^  This  was  in  1542.     Cf.  Mercier,  iii.  56-7. 


1543  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  119 

Ahmed  makes  a  truce  with  Francisco  de  Tovar,  Alcaide 
and  captain  of  la  Goletta.^ 

Barbarossa  winters  in  France  with  the  Turkish  fleet, 
having  first  demolished  Nice  with  the  aid  of  the  French.- 

Solyman  comes  to  Hungary  with  a  great  flourish  of 
trumpets,  bringing  with  him  one  hundred  thousand  horse, 
sixty  thousand  foot,  and  forty  thousand  labourers,  but  only 
succeeds  in  capturing  Gran  and  some  other  places.'^ 

Belhdo  Busto  writes  his  history,  beginning  this  present 
year.*  He  has  been  attached  to  the  Imperial  service  ever 
since. 

The  Year  1544 

The  Diet  at  Spires  at  which  all  the  electors  were  present 
with  the  Emperor,  which  has  rarely  occurred.  At  this 
Diet  his  Majesty  granted  certain  things  to  the  Lutherans, 
which  the  Pope  took  very  ill,  though  they  did  not  affect 
religion.  It  was  on  this  occasion  that  the  Germans  declared 
themselves  against  the  King  of  France,  which  doubtless 
irritated  him."' 

Fernando  de  Gonzaga  captures  Luxemburg  with  three 
thousand  cavalry  and  thirty  thousand  foot,  eight  thousand 
of  whom  were  Spaniards,  brought  thither  by  sea  by  \"asco 
de  Acuna,  a  valuable  man  in  war,  and  a  good  soldier  and 
leader,*^ 

The  Emperor  advances  with  this  army  as  far  as  Chalons, 
which  terrified  Paris  and  all  France." 

The  battle  of  Cerisoles,  in  which  the  Marquis  del  Vasto, 
who  was  attempting  to  relieve  Carignano,  was  defeated  and 
lost   sixty   banners,   although   he    had   as   many   men   as 


^  Ibid.  ^  Sandoval,  ii.  349  ff. 

"  Buchholtz,  V.  196  ft'.;  Hammer,  iii.  248  ft". 

*  I  can  find  no  historian  of  this  name.  Possibly  G6mara  means 
Bernabfi  Busto,  tutor  to  the  Emperor's  children,  who  published  in  1553 
Introducciones  Gramaticales.     Cf.  Antonio,  Bibl.  Hisp.  Nov.  i.  187. 

'  Armstrong,  ii.  25-7  ;  Vandenesse,  pp.  276  fF. 

®  June  6.     Sandoval,  ii.  367  ;  Paillard,  Irrvasion  allemande  de  1544. 

'  Aug.  30.     Vandenesse,  p.  291. 


I20  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1544 

Fran9ois  de  Bourbon,  Count  of  Enghien,  who  led  the 
French.^ 

King  Francis,  thinking  to  capture  Milan  after  the  victory 
of  Cerisoles,  sends  Piero  Strozzi  into  Piedmont,  but  he 
was  promptly  routed  at  Carignano.- 

Peace  between  the  Emperor  and  King  Francis  promoted 
by  Gabriel  de  Guzman,  a  Dominican  Friar  and  student  at 
Paris,  in  return  for  which  the  King  gave  him  an  abbey  in 
Longpont.^  Granvelle,  and  Fernando  de  Gonzaga,  and 
the  Admiral  Annebaut,  Charles  de  Neuilly,  and  the  Secre- 
tary Gilbert  Bayard  agreed  to  it,  the  principal  stipulations 
being  that  within  a  year  the  Emperor  should  give  to  Duke 
Charles  of  Orleans  the  Duchy  of  Milan,  with  either  his 
elder  daughter,  the  Infanta  Maria,  or  one  of  the  daughters 
of  the  King  of  the  Romans  as  his  wife,  in  return  for  which 
Savoy  was  to  be  restored  to  its  Duke. 

Juan  de  Vega,  ambassador  at  Rome,  goes  to  bear  aid 
to  the  Marquis  del  Vasto  in  Milan,  which  checked  the 
French.* 

The  Viceroy  Blasco  Nunez  Vela  seizes  Vaca  de  Castro,^ 

Queen  Eleanor  of  France  brings  her  stepson,  the  Duke 
of  Orleans,  to  Brussels  as  son-in-law  of  the  Emperor.'' 

The  English  capture  Edinburgh  in  Scotland.'' 

Henry  VIII,  King  of  England,  captures  Boulogne  in 
Picardy  with  Spanish  soldiers,  which  the  French  King 
deeply  resented.^ 


^  April  14.     Leva,  iii.  504;  Courteault,  pp.  155-71. 

2  June  4,  between  Serravalle  and  Novi ;  not  at  Carignano.  Cour- 
teault, p. 171. 

^  The  treaty  of  Crespy,  Sept.  18.  Sandoval,  ii.  374,  377-79; 
Leva,  iii.  5270",  The  exact  provisions  of  the  treaty  were  that  if  Orleans 
married  Ferdinand's  daughter  he  should  have  Milan  ;  if  he  married 
Charles's  daughter  he  should  have  the  Netherlands  and  Franche-Comt^. 
Cf.  Lavisse,  vol.  v,  pt.  ii,  p.  116  ;  Letters  and  Papers  of  Henry  VIII,  vol. 
xix,  pt.  ii,  No.  249. 

*  Sandoval,  ii.  365. 

^  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  pp.  251-2.  Prescott,  Conquest  of 
Peru,  ii.  275. 

^  Sandoval,  ii.  380.  '  In  May.     Cf,  Fisher,  p.  462. 

*  Sept.  14.  Fisher,  pp.  462-3.  On  the  Spanish  soldiers  see  Letters  and 
Papers  of  Henry  Fill,  vol.  xix,  pt.  ii,  p.  240,  and  references  on  p.  743. 


,544  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  121 

In  this  year  Paul  Jovius  closed  his  history,^  and  if  he  were 
as  straightforward  as  he  is  diligent,  he  would  have  written 
it  well ;  and  even  as  it  is,  apart  from  his  misrepresentations, 
he  is  a  great  recorder  of  the  many  mistakes  which  he 
holds  to  have  been  made  in  the  management  of  the  afifeirs 
of  our  land  and  people. 

Rene  de  Chalons,  Prince  of  Orange,  dies.^ 


The  Year  1545 

Don  Carlos,  Infante  of  Castile,  is  born  in  Valladolid  the 
eighth  of  July. ^ 

The  Princess  Maria  dies  as  a  result  of  bad  care  during 
her  confinement,  according  to  the  report  which  was  given 
out.'i 

Juan  Tavera,  a  cleric  of  great  weight,  dies.^  He  was 
president  of  the  Royal  Council,  and  Cardinal  and  Arch- 
bishop of  Toledo,  Inquisitor-General  and  Regent.  He 
was  so  chaste  that  he  permitted  no  one  to  see  his  feet  when 
his  servants  drew  off  his  stockings,  and  a  great  secret 
negotiator,  and  so  attached  to  the  Court  that  he  never 
left  it.  He  left  a  rich  and  beautiful  hospital  at  Toledo 
and  a  large  property  to  his  nephew,  Anaspardo,  and  other 
relations,  which  did  not  look  well  for  a  churchman.  Al- 
though he  was  so  rich,  he  died  without  possessing  a  silver 
spoon  with  which  to  eat  a  pomegranate  when  he  was  ill, 
a  fact  which  afforded  an  opportunity  for  clerical  abuse. 

At  the  same  time  died  Jeronimo  Suarez  de  Sevilla,*^ 
Bishop  of  Badajoz,  who  was  hand  in  glove,  as  they  say. 


^  The  meaning  of  this  paragraph  is  very  doubtful,  and  I  am  by  no 
means  certain  that  I  have  translated  it  correctly.  *  Errores '  in  the  text 
might  be  taken  to  signify  misconceptions  about  Spain,  rather  than  mis- 
takes made  by  her :  thus  completely  altering  the  sense  of  the  passage. 
The  work  of  Jovius  referred  to  here  is  of  course  the  Historia  sui  temporis. 
It  is  somewhat  strange  that  the  usually  well-informed  G6mara  makes  no 
mention  of  his  notorious  venality. 

^  July  21.    Sandoval,  ii.  372  ;  Henne,  viii.  177-8. 

^  Sandoval,  ii.  392.  *  Ibid. 

•^  Aug.  I.     Gams,  Series  Episcoporum,  p.  8i. 

*  Sept.  18.     Gams,  op.cit.  p.  11. 


122  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1545 

with  Archbishop  Tavera,  a  clever  official  of  the  King  at  the 
Court,  and  one  who  also  angered  the  clergy  by  leaving 
about  a  hundred  thousand  crowns,  although  he  was  very 
niggardly,  and  also  because  he  left  them  to  Juan  Martinez 
Siliceo,  tutor  of  the  prince,  and  Bishop  of  Cartagena,  who 
was  afterwards  Archbishop  of  Toledo,  who  also  died  the 
richest  Cardinal  prelate  of  our  time,  the  which  was  as 
much  the  more  blameworthy,  as  he  pretended  to  be  the 
most  zealous  of  men.^ 

Caspar  de  Avalos,  Cardinal  and  Archbishop  of  Santiago,^ 
and  Sebastian  Ramirez,  Bishop  of  Cuenca,  and  President 
of  the  Audiencia  of  Valladolid/^  die. 

Death  of  Antonio  de  Guevara,  Bishop  of  Mondofiedo, 
and  a  historian  whose  works  were  more  voluminous  than 
excellent,  as  was  partly  shown  by  the  Bachiller  Pedro  de 
Rhua,  Master  of  Arts.^ 

Death  of  Juan  de  Zufiiga,  tutor  of  the  Prince,  who  was 
Commendador  Mayor  of  Castile,  and  in  whom  the  Em- 
eror  placed  great  reliance.^ 

Death  of  Juan  de  Silva,  Count  of  Cifuentes,  Lord  High 
Steward  of  the  Empress  and  ambassador  at  Rome.^ 

Doctor  Miguel  May,  vice-chancellor  of  Aragon,  who  was 
for  many  years  ambassador  at  Rome,  and  a  learned  and 
agreeable  man,  dies  also. 

Deaths  of  Garcia  Manrique,  Count  of  Osorio,  President 
of  the  Council  of  the  Orders,  of  Don  Alvaro  de  Cordova, 
the  Prince's  Head  Groom  and  favourite,  and  of  Inez  Porto 
Carrero,  a  woman  of  great  renown. 

Death  of  Charles  of  Orleans,  which,  though  the  Emperor 
was  sorry  for  it,  was  no  bad  thing  for  him.^  The  Prince 
was  given  funeral  honours  as  Duke  of  Milan. 


*  On  Siliceo,  cf.  C.  Bratli,  Philippe  II,  Roi  d'Espagne,  pp.  73-4. 

^  Nov.  2.     Gams,  p.  26.  ^  Jan.  22,  1547.     Gams,  p.  31. 

*  Sandoval,  ii.  393.  Antonio  {Bibl.  Hisp.  No-v.,  i.  125  ff.)  puts  his 
death  April  10,  1544  ;  Gams  {op.  cit.  p.  52),  on  April  3,  1545.  On 
Rhua  or  Ruami  and  his  Cartas  Censorias  cf.  Introduction,  p.  xxxii,  n.  i. 

^  On  Ztiniga,  cf.  Bratli,  p.  74. 

•"'  Cf.  Spanish  Calendar,  vol.  viii,  p.  212. 

■^  Sept.  8.     Sandoval,  ii.  392. 


1545  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  123 

Blasco  Nunez  Vela,  Viceroy  of  Peru,  perishes  in  the 
battle  which  he  fought  near  Quito  with  Gonzalo  Pizarro.^ 

King  Francis  tries  to  recover  Boulogne  by  force  of  arms, 
but  cannot,  because  of  the  strong  and  vigilant  defence  by 
the  English.^ 

The  French  under  Lorges  fare  ill  in  Scotland.^ 

The  French  fight  with  the  English  on  the  sea,  Admiral 
Claude  Annebaut  commanding  the  ships,  and  Leon  Strozzi, 
Prior  of  Capua,  the  galleys.* 

The  Year  1546 

The  Emperor  holds  a  Diet  at  Ratisbon  for  the  discussion 
of  the  Lutheran  heresy,  at  which,  because  of  their  non- 
appearance, he  deprived  John  Frederick,  Duke  of  Saxony, 
of  his  electorate,  and  Philip,  the  Landgrave  of  Hesse,  of 
his  lands.''  The  latter  was  an  arrogant  man,  who,  pre- 
suming on  the  fortunes  of  war,  valued  at  naught  the 
possessions  which  he  already  had. 

The  Emperor  provokes  a  war  against  the  members  of 
the  Schmalkaldic  League,  who  were  all  Lutherans,  and 
principally  against  the  Duke  of  Saxony  and  the  Landgrave 
as  rebels  and  tyrants.^  For  this  purpose  he  collected  ten 
thousand  cavalry,  not  counting  his  immediate  attendants, 
and  fourteen  thousand  foot,  with  two  thousand  sappers,  of 
whom  the  Pope  paid  for  twelve  thousand."  Fernando 
Alvarez  de  Toledo,  Duke  of  Alva,  was  generalissimo  of  the 

^  Jan.  18,  1546.  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  bidias,  p.  263  ;  Prescott,  Con- 
quest of  Peru,  ii.  308  fF. 

"^  Fisher,  pp.  466-9. 

'  Gabriel  de  Montgomery,  Sieur  de  Lorges,  wiio  afterwards  acci- 
dentally killed  King  Henry  II.  Cf.  Letters  mid  Papers  of  Henry  Fill, 
vol.  XX,  pt.  ii,  p.  773. 

*  Both  Leon  and  Piero  Strozzi  were  there.  Cf.  Letters  and  Papers  of 
Henry  Fill,  vol.  xx,  pt.  i,  Nos.  1069,  1074. 

^  Sandoval,  ii.  404  ff. 

®  Cf.  Armstrong,  ii.  137  «.,  for  a  list  of  the  authorities  on  this  war. 
G6mara  may  have  used  Avila,  whose  work  was  printed  in  1547  and  in 
1550  (cf.  Bib/.  Aut.  Esp.,\o\.  xxi,  p.  xvi),  buthe  differs  from  him  in  many 
details.  Cf.  also  Sandoval,  ii.  407  ff.,  and  Charles's  own  Commentaries 
(ed.  Kervyn  de  Lettenhove,  Brussels,  1862),  pp.  127  ff. 

^  Armstrong  (ii.  139)  gives  Charles  28,000  men  in  all. 


124  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1546 

army,  Gian  Giacomo  Medicine,  Marquis  of  Marignano,  was 
captain  of  the  artillery,  the  Marquis  Giovanni  Battista 
Castaldo,  principal  field-general,  and  Francisco  Duarte, 
commissary-general.  The  principal  cavalry  leaders  were 
the  Archduke  Maximilian,  Philibert  Emmanuel  Prince  of 
Piedmont,  Wolfgang  Milchling  Grand  Master  of  Prussia, 
Charles  de  Lannoy,  Prince  of  Sulmone,  Margrave  Albert 
of  Brandenburg,  Henry  Duke  of  Brunswick,  and  others. 
There  were  eight  thousand  Spaniards  with  the  field- 
generals,  Alvaro  de  Sandi,  Alonzo  Vivas,  Diego  de  Arze, 
and  ten  thousand  Italians  with  Duke  Octavio  Farnese, 
and  eleven  thousand  Walloons  with  Maximilian,  Count  of 
Buren,  and  sixteen  thousand  Germans  with  many  colonels 
and  eighty  cannon.^ 

The  army  which  the  Lutherans  collected  was  composed 
of  fifteen  thousand  horsemen  and  eighty  thousand  foot, 
with  six  thousand  sappers  and  one  hundred  and  twenty 
big  brass  cannon,  and  eight  hundred  carts  of  powder  and 
ball  and  other  munitions  of  war,  eight  thousand  horses  to 
haul  the  artillery  and  ammunition,  and  three  hundred  boats 
to  make  bridges  with.^  Their  leaders  were  Duke  John 
Frederick,  who  thought  to  become  Emperor,  and  the 
Landgrave,  who  promised  to  expel  the  Emperor  from  all 
Germany,  and  Sebastian  Schartlin,  who  was  a  halberdier 
of  the  Emperor.  Such  being,  then,  the  armies  on  both 
sides,  and  so  furnished  with  artillery  and  provisions  as 
never  had  been  armies  in  Germany  before,  the  Emperor 
defeated  his  adversaries  with  courage  and  prudence,  as  he 
demonstrated  at  Ingolstadt  when  the  enemy's  artillery  was 
playing  violently  on  his  cavalry  and  he  stood  his  ground 
firmly,  which  was  certainly  the  right  way  to  win  a  battle. 
Although  the  Duke  of  Alva  sent  to  tell  him  that  he  ought 
to  retire  from  the  danger,  which  was  certainly  great  and 


^  Cf.  Sandoval,  loc.  cit.,  Avila,  and  Vandenesse,  332-3,  329,  on  these 
names.  On  the  Grand  Master  of  Prussia,  Wolfgang  Milchling,  or 
Schutzbar,  cf.  ^Ilgemeine  deutsche  Biographie,vo\.  xxxiii,  p.  136. 

^  Avila  gives  the  Lutherans  70-80,000  foot,  9-10,000  horse,  and  100 
cannon  ;  Armstrong,  50,000  foot  and  7,000  horse. 


1546  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  125 

manifest,  he  replied  that  if  he  should  do  so,  it  would  cause 
his  men  to  be  afraid.^ 

Martin  Luther  dies-  quite  suddenly  in  Eisleben  his 
birthplace,  after  having  supped  merrily  that  same  night 
with  a  number  of  other  Germans ;  whose  life,  since  it  was 
that  of  the  worst  man  of  our  times,  it  is  well  that  I  should 
relate,  in  order  that  men  may  beware  of  his  heresies. 
Luther,  then,  was  a  Master  of  Arts,  and  became  a  friar  of  the 
Order  of  Augustinian  Hermits,  in  terror  and  fear  of  being 
struck  by  lightning.  He  was  an  epileptic,  though  many 
friars  believed  him  to  be  possessed  of  a  de\'il,  and  some 
said  he  had  a  familiar  spirit,  and  even  he  himself  acknow- 
ledged that  he  conversed  with  the  Devil  and  was  well  ac- 
quainted with  him.  He  was  made  legal  adviser  to  some  of 
the  monasteries  of  his  order,  being  known  as  a  vehement 
and  litigious  man,  and  when  he  gave  up  that  occupation 
he  began  to  study  and  argue  in  a  new  fashion,  and  in  such 
a  way  as  to  win  great  fame.  At  that  time  it  happened  that 
Pope  Leo  sent  indulgences  into  Germany  to  get  money 
for  the  building  of  St.  Peter's  at  Rome,  and  in  the  course 
of  a  discussion  whether  the  Augustinian  Friars  or  the 
Dominicans  should  preach  them,  he  began  to  attack  them, 
and  soon  afterwards,  in  the  year  151 7,  to  write  bad  things 
about  them  and  the  Pope,  and  to  ridicule  them  because 
they  were  not  entrusted  to  the  monks  of  his  Order ;  from 
which  may  be  clearly  seen  the  intensity  of  his  malice  and 
hatred.  He  then  became  so  involved  in  rivalries,  discus- 
sions, and  disputes  with  John  Tetzel,  a  Dominican  friar 
and  great  preacher,  that  he  suddenly  began  to  fall  into 
great  heresies,  which  gave  many  others  occasion  for  going 
further  than  he,  as  for  example,  John  Oecolampadius, 
Ulrich  Zwingli,  Thomas  Miinzer,  and  Michael  Servetus, 
the  Spaniard,  who  assailed  the  doctrine  of  the  most  Holy 
Trinity,  and  whom  the  heretics  burnt  as  a  heretic  in  Basel  ,"^ 


^  Cf.  Sandoval,  ii.  4 1 6  ;  Avila,  in  vol.  xxi  of  Bibl.  Aut.  Esp.,  pp.  417,421. 
2  Feb.  18.     Cf.  Sandoval,  i.  78  ff. 
^  Sic  for  Geneva. 


126  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1546 

and  David  Joris^  the  Dutchman,  who  now  lives  in  Frisia, 
and  who  certainly  is  the  worst  of  the  whole  lot,  so  bad 
indeed  that  neither  Arius  nor  Mahomet  can  equal  him. 
In  addition  to  his  heresies  Luther  was  a  tale-bearer,  a  liar, 
a  slanderer,  a  revolutionary,  audacious,  stubborn,  vain- 
glorious, rude,  a  cheat,  buffoon,  and  drunkard,  and  in  fact 
the  personification  of  knavery,  for  he  neither  possessed  nor 
taught  a  single  virtue.  He  gained  the  adherence  of  the 
common  people  by  speaking  ill  of  the  nobles,  and  that  of 
the  poor  by  speaking  worse  of  the  rich,  and  that  of  all  men 
by  overthrowing  religion  and  attacking  the  Pope,  and  that 
of  women  by  ridiculing  virginity  ;  and  so,  by  way  of  giving 
an  example  to  nuns  and  friars  and  even  to  the  clergy,  he 
married  a  nun  when  he  was  fifty-three  years  old  and  had 
many  children  by  her.  He  thus  lived  sixty-three  years 
a  bad  man,  and  thirty  a  heretic.^ 

The  Pope  makes  his  son  Pier  Luigi  Farnese  Duke  of 
Piacenza.-^ 

The  Licenciado  Pedro  Gasca  goes  to  Peru.* 

Prices  are  high  all  over  Spain. 

Doctor  Sepulveda  writes  a  justification  of  the  Conquest 
of  the  Indies,  and  P'riar  Bartolomeo  de  las  Casas,  Bishop 
of  Chiapa,  contradicts  him  ;  and  on  this  topic  there  were 
many  disputes  and  discussions.^ 

Wars  at  Tlemcen,  Hassan  Barbarossa  aiding  one  side, 
and  the  Count  of  Alcaudete  the  other.'' 

Don  Alonzo  de  Avalos,  Marquis  del  Vasto,  Governor  of 
Milan,  and  General-in-Chief  of  the  Emperor  in  Lombardy, 
dies  at  the  age  of  forty.  He  was  a  very  charming  man, 
dressed  richly,  played  the  great  lord,  and  was  generous  in 

^  On  this  man  cf.  Sandoval,  ii.  356,  and  Moeller,  History  of  the  Chris- 
tian Church, tr^ns.  Freese  :  vol.  iii,  pp.  128-9. 

^  Luther  was  born  Nov.  10,  1483  :  and  married  June  13,  1525, 

*  This  was  in  1545.  Cf.  Navenne  in  Revue  Historique,  vol.  Ixxviii, 
pp.  17-18. 

*  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  p.  265 ;  Prescott,  Conquest  of  Peru,  ii.  340  ff, 
^  Cf.  J.  G.  Sepulvedae  Opera,  vol.  iv,  pp.  329  ff.  *  Apologia  pro  Libro  de 

lustis  Belli  Causis' ;  Sandoval,  ii.  4^2  ;  F.  MacNutt,  Bartholomeiv  de  las 
Casas,  pp.  285  ff. 

*  Mercier,  iii.  56-63  ;  Ruff,  La  Domination  Espagnole  a  Oran,  cap.  ix. 
Hassan  Barbarossa  was  the  son  of  Kheir-ed-Din. 


,546  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  127 

giving.  He  was  skilled  in  arms,  and  understood  well  the 
art  of  war,  but  was  not  fortunate  in  it,  for  he  lost  the  battle 
of  Cerisoles.  He  was  also  very  kindly,  very  courteous, 
and  in  fact  possessed  many  and  great  virtues,  and  was 
greatly  beloved  on  account  of  them.' 

Fernando  Gonzaga  came  as  governor  of  Milan  from 
Sicily,  where  he  was  viceroy  many  years.^ 

Juan  de  Vega,  ambassador  at  Rome,  goes  as  viceroy  to 
Sicily,  where  he  remained  ten  years  and  then  came  to  be 
president  of  the  Royal  Council  of  Castile,  and  to  enjoy 
great  authority  and  reputation.^ 

Peace  is  made  between  Francis,  King  of  France,  and 
Henry,  King  of  England.  It  stipulated  that  King  Francis 
was  to  have  Boulogne  in  Picardy  by  paying  a  certain  sum 
of  money  within  eight  months."* 

Kheir-ed-Din  Barbarossa  dies  in  Pera.^ 


The  Year  1547 

The  Emperor  having  defeated  the  army  of  the  Lutherans, 
seized  the  lands  of  the  Duke  of  Wiirtemberg,  although  he 
immediately  restored  them,  and  also  takes  Ulm,  Augsburg, 
Frankfort,  Strassburg,  and  other  cities  which  supported 
the  League  and  the  rebellion.^ 

Duke  John  Frederick  recovers  by  force  of  arms  the  lands 
which  Duke  Maurice  took  from  him  a  little  before,  and 
indeed  regains  practically  all  his  territories.^ 

The  Bohemians  plot  to  summon  Duke  John  Frederick 
of  Saxony  against  the  King  of  the  Romans,  and  choose  as 

^  Avalos  was  certainly  more  than  forty  at  the  time  of  his  death.  Cf. 
the  mention  of  him  under  the  year  1525,  ante,  p.  73. 

^  Stokvis,  Manuel  d'Histoire,  vol.  iii,  p.  769. 

^  Leva,  iv.  210  ff. 

*  Treaty  of  Ardres,  June  8.  Lavisse,  vol.  v,  pt.  ii,  p.  1 17.  '  Months  ' 
should  be  '  years  '. 

^  July  16.     Hammer,  iii.  269. 

"  Sandoval,  ii.  443;  Vandenesse,  338  ff.;  Avila,  p.  434;  Armstrong, 
ii.  141. 

■^  Armstrong,  ii.  145  fF. 


128  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1547 

their  leader  Count  Caspar  Fluch  with  forty  thousand  men 
of  war.^ 

Duke  Frederick  captures  in  battle  Marquis  Albert  of 
Brandenburg,  and  also  Christopher,  Landgrave  of  Leuchten- 
berg,  and  takes  from  them  ten  banners  and  twelve  pieces 
of  artillery.^ 

The  plague  in  Saxony  and  in  the  armies. 

The  Emperor  takes  his  army  across  Albis,  which  those 
who  live  by  its  bank  call  the  Elbe,  against  the  advice  of  his 
counsellors  ;  a  miller  showed  him  the  ford,  though  some  of 
his  men  swam  across  with  their  horses,  and  certain  Spaniards 
swam  it  with  their  swords  in  their  mouths,  although  it  was 
cold  weather.  And  this  feat  was  the  more  courageous  in 
that  the  Romans  never  dared  to  cross  it,  and  especially  in 
that  the  Emperor  brought  with  him  only  sixteen  thousand 
men.-' 

The  Emperor,  together  with  his  brother,  the  King  of  the 
Romans,  conquers  and  captures  Duke  John  Frederick  of 
vSaxony  in  battle,  with  the  loss  of  few  lives  among  his  own 
men,  the  which  was  great  good  fortune.* 

The  Duke  rode  on  a  dark  bay  horse,  and  was  armed 
with  a  jacket  of  fine  mail,  and  over  it  a  black  and  white 
corselet  which  became  him  well.  He  was  exceedingly  fat, 
though  active,  and  wise  in  war,  though  on  that  occasion 
he  was  caught  napping.  Less  than  two  thousand  Saxons 
were  slain,  and  nine  standards  of  cavalry,  seventeen  banners 
and  fifteen  cannon,  and  six  hundred  wagons  of  ammunition 
and  baggage  were  captured.^ 

The  blockade  of  Bohemia  by  the  Imperialists.'' 

Philip,  Landgrave  of  Hesse,  comes,  vanquished,  to  sur- 
render himself  to  the  Emperor,  which  made  a  great  reputa- 
tion for  his  Majesty,  and  brought  grief  and  sorrow  on  him 
who  presumed  so  much.^ 

^  Sandoval,  ii.  445  ;  Buchholtz,  vi.  380 fF. 

2  At  Rochlitz,  Mar.  2.  Cf.  Sandoval,  ii.  444,  and  J.  Voigt,  Markgraf 
Albert  Alcibiades,\o\.  i,  PP;  142-56. 

^  Sandoval,  ii.  447  fF. ;  Avila,  pp.  439  ff. 

••  April  24.     Avila,  pp.  441-3.  ^  Avila,  p.  443  ;  Sandoval,  ii.  452. 

"  Buchholtz,  vi.  404  fF.  ^  June  20.     Armstrong,  ii.  153. 


1547  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  129 

The  Emperor  grants  the  office  of  Imperial  Elector  to 
Duke  Maurice.^ 

The  Emperor  captures  in  these  Lutheran  wars  four 
hundred  and  forty  pieces  of  artillery,  great  and  small, 
a  good  part  of  which  he  sent  to  Spain. 

Ferdinand,  King  of  the  Romans,  conquers  the  Bohemians, 
and,  though  he  was  their  king  by  election,  does  what  he 
pleases  with  them  all  and  their  arms,  privileges,  and 
immunities,  and  even  took  from  them  more  than  two  hundred 
thousand  crowns  of  income  in  Prague  alone.- 

The  battle  between  Pucaran  and  Guarina  in  which  Gon- 
zalo  Pizarro  defeated  Hernando  Centeno.^ 

Death  at  the  age  of  sixty  years  of  Henry,  King  of 
England,  who  was  richly  endowed  with  the  goods  of  this 
world,  and  possessed  a  splendid  body  and  mind,  if  only  he 
had  used  them  well.''  For  he  was  very  handsome,  rich  and 
wise.  He  married  Catharine,  the  daughter  of  the  Catholic 
Kings,  who  was  likewise  handsome,  and  who  had  been 
married  to  his  brother.  He  won  victory  in  person  over 
his  enemies  when  he  took  Therouanne  from  King  Louis  of 
France  and  Boulogne  from  King  Francis,  and  through  his 
generals,  when  Thomas  Howard,  Earl  of  Surrey ,'^  conquered 
the  Scottish  fleet,  and  when  the  same  Earl  slew  King 
James  of  Scotland  in  battle.  He  supported  Pope  Julius 
against  King  Louis  of  France,  and  showed  favour  to  Pope 
Clement  when  he  was  in  prison,  because  of  his  hatred  of 
the  Emperor.  He  wrote  the  Book  of  the  Sacraments 
against  Luther,  in  return  for  which  Pope  Leo  gave  him 
the  title  of  the  Defender  of  the  Faith,  by  vote  of  the  con- 
sistory of  Cardinals.  Up  to  this  time  he  was  a  most  ex- 
cellent King,  although  he  changed  his  foreign  alliances, 
but  from  the  moment  that  he  changed  his  wife   and  his 


^  June  4.  ^llg.  deutsche  Biog.,  xxii.  297. 

^  Buchholtz,  vi.  406  ff. ;  Armstrong,  ii.  150. 

^  Oct.  26.  G6mara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  p.  269  ;  Prcscott,  Conquest  of 
Peru,  ii.  385  ff. 

*  Jan.  28.     Sixty  should  be  fifty-five.     Sandoval  (ii.  470)  plagiarizes. 

^  The  third  Duke  of  Norfolk  (1473-1554),  who  served  under  his 
father  at  Flodden  and  led  the  vanguard. 

1866  K 


I30  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1547 

religion  he  became  wicked.  He  abandoned  his  wife  Queen 
Catharine,  in  order  to  wed  his  mistress  and  lady-in-waiting, 
Anne  Boleyn,  with  whom  he  took  much  pleasure,  but  whom 
he  had  executed  within  the  space  of  three  years  for  adul- 
tery with  George  Boleyn,  her  own  brother,  with  whom 
she  slept  in  the  hope  of  a  male  heir,  as  she  also  did  with 
two  other  gentlemen.  The  day  after  her  execution  he 
straightway  took  to  wife  Jane  Seymour,  who  bore  him 
Edward,  who  died  King.  When  she  died,  he  sent  to 
Cleves  for  Anne,  the  sister  of  Duke  William,  whom  he  also 
abandoned  immediately,  because  she  was  dull  and  did  not 
satisfy  his  passions;  and  he  lost  no  time  in  wedding 
Catharine  Howard,  his  niece,^  nor  in  beheading  her  also 
for  adultery  with  two  gentlemen ;  and  he  then  married 
a  sixth  wife,  Catharine  Parr,  a  widow  of  fifty  summers,  so 
terrible  was  his  passion  or  else  his  insanity.  But  it  was  his 
fate  to  be  blind  in  understanding,  as  a  penalty  for  his  sins. 
He  began  to  get  at  odds  with  the  Pope,  who  censured  his 
first  divorce,  and  scoffed  at  his  excommunications  and 
dispensations,  and  involved  himself  deeper  in  that  error 
day  by  day.  He  styled  himself  Head  of  the  Church  of 
England,  and  diverted  to  his  treasury  the  ecclesiastical 
revenues,  which  was  tantamount  to  renouncing  his  obedience 
to  the  Pope ;  over  and  above  which  he  murdered  three 
Carthusian  friars,  and  Cardinal  John  Fisher,  Bishop  of 
Rochester,  and  Thomas  More,  who  was  Lord  Chancellor. 
He  also  slew  certain  gentlemen,  leaders  of  those  who  rose 
in  defence  of  the  holy  Christian  faith,  and  who  had  put 
themselves  in  his  power  on  his  promise  to  do  them  no 
harm.  He  despoiled  the  churches,  dissolved  the  monas- 
teries, overthrew  the  Order  of  the  Knights  of  St.  John  of 
Rhodes,  threw  the  saints'  bodies  into  the  river,  and  finally 
suppressed  the  faith  and  religion  of  Jesus  Christ  through 
his  kingdom. 

Francis,  King  of  France,  dies  after  a  life  of  fifty-two 


'  Catharine  Howard  was,  of  course,  not  the  King's  niece,  but  the 
Duke  of  Norfolk's. 


1547  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  131 

years,  and  a  reign  of  more  than  thirty-two.^  He  was 
charming  in  many  ways,  and  well  upheld  the  royal  dignity, 
and  as  he  was  by  nature  gay,  polite,  kind,  and  easy  to  deal 
with,  he  caused  men  to  love  him  greatly,  especially  because 
of  his  generosity,  which  shone  forth  the  more  in  him  in 
that  his  father-in-law,  King  Louis,  was  detested  because 
of  his  niggardliness.  He  indulged  frequently  in  pleasures, 
and  was  sometimes  open  in  his  relations  with  women  to 
an  extent  which  looked  far  from  well  for  a  married  man. 
He  spoke  his  own  language  very  well,  and  was  eloquent, 
and  the  verses  he  composed  are  highly  praised.  He 
governed  his  realms  well,  save  at  the  very  first,  although 
he  overwhelmed  them  with  taxation  ;  and  he  kept  them  up 
to  the  very  end  clear  of  Lutherans,  by  punishing  heretics, 
and  he  would  certainly  have  been  reckoned  a  good  and 
Most  Christian  King,  as  he  styled  himself,  had  he  not 
summoned  the  Turk,  to  the  detriment  and  scandal  ot 
Christendom,  in  his  hatred  and  enmity  of  the  Emperor 
Charles,  whose  rival  and  even  equal  he  desired  to  be  ;  and 
this  was  doubtless  the  cause  and  origin  of  infinite  evils 
which  cannot  be  related  without  the  shedding  of  tears. 
The  French  exhaust  themselves,  and  even  some  Italians 
labour  in  their  efforts  to  put  King  Francis  on  a  par  with 
the  Emperor  Charles,  comparing  the  virtues  of  the  one 
with  those  of  the  other,  without  saying  a  word  about  the 
vital  question  of  their  vices  and  faults ;  but  they  cannot 
accomplish  it,  even  though  they  should  credit  the  King 
with  everything  which  they  deny  to  the  Emperor ;  for  it  is 
a  matter  of  common  knowledge  that  Charles  has  the  advan- 
tage over  Francis  in  his  manner  of  life,  in  his  administration 
of  justice,  and  in  his  respect  for  religion,  which  are  virtues 
which  pertain  to  the  character ;  as  well  as  in  riches  and 
realms,  which  are  matters  of  fortune,  since  sometimes  they 
are  won  and  others  lost.  For  Charles  never  broke  his  word 
after  having  sworn  to  observe  it,  as  did  the  King,  nor 
provoked  war,  as  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact  itself.     But 

^  March  31.     Sandoval  (ii.  440)  follows  parts  of  this  account  very 
closely. 

K  2 


132  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1547 

the  King^  who  played  to  win,  as  the  phrase  is,  but  never 
paid  his  debts,  was  always  stirring  up  strife,  as  for  example, 
in  Flanders  with  Robert  de  la  Marck,  and  in  Navarre  with 
Andre  de  Foix,  contrary  to  his  promises  at  Noyon,  and  in 
Naples  with  Lautrec  contrary  to  his  agreement  which  he 
swore  to  in  Madrid  in  order  to  gain  his  liberty,  and  in 
Perpignan  with  the  Dauphin  Henry  his  son,  in  defiance  of 
the  truce  of  Nice.  Some  persons  are  pleased  to  approve 
of  the  shiftings  which  kings  make  in  their  friendships  and 
leagues,  perfidiously,  and  to  their  own  hurt  and  even  dis- 
honour, saying  that  such  action  is  necessary  and  suitable 
as  much  for  the  conservation  of  their  kingdoms  as  for  their 
increase  ;  and  they  confirm  this  doctrine  by  the  examples 
of  King  Ferdinand  the  Catholic,  and  of  Louis  XII,  King 
of  France,  and  of  Pope  Julius  II,  who  frequently  employed 
such  methods ;  although  it  would  be  much  better  to  hold 
and  keep  perpetually  to  that  which  they  have  once  agreed 
on,  as  King  Sigismund  of  Poland  has  done  with  the  Turks, 
and  as  the  Emperor  has  been  desirous  of  doing ;  but  since 
all  men  break  their  words,  they  maintain  that  to  do  so  is 
not  as  bad  as  would  otherwise  be  the  case,  whereas  in  reality 
it  is  just  so  much  the  worse,  in  that  the  evil  is  so  common 
that  no  one  trusts  another  in  diplomacy,  so  dangerous  is  it 
to  do  so,^  Francis,  you  must  know,  began  his  reign  with 
a  great  flourish  of  trumpets.  He  led  his  army  into  Italy 
by  a  new  road,  conquered  the  Swiss  at  Marignano,  seized 
the  Duchy  of  Milan  and  captured  Duke  Maximilian  Sforza. 
Aided  by  this  stroke  of  good  fortune  he  negotiated  with 
Pope  Leo  at  Bologna,  where  they  met,  in  the  hope  of  being 
given  the  title  of  Emperor  of  Constantinople.  He  then 
made  at  Noyon  an  honourable  treaty  of  peace  and  friend- 
ship with  Charles,  Prince  of  Castile,  to  whom  we  now 
render  homage  as  Emperor,  and  against  whom,  on  the 
death  of  the  Emperor  Maximilian,  he  competed  for  the 

*  This  last  passage  is  in  striking  consonance  with  the  famous  Capitolo 
Decimottavo  of  Machiavelli's  Principe,  entitled  *  In  che  Modo  i  Principi 
debbano  osservare  la  Fede '.  There  can  be  little  doubt  that  G6mara 
was  familiar  with  that  work.     Cf.  Introduction,  pp.  xxxvii,  xxxviii. 


1547  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  133 

Empire,  with  such  obstinacy  and  ambition  that  he  said  that 
they  never  again  would  be  good  friends ;  which  prophecy 
he  honourably  fulfilled,  for  it  is  certain  that  since  that  day 
he  regarded  him  with  an  enmity  so  mortal  that  it  lasted 
all  his  life,  as  he  always  plainly  showed  in  words,  by 
speaking  and  writing-  of  him  discourteously  and  insultingly, 
and  in  deeds  by  provoking  war  against  him,  and  by  soliciting 
against  him  the  aid  of  Christians,  Turks,  Moors,  and  pirates. 
The  thing  he  most  desired  was  to  be  Duke  of  Milan,^  as  he 
himself  confessed,  and  for  this  purpose  he  returned  to  Italy 
in  order  to  gain  it  from  Duke  Francesco  Sforza,  who  had 
recovered  it  with  the  aid  of  Pope  Leo  and  of  the  Emperor ; 
and  while  striving  to  conquer  it  he  was  captured  and  brought 
to  Spain,  which  superadded  to  his  previous  enmity  towards 
the  Emperor  an  incredible  hatred.  In  order  to  get  free, 
he  made  and  swore  to  the  treaties  of  Madrid,  and  because 
he  did  not  fulfil  them,  he  was  able  to  '  rest  at  his  ease  ',  as  the 
saying  is  ;  ^  for  he  renounced  them  as  if  he  were  under  age, 
and  overturned  all  Christendom  with  his  plans  for  vengeance. 
As  a  result  of  this  action  and  of  the  ensuing  alliance,  fol- 
lowed the  wars  of  Lombardy,  the  sack  of  Rome,  the  capture 
of  the  Pope,  the  siege  of  Naples,  the  enterprise  against 
Sardinia,  the  naval  battle  which  Hugo  de  Moncada  lost, 
and  the  challenges  sent  by  King  Francis  and  by  the  King 
of  England.  But  all  this  availed  him  naught  against  the 
Emperor's  power  and  wisdom,  which  all  other  men  called 
his  good  fortune.  For  Francis  was  forced  to  reverse  his 
policy,  and  come  to  terms  again,  and  to  marry  the  Emperor's 
sister  and  to  pay  his  own  ransom  in  order  to  get  back  the 
Dauphins,  whom  he  had  left  as  hostages  in  Spain  ;  but  for 
all  this  he  did  not  forget  his  grudge.  For  he  straightway 
held  an  interview  with  the  King  of  England  in  regard  to 
innovations  in  religion,  and  with  Pope  Clement  about 
getting  Milan,  and  he  began  to  treat  with  Barbarossa  and 
the  Grand  Turk  in  order  to   harass  the  Emperor  in  the 

*  Cf.  Lavisse,  vol.  v,  pt.  i,  p.  11 8. 

^  Literally  '  to  lick  himself,  as  in  the  old  proverb  '  EI  buey  suelto  bien 
5e  lame  ',  *  The  ox  that  has  been  released  licks  himself  at  his  ease.' 


134  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1547 

Kingdom  of  Naples  by  a  naval  attack,  since  Andrea  Doria 
had  abandoned  him.  He  usurped  the  Duchy  of  Savoy 
together  with  Piedmont  in  order  to  get  an  easy  entrance  into 
Milan  with  his  army,  thinking  thus  to  win  the  Kingdom  of 
Naples  and  take  vengeance  on  the  Emperor,  his  enemy, 
for  which  purpose  he  caused  Barbarossa  to  come  with  the 
Turkish  fleet  to  those  waters,  and  summoned  Solyman  with 
an  army  to  Cimera,^  and  after  all  this,  as  his  plans  did  not 
succeed  well,  he  made  a  truce  at  Nice,  whither  the  Pope 
came.  A  little  later  he  and  the  Emperor  met  at  Aigues 
Mortes,  and  not  long  after  in  Paris.  On  account  of  all  this  it 
was  thought  that  never  again  would  strife  break  out  between 
the  two.  But  the  King,  because  the  Emperor  did  not  give 
him  Milan  as  he  wished,  stirred  up  war  in  Luxemburg^ 
Artois,  Brabant,  and  Roussillon,  and  brought  on  the  Turkish 
fleet  with  Barbarossa,  on  the  pretext  that  the  Emperor  had 
broken  the  truce  of  Nice  by  murdering  Caesar  Fregoso  and 
Hernando  ^  Rin9on ;  and  in  this  way  he  drew  the  war  into 
the  realm  of  France,  where  he  was  attacked  by  the  King 
of  England  in  Picardy,  while  the  Emperor  pushed  his 
armies  as  far  as  Chalons,  but  just  as  the  struggle  reached 
its  hottest,  and  his  countrymen  were  getting  desperate, 
peace  was  made.  His  relations  with  King  Henry  VIII  of 
England  were  briefly  as  follows :  he  made  peace  with  him 
thrice  and  war  twice,  not  counting  the  raids  of  the  King  of 
Scotland,  and  they  had  two  or  more  interviews  with  one 
another  besides. 

The  uprising  against  the  Spaniards  in  Naples,  lasting 
three  days,  because  the  Viceroy,  Pedro  de  Toledo,  put  to 
death  two  young  citizens  who  were  taking  a  cleric  out  of 
the  hands  of  the  police,  and  because,  after  this  outburst,  the 
Viceroy  desired  to  take  Caesar  Mormilla  prisoner ;  although 
the  principal  trouble  was  because  a  Spanish  woman  broke 
the  arm  of  a  Neapolitan  with  a  stone  mortar  which  she 
threw  out  of  her  window.^ 

^  Or  Khimara,  on  the  mainland  near  Corfu,  Cf.  Ursu,  Politique 
Orientate  de  Frangois  /*'",  pp.  loi  fF.  ^  Cf,  ante,  note  i,  p.  in. 

'  Sandoval,  ii,  460  fF.  ;  Leva,  iv.  341  ff. 


1547  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  135 

The  revolt  in  Genca  of  Count  Gian  Luigi  Fieschi,  in 
which  he  and  Giannetin  Doria,  a  noble  sea-captain,  met 
their  deaths.^ 

The  Pope  commanded  the  Council  of  Trent  to  move  to 
Bologna,  in  order  to  bring  its  sessions  to  an  end,  for  that 
was  what  he  wanted,  but  most  of  the  Spanish  bishops 
remained  where  they  were,'^ 

The  Pope  calls  back  the  troops  which  were  with  his 
grandson,  Duke  Ottavio  Farnese,  aiding  the  Emperor, 
because  the  latter's  victory  and  prosperity  were  grievous 
to  him,^ 

King  Henry  of  France  renews  the  lifelong  alliance  of 
his  father  Francis  with  the  Swiss,  and  admits  to  it  also  the 
Pope  and  the  Kings  of  Portugal,  Poland,  Scotland,  and 
Denmark  and  other  rulers."*  And  Counts  Agostino  Landi, 
Gian  Anguissola,  Geronimo  and  Alessandro  Pallavicini  slay 
Duke  Pier  Luigi  Farnese  in  his  own  castle,  as  a  tyrant  and 
Frenchman,  in  accordance  with  the  desire  of  the  municipal 
council  of  Piacenza.  They  hang  him  by  the  feet  from  a 
window  so  that  all  men  might  see  him,  and  afterwards  throw 
him  into  the  cellar,  where  they  mutilated  his  body  as  his 
crimes  deserved,  for  he  was  cruel  and  a  most  terrible 
sodomite,  and  even  did  violence  to  a  bishop,  who  died  of 
his  anger  at  this  affront. ' 

Piacenza  gives  itself  up  to  Fernando  Gonzaga  for  the 
Emperor,'' 

Pope  Paul  III  and  King  Henry  of  France  and  the  Swiss 
made  a  league,  which  they  call  defensive,  against  the 
Emperor  in  fear  of  his  power  and  justice,  the  King  on 
behalf  of  Savoy,  and  the  Pope  on  behalf  of  the  Council  and 
of  Piacenza.' 


'  Leva,  iv.  236  fF.,  350  ft'. ;  Armstrong,  ii.  173-4. 
^  Armstrong,  ii.  166. 

*  Armstrong,  ii.  161. 

*  Cf.  De  Vaissiere,  Charles  de  Marillac,  cap.  v. 

^  Sept.  10.     Sandoval,  ii.  466.     Cf.  also  Navenne,  in  Rrvue  Historique, 
vol.  Ixxvii,  p.  241  ff.,  vol.  Ixxviii,  p.  8  ft". 

*  Sept.  12.     Leva,  iv.  369. 

"^  Lavisse,  vol.  v,  pt.  ii,  p.  147  ;  Leva,  iv.  369  ft".,  397  ff".,  422  ff'.,  v.  i  iff. 


136  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1547 

The  Councils  remain  in  Aranda  de  Duero,  while  Prince 
Philip  holds  Cortes  in  Mon9on.^ 

Francisco  de  los  Cobos  dies  in  Ubeda,  his  birthplace,- 
who  from  a  minor  secretary  of  Lopez  de  Conchillos  came  to 
be  Commendador  Mayor  de  Leon,  Senor  de  Sabiote,  and 
a  very  rich  man,  and  married  his  daughter  to  Don  Gonzalo 
Hernandes  de  Cordova,  grandson  of  the  Great  Captain, 
Duke  of  Sessa  and  Count  of  Cabra,  and  his  son  to  Dona  N. 
de  Luna,  Marchioness  of  Camara9a.  He  was  stout,  good 
looking,  gay,  merry,  and  a  good  talker,  hard-working  and 
secret,  so  that  he  gained  the  favour  of  the  Emperor  quite 
completely,  for  all  the  affairs  of  Italy,  the  Indies,  and  Spain 
passed  under  his  hand  for  many  years.  Moreover,  he  got  the 
governorship  of  Ca9orla  for  his  son,  Diego  de  los  Cobos,  as 
a  heritable  possession,  and  this  was  done  through  the  mean- 
ness of  Cardinal  Juan  Tavera,  Archbishop  of  Toledo,  who 
allowed  it,  in  order  to  get  the  primacy  for  himself.  He  was 
very  ambitious  and  so  overrode  the  other  secretaries  and 
ministers,  such  as  Secretary  Antonio  Villegas,  and  Jean 
Allemand.  He  had  the  gift  of  practically  all  the  offices  of 
Castile  which  depended  on  the  Secretariate  and  fell  vacant 
in  his  time,  and  of  those  of  the  Indies,  and  he  got  into 
trouble  over  the  Italian  ones  with  Diego  de  Idiaquez,  his 
creature  and  servant,  because  he  did  not  keep  the  office  for 
administering  them  in  his  own  house.  He  was  envious  and 
niggardly,  and  took  presents  right  and  left,  whereby  he 
became  excessively  rich.  He  was  good  to  his  friends,  and 
so  did  favours  for  many  who  did  not  deserve  them,  though 
not  without  offending  good  men  in  the  process ;  and  he 
even  took  away  offices  and  benefices  and  pensions  from 
those  to  whom  the  Emperor  wished  to  give  them,  in  order 
to  bestow  them  on  those  whom  he  himself  appointed,  for 
the  which  he  was  known  and  slandered  by  many  ;  and  at  last 
even  the  Emperor  got  wind  of  it  in  the  affairs  of  the 
relatives  of  his  son-in-law  and  of  his  wife,  Dona  Maria  de 
Mendoza,  daughter  of  the  Adelantado  of  Galicia.  He  was 
much  addicted  to  the  game  of  primero  and  the  company  of 
*  Sandoval,  ii.  469.  -  Ibid. 


i54r  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  137 

women,  often  feigning  illness  in  order  to  get  recreation 
from  State  affairs.  He  showed  clearly  that  it  grieved  him 
to  die,  nor  would  he  believe  that  his  hour  had  come,  and 
therefore  his  last  moments  were  not  such  as  to  leave  him  a 
good  reputation. 

A  chancilleria  is  started  in  New  Granada  in  the  Indies.^ 

Death  of  Hernando  Cortes,  a  most  illustrious  leader,  who 
may  be  ranked  among  the  most  distinguished  men  of 
our  day.2 

Truce  for  five  years  between  Solyman  and  the  King  of 
the  Romans  and  the  Emperor.^ 

The  regulation  made  by  Juan  Martinez  Siliceo,  Arch- 
bishop of  Toledo,  for  the  purification  of  that  Holy  Church, 
which  was  doubtless  very  obnoxious  to  those  of  Jewish 
descent.^ 

Arnould  le  Ferron  of  Bordeaux  relates  the  doings  of 
King  Louis  and  King  Francis  in  Latin.  He  is  no  bad 
author,  though  he  speaks  carelessly  as  Frenchmen  do,  and 
slanders  the  Spaniards.^ 

Nicolas  Gilles  also  writes  of  the  same  Kings  of  France.'' 

The  Aragonese,  by  decree  of  the  Cortes  of  Mon9on  and 
with  the  approval  of  the  Prince,  confer  the  title  of  ofiicial 
chronicler  on  Jeronimo  Zurita,  a  learned,  discreet,  and  very 
honest  man.'^  He  is  writing  the  History  of  the  Kings 
of  Aragon  and  of  the  Counts  of  Barcelona,  carefully, 
clearly,  and  truthfully,  and  another  book  called  a  History 
of  the  deeds  of  King  Ferdinand  the  Catholic,  containing 
events  which  occurred  after  the  capture  of  Granada  till  his 
death. 


^  G6mara, //^?j/.  de  las  Indias,  p.  274. 

^  Dec.  2.     Sandoval,  ii.  470. 

^  June  19.     Hammer,  iii.  275  ff.  *  Sandoval,  ii.  470. 

^  Le  Ferron  wrote  Pauli  jiemilii  historiae  continuatio  usque  ad  annum 
Ij47,  Paris,  1550. 

®  A  mistake  ;  Gilles'  chronicle  ends  with  the  year  1483  ;  cf.  Intro- 
duction, p.  xxxiii. 

■^  May  31,  1548.  Latassa,  BibUotecas  de  Escrilores  yJnigoneses,  iii.  425- 
35  ;  Antonio,  Bibl.  Hisp.  Nov.  i.  604. 


138  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1548 


The  Year  1543 

The  Emperor  summons  a  Diet  to  Augsburg,  and  pending 
a  decision  to  the  contrary  by  a  General  Council  of  the 
Church  admonishes  all  the  heretics  in  Germany  to  observe 
twelve  articles :  namely,  original  sin,  redemption,  justifica- 
tion, works,  remission  of  sins,  the  mass,  the  saints,  the 
Resurrection,  the  Communion,  the  ceremonies,  and  all  the 
sacraments  of  the  Church,  and  the  authority  of  the  Pope 
and  of  his  ministers.^ 

Meantime  many  Lutheran  lords  and  cities  fail  to  declare 
for  him  in  spite  of  their  promise,  wherefore  two  thousand 
Spaniards  attempt  to  take  Constance,  but  are  unable  to  do 
so  on  account  of  the  death  of  their  leader,  Alonzo  Vivas,  a 
Neapolitan ;  but  what  could  not  be  accomplished  by  force 
was  soon  after  effected  by  craft.'- 

Prince  Philip  holds  Cortes  in  Valladolid,  which  were 
protracted  and  inefficient/^  In  them  it  was  asked  that  no 
female  head  of  cattle  be  slain  for  meat,  in  order  that  the 
herds  might  multiply,  and  that  the  whole  realm  should 
redeem  the  Moluccas,  in  order  that  Spain  might  have  the 
benefit  of  their  spice-trade,  if  only  for  six  years ;  but  the 
Emperor  would  not  listen  to  it,  as  a  good  brother  to  his 
brothers,  or  else  because  of  the  deceitfulness  of  the  under- 
taking.* 

This  year  was  dry,  lean,  and  dear.  In  Valladolid  beef 
was  worth  seven  maravedis  a  pound,  and  goats'  flesh  ten 

^  The  Diet  met  Sept.  i,  1547.  The  Interim  became  law,  by  virtue 
of  a  Recess  of  the  Diet,  June  30,  1 548.  Cf.  Moeller,  History  of  the  Christian 
Church,  tr,  Freese,  iii.  154-6. 

^  Sandoval,  ii.  473-4  ;  Armstrong,  ii.  200. 

^  Met  April  4,  closed  Nov.  8.  Colmeiro,  Cortes  de  Leon  y  Castillo,  v. 
346-484;  Sandoval,  ii.  487. 

*  It  is  worth  remarking  that  the  cuadernos  contain  no  mention  of  this 
petition  to  redeem  the  Moluccas,  and  that  the  statement  of  Sandoval 
about  it,  on  which  many  subsequent  accounts  are  based,  is  copied  directly 
from  G6mara.  As  the  latter,  however,  was  almost  certainly  living  in 
Valladolid  at  the  time,  his  information  may  well  have  been  exact.  Cf. 
Sandoval,  ii.  487  ;  Colmeiro's  Introduction  to  the  Cortes  de  Leon  y  Castillay 
ii.  230  ;  Armstrong,  ii.  1 12-13  ;  and  paragraph  3  of  the  year  1529  of  this 
work. 


1548  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  139 

and  a  half,  and  oil  nineteen,  and  the  latter  would  have  cost 
more  had  it  not  been  for  the  whale  oil.  A  pound  of  wax 
candles  was  worth  twenty -one  maravedis,  a  pound  of  pears, 
eg-gs,  and  prunes  twelve,  a  load  of  water  four,  and  a  bundle 
of  straw  four  also,  prices  which  never  had  been  seen  in 
Castile.^ 

The  Licenciado  Pedro  Gasca,  who  now  is  Bishop  of 
Plasencia,  pacifies  the  provinces  of  Peru,  causing  Gonzalo 
Pizarro  to  be  decapitated  after  the  battle  of  Xaquixaguana, 
and  dividing  up  a  million  and  a  half  of  money,  the  which 
was  a  notable  affair.- 

Prince  Philip  sets  up  his  court  at  Valladolid  after  the 
Bur^ndian  fashion,  abandoning  the  custom  of  Castile, 
which  ought  to  have  been  kept,  if  only  on  account  of  its 
antiquity.  The  Duke  of  Alva  was  Lord  High  Steward, 
and  Pedro  Giron,  Count  of  Olivares,  Pedro  de  Avila, 
Marquis  de  las  Navas,  Gutierre  Lopez  de  Padilla,  and  Don 
Diego  de  Azeredo  were  his  subordinates.  Antonio  de 
Toledo  of  the  Order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem  w^as  Master  of 
the  Horse,  and  Antonio  de  Rojas,  Ruy  Gomes  de  Silva, 
Juan  de  Silva,  Count  of  Cifuentes,  Juan  de  Benavides,  and 
Fadrique  de  Toledo,  Commendador  of  Calatrava,were  gentle- 
men of  the  chamber.  Gomes  de  Figueroa,  who  afterwards 
inherited  the  countship  of  Feria,  was  Captain  of  the  Spanish 
Guard,  and  a  German  of  the  German  Guard,  and  the  Count 
of  Homes  of  the  Archers.  Many  principal  knights  and  men 
of  wealth  and  position  were  attached  to  the  King's  person.^ 

Marriage  of  the  Archduke  Maximilian,  son  of  the  King- 
of  the  Romans,  and  the  Infanta  Maria,  daughter  of  the 
Emperor,  at  Valladolid.^  The  Constable  Pedro  Fernandez 
de  Velasco,  accompanied  by  many  gentlemen,  went  forth 
to  receive  them  at  Olivares,  with  a  great  retinue  and  much 
expense. 

Bartolomeo  de  las  Casas,  Bishop  of  Chiapa,  manages  to 

^  Sandoval,  ii.  489,  copies  this. 

2  April  8.  Gdmara.,  Hijt.  de  las  Indias,  pp.  271  fF.  ;  Prescott,  Con- 
quest of  Peru,  ii.  419  fF.  , 

^  Sandoval,  i.  487,  plagiarizes.  *  Sept.  13  ;    Sandoval,  ii.  488. 


I40  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1548 

prevent  the  publication  of  the  Hisioria  General y  Natural 
de  las  Indias,  which  the  chronicler  Gonzalo  Fernandez  de 
Oviedo  showed  to  the  Consejo  Real  de  Castilla  in  order  to 
get  permission  to  print  it.^ 

The  Prince  goes  over  to  Italy  with  the  galleys  and  other 
armed  ships,  as  described  by  his  servant  and  follower, 
Cristoval  de  Calvete,  in  Elfelicissiino  Viq/er 

The  Archduke  Maximilian  and  his  wife,  the  Infanta 
Maria,  are  left  as  Regents  of  Castile  and  Aragon.^ 

Mules  cease  to  be  used,  though  many  people  a  short  time 
before  had  paid  as  high  as  fifty  ducats  for  a  licence  to  do  so.* 

The  Pope,  the  King  of  France,  and  the  Swiss  announce 
their  defensive  league. 

The  Emperor  takes  the  Duke  of  Saxony  and  the  Land- 
grave with  him  to  Brussels  as  prisoners. 

The  people  of  Bordeaux  and  of  Poitiers  rise  in  rebellion 
against  the  King  of  France,  because  of  the  increased  price 
of  salt.  But  the  Constable  Anne  de  Montmorency  went 
there  with  an  army  and  chastised  them,  beheading  the  chiefs 
of  the  revolt  and  depriving  all  the  revolutionists  of  their 
arms  and  privileges,  destroying  city  halls,  and  making 
cannon  out  of  their  bells.^  Whenever  rebels  fail  to  carry 
out  their  intentions  they  are  not  only  lost,  but  also  increase 
the  wealth  and  power  of  their  lord,  as  was  the  case  in  the 
rebellions  in  Bohemia,  in  Ghent,  in  England,  and  in  Castile, 
although  the  Emperor  did  not  employ  severity  in  the  latter 
case. 

King  Henry  brings  to  France  his  daughter-in-law,  the 
Queen  of  Scotland,  who  was  less  than  seven  years  old,  in 
order  to  acquire  that  kingdom.*"' 

Sigismund   of  Poland,  who  had   reigned   prosperously 


'  Cf.  ante,  Introduction,  p.  xxxiii,  and  Jnnals,  p.  lor.  Also  Antonio, 
Bibl.  Hist.  Nov.,  i.  555  ;  and  Ticknor,  History  of  Spanish  Literature,  i. 
559-63.   The  second  part  of  Oviedo's  work  was  not  published  till  1850. 

2  Sandoval,  ii.  488  ;  Antonio,  Bibl.  Hist.  No-v.,  i.  677-8. 

'  Sandoval,  ii.  474.  *  Cortes  de  Leon  y  Castilla,  v.  367-8. 

"  Martin,  viii.  380  ff.     Decrue,  ii.  56  ff. 

*  Sailed  Aug.  7,  arrived  Aug.  13.  Mary  was  not  six  years  old  at  the 
time. 


IS4S  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  141 

forty-two  years  and  lived  eighty,  dies.^  He  won  many 
victories  over  the  Tartars,  Muscovites,  and  Moldavians.  He 
kept  peace  with  the  Turks,  having  taken  warning  from  the 
experience  of  his  neighbours.  He  converted  Lithuania  and 
was  a  loyal  Catholic. 

Maximilian,  Count  of  Buren,  dies  in  Flanders,  a  most 
excellent  military  leader,  a  cautious  though  illiterate  states- 
man, and  a  great  patron  of  virtuosos  and  of  men  who 
excelled  in  any  single  art.  He  died  at  the  very  hour  and 
minute  that  the  doctors  had  prophesied  for  many  days 
before,  and  so  departed  this  life  well  and  joyfully.^ 

Mohammed,  the  Sherif  who  made  himself  King  ot 
Morocco,  takes  Fez.  According  to  reports  he  had  eighty 
thousand  foot  and  fifty  thousand  horse,  fifteen  thousand  ot 
them  blacks,  and  a  great  number  of  camels,  and  twenty 
thousand  spearmen,  whom  he  obtained  from  France,  together 
with  other  arms  and  munitions,  for  he  was  in  constant 
correspondence  with  King  Henry.^ 

Sultan  Mustafa,  son  of  Solyman  and  Roxalana,  goes  over 
to  the  Shah  in  fear  of  being  murdered  by  his  half-brother 
Selim,  whose  mother  was  called  Jalbahat  Khasseki  before 
the  Empire."* 

War  in  Tabriz  between  the  Turks  and  the  Persians,  in 
which  those  who  w^ere  slain  and  died  by  disease  numbered 
more  than  one  hundred  and  sixty  thousand  men."' 


^  April  I,  at  Cracow.  He  was  eighty-one,  not  eighty,  at  the  time  of 
his  death. 

^  Allg.  deutscbe  Biog.,  iii.  584-5. 

^  Marmol,  Histoire  ties  Cherifs,  caps.  Ixvii-Ixix  ;  Mercier,  iii.  68-9,  puts 
the  Cherif  s  army  at  30,000,  and  states  that  he  entered  Fez  Feb.  1 5, 
1550  ;  A.  Cour,  Etahlissement  des  dynasties  des  Cherif s  au  Maroc,  pp.  8-24, 
gives  the  date  1549. 

*  This  paragraph  is  wrong  from  beginning  to  end.  Selim,  not  Mustafa, 
was  the  son  of  Roxalana.  Mustafa  never  went  over  to  the  Shah,  but 
was  put  to  death  by  Solyman  in  1553  just  before  the  Persian  campaign. 
'  Jalbahat'  is  doubtless  a  mistake  for  '  Gulbehar  '  or  *  Rose  of  Spring  ',  a 
favourite  Turkish  female  name.  '  Khasseki '  may  best  be  translated 
'concubine  du  jour';  cf.  Barbier  de  Meynard,  Dictionnaire  Turc- 
Frangaisji.  681.  'Before  the  Empire '  may  possibly  refer  to  the  fact 
that  Mustafa  was  born  before  Solyman  became  Sultan  in  1520.  Cf. 
Jorga,  iii.  123  ;   Zinkeisen,  Gesch.  des  Osmmiischen  Retches,  iii.  23  fF. 

°  Hammer,  iii.  284  fl'. 


142  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1549 

The  Year  1549 

Prince  Philip  arrives  in  Brussels,  where  his  father,  accom- 
panied by  his  sisters,  the  widowed  Queens  of  France  and  of 
Hungary,  awaited  him  with  ardent  longing.^ 

All  the  states  of  Flanders  and  of  the  so-called  Nether- 
lands swear  allegiance,  one  by  one,  to  the  Prince,  who 
visited  them  all.^ 

Those  states  of  Flanders  which  hitherto  were  divisible 
became  henceforth  entailed,  and  inheritable  only  by  eldest 
sons.^ 

The  Moriscos  of  Aragon  beg  leave  to  become  Moors 
again,  on  the  ground  that  the  faith  ought  not  to  be  a  matter 
of  compulsion,  and  that  their  masters  did  not  object.* 

The  Bohemians,  abandoning  their  ancient  custom  of 
freely  electing  their  king,  accept  as  their  sovereign  Maxi- 
milian, Archduke  of  Austria,  swearing  loyalty  to  him  and 
to  his  descendants,  a  change  which  was  effected  rather  by 
force  than  by  persuasion.^ 

Maximilian  grants  life  to  a  certain  George  Diaz,  a  Gali- 
cian  of  CaboPorferrada,  whom  the  oflEicials  of  the  Hermandad 
were  bringing  to  Valladolid  to  shoot  to  death  with  arrows  as 
a  thief;  such  a  thing  had  never  been  done  in  Castile  before. 

This  year  and  the  year  before,  Francisco  de  Artiaga  and 
Pedro  Gomez  his  brother,  purveyors  of  cloth  of  their  High- 
nesses, keep  a  gambling  house  with  the  royal  licence. 
A  little  afterwards  Pedro  Gomez  de  Artiaga  happened  to 
win  over  ninety  thousand  crowns  in  money  at  play.  The 
Alcaldes  de  la  Corte  sentenced  him  as  a  gambler  to  a  fine 
of  six  hundred  ducats,  and  forbade  him  to  gamble  any 
more.  But  he  paid  the  fine  and  appealed  against  the  pro- 
hibition, either  because  of  his  excessive  fondness  for  play 
or  because  he  had  not  finished  paying  his  debts,  despite  the 
great  sums  he  had  won. 

^  In  April.     Sandoval,  ii.  488-9  ;  Henne,  viii.  365  ff. 

'  Henne,  viii.  377  ff 

^  Henne,  viii.  387  ff.    The  so-called  Pragmatic  Sanction. 

*  Sandoval,  ii.  490. 

*  Feb.  14.     Ibid.,  and  ^llg.  deutsche  Biog .  xx.  737. 


1549  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  143 

Bernardino  de  Mendoza  captures  with  his  galleys  four 
French  ships  containing  arms  for  the  Sherif. 

The  Sherif  captures  Algiers  and  Velez  de  Gomera,  and 
some  strong  places  which  the  Portuguese  held  in  Barbary.^ 

Bu  Hassan,  King  of  Veles,  went  to  Flanders  to  ask  aid 
of  the  Emperor  as  his  ally  against  the  Sherif,  but  he  did 
not  get  it,  and  therefore  allied  himself  with  the  Turks  of 
Algiers  and  recovered  his  state.  ^ 

A  quarrel  arises  between  the  Canons  of  Valladolid  and 
Pedro  Manuel,  Archbishop  of  Santiago  and  principal  chap- 
lain to  the  King,  as  to  which  of  them  should  conduct  the 
celebration  of  Corpus  Christi,  because  King  Maximilian 
was  to  take  part  in  the  procession  ;  and  because  the  Canons 
of  the  Iglesia  Mayor  were  not  present  at  it,  they  exiled 
five  of  them  to  Portugal,  and  punished  the  Chapter  every 
man  according  to  his  deserts.-^ 

The  Castilian  Provincial  of  the  Franciscan  Friars  is 
rightly  exiled  because  he  would  not  allow  the  nuns  of  Las 
Gordillas  to  receive  the  Marchioness  of  Monte  Mayor. 

The  judges  of  the  Royal  Council  examine  the  books  of 
the  merchants  of  Old  Castile,  and  make  great  efforts  to  find 
out  how  gold  was  taken  out  of  the  realm  and  who  took  it ; 
but  although  the  fact  was  indubitable,  no  remedy  could  be 
found.'^ 

Missing.^ 

The  Year  1550 

The  encounter  of  Bernardino  de  Mendoza  and  certain 
corsairs.^ 

*  Godard,  Description  et  Histoire  du  Maroc,  p.  464  ;  Mannol,  Histoire  des 
Cherifs,  cap.  Ixxii.  '  Algiers '  is  doubtless  a  mistake  for  Aguer  or  Cabo 
de  Agua. 

^  Marmol,  VAfrique,  ii.  255  ;  Histoire  des  Cherifs,  caps,  xc,  c-civ  ;  Cour, 
pp.  83-4. 

'  This  paragraph  is  quoted,  with  proper  acknowledgements,  in  the 
Aula  Sacra  Principum  Belgii  of  Jules  Chifflet  the  Franche-Comt6  his- 
torian (ed.  of  1650,  Antwerp,  cap.  xi,  pp.  40-1). 

*  Sandoval,  ii.  490. 

^  B.M.  MS.  has  '  Falta  una  oja '  ('  one  leaf  is  missing  ')  in  the  manu- 
script (either  the  original  or  an  early  copy)  from  which  the  transcription 
was  made.  The  fact  that  the  text  contains  no  reference  to  such  events 
as  the  death  of  Paul  III  (Nov.  10, 1549)  and  the  election  of  his  successor 
confirms  this.  *  Sandoval,  ii.  502. 


144  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1550 

The  victory  which  Gasca  de  las  Contreras  won. 

The  capture  of  Africa  by  Juan  de  Vega,  viceroy  of 
Sicily.^ 

Friendship  between  King  Henry  of  France  and  King 
Edward  VI  of  England,  who,  being  a  child,  was  deceived 
into  returning  Boulogne  by  the  bad  advice  of  his  coun- 
cillors.^ 

King  Henry  increases  the  value  of  money  in  France  in 
order  that  it  should  not  be  taken  out  of  his  realms,  and 
that  it  should  come  in  to  him  from  foreign  lands.^ 

Nicolas  Perrenot,  Sieur  de  Granvelle,  dies.^  He  was 
much  beloved  by  the  Emperor,  whose  ambassador,  secre- 
tary, and  councillor  he  was  for  a  long  time  in  all  his 
dealings,  especially  with  the  French  and  the  Germans.  He 
was  careful,  efl&cient,  and  influential  for  a  man  who  was  of 
no  birth.  He  became  very  rich,  I  know  not  whether  by 
fair  means,  and  he  revenged  himself  craftily  upon  his 
enemies,  whom  he  regarded  as  envious  of  his  good  for- 
tune, as,  for  example,  the  Confessor  Pedro  de  Soto  and 
the  Licentiate  Juan  de  Figueroa.  He  left  many  sons,  all  of 
them  in  good  positions,  especially  the  Secretary  Antoine 
Perrenot,  Bishop  of  Arras,  who  is  certainly  a  person  of 
importance  in  diplomacy,  in  council,  in  his  knowledge  of 
languages,  and  even  in  literary  matters. 

Hassan,  King  of  Tunis,  dies." 

The  Year  1551 

Prince  Philip  returns  to  Spain.*^ 

The  Navarrese  swear  allegiance  to  the  Prince  at  Tudela.^ 

Maximilian  takes  his  wife  Queen  Maria  to  Bohemia.^ 

'  September  10,  1551.  Sandoval,  ii.  496;  de  Rotalier,  cap.  xx ; 
Mercier,  iii.  72.  'Africa'  is  of  course  El-Mehdia,  the  head-quarters  of 
Dragut. 

'^  Mar.  24.     Lavisse,  vol.  v,  pt.  ii,  p.  140. 

•*  Cf.  E.  Levasseur,  Memoire  sur  les  Monnaies,  in  Nowvelle  Serie  des 
Ordonnances  des  Rots  de  France  (1902),  vol.  i,  pp.  clxxiv-clxxv. 

*  Aug.  28,  in  Augsburg. 

^  Or  Muley-Ha9en.     Sandoval,  ii.  504. 

'  Sandoval,  ii.  545.  '  Ibid.  ii.  528. 

*  Allgemeine  deutsche  Biographie,  xx.  737. 


i55r  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  145 

Leon  Strozzi,  Prior  of  Capua,  with  twenty-seven  French 
galleys,  seizes  a  Spanish  galley  and  certain  ships  at  Barce- 
lona during  a  time  of  truce.^ 

The  King  of  France  also  seizes  thirteen  merchant  vessels 
with  rich  cargoes  which  were  in  his  harbours,  which  was 
tantamount  to  declaring  war.^ 

Sinan  the  Turk  takes  Tripoli  in  Barbary  with  the  con- 
nivance of  the  French.^ 

Duke  Ottavio  Farnese  allies  himself  with  the  King  of 
France,  and  abandons  his  father-in-law,  the  Emperor, 
which  was  the  cause  of  many  wars.* 

The  Council  returns  to  Trent,  in  accordance  with  a  bull 
of  Pope  Julius  III,  with  great  hopes  of  accomplishing 
good." 

Pope  Julius,  aided  by  the  Emperor,  besieges  Parma  and 
Mirandola,  but  in  vain.^ 

Ahmed,  King  of  Tunis,  makes  a  truce  with  Nuno  de  la 
Cueva,  promising  to  keep  the  agreements  of  his  father 
Hassan  with  the  Emperor  J 

Antonio  de  Orio  ^  loses  eight  galleys  in  a  storm  at  Pante- 
laria  as  he  was  setting  sail  to  attack  Africa. 

The  King  of  the  Romans  is  given  Transylvania  through 
the  instrumentality  of  Friar  George  of  Croatia,  who  brings 
Queen  Isabella  and  her  son  Stephen  to  Vienna.^ 

War  in  Transylvania  between  the  Turks  with  the  Beglier- 
beg  of  Greece,  and  the  King  of  the  Romans  with  Giovanni 
Battista  Castaldo,  in  which  there  was  a  Spanish  division 
under  the  Field-General  Aldava.^° 

Friar  George  of  Croatia,  Cardinal  and  Bishop  of  Varadin^ 

^  Sandoval,  ii.  517.  ^  Ibid. 

'  Ibid.  ii.  520  ;  de  Rotalier,  cap.  xxii ;  Mercier,  iii,  73. 

*  Sandoval,  ii.  516,  521  ;  Armstrong,  ii.  240-1. 
"  Leva,  V.  190  ff.  ;  Moeller,  tr.  Freese,  iii.  240. 

'  Sandoval,  ii.  521  ;  Leva,  v.  202  fF. ;  Armstrong,  ii,  241  ff. 

"^  I  can  find  no  corroboration  of  this  statement,  Cf,  Marmol,  Le 
Royaumede  Tunis,  in  his  V  Jfrique,  vol,  ii,  pp,  489  ff. ;  and  A.  Rousseau, 
Annales  Tunisiennes,  pp.  23-4. 

*  Probably  a  mistake  for  Andrea  Doria  :  cf.  Sandoval,  ii.  517,  and 
ante,  note  i,  p.  144.  '  cf.  ante,  p.  iii,  «.  4  ;  also  Huber,  iv,  159. 

^^  Huber,  iv.  168  ;  Hammer,  iii,  290,  'Beglierbeg  of  Greece'  should 
be  '  Beglierbeg  of  Rumelia '  (Mohammed  Sokolli). 


146  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1551 

is  put  to  death  by  the  sword  at  Alvincz  while  a  prisoner 
in  the  hands  of  Sforza  Pallavicino  and  of  Marco  Antonio 
Ferrari,  Secretary  of  Giovanni  Battista  [Castaldo],  because 
he  allied  himself  with  the  Turks  against  the  King  of  the 
Romans.  The  Pope  showed  great  severity  to  the  mur- 
derers of  the  Cardinal,  excommunicating  those  who  com- 
mitted the  crime  and  their  abettors.^ 

Ferdinand  de  San  Severino,  Prince  of  Salerno,  goes  over 
to  the  King  of  France,  because  of  his  hatred  of  the  Viceroy 
Pedro  de  Toledo,  who  discovered  his  treacherous  dealings.^ 

Queen  Maria  causes  certain  merchandize  to  be  taken 
from  the  French  in  Flanders  in  return  for  the  affair  of 
the  merchant  vessels.^ 

King  Henry  of  France  intrigues  with  many  Germans 
against  the  Emperor.* 

The  King  of  France  enters  Lorraine,  and  seizes  the 
person  of  Duke  Charles,  telling  the  Duchess  Christina, 
his  mother,  that  he  intended  to  marry  him  to  one  of  his 
daughters.^ 

The  King  of  France  captures  Metz  in  Lorraine,  having 
with  him  over  fifty  companies  of  soldiers,  and  three  regi- 
ments, which  they  say  were  composed  of  Germans,  with 
Sebastian  Schartlin,  the  Rhinegrave,  and  Reckenrot,  and 
fifteen  hundred  men-at-arms,  and  twenty-five  hundred  light 
cavalry.^ 

The  King  of  France,  entering  Germany  with  an  army,  is 
amicably  received  in  Strassburg  and  Hagenau,  and  other 
places,  but  soon  after  returns  in  accordance  with  the  wishes 
of  those  who  summoned  him,  and  because  a  Flemish  army 
was  entering  his  own  land.^ 

Count  Adrian  de  Roeulx  captured  Stenay,  which  was 

^  Dec.  18.     Huber,  iv.  166  fF. ;  Hammer,  iii.  297. 

^  Sandoval,  ii.  548,  555. 

'  Ibid.  ii.  517.    Cf.  also  ante,  paragraph  5  of  this  year. 

*  Sandoval,  ii.  529  ;  Lavisse,  vol.  v,  pt.  ii,  pp.  145-6. 

"  In  March,  1552.     Armstrong,  ii.  249  ;  Decrue,  ii.  117  ff. 

*  April  10,  1552.  Lavisse,  vol.  ii,  pt.  ii,  p.  149.  The  Rhinegrave  was 
Philippe  de  Salm.    On  Reckenroth  cf.  Courteault,  pp.  13,233. 

'  May-July,  1552.  Cf.  Decrue,  ii.  121  fF. ;  Sandoval,  ii.  531 ;  Lavisse, 
vol.  V,  pt.  ii,  pp.  150  fF. 


I55I  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  147 

defended  by  Bourdillon  with  nearly  four  thousand  horse 
and  twenty  thousand  foot.^ 

The  King  of  France  captures  Damvillers,  Ivoy,  and 
Bouillon,  and  other  places. ^ 

Marco  Guazzo's  chronicle  continues  up  to  this  year. 
Though  his  own  Italians  call  him  a  charlatan,  he  displays 
much  diligence  in  writing  his  history.^ 


The  Year  1552 

Duke  Maurice  supports  the  King  of  France  against  the 
Emperor,  and  they  enter  into  an  alliance  through  the 
instrumentality  of  Jean  de  Fraisse,  Bishop  of  Bayonne.^ 

Duke  Maurice  causes  the  Emperor,  who  was  ill-prepared, 
to  flee  from  Innsbruck,  because  he  did  not  release  the  Land- 
grave, his  father-in-law.^ 

The  Emperor  releases  Frederick,  Duke  of  Saxony.^ 

The  Margrave  Albert  of  Brandenburg  wages  a  cruel  war 
against  Wolfgang,  the  Grand  Master  of  Prussia,  and  against 
Nuremberg,  a  very  rich  city,  and  against  the  Bishops  ot 
Bamberg  and  Frankfort,  Worms,  Spires,  Mainz,  and 
Treves.^ 

Peace  between  the  Emperor  and  Duke  Maurice  arranged 
by  King  Ferdinand  at  Passau,  with  the  stipulation  that  the 
Landgrave  should  be  released.^ 

The  Siennese  drive  out  Francis  de  Alava,  who  had  with 
him  six  hundred  Spaniards,  with  the  aid  of  the  King  of 
France,  to  whom  they  surrender  themselves  with  all  the 
honours  of  war.  They  destroy  the  fortress  built  in  the  city  by 
Diego  Hurtado  de  Mendoza,  ambassador  in  Rome,  on  whom 

^  This  is  quite  inexact.  Stenay  was  taken  in  early  May,  1552,  by  the 
Count  of  Mansfeld.  Cf.  Henne,  ix.  201.  Sandoval  (ii.  532)  erroneously 
states  that  it  was  captured  by  Martin  van  Rossern. 

^  Sandoval,  ii.  532  ;  Decrue,  ii.  125  fF. 

'  '  Cronica  .  .  .  di  fatti  recorsi  dal  principio  del  mondo  sino  a  questi 
tempi.'     Venice,  1553. 

*  Treaty  of  Chambord,  Jan.  14.  ^  Armstrong,  ii.  252  If. 

*  Sept.  I.     AUgemeine  deutsche  Biographie,-^\y.  12^. 
■'  Ibid.  i.  254-5  ;  Sandoval,  ii.  535. 

*  August  2.     Cf.  Barge,  Verhandiungen  %u  Ltnz  und  %u  Passau. 

L  2 


148  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1553 

our  people  lay  the  blame  for  this  war,  and  even  the  Siennese 
confess  that  in  trying  to  kill  him  they  killed  the  horse  on  which 
he  was  mounted  when  riding  past  the  fortress  one  day.^ 

The  Prince  holds  Cortes  at  Mon^on,  the  delegates  having 
few  instructions  from  their  constituents.^ 

The  noble  battle  near  Oran  in  which  Don  Martin  of 
Cordova  with  eleven  thousand  horse  and  five  thousand 
Spanish  foot-soldiers  captures  the  King  of  Tlemcen,  who 
was  bringing  thirty  thousand  M  ors  to  his  master  Solyman.^ 

The  Infanta  Joanna  goes  to  Portugal  to  wed  King  John. 
Pedro  de  Acosta,  Bishop  of  Osma,  Diego  Lopez  de  Pacheco, 
Duke  of  Escalona,  Luis  Vanegas,  the  Purveyor-in-chief, 
and  Lorenzo  Perez,  ambassador  of  the  King  of  Portugal, 
accompanied  her.  The  Duke  of  Aveyro  and  the  Bishop 
of  Coimbra  received  her  at  the  Caya.* 

Sinan  the  Turk  captures  seven  galleys  from  Prince 
Andrea  Doria  in  Ponza.^ 

The  Emperor  besieges  Metz  in  Lorraine  in  October  with 
the  biggest  army  he  ever  collected  at  his  own  expense,  for 
according  to  his  pay-roll  he  had  six  thousand  Spaniards, 
four  thousand  Italians,  forty-nine  thousand  Germans  of  the 
Upper  and  Lower  Rhine,  five  thousand  sappers,  ten  thou- 
sand horse  in  addition  to  his  immediate  attendants,  one 
hundred  and  twenty-seven  pieces  of  artillery,  seventeen 
thousand  cannon-balls,  four  thousand  quintals  of  powder, 
and  six  thousand  horses  to  drag  the  artillery  and  ammu- 
nition.    The  Duke  of  Alva  was  his  general-in-chief.*^ 

Bustan  Pasha  brings  a  great  army  to  fight  against  the 

^  Sandoval,  ii.  537  ;  Sozzini  in  Archi'vo  Storico  Italiano,  ii.  73  fF.,  518  fF. ; 
Armstrong,  ii.  282-5. 

"^  Sandoval,  ii.  549. 

^  This  is  doubtless  the  battle  mentioned  in  RufF,  Domination  Espagnole 
a  Oran,  p.  131.  See  also  General  Sandoval  in  the  Revue  Africaine,  vol.  xv, 
p.  283.  The  Turkish  King  of  Tlemcen  was  apparently  a  certain 
Hamida.  I  have  taken  the  'almere'  of  the  text  as  a  mistake  for 
*  al  emir ',  which  may  be  roughly  translated  *  to  his  ruler  '  or  '  master ',  as 
I  have  done. 

*  Sandoval  (ii.  549)  plagiarizes  here.  The  Caya  or  Caia  joins  the 
Guadiana  just  below  Badajoz.     '  King  John '  should  be  *  Prince  John  '. 

®  Sandoval,  ii.  548-9  ;  Petit,  p.  321. 

®  Sandoval,  ii.  536-7;  Armstrong  (ii.  269)  tells  us  that  the  total 
besieging  force  'is  said  to  have  numbered  75,000'. 


1552  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  149 

Sophy,  and  loses  many  men,  for  the  Janizaries  were  unwill- 
ing to  fight  against  Mustafa.^ 

The  Turks  capture  Temesvar  in  Transylvania  and  other 
towns  of  the  King  of  the  Romans.^ 

Great  wars  and  rebellions  take  place  in  Wallachia. 


The  Year  1553 

The  Emperor  loses  many  men  and  horses  at  Metz,  through 
sickness  and  cold,  and  therefore  raised  the  siege.^ 

Count  Adrian  de  Roeulx  dies  at  Therouanne.  He  was  the 
Emperor's  generalissimo  at  that  place  and  had  been  his 
Lord  High  Steward,  and  his  Majesty  trusted  him  much  in 
great  affairs.* 

Capture  and  sack  of  Therouanne,  a  very  strong  place. 
Fhilibert  Emmanuel,  Prince  of  Savoy,  was  General-in-chief 
of  the  Emperor,  and  Juan  Velez  de  Guevara  was  field- 
general  of  the  Spaniards.  It  was  through  the  latter's  valour 
that  the  town  was  taken.^ 

The  capture  of  Hesdin,  whose  castle  was  exceedingly 
strong,  by  the  Prince  of  Piedmont,  the  Spaniards  being  led 
by  Luis  Mendes  Quixada  de  Villa  Garcia,  steward  of  the 
Emperor,*^ 

Pedro  de  Toledo  dies  in  Florence  as  he  was  coming  on 
to  lay  siege  to  Siena.^  He  was  Marquis  of  Villa  Franca 
in  right  of  his  wife,  and  because  of  his  valour  he  was  made 
Comendador  de  Azgava  and  Viceroy  of  Naples.  He  was 
a  man  of  weight  and  authority,  and  so  fulfilled  his  duties 
well.  He  exercised  his  powers  to  the  utmost,  a  fact  which 
caused  him  to  be  disliked  by  many,  although  this  was  also 
because  he  was  so  harsh.  He  got  much  money  out  of  that 
realm  for  the  Emperor,  through  taxes  and  loans.  He 
greatly  enriched  the  city  with  fountains,  streets,  and  pave- 

^  Hammer,  iii.  312  ;  also  ante,  note  4,  p.  141. 

2  Ibid.  iii.  501.  '  In  January. 

*  Sandoval,  ii.  551-2  ;  Armstrong,  ii.  273. 

^  Ibid.  ^  July  17.     Decrue,  ii.  142-3. 

■^  Sandoval  (ii.  547)  plagiarizes  here.    Armstrong,  ii.  168-71. 


I50  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1553 

merits,  and  with  the  castle  of  San  Martin,^  which  he  made 
very  strong.  He  was  likewise  a  gambler,  a  heavy  eater, 
and  very  arrogant. 

King  Henry  of  France  follows  the  Imperial  army  with 
his  own  very  powerful  force,  and  catches  up  with  it  and 
prepares  for  battle  at  the  town  of  Valenciennes,  which  the 
Emperor  had  entered  a  little  before,  but  he  turned  and 
went  no  further  when  brought  face  to  face  with  a  few 
Spaniards  who  were  awaiting  him  outside  the  town.^ 

Prince  Philip  negotiates  for  a  marriage  with  the  Infanta 
Maria  of  Portugal,  daughter  of  King  Manuel  and  sister  of 
his  own  mother,  the  Empress,  which  was  a  very  great 
impediment.^ 

The  Prince  makes  great  gifts  out  of  his  own  property  to 
Ruy  Gomes  de  Silva,  who  wedded  the  daughter  and  heiress 
of  the  Count  of  Mileto,  and  to  Juan  de  Benavides,  who  also 
wedded  the  heiress  of  Pedro  de  Navarra,  Marquis  of  Cortes. 

Edward  VI,  King  of  England,  dies  at  the  age  of  sixteen 
years,  there  being  suspicions  of  poison,*  Though  he  had 
two  sisters,  he  left  as  his  successors  on  the  throne  his 
cousins,  the  daughters  ^  of  that  Mary  who  married  Louis  XII, 
King  of  France,  and  afterwards  Charles  Brandon,  Duke  of 
Suffolk ;  and  this  was  done  at  the  inducement  of  John, 
Duke  of  Northumberland,  his  guardian  and  counsellor. 
The  Duke  of  Northumberland  proclaimed  as  Queen  of 
England  Jane,  who  was  the  elder  daughter  ^  of  Mary,  who 
had  been  Queen  of  France,  and  of  the  Duke  of  Suffolk,  and 
who  was  also  his  own  daughter-in-law  through  her  marriage 
to  his  son  Guildford,  Earl  of  Warwick.*^ 

Mary,  Princess  of  Wales,  eldest  and  legitimate  daughter 
of  Henry  VIII,  proclaims  herself  Queen  of  England,  raises 
an  army,  takes  the  field,  and  awaits  the  attack  of  the  Duke 
of  Northumberland,  who  was  moving  against  her  with  an 

1  Sic  for  '  Santelmo '.  *  San  Martin  '  is  the  name  of  a  Carthusian 
monastery  near  by. 

^  Sandoval,  ii.  553  ff.  ;  Decrue,  ii.  146.  '  Sandoval,  ii.  557. 

*  July  6.  Sandoval,  ii.  557  ;  Pollard,  Political  History  of  England, 
jj4'j-i6oj,  p.  88.   On  the  suspicions  of  poison  cf.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog.,  xvii.  89. 

®  Should  of  course  be  *  grand-daughters  '. 

*  Guildford  Dudley  never  had  this  title. 


1553 


CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  i;;i 


army ;  but  he  gave  himself  up  without  fighting,  and  soon 
after  was  beheaded  as  a  traitor,  and  after  him  his  son 
Guildford  and  his  daughter-in-law.^ 

The  Prince  of  Salerno  and  the  French  ambassador  bring 
on  the  Turkish  fleet  to  support  the  King  of  France.^ 

The  Turks  seize  the  Strait  of  Bonifacio  off  Corsica  for 
the  King  of  France,  through  the  treachery  of  Antonio 
Caneto  of  Genoa.  ^ 

The  King  of  France  brings  up  one  hundred  and  thirty 
companies  of  soldiers  and  more  than  six  thousand  cavalry. 

The  Year  1554 

John,  Prince  of  Portugal,  dies,  leaving  his  wife  pregnant.* 
Birth  of  Sebastian,  Prince   of   Portugal,  who   is  king 
there  now.^ 

Prince  Philip  goes  to  marry  Queen  Mary  of  England,'' 
The  Infanta  Joanna,  recently  widowed,  is  regent  in 
Castile  and  Aragon.^  Honorato  Juan,  a  Valencian  gentle- 
man, begins  to  act  as  tutor  of  the  Infante  Don  Carlos,  our 
master.  He  was  a  man  of  great  learning,  wise,  sober, 
upright,  prudent,  and  capable  of  discharging  that  office,  and 
moreover  he  was  the  man  who  had  been  chosen  to  teach 
the  King,  our  master,  when  the  Emperor  desired  to  remove 
Siliceo. 

The  Emperor  abdicates  the  Kingdom  of  Naples  and  the 
Duchy  of  Milan  in  favour  of  his  son,  and  this  abdication, 
brought  over  by  the  Regent  Figueroa,  was  proclaimed  at 
Winchester  when  Philip  celebrated  his  marriage  with  the 
Queen.  ^ 

Saint- Andre,  the  Marechal  de  France,  captures  Marien- 
burg,  a  strong  place,  owing  to  the  negligence  of  Captain 
Martin.^ 

1  Sandoval,  ii.  557  ;  Pollard,  pp.  89  if.  "^  Sandoval,  ii.  555-6. 

^  Ibid,  and  Decrue,  ii.  137.  *  Sandoval,  ii.  560. 

^  Ibid.  Sebastian  succeeded  his  grandfather  as  King  of  Portugal, 
June  II,  1557. 

^  July  13.  "^  Sandoval,  ii.  561. 

*  Ibid.,  p.  563.  3  June  27.     Decrue,  ii.  152. 


152  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1554 

Henry,  King  of  France,  taking  the  field  with  thirty 
thousand  soldiers,  of  whom  eight  thousand  were  Lanz- 
knechts  and  eight  thousand  Swiss,  and  with  six  thousand 
horse  and  many  cannon,  captures  Dinant.^  Captain  Julian 
Romero,  who  had  entered  the  place  a  little  before  with  some 
Spaniards,  was  captured  there  through  his  own  fault  and 
ignorance  as  he  went  forth  to  discuss  terms  of  surrender. 
Valour  and  prudence  seldom  abide  in  the  same  man. 

The  King  of  France  enters  and  fires  the  county  of 
Hainault  with  his  army,  and  destroys  Binche  and  Marimont, 
Queen  Maria's  pleasure  resorts. 

The  King  of  France  lays  siege  to  Renty,  which  caused 
hatred  and  tribulation  in  the  lands  of  the  Emperor.^ 

The  battle  near  Renty  between  the  Emperor  and  the 
King  of  France,  in  which  the  Spanish  arquebusiers,  at  first 
successful  under  Captain  Alonzo  Navarrete,  were  finally 
routed.^ 

The  King  of  France  abandons  the  siege  of  Renty  in 
ear,  although  he  celebrated  the  battle  there  as  a  victory, 
because  he  had  captured  certain  pieces  of  artillery  and 
many  banners.^ 

The  King  of  France  follows  the  Emperor,  devastating 
and  burning  the  lands  through  which  he  passed.^ 

The  Emperor  fortifies  Hesdin  at  great  expense,  because 
it  was  an  important  place.^ 

The  war  in  Corsica  between  the  French,  under  Paul  de 
Termes,  and  the  Genoese,  aided  by  the  Emperor  with 
Spanish  funds  and  men.  The  latter  were  led  by  Alonzo 
Luis  de  Lugo,  governor  of  TenerifFe.^ 

The  siege  of  Siena  by  Gian  Giacomo  de  Medicino, 
Marquis  of  Marignano,  on  behalf  of  the  Emperor  and  of 
Duke  Cosimo  of  Florence.^ 


^  July  12.     Decrue,  ii.  153.     Sandoval  (ii.  564)  again  plagiarizes. 

2  Decrue,  ii.  154.  ^  Ibid.,  pp.  155-6. 

*  Aug.  13.     Decrue,  ii.  156. 

**  Aug.  15.     Sandoval,  ii.  565  ;  Decrue,  ii.  157.  *  Ibid. 

"^  Ibid.  *  Sandoval,  ii.  556  ;  Petit,  cap.  xvii. 

^  Armstrong,  ii.  287. 


1554  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  153 

Piero  Strozzi  attacks  the  Marquis  of  Marignano  at 
Basiana.^ 

Leon  Strozzi,  Prior  of  Capua,  and  leader  in  the  French 
wars,  dies  near  Scarlino  as  the  result  of  an  arquebus  shot.^ 
The  exiled  Florentines,  who  desired  to  aid  the  French, 
expected  great  things  of  him. 

The  battle  of  Ponda,  in  which  the  Marquis  of  Marignano, 
Juan  Manrique  de  Lara,  who  aided  in  the  negotiations  at 
Rome,  Juan  de  Luna,  Alcaide  de  Milan,  Marco  Antonio 
Colonna  and  Mario  de  Santa  Fiore,  won  a  victory  over 
Piero  Strozzi,  General-in-chief  of  the  galleys  of  France." 

The  same  leaders  again  conquer  the  same  Piero  Strozzi 
in  a  very  bloody  battle  at  Marciano,  which  broke  the 
hearts  of  the  French  and  likewise  of  the  Siennese,  for  they 
killed  many  soldiers  and  nearly  all  the  generals  and  the 
standard-bearer,  and  captured  nine  banners.^ 

Federigo  Colonna  also  conquers  Paul  de  Termes,  as  he 
was  coming  on  from  Corsica  with  a  great  army  to  succour 
Piero  Strozzi,  and  captures  seventeen  French  banners  in 
the  battle.^ 

Dragut  the  corsair,  with  a  Turkish  fleet  which  he  brought 
on  to  the  aid  of  the  King  of  France,  sacks  Viesti  in  Apulia, 
a  place  belonging  to  the  Duke  of  Sessa.*' 

Alliance  of  many  cities,  bishoprics,  and  German  seignio- 
ries against  Margrave  Albert  of  Brandenburg^ 

The  Year  1555 

The  English  once  more  become  Christians,  as  they  used 
to  be,  and  abandon  all  their  heresies  and  errors,  through 

^  Or  Basciano,  close  to  Siena.  Cf.  Amati,  Dizionario  Corografico  del- 
Ital'ta,  vol.  i,  p.  639.  2  Courteault,  p.  238. 

^  July  14.  Courteault,  pp.  239  fF.  '  Ponda  '  is  the  monastery  of  Sant' 
Abbondia,  near  Siena.  G6niara  has  apparently  got  Leon  and  [Piero 
Strozzi  confused.  Leon  was  commander  of  the  galleys ;  Piero  led  the 
troops  on  land. 

*  Aug,  2.     Courteault,  pp.  245  ff.  ^  Sandoval,  ii.  566. 

*  Cf.  Amati,  Dizionario  Corografico,  vol.  viii,  pt.  ii,  p.  1311  ;  also 
Mitchell's  translation  of  Haji  Khalifeh's  Maritime  Wars  of  the  Turks, 
p.  80,  where  Viesti  is  called  *  Bastia '. 

'  Allgemeine  deutsche  Biographic,  i.  256  ;  Sandoval,  ii.  550-1. 


154  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1555 

the  goodness  of  King  Philip  and  of  Queen  Mary,  his 
wife.i 

Queen  Joanna,  the  Emperor's  mother,  dies  at  Tordesillas, 
where  she  lived  without  reigning  about  fifty  years.^ 

The  Emperor  constructs  a  very  strong  fortress  near 
Marienburg.^ 

The  sad  loss  of  Bugia,  which  the  Turks  won  through 
the  fault  of  Don  Alonzo  de  Peralta,  after  Spain  had  pre- 
served and  defended  it  thirty-five  years,* 

Siena  surrenders  to  the  Marquis  of  Marignano  on  behalf 
of  the  Emperor  after  a  siege  of  fifteen  months.^ 

Pope  Julius  III  dies.^ 

Pope  Marcellus,  whom  all  men  mourned  and  praised, 
and  whose  pontificate  lasted  less  than  one  month,  dies 
also.'' 

Pope  Paul  IV,  whom  they  call  the  Theatine,  a  Neapolitan 
of  the  house  of  Caraffa,  takes  the  chair  of  St.  Peter.^ 
Juan  de  Mendoza,  who  is  now  ambassador  in  Portugal, 
one  of  the  oldest  and  wisest  of  Imperial  courtiers,  and 
a  highly  honoured  gentleman,  goes  to  convey  to  him 
assurance  of  the  Imperial  obedience. 

Diego  Hurtado  de  Mendoza,  Marquis  of  Cariete,  goes 
out  as  Viceroy  of  Peru.^ 

Bernardino  de  Mendoza,  Captain  of  the  galleys,  acts  as 
Viceroy  in  Naples,  the  Duke  of  Alva  being  occupied  in 
the  war  of  Lombardy,  and  Cardinal  Pedro  Pacheco,  who 
was  ^^iceroy  before,  having  come  to  Rome.^° 

Fernando  Alvarez,  Duke  of  Alva,  goes  out  as  viceroy 
and  governor  of  Naples   and  Milan,  Fernando  de  Gon- 


^  The  formal  reconciliation  took  place  Nov.  30,  1554. 

^  Sandoval,  ii.  566. 

^  This  refers  to  Charlemont  and  Philippeville.  Sandoval,  ii.  569 ; 
Armstrong,  ii.  322. 

*  Sept.  28.  Cabrera  de  C6rdoba,  Felipe  Segundo,  vol.  i,  p.  42  ;  San- 
doval, ii.  591 ;  Mercier,  iii.  80-1.  '  Thirty-five  years*  should  of  course 
be  forty-five.     Cf.  ante,  p.  28. 

®  April  17.     Courteault,  pp.  286  fF.  *  March  24. 

■^  April  30.  ^  May  23. 

'  Sandoval,  ii.  591  ff.     'Diego'  should  be  'Andres'. 
"  Stokvis,  Manuel  d'Histoire,  iii.  708. 


1555  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  155 

zaga  having  been  removed  from  Milan,  for  adequate 
reasons.^ 

The  Marquis  of  Marignano  takes  Porto  Ercole  by  force 
of  arms.  A  sack  and  some  deaths  occurred,  and  a  French 
galley  was  captured.^ 

Margrave  Albert  of  Brandenburg  provokes  a  war  in 
Germany  against  all  his  enemies.  Duke  Maurice,  the 
Elector,  conquers  Margrave  Albert  of  Brandenburg  in 
Germany  on  the  river  Weser,  but  although  he  won  the 
victory,  he  died  of  a  wound  after  the  battle,  together  with 
two  sons  of  Duke  Henry  of  Brunswick  and  many  other 
people.^  The  cavalry  whom  they  call  Schwarzreiters,  and 
who  carry  three  or  even  five  arquebuses  apiece,  did  great 
slaughter. 

The  Emperor  prescribes  Margrave  Albert  as  a  rebel.* 

King  Philip  goes  to  England,  to  Naples,  and  to  Flanders, 
and  the  Emperor  summoned  him  from  Brussels.^ 

The  Due  d'Aumale  captures  Volpiano,  which  the  Duke 
of  Alva  had  provisioned,  by  batde  and  assault.  He  had 
four  thousand  horse  and  twenty-two  thousand  foot  with 
him.  Caesar  of  Naples  defended  it,  with  over  a  thousand 
men  of  war  and  among  them  many  Spaniards.^ 

Our  men  continue  the  war  against  the  French  victo- 
riously. 

The  Emperor  abdicates  Flanders  and  the  other  states  of 
the  Low  Countries  in  favour  of  his  only  son.  King  Philip, 
by  public  proclamation  at  Brussels.'^ 

The  French  under  Marshal  Brissac  capture  Casale  of 
Montferrat  by  night  through  a  stratagem.^  It  was  defended 
by  an  army  under  Gomez  Suarez  de  Figueroa,  ambassador 

^  Nowvelle  Biographic  Generale,  xxi.  227  ;  Stokvis,  iii.  769. 
^  Petit,  p.  336.     Porto  Hercole  was  captured  by  Andrea  Doria. 
^  Obviously  refers  to  the  battle  of  Sievershausen,  which  occurred 
July  9,  1553.     Sievershausen  is  not,  of  course,  on  the  Weser, 

*  Dec.  I,  1553.     Allgemeine  deutsche  Biographie,  i.  251. 

^  Philip  left  England  for  the  Netherlands  Aug.  29 ;  he  did  not  go  to 
Naples  at  all. 

®  Sept.  3-23.    Courteault,  pp.  301-4.  ''  Oct.  25. 

*  Casale  was  not  taken,  but  Montcalvo  fell  Oct.  7.  Cf.  Courteault, 
pp.  307-8. 


156  ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  1555 

in  Genoa,  who  at  that  time  was  governor  of  Milan,  before 
the  Duke  of  Alva  was  sent  thither. 

Failure  to  conclude  a  treaty  of  peace,  in  spite  of  long 
deliberation,  at  Marcq,  a  place  between  Ardres,  Calais,  and 
Gravelines,^  where  there  assembled,  on  behalf  of  the  Em- 
peror, Juan  de  la  Cerda,  Duke  of  Medina  Celi,  Antoine 
Perrenot,  Bishop  of  Arras,  and  the  Presidents  Viglius  and 
Bryaerde,^  and  on  behalf  of  the  King  of  France  and  Car- 
dinal Charles  of  Lorraine,  the  Bishops  of  Vannes  and  of 
Orleans,  and  Charles  de  Marillac,^  and  Claude  I'Aubepine, 
Secretary  of  State.  The  Englishman,  Reginald  Pole,  was 
also  present  as  Papal  Legate,  and  laboured  earnestly  to 
promote  the  peace. 

Doctor  Juan  Paez  de  Castro,  a  very  learned  man  in  many 
branches  of  knowledge,  who  plans  to  write  a  general 
history  of  Spain,  assumes  the  title  of  official  chronicler.'' 

The  Duke  of  Alva  besieges  Santhia  in  Piedmont  in 
vain.^  War  near  Marienburg  between  the  Imperial  and 
French  armies. 

The  Pope,  an  old  man,  in  hypocritical  defiance  of  his 
duty,  provokes  a  war,  in  his  hatred  of  the  Emperor,  against 
Marco  Antonio  Colonna,  and  negotiates  with  the  King  of 
France  about  seizing  the  realm  of  Naples.*^ 

Violent  encounter  between  certain  Flemish  merchant- 
men and  some  ships  of  Dieppe.'^ 

The  Year  1556 

On  the  1 6th  of  January  at  Brussels,  the  Emperor  volun- 
tarily abdicates  his  realms  and  seigniories  in  favour  of  his 

^  On  this  affair  cf.  Henne,  x.  184-5  5  Venetian  Cal.vi,  54,  138  ;  Weiss, 
Papiers  d^Etat  de  Gran'velle,  iv.  442  n. ;  and  Morel-Fatio,  Une  Htstoire 
inedite  de  Charles-Quint  in  Memoires  de  V Acad'emie  des  Inscriptions  et 
Belles- Lettres,  vol.  xxxix,  pp.  30  fF. 

"^  Lambert  de  Bryaerde,  President  of  the  Grand  Conseil  de  Malines. 

^  Marillac  was  Bishop  of  Vannes.  G6mara  accidentally  repeats  his 
name,  and  Sandoval,  ii.  569,  makes  the  same  mistake. 

*  Introduction,  pp.  xxxi-xxxii ;  Antonio,  Bibl.  Hisp.  Nov.,  i.  751. 

^  Sandoval,  ii.  577-8  ;  Courteault,  pp.  300-1. 

«  Sandoval,  ii.  588.  ^  Ibid.  ii.  587-8. 


1556  CHARLES  THE  FIFTH  157 

son  Philip  for  his  lifetime,  an  act  whose  originality  and 
greatness  evoked  the  admiration  of  the  world;  but  he 
retained  the  Empire,  which  for  certain  weighty  reasons 
he  had  determined  to  leave  to  his  brother,  the  King  of  the 
Romans.  He  then  came  b}?^  ship  to  Spain,  bringing  with 
him  his  sisters,  Queens  Eleanor  and  Maria,  and  betook 
himself  to  Yuste,  a  Hieronymite  monastery,  where  he 
had  caused  a  house  to  be  constructed  according  to  his  own 
design,  in  order  to  live  in  holiness  and  peace.^ 

Don  Martin  de  Cordova,  the  Count  of  Alcaudete,  defends 
Oran  against  the  Turkish  fleet  and  the  corsairs  of  Algiers.^ 

Calvi  in  Corsica  is  twice  besieged,  once  by  Paul  de 
Termes,  and  a  second  time  by  Captain  Paulin,  Sieur  de 
la  Garde,  but  they  fail  to  capture  it/* 

War  between  the  Pope  and  the  Duke  of  Alva.* 

The  Licenciado  Vaca  de  Castro  is  given  his  freedom 
after  a  ten  years'  imprisonment  for  his  maladministration 
of  the  Indies,  and  on  account  of  his  ancientry  enters  the 
Royal  Council  of  Castile.^ 

The  very  rich  mine  of  Gual  del  Canal  is  discovered.*^ 

King  Philip  gives  attention  to  the  good  government  of 
his  realms,  by  making  peace  and  truce  with  the  King  of 
France.'^ 

He  wins  the  friendship  of  many  lords  and  knights  of 
Germany,  giving  them  money  and  pensions. 

He  makes  Cardinal  Cristoforo  Madruzzo,  Bishop  of 
Trent,  governor  of  Milan. '^ 

He  also  makes  Cardinal  Francisco  de  Mendoza,  Bishop 
of  Burgos  and  Archdeacon  of  Toledo,  governor  in  Siena, 
on  the  death  of  Francisco  de   Toledo,    Archimandrite  of 


1  Armstrong,  ii.  355,  358,  359  n. 

2  Mercier,  iii.  82-3  ;   Rotalier,  caps,  xxvii,  xxviii ;  Ruff,  La  Domination 
Espagnole  a  Oran,  cap.  xii. 

^  In  1555.     Cf.  Courteault,  p.  297  ;  Petit,  pp.  336-7. 

*  Forneron,  Histoire  de  Philippe  II,  i.  73  ff. 

*  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America,  ii.  537-8. 
"  Possibly  *  Guad  al  Cazar ',  a  part  of  Potosi. 

■^  Truce  of  Vaucelles,  Feb.  5.     Armstrong,  ii.  355. 
*•  Stokvis,  iii.  769. 


158    ANNALS  OF  THE  EMPEROR  CHARLES  V    1556 

Sicily,  a  cleric  of  ability  and  honour  who  governed  it 
before.^ 

He  makes  his  cousin  Philibert  Emmanuel,  Duke  of  Savoy, 
governor  of  Flanders,  giving  him  as  councillors  the  Prince 
of  Orange,  and  Counts  Egmont,  Meghem,  Lalaing,  and 
other  important  and  experienced  gentlemen. ^ 

He  puts  into  his  Council  of  State  Juan  de  Vega,  Fer- 
nando de  Gonzaga,  Antoine  Perrenot,  Bishop  of  Arras, 
Juan  Manrique  de  Lara,  knight  of  Calatrava,  Bernardino 
de  Mendoza  Captain  of  the  Galleys,  Ruy  Gomes  de  Silva 
Count  of  Melito,  Antonio  de  Toledo  his  Master  of  Horse, 
and  a  short  time  afterward  Luis  de  Avila,  Comendador 
Mayor  de  Alcantara,  and  the  Licenciado  Juan  de  Figueroa, 
President  of  the  High  Court  of  Valladolid.^ 

He  turns  over  the  affairs  of  State  to  his  secretary, 
Gonzalo  Perez,  a  very  able  cleric,  and  the  other  affairs  of 
Castile  and  Italy  to  the  Secretary  Martin  de  Vargas.^ 

Antonio  de  Rojas,  tutor  to  Prince  Charles,  dies. 

Garcia  de  Toledo,  a  gentleman  of  much  goodness  and 
virtue,  is  made  tutor  to  our  master.  Prince  Charles. 

^  Courteault,  p.  321. 

^  Cabrera  de  C6rdoba,  op,  cit.,  i.  37 ;  Juste,  Les  Pays-Bas  sous 
Philippe  II,  i.  90 ;  Pirenne,  Histoire  de  Belgique,  iii.  365  ff.  All  the  names 
do  not  correspond  in  these  accounts.  G6mara  was  probably  wrong  in 
including  Meghem. 

^  Cabrera  de  C6rdoba,  op.  cit.,  i.  37 ;  Badoero's  if^/aziow^  di  Carlo  V 
e  di  Filippo  II  (1557)  in  Alberi,  Relazione,  Series  III,  vol.  i.  240  fF. 

*  Cabrera  de  C6rdoba,  op.  cit.,  i.  38. 


THE  END. 


ANNALES    DEL   EMPERADOR 
CARLOS  QUINTO 


ANNALES  DEL  EMPERADOR 
CARLOS  QUINTO 

AUTOR  FRANCISCO  LOPEZ  DE  G6mARA 

Ano  de  1500 

Nacio  en  Gante  Carlos,  hijo  de  Felipe  Archiduque  de 
Austria,  e  de  Doiia  Juana  Princesa  de  Castilla,  a  25  de 
hebrero  que  fue  bisexto  y  dia  de  San  Mathias.  Las  cosas 
de  cuyo  tiempo  acontecidas  en  diversas  partes  del  Mundo, 
especial  en  Espana  desde  su  nacimiento  hasta  que  renuncio 
todos  sus  Reinos  y  seiiorios  en  su  hijo  Don  Felipe  nuestro 
Seiior,  escribo  aqui  en  suma  por  aiios.  Cuento  solamente 
de  los  aiios  de  nuestro  Redemptor  Jesus  Christo,  por  que 
assi  como  es  mejor  contar,  tambien  es  mas  cierto ;  i  no 
pongo  mas  del  ano  sino  pocas  vezes,  por  c^iie  basta  para  10 
sumarlo,  y  ansi  por  que  alio  gran  diferencia  y  contrariedad 
en  los  dias  y  aun  en  los  meses  de  los  mas  negocios. 

Era  Papa  entonces  Alexandro  sexto,  qt^e  celebro  jubileo 
con  pocos  peregrinos,  a  causa  de  las  guerras  y  pestilencias 
de  Italia. 

Estauan  los  CavaUeros  de  San  Juan  en  la  cumbre  de  sus 
fuer9as  y  oficio,  siendo  gran  maestre  Pedro  de  Abuson,  mas 
despues  que  perdieron  a  Rhodas,  y  lo  que  tenian  en  Grecia, 
en  Inglaterra  y  Alemania,  descayeron  mucho. 

Era  Emperador  y  Rey  de  Romanos  Maximiliano,  abuelo  20 
de    Carlos,    floreciendo    entonces    Alemaiia    en    letras    y 
christiandad,  la  qual  ha  perdido  quasi  del  todo  despues 
aca,  con  las  heregias  de  Luthero  y  de  otros  fal90s  y  viciosos 
doctores. 

Reinauan  en  Castilla  y  en  Aragon  los  catholicos  Reyes 
Don  Fernando  y  Dona  Isauel,  abuelos  de  Carlos,  que  sin 

136G  M 


1 62  ANN  ALES   DEL   EMPERADOR  1500 

duda  entendieron  bien  el  arte  de  Reinar.  Tenian  paz  a  la 
sazon  en  toda  Hespana  sino  en  Granada  que  se  alborotaron 
algunos  moros,  por  lo  qual  les  mandaron  los  Reyes  que  se 
30  christianassen,  o  se  fuessen  de  sus  Reinos  a  consejo  de 
Frai  Hernando  de  Talauera,  primer  Ar9obispo  de  Granada, 
y  de  Fray  Francisco  Ximenes  de  Cisneros,  Ar9obispo  de 
Toledo,  confesores  de  la  Reyna,  Continuauan  la  guerra  de 
Berberia  y  el  descubrimiento,  conquista  y  conversion  de  los 
Indios,  y  ayudaron  a  los  venecianos  contra  turcos,  que  todo 
era  loable  y  santo.  Florecian  en  Espana  entonces  las  armas, 
la  justicia,  la  religion  y  otras  buenas  cosas,  juntamente  con 
letras,  todo  lo  qual  ha  ido  de  bien  en  mejor  por  gracia  de 
Dios,  y  bondad  del  Emperador  y  assi  tambien  yra  de  aqui 
40  adelante  por  vertud  del  Rey  Don  Phelippe  nuestro  Sefior. 
Ay  empero  gran  diferencia  de  aquel  tiempo  a  este  en  muchas 
cosas,  como  es  en  el  trage,  gas  to,  y  precio  de  cosas,  a  causa, 
segun  mi  juizio,  de  la  mucha  plata  y  oro  que  de  las  Indias 
a  nos  han  venido. 

Muere  en  Granada  el  Principe  Don  Miguel,  hijo  del  Rey 
Don  Manuel,  Rey  de  Portugal,  y  de  la  Reyna  Princesa 
Dona  Isabel,  que  auia  de  ser  Rey  de  Portugal  y  Castilla. 

Casa  Dona  Maria  Infanta  de  Castilla  con  Don  Manuel  Rey 

de  Portugal,  los  quales  engendraron  seis  hijos,  que  fueron 

50  Juan,  Luis,  Fernando,  Alonso,  Enrrique,  Duarte,  y  Dona 

Isabel  que  fue  nuestra  Emperatriz  y  a  Dona  Beatris,  Duquesa 

que  fue  de  Saboya. 

Gon9alo  Hernandez  de  Cordoba  que  merecio  renombre 
de  gran  Capitan,  fue  a  ganar  la  Cefalonia  con  armada 
espanola,  en  compania  de  la  vene9iana  que  lleuo  Benito  de 
Pessaro,  capitan  tambien  excellente. 

Reynaua  en  Cusco  y  Quito  y  otras  infinitas  prouincias  del 
Peru,  Guayna  Capa,  rey  riquissimo,  guerrero  y  ydolatra. 
Era  Rey  en  Navarra  Don  Juan,  que  perdio  despues  el 
^o  Reyno  por  schismatico,  el  qual  uino  a  Seuilla  estando 
alii  este  ano  los  Reyes  Catholicos  ;  y  en  Portugal  y  Guinea 
Don  Manuel,  que  hizo  por  sus  capitanes  grandes  cosas  en 
Assia,  por  traer  a  Lisboa  la  especiaria. 

Reynaua  en  Fran9ia  Luis  XII,  el  qual  teniendo  pacifico 


I500  CARLOS   QUINTO  163 

su  Reyno  hazia  guerra  en  Italia  contra  el  Duque  de  Milan, 
y  amenazaua  al  Rey  de  Napoles. 

Estaua  Inglaterra  bien  adelante  reinando  Enrique  VIII, 
empero  ha  re9euido  aquella  Isla  muchos  reueses  despues 
aca,  por  dexar  la  verdadera  religion  Christiana,  bien  que  la 
han  restaurado  nziestro  Rey  Don  Phelipe,  y  la  Reyna  Dona  70 
Maria  su  muger,  y  nuestra  Senora. 

Era  Rey  de  Vngria,  y  de  Boemia  Vladislao,  y  tenia  paz 
con  el  Turco,  que  no  era  poco :  y  de  Polonia  Alexandro 
que  no  tuuo  hijos. 

Y  de  Moscovia  Vassillo  que  acresento  la  religion  christiana, 
tomando  la  custumbre  y  ritos  de  Roma. 

Y  de  Dinamarca,  y  Noruega,  Juan  padre  de  Christierno, 
que  perdio  sus  reinos  en  los  quales  son  ya  lutheranos. 

Y  de  Escosia  Jacques,  el  qual  nombre  han  tenido  cinco 
Reyes  vno  tras  otro.  So 

Reinaua  en  Napoles  Fadrique  que  perdio  el  reyno  par- 
tiendolo  entre  si  Luis  y  Fernando  ;  Venencianos,  cuyo 
Duque  a  la  sazon  era  Agustin  Barbarico,  favorecian  al  Rey 
de  Francia  contra  el  Duque  de  Milan,  y  tenian  guerra 
en  Grecia  con  Baiazet,  que  les  puso  en  gran  miedo  y 
gasto. 

El  Duque  de  Milan  Luis  Sfor9a,  perdio  y  cobro  su  estado 
y  fue  preso  aquel  mismo  aiio,  y  lleuado  a  Francia,  donde 
murio  despues  en  jaula,  que  fue  su  pago  por  auer  muerto 
a  su  sobrino  Juan  Galea90  Maria  esfor^a,  el  cual  era  verda-  9° 
dero  Duque. 

Estaua  Genoua  por  Franfia,  y  auia  muchos  bandos  en 
ella,  pero  despues  ha  mudado  estado  muchas  vezes,  vnas 
de  franceses  y  otras  de  espafioles,  que  como  importa  mucho 
de  entrar  en  Italia,  y  para  las  cosas  de  mar  todos  la  quieren  ; 
ha  enriquesido  sobre  manera  con  la  amistad  del  Emperador 
mtestro  sefior  Rey,  aunque  tambien  ha  perdido  a  Bonifacio 
con  gran  parte  de  C6r9ega. 

Floren9ia  era  libre,  agora  tiene  sefior  por  soberbia  de  sus 
ciudadanos,  que  se  preciaron  de  franceses,  no  estimando  al  100 
Papa  Leon,  ni  al  Papa  Clemente,  sus  vezinos,  ni  al  Emperador 
Carlos  V,  su  superior, 

M  2 


i64  ANNALES  DEL  EMPERADOR  1500 

Sena  que  se  gouernaua  por  si,  no  esta  libre  agora. 

Era  Duque  de  Sauoya  Philibert,  mas  ya  es  deshecho  aquel 
estado  que  tenia  cinco  Ciudades  principales  y  L  no  tales,  y 
C  C  villas  cercadas. 

Reynaua  en  Tunes  Mahumet  el  qual  tuuo  muchos  hijos 
en  diferentes  mugeres,  que  fue  causa  de  grandes  guerras. 

En  Bugia  Abdalhaziz  cuyo  hijo  la  perdio. 
no      En  Tenez  Baudilla  que  fue  desheredado. 

En  Tremezen  Abdalla. 

En  Fez  Mahumet  cuyo  hera  Oran. 

Bayazet  Otomano  el  II  era  Rey  de  los  turcos  en  Con- 
stantinopla,  y  hazia  terrible  guerra  contra  Venezianos  en  la 
Morea,  donde  les  gano  Amodon,  Coron,  y  otros  lugares. 

Reynaua  entre  los  Tartaros  de  Europa  Mahomet  y 
allende  la  Tana  Tucio. 

Era  Soldan  en  Persia  Asam. 

Y  en  Hegyto  Campson,  cuyo  sucesor  tomo  el  gran  Turco 
120  Selim  aquel  gran  senorio. 

Cana9ao  Alguari  Noad  Gran  reinaua  en  Ethiopia,  que 
tambien  llama n  India. 

Era  Rey  de  Armenia  y  Capadocia  Aladola. 

Y  de  Samarcan  Insilbao  Tartaro  de  los  Zoi-gatos,  que 
traen  los  bonetes. 

Y  de  Xorias  Morad  Cam. 

Comen96  Ismael  Sophi  a  tener  fama  y  poderio,  por  aber 
ganado  a  Tauris  haciendo  huir  al  Rey  Alban  y  matando 
este  mesmo  afio  a  Morad  Cam. 

130  Era  Ismael  hijo  del  Seiscaider,  senor  de  Erbe,  lugar  en 
Persia,  y  gran  religioso  del  Alcoran  aunque  scismatico,  y 
de  Marta,  nieta  de  Dauid  Emperador  de  Trapisonda,  y  hija 
de  Vsan  Casan,  Rey  muy  ilustre  de  Persia,  donde  reino  tras 
Usan  su  hijo  Jacob,  matando  a  dos  hermanos  suyos.  Caso 
el  Jacob  con  una  muger  que  le  dio  el  pago  de  aquella 
crueldad  ca,  por  hecharse  con  Salub,  le  atosigo  juntamente 
con  vn  hijo  propio  suyo,  aunque  tambien  murio  ella  con 
las  mesmas  yeruas,  haciendoselas  beuer  el  marido,  que  las 
sintio.     Reino  luego  Salub  como  pariente  mas  cercano  de 

140  Jacob  tres  anos;  succediole  Baesurque  que  murio  dende 


T500  CARLOS  QUINTO  165 

a  poco.  Vino  Rustano  tras  el  ser  Rey  de  Persia,  contra  quien 
hi90  guerra  Seiscander,  disiendo  que  le  pertenecia  el  reino, 
por  Martha  hija  legitima  de  Vsan  Casan,  empero  murio  en 
batalla  y  assi  la  Martha,  y  tres  hijos  de  los  quales  Ismael  era 
mediano,  fueron  desterrados  a  vna  Isla  del  lago  que  llaman 
Asumat.  Fue  Rustano  muerto  al  cauo  de  seis  anos  en  su 
cama  por  Agmat  amigo  de  su  propria  madre,  pensando 
ambos  de  reynar ;  mas  no  reynaron,  sino  Alban,  hijo  segiin 
algunos  de  Jacob,  y  segun  otros  pariente  de  Ismael. 
Entonces,  aunque  de  15  anos  se  Uamo  Rey  de  Persia.  150 
Junto  en  Carabas  D.  hombres  entre  parientes  y  amigos  de 
su  padre,  paso  determinadamente  a  Cur,  el  rio  que  corre  al 
mar  Caspio,  que  dizen  ellos  de  Bacum,  para  entrar  en 
Erducl,  que  fue  de  su  padre ;  desbarato  la  gente  que  Sur- 
mangoli,  amigo  de  Alban,  embiaua  para  le  atajar  en  camino. 
Tras  aquel  buen  principio  se  le  allegaron  muchos,  oyendo 
su  gran  esfuer90  y  linage.  Vencio  luego  a  Surmangoli 
en  batalla,  cerco  y  tomo  a  Piroso,  fuerte  y  rico  pueblo,  donde 
cobro  fama  de  franco,  y  anssi  tuuo  de  alii  a  poco  quarenta 
mil  hombres  de  guerra,  y  muchos  cauallos,  con  los  quales  160 
gano  a  Tauris  huyendole  Alban.  Mato  veinte  mil  personas 
a  lo  que  cuentan  en  la  Ciudad,  porque  fueron  contra  su 
padre  Seiscader,  y  aun  quemo  los  huesos  de  muchos  que 
desenterrava,  y  dio  la  muerte  a  su  madre  y  padastro,  vn  aiio 
antes  que  benciese  a  Moradcana.  Fue  pues  Ismael  esten- 
diendo  desde  alii  sus  armas  y  nombre  por  Persia,  Parthia, 
Media  y  otras  provincias  de  Asia,  en  tal  manera  que  hi9o  un 
senorio  de  los  grandes  de  nuestro  u'e^/ipo,  y  que  a  causado 
muchas  muertes,  robos  y  otros  males  en  aquellas  partes, 
pero  ya  es  de  suyo  que  vengan  con  mudan9a  de  reinos,  y  170 
nouedades  de  religion.  Afirman  que  na9i6  Ismael  los  punos 
cerrados  y  sangrientes,  senal  de  crueldad,  por  lo  qual  su 
padre  como  astrologo,  y  su  madre  por  asco  le  mandauan 
matar ;  en  pero  los  criados  le  criaron,  y  como  se  criaua 
hermoso,  y  agudo  vivio,  llamaronle  Sophi  los  del  exercito 
lisonjeandole  6  por  costumbre  antigua  de  Persia,  cuyos 
reyes  se  Uamauan  magos  por  sauios,  que  tanto  vale  Sophi, 
6  por  que  renouo  y  sustuuo  la  seta  de  Seiscader  su  padre, 


i66  ANNALES   DEL   EMPERADOR  1500 

juntamente  con  Tequel,  otro  gran  Doctor  del  Alcoran,  que 
180  perdicauan  que  no  yrian  al  Paraiso  de  Mahoma,  sino  los 
que  guardasen  su  Ley,  segun  la  doctrina,  y  declaracion  de 
Hali  su  discipulo.  Traya  el  Sophi  Ismael,  y  trayen  lo  todos 
los  sophianos  vn  bonete  Colorado  con  vna  tren9a  por  debaxo 
del  bra90,  la  qual  Ueua  doze  nudos  6  borletes  6  perlas  por 
otros  tantos  misterios  que  su  ley  contiene,  y  rapanse  la  barba, 
dexando  solamente  vn  mostacho ;  en  lo  al  vsan  el  trage  anti- 
quissimo  de  Persia.  Esto  va  vn  poco  de  otra  manera 
que  lo  cuenta  Paulo  Jouio,  diligente  historiador  de  cosas 
turquescas,  mas  assi  lo  halle  en  vn  libro  que  de  Con- 
190  stantinopla  truxo  Hernando  Ruy,  con  escrito  de  mano  y 
sacado  de  las  historias  de  alia. 

Lleua  Pedro  Aluares  13  nauios  armados  a  la  India,  por 
donde  conien96  la  contrata9ion  de  Portugueses  en  Calicut 
y  Cochin  y  Cananor  de  la  especiaria. 

Alio  de  1501 

El  Emperador  Maximiliano  inuiste  a  Carlos  su  nieto  del 
ducado  de  Milan. 

Casa  la  Infanta  Dona  Catalina,  con  Artus  Principe  de 
Gales  ;  fueron  a  Ynglaterra  con  ella  Don  Alonso  de  Fonseca, 
Ar9obispo  entonces  de  Santiago,  Don  Antonio  de  Rojas, 
Obispo  de  Mallorca,  Don  Pedro  Manrique  Sefior  de  Valdes- 
caroz,  el  conde  de  Cabra  y  su  madre,  Elvira  Manuel  con 
otra  mucha  caualleria. 

Reparten  el  reyno  de  Napoles  entre  si  los  reyes  Luis 
10  y  Fernando. 

Al9anse  los  moros  de  Sierra  Vermeja  por  no  ser  christianos, 
y  matan  a  Don  Alonso  de  Aguilar  que  fue  contra  ellos  con 
exercito,  mas  despues  se  dieron  al  Rey  con  que  les  dexasse 
ir  a  Berueria.  La  justicia  que  se  hizo  por  el  Rey  Catholico 
en  los  de  Benefiz  por  que  se  auian  al9ado  vn  ano  antes. 

Enuian  los  Reyes  Catholicos  a  Pedro  Martir  su  coronista 
al  Soldan  de  Alcairo,  por  que  no  haga  moros  los  christianos 
que  moran  en  sus  tierras. 

El  Archeduque  Phelippe,  y  la  princesa  Dona  Juana, 
20  vienen  de  Flandes  a  Espana  por  Fran9ia,  donde  hablaron 


I50I  CARLOS   QUINTO  167 

de   casar    con    su   hijo    Carlos,   a  Claudia   hija   del  Rey 
Luis  XII. 

El  Castillo  de  Salsas  se  haze  y  fortefica  que  lo  auian 
deriuado  seis  anos  antes  los  franceses ;  valesse  el  Rey 
Luis  el  X  de  los  beneficios  en  Francia  contra  turcos. 

Gana  el  Duque  Valentin  a  Mola,  y  a  otras  tierras  de  la 
Romagna. 

Hazen  guerra  turcos  aunque  sin  ganan9ia,  en  Grecia  y  en 
Vngria. 

Casa  Ismael  Sophi  con  Tasluca  hija  de  Sanigin,  y  nieta  30 
de  Jacob  y  diola  9iento  y  cinquenta  criadas. 

Enuia  el  Rey  de  Portugal  a  Juan  de  Noua  gallego  con 
quatro  nauios  a  India  por  especiarias. 

Alio  de  1502 

Juran  en  Toledo  a  la  princesa  Dofia  Juana,  por  heredera 
destos  Reynos  de  Castilla  en  presencia  de  los  Reyes  Catho- 
licos  sus  padres. 

Cobran  para  si  los  Reyes  Catholicos  a  Gibraltar.  Mandan 
los  mismos  Reyes  que  salgan  de  Castilla  todos  los  moros,  y 
luego  que  se  conuiertan,  queriendo  la  reyna  que  sus  vassallos 
sean  christianos. 

Capitulo  general  de  la  horden  de  Santiago  en  Seuilla,  en 
que  se  mudan  muchas  reglas  antigas,  por  ser  ya  del  Rey  los 
maestrazgos.  10 

Muere  Artus  Principe  de  Gales,  ^inco  meses  despues  de 
casado,  y  de  XXV  anos. 

Na9e  Don  Juan,  que  fue  Rey  de  Portugal. 

Mata  el  Duque  de  Braganca  Don  Jaime  a  su  muger,  que 
puede  ser  escarmiento  para  las  casadas  que  no  se  burlen 
con  sus  maridos. 

Viene  preso  a  Espana  Don  Fernando  de  Aragon,  Duque 
de  Calabria. 

Vienese  tambien  a  Francia,  el  Rey  Don  Fadrique  de 
Napoles,  con  sus  hijos  y  muger.  20 

Mueuen  guerra  los  Franceses  en  Napoles  a  espanoles 
sobre  los  terminos,  que  les  costa  caro. 

Entonges  passo  aquel  desafio  campal  tan  nombrado  en 


1 68  ANNALES   DEL  EMPERADOR  1502 

Trana  entre  onze  fran9eses  y  onze  espanoles  a  cauallo,  sobre 
dezir  los  fran9eses  que  los  espanoles  no  eran  hombres  de 
acauallo,  sino  de  a  pie,  y  que  su  Rey  tenia  mejor  derecho 
a  Napoles.  Fueron  los  espanoles  Diego  Gar9ia  de  Paredes, 
que  rendio  a  su  contrario,  Diego  de  Vera,  despues  que  fue 
muy  conocido  por  lo  de  Argel  y  Fuente  Rauia,  el  Alferez 
30  Segura,  y  Moreno  su  hermano,  Andres  de  Oliuera,  G"  de 
Areualo  y  Jorge  Dias  portuguez,  Ofiate,  Martin  de  Tuesta, 
mayordomo  del  Gran  Capitan,  Rodrigo  Pinan,  Gon^alo  de 
Aler,  que  por  su  desuentura  fue  rendido ;  de  los  franceses 
que  yo  sepa  eran,  Tersio,  Mondrago,  Artus,  Oliuers, 
Cabanacio,  Pedro  de  Terral,  Bajardo,  que  despues  armo 
cauallero  al  Rey  Fran<^°,  quando  vencio  los  suizos :  com- 
batieron  tambien  que  no  declararon  la  vitoria  por  ninguna 
parte  los  jueces  que  fueron  venecianos.  Gonzalo  de 
Aller,  que  sin  falta  era  valiente,  desafio  luego  al  frances  ren- 
40  dido  sobre  que  no  tuuo  causa  como  la  tuuo  el  de  rendirse. 

Huuo  luego  tambien  otro  desafio  de  XIII  franceses  con 
13  italianos,  que  afirmauan  avieren  vencido  los  espanoles  al 
campo,  y  assi  vencieron  los  italianos,  como  tenian  ra9on. 

Gana  el  Duque  Valentin  a  Vrbino  a  Pessaro,  y  otros 
pueblos  con  esguizaros  y  con  fran9eses  cuyo  capitan  era 
Grabiel  Alegria. 

Da  guerra  el  Emperador  Maximiliano  a  Phelippo  Rheno 
en  Bauierra. 

Entra  el  Rey  de  Francia  en  Genoa. 
50      Paz  entre  Bayast  y  vene9ianos,  que  duro  mas  de  35  anos. 

Pazes  tambien  entre  Vladislao,  Rey  de  Vngria  y  el  mismo 
Bayazet. 

Ismael  Sophi  gana  por  armas  a  Bagador,  que  tambien  se 
dice  Balday  y  es  Babilonia  de  Mesopotamia. 

Toma  el  Rey  de  Portugal  nueuos  titulos  de  los  reinos  de 
Ethiopia,  Arabia,  Persia  y  India. 

Alio  de  1503 

Vuelve  a  Flandes  el  archiduque  por  Francia  y  concluye 
las  pazes  en  Leon,  entre  Maximiliano,  Luis  y  Fernando, 
donde  prometio  de  casar  a  su  hijo  Carlos,  con  Claudia,  hija 


I503  CARLOS   QUINTO  169 

del  rey  Luis,  que  auia  de  heredar  a  Bretana,  no  teniendo  el 
4  anos  ni  ella  5. 

Nacio  en  Alcala  de  Henares  el  Infante  Don  Fernando, 
que  fue  rey  de  Vngria  y  romanos. 

Rompe  a  Euerardo  de  Abigniel  el  Conde  Don  Fernando 
de  Andrada  en  la  batalla  de  Groya. 

La  vitoria  que  huuo  el  gran  capitan  contra  franceses  en  10 
la  ChirnoUa. 

Otra  vit^  que  huuo  de  los  mismos  en  el  Garellano. 

El  cerco  de  Gaeta  en  que  mataron  a  Don  Hugo  deCardona, 
que  fue  muy  buen  capitan. 

Cercan  a  Salsas  los  franceses  estando  dentro  Don  Sancho 
de  Castilla. 

El  Rey  Catholico  que  auia  tenido  Cortes  en  Carag09a 
y  Bar9elona,  socorre  a  Salsas,  para  el  qual  socorro  enuio 
grandes  compariias  de  castellanos  desde  Soria  la  reyna 
dona  Isauel.  20 

Va  tras  los  franceses  Don  Fadrique  de  Toledo,  Duque  de 
Alua,  Capitan  General  del  exercito,  en  el  qual  auia  trefe  mil 
peones,  dos  mil  hombres  de  armas,  y  quatro  mil  y  quinientos 
ginetes. 

Queda  en  Salsas  por  Cap^°  general  Don  Bernaldo  de 
Rojas,  Marques  de  Denia,  con  3M  soldados  2M  ginetes  y 
mil  hombres  de  armas. 

Concierto  de  paz  del  Rey  Don  Fernando,  con  el  Rey  Luis, 
tras  esto  de  Russillon,  y  lo  de  Napoles  con  que  puedan  los 
franceses  cobrar  su  parte  en  aquel  reyno  por  armas  y  spafioles  30 
defendersela. 

Muere  Alexandre  Papa  de  yeruas  que  por  yerros  del 
botiller  le  dio  su  hijo  el  Duque  Valentin,  Cesar  de  Borja. 
Era  natural  de  Jatiua,  docto,  liberal  y  manifico,  mas  profano 
y  assi  puso  grande  fausto  en  la  Iglesia ;  fue  mujeril  y  tuuo 
muchos  hijos,  que  honrraron  como  hi90  Lucrecia,  de  la  qual 
dico  Pesquin  que  fue  hija  nueua,  y  amiga  por  el  Duque 
Valentin,  al  qual  procuro  ha9er  Rey.  Se  metio  en  muchas 
guerras  y  gastos  no  sin  infamia,  hi90  el  cast"  de  San  Miguel 
Angel  y  el  Cagui9ami  de  santa  Maria  la  Mayor,  y  un  quarto  40 
en  palacio,  y  dexo  el  Ducado  de  Gandia. 


I70  ANNALES   DEL  EMPERADOR  1503 

Muere  tambien  el  Papa  Pio  3,  dentro  del  mes  que  lo 
eligieron,  por  donde  aquel  afio  fue  mas  notable. 

Comien9a  Papa  Julio  II  a  gouernar  la  Iglesia. 

Vuelve  a  Flandes  la  princesa  Dona  Juana  por  mar,  que 
nunca  la  pudo  tener  aca  por  causas  que  le  hi^o  y  dixo  su 
Magesfad, 

Ano  de  1504 

Juranse  las  pazes  en  la  Mejorada,  que  hico  en  Leon  el 
Principe  Archiduque  por  tres  anos. 

Trembla  la  tierra  en  Seuilla,  Carmona  y  otros  lugares  del 
Andalucia. 

Muere  la  reyna  Dona  Isauel  en  Medina  del  Campo  que 
puso  grande  tristeza  en  Castilla,  aunque  mando  que  no 
puziesen  luto  por  ella,  conociendo  el  demasiado  que  hiciera 
traer  por  el  principe  Don  Juan  su  hijo.  Mando  tambien  que 
gouernase  el  rey  don  Fernando  su  marido,  hasta  que  Carlos 

10  su  nieto  huuiese  20  anos,  si  la  princesa  Dona  Juana  su  hija 
no  quisiese  gouernar,  6  no  pudiese.  Puso  la  inquisicion  a 
instancia  de  fray  Hernando  deTalavera,  por  que  uio  ella  mis- 
ma  judaizar  en  Seuilla  ciertos  de  aquel  linaje  nueuamente  con- 
uertidos  y  hauer  criados  suyos ;  puso  tambien  la  hermandad, 
por  que  hauia  muchos  salteadores  no  bastando  contra  ellos 
la  justicia  ordinaria ;  truxo  la  cruzada  para  contra  infieles ; 
aconsejolo  al  rey  Catholico  su  marido,  mas  quando  uio 
nueue  cuentos  juntos  que  se  auian  allegado  della,  pessole 
mui  mucho,  e  renio  sobre  ello  ;  no  consentia  gastar  blanca 

20  de  ella,  sino  para  lo  que  fue  concedida,  ni  aun  tanpoco  el 
Rey.  A  los  principios  quiso  gouernar  sola,  sobre  lo  qual 
passo  recias  cosas  con  el  marido,  que  tambien  era  hombre 
altivo,  y  respondio  al  Cardenal  Don  Pedro  Goncales  de 
Mendoca  (que  los  concerto)  sino  pidiera  tanto,  no  me  diera 
nada,  y  assi  quedo  igual  con  el  Rey  mi  senor  en  la  gouerna- 
cion  de  mis  reinos.  No  era  liberal,  que  assi  quier  ser  las 
mujeres,  mas  empunia  mucho  al  Principe  don  Juan,  su  hijo 
y  su  luz.  que  diesse  liberalmente.  Pesauale  que  sus  criados 
tomassen  dadiuas  de  ninguno  aunque  fuessen  embaxadores, 

30  diciendo  que  parescia  deshonrra  della.     Era  muy  sefiora  y 


1504  CARLOS  QUINTO  171 

assi  solia  dicir  que  los  Reyes  de  Castilla  no  tenian  parientes. 
Fue  muy  casta  y  muy  justiciera,  y  muy  religiosa.  Tuuo  de 
mo9a  muy  grandes  trauajos,  desgracia  con  el  rey  Don 
Henrrique  su  hermano  y  competencia  con  la  excelk/ztisslma 
Sefiora  Dona  Juana  sobre  la  heren9ia,  y  pobre9a  con  su 
marido  antes  de  reynar.  Topo  con  excelente  marido, 
aunque  muerta  ella  descubrio  el  algunas  faltas  y  flaque^as. 
Todavia  fueron  ambos  el  mejor  par  de  casados  y  de  reyes 
de  su  tiempo.  Mando  enterrarse  en  la  Capilla  de  Granada 
que  auia  hecho,  y  dotado  para  enterraniz'^;?/^'  de  los  Reyes  de  40 
Castilla.    Ordeno  tambien  la  cofradia  de  la  corte  oseruancia. 

Renunciaua  en  Toro  el  rey  Don  Fernando  publicamente 
el  nombre  de  Rey  de  Castilla,  retiniendo  el  de  g"'^  por  virtud 
del  testament©  de  la  Reyna  Catholica  su  muger,  y  declara 
por  reyes  con  pregones  a  son  de  trompetas  y  a  atabales 
a  Dona  Juana  su  hija,  a  Fh''  su  yerno,  lleuantando  el  pendon 
Real  de  Castilla  Don  Fadrique,  Duque  de  Alua.  Enuia 
preso  a  Espaiia  por  mandado  del  Rey  Catholico  el  gran 
Capitan  al  Duque  Valentin,  y  assi  accauo  el  Duque  de  perder 
en  Italia  por  armas,  quanto  con  ellas  ganara.  5° 

Comien9a  de  auer  enojo  el  Papa  Julio  con  venecianos, 
Faenca,  Arimini,  y  otros  lugares  que  fuero;?  del  Duque 
Valentin. 

Nueuo  trato  de  paz  entre  Maximiliano  Emperador  y 
Luiz  Rey  de  Francia. 

Ta9an  en  Castilla  el  trigo  a  1 20  mrs.  la  anega  que  causo 
gran  hambre  y  aun  carestia,  y  assi  dixeron  a  la  Reyna  que 
lo  hi9o  tasar  como  solo  Dios  que  le  cria  puede  abaxar  y 
subir  el  precio  del  pan.  Danse  los  judios  por  esclauos  en 
disputa  de  letrados,  a  causa  de  sus  muchos  y  grandes  pecados.  60 

Ano  de  1505 

Gana  el  Alcayde  de  los  Donzeles  a  Mazalquiuir. 

Comien9an  a  tener  diferencia  sobre  la  gouernacion  de 
Castilla  el  Rey  Catolico  y  el  Rey  Don  Phelippe  p°  de  tal 
nombre,  aunque  estaua  en  Flandes. 

Ven9e  por  guerra  el  Rey  Don  Phelippe  al  Duque  de 
Gueldres,  Carlos  de  Emont,  que  le  tenia  vsurpado  aquel 


172  ANNALES   DEL  EMPERADOR  1505 

estado,  el  qual  Duque  ayudaua  al  Rey  de  Francia  con 
jntiligencias  del  Rey  Catolico. 

Nace  la  Infanta  Dona  Maria  que  fue  Reyna  de  Vngria 
10  y  gouernadora  de  Flandes. 

Hace  guerra  en  Vngria  el  Emperador,  Maximiliano. 
Muere  Don  Fadrique  Rey  de  Napoles  en  Francia,  el  qual 
dexo  perder  vilmente  aquel  noble  Reyno,  que  con  tanto 
esfuer90,  y  trauajo,  conquisto  su  abuelo  el  Rey  Don  Alonso 
de  Aragon. 

Concordia  entre  los  Reyes  Fernando  y  Phelippe  aunque 
poco  duro. 

Dan  guerra  florentinos  a  pisanos. 

Fide  por  muger  el  Rey  Catholico  a  la  excell^;«te  Sefiora 
20  con  Rodrigo  Manrrique,  para  con  ella  como  Reyna  estarse 
contra  el  Rey  Don  Phellipe  en  Castilla  cosa  suya,  mas  el 
Rey  Don  Manuel  no  se  la  quiso  dar,  ni  aun  ella  viniera  por 
que  alien  de  ser  vieja,  era  vna  Santa  ygual  con  el  sobre 
nombre. 

Muere  Don  Alonso  de  Foncequa,  obispo  de  Osma,  y 
sucedele  Don  Alonso  Enrriques. 

Ano  de  1506 

Viniendo  en  Henero  a  Espafia  de  Flandes  los  Reyes  Don 
Phelippe  y  Dona  Juana,  tuuieron  rezya  tormenta  y  fuego  en 
la  nao  que  venian  cuyo  piloto  se  Uamaua  Santiago;  toco 
tambien  la  nao  en  tierra  6  como  dicen  en  banco,  donde  sin 
falta  se  perdiera,  si  vna  gruesa  ola  no  la  hechara  de  la  otra 
parte  con  su  rezio  empellon.  Mostro  alii  la  Reyna  animo 
varonil,  el  Rey  diciendole  que  no  escaparia  de  aquel  peligro 
se  vistio  ricamente  y  se  embutio  de  dineros  para  ser  conocida 
y  enterrada.  Empero  no  perecieron. 
10  Desenbarca  el  Rey  Don  Phelippe  en  Inglaterra  que  iua 
enfadado  de  la  mar  contra  la  voluntad  de  los  suyos,  y  assi 
le  peso  luego,  porque  huuo  de  dar  al  Duque  de  Safolc 
Omonpola  el  de  la  rossa  sobre  plejtisia  que  no  le  matasen, 
pero  no  la  cumplio  el  Rey  de  Inglaterra,  diziendo  que  sino 
lo  diera,  no  le  dexaran  salir  de  la  isla,  por  que  segun  Don 


1506  CARLOS  QUINTO  173 

Juan  M^^  tenia  cartas  el  Rey  Enrrique  del  Rey  Don  Fernando 
que  le  detuuiesen. 

Renueuan  en  Vindilisor  el  Rey  Don  Phelipe  y  el  Rey 
Enrrique  sus  amistades,  concertando  que  tornase  a  casar  la 
Infanta  Dona  Cathalina  con  Enrrique  su  cunado.  20 

Desbarcan  los  Reyes  en  la  Corufia,  con  grande  alegria 
de  gente. 

Veense  los  Reyes  Phelippe  y  Fernando  en  Remesal, 
sobre  concierto,  empero  no  se  concertaron,  ni  aun  vio  el 
Rey  Don  Fernando  a  la  Reyna  su  hija,  estoruandolo  Don 
Juan  Manuel,  que  priuaua  con  el  Rey  don  Phelippe. 

Muere  dende  a  poco  el  Rey  Don  Phelippe  en  Burgos 
que  fue  grande  lastima  para  todos,  en  edad  de  29  anos,  y 
sin  g09ar  de  tantos  reynos  y  riquezas.  Murio  quexandose 
de  quien  le  auia  metido  en  aquellos  trauajos  con  su  suegro  y  3° 
de  no  tener  que  dar  a  los  suyos.  Mando  llevar  su  cora9on 
a  Bruselas,  y  el  cuerpo  a  Granada  y  que  las  entrafias 
quedassen  alii.  Era  gentil  hombre,  aunque  un  poco  gordo, 
y  de  buen  animo,  y  buen  ingenio,  liberal  que  nada  sauia  negar, 
y  assi  respondio  a  uno  que  le  demandaua  cierto  regimiento, 
diziendo  que  no  le  auia  dado  porque  no  se  lo  auia  pedido, 
si  me  lo  pedieron  yo  lo  di.  Dexo  de  la  Reyna  los  hijos 
seguientes,  a  Carlos  de  quien  son  estos  anos,  que  fue  Rey 
de  Espana  y  Emperador,  a  Fernando  Rey  que  foy  de 
Vngria  y  Emperador,  a  Leonor  que  fue  Reyna  de  Portu-  4° 
gal  y  de  Francia,  a  Isauel  que  por  su  desastre  caso  con 
Christierno  Rey  de  Dinamarca  y  Norvega,  a  Maria  que 
reyno  en  Vngria  y  a  Catalina  Reyna  de  Portugal  que  nacio 
tras  su  muerte. 

Casamiento  del  Rey  Catholico  Don  Fernando  en  Duefias, 
con  Germana  de  Fox,  sobrina  del  Rey  Luis  de  Francia  y 
suya,  haziendo  treguas  con  fran9eses  por  ciento  y  vn  anos 
con  algunas  condiciones  menos  que  buenas.  Fueron  por  ella 
y  a  los  conciertos  Don  Juan  Silua  Conde  de  Cifuentes,  y  el 
dotor  Thomas  Malferit  Vicecanciller  de  Aragon.  50 

Pasa  el  Rey  Don  Fernando  a  Napoles,  desauenido  del 
Rey  Don  Phelippe  y  aiin  descontento  por  salir  de  Castilla, 
tan  dulce  cosa  es  reynar,  y  tanta  su  riqueza  y  poder. 


174  ANNALES  DEL  EMPERADOR  1506 

Con  la  muerte  del  vn  rey  y  con  la  ausencia  del  otro  huuo 
muchas  nouedades  en  estos  reynos  de  Castilla,  no  queriendo 
nadie  obedecer  a  la  justicia,  ni  mandar  tan  poco  la  Reyna. 
Conbate  a  Gibraltar  el  Duque  de  Medina  Sidonia,  armandose 
contra  el  Duque,  el  Conde  de  Lemos,  el  Duque  de  Alua, 
y  el  Conde  de  Benauente.  Na9en  bandos  en  quasi  las  mas 
60  ciudades,  llamando  unos  Carlos,  y  otros  Fernando,  y  otros 
Maximiliano,  y  muy  pocos  Juana,  como  no  se  queria  poner 
a  gouernar,  por  lo  qual  tomaron  la  gouernacion  el  cardenal 
fray  Francisco  Ximenes,  el  condestable  Don  B""  de  Velasco, 
y  Don  Pedro  Manrrique  de  Lara,  Duque  de  Najara,  a  con- 
sejo,  y  voluntad  de  los  mas  senores. 

Toma  Gon9alo  Marino  de  Riuera  alcayde  de  Melilla 
a  Ca9a9a.  El  Duque  Valentin  se  suelta  de  la  Mota  de 
Medina  del  Campo  no  sin  peligro  y  se  va  derecho  al  Conde 
de  Benavente,  Don  Rodrigo  Pimentel,  y  del  a  Navarra, 
70  El  alboroto  de  Lisboa  por  persuasion  de  frayles  en  el  qual 
murieron  mas  de  tres  mil  christianos  nueuos,  y  sobre  ello 
castigo  muchos  de  los  revoltosos  el  rey  Don  Manuel,  que 
mando  los  frayles  y  otros  sesenta  hombres. 

Desposorio  de  Francisco  de  Angoulesma,  Delfin,  con 
Claudia  hija  del  Rey  Luis  de  Francia,  y  Duquesa  de 
Bretana,  la  que  estaua  prometida  a  Carlos,  princIpe  de 
Castilla,  y  viene;^  a  Valladolid  embaxadores  franceses,  a 
desculparse. 

Lan9a  de  Bolona  por  fuer9a  el  Papa  Julio  a  Juan  de 
80  Bentiuoglia  tirano  que  le  causo  enojo  de  algunos  cardenales. 

Guerra  de  algunos  ginoueses  sobre  Monaco.  Muere 
Christoval  Colon  que  descubrio  las  Indias,  por  donde  terna 
perpetua  fama. 

Ano  de  1507 

En  Saona  se  hablaw  los  Reyes  Luis  y  Fernando,  que  tan 
renidos  auian  estado  sobre  Napoles,  y  estando  comiendo 
con  la  Reyna  Doria  Germana,  hi90  sentar  a  la  mesa  el  Rey 
de  Francia  al  gran  Capitan,  que  le  fue  mucha  honrra. 

Buelve  a  gouernar  a  Castilla  el  Rey  Catholico  el  qual  sin 
mucho  ruydo  assento  las  alteraciones  que  auia  en  ella. 


1507 


CARLOS   QUINTO  175 


Jiintanse  la  Reyna  Doifia  Juana  y  el  Rey  Don  Fernando 
en  Tortoles. 

Y  en  V''  anos  la  Reyna  Dona  Juana  y  la  Reyna  Germana 
(jue  aunque  madastra  le  tomo  la  mano  para  se  la  besar.         10 

Nace  la  Infanta  Dona  Catalina,  en  Torquemada. 

Pestilencia  muy  general  en  Espafia,  sobre  auer  hauido 
hambre. 

Muere  fray  Hernando  de  Talauera  de  la  orden  de  San 
Geronimo,  primer  Ar9obispo  de  Granada,  que  fue  tenido 
por  santo. 

Renuncia  Don  Alonso  de  Fon9equa  por  consentimiento 
del  Rey  Catolico,  el  ar9obispado  de  Santiago  en  Don  Alonso 
su  hijo,  que  fue  cosa  nueua. 

El  Rey  de  Tenes  pide  socorro  al  Rey  Don  Fernando,  20 
contra  el  Termecen  que  lo  despojara  de  su  estado. 

Concierto  que  casen  al  Principe  Don  Carlos  y  la  princesa 
Maria  de  Gales,  su  hija  del  Rey  de  Inglaterra,  Enrrique  8", 
siendo  el  de  ocho  anos  y  ella  de  diez. 

La  guerra  que  hace Carlos  Duque  de  Gueldras,en  Brabante 
con  favor  del  Rey  de  Francia. 

Mueue  guerra  el  Emperador  Maximiliano  a  venecianos 
por  que  se  aulan  al9ado  contra  el,  con  el  Rey  de  Francia, 
para  los  escluyr  de  Italia. 

Ha  el  Rey  Luis,  aunque  por  mafia,  la  inuestidura  de  Milan,  30 
que  causo  muchas  guerras  y  males. 

Tenta  de  cobrar  por  armas  a  Bolofia  Juan  de  Bentiuoglia, 
mas  no  pudo,  y  assi  huuo  de  uiuir  en  Buseto  como  dester- 
rado  con  XXI  hijos. 

Rebuelta  y  guerras  en  Genoua,  por  las  quales  entro  el 
Rey  de  Francia  con  mano  armada  en  la  ciudad,  y  hi^o  la 
Lanterna  castillo  fortissimo. 

Huuo  grandes  guerras  entre  turcos,  y  sophianos,  ven- 
ciendo  estos  dos  ve9es,  y  aquellos  vna. 

Da  mucha  guerra  Ismael  Sophi  al  Rey  Aladola,  en  Capa-  40 
docia,  y  tomale  al  Bustan,  Amaraz,  y  otras  ciudades. 

Guerra  del  Rey  Don  Juan  de  Nauarra,  que  le  sucedio  mal, 
con  Don  Luis  de  Beamonte,  en  la  qual  murio  el  Duque 
Valentin  Cesar  de  Boria. 


176  ANN  ALES   DEL  EMPERADOR  1507 

Era  Cesar  de  Boria  hijo  del  Papa  Alexandre,  y  de  Canocia 
Romana,  era  bien  dispuesto,  sino  que  tenia  tantos  barros 
en  la  cara,  y  tan  malos  ojos,  que  huia  de  andar  de  dia,  y 
mostraua  bien  con  el  rostro  su  cruel  corazon  ;  fue  muy  rico 
cardenal,  y  entre  otros  beneficios  tuuo  el  ar^obispado  de 

50  Pamplona,  y  despues  el  Ar9obispado  de  Valencia.  Antojo- 
sele  de  mudar  abito,  pareciendole  mejor  la  espada  que  no  el 
breuiario,  y  renuncio  el  capelo  y  los  beneficios  por  mas 
que  le  contradixeron  y  afearon  los  Reyes  Catholicos,  Don 
Fernando  y  Dona  Isauel,  para  los  renun9iar ;  y  que  pareciese 
licito  y  onesto,  prouo  ser  borde,  auiendo  prouado  lo  con- 
trario  su  padre  quando  lo  hi90  cardenal ;  y  procure  fauor 
del  Rey  de  Francia  Luis  XII  por  vna  licencia  y  despensa- 
cion,  que  le  dio  su  padre  para  casar  con  Ana,  Duquesa  de 
Bretana,  dexando  a  la  Reyna  Juana  su  primera  muger,  por 

60  que  no  paria.  Y  assi  caso  alia  en  Francia  con  Carlota  de 
Fox,  hija  de  Alan  de  la  Brit,  gran  Serior  y  noble,  con  la 
qual  tuuo  a  Valence,  de  donde  se  Uamo  Duque  Valentin  6 
Valentinoys  segun  lengua  francesa.  Querria  tambien  ser 
Duque  de  Gandia,  que  para  esso,  a  lo  que  se  dixo,  hechara  en 
Tiber  al  Duque  su  hermano.  Hizole  su  padre  Capitan  general 
de  la  Iglesia  en  lugar  del  Duque  ahogado,  pretendiendo 
que  fuese  senor  de  la  Romana,  Spoleto,  Marca  de  Ancona, 
y  otros  estados,  si  hechase  dende  los  senores  que  llamaua 
tiranos  del  patrimonio  de  S.  Pedro.    El  pues  los  hecho  todos 

70  por  fuer9a  y  miedo  en  dos  6  tres  afios,  con  tan  gloria  y 
nombre  que  todos  como  dizen  le  temian,  y  Bayazet  gran 
turco  quiso  por  aquello  tratar  con  el  para  ir  contra  vene- 
cianos.  Prosiguio  los  vrsinos  y  los  coloneses,  matando  cruel 
y  publicamente  algunos  caualleros  de  aquellos  linajes,  y 
aun  cardenales.  Atormentaua  clerigos,  segun  era  fama,  por 
auer  dineros  para  la  guerra.  Dio  yeruas  en  fin  a  su  padre 
aunque  por  yerro  del  botiller,  queriendo  matar  ciertos 
cardenales  que  conuidava,  con  los  quales  muriera  tambien 
el  que  fuera  su  merecido,  sino  se  metiera  en  vna  mula,  que 

80  abrieron  uiua,  dexando  la  cabe9a  afuera.  Empero  luego  con 
su  enfermedad,  y  con  la  muerte  del  papa  su  padre,  perdio 
quanto  tenia,  y  el  gran   Capitan  aunque  con  seguro  lo 


1507  CARLOS   QUINTO  \^^ 

prendio  en  Napoles,  que  comencaua  de  alleg^r  gente,  y  lo 
enuio  a  Espana.  Huyo  a  Nauarra  de  la  Mota  de  Medina 
descolgandose  por  sogas,  y  estando  alia  le  derriuaron  Ximen 
Garces  de  los  Fayos,  si  no  era  de  Agreda,  y  otro  hermano  suyo 
por  meterse  mucho  en  los  del  conde  de  Lerin,  que  fueren 
a  socorrer  de  comida  el  Castillo  de  Viana.  Dizianme  ami 
vnos  de  Logrofio,  que  se  hallaron  en  aquello,  como  le  acauo 
de  matar  Damiancillo  atambor,  estando  caydo,  y  gimiendo.  90 
Desta  manera  murio  el  valiente  Duque  Valentin,  cuyos  vicios 
ygualauan  y  cubrian  sus  letras,  su  liberalidad,  su  animo  y 
delegencia.  Trataua  marauillosamente  toda  suerte  de  armas 
a  pie  y  a  cauallo  ;  tenia  gran  ligereza  en  saltar,  correr,  luchar, 
ter^ar  y  tornear. 

Treguas  por  tres  anos  entre  venecianos  y  el  Emperador 
Maximiliano. 

Aiio  de  1508 

Toma  el  Conde  Pedro  Navarro  el  Penon  de  \'^eles  de  la 
Gomera,  donde  se  hizo  despues  vna  fortaleza.  Prende  Don 
Pedro  F"  de  Cordoua,  Marques  de  Priego,  a  Fernan  Gomez 
de  Herrera  el  de  Madrid,  alcalde  de  corte,  y  lleuale  a  Montilla 
desde  Cordoa. 

Castiga  el  Rey  Catholico  el  Marques  de  Priego,  porque 
prendio  su  alcalde,  derriuando  la  fortaleza  de  Montilla. 

Y  a  Don  Pedro  de  Giron,  porque  se  lleuo  a  Portugal  al 
Duque  de  Medina  Sidonia,  cuyo  tutor  era. 

Hecha  preso  el  Cardenal  fray  Fran*^°  Ximenes  a  Luzero  10 
Inquisidor  riguroso. 

Cerca  el  Rey  de  Fez  a  Arcilla  con  cien  mil  moros  estando 
dentro  el  Conde  Don  Vasco  de  Borba,  sobre  lo  qual  huuo 
g^an  asonada  de  guerra  en  Portugal  para  el  socorro,  y  aun 
en  Castilla  juntando  gente  Don  Antonio  de  Fonsequa,  pero 
antes  que  llegasen  la  deserco  Pedro  Navarro. 

Haze  Alonzo  de  Hojeda  vn  lugar  en  Caribana,que  nombro 
San  Seuastian,y  que  fue  la  primera  poblacion  despanoles  en 
tierra  firme  de  Indias. 

Comien9a  Diego  de  Nicuesa,  que  luego  murio  desastrada-  ao 
mente,  a  poblar  el  Nombre  de  Dios. 

1366  N 


178  ANNALES   DEL  EMPERADOR  1508 

Descomulga  el  Papa  Julio  a  los  venecianos  por  vsurpa- 
dores  de  Rauenna,  y  otras  tierras  de  la  Iglesia. 

Da  el  Papa  t°  de  Coronado  Emperador  a  Maximiliano. 

Liga  contra  venecianos  hecha  en  Cambray  del  Papa  Julio, 
del  Emperador  Maximiliano,  del  Rey  Don  Fernando,  del 
Rey  Luis  de  Francia  y  otros  Senores  y  estados,  porque 
tenian  tierras  de  todos. 

Guerra  entre  Maximiliano  y  venecianos,  sobre  la  Doradusa 
30  y  Goricia. 

Viene  a  dar  en  tierra  cerca  de  Diepa  vna  barquilla  de 
minbres  con  ocho  hombres,  que  comian  carne  cruda,  y  beuian 
sangre  como  agua,  y  que  no  se  pudieron  entender. 

Guerra  de  Florentines,  contra  Pisanos,  por  sujetarlos. 

Va  Insiluas  a  Corasan  con  docientos  mil  hombres  y  sale 
a  el  Ismael  Sophi,  con  casi  otros  tantos,  mas  no  rompieron 
a  intersision  de  vn  obispo  armenio. 

Alio  de  1509 

Pregon  de  la  liga  de  Cambray  en  la  Iglesia  mayor  de 
Valladolid,  diziendo  misa  el  obispo  de  Palencia.  Juraronla  el 
Rey  por  si,  y  por  la  Reyna  su  hija,  y  por  el  Papa  su  nun9io 
Juan  Rufo,  obispo  de  Bitanor,  por  el  Principe  don  Carlos, 
Mercurino  de  Gatinaria,  por  el  Rey  de  Francia,  el  seiior  de 
Guisa,  y  los  embaxadores  del  Emperador  Maximiliano. 

La  toma  de  Oran,  por  el  Cardenal  fray  Fran<^  Ximenes. 

Entra  la  Reyna  Dona  Juana  en  Tordesillas,  para  nunca 
salir. 
lo      Conformanse   Maximiliano  Emperador  y  el   Rey   Don 
Fernando,  para  las  cosas  de  Carlos,  su  nieto. 

Pare  la  Reyna  Germana  en  Valladolid  un  hijo  que  no 
uiuio  mas  de  vna  hora,  cuya  muerte  fue  de  tanta  tristesa 
para  los  Reynos  de  Aragon  i\uanto  su  nacimiento  de  gloria. 

Muere  Enrrique  Rey  de  Inglaterra,  el  septimo,  que  de- 
seando  casar  con  la  Reyna  Dona  Juana  de  Castilla  detuuo 
mucho  tiempo  el  casamiento  de  su  hijo,  y  de  la  infanta  Doiia 
Catalina,  y  aun  daua  mala  vida  a  su  nuera,  por  for9ar  al 
abuelo  a  lo  que  pretendia. 


1509  CARLOS   QUINTO  179 

Casa  en  fin  la  Iff*  Dona  Cathalina  con  Enrrique  octavo,  20 
Rey  de  Inglaterra  su  cunado,  teniendo  despensacion  para 
ello  aunque  fuere  auida ;  pero  dicen  que  Artus  era  impotente. 

Tratase  la  causa  de  la  beata  de  Pedra  Hita,  que  fue  notable. 

Comien^a  la  vnluersidad  de  Alcala  de  Henares. 

Vitoria  del  Rey  Luis  de  Francia  en  Anaydes,  por  los 
aliados  contra  venecianos,  que  ayna  los  descarriara.  Tenia 
el  Rey  quince  mil  de  acauallo  y  treynta  mil  de  pie,  y  ellos 
treinta  y  tres  mil  peones  y  dez  mil  de  acauallo.  Murieron 
en  la  batalla  diez  mil  a  lo  que  los  franceses  cuentan. 

Toma  por  guerra  el  Papa  Julio  a  Modena  y  a  la  Miran-  30 
dola,  que  tenia  el  Duque  A°  de  Ferrara. 

Cerca  el  Emperador  Maximiliano  a  Padua,  mas  no  la 
pudo  tomar. 

Restituyen  venecianos  al  Papa  Julio  a  Rauena.  Comien^a 
Juan  Ponce  de  Leon  a  conquistar  el  Boriquen.  Guerra  de 
venecianos  contra  el  Duque  de  Ferrara. 

La  sangriente  batalla  entre  polacos  y  turcos,  venciendo 
los  christianos. 

Prendio  en  guerra  el  Sophi  a  Surraangol,  Rey  de  Su- 
maquia.  40 

Ano  de  1510 

La  toma  de  Bugia  y  de  Tripol  de  Berberia.  Renuevan 
la  liga  de  Cambray  contra  venecianos  los  mismos  y  mas 
Vladislao  Rey  de  Vngria. 

Ayuda  el  Papa  Julio  a  los  venecianos  que  se  le  humillaron, 
saliendose  de  la  liga  que  fue  ocasion  de  muchas  guerras  y 
danos. 

Ha9e  guerra  el  Papa  contra  franceses  en  Genoua  y  en 
Milan,  por  que  fuese  la  vna  libre  y  la  otra  de  su  dueiio,  pero 
dexanle  los  suyzos  que  tambien  se  di9en  esguizaros  por 
dineros  del  Rey  Luis.  10 

Mata  en  Rauena  el  Duque  de  Vrbino  Fran""  M*  de  la 
Robere  sobrino  del  Papa  Julio  al  Cardenal  Alidorio  por  lo 
de  Bolona,  por  cuya  muerte  tomo  enojo  el  Papa,  aunque  era 
el  cardenal  de  suzia  vida. 

Nace  rancor  entre  Julio  Papa  II  y  el  Rey  Luis  de  Francia, 

N  2 


i8o  ANNALES   DEL  EMPERADOR  1510 

que  fue  principio  de  infinites  males,  ayudando  a  venecianos 
el  Papa  y  el  Rey  al  Duque  de  Ferrara,  en  sus  guerras. 

El  Papa  enojado  del  Rey  de  Francia,  por  lo  de  Ferrara 
y  de  Bolona,  pide  fauor  a  los  Principes  Cristianos,  y  dansele 
20  y  en  special  el  Rey  Catholico. 

Catiuan  cossarios  a  XXV  frayles  carmilitas  voluiendo  a 
Scicilia  del  Cap**  general  que  auian  tenido  en  Roma, 

Ano  de  1511 

La  conquista  de  Cuba,  por  Diego  Velasquez  de  Cuellar. 

Confederacion  del  Rey  Catholico  Don  Fernando  y  de 
venecianos  con  el  Papa  Julio,  haziendo  exercito  de  comun 
contra  el  Rey  de  Francia. 

Anda  el  Consilio  que  contra  el  Papa  Julio  comen9aron 
ciertos  cardenales,  cuya  cabe9a  era  el  cardenal  Don  Bernar- 
dino de  Carauajal,  obispo  de  Sigiien^a,  a  quien  Uamauan 
burlando  el  Papa  Andrea.  La  causa  de  aquel  consilio, 
por  dar  alguna  ra9on  fue,  que  proponiendo  el  Papa  en 
10  Consistorio  de  quitar  a  Bolona  a  Juan  de  Bentiuogli  por 
guerra,  no  consintio  principalmente  como  mas  antigo  el 
cardenal  Don  Bernardino  de  Carauajal,  y  signieron  su  con- 
sejo  y  parecer  los  cardenales  Francisco  Soderino,  Fadrique 
de  San  Seuerino,  Antonio  Gentil,  Guillem  Brisonet  y 
quantos  estauan  mal  con  el  Papa  6  codiciauan  el  Papazgo ; 
los  quales  se  asentaron  a  consilio  en  Pisa  con  voluntad  de 
Pedro  Soderino,  que  gouernaua  entonces  a  Florencia,  y  con 
fauor  del  Rey  de  Francia,  que  les  enuio  con  gente  a  Lotrech. 
Atraxo  a  su  gracia  el  Papa  a  los  tres  cardenales  de  aquellos 
20  6  por  offreci?/2Z<?/2to  6  por  descomuniones ;  los  otros  tres  se 
pasaron  a  Milan,  donde  pregonaron  concilio,  diciendo  que 
lo  fauorecerian,  y  aprouauan  el  Emperador  y  el  Rey  de 
Espafia,  por  lo  qual  se  ayro  el  Rey  Catholico,  y  suplicaua  al 
Papa  que  los  priuase  de  officios  y  beneficios,  y  assi  lo  hifo,  y 
entonces  nombra  el  Rey  a  Don  Fadrique  de  Portugal  por 
obispo  de  Sigiien9a.  Temieron  aquellos  tres  cardenales,  y 
acogieronse  a  Francia,  porfiando  todavia  de  continuar  su 
(X)nsilio  en  Leon, 

Ruega  el  Papa,  requiere  y  amonesta  vna  y  muchas  vezes 


I51I  CARLOS  QUINTO  i8i 

al  Rey  Luis  de  Francia,  que  no  fauoresca  al  maluado  consilio  30 
que  ha9ian  aquellos  cardenales  rebeldes  y  descomulgados, 
ni  ayude  al  Duque  de  Ferrara  ni  a  Juan  de  Bentiuogli  a  otros 
tiranos  de  la  Iglesia. 

Descomulga  el  Papa  y  da  por  scismatico  al  Rey  de  Francia, 
y  a  todos  los  que  fauorecian  su  partido  y  el  de  los  cardenales 
schismaticos,  priuandolos  de  sus  reynos  y  estados  y  digni- 
dades. 

Traxo  a  Valladolid  esta  excomunion,  y  sent*  el  dotor 
Guillen  Ca9a,  la  qual  se  leyo  en  la  Iglesia  Mayor  publica- 
mente  acauado  el  euangelio  de  la  misa,  vn  dia  de  fiesta.        40 

Publica  guerra  del  Rey  Catholico  Don  Fernando  contra 
los  scismaticos.  Pide  ayuda  a  su  yerno  Enrrique  octauo,  el 
Rey  de  Inglaterra,  hace  pa9es  con  los  Reyes  de  Tunes  y 
Treme9en,  enuia  al  Alcaide  de  los  Donzeles  a  Fuente  Rabia 
para  las  cosas  de  Nauarra,  y  manda  que  Don  Ramon  de 
Cardona,  Virrey  de  Napoles,  y  el  Conde  P°  Nauarro,  con  la 
gente  de  su  armada,  se  junten  con  Fran'^"  M*  Duque  de 
Vrbino,  que  con  exercito  del  Papa  estaua  sobre  Bolona. 

Consulta  el  Rey  de  Francia  en  Tours  con  sus  letrados, 
theologos  y  canonistas,  que  no  era  obligado  a  obede9er  a  la  5° 
excomunion  del  Papa  hecha  con  armas  ;  que  no  puede  ha9er 
guerra  el  Papa  licitamente  a  otro  Sefior  en  tierras  no  de  la 
Iglesia,  6  que  no  a  ofendido  la  fee  ni  la  Iglesia,  ni  le  a  mouido 
guerra ;  que  puede  ha9er  guerra  el  Rey  en  su  defension  al 
Papa,  su  enemigo  publico  y  notorio  en  particular,  empero 
guardando  todas  las  Iglesias  y  pueblos  de  su  Rey  no  el 
derecho  comun,  y  la  pregmatica  san9ion  del  concilio  de 
Basilea ;  y  que  podia  defender  sus  amigos  aliados  de  otro, 
aunque  fuese  Papa. 

Manda  el  Rey  de  Francia  que  no  lleuen  dineros  a  Roma  60 
sus  vassallos,  porque  no  le  haga  guerra  con  ellos  el  Papa. 

Entra  Don  Gaston  de  Fox,  Cap*"^  general  del  Rey  de 
Francia,  en  Bolona  por  fuer9a  de  su  exercito  ;  gana  tambien 
a  Bresa,  Bergamo,  y  otros  pueblos  del  Papa  y  venecianos. 

Molesta  el  Duque  Carlos  de  Gueldres  a  Brabante,  con 
spaldas  del  Rey  de  Francia. 

Ponese  con  el  Papa  el  Emperador  Maximiliano,  por- 


i82  ANNALES   DEL   EMPERADOR  1511 

que  ayudaua  el   Rey  de   Francia  al  Duque   de    Geldres 
contra  el. 
70      Presentan  al  Emperador  Maximiliano  vn  hombre  que  se 
comia  de  vna  vez  vn  carnero,  6  vna  ternera. 

\''ence  y  prende  Tomas  Hauad  en  batalla  de  Mar  a  An- 
dres Borton,  Capitan  de  la  flota  Scocesa. 

Comien9an  los  barbarrojas  a  tener  fama. 

Dissenciones  y  guerras  entre  Bayazet  gran  Turco,  y  sus 
hijos. 

La  batalla  de  Churlu  que  dio  Selim  a  su  padre  Bayazet. 

Pelean  Insilbas  y  el  Sophi  con  cada  duzentos  mil  hombres 
a  lo  qual  cuentan,  en  vna  Isla  del  rio  Efia,  cer9a  de  Carsar, 
80  ciudad  grande,  auiendo  primero  aplacado  la  batalla,  la  qual 
fue  crudelissima  y  la  mas  sangrienta  de  nues^ros  afios. 

Vencio  el  Sophi  por  su  buen  sfuerzo.  Enuio  la  caue9a  de 
Insiluas  al  gran  Turco  y  la  de  Azebec  Cap*^"^  excelente  al 
Soldan  del  Cairo,  que  fue  inhumanidad.  Empero  dexo  el 
reyno  a  sus  hijos  con  algun  trebuto,  por  que  truxessen 
bonetes  colorados,  desechando  los  verdes  que  acostumbrauan. 

Nace  Fran*'°  Lopez  en  Gomara  domingo  de  manana,  que 
fue  dia  de  la  Purificacion  de  miestva.  Senora  que  llaman 
Candelaria,  el  qual  hi90  estos  afios,  y  las  guerras  de  mar  de 
90  nuestros  tiempos,  y  la  historia  de  las  indias  con  la  conquista 
de  Mexico,  y  piensa  otras  obrillas,  y  pues  lo  ha  trabajado  es 
razon  que  lo  go9e  en  compafiia  de  tantos  buenos  varones. 

Ano  de  1512 

El  mowstro  que  pario  en  Rauuena  vna  monja,  el  qual 
dicen  era  macho  y  hembra,  tenia  vn  cuerno  en  la  caue9a  y 
vna  cruz  en  el  pecho,  y  alas  por  bra90s  y  vn  solo  pie,  vn  ojo 
en  la  rodilla. 

La  batalla  campal  de  Rauena,  que  vencieron  franceses 
por  no  pellear  espanoles.  Los  nuestros  vencidos  fueron,  mas 
aunque  fueron  mataron  los  enemigos  ;  murieron  en  todos 
diez  y  seis  mil  hombres,  las  dos  partes  del  exercito  frances, 
y  quarenta  capitanes  de  ambas  partes,  y  mas  Don  Gaston  de 
10  Fox,  hermano  de  la  Reyna  Germana,  que  hi90  esclarecida 
la  Jornada,  el  qual  tenia  (si  en  cuenta  de  soldados  ay  verdad) 


1512  CARLOS   QUINTO  183 

setenta  pie9as  gruesas  de  artilleria,  dos  mil  hombres  de 
armas,  quatro  mil  cauallos  ligeros,  y  veinte  cinco  mil 
peones.  Auia  en  el  exercito  del  Papa  con  el  Duque  de 
Vrbino  veinte  y  quatro  tiros  de  bronce,  y  veinte  y  tres  mil 
ifF'®%  los  XII  mil  espanoles,  y  mil  ginetes,  mil  cauallos 
ligeros,  ocho  cientos  hombres  de  armas  espanoles,  y  q*°' 
hombres  de  armas  italianos. 

Vienen  a  Burgos  con  el  Alcayde  de  los  Donzelles  em- 
baxadores  de  Abdala,  Rey  de  Tremezen,  que  se  dava  por  20 
tributario  del  Rey  de  Castilla,  los  quales  truxeron  al  Rey 
Don  Fernando  los  dineros  del  tributo,  22  cauallos,  vn  leon- 
cillo  manso,  vna  galina  de  oro  baziado  con  36  pollitos  de  lo 
mismo,  y  muchas  cosas  moriscas,  y  vna  donzellica  hermosa 
de  sangre  real  y  130  christianos  cauptiuos. 

Rompe  Don  Duarte  de  Menezes,  alcayde  de  Tanjer,  con 
1 70  de  acauallo  y  300  peones  al  Rey  de  Fez,  que  le  vino 
a  quemar  los  panes,  con  3000  moros  a  pie,  y  700  ginetes ;  en 
el  encuentro  y  en  el  alcanze  prendio  225  y  mato  dos  tantos. 

Concierto  del  Rey  Don  Juan  de  Nauarra,  por  medio  de  30 
Francia,  que  le  adjudico  a  Bearne  por  que  descompadrase 
con  el  Rey  Don  Fernando  para  que  no  entrase  por  su  reyno 
de  Guiana,  donde  los  ingleses  encarauan. 

Toma  el  Duque  de  Alua  Don  Fadrique  de  Toledo,  Capitan 
general,  el  Reyno  de  Nauarra,  entrando  en  Panplona  con 
seis  mil  soldados,  mil  hombres  de  armas  y  mil  y  q'°^  ginetes. 

Cerca  el  Rey  Don  Juan  a  Panplona  XXVI  dias,  estando 
el  Duque  de  Alua,  Hernando  de  Vega,  Antonio  de  Foncequa 
y  otros  muchos  caualleros  castellanos,  que  se  huuieron  rezio. 

Va  el  Rey  a  Logrofio,  y  enuia  desde  alii  socorro  a  Pan-  40 
plona  con  el  Duque  de  Najera,  por  cuyo  temor  lleuanto  el 
cerco  el  Rey  don  Juan,  dexando  el  artelleria  francesa.     Oy 
dizir  que  Uoraua  el  Rey  de  plazer  con  An*°  de  Foncequa 
que  le  truxo  la  nueua,  tanto  estimo  ganar  a  Nauarra. 

Cercan  a  San  Sebastian  el  Delphin  Fr^°  y  el  Duque  de 
Borbon  Monpensier,  pero  hecharonlos  con  mal  los  de  la 
tierra. 

Queda  por  Virrey  de  Nauarra  Don  Di°  Hernandes  de 
Cordoua  Marques  de  Comares,  que  llamauan  Alcayde  de 


i84  ANNALES  DEL  EMPERADOR  15" 

50  los  Donzeles,  y  luego  Don  An*°  Manrrique,  Duque  de  Najera, 
y  despues  Don  Francisco  de  Zuniga,  conde  de  Miranda,  y 
Don  Martin  de  Cordoua,  Conde  de  Alcaodete,  y  Don  Martin 
de  Mendo9a,  Marques  de  Canete,  y  Don  Luis  Hurtado,  Mar- 
ques de  Mondejar,  y  Juan  de  Vega,  Marques  de  Gragal,  y 
Don  Pedro  de  Mendo9a,  Conde  de  Castro  Xeres,  y  Don  .  .  . 
de  Cardenas,  Duque  de  Maqueda,  y  Don  Beltran  de  la  Cueua, 
Duque  de  Alburquerque. 

Tienta  en  Logrofio  de  huyrse  a  Francia  el  Duque  de 
Calabria  Don  Fernando  de  Aragon,  por  lo  qual  ua  preso 
60  a  Xatiua  que  hasta  alii  andaua  libremente  en  corte  y  tienelo 
en  guarda  mosen  Juan. 

Comien9a  el  consilio  de  S.  Juan  de  Letran  en  Roma. 

Muere  Fray  Pascoal,  Obispo  de  Burgos,  hombre  verda- 
deramente  christiano  estando  en  el  consilio,  y  esta  sepultado 
en  la  moreria  de  Roma. 

Rebelion  contra  el  Sophi  de  los  hijos  de  Insiluas  deshe- 
chando  los  bonetes  colorados  a  consejo  de  vn  sucio  tartaro 
de  los  bonetes  blancos. 

Muere  Bayazet  el  II  de  pon9ona,  que  por  mandado  de 
70  Selim  Sahac  su  hijo  menor,  le  dio  Hamon  Vztarabo  medico 
judio,  auiendo  reynado  31  afios  y  uiuido  74.  Passo  grande 
trauaxo  con  sus  hermanos  por  reynar  y  mayor  con  sus  hijos 
que  tuuo  siete,  y  cada  vno  queria  el  reyno,  gastaua  con  ellos 
por  ario  mas  de  vn  miliar,  ca  los  tenia  en  prouincias,  aunque 
lleuaua  la  mitad  el  mayor,  Fuera  sino  por  ellos  bien  afortu- 
nado,  venciendo  siempre,  saluo  vna  vez,  que  fue  vencido  de 
los  mamalucos.  Fue  sin  esto  riquisimo,  ca  tenia  die  millones 
en  dineros,  poco  antes  que  renunciase  sus  reynos,  que 
ningun  Rey  destos  anos  los  ha  tenido,  aunque  no  hallo 
80  Selim  mas  que  vno  quando  los  busco,  y  dixo  que  metian 
mucho  las  manos  los  criados.  Era  Bayazet  muy  dado 
a  Philosophia  y  a  su  alcoran,  por  lo  qual,  y  por  ser  tan 
viejo,  hizo  dexacion  del  Imperio  en  Selim  con  enojo  de  los 
otros  hijos,  que  fue  acortar  su  vida.  Selim,  comenzado 
a  reynar,  ha9e  prematica  sobre  los  vestidos  de  soldados, 
diciendo  que  por  ser  tan  ricos  peleauan  mucho  sus  contrarios. 


1513  CARLOS  QUINTO  185 

Alio  de  1513 

Treguas  de  secreto  entre  los  reyes  Luis  y  Fernando,  que 
las  sintieron  mucho  el  Rey  de  Inglaterra  y  el  de  Nauarra, 
Conciertanse  de  nueuo  el  Papa  y  el  Emperador  Maxi- 
miliano  contra  el  Rey  Luis  de  Francia.  Conformanse  por 
deligencia  de  Mercurin  de  Gatinaria  Maximiliano  y  Fer- 
nando, sobre  la  gouernacion  y  cosas  de  Carlos  su  nieto. 

Labranse  las  fortalezas  de  Oran  y  del  Penon  de  Argel. 
Descubre  la  mar  del  Sur,  cosa  muy  deseada  en  Castilla, 
Vasco  Nunes  de  Balboa,  auiendo  primero  tenido  muchas 
guerras  con  los  Indios,  este  ano  y  los  pasados.  10 

Gana  de  los  moros  el  Duque  Don  Jaime  de  Bragan9a,  con 
armada  del  Rey  Don  Manuel,  a  Azamor.  Rehaze  su  exer- 
cito  el  Papa  tras  la  batalla  que  perdio  en  Rauena,  con  el 
qual  hecho  de  Italia  los  franceses. 

Mete  por  fuer9a  el  Papa  en  Florencia  los  Medices  en 
vengan9a  que  abian  fauorecido  los  de  aquella  Ciudad  el 
Concilio  de  Pisa,  aun  sargento  su  exercito  aparte. 

Muere  auiendo  tenido  la  silla  Pontifical  10  anos  el  Papa 
Julio  II,  natural  de  Saona,  del  qual  dizen  que  fue  mal  Papa, 
y  buen  hombre.  Era  grande  amigo  del  Rey  Fernando,  por  20 
que  siempre  le  fauorecia,  y  assi  le  dio  las  inuistiduras  de  los 
Reynos  de  Napoles  y  Nauarra.  Murio  alegre  por  auer 
hechado  los  franceses  de  Italia,  y  por  auer  recobrado 
Bolonia  y  por  auer  metido  los  Medices  en  Florencia. 

Elecion  del  Papa  Leon  X,  que  no  tenia  40  afios.  Amistad 
que  nombrauan  perpetua  entre  P>ancia  y  Venecia,  contra 
el  Duque  de  Milan. 

Ayuda  el  Papa  Leon  al  Duque  de  Milan,  Maximiliano 
Sforza. 

La  batalla  de  Nouarra  que  vencio  Maximiliano  Sforza,  30 
contra  franceses,  cuyo  general  era  Luis  de  la  Tremouille. 

Reciue  mucho  dario  el  exercito  veneciano  que  guiaua  B"*^ 
de  Aluiano,  sobre  Cremona  y  sobre  Verona.  Libra  Otauiano 
Fregoso  a  Genoa  de  poder  de  franceses,  con  color  del  Papa 
y  con  spanoles,  que  lleuo  el  Marques  de  Pescara. 

Alian9a  del  Emperador  Maximiliano  y  del  Rey  Don 


1 86  ANN  ALES   DEL   EMPERADOR  1513 

Fernando  y  del  Rey  Enrrique  de  Inglaterra,  contra  el 
Rey  Luis  de  Francia. 

El  Rey  de  Inglaterra  con  ayuda  por  sus  dineros  del 
40  Emperador  Maximiliano,  ha9e  guerra  en  Picardia  contra 
el  Rey  de  Francia. 

Batalla  entre  ingleses  y  esco9eses  por  amor  del  Rey  de 
Francia  en  flod,  que  ven9i6  Thome  Hauard,  Conde  de  Surri, 
en  la  qual  murio  el  Rey  Jaques  IV  con  muchos  nobles  de 
su  reyno,  y  fue  conocido  entre  los  muertos  por  vna  cinta 
de  hierro  que  tray  a  junto  a  las  carnes,  en  penitencia  que 
mato  a  su  padre  por  reynar. 

La  batalla  que  llamaron  de  las  Espuelas,  por  espolear 

mucho  los  franceses  por   mas   huyr,  en  Teruana  y  que 

50  vencieron  ingleses,  en  la  qual  fueron  presos  el  Duque  Fr^°  de 

Longauilla,  Capitan  general,  y  el  famoso  Capitan  Bayardo. 

Bombardean  Prospero  Colona  y  Don  Ramon  de  Cardona 
a  Venecia,  desde  Margara,  que  fue  mayor  la  afrenta  que  no 
el  dano,  aunque  huuo  gran  miedo  en  la  ciudad. 

Gana  el  Rey  de  Inglaterra  Enrrique  octauo  a  Teruana 
por  cerco,  y  Tornay  por  conzierto,  stando  con  el  Maxi- 
miliano Emp°'"* 

Batallan  las  flotas  inglesa  y  francesa  vna  vez,  quando 
perdio  el  ojo  Presan  de  Guyana,  que  auia  pasado  alia  por  el 
60  estrecho  de  Gribaltar  con  sus  galeras,  y  otra  cerca  de  Brest, 
que  por  el  fuego  fue  de  gran  dano  y  peligro. 

La  nombrada  batalla  de  Vicencia  junto  a  Olmo,  que 
huuieron  Don  Ramon  de  Cardona  y  el  senor  Prospero 
Colona  con  B™^  de  Aluiano,  Capitan  general  de  venecianos, 
que  le  tenia  mucha  ventaja  en  numero  de  gente  y  en  sitio 
de  Lugar. 

Tenian  ellos  tres  mil  y  quin*°*  alemanes  y  hasta  quatro 
mil  espanoles,  que  mandaua  el  Marques  de  Pescara,  y  mil 
hombres  de  armas,  los  700  espanoles,  600  ginetes  que  regia 
70  Don  Pedro  de  Castro,  Capitan  famoso,  y  vn  esquadron  de 
cauallos  ligeros  con  el  Cap''"  Susar  y  XIIX  tiros ;  vencieron 
los  Tiuestros  por  el  esfuer90  y  sauer.  Mataron  cinco  mil,  como 
dicen  algunos,  y  25  Cap°^^*  Tomaron  24  tiros  y  todas  las 
banderas.   Tiiuose  a  mucho  la  \'iioria  por  ser  menos  y  morir 


1513  CARLOS   QUINTO  187 

pocos  y  por  auer  braueado  B'"''  de  Aluiano,  diziendo  que  los 
tenia  como  a  cuernos  en  paradas. 

Apoderase  de  Milan  y  de  todo  el  estado  del  Duque 
Maxirailiano  teniendo  por  Capitan  a  Prospero  Colona. 
Combaten  sgnizaros  a  Dauion  en  Borg-ona,  fauoreciendo  al 
Papa  y  al  Emperador,  mas  apartandose  del  zerco  por  los  80 
prometer  el  Rey  de  Francia,  con  firma  y  juramento,  muchas 
cosas,  y  en  ellas  4M  scudos  de  oro,  y  que  tornaria  a  la 
obediencia  del  Papa,  y  que  restituyria  luego  a  Borgoiia  al 
Principe  don  Carlos,  y  que  sacaria  toda  su  gente  de  Italia,  y 
que  nunca  mas  iria  a  Lombardia,  mas  empero  no  lo  cumplio. 
Restituye  Leon  Papa  X  en  los  capelos  y  obispados  a  los 
cardenales  Carauajal,  y  San  Seuerino  con  voluntad  del  Rey 
Don  Fernando,  por  que  se  arepentieron. 

Mortandad  en  Constantinopla,  que  lleuo  segun  di9en 
ciento  y  cinq*'*  mil  personas.  90 

Ahoga  Selim  gran  Turco  a  su  hermano  Amag,  despues 
de  auerle  vencido  en  batalla  caue  Barsia. 

Toma  por  armas  Basillo  Rey  de  Moscouia  a  Esmolenio. 
Guerra  de  turcos  en  Natalia  con  Tequel  nueuo  declarador 
del  Alcoran. 

El  cardenal  Pedro  Bembo  concluye  su  historia. 

Ano  de  1514 

Anda  todavia  la  guerra  en  Italia  contra  franceses.  Junta 
exercito  el  Rey  de  Francia  contra  el  de  Inglaterra,  mas  no 
guerreo. 

Asuelan  ginoueses  su  lanterna  Castillo  inexpunable,  en 
odio  de  los  franceses. 

Pazes  entre  los  Reyes  de  Inglaterra  y  de  Francia,  tratadas 
por  el  Duque  de  Longauilla,  siendo  preso. 

Casa  el  Rey  Luis  de  Francia,  siendo  de  55  anos,  con  Blanca 
Maria  hermana  del  Rey  Enrricjue  IIX  de  Inglaterra,  que 
fue  prometida  a  Don  Carlos,  principe  de  Castilla,  por  auer  ^° 
paz  y  a  Teruaua  y  Tornay. 

Procura  Thomas  cardenal  Destrigonia  la  cruzada  contra 
turcos   en  Vngria  y  Boemia,  a  lo  qual  se  juntaron  muy 


i88  ANNALES   DEL   EMPERADOR  1514 

muchos  mas  hombres  que  quisieron  el  cardenary  el  Rey 
Vlasdislao,  y  por  eso  mandaron  que  no  tomasen  cruzes  todos. 

Al9ase  con  muchos  cruzados  Jorge  Seguel,  robando  y 
matando  los  que  le  contradicen,  specialmente  a  caualleros, 
con  lo  qual  puso  en  armas  al  Rey  y  reyno. 

Ven9e  Juan  Bornemisa  Capitan  del  Rey  a  Lucacho,  her- 
30  mano  de  Jorge  Seguel  cabe  Buda. 

Prende  tambien  peleando  Juan  Vajuoda  al  Jorge  Seguel, 
que  ya  se  Uamaua  Rey,  y  a  su  hermano  Lucacho. 

La  cruel  muerte  aunque  justa  en  Transdutripa  del  fal90 
Rey  Jorge  Seguel  de  Vngria,  que  le  coronaron  con  yerro 
ardiendo,  pun9aronle  muchas  venas  y  dieron  a  beuer  la 
sangre  a  Lucacho  primero,  y  luego  a  20  Cap°^*,  que  no  solo 
lo  chuparon,  mas  tambien  mordian  la  carne  como  estauan 
de  tres  dias  hanbrientos,  a  lo  qual  estuuo  tan  sufrido  que  ni 
aun  sospiro,  en  ca  lo  asaron,  y  cozieron,  y  lo  hicieron  comer 
30  a  sus  soldados. 

La  Batalla  cerca  del  rio  Boristenes,  en  la  qual  Costantino 
Capitan  del  Rey  Sigismundo  de  Polonia  vencio  al  Rey 
Basilio,  matando  ocho  mil  moscouitas  de  quarenta  mil  que 
pelearon  a  cauallo.  Tenia  el  Costantino  quarenta  mil  hombres 
de  armas  y  pocos  mas  de  tres  mil  peones,  los  mas  arcabuzeros, 
que  hicieron  la  matan9a  y  vitoria. 

Cerca  en  vano  el  mismo  Costantino,  a  Esmoleco.  Va 
Selim  contra  el  Sophi,  auiendo  renouado  amistades  con 
vngaros,  polacos  y  venecianos,  Uamado  por  los  Cardines, 
40  senores  persianos  contr°*  en  seta  de  Seiscader. 

Batalla  famosissima  en  el  campo  Caldean  del  Sophi,  con 
solos  XXX  mil  de  acauallo,  a  Selim  que  lleuaua  200  M 
soldados  y  los  ochenta  mil  con  cauallos,  mas  perdiola,  que 
fue  segun  dizen  el  primer  reues  de  fortuna  que  tuuo,  por 
causa  del  artilleria  turca,  que  con  su  gran  ruydo  espanto  los 
cauallos  persianos. 

Mata  Selim  a  Cobarquel  Sampri,  Capitan  del  Sophi 
excelente,  porque  diciendo  quien  era  para  pelear  conti*a  el 
que  traya  consigo  a  Dios,  respondio  si  Dios  estuuiera 
50  contigo,  no  vinieras  a  vsorpar  las  tierras  agenas. 

Entra  Selim  en  Tauris,  mas  luego  se  sale  de  miedo  y 


I5I4  CARLOS   QUINTO  189 

ambre,  sacando  300  doncellas  nobles  y  hermosas  con 
grandes  riquezas.  Alii  se  comenzo  asentar  en  silla  contra  la 
costumbre  otomana,  diciendo  que  auia  pasado  120  leguas 
de  donde  lleg-6  su  aguelo  Mahomet. 

Y  a  la  verdad  el  anduvo  mucho  y  peleo  bien  y  aun 
tornara  muy  glorioso  a  Costantinopla,  sino  perdlera  cien 
mil  hombres  en  aquella  Jornada. 

Tras  esta  mala  pelea  se  alio  el  Sophi  desde  Tasnula,  donde 
se  retira,  con  el  Soldan  Campson  y  con  Aladola,  y  con  otro  60 
Rey  negro  que  se  recelaua  de  turcos. 

Ano  de  1515 

Muere  Luis  XII  Rey  de  Francia,  sin  hijos  varones,  aunque 
casava  con  tres  mugeres.  Dexo  la  primera  que  no  paria,  por 
auer  a  Bretana  con  la  2^,  y  aquella  esposada  con  Maximiliano. 
Era  muy  escaso,  de  poca  religion  y  dexaua  la  honrra  por  el 
prouecho,  guerrero  cruel,  vengatiuo.  Gano  a  Milan,  a  Genoa, 
y  a  Napoles,  vencio  a  los  venecianos  por  los  de  la  liga, 
y  por  si  solo  al  Papa  con  sus  aliados,  mas  por  su  poca 
christiandad  lo  perdio  todo  y  fue  descomulgado,  y  tuuo 
guerras  en  su  propio  reyno  de  ingleses  y  suizos,  con  los 
quales  hi90  feos  consiertos  y  feamente  los  nego.  Libraron  10 
mal  quantos  tuuieron  su  amistad,  ca  fue  ocasion  que  per- 
diese  Nauarra  el  Rey  Don  Juan,  y  que  perdiese  Jaques  Rey 
de  Scocia,  y  que  Florencia  comen9ase  a  perder  la  libertad. 
De  ninguno  tuuo  inbidia  sino  del  Rey  Catholico  que  ni  lo 
pudo  ven9er  en  armas,  ni  echarle  dadno  falso  en  los  negocios. 

Comien9a  de  gouernar  a  Flandes  el  Principe  Don  Carlos. 
Exercito  de  Franceses  en  Nauarra,  pero  luego  fue  lan9ado  con 
otro  de  castellanos. 

Nauarra  queda  incorporada  en  Castilla  por  cortes  que  se 
hicieron  en  Burgos,  y  por  el  autoridad  papal  y  consistorial.  20 

Amigable  paz  entre  Fran""  Rey  de  Francia,  y  Carlos, 
Principe  Archiduque,  hecha  en  Paris  por  Enrrique,  Conde 
de  Nassau,  consertando  de  casar  con  Carlos  a  Renea,  her- 
mana  de  la  Reyna  Claudia,  que  tambien  se  la  prometieron 
por  esposa  los  aiios  pasados. 


I90  ANNALES   DEL  EMPERADOR  1515 

Halla  Caspar  de  Morales  muchas  perlas  en  Tararequi,  de 
la  qual  isla  y  de  la  de  Cubagua  que  descubrio  Christoual 
Colon  ban  traydo  a  Espafia  infinitissimas. 

La  armada  portuguesa  se  pierde  sobre  Azamor,  tocando 
30  en  la  barra  80  Carauellas,  y  matando  y  prendiendo  los  moros 
cerca  de  3M.  portug-ueses. 

Trauan  amistad  los  Reyes  Enrrique,  y  Francisco.  Pide 
fauor  Maximiliano  Sforza,  Duque  de  Milan,  para  resistir  al 
Rey  Fr^°,  al  Papa  Leon,  al  Emp"'  y  a  esguizaros. 

Passa  el  Rey  Fr^"  a  Italia  para  ganar  a  Milan  con  grande 
brauosidad,  Uamado  de  venecianos  y  ginoueses.  La  batalla 
y  vitoria  del  Rey  Fr*^°  en  Melignan  contra  los  esguizaros, 
teniendo  el  muchedumbre  de  soldados,  con  ocho  mil  de 
acauallo  a  la  ligera  y  quatro  mil  hombres  de  armas  francesas, 
40  y  ellos  mas  de  treynta  mil  peones,  en  que  auia  italianos  y 
algunos  espafioles.  Cana  el  Rey  Fr'^"  a  Milan  y  enuia  preso 
a  Francia  al  Duque  Maximiliano. 

Vistas  del  Papa  Leon  y  del  Rey  Fr*'°  en  Bolonia,  el  qual 
huuo  alii  bulas  de  cruzada,  y  el  patronazgo  de  los  obispados 
y  abadias  de  Francia  y  aunque  pretendio  el  nombre  y  corona 
de  Emperador  de  Costantinopla. 

Confederacion  contra  el  Rey  Fr"=°  entre  Maximiliano 
Emperador,  el  Rey  Don  Fran"^",  Enrrique  Rey  de  Ingla- 
terra,  y  suyzos. 
5c  Junta  en  Viena,  del  Emperador  Maximiliano  y  de  los  reyes 
hermanos,  Vladislao  de  Vngria  y  Sigismundo  de  Polonia, 
con  grande  caualleria,  y  embaxadores  de  muchas  partes,  los 
quales  consertaron  que  Segismundo  casase  con  Bona  hija 
de  Juan  Caleaso  Sforza,  Duque  de  Milan,  y  Luis  hijo  de 
Vladislao,  con  Maria  Infanta  de  Castilla,  y  el  Inffante  Don 
Fernando  6  el  Principe  don  Carlos,  con  Ana  hija  del  mismo 
Rey  Vlasdislao. 

Entra  Italia  con  exercito  el  Emperador  Maximiliano  y 
vueluese  sobre  Milan  sin  hacer  nada. 
60      Entran  suyzos  ansi  mismo  en  el  delfinado  sobre  Brianzon. 

Guerrillas  entre  vngaros  y  turcos,  cuyo  Capitan  era  Junos 
Basa. 

Guerra  entre  polacos  y  moscouitas. 


1515  CARLOS   QUINTO  191 

Muere  Vladislao,  Rey  de  Vngria,  que  fue  muy  deuoto 
Cristiano. 

Vence  Selin  en  batalla  iruy  sangrienta,  al  Rey  de  Capa- 
dosia  Aladola  en  Marat,  cuya  cabe9a  inuio  a  Venecia  que 
fue  presente  de  barbaro,  despues  de  auerla  traydo  a  mostrar 
por  todas  aquellas  partes. 

Ano  de  1516 

Murio  en  Madrigalejo,  el  Catholico  Rey  Don  Fernando 
que  de  tal  nombre  fue  V  en  Castilla  y  II  en  Aragon,  cuyas 
uirtudes  fueron  muchas  aunque  no  sin  vicios.  Fueron  sus 
coronistas  fray  Juan  Bauprista  Mantuano,  A°  de  Palenzia, 
Antonio  de  Nibrixa,  Pedro  Martir  milanes,  fray  Bernardino 
Gentil  de  Scicilcia,  Hernando  del  Pulgar,  Tristan  de  Silua, 
Gracia  Dei  gallego,  Hernando  de  Riuera,  y  Carauajal.  Escri- 
uieron  tambien  algo  Andres  Bernal,  G''"  F''^  de  Ouiedo,  y 
otros,empero  escriue  mejor  que  todos  Geronimo  Corita  en  la 
historia  que  nombra  de  las  empresas  del  Rey  Don  Fernando  10 
el  Catholico.  Compiten  sobre  la  gou^^*"^  de  Castilla  fr. 
Fran°°  Ximenes,  Cardenal  y  Arcobispo  de  Toledo,  y  Adrian 
Florencio,  dean  de  Louayna,  que  auia  venido  sobre  la  misma 
gouernacion,  y  a  tomar  la  posesion  del  reyno,  por  el  Prin- 
cipe Don  Carlos. 

El  Cardenal  fr.  Fran'°  Ximenes,  como  gouernador,  ordena 
soldados  labradores  dando  las  armas  y  es^/'ciciones,  que 
algunos  se  lo  tuuieron  a  mal,  y  aun  quiso  ha9er  nueua 
mpneda  y  quitar  las  salinas  y  alcaualas  a  muchos,  que  lo 
tuuieron  por  peor.  20 

Asonada  de  D.  Pedro  Portocarrero,  para  tomar  el  Maes- 
trasgo  de  Santiago  en  Llerena. 

El  alboroto  que  hi90  en  Areualo  el  contador  Mayor  Juan 
Velasques  contra  la  reyna  Germana. 

La  batalla  de  Non  entre  los  nues/ros  y  franceses. 

Otra  batalla  del  Coronel  Fernando  de  Billalua  de  Pla- 
sen9ia  con  el  Marichal  Don  Pedro  de  Nauarra,  que  despues 
se  mato. 

Amistad  renouada  entre  Don  Carlos,  nueuo  Rey  de  Spafia, 
y  Fran<=°  Rey  de  Francia,  la  qual  fue  fauorable  para  el  Rey  30 


192  ANNALES   DEL   EMPERADOR  1516 

Fran"**,  y  assi  el  se  defendia  despues  con  ella,  y  sus  malas 
causas.  Fue  pues  allende  otras  cosas  que  satisficiese  Carlos 
a  Enrrique  de  la  Brit  por  Nauarra  (cuyo  Rey  se  llamaua) 
lo  que  mandasen  los  jueces  arbitros  que  ambos  nombrarian, 
y  que  casase  con  Luysa  hija  chiquita  de  Fran*^°,  y  si  aquella 
muriese,  con  la  hija  no  nacida,  cosa  nunca  hecha,  y  que 
faltando  entrambos,  casase  todavia  con  Renea,  que  despues 
fue  Duquesa  de  Ferrara,  segun  se  consertara  el  afio  pasado ; 
en  fauor  de  cuyos  matrimonios  renuncio  el  Rey  Fran'^"  el 
40  derecho  que  pretendia  tener  a  Napoles,  por  cien  mil  escudos 
de  tributo  en  cada  vn  ano.    Los  quales  desde  luego  cobrase. 

Sienten  mucho  en  Espana  los  consiertos  de  Nayon  por 
lo  de  Nauarra  y  por  los  cien  mil  escudos  de  pension. 

Tienta  el  Rey  Fran'=°  de  traer  al  Rey  Carlos  contra  el 
Rey  Enrrique  de  Inglaterra,  teniendo  con  el  amistad  pre- 
sente. 

El  bien  aventurado  nacimiento  de  Maria  Princesa  de 
Gales,  que  reduxo  en  Cristiandad  a  Inglatierra. 

Horruch  Barbarroxa  se  ha9e  Rey  de  Argel. 
50      El  desbarate  de  Diego  de  Vera  en  Argel, 

Hace  guerra  en  Frisa  el  Rey  Don  Carlos  teniendo  spanoles. 

El  9erco  rezio  de  Bresa,  estando  dentro  spanoles  con  el 
comendador  Icart,  y  fuera  gascones  y  nauarros  con  el  Conde 
Pedro  Navarro. 

El  9erco  de  Yerona  que  tambien  fue  rezio,  pero  dexola 
el  Emperador  Maximiliano  para  venecianos  conforme  a  los 
conciertos  de  Nayon  por  200 M.  escudos,  y  alii  fenecieron  sus 
guerras  en  Italia. 

Destr09an  los  gueldreses  Astolanda. 
60      Alian9a  perpetua  de  los  esguizaros  con  el  Rey  Fran''"  que 
les  paga  tributo,  con  lo  qual  franceses  se  han  valido  y  ellos 
cobrado  gran  reputacion. 

La  terrible  batalla  de  Selim  con  Campson  Soldan  de 
Egipto  en  Aleppo,  donde  13  mil  janizaros  vencieron  14  mil 
mamalucos,  que  a  la  sazon  eran  tenidos  por  los  mejores 
soldados  de  Assia,  aunque  por  tray9ion,  segun  pare9i6,  de 
cayer  Senor  de  Aleppo,  Huuo  tanto  estruendo  y  ruydo 
de  armas  y  gente  que  huyeron  todas  las  aues  y  animales 


I 


1516  CARLOS  QUINTO  193 

de  aquel  llano,  y  aun  ensurdecieron  muchos  hombres  para 
siempre.  Murieron  a  su  quanta  cien  mil  hombres  com-  70 
batientes  de  ambas  partes ;  cayeron  Selim,  que  fue  socorrido, 
y  Campson  que  murio.  Los  que  alii  mas  esfuer90  y  destreza 
mostraron  fueron  Sinan  Bassa  y  Jambardo,  que  otros  llaman 
el  Gazel. 

Entro  Selim  en  Damasco,  donde  tuuo  que  responder  a 
22  nacciones,  cada  vna  de  su  lenguaje. 

Otra  braua  pelea  sin  vitoria  en  Carici,  cerca  de  Guzaxa,  de 
Alguacil  con  6  mil  hombres  y  de  Sinan  con  mas  de  loM,  por 
despartirlos  la  noche.  Dexo  la  ropa  el  Alguazil  por  lleuar 
lbs  heridos  para  que  no  dixesen  que  auian  sido  ven9ido,  y  80 
Sinan  corta  las  cabe9as  a  los  mamelucos  muertos  y  las  colgo, 
clauadas  de  las  barbas  que  tragan  muy  largas,  para  que 
Selim  las  viese. 

Vesita  Selim  el  S'"  Sepulcro  de  Jesus  Cristo,  haziendo 
limosna  con  diuocion  a  los  frayles  y  peregrinos. 

Muere  G°°  Hernandes  de  Cordoa  el  Gran  Capitan,  de 
quien  muchos  an  scripto. 

Ano  de  1517 

Diferencias  sobre  el  priorazgo  de  San  Juan  con  armas 
entre  los  Duques  de  Alua  y  de  Bejar,  el  vno  por  Don 
Antonio  de  Zufiiga  su  hermano,  y  el  otro  por  Don  Diego 
de  Toledo  su  hijo. 

Muere  la  Reyna  de  Portugal  Dona  Maria. 

Muere  tambien  Luysa  de  Francia,  que  auia  de  casar  con 
el  Rey  Don  Carlos. 

Viene  Carlos  a  reynar  de  Flandes  a  Espafia  por  mar,  y 
juranlo  en  Valladolid  por  Rey  de  Castilla  los  procuradores 
de  Cortes.  10 

Hereda  Carlos  estos  Reynos  de  Espana,  por  auer  muerto 
despues  que  nacio  el  Principe  Don  Miguel,  y  el  que  pario 
la  Reyna  G^rmana,  que  fue  la  buena  fortuna. 

Es  tambien  cosa  notable  que  le  ayan  venido  todos  essos 
reynos,  por  lo  qual  me  ha  pare9ido  contar  como  se  han 
juntado  tantos  y  tan  diferentes  con  la  breuedad  que  los 
sumarios  requieren. 

1568  O 


194  ANNALES   DEL  EMPERADOR  1517 

El  primer  conde  de  Auspourg,  estado  pequeno  en  Ale- 
mania,  fue  Otbert,  cauallero  notable,  del  qual    desciende 

20  Carlos,  por  linea  siempre  derecha  de  varon  en  varon.  Ca 
fue  Otbert  hijo  de  Sigubert,  y  nieto  de  Theodobert,  y 
visnieto  de  Childebert,  y  rebisnieto  de  Sigisbert  y  ta- 
taranieto  del  Rey  Clotario,  que  fue  hijo  de  Clodoueo,  el 
primer  Rey  christiano  de  Francia ;  y  Clodoueo  fue  hijo  de 
Childerio,  y  nieto  de  Moroueo,  y  bisnieto  de  Clodio,  y  rebis- 
nieto de  Pharamundo,  Conde  de  Franconia,  que  fue  tambien 
el  primer  Rey  de  Francia,  seiscientos  y  pocos  mas  arios 
despues  que  Cristo  nacio,  cuyo  linaje  ya  entonces  era  grande 
y  poderoso. 

30  Desciende  pues  de  i^adre  a  hijo  los  que  signen  :  Otbert, 
conde  pr°  de  Ausbourg,  Bebo,  Roperto,  Amprinto,  Gontram, 
Lutardo,  Vernero,  Rapoto,  Berengario,  Otho,  Verner, 
Alberto,  Alberto  II,  Rodolfo  Emperador,  Alberto  III  que 
fue  primer  duque  de  Austria  y  ^m^erador^  Alberto  que  fue 
segundo  Duque  y  Conde  de  Tirol  y  Carinthia,  Leopoldo, 
Ernesto,  Alberto,  Fadrique  Emperador,  que  se  llamo  Archi- 
duque,  Maximiliano  Emperador  que  por  la  muger  fue 
Duque  de  Borgona  y  conde  de  Flandes,  Phelipe  que  por 
su  muger  fue  Rey  de  Castilla,  Carlos  que  lo  heredo  todo. 

40  Los  Duques  de  Borgona  que  contare  fueron  pocos  empero 
muy  ilustres,  ca  no  ay  para  que  yr  mas  ariua  :  Ph®  el  Osado, 
hijo  del  Rey  de  Francia,  huuo  por  su  muger  Margarita  el 
Ducado  de  Borgoiia  y  el  condado  de  Flandes  con  otros 
estados ;  de  Phelipe  su  hijo  Juan,  de  Juan  su  hijo  Phelipe, 
de  Ph®  su  hijo  Carlos ;  de  Carlos  fue  hija  Maria,  que  caso  con 
el  Emperador  Maximiliano,  de  Maria  fue  hijo  Phelipe,  padre 
de  nuestro  Carlos. 

El  primer  Conde  de  Flandes,  que  lo  huuo  con  Judith 
su  muger,  hija  del  Rey  Carlos  el  Caluo,  fue  Baldouino  I, 

50  Baldouino  2°,  Arnulfo  magno,  B.  3°,  Arnulfo  2^^  B.  4", 
Baldouino  5°,  B.  6,  Arnulfo  3^*  infelix,  Roberto  Frisio, 
Roberto  2°,  B.  7  el  de  la  hacha,  Carlos  el  Bueno,  Guilehno 
hermano,  Theodorico  Alsatio,  Phelippe  Alsacio,  Mar- 
garita, Baldouino,  Emperador  de  Constantinopla,  Juana, 
Margarita,  Guido,  Roberto,  Luis  de  Cressi,  Luis  de  Male, 


I5I7  CARLOS   QUINTO  195 

Margarita,  Juan,  Phylipe  el  Bueno,  Carlos,  Margarita, 
con  el  Emperador  Maximiliano,  Phelipe  Rey  de  Castilla, 
Carlos. 

El  Condado  de  Barselona  vino  tambien  por  muger  a 
heredar  los  Reyes  de  Aragon,  cuyos  Reyes  se  llamaron  60 
Jaufredo,  que  fue  el  1°,  Jaufredo  2°,  Ojofremiron,  Jaufredo 
3°,  Borrel,  Ramon  5°,  que  fue  Rey  de  Aragon  por  su  muger 
Petronilla. 

Los  Reyes  de  Soarbe  y  de  Aragon  fueron  Garci  Ximenes, 
Garci  Iniguez,  Inigo  Arista,  Garci  Iniguez,  Sancho  Garci, 
Garci  Sanches,  Sancho  2°,  Ramiro,  Sancho  3°,  P°  Alonso, 
Ramiro  2'',  Ramon  por  Petronilla  6  Petronilla  con  Ramon, 
conde  de  Barselona,  Alonso  2°,  Pedro  2*',  Jaime  que  con- 
quisto  a  Mallorca,  Menorca  y  I<$z"za,  Pedro  3°,  que  huuo 
a  Sicilia  por  su  muger  Dona  Costan9a  hija  de  Manfredo,  70 
Al°  3",  Jaime  2°,  que  fue  tambien  Rey  de  Cerdena,  Alonso  4°, 
P°  4",  Juan  que  tuuo  a  Sicilia,  Martin,  Ft^°  por  elecion,  Al** 
5°,  Juan  2°,  Fernando  2°,  que  fue  tambien  de  Castilla  por  la 
Reyna  Isauel,  Carlos.  Los  Reyes  de  Castilla  y  de  Leon 
que  siempre  han  venido  de  padres  hijos  6  yernos  a  hijos 
6  hijas,  por  lo  qual  es  muy  grande  su  nobleza,  son  estos ; 
Pelayo,  Fauila,  Exmisenda  con  A"  su  marido,  Mauregato, 
Bermudo,  Al°  2°,  Ramiro,  Ordono,  Alonso  3°,  Garcia, 
Ordono  2°,  Fruela  2°,  Alonso  4°,  Ramiro  2**,  Ordono  4", 
Sancho,  Ramiro  3°,  Bermudo  2°,  Al"  5°,  Bermudo  3°,  so 
Sancha  con  Fr^°  su  marido,  Sancho  con  Eluira,  Alonso  6°, 
Urraca  con  AP  Rey  de  Aragon,  Berangela  con  Al°,  Fer- 
nando segundo,  Sancho  3°,  Al°  9,  Enrrique,  Fernando  3° 
Al°  X,  Sancho  4°,  Fernando  4°,  Alonso"'XI,  Pedro,  Enrrique, 
Bastardo,  Juan,  Enrrique  3°,  Juan  2°,  Enrrique  4°,  Isauel  con 
Fr^°  Rey  de  Aragon,  que  conquisto  a  Napoles  y  a  Nauarra, 
Juana  con  Phelipe,  Archiduque  de  Austria,  Carlos. 

Assi  que  todos  estos  reynos,  estados  y  senorios  han  venido 
a  parar  en  Carlos,  que  comien9a  este  ano  a  reinar  en  Cast* 
con  su  madre  la  Reyna  Dona  Juana,  que  no  quiso  ni  pudo  90 
reynar  sola,  del  qual  esta  obra  toma  principio. 

Aspra  de  Frisa  se  tomo  por  el  Rey  Don  Carlos  a  fuer9a. 

Muere  Fray  Fr*=°  Ximenes  de  Cisneros,  Cardenal  y  Ar90- 

O  2 


196  ANNALES  DEL   EMPERADOR  1517 

bispo  de  Toledo  en  Roa,  que  fue  varon  de  grandissimo 
valor.  Era  natural  de  Tordelaguna  y  siendo  canonigo  de 
Siguen9a  se  metio  frayle  Fr"".  Fue  confesor  de  la  Reyna  de 
Castilla  Dona  Isauel,  y  Ar9obispo  de  Toledo  y  cardenal 
y  gouernador  de  Castilla,  solo  y  acompanado,  y  siendolo, 
quito  el  IfP^  Don  Fr^°  a  Gonzalo  Nunez  de  Guzman  su  ayo, 
100  y  11190  y  dexo  muchas  cosas  con  grande  autoridad.  Paso 
rezias  palabras  con  el  Rey  Catholico,  sobre  que  le  pedia  el 
Ar9obispado  de  Toledo  para  su  hijo  Don  Juan,  Ar9obispo  de 
Qarag09a,  diciendo  que  lo  haria  Papa.  Tuuo  inuidiosos  y 
que  no  lo  alavan,  6  porque  mandaua  mucho,  6  por  que  no 
andaua  en  la  gracia  del  Rey.  Gano  a  Oran,  hi90  muchos 
monasterios,  fundo  la  vniversidad  de  Alcala  de  Henares, 
dotandola  ricamente,  aunque  de  muchos  beneficios,  cosa 
ciertamente  real,  y  tan  prouechosa  como  noble.  Hi90  con- 
sertar  y  imprimir  la  Biblia  en  muchas  lenguas,  que  le  costa 
1 10  buenos  dineros  y  plata  labrada  y  joyas  quando  murio. 

Dieta  en  Maguncia  sobre  que  todos  los  Reyes  obedescan 
al  Emperador,  con  que  causo  algunos  bulli90s  de  guerra 
specialmente  en  Francia. 

Guerras  del  Papa  Leon  con  Fran*'"  Maria,  Duque  de 
Vrbino,  por  auer  aquel  estado  para  L°°  de  Medices,  a 
importunacion  de  Alfonsina  su  cunada. 

Una  rezia  pelea,  que  no  tuuo  vit*,  entre  Selim  y  Tamos, 
nueuo  Soldan,  en  Matera  cerca  de  Alcayro,  en  la  qual  mato 
el  alguazil  a  Sinan  y  huuo  muchos  muertos ;  para  los 
laoenterrar  se  hicieron  treguas  por  tres  dias,  y  salieron  de  la 
ciudad  dos  mil  sacerdotes,  y  auia  en  el  Real  de  Selim  dos 
mil  y  200. 

Otra  pelea  tambien  sin  vitoria,  que  duro  todo  un  dia, 
aunque  decian  los  turcos  que  tenian  de  veneer,  pues  el 
Alguazil  no  estaua  en  ella.  Enton9es  alabo  mucho  Selim  a 
los  mamelucos  por  esfor9ados,  y  sus  mugeres  les  rogaron 
quando  salieron  a  pelear  del  Cayro  que  las  matasen,  diziendo 
que  no  querian  otros  maridos  si  ellos  muriesen,  y  si  ven- 
ciezen  que  no  les  faltarian  otras. 
130  .  Otra  batalla  no  vencida  en  que  fue  preso  el  alguazil 
junto  al  Nilo,  teniendo  el  Turco  cien  mil  hombres  y  el  Soldan 


1517  CARLOS   QUINTO  197 

quince  myl  solamente.     Empero  huyo  el  Soldan  por  auer 
perdido  a  su  buen  Capitan  y  amigo  Jamburdo,  el  Alguazil. 

Mata  Selim  a  Tamos  Soldan  que  se  le  entrego  Cayer,  el 
que  fue  traydor  a  Camson.  DIole  por  torm*°  por  que  dixese 
del  thesoro.  Truxole  vn  camello,  y  con  cadenas  a  la  garganta 
por  las  calles  de  Alcayro  con  pregon  afrontoso,  y  ahorcolo 
de  la  puerta  de  Benzomil,  siendo  tan  grande  P^  Y  tomo 
posesion  del  senorio  de  Egipto,  y  se  sento  en  la  silla  de  los 
soldanes,  contra  la  vsan9a  del  gran  Turco,  que  suele  sentarse  140 
sobre  alhombras  en  tierra.  Costole  Egipto  250M  hombres 
sin  otros  tantos  enemigos  que  mato. 

Por  ser  el  alguazil  spafiol  huelgo  de  contar  quien  fue, 
aunque  sea  prolixo.  Era  pues  el  alguazil  natural  de  Seuilla. 
Su  madre  que  se  llamaua  Juana  lo  lleuo  a  Jerusalem  yendo 
alia  por  deuocion,  aunque  niiio  de  diez  anos.  Campson  que 
aula  ydo  aquel  ano  a  Hierusalem  le  hizo  hurtar  por  ser 
lindo  y  gracioso  y  lleuar  a  Alcayro,  donde  fue  luego  hecho 
mameluco,  tomando  nombre  de  Janburgo.  Hablo  la  Juana 
con  el  Soldan,  suplicandole  con  muchas  lagrimas  le  hiciese  15° 
boluer  su  hijo,  pues  venian  alii  los  peligrinos  cristianos  con 
su  hcenddi  y  saluo  conduto.  El  Soldan  le  respondio  lo  que 
aula  sido  del  nirio,y  le  dio  muchos  dineros  para  quese  voluiese 
a  Espana  con  sus  compafieros,  prometiendola  tratarlo  muy 
bien,  y  porfiando  ella  de  auerlo,  dixo  que  se  lo  inuiaria. 
Espero  ella  vn  ano,  y  despues  fuese  a  Alcayro.  Lloro  mucho 
allando  su  hijo  en  abito  de  mameluco,  temiendo  que  renegase, 
como  renego,  y  nunca  lo  pudo  auer  en  quatro  anos,  al  fin  de 
los  quales  se  fue  dicho  que  no  podia  tornar  a  ser  cristiano 
aquel  mameluco,  pues  era  15  anos,  sin  que  por  ello  muriese,  160 
por  lo  qual  ella  se  boluio  a  Jerusalem,  donde  murio.  Dende 
a  mucho  tiem.po^  salio  Jambardo  tan  agraciado  moso  y  tan 
gentil  cortesano  que  priuo  con  el  Soldan,  y  assi  le  hi9o 
Alguazil  de  Alcayro,  que  segun  dicen  es  la  principal 
persona  en  aquella  ciudad,  y  del  o^tcto  le  llaman  todos 
alguazil,  auiendole  de  Uamar  alguazil.  Salio  assi  mismo 
tan  buen  soldado  y  tan  hombre  de  guerra  que  fue 
Capitan  de  los  mamelucos,  y  tan  valiente  que  nunca  los 
janizaros  segun  ellos   confesauan  toparon  su   par,  ca  en 


198  ANNALES   DEL  EMPERADOR  1517 

170  la  batalla  de  Matera  corto  de  vn  reues  la  mano  por  la 
munheca,  que  fue  tiro  despafiol,  a  Sinan  Bassa,  que  acauaua 
de  ha9er  saltar  los  ojos  a  Setelin  mameluco,  de  vn  golpe  de 
masa,  al^andola  para  darle,  y  luego  le  mato.  Los  turcos  se 
marauillaron  por  que  Sinan,  como  albanes,  era  el  mas  valiente 
Capitan  que  Selim  tenia,  y  en  la  batalla  del  Nilo  por  el 
no  vencieron  los  turcos.  Informado  Selim  de  su  esfuer90  y 
lealtad  lo  mando  sentar  quando  se  lo  truxeron  delante  y  le 
dixo :  Yo  amo  y  gualardono  mucho  los  valientes  hombres 
como  tu,  y  quierote  perdonar  si  prometes  serme  tan  leal 

180  como  lo  as  sido  a  los  soldanes  Camson  y  Tamos  que  venci, 
dexandote  con  el  mismo  cargo  de  algoiacil,  y  aun  te  dare 
otro  mas  honrrado,  por  tanto  dime  la  verdad  de  lo  que 
piensas  en  tu  cora9on.  El  algnazil  suspiro  recio,  arrasandose 
los  ojos.  Leuantose,  beso  la  tierra,  y  al  cauo  de  vna  piesa 
respondio :  Sefior,  yo  soy  espanol,  y  criado  desde  chiquito  en 
la  camara  de  Camson,  y  con  Tamos  que  uos  matastes,  entre 
el  qual  y  mi  nunca  huuo  hazienda,  ni  aun  voluntad  apartada. 
Trauaje  mucho  que  fuese  Soldan,  y  quanto  lo  acaue  con  el 
hice  arto.   He  le  servido  y  seguido  en  su  prospera  y  ayrada 

190  fortuna,  deseando  acauar  mi  uida  con  la  suya.  Mas  empero 
Dios,  en  cuya  deuina  mano  estan  la  uida  y  muerte  de  los 
hombres,  a  otra  cosa  ordenado,  y  pues  assi  es,  tengo  a  buena 
Ventura  auer  caydo  en  Yuestro  poder  y  gra9ia,  que  sin  yo  lo 
merece  me  ofereceis  quanto  el  Soldan  me  pudo  dar.  Lo 
que  mi  cora9on  tiene  dire  a  wuestr^i  gran  alte9a,  a  quien  no  se 
deue  mentir,  especialmente  yo,  que  siempre  me  precio  de 
hablar  verdad  y  de  mantenerla.  Quise  tanto  a  Tamos  Bey 
que  cada  uez  que  me  acordare  quan  deshonrradamente  le 
hizistes  matar,  os  aborrecere  y  querreos  mal ;  reciuiendo  de 

200  uos  la  uida  y  tan  magna  merced  seria  tray9ion  grandissima, 
y  aunque  las  gentes  no  lo  sentiesen  ni  lo  pensasen  lo  cono- 
ceria  yo,  me  ternia  por  otro  del  que  hasta  oy  ser  he  pro- 
curado ;  assi  que  os  suplico  me  colgueis  en  la  misma  puerta 
que  colgastes  a  Tamos  mi  sefior,  Ueuandome  la  misma  gente 
por  las  mismas  calles  con  el  mismo  pregon  para  que  seamos 
conformes  en  la  muerte  como  en  la  uida  lo  fuimos.  Dichas 
estas  palabras  con  lagrimas  y  S0II090S,  se  cayo  amortecido ; 


1517 


CARLOS   QUINTO  199 


Selim  lo  hi90  leuantar,  diziendo  mas  estimare  ganar  la 
voluntad  deste  que  otro  Alcayro.  Mando  que  lo  tuuiesen  en 
la  fortaleza  con  buena  gnarda,  pero  con  mucha  libertad.  210 
Estando  alii,  se  huyo  el  alguazil  con  Nicolo  janizaro  acauallo, 
y  se  fue  a  la  sierra,  donde  se  auian  recogido  los  pocos  mama- 
lucos  que  quedaron,  con  los  quales  se  fue  a  Tauris  donde  le 
re9eui6  muy  bien  Ismael  Sophi  y  lo  11190  su  capitan  general. 
Hazia  tan  buenas  cosas  el  alguazil  en  Persia,  que  le  Uamaron 
el  gran  Diablo,  aunque  deuia  ser  por  que  les  mostra  la 
artelleria,  que  no  la  tenian  ;  quando  Ismael  murio  le  dexo 
por  capitan  y  tutor  de  Tambran  Sophi  su  hijo  mayor,  al 
qual  el  consejo  que  tuuiese  soldados  espanoles  y  se  ligase 
con  el  Emperador  Don  Carlos,  Rey  de  Castilla.  220 

Comien9a  Martin  Luther,  frayle  reglar  agostino,  a  predi- 
car  y  escriuir  heregias  en  Alemania,  tomando  asillo  de  las 
indulgencias  y  bulas,  que  causo  grandissima  perdida  de 
christiandad,  y  fue  comien90  de  infinitos  males  que  suelen 
acarrear  semejantes  nouedades,  con  la  nouedad  de  la  vida  y 
1°*  despues. 

Ano  de  1518 

Juran  en  Carag09a  los  aragoneses  al  Rey  nuestro  Sefior 
Don  Carlos. 

Enuia  desde  Qarag09a  el  rey  a  fr.  Garci  Jofre  de  Loaysa 
de  la  orden  de  San  Juan,  a  rogar  a  Selim  gran  Turco,  no 
maltrate,  ni  tan  poco  impida  los  perigrinos  que  hiuan  a 
Hierusalen;  el  qual  dixo  que  degrado,  con  tanto  que  no 
cogiese  griegos  en  Italia,  y  aun  dixo  que  se  marauillaua 
que  huuiesen  hechado  los  judios  de  Castilla,  pues  hera 
hechar  la  riqueza, 

Va  el  Iff*^  Don  Fernando  a  Flandes.  10 

Casa  la  infanta  Dona  Leonor  con  Don  Manuel,  Rey  de 
Portugal,  para  enuiudar  temprano. 

Da  el  Rey  el  ar9obispado  de  Toledo  a  Guillen  de  Croy, 
sobrino  de  Mons  de  Xeures  que  ya  era  obispo  de  Cambray, 
lo  qual  desplugo  mucho  a  todo  el  Reyno  por  ser  estrangero. 

Matan  espanoles  a  Horruch  Barbarroxa,  que  gentilmente 
exercito  las  armas  por  agua  y  tierra,  con  moros  y  cristianos. 

El  desbarate  de  Don  Vgo  de  Moncada,  en  Argel. 


200  ANNALES  DEL  EMPERADOR  1518 

Cria  el  Papa  Leon  3 1  cardenales  en  un  solo  dia,  que  sono 
20  muy  mal,  siendo  los  mas  por  dineros. 


Ano  de  1519 

Juran  en  Barzelona  los  catalanes  al  Rey  Carlos,  Rey  de 
Espana,  elegido  por  Emperador  de  romanos  en  Francofort, 
con  grandissima  competencia  del  Rey  Fran*=°  de  Fran9ia, 
que  corrompia  los  electores  con  dadiuas  y  ofrecimientos, 
por  sus  embaxadores  y  amigos,  los  quales,  ayudados  del 
Cardenal  y  legado  Tomas  de  Vio  Cajetano,  frayle  de  bien : 
fuera  de  esto  dixeron  mucho  mal  con  grandes  injurias  del 
nueuo  Emperador,  y  aun  el  Rey  Fran"'**  mismo  dixo  que 
nunca  serian  buenos  amigos,  como  no  lo  fueron,  pues  en 
10  aquella  competencia,  como  en  lo  de  vna  linda  dama,  el  que 
quedase  ven9ido  no  queria  bien  al  otro  que  la  lleuase. 

Hace  la  fiesta  del  Tuson  el  Emperador  Carlos  V  en  Bar- 
zelona, en  la  qual  dio  el  collar  al  condestable  de  Castilla, 

Don  Inigo  de  Velasco,  al  Duque  de  Cardona,  Don , 

a  Don  Fadrique  de  Toledo,  Duque  de  Alua,  a  Don  Aluaro 
de  ^liniga,  Duque  de  Bejar,  y  a  Don  Antonio  Manrrique 
de  Lara,  Duque  de  Najera. 

Casa  la  Reyna  Germana  con  el  Marques  Juan  de  Branden- 
burg, por  lo  qual  no  la  querian  muchos  senores  llamar 
20  Alteza,  hasta  que  lo  mando  el  Emperador. 

Va  Dona  Beatriz  de  Portugal  a  casar  con  el  Duque  Carlos 
de  Sauoya. 

La  Batalla  de  Cintla  que  vencio  Fr^°  Cortes  contra  los 
tauascanos. 

Reciue  Monteczumacim  en  Mexico  a  Cortes  amigable- 
mente. 

Prende  Cortes  a  Monteczuma,  que  fue  tan  gran  osadia 
como  hazana. 

Mata  Pedrarias  de  Auila  el  Justador  a  Vasco  Nunes  de 
30  Valboa,  que  fue  buen  capitan  en  las  Indias. 

Passa  Fr^°  MagaUanes  por  su  estrecho,  yendo  buscar  la 
especiaria. 

Treguas  por  cinco  aiios  entre  los  P^^  cristianos  a  inter- 


I5I9  CARLOS  ^)UINTO  201 

cesion  del  Papa  Leon  por  temor  del  Turco,  el  qual  tambien 
temio  de  ellas. 

Pide  al  Emperador  Carlos  el  Rey  Fr'^"  rehenes  y 
seguridad  de  los  contxatos  de  Nayon  por  su  Emb""^  Lansart, 
ganoso  de  hacerle  guerra. 

Muere  Maximiliano  Emperador,  que  fue  sin  ninguna  duda 
el  mas  liberal  principe  de  su  tiempo.  Tardo  diez  anos  de  40 
ablar,  por  lo  qual  penso  el  Emperador  Fadrique  su  padre 
que  fuera  mudo  y  bouo,  mas  el  salio  bien  ablado  y  bien 
sauio.  Emprendio  muchas  y  dificultosisimas  guerras,  y 
assi  no  acauo  las  mas  por  ser  grandes,  aunque  tambien 
deuia  ser  por  falta  de  dineros.  Escriuio  su  uida  muy  larga 
con  la  de  los  emperadores  el  coronista  P°  Mexia,  hombre 
de  muchas  gracias. 

Viene  a  Barzelona  Baudilca  Rey  de  Tenez,  a  pedir  a)aida 
contra  Haradin  Barbarroxa,  que  lo  hecho  del  Reyno. 

Ano  de  1520 

Pasando  Carlos  Emp°'  a  Flandes  por  mar,  se  ue  con 
Enrrique  octauo,  Rey  de  Inglaterra. 

Entra  Carlos  en  Alemania  y  consagrase  por  Emperador 
en  Aquisgran. 

Comien9an  las  comonidades  en  Castilla,  que  de  buen 
principio  tuuieron  mal  fin,  y  que  hicieron  mayor  al  Rey  de 
lo  que  dantes  era,  queriendole  abatir.  Leuantaronse  por 
que  se  iua  el  Rey,  por  el  serv°,  por  el  gouernador  estrangero, 
por  el  mucho  dinero  que  se  sacaua  del  Reyno,  por  que  se 
dieron  la  contaduria  mayor  al  Cheurez,  el  ar9obispado  de  10 
Toledo  a  Guillen  deCroy,  y  encomiendas  a  hombres  estranos. 

Maltratan  en  muchas  ciudades  a  sus  procuradores  por 
que  otorgaron  el  serv°,  y  en  Segouia  matan  al  regidor  Tor- 
desillas,  por  lo  qual  fue  alia  el  alcalde  Ronquillo. 

De  Xlix  pueblos  que  tenian  voto  en  Cortes,  los  13  se 
juntan  por  la  comonidad  en  Auila  y  piden  LX  cosas  por 
capitulo. 

Tienen  culpa  en  la  comonidad  frayles  y  confesores. 
Apoderanse  los  comuneros  de  la  Rn*  Doiia  Juana,  y  tratan 
de  casarla  con  el  Duque  de  Calabria.  20 


202  ANNALES   DEL  EMPERADOR  1520 

Entran  en  Tordesillas  por  combate  los  caualleros,  a  tomar 
la  Reyna. 

Mexico  se  rebela  contra  los  espanoles. 

Puebla  Pedrarias  de  Auila  en  Panama. 

Muere  fray  Diego  de  De9a,  Ar9obispo  de  Seuilla,  siendo 
electo  para  Toledo,  que  fue  maestre  del  Principe  Don  Juan 
y  que  hi90  el  colegio  de  S*°  Thomas  en  Seuilla ;  era  buen 
theologo  y  compuso  algo,  y  en  ello  vna  declaracion  del 
Pater  Noster  en  Roma/^ce. 
30      Condena  el  Papa  Leon  Martin  Luther  por  herege. 

Muere  de  vna  pedrada  Mo^^teczuma,  Rey  poderosissimo, 
cuya  gr^nde9a  y  estado  escreui  en  la  Conq**  de  Mexico. 

Juntanse  los  Reyes  y  Reynos  de  Francia  y  Inglaterra  en 
Ardres  con  mas  pompa  que  negocios,  aunque  trataron  de 
casar  al  Delphin  con  Maria  Princesa  de  Gales,  prometiendo 
amistad  perpetua. 

Muere  Selim  gran  Turco  mordiendose  las  manos,  de  que 
se  le  comian  las  entranas  de  cancer,  en  Churlo,  donde  peleo 
con  su  p®.  Viuio  46  anos  y  los  ocho  Rey.  Era  Selim  alto 
40  de  cuerpo  y  corto  de  piernas,  gesto  redondo,  color  amarillo, 
ojos  gruesos ;  era  seuero,  corajudo,  atreuido ;  era  constante, 
ambicioso,  mas  no  apocado  y  diligente,  diziendo  que  con  la 
dilacion  se  perdian  las  buenas  ocasiones  en  los  grandes  pro- 
positos,  cruel  sobre  manera,  aunque  justicero,  y  assi  mato 
a  su  p®  y  a  dos  hermanos  y  a  muchos  sobrinos  y  62  hombres 
de  su  linaje,  diziendo  no  auer  cosa  mas  dulce  que  reynar 
sin  parientes,  palabra  indina  odiada.  Dexo  una  camisa  tinta 
en  pon9ona,  quando  fue  contra  el  Sophi,  para  que  Pirro 
Bassan  la  vestiese  a  Soliman  su  hijo,  si  tratase  de  al9arse  con 
50  el  reyno  en  su  ausencia,  aunque  otros  dicen  que  por  que 
le  afeauan  sus  crueldades.  Mato  a  Mustafa  Basa  por  que 
auiso  los  hijos  de  Amad  para  que  huyesen,  y  Schandes 
Basa  por  que  ponia  deficultades  en  la  guerra  del  Sofi  en 
passar  el  rio  Eufrates,  y  a  Bustan  Basa  cufiado  suyo,  por 
que  tomaua  prezentes  y  cohechos,  y  a  Xunos  Basa  por  que 
amotino  los  janisarios  contra  Cayer,  y  a  Cuemdeno  Basa, 
por  que  le  aconsejaua  librem^nte,  y  al  medico  judio  con  su 
propia  9imitera,  por  que  no  consentia  que  le  cortasen  los 


I620  CARLOS   QUINTO  203 

cirujanos  la  carne  del  canser,  diziendo  que  cundia  mas; 
enterro  en  Alcayro  su  cauallo  muriendo,  por  que  lo  librara  60 
de  la  batalla  que  dio  en  Churlu  a  su  mismo  p^,  en  que  con- 
firmo  su  bestialidad,  pues  dexo  sin  sepulturas  a  sus  proprios 
hermanos,  sobrinos,  parientes  y  criados  fauorecidos.  Fue 
gran  batallador  y  solia  dizir  que  las  vitorias  no  eran  cum- 
plidas,  si  el  senor  no  las  ganaua.  Fue  templado  en  mugeres 
y  aun  en  comer.  Comia  vna  sola  vianda,  y  aquella  no 
delicada,  que  lo  sostuuo  sano.  Fue  gran  ca9ador  por 
exer9i9io  y  grandeza.  El  afio  que  morio,  por  no  sentir  ni 
pensar  su  mal,  beuio,  aunque  contra  voluntad  de  los  medicos, 
vna  beuida  de  lina9a  confisionada  con  muchas  cosas,  que  70 
saca  de  seso  por  24  horas,  y  que  siempre  ha9e  pensar  en  lo 
que  piensan  al  beuer,  si  a  mugeres,  veen  por  el  aire,  si  en 
guerra,  batalla,  si  en  ca9a,  fieras,  y  ellas  muriendo.  No 
traya  barba,  fuera  del  vso  de  los  Reyes  sus  antepassados, 
diziendo  que  por  que  no  tirasen  de  ella,  como  a  su  p*'  los 
Bassas  y  janizaros.  Dixo  a  Piro  Bassa,  que  le  aconsejaua 
hiciese  algun  ospital  y  obras  pias  de  muchas  de  particulares 
que  tomara  en  Bursia,  y  otras  ciudades  :  No  es  bueno  que  yo 
me  honrre  con  lo  ageno,  dexando  tales  mandas ;  por  eso 
restetuyanselas.    Fue  buena  ra9on,  aunque  de  boca  mala.      80 

Comien9a  SoHman,  vnico  hijo  deSelim,  a  reynar  enCon- 
stantinopla. 

Enuian  los  gouernadores  a  San  Sebastian  a  Don  Beltran 
de  la  Cueua,  el  qua!  peleo  con  francesses  y  tudescos  en  la 
Pena  de  Aldaua  y  los  vencio  sin  que  le  matassen  mas 
de  uno,  y  aquel  por  una  arcabusada  por  la  boca  que 
renegaua. 

Passa  el  Emperador  a  Inglaterra,  veniendo  a  Espana,  y 
habla  con  el  Rey  Enrrique  sobre  amistad  y  casam*°  con 
su  hija.  90 

Buelue  a  Espana  el  Emp"',  y  allana  las  comonidades  de 
Castilla,  castigando  a  unos  y  perdonando  a  otros. 

Guerra  en  Flandes,  por  la  qual  ua  el  Emperador  a  Tornai, 
que  tenian  Franceses. 

Ay  dieta  en  Vrormeson,  en  la  qual  demanda  guerra  el 
Rey  Francisco  al  Emperador,  ausente. 


204  ANNALES   DEL  EMPERADOR  1500 

Guerra  en  Borgona  entre  flamencos  y  franceses,  si  hacer 
cosa  hazanosa. 

Ordena  el  Rey  Francisco  los  franc  archeros,  braueando 
100  contra  el  Emperador  y  contra  Italia, 

Guerra  del  Rey  Enrrique  de  Inglaterra  en  Picardia. 

La  luenga  nauega9ion  de  Juan  Sebastian  del  Cano,  que 
rodeo  todo  el  mundo. 

Alio  de  1521 

La  batalla  de  Villalar,  que  perdieron  los  comuneros  por 
valientemente  que  pelearon  Juan  Brauo  y  Juan  de  Padilla, 
Capitan  general. 

La  solene  justicia  que  a  otro  dia  de  la  batalla  hi90  el 
Alcalde  Antonio,  degoUando  por  comuneros  a  Juan  de 
Padilla,  Juan  Brauo  y  P''  Maldonado,  y  despues  fueron 
degollados  Sarauia  en  Valladolid,  y  Don  Pedro  Pimentel 
de  Talauera  en  Simancas. 

Mato  enton9es  un  carnero  al  soldado  que  lo  Ueuaua 
10  hurtado,  y  hechado  al  cuello,  trastorna;2dole  de  la  pared 
donde  se  puso  a  descansar,  que  se  tuuo  a  marauilla;  sobre 
lo  qual  ui  en  Roma  diez  anos  despues  matar  vn  mo90  de 
espuelas  del  Cardenal  Loaysa  a  otro  que  auian  apostado, 
haziendo  la  prueua  del  carnero  en  vn  alcandara  que  no 
podia  ser. 

El  Terremoto  de  Almeria  y  de  Lx*  santaren. 

Gana  Fernando  Cortes  a  Mexico. 

Muere  Fernando  Magallanes  peleando  con  Cilapulapo  en 
Matan. 
20      Descubren  castellanos  los  malucos  en  Tidore,  una  de  las 
islas  que  Ueuan  especiarias, 

Mueue  guerra  el  Rey  Francisco  por  Luxembourg,  contra 
lo  de  Nayon  con  Roberto  de  la  Marca,  Conde  de  Aremberg, 
sin  auisar  prz'mero  al  Emperador,  y  enuia  por  Nauarra 
con  exercito  al  seiior  de  Lesparre  Andres  de  Foix,  el  qual 
tomo  a  Pamplona  y  9erc6  a  Logroiio. 

Tiene  dieta  el  Emperador  en  Worms,  que  fue  la  ■printer a 
que  11190,  donde  hablo  contra  su  mag^j/ad  Barroys,  Em- 
baxador  del  Rey  Fr'=°,  descortesm*®. 


15  21  CARLOS   QUINTO  205 

Entran  en  Picardia  con  exercito  del  Emperador,  Enrrique  30 
de  Nassau  y  Yranci'sco  Schine,  por  lo  de  Roberto  y  de 
Andres  de  Foix,  empero  no  hicieron  mucho  fruto. 

Vencen  y  prenden  tras  la  sierra  de  Veniega  el  con- 
destable  Don  Inigo  de  Velasco,  y  el  Almirante  Don 
Fadrique  Enrriques,  gouernadores  de  Castilla,  al  sen  or 
Lesparre  por  Don  Beltran  de  la  Cueua,  que  gano  la 
artilleria  de  los  enemigos. 

Salen  al  campo  cabe  Valenchienas  el  Emp°''  y  el  Rey 
Fr"**,  con  buenos  exercitos,  mas  no  hicieron  cosa  que  sea 
de  contar.  40 

Solene  condenacion  de  las  heregias  lutheranas,  por  el 
Emperador  en  Worms,  y  por  el  Rey  de  Francia  en  Paris. 

La  Germania  de  Valencia  con  el  Rey  en  cuuierto,  la  qual 
deshicieron  en  Moruuiedro  Don  Alonso  de  Aragon,  Duque 
de  Segorue,  y  en  Valencia  Don  Rodrigo  de  M<=*,  Marques 
de  Zenete. 

El  motin  de  los  que  se  llamauan  del  diablo,  en  Guiana. 

Hecha  el  Rey  de  Francia  subsidios  a  los  clerigos  para  las 
gnerras. 

Casan  Don  Fernando  y  Dona  Maria,  Infantes  de  Castilla,  5° 
ella  con  el  Rey  Luis  de  Hungria,  y  el  con  Ana,  su  hermana. 

Muere  Don  Manuel  Rey  de  Portugal,  hombre  de  pequeno 
cuerpo,  mas  de  grande  cora9on,  en  cuyo  nombre  se  hicie- 
ron muchas  buenas  cosas  en  Arabia,  Persia,  India,  y  otras 
prouincias  de  Asia.  Caso  con  dos  hermanas  y  vna  sobrina, 
todas  parientas  suyas,  y  en  todas  tuuo  hijos,  ca  en  la  Reyna 
Princesa  huuo  al  Principe  Don  Miguel,  y  con  Dona  Maria, 
su  hermana,  muchos,  y  en  Doiia  Leonor,  su  sobrina,  vna 
hija  que  se  llama  Maria. 

Liganse  contra  el  Rey  Francisco  el  Papa  y  el  Emp*"",  en  60 
fauor  del  Duque  de  Milan,  Fr'="'  Sforza ;  el  Papa,  por  que 
ayudaua  a  Fr""  Maria  Duque  de  Vrbino  contra  el,  y  por  auer 
Parma  y  Plazencia  y  a  vna  Ferrara,  el  Emperador  por  lo  de 
Roberto  y  Lesparre,  y  aun  por  echar  franzeses  de  Italia,  y 
por  que  le  competia  como  Emperador  restetuir  al  Duque. 

Dos  buenos  exercitos  en  Ada,  rio  de  Lombardia,  vno  del 
Rey  de  Francia  con  Lautrec,  y  de  venecianos  con  Theodoro 


2o6  ANNALES   DEL  EMPERADOR  1531 

Triuul9io  y  Duque  de  Ferrara,  y  otro  de  la  Hga  con  Fr°° 
Sfor9a,  en  el  qual  era  Capitan  del  Papa  Fadrique  de 
70  Gonzaga,  Marques  de  Mantua,  y  del  Emperador  Prospero 
Colona. 

Anda  la  guerra  en  Lombardia,  mas  cercando  lugares. 

Murio  el  Papa  Leon,  que  fue  liberalissimo. 

Elecion  del  Papa  Adriano  6°,  estando  en  Vitorla. 

Guerra  entre  Luis  Rey  de  Vngria  y  el  Vayboda,  que 
Uamo  al  Turco. 

Toma  Soliman  por  tratos  a  Belgrado,  lugar  de  Vngria 
importantissimo,  que  fue  la  primera  guerra  que  hi90  por 
su  persona.  Mato  al  que  se  lo  dio  contra  su  juramento, 
80  diziendo  que  ya  le  daua  tierra  como  se  la  prometiera  en 
dar  la  sepultura,  y  a  otros  tambien ;  con  que  no  aula  rey 
traydor,  palabra  de  Tirano. 

Ano  de  1522 

El  Ar9obispo  de  Barri,  Grauiel  Merino,  con  el  Dean  y 
Cabildo,  y  con  el  mariscal  Payo  de  Riuera  y  otros  caualle- 
ros  de  Toledo,  vence  y  hecha  fuera  de  la  ciudad  a  Dona 
Maria  Pacheco,  mujer  de  Juan  de  Padilla,  mas  comunera  que 
su  marido ;  la  qual  se  salio  huyendo  para  Portugal  sobre  vn 
asno  en  traje  de  labradora,  con  vnos  ansarones  en  las  manos 
por  no  ser  conocida,  que  de  otra  manera  tambien  la  de- 
gollaran.  Porfio  tanto  las  comunidades  pensando  ser  reyna, 
que  assi  se  lo  dixeron  en  Granada  ciertas  hechizeras  moriscas. 
10  Prendia  clerigos,  mataua  hombres,  y  queria  ser  mui  obe- 
decida,  tomo  las  cruzes  por  vanderas,  y  aun  traya  pintado  en 
vn  pendon  a  Juan  de  Padilla  degollado. 

La  conquista  de  Nicaragua  por  Gil  Gon9alez  de  Auila. 

Entra  en  Milan  el  Duque  Fran<'°  Sfor9a  por  virtud  de  los 
espafioles,  que  capitaneaua  el  marques  de  Pescara. 

Toman  por  fuer9a  Lautrec  a  Nouara  y  el  Prospero 
a  Alexandria. 

La  Batalla  de  la  Bicoca,  donde  tomaron  los  nuestros  17 
banderas  a  los  enemigos,  y  murio  Don  Juan  de  Cordoa, 
20  conde  de  Golisano. 

El  saco  de  Genoua  tan  famoso  por  los  espanoles. 


1532  CARLOS  QUINTO  207 

Pasa  el  Papa  Adriano  a  Roma  con  buena  flota  espanola. 

Entra  por  Nauarra  con  grande  exercito  Guillen  Gouffier, 
almirante  de  Francia ;  cerca  a  Pamplona  que  la  defendio  el 
conde  de  Miranda  Don  Fran*^"  de  Zuniga ;  toma  luego  a 
Amaya  y  despues  Fuenterabia,  por  culpa  de  Diego  de  Vera. 

Ano  de  1523 

Cerca  el  Condestable  Don  Inigo  de  Velasco  Fuenterabia, 
estando  el  Emperador  en  Vitoria,  y  fue  trauajoso  cerco  por 
las  muchas  aguas  y  frios. 

Concierto  entre  Carlos  Emperador  y  el  rey  de  Inglaterra, 
en  dafio  del  rey  de  Francia,  auisandole  de  la  guerra. 

Puebla  Fran*'"  Hernandes  a  Muarasua,  por  Pedrarias  de 
Auila. 

Muere  Diego  Velasquez  de  Cuellar,  auiendo  sido  el  mas 
rico  espanol  de  las  Indias. 

Entregan  franceses  el  Castillo  de  Milan  al  duque  Francz'sco  10 
Sfor9a. 

Liga  del  Papa  y  Emperador,  duque  de  Milan,  Venecianos, 
Florencia,  Sena,  Luca  y  Genoua,  contra  quien  pertubase  la 
paz  de  Italia. 

Prueua  Bonifacio  Visconde  de  matar  a  puiialadas  al 
duque  de  Milan,  su  pariente. 

Cerca,  mas  en  vano,  a  Milan  Guillen  Gouffier  almirante  de 
Francia  con  30 M  hombres  y  4M  cauallos,  teniendo  dentro 
el  Prospero  Colona  do9e  mil  soldados,  los  4  M  spafioles. 

Entra  por  Francia  el  exercito  ingles  y  flamenco,  que  20 
metia  mucho  miedo  a  Paris,  y  que  hi90  dano  sin  prouecho 
suyo ;  era  de  mas  de  30.000  peones,  y  de  seis  mil  a  cauallo, 

Huye  de  Francia  con  gentil  astucia  Carlos  duque  de 
Borbon,  y  la  guerra  se  enputo  al  rey  Francisco  por  el 
Emperador  en  Borgofia. 

Anda  gran  rebuelta  en  Alemania  del  comun  con  la  clerezia. 

Muere  el  Papa  Adriano  sexto,  que  no  mudo  nombre.   Era 
olandes  y  dean  de  Louayna,  q**"  el  Emp°'  Maximiliano  lo 
hi90  maestro  de  Carlos  su  nieto,  por  hombre  docto  y  bueno. 
Vino  a  Espatia  por  embaxador  al  Rey  Catholico  sobre  la  30 
gouernacion  de  Castilla,  y  a  tomar  posesion  del  reyno  por 


2o8  ANN  ALES   DEL   EMPERADOR  1523 

don  Carlos.  Fue  gouernador  de  Castilla  y  obispo  deTortosa. 
Mormuran  de  el  porque  no  se  desemboluio  como  sus  ante- 
cessores,  y  aun  por  que  afeo  a  los  cardenales  sus  vicios  y 
pages,  y  por  que  no  socorrio  a  Rodas.  No  quiso  absoluer 
a  los  que  saquearon  a  Genoua  ni  pasar  el  ar9obispado  de 
Toledo  en  Don  Jorge  de  Austria,  hijo  bastardo  del  Empe- 
rador  Maximiliano,  acordandose  que  las  comonidades  se 
quexaron  que  lo  fuese  Guillen  de  Croy.  Dio  al  Emp"' 
40  Carlos  la  gouernacion  y  administracion  perpetua  de  los 
maestrasgos  de  Casd*  como  a  Rey  de  Esparia,  y  quito  el 
tributo  de  Napoles  para  siempre,  y  hi90  en  su  fauor  otras 
cosas. 

El  cardenal  Julio  de  Medices,  que  fue  Papa  tras  Adriano, 
se  nombra  Clemente  octauo,  el  qual  continuaua  la  liga  y 
guerra  de  Leon  y  Adriano  contra  el  frances,  aunque  lo 
solicitaua  mucho  que  no  lo  hiciese  Alberto  Pio,  conde  de 
Carpi,  erabaxador  del  Rey  Francisco. 

La  pelea  de  Rupeco  y  la  de  Garlazco,  donde  se  mostro 

50  bien  el  duque  de  Vrbino  contra  los  franceses,  siendo  gen^ 

Carlos  de  la  Noy  por  muerte  del  Prospero  Colona ;  tras  las 

quales  se  voluio  a  Fran9ia  el  Almirante,  con  vn  bra90  que- 

brado  de  arcabuzazo. 

Entierran  viuos  a  Don  N.  de  Cardenas  en  Madrid,  y  en 
Napoles  a  Don  Fran''°  Marradas. 

Ano  de  1524 

Fuenterabia  se  cobra  de  franceses  a  partido,  que  hicieron 
todo  su  poder  por  guardarla,  en  mar  y  en  tierra. 

La  pobre  muerte  de  Don  Pedro  de  Ayala,  conde  de  Salua- 
tierra,  por  comunero  en  la  carcel  de  Burgos,  estando  alii  el 
Emperador;  Ueuaronlo  a  enterrar  los  pies  descuuiertos  y 
con  grilles. 

La  reparticion  de  las  Indias  y  Nueuo  Mundo,  hecha  en 
Badaxoz,  entre  cast""  y  Portugueses, 

La  conquista  de  Cuahute  Mallan,  que  hi90  P°  de  Aluarado, 
10  capitan  de  Fr^°  Cortes. 

Comien9a  de  proposito  la  conuersion  de  los  indios  en 
Mexico. 


1524  CARLOS  QUINTO  209 

Vienen  a  Burgos  emb®"  del  Sophi  al  Emperador  contra 
el  Turco. 

Guerrea  Carlos,  duque  de  Sofolc,  contra  franceses  en 
Picardia. 

Cerca  Juan  Stuard,  duque  de  Albania,  con  escoseses  a 
Verchin,  mas  hace  lo  dexar  a  priesa  Thomas  Auard,  yendo 
a  el  con  exercito  ingles. 

Puebla  Rodrigo  de  Bastidas  a  S**  Martha,  20 

Matan  hazafiosam®'**®  Fran*^°  de  las  Casas  y  Gil  G'^  de 
Auila  a  Cristoual  de  Olid,  en  el  Triumpho  de  la  Cruz. 

Casa  el  Rey  Don  Juan  de  Portugal,  3°  de  este  nombre,  con 
la  infanta  de  Castilla  Dona  Catalina,  hermana  del  Emperador, 
en  la  qual  huuo  muchos  hijos,  y  todos  los  vio  muertos,  y  los 
syete  jurados  por  sus  herederos,  caso  de  fortuna  tan  valeroso 
como  notable. 

Hechados  ya  de  Italia  los  franceses,  ua  el  duque  de  Borbon 
sobre  Marsella  por  mandado  del  Emperador  y  del  Rey  de 
Inglaterra,  con  catorce  piezas  de  artelleria,  mil  hombres  de  30 
a  cauallo  y  16000  de  a  pie,  mas  rezio  que  fue. 

La  brabossa  pasada  del  Rey  Fran'=°  a  Italia  tras  el  duque 
de  Borbon,  con  wet'nte  y-dos  mil  peones  y  quatro  mil  de 
a  cauallo,  con  que  luego  entro  en  Milan  y  cerco  a  Pauia. 

Ha9en  las  amistades  del  Rey  Fran*^"  con  el  Papa  y  floren- 
tines  el  conde  Alberto  del  Carpio  y  el  datario  Juan  Matheo 
Giberto. 

Enuia  el  Rey  Fran""  al  Duque  de  Albania  sobre  Napoles, 
con  X  mil  hombres  a  pie  y  seis  cientos  a  cauallo,  assi  para 
deuertir  los  espatioles  de  Lombardia,  como  para  conquistar  4° 
aquel  reyno. 

Muere  Fran*=°  de  Garay,  adelantado  de  Panuco,  en  Mexico, 
el  qual  gouernando  a  Jamaica  fue  rico,  y  bien  andante,  y 
conquistando  empobrecio  con  desuentura  de  los  hijos. 

Lleuanta  guerra  el  duque  de  Gueldre  en  Olanda. 

Mueue  guerra  el  conde  Fran'=°  de  Haege  al  ar9obispo  de 
Treueris  por  cat". 

Guerras  en  Alcayro,  que  se  rebelo  del  Turco. 

Muere  Ismael  Sophi,  que  tan  conocido  fue  por  el  mundo 
assi  por  religion,  como  por  armas,  de  cuya  gloria  Bayazet  50 
1S66  p 


2IO  ANNALES  DEL  EMPERADOR  1524 

tuuo  pesar,  y  Selim  enuldia ;  fue  de  los  suyos  muy  querido, 
y  por  consiguiente  llorado. 

Ano  de  1525 

La  noble  batalla  de  Pavia,  en  que  fue  preso  el  Rey  Fran"** 
de  Francia,  peleando  y  herido,  que  fue  loor  suyo.  La 
gloria  de  cuyo  vencim2(?;«to  Ueuo  el  Marques  de  Pescara, 
Don  Fran«'°  Fr^°  de  Aualos,  coronel  de  los  espanoles,  aunque 
las  cabe9as  del  exercito  imperial  eran  Carlos  Lanoy  y  Carlos 
duque  de  Borbon.  Lleuaron  el  prez  de  su  prision  el  capitan 
Juanes  de  Hernani  que  lo  detuuo,  y  Diego  de  Auila  que  le 
tomo  el  estoque  y  la  manopla  derecha,  y  Machin,  hombre 
de  armas  de  Don  Vgo  de  Moncada. 
10  Traen  preso  al  Rey  Fran'^''  a  Hespana  el  virrey  de 
Napoles,  Carlos  de  la  Noy,  y  el  senor  Alarcon,  que  lo 
tenia  en  guarda,  la  qual  quitaua  y  ponia  el  alferes  Garcia 
de  Carabariantes  de  Gomara,  soldado  viejo  y  valiente,  y 
que  nunca  juro  a  Dios. 

Enteram*°  en  Granada  del  Rey  Don  Phelippe,  al  cabo  de 
20  afios  que  la  reyna  se  lo  tenia  consigo. 

La  nauegacion  de  Gar9i  Jofre  de  Loaysa  a  las  molucas. 

El  trauaxosissimo  camino  que  Cortes  hi90  de  Mexico 
a  Higueras. 
20      Al9amiento  de  los  mOriscos  de  Valencia  de  la  sierra  de 
Bernia,  sobre  que  por  fuer9a  los  hauian  hecho  christianos. 

La  grandissima  corte  y  caualleria  que  tuuo  el  Emp°'  en 
Toledo,  assi  espaiioles  como  estrangeros,  el  gran  maestre  de 
Rodas  Phelipe,  con  40  comendadores,  el  cardenal  Juan 
de  Saluiati,  legado  del  Papa,  embaxadores  de  toda  Italia,  de 
Sophi,  de  Russia,  y  de  todos  los  reyes  christianos  de  Europa. 

Da  el  Emperador  a  los  caualleros  de  S.  Juan  la  Isla  de 
Malta  y  la  del  Gozo  y  a  Tripol  de  Berberia,  en  que  se  asienten. 

El  descubrimiento  del  Perii,  tierras  riquissimas  de  plata  y 
30  oro,  por  Fran°°  Pizarro  y  su  compailia. 

Tratos  del  Papa  y  venecianos  con  el  duque  de  Milan 
contra  el  Emperador  por  echar  de  Lombardia  spafioles. 

Procura  sobornar  Jeronimo  de  Moron,  consejero  del 
Duque  de  Milan,  al  marques  de  Pescara  con  letras  del  Papa 


1525  CARLOS   QUINTO  211 

y  venecianos  para  que  dexe  al  Emperador,  prometiendole 
el  reyno  de  Napoles,  y  la  capitania  general  de  Italia,  mas  el 
lo  rehusa  y  descubre. 

Trata  Luisa  de  Saboya,  madre  del  rey  Fran''^  y  gouerna- 
dora  de  Francia,  con  el  Papa  y  rey  de  Inglatierra  y  otros 
que  hagan  miedo  al  Emp°',  para  que  suelte  a  su  hijo.  40 

Da  treguas  el  Emperador  por  seis  meses  a  los  fran9eses, 
Visita  el  Emp"""  al  rey  Fran'^"  que  adole9i6  por  consola9ion. 

Cerca  el  marques  de  Pescara  al  duque  Fran'=°  Sfforcia  en 
el  Castillo  de  Milan,  auiendole  tornado  casi  todo  el  estado 
por  rebelde  al  Emperador,  y  por  que  trataua  de  matar  a  los 
esparioles. 

Muere  Don  Fran*'*'  Fernando  de  Aualos,  ex9elentissimo 
capitan,  teniendo  cercado  al  duque  de  Milan,  y  continua  el 
cerco  An'°  de  Leyua  con  Don  Alonso  de  Aualos,  marques 
del  Uasto.  50 

Reuuelue  Tomas  Mun9er  a  Saxonia,  contra  los  senores  y 
obispos,  que  le  mataron  seis  mil  luteranos  en  Enfrancnassen. 

Comonidades  de  luteranos  en  Alemania,  en  que  murieron 
a  cuchillo  cien  mil  hombres  dentro  de  quatro  meses. 

Ano  de  1526 

Suelta  el  Emperador  al  rey  Fran*^"  sobre  su  juramento 
que  hi90  de  guardar  y  cumplir  lo  que  con  el  capitulaua,  6 
voluer  a  la  prision,  so  pena  de  fementido. 

Los  Cap°^  del  rey  Francz'sco  con  el  Emperador,  hechos 
en  Madrid  a  14  de  en^o,  fueron  principalm^/2te  que  dentro 
de  mes  y  medio  entregaria  toda  Borgona  como  la  poseyo 
el  duque  Carlos  al  Emp^/'ador,  que  renunciaua  y  renuncio 
a  Napoles,  Milan,  Aste,  Genoua,  que  dexaua  y  dexo  la  so- 
berania  de  Flandes  y  Artoys  por  Guyana  Po;2tiers  y  Perona, 
que  restetuyria  a  Hesdin  y  derivaria  a  Teruana,  que  no  10 
ayudaria  a  Enrique  de  la  Brit,  ni  al  duque  Carlos  de 
Gueldres,  ni  a  Roberto  de  la  Marca,  ni  al  duque  de  Vitem- 
berg,  que  volueria  sus  estados  y  haziendas  al  duque  de 
Borbon,  y  a  Philiberto  de  Chalon,  Prt'ncipe  de  Oranges,  que 
se  casaria  con  Dona  Leonor  reyna  de  Portugal,  y  hermana 
mayor  del  Emperador,  y  el  Delfin  Francisco  su  hijo  con 

P  2 


212  ANN  ALES  DEL  EMPERADOR  1526 

Dona  Maria,  hija  de  la  misma  Dona  Leonor ;  que  daria  dos 
millones  de  oro  al  Emperador  para  los  gastos  de  las  guerras 
que  moui6,y  en  rehenes, hasta  pagar  y  cumplir  lo  capitulado, 

30  a  sus  hijos  Fraftct'sco  y  Enrrique,  que  se  suelten  los  prisione- 
ros  de  emtrambas  partes,  y  se  vueluan  las  mercaderias  re- 
presadas.  Firmaron  con  el  Em^^r^dor  estas  capitulaciones 
Carlos  de  la  Noy,  Virrey  de  Napoles,  Don  Hugo  de  Moncada 
prior  de  Messina,  y  el  secretario  Juan  Lallemand,  baron  de 
Bouclans,  y  con  el  rey  Frajictsco^  el  ar9obispo  de  Ambrun 
Francisco  de  Turnon,  Juan  de  Sebia,  prezidente  del  parla- 
inento  de  Paris,  y  Phelipe  Chabot,  seuor  de  Brion,  que 
tenian  poderes  bastantes  de  la  gouernadora  y  del  parla?«5«to 
y  del  reyno. 

30  Dixo  Hernando  de  \'^ega,  quando  le  pregunto  el  Em- 
peracior  su  pare9er  sobre  la  libertad  del  rey,  que  muy  bien 
estaua  en  Madrid  el  rey  de  Francia,  y  el  gran  Chan9iler 
Mercurino  Gatinara  que  6  le  soltase  libre,  6  le  tuuiese  firme. 
Desposorio  publica.7nente  del  rey  Fran'^^con  Dona  Leonor, 
en  Illescas. 

Cenan  juntos  en  Madrid^  que  fue  de  uer,el  Emperador  y 
el  rey  Franc/sco. 

La  entrega  de  los  Delfines,  Frana'sco  y  Enrrique,  que 
fue  ceremoniosa,  la  qual  paso  de  esta  manera.     Estaua  vna 

40  naue  con  seis  marineros  espanoles  y  otros  fran9eses  en  el 
traues  de  agua  de  Irun  y  \''anzo ;  fueron  a  ella  con  vn  batel 
por  un  cabo  el  rey  Frana'sco,  Carlos  de  la  Noy,  el  senor 
Alarcon  con  ii  caualleros  espanoles,  y  por  otro  cauo  los 
Delfines,  un  hijo  del  almirante  de  Francia,  y  otros  ii  cauall- 
eros franceses.  Entraron  primero  y  a  la  par  el  Rey  y  el 
Delfin,  luego  el  Virrey  y  el  duque  de  Orleans,  Alarcon  tras 
ellos  y  el  hijo  del  almirante,  y  despues  todos  los  otros 
caualleros  sendos  a  sendos.  El  Rey,  auiendo  estado  vn  rato 
con  sus  hijos,  se  fue  a  Francia  con  sus  franceses  y  tocando 

50  en  tierra  juro  de  nueuo  los  capitulos  de  Madrid,  no  cabiendo 
de  gozo  de  verse  libre.  Los  Delfines  vinieron  a  Espafia,  y 
fueron  entregados  al  condestable  Don  Inigo  de  Velasco  en 
Berlanga. 

Las  bodas  bienaventuradas  del  emperador  Carlos,  y  de 


1526  CARLOS  QUINTO  213 

Dona  Isabel  infanta  de  Portugal  celebradas  en  Seuilla,  con 
gran  solenidad  y  alegria.  Truxeronla  Don  Fernando  de 
Aragon,  duque  de  Calabria,  Don  Antonio  de  Foncequa, 
Ar9obispo  de  Toledo,  y  el  duque  de  Bejar,  Don  Aluaro  de 
Ziiriiga.  Desposolos  el  Cardenal  Juan  de  Saluiati,  legado 
appos^o/z'co,  y  velolos  el  Ar9obispo  de  Seuilla,  Don  Alonso  60 
Manrique. 

La  conuercion  y  bautismo  de  los  moros  de  Aragon. 

Conquista  Francz'sco  de  Montejo  a  Yucatan. 

Reuocan  en  Francia  los  capitulos  que  juro  su  Rey,diziendo 
que  no  era  obligado  a  los  cumplir,  pues  no  los  pudo  hacer 
estando  preso. 

La  grande  liga  en  Angoulesma,  causadora  de  infinitos 
males  y  muertes,  del  Papa  Clemente,  rey  de  Francia  Fran- 
cisco, Enrrique  rey  de  Inglaterra,  Sigismundo  rey  de 
Polonia,  el  rey  Jaques  de  Escocia,  Senorio  de  Venecia,  70 
FT2u:icisco  Sfor9a  duque  de  Milan,  florentinos  y  otros,  so 
color  de  librar  al  duque  de  Milan  y  a  Italia  de  los  spaiioles, 
y  por  que  no  cumpla  el  rey  Frajicz'sco  lo  que  prometio  en 
Madrid,  y  para  escoger  vn  nueuo  rey  de  Napoles,  el  qual 
fuese  Juanin  de  Medi9es,  y  pagase  al  rey  de  Francia  70 M. 
escudos  por  ano  y  i  mil  al  duque  Franct'sco.  Auia  de  juntar 
para  esto  tal  exer9ito  que  lan9ase  al  Emperial  de  Italia,  y 
mantenerlo,  hasta  auer  lo  lan9ado. 

Enbia  sus  embaxadores  el  rey  Franmco  a  dezir  al 
Emperador  estando  en  Granada,  que  no  podia  complir  80 
nada  de  lo  que  prometio,  pues  Borgofia  no  podia  ser  ena- 
jenada  de  la  corona  real  de  Fra^zcia,  y  voluiendole  sus  hijos 
por  vn  precio  razonable,  que  tomaria  su  hermana  por 
muger  ;  donde  no,  que  los  entendia  cobrar  por  guerra. 

Fauorecen  esta  demanda  los  embaxadores  de  los  aliados, 
diziendo  a  Su  magestad  que  deszercase  al  duque  de  Milan, 
que  sacase  de  Lombardia  los  espailoles,  que  dexase  a 
Napoles,  que  no  pasase  a  Italia  con  exercito,  y  que  pagase 
al  rey  de  Inglatierra ;  sino  que  todos  le  harian  la  guerra, 
pues  para  esso  se  auian  aliado.  90 

Eran  rezias  las  demandas  y  temerosa  la  guerra,  por  ser 
muchos  y  poderos^?^  los  confederados,  empero  no  por  esso 


214  ANNALES  DEL  EMPERADOR  1526 

torcio  su  bra^o  el  ^mperador ;  sino  que  le  respondio  con  su 
acostumbrada  gravedad,  que  haria  mal  el  rey  christianissimo 
en  no  cumplir  su  palabra  y  juram(?;2to,  que  su  rey  no  no  le 
podia  estoruar  los  capitulos  de  paz,  pues  le  no  estoruauan 
los  de  la  g-uerra.  Mayormente  que  los  auia  sauido  y  otor- 
gado  que  deter nia  los  rehenes  hasta  ser  pagado,  que  no 
deuia  dexar  por  ningun  enojo  su  muger,  que  Fran^rwco 
100  Sforza  como  duque  de  Milan  era  su  vasallo  feudatario,  y 
lo  podia  y  deuia  castigar  por  rebelde  y  aleuoso,  que  no 
dexaria  el  a  Napoles  pues  era  suyo  por  herencia,  y  por 
conzierto  y  buena  guerra,  y  que  a  Italia  yria  como  quisiese, 
y  se  guerra  le  hiciesen  todos  ellos,  que  de  todos  ellos  se 
sabria  defender  con  sus  buenos  y  leales  vasallos,  lleuando 
a  Dios  y  a  la  razon  delante,  y  que  le  pagaria  al  rey  de 
Inglaterra  con  los  dineros  del  Rey  de  Francia. 

Despacha  el  Emperador  a  Borbon  por  su  capitan  general 
en  Lombardia,  no  sin  alguna  esperan9a  del  ducado  de  Milan, 
no      Toma  el  duque  de  Vrbino  con  gente  del  Papa  y  vene- 
cianos  a  Lody. 

Entrega  Franc^^yco  Sforza  el  Castillo  de  Milan  a  Antomo 
de  Leyua,  y  uase  al  exercito  del  Papa. 

Pone  sitio  a  Milan,  estando  en  el  Ant6?nio  de  Leyua,  el 
gran  exercito  de  la  liga,  en  el  qual  era  capitan  por  el  Papa 
Renzo  de  Cheri  vrsino,  de  venecianos  el  duque  de  Vrbino,  y 
del  rey  de  Francia  Lautrec. 

Da  el  Papa  la  decima  de  los  beneficios  al  rey  de  Francia, 
para  esta  guerra. 
120  El  cardenal  Pompeo  Colona  y  Ascanio  Colona  y  Don 
Hugo  de  Moncada  saquean  con  dos  mil  hombres  el  palacio 
sacro  de  Roma,  huyendo  el  Papa  Clemente  al  castillo  de 
Sant  Angel,  porque  hiua  contra  el  Emperador. 

Ha9e  treguas  el  Papa  con  espanoles  y  coloneses,  dando 
rehenes  por  quatro  meses. 

Muere  Juanin  de  Medices  de  vn  mosquetaso,  que  le  dieron 
alemanes  del  E^mperador  en  Gereuolo  cerca  de  Pesquera ; 
era  Juanin  valiente,  pero  viciosisimo  del  mal  pecado. 

Enuia  el   Papa   sobre  Napoles  con  flota  a  Vaudemont 
130  por  ser  de  Lorena  y  Anjoino,  que  haga  guerra  por  mar  al 


1526  CARLOS   QUINTO  215 

Rmperador,  y  da  gnerra  traspasando  las  tregnas  a  colo- 
neses. 

Vence  Sig-ismundo  rey  de  Polonia,  que  tenia  60  mil  de 
a  cauallo,  al  duque  de  Prusia. 

Dieta  de  alemanes  en  Spira,  donde  tratandose  de  la 
guerra  dixeron  los  embaxadores  francezes  que  ayudaria  su 
rey  contra  el  Turco,  si  hiziesen  al  Emperador  dexar  las 
armas  en  Italia,  y  por  ventura  para  la  someter. 

Vence  Soliman  en  batalla  de  Mogico  a  29  de  Agosto  con 
200M.  hombres  al  rey  Luis  de  Vngria,  que  tenia  24M.  sola-  140 
mente ;   mata   y   catiua   ynumerablez/^^wte  gente.      Muere 
ahogado  en  vna  laguna  el  rey  Luis  sin  dexar  hijos. 

Conpetencias  por  el  reyno  de  Vngria  entre  Don  F^r- 
nando  archiduque  de  Austria,  y  Juan  Zapolia  Vayuoda  de 
Transsiluania. 

Guerra  de  Sena  sobre  los  desterrados. 

Murio  en  Burselas  Isauel  reyna  de  Dinamarca,  hermana 
del  Emperador,  dexando  un  hijo  que  se  logro  poco,  y  dos 
hijas,  de  las  quales  vna,  que  se  llamo  Dorotea,  caso  con 
Fadrique,  conde  Palatin  elector,  y  otra,  dicha  Cristiana,  con  150 
Fr^inctsco  Sfor9a  duque  de  Milan,  y  con  el  duque  de  Lorena 
despues. 

Alio  de  1527 

El  alegre  nacimiento  de  Don  Phelipe,  que  al  presente 
reyna,  en  Valladolid,  a  21  del  mes  de  Mayo. 

Dexan  el  cerco  de  Milan  Lautrec  y  sus  companeros  por 
falta  de  dineros. 

Hechase  Borbon  sobre  Plazencia,  por  que  contra  las  tre- 
guas  fauorecia  el  Papa  la  liga  y  hacia  guerra  en  Napoles  al 
FmperadoT  y  a  coloneses,  en  Piperno  y  Fresalon. 

Dexa  el  virrey  Carlos  de  la  Noy  la  guerra  que  hacia  sin 
fruto  en  Fresalon,  y  toma  treguas  con  el  Papa  en  Roma  por 
ocho  meses,  sin  consejo  de  Borbon,  ni  Antonia  de  Leyua.     10 

El  saco  de  Roma  y  prision  del  Papa. 

Muere  Carlos  de  Montpensier,  duque  de  Borbon,  de  vna 
arcabuzada  que  le  dieron  entrando  en  Roma ;  hi90  aquella 
empresa  de  su  caue9a.     No  quiso  estar  por  las  treguas  del 


2i6  ANNALES   DEL  EMPERADOR  1527 

virrey,  sino  le  daua  el  Papa  clen  mil  ducados  6  mas  para 
pagar  su  exercito,  el  qual  era  poco  y  sin  artilleria. 

Genoua  por  el  Rey  de  Francia,  que  la  deseaua  mucho. 

La  armada  de  la  liga  va  contra  el  'Emperador  a  Cerdena. 

Enuia  el  Emperador,  que  le  dolio  mucho  segun  lo  mostro 
20  el  saco  de  Roma,  a  Buire  y  a  fray  Franm^-o  Ximenes, 
a  soltar  el  Papa. 

Pauia  dos  vezes  entrada  por  fuer9a,  vma  de  Lautrec,  y 
otra  de  Antonio  de  Leiua. 

Refrescan  sus  amistades  el  rey  de  Francia  y  el  de  Ingla- 
terra  contra  el  Emperador  en  Amiens. 

Guerras  en  Vngria,  entre  Fernando  y  Juan  Vaiboda. 

Llama  turcos  el  Vayuoda,  siendo  Geronimo  Lasco  el 
truxaman,  por  lo  que  fue  descomulgado  del  Papa  Clemente. 

Hechan  de  Florencia  los  ciudadanos  a  los  Medices  con 
30  afrenta  de  los  papas  Leon  y  Clemente,  que  les  costo  su 
libertad. 

Reuoltas  en  Alemania  de  lutheranos  y  cato/t'cos. 

Guerra  entre  polacos  y  moscouitas. 

Grandes  correrias  de  tartaros  en  Podalia  y  en  Polonia. 

Alio  de  1528 

El  desafio  que  por  henero  enuiaron  al  Rmperador  estando 
en  Burgos  el  rey  Francz'sco  de  Francia  con  su  rey  de  armas 
Guiana,  y  el  rey  Enrrique  de  Inglaterra  con  Clarenzio, 
diziendo  que  soltando  los  Delfines  por  conueniente  precio 
y  pagandole  su  rescate  al  rey  de  Inglaterra,  y  no  hablando 
mas  en  Borgona,  casarian  el  rey  Franc/sco  con  la  reyna 
Dona  Leonor  y  el  Delfin  Franczsco  con  Dona  Maria  su 
hija,  inffanta  de  Portugal,  y  Enrrique  duque  de  Vrliens  con 
Maria,  princesa  de  Gales ;  donde  no,  que  casaria  el  rey 
10  Francziyco  con  la  princesa  de  Gales,  y  le  harian  guerra 
entrambos  de  mancomun,  por  que  suelte  al  Papa  y  dexe 
a  Italia.  Respuesta  por  escrito,  aunque  mas  larga,  del 
Emp^r^dor  al  rey  de  armas  ingles  con  el  secretario  Juan 
Aleman,  diziendo  que  se  mostraua  el  rey  Enrrique  su 
enemigo  con  mas  passion  que  razon,  auiendo  dexado  su 
legitima  muger  como  inobediente  a  la  Iglesia,  que  no  era 


r528  CARLOS  QUINTO  217 

el  causa  de  las  guerras  de  turcos,  ni  de  Cristianos  como 
a  tuerto  ellos  le  leuantauan,  sino  defensor  y  contrastador, 
y  tan  poco  era  mouedor  de  las  guerras,  sino  el  rey  Fran- 
ci'sco,  segun  lo  sauia  muy  bien  el  rey  su  amo,  que  declare  20 
por  el  cardenal  Jort  ser  Frana'j-co  el  acometedor  tanto  contra 
el  vno,  como  contra  el  otro,  por  lo  qual  se  declaro  en 
Londres  por  su  enemigo  ;  que  ya  el  antes  de  casarse  con  la 
emperatriz  Dona  Isauel  pidio  a  la  princesa  de  Gales,  hija 
del  rey  Enrrique,  el  qual  no  compliendo  los  contratos  de 
Wodossore  se  la  nego  por  casarla  con  el  rey  Jacques  de 
Esco9ia  su  sobrino,  a  cuya  causa  el  no  era  obligado  a  la 
pena  de  los  5000  escudos  del  capitolo  matrimonial ;  y  aun 
abrio  enton9es  las  cartas  y  prendio  al  embaxador  que  se  la 
pedio ;  que  alen  de  la  injuria  fue  desacato  y  que  se  guerra  30 
queria,  que  guerra  tenia..  Respondio  al  rey  de  armas 
fran9es  que  su  amo  el  rey  Frana'sco  era  causa  de  todas 
guerras,  pues  comen96  por  Milan,  prendiendo  al  duque 
Maximiliano  Sforza  y  haziendole  renunciar  su  derecho,  y 
no  curando  de  auer  inuistidura  de  aquel  estado  del  Qinpera- 
dor  Maximiliano,  cuyo  era  el  feudo,  y  la  souerania ;  que 
reuoco  el  rey  Francisco  los  conciertos  de  Paris  en  los  de 
Nayon,  codiciando  por  yerno  mas  que  por  cuiiado  al  rey 
de  Espana,  y  assi  hi9o  que  prometiese  de  casarse  con  dos 
hijas  suyas,  vna  recien  nacida  y  otra  por  nacer ;  (jue  ganoso  40 
de  guerras  y  rebueltas  dio  por  ningunos  los  conciertos  de 
Nayon,  quando  en  Burgos  su  embaxador  Lussac  le  pedia 
rehenes  del  casamiento  de  Luysa,  y  del  reyno  de  Nauarra, 
los  quales  no  era  obligado  a  dar,  por  estar  declarado  en 
aquellos  mismos  conziertos  de  Nayon  ;  que  tento  tomar 
a  Napoles  y  a  Secilia,  embiando  al  conde  Vedro  Nauarro 
con  su  flota  so  color  de  hir  a  Berberia  ;  que  dio  gente  y 
artelleria  y  dineros  al  conde  Roberto  de  la  Marca  para  la 
guerra  que  hico  en  Flandes,  y  enuio  al  seiior  de  Lesparre 
con  exercito  a  Nauarra,  y  aun  a  Castz7/a,  y  todo  esto  sin  50 
auer  el  hecho  gente  quanto  mas  guerra ;  que  no  podia  el 
rey  negar,  ni  contradizir  lo  que  prometiera  por  su  libertad, 
auiendo  sido  especialmente  preso  en  buena  guerra,  y  suelto 
con  honestos  partidos,  quanto  mas  que  todo  lo  que  se  le 


2i8  ANNALES   DEL   EMPERADOR  1528 

pedia  era  del  Emperador,  sino  los  Delfines,  que  ayna 
estauan  por  memoria,  que  por  prenda ;  yten  que  fuera  de 
todo  esto  le  fue  muy  contrario  en  la  elecion  del  Imperio, 
en  las  guerras  del  Turco,  en  las  cosas  de  Italia,  en  los 
negocios  de  Luthero,  y  otros  buenos  propositos,  y  que  ni 
60  quiso  sacar  de  Italia  su  exercito  como  de  nueuo  se  acordara 
en  Palencia,  ni  restetuir  a  Genoua  en  su  libertad,  y  que  de 
la  prision  del  Papa  tenia  mas  culpa  el  Rey  que  no  el,  por 
auer  hecho  tan  danosa  liga,  empero  que  ya  tenia  cartas  como 
estaua  suelto  y  libre ;  que  no  queria  el  dexar  a  Italia  para 
que  la  ocupe  el  Rey,  y  quanto  al  desafio  que  ningun  catiuo 
podia  desafiar  a  su  senor,  ni  el  suelto  sobre  su  fe  a  nadie 
sin  licencia  del  que  le  solto ;  que  se  voluiese  como  lo  juro  y 
prometio  y  entonces  abria  sus  hijos,  y  anduuiese  despues  la 
guerra. 
70  Enuia  el  rey  Francisco  al  emperador  Carlos  un  cartel  de 
desafio  de  persona  a  persona,  y  muy  a  la  soldadesca,  hecho 
en  Paris  a  28  de  Mar90. 

Toma  el  Emperador  pare9er  sobre  aqueste  desafio  con 
los  Principes  de  su  reyno,  y  denuncia  guerra  para  batalla 
campal  al  rey  Franmco,  estando  en  Nay  on  con  el  Prouoste 
de  Vtrecque. 

Acomete  a  Lodi  Antonio  de  Leyua,  donde  le  fue  mal. 

Empena  el   Emperador  a  Veni9uela  de    Indias    a   los 
Velseros,  mercaderes  alemanes. 
80      Aluaro  de  Saauedra  Ceron,  capitan  de  Cortes,  nauega  de 
la  Nueua  Spana  a  la  especeria  de  los  malucos. 

Fernando  Cortes  ha  el  titulo  de  marques  del  Valle  de 
Huaxacac. 

La  vitoria  que  huuo  Antomo  Leyua  de  Francisco  de 
Borbon  conde  de  Sampol  en  Landriano. 

Cerca  Lautrech  a  Napoles  con  exercito  de  la  liga,  que 
seria  de  mas  de  25  mil  combatientes,  aunque  ponen 
otros  40  M. 

La  batalla  de  mar,  en  que  Phelipin  de  Oria  vencio  a  Don 
90  Hugo  de  Moncada. 

El  destro90  del  exercito  de  la  liga,  murlendo  Lautrec 
dicho  el  Combatidor  de  Ciudades,  con  que  descanso  Italia. 


1528  CARLOS   QUINTO  219 

Viene  Andrea  Doria  al  s&ruuio  del  Emperador,  que 
mucho  escozio  al  rey  de  Francia  y  aiin  tambien  al  Papa. 
Genoua  es  libre  a  deucx:ion  del  Empe/'^flTor,  con  quien  ha 
uiuido  en  paz  y  enrrequesido  sobradamente  despues  aca. 

Pierde  por  guerra  su  estado  el  duque  Carlos  de  Geldres. 

Phelipe,  Lantgraue  de  Hassia,  da  tras  los  obispos  con 
mano  armada. 

Treguas  por  ocho  meses  hechas  en  Cambray,  por  Luisa,  100 
madre  del  rey  Franmco,y  por  Margarita,  tia  del  Emperador, 
corisertando  que  ambos  dishiziesen  sus  exercitos,  que  fue 
principio  de  paz. 

Guerras  de  Soliman  en  Tauris  con  el  Sophi  Tambia. 

Agostin  Justiniano,  que  fue  obispo  de  Nebro,  acaua  su 
historia,  que  algunos  la  llaman  de  bestiones. 

Ano  de  1529 

Pueblan  en  Malta  los  caualleros  de  Rodhas. 

Es  mas  robo  que  guerra  lo  que  hacen  venecianos  y  fran- 
ceses  con  los  del  Papa  en  Pulla  y  en  Calabria. 

Empeno  de  la  especiaria,  que  hi90  el  ^m-peradov  al  rey 
de  Portugal  Don  Juan  el  3°,  por  350.000  scudos. 

Concordia  del  Emperador  con  el  Papa,  tratada  en  Viterbo 
por  Juan  Muxetulo  napolitano,  y  declarada  en  Barselona 
por  Jeronimo,  obispo  de  Basione,  con  que  siendo  coronado 
Emperador,  meta  los  Medi9es  en  Florencia,  y  de  aquel 
estado  con  Margarita, su  hija  natural, a  Alexandrode  Medices.  10 

Paz  entre  Carlos  Emperador  y  Franczjco  rey  de  Francia, 
concluida  por  las  mismas  senoras  al  tenor  de  la  de  Madrid, 
saluo  en  tres  6  quatro  cosas,  y  la  principal  que  no  se  ablase 
mas  en  Borgona,  que  fuese  pagado  el  rey  de  Inglaterra  con 
los  dineros  del  rey  de  Francia,  que  sacase  de  Italia  el  Rey 
toda  su  gente  de  guerra,  y  que  no  platicase  mas  con  Italianos 
ni  tanpoco  con  alemanes  contra  el  Emperador. 

Passa  el  Emperador  a  Italia,  con  gran  flota. 

La  batalla  de  mar  en  que  murio  Rodrigo  de  Portuondo. 

Confirma  en  Placencia  de  Lombardia  la  paz  de  Cambray,  20 
por  el  rey  Fran^zsco,  Guillen  Gouffier,  almirante  de  Francia, 


220  ANNALES   DEL   EMPERADOR  1539 

cirtificando  al  Emperador  que  no  podia  ser  mayor  bien 
para  el  Rey  su  sen  or  que  dexar  a  Italia. 

La  ponposa  entrada  del  Rm^eradov  en  Bolonia. 
El  cerco  de  Flore  ncia,  que  duro  bien  once  meses,  y  que 
costo  al  Papa  Clemente  vn  milon  de  oro. 

Muere  Juan  de  Vrbina,  que  fue  natural  de  Verberana, 
grande,  membrudo,  grossero,  mas  de  claro  entendimiento, 
liberal,  limosnero,   deuoto,   nunca  juraua,   y   assi   castigo 

30  mucho  las  blasfemias,  era  en  fm  virtuoso  sino  jugara 
demasiado.  Que  matar,  herir  y  aprouecharse  del  enemigo  y 
de  sus  bienes  la  guerra  y  vida  soldadesca  lo  lleuan  ;  fue  de 
consejo,  tuuo  grandes  ardides,  nunca  mostro  miedo,  aunque 
Jouio  dize  auersele  conocido  en  Genoua,  quando  el  saco, 
mas  era  por  el  artilleria  y  no  por  los  hombres.  Passo  pues 
Juan  de  Vrbina  con  el  gran  capitan  a  Italia  por  soldado, 
dio  siempre  senales  de  valiente,  por  lo  qual  fue  vno  de  los 
tres  qzte  hicieron  campo  con  otros  tantos  italianos  estando 
nuestro  exercito  sobre  Rosano,  por  quales  seruian  a  mayor 

40  rey  ;  aceptaron  el  desafio  los  capitanes  Diego  de  Quifiones 
y  Luis  de  Viacampo,  tomando  a  Juan  de  Vrbina ;  empero  el, 
que  se  conocia,  no  les  quiso  ayudar  sin  destajar  primero  con 
los  contrarios  qzte  fuesse  ayuda  compafion ;  assi  que  com- 
batieron  a  pie  con  las  armas  que  a  cada  vno  plugo  sin 
arcabuz,  que  sossacaron  de  condicion  los  italianos,  y  como 
todos  eran  valientes,  pelearon  bien.  Riridio  Juan  de  Vrbina 
a  su  enemigo,  y  quitandole  las  armas  acorrio  al  Quinones, 
que  desjarretado,  y  la  rodilla  en  tierra,  combatia  marauillosa- 
mente,  y  rendio  tambien  aquel  aduersario ;  ayudo  a  Via- 

50  campo  a  veneer  al  tercero.  Quedo  el  Vrbina  desde  alii  por 
el  mejor  soldado  de  Italia,  mas  como  se  acabo  luego  la 
guerra  de  Napoles,  no  pudo  subir.  Fuesse  a  Roma,  y  assento 
por  alabardero,  con  Diego  Garcia  de  Paredes,  Juan  de 
Bargas,  Pizarro,  Camudio,  y  Villalua,  que  todos  fueron 
despues  mui  conocidos  por  la  guerra,  aun  capeauan  entonces 
y  tenian  muger  de  seguida.  Hi90  gente  a  la  sa9on  el  Papa 
Julio  a  uno  que  se  rebelaua.  Fue  en  ella  por  alferez  de 
Diego  Garcia  de  Paredes,  y  despues  contra  el  duque  de 
Vrbina,  en  fin  que  fue  capitan  en  Bolona,  quando  los  fran- 


,529  CARLOS  QUINTO  221 

ceses  la  ganaron,  y  en  la  batalla  de  Rauena,  donde  quedo  60 
entre  muertos  desgraciado.  Hallose  tambien  en  la  de  Vi- 
cencia,  y  en  todas  las  guerras  de  Lombardia  contra  fran- 
ceses.  Quando  9erc6  Lautrec  a  Milan  con  exercito  de  la  Hga 
era  Juan  de  Vrblna  maestro  de  campo,  y  saliendo  a  escara- 
mu9a  vna  vez  con  los  enemigos  a  San  Columban,  paso  el 
solo  por  donde  cinco  ytalianos  acuchillauan  vn  espafiol,  el 
qual  conociendo  le  dixo,  ha,  senor  Juan  de  \'^rbina,  que  me 
matan  ;  el  qual,  como  se  oyo  nombrar,  fue  a  socorerle  que  no 
quisiera.  Los  cinco  italianos  boluieron  las  caras  a  el,  abiendo 
derribado  al  espanol ;  apretauanlo,  mas  luego  aflozaron  por  70 
ir  los  dos  al  caido,  que  se  lebanto,  y  assi  mato  los  dos  de 
tres  con  quien  conbatia,  y  con  la  partesana  del  vno  hi90 
huir  los  otros,  que  matando  al  soldado  temieron  de  morir. 
Cogio  las  armas  para  muestra  del  vencimiento  y  voluio  a 
Milan,  herido  en  los  pechos  de  la  partesana,  y  con  una 
cuchlUada  en  la  mexilla,  y  otra  pequena  en  la  mano  de  la 
espada,  y  tan  ensangrentado  que  no  le  conocian  ;  escape  de 
buena,  y  assi  solia  dezir  ser  en  qualquier  transe  impor- 
tantissimo  llamar  a  vno  por  su  propio  nombre.  Animo  los 
soldados  a  entrar  en  Roma  muerto  Borbon ;  demandando  80 
paga  los  soldados  que  se  amotinaron  en  Nola  quando  se 
recogian  de  Napoles  por  Lautrec,  corto  el  bra90  al  capitan 
Cal9edo  delante  del  marques  del  Basto  su  coronel,  por  que 
le  asacaua  el  motin,  que  fue  atreuimiento,  aunque  no  tubiese 
culpa.  Hi90  algunas  azafias  en  el  cerco  de  Napoles,  y  a  las 
uezes,  topando  con  Pedro  Nauarro  uiniendo  a  cercar  a 
Florencia,  fue  muerto  sobre  Ispello  con  arcabus,  cuya  pelota 
le  paso  la  pierna  por  deuaxo  de  la  rodilla.  Lleuaronle  a 
enterrar  a  Napoles  a  nuestra  Senora  de  Pie  de  Gruta  y  en 
sepultura  de  bronce,  la  qual  despues  desi90  el  virrey  Don  90 
Pedro  de  Toledo  para  artelleria.  El  Emperrador,  que  lo 
deseo  uer,  le  hi90  comendador  de  Liche,  alcaide  de  Obo 
y  de  Abersa  y  marques  de  Oira,  mas  gozo  lo  poco.  Fuera 
enfin  Juan  de  Vrbina  sino  por  la  muger  muy  dichoso,  y 
honrrado,  empero  el  se  bengo  muy  bien,  matandola  con 
quantas  cosas  alio  uiuas  en  su  casa. 

Cerca  en  bano  Soliman  a  \'^iena  con  ciento  y  cinquenta 


222  ANNALES   DEL   EMPERADOR  1529 

mil  hombres,  aunq?/^  unos  cuentan  docientos  y  cinquenta 
mil,  y  otros  quinientos  mil ;  estaua  dentro  Phelipe,  duque  de 
100  Bauiera,  y  tenia  espafioles.     Aunque  no  la  pudo  ganar,  se 
lleuo  segun  di9en  setenta  mil  cautibos  de  Vngria. 

Ano  de  1530 

La  coronacion  de  Carlos  V  Emperador,  echa  en  Bolona 
por  el  Papa  Clemente  VIII,  dia  de  Sant  Matias,  por  auer 
nacido  en  el,  y  con  el  mayor  fausto  y  costa,  y  especialmente 
de  caualleros  espafioles,  que  jamas  Emperador  se  corono. 

Da  obediencia  el  Preste  Juan  Dauid  al  Papa,  como  a 
cabe9a  de  la  Iglesia  de  Jesu  Christo. 

LIbertad  de  los  Delfines,  entregandolos  el  condestable 

Don  Pedro  Yernandez  de  Velasco,  y  monsiur  de  Praet,  prinr 

cipal  persona  con  el  Emperador,  al  cardenal  Franmco  de 

10  Tournon  y  a  Ana  de  Montmorency,  mayordomo  mayor 

entonces  del  rey  Franmco. 

El  Q2i's>2iXaiento  del  rey  Franmco  con  la  reyna  Dona 
Leonor  por  mano  del  cardenal  Tournon  en  vna  abadia, 
cerca  de  Bayona. 

Yelanse  las  viiias  en  toda  castilla  por  abril. 

Tiene  dieta  el  Emp^r^dor  en  Augusta  sobre  la  religion 
principalmente,  y  sobre  la  guerra  del  Turco  que  venia 
poderosisimo. 

Muere  Margarita,  muger  que  fue  del  Principe  Don  Juan, 
20      Toma  la  gouernacion  de  Flandes  Maria,  reyna  de  Vngria. 

Florencia  pierde  su  libertad,  entrando  dentro  los  Medices. 

La  guerra  que  hace  Franmco  Sforza,  duque  de  Milan,  a 
Juan  Jacobo  de  Medezis,  que  despues  fue  marques  de  Ma- 
rignan  y  capitan  mui  excelente. 

Da  el  Emp^r^dor  a  Yranciszo  Sforza,  para  (\ue  aya  paz 
en  Italia,  el  ducado  de  Milan  por  900.000  escudos  i\ue  auia 
gastado  en  la  guerra. 

Recibe  por  amigos  el  Emperador  a  los  venecianos ;  dura 
la  amistad  hasta  oy. 
30      Combate   a  Buda  Guillen  Rocandolfo,  capz/^n  del  rey 
Don  Fernando,  que  tenia  cerca  de  30  M.  hombres  y  buen 


1530  CARLOS   QUINTO  223 

g-olpe  de  espanoles,  que  regia  Don  Luis  de  la  Cueua ;  mas 
empero  defendieronla  el  Vayuoda  y  Leusgrite. 

Tregua  por  un  ano  entre  los  reyes  de  Vngria  Don 
Fernando  y  Juan  Vayuoda,  con  boluntad  del  gran  Turco 
que  fauorecia  el  partido  del  Vayuoda. 

Este  ano  6  cerca  de  el  se  alio  en  Canaria  una  ballena 
muerta,  que  tenia  16  arrobas  de  ambar,  y  se  uio  un  triton 
barbado  y  viejo,  segun  escriuio  el  obispo  fray  Al°  de 
Devirnes  a  Qarcidi  Vechoa  en  Valladolid.  4° 

Ano  de  1531 

Don  Fernando,  rey  de  Vngria,  es  creado  Rey  de  Romanes. 

Alexandre  de  Medices  hecho  duque  de  Floren9ia  con 
preuilegio  del  Emperador. 

Reduze  asi  el  Papa  Clemente  a  Ancona,  que  uiuia  como 
x^^ublica  sin  verter  sangre. 

El  grandissimo  teremoto  de  Lx'^,  y  luego  mortandad. 

Juan  Vayuoda  y  Luis  Griti  cercan  Astrigonia,  y  hacen 
correrias  los  turcos  hasta  Viena. 

Rompe  y  sobrepuja  la  mar,  mas  que  nunca  se  uio,  los 
balladores  que  llaman  diques  de  Holanda,  Zelanday  Flandes,  10 
que  fue  gran  dafio. 

Manda  el  rey  Fran^-^lyco  de  Francia  que  ninguno  uenda 
trigo,  sino  es  en  pla9a^  por  que  barate. 

Guerra  ciuil  entre  cantones  sobre  lutherianias,  en  que 
huuo  5  peleas. 

Un  hombre  presentado  al  Papa  Clemente,  que  no  comia 
en  quince  dias,  ni  aun  en  veinte,  cosa  marauillosa  y  que  nos 
espantaua,  sino  era  engano,  tanto  puede  la  costumbre  ;  y 
assi  dixo  el  Papa  como  acauo  la  guerra  de  Florencia  que 
le  costo  mucho,  que  de  tales  era  bueno  vn  exercito.  En  20 
Moral,  aldea  de  Maderuelo,  ay  un  labrador  rico  que  nunca 
comio  carne  teniendo  ganado,  ni  biuio  vino,  ni  se  puso 
calzas,  ni  caperu9a.  Vi  tambien  este  ano  en  Roma  un 
hombre,  que  con  los  pies  cosia,  cortaua,  y  enhilaua  vna 
aguja,  escreuia,  y  cerraua  cartas  con  nema,  contaba  y 
cogia  dineros,  jugaua  dados,  y  hincaua  uiia ;  en  fin  sus 
pies  eran  manos  por  gentileza  para  ganar  la  uida  por  alli. 


224  ANNALES   DEL   EMPERADOR  1531 

Funda  Francz^co  Pizaro  a  S.  Miguel  el  de  Tangauoxa, 
que  fue  la  prz'mera.  pobla9ion  de  espanoles  en  el  Peru. 


Alio  de  1532 

Llega  sobre  Viena  el  gran  Turco  Soliraan,  con  el  mayor 
exercito  de  nu^j'A'Os  afios,  ni  que  ningun  otomano  tuuo, 
sabiendo  como  el  Emperador  estaua  en  Alemania ;  trayo 
treclentos  mil  conbatientes  y  mas  de  cien  mil  a  cauallo,  bien 
1 20  tiros  grandes.  Otros  ponen  docientos,  y  otros  quinientos, 
y  Pedro  Mexia  600,000,  que  deuia  ser  en  toda  suerte  de 
gentes. 

Entro  en  Belgrado  Soliman  para  lucir  su  aparato,  bestida 
vna  aljuba  de  carmesi  bordada  de  oro  con  punhal  y  simi- 

10  tarra  de  precio  excesiuo,  y  en  un  cauallo  vayo  ricamente 
guarnicido;  benian  tras  el  los  visires  Cassim  y  Arpas,  y 
Abraym  Basa  su  priuado,  y  luego  doce  mil  cortesanos, 
y  de  officio  en  su  casa  y  corte.  Auian  entrado  delante  quatro 
mil  de  a  cauallo  con  el  estandarte,  donde  hiua  pintado 
Mahoma,  y  quatro  mil  janizaros  de  su  guardia,  150  sclauos 
con  lan9as  y  cas^cas  de  rasso  y  azul,  y  encordonadas  de 
plata,  cinqu<?7/ta  carretas  cubiertas  de  bruno,  con  cada  quatro 
cauallos  en  que  hiua;^  el  thesoro  y  recamara,  y  algunas  damas 
hermosas  y  queridas   del.      Espanaciel  de  Ma9edonia  les 

20  guardaua  con  quatro  mil  de  cauallo,  duzci'entos  cauallos 
regalados  en  diestro,  cien  pages  de  camara  en  gentilles 
cauallos  con  casacas  de  tela  de  oro,  y  sombreros  de  carmesi 
guarnecidos  de  oro  y  plata  y  plumas  blancas,  los  doce  con 
zeladas  bordadas  de  ricas  piedras  y  perlas,  vna  de  las  quales 
valia  140  M.  escudos,  mil  lacayos  con  casaquetas  de  raso 
azul,  y  bordaduras  de  plata  y  escofias  de  oro  con  plumas 
blancas,  que  Ueuauan  arco  y  carcax,  y  los  100  perros  de 
.  trauilla  y  aues  de  caza. 

Junto  el  Kmperador  1 20  M.  soldados  y  mas  de  30  M.  de 

30  cauallo  a  su  costa,  y  del  Rey  su  hermano,  y  del  Papa 
Clemente,  que  fue  sin  duda  el  mayor  exercito  christiano  de 
nues^ros  dias,  y  no  quiso  luteranos  porque  no  inficionasen 
los  catholicos  6  no  ayudasen  al  Turco.    Aula  1 2  M.  espanoles 


1532  CARLOS  QUINTO  225 

con  el  marques  del  Basto,  y  Antomo  de  Leiua  era  el  gran 
consejero  de  la  gnerra. 

Afrentosa  retirada  del  gran  Turco,  los  senseros,  como 
dicen,  atapados,  dexando  perdidos  60  M.  hombres,  y  que- 
brando  las  puentes  de  miedo  que  no  le  siguiesen,  y  quando 
el  E.mperador  llego  a  X'^iena  estava  ya  el  quarenta  leguas 
de  alli.  Dixeron  que  no  espero  batalla  por  auiso  y  consejo  40 
de  christianos  sus  amigos. 

La  valerosa  resistencia  que  11190  en  Gunt  Nicolyza  Juri- 
schizo,  a  tre9e  combates  que  le  dio  en  20  dias  Abrahim 
Bassa  con  turcos  y  janizaros. 

No  quiso  el  christianissimo  rey  Francisco  ayudar  contra 
el  Turco,  que  perdio  gran  reputacion,  aunque  dixo  que  por 
no  ser  el  capitan  general. 

La  guerra  de  Coron  en  Grecia,  que  11190  Andrea  de 
Oria  por  el  Kmperador. 

La  prision  de  Atabaliba  en  Coxamalca,  riquissimo  rey  del  50 
Cusco,  y  assi  dio  por  su  rescate  mas  de  dos  millones. 

Don  Pedro  de  Toledo,  marques  de  V//(7afranca,  hecho 
virrey  de  Napoles  por  muerte  del  cardenal  Pompeyo  Colona 
que  fino,  auiendo  comido  berbas  en  nieue. 

Prenden  los  de  Dinamarca  sobre  seg^ro  y  juramento  a 
su  rey  Christiano,  que  fue  con  exercito  y  flota,  que  le  dio  el 
emperador. 

Juntanse  los  reyes  Franmco  y  Enrrique  a  negocios  en 
Bolona  przmero,  y  luego  en  Cales. 

Ano  de  1533 

Confedera9ion  de  nueuo,  que  llamaron  defensiua,  hecha  en 
Bolonia  entre  Papa,  Emperador,  Rey  de  Romanos,  duque 
de  Milan,  Ferrara.  y  Florencia,  seiiorias  de  Venecia,  Genoua, 
Sena  y  Luca  por  ano  y  medio,  senalando  por  su  cap?/^n  al 
senor  Ant^wzb  de  Leyua,  el  qual  morase  en  Milan. 

Saca  el  Emperador  la  fuer9a  de  los  espafioles  de  Italia, 
que  lii90  mucho  por  el  bien  de  la  paz,  y  assi  otorgo  por 
ruegos  lo  que  no  quiso  por  fieros,  tan  altiuo  fue. 

Muere  Garcia  de  Paredes  en  Bolona,  que  no  tuuo  par  en 
fuer9a  y  en  esfuer90.    Estuuo  soldado  en  la  Chefalonia  con  10 

1366  Q 


226  ANNALES   DEL   EMPERADOR  1533 

el  gran  capz'/an ;  tuuo  despues  en  su  tierra  diferen9ias  y 
cuchilladas  con  Ruy  Sanchias  de  Vargas,  por  las  quales  se 
fue  a  Roma,  y  asento  por  alabardero  del  Papa  Julio  2",  con 
Juan  de  Vrbina,  Juan  de  Bargas,  Pizarro,  (^amudio,  y  Villa- 
lua,  que  todos  fueron  como  entonces  llamauan  coroneles, 
aunque  trayan  alii  uida  ayrada.  Fue  de  los  once  que  com- 
batieron  en  Trana  por  desafio  los  otros  tantos  franceses,  y 
que  rendio  a  su  contr^Ho.  Tirando  un  dia  la  barra  lo  desafio 
vn  cauallero  romano  a  clen  escudos.    Garcia  Paredes  tiro 

20  mucho  la  barra,  y  dixo  al  Romano  que  tirase  por  gentile9a  ; 
pues  el  tenia  que  apostar,  respondio  que  no  era  su  honrra ; 
entonces  el  desmentiolo,  y  mato  con  la  barra  sinco  hombres, 
por  lo  qual  se  puso  en  armas  toda  Roma  ;  y  con  aquello  se 
huuo  de  acoger  al  cardenal  Don  Bernardino  de  Caruajal  su 
primo,  el  qual  no  solamente  lo  libro  de  aquello,  empero 
lo  hi90  capitan  de  la  infanteria  de  los  que  Julio  embiaua 
contra  Monteflascon,  que  se  le  rebelo.  Lleuo  a  la  guerra  por 
alferes  a  Juan  de  Vrbina,  y  por  sargento  a  su  hermano 
Aluaro  de  Paredes,  y  por  cabos  de  esquadras  a  Billalua, 

30  Pizarro  y  Camudio.  Fue  causa  de  tomarse  luego  aquel  lugar, 
rompiendo  la  puerta.  Estando  en  la  guerra  contra  el  duque 
de  Ferrara  apellido  Espaiia  en  vna  escaramu9a  y  uencio, 
por  la  qual  palabra  le  culpo  de  traydor  el  capitan  Cesar 
Romano  ;  el  lo  desmentio  y  en  campo  le  mato,  por  lo  qual 
le  mando  prender  el  Papa.  Soltose  matando  dos  sentinelas 
y  fuese  al  duque,  el  qual,  sauida  su  valentia,  le  dio  la  com- 
paiiia  de  vn  capitan  que  poco  antes  el  matava,  y  hi90  con 
ella  buenas  cosas.  Fue  capitan  en  la  Rauena,  tras  la  qual 
huuo  un  recuentro  con  los  franceses,  yendo  por  Fano,  en  que 

40  perdio  200  soldados,  matando  600  enemigos.  Lleuandole 
preso  quatro  contrarios  y  assido  se  arrojo  al  rio  con  ellos 
en  vna  puente  rasa  ;  el  salio  a  nado  y  ellos  se  ahogaron, 
Conbatio  en  campo  cerrado  con  el  coronel  Palomino,  por 
que  dixo  que  auia  perdido  mas  honrra  que  ganado  con  los 
franceses,  y  en  calzas  y  camisa  con  sendas  espadas,  y  teni- 
endo  el  por  padrino  a  Perucho  de  Garro,  y  aunque  reciuio 
buna  buena  cuchillada  corto  la  mano  derecha  al  Palomino, 
y  teniendolo  para  matar  lo  dio  al  Prospero  Colona,  juez  del 


1533 


CARLOS   QUINTO  22^ 


campo.  Niega  despues  el  Palomino  ser  ven9ido  y  que 
tornaria  sobre  aquello  a  combatir.  Dixo  Garcia  de  Paredes  5° 
que  tornase  como  salio ;  el  entonces  arojo  la  mano  que  le 
curaua,  que  fue  tambien  hecho  animoso,  mas  no  pelearon. 
Huuo  luego  un  desafio  con  \icencz2.  de  sus  reyes  con  do9e 
fran9eses  a  do9e  espanoles,  que  fueron  Diego  Garcia  de 
Paredes,  Villalua,  Pizarro,  Aldana,  Sanctacruz,  Juan  de 
Aro,  Juan  de  Gomado,  Albarado,  dos  capl/a7ies  de  hombres 
de  armas,  y  dos  italianos.  Vencieron  los  espaiioles,  matando 
el  dicho  Garcia  dos  Franceses  hermanos.  Un  hermano  de 
aquellos  capitanes  quiso  matarse  con  el  por  ello  armas 
iguales.  Garcia  de  Paredes  escogio  como  desafiado  salir  6d 
armados  de  punta  en  bianco,  con  porras  y  espadas.  El 
fran9es,  no  pudiendo  alsar  la  porra  que  pesaua  mucho, 
aremetio  con  la  espada,  pensando  que  tanpoco  pudiera  su 
contrario,  y  diole  vna  estocada  por  la  escaro9ela  que  lo 
hirio  ;  Garcia  entonces  le  dio  vna  porrada  que  le  vndio  en 
los  sesos  el  almete,  de  que  murio.  Vencio  luego  dentro  de 
dos  meses  otros  tres  desafios,  con  amigos  y  enemigos,  que 
todos  los  balientes  querian  prouar  con  el  sus  fuer9as,  y  assi 
tomo  once  campos  en  estacada,  y  todos  los  vencio,  lo  qual 
ningun  otro  ha  hecho  en  nuesfros  anos.  Dicen  tambien  que  70 
tratando  algunos  caualleros  en  la  sala  del  rey  que  no  daua 
buena  quenta  de  los  dineros  el  gran  capitan,  que  Garcia 
puso  vn  guante  sobre  la  mesa,  y  dixo  que  se  mataria  con 
quien  lo  al9ase,  se  dixese  que  no  era  el  gran  capitan  el 
mejor  criado  que  tenia  el  rey  Catholico.  Fue  coronel  de 
once  banderas,  en  ganar  a  Nauarra,  y  quando  lo  de  Fuenta- 
rabia  y  Bearnia,  y  Sarauel.  Quando  hiua  el  Rmperador  a 
Plasencia  desde  Genoua  amago  al  conde  Nasau,  que  por 
mandado  del  Emperador  consertaua  la  gente,  y  lo  queria 
hechar  del  esquadron  de  los  caualleros,  como  no  iba  armado  so 
de  lo  que  abia  menester  ;  se  quexo  el  conde,  pero  su  Mage- 
stad  le  dixo  que  el  era  Diego  Garcia  de  Paredes,  que  sin 
armas  aria  mas  que  otro  con  ellas.  En  (^oria  descalabro  un 
rufian  con  un  banco,  y  echo  en  el  fuego  a  otro,  y  a  dos 
mugeres  de  seguida,  que  la  vna  murio,  y  a  otros  dos 
bulderos,  por  que  se  burlauan  del,  que  pedian  la  cocina  de 

Q  2 


228  ANNALES   DEL   EMPERADOR  1533 

sus  criados  para  vn  cauallero.  Estando  en  una  benta  quanda 
voluia  de  la  guerra  del  Turco  sobre  Vienna,  lo  quisieron 
echar  de  ella  otros  muchos,  y  el  defendio  la  posada  irienda 
90  y  aun  matando  algunos  de  ellos.  Era  pues  Diego  Garcia 
hombre  alto,  de  gran  cara,  de  mas  huesos  que  carne,  come- 
dor  ;  solia  dormir  con  la  muger  la  espada  desenbainada  en 
la  cama  por  I0&  enemigos  y  pendencias  que  tenia ;  dieronle 
yerbas  o  echi90S,  por  donde  se  recelaba  comer  algunas  cosas, 
y  aun  salia  fuera  de  si  muchas  bezes,  por  lo  qual  no  subio 
a  mayores  cargos. 

Buelta  del  Emperador  a  Espafia  con  gran  honrra  y 
\itorza. 

Trata  el  Rey  Francisco  contra  el  Emperador  con  alemanes, 
100  principalmente  Vlric  duque  de  Vitember,  quebrando  lo 
capitulado. 

Ordena  el  rey  Francisco  aunque  no  permane9en  siete 
legiones  de  soldados  en  siete  porbincias  de  Fran9ia,  que  son 
mas  de  II.  XX  mil. 

Nace  Isabel  princesa  de  Gales,  y  hija  del  rey  Enrrique 
de  Ingla terra  y  de  Ana  de  Bolena. 

Vistas  del  Papa  con  el  rey  Francisco  y  con  la  reyna  Dona 
Leonor,  en  Marsella,  por  casar  a  Catalina  de  Medi9es,  su 
sobrina,  con  el  duque  de  Orliens  Enrrique,  hijo  de  Francisco, 
no  que  hoy  son  reyes  de  Francia,  y  pensando  auer  a  Milan,  que 
ya  tambien  estaba  inclinado  con  el  Emperador,  por  que 
juzgo  por  el  duque  Alonso  de  Ferara  el  pleito  de  Modena 
y  Reco.  Entonces  dixo  el  Rey  al  Papa  que  no  queria  paz,  ni 
concilio,  sino  le  dauan  a  Milan,  y  que  no  solo  no  estorbaria, 
sino  que  procuraria  la  benida  del  Turco. 

Guerrean  turcos  en  Persia  con  su  dano. 

Prenden  los  de  Dinamarca  a  su  Rey  Christierno,  y  muere 
su  hijo. 

Ano  de  1534 

Las  Cortes  de  Madrid  de  entre  otras  cosas  uedan  las 
mulas  de  silla  por  que  aya  mas  caballos  para  la  guerra; 
guardose  tanto  algunos  anos  que  ciertas  mulas  pagaron  la 
pena  por  justicia  en  Valladolid  y  en  otras  ciudades.  Tambien 


1534  CARLOS  QUINTO  229 

los  bedaron  los  Reyes  Catholicos  40  anos  antes,  y  lo 
^uardaron  mientras  la  Reyna  uiuio,  conforme  a  vna  ley  de 
partida  que  manda  cabalgar  en  cauallo  los  caualleros  por 
honrra  y  vso. 

Conquista  y  puebla  en  Quito  Sebastian  de  Bel  Alcazar, 
tiniente  de  Francisco  Pi9aro,  el  qual  fue  despues  adelantado  10 
de  Popayan,  auiendo  sido  arriero,  y  que  por  no  poder  pagar 
alg^nos  asnos  se  fuera  a  las  Indias,  cosa  del  mundo  que 
Uaman  bentura. 

Hace  guerra  Ph<?/zipe  Lantgraue  de  Asia  con  dineros  del 
rey  Francisco  al  Rey  de  Romanos  don  Fernando. 

Muere  Clemente  Papa  Clemente  7°,  baron  de  animo 
sincillo,  y  que  solia  decir  que  se  gouernaua  el  mundo  con 
poco  9eso,  palabra  de  tanta  consideracion  como  esperien9ia  ; 
era  escaso  y  bengativo  contra  los  del  bando  contrario  y 
ansi  los  destruio  ensenoreandose  de  su  patria,  aunque  20 
tambien  lo  hi9o  de  ambicioso.  Enoblecio  grandemente  su 
linaje  de  Medices,  ya  de  suyo  magnifico,  aciendo  vn  sobrino 
duque  de  Florencia,  y  vna  sobrina  reyna  de  Francia  ;  tubo 
pero  muchas  aduersidades,  ca  fue  muy  desnorado  de 
florentines.  Uio  a  Roma  dos  beses  saqueada  y  estuuo 
preso. 

Elecion  del  Papa  Paulo  3''  natural  de  Roma  sin  escu- 
drinar  botos. 

Haradin  Barbaroxa  rey  de  Tunez.  Muere  como  merecia 
Luis  Griti  medio  turco.  3° 

Muere  Alonso  de  Este  duque  de  Ferrara,  que  tuuo  gran 
fama  de  buen  hombre  de  guerra,  el  qual  se  supo  conseruar, 
aunque  para  ello  mudo  amistades  con  los  principes,  que  se 
lo  atribuyeron  a  mal. 

El  rey  Enrrique  8  se  llama  cabe9a  de  la  Iglesia  de 
Inglaterra,  tomando  todas  las  rentas  y  diezmos. 

Liga  smalcaldica  de  luteranos  y  catolicos,  que  mouio 
Lantgraue. 

Una  gran  batalla,  y  tras  ella  buena  paz,  entre  sofianos  y 
tartaros.  4° 

Entra  bitorioso  Soliman  en  Babilonia. 

Una  gran  matan9a  y  despego  que  de  turcos  hi90  Delmi- 


230  ANN  ALES   DEL   EMPERADOR  1534 

antes,   capitan   de   Tanbraso,   c\ue   ya   tenia   espafioles  y 
artilleria. 

Alio  de  1535 

La  guerra  de  turcos  que  hi90  el  Emperador. 

Visita  el  Emperador  sus  reynos  de  Scicilia  y  Napoles. 

La  fundacion  de  Lima,  que  llaman  ciudad  de  los  reyes. 

La  entrada  de  Diego  de  Almagro  al  Chile  con  egercito. 

Muere  Don  Inigo  Lopez  de  Mendo9a  y  ^lifiiga,  cardenal 
rico  y  obispo  de  Burgos,  que  dexo  un  colegio  en  aquella 
ciudad. 

Vieronse  reynas  hermanas  Leonor  y  Maria,  en  Cambray. 

La  guerra  del  Papa  Paulo  en  Perugia. 
10      Muere   Francisco  Sfor9a,  duque   de  Milan,  que  fue  un 
exemplo  de  buena  y  mala  fortuna,  en  quien  se  acauo  el 
sefiorio  y  linage  de  los  Sfor9as  y  viscondes. 

Queda  Milan  por  el  Emperador. 

Muere  Dona  Catalina,  reyna  de  Inglaterra,  muger  singular, 
empero  desbenturada.  Caso  con  dos  hermanos  por  despensa- 
cion  del  Papa  Julio ;  paso  mala  vida  con  el  suegro,  que  por 
casar  con  su  madre  le  daua  por  on9as  de  comer,  y  peor 
con  el  marido  segundo,  que  por  casarse  con  su  criada  la 
desecho.  Fue  muy  hermosa  y  asi  trauajo  el  rey  Enrrique 
20  octauo  de  aberla  por  muger,  Murio  contenta  por  dexar  tan 
excelente  hija  como  es  la  reyna  Maria  nuestra  senora. 

Trata  el  Papa  contra  turcos  con  todos  los  princlpes 
christianos  y  no  acaua  nada  con  el  rey  Franmco,  por  que 
pide  a  Napoles  y  a  Milan. 

Toma  el  rey  Franc?jco  la  mitad  de  los  beneficios  en 
Francia,  haziendo  que  era  para  cobrar  a  Milan,  pues  era 
muerto  el  Duque. 

Escriue  a  los  alemanes  en  comun  el  rey  Fran«Jco,  echando 

maliziosam^nte   la   culpa  de   las   heregias  de  luteranos  y 

30  guerras  de  turcos  al  JLmperador  y  al  Rey  de  Romanos  su 

hermano,  y  diciendo  que  trataua  paz  vniuersal  para  toda  la 

Christiandad  con  el  gran  Turco. 

Entra  por  Saboya  con  exercito  Phelipe  Caboto,  di- 
ziendo  que  luego  mostraria  el  derecho  que  tenia  el  rey 
Franif/ifco  su  senor  al  estado. 


1535  CARLOS   QUINTO  231 

Guerra  del  rey  Sigismundo  de  Polonia  contra  el  rey 
Basilio  de  Moscouia. 

Mata  Soliman  gran  Turco  a  su  muy  querido  Abrahim, 
qtte  puede  ser  exemplo  de  priuados.  Dicen  que  jamas 
criado  priuo  tanto  con  su  se/ior  asi  en  guerra  como  en  paz  40 
y  en  autoridad,  como  en  gracia.  Causo  se  tanto  la  mucha 
riqueza  quanto  la  mucha  priuan9a,  y  assi  el,  que  sabio  era, 
solia  rogar  a  Soliman  no  le  diese  tanto  mando,  ni  tantos 
cargos  y  hacienda,  dicendo  que  no  deuen  hacer  los  Reyes  en 
vno,  ni  dar  lo  que  toman  6  piden  a  muchos.  Era  desde  nino 
Abrahim  renegado,  y  vino  a  ser  Vizerbassa,  que  no  puede 
dar  mas  el  Turco. 

Publica  G<=°  Hernandes  de  Ouiedo  la  pr/mera  parte  de  la 
historia  gen'  y  natural  de  Indias,  que  fue  bien  receuida. 

Hacen  gran  dano  los  rebauptizados,  empero  bien  lo  pagan.  50 

Anda  recia  guerra  en  Dinamarca  y  en  Inglaterra,  sobre 
la  religion. 

Ano  de  1536 

Pide  al  Rmperador  con  gran  ahinco  el  Rey  Franc/sco 
a  Milan  para  Carlos  su  hijo  3". 

Despoja  el  almirante  Phelipe  Qaboto  al  duque  Carlos  de 
Sauoya  de  todo  su  estado. 

Entra  el  Fvsxperadov  con  grandissimo  recibz>//z<?//to  en 
Roma,  donde,  auiendo  negociado  el  consilio,  ablo  publica- 
mente  al  Papa  y  cardenales,  y  otros  prelados  y  embaxa- 
dores,  contra  el  rey  Franaiyco  por  causador  y  mouedor  de 
todas  las  guerras,  y  lo  desafio  de  su  persona,  por  que  no 
huuiese  otra  guerra.  10 

Respondio  el  rey  Franr/>?co  a  las  claras  ra9ones  del 
Emp^r^dor  escura  y  flaca;/2^«te,  y  en  quanto  al  combate 
que  sus  espadas  eran  cortas,  estando  ellos  tan  apartados. 

Camina  el  Emperador  por  Francia  lleuando  XLM.soldados 
y  los  once  mil  espanoles  sin  otra  mucha  caualleria,  y  mas  la 
flota  por  mar,  mas  poco  empe9e  por  la  mortandad  de  la 
gente,  y  por  otras  dificultades,  que  trae  la  guerra  consigo ; 
murio  tambien  mucha  bestia  de  moscas.  Aqui  y  en  lo  de 
Tunes,  se  sintio  hacer  prouecho  el  beuer  agua  fria,  aunque 
tuuiesen  camaras.  ao 


•232  ANNALES   DEL   EMPERADOR  1536 

Muere  Antomb  de  Leyua  en  Aix  de  Francia  que  porfio 
aquella  entrada  con  no  uanas  ra9ones,  y  por  que  le  dixeron 
vnos  adeuinos  y  astrologos  que  se  auian  de  sepultar  en  San 
Dionis,  mas  fue  en  el  de  Milan,  y  no  en  el  de  Paris.  Paso 
a  Italia  por  teniente  de  la  compania  de  hombres  de  armas 
de  su  tio  Sancho  Martinez  de  Leiua,  que  fue  mayordomo 
del  Kmperador,  con  Luis  Puerto  Carrero,  senor  de  Palma, 
qua7tdo  lleuo  socorro  al  gran  cajzJ//an  a  Napoles.  Dio  muestra 
en  aquella  guerra  de  franceses  de  lo  que  despues  fue,  y  mas 

30  en  la  de  Lombardia,  quando  los  lan96  dende  Leon  Papa. 
Cobro  fama  en  Pauia,  donde  le  serco  el  rey  de  Francia  Fran- 
ct'sco  el  ano  qzie  fue  preso,  y  encumbro  en  Milan,  quando 
hi90  rendir  al  duque  Francisco  Sforza  y  se  defendio  de 
Lautrec,  y  gano  y  sostuuo  aquel  ducado.  Fue  a  Viena  al 
tiempo  que  la  serco  el  Turco,  llamado  por  el  Empera<a59/',  y 
se  queria  regir  alii  por  su  seso.  Escogieronlo  por  su  Capitan 
el  Papa,  el  Kmperador  y  venecianos  y  los  de  la  liga  ofensiua 
que  se  hi90  en  Bolonia,  por  el  meyor  que  aula  en  Italia.  Fue 
gouernador  en  Milan  tras  la  muerte  del  duque  Francisco 

40  Sforza ;  entro  en  Francia  como  consejero  mayor  de  aquella 
guerra,  donde  murio  de  dolores  en  todas  sus  conjunturas. 
Fue  siempre  buen  capitan  y  nunca  parecia  ser  vencido,siendo 
muchas  veces,  y  algunas  en  andas  que  fue  mas,  ca,  por  ser 
gafo  de  pierna  y  manos,  no  caualgaua  en  cauallo.  Maraui- 
llauanse  todos  por  donde  iua,  oyendo  q/ie  assi  toUido  fuese 
tan  baliente  excelentissimo  cap//«n.  Llamaronle  por  Ex**  el 
Se/ior,  no  se  le  quitando  el  Fmperador,  que  fue  honrrado 
renombre,  aunq?^^  lo  comen9aron  a  llamar  assi  por  no  tener 
los  principios  ni  titulo  ni  officio  prehiminente.    Huuo  por  sus 

50  virtudes  y  seruicios  el  Principado  de  Asculi  y  Amonsa  con 
otras  cosas ;  fue  muy  rico  y  assi  dexo  a  Dona  Costanca  su 
hija,  que  caso  con  Don  Francisco  de  la  Cueua,  marques  de 
Cueliar,  casi  cien  mil  escudos,  que  fue  el  primer  gran  dote 
sin  mayorazgo  de  nues^ros  tiempos  en  Espana.  Fuera 
9iertam^«te  Antomo  de  Leyua  de  comparar  con  los  grandes 
capitanes  antiguos,  si  carecia  de  vicios,  ca  fue  aspero,  cruel, 
codizioso  y  agorero,  como  lo  deue  contar  Jacobo  de  Val- 
grana,  que,  segun  entiendo,  escriuio  su  vida ;   empero  la 


,53^  CARLOS   QUINTO  233 

rosa  de  las  espinas  sale,  y  por  milagro  ay  gran  virtud  sin 
vicio.  60 

Tienta  el  conde  Guido  Dangou  de  thomar  a  Genoua  por 
el  rey  de  Fran9ia  con  diez  mil  hombres  de  apie  y  2  M.  de 
a  cauallo. 

Combate  a  Perona  Enrrique  conde  de  Nasau,  marques  de 
Senet,  camarero  del  Rmperador,  con  exercito  de  siete  mil 
de  cauallo  y  20  M.  peones. 

Cerca  Mangoingacon  lOoM.  indios  al  Cusco,  donde  auia 
150  espanoles. 

La  sagrada  guerra  que  mouieron  algunos  de  Inglaterra 
contra  el  Rey  sob  re  religion,  que  les  costo  caro.  70 

Recibe  gran  daiio  el  Turco  del  Sophi,  en  la  guerra  qzie 
le  hi90. 

Ha  en  Roma  titulo  de  coronista  el  doctor  Juan  Gines  de 
Sepulueda. 

Ano  de  1537 

Mata  Lorenzo  de  Medices  aleuos^/z/^nte  a  su  primo 
Alexandre,  duque  de  Florencia.,  diziendo  que  por  tirano  ; 
el  qual  despues  fue  muerto  en  destiero  y  pobre9a,  y  el 
Turco  no  lo  quiso  escuchar. 

Guerras  en  Piamonte  de  fran9eses  con  espanoles,  siendo 
gouernador  de  Milan  Don  Antonw  de  Auallos  marques  de 
Vasto,  qtie  fueron  muchas. 

Van  a  las  guerras  de  Piam^;^/e  el  Delfin  Enrrique,  y  luego 
el  rey  Francisco  su  padre. 

Gana  el  conde  de  Nasaua  Montraul,  y  9erca  a  Treuana  10 
con  mas  de  30000  hombres  y  6  M.  de  a  cauallo, 

Toma  el  rey  Franc/>rco  a  Esdin,  lleuando  3000  peones  y 
7000  de  acauallo. 

Treguas  por  diez  meses  en  Flandes,  que  fueron  principio 
de  paz,  hechas  por  la  reyna  Dona  Leonor  y  Madalena, 
hermana.  del  rey  Francisco,  con  Mar?a,  reyna  de  Vngria, 
y  ^obernadora  de  P'landes. 

Prueua  Soliman  de  ganar  la  Isla  de  Corfu  a  venecianos, 
sus  amigos. 


234  ANNALES   DEL  EMPERADOR  i53» 

Alio  de  1538 

Junta  del  Papa  en  Nisa,  del  l^mperador  en  V^franca,  y  del 
rey  Franmco  en  V*nueua,  que  todo  es  cerca ;  no  se  vieron 
todos  tres  en  uno,  de  lo  qual  se  corria  el  Papa,  ni  concluyeron 
paces,  sino  treguas  para  diez  anos,  qi^e  fue  harto. 

\'ista  del  ^mperador  y  del  rey  Franc? jco  en  Aguas 
Muertas,  comiendo  juntos  con  la  r^na  D.  Leonor  y  otras 
SQnoras  y  cau^//(?ros,  c\iie  fue  gran  cosa,  segun  los  enojos,^ 
guerras  y  desafios  qzie  hauian  pasado. 

V^edan  en  Francia  las  tarjas  de  los  banquillos,  moneda 
10  Biarnesa,  y  luego  en  Castilla. 

La  batalla  ciuil  qjte  vencio  Hernando  Pizarro  contra 
Rodrigo  Ordones. 

La  inuidiosa  muerte  de  Diego  de  Almagro  por  los 
Pizarros. 

Puebla  Peranzures  la  Plata,  villa  riquissima  de  minas  en 
el  Peru. 

La  famosa  pelea  de  la  Preuesa  entre  las  flotas  Christiana 
y   turca,   (\t4,e   fueron  las  mayores  c\ite  se  an  juntado  en 
mxesiros  anos. 
20      Queda  el  reyno  de  Frisa  por  el  Y^raperador^  muriendo  el 
duque  Carlos  de  Egmont  de  Geldres. 

Guerras  del  rey  don  Fernando  con  turcos. 

Son  amigos  el  rey  Don  Fernando  y  el  Vaiuoda  Juan,  con 
que  tambien  se  Uame  el  rey  de  Hungria,  mas  empero  que 
en  muriendo  sea  todo  del  Fernando. 

Vistas  en  Cambrai  del  rey  Franmco  con  la  reyna  Maria. 

Casamiento  de  Octauio  Fanes  con  Margarita,  hija  del  Em- 
\)eradov^  qtie  fue  muger  de  Alexandre  duque  de  Florencia. 

Continuan  la  guerra  los  turcos  en  Grecia  con  venecianos. 

30      Cerca    Soliman    Bassa    el    Capado    a   Dio,    ciudad    de 

portuguezes  al  rio  Indo,  con  galeras  <\ue  passo  de  este 

mar  al  otro  que  llaman  Bermejo  por  tierra,  empero     o 

la  gano. 

Ano  de  1539 

La  perdida  de  Castil  Nouo  con  muchos  espanoles. 

La  triste  muerte  de  la  Emperatriz  dona  Isabel  nuestra 


1539  CARLOS  QUINTO  235 

Senora,  muger  de  gran  bondad,  y  qual  dizen  deue  ser 
casada.  Pario  muchos  hijos,  empero  no  dexo  uiuos  sino 
a  Don  Phelipe  mies/ro  Senor  el  rey,  y  a  Dona  Maria, 
reyna  que  agora  es  de  Bohemia  con  Maximiliano,  y  a  Dona 
Juana,  que  muy  m09a  embiudo  del  mal  logrado  principe  de 
Portugal.     Los  otros  murieron  niiios. 

Las  nombradas  Cortes  de  Toledo. 

Rebelion  de  Gante,  caue^a  de  Flandes.  10 

Pasa  el  Emperador  a  castigar  a  Gante  por  medio  de 
Francia,  de  lo  qual  todos  quedaron  atonitos  por  sauer  las 
cosas  pasadas  entre  su  Mag''  y  el  rey  Francisco,  y  con- 
siderando  tambien  la  confian9a  del  vno,  y  seguridad  del  otro. 

El  casamiento  de  Dona  Leonor  de  Toledo,  hija  de  Don 
Pedro  de  Toledo,  virrey  de  Napoles,  con  el  duque  de 
Florencia,  Cosmo  de  Medices,  qite  fue  Principal. 

Ha  el  titulo  de  choronista  Florian  del  Campo,  el  qual 
comen96  desde  Noe  la  his/cria  general  de  Espafia ;  tendra 
grande  trabajo  en  acabarla,  mas  contentara  las  gentes  si  20 
cumple  lo  prometido. 

Ano  de  1540 

Castiga  el  Emperador  a  los  de  Gante. 

Entran  turcos  en  Gibraltar,  q7ie  altero  la  Baerra. 

La  batalla  de  Arboran  en  agua  de  turcos  con  espafioles, 
que  vencio  Don  Bernardino  de  Mencfoqa. 

Guerra  del  papa  Paulo  con  Ascanio  Colona. 

Ofrece  dar  el  Emperador  su  hija  Maria  con  los  estados 
de  Flandes  a  Luis  duque  de  Orliens  por  hacer  paz  verda- 
dera,  pero  rehuzalo  el  rey  Franczifco  su  p^^i^'e,  queriendo 
a  Milan,  causa  de  todas  guerras,  y  que,  segun  el  dezia,  era 
cosa  q?(e  mas  en  su  vida  deseo.  10 

Tratan  de  amistad  el  Rmperaclor  y  el  rey  Enrrique  de 
Inglaterra,  que  muy  renidos  estauan. 

Deshaze  la  orden  de  San  Juan  el  rey  Enrrique  de  Ingla- 
terra, que  fue  gran  quebra  para  los  caualleros. 

Guerra  en  Transiluania  entre  Juan  Vajuoda  rey  y  Esteuan 
Maylat,  que  se  apoderaua  de  aquella  Prouincia. 

La  demostracion  de  consiertos  que  tuuieron  contra  el 


236  ANN  ALES   DEL   EMPERADOR  1540 

Turco  el  nuncio  del  Papa,  y  don  Alonso  de  Avalos,  marques 
del  Vasto,  y  Claudio  Henebaut,  g°^  de  Turia. 

20  Dan  venecianos  al  Turco  por  que  haga  pazes  con  ellos 
a  Napoles  y  a  Malua9ia  y  mas  de  cien  mil  escudos  en  dinero, 
tanto  la  deseauan,  aun  que  cargaron  la  culpa  de  ello  al  rey 
Francziyco,  que  auiso  de  los  negocios  en  Constantinopla. 

Muere  Fernando  de  Alarcon,quefue  muy  honrrado  capitan 
espanol.  Era  natural  de  Villaverde  y  noble ;  fue  capitan  de 
ginetes  en  la  toma  de  Granada,  y  en  la  Cefalonia  con  el 
gran  ca^z'^^n ;  en  Irach,  quando  se  comen^o  la  guerra  de 
Napoles  con  franceses,  fue  herido  de  arcabuz ;  fu6  m^  del 
campo   general  contra  venecianos  en   Brinde,   Monopoli, 

30  Trana,  y  otros  lugares.  En  la  de  Rauena,  era  Maestre  de 
Campo  y  comisario  general ;  alli  fue  tambien  herido  y  preso ; 
don  Ramon  lo  hi90  soltar  quando  metio  en  Milan  al  duque 
Maximiliano  Sforza.  Paso  a  pacificar  a  Scicilia  por  coronel 
de  los  espanoles,  quando  hecharon  de  la  Isla  al  virrey 
Don  Hugo  de  Moncada ;  tuuo  cargo  del  exercito  de 
Milan  por  9edula  del  ^mperador,  estando  malo  Prospero 
Colona,  quando  fue  destro9ado  el  Almirante  de  Francia ; 
y  por  que  Alarcon  gano  alli  a  franceses  muchas  pie9as 
de  artilleria  las  trae  por  orla  de  sus  armas.     En  la  ba- 

40  talla  que  fue  preso  el  rey  Francz'j'co,  rompio  la  pared  del 
parque  de  Pauia  por  do  los  nuestros  entraron.  Entregaronle 
al  rey  Francz.rco  en  guarda  por  hombre  de  confian9a,  y 
venido  con  el  a  Espaiia,  le  hi90  el  Emperador  marques  de 
Yal  Sciciliana,  que  fuera  de  Camilo  Pardo  Anguino.  Fue 
a  Francia  con  el  virrey  Carlos  de  la  Noy,  a  sauer  del 
rey  Francz^co  para  que  se  al9aua  con  tantos  sin  cumplir 
primer (77;?ente  lo  capitulado  con  el  Emperador.  Tuuo  tam- 
bien la  guarda  del  Papa  Clemente  despues  de  rendido  hasta 
que  fue  suelto,  y  entre  tanto  se  resistio  cnexd^imentQ  a  los 

50  alemanes,  que  por  sus  pagas  insistian  de  auer  el  Papa  en 
poder,  y  aun  les  saco,  por  vna  cheminea  de  la  casa  que  hiqo 
el  cardenal  de  S.  Jorge,  los  rehenes  de  la  paga,  que  fue 
causa  de  salirse  todos  ellos  de  Roma,  Muerto  Lautrech  y 
decercado  Napoles  huuo  de  mr^  a  Tenda  con  otros  lugares 
que  tambien  es  marquesado,  y  la  tenencia  del  Castil  Nueuo 


154° 


CARLOS   QUINTO  237 


de  Napoles,  que  vaco  por  muerte  de  Luis  Castro.  Estando 
el  Rmperador  sobre  Lagoleta  enuio  por  el  para  la  guerra 
que  aprouecho  mucho,  no  auiendo  quien  mejor  sentase  un 
real  ni  tra9ase  las  thrincheas.  Fue  llamado  el  Senor  como 
Antomo  de  Leyua  por  mayor  honrra  y  cortesia.  Era  callado,  60 
mas  tenia  buenos  dichos  y  agudos,  templado  de  manos,  que 
no  quiso  tomar  del  rey  Franct'sco  vna  baxilla  de  plata  en 
Fran9ia,  ni  del  Papa  dos  capellos  y  treynta  mil  escudos. 
Viuio  enfin  virtuosa7/;?^«/e,  que  no  es  poco  entre  soldados. 
Murio  muy  viejo  y  en  gran  estima,  de  dolor  de  costado, 
teniendo  muchos  nietos  de  vna  sola  hija,  que  caso  con 
Don  P°  G'"^  de  Mendo^a.  Saca  su  historia  en  frances  Juan 
Bonchel,  que  trata  verdad  sin  mostrar  passion  como  los 
otros  Franceses. 

Ano  de  1541 

Matan  soldados  espanoles  a  Cesar  Fregoso  y  a  Hernando 
Rin9on  tan  secreta  como  esfor9adamente,  yendo  el  rio  Po 
abaxo  a  tratar  contra  el  Emperador,  el  vno  a  Benencia,  y  el 
otro  a  Costantinopla  por  el  de  Francia.  Era  Rin9on  de 
Medina  del  Campo,  y  hombre  que  valio  mucho  por  deser- 
uicios  que  hauia  hecho  a  su  rey,  y  por  tratar  con  el  Turco 
por  el  rey  Franr/>rco  contra  christianos. 

Matan   tambien    en    Lima   los   almagritos   a   Franmco 
Pizarro  que  gano  el  Peru,  reino  riquissimo,  prendiendo  al 
rey  Atabaliba.     El  rey  Fran<:/>s"co  se  confedera  con  Guillen  10 
duque  de  Cleues  contra  el  Emperador,  y  con  los  reyes 
Gustauo  de  Suecia  y  Christiano  de  Dinamarca. 

Disputan  en  Spira,  teniendo  alii  dieta  el  Kmperador^ 
Julio  Flug,  Juan  Groper,  y  Juan  Ecclesio,  doctores  catho- 
licos,  con  Phelipe  Melanton,  Martin  Buser,  Juan  Pistor, 
doctores  lutheranos,  que  se  Uamauan  protestantes. 

Muere  Juan  Vaivoda  Rey,  dexando  su  hijo  Esteuan  enco- 
mendado  al  Turco,  so  la  tutoria  de  fray  Jorge  de  Croacia, 
obispo  de  Varadin,  y  de  Diego  Viguio,  y  de  otros  criados 
suyos.  20 

Mueue  guerra  el  rey  Don  Fernando  por  hauer  todo  el 
reino  de  Vngria  conforme  a  la  capitulacion  del  Vaiuoda,  que 
le  costo  caro. 


238  ANNALES   DEL   EMPERADOR  1541 

El  Papa  y  el  Kmperador  se  ablan  en  Luca  por  con9ertar 
el  consilio  para  el  ano  siguiente  y  sobre  pazes  con  el  rey  de 
Francia,  las  quales  no  se  hicieron,  por  que  pedia  el  ducado 
de  Milan  para  su  hijo  Carlos. 

Viene  a  \^ng-ria  Soliman  amenazando  al  Rey  de  Romanos 
y  a  los  alemanes,  y  toma  contra  su  fee  a  Buda,  lan^ando 
30  fuera  el  nino  Esteuan  y  a  su  madre  Isauel  de  Aragon,  que 
lo  llamaron. 

Pide  a  Soliman  el  rey  Don  Fernando,  que  tenia  Juan 
Vaiuoda  con  su  trebuto,  pero  el  neg-andolo,  le  demanda  el 
resto  de  Vngria,  y  parece  sobre  Austria. 

La  guerra  de  Argel,  que  hi^o  el  Emp^;'«dor  tan  desdicha- 
damente  como  Diego  de  Vera  y  Hugo  de  Moncada. 

Ano  de  1542 

Quexandosse  mucho  el  rey  Francisco  por  las  muertes  de 
Hernando  Rin9on  y  de  Cesar  Fregoso,  y  pidiendo  a  Milan, 
da  guerra  por  muchas  par/es  al  Emperador.  Continua  la 
de  Piamonte,  enuia  por  Artoys  a  Antomo  de  Borbon,  por 
Barbante  a  Martin  Van  Rosseh,  con  ayuda  del  duque  de 
Cleues,  por  Luxembourg  a  su  hijo  Carlos,  duque  de  Orliens, 
y  por  Cataluna  sobre  Perpifian  al  Delfin  Henrrique ;  ha^e 
tambien  asonada  por  Nauarra  y  procura  turcos. 

Ay  grande  buli9io  de  armas  en  toda  Espafia  para  socorer 
10  a  Perpifian,  empero  no  fue  menester. 

Da  el  Rmperador  licencia  de  andar  en  mula  para  los 
hombres  de  armas  que  perdieron  los  suyos  en  Argel. 

La  rigurosa  visita  del  Consejo  de  Indias,  por  la  qual 
hecharon  fuera  dos  oydores,  de  quatro  que  auia. 

La  bat<2//a  y  vitoria  de  Chupaz,  que  huuo  el  lez''°  Cristoual 
Vaca  de  Castro  con  D.  Diego  de  Almagro,  16  de  Oct''. 

Castiga  el  Emp^r^xdor  a  los  que  ponen  pazquines  en 
Valladolid,  por  infamadores. 

Enuia  sus  nauios  a  la  Speciaria  Don  Antonio  de  Men- 
20  do9a,  virrey  de  la  Nueua  Esparia. 

Salen  las  ordenan9as  de  Indias,  que  alteraron  la  gente. 

Renato,  P®  de  Oranges,  entra  por  el  estado  de  Cleues, 
haziendo  dailo  con  el  exercito  emperial. 


1542  CARLOS   QUINTO  239 

Dieta  de  alemanes  en  Espira,  el  Rmperador  auz^;/te, 
donde  se  mostraron  los  embaxadores  del  rey  de  Franc  ia 
muy  fauorables  a  luteranos  y  a  turcos. 

Publicacion  del  Consilio  para  Trento,  que  tanto  se 
deseaua. 

Guerra  entre  ingleses  y  escoseses  por  tierra  y  mar. 

Muere  Jaques,  Rey  de  Scocia,  que  no  fue  bien  querido  de  30 
los  suyos. 

Carga  con  poderissimo  exercito  sobre  Poyt  el  marques 
Joachim  de  Brandenburg  por  el  Rey  de  Romanos,  mas  fue 
sin  fruto. 

Tienta  de  tomar  a  Turin  Cesar  de  Napoles  por  austucia. 

Roba  Beltran  de  Saquia  de  Vdene  a  Maran,  lugar  del  rey 
de  romanos. 

El  duque  Juan  Fadrique  de  Saxonia  y  Phelipe  Langraue 
de  Hesse  desposseen  al  duque  de  Brunsweych. 

Anda  langosta  muy  danosa  en  Espaiia  y  en  otras  partes  40 
de  Europa. 

Ano  de  1543 

Amistad  del  ILmperador  con  el  rey  Enrrique  de  Ingla- 
terra,  que  la  tuuo  a  mal  el  Papa  por  ser  como  erege,  desemu- 
lado  que  truxese  Turcos  al  rey  P^ernando. 

Hace  g°^  de  estos  reynos  el  Emperador  a  su  hijo  Don 
Phelipe,  dando  los  negocios  al  secretario  Francisco  de  los 
Couos,  y  la  guerra  al  duque  de  Alua,  Don  Franr?j"co  Aluares 
de  Toledo. 

Hecha  el  Emperador  en  Castilla  gran  seruzhb  hordinario 
y  extraordinario. 

Pasa  el  Kmperador  a  Italia  para  las  guerras  de  Alemana  10 
y  P'rancia  en  57  ga/eras  y  mas  de  40  naos,  con  V  M.  soldados 
de  Perpinan  ;  hiuan  con  el  el  duque  de  Najera,  el  Marques 
de  Aguilar,  el  Conde  de   Feria,  Juan   de  Vega  y  otros 
caualleros. 

Da  en  Pauia  el  ILmperador  al  duque  Cosmo  de  Medices 
las  fortale9as  de  Florencia  y  Liorno  por  ciento  y  cmqtieiita 
mil  escudos,  y  aunque  por  dineros  agrado  mucho  a  Italia. 

Junta  del  Papa  y  del  Emperador,  la  qual  me  place  de 


240  ANNALES   DEL  EMPERADOR  1545 

contar  por  que  se  conosca  donde  Uego  la  presuncion  del 
30  S'°.  P^,  que  veniendo  a  dar  color  al  consilio  y  a  tratar  de 
paz  segiin  el  publicaua,  aunq?^(?  princip^/z/^ente  venia  para 
conprar  Milan,  se  tanteo  con  el  Emp^^^^dor,  que  rehusaua 
su  habla,  diciendo  que  no  le  tenia  deuer  con  gente  de  guerra, 
sin  el  tener  otra  tanta,  y  algunos  maliciosos  lo  echarian  a 
que  traya  muchos  dineros.  Asi  que  sobre  con9ierto,  despues 
de  muchas  demandas,  se  vieron  en  Buseto,  lugar  de  dos 
senores,  con  cada  D.  soldados  y  sus  guardas  de  pie  y  de 
cauallo,  que  los  vnos  guardauan  la  vna  puerta  y  los  otros  la 
otra  del  Cast"  donde  posaron  entrambos.  Hablaronse  tres 
30  ve9es  sin  las  primeras  uistas  en  cinco  dias  que  alii  estu- 
uieron,  las  dos  yendo  el  Rmperador  al  Papa,  y  la  otra  yendo 
el  al  Emper^^cr. 

Presentanse  al  Consilio  en  Trento  por  todos  los  obispados 
espafioles  Gp*'  de  Aualos  Ar9obispo  de  Santiago,  Don 
Fran<:z!$-co  de  Mendo9a,  obispo  de  Jaen,  y  Don  Martin  de 
Guerrea,  obispo  de  Huesca,  delante  el  Card<?««l  Moron, 
obispo  de  Modena  y  legado  del  Papa. 

Hechan  fama  en  Alemania  como  era  muerto  el  Empera- 
dor  los  qtie  le  quisieran  biuo,  para  leuantar  la  gente. 
40  Toma  el  Kmperador  a  Dura  lugar  fortissimo,  que  atemo- 
ri96  aquellas  tierras,  creyendo  que  los  espafioles  tenyan 
vnas  como  gatos,  para  subir  por  la  cerca,  y  dientes  de  grifo 
con  qzte  despeda9auan  las  gentes.  Lleva  sin  sucorte  16  M. 
espafioles,  mil  cauallos  ligeros  de  Italia,  y  hasta  dos  mil  y 
quinientos  hombres  de  armas. 

Perdona  el  Kmperador  al  duque  Guillen  de  Cleves,  cuya 

era  Dura,  que  se  le  uino  a  humillar  a  Venlo,  tomandole 

solam^;?te  a   Gueldres  que  suyo  era.     El  Duque  beso  la 

mano  al  Empera^or  a  fuero  de  Castilla,  que  fue,  segun 

50  pienso,  el  primer  aleman  que  se  la  besasse. 

Reciue  tambien  a  Martin  Van  Rossen,  Seneschal  de 
Gueldres,  a  su  serutdo. 

El  cerco  de  Landresi  por  los  imperiales,  que  poco  antes 
tomaron  Franceses,  y  que  gentilfMente  socorrio  entonces  el 
rey  Franr/jco,  auiendo  tomado  pr inter o  a  Luxembourg. 

Asonada  de  batalla   del   rey  Franc? j'co,   para  huir  en 


1543  CARLOS   QUINTO  241 

Chasteau  Cambresis,  queriendola  el  F^mperador  muy  de 
veras,  y  aun  escreuio  a  Francia  e  Italia  que  le  huya,  diziendo 
que  lo  auia  de  seguir  hasta  el  cabo  del  mundo. 

Tenia  el  Rey  10  M  de  cauallo  y  mas  de  C  M  de  a  pie,  si  60 
fueron  buenos  soldados,  en  6  M  gascones,  1 2  M  suizos,  2  M 
italianos  y  84  mil  franceses.  Tenia  el  Rmperador  9  M  de 
acauallo,  los  M.  D.  ligeros,  y  quarenta  y  ocho  mil  peones ; 
los  6M  eran  espanoles,  los  7M.  ingleses  y  M.  italianos. 
Quiero  contar  como  paso  aquello,  para  que  todos  sepan  la 
determinacion  de  cada  vno  de  ellos.  Tuuo  de  pelear  sobre 
auer  pasado  los  desafios  que  ya  diximos,  y  estar  tan  juntos. 
Llego  pues  el  Emperador  a  su  Real  jueues,  dias  de  todos 
Santos,  y  salio  el  sabado  todo  armado,  sino  la  caue9a  por 
ser  conocido,  en  vn  cauallo  encubertado,  y  conzerto  el  exer-  70 
cite,  animando  cada  nacion  en  su  lengua  ;  y  como  siete 
cientos  alemanes  baxos  de  cauallo,  que  se  adelantauan, 
peleauan  con  par/e  de  lacaualleria  frangesa,  y  los  hespanoles, 
que  se  alargaron  en  dos  hasta  llegar  a  las  trincheas,pregun- 
tauan  de  mano  en  mano  a  Don  Fernando  de  Gonzaga  si 
entrarian,  el  qual  en  mal  punto  dixo  q7ie  no,  se  puso  el 
yelmo  diziendo  al  esquadron  de  su  corte  que  auia  venido  su 
dia  ;  por  esso  que  peleasen  como  caualleros  honrrados,  y  si 
viesen  caydos  su  cauallo  y  estandarte  que  lleuaua  Luis 
Mendes  Quixada,  que  leuantasen  primero  el  pendon  que  80 
a  el.  Calo  la  visera  y  tomo  la  lan9a  y  camino  passo  ante 
passo  hacia  los  enemigos.  Era  poco  menos  de  media  dia, 
espero  quatro  horas  quedo  en  vn  lugar  que  saliese  a  la 
batalla  el  rey  como  lo  blasonaua,  y  como  no  salio  aunque  lo 
atrayan  y  procurauan  los  espaiioles  pegados  al  Real,  y  tam- 
bien  por  oscure9er  la  tarde,  asento  Real,  tocando  a  recoger 
a  un  quarto  de  legua  del  Real  del  rey.  El  domingo  se  paso 
en  consejos  y  en  algunas  escaramu9as.  Quando  el  lunes 
amanecio  no  auia  franceses  y  assi  no  huuo  batalla. 

El  rey  Franczlrco,  segun  despues  se  supo  de  los  que  se  90 
prendieron  en  el  seguimiento,  tuuo  miedo  de  perderse  como 
en  Pauia,  quando  vio  tantos  espanoles  cabe  sus  trincheas, 
ca  le  auian  certeficado  que  no  eran  mas  de  tres  mil,  y  dixo 
que  bastaua  para  su  honrra  auer  socorrido  a  Landrasi,  para 

IS6G  R 


242  ANN  ALES   DEL   EMPERADOR  1543 

lo  qual  vino  a  vista  de  los  enemigos,  y  enuiando  a  las  quatro 
del  domingo  en  la  tarde  su  artelleria  gruesa,  hi90  quitar  los 
zenzerros  y  cascaueles  de  los  cauallos  que  la  tirauan,  y  aun 
dio  a  un  carretero  por  que  ha9ia  roydo  con  el  a90te,  tan 
callando  le  cumplia.    Y  se  tomo  las  llaues  de  Cambresi  por 

1 3o  que  ninguno  saliese  con  auiso  de  su  partida  y  salio  a  las  nueue 
con  solos  trecientos  de  acauallo.  El  Delfin  se  partio  con 
el  exercito  a  media  noche  sin  son  y  antes  que  amaneciese, 
acauo  toda  la  gente  de  arrancar  y  no  es  de  callar  qzie 
no  pasando  mas  de  tres  mil  espanoles  en  la  resefia  binieron 
quatro  mil  a  la  batalla,  que  tal  es  su  condicion ;  los  quales 
mormuraron  de  Don  Fernando  su  general,  por  que  no  los 
dexo  combatir  el  Real  frances,  y  cierto  que  los  franceses 
estauan  medrosos,  y  los  alemanes  mudauan  ya  las  bandas 
negras  en  coloradas. 

no  Guerra  en  Berberia  del  conde  Alcaudete  Martin  de 
Cordoa  con  Hamet  rey  de  Treme9en,  que  otros  nombrauan 
Manat. 

Passa  Blasco  Nunes  Vela  por  virrey  al  Perii  lleuando 
chanceleria. 

Casamiento  alegre  del  principe  Don  Phelippe  con  Dona 
Maria  Infanta  de  Portugal  en  Salamanca.  Fueron  sus  pa- 
drinos  el  duque  de  Alva  y  su  muger.  Fueron  a  Badajoz  por 
ella  el  obispo  de  Cartajena  Juan  Martines  Silicio,  maestre 
del  principe,  y  Don  Juan  Alonzo  de  Guzman,  duque  de 

120  Medina  Sidonia,  que  Ueuo  consigo  a  su  hermano,  Don 
Pedro  Giron  de  Guzman  conde  de  Oliuares,  y  al  conde  de 
Niebla,  Don  Juan  Carlos  su  hijo,  y  a  Fernando  Arias  de 
Saauedra,  conde  del  Castellar,  y  a  Don  Manuel  Ponce  de 
Leon,  Conde  de  Baylen,  y  a  otros  principales  caualleros 
de  Seuilla. 

Continuan  sus  guerras  en  el  Piamonte  los  espanoles  y 
franceses. 

Mulei  Hamida  se  al9a  con  Tunes  contra  su  p®  Muley 
Hazan,  que  aula  venido  a  Italia  por  ablar  con  el  Kmperador ; 

130  y  quando  voluio  con  exercito  de  Napolitanos,  lo  prendio  y 
lo  9eg6  con  hierro  ardiendo,  y  aun  tambien  a  sus  hermanos, 
Nahazar  y  Abdala. 


J543  CARLOS   QUINTO  243 

Pone  treguas  Amida  con  Don  Franc/j-co  de  Touar, 
alcayde  y  capitan  de  la  goleta. 

Inuierna  en  Francia  Barbarroxa  con  la  flota  del  Turco, 
auiendo  primero  batido  a  Niza  con  franceses. 

Viene  Soliman  a  Vngria  brabeando,  con  cien  mil  de 
acauallo  y  60  M  peones  y  quarenta  mil  gastadores,  empero 
no  hi90  mas  de  tomar  Astrigonia  y  otros  lugares. 

Escriue  desde  aqui  el  coronista  Bi"*"  Busto  su  historia,  el  140 
qual  ha  siempre  andado  despues  aca  con  el  Kmperador. 

Ano  de  1544 

La  dieta  en  Espira  donde  se  hallaron  todos  los  electores 
con  el  Emperador,  que  aconte9e  pocas  ve9es,  en  lo  qual 
otorgo  su  Mag^  algunas  cosas  a  luteranos,  fuera  pero  de  la 
fee  que  lo  tuuo  por  mal  el  Papa.  Alii  se  declararon  los 
alemanes  contra  el  Rey  de  Francia,  que  sin  duda  lo  escozio. 

Toma  Don  Fernando  de  Gonzaga  a  Luxembourg,  teni- 
endo  3  M.  de  acauallo  y  30  M  de  a  pie,  los  ocho  mil  espaiioles, 
los  quales  lleuo  por  mar  Vasco  de  Acuna,  que  valio  por  la 
guerra  siendo  buen  soldado  y  buen  capitan. 

Entra  el  Emperador  con  aquel  exercito  hasta  Chalon,  que  10 
puso  miedo  a  Paris  y  a  toda  la  Francia. 

La  batalla  de  Cere9ola  por  socorrer  a  Carignan,  qzie 
perdio  con  mas  de  60  banderas  el  Marques  del  Vasto, 
teniendo  tantos  como  Franrzsco  de  Borbon,  Conde  de 
Anguien,  capitan  de  franceses. 

Enuia  el  Rey  Francz'K?co  pensando  ganar  a  Milan  tras  la 
vitoria  de  Cere9ola  a  P"  Storzi  al  Piamonte,  el  qual  fue 
luego  desbaratado  sobre  Carignan. 

Pax  entre  el  Emperador  y  el  Rey  Franmco  que  mouio 
Gabriel  de  Guzman,  frayle  domenico  y  estudiante  en  Pariz,  20 
por  lo  qual  le  dio  el  rey  vna  abadia  en  Lanpon.  Alauaronla 
Granuela  y  Don  Fernando  de  Gonzaga,  y  el  almirante  Hene- 
baut  Carlos  de  Neili  y  el  secretario  Gilberto  Bayardo,  en 
ia  qual  fue  lo  principal  que  dentro  de  un  aiio  el  Emperador 
diese  al  Duque  Carlos  de  Orliens  el  Duquado  de  Milan  6 
con  la  Infanta  Dona  Maria,  su  hija  mayor,  6  con  alguna 

R  2 


244  ANNALES   DEL  EMPERADOR  1544 

hija  del  Rey  de  Romanes,  con  tal  que  Sauoya  fuese  reste- 
tuyda  al  Duque. 

Va  Juan  de  Vega  embaxador  en  Roma  por  acompafiado 
30  del  Marques  del  Vasto  a  Milan,  que  refreno  los  francezes. 

Prende  a  Basca  de  Castro  el  virrey  Blasco  Nunez  X'^ela. 

Lleua  la  Reyna  de  Francia  Dona  Leonor  a  su  antenado, 
el  Duque  Carlos  de  Orliens,  como  yerno  del  ^mperador 
a  Bruselas. 

Ganan  ingleses  a  Edemburg  en  Scozla. 

Gana  por  fuer9a  el  Rey  de  Inglaterra  Enrrique  octauo 
a  Bolonia  de  PIcardia  con  espanoles,  que  lo  sintio  mucho 
el  frances. 

En  este  ano  cerro  su  historia  Paulo  Jouio,  que  se  fuera 

40  tan  sincillo  como  curioso,  auia  escrltto  bien  ;  y  aun  con  todo 

esso  es  grande  esturiador  de  los  errores,  sin  las  malicias 

que  de  las  cosas  de  mtes^ra.  tierra  y  hombres  tiene  se  puede 

ha9er  grande  numero. 

Muere  Renato  de  Chaylon,  Principe  de  Orange. 

Ano  de  1545 

Nace  Don  Carlos  Inffante  de  Castilla  en  Valladolid, 
a  ocho  de  Julio. 

Muere  la  Princesa  Dona  Maria,  de  mal  curada  en  su  parto 
a  lo  que  se  publico. 

Muere  Juan  Tauera,  clerigo  de  gran  autoridad,  que  fue 
prezidente  del  Consejo  Real,  y  cardenal,  y  ar^obispo  de 
Toledo,  Inquisidor  general  y  g""".  Era  tan  honesto  que 
no  se  dexaua  ver  los  pies  quando  descal9auan  los  pajes,  y 
grande  negociador  de  callada,  y  tan  hecho  a  la  Corte  que 
10  no  se  allaua  fuera.  Dexo  vn  gentil  hospital  y  rico  en  Toledo, 
y  hazienda  muy  grande  a  su  sobrino  Anaspardo  y  otros 
parientes,  que  por  ser  de  la  Iglesia  sono  mal ;  y  siendo  tan 
rico  murio  sin  tener  cuchara  de  plata  con  que  tomar  vna 
granada  al  tiempo  que  penaua,  exemplo  de  vitoperio  para 
los  clerigos. 

Muere  assi  mismo  Jeronimo  Suares  de  Seuilla  obispo  de 
Badaxos,  una  como  dicen  y  carne  del  ar9obispo  Tauera, 
official  agudo  del  Rey  en  corte,  y  que  tambien  afrento  la 


1545  CARLOS  QUINTO  245 

clerecia,  por  dexar  al  pie  de  cien  mil  escudos,  siendo  muy 
escaso  y  dexandolos  al  maestro  de  P®  Juan  Marlines  Silicio,  20 
obisfK)  de  Cartagena,  que  despues  fue  ar9obispo  de  Toledo, 
el  qual  tambien  murio  el  mas  rico  prelado  cardenal  de 
nuestros  afios,  <\zte  tanto  fue  mas  de  culpar  quantos  mayores 
dqseos  mostraua. 

Muere  Caspar  de  Aualos,  cardenal  y  ar9obispo  de  Santi- 
ago, y  Sebastian  Ramires  obispo  de  Cuenca  y  prezidente  de 
Valladolid. 

Muere  fray  Anto7iio  Gueuara,  obispo  de  ^londonedo,  y 
estoriador  que  escreuio  mas  cosas  qtte  buenas  ni  que  bien, 
como   en  parte  lo   mostro  el  Bachiler  Pedro  de  Ruami,  3° 
maestro. 

Muere  Don  Juan  de  (^uiiiga  ayo  del  P*^,  que  fue  comen- 
dador  mayor  de  Castilla,  del  qual  tuuo  el  Y^m^erador  mui 
gran  credito. 

Muere  Don  Juan  de  Silua  Conde  de  Cifuentes,  mayor- 
domo  mayor  de  la  Emperatriz,  que  fue  embaxador  de 
Roma. 

Muere  tambien  el  Doctor  Miguel  May,  vicechanciller  de 
Aragon,  qice  fue  muchos  afios  embaxador  en  Roma,  hombre 
docto  y  afable.  40 

Mueren  Don  Garcia  Manrique,  Conde  de  Osorio,  Pre- 
sidente  del  Consejo  de  Ordenes,  Don  Aluaro  de  Cordoua, 
caualleri90  mayor  del  Principe  y  su  fauorecido,  y  Dona 
Ines  Porto  Carrero,  muger  de  gran  nombre. 

Muere  Carlos  de  Orliens,  que  aun  peso  al  Emperador  no 
le  vino  mal,  y  hi9ole  las  honrras  como  a  Duque  de  Milan, 

Muere  Blasco  Nunes  \&\a.  virrey  del  Peru,  en  la  batalla 
que  huvo  cerca  de  Quito  con  Gon9alo  Pizarro. 

Prueua  el  Rey  Francz'sco  de  cobrar  a  Bolona  por  fuer9a, 
mas  no  puede,  qite  la  tenian  fuerte  y  bien  guardada  los  50 
ingleses. 

Vales  mal  a  franceses  a  Scocia,  siendo  su  capitan  Borgio. 

Pelean  por  mar  con  ingleses  los  franceses  siendo  capitan 
de  los  naos  el  Almirante  Claudio  Henebaut,  y  de  las  galeras 
Leon  Strossi  Prior  de  Capua. 


246  ANNALES   DEL   EMPERADOR  1546 

Ano  de  1546 

Tiene  dieta  el  Emperador  en  Ratisbona  sobre  las  heregias 
luteranas  donde,  por  que  no  apare9ieron,  priuo  de  ser  elector 
a  Juan  Fadrique,  Duque  de  Saxonia,  y  de  las  tierras  a 
Phelippe  Lantgraue  de  Hassia,  hombre  soberbio  y  que» 
presumiendo  de  guerra,  despresiaua  q*°*  aula. 

Mueue  guerra  el  Emperador  contra  los  de  la  liga 
Smalcaldica  que  todos  eran  luteranos,  y  prlncipalm^//te 
contra  el  Duque  de  Saxonia  y  Lantgraue,  como  rebeldes 
y  tiranos,  para  lo  qual  junto  X  mil  de  cauallo  sin  los  de  su 

10  casa  y  corte  y  xiv  mil  de  pie,  con  dos  mil  a9adoneros,  de 
los  quales  pagaua  XI I  mil  el  Papa.  Fue  Capitan  general 
del  exercito  Don  Fernan  Aluarez  de  Toledo,  Duque  de 
Alua,  y  capitan  del  artelleria  Juan  Jacobo  Medecin,  Marques 
de  Marignan,y  maestre  general  del  campo  el  Marques  Juan 
Bautista  Castaldo,  y  comisario  general  FTanczsco  Duarte. 
Fueron  capitanes  principales  de  la  caualleria  el  Archiduque 
Maximiliano,  Pheliberto  Emanuel,  Principe  de  Piamonte, 
Wolfango  Melquague,  Maestro  de  Prussia,  Don  Carlos  de 
Lanoy,   Principe    de    Salmona,   el    Marques   Alberto   de 

:o  Brandenbourg,  Enrique  Duque  de  Brunsuycq,  y  otros.  Eran 
ocho  mil  espanoles  con  los  maestros  de  campo  Don  Aluaro 
de  Sande,  Alonso  Viuas,  y  Diego  de  Arze,  y  diez  mi! 
Italianos  con  el  Duque  Octauio  Farnez,  y  onze  mil  valones 
con  Maximiliano  conde  de  Bura,  y  diseseis  mil  tudescos 
con  muchos  coroneles  y  ochenta  tiros. 

El  exercito  que  luteranos  hicieron  fue  de  15  mil  hombres 
de  cauallo  y  de  ochenta  mil  peones,  con  seis  mil  a9adoneros 
y  CXX  tiros  grandes  de  bronze  y  DCCC  carros  de  pelotas 
y  poluara  y  otros  aparejos,  ocho  mil  rozines  para  carretar 

30  el  artelleria  y  muni^iones,  y  CCC  barcas  de  hazer  de  puentes. 
Eran  los  capitanes  el  Duque  Juan  Fadrique,  que  pensaua 
ser  Emperador,  y  Lantgraue,  que  prometia  de  hechar  el 
Emperador  de  toda  Alemania,  y  Sebastian  Xertel,  que  fue 
alabardero  del  Emperador.  Siendo  pues  tales  los  exercitos 
de  ambas  partes,  y  tan  artellados  y  proueidos  qual  jamas  en 
Alemafia  se  vieron,  deshizo  el  Emperador  sus  contrarios  ani- 


i 


1546  CARLOS   QUINTO  247 

mosa  y  prudent^m^/^te,  como  lo  mostro  en  Ingolstad  quando, 
jugando  ahito  en  su  caualleria  el  artelleria  de  los  enemigos, 
estuuo  quedo  y  firnie,  que  sin  duda  fue  ven9er.  Aunq?/^  le 
enuio  a  dezir  el  Duque  de  Alua  qtie  se  quitase  de  aquel  40 
peligro,  que  cierto  era  grande  y  manifesto,  respondio  que 
si  se  quitasse  causaria  miedo  en  los  suyos. 

Muere  Martin  Luthero  casi  arrebatada;;2^«te,  auiendo 
^enado  aquella  noche  de  regosijo  con  otros  muchos  alemanes 
en  Isleb  donde  nacio.  Del  qual,  por  ser  el  peor  hombre  de 
nuestros  anos,  es  bien  poner  su  uida,  para  que  se  guarden 
de  sus  heregias.  Era  pues  Luthero  maestro  en  artes, 
metiose  frayle  Agostino  de  los  hermitanos,  por  espanto  y 
miedo  de  vn  rayo.  Tenia  gota  coral,  aunq?^^  muchos 
frayles  le  tenian  por  endemoniado,  y  algunos  dezian  que  50 
tenia  familiar,  y  aun  el  mismo  dezia  que  hablaua  y  conocia 
muy  bien  al  diablo.  Fue  procurador  de  algunos  Monas- 
terios  de  su  orden  por  hombre  rezio  y  pleitista,  y  voluiendo 
de  ^lla,  comen96  a  leer  y  disputar  con  nueua  manera  q7ie 
cobro  gran  fama.  Succedio  en  esto  que  para  la  fabbrica  de 
San  Pedro  de  Roma  enuio  el  Papa  Leon  indulgen9ias  por 
Alemaiia,  y  sobre  si  las  predicarian  los  frayles  agostinos, 
6  los  dominicos,  comen96  a  contradisirlas,  y  luego  el  afio  de 
1 51 7  a  escriuir  mal  de  ellas  y  del  Papa,  y  de  ellas  hechar 
cuernos,  per  que  no  las  encomendauan  a  los  de  su  orden,  en  60 
lo  qual  se  cono9e  daraTnente  su  malicia  y  odio.  Encendiose 
luego  tanto  en  las  competencias,  disputas,  y  contradiciones 
de  Juan  Tertsel,  frayle  domenico  gran  perdicador,  que  vino 
delante  a  caer  en  grandes  heregias,  dando  a  otros  muchos 
ocasion  de  ser  peores  hereges  que  no  el,  como  decir,  a  Juan 
Oecolampadio,  Vlrico  Zuinglio,  Tomas  Munstero  y  Miguel 
Reues  espanol,  qzie  puso  lengua  en  la  santissima  trinidad, 
y  que  los  hereges  lo  quemaron  en  Basilea  por  herege,  y 
Dauid  Jorge  holandes,  que  viue  agora  en  Frizia,  y  q/ie 
cierto  es  el  peor,  de  suerte  que  ni  Ario  ni  Mahoma  no  jo 
fueron  tan  malos  como  el.  El  qual,  alen  de  las  heregias,  era 
parlero,  mentiroso,  maldisiente,  reboltoso,  atreuido,  profiado, 
vanaglorioso,  descortes,  disimulador,  chocarrero,  borracho, 
y  en  fin  la  mesma  vellaqueria,  ca  ni  tuuo  ni  ensefio  virtud 


248  ANN  ALES   DEL   EMPERADOR  1546 

ningnna.  Gano  la  voluntad  del  pueblo  con  dezir  mal  de  la 
nobleza,  y  la  de  los  pobres  con  hablar  peor  de  los  ricos, 
y  la  de  todos  con  deshazer  la  religion,  abatiendo  al  Papa, 
y  la  de  las  mugeres  con  desalabar  la  virginidad,  y  assi  por 
dar  exemplo  a  monjas  y  a  frayles  y  aun  a  clerigos  se  caso 
80  con  vna  monja,  en  la  qual  uuo  muchos  hijos,  siendo  de 
LIII  aiios;  viuio  pues  tan  mal  hombre  LXIII,  y  herege 
los  XXX. 

El  Papa  haze  Duque  de  Plasencia  a  Pier  Luis  Fames  su 
hijo. 

Va  el  L'^''  Pedro  Gasca  por  Presedente  al  Peru. 

Vale  muy  caro  en  toda  Espana. 

Escriue  la  justifica9ion  de  la  conquista  de  Indias  el  doctor 
Sepulueda,  y  contradizela  fray  Bartolome  de  las  Casas,obispo 
de  Chiappa,  sobre  lo  qual  huuo  despues  muchas  desputas  y 
90  consultas. 

Guerras  de  Tremezen,  ayudando  a  vnos  Azan  Barbaroxa, 
y  a  otros  el  conde  de  Alcaudete. 

Muere  Don  Alonso  deAualos,  Marques  del  Vasto,gouerna- 
dor  de  Milan  y  Capitan  general  del  'Emperador  en  Lom- 
bardia,  siendo  de  cuarenta  aifios;  era  muy  gentil  hombre, 
vestia  riquamente^  tratauase  de  gran  senor,  y  en  liberalidades 
fue  franco.  Era  diestro  en  armas,  y  entendia  bien  la  guerra, 
mas  no  fue  venturoso  en  ella,  y  assi  perdio  la  batalla  de 
Cere9ola ;  era  tambien  muy  humano,  muy  cortes,  y  en  fin 
100  tenia  muchas  vertudes  y  grandes,  y  por  ellas  muy  amado. 

Don  Fernando  Gonzaga  vino  por  gouernador  de  Milan 
desde  Scicilia,  donde  fue  muchos  anos  virrey. 

Juan  de  Vega,  Embaxador  en  Roma,  ua  por  virrey  a 
Scicilia,  en  la  qual  residio  X  afios  y  luego  vino  a  ser  presi- 
dente  del  Consejo  Real  de  Castilla  con  grande  authoridad  y 
reputacion. 

Pazes  hechas  entre  Franasco  Rey  de  Francia  y  Enrique 
Rey  de  Inglatierra,  con  qtie  pagando  el  Rey  Franmco 
cierta  cantidad  de  dineros  dentro  de  ocho  meses,  huuiese 
no  a  Bolofia  de  Picardia. 

Muere  Haradin  Barbaroxa  en  Pera. 


1547  CARLOS   QUINTO  249 


Alio  de  1547 

El  F^mperador  hauiendo  ya  deshecho  el  exercito  de  lute- 
ranos,  toma  el  Estado  de  Vitemberg,  aunque  luego  le  boluio 
al  Duque,  y  a  Vlma,  Augusta,  Francofort,  Argentina  y  otras 
ciudades  de  la  Hga  y  rebelion. 

Cobra  por  armas  el  Duque  Juan  Fadrique  lo  qzte  le 
tomara  poco  antes  el  Duque  Mauricio,  y  aun  ganale  casi 
todo  su  estado. 

Traman  los  bohemios  de  llamar  al  Duque  Juan  Fadrique 
de  Saxonia  contra  el  Rey  de  Romanes,  haziendo  su  capitan 
al  Conde  Caspar  Fluch  con  XL  mil  hombres  de  guerra.         10 

Frende  el  Duque  Fadrique  en  vn  encuentro  al  Marques 
Alberto  de  Brandenbourg,  y  a  Christoual  Lantgraue  de 
Lechtenberg,  tomandoles  X  banderas  y  XII  pie9as  de  ar- 
telleria. 

Pestelencia  en  Saxonia  y  en  los  exercitos, 

Passa  el  Emperador  su  exercito  por  Albis  que  los  de 
su  riuera  Uaman  Elb  contra  voluntad  de  sus  consejeros, 
mostrando  el  vado  vn  molinero,  aunq?/^  algunos  passaron 
a  nado  con  sus  cauallos,  y  ciertos  espaiioles  nadando  con  las 
espadas  en  la  boca,  siendo  frio  tiempo  ;  y  tanto  fue  mas  animo  20 
passarlo,  quanto  nunca  los  Romanes  osaron  passarlo,  en 
especial  que  no  lleuaua  arriua  dies  y  seis  mil  hombres. 

Ven9e  y  prende  tambien  el  Emperador,  yendo  con  el  su 
hermano  el  Rey  de  Romanes,  al  Duque  Juan  Fadrique  de 
Saxonia  en  batalla  con  pocas  muertes  de  los  suyos,  que  fue 
gran  felicidad. 

Andaua  el  Duque  en  vn  caualle  bayo  oscuro,  y  armado 
de  vn  jaco  de  malla  menuda,  y  encima  vn  coselete  bianco  y 
negro  que  parecia  bien.  Era  muy  gorde  en  demasia,  empero 
diligente  y  sauio  en  la  guerra,  aunq?^^  se  tuuo  entonces  30 
descuidadamente.  Murieronse  menos  de  dos  mil  saxones,  y 
tomaronse  nueue  estandartes  de  la  caualleria  y  xvil  banderas 
y  XV  tiros  y  DC  carros  de  municiones  y  ropa. 

El  9erco  de  Boemia  por  los  del  Emperador. 

Viene  rendido  Fhelippe  Lantgraue  de  Hesse  a  someterse 


250  ANNALES   DEL   EMPERADOR  154? 

al  F.mperador,  qzie  para  su  Mag^  fue  grande  reputacion  y 
para  el,  qtie  tanto  presumia,  dolor  y  uileza. 

Da  el  Emperador  la  ele9ion  del  Imperio  al  Duque 
Mauricio. 

40  Gana  el  F,mperador  en  estas  guerras  de  luteranos  quatro 
cientas  y  quarenta  pie^as  de  artelleria  entre  grandes  y 
pequefias,  buena  par/e  de  las  quales  enuio  a  Espana. 

Ven9e  Fernando  Rey  de  Romanos  a  los  Boemios  y  haze 
lo  qjie  quiere  de  todos  ellos  y  de  sus  armas,  preuilegios  y 
franquezas,  siendo  su  Rey  por  ele^ion,  y  aun  les  tomo  bien 
mas  de  duzientos  mil  escudos  de  renta  en  solo  Praga. 

I^a  batalla  entre  Pucaran  y  Guarina  en  la  qual  ven9i6 
Gon9alo  Pizarro  a  Hernando  Centeno. 
Murio  Enrrique  Rey  de  Inglaterra  en  edad  de  sessenta  anos, 

50  el  qual  fue  muy  dotado  de  los  bienes  de  la  fortuna  y  del 
cuerpo  y  del  alma,  si  los  enpleara  bien,  ca  era  muy  hermoso,^ 
rico,  y  sabio.  Caso  con  Dona  Catalina,  muger  tambien  her- 
mosa,  hija  de  los  Reyes  Catholicos,  y  que  aula  sido  casada 
con  su  hermano  Artus,  alcanzando  victoria  de  sus  enemigos 
personalm^;2te  quando  gano  a  Terouana  del  Rey  Luis  de 
Francia,  y  a  Bolonia  del  Rey  P'ranc/ifco,  y  por  sus  capitanes 
quando  ven9i6  la  flota  escosesa  el  Conde  de  Surri,  Tomas 
Hauard,  y  quando  el  Conde  mismo  mato  al  Rey  Jaques  de 
Escosia  en  batalla.     Fauorecio  al  Papa  Julio  contra  el  Rey 

60  Luis  de  Francia  y  al  Papa  Clemente  quando  su  prision  en 
odio  del  Emp^r^dor,  escreuio  contra  Lutero  el  libro  de 
sacramentos,  por  el  qual  le  dio  titulo  de  defensor  de  la  fee 
por  consistorio  el  Papa  Leon.  Hasta  aqui  fue  muy  excelente 
Rey,  aunque  mudo  amistades,  empero  que  despues  mudo 
muger  y  religion,  fue  maluado.  Dexo  a  la  Reyna  Dona 
Cathalina,  por  casarse  con  Ana  Bolena  su  amiga  y  criada, 
con  quien  mucho  se  deleitaua,  a  la  qual  degollo  dende  a  tres 
anos  por  adultera  con  Jorge  Bolena  su  proprio  hermano, 
con  quien  ella  dormia  por  auer  algun  hijo  varon  y  con  otros 

70  dos  caualleros.  Tomo  muger  luego  a  otro  dia  que  ella  fue 
degoUada,  a  Juana  Semeria,  en  la  qual  huuo  Duarte  que 
murio  Rey.  En  muriendo  la  Juana  enuio  a  Cleues  por  Ana, 
hermana  del  Duque  Guillen,  a  la  qual  dexo  tambien  luego 


'54/ 


CARLOS   QUINTO  251 


por  fria,  y  que  no  satisfacia  su  luxuria,  y  no  tardo  a  casarse 
con  Catalina  Hauard  su  sobrina  ni  a  degollarla  esso  mismo 
por  adulterio  con  dos  caualleros,  y  casose  sesta  vez  con 
Catalina  Paria,  viuda  siendo  de  L,  anos,  tanta  era  su  luxuria 
6  su  locura.  Empero  assi  era  menester  que  ya  estaua  ciego 
de  entendimiento  para  q?ie  pagasse  por  donde  pecaua. 
Comen96  a  sentir  mal  del  Papa  q7ie  le  tacho  el  repudio  So 
primero ;  burlando  de  las  descomuniones  y  despensaciones 
y  encrudeziendosse  cada  dia  mas  en  aquel  error,  se  Ilamo 
soberano  de  la  Iglesia  ingleza,  aplicando  a  su  fisco  las  rentas 
ecclesiasticas,  que  fue  quitar  al  Papa  la  obediencia,  sobre  lo 
qual  mato  tres  frayles  cartuxos,  y  al  cardenal  Juan  Fisquer 
obispo  de  Rocestre,  y  a  Tomas  Moro  q7te  fuera  su  gran 
can9iller,  Mato  assi  mismo  sobre  seguro  a  ciertos  caualleros, 
capitanes  de  los  que  se  lleuantaron  por  la  santa  fee  Christiana  ; 
robo  las  Iglesias,  despoblo  los  monasterios,  deshizo  la  orden 
de  San  Juan  de  Rhodas,  hecho  los  cuerpos  santos  en  el  rio,  90 
y  quito  finalmente  la  fee  y  religion  de  Jesus  Christo  en  todo 
su  reyno. 

Muere  Fran«'i"co  Rey  de  Francia  auiendo  uiuido  Lli  anos 
y  reynado  mas  de  32 ;  era  el  Rey  Francisco  agra9iado  en 
muchas  cosas,  y  assi  representaua  bien  la  dignidad  real,  y 
como  de  su  natural  fuese  alegre,  cortes,  humano,  y  tratable, 
atraya  mucho  los  hombres  a  le  amar,  y  principalmente  por 
ser  muy  liberal  en  dar,  lo  qual  tanto  mas  en  el  reluzia,  quanto 
el  Rey  Luis  su  suegro  fuera  por  escaso  aborrecido.  \'saua 
ordinariamente  sus  passatiempos,  y  algunos  con  mugeres  ;oo 
tan  publico  que  sonaua  mal  para  hombre  casado.  Hablaua 
su  lengua  mui  bien,  mas  era  largo,  y  assi  las  coplas  que 
compuso  son  alabadas.  Gouerno  bien  sus  reynos,  sino 
fue  al  principio,  aunque  los  despecho  demasiado,  y  tuuo- 
los  hasta  la  postre  limpio  de  lutheranos,  castigando  los 
hereges,  y  cierto  se  pudiera  contar  por  bueno  y  chris- 
tianissimo  Rey  como  se  intitulaua,  sino  llamara  al  Turco 
en  dafio  y  escandalo  de  la  Christiandad  por  odio  y  enemigo 
del  Emperador  Carlos,  con  el  qual  quiso  competir  y  aun 
ygualarse,  que  fue  sin  duda  causa  y  origen  de  infinites  no 
males  y  que  no  se  pueden  contar  sin  lagrimas.    Esfuer^anse 


252  ANNALES   DEL   EiMPERADOR  .547 

los  franceses  y  trauajan  algunos  italianos  de  igualar  al  Rey 
Franmco  con  Carlos  Emperador,  coteiando  las  virtudes  del 
vno  con  las  del  otro,  sin  tocar  al  viuo  en  los  vicios  y  faltas, 
mas  no  pueden,  aunque  afiaden  al  Rey  lo  que  quitan  al 
Emperador,  ca  cierto  es  y  publico  qzce  haze  ventaja  Carlos 
a  Francisco  en  uida,  justicia,  y  religion,  que  son  proprias 
virtudes  del  animo,  y  en  riquezas,  senorios  y  victorias,  que 
son  de  fortuna,  por  que  unas  vezes  se  alcan9an  y  otras  se 
laopierden;  y  ni  quebro  su  palabra  despues  de  jurada,  como 
hizo  el  Rey,  ni  mouio  guerra  segun  de  ella  misma  se  puede 
colegir,  mas  el  Rey,  qzte  jugaua  como  dizen  a  pagame,  no 
me  pago,  se  la  mouio  siempre,  como  dezir  en  Flandes  con 
Roberto  de  la  Marca,  y  en  Nauarra  con  Andres  de  Fox, 
contra   lo  que  prometiera   en  Noyon,  y  en  Napoles  con 
Lautrech,  contra  los  capitulos  de  Madrid,  que  juro  por  su 
libertad,  y  en  Perpinan  con  el  Delfin  Enrique  su  hijo,  contra 
las  treguas  de  Ni9a.    Quieren  algunos  aprouar  las  mudan9as 
que  con  liuiandad  y  dano  proprio  suyo  y  aun  con  la  des- 
1 30  honrra  hazen  los  Reyes  en  las  amistades  y  ligas,  diziendo 
ser  assi  necessario  y  cumplidero,  tanto  por  la  conseruacion 
de  sus  reynos,  como  para  el  acresentamiento,  y  confirmanlo 
con  exemplos  del  Rey  Catholico  Don  Fernando,  y  del  Rey 
de  Fran9ia  Luis  XII,  y  del  Papa  Julio  II,  que  usaron  mucho 
aquello,  aun  asaz  seria  mejor  tener  y  guardar  siempre  las 
que  vna  vez  tomasen,  como  ha  hecho  el  Rey  Sigismundo  de 
Polonia  con  los  turcos  y  como  lo  ha  deseado  el  l^mperaclor  ; 
mas  como  todos  lo  vsauan  no  tienen  por  tan  malo,  siendo 
tanto  peor  quanto  el  mal  es  mas  comu«,  empero  ninguno 
140  se  confia  del  otro  en  negocios  de  estado,  tan  peligroso  es. 
Comen96   pues   Francisco  a  reynar  con   grande  orgullo. 
Passo  con  exercito  a  Italia  por  nueuo  camino,  ven9i6  los 
heguizaros  en  Milignan,  gano  el  Duquado  de  Milan,  prendio 
al  Duque  Maximiliano  Sforza.     Trato  por  aquella  prosperi- 
dad  con  el  Papa  Leon  en  Bolonia,  donde  se  vieron,  que  le 
diesse  titulo  de  Emperador  de  Constantinopla.  Hizo  luego  en 
Noyon  vn  honrado  trato  de  paz  e  amistad  con  Carlos  Prin- 
cipe de  Castilla,  que  acatamos  agora  por  Emperador,  con 
el  qual,  muerto  el  Rmperador  Maximiliano,  competio  del 


1547  CARLOS   QUINTO  ^53 

Imperio  con  tanta  porfia  y  ambicion  que  dixo  que  nunca  150 
serian  los  dos  buenos  amigos,  lo  qual  cumplio  hidalgamente, 
ca  es  cierto  que  desde  alii  le  cobro  tan  mortal  enemig-o  que 
le  duro  toda  la  vida,  y  que  siempre  lo  mostro  a  la  clara  assi 
de  palabra,  hablando  y  escriuiendo  del  descortes  y  afrento- 
samente,  como  de  obra,  mouiendole  guerras  y  solicitando 
contra  el  a  christianos,  turcos,  moros  y  cosairos.  La  cosa 
que  mas  deseo  fue  ser  Duque  de  Milan,  segun  el  mismo 
confessaua,  y  por  esso  torno  a  Italia  para  lo  auer  del 
Duque  Francisco  Sforza,  qite  con  ayuda  del  Papa  Leon 
y  del  mismo  Emperador  lo  cobra va,  y  conquistandolo  fue  160 
preso  y  traydo  a  Espana,  que  le  redoblo  la  enemistad  con 
increible  odio.  Por  ser  suelto  hizo  y  juro  los  conciertos  de 
Madrid,  y  por  no  los  cumplir  ya  como  dizen  se  pudo  lamer ; 
reclame  de  ellos  como  si  fuera  menor  de  edad,  y  reuoluio 
toda  la  christiandad  pensando  vengarse,  de  la  qual  rebuelta 
y  liga  se  recrescieron  las  guerras  de  Lombardia,  el  saco  de 
Roma,  la  prision  del  Papa,  el  cer^o  de  Napoles,  la  empre9a 
de  Serdenha,  la  batalla  de  mar  que  perdio  Don  Hugo  de 
Moncada,  y  los  desafios  suyos,  y  del  Rey  de  Inglaterra  con 
el  Emperador,  empero  q2(e  no  le  aprouechaua  nada  todo  170 
aquello  contra  la  potencia  y  consejo  del  Emperador,  qite 
todos  los  otros  llamauan  ventura.  Se  huuo  de  doblar  a  tomar 
partido  con  el,  casando  su  hermana  y  pagando  su  talla  para 
cobrar  los  Delphines,  que  dexara  por  rehenes  en  Espana 
mas  qzie  perdiesse  la  enemiga.  Ca  luego  se  uio  con  el  Rey 
de  Inglaterra  para  nouedades,  y  con  el  Papa  Clemente  sobre 
auer  Milan,  y  comen^o  a  tratar  con  Barbaroxa  y  con  el  gran 
Turco  para  danar  al  Emperador  en  el  reyno  de  Napoles 
por  armada,  con  que  Andre  Doria  le  auia  dexado.  Vsurpo  el 
Ducado  de  Sauoya  con  el  Piamonte  para  tener  facil  entrada  iSo 
con  exercito  a  Milan,  imaginando  q7ie  por  alii  ganara  el 
Reyno  de  Napoles  y  assi  tomar  vengan9a  del  Emperador  su 
enemigo,  para  lo  qual  hi90  venir  a  Barbaroxa  con  la  tlota 
del  Turco  en  aquellas  partes,  y  a  Soliman  con  exercito  a  la 
Cimera,  y  tras  esto,  como  no  le  sucedieron  bien  sus  propo- 
sitos,  hizo  treguas  en  Ni9a,  donde  vino  el  Papa.  Estuuieron 
luego  juntos  el  y  el  Emperador  en  AguasMuertas,y  no  mucho 


254  ANNALES  DEL  EMPERADOR  1547 

despues  en  Paris,  por  todo  lo  qual  se  pensaua  que  nunca 
mas  veniera  guerra  entre  los  dos.  Pero  el  Rey,  por  que  no 
190  le  daua  el  Emperador  a  Milan  como  lo  desia,  mouio  la  guerra 
por  Luxemburg,  Artoys,  Brabante  y  Rossellon,  trayendo 
el  armada  del  Turco  con  Barbaroxa  so  color  que  auia  el 
Emperador  quebrado  las  treguas  de  Ni9a  en  la  muerte  de 
Cesar  Fragoso  y  Hernando  Rin9on,  y  assi  tiro  la  guerra 
dentro  en  Francia,  qzie  le  hizieron  el  Rey  de  Inglaterra  en 
Picardia,  y  el  Emperador  hasta  Chalon,  pero  al  mayor  fuego 
de  la  guerra,  y  que  al9auan  los  del  pays  su  ropa,  huuo  pazes. 
Lo  que  passo  con  el  Rey  de  Inglaterra,  Enrrique  octauo,  es 
en  suraa  que  hizo  pazes  con  el  tres  uezes,  y  guerra  dos,  sin 
200  las  del  Rey  de  Scozia,  y  se  vieron  otras  dos  vezes  6  mas 
entrambos. 

El  motin  contra  espanoles  en  Napoles  que  dura  tres  dias, 
porque  justicio  el  virrey  don  Pedro  de  Toledo  dos  raanceuos 
ciudadanos  que  quitaron  vn  clerigo  a  los  Alguaziles,  y  por 
que  quiso  prender  sobre  aquel  alboroto  a  Cesar  Mormilla, 
aunq?/^  la  principal  brega  fue  porq?/^  vna  espanola  qw^bro 
el  bra90  a  un  napolitano  con  vn  mortero  de  piedra  que 
arojo  de  su  ventana. 

La  rebuelta  que  hi9o  en  Genoua  el  Conde  Juan  Luis  de 
210  Fresco,  en  la  qual  murio  el  y  Juanetin  de  Oria,  gentil  capitan 
de  mar. 

Manda  passar  el  Papa  el  Concilio  de  Trento  a  Bolona 
por  que  no  se  hiziesse,  ca  no  le  cumplia,  pero  los  mas  obispos 
espanoles  no  se  mudaron. 

Llama  el  Papa  la  gente  que  tenia  con  el  Duque  Octauio 
Fames  su  nieto,  ayudando  al  Emperador,  ca  le  pesaua  de  su 
victoria  y  prosperidad. 

Renueua  el  Rey  Enrrique  de  Francia  la  alian9a  que  su 
padre  Francisco  tenia  con  los  esgui9aros  por  toda  su  vida, 
220  dexando  lugar  al  Papa  y  a  los  Reyes  de  Portugal,  Polonia, 
Scosia,  y  Dinamarca  y  otros  Duques.  Y  matan  al  Duque 
Pier  Luis  Fames  en  su  propria  fortaleza  por  tirano  y 
frances,  y  a  la  voluntad  del  regimiento  de  Pla9encia,  los 
Condes  Agostin  Lando,  Juan  Anguisciola,  Geronimo  y 
Alexandro  Palauicini.    Cuelganle  por  el  pie  de  vna  ventana 


1547  CARLOS  QUINTO  255 

que  todos  lo  viesen,  y  hechanlo  despues  en  la  caua  donde 
lo  vltrajaron,  segun  merecian  sus  malas  obras,  ca  fue  cruel 
y  grandissimo  sodomita,  y  aun  for96  vn  obispo,  el  qual 
murio  de  aquel  enojo  y  afrenta. 

Plazencia   se   da   por   el  Emperador   a   Don  Fernando  230 
Gonzaga. 

Hazen  liga  que  nombraron  defensiua  el  Papa  Paulo  III  y 
el  Rey  Henrrique  de  Francia  y  esguizaros  contra  el  Em- 
perador, temiendo  de  su  poder  y  justicia,  el  Rey  por  lo  de 
Sauoya,  y  el  Papa  por  lo  del  concilio  y  por  lo  de  Placencia. 

Estan  en  Aranda  de  Duero  los  Consejos,  mientras  el 
Principe  Don  Phelipe  tiene  Cortes  en  Mon^on. 

Muere  Franc/^co  de  los  Couos  en  \^beda  donde  na9i6,  el 
qual  de  vn  escriuiente  de  Lope  de  Conchillos  vino  a  ser 
comendador  mayor  de  Leon,  S""  de  Sabiote  y  riquisimo,  y  a  240 
casar  vna  hija  con  el  Ducjue  de  Sessa  y  conde  de  Cabra,  Don 
Gon9alo  Hernandes  de  Cordoua,  nieto  del  gran  capitan,  y  un 
hijo  con DonaN.de Luna,  ]MarquesadeCamara9a.  Eragordo, 
de  buen  rostro,  alegre,  regocijado,  y  assi  tenia  dulce  conuer- 
sa9ion,  era  diligente,  y  secreto,  por  donde  alcan96  la  gra9ia 
del  Emperador  asas  cumplidam(?nte,  ca  muchos  aiios  pas- 
saron  por  su  mano  todos  los  negocios  assi  de  Italia  como  de 
Indias  y  Espaiia,  y  con  esso  uuo  el  adelantamiento  de  Ca9orla 
para  su  hijo  Don  Diego  de  los  Cobos  en  juro  de  heredad, 
que  fue  baxesa  del  cardenal  Juan  Tauera,  ar9obispo  de  -'50 
Toledo,  que  por  auer  la  primacia  lo  sufrio  todo.  Era  niuy 
ambicioso  y  assi  abatio  los  otros  secretarios  y  hombres  de 
negocios  como  al  secretario  Antonio  \  illegas  y  a  Juan 
Aleman,  Tuuo  todos  los  officios  casi  de  Castilla  que 
tocauan  a  la  Secretaria  y  qzce  \acaron  en  su  tiempo,  y  los 
de  Indias,  y  sobre  los  de  Italia  estuuo  mal  con  Diego  de 
Idiaquez  su  hechura  y  criado,  por  que  no  tenia  el  escritorio 
en  su  casa.  Era  codicioso  y  escaso,  y  tomaua  presentes  con 
ambas  manos,  que  lo  enriquicieron  demas'iada^Me^ite  ;  era 
amigo  de  sus  amigos  y  assi  hi90  por  muchos  qzte  no  lo  260 
merecian,  no  sin  afrenta  de  buenos,  y  aun  quitaua  officios  y 
beneficios  y  pensiones  a  quien  el  Emperador  los  queria  dar, 
para  los  quales   nombraua,  por   lo  qual   fue   de   muchos 


256  ANNALES   DEL   EMPERADOR  1547 

notado  y  maldito,  y  aun  a  la  postre  se  lo  cono^io  el  Em- 
perador  en  los  negocios  de  los  parientes  de  su  yerno  y  de 
su  mug-er  Dona  Maria  de  M&ndo(;?i,  hija  del  adelantado  de 
Galicia.  Holgaua  mucho  de  jugar  a  la  primera  y  conuer- 
sacion  de  mugeres,  diziendo  que  por  recrea9ion  de  los 
negocios  estuuo  muchos  dias  enfermo.  Mostro  mucho  qui 
270  le  pesaua  morir,  y  no  creia  su  muerte,  por  lo  qual  murio  no 
con  buena  fama. 

Comien^a  de  auer  chancelleria  en  la  Nueua  Granada  de 
Indias. 

Muere  Fernando  Cortes  capitan  muy  ill®,  y  que  se  puede 
poner  entre  los  muy  esclare9idos  de  nuestros  anos. 

Treguas  por  cinco  aiios  entre  Soliman  y  el  Rey  de 
romanos  y  el  Emperador. 

El  statute  qzie  \\\(;o  el  ar9o''  de  Toledo,  Juan  Marlines 
Siliceo,  para  la  limpieza  de  aquella  S*^  Iglesia,  que  sin  duda 
280  escozio  mucho  a  los  que  vienen  de  judios. 

Escriuio  las  cosas  de  los  Reys  Luis  y  Fran^jco  en  latin 
Arnaldo  Feron  de  Bordeaux,  el  qual  no  es  mal  autor, 
aunque  habla  de  ligero  como  franceses  y  contra  espafioles. 

Escriuio  tambien  de  los  mismos  Reyes  en  Francia  Nicolas 
Gilles. 

Hazen  los  aragoneses  por  cortes  de  Mon9on  y  con  volun- 
tad  del  Principe  su  coronista  a  Jeronimo  de  Curita,  hombre 
docto,  cuerdo,  y  mui  de  bien,  el  qual  escriue  la  historia  de 
los  Reyes  de  Aragon  y  condes  de  Bar9elona,  diligente, 
290  clara,  y  uerdadera;//^;2te,  y  otra,  c{zie  nombra  de  las  em- 
pressas  del  Rey  don  Fernando  el  Catholico,  (\ue  contiene 
las  cosas  succedidas  desde  c\Me  tomo  a  Granada  hasta  su 
muerte. 

Afio  de  1548 

Ordena  el  'Emperador  en  Augusta  dieta,  y  conseja  qjie 
todos  los  hereges  de  Alemana  guarden,  entretanto  que  por 
universal  concilio  otra  cosa  fuere  determinada,  Xll  articulos, 
que  son  el  peccado  original,  la  redempcion,  la  justificacion, 
las  obras,  la  remission  de  los  peccados,  la  missa,  los  santos, 
la  resurreccion,  la  comunion,  las  ceremonias,  y  todos  los 


1548  CARLOS  QUINTO  257 

sacramentos  de  la   Iglesia,  y  autoridad  de   los    Papas  y 
ministros. 

No  passan  por  el  entretanto  muchos  senores  y  ciudades 
lutheranos  auiendolo  prometido,  por  lo  qual  tientan  dos  mil  10 
espanoles  a  tomar  Constancia,  mas  no  pueden,  muriendo 
su  maestre  de  campo  Alonso  Vivas,  napolitano,  empero 
lo  que  no  se  pudo  hacer  por  fuer9a  se  hi90  luego  por 
mana. 

El  Principe  Don  Felippe  tiene  cortes  en  Valladolid  que 
fueron  largas  y  malas ;  alli  se  pidio  que  no  se  matasse  para 
carnicerias  ninguna  res  embra  nueua,  por  que  se  multi- 
plicassen  los  ganados,  qzte  todo  el  reino  desempenaria  las 
Molucas,  por  que  se  la  dexassen  gozar  seis  anos  solamente, 
mas  el  ^mperador  no  lo  quiso  escuchar,  como  buen  her-  20 
mano  de  sus  hermanos  6  por  la  trampa  del  empefio. 

Este  ano  fue  seco^  falto  y  caro.  Valio  en  Valladolid  a 
7  marauedis  la  libra  de  vaca  y  la  de  carnero  a  diez  y  medio, 
y  la  de  azeite  a  19,  y  valiera  mucho  mas  sino  por  el  de 
balena ;  valio  a  21  la  libra  de  candelos  de  seuo,  y  a  12  la  de 
peras  y  uvas  y  ciruelas,  y  a  4  mrs  la  carga  de  agua,  y  a 
otros  quatro  el  arnero  de  paja,  precios  que  nunca  se  auian 
visto  en  Castilla. 

Apazigua  el  L*^"  Pedro  Gasca,  que  agora  es  obispo  de 
Placencia,  las  prouincias  del  Pirii,  haziendo  degollar  tras  la  30 
batalla  de  Xaquixaguana  a  Gon9alo  Pizarro,  y  repartiendo 
millon  y  medio,  que  fue  cosa  notable. 

Pone  casa  en  Valladolid  el  Principe  Don  Phelipe  a  la 
borgonona,  desautorizando  la  castellana,  que  por  sola  su 
antiguadad  se  deuia  guardar.  Fue  mayordomo  mayor  el 
Duque  de  Alua,  y  mayordomos  Don  Pedro  Giron,  Conde 
de  Oliuares,  Don  Pedro  de  Auila,  Marques  de  las  Nauas, 
Gutierre  Lopez  de  Padilla  y  Don  Diego  de  Azeredo. 
Fue  caualleri90  mayor  Don  Antonio  de  Toledo  de  la 
orden  de  San  Juan,  y  tuuieron  la  camara  Don  An**»  40 
de  Rojas,  Ruy  Gomes  de  Silua,  Don  Juan  de  Silua,  Conde 
de  Cifuentes,  Don  Juan  de  Benauides  y  Don  Fadrique  de 
Toledo,  comendador  mayor  de  Calatraua.  Don  Gomes  de 
Figueroa,  que  despues  heredo  el  condado  de  Feria,  fue 

1366  S 


258  ANNALES   DEL   EMPERADOR  1548 

capitan  de  la  guarda  espanola,  y  de  Alemania  vn  Tudesco, 
y  de  los  Archeros  el  Conde  de  Homes.  Fueron  de  la 
boca  muchos  mayorasgos  y  principales  caualleros. 

Casamiento  del  archiduque  Maximiliano,  hijo  del  Rey  de 

Romanos,  con  la  Infanta  Dona  Maria,  hija  del  Emperador  en 

50  Valladolid ;  salio  a  los  reciuir  en  Oliuares  el  Condestable 

Don  Pedro  Fernandes  de  Vellasco,  acompanado  de  muchos 

caualleros,  y  con  grandissima  casa  y  despensa. 

Procura  fray  Bartolome  de  las  Casas,  obispo  de  Chiappa, 
estoruar  la  Historia  General  y  Natural  de  Indias,  que 
Gongalo  Hernandes  de  Ouyedo  cronista  mostro  al  Consejo 
Real  de  Castilla  para  la  imprimir. 

Passa  el  Principe  a  Italia  en  las  galeras  y  otras  naos 
armadas,  como  lo  escriuio  su  criado  y  hombre  docto  Juan 
Christoual  Caluete,  en  el  felicissimo  viage. 
60      Son  gouernadores  de  Castilla  y  Aragon  el  archiduque 
Maximiliano  y  la  Infanta  Doria  Maria  su  muger. 

Desuedanse  las  mulas,  auiendo  muchos  pagado  poco 
antes  a  L  ducados  por  la  licencia. 

Publican  su  liga  defensiua  el  Papa,  y  el  Rey  de  Francia 
y  los  Suyzos. 

Lleua  presos  a  Brussellas  el  Emperador  al  Duque  de 
Saxonia  y  al  Lantgraue. 

Leuantanse  contra  el  R  y  los  de  Bordeaux  y  Poictiers 
sobre  que  los  encare9ia  la  sal.  Pero  el  Condestable  Ana  de 
70  Montmorency  fue  con  exercito,  y  los  castigo,  degollando  los 
principes  comuneros,  tomandoles  armas  y  preuilegios  a 
todos,  derriuando  las  casas  de  ayuntamiento  y  haziendo  de 
las  campanas  artilleria.  Siempre  que  las  comunidades  no 
salen  con  su  inten9i6n  no  solam^^zte  se  pierden,  en  pero 
hazen  mas  rico  y  poderoso  al  S',  como  estas,  y  las  de 
Bohemia,  y  las  de  Gente,  y  las  de  Inglaterra  y  las  de  Cas- 
tilla, aun  que  no  vso  en  aquellas  del  rigor  el  Emperador. 

Trae  a  Francia  el  Rey  Enrrique  a  la  Reyna  de  Escosia 

su  sobrina  y  menor  de  siete  arios  por  auer  aquel  reyno. 

80      Muere  Sigismundo,  que  reino  prospev3i.menxe  42  anos  en 

Polonia  y  viuio  80.     Huuo  muchas  victorias  de  Tartaros, 

Moschouitas,  y  Maldauos,  guardo  mucho  la  amistad  de  los 


1548  CARLOS   QUINTO  259 

Turcos,  escarmentando  en  sus  vezinos.  Convertio  a  Lithuania 
y  fue  buen  christiano. 

Muere  Maximiliano,  conde  de  Buren,  en  Flandes,  que 
fue  mui  gentil  Capitan,  y  gouernador  prudente,  pero  sin 
letras,  y  amigo  de  virtuosos  y  hombres  vnicos  en  algun  arte. 
Murio  en  la  hora  y  punto  que  dixeron  los  medicos,  y 
dixeronlo  muchos  dias  antes ;  assi  dispuso  de  si  bien  y 
alegremente.  9° 

Gana  Hamet  Xerif,  Rey  que  se  hizo  de  Marruecos,  a  Fez, 
el  qual  segun  fama  tenia  ochenta  mil  peones  y  cinquenta 
mil  de  cauallo,  los  quinze  mil  negros,  y  muy  muchos  ca- 
mellos,  y  veynte  mil  picas  que  uvo  de  Francia  con  otras 
armas  y  municiones,  ca  se  carteaua  con  el  Rey  Enrrique. 

Julian  Mostafa  hijo  de  Soliman  y  de  Roxalana  se  passo  al 
Sophi,  tambien  de  temor  que  no  le  matasse  su  hermano 
Selim  pero  de  otra  muger  de  su  padre,  que  llamauan 
Jalbahat  Asacqui  por  ante  el  Imperio. 

Guerra  en  Tauris  de  turcos  con  sofianos,  en  la  qual  y  por  100 
pestilencia  murieron  mas  de  DCLX  mil  soldados. 

Ano  de  1549 

Llega  el  Principe  Don  Felippe  a  Brusselas,  donde  le 
esperaua  con  gran  deseo  su  padre,  acompanado  de  las 
reynas  viudas  de  Francia  y  Vngria  sus  hermanas. 

Juran  al  Principe  por  senor  todos  los  estados  de  Flandes 
y  tierra  o^e  Uaman  baxa,  cada  vno  por  si,  o^te  a  todos  los 
anduuo. 

Quedan  estos  estados  de  Flandes,  (\ue  hasta  aqui  eran 
como  bienes  partibles  por  mayorazgo,  libres  para  el  hijo 
mayor. 

Piden  los  moriscos  de  Aragon  c^e  los  vueluan  moros  pues  10 
la  fe  no  quiere  fuer9a,  y  no  los  desfauorecen  sus  seriores. 

Los  Boemios,  dexando  su  antigua  custumbre  y  libertad  de 
hazer  Rey  a  quien  quisieren,  toman  por  Rey  a  Maximiliano 
archiduque  de  Austria,  con  juramento  para  el  y  para  sus 
desciendentes,  (\ue  lleuo  mas  fuer9a  que  razon. 

Perdona  Maximiliano  la  vida  a  un  Jorge  Dias  gallego  de 
Cabo  Porferrada,  que  lo  Ueuauan  a  asaetear  en  Valladolid 

S  2 


26o  ANNALES   DEL  EMPERADOR  1549 

los  alcaldes  de  la  hermandad  por  ladron,  cosa  nueua  en 
Castilla. 
20  Este  ano  y  el  passado  hechan  suertes  con  licencia  Fran- 
cz'sco  de  Artiaga  y  Pedro  Gomez  su  hermano,  traperos  de  sus 
Altezas.  Acaecio  poco  despues  a  Pedro  Gomez  de  Artiaga 
ganar  al  juego  mas  de  nouenta  mil  escudos  en  dineros. 
Condenaronle  los  alcaldes  de  Corte  por  tahur  en  seis  cientos 
ducados  de  pena,  y  que  no  jugase  mas,  pero  el  pagando  la 
pena,  apelo  del  vedamiento  6  por  vicio  de  jugar,  6  por  que 
aun  no  acauo  de  pagar  sus  deudas  con  tan  grande  ganancia. 

Toma  Don  Bernardino  de  Mendo9a  con  las  galeras  IV 
nauios  de  Francia  con  armas  para  el  Xarif. 
30      Gana  el  Xarif  a  Argel  y  a  Velez  de  Gomara  y  algninas 
fuer9as  que  Portugueses  tenian  en  Berberia. 

Boacen  Key  de  Veles  fue  a  Flandes  a  pedir  al  Emperador 
como  su  aliado  ayuda  contra  el  Xarif,  mas  nunca  lo  uvo,  y 
por  esso  se  junto  con  los  turcos  de  Argel  y  cobro  su  estado. 

Ay  diferencias  entre  los  canonigos  de  Valladolid  y  el 
ar9obispo  de  Santiago  Don  Pedro  Manuel  capellan  mayor, 
sobre  quien  haria  el  oflScio  de  Corpus  Christi  por  que  salia 
a  la  procession  el  Rey  Maximiliano ;  y  por  que  no  fueron 
a  ella  los  de  la  Iglesia  mayor,  desterraron  cinco  a  Portugal 
40  y  castigaron  al  cabildo  segun  cada  vno  tuuo  culpa. 

Esta  bien  desterrado  el  Prouincial  de  Castilla  de  los 
frayles  franciscos,  por  que  no  consentio  a  las  monjas  de  las 
Gordillas  que  reciuiesen  a  la  Marquesa  de  Monte  Mayor. 

Hazen  gran  diligencia  los  oydores  del  Consejo  Real, 
tomando  los  libros  de  los  mercaderes  en  toda  Castilla  por 
saber  como  y  quien  sacaua  el  oro  fuera,  pero  no  se  pudo 
remediar  siendo  cierto  que  nos  saquean. 

Fait. 

Ano  de  1550 

El  recuentro  de  Don  Bernardino  de  Mendo9a  con  ciertos 
cosarios. 

La  vitoria  que  uuo  Gasca  de  los  Contreras. 

La  toma  de  Africa  que  hizo  Juan  de  Vega,  virrey  de 
Scicilia. 


I550  CARLOS  QUINTO  261 

Amistad  del  Rey  Enrrique  de  Francia  con  el  de  Ingla- 
tierra  Duarte  VI,  el  qual  fue  como  muchacho  enganado,  ca 
voluio  a  Bolona  por  mal  consejo  de  los  suyos. 

Sube  la  moneda  en  Francia  el  Rey  Enrrique,  por  que  no 
se  la  saquen  de  sus  reynos,  y  por  que  le  vaya  de  fuera,  10 

Muere  Nicolas  Perenot  S'  de  Granuela,  que  tuuo  muy 
grande  amistad  con  el  Rmperador,  cuyo  embaxador  y  secre- 
tario  y  consejero  fue  mucho  tiempo  en  todos  sus  negocios, 
especial  con  franceses  y  alemanes.  Era  hombre  callado  y 
negociador,  y  graue  para  no  ser  de  linaje.  Enriquiziose 
mucho,  no  se  si  bien,  vengosse  dissimuladam^;/te  de  sus 
enemigos  que  llamaua  inuidiosos,  como  fueron  el  confesor 
fray  Pedro  de  Sota  y  el  L'^°Juan  de  Figueroa,  dexo  muchos 
hijos,  y  todos  bien  puestos,  mayorw^nte  al  Secretario  An- 
tonio Perenot  obispo  de  Arras,  que  sin  duda  es  principal  20 
persona  en  negocios,  consejo,  lenguas  y  aun  letras. 

Muere  Azan  Rey  de  Tunez, 

Ano  de  1551 

Vuelue  a  Espaiia  el  Principe  Don  Phelipe. 

Juran  los  Nauarros  al  Principe  en  Tudela. 

Lleua  Maximiliano  a  la  Reyna  Dona  Maria  su  Muger 
a  Bohemia. 

Toma  Leon  Strozi  Prior  de  Capua  con  2y  galeras  fran- 
cesas  vna  galera  espanola  en  Barcelona  y  ciertos  naos, 
siendo  tregua. 

Toma  assi  mismo  el  Rey  de  Francia  13  vlcas  con  ricas  mer- 
cadorias,  estando  en  sus  puertos,  que  fue  romper  la  guerra. 

Toma  Sinan  Turco  a  Tripol  de  Berberia,  con  trato  de  10 
franceses. 

Conciertasse  con  el  Rey  de  Francia  el  Duque  Octauio 
Fames,  dexando  al  Emp^r^dor  su  suegro,  que  fue  causa  de 
muchas  guerras. 

Torna  el  Consilio  a  Trento  por  bula  del  Papa  Julio  III 
con  gran  esperanza  que  se  acauaria  con  bien. 

Cerca  el  Papa  Julio  a  Parma  y  a  la  Mirandola  con  ayuda 
del  Emperador,  mas  en  valde. 

Haze  treguas  Hamed  Rey  de  Tunez  con  Don  Nuno  de 


262  ANNALES   DEL   EMPERADOR  1551 

20  la  Cueua,  prometiendo  de  guardar  las  capitulaciones  de  su 
padre  Azan  con  el  Emperador. 

Pierde  Antonio  de  Orio  8  galeras  con  tormenta  en  Panta- 
larea,  yendo  a  prouar  a  Africa. 

Ha  el  Rey  de  Romanos  la  Transiluania,  por  conciertos  de 
fray  Jorge  de  Croacia,  trayendo  a  Viena  a  la  Reyna  Isabel  y 
a  su  hijo  Esteuan. 

Guerra  en  Transiluania  de  turcos  con  el  Bollorbey  de 
Gre9ia  y  del  Rey  de  romanos  con  Juan  Bap*"^  Castaldo,  en 
la  qual  aula  vn  tercio  de  espanoles  con  el  msiesfre  de  campo 
30  Aldaua. 

Muere  a  hierro  en  Vins,  y  en  manos  de  Sforza  Palauezin 
y  de  Marco  An/«9;^io  Ferro,  Secretario  de  Juan  Bap**,  el 
Cardenal  fray  Jorge  de  Croacia,  obispo  de  Baradin,  por  que 
se  concordaua  con  los  turcos  contra  el  Rey  de  Romanos. 
El  Papa  mostro  gran  rigor  por  la  muerte  del  Cardenal, 
descomulgando  los  hechores  y  consentidores. 

Vasse  al  Rey  de  Francia  el  Principe  de  Salerno,  Don 
Fernando  de  San  Seuerino,  por  enemistad  del  virrey  Don 
Pedro  de  Toledo,  que  le  hallo  sus  aleuosos  tratos. 
40      Haze  tomar  la   Reyna   Maria  algunas   mercadorias  de 
fran9eses  en  Flandes  por  lo  de  las  vlcas. 

Conciertasse  con  muchos  alemanes  el  Rey  Enrrique  de 
Fran9ia,  contra  el  Emperador. 

Entra  en  Lorena  el  Rey  de  Francia  y  apoderase  del 
Duque  Carlos,  diziendo  a  la  Duquesa  Christiana,  su  madre, 
que  lo  casaria  con  vna  de  sus  hijas. 

Toma  el  Rey  de  Francia  a  Metz  de  Lorena,  lleuando  mas 

de  L  compafiias  de  soldados  y  tres  regimientos  que  llaman 

de  alemanes  con  Sebastian  Xertel,  Ringraue,  y  Rincors,  y 

50  mil  y  quinientos  hombres  de  armas,  y  dos  mil  y  quinientos 

cauallos  ligeros. 

Entrando  el  Rey  de  Francia  con  exercito  en  Alemania, 
toma  primeram^?2te  a  Argentina  y  a  Hagenau  y  a  otros 
lugares  por  amistad.  Mas  luego  se  voluio  por  que  assi 
quisieron  los  que  le  llamaron,  y  por  entrar  exercito  flamenco 
en  sus  tierras. 

Tomo  el  Conde  Adrian  de  Reulx  a  Stenay  con  hasta 


I55I  CARLOS  QUINTO  263 

quatro  mil  de  cauallo  y  cerca  de  XX  mil  peones,  estando 
dentro  Bordillon. 

Gana  el  Rey  de  Francia  Damuillers,  y  luoys  y  Bullon  60 
y  otros  lugares. 

Hasta  aqui  escriue  Marco  Guazo,  el  qual,  aunque  sus 
mismos  Ytalianos  le  llaman  charlatan,  haze  mucha  diligen9ia 
para  su  historia. 

Alio  de  1552 

Fauorece  al  Duque  Mauricio  el  Rey  de  Francia  contra 
el  Emperador,  concertandose  por  medio  de  Juan  Fragnino 
obispo  de  Bayona, 

Haze  salir  de  Ispruch  mal  pareciendo  al  Emperador  el 
Duque  Mauricio,  por  que  no  soltaua  a  Lantgraue  su  suegro. 

Suelta  el  Emperador  al  Duque  Fadrique  de  Saxonia. 

Hace  cruel  guerra  el  Marques  Alberto  de  Brandenbourg 
a  Wolfango,  maestre  de  Prussia,  y  a  Nuremberg,  ciudad  muy 
rica,  y  a  los  obispos  de  Bamberg  y  Francfort,  Worms,  Spira, 
Moguntia  y  Treuires,  jo 

Concordia  del  Emperador  con  el  Duque  Mauricio,  lo  qual 
hizo  el  Rey  D.  Fr*^°  en  Passau  para  soltar  al  Lantgraue. 

Hechan  fuera  los  de  Sena  a  Don  Fran9es  de  Alaua,  que 
tenia  seis  cientos  espanoles,  con  fauor  del  Rey  de  Francia, 
a  quien  se  dieron  y  en  guarnicion.  Deriuan  la  fortaleza 
que  aula  hecho  en  la  ciudad  Don  Diego  Hurtado  de  Men- 
do9a  embaxador  en  Roma,  al  qual  culpan  los  nuestros  por 
esta  guerra,  y  aun  los  seneses  dizen  que  por  matarlo  mataron 
al  cauallo  en  que  andaua  vn  dia  passeando  la  fortaleza. 

Tienen  cortes  en  Mon9on  el  Principe  con  pocos  poderes.  20 

La  honrrada  batalla  cerca  de  Oran,  en  que  Don  Martin  de 
Cordoua  con  II  mil  de  acauallo  y  V  mil  peones  espanoles 
prendio  al  Rey  de  Tremecen,  que  tray  a  XXX  mil  moros 
almere  Solejman. 

Va  la  Infanta  Dona  Juana  a  casarse  a  Portugal  con  el 
Principe  Don  Juan ;  acompanaronla  Don  Pedro  de  Acosta, 
obispo  de  Osma,  Don  Diego  Lopez  Pacheco,  Duque  de 
Escalona,  Luis  Vanegas,  Apozentador  Mayor,  y  Loren9o 
Perez,  embaxacfor  del  Rey  de  Portugal;  receuieronla  en 
Caya  el  Duque  de  Aueyro  y  el  obispo  de  Coimbra.  30 


264  ANNALES   DEL  EMPERADOR  1552 

Toma  Sinan  Turco  Vll  galeras  al  Principe  Andre  Doria 
en  las  Pon9as. 

Cerca  el  Emperador  a  Metz  de  Lorena  por  Octubre,  con  el 
mayor  exercito  que  nunca  junto  a  su  propria  costa,  ca  tenia 
por  lista  de  sueldo  VI  mil  espanoles,  IV  mil  italianos,  XLIX 
mil  alemanes  altos  y  baxos,  V  mil  gastadores,  X  mil  de 
cauallo  y  mas  los  de  su  corte,  cxxvil  pie9as  de  artelleria, 
XVII  mil  pelotas,  IV  mil  quintales  de  poluora  y  VI  mil 
cauallos  de  artelleria  y  muni9iones ;  era  su  Capitan  General 
40  el  Duque  de  Alua. 

Lleua  gran  exercito  Bustan  Bassa  contra  el  Sophi,  y 
pierde  mucha  gente,  no  quiriendo  pelear  los  janizaros 
contra  Mostafa. 

Ganan  los  turcos  a  Timezuar  en  Transiluania,  y  otros 
pueblos  del  Rey  de  romanos. 

Andan  grandes  guerras  y  rebueltas  en  Valachia. 

Ano  de  1553 

Haze  gran  perdida  de  gente  y  cauallos  el  "Emperador 
sobre  Mets  por  pestilencia  y  frialdad,  a  cuya  causa  lleuanto 
el  9erco. 

Muere  sobre  Terouana  el  conde  Adrian  de  Reux,  Capitan 
general  del  Emperador  alli,  que  fue  su  mayordomo  mayor, 
de  quien  su  Mag*^  se  confio  mucho  en  grandes  hechos. 

Toma  y  assoladeria  de  Teruana,  lugar  fortissimo,  siendo 
Capitan  general  del  Emperador  Pheliberto  Emmanuel,  Prin- 
cipe de  Piamonte,  y  maestre  de  campo  de  los  espanoles,  por 
10  cuyo  esfuer90  se  tomo,  Don  Juan  Veles  de  Gueuara. 

La  toma  de  Hesdin,  cuyo  Castillo  era  muy  fuerte,  por  el 
Principe  de  Piamonte,  siendo  Coronel  de  los  espanoles  Luis 
Mendes  Quixada  de  V^garcia,  mayordomo  del  Emperador. 

Muere  Don  Pedro  de  Toledo  en  Florencia,  viniendo  acercar 
a  Sena,  el  qual  fue  por  su  muger  marques  de  V^franca,  y 
por  su  valor  Comendador  de  A9uaya,  y  virrey  de  Napoles. 
Hera  hombre  graue  y  de  autoridad,  y  assi  reprezentaua  muy 
bien  el  cargo ;  vso  bien  su  officio,  por  lo  qual  fue  de  muchos 
mal  quisto,  aunque  tambien  era  rezio ;  saco  muchos  dineros 
30  para  el  Emperador  de  aquel  reino,  por  uia  de  seruicios  y 


1653  CARLOS  QUINTO  265 

€mprestidos,  ennoble9i6  mucho  la  ciudad  con  fuentes,  calles 
y  enladrillados,  y  con  el  Cast?71o  de  San  Martin  que  11190 
fortissimo.    Assi  mismo  fue  tahur,  comedor  y  presuraido. 

Sigiiiendo  el  Rey  deFrancia  Enrrique  al  exercito  emperial, 
llega  con  el  suyo  muy  poderoso  al  Emperador  y  con  asonada 
de  batalla  a  Valencianos,  donde  poco  antes  entrava  el  Empe- 
rador, mas  voluiose  a  mas  andar,  viendo  de  cara  a  los  pocos 
espaiioles  que  lo  esperauan  fuera  del  pueblo. 

Trata  el  Principe  Don  Phelipe  de  casarse  con  la  Infanta 
Dona  Maria  de  Portugal,  hija  del  Rey  Don  Manuel  y  hermana  30 
de  la  Imperatriz  su  madre,  impedimiento  grandissimo. 

Hace  grandes  mercedes  de  su  hazienda  propria  el  Principe 
a  Ruy  Gomes  de  Silua,  que  caso  con  hija  heredera  del  Conde 
de  Mileto,  y  a  Juan  de  Benauides,  que  caso  tambien  con  la 
heredera  de  Don  Pedro  de  Nauarra,  Marques  de  Cortes. 

Muere  D'®  6°  Rey  de  Inglatierra  con  sospecha  de  pon9ona 
en  edad  de  16  aiios,  el  qual  dexo  por  sus  sucessores  del 
Reyno,  teniendo  dos  hermanas,  a  sus  primas,  hijas  de  Maria 
que  caso  con  el  Rey  de  Francia  Luis  12  y  despues  con 
Carlos  Brandon  Duque  de  Sufolc,  a  inducimiento  del  Duque  40 
Juan  de  Nortumbreland,  su  ayo  y  su  tutor.  Pregona  el 
Duque  de  Nortumbreland  por  Reyna  de  Inglatierra  a  Juana, 
hija  mayor  de  Maria  que  fue  Reyna  de  Francia  y  del  Duque 
Sufolc,  la  qual  era  su  nuera,  casada  con  su  hijo  Geliber  conde 
de  Bauric. 

Maria  Princesa  de  Gales,  hija  mayor  y  legitima  de  Enrrique 
octauo,  se  llama  Reyna  de  Inglaterra.  Ha9e  gente,  sale  al 
campo,  y  espera  al  Duque  de  Nortumbreland  a  la  batalla  y 
que  iua  contra  ella  con  exercito,  el  qual  se  le  dio  sin  pelear, 
y  donde  a  poco  fue  degollado  por  traydor,  y  despues  su  hijo  5° 
Oiluert  y  su  nuera. 

Traen  la  armada  del  Turco  para  el  Rey  de  Francia  el 
Principe  de  Salerno  y  el  embaxador. 

Toman  los  turcos  a  Bonefacio  de  Cor9ega  para  el  Rey  de 
Francia,  por  tray9ion  de  Antonio  Caneto  ginoves. 

Tray  a  el  Rey  de  Francia  130  banderas  de  soldados  y  6  M. 
hombres  y  mas  de  cau<2/lo. 


266  ANNALES   DEL  EMPERADOR  1554 


Afio  de  1554 

Muere  Don  Juan,  Principe  de  Portugal,  dexando  su  muger 
prenada. 

Na9e  D.  Sebastian  Principe  de  Portugal,  que  oy  reyna. 

Passa  el  Principe  Don  Ph®  a  casar  con  la  Reyna  Maria  de 
Inglatierra. 

Gk)uierna  en  Castilla  y  Aragon  la  Infanta  princesa  Dona 
Juana,  recien  viuda.  Comienza  a  ser  maestro  del  Iff  *^  Don 
Carlos  nuestro  Senor  Honorato  Juan,  cauallero  valenciano, 
hombre  de  muchas  letras,  prudente,  graue,  honesto,  discreto, 
10  y  cabal  para  el  cargo,  y  que  fue  tambien  escogido  para 
ensenar  al  Rey  nuestro  senor,  quando  querria  quitar  a  Silicea 
el  Emperador. 

Renuncia  el  Emperador  en  su  hijo  el  Rey  no  de  Napoles 
y  el  Ducado  de  Milan,  la  qual  renunciacion,  que  lleuo  el 
Regente  Figueroa,  se  publico  en  Vincesere  donde  se  velo 
con  la  Reyna, 

Toma  el  marischal  de  Francia  Andor  a  Marienbourg 
lugar  fuerte,  por  flaqueza  del  Capz'/an  Martin. 

Gana  el  Rey  de  Francia  Enrrique  a  Dinan  combatiendo 
20  con  30  M  soldados,  de  los  quales  heran  8  M  lansquenets  y 
otros  ocho  mil  suizos  y  con  6M  cauallos  y  grande  artelleria ; 
fue  preso  ay  el  capitan  Julyan  Romero,  que  aula  poco  antes 
entrado  con  algunos  esparioles  saliendo  a  tratar  de  rendirse, 
que  fue  su  culpa  y  poco  sauer.  Pocas  vezes  moran  en  vno 
valentia  y  prudencia. 

Entra  el  Rey  de  Francia  con  su  exercito  quemando  el 
Condado  de  Henau,  y  destruye  a  Bins  y  a  Marimont, 
lugares  deleytosos  de  la  Reyna  Maria. 

Cerca  el  Rey  de  Francia  a  Renti,  con  que  puso  miedo  y 
30  trubacion  en  las  tierras  del  'Emperador. 

La  batalla  cabe  Renti  que  huuieron  el  Emperador  y  el 
Rey  de  Francia,  en  la  qual  venciendo  los  espaiioles  area- 
buzaros  al  principio  con  el  Capitan  A°  Nauarrete,  fueron  al 
cauo  desuaratados. 

Dexa  el  cerco  de  Renti  el  Rey  de  Francia  temiendo,  aunque 


1564  CARLOS  QUINTO  26^ 

hi^o  alegrias  por  la  de  Renti,  como  auia  ganado  9iertas  pie9as 
de  artilleria  y  muchas  banderas. 

Signe  el  Rey  de  Francia  al  Emperador,  haziendo  talas 
y  quemas. 

Funda  el  Emperador  a  Hesdin  fuerte  con  gran  costa,  por  40 
ser  importante. 

La  guerra  de  C6r9ega  entre  francezes,  cuyo  capitan  era 
Paulo  de  Termes,  y  guinoueses,  a  quien  ayudaua  el  Empera- 
dor con  dineros  y  soldados  espanoles,  de  los  quales  fue 
coronel  Don  Alonso  Luis  de  Lugo,  adelantado  de  Tenerif. 

El  cerco  de  Sena  que  puso  Juan  Jacobo  Medecin,  Mar- 
ques de  Marignan,  por  parte  del  Emperador  y  del  Duque 
Cosme  de  Florencia. 

Rompe  a  Basiana  P°  Strozzi  al  Marques  de  Marignan. 

Muere  cerca  de  Escarlino  de  vna  arcabuzada  Leon  Strozzi  50 
prior  de  Capua,  capitan  de  las  guerras  de  Francia,  en  quien 
mucho    esperauan    los   floren tines   desterrados,   queriendo 
fauorecer  los  fran9eses. 

La  batalla  de  Ponda,  que  contra  Pedro  Strozi,  Capitan 
general  de  las  galeras  de  Francia,  vencieron  el  Marques  de 
Marignan  Don  Juan  Manrrique  de  Lara  que  asistia  en  los 
negocios  de  Roma,  Don  Juan  de  Luna  alcayde  de  Milan, 
Marco  Antonio  Colona  y  Mario  de  S''  Flor, 

Vencen  otra  vez  los  mismos  en  Mar9iano  al  proprio  Pedro 
Strozi  en  batalla  muy  sangrienta,  que  fue  quebrar  el  cora9on  60 
a  Franceses,  y  aun  a  seneses,  ca  mataron  mucha  gente  con 
casi  todos  los  capitanes  y  alferez  y  tomaron  nueue  banderas, 

Vence  tambien  por  otra  parte  Fadrique  Colona  a  Paulo  de 
Termes,  que  venia  de  Cor9ega  con  mucha  gente  a  socorrer 
a  P°  Strozi,  y  gana  en  la  batalla  1 7  banderas  francesas. 

Roba  Dragut  Cossario  con  armada  del  Turco  <\ue  traya 
en  fauor  del  Rey  de  Francia  a  Besteze  de  Pulla,  lugar  del 
Duque  de  Sessa. 

Ligas  de  muchas  ciudades,  obispados  y  senorios  alemanes, 
contra  el  Marques  Alberto  de  Brandenburg.  70 


268  ANNALES   DEL  EMPERADOR  1555 


Alio  de  1555 

Vueluen  los  ingleses  a  ser  christlanos  como  solian,dexando 
todas  sus  heregias  y  errores  por  bondad  del  Rey  Phelipe  y 
de  la  Reyna  Maria,  su  muger. 

Muere  la  Reyna  Dona  Juana  madre  del  Emperador  en 
Tordesillas,  donde  viuio  sin  reynar  cerca  de  L  anos. 

Hace  vna  fortaleza  fortissima  el  Emperador  cerca  de 
Marienburg. 

La  triste  perdida  de  Bugia,  que  ganaron  los  turcos  por 
culpa  de  Don  Alonso  de  Peralta,  auiendolo  conseruado  y 
10  defendido  Espana  35  anos. 

Sena  se  rinde  por  el  Emperador,  al  Marques  de  Marignan, 
15  meses  despues  que  la  9erc6. 

Muere  Julio  Papa  3. 

Muere  tambien  el  Papa  Marcelo  II,  al  qual  todos  Uoran  y 
alaban,  que  no  uiuio  vn  mes  en  el  Pontificado. 

Toma  silla  de  S.  Pedro  el  Papa  Paulo  4",  que  Uamauan  el 
Theatino,  Napolitano  y  Carrafa,  al  qual  fue  por  el  Empera- 
dor a  dar  la  obediencia  Don  Juan  de  Mendo9a  y  Riuera,  que 
agora  es  embaxador  en  Portugal,  cortesano  de  los  viejos  y 
2osauios  del  Emperador  y  cauallero  muy  honrrado. 

Va  por  el  virrey  del  Peru  Don  Diego  Hurtado  de  Men- 
do  fa,  Marques  de  Canete. 

Gouierna  en  Napoles  Don  Bernardino  de  Mendo9a, 
capitan  de  las  galeras,  estando  el  Duque  de  Alua  en  la 
guerra  de  Lombardia,  y  auiendose  venido  a  Roma  el  Car- 
denal  don  Pedro  Pacheco,  que  gouernaua. 

Va  por  virrey  g^"^  de  Napoles  y  Milan  Don  Fernando 
Aluares  Duque  de  Alua,  siendo  remouido  de  Milan  Don 
Fernando  de  Gonzaga  con  justas  causas. 
30  Toma  por  fuer9a  el  Marques  de  Marifian  a  Puerto  Her- 
cules, donde  uvo  saco  y  muertes,  y  se  tomo  vna  galera 
francesa. 

Mueue  guerra  el  Marques  Alberto  de  Brandenbourg  en 
Alemana,  contra  todos  los  que  salieron  contra  el.  Ven9e  al 
Marques  Alberto  de  Brandenbourg  en  Alemana,  a  la  riuera 


1555  CARLOS  QUINTO  269 

del  Visurgis,  el  Duque  Mauricio  Elector,  el  qual,  aunque 
gano  la  vitoria,  murio  herido  tras  la  batalla  con  dos  hijos  del 
Duque  Henrrique  Brunswick,  yotra  muchagente.  Hizieron 
g^nde  matan9a  los  hombres  de  cauallo  que  llaman  siuer- 
tereuters,  que  lleuan  a  tres  y  a  vna  sinco  arcabuzes.  40 

Encarta  el  Emperador  al  Marques  Alberto,  por  re- 
uoltoso. 

Passa  el  Rey  Don  Phelipe  a  Inglaterra,  a  Napoles,  y  a 
Flandes,  y  lo  Uamo  el  Imperador  desde  Bruselas. 

Toma  por  fuer9a  y  partido  a  Vlpian,  que  auia  proueydo 
el  Duque  de  Alua,  el  sefior  de  la  Male  que  tenia  4M  de 
cauallo  y  22  mil  de  apie ;  estaua  dentro  Cesar  de  Na- 
poles, con  mas  de  M  hombres  de  guerra  y  en  ellos  muchos 
espanoles. 

Continuan   con   \\X.ori?i   los  mieslf'os   la  guerra   contra  50 
franceses. 

Renun9ia  el  Emperac^or  en  el  Rey  Don  Phelippe  su 
vnico  hijo  a  Flandes  con  los  otros  estados  de  tierra  baxa, 
por  auto  publico  en  Bruselas. 

Toman  los  franceses  del  Marischal  Brisac  vna  noche  por 
austucia  a  Casal  de  Monferrat,  donde  estaua  con  gente 
Gomes  Xuares  de  Figueroa,  embaxador  en  Genoua,  que  a 
la  sazon  era  gouernador  de  Milan,  antes  que  fuese  alia  el 
Duque. 

El  tratado  de  paz  que  no  se  concluyo  sobre  auerlo  60 
pensado  mucho  en  Marcq  entre  Ardres,  Cales,  y  Graue- 
lingas,  donde  se  juntaron,  por  parte  del  F.mperador,  Don 
Juan  de  la  Cerda,  Duque  de  Medinaceli,  Ana  Perenot, 
obispo  de  Arras,  y  los  prizidentes  \'^eglius  y  Briare,  por 
parte  del  Rey  de  Fran9ia  el  Cardenal  Carlos  de  Lorena  y 
los  Obispos  de  Vanes  y  \''rliens  y  Carlos  Marille  y  Claudio 
Laubispine,  secretario  de  estado,  y  estaua  tambien  Reginaldo 
Polo  Ingles,  como  legado  del  Papa  y  que  procuraua  mucho 
las  pazes. 

Toma  el  titulo  de  Cronista  el  D*""^  Juan  Paez  de  Castro,  70 
que  piensa  escriuir  la  Historia  General  de  Esparia,  hombre 
muy  docto  en  muchas  S9ien9ias. 

Cerca  en  valde  a  Santiago  del  Piamonte  el  Duque  de 


270  ANNALES   DEL   EMPERADOR  1555 

Alua.  Guerra  sobre  Marienburg  entre  los  exercitos  em- 
perial  y  frances. 

El  Papa,  deseruiendo  vieja  hypocrisia,  mueue  guerra  en 
odio  del  Emperador  a  Marco  An'°  Colona,  tratando  con  el 
Rey  de  Francia  de  ganar  el  Reyno  de  Napoles. 

Pelean  rezia^ftente  ciertas  hurcas  flamencas  con  naues  de 
80  Diepe. 

Ano  de  1556 

Renuncia  el  Emperador  en  su  hijo  Phelipe  por  su  uida 
libremente  sus  Reynos  y  senorios,  que  causo  admiracion 
al  mundo  par  la  nouedad  y  grande9a  del  negocio,  a  16  dias 
del  mes  de  Enero,  y  en  Bruselas ;  mas  detuuo  el  imperio, 
auiendo  tambien  determinado  de  lo  dexar  al  Rey  de  Roma- 
nos  su  hermano,  por  algunos  grandes  respectos ;  y  vinose 
por  mar  a  Espana,  trayendo  consigo  las  Reynas  sus  her- 
manas,  Dona  Leonor  y  Maria,  y  recogiose  a  Juste,  Monas- 
terio  de  Geronimos,  donde  auia  hecho  ha9er  vna  casa  segun 
10  el  la  tra96,  para  uiuir  santa  y  descansadamente. 

Difiende  a  Oran  el  Conde  de  Alcaudete,  Don  Martin  de 
Cordoua,  contra  el  armada  del  Turco  y  cosarios  de  Argel. 

Cercan  a  Calui  dos  vezes  y  no  lo  toman,  vna  Paulo  de 
Termes,  y  otra  el  capitan  Polin  S"^  de  Garde,  en  Cor9ega. 

La  guerra  del  Papa  y  Duque  de  Alua. 

Sentencian  por  libre  al  L**°  Vaca  de  Castro,  auiendo 
estado  prezo  diez  anos,  sobre  gouernacz'on  de  Indias,  el 
qual  entra  por  su  anciandad  en  el  Consejo  Real  de  Castilla. 

Descubrese  la  requisima  mina  de  Gual  del  Canal. 
20      Atiende  a  la  buena  gouernacion  de  sus  Reynos  el  Rey 
Don  Phelippe,  haziendo  pazes  6  treguas  con  el  Rey  de 
Francia. 

Requiere  con  su  amistad  a  muchos  senores  y  caualleros 
de  Alemania,  dandoles  dineros  y  pensiones. 

Pone  al  Cardenal  Cristoual  Madrucio,  obispo  de  Trento, 
por  gouernador  de  Milan. 

Pone  assi  mismo  al  Cardenal  Don  Francisco  de  Mendoqa. 
Obispo  de  Burgos  y  Arcediano  de  Toledo  por  gouernador 
en  Sena,  siendo  muerto  Don  Francisco  de  Toledo,  Archi- 


1656  CARLOS   QUINTO  271 

mandrita  de  Scicilia,  clerigo  de  negocios  y  honrra,  que  la  3° 
gouernaua. 

Ha9e  gouernador  de  Flandes  a  su  primo  Feliberto  Em- 
manuel, Duque  de  Sauoya,  dandole  por  consejeros  al  Prin- 
cipe de  Oranges  y  a  los  Condes  de  Egmont,  Mega,  Lalaing 
y  otros  caualleros  principales  y  sauios. 

Haze  de  su  Consejo  de  Estado  a  Juan  de  Vega,  Don  Fer- 
nando de  Gonzaga,  Antonio  Perrenot,  Obispo  de  Arras, 
Don  Juan  Manrique  de  Lara,  cauallero  de  Calatraua,  Don 
Bernardino  de  Mendo9a,  capitan  de  las  Galeras,  Ruy  Gomes 
de  Silua,  Conde  de  Melito,  Don  Antonio  de  Toledo,  su  40 
caualleri9o  mayor,  y  dende  a  poco  a  Don  Luis  de  Auila, 
comendador  mayor  de  Alcantara,  y  al  \icenciado  Juan  de 
Figueroa,  presidente  de  la  Chanceleria  de  Valladolid. 

Da  los  negocios  de  estado  a  su  secretario  Gonzalo  Perez, 
clerigo  muy  habil,  y  los  otros  negocios  de  Castilla  y  Italia 
al  Secretario  Martin  de  Vargas. 

Muere  Don  Antonio  de  Rojas,  ayo  del  Principe  Don 
Carlos. 

Es  ayo  del  Principe  Don  Carlos  nuestyo  Sefior,  Don 
Garcia  de  Toledo,  cauallero  de  mucha  bondad  y  virtud.        50 


FIN. 


INDEX 


This  Index  applies  only  to  the  Introduction  and  Translation, 
the  Text  may  be  found  by  comparison  with  the  latter. 


References  in 


Abdalla,  ruler    of  Tlemcen    (1475- 

1505).  5- 
Abdalla,  KingofTlemcen(ini5i2),33. 
Abdalla,  Tunisian  prince,  118. 
Abdul  Aziz,  ruler  of  Bugia,  4. 
Abyssinia,  5«.,  88«. 
Acosta,  Pedro  de,  Bishop  of  Osma, 

148. 
Acuna,  Vascode,  119. 
Adda,  the,  river  in  Lombardy,  65. 
Admiral,  the,  see  Bonnivet. 
Adrian    VI,  Pope    (1522-3),  xliv  f., 

45.  5i>  59»  67,  69;  election  of,  65  ; 

goes  to  Rome,   67 ;    death  of,  68  ; 

career  of,  68. 
Africa  (El-Mehdia),  144,  145. 
Agnadello,  battle  of  (1509),  27. 
Agreda,  see  Garcia  de  los  Fayos. 
Agriculture :  grape-vines    in    Castile 

frozen  in  April,  89  ;  harmful  locust, 

113  ;  tax  on  wheat,  16;    regulation 

of  the  sale  of  wheat  in  France,  90 ; 

unfavourable  season  of  1548,  i38f. ; 

prices  of  products  in  1548,  i38f. 
Aguilar,  Don  Alonzo  de,  9. 
Aguilar,  Marquis  of,  114. 
Ahmad,  7. 
Ahmed,   King   of  Tunis    (1542-69), 

118,119,  145. 
Ahmed,  brother  of  Selim  I,  39,  60. 
Aigues  Mortes,  105,  134. 
Aix,  in  Provence,  102. 
Aix-la-Chapelle,  58. 
Aladola,  King  of  Armenia  and  Cappa- 

docia,  6,  22,  41  ;  death  of,  44. 
Ala-ed-Daula,  see  Aladola. 
Alarcon,    Antonio   Siiarez   de,    xl  f., 

108  n. 
Alarcon,  Fernando   de.  Marquis   de 

Val  Siciliana,  xxxiii,  71,  75 ;    death 

of,  108 ;  career,  exploits,  and  char- 
acter of,  108  ff. 
Alava,  Francis  de,  147. 
Alban     (Alamut,    Alwend,     Asam), 

King  of  Persia  (1497-1507).  5.  7- 
Albany,  Duke  of,  see  Stewart,  John. 


Albert  '  Alcibiades  *,  Margrave  of 
Brandenburg,  124, 128, 147,  153, 155. 

Albert  III  (d.  1199;  Albert  in  text). 
Count  of  Hapsburg,  listed  as  twelfth 
in  the  text,  great-grandson  of  Werner 
1,49. 

Albert  IV  (d.  1239;  Albert  II  in 
text).  Count  of  Hapsburg,  listed  as 
thirteenth  in  the  text,  grandson  of 
Albert  III,  49. 

Albert,  Duke  of  Austria,  Holy  Roman 
Emperor  (i  298-1 308),  listed  in  the 
text  as  Albert  III,  fifteenth  Count 
of  Hapsburg,  49. 

Albert  II,  '  the  Wise,'  or  '  the  Lame  ', 
Duke  of  Austria  (1330-58),  Duke 
(not  Count)  of  Carinthia  (1335-58), 
wrongly  called  Count  of  Tyrol  in  the 
text,  49. 

Albert  VI,  Duke  of  Austria  (1444-6, 
1457-63),  brother  of  the  Emperor 
Frederick  III,  49. 

Albert,  Duke  of  Prussia,  78. 

Albis,  Latin  name  for  the  river  Elbe, 
128. 

Albistan,  Cappadocian  city,  22. 

Alboran,  naval  battle  of,  108. 

Albret,  Alain  d',  French  lord,  23. 

Albret,  Henri  d',  King  of  Navarre, 

45,  74- 
Albret,  Jean  d',  King  of  Navarre,  3, 

22,  33,  35.  42- 
Alburquerque,  Duke  of,  see  Cueva. 
Alcala  de  Henares,  12, 
Alcala    de    Henares,  University    of, 

founded,   27,   51;   question   of  G6- 

mara's  attendance  at,  ix,  ix  n. 
Alcalde  de  Corte,  see  Gomez  de  Her- 

rera. 

Alcaldes  de  la  Corte,  142. 
Alcaudete,    Count  of,  see    Cordova, 

Martin  de. 
Aldava,    Spanish    Field-General     in 

Transylvania,  145. 
Aleppo,  battle  of  (1516),  47. 
Alessandria,  in  Piedmont,  66. 


274 


INDEX 


Alexander,     'the     Great,'     King    of 

Macedon,  xlvii. 
Alexander  VI  (Rodrigo  Borgia),  Pope 

(1492-1503),  22,  23;  celebrates  the 

Jubilee  (1500),    i  ;  dies  of  poison, 

13  ;  character  and  exploits  of,  13, 14. 
Alexander,  King  of  Poland  (i  501-6),  3. 
Alferez,  the,  see  Segura. 
Alfonsina,  sister-in-law  of  Lorenzo  de' 

Medici,  52, 
Alfonso  I,  King  of  Aragon  (i  104-34), 

50 ;     second    husband     of     Queen 

Urraca  of  Castile,  50. 
Alfonso  II,  King   of  Aragon  (1162- 

96),  50. 
Alfonso  III,  King  of  Aragon  (1285- 

90.  50. 
Alfonso  IV,  King  of  Aragon   (1327- 

36),  50. 

Alfonso  V,  *  the  Magnanimous,  King 
of  Aragon  (1416-58),  of  Sicily  (as 
Alfonso,  1416-58),  and  of  Naples 
(as  Alfonso  I,  1442-58),  17,  50. 

Alfonso  I,  '  the  Catholic,'  King  of 
Oviedo  (739-40),  of  Asturias  (740- 

57).  50. 

Alfonso  II,  '  the  Chaste,'  King  of  As- 
turias (792-842),  50. 

Alfonso  III,  'the  Great,'  King  of 
Asturias  (866-910),  50. 

Alfonso  IV,  '  the  Monk,'  King  of 
Leon  (925-31),  50. 

Alfonso  V,  King  of  Leon  (999-1028), 

5°' 

Alfonso  VI,  King  of  Castile  (1072- 
1 109),  brother  of  Sancho  II,  50. 

Alfonso  VII,  King  of  Castile  (1126- 
57),  son  of  Queen  Urraca  by  her  first 
husband,  Raymond,  Count  of  Bur- 
gundy, 50  M. 

Alfonso  VIII,  King  of  Castile  (1158- 
1214),  son  of  Sancho  III,  50M. 

Alfonso  IX,  King  of  Leon  (1188- 
1229),  son  of  Ferdinand  II,  husband 
of  Berengaria,  sister  of  Henry  I  of 
Castile,  50. 

Alfonso  X,  *  the  Wise,'  King  of  Cas- 
tile and  Leon  (1252-84),  50. 

Alfonso  XI,  King  of  Castile  and  Leon 
(1313-50),  50.  ,        ,  ^ 

Alfonso  I  of  Este,  Duke  of  Ferrara 
( J  505-34) .  papal  general  in  1 509,  2  7 ; 
at  enmity  with  Pope  Julius  II,  28, 
30,  94  f. ;  later  career  of,  65,  93 ; 
death  of,  99  ;  character  and  fortunes 
of,  xl,  99. 

Alfonso,  Archbishop  of  Saragossa,  son 
of  Ferdinand  of  Aragon,  51. 

Alfonso,  son  of  King  Manuel  of  Por- 
tugal, 3. 


Algazeli,  see  Jambardo  Algazeli. 

Algiers,  11,  46,  56,  143  (error),  143, 
157  ;  disastrous  campaign  of  Charles 
at,  X,  112. 

Algnazil  EspaSol,  see  Jambardo  Alga- 
zeli. 

Alguazil  of  Cairo,  title  of  the  principal 
personage  of  that  city,  53. 

Ali,  disciple  of  Mohammed,  8. 

Alidosi,  Cardinal,  slain  at  Ravenna, 
28. 

Allegre,  Yves  d',  ir. 

AUemand,  Jean,  Baron  of  Bouclans, 

77.  81,  136. 
Aller,  Gonzalo  de,  11. 
Almagro,  Diego  de,  loo,  106,   iii, 

"3-  . 
Almeria,  63. 
Alva,  Duke  of,  see  Toledo,  Fadrique 

de  ;  Toledo,  Fernando  Alvarez  de. 
Alvarado,  Pedro  de,  69. 
Alvarado,  Spanish  soldier  in  Italy,  95. 
Alvarez,  Pedro,  sails  to  India,  8. 
Alviano,  Bartolommeo  de,  Venetian 

commander,  36,  38. 
Alvincz,  town  in  Transylvania,  146. 
Ambergris,  90. 
America,  x,  xvi. 
^miens,  80. 
Amprinto,  listed   as  fourth  Count  of 

Hapsburg  in  the  text,  49. 
Anabaptists,  loi. 
Anaspardo,  nephew  of  Juan  Tavera, 

121. 
Anatolia,  39. 
Ancona,  23,  90. 
Andalusia,  14. 

Andana,  Spanish  soldier  in  Italy,  95. 
Angevins,  109. 

Angiolello,  Giovan  Maria,  Italian  his- 
torian, xxxvif. 
Angouleme,  75. 
Anguissola,  Count  Gian,  135. 
Anjou,  Count  Guy  of,  104. 
Anna,  daughter  of  King  Ladislaus  of 

Hungary,  43,  65. 
Anne  of  Brittany,  wife  of  Louis  XII  of 

France,  23,  41. 
Anne  of  Cleves,  fourth  queen  of  Henry 

VIII  of  England,  130. 
Annebaut,  Claude,  French  governor 

of  Piedmont,  108;  Admiral  of  France, 

120,  123. 
Antonio,  Alcalde,  punishes  the  Com- 

muneros,  63. 
Antonio,  Nicolas,  xiv,  xxii, 
Antwerp,  xvii. 
Apulia,  84. 
Arabia,  12,  65. 
Aragon,  xviii,  2,  36,  44,  75,  123, 140, 


INDEX 


275 


142,  151 ;  royal  line  of,  50;  history 
of  the  royal  line  of,  written  by  Zurita, 

137- 

Aragon,  Alonzo  de,  Duke  of  Segorbe, 
64. 

Aragonese,  swear  fealty  to  King 
Charles,  56 ;  appoint  Zurita  his- 
toriographer, 137. 

Aranda  de  Duero,  1 36. 

Archers,  139. 

Arcilla,  25. 

Ardebil,  Persian  town,  7. 

Ardres,  156  ;  meeting  of  the  Field  of 
the  Cloth  of  Gold  at,  60. 

Aremberg,  Count  of,  see  Marck, 
Robert  II  de  la. 

Arevalo,  45. 

Arevalo,  Gonzalo  de,  11. 

Arias  de  Saavedra,  Fernando,  Count 
of  Castellar,  118. 

Arius,  early  Christian  theologian,  1 26. 

Armenia,  6. 

Armenian  bishop,  an,  intercedes  be- 
tween Insilbas  and  Ismail  Sophy, 
26. 

Amulf  I,  '  the  Great,'  Count  of 
Flanders  (918-64),  49. 

Arnulf  II,  Count  of  Flanders  ('962- 
88),  49. 

Arnulf  III,  '  the  Unfortunate,'  Count 
of  Flanders  (1070-2),  49. 

Arpas,  Turkish  vizier,  91. 

Arras,  Bishop  of,  see  Granvelle. 

Arthur,  French  cavalier,  11. 

Arthur,  Prince  of  Wales,  9,  27  ;  death 
of,  xlviii  f.,  10. 

Artiaga,  Francisco  de,  Spanish  gam- 
bler, 142. 

Artiaga,  Pedro  Gomez  de,  Spanish 
gambler,  142. 

Artois,  74,  112,  134. 

Arze,  Diego  de,  Spanish  general,  124. 

Asam,  Sultan  of  Persia,  see  Alban. 

Ascoli  and  Monza,  Principality  of, 
103. 

Asia,  7,  47,  65;  trade  in  spices  with 
Lisbon,  3,  8. 

Asia  Minor,  xiv. 

Asperen,  in  Frisia,  51. 

Assaulter  of  Cities,  the,  see  Lautrec. 

Asti,  73. 

Atabaliba,  see  Atahuallpa. 

Atahuallpa,  King  of  Cuzco,  93,  iii. 

Aubipine,  Claude  1',  156. 

Aubusson,  Pierre  d',  grand  master  of 
the  knights  of  St.  John,  i. 

Augsburg,  127. 

Augsburg,  Diet  of  (1530),  89  ;  (1548), 

138. 
Augury,  belief  in,  104. 


Augustinian  Hermits,  Order  of,   55, 

125. 
Aumale,  Due  d ,  155. 
Aurelio,  King  of  Asturias  (968-74), 

50  K. 
Austria,  xxviii,  1,  112. 
Auton,  d',  French  historian,  xxxiv. 
Avalos,  Alonzo  de.  Marquis  del  Vasto, 

73.87,  92,  105,  108,  119  f. ;  death 

of,  126;   character  and  fortunes  of, 

I26f. 

Avalos,  Antonio  de,  by  mistake  for 
Alonzo  de  Avalos  in  the  text,  105. 

Avalos,  Francisco  Hernando  de,  Mar- 
quis of  Pescara,  37,  38,66,  71,  72,73 ; 
death  of,  73. 

Avalos,  Caspar  de.  Archbishop  of 
Santiago,  115;  death  of,  122. 

Aveyro,  Duke  of,  148. 

Avila,  meeting  of  the  Comuneros 
,at,  59. 

Avila,  Diego  de,  71. 

Avila,  Luis  de,  158. 

Avila,  Pedrarias  de,  57,  59,  67. 

Avila,  Pedro  de,  Marquis  de  las 
^Navas,  139. 

Avila  y  Zuniga,  Luis  de,  Spanish  his- 
torian, xlvii. 

Ayala,  Pedro  de.  Count  of  Salvatierra, 
69. 

Azamor,  naval  battle  at  (i5i3)>  36  ; 
Portuguese  fleet  lost  at  (15 15),  42. 

Azebec,  general  under  Insilbas,  32. 

Azeredo,  Don  Diego  de,  139. 


Babylon,  99. 

Bacum,  Sea  of,  see  Caspian  Sea. 

Badajoz,  118. 

Badajoz,  Convention  of  (1524),  69. 

Bagdad  (Balday,  Babylon),  taken  by 

Ismail  Sophy,  12  ;   taken    by  Soly- 

man  I,  99,  99  n. 
Baisingar,  King  of  Persia,  6. 
Balboa,  Vasco  Nunez  de,  35,  57. 
Baldwin  I,  Emperor  of  Constantinople 

(1204-5)    Count    of    Flanders    (as 

Baldwin  IX,  1 194-1205),  49. 
Baldwin  I,  Count  of  Flanders  (862- 

79).  49- 
Baldwin  II,  Count  of  Flanders  (879- 

918),  49. 
Baldwin  III,  Count  of  Flanders  (958- 

62),  49, 
Baldwin  IV,  Count  of  Flanders  (988- 

1036),  49. 
Baldwin  V,  Count  of  Flanders  (1036- 

67),  49. 
Baldwin  VI,  Count  of  Flanders  (1067- 

70),  49. 


T  2 


276 


INDEX 


Baldwin  VII,  'of  the  Battle-axe,' 
Count  of  Flanders  (mi- 19),  49. 

Bamberg,  Bishop  of,  147. 

Barbarigo,  Agostino.Doge  of  Venice,  4. 

Barbarossa,  Arudj,  King  of  Algiers, 
46 ;  slain,  56. 

Barbarossa,  Hassan,  ia6. 

Barbarossa,  Kheir-ed-Din,  58,  99, 133, 
134;  winters  in  France,  119;  death 
of,  127. 

Barbary,  2,  9,  28,  72,  82, 118, 143, 145. 

Barcelona,  13,  56,  57.  58,  85,  145. 

Barcelona,  county  of,  50 ;  line  of  the 
counts  or  kings  of,  50 ;  history  of  the 
counts  of,  written  by  Zurita,  137. 

Bari,  Archbishop  of,  see  Merino. 

Barroys,  French  ambassador,  64. 

Barton,  Andrew,  31. 

Basel,  xlix,  125. 

Basiana,  153. 

Bastidas,  Rodrigo  de,  70. 

Baudilla,  ruler  ofTenes,  5,  21,  58, 

Bavaria,  12. 

Bayard,  Chevalier  de,  at  Trani,  11  ; 
at  the  Battle  of  the  Spurs,  37. 

Bayard,  Gilbert,  120. 

Bayazid  II,  Sultan  of  Turkey  (1481- 
1512),  5,  23,  31,  32,  71;  makes 
peace  with  the  Venetians,  1 2  ;  with 
Hungary,  12;  death  of,  34;  exploits, 
wealth,  and  studies  of,  35. 

Bayonne,  89. 

Beam,  33,  96  ;  copper  money  of,  Hi, 
105. 

Beatrice,  daughter  of  King  Manuel  of 
Portugal,  3,  57. 

Beaumont,  Louis  de,  22. 

Bebo,  listed  as  second  Count  of  Haps- 
burg  in  the  text,  49. 

Beglierbeg  of  Gercia,  see  Sokolli. 

Bejar,  Duke  of,  see  Zuniga. 

Belgrade,  66,  91, 

Bellay,  Guillaume  du,  French  his- 
torian, xxxiv. 

Bellay,  Jean  du,  French  writer,  xxxiv. 

Beltraneja,  see  Joanna. 

Bembo,  Cardinal  Pietro,  historian, 
xxxvii,  39. 

Benalcasar,  Sebastian  de,  98. 

Benavente,  Count  of,  see  Pimentel. 

Benavides,  Juan  de,  139,  150. 

Benefiz  (Belefigui),  rebellious  Moors 
punished  at,  9. 

Bentivoglio,  Giovanni  di,  ruler  of 
Bologna  (1462-1506),  20,  29 ;  in 
exile,  22,  30. 

Benzomil,  gate  of  Cairo,  52,  55. 

Berberana,  85. 

Berengaria,  sister  of  Henry  I  of  Cas- 
tile, wife  of  Alfonso  IX  of  Leon,  50. 


Berengario,  listed  as  ninth  Count  of 

Hapsburg  in  the  text,  49. 
Bergamo,  31. 
Berianga,  75. 
Bennudo  I,  King  of  Asturias  (^789- 

92),  nephew  of  Alfonso  I,  50. 
Bermudo  II,  King  of  Leon  (982-99), 

son  of  Ordono  III,  50. 
Bermudo  III,  King  of  Leon  (1028- 

37),  50- 

Bemaldez,  Andres,  chronicler,  xxvii  f., 
44. 

Bertinoro,  Bishop  of,  see  Rnffo,  Gio- 
vanni. 

Besan9on,  xl. 

Biblioteca  Nacional  at  Madrid,  xxi, 
xxii,  xxxix,  xl. 

Bicocca,  battle  of  (1521),  66. 

Binche,  152. 

Black  bands,  118. 

Bodin,  Jean,  French  writer.  Hi  f. 

Bohemia,  39,  128,  140,  144. 

Bohemians,  the,  127,  129,  142. 

Boleyn,  Anne,  97, 130. 

Boleyn,  George,  130. 

Bologna,  x,  20,  22,  28,  29,  30,  36,  85, 
87, 94, 1 35 ;  taken  by  Gaston  de  Foix, 
31 ;  interview  of  Francis  I  and  Leo  X 
^t,  43,  132  ;  coronation  of  Charles  V 
at,  88. 

Bologna,  Defensive  League  of  (1533), 
93.  103. 

Bonchel,  Jean,  French  writer,  xxxiii, 

xlf.,  JIG. 

Boniface,  Viscount,  67. 

Bonifacio,  Strait  of,  4,  151. 

Bonnivet,  Guillaume,  Admiral  of 
France,  67,  75,  85,  109 ;  besieges 
Milan,  67  f. ;  wounded,  69. 

Booksellers  of  Seville,  xviii. 

Bora,  Katharina  von,  wife  of  Martin 
Luther,  126. 

Borba,  Count  Vasco  de,  25. 

Bordeaux,  137, 140. 

Borgia,  Caesar,  takes  Faenza  (Imola 
in  the  text),  9  ;  takes  Urbino  and 
Pesaro,  1 1 ;  accidentally  poisons  his 
father,  Pope  Alexander  VI,  13  ;  sent 
to  Castile  as  captive,  16 ;  escapes, 
20;  death  of,  22,  44;  career  and 
character  of,  2  2  ff. 

Borgia,  Giovanni,  Duke  of  Gandia, 
murdered  by  Caesar  Borgia,  23. 

Borgia,  Lucrezia,  13. 

Borgia,  Rodrigo,  see  Alexander  VI. 

Boriquen,  27. 

Bomemisza,  John,  Hungarian  general) 
40. 

Borrel,  Count  (not  King)  of  Barcelona 
(967-93),  50- 


INDEX 


277 


Borysthenes  (Dnieper),  battle  near  the, 

40- 
Bosque  de  Segovia,  xviii  f. 

Bouillon,  147. 

Boulogne,  93,    120,   123,    127,    129, 

144. 

Bourbon,  Antoine  de.  King  of  Navarre 

(i565-72)>  "2. 
Bourbon,  Charles,  Duke  of,  in  the 
French  service,  34 ;  flees  from  France, 
68 ;  in  the  Imperial  service,  xlvii, 
70,  71,  77,  79;  condition  concerning, 
in  the  Peace  of  Madrid,  74 ;  death  of, 

79,  87. 
Bourbon,  Franjois  de,  Count  of  En- 

ghien,  120. 
Bourbon,  Fran9ois  de.  Count  of  St. 

Pol,  uncle  of  the  preceding,  83. 
Bourbon-Montpensier,    Duke  of,    see 

Bourbon,  Charles,  Duke  of. 
Boiirdillon,  French  general,  147. 
Brabant,  22,  31, 112,  134. 
Braganza,  Duke  of,  see  James. 
Brandenburg,  Margrave  of,  see  John 

(P-  57)  ;  Joachim  II  (p.  113). 
Brandon,  Charles,  Duke  of  Suffolk, 

70,  150. 
Bravo,  Juan,  63. 
Brescia,  31,  46. 

Brest,  naval  battle  near  (1513),  38. 
Brian9on,  44. 

Bri9onnet,  Cardinal  Guillaume,  29. 
Brindisi,  109. 

Brion,  Sieur  de,  see  Chabot. 
Brissac,  Charles  de  Cosse,  Sieur  de, 

French  marshal,  155. 
British  Museum,  the,  xxi,  xxii,  xxiii, 

xxxix,  xlix. 
Brittany,  12,  41. 

Brunswick,  Duke  of,  see  Henry  II. 
Brusa,  in  Asia  Minor,  39,  61. 
Brussels,  19,  120,  140,  142,  155,  156. 
Bryaerde,  Lambert  de,  156. 
Bucer,  Martin,  Lutheran  theologian, 

III. 
Buda,40,  89,  III. 
Bugia,  5,  28,  154. 
Bu  Hassan,  King  of  Veles,  143. 
Buren,  Count  of,  see  Maximilian. 
Burgo  de  Osma,  xx. 
Burgos,  18,  19,  33,  42,  80,  82,  100; 

the  prison  of,  69. 
Burgos,  Bishop  of,  see  Pascal. 
Burgundian  fashion,  Philip  sets  up  his 

court  after  the,  xliii,  139. 
Burgundy,  38,  62,  68,  73,  76,  81,  85. 
Burgundy,  duchy  of,  49 ;  ducal  line 

of,  49. 
Busseto,  25,  115. 
Bustan  Pasha,  slain  by  Selim  I,  61. 


Bustan  Pasha,  Turkish  general  under 

Solyman  I,  149. 
Busto,  Bellido,  historian,  xxxii,  119. 

Cabanacio,  French  cavalier,  1 1 . 

Cabo  Porferrada,  in  Galicia,  142. 

Cabra,  Count  of,  9. 

Ca9a,  Doctor  William,  30. 

Ca9orla,  136. 

Cadore,  25. 

Caesar  of  Naples,  see  Maggi,  Caesar. 

Cairo,  xxxv,  52,  53,  55,  61,  71. 

Cairo,  Soldan  of,  see  Kansu. 

Cajetan,  see  Vio,  Thomas  de. 

Calabria,  84. 

Calabria,  Duke  of,  see  Ferdinand  of 

Aragon. 
Calais,  93,  156. 
Calicut,  in  India,  8. 
Calo,  Johannes,  6  n. 
Calvete,  Juan  Cristoval  Spanish  author, 

xxxi,  140. 

Calvi,  fort  in  Corsica,  157. 
Cambray,  Bishop  of,  see  Croy. 
Cambray,  League  of  (1508),  25,  26,  42. 
Cambray,  Peace  of  (1529),  84,  85. 
Camerino  War,  the,  100  «. 
Canacao,  Alguari  Noad  Gran,  ruler  of 

Ethiopia,  5. 
Cananor,  in  India,  8. 
Canaries,  the,  89  f. 
Cariete,  Marquis  of,  see  Mendoza. 
Caneto,  Antonio,  151. 
Cano,  Juan  Sebastian  del,  xlvii,  62. 
Cappadocia,  6,  22. 
Capua,  Prior  of,  see  Strozzi,  Leon. 
Carabas,  in  Transcaucasia,  7. 
Caraffa,  Giovanni  Pietro,  see  Paul  IV, 

Pope. 
Caraffa,  house  of,  154. 
Carbec  Sampri,  Persian  general,  41. 
Cardenas,  de,  Duke  of  Maqueda,  34. 
Cardenas,  N  . . .  de,  buried  alive,  69. 
Cardona,  Hugo  de,  1 2. 
Cardona,  Juan  de.  Count  of  Colosa, 

66. 
Cardona,  Ramon'de,  viceroy  of  Naples, 

xl,    30,    37,   38,   109 ;    receives  the 

collar  of  the  Order  of  the  Golden 

Fleece,  57.  ' 

Caribana,  25. 
Carici,  battle  of,  47. 
Carignano,  in  Piedmont,  1 19,  1 20. 
Carlos,  Don,  eldest  son  of  Philip  II 

of  Spain,  xxii,  xxiii,  121,  158. 
Carmelite  Friars,  captured  by  pirates, 

28. 
Carmona,  14. 

Carpi,  Count  Alberto  de,  see  Pio. 
Carpi,  Count  of  see  Pio. 


278 


INDEX 


Carthusian  Friars,  slain  by  Henry 
VIII,  130. 

Carvajal,  Cardinal  Bernardino  de. 
Bishop  of  Siguenza,  29,  38,  94. 

Carvajal,  see  Galindez  de  Carvajal. 

Casale,  155.  i55«- 

Casas,  Bartolom^  de  las,  Bishop  of 
Chiapa,  '  Protector  of  the  Indians,' 
xxxiif.,  126,  139  f. 

Casas,  Francisco  de  las,  70. 

Caspian  Sea,  7. 

Cassim,  Turkish  vizier,  91. 

Castaldo,  Marquis  Giovanni  Battista, 
124,  145,  146. 

Castelnuovo,  in  Dalmatia,  107. 

Castile,  xviii,  lii,  2, 14,  15,  17,  19,  25, 
36,  44,  46,  68,  82,  89, 105,  140;  tax 
on  wheat  in,  16;  quieted  by  Fer- 
dinand V,  2 1 ;  Navarre  incorporated 
in,  42 ;  Jews  driven  from,  lii,  56  ; 
revolt  of  the  Comuneros  in  (1520- 
21),  58  f.,  63;  enormous  servicio 
levied  in,  114;  custom  of,  115; 
official  positions  in,  136  ;  high  prices 
in,  lii,  1 38  f. ;  custom  of,  abandoned 
in  Philip's  court,  139  ;  under  the 
regency  of  Joanna,  151. 

Castile,  Constable  of,  see  Velasco. 

Castile,  Royal  Council  of,  xxxiii,  lii, 
127,140,  143,  157. 

Castile,  Royal  Standard  of,  16. 

Castile  and  Leon,  royal  line  of,  50  f. 

Castilians,  march  to  the  relief  of  Salsas, 
13  ;  in  Navarre,  42  ;  discover  Tid ore, 
62  ;  divide  the  Indies  and  the  New 
World  with  the  Portuguese,  69. 

Castilleja  de  la  Cuesta,  xi. 

Castro,  Count  of,  see  Mendoza. 

Castro,  Luis,  no. 

Castro,  Pedro  de,  see  Mendoza,  Pedro 
de,  Count  of  Castro. 

Catalans,  the,  swear  fealty  to  King 
Charles,  56. 

Catalonia,  112. 

Cateau-Cambresis,  116,  117. 

Catharine,  Spanish  Infanta,  marries 
Arthur,  Prince  of  Wales,  9,  1 29 ; 
negotiations  over  second  marriage  of, 
18,  26;  marries  Henry  VIII,  26, 129, 
130;  death  of,  xlix,  100;  character, 
beauty,  and  fortunes  of,  too. 

Catharine,  daughter  of  Philip  I  of 
Castile,  Queen  of  Portugal,  19,  21, 
70. 

Catholics,  92,  99 ;  rebellions  of,  in 
Germany,  80. 

Caxamarca,  in  Peru,  93. 

Caya,  river,  148. 

^ayas,  Antonio  de,  xxi,  xxii, 

Cazaza,  near  Melilla,  20. 


Centeno,  Hernando,  129. 

Cephalonia,  3,  94,  108. 

Cerda,  Juan  de  la,  Duke  of  Medina 

Celi,  156. 
Ceri,  Renzo  da.  Papal  general,  77. 
Cerignola,  battle  of  (1503),  12. 
Cerisoles,  battle    of    (1544),   119  f., 

127, 
Chabot,  Philippe  de,  Sieur  de  Brion, 

Admiral  of  France,  74,  loi,  102. 
Chalons,  119,  134. 
Chambord,  Treaty  of   (1552),   147, 

147  «. 
Chancilleria,  118;  in  New  Granada, 

137- 
Charles  II  (I  as  King  of  France),  '  the 
Bald,'  Holy  Roman  Emperor  (875- 

7),  49- 
Charles  V,  Holy  Roman  Emperor 
(1519-56),  King  of  Spain  (as  Charles 
I,  1516-56),  xi,  xiv,  xvii  f.,  xxvi, 
XXXV,  xxxviii,  xliii,  xlvii,  liv,  Iv,  2, 
4.  55.  96,  loi,  122,  126,  139;  an- 
cestry, xlviii,  48-51  ;  parentage,  i, 
19;  early  life,  9,  12,  14,  20,  21,  26, 
35>  38,  39.  43;  administers  the 
Netherlands,  42,  46;  inherits  the 
dominions  of  Ferdinand  the  Catholic, 
45  ;  Treaty  of  Noyon  Avith  Francis  I, 
45  f'j  58;  132  ;  assumes  the  govern- 
ment of  Spain  (1517),  48,  56,  57; 
elected  Emperor  (1519),  56  f.;  goes 
to  Flanders  and  Germany,  58 ; 
crowned  at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  58 ; 
revolt  of  the  Comuneros,  58  f.  ; 
returns  to  Spain,  62  ;  suppresses  the 
revolt,  62,  63  ;  first  war  with  Francis 
I  (1521-6),  63-75,  133;  Diet  of 
Worms  (1521),  64;  in  alliance  with 
Henry  VIII,  67 ;  holds  court  at 
Toledo  (1525),  72;  grants  Malta 
and  Tripoli  to  the  Hospitalers,  72  ; 
Treaty  of  Madrid  with  Francis  I 
(1526),  73  f.;  marries  Isabella  of 
Portugal,  75 ;  replies  to  the  am- 
bassadors of  Francis  I,  76  f. ;  second 
war  with  Francis  I  (1526-9),  77- 
85,  133  f.  ;  at  war  with  Pope  Cle- 
ment VII,  77,  78,  79,  80,  85 ;  debts 
of>  83,  85 ;  gives  Venezuela  to  the 
Welsers,  83 ;  Peace  of  Cambray 
(1529),  85  ;  coronation  at  Bologna 
(1530),  88 ;  Diet  of  Augsburg  (1 530), 
89 ;  Praedt  his  most  intimate  ad- 
viser, 89  ;  gives  Milan  to  Francesco 
Sforza,  89;  receives  the  Venetians 
as  friends,  89;  relieves  Vienna  (1532),. 
92  ;  aids  Christian  II  of  Denmark, 
93;  Defensive  League  of  Bologna 
(I533)j  93j  103  ;  in  Spain  (i533)r 


INDEX 


279 


97 ;  conquers  Tnnis  (1535),  99, 103  ; 
visits  Sicily  and  Naples  (1535-6), 
99;  Milan  reverts  to  him,  100;  the 
Council  of  Trent,  102,  iii,  145; 
third  war  with  Francis  I  (1536-8), 
102-5,  134  J  fruitless  invasion  of 
Provence  (1536),  102 ;  Truce  of  Nice 
(1538),  105,  134;  inherits  Frisia 
(1538),  106;  passes  through  France, 
107,  134  ;  punishes  Ghent,  107  ;  ne- 
gotiations with  Francis  I,  108;  with 
Henry  VIII,  108,  114  ;  unsuccessful 
expedition  against  Algiers  (1541), 
X  f.,  112  ;  fourth  war  with  Francis  I 
(1542-4),  112-20,  134;  makes 
Philip  regent  of  Spain  (1543),  1 14  ; 
meets  Pope  Paul  III  at  Busseto, 
ii4f. ;  report  of  his  death  (1543), 
115;  captures  Duren,  115;  offers 
battle  to  Francis  I,  116  ff. ;  Diet  of 
Spires  (1544),  119;  relations  with 
the  Lutherans,  119,  I23ff.,  127  ff., 
138,  140,  147  ;  advances  to  Chalons, 
1 19  ;  Treaty  of  Crespy  (1544),  120  ; 
Diet  of  Ratisbon  (1546),  123;  pro- 
vokes a  war  against  the  Schmalkaldic 
League,  123  ff.,  127 ff.;  comparison 
of,  with  Francis  I,  xlvi,  131  f. ;  Diet 
of  Augsburg  (1548),  138;  the  In- 
terim, 138 ;  his  regard  for  Nicolas 
Perrenot,  144 ;  assists  Pope  Julius 
III,  145 ;  war  with  Henry  II  of 
France,  146-57;  surprised  and  pur- 
sued by  Maurice  of  Saxony,  147  ; 
releases  John  Frederick  of  Saxony, 
147  ;  Treaty  of  Passau  (1552),  147  ; 
siege  of  Metz  (1552-3),  148,  149; 
abdicates  Naples  and  Milan  (1554), 
151  ;  fortifies  the  Flemish  frontier, 
152, 154  ;  abdicates  Flanders  (1555), 
1 55 ;  hated  by  Pope  Paul  IV,  1 56  ; 
abdicates  the  Spanish  throne  (1556), 
156  f. ;  comes  to  Spain  by  sea,  157  ; 
retires  to  the  monastery  of  Yuste, 
xiii,  157. 

Charles  '  the  Bold ',  Duke  of  Burgundy 
(1467-77),  49,  73;  as  Count  of  Flan- 
ders, 50. 

Charles  'the  Good,'  Count  of  Flanders 
(1119-27),  cousin  of  Baldwin  VII, 
49. 

Charles,  Duke  of  Guelders,  see  Eg- 
raont. 

Charles  II,  Duke  of  Lorraine  (1545- 
i6o8),  79,  146. 

Charles  HI,   Duke  of  Savoy  (1504- 

5.^).  57.  I02- 
Charles,    third   son  of  Francis  I   of 
France,  102,  108  w.,  iii,  11  a,   120; 
death  of,  122. 


Charles,  Prince,  eldest  son  of  Philip 
II  of  Spain,  see  Carlos,  Don. 

Chemden  Pasha,  slain  bySelim  I,  61. 

Chievres,  Guillaume  de  Croy,  Lord, 
56,  59- 

Chifflet,  Jules,  xxv,  xl,  xli. 

Childebert,  German  noble,  48. 

Childeric,  King  of  the  Franks  (458- 
81),  49. 

Chili,  100. 

Choron,  taken  by  the  Turks,  5  ;  war 

at  (1532).  93. 

Christendom,  liv,  loi,  131,  133. 

Christian  II,  'Nero,'  King  of  Den- 
mark and  Norway  (1513-23),  4, 
19,93,98. 

Christian  III,  King  of  Denmark  and 
Norway  (1534-59),  i".  I35- 

Christian  captives,  release  of,  33. 

Christian  fleet,  the,  at  Prevesa,  106. 

Christianity,  lack  of,  in  Louis  XII, 
42  ;  restored  in  England  by  Mary  I, 
46  ;  injured  by  the  Reformation,  55  ; 
forcible  conversion  of  Moriscos  to, 
72  ;  suppressed  in  England  bv  Hem  v 
VIII,  130. 

Christian  pilgrims  at  Jerusalem,  53. 

Christians,  warred  against  by  Horuc 
Barbarossa,  56;  wars  of  the,  81, 
133;  opposed  by  Solyman  I,  in  ; 
in  England,  153;  in  Egypt,  9. 

Christina,  Duchess  of  Lorraine,  daugh- 
ter of  Isabella  of  Denmark,  79,  146. 

Christopher,  Landgrave  of  Leuchten- 
berg,  128. 

Chupas,  battle  of  (1542),  112  f. 

Church,  the,  81,  88,  138. 

Church  of  England,  the,  99. 

Cifuentes,  Count  of,  see  Silva. 

Cilapulapo,  East  Indian  chief,  63. 

Cimera,  134. 

Cintla,  in  Mexico,  battle  of,  57. 

Circumnavigation  of  the  globe,  xlvii, 
62. 

Ciudad  de  los  Reyes,  see  Lima. 

Clarencieux,  English  King-at-Arms, 
80,  81. 

Claudia,  French  princess,  9,  12  ;  be- 
trothal of,  to  Francis,  20  ;  Queen  of 
France,  42. 

Clement  VII  (Giulio  de*  Medici),  Pope 
( 1 523-34),  ix,  xxxiv,  4, 68  f. ,  93, 103, 
130 ;  in  alliance  with  King  Francis  I, 
70j  73, 133,  134  ;  joins  the  League  of 
Cognac,  76  ;  aids  Francis  I  from  the 
ecclesiastical  revenues,  77 ;  misfor- 
tunes of,  xlvii,  78,  79,  84 ;  imprison- 
ment of,  79,  80,  81,  83,  109,  129, 
133;  excommunicates  John  Zapolya, 
80 ;   agreement  with   the    Emperor 


;28o 


INDEX 


Charles,  85  ;  besieges  Florence,  xlii, 
85,  90  ;  crowns  Charles  V  at  Bologna 
(1530),  88;  snbdues  Ancona,  90; 
meets  Francis  I  at  Marseilles  (1533), 
97  ;  death  of,  98  ;  character  and  for- 
tunes of,  98  f. 

Clementine  League,  see  Cognac,  Holy 
League  of. 

Cleves,  dnchy  of,  113,  130. 

Cleves,  Duke  of,  see  William  V. 

Clodion,  King  of  the  Franks,  son  of 
Pharamond,  49. 

Clothaire  I,  King  of  the  Franks  (558- 
61),  49. 

Clovis,  King  of  the  Franks  (481-51 1), 
49. 

Cobos,  Diego  de  los,  136. 

Cobos,  Francisco  de  los,  Spanish 
minister,  114;  death  of,  136;  char- 
acter and  fortunes  of,  I36f. 

Cochin,  in  India,  8. 

Cognac,  Holy  League  of  (May  22, 
1526),  75  f-.  77,  79,80,  83,84,87. 

Coimbra,  Bishop  of,  148. 

Colonna,  Ascanio,  77,  108. 

Colonna,  Federigo,  153. 

Colonna,  Marco  Antonio,  153,  156. 

Colonna,  Cardinal  Pompeo,  77 ;  death 
of,  93- 

Colonna,  Prospero,  37,  38,  95  ;  Im- 
perial commander  in  Italy,  65,  66, 
68,  109  ;  death  of,  69. 

Colonne,  the,  23,  78,  79. 

Colosa,  Count  of,  see  Cardona,  Juan 
de. 

Columbus,  Christopher,  xxxviii;  dis- 
coverer of  Cuba,  42 ;  death  of,  20. 

Comares,  Marquis  of,  see  Hernandez 
de  Cordova. 

Comuneros  ^revolt  of  the,  in  Castile 
(1520-1),  xxviii,  liii,  Iv,  58  f.,  62, 
63,  66,  68,  69,  1 40. 

Conqueror  of  Mexico,  see  Cortes,  Her- 
nando. 

Conquistadores,  xvi,  xvii. 

Constance,  138. 

Constantinople,  xxxvi,  5,  8,  39,  41, 
62,  108,  III. 

Constantinople,  title  of  Emperor  of, 

43>  132- 

Contreras,  Gasca  de  las,  144. 

Cordova,  24. 

Cordova,  Don  Alvaro  de,  Orders  of, 
122. 

Cordova,  Gonsalvo  Hemandes  de, '  the 
Great  Captain,'  xxix,  3,  11,  86,  94, 
96,  103,  108  ;  victories  of,  12  ;  sends 
Caesar  Borgia  captive  to  Castile,  16, 
24 ;  dines  with  Louis  XII,  2 1 ;  death 
of,  48. 


Cordova,  Gonzalo  Hernandes  de, 
Duke  of  Sessa  and  Count  of  Cabra, 
grandson  of  the  Great  Captain, 
136. 

Cordova,  Martin  de,  Count  of  Alcau- 
dete,  34,  118,  126,  148,  157. 

Cordova  y  Figueroa,  Gomez  Suarez  de, 
fifth  Count  and  (from  1567)  first 
Duke  of  Feria,  younger  brother  of 
the  succeeding,  139,  155. 

Cordova  y  Figueroa,  Pedro  Fernandez 
de,  fourth  Count  of  Feria  (1528-51), 
114. 

Corfu,  105. 

Corpus  Christi,  celebration  of,  143. 

Corsairs,  143;  of  Dieppe,  156;  of 
Algiers,  157. 

Corsica,  4,  151,  152,  153,  157. 

Cortes,  held  at  Saragossa  and  Bar- 
celona, 13;  held  at  Burgos,  42; 
thirteen  cities  represented  in,  59; 
held  at  Madrid,  98 ;  held  at  Toledo 
(1538-9),  107;  at  Mon9on  (1547), 
136,  137;  at  Valladolid  (1548),  138; 
at  Mon9on  (1552),  148. 

Cortes,  Hernando,  in  Mexico,  xvi, 
57,  63,  69,  72,  83  ;  at  Algiers,  x  f. ; 
neglected  by  Charles  V,  xi,  xvii  f. ; 
relations  with  Gomara,  x  f.,  xiii,  xiv, 
XV,  xvi,  xxiv,  xxvi ;  death  of,  xi,  xii, 

137- 
Corunna,  18. 

Council,  a,  proposed,  102, 11 1. 
Council  of  State,  158. 
Council  of  the  Indies,  xvii,  112. 
Councils  remain  at  Aranda  de  Dnero, 

136. 
Cremona,  36. 

Crespy,  Treaty  of  (1544),  120, 120//. 
Croy,  Guillaume  de,  made  Archbishop 

of  Toledo,  56,  59,  68. 
Crusades,  projected,  15,  39  f.,  43. 
Cuahutemallan,  conquered,  69. 
Cuba,  discovery  of,  42 ;  conquest  of, 

29. 
Cuellar,  Marquis  of,  see  Cueva,  Fran- 
cisco de  la. 
Cueva,  Beltran  de  la,  Duke  of  Albur- 

querque,  34,  62,  64. 
Cueva,  Francisco  de  la,  Marquis   of 

Cuellar,  103. 
Cueva,  Luis  de  la,  89. 
Cueva,  Nuno  dela,  145. 
Cuzco,  3,  93,  104. 

Damascus,  47. 

Damiancillo,  a  drummer,  24. 
Damvillers,  147. 
Danes,  the,  93,  98. 
Dauphine,  44. 


INDEX 


25l 


David,  Emperor  of  Trebizond,  6. 

Defender  of  the  Faith,  title  given 
Henry  VIII  of  England  by  Pope  Leo 
X,  129. 

Delmiantes,  Persian  general,  99. 

Denia,  Marquis  of,  13. 

Denmark,  4,  loi. 

Deza,  Diego  de,  Archbishop  of  Se- 
ville, death  of,  59. 

Diaz,  George,  Galician  thief,  142. 

Diaz,  George,  Portuguese  in  the 
Spanish  service,  11. 

Diaz  del  Castillo,  Bemal,  xvi. 

Dieppe,  25,  156. 

Dijon,  38. 

Dinant,  152. 

Diu,  city  in  India,  106. 

Djagatai  Tartars,  6. 

Dominicans,  125. 

Donzeles,  Alcaide  de  los,  see  Hernan- 
dez de  Cordova. 

Doria,  Andrea,  84,  93,  134,  145 «., 
148. 

Doria,  Filipino,  84. 

Doria,  Giannetin,  135, 

Dorothea,  daughter  of  Isabella  of 
Denmark,  79. 

Dozsa,  George,  Hungarian  crusader 
and  rebel,  39  f. ;  put  to  death  by 
torture,  xxxiv,  40. 

Dragut,  corsair,  153. 

Duarte,  Francisco,  124. 

Dudley,  Lord  Guildford,  150,  151. 

Dudley,  John,  Duke  of  Northumber- 
land and  Elarl  of  Warwick,  I50f. 

Dueiias,  19. 

Diiren,  in  Germany,  captured  by 
Charles,  115. 

Earthquake,  in  September,  1522,  63, 
at  Lisbon,  in  1531, 90. 

Earthquakes  in  Andalusia,  14. 

Ecclesio,  John,  Catholic  theologian, 
III. 

Economic  affairs  :  civic  improvements, 
149  f.;  coinage,  lii,  45,  105,  144; 
dress,  lii,  2 ;  of  Turkish  soldiers,  35  ; 
of  Solyman's  army  and  attendants, 
91  f.  ;  wearing  of  mourning,  14 ; 
famine,  21  ;  gold,  lii,  2,  72  ;  drain  of, 
from  Castile,  lii,  59,  143  ;  loans,  83, 
85,  149  ;  mine  of  Gual  del  Canal  dis- 
covered, 157;  pearls,  42;  presents, 
33 ;  prices,  lii,  2,  126,  138  f. ;  regula- 
tion of  the  sale  of  wheat  in  France, 
lii,  90 ;  servants,  10, 15 ;  silver,  2,  72  ; 
spice  trade,  8,  10,  138;  salt  mines 
and  akabalas,  45;  silver  spoon,  121  ; 
taxes,  59,  64,  114,  129,  131,  149;  on 
wheat,     16  ;     seizure    of    merchant 


vessels,  145, 146  ;  revolt  in  Bordeaux 
and  Poitiers  because  of  the  increased 
price  of  salt,  140;  Gomara's  interest 
in  economic  affairs,  li  ff. ;  views  of 
Jean  Bodin,  lii  f. 

Edinburgh,  120. 

Edward  VI,  King  of  England  (1547- 
53).  i30»  144;  death  of,  150. 

Edward,  son  of  King  Manuel  of  Por- 
tugal, 3, 

Efia,  Persian  river,  31. 

Egmont,  Charles,  Duke  of  Guelders, 
16,  22,  31,  71,  84;  death  of,  106. 

Egmont,  Lamoral,  Count  of  Egmont, 

158. 

Egypt,  5  ;  conquered  by  Selim  I,  52. 

Eisleben,  125. 

Elbe,  river  in  Germany,  128. 

Eleanor,  daughter  of  Philip  I  of  Cas- 
tile, Queen  of  Portugal  and  of  France, 
I9»  56,  65,  74,  76,  81,  89,  97,  100, 
105,  120,  133,  142,  157. 

El felicissimo  Viaje,  140. 

Elizabeth,  Queen  of  Denmark,  see 
Isabel,  daughter  of  Philip  I  of  Cas- 
tile. 

Elizabeth,  Queen  of  England  (1558- 
1603),  as  Princess  of  Wales,  97. 

Elizabeth,  Queen  of  Hungary,  see 
Isabella  of  Aragon. 

Elmo,  Castle  of  Saint  (called  San 
Martin  in  the  text),  150,  150  n. 

Elvira,  wife  of  Sancho  II  of  Castile, 

50- 

Emanuel  I,  King  of  Portugal,  see 
Manuel  I. 

Emmanuel  Philibert,  see  Philibert  Em- 
manuel. 

Embnin,  Archbishop  of,  see  Toumon. 

Emile,  Paul,  French  chronicler,  xxxiii. 

Empire,  the,  internal  development  of, 
liv ;  determination  of  Charles  con- 
cerning, 157. 

England,  xxii,  liv,  2,  9,  18,  46,  62, 
101,1 40,155;  condition  of,  in  1 500,  3 . 

English,  in  Guyenne,  33 ;  at  war  with 
theFrench,  37f.,  42, 123;  at  war  with 
the  Scots,  113;  at  Cateau-Cambresis, 
116;  capture  Edinburgh,  120; 
become  Christians,  through  the  good- 
ness of  Philip  of  Spain,  153. 

English  and  Flemish  army,  invades 
France  (1523),  68. 

Enriquez,  Alonzo,  1 7. 

Erbe,  in  Persia,  6. 

Ernest  I,  son  of  Duke  Leopold  III  of 
Austria,  Duke  of  Carinthia  and  Styria 
(1386-1424),  49. 

Espana,  war-cry,  94. 

Espanaciel  of  Macedonia,  92. 


2Si 


INDEX 


Ethiopia,  5,  12. 

Euphrates,  the  River,  61. 

Europe,  xxxviii,  5,  72,  113. 

Everard  of  Abigniel,  12. 

Excellent  Lady,  the,  see  Joanna,  '  la 
Beltraneja.' 

Excommunication  of  the  Venetians,  25 ; 
of  Louis  XII  and  his  supporters, 
30 ;  of  schismatic  cardinals,  30 ;  of 
John  Zapolya,  80;  of  Henry  VIII, 
130  ;  of  Pallavicino  and  Ferrari,  146. 

Exmisenda,  Queen  of  Asturias,  50. 

Fadrique,  King  of  Naples  (d.  1504), 
3,  4,  17 ;  flees  to  France,  10  ;  dies 
there,  17. 

Fadrique  of  Portugal,  appointed 
Bishop  of  Sigiienza,  29. 

Faenza,  16. 

Famine,  in  Spain,  21. 

Fano,  95. 

Famese,  Alessandro,  see  Paul  III, 
Pope. 

Farnese,  Ottavio,  Duke  of  Parma  and 
Piacenza,  grandson  of  Pope  Paul  III, 
106,  124,  135,  145. 

Famese,  Pier  Luigi,  son  of  Pope  Paul 
III,  Duke  of  Parma  and  Piacenza 
(1545-7).  126  ;  death  of,  xlvii,  135  ; 
character  of,  135. 

Favila,  King  of  Oviedo  (737-9),  50. 

F"erdinand  I,  Holy  Roman  Emperor 
(1556-64),  12,  19,  43,  51,  56,  92, 
93,  120,  127,  137;  marries  Anne  of 
Hungary,  65 ;  seeks  the  crown  of 
Hungary,  78, 80,  89,  106,  iii  ;  made 
King  of  the  Romans  (1531),  90; 
difficulties  of,  in  Germany,  98,  loi, 
128  ;  wars  with  the  Turks,  106,  112, 
113,  114,  145,  146,  149;  oppresses 
the  Bohemians,  1 29  ;  arranges  peace 
between  Charles  and  Maurice  of 
Saxony,  1 47  ;  successor  of  Charles  as 
Emperor,  157. 

Ferdinand,  Count  of  Andrada,  12. 

Ferdinand  I,  King  of  Aragon  (1412- 
16),  50. 

Ferdinand  V  (II  of  Aragon  and  Sicily, 
III  of  Naples),  'the  Catholic,' 
King  of  Castile  (1474-1516),  1,  2,  4, 
9,  10,  12.  13,  14,  15,  19,  20,  36,  37, 
39,  5of.,68,  96,  98,  129;  relations 
with  Philip  I,  16  ff. ;  with  Louis  XII 
of  France,  21,  29,  42  ;  with  African 
states,  21  ;  punishes  malefactors,24  f. ; 
joins  the  League  of  Cambray,  25,  26 ; 
agreement  with  Maximilian,  26 ; 
grants  aid  to  Pope  Julius  II,  28  ;  op- 
poses schismatics,  29,  30 ;  receives 
tribute  from  Tlemcen,  33  ;  conquers 


Navarre,  33  f.  ;  secret  truce  with 
France  (15 13),  35  ;  agreement  with 
Maximilian,  35  ;  relations  with  Fran- 
cis I,  43  ;  death  of,  xliii,  44  ;  charac- 
ter of,  44,  132 ;  chroniclers  of,, 
xxvii  f.,  XXX,  44,  137. 

Ferdinand  I,  King  of  Castile  (1035-65) 
and  of  Leon  (1037-65),  50. 

Ferdinand  II,  King  of  Leon  (1157-88), 
brother  of  Sancho  III  of  Castile,  50  n. 

Ferdinand  III,  'the  Saint,'  King  of 
Castile  (12 1 7-52)  and  of  Leon  (1229, 
1239-52),  son  of  Alfonso  IX  of  Leon 
and  Berengaria,  50. 

Ferdinand  IV,  King  of  Castile  and 
Leon  (i 295-1312),  50. 

Ferdinand  of  Aragon,  Duke  of  Cala- 
bria, son  of  King  Fadrique  of  Naples, 
10,  34,  75  ;  project  of  marrying  him 
to  Joanna  the  Mad,  59. 

Ferdinand,  son  of  King  Manuel  of 
Portugal,  3. 

Feria,  Count  of,  see  Cordova  y  Figue- 
roa. 

Feria,  countship  of,  139. 

Fernandez  de  Cordova,  Pedro,  xxviii, 
24. 

Fernandez  de  Oviedo,  see  Oviedo. 

F"ernandez  de  Velasco,  Pedro,  Con- 
stable of  Castile,  139, 

Ferrara,  65. 

Ferrara,  Duchess  of,  J«  Renee. 

Ferrara,  Duke  of,  see  Alfonso  I  of 
Este. 

Ferrari,  Marco  Antonio,  146. 

Ferrer  del  Rio,  Antonio,  Spanish 
writer,  xl,  xli, 

Ferron,  Amould  le  (Ferronius),  his- 
torian, xxxiii,  137. 

Fez,  5,  141. 

Fez,  King  of,  see  Mohammed  I. 

Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold,  the  (1520), 
60. 

Fieschi,  Count  Gian  Luigi,  135. 

Figueroa,  Gomez  (Gomez  Snarez)  de,. 
see  Cordova  y  Figueroa. 

Figueroa,  Juan  de,  151, 158. 

Fisher,  Cardinal  John,  13c. 

Five  years'  truce  between  Christian 
princes  (15 19),  58. 

Flanders,  9,  12,  14,  16,  42, 48,  49,  56, 
58,  62,  74,  82,  89,  90,  107,  108, 132, 
142,  143,  146,  155,  158;  line  of  the 

Counts  of  Flanders,  49  f. 

Flax,  used  as  a  drug  by  Selim  I,  61. 

Flemings,  the,  62. 

Flemish  army,  invades  France,  146. 

Flemish  merchantmen,  156. 

Fleuranges,  Seigneur  de,  see  Marck, 
Robert  III  de  la. 


INDEX 


283 


Flodden,  battle  of  (1513),  xxvii,  37. 
Florence,  xxix,  4,  29,  36,  67,  80,  85, 

89,  90,  93,   114,   149;   allied  with 

France,  4, 42. 
Florentines,  the,  17,   26,   70,  76,  99, 

153- 

Floris,  Adrian,  see  Adrian  VI,  Pope. 

Fluch,  Count  Caspar,  128. 

Foix,  Andre  de,  Seignenr  de  Lesparre, 
French  commander,  63,  64,  65,  82, 
132. 

Foix,  Charlotte  de,  23. 

Foix,  Gaston  de,  French  commander, 
31 ;  slain  in  battle,  32. 

Foix,  Germaine  de,  see  Germaine  de 
Foix. 

Folch,  Fernando  Ramon,  Duke  of 
Cardona,  see  Cardona,  Ramon  de. 

Fonseca,  Alfonso  de.  Archbishop  of 
Santiago,  9;  abdicates,  xxviii,  21. 

Fonseca,  Alfonso  de,  the  younger,  suc- 
ceeds his  father  as  Archbishop  of 
Santiago,  xxviii,  21. 

Fonseca,  Alonzo  de.  Bishop  of  Osma, 
dies,  17. 

Fonseca,  Antonio  de,  25,  33,  34,  75. 

Fraisse,  Jean  de.  Bishop  of  Bayonne, 
147. 

France,  lii,  3,  9,  10,  12,  17,  23,  34, 
36,  43,  5i>  68,  73,  75,  76,  7»,  97, 
102,  103,  105,  107,  no,  114,  116, 
119,  134,  140,  141,  144, 

Francesco  Maria,  Duke  of  Urbino,  see 
Rovere. 

Francis  I,  King  of  France  (1515-47), 
xlvi,  II,  34,  58,  93,  97,  98,  100; 
betrothal  of,  20  ;  accession  of,  43  ; 
invades  Italy,  43,  132;  alliance 
against,  43 ;  concludes  Treaty  of 
Noyon  with  Charles  I  of  Spain,  45  f., 
132;  alliance  with  the  Swiss,  47, 
i.?5  ;  seeks  election  as  Emperor,  57, 
132  f.;  at  the  Field  of  the  Cloth  of 
Gold,  60;  opposes  the  Emperor 
Charles,  62,  64, 133  ;  first  war  with 
Charles  (1521-6),  63-75,  ^33  5  con- 
demns Lutheran  doctrines  (1521),  64  ; 
taxes  the  clergy,  64 ;  invades  Italy, 

70  ;  defeated,  wounded,  and  captured 
at  Pavia,  71,  109  ;  imprisonment  of, 

71  f.,  73 f.,  133;  released,  75,  133; 
second  war  with  Charles  (1526-9), 
77-85,  109,  133  ;  in  alliance  with 
Henry  VIII,  80,  133;  challenges 
Charles  to  mortal  combat,  83 ;  con- 
firms the  Ladies'  Peace,  85  ;  marries 
Eleanor,  sister  of  Charles  V,  89, 133  ; 
regulates  the  sale  of  wheat,  lii,  90 ; 
meets  Clement  VII  at  Marseilles 
(1533),  97;  third  war' with  Charles 


(1536-8),  101-5,  134;  at  truce 
with  Charles,  106,  107,  108,  iii; 
relations  with  Alarcon,  109,  no  ; 
negotiations  with  Solyman  I,  in, 
133 ;  fourth  war  with  Charles  (1542- 
44),  112-20,  134;  at  war  with 
Henry  VIII,  120,  123,  129,  134; 
makes  peace  with  Henry  VIII,  127, 
134  ;  death  of,  i3of. ;  character  and 
fortunes  of,  xxv,xxxvii  f ,  xliv,  131-4 ; 
history    of,    written   by   le    Ferron, 

137-  * 

Francis,  Dauphin  of  France,  son  of 

Francis  I,  60,  74,  75,81,82,88,  133. 
Franciscan  Friars,  143. 
Franconia,  73. 
Francs  archers,  62. 
Frankfort,  57,  127,  147. 
Frederick  III,  Holy  Roman  Emperor 

(1440-93),  son  of  Duke  Ernest  I  of 

Carinthia  and  Styria,  49. 
Frederick  II,  Elector  Palatine  (1544- 

56),  79- 

Frederick,  Duke  of  Saxony,  see  John 
Frederick,  Elector  of  Saxony. 

Freedom  of  conscience,  principle  of, 
maintained  by  the  Moriscos  of  Ara- 
gon,  142. 

Fregoso,  Caesar,  iiof.,  112,  134. 

Fregoso,  Octaviano,  36. 

French,  the,  inNaples,xxix,  11,12,  94, 
109;  besiege  Salsas,  13;  make  a 
truce  of  10 1  years  with  the  Spaniards 
(1506),  19;  in  Genoa,  28;  at  Ra- 
venna, 32,  95  ;  driven  from  Italy,  36, 
39,  103 ;  at  war  with  the  English, 
37  f.,  70  ;  in  Navarre,  42,  45,  62  ;  in 
Flanders,  62  ;  in  Burgundy,  62  ;  in 
conflict  with  the  Emperor  Charles, 
65,  67,  69,  70,  73,  105,  109, 116-20  ; 
at  war  with  Pope  Clement  VII,  69, 
84 ;  in  Scotland,  123 ;  fight  with  the 
English  on  the  sea,  123  ;  esteem  of, 
for  Francis  I,  131  ;  under  Henry  II, 
145, 146,  153,  155  ;  in  Corsica,  152. 

French  ambassadors  at  Spires,  78. 

French  galleys,  145,  155. 

PVenchmen  as  writers  of  history,  137. 

Frenchmen,  twelve,  in  a  tourney  with 
twelve  Spaniards,  95. 

French  ships,  seized  by  Spanish  gal- 
leys, 143. 

French  wars,  153. 

Frisia,  46,  51, 106,  126. 

Frosinone,  79. 

Fruela  I,  King  of  Asturias  (957-68), 
50  «. 

Fruela  II,  King  of  Asturias  (910-25), 
brother  of  King  Garcia  of  Leon,  50. 

Fuenterrabia,  11,  30,  67,  69,  96. 


284 


INDEX 


Gaeta,  besieged,  12. 

Galicia,  44. 

Galindez  de  Carvajal,  Lorenzo,  chroni- 
cler, x^\,  xxviii,  44. 

Gandia,  Spanish  dukedom,  14,  23. 

Gandia,  Duke  of,  see  Borgia,  Gio- 
vanni. 

Garay,  Francisco  de,  death,  of,  71. 

Garci  Iniguez,  listed  as  second  King 
of  Aragon  in  the  text,  50. 

Garci  Iniguez  (II),  listed  as  fourth 
King  of  Aragon  in  the  text,  50. 

Garci  Sanchez,  listed  as  sixth  King  of 
Aragon  in  the  text,  50. 

Garci  Ximenes,  listed  as  first  King  of 
Aragon  in  the  text,  50. 

Garcia,  King  of  Leon  (910-14),  50. 

Garcia,  Martin,  xix. 

Garcia  de  los  Fayos,  Ximen,  24. 

Garcia  de  Paredes,  Diego,  xxix,  11, 
86,  87;  death  of,  94;  career  and 
exploits  of,  94-7. 

Garigliano,  battle  of  the  (1503),  12. 

Garlasco,  battle  of  (1523),  69. 

Garro,  Perucho  de,  95. 

Gasca,  Pedro,  126,  139. 

Gascons,  46,  116. 

Gattinara,  Mercurino  de,  26,  35,  74. 

Gayangos,  Pascual  de,  xxi  «.,  xxii. 

Gaza,  in  Palestine,  47. 

Gazelle,  the,  see  Jambardo  Algazeli. 

Geneva,  xlix,  125  «. 

Genoa,  4,  12,  28,  67,  73,  96, 104,  151, 
1 56 ;  alliances  of,  4,  93  ;  seized  by 
France,  22,  42  ;  the  French  driven 
from,  36  f. ;  pillaged  by  the  Spani- 
ards, 67,  68,  86 ;  in  alliance  with 
Francis  I,  80,  83 ;  freed  from  the 
French  (1528),  84;  revolt  in,  135. 

Genoese,  wage  war  near  Monaco,  20 ; 
raze  the  Lantern,  39 ;  in  alliance  with 
France,  43  ;  hostile  to  France,  152. 

Gentile,  Cardinal  Antonio,  29. 

Gentile,  Bernardino,  chronicler,  xxxii, 
44. 

George  of  Austria,  natural  son  of  the 
Emperor  Maximilian,  68. 

George,  Friar,  of  Croatia,  see  Mar- 
tinuzzi. 

Gerevolo,  Giannin  de'  Medici  slain  at, 

7^-     .  . 

Germaine  de  Foix,  weds  P  erdinand  V, 

1,  19;  as  Queen  of  Castile,  21,  26, 

32,  45,  48  ;  meets  Queen  Joanna  at 

Venta    Banos,    21 ;    marries    John, 

Margrave  of  Brandenburg,  57. 

German  Guard,  the,  139. 

Germania,  the,  of  Valencia,  64. 

Germans,  78,  85,  97,  101,  109,  no, 
118,  125,  146  ;  fight  at  Vicenza,  38; 


at  the  Rock  of  Aldava,  62  ;  Diet  of, 
at  Spires,  78;  (i542)>  "3;  (i544)> 
119;  in  the  Imperial  service,  124, 
148. 

Germany,  xviii,  xlvii,  2, 48,  55,  58, 80, 
91,  114,  115,  124,  125,  138,  146, 
155,  157;  condition  of,  in  1500,  xlvi, 
2 ;  the  Peasants'  War  in,  68,  73. 

Ghent,  i,  107,  140. 

Giberto,  Juan  Matheo,  70. 

Gibraltar,  10,  20,  107. 

Gibraltar,  Strait  of,  38. 

Gilles,  Nicolas,  French  historian, 
xxxiii,  137. 

Giracia,  109. 

Giron,  Pedro,  Count  of  Olivares,  139. 

Giron,  Pedro  de,  24  f. 

Giustiniani,  Agostino,  xxxvii,  84. 

Golden  Fleece,  Order  of  the,  57. 

Goletta,  the  seaport  of  Tunis,  no, 
119. 

Gomado,  Juan  de,  95. 

Gomara,  Spanish  town,  ix,  xix,  32. 

Gomara,  Francisco  Lopez  de,  24; 
birth  and  antecedents  of,  ix,  32  ;  lijfe 
of,  ix-xiii ;  adventures  of,  at  Rome, 
63>  91 ;  Crdnica  de  los  Barbarrojas, 
xi,  xii,  xiii  ff.,  xix,  xx,  xlii,  li;  His- 
toi'ia  General  de  las  Indias,  xiii  f., 
xv-xix,  xxiv,  xxvi,  xxxii,  1 ;  Con- 
quista  de  Mejico  (the  latter  part 
of  the  preceding  work),  xv,  xvi,  32, 
60;  Annales  de  Carlos  Quinto,  x,  xii, 
xiii,  xiv,  xviii,  xix  f.,  xxi-lv;  sources 
of  the  Annals,  xxvi-xxxix  ;  authors 
who  made  use  of  the  Annals,  xxxix- 
xlv ;  merits  and  defects  of  the  An- 
nals, xlvi-lv  ;  practical  experience 
and  literary  training  of  Gomara,  li ; 
his  interest  in  economic  topics,  li  ff. ; 
his  cosmopolitanism,  liii,  liv ;  light 
cast  by  the  Annals  on  the  outlook, 
ideals,  and  aspirations  of  the  intelli- 
gent Spaniard  of  the  middle  of  the 
sixteenth  century,  liv  f. 

Gomara,  Garcia  de  Carabariantes  de, 

Gomes  de  Silva,  Ruy,  139, 150,  158. 

Gomez  de  Herrera,  Feman,  xxviii,  24. 

Gontram,  listed  as  fifth  Count  of 
Hapsburg  in  the  text,  49. 

Gonzaga,  Federigo  de  (d.  1540),  Mar- 
quis of  Mantua,  papal  general,  65. 

Gonzaga,  Fernando  de,  117,  118,  119, 
120,  127,135,^158. 

Gonzalez  de  Avila,  Gil,  conquers 
Nicaragua,  66  ;  slays  Olid,  70. 

Gonzalez  deMendoza,  Cardinal  Pedro 
(b.  1428,  d.  1495),  15. 

Gonzalez  de   Mendoza,   Don  Pedro, 


INDEX 


28! 


son-in-law  of  Fernando  de  Alarcon, 

no. 
Goritz,  35. 
Gozo,  72. 
Gracia    Dei,  Pedro    de,    chronicler, 

xxxii,  44. 

Gragal,  Marquis  of,  see  V^a. 
Gran,  90,  119. 

Gran,  Cardinal  of,  see  Thomas. 
Gianada,  xxix,  2,  19,  66,  72,  76,  108, 

137. 
Granada,  Archbishop  of,  see  Talavera, 

Hernando  de. 
Granada,  Chapel  of,  15. 
Granvelle,  Antoine  Perrenot,  Seigneur 

de,  144;  Bishop  of  Arras,  144,  156, 

158. 
Granvelle,  Nicolas  Perrenot,  Seigneur 

de,   120;  death  of,  144;   character 

and  fortunes  of,  144. 
Grape-vines,    in    Castile,    frozen     in 

April,  89. 
Gravelines,  156. 
Great  Devil,  the,  appellation  of  Jam- 

bardo  Algazeli,  55. 
Greece,  2,  10,  93,  106. 
Greeks,  the,  in  Italy,  56. 
Grey,  Lady  Jane,  proclaimed  Queen 

of  England,  150;  beheaded,  151. 
Gritti,  Lodovico,  89,  90  ;  death  of,  99. 
Gropper,  Johann,    Catholic    theolo- 
gian, III. 

Groya,  battle  of,  12. 
Gual  del  Canal,  mine,  157. 
Gnarina,  139. 
Guazzo,    Marco,    Italian  chronicler, 

xxxvii,  147. 
Guelders,  16,  47,  115,  116. 
Guelders,  Duke  of,  see  Egmont. 
Guevara,  Antonio  de.  Bishop  of  Mon- 

doiiedo,  historian,  xxxii,  122. 
Guicciardini,  Francesco,  Italian  his- 
torian, xxxvii. 
Guinea,  3. 
Guise,  Sieur  de,  26. 
Guise,  see  Lorraine. 
Guisnes,  74. 

Giins,  Hungarian  fortress,  1,  92. 
Gurrea,  Martin  de,  Bishop  of  Huesca, 

115. 
Gustavus  I,  King  of  Sweden  (1523- 

60),  III. 
Guy,  Cotmt  of  Flanders  (1279-1304), 

49. 
Guyenne,  33,  37. 
Guyenne,  French  King-at-Arms,  80, 

82. 
Guzman,  house  of,  xxiii. 
Guzman,  Gabriel  de,  Dominican  friar, 

120. 


Guzman,  Juan  Alonzo  de,  Duke  of 

Medina  Sidonia,  118. 
Guzman,  Juan  Carlos  de,  Count  of 

Niebla,  118. 
Guzman,  Pedro   Giron  de.  Count  of 

Olivares,  118. 

Hagenau,  146. 

Hainault,  152. 

Hamid,  King  of  Tlemcen,  118. 

Hapsburg,  German  state,  48. 

Hapsburg,  House    of,  xvii ;    line  of 

succession,  48  f. 
Haro,  Juan  de,  95. 
Hassan,   King    of   Tunis   (1526-34, 

i.'535-42),  "8,  145  ;  death  of,  144. 
Heidelberg,  League  of,  against  Albert 

Alcibiades  (i553).  i53-  . 
Henriquez,  Admiral  Fadrique,  regent 

of  Castile,  64. 
Henry  II,  Duke  of  Bnmswick  (1514- 

68),  113,  124,  155. 
Henry  I,  King  of  Castile  (12 14-17), 

50  «. 
Henryllof  Trastamara, '  the  Bastard,' 

King   of  Castile  and  Leon   (1369- 

79),  half-brother  of  Pedro  the  Cruel, 

50. 

Henry  III,  *  the  Invalid,'  King  of  Cas- 
tile and  Leon  (1390-1406),  50. 

Henry  IV,  King  of  Castile  and  Leon 
(1454-74),  i5>  50- 

Henry  VII  (in  text  erroneously  VIII), 
King  of  England  (1485-1509),  xlviii, 
3  «.,  18,  21,  100  ;  death  of,  26. 

Henry  VIII,  King  of  England  (1509- 
47)>  liii.  3.  18,  26,  35,  58,  76,  76  «., 
77.  85.  93.  97.  100.  104.  133,  150 ; 
invades  France,  37,  129;  makes 
peace  with  France  (1514),  39;  rela- 
tions with  Francis  I,  43,  46,  62  ;  at 
the  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold,  60  ; 
meeting  with  Charles  (1522),  62  ; 
allied  with  Charles  against  Francis  I, 
67?  70,  73  ;  allied  with  Francis  I 
against  Charles,  76,  80,  81,  108;  at 
odds  with  the  Papacy,  99,  130 ;  dis- 
solves the  English  branch  of  the 
Hospitalers,  108,  130;  friendly  with 
Charles,  114;  takes  Boulogne,  120, 
129 ;  death  of,  xlviii,  129 ;  character, 
life,  and  fortunes  of,xxv,  xliv,  129  f. ; 
writes  the  Assertio  Septem  Sacramen- 
torum  against  Luther,  129;'  Defen- 
der of  the  Faith,'  129;  suppresses 
Christianity  in  England,  1 30. 

Henry  II,  King  of  France  (1547-59). 
1".  74.  75  ;  as  Duke  of  Orleans,  75, 
81,  82,  88,  97, 133;  as  Dauphin,  105, 
112,  117  f.,  132  ;  as  King,  135,  140, 


286 


INDEX 


144,  i47»  150,  151,  152.  153.  156, 
'57- 

Henry,  Count  of  Nassau,  42,  64,  96, 
104,  105. 

Henry,  son  of  King  Manuel  of  Portu- 
gal, 3- 

Hermandad,  the,  14,  142. 

Hernandez,  Francisco,  67. 

Hernandez  de  Cordova,  Diego,  Mar- 
quis of  Comares,  Alcaide  de  los  Don- 
zeles,  16,  30,  33,  34. 

Hemani,  Juanes  de,  Spanish  captain, 

71. 
Hesdin,  74,  105,  149,  152. 
Hieronymite  Order,  21. 
Higueras,  journey  of  Cortes  to,  72. 
Hispania,  Vtctrix,  xv. 
Holland,  47,  68,  90. 
Holy  Sepulchre,  the,  48. 
Homes,  Count  of,  139. 
Horses  terrified  by  artillery,  41 . 
Hospital,  suggested  construction  of  a, 

in  Turkey,  61  f. ;  at  Toledo,  121. 
Hospitalers  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem, 

Order  of  the,  xiv,  i  f.,  72,  108,  130, 

1 39  ;  given  Malta,  Gozo,  and  Tripoli, 

72  ;  settle  at  Malta,  84. 
Howard,   Catharine,   fifth   queen    of 

Henry  VIII  of  England,  130. 
Howard,  Thomas  (1443-1524),  Earl 

of  Surrey  and  second  Duke  of  Nor- 
folk, 37,  129  «. 
Howard,  Thomas  (1473-1554),  Earl 

of  Surrey  and  third  Duke  of  Norfolk, 

31,  129,  129  «.,  130  «. 
Hua3ma  Capac,  ruler  of  Peru  (d.  1525), 

3- 
Hungarians,  the,  40,  44. 
Hungary,  3,  10,  12,  17,  19,  39.  40> 

66,  1 19  ;  dispute  over  the  succession, 

78,  111;    Turkish  ravages  in,  88, 

iiif. 
Hurtado,  Luis,  Marquis  of  Mondejar, 

34- 


Ibrahim  Pasha,  91,  93,  loi. 
Icart,  Knight  Commander,  46. 
Idiaquez,  Diego  de,  136. 
Iglesia  Mayor  at  Valladolid,  26,  30, 

143. 
Illescas,  74. 
Imperialists,  the,  in  Italy,  76  ;  besiege 

Landrecies,  116  ;  blockade  Bohemia, 

128. 
India,  5,  8,  12,65. 
Indians,  35  f.,  69,  104. 
Indies,  the,  xix,  2,  20,  25,  57,  67,  69, 

83,  98,  126,  136,  137,  157  ;  laws  of, 

"3- 


Indulgences,  papal,  55,  125, 

Indus,  the  river,  106. 

Ingolstadt,  124, 

Ifligo  Arista,  listed  as  third  King  of 

Aragon  in  the  text,  50. 
Innsbruck,  147. 
Inquisition,  establishment  of  the,  in 

Spain,  1 4. 
Insilbas,Kingof  Samarcand,6;  moves 

on  Khorassan,  26,  31  f. ;    death  of, 

31  f- 
Insilbas,  sons  of,  32,  34. 
Interim,  the,  138. 
Inundations,  destructive,  in  Holland, 

Zeeland,  and  Flanders,  90. 
Irun,  Spanish  town,  on  the  Bidassoa, 

75. 

Isabel,  Infanta  of  Castile,  first  wife  of 
King  Manuel  I  of  Portugal,  2,  65. 

Isabel,  daughter  of  Philip  I  of  Castile, 
Queen  of  Denmark,  19 ;  dies  at 
Brussels,  79. 

Isabella  I,  *  the  Catholic,'  Queen  of 
Castile  (1474-1504),  xliii,  2,  9,  10,  , 
13,   23,  50,  51,  98;  death  of,  14; 
deeds  and  character  of,  14  £  ;  sayings 
of,  15. 

Isabella,  daughter  of  Sigismund  I  of 
Poland  and  queen  of  John  Zapolya 
of  Hungary,  granddaughter  of  Isa- 
bella of  Aragon,  daughter  of  Alfonso 
II  of  Naples,  and  hence  called  '  of 
Aragon  '  in  the  text,  112,  145. 

Isabella,  daughter  of  King  Manuel  of 
Portugal,  3,  150;  marries  the  Em- 
peror Charles  V,  75,  81  ;  death  of, 
107;  character  of,  107. 

Ismail  Sophy,  King  of  Persia,  xxxv  f., 
6-8,  26 ;  overthrows  Alban,  7 ; 
marries  Tasluca,  10;  conquers  Bag-!' 
dad,  1 2 ;  wages  war  in  Cappadocia, 
22;  captures  King  Sermangoli,  27; 
defeats  Insilbas,  31  f. ;  revolt  against, 
34;  defeated  by  Selim  I,  40  f.,  60  ; 
relations  with  Algazeli,  xxxv,  55; 
sends  ambassadors  to  Burgos,  70; 
death  of,  71  ;  character  and  fame  of, 

71- 

Ispello.  88. 

Italians,  x,  xxxvii;  in  combat  with 
Frenchmen,  xlvi,  11,  33,  43,  116; 
agreement  concerning,  between 
Charles  and  Francis  I,  85  ;  in  com- 
bat with  Spaniards,  86,  87,  116;  in 
Germany,  124,  148;  views  of,  con- 
cerning Charles  and  Francis  I,  131  ; 
call  Guazzo  a  charlatan,  147. 

Italy,  X,  xi,  xxx,  xxxi,  xxxiii,  xxxviii, 
xxxix,  1,  3,  16,  22,  36,38,  39.  43,  44. 
46,  56,  62,65, 67,  70,  72,  76,  77,  78, 


INDEX 


287 


81.  83,  83,  85,  86,  89,  93,  102,  103, 
114,  115,  116,  132,  133,  136,  140. 

Ivan  III,  Grand  Prince  of  Moscow 
(i462-i505),3«. 

Iviza,  50. 

Ivoy,  147. 

Jalbahat  Khasseki,  141. 

Jamaica,  71. 

Jambardo  Algazeli,  Mameluke  com- 
mander, XXV,  47  ;  exploits  of,  52  ; 
history  of,  xxxv  f.,  xlviii,  53-5. 

James  I,  King  of  Aragon  (1213-76), 

50. 
James   II,   King  of  Aragon  (1291- 

1327),    50;    called    also    King    of 

Sardmia  in  the  text,  50. 
James  IV,  King  of  Scotland  (1488- 

1513),  4, 42  ;  slain  at  Flodden,  xxvii, 

37.  129. 
James  V,  King  of  Scotland  (1513-42), 

76,  81,  134;  death  of,  113. 
James,  Duke  of  Braganza,  slays  his 

wife,  10  ;  fights  the  Moors,  36. 
Jane,  Queen  of  England,  see  Grey. 
Jane  (Jeanne),  Countess  of  Flanders 

(1205-44),  49. 
Janizaries,  47,  54,  55,  61,  92,  93, 149. 
Jativa,  city  of  Spain,  13,  34. 
Jaufred  I,  Count  of  Barcelona  (858 

906),  called  '  king  '  in  the  text,  50. 
Jaufred  II,  Count  (not  King)  of  Bar- 
celona (906-13),  50, 
Jaufred  III,  listed  as  fourth  '  King  '  of 

Barcelona  in  the  text,  50. 
Jean  d'Albret,  see  Albret,  Jean  d'. 
Jeanne,  Countess  of  Flanders,  see  Jane. 
Jeanne,  wife  of  Louis  XII  of  France, 

23.  41- 

Jerusalem,  xxxv,  53. 

Jewish  doctor  of  Selim  I,  slain,  61. 

Jews,  the,  Hi,  14,  16,  56,  137. 

Joachim  II,  Elector  of  Brandenbur-; 
(1535-71),  called  Margrave  in  the 
text,  113. 

Joanna,  '  la  Beltraneja,'  daughter  of 
Queen  Joanna  of  Castile,  15;  her 
hand  sought  by  Ferdinand  V,  17. 

Joanna,  'the  Mad,*  daughter  of 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  wife  of 
Philip  1, 1,  1,  9,  14,  51 ;  receives  the 
oath  of  fealty  as  heiress  of  Castile, 
10;  sails  to  Flanders,  14;  pro- 
claimed sovereign,  16 ;  bravery  of, 
17  f.;  widowhood  of,  20,  21,  26,  72  ; 
represented  at  Valladolid  by  King 
Ferdinand,  26 ;  enters  Tordesillas, 
26 ;  relations  with  Charles,  51  ;  pro- 
ject for  her  marriage  with  Ferdinand 
of  Calabria,  59;  death  of,  154. 


Joanna,  daughter  of  the  Emperor 
Charles,  107  ;  marries  Prince  John 
of  Portugal,  148  ;  left  a  widow,  151 ; 
Regent  of  Castile  and  Aragon,  151. 

Joanna,  mother  of  Jambardo  Alga- 
zeli,  53. 

Jofre  Miron,  Count  (not  King)  of  Bar- 
celona (913-28),  50. 

John  I,  King  of  Aragon  (i387-95)> 
wrongly  stated  in  the  text  to  have 
acquired  Sicily,  50. 

John  II,  King  of  Aragon  (145S-79), 
50. 

John  (b.  1493,  d.  1526),  Margrave  of 
Brandenburg,  Viceroy  of  Valencia, 
marries  Queen  Germaine,  57. 

John,  Duke  of  Burgundy  (1404-19), 
49. 

John  I,  King  of  Castile  and  Leon 
(1379-90),  50. 

John  II,  King  of  Castile  and  Leon 

"(1406-54),  50. 

John,  King  of  Denmark  and  Norway 

"(1481-1513),  4. 

John  II,  King  of  France  (1350-64), 
father  ofPhilip  the  Bold  of  Burgnndy, 
49. 

John  III,  King  of  Navarre,  see  Albret, 
Jean  d'. 

John  III,  King  of  Portugal  (1521-57), 

"3,  10,  70.85,  135,  148,  151  M. 

John  (b.  1537,  d.  1554),  Prince  of 
Portugal,  son  of  King  John  III  and 
Catharine  of  Austria,  107,  148,  151. 

John  the  Voivode,  see  Zapolya,  John. 

John,  son  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella, 

"  14,  15,  59,  89. 

John,  Archbishop  of  Saragossa,  error 
for  Alfonso,  Archbishop  of  Saragossa, 
son  of  Ferdinand  of  Aragon,  51. 

John  Albert,  King  of  Poland  (149.:- 
1 501),  3«. 

John  David,  the  Preste,  88. 

John  Frederick,  'the  MagnanimcJUs,' 
Elector  of  Saxony  (1532-47),  113, 
123,  124,  127, 128,  140. 

Joris,  David,  Dutch  Reformer,  126. 

Jouster,  the,  see  Avila,  Pedrarias  de. 

Jovius,  Paul,  historian,  xxv,  xxix, 
xxxiv-xxxvii,  8,  86;  death  of,  121. 

Juan,  Honorato,  Bishop  of  Osma, 
xiii «.,  XX,  151. 

Juan,  Mosen,  34. 

Judith,  first  Countess  of  Flanders, 
daughter  of  Charles  the  Bald,  49. 

Julius  II  (Giuliano  della  Rovere),Pope 
(1503-13).  14.  16,  30,  25,  26,  27, 
28,  86,  94,  100,  129;  troubled  by 
schism,  29  ff. ;  hostile  to  France,  30, 
3  •  >  35>  36,  42  ;  reinstates  the  Medici 


288 


INDEX 


in  Florence,  36  ;  death  of,  36  ;  char- 
acter and  exploits  of,  36,  133. 

Julius  III  (Giovanni  Maria  del  Monte), 
Pope  (i550-5)>  145.  146;  besieges 
Parma  and  Mirandola  in  vain,  145  ; 
death  of,  154. 

Junis  Pasha,  Turkish  commander,  44, 
61. 

Jurischitz,  Nicholas,  92. 

Kahir,  Lord  of  Aleppo,  47,  52,  61. 

Kansu,  Soldan  of  Egjrpt,  xxxv,  5,  32, 
52 ;  visited  by  Peter  Martyr,  9 ; 
allied  with  Ismail  Sophy,  41  ;  over- 
thrown and  slain,  47 ;  patron  of 
Algazeli,  53,  54. 

Khorassan,  31. 

Knights  of  St.  John,  see  Hospitalers. 

Koran,  the,  8,  39. 

Kur,  river  of  Transcaucasia,  7. 

Kurds,  40. 

Ladies'  Peace,  the  (1529),  84,  85. 

Ladislaus,  King  of  Hungary  (1490- 
1516)  and  Bohemia  (1471-1516),  3, 
1 2,  39,  40,  43 ;  joins  the  league 
of  Cambray,  28  ;  death  of,  44 ;  piety 
of,  44. 

La  Garde,!  Baron  de  (called  Captain 
Paulin),  157. 

Lalaing,  Count,  158. 

La  Mejorada,  Hieronymite  monastery, 
14. 

Landi,  Count  Agostino,  135. 

Landrecies,  xlvi,  116,  117. 

Landriano,  battle  of  (1528),  83. 

Lannoy,  Charles  de  (d.  1527),  Prince 
of  Sulmone  (Salmona),  Imperial 
general,  69 ;  as  Viceroy  of  Naples, 
71,  74,  75,  79, 109  ;  at  the  Bidassoa, 

75- 

Lannoy,  Charles  de,  Prince  of  Sul- 
mone (Salmona),  Imperial  cavalry 
officer,  son   of  the  preceding,  124. 

Lansac,  French  ambassador,  58,  82. 

Lantern,  the,  fortress  at  Genoa,  22  ; 
razed,  39. 

Lanzknechts^  152. 

La  Plata,  in  Peru,  106. 

Las  Gordillas,  nuns  of,  143. 

Lasky,  Jerome,  80. 

Lautrec,  French  commander,  29,  65, 
77,  79,  87,  103 ;  takes  Novara,  66 ; 
storms  Pavia,  80 ;  besieges  Naples, 
83,  132;  death  of,  84,  no;  called 
the  Assaulter  of  Cities,  84. 

League,  the,  see  Cognac. 

Lebrija,  Antonio  de,  chronicler,  xxx  f., 
44. 

Leghorn,  114. 


Lemos,  Count  of,  20, 

Leo  X  (Giovanni  de'  Medici),  Pope 
(1513-21),  4,  36,  38,42,  58,  80,  103, 
125,  129;  meets  Francis  I  at  Bo- 
logna, 43,  132  ;  attacks  the  Duke  of 
Urbino,  51  f. ;  practises  simony,  56; 
condemns  Luther  as  a  heretic  (1520), 
60 ;  allied  with  Charles  against 
Francis  I,  65,  69,   133;    death  of, 

65. 

Leopold  III,  Duke  of  Austria  ( 1 379- 
86),  49. 

Lerin,  Count  of,  24. 

Lesparre,  Seigneur  de,  see  Foix, 
Andre  de. 

Leyva,  Antonio  de,  xliii  f.,  73,  77,  79, 
80,  83,  92,  93,  no;  death  of,  loa ; 
career,  character,and  wealth  of,io2-4. 

Leyva,  Dona,  Costan9a  de,  103. 

Leyva,  Sancho  Martinez  de,  102. 

Libels,  posted  in  Valladolid,  113. 

Lima,  founded,  100;  Pizarro  slain  at, 
III. 

Lisbon,  3,  63;  riot  in  (1506),  20; 
earthquake  at  (1531),  90. 

Literature  :  biography,  44,  58,  no, 
137;  criticism,  122;  history,  xxvi- 
xxxix,  8,  32,  39,  60,  84,  ici,  107, 
119,  121,  122,  137,  140,  147,  156; 
poetry,  131 ;  theology,  55,  59,  125, 
129;  the  Pasquinade,  13;  controver- 
sial writings,  126;  the  Polyglot 
Bible,  51  ;  patronage  of  letters  by 
Pope  Leo  X,  65. 

Lithuania,  141. 

Llerena,  45. 

Loaysa,  Cardinal,  63. 

Loaysa,  Friar  Garci  Jofr^  de,  56 ;  sails 
to  the  Moluccas,  72. 

Locusts,  113. 

Lodi,  77,  83. 

Logrono,  24,  34,  63. 

Lombardy,  38,  65,  71,  72,  76,  77,  85, 
87,  103,  126,  133,  154. 

London,  xvii,  xxii,  81. 

Londono,  Sancho  de,  xxi,  xxii, 

Loiigpont,  120. 

Longueville,  Francis,  Duke  of,  37,  39. 

Lopez  de  Conchillos,  136. 

Lopez  de  Gomara,  see  Gomara. 

Lopez  deMendozayZuniga,Inigo,  100. 

Lopez  de  Pacheco,  Diego,  Duke  of 
Escalona,  148. 

Lopez  de  Padilla,  Gutierre,  139. 

Lorges,  see  Montgomery. 

Lorraine,  146,  148. 

Lorraine,  Cardinal  Charles  of  (Charles 
de  Guise),  156. 

Lorraine,  Duke  of,  see  Charles  II. 

Louis  II,  King  of  Bohemia  and  Hub- 


INDEX 


289 


gary  (1516-26),  43,  64^;  defeated 

at  Mohacs,  78  ;  death  of,  78. 
Louis  I  de  Cr^cy,  Count  of  Flanders 

(1322-46),  grandson  of  Robert  III, 

49. 
Louis  II  de  Male,  Count  of  Flanders, 

(1 346-84),  49- 
Louis  XII,  King  of  France  (1498- 
1515),  xxxiii,  3,  4,  9,  12,  19,  2C,  22, 
33,  150;  enters  Genoa,  12;  treats 
with  the  Spaniards,  12, 13  ;  concludes 
peace  with  Maximilian  I,  16  ;  aids 
the  Duke  of  Guelders  against  Philip 
I,  16  ;  interview  with  Ferdinand  V  at 
Savona,  21 ;  friendship  of,  with  Caesar 
Borgia,  23;  joins  the  League  of 
Cambray,  25,  26 ;  victorious  at  Agna- 
dello  (1509),  27;  at  enmity  with 
Pope  Julius  II,  28-31,  35  ;  alliance 
against  (1513),  37;  relations  with 
Henry  VIII,  39,  129;  death  of,  41 ; 
character  and  fortunes  of,  41  f.,  131. 
132  ;  history  of,  written  by  le  Ferron, 

137- 

Louis,  Duke  of  Orleans,  sic  in  the  text 
for  Charles,  Duke  of  Orleans,  108. 

Louis,  son  of  King  Manuel  of  Portu- 
gal, 3- 

Louise,  daughter  of  Francis  I  of  France, 
46,  82  ;  death  of,  48. 

Louise  of  Savoy,  mother  of  King 
Francis  I,  and  Regent  of  France,  73. 

74>  84,  85. 
Louvain,  Dean  of,  see  Adrian  V  i ,  Pope. 
Lou  vain,  University  of,  45,  68. 
Low  Countries,  the,  155. 
Low  German  cavalry,  116  f. 
Lucacho,  brother  of  George  Dozsa,  40. 
Lucca,  67,  93,  III. 
Lucero,  Inquisitor,  25. 
Lugo,  Alonzo  Luis  de,  152. 
Luna,  Juan  de,  Alcaide  of  Milan,  153. 
Luna,   Dona  N.  de,   Marchioness  of 

Camaraca,  136. 
Luthardo,  listed   as  sixth   Count    of 

Hapsburg  in  the  text,  49. 
Luther,  Martin,  xxv,  2,  55,  60,   129  ; 

death  of,  125  ;  life  and  character  of, 

xlvi  f.,  liii,  125 f. 
Lutheran  doctrines,    condemned     by 

Charles  V  and  Francis  I,  64. 
Lutheran  heresies,  the,  loi. 
Lutheran  heresy,  the,  123. 
Lutheranism,  90. 
Lutheran  lords  and  cities,  138. 
Lutherans,  28,  92,   99,  113,    131;  in 

Denmark  and  Norway,  4  ;    in  Fran- 

conia,  73  ;  in  Germany,  73,  80,  119, 

123  ;  attacked  by  Charles,  124,  127. 
Lutheran  wars,  129. 


Luxembourg,  63,  112,  119,  134. 

Lyons,  29. 

Lyons,  Peace  of,  12,  14. 

Machiavelli,  Niccolo,  xxxvii  f. 
Machin,  Spanish  man-at-arms,  71. 
Mactan,  Magellan  slain  at,  63. 
Madeleine,  sister  of  King  Francis  I, 

105. 
Maderuelo,  90. 
Madrid,  xxxix,  xli,  xlix,  24,  74,  98, 

132. 
Madrid,  Peace  of  (1526),  73  f.,  75,  76, 

^33- 

Madrigalejo,  in  Estremadura,  44. 

Madruzzo, Cardinal  Cristoforo,  Bishop 
of  Trent,  appointed  governor  of 
Milan,  157. 

Magellan,  Ferdinand,  58 ;  dies  in 
battle  in  the  Philippines,  63. 

Magellan,  Strait  of,  58. 

Maggi,  Caesar,  113,  113  «.,  155. 

Magic  spells,  use  of,  97. 

Magnus,  Olaus,  Archbishop  of  Up- 
sala,  X. 

Mahomet,  see  Mohammed. 

Maimbourg,  Louis,  French  Jesuit, xlvii. 

Mainz,  diet  at  (1517),  51. 

Mainz,  Bishop  {sic  for  Archbishop) 
of,  147. 

Majorca,  see  Mallorca. 

Majorca,  Bishop  of,  s  e  Rojas. 

Malatia,  44. 

Maldonado,  Pedro,  beheaded,  63. 

Malferit,  Doctor  Thomas,  19. 

Mallorca,  50. 

Malta,  72,  84. 

Malvasia,  108. 

Mamelukes,  35,  47,  53,  54,  55  ;  over- 
thrown, 52  ;  their  wives,  52. 

Manat,  see  Hamid. 

Mango,  Inca,  104. 

Manrique,  Alonzo  de.  Archbishop  of 
Seville,  75. 

Manrique,  Garcia,  Count  of  Osorio, 
122. 

Manrique,  Pedro,  9. 

Manrique,  Rodrigo,  1 7. 

Manrique  de  Lara,  Antonio,  Duke  of 
Najera,  34,  57,  114. 

Manrique  de  Lara,  Juan,  153,  158. 

Manrique  de  Lara,  Pedro,  Duke  of 
Najera,  20. 

Mantua,  44. 

Manuel  I,  '  the  Great,'  King  of  Por- 
tugal (1495-1521),  2f.,io,  17,  36; 
proclaims  himself  sovereign  of  Ethi- 
opia, Arabia,  Persia,  and  India,  12; 
punishes  rioters,  20 ;  marries  the  In- 
fanta  Eleanor,   56;    death    of,   65  ; 


U 


290 


INDEX 


character  and  exploits  of,  65  ;  wives 
and  children  of,  65, 150. 
Manuel,  Elvira,  Spanish  noblewoman, 

9- 
Manuel,  John,  18. 

Manuel,  Pedro,  Archbishop  of  Sant- 
iago, xli,  143. 
Maqueda,  Duke  of,  see  Cardenas. 
Marano,  113. 

Marash,  Cappadocian  city,  22. 
MarcellusII,  Pope  (1555),  154. 
March  of  Ancona,  see  Ancona. 
Marciano,  battle  of  (1554),  153. 
Marck,    Robert  II  de  la  (d.  1535), 

Count  of  Aremberg,  63,  64,  65,  74, 

82,  132. 
Marck,  Robert  III  de  la  (d.  1537), 

Seigneur   de    Fleuranges,    historian, 

son  of  the  preceding,  xxxiv. 
Marcq,  156. 
Margaret   I,    Countess    of    Flanders 

(1191-4),  sister  of  Count  Philip  I, 

49. 
Margaret   II,    Countess  of  Flanders 

(^1244-79),  sister  of  Countess  Jane, 

49. 
Margaret  III,    Countess  of  Flanders 

(1384-1405),  wife  of  Philip  the  Bold 

of  Burgundy,  50. 
Margaret  of  Austria,  aunt  of  the  Em- 
peror Charles,  84  ;  death  of,  89. 
Margaret,  natural   daughter     of   the 

Emperor  Charles,  85,  106. 
Margaret,  sic  in  the  text  for  Mary  of 

Burgundy,  50. 
Marghera,  near  Venice,  37. 
Maria  (d.  1517),  Infanta   of  Castile, 

Qaeen  of  Portugal,  2  f.,  65  ;  death  of, 

48. 
Maria  (d.   1558),  daughter  of  Philip 

and   Joanna   of  Castile,    Queen    of 

Hungary,  Regent  of  the  Netherlands, 

16,  19,  43,  64  f.,  89,  100,   105,  106, 

142,  146,  152,  157. 
Maria,     daughter    of    the    Emperor 

Charles,  wife  of  Maximilian  II,  107, 

108,  ISO,  139,  140,  144. 
Maria,  daughter  of  John  III  of  Portu- 
gal, Queen  of  Philip  II  of  Spain,  118  ; 

death  of,  121. 
Maria,  daughter  of  King  Manuel  of 

Portugal,  65,  74,  81,  150. 
Mariana,  Juan  de,  Spanish  historian,  xl. 
Marienburg,  in    Flanders,    151,  154, 

156. 
Marignano,  battle  of  (15 15),  43. 

Marignano,  Marquis  of,  see  Medicino. 
Marillac,  Charles  de.  Bishop  of  Vannes. 

156,  156  n. 

Marimont,  152. 


Marino  de  Rivera,  Gon9alo,  20. 

Marradas,  Francisco,  buried  alive,  69. 

Marseilles,  70,  97. 

Martha,  Persian  princess,  of  Greek 
descent,  wife  of  Sheikh  Haidar,  6; 
banished,  6. 

Martin,  King  of  Aragon  (i  395-1410), 
XXX,  50. 

Martin,  Captain,  151. 

Martinez  Siliceo,  Juan,  Bishop  of  Car- 
tagena, 118,  122,  151;  wealth  and 
character  of,  122;  as  Archbishop  of 
Toledo,  122,  137. 

Martinuzzi,  George,  Bishop  of  Vara- 
din,  III,  145  ;  put  to  death,  145 f. 

Martyr,  Peter,  xxxi,  9, 44. 

Mary  I,  Queen  of  England  (1553-8), 
xxiii,  3,  46,  60,  8t,  100,  150,  154; 
marries  Philip  of  Spain,  151. 

Mary  of  Burgundy,  wife  of  the  Em- 
peror Maximilian,  49,  50. 

Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  135;  in  France, 
140. 

Mary,  Princess  of  Wales,  daughter 
of  Henry  VII,  Queen  of  Louis  XII 
of  France  and  later  wife  of  Charles 
Brandon,  Duke  of  Suffolk,  21,  39, 
150. 

Matera,  battle  of,  52,  54. 

Mauregato,  King  of  Asturias  (783- 
89),  50. 

Maurice,  Duke  of  Saxony,  Elector 
(from  1547),  137,  129  ;  turns  against 
Charles,  xlvii,  147;  death  of,  155. 

Maximilian  I,  Holy  Roman  Emperor 
(i493-i5'9).  2,8,12,  17,20,24,  25, 
26,  31,  35,  41.  49»  50,  68,  82  ;  con- 
cludes peace  with  Louis  XII,  16; 
hostile  to  the  Venetians,  22,  25; 
besieges  Padua,  27 ;  at  war  with 
France,  35,  37,  43 ;  interview  at 
Vienna  with  Ladislaus  and  Sigis- 
mund,  43  ;  final  operations  in  Italy, 
44,  46;  death  of,  58,  132  ;  character 
of,  58. 

Maximilian  II,  Holy  Roman  Emperor 
(1564-76),  139,  142,  144;  Regent  of 
Castile,  140,  142,  143. 

Maximilian,  Count  of  Buren,  124; 
death  of,  141  ;  character  and  tastes 
of,  141. 

May,  Miguel,  death  of,  122. 

Maya,  in  Navarre,  taken  by  Bonni- 
vet,  67. 

Maylat,  Stephen,  108. 

Media,  7. 

Medici,  the,  36,  80,  85,  89,  98. 

Medici,  Alessandro  de',  85,  93,  T06  ; 
made  Duke  of  Florence,  90,  98 ;  slain, 
104. 


INDEX 


291 


Medici,  Catharine  de',  97,  98. 
Medici,    Cosimo    (Cosmo)  de',  '  the 

Great,'  Duke   of    Florence,    Grand 

Dnke  of  Tuscany  (1569-74),  107, 

"4.  152. 
Medici,  Giannin  de',  76;   death   of, 

78  ;  character  of,  78. 
Medici,  Giovanni  de',  see  Leo  X. 
Medici,   Giovanni  de'   (d.  1526),  see 

Medici,  Giannin  de'. 
Medici,  Giulio  de',  see  Clement  VII. 
Medici,    Lorenzino     (Lorenzo)     de', 

104. 
Medici,  Lorenzo  de',  Duke  of  Urbino 

(15J6-9).  52- 
Medicino,  Gian  Giacomo  de,  89,  124, 

152.153.  154.  155- 
Medina  del  Campo,  xv,  xvii,  14,  20, 

24,111. 
Medina  Sidonia,  Duke  of,  20,  25. 
Mediterranean  Sea,  xiv. 
Meghem,  Count,  158,  I58«. 
Mejia,  Pedro,  chronicler,  xiv,  xxviii, 

58,  91,  91  «. 
Melanchthon,  Philip,  11 1. 
Melilla,  20,  108  n. 
Mendoza,  Antonio  de,  113. 
Mendoza,  Bernardino  de,  x,  108,  143, 

154. 158. 

Mendoza,  Diego  Hurtado  de.  Mar- 
quis of  Canete,  147  f.,  154. 

Mendoza,  Francisco  de,  Bishop  of 
Jaen  (1538-43).  "5- 

Mendoza,  Cardinal  Francisco  de,  see 
Mendoza  y  Bobadilla. 

Mendoza,  Hurtado  de,  x. 

Mendoza,  Juan  de,  154. 

Mendoza,  Dona  Maria  de,  136. 

Mendoza,  Martin  de,  Marquis  of 
Canete,  34. 

Mendoza,  Pedro  de,  Count  of  Castro, 

34,  38. 

Mendoza,  Rodrigo  de.  Marquis  of 
Zenete,  64. 

Mendoza  y  Bobadilla,  Cardinal  Fran- 
cisco de.  Bishop  of  Burgos  (c. 
1550-66)  and  Archdeacon  of  Toledo, 

157- 
Menezes,  Duarte  de,  xxvii,  33. 
Men    of    the    Devil,    revolt    of,    in 

Guyenne,  64. 
Merino,  Gabriel,  Archbishop  of  Bari, 

66. 

Merovaeus,  see  M^rovee. 
M^rov^e,  King  of  the  Franks  (449?- 

.'iS?),  49- 
Mers-el-Kebir,  i6. 
Mesopotamia,  12. 
Messina,  Prior  of,  see  Moncada. 
Metz,  146,  148,  149. 


Mexico,  xi,  57,  59,  63,  69,  71,  72; 
Gomara's  work,  the  Conquisia  de 
M^Jico,  XV  f.,  32,  60. 

Michaud,  Joseph  Fran9ois,  xxvi. 

Miguel,  Portuguese  prince,  heir  to 
Portugal  and  Castile,  2,  65  ;  dies  in 
Granada,  2,  48. 

Milan,  29,  38,  43,  44,  66,  67  f.,  70, 
77,  79.  87,  93,  102,  103,  120. 

Milan,  castle  of,  67,  73,  77. 

Milan,  Duchy  of,  8,  22,  28,  42,  73,  77, 
82,89,97,103,  108,109,  111,112, 
120, 127,  132,  133, 134, 156  ;  reverts 
to  the  Emperor  (1535),  xxxviii,  100, 
105 ;  Pope  Paul  III  attempts  to 
purchase,  114  f;  turned  over  to 
Philip  of  Spain,  151  ;  governed  by 
Alva,  I54f. ;  by  Madruzzo,  157. 

Milan,  Duke  of,  see  Sforza. 

Milchling,  Wolfgang,  Grand  Master  of 
Prussia,  124,  147. 

Mileto,  Count  of,  1 50. 

Military  affairs :  {a)  Soldiers :  archers, 
92,  139;  arquebusiers,  40,  152; 
blacks,  141  ;  foot  (or  infantry),  13, 
27.  32,  33,  40,  43,  68,  70,  104,  116, 
119,  123,  124,  141,   147,  148,  155; 

francs  archers,  62  ;  German  Guard, 
139;  halberdiers,  86,  124;  horse  (or 
cavalry),  27,  33,  40,  68,  70,  78,  91, 
92,    104,   116,   117,    119,    123,   124, 

141,  147,  148.  151,  152,  155;  jani- 
zaries, 47,  54,  55,  61,92,93,149; 
knights,  33,  96,  98;  lanzknechts,  152  ; 
light  cavalry,  32,  33,  38,  43,  115, 
116,  146;  Mamelukes,  35,  47,  52- 
55  ;  men-at-arms,  13,  32,  33,38,  4°. 
43,  102,  112,  115,  146;  sch'war::rei- 
ters  (horse  arquebusiers),  155  ;  Span- 
ish Guard,  139;  spearmen,  141; 
troopers,  13,  32,  33,  38,  108  ;  see 
also  \mAtT  Janizaries  ;  {b)  Artillery, 
32,  34,  38,  64,  70,  79,  91,  109, 
124,  128,  129,  148,  152;  Turk- 
ish, 41;  in  Persia,  55;  99;  heavy 
artillery,  117;  bronze  cannon,  32, 
124;  bombardment  of  Venice,  37. 
(c)  Auxiliary  corps  and  services : 
pages,  92  ;  labourers,  119;  sappers, 
123,  124,  148;  pontoons,  134.  {d) 
Other  topics  :  banners,  38,  66,  91  f., 
119,  128,  152,  153  ;  the  Royal  Stan- 
dard, 16,  117;  the  Turkish  standard, 
91  f  ;  battle-cries,  94 ;  legions,  levied 
by  Francis  I,  97  ;  horses  needed  for 
the  wars,  98  ;  military  use  of  camels, 
141 ;  of  mules,  112  ;  munitions  of  war, 
124, 128, 141,  148  ;  tournaments  and 
combats,  86,  95  ;  at  Trani,  xxix,  xliii, 
II,  94  J  between  thirteen  Frenchmen 


U  2 


292 


INDEX 


and  thirteen  Italians,  xxix,  xlvi,  1 1  ; 

duels,  48,  83,  95,  96,   102  ;  use  of 

mercenary   troops,    102,   123,    152; 

Ximenes  trains  fanners  as  soldiers,  45. 
Military  Orders,  the,   in  Castile,  59  ; 

grand-masterships  of  the,  10,  68. 
Minorca,  50. 

Miranda,  Count  of,  see  Zuniga. 
Mirandola,  27,  145. 
Modena,  27,  97. 
Modon,  taken  by  the  Turks,  5. 
Mohacs,  battle  of  (1526),  78. 
Mohammed,  the  prophet,  8,  92,  126. 
Mohammed,  Khan  of   the   Crimean 

Tartars,  5. 
Mohammed  I,  ruler  of  Fez  and  Oran, 

xxvii,  5,  25,  33. 
Mohammed,    the     Sherif,    King     of 

Morocco,  141,  143. 
Mohammed,  ruler  of  Tunis,  5,  30. 
Mohammed    II,    Sultan    of    Turkey 

(1451-81),  41. 
Mohammedan  Paradise,  the,  8. 
Mohammedans,  9. 
Moldavians,  the,  141. 
Moluccas,  East  Indian  islands,  63.  72, 

83,  138. 
Monaco,  7. 
Moncada,  Hugo  de,  56,  71,  74,  77,  84, 

109,  112,  133. 
Monfon,  136,  137,  148. 
Mondejar,  Marquis  of,  :ee  Hurtado. 
Monopoli,  109. 
Montcalvo,  155  n. 
Montdragon,  French  cavalier,  11. 
Montefiascone,  94. 
Montejo,  Francisco  de,  75. 
Monte  Mayor,  Marchioness  of,  143. 
Montezuma,    Aztec     sovereign,    57 ; 

death  of,  60. 
Montferrat,  155. 
Montgomery,    Gabriel    de,   Sieur   de 

Lorges,  123. 
Montilla,  24. 
Montmorency,  Anne  de.  Constable  of 

France,  89,  140. 
Montreuil,  105. 
Moorish  witches,  66. 
Moors,  the,  25,42,  56, 133, 148;  revolt 

in  Granada,  2 ;  revolt  in  the  Sierra 

Vermeja,   9 ;     commanded  to    leave 

Castile  or  to  become  converted,  10  ; 

defeated  at  Azamor,  36  ;  in  Aragon, 

converted,  75  ;  wish  to  relapse,  142. 
Moral,  village,  90. 
Morales,  Caspar  de,  42. 
More,  Thomas,  130. 
Morea,  the,  5. 
Moreno,  brother  of  the  Alferez  Segura, 

II. 


Moriscos,  72,  14a. 

Mormilla,  Caesar,  134. 

Morocco,  141. 

Morone,  Cardinal  Giovanni,  Bishop  of 

Modena,  Papal  Legate,  115. 
Morone,  Girolamo,  72. 
Most  Christian  King,  title  assumed  by 

Francis  I  of  France,  131. 
Mothe  le  Vayer,  Fran9ois  la,  xli. 
Muarasua,  probably    by  mistake  for 

Nicaragua,  67. 
Miihlberg,  battle  of  (April  24,  1547), 

128. 
Mules,  use  of,  for  riding,  forbidden, 

98 ;  permitted  as  chargers  after  the 

disastrous  campaign  of  Algiers,  112  ; 

cease  to  be  used,  140. 
Muley  Hassan,  see  Hassan. 
Miinzer,  Thomas,  73,  125. 
Murad  Cam,  King  of  Shiraz,  5  ;  slain 

by  Ismail  Sophy,  6,  7. 
Murviedro,  64. 
Muscovite  cavalry,  40. 
Muscovites,  the,  at  war  with  the  Poles, 

44,  80,  141. 
Muscovy,  see  Russia. 
Mustafa,    son    of  Solyman    I,    141,. 

149. 
Mustafa   Pasha,   slain    by  Selim    I, 

60. 
Muxetula,  Juan  Antonio,  a  Neapolitan, 

85. 

Nahazar,  Tunisian  prince,  118. 

Najera,  Duke  of,  see  Manrique  de 
Lara. 

Naples,  24,  78,  79,  83,  87,  88,  103, 
1 10.  133?  134;  the  Castel  Nuovo  of, 
no. 

Naples,  Kingdom  of,  xxxviii,  4,  19, 
36,  42,  72,  76,  77,  82,  86,  100,  151  ; 
divided  between  King  Louis  and 
King  Ferdinand,  4,  9  ;  wars  concern- 
ing, between  the  French  and  the 
Spaniards,  11,  13,  21,  51,  7of.,  73, 
109,  132,  1 34 ;  agreement  concerning 
(1516),  46;  freed  from  tribute  to 
Rome,  68  ;  Charles  visits,  99  ;  vice- 
royship  of,  154;  under  Philip,  155, 
156. 

Nauplia,  108. 

Naval  affairs :  («)  Naval  battles  :  be- 
tween English  and  Scots,  31,113,129; 
between  English  and  French,  37  f., 
123  ;  between  Portuguese  and  Moors.. 
36  ;  between  Spaniards  and  Turks, 
108;  between  Spaniards  and  corsairs, 
143  ;  between  Genoese  and  Turks, 
148 ;  between  Imperialists  and 
Leaguers,  85  ;  between  Flemish  mer- 


INDEX 


293 


chantmen  and  corsairs  of  Dieppe, 
156;  of  Salerno  (1528),  84,  133; 
of  Prevesa  (1538),  106.  {U)  Fleets  : 
Christian,  106;  English,  37  f.,  123; 
French  Mediterranean  fleet,  transfer- 
red to  the  Atlantic  via  the  Straits  of 
Gibraltar,  37  f. ;  Genoese,  4,  84 ; 
of  the  League,  80 ;  Portuguese,  36, 
42;  Scottish,  31,  129;  Spanish,  3, 
67,  85,  108  ;  Turkish,  106,  108,  119, 
i5i>  153.  157;  Venetian,  3;  papal, 
78  ;  of  Christian  II  of  Denmark,  93. 
{c)  Other  topics:  galleys,  114,  123, 
140,  143,  145,  148,  153,  154;  cor- 
sairs, 143,  156, 157 ;  pirates,  28, 133  ; 
voyages  to  Asia,  3,  8  ;  of  del  Cano, 
around  the  world,  xlvii,  62  ;  seizure 
of  merchant  vessels,  145,  146;  ships 
transported  overland  from  the  Medi- 
terranean to  the  Red  Sea,  106. 

Navarra,  Marshal  Pedro  de,  45. 

Navarra,  Pedro  de,  Marquis  of  Cortes, 
150. 

Navarre,  3,  20,  24,  30,  45  f.,  63 ; 
seized  by  Castile,  33,  34,  36,  42,  51, 
95;  invaded  by  the  French,  67,  82, 
132. 

Navarrese,  46,  144. 

Navarrete,  Alonzo,  Spanish  captain, 
152. 

Navarro,  Count  Pedro,  24,  25,  30, 46, 
82,  88. 

Neapolitans,  118. 

Nebbio,  Bishop  of,  see  Giustiniani. 

Netherlands,  the,  xviii,  142. 

Neuiliy,  Charles  de,  1 20. 

'New  Christians',  massacred  at  Lis- 
bon, 20. 

New  Granada,  137. 

New  Spain,  83,  113. 

New  World,  the,  xv,  xvi,  xxxviii, 
69. 

Nicaragua,  66, 67  n. 

Nice,  105,  119. 

Nice,    Truce    of    (1538),    105,    132, 

134- 
Nicholas,  a  Janizary,  55. 
Nicuesa,  Diego  de,  25. 
Nile,  battle  of  the,  52,  54. 
Noah,  xxxi,  107. 
Noain,  battle  of  (1516),  45. 
Nola,  87, 

Nombre  de  Dios,  in  America,  25. 
Northumberland,  Duke  of,  see  Dudley, 

John. 
Norway,  4. 
Nova,  Juan  de,  10. 
Novara,  66. 

Novara,  battle  of  (151 3),  36. 
Noyon,  83. 


Noyon,  Treaty  of  (1516),  45  f.,  58, 

63,82,  132, 
Nunez  de  Guzman,  Gonzalo,  51. 
Nunez  de  Guzman,  Pedro,  xxii,  xli. 
Nuiiez  Vela,  Blasco,  Viceroy  of  Peru 

(1543-6),  118,  120;  death  of,  123. 
Nuremberg,  147. 

Ocampo,  Florian  de,  official  chroni- 
cler, xxxi,  107. 
Oecolampadius,  John,  125. 
Oidores,  112. 
Ojeda,  Alonzo  de,  25. 
Old  Castile,  ix,  143. 
Olid,  Cristobal  de,  slain,  70. 
Olivares,  in  New  Castile,  1 39. 
Olivarez,  Count  (Gasparo  de  Guzman), 

Spanish  minister,  xxii  f. 
Olivera,  Andres  de,  ii. 
Olivier,  French  cavalier,  11. 
Olmo,  1',  38. 

Oiiate,  Spanish  cavalier,  11. 
Oran,  5,   26,  51,   148,   157  ;    fortress 

at,  35- 
Orange,    Prince     of,    see    Philibert ; 

Ren6  ;  William  I. 
Orcha,  battle  of  (i 514),  40. 
Ordono  I,  King  of  Asturias  (850-66), 

50. 
OrdoFio  II,  King  of  Galicia  (910-24) 

and   of  Leon   (914-24),   brother   of 

King  Garcia  of  Leon,  50. 
Ordofio  III,  King  of  Leon  (950-7), 

50  M. 
Ordono  IV,  King  of  Leon  (958-60), 

son  of  Alfonso  IV,  50. 
Orgonoz,  Rodrigo,  106. 
Orio,  Antonio  de,  probably  a  mistake 

in  the  text  for  Andrea  Doria,  145. 
Orleans,  Bishop  of,  156. 
Orleans,  Duke  of,  see  Henry  II,  King 

of  France,  and  Charles,  third  son  of 

Francis  I  of  France. 
Orsini,  the,  23,  77. 
Orthez,  Truce  of  (1513),  35. 
Osma,  17. 

Osma,  Bishop  of,  see  Juan,  Honorato. 
Osorio,  Alvar  Perez,  xi,  xiv. 
Osorio,   Pedro    Alvarez,    Marquis  of 

Astorga,  xi. 
Ostrojski,  Constantin,  Polish  general, 

40. 
Otbert,  named  as  first  Count  of  Haps- 

burg,  48,  49. 
Otho  I  of  Hapsburg  (d,  1046),  listed 

as  tenth  Count  in  the  text,  49. 
Our  Lady  de  Pie  de  Gruta,  Church  of, 

at  Naples,  88. 
Oviedo,  Gonzalo  Fernandez  de,   his- 
torian, xxxiii,  44,  loi,  140. 


294 


INDEX 


Pacheco,  Dona  Maria,  supporter  of  the 
Comuneros,  66. 

Pacheco,  Cardinal  Pedro,  154. 

Pacific  Ocean,  ^iS^r  Southern  Sea. 

Padilla,  Juan  de,  commander-in-chief 
of  the  Comuneros,  63,  66;  beheaded, 
63,  66. 

Padua,  27. 

Paez  de  Castro,  Juan,  Spanish  histo- 
rian, xxxi  f.,  156. 

Palacio    Sacro,     in    Rome,    sacked, 

77  f-  . 
Palencia,  83. 
Palencia,  Alonzo  de,  chronicler,  xxxii, 

44. 
Palencia,  Bishop  of,  26. 
Pallavicini,  Count  Alessandro,  135. 
Pallavicini,  Count  Geronimo,  135. 
Pallavicino,  Sforza,  146. 
Palomino,  Colonel,  95. 
Pamplona,  33,  34,  63,  67. 
Pamplona,  archbishopric  of,  23. 
Panama,  59. 
Pantelaria,  145. 
Panuco,  district  in  Mexico,  71. 
Papal  Datary,  the,  70. 
Papalists,  the,  84. 
Papal  troops,  77. 
Paradin,  French  historian,  xxxiv. 
Pardo,  Camillo,  109. 
Paris,xvii,  42,  64,  83, 102,119,120,134. 
Paris,  Treaty  of  (1515),  42,  82. 
Parlement  de  Paris,  74. 
Parma,  65,  145. 
Parr,  Catharine,  sixth  queen  of  Henry 

VIII,  130. 
Parthia,  7. 
Partidas,  the,  98. 
Pascal,  Bishop  of  Burgos,  34. 
Pasquinade,  the,  13. 
Passau,  Peace  of  (1552),  147. 
Pater  Noster,  Deza's  commentary  on 

the,  59. 
Patrimonium  Petri,  23. 
Paul  III  (Alessandro  Farnese),  Pope 

(1534-49))  99>   100,   III,   114,  119, 

135,  140;  meets  Charles  at  Busseto, 

115;  pays  for  soldiers  to  attack  the 

Lutherans,  123  ;  death  of,  143  «. 
Paul    IV  (Giovanni    Pietro  Caraffa), 

Pope  (1555-9),  154;   wars  of,  156, 

157- 
Paulin,  Captain,  see  La  Garde. 
Pavia,  70,  80,  103,  114. 
Pavia,  battle  of  (1525),  71,  109,  117. 
Peasants'  War,  the,  68,  73. 
Pedro  I,  Kingof  Aragon  (1096-1104), 

50. 
Pedro II,  Kingof  Aragon  (11 96-1 2 13), 

50- 


Pedro  III,  King  of  Aragon  (1276-85) 

and  of  Sicily  (1282-5),  5°- 
Pedro  IV,  King  of  Aragon  (1336-87), 

50- 
Pedro '  the  Cruel,'  King  of  Castile  and 

Leon  (1350-69),  50. 
Pelayo,  King  of  Oviedo  (720-37),  50. 
Penon  de  Velez  de  la  Gomera,  24. 
Penon  of  Algiers,  35. 
Pera,  127. 

Peralta,  Don  Alonzo  de,  1 54. 
Peranzures,  Spanish  commander,  106. 
Perez,  Gonzalo,  158. 
Perez,  Lorenzo,  148. 
Perez  del  Pulgar,  Hernan,  xxix,  xxx. 
Peronne,  74,  104. 
Perpignan,  112,  114,  132. 
Perrenot,  see  Granvelle. 
Persia,  xxxv,  5-8,  12,  65,  97. 
Persians,  the,  22,  141, 
Peru,  3,  72,  91,  106,   iir,  126,  139, 

154- 
Perugia,  100. 
Pesaro,  11. 
Pesaro,  Benito  de,  3. 
Pescara,  Marquis  of,  see  Avalos. 
Peschiera,  78. 
Pesth,  113. 
Petronilla,  Queen  of  Aragon  (1137- 

64)1  50- 
Pflug,    Julius,    Catholic    theologian, 

III. 
Pharamond,  semi-legendary  Count  of 

Franconia  and  first  King  of  France 

(about  420-7),  49. 
Philibert  of  Chalons,  Prince  of  Orange, 

74- 
Philibert  II,  Duke  of  Savoy   (1497- 

i504)»  5- 

Philibert  Emmanuel,  Duke  of  Savoy 
(1553-80),  124,  149,  158, 

Philip  '  the  Warlike '  (b.  1503,  d, 
1548),  titular  Duke  of  Bavaria  and 
Count  Palatine,  brother  of  Duke 
Otto  Henry,  defends  Vienna  against 
the  Turks,  88. 

Philip  I,  'the  Handsome,'  King  of 
Castile  (1504-6),  Archduke  of 
Austria,  ruler  of  the  Netherlands 
(148 2- 1 506),  father  of  the  Emperors 
Charles  V  and  Ferdinand  I,  i,  9,  14, 
49,  51 ;  negotiates  with  Louis  XII  of 
France,  12;  proclaimed  king,  16; 
reign,  16  ff. ;  death  of,  18  f. ;  charac- 
ter and  sayings  of,  19  ;  as  Count  of 
Flanders  (Philip  III),  50 ;  burial 
of,  72. 

Philip  II,  '  the  Bold,'  Duke  of  Bur- 
gundy (1363-1404),  49. 

Philip  III, '  the  Good,'  Duke  of  Bur- 


INDEX 


295 


gundy    (1419-67),    49;     Count    of 
Flanders,  as  Philip  II,  50. 
Philip   I   (called  '  of  Alsace '   in   the 
text),  Count  of  Flanders  (i  168-91), 

49. 

Philip  '  the  Magnanimous ',  Land- 
grave of  Hesse  (1509-67),  84,  98, 
99,113,  123,124,  128,  140,  147. 

Philip  II,  King  of  Spain  (1556-98), 
xvii,  XXX,  1,  Iv,  3,  79,  107,  122  ;  as 
Regent,  xviii,  xliii,  114,  136,  137, 
138,  144,  148 ;  marries  Maria  of 
Portugal,  118  ;  court  of,  as  Regent, 
139 ;  goes  to  Italy,  xxxi,  140 ;  in 
the  Netherlands,  142,  155  ;  marriage 
negotiations  of,  150;  marries  Queen 
Mary  of  England,  xxiii,  151,  154; 
proclaimed  King  of  Naples  and 
Duke  of  Milan,  151 ;  succeeds  Charles 
on  the  Spanish  throne,  156  f.;  acts 
of,  XX,  157  f. 

Philip  IV,  King  of  Spain  (1621-65), 
xxii. 

Philip  of  the  Palatinate,  12. 

Philip,  Grand  Master  of  Rhodes,  see 
Villiers  de  I'lsle  Adam. 

Philippe  de  Salm,  Rhinegrave  (1521- 
61),  146. 

Piacenza,  65,  79,  85,  96,  126,  135. 

Picardy,    37,  62,  64,    70,   120,    127, 

134- 

Piedmont,  105,  112,  118,  120,  134, 
156. 

Piedmont,  Prince  of,  see  Philibert 
Emmanuel. 

Piedrahita,  27. 

Pilgrimage  of  Grace,  the,  loi,  102, 
130,  140. 

Pilgrims,  at  Jerusalem,  xxxv,  48,  53  ; 
travelling  thither,  56. 

Pimentel,  Rodrigo,  Count  of  Bena- 
vente,  20. 

Pimentel  de  Talavera,  Pedro,  be- 
headed, 63. 

Piiian,  Rodrigo,  11. 

Pio,  Alberto,  Prince  of  Carpi  (erro- 
neously called  Count  in  the  text), 
Savoyard  nobleman  in  the  service  of 
King  Francis  I,  69,  70. 

Pipemo,  79. 

Pirates,  capture  Carmelite  Friars,  28; 
aid  of,  sought  by  Francis  I,  133. 

Piri  Pasha,  60,61. 

Piroso,  Persian  town,  xxxvi,  7. 

Pisa,  (schismatic)  Council  of  (151 1), 
29.  36;  continued  at  Milan,  29;  at 
Lyons,  29. 

Pisans,  17,  26. 

Plstorius,  John,  Lutheran  theologian, 
III. 


Pius  III,  Pope  (1503),  14. 

Pizarro,  Francisco,  72,  91,  98  ;  death 

of,   III. 
Pizarro,  Gonzalo,  father  of  Francisco, 

86,  94.  95- 
Pizarro,    Gonzalo,     half-brother     of 

Francisco,  123,  129;  beheaded,  139. 
Pizarro,    Hernando,   half-brother    of 

Francisco,  106. 
Placentia,  see  Piacenza. 
Plague,  in  Spain,   21 ;    at  Constanti- 
nople,  39 ;    in   Saxony   and  in  the 

armies,  128. 
Plasencia,  139, 
Podolia,  80. 
Poison,  proposed,  suspected,  or  actual 

use  of,  6,  13,  23,  34,  60,  97,  ^50. 
Poitiers,  140. 
Poland,  80. 
Pole,  Edmund  de  la,  Duke  (properly 

Earl)  of  Suffolk,  18. 
Pole,  Reginald,  156. 
Poles,  the,  in  conflict  with  the  Turks, 

27 ;  at  peace  with  them,  40 ;  at  war 

with  the  Muscovites,  44,  80. 
Polyglot  Bible,  51. 
Ponce  de  Leon,  Juan,  27. 
Ponce  de    Leon,  Manuel,   Count   of 

Baylen,  118. 
Ponda   (Sant'   Abbondia),    battle   of 

(r554)>  153,  153  «• 
Ponthieu,  74. 
Ponza,  148. 

Popayan,  in  America,  98. 
'  Pope  Andrew,'  see  Carvajal. 
Pope,  authority  of  the,  138. 
Porto  Carrero,  Inez,  death  of,  122. 
Portocarrero,  Luis  de,  SefSor  de  Palma, 

103. 
Portocarrero,  Pedro,  45. 
Porto  Ercole,  155. 
Portugal,  xii,  xxiv,  3,   25,  66,    143, 

154  ;  spice  trade  of,  8,  10. 
Portugal,  Prince  of,  see  John. 
Portuguese,  the,  69,  106,  143. 
Portuguese  fleet,  lost  at  Azamor,  42. 
Portuondo,  Rodrigo  de,  85. 
Praedt,  M.  de,  88  f. 
Prague,  129. 
Pregent  de  Bidoux,  French  admiral, 

37- 
Prevesa,  naval  battle  of  (1538),  106. 
Priego,  Marquis  of,  see  Fernandez  de 

Cordova. 
Primero,  Spanish  game,  136. 
Priory  of  St.  John,  48. 
Procuradores,  in  Castile,  59. 
Prodigious  tales,  xxvii,  xxxv  f.,  xli, 

xlii,  xliv«.,  xlviii,  25,  31,  32,  53-5, 

63,  89  f.,  90  f. 


296 


INDEX 


Protestants,  iii. 

Provence,  disastrous  invasion  of,  by 

Bourbon  (1524),  70;  by  Charles  V 

(1536),  102. 
Prussia,  Duke  of,  see  Albert. 
Pucaran,  129. 
Pnlgar,  Hernan  Perez  del,  chronicler, 

xxix,  44. 

QuiHones,  Diego  de,  86. 

Qnifiones,  Friar  Francisco,  Imperial 

emissary,  80,  80  n. 
Quito,  3,  98,  123. 
Quixadade  Villa  Garcia,  LuisMendes, 

117,  149. 

Ramirez,  Sebastian,  Bishop  of  Cuenca, 

122. 
Ramiro  I,  King  of  Aragon  (1035-63), 

50. 
Ramiro  II,  '  the  Monk,'  King  of  Ara- 
gon (1134-7).  50- 
Ramiro  I,  King  of  Asturias  (842-50), 

son  of  Bermudo  I,  50. 
Ramiro  II,  King  of  Leon  (931-50), 

brother  of  Alfonso  IV,  50. 
Ramiro  III,  King  of  Leon  (966-82), 

50. 
Ramon  V,  Count  (not  King)  of  Bar- 
celona (i  131-62),  King  of  Aragon, 

as  Ramon  (i  151-62),  50. 
Ramusio,  xxxvi. 
Rapoto   (Ratpod)   of  Hapsburg   (d. 

1027),  listed    as   eighth   Count    of 

Hapsburg  in  the  text,  49. 
Ratisbon  (Spires  in  the  text),  Diet  of 

(1541),  III. 
Ratisbon,  Diet  of  (1546),  123. 
Ravenna,  xxvii,  xl,  xlvi,  27,  28,  32, 

87,  95,  109. 
Rebecco,  battle  of  (1523),  69, 
Reckenrot,  George,  German  officer  in 

the  French  service,  146. 
Red  bands,  118. 
Red  Sea,  the,  106. 
Reformation,  the,  progress  of,  2,  55  ; 

Roman   Catholic   histories   of  the, 

xlvii. 
Keggio,  97. 
Remesal,  18. 
Ren6  de  Chilons,  Prince  of  Orange 

(1530-44),  113,  121. 
Renie,  daughter  of  Louis  XII,  42,  46. 
Renty,  152. 

*  Rey  Encubierto ',  the,  64. 
Rhinegrave,  the,  see  Philippe  de  Balm. 
Rhodes,  i,  68. 
Rhua  (or  Ruami),  Pedro  de,  Spanish 

critic,  xxxii,  122. 


Ribera,  Hernando  de,  chronicler, 
xxxii,  44. 

Richard  of  Greiffenklau,  Archbishop 
of  Treves  (1511-31),  71. 

Rimini,  16. 

Rin9on,  Antonio  (in  text  wrongly 
Hernando),  iiof.,  112,  134. 

Rivera,  Marshal  Payo  de,  66. 

Roa,  in  Old  Castile,  51. 

Robert  I,  of  Frisia,  Count  of  Flan- 
ders (1072-92),  brother  of  Baldwin 
VI,  49. 

Robert  II,  Count  of  Flanders  (1092- 
I III),  49. 

Robert  III,  Count  of  Flanders  (1304- 
22),  49. 

Robert,  listed  as  third  Count  of  Haps- 
burg in  the  text,  49. 

Robertson,  William,  xxi  «.,  xxii. 

Rochester,  Bishop  of,  see  Fisher. 

Rochlitz,     battle     of    (1547),     128, 

I28«. 

Rock  of  Aldava,  battle  of  the  (1521), 
62. 

Roeulx,  Count  Adrian  de,  146 ;  death 
of,  149. 

Rojas,  Antonio  de  (d.  1527),  Bishop 
of  Majorca  (1496-1507),  first  Patri- 
arch of  the  Indies,  9. 

Rojas,  Antonio  de  (d.  1556),  official 
in  the  courts  of  Philip  and  Don 
Carlos,  139,  158. 

Rojas,  Bernardo  de,  13. 

Romagna,  the,  9,  23. 

Romano,  Caesaro,  papal  captain,  94. 

Romans,  the,  128. 

Rome,  ix,  xvii,  xxxv,  3,  34,  63,  67, 77, 
79,  86,  91,  94,  99,  102,  no,  120, 
122,  125,  127,  147,  153;  sack  of 
(1527),  xlvii,  79,  80,  87,  99,  133. 

Rome,  See  of,  68. 

Romero,  Julian,  Spanish  captain,  152. 

Ronquillo,  the  Alcalde,  59. 

Rosano,  86. 

Rossem,  Martin  van,  112,  116. 

Roussillon,  13,  134. 

Rovere,  Francesco  Maria  de  la,  Duke 
ofUrbino,  28,  30,  65,87;  commands 
the  papal  army,  32  ;  attacked  by 
Leo  X,  51  f.;  on  the  French  side, 
69  ;  takes  Lodi,  77. 

Rovere,  Giuliano  della,  see  Julius  II, 

Roxalana,  Turkish  Sultana,  141. 

Royal  Archives  of  the  Crown  of  Cas- 
tile, XX. 

Rudolf  I,  Holy  Roman  Emperor 
(1273-92),  49. 

Ruffo,  Giovanni,  papal  nuncio,  26. 

Ruiz,  Pedro,  ix,  xix,  xx,  xxv. 

Russia,  3,  72. 


INDEX 


297 


Rnstan,  King  of  Persia,  6  ;  slain,  7. 
Ruy,  Hernando,  xxxvi,  8. 

Saavedra  Ceron,  Alvaro  de,  83. 
Sachia,  Beltrame,  113. 
Saint-Andre,  French  marshal,  151. 
St. -Denis,  church  of,  in  Paris,  102. 
Saint  John  Lateran,  Council  of,  34. 
St.  Peter,  chair  of,  154. 
St.  Peter's,  church  of,  at  Rome,  125. 
St.  Pol,  Count  of,  see  Bourbon,  Fran- 
^^9ois  of. 

St.  Thomas,  College  of,  in  Seville,  59. 
Salamanca,  118. 

Salazar,  Juan  de,  corregidor  of  Soria, 
xix. 
Salerno,  naval  battle  of  (1528),  S4, 

133- 
Salerno,  Prince  of,  151. 
Salsas,  castle  of,  9,  13. 
Salub,  King  of  Persia,  6. 
Salvatierra,  96. 

Salvatierra,  Count  of,  see  Ayala. 
Salviati,  Cardinal  Giovanni  de.  Papal 

legate,  72,  75. 
Salzedo,  Spanish  captain,  87. 
Samarcand,  6. 

Sanabria,   Alonzo    de,   Spanish    his- 
torian, xlii,  xliii. 
Sancha,  sister  of  King  Bermudo  III  of 

Leon,  wife  of  King  Ferdinand  I  of 

Castile  and  Leon,  50. 
Sanchez  de  Vargas,  Ruy,  94. 
Sancho  I  (III  in  text).  King  of  Aragon 

(1063-94),  50. 
Sancho  III,  '  the  Great,'  King  of  Na- 
varre, including  Aragon  (970-1035), 

listed  as  Sancho  II  of  Aragon  in  the 

text,  50. 
Sancho  I,  '  the  Fat,'  King  of   Leon 

(95 7-8,  960-6),  brother  of  Ordoilo 

III,  50. 
Sancho   II,    'the   Strong,'    King    of 

Castile  (1065-72),  50. 
Sancho  III,  King  of  Castile  (i  157-S), 

50  «. 
Sancho  IV,  King  of  Castile  and  Leon 

(1284-95),  50. 
Sancho  of  Castile  defends  Salsas,  13. 
Sancho  Garcia  listed  as  fifth  King  of 

Aragon  in  the  text,  50. 
San  Columban,  near  Milan,  87. 
Sandi,  Alvaro  de,  Spanish  general,  1 24. 
San  Dionysius,  church  of,  at  Milan, 

102. 
Sandoval,   Prudencio    de,    xiv,    xxiv, 

xxxvi,  xl,  xli-xlv,  1. 
San  Giorgio,  Cardinal  of,  no. 
Sanigin,  10. 
•San  Miguel  of  Tangarara  founded,  91. 


San  Sebastian,  in  Caribana,  25. 
San  Sebastian,  in  Spain,  34,  62. 
San  Severino,  Cardinal  Federigo  da, 

29.  .38. 
San  Severino,  Ferdinand  de,  Prince  of 

Salerno,  146. 
Sant'  Abbondia,  see  Ponda. 
Santa  Cruz,  Spanish  soldier  in  Italy,  95. 
Santa  Fiore,  Mario  de,  153. 
Santa  Maria  Maggiore,  church  of,  13. 
Santa  Maria  sopra  Minerva,  monastery 

of,  34- 
Santa  Martha,  city  in  South  America, 

70. 
Sant'  Angelo,  castle  of,  13,  78. 
Santarem,  63. 
Santhi^,  in  Piedmont,  156. 
Santiago,  a  pilot,  17. 
Santiago,  Archbishop  of,  see  Fonseca. 
Santiago,  Order  of,  10,  45. 
Saragossa,  xiv,  xvii,   xviii,  xix,  xxix, 

13,  56. 

Saravia,  Castilian  rebel,  beheaded,  63. 

Sardinia,  50,  80, 133. 

Savages,  come  to  land  at  Dieppe,  25. 

Savona,  21,  36. 

Savoy,  5,  loi,  120,  134,  135. 

Savoy,  Duchess  of,  see  Beatrice. 

Savoy,  Duke  of,  see  Charles  III. 

Saxons,  128. 

Saxony,  73, 128. 

Scarlino,  153. 

Schartlin,  Sebastian,  Lutheran  general, 
124, 146. 

Schmalkaldic  League,  the,  99,  123, 
127. 

Schmalkaldic  War,  the  (1546-7),  123 
ff.,  127  ff. 

Schwarzreiters,  155. 

Scipios,  the,  xxxi. 

Scotland,  4,  120,  123. 

Scots,  defeated  at  Flodden,  37  ;  at 
war  with  the  English  (1542),  113. 

Scottish  fleet,  defeated,  31,  129. 

Sebastian,  King  of  Portugal  (1557-78), 
xii,  xxiv,  151. 

Segura,  the  Alferez,  1 1 . 

Seigniory  of  Venice,  the,  76. 

Selade,  Jerome,  Bishop  of  Vaison,85, 
85  «. 

Selim  I,  Sultan  of  Turkey  (1512-20), 
XXXV,  5,  31,  35,  39,  48,  71  ;  sayings 
of,  Hi,  35,  41,  52,  56,  60,  61  f. ; 
defeats,  Ismail  Sophy,  40  f. ;  disregard 
of  Ottoman  custom,  41,  51,  61  ;  con- 
quers Aladola,  44  ;  overthrows  Kan- 
su,  47,  conquers  Egypt,  xxxiv,  52  ; 
interview  with  Algazeli,  54  f. ;  death 
of,  xxxiv,  60  ;  character  and  exploits 
of,  60  f. 


298 


INDEX 


Selim  II,  '  the  Sot,'  Sultan  of  Turkey 
(1566-74),  141. 

Selim,  brother  of  Bayazid  II,  34. 

Selves,  Jean  de,  74. 

Sepulveda,  Juan  Ginez  de,  appointed 
royal  historiographer,  104 ;  justifies 
the  conquest  of  the  Indies,  xxxii, 
126. 

Sermangoli,  friend  of  Alban,  7  ;  cap- 
tured by  Ismail  Sophy,  27. 

Servetus,  Michel,  xlix,  125. 

Servicio,  the,  in  Castile,  59,  114. 

Sessa,  Duke  of,  153. 

Setelin,  a  Mameluke,  54. 

Seville,  xi,  xviii,  xxviii,  xxxv,  3,  10, 

,14.  53,  59»  75>  "8. 
Seville,    Archbishop    of,   see    Deza ; 

later,  see  Manrique. 
Seymour,  Jane,  third  queen  of  Henry 

VIII,  130. 
Seyssel,  French  historian,  xxxiiif. 
Sforza,  Bona,  daughter  of  Gian  Gale- 

azzo,  43. 
Sforza,  Francesco  II,  Duke  of  Milan, 

son  of  Lodovico,  65,  66,  67,  72,  73, 

76,  77»   79.  89,  93,   133  ;  death  of, 

100,  103  ;  fortunes  of,  100. 
Sforza,  Gian  Galeazzo  Maria,  Duke  of 

Milan,  4,  43. 
Sforza,  Lodovico,  '  II  Moro,'  Duke  of 

Milan,  3  f. 
Sforza,  Maximilian,  Duke  of  Milan, 

36,  38,  43,  82,  109  ;  sent  prisoner  to 

France,  43,  132. 
Sforze,  the,  end  of  the  line  of,  100. 
Shah,  the,  see  Ismail  Sophy,  Thamasp 

Sophy. 
Sheikh  Haidar,  father  of  Ismail  Sophy, 

6 ;    wars    on   Rustan,    6  ;    slain    in 

battle,  6 ;  sect  of,  8,  40. 
Sherif,  the,  see  Mohammed,  King  of 

Morocco. 
Shiraz,  6. 
Sicily,  XXX,  xxxviii,  28,  44,   50,  82, 

99,  109,  127. 
Sickingen  ('Haege '),  Franz  von,  64, 7 1 . 
Siena,  4,  67,  79,  93,  149,  154,  157  f. 
Siennese,  the,  147  f. 
Sierra  de  Bernia,  the,  72. 
Sierra  de  Veniega,  the,  64. 
Sierra  Vermeja,   Moorish    revolt    in 

the,  9. 
Sievershausen,  battle  of  (1553),  xlix, 

155,  ^55  «. 

Sigisbert,  German  noble,  great-great- 
grandfather of  Otbert  of  Hapsburg, 
48. 

Sigisbert,  German  noble,  father  of 
Otbert  of  Hapsburg,  48. 

Sigismund  I,  King  of  Poland  (1506- 


48),  40,  43,  76,  78,  101,132,135; 
attacks  Dantzic,  78  n. ;  death  ofy 
140  ;  character  and  fortunes  of,  i4of. 

Sigiienza,  51. 

Siliceo,  see  Martinez  Siliceo. 

Silo,  King  of  Asturias  (974-83),  50  «., 

Silva,  Juan  de.  Count  of  Cifuentes, 
Lord  High  Steward  of  the  Empress 
Isabella,  19,  122. 

Silva,  Juan  de.  Count  of  Cifuentes, 
gentleman  of  the  chamber  in  the 
court  of  the  Regent  Philip,  139. 

Silva,  Tristan  de,  chronicler,  xxxii,  44. 

Simancas,  xxx,  63. 

Simony,  practised  by  Leo  X,  p6. 

Sinan  Pasha,  an  Albanian,  Turkish 
general,  47;  slain  by  Algazeli,  52,  54. 

Sinan  the  Turk,  145,  148. 

Skander  Pasha,  slain  by  Selim  I,  61. 

Smolensk,  39,  40. 

Sobrarbe,  royal  line  of,  50. 

Soderini,  Cardinal  Francesco,  29. 

Soderini,  Piero,  29. 

SokoUi,  Mohammed,  Beglierbeg  of 
Rumelia  (not  of  Greece),  145,  145  n. 

Solway  Moss,  battle  of  (1542),  113, 
113  «. 

Solyman  I,  '  the  Magnificent,'  Sultan 
of  Turkey  (1520-66),  xxxv,  xlviii,  1, 
60,  62,  65,  70,  78,  89,  93,  100,  105, 
108,  141,  148;  takes  Belgrade,  66; 
victorious  at  Mohacs,  78  ;  at  war 
with  Thamasp  Sophy,  84;  besieges 
Vienna  (1529),  88;  (1532),  xxviii, 
91  f.;  slays  the  Grand  Vizier  Ibrahim, 
loi ;  relations  with  Francis  I,  iii, 
131.  133,  134;  in  Hungary,  in  f., 
119;  concludes  a  five  years'  truce  with 
Charles  and  Ferdinand   of  Austria, 

137- 

Solyman  Pasha,  the  eunuch,  106. 

Sophy,  see  Ismail  Sophy,  Thamasp 
Sophy. 

Soria,  ix,  xix,  96. 

Soria  (properly  Segovia),  13. 

Southern  Sea  discovered,  35. 

Spagnuoli,  Giovanni  Battista,  chroni- 
cler, xxxii,  44. 

Spain,  x,  xvii,  xviii,  xxii,  xxiv,  xxvi, 
xxviii,  xxx,  xxxiii,  xxxviii,  xxxix,  L 
liv  f.,  I,  9,  17,  19,  46,  48, 53,  68,  75, 
115,  157;  condition  of,  in  1500,  2; 
changes  in,  from  1500  to  1556,  2  ; 
ravaged  by  famine  and  plague,  21  ; 
pearls  brought  to,  42  ;  under  Charles 
1,62,  97,  104,  109,  113,  129,  133, 
136,  138,  144,  154, 156  ;  high  prices 
in,  126,  138  f. 

Spaniards,  in  Naples,  xxix,  11,  13,  70; 
in    the    Indies,  xv,  25 ;    beaten    at 


INDEX 


299 


Ravenna,  xlvi,  32  ;  at  Genoa,  37  ; 
victorious  at  Vicenza  (1513),  38; 
fight  at  Marignano,  43 ;  at  Brescia, 
46  ;  in  Africa,  xiv,  56 ;  at  Milan,  66, 
68;  pillage  Genoa,  67 ;  at  Toledo,  72, 
in  Lombardy,  72,  73,  76  ;  in  Italy, 
76,  78 ;  at  Vienna,  88,  93  ;  at  Buda, 
89  ;  in  Peru,  91  ;  army  of,  withdrawn 
from  Italy,  93 ;  in  a  tourney  with 
Frenchmen,  95  ;  in  Persia,  99  ;  at 
Cuzco,  104  ;  in  Piedmont,  105,  118  ; 
at  Alboran,  108 ;  at  Castelnuovo, 
107  ;  at  Diiren,  likened  to  cats  and 
griffins,  115;  at  Landrecies,  xlvi, 
1 16-18;  at  Luxembourg,  119;  in 
Germany,  124;  swim  the  Elbe,  128; 
rising  against,  in  Naples  (1547), 
134;  slandered  by  le  Ferron,  137; 
take  Constance,  138;  driven  from 
Siena,  147;  at  Metz,  148  ;  at  Therou- 
anne,  149;  at  Hesdin,  149;  at 
Valenciennes,  150;  at  Dinant,  152  ; 
at  Volpiano,  155. 

Spanish  arquebnsiers,  152. 

Spanish  bishops,  135. 

Spanish  division,  in  Castaldo's  army, 

145- 

Spanish  fleet,  escorts  Pope  Adrian  VI 
to  Rome,  67. 

Spanish  foot-soldiers,  in  Africa,  148. 

Spanish  Guard,  the,  139. 

Spanish  knights,  at  the  coronation  of 
Charles  V,  88. 

Spanish  language,  the,  xxxviii. 

Spanish  soldiers,  suggested  employ- 
ment of,  in  Persia,  xxxv,  55 ;  serve 
under  Henry  VIII  of  England,  120. 

Spanish  troops  in  Frisia,  46 ;  in 
Sicily,  109, 

Spezzia,  x. 

Spice  Islands,  58,  63,  83,  85,  113. 

Spires,  Bishop  of,  147. 

Spires,  Diet  of  (1526),  78;   (1542), 

"3  ;  (i544)>  "9- 

Spoleto,  23. 

Spurs,  Battle  of  the,  37. 

Stenay,  146. 

Stephen,  see  Zapolya,  John  Sigismund. 

Stewart,  John,  Duke  of  Albany,  70; 
moves  against  Naples,  70  f. 

Strassburg,  127,  146. 

Strozzi,  Leon,  Prior  of  Capua,  Floren- 
tine in  the  French  naval  service,  123, 

145,   153. 
Strozzi,  Piero,  Florentine  in  the  French 

service,  120,  123W.,  153. 
Suarez  de  Sevilla,  Jeronimo,  Bishop 

of  Badajoz,  death  of,  121;  character 

and  fortunes  of,  121  f. 
Suffolk,  Duke  of,  see  Brandon,  Charles. 


Suffolk,  Duke  (properly  Earl)  of,  see 

Pole,  Edmund  de  la. 
Succaro,    captain    of    Spanish    light 

horse,  38. 
Sufis,  Mohammedan  sect,  8  n. ;  garb 

of,  8. 
Sumacchia,  King  of,  see  Sermangoli. 
Surrey,  Earl  of,  see  Howard. 
Swiss,  the,   11,   28,  38,  42,    43,  44; 

defeated  at  Marignano,  43,  132;  in 

alliance  with  P'rancis  1,47,  ^'^>  '35  ! 

in  alliance  with  Henry  II,  135,  140, 

152  ;  in  alliance  with  Pope  Paul  III, 

I35>  140- 
Swiss  cantons,  civil  war  among,  90. 
Syria,  xxxv. 

Tabriz,  7,  41,55,  141. 

Talavera,  Hernando  de.  Archbishop 

of  Granada,  2,    14;    death  of,   21; 

accounted  a  saint,  21. 
Tangiers,  33. 

Tangiers,  Alcaide  of,  see  Menezes. 
Tararequi,  in  the  West  Indies,  42. 
Tartars,  the,  80,  99,  141. 
Tartars  of  Europe,  5. 
Tasluca,  Persian  queen,  10. 
Tasnula,  41. 
Tavera,  Juan,  Archbishop  of  Toledo, 

122;  death  of,  121;    character  and 

fortunes  of.  121,  136. 
Tax  on  wheat,  16. 

Tchaldiran,  battle  on  the  plain  of,  40. 
Tchorlu,  Selim  I  dies  at,  60 ;  battle 

of  (1511).  31,  61. 
Techeiles,  Mohammedan  theologian, 

8,  39-  , 

Temesvar,  40,  149. 

Tenda,  town  and  marquisate  of,  no. 

Tendilla,  Count  of,  x. 

Teneriffe,  152. 

Tenes,  5,  21,  58. 

Termes,  Paul  de,  152,  153,  157. 

Terrail,  Pierre  du,  see  Bayard. 

Tersis,  French  cavalier,  11. 

Tetzel,  John,  Dominican  friar,  125. 

Thamasp  Sophy,  King  of  Persia 
( 1 5 2 3-75),  successor  of  Ismail  Sophy, 
55',  72,  84,  99,  104,  141,  148  f. 

Theodebert,  German  noble,  48. 

Theodoric  of  Alsace,  Count  of  Flan- 
ders (1128-68^,  cousin  of  Baldwin 
VII  and  Charles  the  Good,  49. 

Therouanne,  37,  39,  74, 105,  129, 149. 

Therouanne,  battle  of,  37. 

Thierry,  see  Theodoric. 

Thomas,  Cardinal  of  Gran,  39. 

Tiber,  the,  33. 

Tidore,  Moluccan  island,  63. 

Tierra  Firme,  25. 


300 


INDEX 


Tlascalans,  vanquished  by  Cortes,  57. 

Tlemcen,  5,  21,  30,  126. 

Tlemcen,  King  of,  148. 

Toledo,  10,  66,  72  ;  Cortes  of  (1538- 
9),  107  ;  hospital  at,  121  ;  Cathe- 
dral of,  137. 

Toledo,  archbishopric  of,  56,  59,  68. 

Toledo,  Antonio  de,  Master  of  the 
Horse,  139,  158. 

Toledo,  Diego  de,  48. 

Toledo,  Lady  Eleonor  de,  107. 

Toledo,  Fadrique  de,  Duke  of  Alva,  1 3, 
16,  20,  48  ;  at  Pamplona,  33 ;  given 
the  collar  of  the  Order  of  the  Golden 
Fleece,  57. 

Toledo,  Fadrique  de,  Commendador 
of  Calatrava,  139. 

Toledo,  Fernando  Alvarez  de,  Duke 
of  Alva,  X,  114,  118,  123  f.;  Lord 
High  Steward,  139  ;  general-in-chief, 
1 48 ;  Viceroy  and  governor  of  Naples 
and  Milan,  154  f.,  156  ;  at  war  with 
Pope  Paul  IV,  157. 

Toledo,  Francisco  de,  Archimandrite 
of  Sicily,  governor  of  Siena,  death  of, 
1 57  f. ;  character  of,  ,158. 

Toledo,  Francisco  Alvarez  de,  by 
mistake  in  the  text  for  Toledo,  Fer- 
nando Alvarez  de,  1 14. 

Toledo,  Garcia  de,  1 58. 

Toledo,  Pedro  de,  Viceroy  of  Naples, 
88, 93,  107,  134,  146  ;  death  of,  149  ; 
character  and  fortunes  of,  149  f. 

Tordesillas,  castle,  26,  59,  154. 

Tordesillas,  3.regidor,  slain  at  Segovia, 

59- 

Toro,  15. 

Torquemada,  Spanish  town,  21. 

Torrelaguna,  51. 

Tortoles,  21. 

Tortosa,  68. 

Torture,  use  of,  by  Caesar  Borgia,  23  ; 
by  Selim  I,  52  ;  in  Hungary,  xxxiv, 
40 ;  at  Madrid,  69  ;  at  Naples,  69 ; 
in  Tunis,  ii8. 

Toumay,  37,  39,  62. 

Toumon,  Fran9ois  de,  Archbishop  of 
Embrun,  74,  89. 

Tours,  Galilean  council  at,  30. 

Tovar,  Francisco  de,  1 1 9. 

Trani,  combat  at,  xliii,  11,  94  ;  Fer- 
nando de  Alarcon  at,  109. 

Transylvania,  108,  145,  149. 

Tremonille,  Louis  de  la,  French 
General,  36. 

Trent,  Council  of  (1545-63),  113, 114, 

"5.135- 
Treves,  Archbishop  of,  see  Richard. 
Treves,  Bishop  (properly  Archbishop) 

of,  147. 


Tripoli,  28,72, 145. 

Triton,  a,  seen  in  the  Canaries,  xlviii, 
90. 

Triumpho  de  la  Cruz,  in  Honduras,  70. 

Trivulcio,  Teodoro,  Venetian  com- 
mander, 65. 

Tncio,  Tartar  Khan,  5. 

Tudela,  144, 

Tudor,  Mary,  see  Mary  I,  Queen  of 
England. 

Tuesta,  Martin  de,  1 1 . 

Tuman,  Soldan  of  Egypt,  xxxv,  52,  54, 
55  ;  slain  by  Selim  I,  52. 

Tunis,  5,  30,  99,  118  ;  expedition  of 
the  Emperor  Charles  against,  xxi,  99, 
102,  no. 

Turbans,  6  ;  red,  8,  32,  34  ;  green,  32  ; 
white,  34. 

Turin,  108,  113. 

Turkish  artillery,  41. 

Turkish  fleet,  the,  106,  134,  151,  157; 
winters  in  France,  119. 

Turkish  power,  rise  of  the,  xiv. 

Turkish  wars,  the,  loi. 

Turks,  the,  xxxv,  xxxvi,  9,  10,  22,  27, 
39.  41.44.  52,  54,  80,  81,90,92,93, 
97,  99,  106,  107,  113,  114,  132,  133, 
141,  143,  145,  146,  151,  155. 

Ubeda,  136. 

Udene,  113. 

Ulm,  127. 

Ulrich     I,    Duke     of     Wiirtemberg 

(1498-1517,  1534-50),  74,  97,  127. 
Urbina,  Juan  de,  death  of,  85  ;  career 

and  exploits  of,  86-8  ;   honours  and 

titles  of,  88. 
Urbino,  11. 

Urbino,  Duke  of,  see  Rovere. 
Urraca,  Queen  of  Castile(i  109-26),  50. 
Ustaraba,  Hamon,  Jewish  doctor,  34. 
Utrecht,  Adrian    of,  see  Adrian    VI, 

Pope. 
Utrecht,  Provost  of,  83. 
Uzun  Hasan,  King  of  Persia,  6. 

Vaca  de  Castro,  Cristoval,  112  f.,  120, 

157- 
Vaison,  Bishop  of,  see  Selade. 
Val  de  Escaray,  Lord  of,  see  Manrique. 
Valence,  23. 
Valencia,  revolt  in,  64 ;  rising  of  the 

Moriscos  in,  72. 
Valencia,  Archbishopric  of,  23. 
Valenciennes,  64,  150. 
Valentin,  Duke,  see  Borgia,  Caesar. 
Valentinois,    Duke    of,   see    Borgia, 

Caesar. 
Valgrana,    Jacobo    de,     biographer, 

xxxii,  104. 


INDEX 


30X 


Valladolid,  xi,  xii,  xvii,  xxx,  xl,  xliii, 
20,  26,  48,  63,  79,  90,  98,  113,  121, 
138,  139,  142,  143;  Audiencia  of, 
122;  Canons  of,  xli,  143;  High 
Court  of,  158. 

Vanegas,  Luis,  148. 

Vanozza  Catanei,  mistress  of  Pope 
Alexander  VI,  22. 

Vanzo,  French  town,  on  the  Bidassoa, 

75- 
Vargas,  Juan  de,  86,  94. 
Vargas,  Martin  de,  158. 
Vasili   III    (IV),   Grand    Prince    of 

Moscow     (1505-33),     3,     39,     40, 

lOI. 

Vasto,  Marquis  del,  see  Avalos, 
Alonzo  de. 

Vatican,  the,  xxxiv. 

Vaucelles,  Truce  of  (1556),  157, 
157  M. 

Vaudemont,  Duke  of.  Papal  comman- 
der, 78. 

Vechoa,  Garcia,  90. 

Vedia,  Enrique  de,  ix,  ix  n. 

Vega,  Garcilaso  de  la,  xii,  xxxii. 

Vega,  Hernando  de,  33,  74. 

Vega,  Juan  de,  Marquis  of  Gragal,  34, 
114,  120,  127,  158;  Viceroy  of 
Sicily,  144. 

Velasco,  Bernardino  de.  Constable  of 
Castile,  20. 

Velasco,  Inigo  de.  Constable  of  Cas- 
tile, 57,  67,  75  ;  as  Regent  of  Castile, 
64. 

Velasco,  Pedro  Fernandez  de,  Con- 
stable of  Castile,  88. 

Velasquez,    Contador     Mayor    Juan, 

45- 

Velasquez  de  Cu^Uar,  Diego,  29 ; 
death  of,  67. 

Veles,  143. 

Velez  de  Gomera,  143. 

Velez  de  Guevara,  Juan,  149. 

Venetians,  the,  xiv,  2,  4,  12,  16,  22, 
40,  42,  46,  67,  72,  105  ;  war  with  the 
Turks,  5,  23,  106,  108 ;  umpires  at 
Trani,  11,  excommunicated  by  Pope 
Julius  II,  25  ;  league  formed  against, 
at  Cambray,  25,  28 ;  defeated  by 
Louis  XII  at  Agnadello,  27  ;  restore 
Ravenna  to  the  Pope,  27  ;  reconciled 
with  the  Pope,  28,  29 ;  at  war  with 
Leo  X,  36  ;  in  alliance  with  France, 
43.  65,  77,  84,  109;  friends  of 
Charles,  89,  103 ;  conclude  peace 
with  Turkey,  108. 

Venezuela,  granted  to  the  Welsers,  83. 

Venice,  x,  xvii,  3,  36,  44,  76,  93, 1 11  ; 
bombarded,  37. 

Venlo,  115. 


Venta,  Bafios,  21. 

Vera,    Diego     de,    11  ;     defeated    at 

Algiers,  46, 112;  in  Navarre,  67. 
Verona,  36,  46. 
Veyre,  Imperial  emissary,  80. 
Via  Campo,  Luis  de,  86. 
Viana,  Castle  of,  34. 
Vicenza,  battle  of  (1513),  38,  87. 
Vienna,  43,   90,   96,    145 ;    siege   of 

(1529),  88  (1532),  91  f..  103. 
Viesti,  in  Apulia,  sacked,  153. 
Viglius      (Wigle     van     Aytta     van 

Swichem),  Flemish  jurist,  156. 
Viguio,  Diego,  in. 
Villa  Franca,  Marquis  of,  see  Toledo, 

Pedro  de. 
Villalar,  battle  of  (1521),  63. 
Villalba,  Spanish  soldier  in  Italy,  86, 

94.  95- 
Villalva  de  Plasencia,  Colonel    Her- 
nando de,  45. 
Villaumbrosa,  Count  of,  see  Nunez  de 

Guzman. 
Villaverde,  108. 
Villefranche,  105. 
Villegas,  Antonio,  Spanish  minister, 

136. 
Villeneuve,  105. 
Villiers  de  LTsle  Adam,  Philippe  de, 

Grand    Master    of  the    Hospitalers 

(1521-34),  72. 
Vio,   Thomas  de,    called   Cajetan  or 

Cajetanus,  Papal  legate  and  Bishop 

of  Gaeta,  57. 
Vimes,  Bishop    Alonzo    de,   strange 

story  told  by,  90. 
Visconti,  the,  end  of  the  line  of,  loo. 
Viterbo,  85. 

Vitoria,  in  Castile,  65,  67. 
Vivas,    Alonzo,    Neapolitan     in   the 

Spanish  service,  124,  138. 
Volpiano,  155. 

Wallachia,  149. 

Walloons,  124. 

Wark,  70. 

Welsers,  the,  German  bankers,  83. 

Werner,  listed  as  seventh  Count  of 
Hapsburg  in  the  text,  49. 

Werner,  listed  as  eleventh  Count  of 
Hapsburg  in  the  text,  49. 

Weser,  river  in  Germany,  155. 

Wheat,  tax  on,  in  Castile,  16 ;  the 
sale  of,  regulated  in  France,  90. 

Wilfred,  name  of  certain  Counts  of 
Barcelona,  j^<r  Jaufred. 

William  V,  Duke  of  Cleves  (1539- 
92),  in,  112,  115,  130;  first  Ger- 
man to  kiss  the  Emperor's  hand  after 
the  custom  of  Castile,  115. 


3oa 


INDEX 


William   I,    'the  Silent,'    Prince   of 
■Orange  (1544-84),  158. 
William  of  Rogendorf,  commander  in 

Hungary,  89. 
William,  Count  of  Flanders  (1127-8), 

second  cousin  of  Charles  the  Good, 

not  brother,   as  stated   in   the   text, 

49. 
Winchester,  151. 
Windsor,  18. 

Windsor,  Treaty  of  (1522),  81. 
Wolfgang,  Grand  Master  of  Prussia, 

see  Milchling,  Wolfgang. 
Wolsey,  Thomas,  81. 
Worms,  Bishop  of,  147. 
Worms,  Diet  of  (1521),  xliv,  62,  64. 
Wiirtemberg,  Duke  of,  see  Ulrich  I. 

Xaquixaguana,  battle  of  (1548),  139. 

Xativa,  see  Jdtiva. 

Ximenes,  mistake  in  the  text  for  Qai- 

nones,  80. 
Ximenes     de     Cisneros,     Francisco, 

Archbishop   of  Toledo,  2,   20,   25, 

45  ;  takes  Oran,  26,  51  ;  death  of,  51 ; 

character  and  exploits  of,  51. 

Yakub,  King  of  Persia,   6  f.,  10;    a 
fratricide,  6 ;  poisoned  by  his  wife,  6. 
York,  House  of,  18. 
York,  Cardinal  of,  see  Wolsey. 


'  Your  Highness,'  title  of  honour  re- 
tained by  Queen  Germaine,  57. 

'  Your  Lordship,'  Antonio  de  Leyva 
called,  103  ;  Fernando  de  Alarcon 
called,  no. 

Yucatan,  75. 

Yuste,  Hieronymite  monastery,  xiii, 
157- 

Zamudio,  Spanish  soldier  in  Italy, 
86,  94. 

Zapolya,  John,  Voivode  of  Transyl- 
vania, contestant  with  Ferdinand  of 
Austria  for  the  crown  of  Hungary 
(1526-40),  40,  65,  78,  80, 89, 90,106, 
108  ;  death  of,  in. 

Zapolya,  John  Sigismund  (wrongly 
called  Stephen  in  the  text),  Prince 
of  Transylvania  (1540-71),  in,  11  a, 

145. 
Zeeland,  90. 
Zenete,  Marquis  of,  see  Henry,  Count 

of  Nassau. 
Zuniga,  Alvaro  de,   Duke   of  Bejar, 

48,  67.  75- 
Zuniga,  Antonio  de,  48. 
Zuniga,  Francisco,  Count  of  Miranda, 

34,  67. 
Zuniga,  Juan  de,  death  of,  122. 
Zurita,  Jeronimo,   Spanish   historian, 

XXX,  xxxii,  xl,  44,  137. 
Zwingli,  Ulrich,  125. 


OXFORD:    HORACE    HART,   M.A. 
PRINTER    TO   THE    UNIVERSITY 


DD  G6niara,  Francisco  L6pez  de 
178        Annals  of  the  Emperor 

,9  Charles  V. 
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