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Fort
Mackinac

DWIGHT H. KELTON,

CAPTAIN U. S. ARMY.

RUGGLES EDITION

FAIRY ARCH

ANNALS

Fort Mackinac

DWIGHT H. KELTON, A. M.,

CAPTAIN U. S. ARMY.

AUTHOR OF INDIAN NAMES OF PLACES NEAR THE GREAT LAKES.

AUTHOR OF HISTORY OF THE SAULT STE. MARIE CANAL.

CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE WISCONSIN STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOICETY.

MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION.

MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN FOLK-LORE SOCIETY.

RUGGLES EDITION,

18 88.

t"5T'

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1888, by

DWIGHT H. KELTON,
in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

printed by
Detroit Free Press Printing Co.

GREETING.

I am under obligations to :

Capt. G. A. Goodale, U. S. A., Lieut. Edward H.
Flummer, U. S. A., Lieut. Harry F. Hodges, U. S. A.,
Gen. Orlando M. Foe, U. S. A., Hon. Douglas Brymner,
L. Rose Esq., Commodore David Carter, Capt. E. B.
Whitcomb, and Major Thomas Williamson.

This edition is named in honor of Colonel O. W.
Ruggles, of Chicago, 111.

CjTWri^jUU^,

Detroit, Mich.,

July, 1888.

Beauteous Isle ! I sing of thee,

Mackinac, my Mackinac;
Thy lake-bound shores I love to see,
Mackinac, my Mackinac.
From Arch Rock's height and shelving steep
To western cliffs and Lover's Leap,
Where memories of the lost one sleep,
Mackinac, my Mackinac.

Thy northern shore trod British foe,

Mackinac, my Mackinac:
That day saw gallant Holmes laid low,
Mackinac, my Mackinac.
Now Freedom's flag above thee waves,
And guards the rest of fallen braves,
Their requiem sung by Huron's waves,
Mackinac, my Mackinac.

CONTENTS.

PAGK

Ancient Michilimakinac, 9

Ancient Names of Rivers and Lakes, 117

American Fur Company, 71

American Officers, 82

Battle on Mackinac Island, in 1814, . ... 50

British Officers, ... 64

Capture of Fort Mackinac, in 1812, 42

Collectors of Customs, 122

Conspiracy of Pontiac, 38

County Clerks, 123

Distances from Mackinaw City, . . . . • . . . 142

Distances from Mackinac Island, 139

Early Michigan, 95

Fort Mackinac, * 76

French Officers, .64

Governors of Michigan, 98

Historical Events, chronologically arranged, .... 20

Indian Agents, 122

Legend of Arch Rock, 105

Legend of the Giant Fairies, 125

Legend of Lover's Leap, 89

Legend of Mackinac Island, Ill

Legend of Misbrai-Makinak 135

Legend of Robertson's Folly, 67

Light Houses, 109

Mackinac Island, Height above Straits, . . . . 139

National Park, 101

Postmasters, 123

Priests, 131

Probate Court, Judges, 122

Presidents of Village, 123

Steamboats, Arrival of 141

Summer, 140

Summer Residences, 143

Winter 140

AT0&4&

ANCIENT MICHILIMAKINAC.

The name Michilimakinac, or, as the Indians pronounce it,
Mishinimakinang \ properly signifies " The country of the
Mishinimaki." (Thus, Otawanang, the country of the
Otawa ; Otchipwenang, the country of the Ojibwa ; Osagi-
nang [English, Saginaw], the country of the Osaki, or Sac
Indians). And, in fact, the term " Michilimackinac," or, " the
country of Michilimackinac," was by the early French applied
to a large portion of the eastern half of the Upper Penin-
sula of Michigan.

By degrees the term was restricted to the French and In-
dian settlements on either side of the strait, and finally to
the Island of Mackinac.

The French La Pointe de St. Ignace had likewise a
broader signification than the present Point St. Ignace.

It was applied to the whole of the little peninsula whose
basis may be defined by a line drawn due west from the
mouth of Carp River to Lake Michigan. Our map shows
only the southern half of it.

EARLIEST INHABITANTS.

The " Ancient miners " of upper Michigan probably con-
nected with the " Mound builders " of the Mississippi Yalley,
and with the Toltecs and Aztecs, may have had an agricul-
tural out-post at St. Ignace. The vestiges of a mound have
been traced in the neighborhood of Point La Barbe. No
tradition, however, referring to that people is found among
out Indians. The earliest inhabitants known to the latter

ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

were the MishinimaM, or, as they now call them, Mishwi-
makinago.

According to the statement of a few still surviving at the
time of the French occupation, that tribe was all but exter-
minated by the Iroquois, in retaliation for a successful raid
made by them into the country of the latter.

ANCIENT MiCHJJLlMAKINAO. 11

EAKLY FRENCH VISITORS, AND TRANSIENT
INDIAN SETTLERS.

John Nicolet, on his remarkable journey from Canada to
Green Bay — about 1634 — was undoubtedly the first white
man that saw the Island of Mackinac, and, coasting around
the little peninsula, entered Lake Michigan.

From the meagre account left of his journey, nothing can
be gleaned regarding the inhabitants of the Mackinac country
at that period.

But whatever Indian population that intrepid traveler may
have met there, the whole neighborhood was deserted twenty
years later, when the ascendancy gained by the Iroquois in
consequence of their destructive onslaught on the Hurons
(16*4:9), had compelled all the little Algonquin clans on Lake
Huron to seek safer quarters on Lake Superior and Green
Bay. In 1651, or perhaps the year following, the small
tribe of Tionontate Hurons, on their flight before the Iro-
quois, reached Mackinac, and deeming the island a safe re-
treat, held it for about two years ; but being deceived in their
expectation, retreated to the islands at the mouth of Green
Bay, and later on, to its head.

Some of the old clearings which dot the wooded part of
Mackinac Island may date back to that period, for the Tion-
ontates were tillers of the soil. In the autumn of 1654, two
young Frenchmen, convoyed by Indians, passed Mackinac,
on their way to Green Bay. They repassed the island in the
summer of 1656, with fifty canoes laden with fur for the
Canada market, and manned by five hundred Hurons and
Algonquins.

The next Frenchman known to have passed the strait was
Nicolas Perrot, to whose Memoirs we are indebted for a

12 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC

portion of what we know of those early times. He made
his first journey to Green Bay about 1665. From that date
down to the end of the century, Perrot was a frequent visi-
tor at Mackinac, and on some occasions played a conspicuous
part in the transactions between his countrymen and the In-
dians at that post. At length the Black Gown arrived.
Father Claude Allouez was the first of the Jesuit mission-
aries who saw the far-famed island. He had left La Pointe
du St. Esjprit on Lake Superior in the summer of 1669, and
started from Sault Ste. Marie, November 3rd, with two French
companions and some Pottawatomie Indians. From Novem-
ber 5th to 11th, he lay wind and snow-bound on " Little St.
Martin's Island," to which he probably gave its name, the
day of his departure being St. Martin's day. Crossing over
from " Big St. Martin's Island " to the opposite shore, he
met two Frenchmen and a few Indians, who endeavored in
vain to make him desist from his intended visit to Green
Bay, so late in the season.

While coasting along the shore, with the island in view,
the missionary listened with pleasure to the recital, by his
Indian companions, of some of the legends which the author
of Hiawatha has put into English verse. Hiawatha is the
Mena-bosho, or JNena-bosho, of the Algonquins ; and the
Island of Mackinac was considered as his birthplace ; and
again, after the flood, as the locality where that civilizer of
mankind, observing a spider weaving its web, invented the
art of fishing with gill-nets. Father Allouez reached the
head of Green Bay after a month's journey full of hardship
and peril.

ANCIENT M1CI1IL1MAK1NAC. 13

THE MISSION OF ST. IGNATIUS— FATHEK MAR-
QUETTE— HIS CHAPEL.

In the fall of 1670, Father Claude Dablon, in his capacity
as Superior of the Jesuits on the upper lakes, selected the
point north of the strait, then first called La Pointe de St.
Ignace, as the site of a new missionary establishment in the
place of the mission at La Pointe du St Esprit, on Lake
Superior, then on the point of being abandoned. One of
the fathers, most likely Dablon himself, spent the winter on
the spot, in all probability within the limits of the present
village of St. Ignace, and put up some provisional buildings.

A few Indians only, wintered in the neighborhood, but new
and permanent settlers were expected ; first of all the wander-
ing Tionontate Hnrons. Leaving Green Bay, 1656 or 1657.
that remarkable clan, then consisting of about 500 souls, had
reached the Upper Mississippi, and after many adventures
and reverses, finally settled on the Bay of Shagawamigong —
now Ashland Bay, Wis. — where Father Allouez met them
in 1665. Since the autumn of 1669, they had been under
the care of Father Marquette, who was now (1671) to accom-
pany them back to the Mackinac country.

The party arrived at St. Ignace towards the end of June,
at the earliest, for at the great gathering of Indians and
French in San-It Ste. Marie, June 14th, they had not yet
reached the Rapids.

The exact site of Father Marquette's temporary chapel
and hut (cabane) is not known. It appears, however, from
some incidental remarks in that Father's report and in a later
Relation, that those humble buildings stood at some, though
not a very considerable, distance from the Huron fort near
which the second church was built. On December 8th.

14 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

1672, Joliet arrived with orders from the Governor of New
France and the Superior of the Jesuits in Quebec for Father
Marquette, to accompany him on his journey of discovery.

The party spent the winter in St. Ignace, and started May
17th, 1673. At that time the Hurons in St. Ignace num-
bered 380 souls.

Some 60 Otawas of the Sinago clan had lately joined them.

THE HURON FORT.— SECOND CHURCH.

In the second year of Marquette's stay, the Tionontates
began to build their fort or palisaded village. According to
LaHontan's plan, it occupied about the middle of the level
ground surrounding East Moran Bay. And there it re-
mained until the Hurons' departure for Detroit, about 1702.
Soon after Marquette's departure, Fathers Henry Nouvel and
Philip Pierson, abandoning the old site, built a substantial,
though small, church and an adjoining residence, protected,
after the fashion of the times, by a palisade enclosure. In
this new church Father Marquette's remains were interred,
June 9th, 1677.

There can be no doubt about its position. The Jesuits' re
port of 1678 places it in close proximity to the Huron fort.
So does LaHontan, in 1688. His plan shows it south of the
fort or village, from which he says : " It is only separated
by a palisade enclosure."

And there it undoubtedly remained until its destruction
by fire, about 1706.

ANCIENT MICHILIMAKINAC.

ALGONQUIN" TILLAGE AND CHURCH.

Soon after Marquette's departure, several clans of Otawas
and kindred tribes — all comprised by the missionaries under
the name of Algonquins — made their appearance and settled
on the shore of Lake Huron, a little over two miles from the
Jesuits' residence, accordingly near the bluff called by the
Indians the " She Rabbit," south of the " He Rabbit," or
" Sitting Rabbit " (Rabbit's Back). Here too a church, and a
dwelling house for the Otawa missionary, were built. Ac-
cording to Hennepin, who officiated in it, it was covered with
bark. In 1679, LaSalle honored it with his visit. Of its
later history nothing is known. Besides a floating popula-
tion, sometimes not inconsiderable, the "Algonquin village "
contained, in 1677, as many as 1300 souls, the principal clan
beino- that of the Kishkako.

If) ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

REMOVAL OF THE ALGONQUIN VILLAGE.

LaHontan, who visited St. Ignace in the spring of 1688,
is cilent about that church and settlement, but places an
Otawa village in the immediate neighborhood of the Hurons,
on East Moran Bay, stating at the same time that during his
stay, the Otawas, apprehending some trouble with their
Huron friends, began to fortify themselves on a neighboring
bluff. From this it would appear that the Algonquins, or
Otawas — a name then applied to most of the northwestern
Algonquins — had, within the last few years, moved about
two miles south. The former presence of an Indian popula-
tion on the bluff above that part of St. Ignace popularly
called " Vide Poche" is proved by the numerous articles of
Indian and French manufacture ploughed up there by some
of the present settlers. The local tradition also places a fort
on that higlit.

ANCIENT MICUILIMAKINAC. 17

THE OTAWA VILLAGE AT GEOS CAP.

In 1677, or shortly before, another body of Algonqnins —
Otawas properly so called — came to swell the Indian popula-
tion of St. Ignace.

They settled, it appears, on the shore of Lake Michigan,
between Point La Barbe and Gros Cap. This assumption
seems necessary to reconcile the statements, in the Jesuits'
report of 1678, regarding the respective distances between
their residence (near the Huron village) and the two Indian
settlements, the Algonquin village and the " New Otawa
village." The existence of a large Otawa settlement near
Gros Cap, in 1699, is certain from the account given by the
Missionary Buisson de St. Come of his journey from Macki-
nac to the Lower Mississippi. The party, of which the
noble Tonty was one, sent their canoes around the point to
the Otawa village, and walked themselves across the " port-
age." The village counted then about 1500 souls.

In 1702, these Otawas followed Cadillac, with the bulk of
the Indian population of St. Ignace, to his new establish-
ment on the Detroit river, but soon returned to their old
quarters, and finally went over to the northwestern shore of
Lower Michigan, where their descendants are still living. It
was during their second stay on West Moran Bay that the
famous trader who left his name to it lived among them.
The remains of their dead, together with wampum, glass
beads and other articles of Indian and French manufacture,
are frequently found in the sandy ground at the head of the
little Bay.

18 ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC.

ST. FRANCIS BOKGIA'S CHAPEL.

For the accommodation of the two settlements — the
Algonquin Village on Lake Huron, and the new Otawa
Village on Lake Michigan — Father Henry Nouvel built a
church of bark at a distance of about two and a half miles
from the residence and church of St. Ignatius; and, in
honor of the first general of the society who sent mission-
aries to America, named it the church of St. Francis Borgia.
There, with Father Enjalran, he passed the winter of 1677-8,
in a wigwam adjoining the chapel, receiving and instructing
daily frequent visitors from both villages. We do not know
how long that chapel remained in use.

Duluth, who spent the winter of 1680-1 in St. Ignace,
still gives Father Enjalran the title of missionary of St.
Francis Borgia.

The (surmised) removal of the Algonquins from the Rab-
bit Buttes must have made the position of the chapel isolated,
as it was no longer on the thoroughfare between the two
settlements.

THE FRENCH VILLAGE.

The presence of French settlers at St. Ignace, is first men-
tioned at the occasion of Father Marquette's burial. Accord-
ing to the report of the following year (1678), the singing at
the church of St. Ignatius was alternately in Latin, Huron and
French. The fur and corn trade kept pace with the increase
of the Indian population. LaSalle's arrival on the Griffon
(1679), caused quite a stir in the commercial metropolis of

ANCIENT MICHILIMAKINAC.

the West, for nothing less than that the village of St. Ignace
was, and remained, until supplanted by Detroit. Hennepin,
who wintered at the post: (1680-1), mentions his enrolling
forty-two traders into a religious confraternity. Lallontan
locates the houses of the French settlers in two or three rows
along the bend of the shore, south of the Jesuits' residence.
As a matter of course, the whole French population, with the
exception of a few lawless coureurs de hois, disappeared
with the removal of the Indians to Detroit.

20 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAO.

HISTORICAL EVENTS,

CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED.

1534:. James Cartier, a Frenchman, discovered the St
Lawrence River.

1608. Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec.

1634. John Nicolet passes the straits on his way to and
from Green Bay.

1642. The city of Montreal founded.

1650-51. The Indian settlers of the neighborhood to-
gether with large numbers from Manitoulin, Thunder Bay
and Saginaw, mostly Otawas, intimidated by Iroquois prowess
retire to Green Bay.

1653. Eight hundred Iroquois warriors pass the strait.
Failing to take the Huron fort on Green Bay after a pro-
tracted siege, they break up, one division marching south, the
other sailing northward. The former are cut down by the
Illinois, the latter routed by the Ojibwa, Missisaki and Nigik
(Otter) Indians, on Lake Huron.

1654. Two French traders pass St. Ignace, on their way
to Green Bay, they return in 1656 with a large trading party

60 canoes) of Hurons and Otawas.

1665, or earlier. Nicolas Perrot passes on his first visit to
the Pottawatomi, on Green Bay.

1669. November 11th, Father Allouez passed Point St.
Ignace, on his journey from Sanlt Ste. Marie to Green Bay :
he relates the following Indian tradition :

They say that this island is the native country of one of their gods, called
"The Great Hare," who created the earth, and that it was on this
island that he invented the nets for taking fish, after having attentively

HISTORICAL EVENTS. 'Zl

considered a spider while constructing its web for catching flies. They
believe that Lake Superior is a pond made by the beavers, the banks of
which were double ; the first, at the place which we call the Sault, the
second, five leagues lower down. In coming up the river, they say, this
same god first encountered the second embankment, which he tore entirely
away ; and for this reason there are no falls or turbulent waters at these
rapids : as for the first, being in a hurry, he only walked over it and
trampled it to pieces, in consequence of which there still remain large
falls and boiling waters.

This god, they add, while pursuing a beaver in the upper lake, crossed
at a single step, a bay eight leagues in width. In view of so powerful an
enemy, the beavers thought it best to change their place and consequently
withdrew to another lake; from thence they afterward, by aid of the rivers
that flow from it, arrived at the North Sea, intending to pass over to
France; but finding the water bitter (salt), they lost heart, changed their
intentions, and spread themselves among the rivers and lakes of this
country.

This is the reason why there are no beavers in France, and why the
French have to come here in search of them.

1670-71. Father Dablon, or another Jesuit (possibly
Marquette), winters at Michilimackinac, laying the founda-
tion of the Mission of St. Ignatius.

1671. End of June, or later. The Tionontate Hurons,
with Father Marquette, arrive from Shagawamigong (Ash-
land Bay, L. S.)

Autumn. The Otawas of Manitoulin, on the war-path
against the Sioux, arrive with a large supply of arms
and ammunition lately obtained in Montreal. Joined by
the Hurons of the new settlement, and — on Green Bay —
by the Pottawatomies, Sacs and Foxes, they march' through
northern Wisconsin — a well-armed body of a thousand war-
riors— and confidently attack the Sioux in the St. Croix
Valley. Utterly defeated, they retreat through the snow-
covered woods, amidst sufferings and privations that lead to
acts of cannibalism. The heavy loss sustained by the
Hurons, who bravely covered the rear, accounts for the
diminished numbers of the tribe, as stated by Marquette.

22 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

1672. The Hurons build their fortified village on East
Moran Bay. December 8th, Joliet arrives and winters at
St. Ignace.

1673. May 17th, Joliet and Marquette, with five other
Frenchmen, start on their voyage of discovery.

1673 or '74. A large body of Otawas and other Algon-
quins, principally Kishkakos, coining from Manitoulin and
the opposite shore settle near Babbit's Back. Father Henry
Nouvel, Superior of the Otawa Missions, takes charge of
them. Father Philip Pierson becomes pastor of the Hurons.

1674-75. The second and permanent church of St. Igna-
tius and the Jesuits' residence are built at the side of the
Huron village.

1675. November 8th, Father Nouvel, with two French
companions, starts on a journey to Saginaw Bay and the
interior of Lower Michigan. He arrives near the head
waters of Chippewa River, December Tth, builds a chapel
(the first on the Lower Peninsula), and winters with the
hunters of the Amik (Beaver) Clan.

1676. or thereabouts. Another large body of Otawas
arrive and settle near Gros Cap, on Lake Michigan.

1677. June 7th, The Kishkako Indians, accompanied by
a number of Iroquois, bring Father Marquette's remains to
St. Ignace, where they are interred, on the following day,
within the Jesuits' chapel.

October. Father Enjalran arrives to assist Father Nouvel
in the Otawa Mission.

1677-78. Father Nouvel builds the chapel of St. Francis
Borgia in the woods, between Rabbit's Back and Gros Cap.
Himself and Father Enjalran winter there. The French
and Indian trade begins to assume larger proportions.

HISTORICAL EVENTS. 23

LASALLE, HENNEPIN AND HENRY DE TONTY

ARRIVE AT MICHILIMACKINAO, ON

THE "GRIFFON."

1679. LaSalle, on his first expedition to Illinois, arrives
and spends some days at the settlement.

The most remarkable character among the explorers
of the Mississippi Valley, in the latter half of the seven-
teenth century, was Robert Cavelier de LaSalle. Viewed
in the light and sense of worldly enterprise, he is to be con-
sidered as surpassing all others in lofty and comprehensive
aims, in determined energy and unyielding courage, both
moral and physical. He faltered at no laborious undertak-
ing; no distrust by nerveless friends, no jealous envy or
schemes of active enemies, no misfortune damped the ardor
of his plans and movements. If there was a mountain in
his track, he could scale it ; if a lion beset his path, he could
crush it. Nothing but the hand of the lurking assassin
could quench the fire of that brave heart. We may briefly
say, that LaSalle was born in the city of Rouen, France,
November 22, 1643. The name LaSalle was borrowed from
an estate, in the neighborhood of Rouen, belonging to his
family, the Caveliers. Robert was educated at one of the
Jesuit seminaries, and as one of that order he continued a
short time ; but in 1666, he came to America, and it is said
that he made early exploration to the Ohio, and was possibly
near the Mississippi before Joliet and Marquette's voyage
hither. We can here only allude to a few items and facts in
LaSalle's career. It was a marked incident, and so appears
on the historic page, when LaSalle, in 1679, voyaged to
Green Bay on the " Griffon," the first sail vessel of the lakes
above the Falls, and which he had built on the bank of

24 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

Cayuga Creek, a tributary of the Niagara. But that busi-
ness trip was a mere pleasure excursion when compared with
the efforts required of him to engineer and bring about cer-
tain indispensable preparations, involving ways and means,
before the keel of that renowned craft should be laid, and
before she spread her wings to the breeze and departed out
ward from Buffalo Harbor of the future. And what an
unhesitating morning-walk was that of his, in 1680, when
he set out on foot from the Fort which (not him) they termed
Broken Heart, where Peoria now is, to go, some twelve
hundred miles perhaps, to Fort Frontenac, where Kingston
now is, at the lower end of Lake Ontario. His unyield-
ing purpose was not to be delayed, but accelerated, by
the avalanche of misfortune which had fallen on him.
He could not wait for railroads, nor turnpikes, nor civil-
ization : he could not even wait for a canoe navigation,
for it was early spring — in the month of March — when
the ice still lingered by the lake shores, and was running
thickly in the streams. So, with one Indian and four
white men, with a small supply of edibles, yet with a
large stock of resolution, he took his way. The journey
was accomplished, and he was back on Lake Michigan
in the autumn ensuing. It has been suggested that his
own enduring, iron nature, as it might be called — unbending
as it was in its requirements of others — served, perhaps, to
create enmities and to occasion the final catastrophe. It
may have been so ; but whatever view may be taken, the
doings of La Salle must be called wonderful, his misfortunes
numberless, and his death sad. The day on which LaSalle
was killed is said to have been March 19, 1687.

HISTORICAL EVENTS. 25

HENKY DE TONTY.

There is much of romantic interest in the life of Henry
de Tonty which will ever attract attention to the story of
his experience in the wilds of America. He was born in
Naples, Italy, in or near the year 1650. In a memoir, said
to be written by him in 1693, he says : " After having been
eight years in the French service, by land and by sea, and
having had a hand shot off in Sicily by a grenade, I resolved
to return to France to solicit employment." It was at the
time when LaSalle had returned from America, and was
getting recruits and means for his Western enterprise. The
prime minister of Louis XIY., he that was called the great
Colbert, knowing the soldier Tonty well, specially provided
that the important project to be undertaken by LaSalle should
have the benefit of the personal aid of Tonty, who, though
maimed and single-handed, was yet ready to go forth to dare
and to do. Tonty says: "We sailed from Hochelle on the
14th of July, 1678, and arrived at Quebec on the 15th of
September following." We can not, of course, attempt to
follow the brave and capable lieutenant of LaSalle in his
various movements, even if we had a knowledge of them ;
yet we may say, that if a trustful agent or manager was
needed for any adventure by LaSalle, Tonty was the man to
till the requirement. If a fort was wanted, he was the
architect and overseer to construct it ; if a peaceable envoy to
the Indians was required, he was the gifted embassador ; if a
tribe needed chastisement in battle, he was the able captain
of the forces. We need not cite examples. Tonty was pro-
vided with some sort of a metallic arrangement as a substi-
tute for the loss of part of an arm; and he was known, it is
said, far and Bear, among the tribes of red men, as " L

26 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

de Fer," or, The man with the iron arm. If we rightly
remember, more than one tale has been constructed by novel-
writers, with its scenes laid in the Far West, presenting Tonty
as the principal character. In long time past, an island at
the lower end of Lake Ontario was known as, and called, the
Isle of Tonty, being named after our hero — the man with
the iron arm ; but the name was afterward changed to that
of Amherst. Whatever the deserts of the titled General
Jeffrey Amherst may have been, Henry de Tonty was the
greater man of the two. Tonty died at Fort St. Louis, on
Mobile Bay, in the year 1704.

LOUIS HENNEPIK

Louis Hennepin, a Recollect of the order of St. Francis,
was born at Ath, France, in 1645. He sailed for Canada
in 1675, on the "Saint Honore." LaSalle was, also a pas-
senger on the same vessel.

Hennepin left Quebec in 1678, and set out with LaSalle to
explore the country lying south and west of Lake Michigan.

On Cayuga Creek, a tributary of the Niagara "River, into
which it empties from the American side, five miles above
the Falls, LaSalle built the " Griffon," upon which they
embarked, setting sail August 7th, arriving atMichilimackinac
August 27th, 1679.

From his minute description of the bay, the shore, etc., the
Rev. Edward Jacker says : The Bay where the " Griffon "
anchored is that which is overlooked by two steep and rocky
bluffs famous in Indian tradition, and called by the Indians
" He " and " She " Rabbit. The former is known as " Rab-
bit's Back." The Kiskakon Otawas were there in 1677.

1679. They arrived at Green Bay September 22d, and
from there LaSalle sent the "Griffon" back, and it is sup-

North Sally-Port.

28 ANNAL6 OF FORT MACKINAC.

posed to have been wrecked off the entrance to Green Bay,
as a severe storm arose, and it did not reach Michilmackinac.
After various mishaps Hennepin reached the Mississippi,
which he ascended to the Falls of St. Anthony, in the spring
of 1680.

1680. Duluth and Hennepin arrive from the Upper Mis-
sissippi, by way of Green Bay. They winter at St. Ignace.

1681. LaSalle passes St. Ignace on his second journey to
Illinois. M. De Villeraye is appointed commandant by
Frontenac about this time.

1683. The fur trade declines in consequence of the
danger of transportation, occasioned by Iroquois hostility.
Hence distress among the traders, and dissatisfaction among
the Indians.

1684. Mons. De La Durantaye in command at Michili-
mackinac. The French and Indian forces commanded by
De La Durantaye, with Duluth as lieutenant, and Perrot as
" manager" of the Otawas, set out to join in DeLa Barre's
inglorious expedition against the Iroquois.

The Indian estimation of French power and valor is on the
wane. During De La Durantaye's absence. M. De La Val-
trie acts as commandant.

1685. All the French in the Upper Lake region are placed
under the authority of the commandant of Michilimackinac
(M. De La Durantaye). This measure remaining in force
until the abandonment of the post. Michilimackinac, already
the commercial emporium of the Northwest, becomes also its
military centre.

Nicolas Perrot arrives with orders from the governor, pro-
hibiting the Otawas to march against the Foxes on Green
Bay. He succeeds in restoring peace between the two tribes
through the intermediation of an Ojibwa chief, whose daugh-
ter (a captive among the Foxes) he saves from the stake and
restores to her father.

HISTORICAL EVENTS. 29

1686. Dissatisfaction among the Indians. Most of the
clans are leaning towards the Iroquois and the English, as the
stronger party and better able to supply their wants. The
English endeavor to bring about a rupture by forwarding
supplies and liquor to Michilimackinac.

1687. De La Durantaye sets out with the French force to
take part in Denonville's expedition against the Senecas. He
arrests, in the neighborhood of the settlement, thirty English
traders, and as many more on Lake Erie. The timely arrival
of Perrot with the Green Bay Indians obviates the necessity
of the commandant returning with the prisoners, too numer-
ous for his safety, in a hostile neighborhood. He proceeds
to Niagara, where the Otawas and Hurons, marching over-
land from Lake Huron, join him ; they take part in a victori-
ous attack on 800 Iroquois (July). The capture of those
English parties probably prevented the massacre of the
French in Michilimackinac, by the Hurons and Otawas.

1688. May. LaHontan arrives with a small force (from
a fort near the outlet of Lake Huron), and spends a month in
the settlement. He obtains with difficulty a supply of corn.
The Otawas, distrusting the Hurons, fortify themselves on
the Bluff, north of East Moran Bay. Joutel, Cavelier, and
other survivors of LaSalle's expedition to Texas (having
wintered on Green Bay) pass the settlement on their way to
Quebec and France. Kondiaronk, or Le Bat, the great
Huron chief, departs at the head of one hundred men against
the Iroquois, but plots with them the destruction of the Ota-
was by stratagem. The plot proves abortive, in consequence
of Perrot and the missionaries gaining knowledge of it ;
Le Rat confesses his guilt. Perrot, returning from the Mis-
sissippi with three female Ojibwa prisoners delivered to him
by the Foxes, snatches five Iroquois warriors from the stake,
to which they were condemned by the Otawas, in spite of the
commandant's and the missionaries' remonstrances.

30 ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC.

ltfS9-90. The Ota was, at the instigation of the Hurona,
resume their project of effecting a reconciliation with the
Iroquois. They send back to the Senecas the prisoners taken
from them, and make arrangements for a meeting in the fol-
lowing year. Father De Carheil, being informed of their
plan, warns the governor by a messenger sent in the winter.
Frontenac prepares a large convoy to reinforce Michilimack-
inac.

1690. Spring. The Otawas take steps towards an alli-
ance with the Iroquois, and — as a token of good will — medi-
tate the massacre of the French traders.

End of June or beginning of July. The post is saved by
the arrival of M. De La Forte Louvigny (who relieved Du-
rantaye as commandant), with Perrot, and with an Iroquois
prisoner, the evidence of a victory gained on the Otawa
River over a waylaying party (June 2d). The prisoner is
given, for execution, to the vacillating Hurons, who, dreading
a final breach with the Iroquois, are disposed to spare him ;
but yielding to the commandant's peremptory order, brain
him after a short torture.

Perrot, boldly haranguing the chiefs, assembled at the
Jesuits' residence, reproaches them with their treachery, and
endeavors to show them the folly of doubting the power
of the French. They promise to amend.

1691. De Courtemanche and De Repentigny arrive with
the news of the French victory over the English fleet before
Quebec.

1692. Otawa and Huron warriors co-operate in driving
the Iroquois from the St. Lawrence, and in the invasion of
their territory by detached parties.

August. Two hundred Otawas from Michilimackinae
arrive at Montreal in quest of munition.

1693. A great amount of fur is waiting transportation ;
on account of the Iroquois infesting the Otawa, the Indiana

HISTORICAL NVKNTS.

South Sally.Port.

1 >

32 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

will not venture the journey without a sufficient escort.
Frontenac being informed, despatches the Sieur d'Argenteuil
with orders for the commandant to send all the French he
can spare down with the convoy.

August 4th. Two hundred canoes from Michilimackinac,
freighted with 80,000 francs worth of beaver, arrive at
Montreal, together with the principal chiefs of the western
tribes. A great council is held, and the Indians return
charmed with the governor's manner, and laden with
presents.

1694. July. De Louvigny leaves for the colony with a
great convoy of furs.

The Hurons contemplating a removal, are again suspected
of treacherous intentions. Opposed in their purpose by the
commandant and the Otawas, one half of the tribe consent
to stay; the other half go to live with the Miamis on the
St. Joseph River. (M. Tilly De Courtemanche commandant
there, since 1693.)

De La Porte Louvigny is superseded by De La .Motte
Cadillac, the last commandant of " Ancient Michilimackinac."
(Louvigny becomes afterwards [1712] first commandant of
New Michilimackinac, commonly called " Old Mackinac")

1695. Cadillac advises the governor of the necessity of a
grand expedition against the Iroquois in order to prevent
the defection of the western tribes. Frontenac contents
himself with harassing the enemy, in which he is aided by
Michilimackinac Indians, who return with a great number
of prisoners.

At a great meeting of western chiefs in Montreal, Fron-
tenac emphatically gives them to understand that they must
look upon every French officer, residing among them, as sub-
ject to the orders of the one in command at Michilimackinac.

The officers in command at the several posts, at that
period, are: Tilly De Courtemanche, D'Aillebonst De Mantet,,

HISTORICAL EVENTS. 33

D'Ailleboust D'Argenteuil, De Lisle, Yincennes, La De-
eouverte, and Perrot.

Le Baron, a Huron chief, concludes a treaty with the
Iroquois. Cadillac with difficulty succeeds in suspending
its execution. An Indian deputation goes to Montreal to
insist (as advised by the commandant) on a reduction in the
prices of goods. Frontenac partly satisfies them.

The French court unable to cope with the evils springing
from the system of trading licenses, ineffectually orders the
evacuation of the post and the return into the colony of all
soldiers and traders (ooureurs de bois), in the West.

1696. The Hurons and some Otawas are already hunting
with the Iroquois.

Cadillac dispatches a war party, consisting chiefly of
Pottawatomies and Algonquins. The Iroquois, though warned
by the Hurons, lose thirty scalps, and thirty-two prisoners,
who are brought to Michilimackinac. Some Hurons found
among them are restored to their tribe.

In consequence of the Hurons' machinations, but few
Michilimackinac Indians take part in the campaign against
the Onondago and Oneida.

D'Argenteuil starts with 50 Frenchmen, but arrives too
late.

Le Baron, with thirty Huron families, goes to settle near
Albany. Kondiaronk, now permanently gained over to the
French cause by Father de Carheil, prevents the rest of the
tribe from following them.

1697. Frontenac, in reply to the king's order (of 1695,
received late in 1696), insists on the posts of Michilimacki-
nac and St. Joseph being retained, with a garrison sufficient
to keep off English traders (twelve or fifteen soldiers with
an officer), and on twenty-five canoe loads of goods being
annually sent to each place. His advice prevails in the king**
council.

84 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

Rumors of an impending war with England arriving,.
Cadillac starts with a great number of Frenchmen, and three
hundred Sacs, Pottawatomies, Otawas and Hurons. They
arrive in Montreal towards the end of August.

1700. September 8th. Kondiaronk and a deputy of the-
four Otawa clans sign a provisional treaty of peace with the
Iroquois, at Montreal.

De Courtemanche and Father Enjalran go to visit the
other western tribes and persuade them to accede to the
treaty.

1701. Otawa hunters fight a party of Iroquois who tres-
pass on their grounds, and bring the chief to Michilimacki-
nac as a prisoner.

De Courtemanche and Father Enjalran, greatly aided by
Kondiaronk, bring their negotiations with the tribes to a suc-
cessful issue. Father Enjalran leaves Michilimackinac in
June, with two liberated Iroquois prisoners. Courtemanche
starts after the arrival of the Indian delegates, with a fleet
of 141 canoes.

Sieur De La Motte Cadillac founded the present city of
Detroit, building Fort Pontchartrain, near the present Jeffer-
son avenue, Shelby and Wood bridge streets.

At the great meeting convened at Montreal, August lst?
for the conclusion of peace between the Iroquois, and the
French and their allies (Illinois, Miamis, Kickapoos, Foxes?
Winnebagos, Pottawatomies, Menomonees, Otawas, Ojib-
was, Hurons, Algonquins, Abenakis and others, being repre-
sented), Kondiaronk, almost in a dying state, makes a last
6peech of great effect. He dies the following night, and is
buried, with great demonstrations of respect, in the principal
church of Montreal.

August 4th. At the last general assembly (1,300 Indians
being present), the treaty is signed by thirty-eight deputies.

The Otawas of Michilimackinac ask for Father Enjalran

HISTORICAL EVENTS.

BEV. FATHER EDWABD JACKEB,
Discoverer of Marquette's Grave.

36 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAO.

and Nicolas Perrot, and insist on the prohibition of the
liquor trade in their country.

1702-3. The Hurons and a part of the Otawas, upon
Cadillac's pressing invitation, remove to Detroit.

1705. The remaining Otawas having broken the peace,
DeLouvigny comes to bring them to reason. He returns to
the colony with Iroquois prisoners given up to him by the
Otawas. De Vincennes follows with the chiefs. They apolo-
gize to the Iroquois, and peace is restored.

Not a single Christian Indian remaining ; the Otawas,
since the departure of the Hurons proving unmanageable,
and the licentiousness of the bush-lopers (coureurs de hois)
exceeding all bounds, the missionaries (De Carheil, Marest,
and perhaps Enjalran) burn the church and house, and leave
for Quebec. Governor General de Yaudreuil sends orders
to all the French at Michilimackinac to come down to the
colony.

1712. Governor General de Yaudreuil sent De Louvigny
to re-establish Fort Michilimackinac, which he did, but on
the south shore.

1721. Peter Francis Xavier Charlevoix at Michilimack-
inac.

1728. Sieur Marchand De Lignery's expedition at Mich-
ilimackinac.

1730. Sieur De Buisson in command at Michilimackinac.

1759. July 24th. Fort Niagara surrendered to the
British.

September 18th. Quebec, the capital of New France
(Canada), surrendered.

1760. September 8th. Montreal, and all the French-
Canadian territory, surrendered to the British.

1761. September 28th. British troops first arrived at
Michilimackinac. Captain Belfour, of the 80th Regiment,

HISTORICAL EVENTS. 37

arrived from Detroit with a detachment of the 60th and
80th Regiments. Leaving Lieutenant Leslie, of the Royal
American or 60th Regiment, with one sergeant, one corporal,
one drummer, and twenty-live privates of the same regiment,
Captain Belfour and his party, on October 1st, proceeded to
Green Bay, Wis.

Although the British occupied and controlled Canada, it
was not formally ceded to Great Britain until 1763.

The preliminaries of peace were signed at Fontainebleau,
November 3d, 1762, between the courts of France, Spain
and Great Britain. By the definitive treaty signed at Paris,
February 10th, 1763, by these three great powers, together
with Portugal, Canada was ceded to Great Britain.

Great Britain restored to Spain the territory she had con-
quered in the Island of Cuba ; and in consequence of this
restitution, Spain ceded to Great Britain, Florida with Fort
St. Augustin and the Bay of Pensacola, and all the Spanish
possessions on the continent of North America, east of the
Mississippi River. In 1783, Great Britain retroceded Florida
to Spain. By a treaty made in 1819 (ratified in 1821), be-
tween the United States and Spain, Florida was ceded by
Spain to the United States, the latter paying $5,000,000.

France, by an act passed at Fontainebleau, November 3d,
1762, ceded the country then known as Louisiana, to Spain.
The cession was accepted by an act passed at the Escurial,
November 13th, of the same year. Spain retroceded Louisi-
ana to France, by a treaty of St. Udefonso, October 1st, 1800.
France ceded Louisiana to the United States in 1803, the
latter paying $15,000,000.

38 ANNALS OF FOBT MACKINAC.

CONSPIRACY OF PONTIAC.

1763. Under this conspiracy eleven posts were attacked,
and eight captured.

June 2d. Fort Michilimackinac was captured. The gar-
rison consisted of Captain Etherington, Lieutenants Jamet and
Leslie, and about thirty-five men. A band of Chippewas,
while playing a game of ball just outside of the Fort, knocked
the ball, as if by accident, so that it fell inside the stockade;
the players rushed after it, and seizing their weapons from
squaws, who had them concealed under their blankets, and
had previously entered the Fort as a part of the plot, they
raised the war-whoop and fell upon the garrison. Lieutenant
Jamet and fifteen men were killed. Captain Etherington and
Lieutenant Leslie, who were watching the game of ball, and
the rest of the garrison were taken prisoners ; they were after-
wards ransomed by Lieutenant Gorell and his command from
the Fort at Green Bay.

1780. July 15th. The British abandon the Fort at " Old
Mackinac" and transfer the garrison to Mackinac Island,
where they build the present Fort Mackinac. The history
of "Modern Mackinac" properly begins at this date.

1783. By the definitive treaty of peace between Great
Britain and the United States, made and signed at Paris, Sep-
tember 3d, 1783, by David Hartley on the part of Great
Britain, and by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John
Jay on the part of the United States, the post of Michili-
mackinac fell within the boundary of the United States, but
under various pretenses the English refused to withdraw their
troops, and occupied it with other lake posts.

1794. By the second article of the treaty of amity, com-
merce and navigation, between Great Britain and the United

HISTORICAL EVENT8. 39

States, concluded at London, England, November, 19th, 1794,
and signed by Baron Grenville, on the part of Great Britain,
and by Hon. John Jay, on the part of the United States
(ratifications exchanged October 28th, 1795, and proclaimed
February 29th, 1796), it was stipulated that from all posts
within the boundary lines assigned, by the treaty of peace to
the United States, the British troops should be withdrawn on
or before June 1st, 1796.

1795. By stipulation 13, article 3, of a treaty of peace
between the United States and the tribes of Indians called
the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawnees, Otawas, Chippewas,
Pottawatomies, Miamis, Eel Rivers, Weas, Kickapoos, Pinke-
shaws and Kaskaskias, made at Greenville, Ohio, on the 3d
of August, 1795, and signed by General Anthony Wayne, on
the part of the United States, and by the Sachems and War-
chiefs of the said tribes, the Indians ceded to the United
States " the post of Michilimackinac, and all the land on the
island on which that post stands, and the main land adjacent,
on which the Indian title has been extinguished by gifts or
grants, to the French or English Governments ; and a piece
of land on the main to the north of the island, to measure
six miles, on Lake Huron, or the strait between Lakes Huron
and Michigan, and to extend three miles back from the water
of the lake or strait ; and also, the island " Bois Blanc," the
latter being an extra and voluntary gift of the Chippewa
nation."

1796. October. Two companies of United States troops,
under the command of Major Henry Bnrbeck, with Captain
Abner Prior and Lieutenants Ebenezer Massay and John
Michael, arrived and took possession of the post of Michili-
mackinac.

1802. In the year 1800 the Connecticut Missionary So-
ciety sent Rev. David Bacon (father of the late Rev. Dr.
Leonard Bacon, of New Haven, who was born in Detroit in

40 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

1802) as a missionary to our frontier; he arrived at Detroit
August 11th, 1800, where he was entertained at the house of
the commandant, Major Thomas Hunt, U. S. A.

Mr. Bacon left Detroit, with his family, and came to
Mackinac in June, 1802, where he remained, teaching and
preaching until August, 1804, when he was recalled.

Rev. David Bacon was the first Protestant who preached
at Mackinac.

1812. June 18th, war with Great Britain was declared by
the Congress of the United States by a vote of 79 to 40 in
the House, and 19 to 13 in the Senate. June 19th, war was
formally proclaimed by President Madison,

HISTORICAL EVENTS.

MAJ. WM. WHISTLER, TJ. S. A.,
Commanding Fort Mackinac, 1833.

4:2 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

SURRENDER OF FORT MICHILIMACKINAC.

Detroit, August 4th, 1812.

Sir— I take the earliest opportunity to acquaint Your Excellency of
the surrender of the garrison of Michilimackinac, under my command, to
his Britannic Majesty's forces under the command of Captain Charles
Roberts, on the 17th ultimo, the particulars of which are as follows: On
the 16th, I was informed by the Indian Interpreter that he had discovered
from an Indian that the several nations of Indians then at St. Joseph (a
British garrison, distant about forty miles) intended to make an imme-
diate attack on Michilimackinac.

I was inclined, from the coolness I had discovered in some of the prin-
cipal chiefs of the Ottawa and Chippewa nations, who had but a few days
before professed the greatest friendship for the United States, to place
confidence in this report.

I immediately called a meeting of the American gentlemen at that time
on the island, in which it was thought proper to dispatch a confidential
person to St. Joseph to watch the motions of the Indians.

Captain Michael Dousman, of the militia, was thought the most suitable
for this service. He embarked about sunset, and met the British forces
within ten or fifteen miles of the island, by whom he was made prisoner
and put on his parole of honor. He was landed on the island at day-
break, with positive directions to give me no intelligence whatever. He
was also instructed to take the inhabitants of the village, indiscriminately,
to a place on the west side of the island where their persons and property
should be protected by a British guard, but should they go to the Fort,
they would be subject to a general massacre by the savages, which would
be inevitable if the garrison fired a gun. This information I received
from Doctor Day, who was passing through the village when every person
was flying for refuge to the enemy. I immediately, on being informed
of the approach of the enemy, placed ammunition, etc., in the Block
houses; ordered every gun charged, and made every preparation for
action. About 9 o'clock I could discover that the enemy were in posses-
sion of the heights that commanded the Fort, and one piece of their artil-
lery directed to the most defenceless part of the garrison. The Indians
at this time were to be seen in great numbers in the edge of the woods.

HISTORICAL EVENTS. 43

At half-pa9t 11 o'clock the enemy sent in a flag of truce, demanding a sur-
render of the Fort and island to his Britannic Majesty's forces. This, Sir,
was the first information I had of the declaration of war; I, however, had
anticipated it, and was as well prepared to meet such an event as I pos-
sibly could have been with the force under my command, amounting
to 57 effective men, including officers. Three American gentlemen, who
were prisoners, were permitted to accompany the flag : from them I ascer-
tained the strength of the enemy to be from nine hundred to one thousand
strong, consisting of regular troops, Canadians and savages ; that they
had two pieces of artillery, and were provided with ladders and ropes for
the purpose of scaling the works, if necessary. After I had obtained this
information, I consulted my officers, and also the American gentlemen
present, who were very intelligent men; the result of which was, that it
was impossible for the garrison to hold out against such a superior force.
In this opinion I fully concurred, from the conviction that it was the only
measure that could prevent a general massacre. The Fort and garrison
were accordingly surrendered.

The enclosed papers exhibit copies of the correspondence between the
officer commanding the British forces and myself, and of the articles of
capitulation. This subject involved questions of a peculiar nature; and
I hope, Sir, that my demands and protests will meet the approbation of
my government. I cannot allow this opportunity to escape without ex-
pressing my obligation to Doctor Sylvester Day, for the service he ren-
dered me in conducting this correspondence.

In consequence of this unfortunate affair, I beg leave, Sir, to demand
that a Court of Inquiry may be ordered to investigate all the facts con-
nected with it; and I do further request, that the court may be specially
directed to express their opinion on the merits of the case.

I have the honour to be, Sir, etc.,

PORTER HANKS,

Lieutenant of Artillery
His Excellency General Hull,

Commanding the N. W. Army.

P. S. — The following particulars relating to the British force were ob-
tained after the capitulation, from a source that admits of no doubt:

44 ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC.

Regular troops 46 including 4 officers.

Canadian militia 260

Total 306

Sioux 56

Winnebagoes 48

Menomonees 39

Chippewas and Ottawas 572

715 Savages.
306 Whites.

Total 102 1

It may also be remarked, that one hundred and fifty Chippewas and
Ottawas joined the British two days after the capitulation.

P. H.

Heights above Michilimackinac, 17th July, 1812.

CAPITULATION

Agreed upon between Captain Charles Roberts, commanding his Britannic

Majesty's forces, on the one part, and Lieutenant Porter Hanks,

commanding the troops of the United States of America,

on the other.

ARTICLES.

I. The Fort of Michilimackinac shall immediately be surrendered to
the British forces. Granted.

II. The garrison shall march out with the honours of war, lay down
their arms, and become prisoners of war, and shall be sent to the United
States of America by his Britannic Majesty, not to serve in this war
until regularly exchanged ; and for the due performance of this article
the officers pledge their word and honour. Granted.

III. All the merchant vessels in the harbour, with their cargoes, shall
be in the possession of their respective owners. Granted.

IV. Private property shall be held sacred so far as in my power.
Granted.

HISTORICAL EVENTS. 45

V. All citizens of the United States of America who shall not take the
oath of allegiance to his Britannic Majesty, shall depart with their prop-
erty from this island in one month from the date hereof. Granted.

(Signed) CHARLES ROBERTS.

Captain Commanding H. B. Majesty's Forces.

PORTER HANKS,

Lieutenant Commanding the Forces of the

United States at Fort Michilimackinac.

Notes. — Dr. Sylvester Day, U. S. A., was the Surgeon at the
Fort. He and his family resided at the time on Astor street, in
a house belonging to Samuel Abbott, which stood on the site of
the house built in 1886 by Patrick Donnelly. Michael Dousman
went to the house and told the inmates of the presence of the
British on the island. Dr. Day immediately arose, and taking
his family (one of whom, his son, is now Gen. Hannibal Day,
U. S. A.), went to the Fort and warned the garrison of the
approach of the foe.

On July 15th, Captain Charles Roberts, of the Tenth Royal
Veteran Battalion, in command of a detachment of his regiment
at St. Joseph's Island, St. Mary's River, received letters by express
from Gen. Brock, informing him that war had been declared, and
ordering him to " adopt the most punctual measures."

Leaving an officer and six privates to take care of the build-
ings, Captain Roberts, at ten o'clock on the morning of the 16th,
embarked his "few men with about one hundred and eighty
Canadian engagees half of them without arms, about three hun-
dred Indians and two iron six-pounders," in ten batteaux, seventy
canoes, and on the N. W. Co's ship " Caledonia."

The boat arrived at the place since then known as "British
Landing," at three o'clock on the morning of the 17th, and
through the exertions of the Canadians, one of the guns was
taken to a height commanding the Fort.

The American troops numbered sixty-three persons, including
five sick men and one drummer boy.

There were nine vessels in the harbor, having on board forty-
seven men. After the capitulation two other vessels arrived,
with seven hundred packs of furs.

The prisoners were sent to Detroit, arriving there August 4th,
thence to Fort Fayette, where Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, now

4:6 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

stands, where a roll shows them to have been mustered on
the 17th day of November, 1812.

Lieutenant Hanks was killed August 16, while still on
parole, by a shot fired from the Canadian side, while he was
standing in the vestibule of the quarters occupied by Captain
Samuel T. Dyson and Lieutenant William Whistler, in the
fort at Detroit.

The citizens sought refuge in an old distillery, which was
situated under the bluff near the old Indian burying ground,
west of the village. The British sent a guard there immedi-
ately after landing.

The three American gentlemen (prisoners) referred to by
Lieutenant Hanks, went from the distillery to Captain Rob-
erts' command. They were Samuel Abbott, John Dousman
and Ambrose R. Davenport, all prominent citizens of the
village, and well calculated to comprehend the true state of
affairs.

Fort Holmes was built while the British held possession of
the island, in 1812 and 1814. The inhabitants of the village
were all forced to contribute labor.

It was called by the British Fort George, in honor of the
British king ; afterward rechristened by the Americans in
honor of Major Andrew Hunter Holmes, who was killed
August 4, 18i4:.

The old ditches can be plainly seen ; the parapet was pro-
tected by cedar pickets, so planted as to render scaling im-
possible without a ladder. The covered ways, constructed
to shelter the troops, have fallen in. In the centre of the
enclosure there was a building used as a block-house and
powder magazine. It was removed by the Americans, and
is now used as the government stable.

The platform that now crowns the summit, and com-
mands a magnificent view of the Straits and the surround-
ing country, was built in 1886. As you stand on this
platform, three hundred and thirty-six feet above the

HISTORICAL EVENTS.

level of the surrounding water, facing toward the flag-staff
in the Fort, on your right is Point St. Ignace, four miles
distant, the southern extremity of the northern peninsula of
Michigan ; nearly in front of you lies Mackinaw City ; eight
miles distant, on the northern point of the southern penin-

Block House. Built in 1780.

sula, a little to the right, is where old Fort Michilimackinac
stood, where the massacre of June 2d, 1763, took place ; a
little farther to the left Cheboygan, eighteen miles distant,
and off to the left, where the northern shore and the water
seem to mingle and disappear together, is the mouth of the
St. Mary's River, thirty-seven miles distant.

48 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAO.

NAYAL BATTLE ON LAKE ERIE.

1813. September 10th, the hostile fleets of Great Britain
and the United States, on Lake Erie, met near the head of
the Lake, and a sanguinary battle ensued. The British fleet
consisted of six vessels, carrying sixty-four guns, under com-
mand of the veteran Commodore Barclay, and the fleet of
the United States consisted of nine vessels, carrying fifty-
four guns, under command of the young and brave Commo-
dore Oliver H. Perry. The result of this important conflict
was made known to the world in the following laconic dis-
patch, written at 4 p. m. of that day :

" Dear General: — We have met the enemy, and they are ours. Two
ships, two brigs, one schooner, and one sloop.

" With esteem, etc.,

"O. H. PERRY.
"General William H. Harrison."

HISTORICAL EVENTS.

Block House, Built in 1780.

AN.NALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 51

BATTLE OF MICHILIMACKINAO.

REPORT OF COL. GEORGE CROGHAN.

U. S. S. War Niagara, off Thunder bat, )
August 9th, 1814. f

Bib— We left Fort Gratiot (head of the straits St. Clair) on the 12th
nit and imagined that we should arrive in a few days at Malshadash Bay.
At the end of a week, however, the commodore from the want of pilots ac-
quainted with that unfrequented part of the lake, despaired of being able to
find a passage through the island into the bay, and made for St. Joseph's,
where he anchored on 20th day of July. After setting fire to the Fort of St.
Joseph's, which seemed not to have been recently occupied, a detachment
of infantry and artillery, under Major Holmes, was ordered to Sault St.
Mary's, for the purpose of breaking up the enemy's establishment at that
place.

For particulars relative to the execution of this order, I beg leave to
refer you to Major Holmes' report herewith enclosed. Finding on my
arrival at Michilimackinac, on the 26th ult, that the enemy had strongly
fortified the height overlooking the old Fort of Mackinac, I at once de-
spaired of being able with my small force, to carry the place by storm,
and determined (as the only course remaining) on landing and establish-
ing myself on some favorable position, whence I could be enabled to
annoy the enemy by gradual and slow approaches, under cover of my
artillery, in which I should have the superiority in point of metal. I was
urged to adopt this step by another reason, not a little cogent ; could a
position be taken and fortified on the island, I was well aware that it
would either induce the enemy to attack me in my strongholds, or force
his Indians and Canadians (the most efficient, and only disposable force)
off the island, as they would be very unwilling to remain in my neighbor-
hood after a permanent footing had been taken. On enquiry, I learned
from individuals who had lived many years on the island, that a position
desirable as I might wish, could be found on the west end, and therefore
immediately made arrangements for disembarking. A landing was
effected on the 4th inst., under cover of the guns of the shipping, and
the line being quickly formed, had advanced to the edge of the field
spoken of for a camp, when intelligence was conveyed to me, that the

52 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

enemy was ahead, and a few seconds more brought us a fire from his
battery of four pieces, firing shot and shells. After reconnoitering his
position, which was well selected, his line reached along the edge of the
woods, at the further extremity of the field and covered by a temporary
breast work ; 1 determined on changing my position (which was now two
lines, the militia forming the front), by advancing Major Holmes' battal-
ion of regulars on the right of the militia, thus to outflank him, and by a
vigorous effort to gain his rear. The movement was immediately ordered,
but before it could be executed, a fire was opened by some Indians posted
in a thick wood near our right, which proved fatal to Major Holmes and
severely wounded Captain Desha (the next officer in rank). This unlucky
fire, by depriving us of the services of our most valuable officers, threw
that part of the line into confusion from which the best exertions of the
officers were not able to recover it. Finding it impossible to gain the
enemy's left, owing to the impenetrable thickness of the woods, a charge
was ordered to be made by the regulars immediately against the front.
This charge although made in some confusion, served to drive the enemy
back into the woods, from whence an annoying fire was kept up by the
Indians.

Lieut. Morgan was ordered up with a light piece to assist the left, now
particularly galled ; the excellent practice of this brought the enemy to
fire at a longer distance. Discovering that this disposition from whence
the enemy had just been driven (and which had been represented to me
as so high and commanding), was by no means tenable, from being inter-
spersed with thickets, and intersected in every way by ravines, I deter-
mined no longer to expose my force to the fire of an enemy deriving
every advantage which could be obtained from numbers and a knowledge
of the position, and therefore ordered an immediate retreat towards the
shipping. This affair, which cost us many valuable lives, leaves us to
lament the fall of that gallant officer, Major Holmes, whose character is
so well known to the war department. Captain Van Home, of the 19th
Infantry and Lieut. Jackson of the 24th Infantry, both brave intrepid
young men fell mortally wounded at the head of their respective com-
mands.

The conduct of all my officers on this occasion merits my approbation.
Captain Desha, of the 24th Infantry, although wounded, continued
with his command until forced to retire from faintness through loss of
blood. Captains Saunders, Hawkins and Sturges, with every subaltern

HISTORICAL EVENTS. 53

of that battalion, acted in the most exemplary manner. Ensign Bryan,
2nd Rifle Regiment, acting Adjutant to the battalion, actively forwarded
the wishes of the commanding officer. Lieuts. Hickman, 28th Infantry,
and Hyde of the U. S. Marines, who commanded the reserve, claim my
particular thanks for their activity in keeping that command in readiness
to meet any exigency. I have before mentioned Lieut. Morgan's activity;
his two assistants, Lieut. Pickett and Mr. Peters, conductor of artillery,
also merit the name of good officers.

The militia were wanting in no part of their duty. Colonel Cotgreave,
his officers and soldiers, deserve the warmest approbation, My acting
assistant Adjutant General Captain N. H. Moore, 28th Infantry, with
volunteer Adjutant McComb, were prompt in delivering my orders.

Captain Gratiot of the engineers, who voluntered his services as Adju-
tant on the occasion, gave me valuable assistance. On the morning of the
5th, I sent a flag to the enemy, to enquire into the state of the wounded
(two in number), who were left on the field, and to request permission to
bring away the body of Major Holmes, which was also left, owing to the
unpardonable neglect of the soldiers in whose hands it was placed. I
am happy in assuring you, that the body of Major Holmes is secured,
and will be buried at Detroit with becoming honors. I shall discharge
the militia to-morrow, and will send them down, together with two regu-
lar companies to Detroit.

With the remaining three companies I shall attempt to destroy the
enemy's establishment in the head of Naw-taw-wa-sa-ga, River, and if it
be thought proper, erect a post at the mouth of that river.

Very respectfully, I have the honor to remain, sir, your obedient
servant.

G. CROGHAN,

Lieut- Col. 2nd Riflemen.
To Hon. J. Armstrong,

Secretary of War.

54: ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

REPORT OF KILLED, WOUNDED AND MISSING, ON
AUGUST 4th, 1814.

On board the U. S. Sloop of War Niagara, )
11th August, 1814. i

Artillery — wounded, three privates.

Infantry — 17th Regiment; killed, five privates; wounded, two sergeants,
two corporals, fifteen privates. Two privates since dead. Two privates
missing.

19th Regiment — wounded, one captain, nine privates. Captain Isaac
Van Home, Jr., since dead — one private since dead.

24th Regiment — killed, five privates; wounded, one captain, one lieu-
tenant, three sergeants, one corporal, one musician, five privates. Cap-
tain Robert Desha severely; Lieut. Hezekiah Jackson since dead— one
sergeant since dead.

32nd Regiment — killed, one major. Major Andrew Hunter Holmes.

United States Marines — wounded, one sergeant.

Ohio Militia — killed, two privates; wounded, six privates — one private
since dead of his wounds.

Grand total— one major and twelve privates killed; two captains, one
lieutenant, six sergeants, three corporals, one musician and thirty-eight
privates wounded. Two privates missing.

The above return exhibits a true statement of the killed wounded and
missing in the affair of the 4th instant.

N. H. MOORE,

Captain 28th Infantry,
Acting Assistant Adjutant- General.

56 ANNALS OF FORI MACKINAC.

REPORT OF CAPTAIN SINCLAIR.

United States Sloop of War Niagara, )
Off Thunder Bay, August 9th, 1814. \

Sir — I arrived off Michilimackinac on the 26th July; but owing to a
tedious spell of bad weather, which prevented our reconnoitering, or
being able to procure a prisoner who could give us information of the
enemy's Indian force, which, from several little skirmishes we had on an
adjacent island, appeared to be very great, we did not attempt a landing
until the 4th inst. , and it was then made more with a view to ascertain
positively the enemy's strength, than with any possible hope of success;
knowing, at the same time, that I could effectually cover their landing
and retreat to the ships, from the position I had taken within 300 yards
of the beach. Col. Croghan would never have landed, even with this
protection, being positive, as he was, that the Indian force alone on the
island, with the advantages they had, were superior to him, could he
have justified himself to his government, without having stronger proof
than appearances, that he could not effect the object in view. Mackinac
is, by nature, a perfect Gibraltar, being a high inaccessible rock on every
side, except the west, from which to the hights, you have near two miles
to pass through a wood, so thick that our men were shot in every direc-
tion, and within a few yards of them, without being able to see the
Indians who did it; and a height was scarcely gained before there was
another within 50 or 100 yards commanding it, where breastworks were
erected and cannon opened on them. Several of those were charged and
the enemy driven from them; but it was soon found the further our
troops advanced the stronger the enemy became, and the weaker and
more bewildered our forces were; several of the commanding officers
were picked out and killed or wounded by the savages, without seeing
any of them. The men were getting lost and falling into confusion,
natural under such circumstances, which demanded an immediate retreat,
or a total defeat and general massacre must have ensued. This was con-
ducted in a masterly manner by Col. Croghan, who had lost the aid of
that valuable and ever to be lamented officer, Major Holmes, who, with
Captain VanHorn, was killed by the Indians.

The enemy were driven from many of their strongholds; but such was

HISTORICAL EVENTS. 57

the impenetrable thickness of the woods, that no advantage gained could
be profited by. Our attack would have been made immediately under
the lower fort, that the enemy might not have been able to use his Indian
force to such advantage as in the woods, having discovered by drawing a
fire from him in several instances, that I had greatly the superiority of
metal of him; but its site being about 120 feet above the water, I could
not, when near enough to do him an injury, elevate sufficiently to batter
it. Above this, nearly as high again, he has another strong fort, com-
manding every point on the island, and almost perpendicular on all sides.
Col. Croghan not deeming it prudent to make a second attempt upon this
place, and having ascertained to a certainty that the only naval force the
enemy have upon the lakes consists of one schooner of four guns, I have
determined to despatch the " Lawrence " and " Caledonia " to Lake Erie
immediately, believing their services in transporting our armies there will
be wanting; and it being important that the sick and wounded, amount-
ing to about 100, and that part of the detachment not necessary to further
our future operations here, should reach Detroit without delay. By an
intelligent prisoner, captured in the "Mink," I ascertained this, and that
the mechanics and others sent across from York during the winter were
for the purpose of building a flotilla to transport reinforcements and sup-
plies to Mackinac. An attempt was made to transport them by the way of
Matchadash, but it was found impracticable, from all the portages being
a morass; that they then resorted to a small river called Nautawasaga,
situated to the south of Matchadash, from which there is a portage of three
leagues over a good road to Lake Simcoe. This place was never known
until pointed out to them last summer by an Indian. This river is very
narrow, and has six or eight feet water in it about three miles up, and is
then a muddy, rapid shallow for 45 miles up to the portage, where their
armada was built, and their storehouses are now situated. The naviga-
tion is dangerous and difficult, and so obscured by rocks and bushes that
no stranger could ever find it. I have, however, availed myself of the
means of discovering it; I shall also blockade the mouth of French River
until the fall; and those being the only two channels of communication
by which Mackinac can possibly be supplied, and their provisions at this
time being extremely short, I think they will be starved into a surrender.
This will also cut off all supplies to the Northwest Company, who are now
nearly starving, and their furs on hand can only find transportation by
the way of Hudson Bay. At this place I calculate on falling in with

58 ANNALS OF FOiiT MACKINAC.

their schooner, which, it is said, has gone there for a load of provisions,
and a message sent to her not to venture up while we are on the Lake.
Very respectfully, I have the honor to remain, Sir,
Your obedient servant,

ARTHUR SINCLAIR.
To Hon. Wm. Jones,

Secretary of the Navy.

Notes. — Col. Croghan landed with his troops at what is
now called ' British Landing/ so named from the fact that
the British landed there on the night of the 16th and 17th
of July, 1812, when they successfully surprised Fort Mack-
inac.

On entering the gate on the road leading to British Land-
ing, after passing through the narrow belt of timber, you
come to a slight ridge which crosses the road, passing diagon-
ally through an orchard, on the left.

On the south side of this ridge the British troops were
concealed, having four field pieces ; the line was protected by
a hastily constructed abattis, and the left by an entrenchment,
the remains of which can be seen in the orchard some 250
yards to the left of, and nearly parallel to, the road.

The British forces were under the command of Lieut.-Col.
Robert McDouall, Glengarry Light Infantry Fencibles, then
in command at Fort Mackinac.

Major Holmes' body was put on board a schooner and sent
to Detroit, where it was buried in the old cemetery on the
corner of Larned street and Woodward avenue, on land
belonging to " The First Protestant Society." In 1834 when
excavating for the building of " The First Protestant Church "
the remains of Major Holmes were found with six cannon
balls in the coffin. The balls were placed in the coffin for
the purpose of sinking the body if in danger of being cap-
tured by the British while on its way to Detroit. The
remains were placed in a box and buried in the Protestant
cemetery near Gratiot, Beaubien and Antoine streets. r

HISTORICAL EVENTS. 59

1815. By the treaty of peace and amity between Great
Britain and the United States, concluded at Ghent, Belgium,
December 24th, 1814, and signed by Lord Gambier, Henry
Goulbourn and William Adams, on the part of Great
Britain, and by John Quincy Adams, James A. Bayard,
Henry Clay, Jonathan Russell and Albert Gallatin, on the
part of the United States (ratifications exchanged February
17th, and proclaimed February 18th, 1815), the post of
Michilimackinac was again restored to the United States.

On March 28th, Lieut. -General Sir Gordon Drummond
sent a despatch from York (now Toronto), Canada, to Lieut.-
Colonel Robert McDonall, of the Glengarry Light Infantry
Fencibles, commanding Fort Mackinac and Dependencies,
announcing the restoration of peace between Great Britain
and the United States. This despatch reached Mackinac
May 1st, and of it Col. McDouall in a letter of May 5th, to
Colonel Anthony Butler, 2d Rifles, commanding " Michigan
Territory and District of Upper Canada," said, " this was the
first official communication I had received from my Govern-
ment, announcing the termination of hostilities and the res-
toration of the blessings of peace."

Upon the receipt of the above despatch, Col. McDouall
sent a detachment of troops to Drummond's Island to pre-
pare for the removal thither, of the Mackinac Garrison.

The efforts made at all times by Col. McDouall to protect
American citizens and their property from the Indians,
deserve mention.

On the same day and by the same conveyance that brought
General Drummond's despatch, Col. McDouall received a
letter from Col. Butler, dated Detroit, April 16th, in refer-
ence to the reoccupation of Fort Mackinac by U. S. troops.
Col. McDouall's reply, dated May 5th, was conveyed to Col.
Butler by Lieut. Worley, of the Royal Navy.

The details connected with the restoration of Fort Macki-

CO ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

nac to the United States, and of Fort Maiden, Amherstburg
and Isle aux Bois Blanc to Great Britain, were arranged
between Col. Anthony Butler, on the part of the United
States, and Lieut.-Colonel W. W. James, of the British
Infantry, on the part of Great Britain.

The United States troops were withdrawn from Fort Mai-
den, Amherstburg and Isle aux Bois Blanc, at noon on the
first day of July.

British troops, Col. McDouall in command, occupied Fort
Mackinac until noon July 18th, when they were relieved by
United States troops, consisting of two companies of Rifle-
men (Captains Willoughby Morgan and Joseph Kean), and
half a company (Captain Benjamin K. Pierce's), of artillery,
under command of Colonel Anthony Butler.

These troops with supplies for six months, left Detroit
July 3d, in four vessels (commanded by Lieut. Samuel
Woodhouse, U. S. N)., viz.: the U. S. sloop of war Niagara,
the U. S. schooner Porcupine, and two private vessels char-
tered for the trip. William Gamble, Collector of Customs
for Mackinac, accompanied the troops.

The British withdrew to Drummond's Island in the St.
Mary's River, where they established a post.

Colonel Butler immediately returned to Detroit, leaving
Captain Willoughby Morgan in command at Fort Mackinac.

Captain Morgan changed the name of Fort George to Fort
Holmes, and for a short time garrisoned it with a small
detachment. He also appointed Michael Dousman, a resi-
dent citizen, Military Agent for Mackinac.

Major Talbot Chambers, of the Riflemen, arrived at Fort
Mackinac, August 31st, and took command, relieving Cap-
tain Morgan, who was ordered to Detroit.

1816. Two companies of Rifles left Fort Mackinac,
under the command of Colonel John Miller, and established
Fort Howard, at Green Bay, Wis.

HISTORICAL EVENTS. 61

1819. First steamboat at Makinac, the " Walk-in-the-
Water."

1821. June 21st. In the west end of the basement of
the cottage on the corner of Astor and Fort Streets (then
used as the retail store of the American Fur Co.), occurred
an accident the result of which is known to the medical
fraternity throughout the world. We refer to the acci-
dental shooting, in the left side, of Alexis St. Martin, a
Canadian, eighteen years of age, in the employ of the
American Fur Company.

St. Martin was not more than a yard from the muzzle of
the gun, which was loaded with powder and duck-shot. To
be brief, a hole was made into the stomach, which healed
but never closed. Through this aperture, the action of the
stomach, on various kinds of food, was observed. These
experiments, extending through a series of years, gave
much valuable information. Dr. Win. Beaumont, at that
time the Post-Surgeon, attended the wounded man and
afterward made the experiments.

1823. Rev. William Montague Ferry, by direction of the
United Foreign Missionary Society, established a mission
for the Indians of the Northwest at Mackinac Island, this
location being chosen because it was the center of the fur
trade in the Northwest.

Mr. Ferry arrived at Mackinac October 19th, and opened
school November 3d, with twelve Indian children. At one
time there were twenty-four assistants, and one hundred and
eighty scholars. The children from the village attended as
day scholars, and those from the several tribes as boarders.

They were trained in habits of industry, and taught trades,
and how to cultivate the soil, besides receiving a common
school education. The school was first held in the old Court
House. In 1825, the building now known as the " Mission
House," was erected for missionary and school purposes.

62 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

Thomas White Ferry, ex U. S. Senator, was born in the
Mission House, June 1, 1827.

The building known as the " Mission Church," was erected
in 1830. It was consecrated March 4th, 1831.

Mr. Ferry was relieved August 6th, 1834. He then settled
at Grand Haven, Mich., where he lived for thirty-three
years, highly esteemed and eminently useful. He died De-
cember 30th, 1867. In 1837 the Mission was discontinued.

1839, October 14th. Fort Mackinac evacuated.

1840, May 18th. Fort Mackinac reoccupied by Co. H,
4th Artillery.

1856, October 12th. Fort Mackinac evacuated.

1857, May 25th. Fort Mackinac reoccupied by Co. E, 2nd
Artillery.

August 2d. Fort Mackinac evacuated.

1858, June 6th. Fort Mackinac reoccupied by Co. G,
2nd Artillery.

1861, April 28. Fort Mackinac evacuated.

1862. May 10th, the steamer " Illinois" arrived at
Mackinac from Detroit, having on board Co. A, Stanton
Guards, Michigan Volunteers, Capt. Grover S. Wormer, of
Detroit, commanding (afterwards, Lieut.-Col. and Col. 8th
Michigan Cavalry, and Brevet Brigadier-General United
States Volunteers,) with First Lieutenant Elias F. Sutton,
Second Lieutenant Louis Hartmeyer, Chaplain James Knox,
and Dr. John Gregg, having in charge the following dis-
tinguished gentlemen from Tennessee, who were State prison-
ers of war : Gen. William G. Harding, Gen. Washington Bar-
rows, and Judge Joseph C. Guild.

For six days after their arrival, the prisoners were allowed
to remain at the Mission Hotel, under a guard, while quar-
ters were being prepared in the Fort. The three sets of
officers' quarters in the wooden building between the stone
quarters and the guard house, were assigned to them.

Gen. Harding occupied the set in the west end, or nearest
the stone quarters, Gen. Barrows, the middle set, and Judge
Guild, the set in the east end. The rooms were comfort-
ably furnished by the prisoners, who remained here until
September 10th, 1862, when the Fort was again evacuated,

HISTORICAL EVENTS. *>3

the prisoners taken to Detroit, and thence to Johnson's
Island, Lake Erie.

1866, August 3d. Fort Mackinac reoccupied by the 4th,
Independent Company, of the Veteran Reserve Corps.

August 26th. Fort Mackinac evacuated.

1S67, August 22d. Fort Mackinac, reoccupied by Co. B,
43d United States Infantry.

1877. Father Marquette's grave discovered at St. Ignace,
by Rev. Father Edward Jacker.

1882. The Protestant Episcopal Church on Fort street,
built through the efforts and under the direction of Rev.
Moses C. Stanley.

1883. A cable was laid by the Western Union Telegraph
Co. to Mackinac Island from St. Ignace. (The latter place
is connected by cable with Mackinaw City.) The line was
opened July 13, the first message wras as follows :

Mackinac, Mich., July 13, 1883.
Hon. Andrew Foley,

Mayor of St. Ignace, Mich.:

Please accept our congratulations on the completion of the link which
connects the oldest village in Michigan with the youngest city.
We wish your city continued prosperity.

WM. P. PRESTON,
President of Mackinac Village.

1885. Three cottages, the first erected on building lots
in the Mackinac National Park, were built by Mrs. Phebe
B. Gehr, Mrs. Charlotte R. Warren, of Chicago, and Col.
John Atkinson, of Detroit.

The first lease by the government of a building lot in the
Park was to Mrs. Gehr, the lease bearing date of April 1st,
L8S5.

64 ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC.

FRENCH AND BRITISH OFFICERS.

The following named officers were at Fort Michilimackinac
on the dates given ; their names are the only ones (of French
and British officers) which appear in the old and official
records :

1742, 12th August.

MONS. DE BLAINVILLB,

Commandant of Michilimackinac.
1744, 6th January.

MONS. DE VlVEHEVET,

Commandant of Michilimackinac.

1744, 11th July.

DE RAMELIA,

Captain and King's Commandant at Nepigon.

1745, 11th July, and 1747, 23d May.

DUPLESSIS DE MORAMPONT,

King's Commandant at Cammanettigsia.
1745, 25th August, and 1746, 29th June.
Noyelle, Jr.,

Second in Command at Michilimackinac.
1745, 25th August.

Louis de la Corn e.

Captain and King's Commandant at Michilimackinac.

1747, 7th February, 20th June and 1st September.

Mons. de Noyelle, Jr.,

Commandant of Michilimackinac.

1748, 28th February, 1749, 11th March and 21st June.

Mons. Jacques Legardeur de St. Pierre,

Captain and King's Commandant at Michilimackinac

1749, 27th January.

Louis Legardeur,

Chevalier de Repentigny,

Second in Command at Michilimackinac.

FRENCH AND BRITISH OFFICERS. 05

1749, 29th August.

MONS. GODEPROY,

Officer of Troops.

1750, 24th March, and 1752, 4th June.

Mons. Duplessis Faber,

Captain and King's Commandant at Michilimackinac.
Knight of the Royal and Military Order of St. Louia.

1751, 8th October.

Mons. Duplessis, Jr.,

Second in Command at Michilimackinac.

1752, 4th June.

Mons. Beaujeu de Villemonde,

Captain and King's Commandant at Camanitigousa.

1753, 18th July, and 1754, 15th August.

Mons. Marin,

King's Commandant, Post of La Baie.

1758, 18th July; 1754, 8th May; 1758, 23d February, 29th June, 16th July
and 17th October; 1759, 30th January; 1760, 25th May and 8th
September.
Mons. de Beaujeu de Villemonde,

Captain and King's Commandant at Michilimackinac.

1754, 8th July, and 1755, 25th May.

Mons. Herbin.

Captain and King's Commandant at Michilimackinac

1755 9th January.

Louis Legardeur,

Chevalier de Repentigny.

King's Commandant at the Sault
1755 34th August,

Louis Legardeur.

Chevalier de Repentigny,

Lieutenant of Infantry.
1756. e8th April.

Charles de L'Anglade,

Officer of Troops.
1756, l»thJune.

Mons. Hertelle Beaubappin,

King's Commandant at •<,

60 ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC.

1756, 19th July.

MONS. CODTEROT,

Lieutenant of Infantry.
1758, 2d July.

Mons. DE L'Anglade,

Second in Command at Michilimackinac.
1758, 18th July.

Louis Legardeur,

Chevalier de Repentigny,

Officer at Michilimackinac.
1774 to 1779.

A. S. De Peyster,

Major Commanding Michilimackinac and Dependencies.

1779 to 1782.

Patrick Sinclair,

Major and Lieutenant-Governor,

Commanding Michilimackinac and Dependencies.

1782 to 1787, 10th May.

Daniel Robertson,

Captain Commanding Michilimackinac and Dependencies.

1784, 31st July.

Phil. B. Fry,

Ensign 8th, or King's Regiment
1784, 31st July,

George Clowes,

Lieutenant 8th, or King's Regiment
1791, 15th November.

Edward Charleton,

Captain 5th Regiment Foot,

Commanding Michilimackinac.
1791, 15th November.

J. M. Hamilton,

Ensign 5th Regiment Foot

1791, 15th November.

Benjamin Rocha.

Lieutenant 5th Foot

1791, 15th November.

H. Headowe,

Ensign 5th Foot

LEGEND OF "ROBERTSON'S FOLLY."

Captain Robertson was a gay young English officer and
a great admirer of the ladies. One pleasant summer even-
ing, as he was strolling in the woods at the back of the fort
enjoying his pipe, he suddenly beheld, a few rods before
him and just crossing his path, a female of most exquisite
form, feature and complexion ; she seemed about nineteen ;
was simply dressed; wore her long black hair in flowing
tresses ; and as for a moment she turned on him her lustrous
black eyes, her whole countenance lighting up with anima-
tion, the gallant captain thought he had never before seen
so beautiful a creature. He politely doffed his cap and
quickened his steps, hoping to engage her in conversation.
She likewise hastened, evidently with the design of escaping
him. Presently she disappeared around a curve in the road,
and Robertson lost sight of her.

At the officers' quarters that night nothing was talked of
but the young lady and her possible identity. She was
clearly not a native, and no vessel had been known to touch
at the island for many a week. Who could she be ? Cap-
tain Robertson could hardly sleep that night. A rigid
inquiry was instituted in the village. The only effect was
to engender as intense curiosity in the town as already
existed among the garrison.

As the shades of evening drew near, the captain was again
walking in the pleasant groves enjoying the delightful lake
breezes and the whiff of his favorite pipe. He was think-
ing of last evening's apparition, and blaming himself for
not pressing on more vigorously, or at least calling to the

68 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

fair spectre. At this moment, raising his eyes from the
ground, there she was again, slowly preceding him at a dis-
tance of scarcely more than thirty yards. As soon as his
astonishment would permit, and as speedily as he could
frame an excuse, he called to her : " Mademoiselle, I — I beg
your pardon."

She turned on him one glance, her face radiant with smiles,
then redoubled her pace. The captain redoubled his, and
soon broke into a run. Still she kept the interval between
them undiminished. A bend of the road, and again she was
gone. The captain sought her quickly, but in vain ; he then
rushed back to the fort and called out a general posse of
officers and men to scour the island, and, by capturing the
maiden to solve the mystery. Though the search was kept
up till a late hour in the night, not a trace could be found
of her. The captain now began to be laughed at, and jokes
were freely bandied at his expense.

Two days passed away, and the fantasy of Captain Robert-
son began to be forgotten by his brother officers, but the
captain himself maintained a gloomy, thoughtful mood — the
truth is he was in love with the woman he had only twice
seen, and who he felt assured was somewhere secreted on
the island. Plans for her discovery revolved in his brain
day and night, and visions of romance and happiness were
ever flitting before his eyes. It was on the evening of the
second day that he was irresistibly led to walk again in the
shady path in which the apparition had twice appeared to him.
It led to the brow of the precipice at the southeastern corner
of the island. He had nearly reached the famous point
from which we now look down perpendicularly 128 feet into
the placid waters of Lake Huron, when, sitting on a large
stone, apparently enjoying the magnificent scene spread out
before her, he discovered the object of his solicitude. Escape
from him was now impossible, silently he stole up to her.

Robertson's folly. 69

A crunching of the gravel under his feet, however, disturbed
her, and turning, her eyes met his.

" Pretty maiden, why thus attempt to elude me ? Who
are you ? " There was no answer, but the lady arose from
the rock and retreated nearer the brink of the precipice, at
the same time glancing to the right and left, as if seeking a
loop-hole of escape.

" Do not fear me," said the captain, " I am commander of
the garrison at the fort here. No harm shall come to you,
but do pray tell me who you are, and how you came on this
island!"

The lady still maintained a stolid silence, but in the fading
light looked more beautiful than ever. She was now stand-
ing within three feet of the brink with her back to the
terrible abyss. The captain shuddered at the thought of her
making an unguarded step and being dashed to pieces on
the rocks below. So he tried to calm her fears lest, in her
agitation, she might precipitate a terrible catastrophe.

" My dear young lady," he began, " I see you fear me,
and I will leave you ; but for heaven's sake do pray tell me
your name and where you reside. Not a hair of your head
shall be harmed, but Captain Robertson, your devoted ser-
vant, will go through fire and water to do your commands.
Once more, my dear girl, do speak to me, if but a word
before we part."

As the captain warmed up in his address, he incautiously
advanced a step. The girl retreated another step, and now
stood where the slightest loss of balance must prove her
death.

Quick as thought, the captain sprang forward to seize her
and avert so terrible a tragedy, but just as he clutched her
arm, she threw herself backward into the chasm, drawing
her tormentor and would-be savior with her, and both were
instantly dashed on to the rocks below.

ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

His mangled remains were found at the foot of the preci-
pice, but, singular as it may seem, not a vestige could be
found of the woman for whose life his own had been sacri-
ficed. His body alone could be discovered and it was taken
up and buried in a shady nook near the middle of the island.
He was long mourned by his men and brother officers, for
he was much beloved for his high social qualities and genial
deportment ; but by and by it began to be whispered that
the captain had indulged too freely in the fine old French
brandy that the fur traders brought up from Montreal, and
that the lady he professed to see was a mere ignis fatuus of
his own excited imagination. But the mantle of charity
has been thrown over the tragedy, and a commonplace
explanation given for the name the rocky point has acquired,
of " Robertson's Folly."

AMERICAN FUB COMPANY. 71

THE AMERICAN FUR COMPANY.

To notice slightly the origin of the American Fur Com
pany, we will say that John Jacob Astor, a German by birth,
who arrived in New York in the year 1784, commenced
work for a bakery owned by a German acquaintance. He
was afterwards assisted to open a toy shop, and this was fol-
lowed by trafficking for small parcels of furs in the country
towns, and which led to his future operations in that line.

Mr. Astor's great and continued success in that branch of
trade induced him, in 1809, to obtain from the New York
Legislature a charter incorporating "The American Fur
Company," with a capital of a million dollars. It is under-
stood that Mr. Astor comprised the company, though other
names were used in its organization. In 1811, Mr. Astor,
in connection with certain partners of the old Northwest
Fur Company (whose beginning was in 1783, and perma-
nently organized in 1787), bought out the association of
British merchants known as the Mackinac Company, then a
strong competitor in the fur trade. This Mackinac Com-
pany, with the American Fur Company, was merged into a
new association called the Southwest Fur Company. But in
1815, Mr. Astor bought out the Southwest Company, and the
American Fur Company came again to the front. In the
winter of 1815-16, Congress, through the influence of Mr.
Astor, it is understood, passed an act excluding foreigners
from participating in the Indian trade. In 1817-18, the
American Fur Company brought a large number of clerks
from Montreal and the United States to Mackinac, some of
whom made good Indian traders, while many others failed
upon trial and were discharged. Among those who proved
their capability was Gurdon S. Hubbard, Esq., then a youth

72 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

of sixteen, later, one of the early settlers of Chicago. He
was born in Windsor, Vt., in 1802, his parents were Elizur
and Abigail (Sage) Hubbard. His paternal "emigrant"
ancestor was George Hubbard, who was at Wethersfield, Ct.,
in 1636. Mr. Hubbard was also a lineal descendant of the
clergyman-governor Gurdon Saltonstall (named for Bramp-
ton Gnrdon, the patriot M. P., whose daughter was the grand-
mother of the governor), who was the great-grandson of Sir
Kichard Saltonstall, a firm and efficient friend of early New
England.

Mr. Hubbard left Montreal, where his parents then lived,
May 13, 1818, reaching Mackinac July 4th, and arrived at
Chicago on the first day of November of that year. In 1828,
he purchased of the Fur Company their entire interest in
the trade of Illinois. Mr. Hubbard died at his home in
Chicago, September 14, 1886.

Having entire charge of the management of the company in the "West,
were Ramsey Crooks and Robert Stuart. To William Matthews was
intrusted the engaging of voyageurs and clerks in Canada, with his head-
quarters in Montreal. The voyageurs he took from the habitants (farmers) ;
young, active, athletic men were sought for, indeed, none but such were
engaged, and they passed under inspection of a surgeon. Mr. M. also
purchased at Montreal such goods as were suited for the trade, to load his
boats. These boats were the Canadian batteaux, principally used in those
days in transferring goods to upper St. Lawrence River and its tributaries,
manned by four oarsmen and a steersman, capacity about six tons. The
voyageurs and clerks were under indentures for a term of five years.
Wages of voyageurs, $100, clerks from $120 to $500 per annum. These
were all novices in the business; the plan of the company was to arrange
and secure the services of old traders and their voyageurs, who, at the
(new) organization of the company were in the Indian country, depending
on their influence and knowledge of the trade with the Indians; and as
fast as possible secure the vast trade in the West and Northwest, within
the district of the United States, interspersing the novices brought from
Canada so as to consolidate, extend and monopolize, as far as possible,
over the country, the Indian trade. The first two years they had sue-

AMERICAN FUR COMPANY. 73

ceeded in bringing into their employ seven-eighths of the old Indian
traders on the Upper Mississippi, Wabash and Illinois Rivers, Lakes
Michigan and Superior, and their tributaries as far north as the bound-
aries of the United States extended. The other eighth thought that their
interest was to remain independent ; toward such, the company selected
their best traders, and located them in opposition, with instructions so to
manage by underselling to bring them to terms.

Block House Built in 1780.

At Mackinac, the trader's brigades were organized, the company select-
ing the most capable trader to be the manager of his particular brigade,
which consisted of from five to twenty batteaux, laden with goods. This
chief or manager, when reaching the country allotted to him, made
detachments, locating trading-houses, with districts clearly defined, for
the operations of that particular post, and so on, until his ground was fully
occupied by traders under him, over whom he had absolute authority.

We will here allude to Mr. Astor's attempt to establish an
American emporium for the fur trade at the mouth of the

74 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

Columbia River, which enterprise failed, through the capture
of Astoria by the British in 1814, and the neglect of our
government to give him protection. The withdrawal of Mr.
Astor from the Pacific coast, left the Northwest Fur Com-
pany to consider themselves the lords of the country. They
did not long enjoy the field unmolested, however. A fierce
competition ensued between them and their old rivals, the
Hudson's Bay Company, which was carried on at great cost
and sacrifice, and, occasionally, with the loss of life. It
ended in the ruin of most of the partners of the Northwest
Company, and merging of the relics of that establishment,
in 1821, in the rival association.

Ramsey Crooks was a foremost man in the employ of Mr. Astor in the
fur trade, not only in the east, but upon the western coast, and has been
called ' ' the adventurous Rocky Mountain trader. " Intimately connected,
as Mr. Crooks was, with the American Fur Company, a slight notice of
him will not be out of place. Mr. Crooks was a native of Greenock,
Scotland, and was employed as a trader in Wisconsin, as early as 1806.
He entered the service of Mr. Astor in 1809. In 1813, he returned from
his three years' journey to the western coast, and in 1817 he joined Mr.
Astor as a partner, and for four or five years ensuing he was the company's
Mackinac agent, though residing mostly in New York. Mr. Crooks con-
tinued a partner until 1830, when this connection was dissolved and he
lesumed his place with Mr. Astor in his former capacity. In 1834, Mr.
Astor, being advanced in years, sold out the stock of the company, and
transferred the charter to Ramsey Crooks and his associates, whereupon
Mr. C. was elected president of the company. Reverses, however, com-
pelled an assignment in 1842, and with it the death of the American Fur
Company. In 1845, Mr. Crooks opened a commission house for the sale
of furs and skins, in New York City. This business, which was success-
ful, Mr. C. continued until his death. Mr. Crooks died in New York,
June 6, 1859, in his 73d year. Mr. Astor died in 1848.

Washington Irving, in his " Astoria," gives a graphic
account of the occasional meetings of the partners, agents
ami employes of the old Northwest Fur Company, at Mont-

AMERICAN FUR COMPANY.

real and Fort William, where they kept high clays and nights
of wassail and feasting ; of song and tales of adventure and
hair-breadth escapes. But of those lavish and merry halls
of the old "Northwest," we need suggest no comparison
with the agency dwelling of the American Fur Company at
Mackinac, where the expenses charged for the year 1821
were only $678.49. In that account, however, we notice the
following entries: 31i gallons Teneriffe Wine, 4| gallons
Port Wine ; 10 gallons best Madeira ; T0-J- gallons Red Wine ;
9 gallons Brandy ; one barrel flour.

76 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

MACKINAC ISLAND.

Latitude Jf5° tf' 20" North.

Longitude 8^° J^T 20" West of Greenwich.

The island is situated in the Straits of Mackinac, about
four miles east of the narrowest part, fifteen miles from
Lake Huron and thirty from Lake Michigan ; it contains
2,221 acres, of which 911 are in the National Park, 103 are
in the Military Reservation, and 1,207 are private claims.

The water around the island is 581 feet above the level
of the sea.

A RAMBLE THROUGH FORT MACKINAC.

There are various ways of reaching the Fort from the
village ; probably the easiest is " up the steps," the view at
the top being well worth the breath it costs.

Now follow us, and we will show you through the Fort :

This old block-house on our left was built in 1780-82, by
the British troops ; beyond, to the left, are two buildings,
officers' quarters, built in 1876 ; passing along toward the
flag-staff, we come to another set of officers' quarters, built
in 1835, and another old block-house, the upper part of
which is used as a reservoir, into which wTater is pumped
from a spring at the foot of the bluff, and distributed through
pipes into various buildings. This innovation on the old-
time water-wagon was made in accordance with a plan devised
by, and executed under the direction of, Lieut. D. H. Kelton,
U. S. A. Water first pumped Oct. 11, 1881.

While reinforcing the flag-staff in 1869, a bottle was taken
out of the base, containing a parchment upon which was
written :

RAMBLE THROUGH FORT MACKINAC. 77

Headquarters Fort Mackinac,

May 25th, 1835.

This flag-staff erected on the 25th day of May, 1835, by "A" and "G"
Companies, of the 2d Regiment of Infantry, stationed at this post.
The following Officers of the 2d Infantry were present:
Captain John Clitz, - - "A" Company, Com'd'g Post

Captain E. Kerby Barnum, - "G" Company.
lst-Lieut. J. J. B. Kingsbury - "G" Company.
2d-Lieut. J. W. Penrose, - - "G" Company, A.C.S.
2d-Lieut. J. V. Bomford, - "H" Company.
Asst. -Surgeon Geo. F. Turner, - U.S.A.
David Jones, .... Sutler.
Absent Officers:
lst-Lieut. J. S. Gallagher, "A" Company, Adjutant.
2d-Lieut. J. H. Leavenworth, "A" Company, on Special Duty.
Colonel Hugh Brady, Bvt.-Brig. General, Commanding Left Wing,

Eastern Department, Headquarters at Detroit.
Lieut. -Colon el Alexander Cummings, Commanding 2d Regiment,

Headquarters Madison Barracks, Sacket's Harbor, New York.
President of the United States, Andrew Jackson.
Builder (of flag-staff), John McCraith, Private, "A" Company,

2d Infantry.

Another document was added and the bottle was re-
entombed.

Going down the steps to the right, we are brought face to
face with one of the old landmarks of this country, the old
stone officers' quarters, built in 1780, with walls from two
and a half to eight feet thick ; formerly the windows had
iron bars across them. In 1812 the basement of this build-
ing and the old block-houses were used as prisons, in which
Captain Roberts detained the men and larger boys of the
village, after the capture of the Fort, until he decided what
to do with them. Those who took the oath of allegiance
to Great Britain were released and allowed to return to
their homes ; the others were sent to Detroit. Mr. Michael

ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC.

Stone Officers' Quarters, Built 1780.

RAMBLE THROUGH FORT MACKINAC. 79

Dousman was permitted to remain neutral and was not dis-
turbed.

In 1814, the basement of this building and the block-
houses were used as a place of refuge for the women and
children of the village, while the vessels containing the
American troops were anchored off the island.

The old wooden building on our right, now used as a
storehouse, was built for a hospital in 1828 on the site of
the original hospital, built by the British.

The long, low wooden building at the other end of the
stone-quarters, formerly officers' quarters, is now used as a
storehouse ; facing it are the barracks, a two-story frame-
building, built in 1859, occupied by two companies of
soldiers, one on each floor, with mess-rooms, etc., complete
for each.

We come next to the guard-house, built in 1828. Turning
toward the barracks, we have on our right, first, the Com-
missary, built in 1877, on the site of the old stone-magazine.

In the small building adjacent to the Commissary are the
offices of the Commanding Officer and Adjutant, and next
door, the office of the Post-Quartermaster, which is con-
nected by a passage-way with the storehouse beyond; built
on the site of the post-bakery of early days.

Going up the path from the guard-house we will examine
the " reveille gun," and take a glimpse at the magnificent
view from the gun-platform. Below, at the foot of the
bluff, are the Government stables, blacksmith shop, and gra-
nary; beyond them, the company gardens, where the build-
ings of the United States Indian Agency stood in earlier
days.

In front of us is Round Island, where, for a long time,
there was a large Indian village, the only remnant of which
is an Indian burying ground, on the southeastern part of the
island. There is also an old burying ground on Bois Blanc

80 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

Island. It is a singular fact that all these Indian graves were
dug due east and west.

Wauchusco, a celebrated spiritualist of the Ottawa tribe,
lived on Round Island for several years previous to his death,,
which occurred September 30, 1837.

To the left of Round Island is Bois Blanc Island.

The building in our rear is the hospital, built in 1858 ;
leaving it to our right, we pass another old block-house, and
over the old north sally-port, just outside of which, on July
17th, 1812, the British troops stood in line and presented
arms while Lieuts. Porter Hanks and Archibald Darragh
marched the American troops out, with arms reversed, to
receive their parole as prisoners of war.

Passing on we come to the library and reading room.

When built, the fort was enclosed by a stockade ten feet
high, made of cedar pickets, into the tops of which were
driven irons with three sharp prongs projecting. Formerly
all the buildings belonging to the fort were within this
stockade.

A better idea of the block-houses as they appeared then,.
and of the stockade, may be obtained from the illustrations,,
which are reduced from old drawings.

The old gates still remain in place at the south sally-port,,
near the guard-house.

The flags of three great nations have successively floated
over the post at Michilimackinac, which has been the theatre
of many a bloody tragedy. Its possession has been disputed
by powerful nations, and its internal peace has continually
been made the sport of Indian treachery and white man's
duplicity. To-day, chanting te deums beneath the ample
folds of the fleur-de-lis, to-morrow yielding to the power of
the British lion, and, a few years later, listening to the ex-
ultant screams of the American eagle, as the stars and.

RAMBLE THROUGH FORT MACKINAC.

stripes float over the battlements on the " Isle of the dancing
spirits."

The historical reminiscences rendering it classic ground,

and the many wild traditions, peopling each rock and glen
with spectral habitants, combine to throw around Mackinac
an interest and attractiveness unequalled by any other place
on the Western Continent.

ANNALS OF FOliT MACKINAO.

AMERICAN OFFICERS.

The following named have served at Fort Mackinac. The
year of their arrival, and their actual rank at that time, are
given :

1796.

Henry Burbeck,

Major,

Artillerists and Eng'rs.

Abner Prior,

Captain,

1st Infantry.

Ebenezer Massay,

Lieutenant,

Artillerists and Eng'rs.

John Michael,

••

1st Infantry.

1800.

Richard Whiley,

1st Lieutenant,

Artillerists and Eng'rs

1802.

Thomas Hunt,

Major,

1st

Josiah Dunham,

Captain,

Artillerists and Eng'rs

Francis Le Barron,

Surgeon's Mate.

1804.

Jacob Kingsbury,

Lieut. -Colonel,

1st Infantry.

1807.

Jonathan Eastman,

1st Lieutenant,

Artillerists.

1808.

Lewis Howard,*

Captain,

Porter Hanks,

1st Lieutenant,

<«

Archibald Darragh,

1810.

Sylvester Day,

Garrison Surgeo

n's Mate.

1815.

Anthony Butler,

Colonel,

2d Rifles.

««

Willoughby Morgan,

Captain,

Riflemen.

««

Talbot Chambers,

Major,

Joseph Kean,

Captain,

««

«<

John O'Fallon,

t«

John Heddelson,

1st Lieutenant,

<«

James S. Gray,

William Armstrong,

William Hening,

Surgeon's Mate.

Benjamin K. Pierce,

Captain,

Artillery.

Robert McClallan, Jr.,

1st Lieutenant,

•«

<«

Lewis Morgan,

1st

<«

George S. Wilkins,

i«

John S. Pierce,

•<

Thomas J. Baird,

1816

. John Miller,

Colonel,

3d Infantry.

<«

John McNeil,

Major,

5th "

<•

Charles Gratiot,

Engineers.

* Died at Fort Mackinac, January 13, 1811.

AMERICAN OFFICERS.

1816.

William Whistler,

Captain,

3d Infantry.

John Greene,

<«

Daniel Curtis,

1st Lieutenant,

John Garland,

1st

Turby T. Thomas,

1st "

• «

Henry Conway, Jr

1st "

James Dean,

Andrew Lewis,

<«

Asher Phillips,

Paymaster,

Edward Purcell,

Hospital Surgeon's Mate.

1817.

Albion T. Crow,

tt tt

♦

< <

William S. Eveleth,

2d Lieutenant.

Engineers.

1818.

Edward Brooks,

1st

3d Infantry.

1819.

Joseph P. Russell,

Post Surgeon.

< «

Joseph Gleason,f

1st Lieutenant,

5th

Infantry

William Lawrence,

Lieut. -Colonel,

«<

William S. Comstock,

Surgeon's Mate.

Peter T. January,

2d Lieutenant,

John Peacock,

1821.

William Beaumont,

Post Surgeon.

•<

Thomas C. Legate,

Captain,

2d Artillery.

< <

Elijah Lyon,

1st Lieutenant,

f«

James A. Chambers,

< <

Joshua Barney,

1822.

James M. Spencer,

1st

1823.

Alexander C. W. Fann

tng. Captain,

William Whistler,

3d!

n fan try.

Samuel W. Hunt,

1st Lieutenant,

<«

Aaron H. Wright,

George H. Crosman,

6th

Stewart Cowan,

1825.
<«

William Hoffman,
Richard S. Satterlee,

Captain,
Assist. Surgeon.

<•

Carlos A. Wait,

2d Lieutenant,

2d I

nfantry.

Seth Johnson,

1st

< i

1826.

David Brooks,

««

Alexander R. Thompson, Captain,

1827.

James G. Allen,

2d Lieutenant,

5th

t Died at Fort Mackinac, March 27, 1820.

ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC.

1827.

1828.

1829.

1830.
1831.

1832.

1833.

1834.

Edwin James,
Ephraim K. Barnum,
Edwin V. Sumner,
Samuel T. Heintzelman,
Charles F. Morton,
Sullivan Burbank,
Robert A. McCabe,
William Alexander,
Abner R. Hetzel,
Josiah H. Vose,
James Engle.
Amos Foster,
Enos Cutler,
Moses E. Merrill,
Ephraim Kirby Smith,
Isaac Lynde,
Caleb C. Sibley,
"William E. Cruger,
Louis T. Jamison,
Henry Clark,
John T. Collingsworth,
Robert McMillan,
George M. Brooks,
Waddy V. Cobbs,
Joseph S. Gallagher,
George W. Patten,
Thomas Stockton,
Alexander R. Thompson,
John B. F. Russell,
William Whistler,
Ephraim K. Barnum,
Joseph R. Smith,
James W. Penrose,
Charles S. Frailey,
George F. Turner,
Jesse H. Leavenworth,
John Clitz, X

Assist. Surgeon.

1st Lieutenant,

2d Infantry.

1st Lieutenant,

2d Ii

i fan try.

Captain,

5th

t <

5th

1st Lieutenant,

5th

Major,

5th

2d Lieutenant,

5th

< <

Lieut. -Colonel,

2d Lieutenant,

5th

1st

5th

1st

5th

««

2d Lieutenant,

5th

Assist. Surgeon

, Medical Department.

Colonel,

5th Infantry.

Captain.

1st Lieutenant,

Bvt. 2d Lieut.,

5th

Major,

6th

Captain,

5th

Major,

Captain,

1st Lieutenant,

< <

Assist. Surgeon
<i <<

, Medical Department.

a it

2d Lieutenant,

2d Infantry.

Captain,

X Died at Fort Mackinac, November 7, 1836.

AMERICAN OFFICERS.

1835.

James V. Bomford,

2d Lieutenant,

2d Infantry,

Julius J. B. Kingsbury,

1st

Marsena R. Patrick,

Bvt. 2d Lieut.,

1836.

Erastus B. Wolcott,

Assist. Surgeon,

Medical Department.

James W. Anderson,

2d Lieutenant,

2d Infantry.

1839.

Samuel McKenzie,

Captain,

2d Artillery

Arnold E. Jones,

2d Lieutenant,

LS40.

Harvey Brown,

Captain,

4th

John W. Phelps,

1st Lieutenant,

4th

John C. Pemberton.

4th

L841.

Henry Holt,

Assist. Surgeon,

Medical Department

Patrick H. Gait,

Captain,

4th Artillery.

George C. Thomas,

1st Lieutenant,

4th

George W. Getty,

4th

« «

Alexander Johnston,

Captain,

5th Infantry.

William Chapman,

1st Lieutenant,

5th

»«

Spencer Norvell,

5th "

Henry Whiting,

5th

John M. Jones,

Bvt. 2d Lieut.,

5th

1842.

Rev. John O'Brien,

Chaplain.

Martin Scott,

Captain,

5th

1843.

Levi H. Holden,

Assist. Surgeon,

Medical Department

Moses E. Merrill,

Captain,

5th Infantry.

William Root,

1st Lieutenant,

5th

John C. Robinson,

5th

1844.

John Byrne,

Assist. Surgeon,

, Medical Department.

1845.

Charles C. Keeney,

(< «

<< <•

«*

George C. Westcott,

2d Lieutenant,

2d Infantry.

< <

Silas Casey,

Captain,

Joseph P. Smith,

Bvt. 2d Lieut.,

5th

Fred Steele,

a (<

5th

1847.

Frazey M. Winans,

Captain,

15th "

Michael P. Doyle,

2d Lieutenant,

15th "

Morgan L. Gage,

Captain,

1st Mich. Vols.

Caleb F. Davis,

2d Lieutenant,

1st

William F. Chittenden,

1st

1848.

William K R. Beall,

Bvt. 2d Lieut.,

4th Infantry.

< <

Charles H. Larnard,

Captain,

4th

ANN ALB OF FORT MACKINAC.

1848.

Hiram Dryer,

2d Lieutenant,

4th Infantry.

1849.

Joseph B. Brown,

Assist. Surgeon,

Medical Department.

««

Joseph L. Tidball,

Bvt. 2d Lieut.,

4th Infantry.

1850.

Charles H. Laub,

Assist. Surgeon,

Medical Department

1851.

David A. Russell,

1st Lieutenant,

4th Infantry.

1852.

Thomas Williams,

Captain,

4th Artillery.

<«

George W. Rains,

1st Lieutenant,

4th

Jacob Culbertson,

4th

< <

Joseph H. Bailey,

Captain,

Medical Department

1854.

Joseph B. Brown,

Assist. Surgeon,

t < it

1855.

John H. Greland,

1st Lieutenant,

4th Artillery.

1856.

Edward F. Bagley,

4th

< <

William R. Terrill,

1st

4th

Joseph H. Wheelock,

1st "

4th

John Byrne,

Assist. Surgeon,

Medical Department,

1857.

Arnold Elzey,

Captain,

2d Artillery.

Henry Benson,

1st Lieutenant,

< t

Guilford D. Bailey,

1858.

Henry C. Pratt,

Captain,

Henry A. Smalley,

2d Lieutenant,

John F. Head,

Captain,

Medical Department.

1859.

William A. Hammond,

<«

«<

George L. Hartsuff

1st Lieutenant,

2d Artillery.

1862.

Grover S. Wormer,

Captain, Stanton Guards, Mich. Vols.

Elias F. Sutton,

1st Lieutenant,

ii <(

< <

Louis Hartmeyer,

«< <(

James Knox,

Chaplain,

Mich. Vols.

Charles W. Le Boutillier

, Assist. Surgeon,

1st Minn. Infy. Vols

1866.

Jerry N. Hill,

Captain,

Vet. Res. Corps.

< «

Washington L. Wood,

2d Lieutenant,

1867.

John Mitchell,

Captain,

43d Infantry.

Edwin C. Gaskill,

1st Lieutenant,

43d

Julius Stommell,

43d

1869.

Leslie Smith,

Captain,

1st "

John Leonard,

1st Lieutenant,

1st "

Matthew Markland,

1st

1870.

Samuel S. Jessop,

Captain,

Medical Department.

1871.

Thomas Sharp,

1st Lieutenant,

1st Infantry.

AMERICAN OFFICERS.

1872.

William M Notson,

Captain,

Medic*

il Department

1873.

Curios Carvallo,

1874.

Charles J. Dickey,

Captain,

22d Infantry.

John McA. Webster,

2d Lieutenant,

22d

<«

J. Victor De Hanne,

Captain,

Medical Department.

1875.

Alfred L. Hough,

Major,

22d Infantry

1876.

Joseph Bush,

Captain

2Sd

< <

Thomas H. Fisher,

1st Lieutenant,

22d

Fielding L. Davies,

22d

1877.

Charles A. Webb,

Captain,

22d

<«

John G. Ballance,

2d Lieutenant,

22d

Theodore Mosher, Jr.,

22d

«<

Peter Moffat,

Captain,

Medical Department,

1878.

Oscar D. Ladley,

1st Lieutenant,

22d Infantry.

1879.

Edwin E. Sellers, §

Captain,

10th

Charles L. Davis,

10th

Dwight H. Kelton,

1st Lieutenant,

10th

<«

Walter T. Duggan,

1st

10th

•'

Bogatdus Eldridge,

10th

€4

Edward H. Plummer,

10th

George W. Adair,

Captain,

Medical Department.

1882.

William H. Corbusier,

< <

1883.

Johu Adams Peiry,

2d Lieutenant,

10th Infantry.

1884.

George K. Brady,

Captain,

23rd

Greenleaf A. Goodale,

••

23rd

<«

Edward B. Pratt,

1st Lieutenant

, 23rd

Calvin D. Cowles,

1st

23rd

«•

J. Rozier Clagett,

1st

23rd

Stephen O'Connor,

23rd

Benjamin C. Morse,

23rd

1886.

William C. Manning,

Captain,

23rd

George B. Davis,

2d Lieutenant,

1887

. Charles E. Woodruff,

1st

Medical Department.

§ Died at Fort Mackinac, April 8th, 1884.

LEGEND OF "LOVER'S LEAP."

Many years ago, there lived a warrior on this island whose
name was Wawanosh. He was the chief of an ancient
family of his tribe, who had preserved the line of chieftain-
ship unbroken from a remote time, and he consequently
cherished a pride of ancestry. To the reputation of birth
he added the advantages of a tall and commanding person,
and the dazzling qualities of personal strength, courage and
activity. His bow was noted for its size, and the feats he
had performed with it. His counsel was sought as much as
his strength was feared, so that he came to be equally
regarded as a hunter, a warrior and a counsellor.

Such was Wawanosh, to whom the united voice of the
nation awarded the first place in their esteem, and the highest
authority in council. But distinction, it seems, is apt to
engender haughtiness in the hunter state as well as civilized
life. Pride was his ruling passion, and he clung with ten-
acity to the distinctions which he regarded as an inheritance.

Wawanosh had an only daughter, who had now lived to
witness the budding of the leaves of the eighteenth spring.
Her father was not more celebrated for his deeds of strength
than she for her gentle virtues, her slender form, her full,
beaming hazel eyes, and her dark and flowing hair.

Her hand was sought by a young man of humble parent-
age, who had no other merits to recommend him but such as
might arise from a tall and commanding person, a manly
step, and an eye beaming with the tropical fires of youth and
love. These were sufficient to attract the favorable notice

90 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

of the daughter, but were by no means satisfactory to the
father, who sought an alliance more suitable to the rank and
the high pretensions of his family.

" Listen to me, young man," he replied to the trembling
hunter, who had sought the interview, " and be attentive to
my words. You ask me to bestow upon you my daughter,
the chief solace of my age, and my choicest gift from the
Master of Life. Others have asked of me this boon, who
were as young, as active and as ardent as yourself. Some of
these persons have had better claims to become my son-in-
law. Have you reflected upon the deeds which have raised
me in authority, and made my name known to the enemies
of my nation ? Where is there a chief who is not proud to
be considered the friend of Wawanosh ? Where, in all the
land, is there a hunter who has excelled Wawanosh ? Where
is there a warrior who can boast the taking of an equal num-
ber of scalps ? Besides, have you not heard that my fathers
came from the East, bearing the marks of chieftaincy ?"

" And what, young man, have you to boast ? Have you
ever met your enemies in the field of battle ? Have you
ever brought home a trophy of victory? Have you ever
proved your fortitude by suffering protracted pain, enduring
continued hunger, or sustaining great fatigue? Is your
name known beyond the humble limits of your native vil-
lage ? Go, then, young man, and earn a name for yourself.
It is none but the brave that can ever hope to claim an
alliance with the house of Wawanosh."

The intimidated lover departed, but he resolved to do a
deed that should render him worthy of the daughter of
Wawanosh, or die in the attempt. He called together
several of his young companions and equals in years, and
imparted to them his design of conducting an expedition
against the enemy, and requested their assistance. Several
embraced the proposal immediately ; and, before ten suns

set, he saw himself at the head of a formidable party of
young warriors, all eager, like himself, to distinguish them-
selves in battle. Each warrior was armed, according to the
custom of the period, with a bow and a quiver of arrows,
tipped with flint or jasper. He carried a sack or wallet,
provided with a small quantity of parched and pounded
corn, mixed with pemmican or maple-sugar. He was fur-
nished with a Puggamaugun, or war-club of hard wood,
fastened to a girdle of deerskin, and a stone or copper knife.
In addition to this, some carried the ancient shemagun, or
lance, a smooth pole about a fathom in length, with a javelin
of flint firmly tied on with deer's sinews. Thus equipped,
and each warrior painted in a manner to suit his fancy, and
ornamented with appropriate feathers, they repaired to the
spot appointed for the war-dance.

A level, grassy plain extended for nearly a mile from the
lodge of Wawanosh along the lake shore. Lodges of bark
were promiscuously interspersed over this green, and here
and there a solitary tall pine. A belt of yellow sand skirted
the lake shore in front, and a tall, thick forest formed the
background. In the center of this plain stood a high, shat-
tered pine, with a clear space about, renowned as the scene
of the war-dance time out of mind. Here the youths assem-
bled, with their tall and graceful leader, distinguished by the
feathers of the bald-eagle, which he wore on his head. A
bright fire of pine wood blazed upon the green. He led his
men several times around this fire, with a measured and
solemn chant. Then suddenly halting, the war-whoop was
raised, and the dance immediately began. An old man,
sitting at the head of the ring, beat time upon the drum,
while several of the elder warriors shook their rattles, and
" ever and anon " made the woods re-echo with their yells.

Thus they continued the dance for two successive days
and nights.

W ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

At length the prophet uttered his final prediction of suc-
cess; and the warriors dropping off, one by one, from the
fire, took their way to the place appointed for the rendez-
vous, on the confines of the enemy's country. Their leader
was not among the last to depart, but he did not leave the
village without seeking an interview with the daughter of
Wawanosh. He disclosed to her his firm determination
never to return, unless he could establish his name as a
warrior. He told her of the pangs he had felt at the bitter
reproaches of her father, and declared that his soul spurned
the imputation of effeminacy and cowardice implied by his
language. He averred that he could never be happy until
he had proved to the whole tribe the strength of his heart.
He said that his dreams had not been propitious, but he
should not cease to invoke the power of the Great Spirit.
He repeated his protestations of inviolable attachment, which
she returned, and, pledging vows of mutual fidelity, they
parted.

That parting proved final. All she ever heard from her
lover after this interview was brought by one of his success-
ful warriors, who said that he had distinguished himself by
the most heroic bravery, but, at the close of the fight, he
had received an arrow in his breast. The enemy fled, leaving
many of their warriors dead on the field. On examining
the wound, it was perceived to be beyond their power to
cure. They carried him toward home a day's journey, but
he languished and expired in the arms of his friends. From
the moment the report was received, no smile was ever seen
in the once happy lodge of Wawanosh. His daughter pined
away by day and by night. Tears, sighs and lamentation
were heard continually. Nothing could restore her lost
serenity of mind. Persuasives and reproofs were alternately
employed, but employed in vain. She would seek a seques-
tered spot, where she would sit and sing her mournful

LEGEND OF

laments for hours together. Passages of these are yet
repeated by tradition, one of which we give :

THE LOON'S FOOT.

I thought it was the loon's foot, I saw beneath the tide,
But no — it was my lover's shining paddle I espied;
It was my lover's paddle, as my glance I upward cast,
That dipped so light and gracefully as o'er the lake I passed.
The loon's foot — the loon's foot,

'Tis graceful on the sea;
But not so light and joyous as
That paddle-blade to me.

My eyes were bent upon the wave, I cast them not aside,
And thought I saw the loon's foot beneath the silver tide.
But ah! my eyes deceived me— for as my glance I cast,
It was my lover's paddle-blade that dipped so light and fast
The loon's foot — the loon's foot,

'Tis sweet and fair to see;
But, oh, my lover's paddle-blade,
Is sweeter far to me.

The lake's wave — the long wave — the billow big and free,
It wafts me up and down, within my yellow light canoe ;
But while I see beneath heaven pictured as I speed,
It is that beauteous paddle-blade that makes it heaven indeed.
The loon's foot — the loon's foot,

The bird upon the sea,
Ah! it is not so beauteous
As that paddle-blade to me.

It was not long before a small bird of beautiful plumage
flew upon the rock on which she usually sat. This mysteri-
ous visitor, which, from its sweet and artless notes, is called
Chileeli, seemed to respond in sympathy to her plaintive
voice. It was a strange bird, such as had not before been
observed. It came every day and remained chanting its

94 ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC.

notes till nightfall ; and when it left its perch, it seemed,
from the delicate play of the colors of its plumage, as if it
had taken its hues from the rainbow. Her fond imagination
soon led her to suppose it was the spirit of her lover, and
her visits to the lonely rock were repeated more frequently.
She passed much of her time in fasting and singing her
plaintive songs. There she pined away, taking little nour-
ishment, and constantly desiring to pass away to that land of
expected bliss and freedom from care, where it is believed
that the spirits of men will be again reunited, and tread
over fields of flowery enjoyment. One evening, her lifeless
body was found at the foot of the rock, but when death
came to her, it was not as the bearer of gloom and regrets,
but as the herald of happiness.

EARLY MICHIGAN,

The first European Settlement within the limits of the
State of Michigan was by the French.

In 1641, Fathers Charles Raymbault and Isaac Jogues,
upon the invitation of the Ojibwa, visited the rapids of the
St. Mary's River. Untoward circumstances prevented the
establishment of a mission.

The first white men who passed the rapids, entered Lake
Superior, and coasted along the whole extent of the south-
ern shore of Lake Superior, were Des Groseillers (famous
for his later exploits on Hudson Bay) and another young
Frenchman. They spent the winter of 1659-60 in Northern
Wisconsin and Eastern Minnesota, and in the following sum-
mer returned to Canada with three hundred Indians and
200,000 livres' worth of fur.

Father Renatus (Rene) Menard was the first Jesuit who
labored for some time among the Indians in Upper Michigan.

His stay on Keweenaw Bay lasted from October 15th,
1660, to July 13th, 1661. About a month later he perished
during an attempt to reach the Huron Settlement on the
headwaters of the Black River (Wisconsin).

In 1665, Father Allouez coasted along the south shore of
Lake Superior on his way to Shagawamigong (Chegoime-
gong), where he founded a mission. Its site was at the head
of Ashland Bay, Wisconsin.

In 1668, Father James Marquette reached the Sault, where
he was joined by Father Claudius Dablon. The settlement
of Michigan begins at this period.

96 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

Under fcne French and British dominion, the territory was
associated with the Canadas, but became part of the territory
of Virginia at the close of the war of independence, although
it was not formally occupied by the United States until 1796.
Virginia had in the meantime ceded to the United States all
of her territory northwest of the Ohio River, and Congress,
by the historical u Ordinance of 1787," passed July 13th of
that year, provided for its government as the "Northwest
Territory."

The first seat of government of the Northwest Territory
was at Chillicothe, Ohio. By act of Congress of May 7th,
1800, the territory was divided, preparatory to the admission
of Ohio into the Union as a State, and the " Indiana Terri-
tory" was erected, with the seat of government at Vincennes,
Indiana. By act of January, 1805, the Territory of Michi-
gan was set off from the Indiana Territory, the seat of gov-
ernment being established at Detroit. By this act, the
southern boundary of Michigan was fixed by a line drawn
due east from the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michi-
gan until it intersects Lake Erie, and the western boundary
through Lake Michigan and thence due north to the north-
ern boundary of the United States. This included on the
south a strip of territory, now forming a part of the State
of Ohio, and did not include the northern or Upper Penin-
sula of the now State of Michigan.

In the year 1835, the people of Michigan took steps for
forming a State Government. The admission of the State
into the Union was delayed until 1837, chiefly in consequence
of a disagreement in regard to the southern boundary; the
State of Ohio laying claim to the strip of territory previously
referred to, which it was claimed on the other hand was
within the Territory of Michigan, and which embraces within
its limits the present City of Toledo. The dispute at one
time threatened an armed collision, and military forces were

EARLY MICHIGAN. 97

mustered on both sides, in what is popularly known as the
" Toledo war." The difficulty was settled by the act of
Congress of June, 1836, fixing the disputed boundary in
accordance with the claim of Ohio, giving to Michigan,
instead, the territory known as the Upper Peninsula.

The seat of government remained at Detroit until 1847,
when it was removed to Lansing.

The land area of the State comprises two natural divisions
known as the Upper and Lower Peninsulas, and the adjacent
islands.

The Upper Peninsula contains 14,451,456 acres.

The Lower Peninsula contains 21,677,184 acres.

There are 179 islands included within the boundaries of
the State, varying in area from one acre upward, their total
area being 404,730 acres.

Bois-Blanc Island contains 21,351 acres.

Round Island contains 180 acres.

Mackinac Island contains 2,221 acres.

98 ANNALS OF FOBT MACKINAC, i

GOVERNORS OF MICHIGAN.

under french dominion.

Samuel Champlain, 1622-1635

M. de Montmagny, 1636-1647

M. d'Aillebout, ........ 1648-1650

M. de Lauson, . 1651-1656

M. de Lauson (son), 1656-1657

M. d'Aillebout, 1657-1658

M. d'Argenson, 1658-1660

Baron d'Avaugour, 1661-1663

M. de Mesey, 1663-1665

M. DE Courcelle, 1665-1672

Count de Frontenac, 1672-1682

M. de la Barre, 1682-1685

Marquis de Denonville, 1685-1689

Count de Frontenac, 1689-1698

M. de Callieres, 1699-1703

M. de Vaudreuil, 1703-1725

M. de Beauharnois 1726-1747

M. de Galissoniere, . 1747-1749

M. DE LA JONQUIERE, 1749-1752

M. du Quesnb, ,. 1752-1755

M. de Vaudreuil de Cavagnac, 1755-1763

under british dominion.

James Murray, 1763-1767

Guy Carleton, 176^-1777

Frederick Haldimand, 1777-1785

Henry Hamilton, 1785-1786

Lord Dorchester, 1786-1796

territorial governors.

Northwest Territory.

Arthur St. Ci-air 1796-1 SOO

EARLY MICHIGAN. 99

Indiana Territory.

William Henry Harrison 1800-1805

Michigan Territory.

William Hull, 1805-1813

Lewis Cass, 1813-1831

George B. Porter,* 1831-1834

Stevens T. Mason, ex officio, 1834-1835

UNDER STATE AUTHORITY.

Stevens T. Mason, 1835-1840

William Woodbkidge, . 1840-1841

J. Wright Gordon,! . .... 1841-1842

John S. Barry, 1842-1846

Alpheus Felch, 1846-1847

William L. Greenly. \ 1847-1848

Epaphroditus Ransom, 1848-1850

John S. Barry, 1850-1852

Robert McClelland 1852-1853

Andrew Parsons,! 1853-1855

Kinsley S. Bingham 1855-1859

Moses Wisner, 1859-1861

Austin Blair, 1861-1865

Henry H. Crapo, 1865-1869

Henry P. Baldwin, 1869-1873

John J. Bag ley ... 1873-1877

Charles M. Croswell, 1877-1881

David H. Jeromk, 1881-1882

Josiah W. Begole, 1883-18S4

Russell A. Alger, 1885-1886

* Died while in office, July 6, 1834, and was succeeded by the then Secretary of
*<he Territory, Stevens T. Mason.

t Lieutenant-Governor acting as Governor.

ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 101

NATIONAL PARK— ISLAND OF MACKINAC.

On March 11th, 1873, Hon. T. W. Ferry, Senator from
Michigan, introduced in the Senate the following:

Resolved, That so much of the Island of Mackinac, lying in the StraiU
of Mackinac, within the County of Mackinac, in the State of Michigan,
as is now held by the United States under military reservation or other-
wise (excepting the Fort Mackinac and so much of the present reservation
thereof as bounds it to the south of the village of Mackinac, and to the
west, north and east respectively by lines drawn north and south, east
and west, at a distance from the present fort flag-staff of four hundred
yards), hereby is reserved and withdrawn from settlement, occupancy,
or sale under the laws of the United States, and dedicated and set apart
as a National public park, or grounds, for health, comfort and pleasure,
for the benefit and enjoyment of the people; and all persons who shall
locate or settle upon or occupy the same, or any part thereof, except as
herein provided, shall be considered trespassers, and removed therefrom.

That said public park shall be under the exclusive control of the Sec"
retary of War, whose duty it shall be, as soon as practicable, to make
and publish such rules and regulations as he may deem necessary or
proper for the care and management of the same. Such regulations
shall provide for the preservation from injury or spoliation of all timber,
mineral deposits, natural curiosities, or wonders within said park, and
their retention in their natural condition. The Secretary may, in his
discretion, grant leases, for building purposes, of small parcels of ground,
at such places in said park as shall require the erection of buildings for
the accommodation of visitors, for terms not exceeding ten years; all of
the proceeds of said leases, and all other revenues derived from any
source connected with said park, to be expended under his direction, in
the management of the same and in the construction of roads and bridle-
paths therein. He shall provide against the wanton destruction of game
or fish found within said park, aud against their capture or destruction
for any purposes of use or profit. He also shall cause all persons tres-
passing upon the same, after the passage of this act, to be removed there-
from, and generally shall be authorized to take all such measures as shall

102 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

be necessary or proper to fully carry out the objects and purposes of thia
act.

That any part of the park hereby created shall at all times be available
for military purposes, either as a parade or drill ground, in time of peace,
or for complete occupation in time of war, or whenever war is expected,
and may also be used for the erection of any public buildings or works:
Pi'ovided, That no person shall ever claim or receive of the United States
any damage on account of any future amendment or repeal of this act,
or the taking of said park, or any part thereof, for public purposes or use.

Senator Ferry did not forget his work or neglect his oppor-
tunities, and on March 3d, 1875, after a two years' struggle,
he finally procured the passage of the Act for the Mackinac
National Park. His regard for this spot — his birthplace and
boyhood home — led him to advocate his park bill at all times
and places, until his fellow-members dubbed it " Ferry's
Park."

The following are the approved Rules and Regulations for
the Park at Mackinac :

I. Mackinac Park will be under the immediate control and manage-
ment of the commanding-officer of Fort Mackinac, who is charged with
the duty of preserving order, protecting the public property therein, and
enforcing these rules.

II. All tenants renting under the Act of Congress providing therefor
must conform to, and abide by, such rules and regulations as are pre-
scribed for the care of the park, and will be held responsible for a com-
pliance with the same on the part of the members of their families, their
agents and employes.

III. The sale of wines and malt or spirituous liquors on the park,
without special authority from the commanding-officer of Fort Mackinac,
or higher military authority, is prohibited.

IV. No person shall put cattle, swine, horses or other animals on the
park, except as follows:

The cows belonging to the residents of the Island of Mackinac may be
placed in a herd, under the care of a herder, and be permitted to graze in

NATIONAL PARK. 103

such parts of the park as may be designated by the commanding-officer
of Fort Mackinac.

V. Racing or riding and driving at great speed is prohibited.

VI. No person shall indulge in any threatening, abusive, insulting or
indecent language in the park.

VII. No person shall commit any obscene or indecent act in the park.

VIII. No frays, quarrels, or disorders of any kind will be permitted
in the park.

IX. No person shall carry or discharge fire-arms in the park.

X. No person shall injure or deface the trees, shrubs, turf, natural
curiosities, or any of the buildings, fences, bridges or other structures
within the park.

XI. No person shall injure, deface or destroy any notices, rules or
regulations for the government of the park, posted, or in any other man
ner permanently fixed, by order or permission of the authorities of the

XII. No person shall wantonly destroy any game or fish within the
park, nor capture nor destroy the same for any purposes of use or profit.

XIII. Any person who shall violate any of these Rules and Regula-
tions shall be ejected from the park by military authority, and in case
the person so offending shall have committed any offence in violation of
any of the statutes of the United States, or of the State of Michigan,
the offender shall be proceeded against before the United States or State
courts, according to the laws providing for the same.

XIV. The commanding-officer of Fort Mackinac may, at any time,
add to or modify these Rules, subject to the approval of the Secretary of
War.

When the Park was surveyed, lots were set apart for build-
ing purposes in the following places : on the bluff near
"Robertson's Folly ;" on the bluff on the northwest side of
the island, and on the bluff extending from the old Indian
burying-ground along by " Pontiac's Lookout."

The price of the leases for Park lots has been fixed at ten,
fifteen and twenty-five dollars per year, according to the
location.

LEGEND OF "ARCH ROCK."

After the Gitche Manitou had called into existence the
beautiful Island of Mackinac and given it into the care of
the kindred spirits of earth, air and water, and had told
them it was only to be the abode of peace and quiet, it was
so pleasant in his own eyes that he thought, " Here will I
also come to dwell, this shall be my abode and my children
may come and worship me here. Here in the depths of the
beautiful forest they shall come."

Then calling his messengers, he bade them fly to all lands
of heat and noise and troublous insects, and tell the suffering
ones of every race and clime that in these northern waters
was a place prepared where they could come and rest, leaving
all care behind.

In the straits of Mackinac,
In the clear pellucid wave,
Sitting like an emerald gem,
Is the rock-girt Fairy Isle.

Round its bold and craggy shore
Sweep the billows far and wide,
With a gentle sinuous swell,
And the moan of distant seas.

Blue its waters, blue the sky,
Soft the west wind from afar
Moving o'er the scented grass,
And the many myriad flowers.

The cool invigorating breezes shall bring health and elasti-
city to the weak and weary. Here disease shall not dare

105

106 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

invade the pleasant glens or beautiful hilltops. Here let them
come and receive my blessing.

" Ye shall also tell the stranger friends, who may come to
seek me, that my royal landing is on the eastern shore ; there
shall they draw up the canoes upon the pebbly beach under
the shadow of the Arched Gateway. Under the Arch
which they can see from afar, let them come with songs of
rejoicing — neither night or day shall it be closed to any one
who may seek me. Let them land before it and pass through
it and ascend to my dwelling, and worship before me.

When the great spirit made known his wish to dwell with
men, all nature seemed to rejoice and to make preparations
for his abode.

The tallest trees claimed the privilege of being the poles
of his wigwam, and sweet balsam firs laid themselves at his
feet for use.

The birch trees unsheathed themselves and sent their bark
in all its soft creamy whiteness to form the outside covering.

The trees of the forest all vied with each other in seeking
a place in the future home of the Gitche Manitou.

Scarcely had the poles fitted themselves into their places,
and the birch bark unrolled itself and arranged its clinging
sheets in orderly rows upon the outside, when the noise of
distant paddles was heard from the lake — swiftly and gaily
they drew near, guided by the spirits of earth, air and water.
Never had such a sight been witnessed on this earth.

The Gitche Manitou, went to meet them, and stood upon
the Arch and upheld his hands in blessing.

As his children unloaded their offerings of beaver, white-
bear and other skins, they marched in procession up to the
gateway and fell upon their knees and offered their thanks
to the great spirit for the happy privilege of contributing to
the comforts of his earthly home.

LEGEND OF " ARCH ROCK." 107

" Yes, my children dear, my loved ones,
I am here in joy and gladness.
Here to live in peace among you.
I have come to teach you wisdom
In the arts of love and living.
I accept your native offerings,
These white bear, and fox skins silvery,
Shall a couch of warmth and comfort
Make for me when around my fire,
I am resting from my labors.
Of the beaver skins and otters
They shall line the wigwam smoothly,
So Ka-bi-bo-nok-ka, the north wind,
Ne'er shall peep or whistle thro' them.
Enter in my gateway proudly,
And ascend my staircase slowly,
And see the home of the Great Spirit,
Where he dwells among his children."

They did as he commanded, and when they were about to
return he thus addressed them:

" Now, my children, as you leave me,
Forth to go upon your journeyings,
Tell to all who know and love me,
That whenever a chieftain
Wooes and weds a dark-eyed maiden,
He shall bring her here before me,
Gay with garlands, sweet with roses.
With the sound of music fleeting
Far and near from every islet
That lies sleeping in these waters,
In these glittering, dark green waters.
Sweetest strains of music blending
Shall salute them, as the billows
Of the mighty lake of wonders
Bears them onward to the portals,
Where my blessing will await them,
And as long as they thus serve me
I will dwell upon this island,
Henceforth blessing youth and maiden
Joined in closest bonds of wedlock.

108 LEGEND OF " ARCH ROCK."

But, if in the coming seasons,
Some foul spirit roams among you,
And destroys my loving children,
This fair home that I have built
Shall become a rocky fastness,
Where they all may fly for shelter
And be safe in my protection."

Many, many years have passed. The wigwam of the
Great Spirit has been transmuted into stone, and is now
known as the Pyramid.

The Arched Gateway can still be seen as in ancient times,
with its portals guarded by tall green sentinels.

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[109]

LEGEND OF MACKINAC ISLAND.

There once lived an Indian in the north, who had ten
daughters, all of whom grew up to womanhood. They were
noted for their beauty, but especially Oweenee, the youngest,
who was very independent in her way of thinking. She
was a great admirer of romantic places, and paid very little
attention to the numerous young men who came to her
father's lodge for the purpose of seeing her. Her elder sis-
ters were all solicited in marriage from their parents, and one
after another went off to dwell in the lodges of their husbands,
but she would listen to 110 proposals of the kind. At last she
married an old man called Osseo,who was scarcely able to walk,
and too poor to have things like others. They jeered and
laughed at her on all sides, but she seemed to be quite happy,
and said to them, " It is my choice, and you will see in the end
who has acted the wisest." Soon after, the sisters and their
husbands and their parents were all invited to a feast, and
as they walked along the path, they could not help pitying
their young and handsome sister, who had such an unsuitable
mate. Osseo often stopped and gazed upward, but they
could perceive nothing in the direction he looked, unless it
Was the faint glimmering of the evening star. They heard
him muttering to himself as they went along, and one of the
elder sisters caught the words, " Sho-wain-ne-me-shin nosa."*
" Poor old man/' said she, " he is talking to his father, what
a pity it is that he would not fall and break his neck, that
our sister might have a handsome young husband." Pres-

*Pity me, my father.

[nil

112 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

ently they passed a large hollow log, lying with one end to-
ward the path. The moment Osseo, who was of the turtle
totem, came to it, he stopped short, uttered a loud and
peculiar yell, and then dashing into one end of the log, he
came out at the other, a most beautiful young man, and
springing back to the road, he led off the party with steps
as light as the reindeer. But on turning round to look for
his wife, behold, she had been changed into an old, decrepit
woman, who was bent almost double, and walked with a
cane. The husband, however, treated her very kindly, as
she had done him during the time of his enchantment, and
constantly addressed her by the term of ne-ne-moosh-a, or
my sweet-heart.

When they came to the hunter's lodge with whom they
were to feast, they found the feast ready prepared, and as
soon as their entertainer had finished his harangue (in which
he told them his feasting was in honor of the Evening or
Woman's Star), they began to partake of the portion dealt
out, according to age and character, to each one. The food
was very delicious, and they were all happy but Osseo, who
looked at his wife and then gazed upward, as if he was
looking into the substance of the sky. Sounds were soon
heard, as if from far-off voices in the air, and they became
plainer and plainer, till he could clearly distinguish some of
the words."

"My son — my son," said the voice, "I have seen your
afflictions and pity your wants. I come to call you away
from a scene that is stained with blood and tears. The
earth is full of sorrows. Giants and sorcerers, the enemies
of mankind, walk abroad in it, and are scattered through-
out its length. Every night they are lifting their voices to
the Power of Evil, and every day they make themselves
busy in casting evil in the hunter's path. You have long
been their victim, but shall be their victim no more. The

LEGEND OF MACKINAC ISLAND. 113

spell you were under is broken. Your evil genius is over-
come. I have east him down by my superior strength, and
this strength I now exert for your happiness. Ascend,
my son — ascend into the skies, and partake of the feast I
have prepared for you in the stars, and bring with you those
you love.

"The food set before you is enchanted and blessed.
Fear not to partake of it. It is endowed with magic power
to give immortality to mortals, and to change men to
spirits. Your bowls and kettles shall be no longer wood
and earth. The one shall become silver, and the other
wampum. They shall shine like fire, and glisten like the
most beautiful scarlet. Every female shall also change her
state and looks, and no longer be doomed to laborious
tasks. She shall put on the beauty of the starlight, and
become a shining bird of the air, clothed with shining
feathers. She shall dance and not work — she shall sing
and not cry."

;'My beams," continued the voice, "shine faintly on your
lodge, but they have power to transform it into the light-
ness of the skies, and decorate it with the colors of the
clouds. Come, Osseo, my son, and dwell no longer on
earth. Think strongly on my words, and look steadfastly at
my beams. My power is now at its height. Doubt not —
delay not. It is the voice of the Spirit of the stars that
calls you away to happiness and celestial rest."

The words were intelligible to Osseo, but his companions
thought them some far-off sounds of music, or birds singing
in the woods. Very soon the lodge began to shake and
tremble, and they felt it rising into the air. It was too late
to run out, they were already as high as the tops of the
trees. Osseo looked around as the lodge passed through
the topmost boughs, and behold! their wooden dishes were
changed into shells of a scarlet color, the poles of the lodge

1 14 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

to glittering wires of silver, and the bark that covered them
into the gorgeous wings of insects. A moment more, and
his brothers and sisters, and their parents and friends, were
transformed into birds of various plumage. Some were
jays, some partridges and pigeons, and others gay singing
birds, who hopped about, displaying their glittering feathers,
and singing their song. But Oweenee still kept her earthly
garb, and exhibited all the indications of extreme age. He
again cast his eyes in the direction of the clouds, and
uttered that peculiar yell, which had given him the victory
at the hollow log. In a moment the youth and beauty of
.his wife returned; her dingy garments assumed the shining
appearance of green silk, and her cane was changed into a
silver feather. The lodge again shook and trembled, for
they were now passing through the uppermost clouds, and
they immediately after found themselves in the Evening
Star, the residence of Osseo's father.

" My son," said the old man, " hang that cage of birds,
which you have brought along in your hand, at the door,
and I will inform you why you and your wife have been
sent for." Osseo obeyed the directions; and then took his
seat in the lodge. " Pity was shown to you," resumed the
king of the star, " on account of the contempt of your
wife's sisters, who laughed at her ill fortune, and ridiculed
you while you were under the power of that wicked spirit,
whom you overcame at the log. That spirit lives in the
next lodge, being a small star you see on the left of mine,
and he has always felt envious of my family, because we
had greater power than he had, and especially on account
of our having had the care committed to us of the female
world. He failed in several attempts to destroy your
brothers-in-law and sisters-in-law, but succeeded at last in
transforming yourself and your wife into decrepit old per-
sons. You must be careful and not let the light of his

LEGEND OF MACKINAC ISLAND. 115

beams fall on you while you are here, for therein is the
power of his enchantment; a ray of light is the bow and
arrow he uses."

Osseo lived happy and contented in the parental lodge,
and in due time his wife presented him with a son, who
grew up rapidly, and was the image of his father. He was
very quick and ready in learning everything that was done
in his grandfather's dominions, but he wished also to learn
the art of hunting, for he had heard this was a favorite
pursuit below. To gratify him, his father made him a bow
and arrows, and he then let the birds out of the cage that
he might practise in shooting. He soon became an expert,
and the very first day brought down a bird, but when he
went to pick it up, to his amazement, it was a beautiful
young woman with the arrow sticking in her breast. It
was one of his aunts. The moment her blood fell upon
the surface of that pure and spotless planet, the charm was
dissolved. The boy immediately found himself sinking, but
was partly upheld, by something like wings, till he passed
through the lower clouds, and he then suddenly dropped
upon a high, romantic island. He was pleased on look-
ing up to see all his aunts and uncles following him in
the form of birds, and he soon discovered the silver lodge,
with his father and mother, descending with its waving
barks looking like so many insects' gilded wings. It rested
on the highest cliffs of the island, and here they fixed their
residence. They all resumed their natural shapes, but were
diminished to the size of fairies; as a mark of homage to
the King of the Evening Star, they never fail, on every
pleasant evening during the summer season, to join hands
and dance upon the top of the rocks. These rocks were
quickly observed by the Indians to be covered, in moonlight
evenings, with a larger sort of Puk Wudj Ininees, or little
men, and were called Mish-in-e-mok-in-ok-ong, or turtle

116 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

spirits, whence the island derives is name. Their shining
lodge can be seen in the summer evenings when the moon
shines strongly on the pinnacles of the rocks, and those who
go near those high cliffs at night can hear the voices of the
happy little dancers.

ANCIENT NAMES OF RIVERS, LAKES, ETC.

Lake Ontario. — Champlain called it " Lao St. Louis ; "
Count de Frontenac, in 1674, called it " Ontario /" on San-
son's map, 1679, it appears "Ontario on Lao de St. Louis ;"
it had also the name " Frontenac ; " Hennepin called it
" Ontario or Frontenac ; " Tonti and Father Membre call it
"Lake Frontenac;" on De L'Isle's maps, 1700 and 1703, it
appears as " Lac Ontario."

Lake Erie. — This name, says Mr. Baldwin, was derived
from the tribe of Eries, on the south shore ; the same tribe
was also called the Cat nation. Hennepin called it " Erie"
also "Conty; " and Sanson's map, 1679, gives it "Erie Lac; "
Membre called it " de Conty;" De L'Isle's maps give it
*; Lac Erie"

Lake Huron. — Champlain called it " Mer Douce;"
Father Membre, as well as Hennepin, called it "Lake
Orleans;" De L'Isle maps, 1703 and 1718, give it "Lac
Huron ou Michigane ;" on his map of 1700, it appears as
" L. des Hurons."

Lake Superior. — Marquette's map gives it u Lac Superieur
ou de Tracy;" Hennepin called it "Lake Conde ;" on De
L'Isle's maps it is " Lac Sibjperieur ; " Senex's map, 1719,
and Coxe's of 1721, call it " Nadouessians"

Lake Michigan. — Marquette, Dablon, and LaSalle, called
it the lake of the " llinois ;" Claude Allouez, in 1676,
reached this lake on the eve of St. Joseph; he said "we
give it the name of that great Saint, and shall henceforth

[117]

118 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

call it " Lake St. Joseph; " Allouez was the first to give
it the name of "Lake Machihiganing ; " LaSalle and Father
Membre call it " Lake Dauphin ;" St. Cosme called it
"Miesitgan" and also " Missigan ;" Marest was one of the
first to call it Lake Michigan.

Note. — The name as spelled by Allouez comes nearest the
Indian pronounciation, which is Mashiiganing or Mishii-
ganing, the double i being pronounced e-e.

The term signifies "a clearing," and was first applied to
the north-western shores of Lower Michigan where there
were large ancient clearings.

Lake St. Clair. — Hennepin wrote it "St. Glare ;" on the
map of De L'Isle, of 1700, it is "L. de Ste. Claire;" on his
maps of 1703 and 1718, it appears "Lao Ganatchio on Ste.
Claire" Shea says " it received its name in honor of the
founder of the Franciscan nuns, from the fact that LaSalle
reached it on the day consecrated to her."

Mississippi River. — One or more of the outlets of this
river was discovered in the year 1519, by the Spanish officer,
Don Alonzo Alvarez Pineda; he named the river "Rio
del Espiritu Santo" De Soto named it "El Rio Grande
del Florida." Marquette, on his map, gave it the name
"de la Conception;" he also used the name Missipi.

LaSalle, Membre, Hennepin, and Douay called it the "Col-
bert;" Joutel said the Indians called it " Meechassippi ; "
but he called it the "Colbert or Mississippi;" on De L' Isle's
map it is "Mississippi" and "S. Louis;" Allouez first speaks
of it as "Messipi " and again as the "Messi-sipi ;" St. Cosme
calls it "Micissipi."

Note. — The name of the river, in the principal Algonquin
dialects, is " Mishisibi" (pronounced Me-she-se-be) meaning
" large river."

The translation "Father of Waters" is a poetical license.

ANCIENT NAMES OF RIVERS, LAKES, ETC. 119

Missouri River. — Marquette called it the "PekitanoiXi"
meaning muddy water; the Recollects called it " the River
of Ozages;" Membre called it the "Ozage;" on De L'lsle's
maps, 1703, 1718, it is " le Missouri ou de R. Pekitanoni;"
Coxe called it " Yellow River" or "River of the Massorites."

Ohio River. — Marquette called the lower Ohio "Ouabous-
kigou;" Joutel called it "Douo or Abacha;" from the mouth
of the Ohio to the Wabash and up that stream was known
as the "Ouabache" so it was called by Membre, St. Cosme,
and LaHontan. Above the Wabash, the Ohio was more
particularly known as "Ohio ou Belle Riviere" the river
is so called on De L'lsle's map, 1703. Evans, in 1755, calls
it " Ohio or Alleghany or La Belle."

Illinois River. — Marquette speaks of it, but gave it no
name ; on Franquelin's map it appears "Riviere des Ilinois
ou Macopins;" LaSalle called it the "Seignlai;" Fathers
Hennepin and Membre the " Seignelay ;" Dablon not only
applied to one of the upper branches of the Illinois (the
Desplaines) the name "St. Louis" but to the continuation,
the Illinois itself; Coxe called it the "Chicagou;" De L'lsle's
map, 1718, gives it " Rio. des Ilinois"

Des Plaines River. — LaSalle, in 1680, called the Des-
plaines the "Divine River ;" Membre and Charlevoix did
the same. La Salle afterward, however, called it the "Che-
cagou" Dablon called it "St. Louis River" including,
perhaps, the continuation, the Illinois ; Franquelin's map,
1684, gives it "Peanghichia." The river was frequently
called the "Chicagou;" see De L'lsle's map, 1718, and
D'Anville's, 1755.

Chicago, and River. — Marquette called it "Portage
River;" LaSalle applies the name " Checago" to this
locality, but his Checago River was generally the Des-

120 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAO.

plaines; Franquelin's map, 1684, gives to this locality or
river the name of " Cheagoum,einan" and to another stream
"R. Chekagou;" Tonty, in 1685, says that he arrived at the
"Fort of Checagou." St. Cosine calls it " Chikagou," "Chi-
cagu" "Chicaqw" and also a Chicag8." Lallontan, 1703,
has it " ChegaJcou." Senex, 1710, gives it "Checagou;" De
L'Isle's maps have it " Checagou" also " Chicagou ;" Moll,
1720, gives it " Chekakou;" Charlevoix, "Chicagou"
Col. De Peyster speaks of it as "Fschecagou" and again
as "Esehicagou, a river and Fort at the head of Lake
Michigan/' Popple's atlas, 1733, has it "Fort Miamis
ou Ouamis;" Mitchell, 1755, UR. and Port Chicagou" and
Saver & Bennett's map, 1797, says "Point Chicago Elver"

Sandusky Bag. — On De L'Isle's map, 1718, it appears
"Lac San-dou-ske."

Saginaw Bay.— -On De L'Isle's maps, 1703 and 1718, it
appears "Baye de Saguina" and "Baye Saguinam;" Coxe
called it the "Sale in am"

Note. — " Osaginang" or " Osakinang" is the Indian
name, derived from " Osagi" or " Osaki."

The Sacs lived on the Saginaw and Titibewasse before
removing to Wisconsin.

Patterson's Point. — A rocky point of land on the north
shore of Lake Michigan, some sixty miles from Mackinac, is
so-called, from the fact that Mr. Charles Patterson, one of
the principal members of the Northwest Fur Company, with
all his crew, was there drowned about the year 178S.

Marquette River. — On De L'Isle's map, 1703, it is " R.
Marquet ;" Charlevoix called it "River Marquette" or
" River of the Black Role."

Isle Royal, Lake Superior. — Ou De L'Isle's maps, 1700
and 1703, it appears "J. Monong ;" Coxe calls it "Minong."
Note. — "Minong" is the Indian name.

ANCIENT NAMES OF RIVERS, LAKES, ETC.

121

Michilimackinac. — Marquette called it " Michilimaki-
nong;" Hennepin and Membre speak of it as " Missili-
makinak; " Joutel called it " Micilimaquinay ; " De L'Isle's
map, 1703, calls it "Isle et Habitation de Missilimakinac"

Note. — Marquette came nearest the Indian pronunciation
of the word, which is " Mishinimakinang."

The change of " n " into " I" by the French, is frequent
in Indian names.

Green Bay. — Marquette called it "Bay of the Fetid y 'J
Hennepin and Membre did the same. Marquette says the
Indians called it " Salt Bay • " St. Cosme called it " Bay of
Pxiants /" on De L' Isle's maps, 1700 and 1718, it appears
as " Baye des Puans."

Milwaukee River. — Membre calls it " Melleoki / " St.
Cosme termed it " Melwarik / " on De L'Isle's map, of 1718,
it is called " Melleki."

Note. — " Minewag" is the Indian name.

Fox River of Illinois.- -J outel, on his map, gives it "Pe-
tescouy;" St. Cosme calls it " Pistrui ;" Charlevoix calls it
" Pisticoui."

Wisconsin River. — Father Marquette called it the " Mes-
consing ;" Hennepin quotes the Indians as calling it the
u Ousconsin " or "Misconsin." Membre called it the aMes-
concing i " St. Cosme, the " Wesconsin."

Note. — The Indian name is " Wishkdsing" the "o" having
the nasal sound of the French " onP

122

ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

COLLECTORS OF CUSTOMS, AT MACKINAC

1801-6 David Duncan. 1843-49

1806-10 George Hoffman. 1849-53

1810 Harris H. Hickman. 1853-55

1810-15 Samuel Abbott. 1855-61

1815-16 William Gamble. 1861-67

1816-18 John Rogers. 1867-71

1818-33 Adam D. Stewart. 1871-

1833-43 Abraham Wendell.

Samuel K. Haring.
Charles E. Avery.
Alexander Toll.
Jacob A. T. Wendell
John W. McMath.
S. Henry Lasley.
James Lasley.

INDIAN AGENTS.

Agents for

Mackinac and Vicinity:

1816-24

Wm. H. Puthuff.

1861-65

D. C. Leach.

1824-33

George Boyd.

1865-69

Richard M. Smith,

1833-41

Henry R. Schoolcraft.

1869

Wm. H. Bkockway

1841-45

Robert Stuart.

1869-71

James W. Long.

1845-49

Wm. A. Richmond.

1871

Richard M. Smith.

1849-51

Chas P. Babcock.

1871-76

George I. Betts.

1851-53

Rev Wm. Sprague.

1876-82

George W. Lee.

1853-57

Henry C. Gilbert.

1882-85

Edward P. Allen.

1857-61

Andrew M. Fitch.

1885-

Mark W. Stevens.

MACKINAC COUNTY, PROBATE COURT JUDGES.

1823-25 William H. Puthuff. 1860-65

1825-29 Jonathan N Bailey. 1865

1829-33 B. Hoffman. 1866-73

1833-40 Michael Docsman. 1873-77

1840-44 Bela Chapman. 1877-79

1844-48 William Johnson. 1879-81

1848-53 Bela Chapman. 1881-85

1853-60 Jonathan P. King. 1885-

Bela Chapman.
Alexander Toll.
Bela Chapman.
George C Ketchum.
George T. Wendell.
Benoni Lachance.
Thomas Chambers.
Peter N. Packard.

VILLAGE OFFICERS.

123

MACKINAC VILLAGE, PEESIDENTS.

Wardens or Presidents of the Bo)
incorpor

Wm. H. Puthufp.
George Boyd.
Wm. H. Puthuff.
Michael Dous.man.
Jonathan N. Bailey.
Samuel Abbott.
Edward Biddle.
Samuel Abb >tt.
Edward Biddle.
Samuel Abbott.
Abraham Wendell.
Bela Chapman.
Augustus Todd.

1817-21

1822

1823

1824-25

1826

1827-30

1831

1832-43

1844

1845

1846

1848

•ough or Village of Mackinac, since its
ation in 1817:

1849 Bela Chapman.

1850-55 Augustus Todd.

1856 Jonathan P. King.

1861 John B. Couchois.

1872 John Becker.

1873 Wm. Madison.

1875 Dr. John R. Bailey.

1875-76 Edwin C. Gaskill.

187 7-81 Wm. P. Preston.

1883 Horace A. N. Todd.

1833-84 Wm. P Preston.

1885 William Sullivan.

1886- Wm. B. Preston.

POSTMASTERS.

Postmasters at Mackinac since the establishment of Hie Post Office in 1819.
The Office was known as Michilimackinac, until 1825.

1819-22
1822-25

1835-29
1829-49
1849-53
1853-59
1859-61

Adam D. Stewart. 1861-66

John W. Mason. 1866-67
Jonathan N. Bailey.* 1867-77

Jonathan P. King. 1877-80

James H. Cook. 1880-85

Jonathan P. King. 18 n5-
John Biddle.

James Lasley.
John Becker.
James Lasley.
George C. K etc hum.
James Lasley.
James Gallagher.

* First Postmister at Chicago. Appointed March 31st, 1831.

The first post-office on this side of the Atlantic was established by
Gov. Lovelace, at New York, in 1672.

MACKINAC COUNTY, CLERKS.

Clerks of the County from its organization in 1818:

1818-21

Thomas Lyon.

1855-58

John Becker.

1822-24

F. HlNCn.MAN.

1850-63

Wm. M. Johnston.

1825-46

Jonathan P Ktng.

1864

Charles O'M alley.

1847-52

P C Kevan.

1865-86

John Biddle.

1853-5 i

Wm. M. Johns ion.

1880-

Michael Hoban.

THE GIANT FAIRIES.

Long years before the white man came into these regions,
many fairies lived here, rollicking fairies, who laughed and
danced and sung their lives away.

Every flower and bush and tree, every rock and hill and
glen, was thickly peopled with these canny folk, and on
moonlight nights all the Indians in their wigwams sat in
breathless attention —

Then they hear, now sweet and low,

Sounds as of a distant lyre,

Touched by fairy hands so light

That the trembling tones scarce are heard.

What the music none can tell,
So unearthly and so pure, —
But it seems as if the notes
Loosened all the magic sounds
Held within the tinkling grass, —
In the mosses and the ferns,
In the vines which climb and creep,
In the flowers of every hue, —
In the heavy folded rose,
In the violets at its feet,
In the lily's gentle swing.

Sweeping o'er the lonely streairis,
Through the sands on deserts low,
Through the snows on mountains high,
Through the flowers on the plains,
Through the sylvan shady bowers,
Through the forests dark and hoar,
Through the lofty oaks and elms,

[1251

126 ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAO.

Through the leaves of tulip trees,
Through catalpas, white with bloom,
Through magnolias kingly crowned,
Through the poplars, amber sweet,
Through the towering cypresses,
Pendant with the gray old mosses,
Patriarchs of the lowlier tribes.
With the sound of laughing brooks,
And the notes of singing birds ;
Softened by the cooing dove,
By the plover's gentle dip,
By the lonely, limpid rills,
By the silence, deep, profound,
Resting o'er the wilderness.

With the thunder's distant roar,
Rolling, rumbling through the sky,
Over mountains, hills, and plains,
Over rivers, lakes, and seas;
Chiming with the overture
In its massive undertones,
Mellowing, melting all its chords
Into dulcet harmonies;
Into dirge-like requiems;
Into rhythmic symphonies;
Gathering all the breath of song
In its weird and wayward moods;
In its plaintive, touching strains;
In its playful laughing trills;
In its wild and fearful tones;
Trancing all the insect tribes,
Hid in thicket, bush, and grove; —
Butterflies, of every hue,
Bees, of wondrous skill and lore;
Beetles, puzzled, lost, and wild;
Mites and emmets, flies and gnats,
Maddened, ravished, filled with joy, —
Frenzied with the flush of song.

THE GIANT FAIKIE8. 127

Birds, in forest, tree, and copse,
In the jungle, in the grass,
Near the lonely stream and lake,
On the wing in winding flocks,
Wildered with the rapturous sounds,
Pause to listen, still and mute,
Till the tempest rushes past, —

O, the music ! O, the sweet !
Breathing fragrance, breathing song,
Mingling all of earth and air
That can charm the wakened sense.
Thus with odors rich and rare,
Music lent its magic power,
Dirge and requiem, ditty, lay,
Fugue and march, and waltz and hymn
Silver-toned, euphonious, grave;
Chimes of measured step and grace,
Dulcet strains of sweetest rhythm,
Overtures of matchless sweep, —
All that fills the hungry air,
All that wakes the sleeping sense,
Blending with the virgin soil;
With the creeping juniper,
With the cedar and the pine,
With the rich magnolia's bloom,
With the jasmine and the grape,
With the scent of early fruits; —
Such the music, such the air,
Sweeping westward o'er the lakes,
Such, — the Isle of Mackinac.

It was upon the eastern rock-bound shore that the
giant fairies most loved to congregate. There they skipped
up and down their famous stairway, and, flinging themselves
into the water, would disappear in its depths, perhaps to rise
again on the back of some immense sturgeon or whitefish,
the reindeer of the lakes, for a race through, the sparkling
water.

128 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

These genii lived in the many caves in the rocks. In the
depths of their quiet homes were —

Tables, crowned with daintiest food,
Wine of berries, rich and sweet ;
Beds of eider-down and moss;
Chambers, opening to the sea,
Filled with sparkling stalactites ;
Rubies bright, and amethysts,
Diamonds Hashing, tilled with light;
Marble halls and palaces ;
Corridors, of awful length,
Stretching westward toward the sun,
Opening into distant halls,
Wildering to the aching sight.
Wide the pavements covered o'er
With the shells of every hue ;
Lichens green, and red, and white,
Spreading wider, flush and fair,
Sprinkled with the aureate dust
Found within their hidden caves.

Their favorite dancing place was the plateau just below
where the fort now stands, and the entrance to their subter-
ranean abode was under the immense rock that supports one
of the corners of the wall.

Here their mystic ring was kept, and on moonlight nights
they gathered from far and near —

At twilight on the lonely Isle,
'Mid the rustling of the leaves,
And the chirp of dainty birds,
And the notes of whip-poor-wills, —
Oft was heard the mystic dance
Of Giant Fairies, lithe of step,
Moving in their sinuous sweep
To the sounds of lute and string.
Now, where the rippling waters play,
Or on the billow's gentle swell,
Laughing, rollicking and free,

THE GIANT FAIRIES. 129

Or clambering Donan's Obelisk,

With towering leap and sportive romp,

With heyday pranks, and leer, and jest,

They reel, and minuet, and waltz,

In wassail mirth and jollity.

Upon Ledyard's lofty Cliffs they perch,

In graceful curves they reach the Arch

That hangs upon the eastern shore, —

Now gently tripping round its base,

They climb upon its rugged sides,

And sweeping o'er its dizzy height,

With rapid flight and easy grace,

They move around the Pyramid,

And peep within its secret caves,

Or stand upon its star-lit shaft; —

And then, away, away, away,

They sweep around the grand plateau

That sits enthroned upon the Isle; —

Within Skull Cave they barely peep,

Ruggles' Pillar, they lightly touch,

To Whitney's Point, they hie away,

Thence, the Lover's Leap they climb.

Here the tramping feet were heard
Of the Pe-quod-e-nonge dance,
When the gathering warriors came
Plumed and painted for the fight; — -
And the startling yell was heard
O'er the Island — o'er the straits,
O'er the waters, deep and clear,
O'er the Huron and its shores,
O'er the breezy Michigan ;

Suddenly La Salle's morning gun from the " Griffon " rang
out on the breeze and echoed and re-echoed with many re-
verberations from the adjacent shores.

With horrible shrieks and cries and groans they flew from
all parts of the island, and entering their cave disappeared
evermore from mortal view.

130 ANNALS OF FORT MACKTNAO.

Reluctantly they left the Isle
When the " pale faces " touched upon
Their native waters, rocks, and hills; —
For only will they deign to dwell
Where the wild hunter seeks his food
And claims the forest all his own.

I sing of the fairies fled,

T know not where they are,
Whether living, dying, or dead,

On the earth, or some distant star.
In the hollow wastes, or the vacant caves,

In the shadowy, dreamless land,
Where the river of Lethe gently laves

Its footless and dusky sand, —
Far, far away is the spectral band.

Over the silent moor,

Over the secret dell,
Over the waters fresh and pure

With music's magic spell,
Hither and thither they went,

Now rapid, or grave, or slow,
Till the drowsy hours were spent

And the morning began to glow.
But we see them now no more,

We hear them not at even,
By river, or lake, or lonely shore,

Beneath the western heaven.

And thus have the fairies left our shore,
Their beautiful forms we shall see no more;
The caves are forsaken, the mountain and plain,
Our Island home shall greet them — never again.

PRIE8T8. 131

PRIESTS.

The following Priests of the Roman Catholic Church have
served at Michilimackinac :

The dates opposite their names indicate the first and last
year of their stay ; or, as the case may be, of their visits ;
for many of them made only occasional visits, having other
parishes, or missions, in their charge. Their names are
marked thus *.

The first church on the main land, north of the Strait,
was built in 1671 ; the second about 1674; burnt in 1706.

The present church was built in 1838.

The first church on the main land, south of the Strait, was
built about 1712, when the post was re-established ; the
second, about 1741.

The first church on the island was built about 1785. It
occupied a part of the old cemetery on Astor street. The
second was erected in 1827, on the site of the present one,
on land donated by Mrs. Magdalene Laframboise.

The present building was erected in 1873.

Beneath the altar are the graves of Mrs. Magdalene
Laframboise, her only daughter, and grandson, Langdon
Pierce (wife and son of Capt. Benjamin K. Pierce, U. S. A.).
On the marble slabs over their graves are the following
inscriptions :

Magdalene Laframboise. died April 14th, 1846, aged 66 years."
" Josephine Piekce, died November 24th. 1820."

In "Ancient Michilimackinac" (St. Ignace).

1670. Rev. Father Dablon. S. J. (or possibly Marquette.)

1671-73. Rev. Father James .Marquette, S. J.
1C73 (?) Rev. Father Philip Pierson, S. J.

'132

ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

1674 (?) Rev. Father Henry Nouvel, S. J.

1677 (?) Rev. Father J. Enjalran, S. J.

1680-81. Rev. Father Louis Hennepin, Franciscan.*

16?? (?) Rev. Father De Carheil, S. J.

16??-1706. Rev. Father J. Marest, S. J.

In " Old Mackinac " (Lower Michigan).

1708 (?) Rev. Father J. Marest, S. J.

1741-52. Rev. Father J. B. Lamorinie, S. J.*

1741-65. Rev. Father Du Jaimay, S. J.

1742-44. Rev. Father C. G. Coquarz, S. J.*

1753-61. Rev. Father M. L. Lefranc. S. J.

1768-75. Rev. Father Gibault, Vic. -Gen. of Illinois.*

On the Island and in Modern St. Ignace.

1786-87. Rev. Father Payet, of Illinois.*

1794. Rev. Father Ledru, Dominican, of France.*

1796. Rev. Father Levadoux, of Detroit, Vic. -Gen. of the Bishop

of Baltimore.*
1799-1823. Rev. Father G. Richard, Curate of St. Ann, Detroit, and

Vicar-General.*
1801. Rev. Father J. Dilhet.*

1816-18. Rev. Father Joseph Crevier, of Canada.*
1825-27. Rev. Father Francis Vincent Badin of St. Joseph's.*
1827-30. Rev. P. J. De Jean, of Little Traverse Bay.*
1829-31. Rt. Rev. Edward Fenwick, Bishop of Cincinnati.*
1830. Rev. Father Mallon, of Cincinnati.

1830-33. Rev. Father Samuel Mazzuchelli, Dominican.
1830-38. Rev. Father Frederic Rese, Vic. -Gen. of Cincinnati, Bishop

of Detroit, 1834*
1831-65. Rev. Father Frederic Baraga, of Little Traverse Bay.

Afterwards (1853-68) Bishop of Sault Ste. Marie and

Marquette.*
1833. Rev. Father J. Lostrie.

1833-34. Rev. Father Francis ITatscher, Redemptorist.
1838-43. Rev. Father Santi Santelli.

PRIESTS.

133

1884-38. Rev. Father F. J. Bonduel.

1843-45. Rev. Father C. Skolla, Franciscan.

1845. Rev. Father H. Van Renterghem.

1845-52. Rt. Rev. P. Lefevre, Bishop of Detroit.*

1*46-74. Rev. Father A. D. Piret, retired to " Chenaux," 1870.

1852. Rev. Father Francis Pierz, of Little Traverse Bay.*

1854-57. Rev. Father E. L. M. Jahan.

1858-61. Rev. Father Patrick B. Murray.

1861-67. Rev. Father Henry L. Thiele (two terms).

1868. Rev. Father Charles Magne.

1868-71. Rev. Father Matthias Orth.

1869-70. Rev. Father Philip S. Zorn, of Grand Traverse Bay.*

1870-71. Rev. Father Nicolas L. Sifferath, of Cross Village.*

1871. Rev. Father Charles Vary, S. J., of Sault Ste. Marie.

1871-79. Rt. Rev. Ignatius Mrak, Bishop of Marquette.*

1871-72. Rev. Father L. B. Lebouc.

1872-73. Rev. Father Moses Mainville.

1873-80. Rev. Father Edward Jacker.

1875-78. Rev. Father William Dwyer.

1878-79. Rev. Father John Braun.

1879-81. Rev. Father John C. Kenny.

1880-81. Rev. Father C. A. Richard.

1880-82. Rt. Rev. John Vertin, Bishop of Marquette.*

1881. Rev. Father Bonaventuie Frey, Prov. Cap. Order.*

1881-82. Rev. Father Kilian Haas, O. M. Cap.

1881-82. Rev. Father Isidore Handtmann, O. M. Cap.

1882-85. Rev. Father John Chebul.

1883. Rev. Father Joseph Niebling.

1883-84. Rev. Father P. Q. Tobin.

1884- Rev. Father William Dwyer.

1885- Rev. Father Francis Xav. Becker.

LEGEND OF M1SHINI-MAKLNAC. 135

LEGEND OF "MISHINI-MAKINAK."

Note : — There is a tradition that many centuries ago while
a party of Indians were standing on the bluff where St.
Ignace is now located, and looking out over the straits
they saw the present Island of Mackinac rising out of the
water, and beliving it was some animal, from its movements
and shape they pronounced it to be a turtle.

The Island was known to the early French visitors as
uMichilimackinac:" popular tradition says that the meaning
of the word is " Giant Turtle."

In the Ojibwa dialect as now spoken, " Mishimikinak "
signifies u Big Turtle."

Edisoked. — A story teller; one who repeats and hands
down the tales of Mena-bosho and other kindred legendary
lore.

Eh heh ! Eh heh ! — is the usual refrain of Indian magic
songs.

Where the restless currents of Michigan

The twin-born Huron embrace,
Along the headland there sat a clan

Of the wild Ojibwa race.

In the noontide calm, on the sleepy shore,

Reposed the lords of the land,
While the story-teller's mystic lore

Beguiled the simple band.

Thus spake the prattling Edisoked; —

"A wigwam stands in the deep;
Enchanted lies in the channel's bed

The Giant Turtle asleep.

136 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

Around him paddle whitefish and trout,
The slow worm creeping goes;

The sea-gull's scream and the rover's shout
Break not his charmed repose.

Rise up, rise up, O Turtle grey;

Rise up, thou chief of the lake,
Thy cousins call thee, — eh heh! eh heh!

Enchanted Turtle, awake!"

The lake lay calm and the wind was hushM,

But lo! there rose a swell;
The surges over the pebbles rushed—

The song had broken the spell.

It heaves; it eddies. Alack! Alack!

The breakers tower and fall;
Unwieldy Mishini-makinak

Toils up to answer the call.

Already whitens the flood mid-way

Twixt shore and shore. On the strand,

Along the headland, in blank dismay
The brown Ojibwa stand.

And slowly, softly the rounded back

Emerging meets the eye,
Till all of Mishini-makinak

Lies basking 'neath the sky.

He floats, a mammoth in turtle shape,
An overturned bowl, the back;

The dragging tail a fleshy cape,
The jowl a headland black.

The mighty shell like an island lies,

At anchor out in the lake.
'Tis not an isle. O strange surprise!

Tis the Chief uncharmed, awake!

Unmoved, alike, by the billow's sweep,
Bv the tempest's battering shock,

Severe and calm in the azure deep,
He stands a towering rock.

LEGEND OF MI8HINI— MAKINAK. 137

But alert within that frowning form

The spirit blithe and gay,
With fairy sprites, that 'round him swarm,

Communes by night and day.

The dappled trout and the whitefish come

Up-lake, down over the Falls;
His children all from their silent home

To the gay carouse he calls.

The Red Man — eager yet doubtful, while

The silver tide runs past,
Enticed, bewitched, to the magic isle

His birch bark paddles at last.

And one there comes in robe of black,

With face so sweet and grave,
That frowning Mishini-makinak

Smiles on him from the wave.

With toilworn feet, a pilgrim quaint,

The holy cross in his hand
From la belle France he comes, good saint,

To sleep on the pebbly strand.

And over the waves as the chief grows old,

In storm or sunshine gay,
The Lily, Lion and Eagle bold

Their homage come to pay.

On hoary Mishini-makinak

Their several flags unfurl,
While wrestling, each from the giant's back

The other seeks to hurl.

Oh! sure is the flight to the mother bee

Of the humming swarms of the hive;
But surer, swifter, from land and sea,

The Chieftain's vassals arrive.

From prairies far and their burning heat,

From Hudson's shivering bay;
From the western peaks, at the Giant's feet

They flock their wealth to lay.

]38 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.

The skiff, the light canoe, the smack,
The merchant's ship in their wake,

All bound for Mishini-makinak
Are plowing river and lake.

Bright, broken dream! It calls not back

That gay chivalric time: —
Wilt thou still honor old Makinak,

Age of the dollar and dime ?

Behold the answer! Do not these things

Arabian marvels eclipse?
On comes — on comes, — as on eagle's wings,

A fleet of wingless ships !

With panting bosom, — with splashing gait,

With dull monotonous roar,
They come, — their frolicsome human freight

In the Sorcerer's lap to pour.

There all, in sweet oblivion lost,
(The touch of witchery's wand)

Their ailments offer a holocaust
At Giant Turtle's command.

MACKINAC ISLAND. LAKE NAVIGATION.

139

MACKINAC ISLAND.

Height above the Straits
of Mackinac.

Fort Mackinac— Parade 133 feet.

Fort Mackinac — Highest gun platform. 16 L "

Fort Holmes— Platform 330 "

Top of Pyramid Hock 285 "

Donan's Obelisk 135 ' '

Robertson's Folly 128 "

Highest Point of Arch Rock . . 150 "

Top of Arch 140 "

Buttress facing lake at Arch Rock , 110 "

Lover's Leap 145 ' '

Lower Plateau of Island 150 ' *

Upper Plateau of Island 295 • •

LAKE NAVIGATION.

Distances from Mackinac Island by Water.

(Steamboat Routes.)

Miles.

Alpena 125

Ashland. L. S 570

Bayfield, L. S 585

Beaver Islands 45

Bois Blanc Island 3

Cheboygan , Mich 18

Chenaux Islands 15

Chicago 375

Cross Village 30

Detour 40

Detroit 370

Duluth, L. S 675

Eagle Harbor, L. S 425

Eagle River, L. S 435

Grand Island, L. 8 225

Miles

Harris ville 155

L' Anse 335

Mackinaw City : 7

Marquette, L. S 200

Milwaukee 290

Ontonagon. L. S 495

Oscoda 175

Petoskey GO

Port Huron 300

Portage Lake. L. S 300

Round Island 1

Sand Beach 235

Sault Ste. Marie 90

St . Ignace 5

Traverse City 120

140

ANN A l.S OF FoKT MACKINAC.

SUMMER AND WINTER.

The highest and lowest temperature at 7 A. M. at Fort Mackinac, dur
ing the summers and winters specified,— from observations taken
with a Fahrenheit thermometer.

Summer
of

Degr. .-hove
Zero.

1855 September 8 67

1856 July 26 ...75

1857 July 26 75

1858 August 18 74

1859 July 13 76

1860 August 3 61)

1868 July 17 79

18(5!) August 2 66

1S70 July 18 6!)

1 87 1 August 7 75

1872 July 2 74

1878 July 23 78

1874 September 12 71

1875 September 1 68

1876 August 14 74

1877 .... July 28 77

1878 August 9 76

1879 July 15 75

1880 August 8 69

1881 September 5 78

1882 July 25.- 71 \

1883 August 18 66

1884 June 27 74

1885 July 8 72

1886 July 6 80

1887 July 27 80

Winter
of

1855-6.

1856-7.

1858-9.

1859-60

1860-1.

1867-8.

1868-9.

1869-70

1870-1.

1871-2.

1872-3.

1873-4

1874-5.

1875-6.

1876-7.

1877-8.

1878-9.

1879-80

1880-1.

1881-2.

1882-3.

1888-4.

1884-5.

1885-6.

1886-7.

1887-8.

Deer, below
Zero.

.March 9,
February 8,
January 9,
January 31,
February 7.
February 27,
March 4,
February 21,
February 5,
Dec. 20,
February 23,
January 30,
.February 9,
.February 2,
January 12,
.January 7,
February 27,
February 1,
.January 14,
.January 23,
.January 22,
January 21,
January 27,
. February 3,
January 31,
January 21,

1856..
1857..
1859..
1860. .
1861..
1868. .
1869..
1870 .
1871..
1871..
1873..
1874. .
1875..
1876..
1877..
1878. .
1879..
1880. .
1881..
1882. .
1883..
1884. .
1885..
1886 .
1887. .
1888..

.19
.22
.25
.10
.24
.24
.10
10
.13
.14
.17

.10'

.24
.17
14
. 8
.20
. 8
.22
.18
.10
.18
.32
.24
.24
.26

ARRIVAL OF BOATS.

14 1

NAVIGATION— STRAITS OF MACKINAC.

Arrival of First Steamboat at Mackinac Island.

1854 April 25

1855.
1856.

1857.
1858.
1859.
I860.
1861.
1862.
1863.
1864.
1865.
1866.
1867.
1868.
1869.
1870.
1871.
1872,

May
May
May

.Apr
. Apr
Apr
.Apr
.Apr
. A pr
.Api
.Apr
Apr
.Apr
. Apr
.Apr
.Apr
.Apr
.Apr

18?:} April 30

1 1874 \pril20

2 187-, May 5

1 1876 \pril 22

1 6 1877 April 20

1 4 1878 April 9

1 10 |187<) April 22

1 25 ISM) April 3

1 18 1881 May 3

1 11
i •>

121
129
123
1 19
123
1 3
1 3
125

1882 March 9

1883 April 21

1884 April 18

1885 May 1

1886 April 22

1887 April 26

1888 May 4

i 4:2

ANNALS OF FORI MACKINAC.

MICHIGAN CENTRAL RAILROAD

"The NIAGARA FALLS Route."

From MACKINAW CITY.

Vu Miles.

Albany, N. Y 841

Alger, Mich 142

Bagley, Mich 67

Battle Creek, Mich 340

Bay City, Mich 182

Beaver Lake, Mich 122

Binghamton, N. Y 751

Boston, Mass 1042

Brooks, Mich 185

Buffalo, N. Y 543

Cheboygan, Mich 16

Chicago, 111 505

Cincinnati, O 552

Cleveland, 0 463

Columbus, 0 474

Detroit, Mich 201

Fort Wayne, Ind 395

Freedom, Mich 6

Garfield, Mich 207

Gaylord, Mich 63

Cray ling, Mich 90

Hagersville, Ont 463

Indian River, Mich 34

Indianapolis, Ind 561

Jackson, Mich 295

Kalamazoo. Mich 363

Kawkawlin, Mich 177

Lansing, Mich 259

Lapeer, Mich 230

La Salle, Mich 327

Louisville, Ky 662

Mackinac Island (by water) . . 7

Met. i mora, Mich 238

To Miles.

Monroe, Mich 322

Mullet Lake, Mich 22

New York, N. Y 983

Niagara Falls, N. Y. 521

Niagara Falls, Ont 517

Niles, Mich 411

Ogemaw, Mich 126

Otsego Lake, Mich 71

Otter Lake 210

Owosso, Mich 232

Oxford, Mich 240

Pinconning, Mich 163

Rives Junction, Mich 284

Rochester, N. Y 613

Roscommon, Mich 105

St. Helen's, Mich 117

St. Ignace, Mich, (by water). . 5

St. Louis, Mo 737

St. Thomas. Ont 404

Saginaw City, Mich 190

Saratoga, N. Y 846

Springfield, Mass 944

Standish, Mich 155

Summit, Mich 138

Suspension Bridge, N. Y 519

Syracuse, N. Y 094

Toledo, O 350

Topinabee, Mich 29

Toronto, Out 526

Utica, N. Y 746

Vanderbilt, Mich 55

Vassar, Mich 203

Zilwaukee, Mich 192

ANN AT, S OF F< »KX MACKINAC

SUMMER RESIDENCES.

The following persons have cottages on Mackinac Island

Charles H. Bradley,

Charles L. Ames,

Dr. Truman W. Brophy,

Edward O. Brown,

Mrs. Phebe B. Gehr,

Alexander D. Hannah,

Franklin S. HaDSon, (3)

Noah P. Harrison,

David Hogg,

Mrs. Gurdon S. Hubbard, (2)

Joseph J. Parker,

Gen. Geo. W. Smith,

Major Daniel W. Whittle,

Hon. Hugh McCurdy,

Charles C. Bo wen,

Cornelius Corbett.

Col. Henry M. Duffield,

William H. Dunning,

Jacob S. Farrand,

Hon. S. B. Grummond, (2)

Rt. Rev. Samuel S. Harris, D. D., LL. D.,

John Owen,

Alanson Sheley,

Montgomery Hamilton,

Bay City. Mich.
Chicago. 111.

Corunna, Mich.
Detroit, Mich.

Fort Wayne. 1ml.

144

ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC.

William F. Bulkley,
William 0. Hugbart,
Thomas J. O'Brien,
William J. Stuart,
Edwin F. Sweet,
Charles W. Caskey, (2)
Mrs. Amanda BeUleu,
Frank M. Chirk, (2)
William H. MeCourtie,
Theodore P. Sheldon,
Hon. Francis B. Stockbridge,
George Stockbridge,
Mrs. H. G. Wells,
Dr. D. 0. Holliday,
Charles E. Anlhony,
Major Clifford M. Anthony,
A. Fisk Starr,

Major George C. Harrington,
Mis. Eva L. Wheeler,

Grand Rapids. Mich.

Harbor Springs Mie
Kalamazoo, Mic

New Orleans, La.
Peoria, 111.

St. Mary's, Ont.

Watseka, 111.

West Bay City, Mich.

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"«Si

View of Fort Mackinac from the Southwest.

E. P. FOLEY. ■■^■■m R p- FOLEY.

Foley's/\RyGallery

HEADQUARTERS FOR ALL KINDS OF

Photographic Views,

OIL ANO WATER COLOR PAINTINGS.

Artists will go with parties to any point on or off Mackinac

Island, to make special views on demand,

for a reasonable compensation.

Steam Lapidary Machinery

In connection, for shaping and polishing Agates, many of
which are found on this lapideous Island.

AGATE JEWELRY A SPECIALTY.

Do not fail to call and examine the many fine specimens of
Northern Michigan Animals exhibited here free of charge.

FOLEY BROS., Prop's,
Cor. Fort and Main Streets. MACKINAC ISLAND.

J. MURRAY BROWN. WILL J. WILSON.

Brown & Wilson,

ARTIST TAILORS

•AND-

Importers of Fine Woolens.

224 WOODWARD AVENUE,

DETROIT, MICH

We ATvould be pleased to have you call and inspect our

Selections.

All Work First-Class,

The Summer Tours

OF THE

MlCHIGANf TENTFAL RR.

And Connecting Lines to the

Rivers, Lakes, Mountains,

Springs and Seaside Resorts

of the North and East,

ARE THIS YEAR MORE COMPLETE THAN EVER BEFORE.

TO BOSTON AND PORTLAND

Through the WHITE MOUNTAINS.

to :£t:e"w ^o:r:k:

VIA TBIIE

St. Lawrence, Lake Chainplain, Lake George and the Hudson,

And numerous other Routes, for details of which see our
Summer Tourist Route and Rate Folder.

SPECIAL NOTICE.— Passengers ordering Sleeping Car accommodations should
be particular to give Route, Train, Date and Destination. Write or telegraph to
W. H. Underwood, Eastern Passenger Agent, No. 80 Exchange Street, Buffalo,
N. Y. ; C. A. Warren, Passenger and Ticket Agent, 66 Woodward Avenue, corner
Jefferson, Detroit, Mich., or Central Depot, foot of Third Street; Wm. Gates, Ticket
Agent, 209 Boody House Block, Toledo, O. ; C. Lincoln, Michigan Central Depot,
Chicago.

O. -W- RUGGLES,

Oen'l Passenger Agent,

CHICAGO, DLL.

H ISTORY

O F

Detroit and Michigan

By SILAS FARMER, City Historiographer,

(By Appointment under Ordinance of 1843).

Member of American Historical Association, Webster Historical Society,
Michigan Pioneer Society, etc.

It contains 1072 pages in double columns, quarto form, with 648 illus-
trations, consisting of fac-similes of a variety of Old Records, Documents,
Signatures, Hand-Bills, Noted Localities, representations of Seals, Monu-
ments, Banners and relics of various kinds, together with a large number
of maps and plans.

In range of subjects and fullness of treatment it is the most complete
local history published in America. Fully one-third of the volume
is devoted to matters that relate to michigan in general, and
the information is new and singularly interesting.

In every library the list of volumes on Michigan and
Detroit is particularly meagre; this history will amply meet
tnis want, and, as a work of reference, no other a olume can
take its place.

Over ten years of labor were spent upon the work, no expense was
spared in its preparation, and it unfolds a large amount of authentic and
surprising information hitherto unpublished and unknown.

It is printed on seventy pound super-sized and extra highly calendered
paper, and is elegantly bound in genuine Turkey morocco, with cloth
sides and appropriate stamps and tool work in gold.

The price is $10. In order to treat home and foreign customers alike,
the postage or expressage is paid to any part of the country.

Beautifully Lefti

The man who wont use the latest approved methods
and appliances in the conduct of his business. The
CALIGRAPH Type-Writer is as much an essential to-
day as the steel pen was SO years ago ; many then
clung to the old quill pen. Who would think of doing
so to-day ? You may flatter yourself that you are
saving the price of a machine, taut others have made
the price of theirs over and over again. In this age of
Steam, Electricity and Pneumatic Appliances, things

^I0aph

6p(Qi S ip ip ^p-

won't wait for any one ; you must get aboard or be
left. Over 100,000 consider the CALIGRAPH Type-
Writer essential. Does it not behoove you to consider
the question of sparing yourself and higher priced
labor by using the type-writer? Over 100,000 have
studied the question and decided in favor of the
TYPE-WRITER. If you want to look the matter up,
send for circulars.

GEO. E. PADDOCK & CO.,

State A^Gx-it&i

24 Congress St., cor. Griswold. - - DETBOIT, MICH.

'*£) THE (^m^-j

Sault Ste. Marie News

Sault Ste. Marie, Mich.

It is the oldest and newsiest paper at the Soo.

It is the representative Republican journal of the Upper Peninsula

It is the most enterprising weekly newspaper in Michigan.

It has the largest circulation of any paper in Chippewa County.

It is a newspaper, first, la*t, and all the time.

It is the best advertising medium in the North.

It does not use plate matter.

It is set up by its own compositors, in its own office.

It prints live news, in advance of its contemporaries.

It is a large eight-paee, fifty-six column, paper.

It leads the procession.

SUBSCRIPTION, $1.50 PER YEAR, IN ADVANCE.

ADVERTISING RATES GIVEN UPON APPLICATION

Book: and Job Printing-,

Book Binding and Engraving,

Complete Job Office.

THli NEWS PUBLISHING CO.,

C. S. OSBORN. M. A. HOYT. A. W. DINGWALL

IMAM -mi

MACKINAC ISLAND, MICH.

HEADQUARTERS OF ARMY AND NAVY OFFICERS.

Former Headquarters 0/ the American Fur
Company.

The Astor House is conveniently located about one hundred yards
from the wharf where all passengers are landed. Tourists stopping at
the Astor will save carriage hire to and from all boats stopping at the
Island.

No fire traps — 12 easy fire-escapes.

Fresh eggs and poultry from the Astor Farm. Fresh milk and butter
from the Astor Jersey Dairy.

This is the only hotel on the Island which is supplied with pure run-
ning spring water. By authority of a special Act of Congress, we have
run a pipe from the noted "Manitou Spring," and the Astor House is
now supplied for all purposes with the best and purest water on earth.
It was in their vain but determined attempt to retain possession of this,
their sacred spring, the ancient tribe of the Mishinimaki were utterly ex-
terminated. (This is the only spring on this continent, north of the City
of Mexico, where the natural temperature of the water is twenty degrees
colder in the summer than in winter. Winter, 55 degrees; Summer, 35
degrees Fahrenheit.)

Guests of the Astor have access to the old and original books of the
American Fur Company.

In the basement of the Astor House is the celebrated Astor Fire- Place —
so often referred to by Irving — the largest fire-place in the United States.

JAMES F. CABLE, Prop'R

mmmm

IltseGtFan,
^£JLSmith&Co.

pt' MJich. "'Sdle Manufacturers.

This Fan for the destruction of insects consists of a body entirely of wire
gauze, having a binding of soft material and provided with a flexible handle.
To operate the Fan consists in giving a quick, short blow, either when the
insect is on the wing or at rest.

This fan is exactly what is wanted for use in restaurants, dining rooms,
show-windows, and places where flies congregate.

It fills a place almost indispensable — in consideration of the annoyance
and liability of contageous diseases by insects (now so well authenticated by
medical science). It is highly practicable in that the insect is not warned and
does not fly, or is not blown away, as is the case when struck at by a solid
surface.

Endorsed by the leading Surgeons of the Army and Navy, by Hospitals,
Hunters, Fishermen, Students, School Teachers, Bankers, Book-keepers,
Lawyers, Judges, Clergymen, Invalids, Nurses, and in fact by all who are
ever exposed, night or day, to musquitoes, flies or any flying insects.

SENT BY MAIL, POST-PAID, ON RECEIPT OF 50 CENTS.

L. _A__ SMITH Sd OO.

WOODWARD AVENUE,

DETEOIT, MICH.

We are also Detroit Agents for DR. JAEGER'S SANITARY WOOLEN CLOTHING.

KELTON & CO.,

Newspaper Subscription Agency,

QUINCY (Branch Co.) MICHIGAN.

Leading Periodicals of America and Europe at Club Rates
Send your Address and get our Club List.

To LIBRARIANS, and all READERS of Periodicals we offer many advantages:—

YOU SAVE TIME and YOU SAVE MONEY, because you get club rates from all who
offer them, and you can order from one to a dozen different periodicals in one letter
to us, while if you send to the publishers for the same you will have to write and pay
postage on from one to a dozen different letters, and the cost of that many drafts
or money orders.

FRIENDS will do us a favor by sending us the names of Magazine readers to whom
we can send our Club List.

OUR LOCATION is in a pleasant village where the expenses of labor and living are
not half as great as in a city ; we are on the great Fast Mail Route between New York
andChicago, (on Lake Shore R. R , 82 miles west of Toledo; 162 miles east of Chicago;;
we have four mails a day each way, and considering the slowness of the delivery of
mails in a city (several hours, while here we get them within ten minutes after trains
arrive), we can copy and forward orders quicker than if in a city, except it be for the
few papers published in the city we might be located in, and the difference in even
these could not exceed six hours. With thes* advantages, and having a steam print-
ing office of our own, no other Agency can equal the dispatch we will give your orders

We forward orders daily (Sundays excepted).

We do not supply sample copies.

Our prices include postage in the U. S. and Canada.

The Post-Office at Quincy, Michigan, is a Money Order office.

Our Annual Club List will be ready to mail by December first of each year.

SUBSCRIPTIONS CAN BEGIN AT ANY TIME, and back numbers can usually be
included at same rates.

You waste time in wr.ting given names of subscribers, as publishers put only
initials on their papers.

When ordering the renewal of a subscription it is not necessary to give the date;
simply write "renewal."

Our terms are for advance paying subscribers. Those who owe on past account
must settle with the Publishers.

Receipts are sent by postal card for all remittances except those in registered
letters, which we receipt for on the. registry card.

ONLY FULL YEAR subscriptions are taken at our club prices; if shorter time is
desired, send ten cents in addition to the proportionate price.

When your paper begins to come you will know that the publisher has received
your name and money; if any copies are lost by mail, or if you want to change
your address after that, you should write to them and not to us.

All periodicals are sent to you postpaid direct from the publishers, thus insuring
promptness and regularity, as we forward your name and money to them at once.
If, by any accident, you do not receive your first paper within a reasonable time,
write to us, telling [1] name of paper, [2] date of your order, [3] name and address
of the subscriber, which will enable us to write necessary particulars to publishers
to rectify the delay.

SEND YOUR MONEY by Bank Draft, payable in New York ; by Express Order
payable in Neio York ; by Money Order payable in Quincy, Michigan ; or by Regis-
tered Letter.

SAVE TIME.

SAVE MONEY.

CLUB RATES FOR ALL.

All periodicals are sent to you direct from the publishers.

Publisher's Our

Price. Price.

Advance \vj;'5l $2 15

American Agriculturist in 1 r.O 1 10

American Magazine m 3 i 0 2 40

American Poultry Yard w 1 50 1 15

American Antiquarian bi-rn 4 0> 3 90

Arkansas Traveler w 2 00 1 50

Art Amateur m 4 00 3 50

Art Interchange bi-w 4 00 3 50

75 cents extra in tubes.

Arthur's Home Magazine m 2 00 1 60

Atlantic Monthl v m 4 00 3 35

Babyhood ' in 1 50 1 15

Ballou's Monrhly m 150 125

Brainard's Musical World m 1 50 1 10

Breeder's Gazette m 3 00 2 15

Carpentry and Buiiding m 100 80

Century Magazine m 4 00 3 60

Chicago Herald w 1 00 75

Chicago Journal w 100 85

Chicago later-Ocean w 1 00 85

Chicago Ledger w 1 50 1 25

Chicago News w 1 00 80

Chicago Times w 100 85

Christian U.. ion w 3 00 2 65

Cincinnati Com'reial Gazette, w 1 00 85

Cincinnati Enquirer w 1 15 1 00

Cincinnati Graphic-News w 4 00 3 25

Cincinnati Times w 1 00 85

Cosmopolitan m 2 00 150

Country Gentleman w 2 50 2 00

Current w 4 00 3 25

Demorest's Monthly m 2 00 165

Detroit Com'l Ad., with ticket, w 150 135

Detroit Echo w 1 00 75

Detroit Free Press. Mich, ed'n.w 100 85

Detroit Fme Press, Lit. ed'n...w 1 00 90

Detroit, Tribune w 100 80

Education m 3 00 2 40

Family Story Paper w 3 00 2 50

Farmer's Review w 125 110

Fireside Companion w 3 00 2 50

Forum m 5 00 4 25

Frank Leslie's 111. Newspaper, w 4 00 3 40

Frank Leslie's Pop'lar M'thly, m 3 00 2 55

Frank Leslie's Sunday Mag m 2 50 2 15

Gleason's Home Circle w 2 00 115

Godey's Lady's Book m 2 00 165

Golden Argosy w 3 00 2 50

Golden Days w 3 00 2 50

Harper's Bazar w 4 00 3 35

Harper's Monthly . ...m 4 00 3 15

Harper's Weekly w 4 00 3 35

Harper's Young People w 2 00 1 65

Horseman m 4 00 3 25

Household m $1 00

Housekeeper m 1 10

Irish American w 2 50

Irii^h World w 2 50

Journal of Education, Boston, w 2 50

Judge w 4 00

Kansas City 'limes w 100

Life

Lippincott's Magazine m

Magazine of Americ'n Hist'ry, m
Magazine of West'n Histoiy. ..m

M.chigm Catholic w

Michigan Farmer w

Nation w

New Orleans Picay une w

New York Graphic w

New York Independent w

New York Ledger w

New York Weekly w

North American Review m

Our Little Men and Women. . .m
Our Little Ones and Nursery, m

Outing m

Overland Monthly m

Pansy, Juvenile m

Peck's Sun w

Penman's Art Journal m

Peterson's Magazine m

Popular Science Monthly m

Poultry World m

Prairie Farmer w

Puck (English or German) w

Public Opinion w 3 00

Queries m 1 00

Rural New Yorker w 2 00

San Francisco Chronicle w 1 50

Saturday Evening Post w 2 00

Saturday Night w 300

Science w 3 50

Scientific American w 3 20

Scribner's Magazine m

Sporting Life w

Sporting News w

St. Nicholas m

St. Louis Globe Democrat w

St. Louis Republican w

Standard (Chicago) w

Texas Sifting? w

Toledo Blade w

Toronto Globe w

Turf, Field and Farm w

Vick's Illustrated Monthly m

Waverly Magazine w

Wide Awake m

5 00

3 00
5 00

4 00

2 00
1 25

3 00

1 50

2 50

3 00
3 00
3 00

5 00
1 00
1 50

3 00

4 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

5 00
1 25
1 50
5 00

3 00
2 50

2 00

3 00
1 00

1 00

2 50

4 00
1 00
1 00

5 00

1 25
4 00

2 40

Our
Ptice.

75
2 15
2 15

2 15

3 25
85

4 00

2 25
4 25

3 25
1 65

1 10

2 85
1 15

1 70

2 65
2 50
2 50

4 25
90

1 30

2 50

3 25
90

1 75

1 45

4 25
85

1 20
4 00

2 50
90

1 65
1 25

1 60

2 50

3 00
2 75
2 60
2 00

1 75

2 65
85
85

2 25

3 50
95
85

4 65

1 00
3 65

2 10

Address all orders to

KELTON & CO.,

QUINCY, MICHICAN.

MlCHIGAN^ENTRAL

An island,

GREEN

AND
GRASSY,

Yonder in the
Big-Sea-Water

THE

DIRECT ROUTE

Chippewa House

Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan.

lOO ROOMS.

Terms, $2.00 and *jjti>.r;o per D«a^r.

HEADQUARTERS FOR THE ARMY AND NAVY.

HEADQUARTERS FOR ALL FISHING CLUBS.

The Chippewa House is conveniently located on
Water Street, (nearer the river than any other hotel in
the city), a few yards from where all the passengers
are landed who arrive by boat ; fifty yards from the
main entrance to Fort Brady, (the Army Officers
messing at the Chippewa), and one hundred yards
from the Canal Locks.

Electric lights in every room, and the house fitted
with all modern conveniences. No danger from fires,
as the rooms are on the ground floor, or up but one
flight of stairs.

All passengers arriving by boat ^ahII save carriage
hire to and from all boats, by stopping at the Chippewa.

Ferry boats running to the Canada side of the river
start every fifteen minutes from the wharf opposite
the Chippewa.

HENRY P. SMITH, Prop'r & Manager.

" WALK-IN-THE-WATEB."

First Steamboat on Lake Huron. At Mackinac in 1819.
Built in 1818.

The [Sportsman's Line to the Sportsman's Paradise
detroit & cleveland steam navigation co.

CLEVELAND AND DETROIT

MACKINAC ISLAND

AND

THEIHUNTING and FISHING RESORTS of NORTHERN MICHIGAN.
Lake Tours! Palace Steamers! Low Eates! QuickTime!

STEAMERS

Qity of'/\lpena, Qity of |V|ackinac

Four Trips per Week Between

Detroit, Mackinac, St. Ignace, Cheboygan, Alpena, Harrisville,

Oscoda, Sand Beach, Port Huron, St. Clair,

Oakland and Marine Ctiy.

Leave Detroit Mondays and Saturdays - 10 P. M. Wednesdays and Fridays - 9 A, M,
Arrive MackinacIWednesdays and Mcndays 7 A. M. Thursdays and Saturdays 5.30 P. M.

Clcse Connections u ith Steamers for

Chicago, Milwaukee, Traverse City, Charlevoix, Petoskey, Harbor Springs,

Sault Ste. Marie. Marquette, Portage, Duluth, and with Duluth,

South Shore & Atlantic R. R. for Marquette

and the Copper Regions.

STEAMEES

City of Cleveland, : City of Detroit

Every Week Day Between

CLEVELAND AND DETROIT.

Leave CLEVELAND - - - 8.30 P.M. I Arrive DETROIT - - - 5.30 A.M.
Leave DETROIT - - - 10.00 P. M. | Afrive CLEVELAND - - 5.30 A. M.

Special Sunday Night Trips July and August.

For Illustrated Book, Rates orTickets, apply to your Ticket Agent or

Address E^. LB. VirHITCOMB,

G. P. & T. A., DETROIT, MICH.

-.-.* t^jTzrTA/jrji. ******

THE " GRIFFON.5

The First Vessel on the Upper Lakes.
Built by LaSalle, 1679.

SE^SOUST 1888.

Cheboygan. Mackinac & Sault Ste Marie

DAILY LINE STEAMERS.

The Only Daily Line on this Popular Route.

Stmr. "Soo City."

Stmr. "Minnie M."

BYRON ARMSTRONG, Captain.

J. 8. M0ND0R, Captain.

ED A. PLUM, Clerk.

F. M. HUBBARD, Clerk.

LEAVES

CHEBOYGAN

Mondays.. Wednesdays and Fridays,

Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays,

6 o'clock a. m.

MACKINAC ISLAND

9 o'clock a. m.

ARRIVING AT

SAULT STE MARIE

6 o'clock p. m.

LEAVES

SAULT STE MARIE

Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays.

Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays,

6 o'clock a. m.

ARRIVES AT

MACKINAC ISLAND

2.80 o'clock p. m.

2.30 o'clock p. m.

CHEBOYGAN

5 o'clock p. m.

STOPPING AT ALL PLAGES OF LANDING ON THIS ROUTE.

For further information, call on any of the following agents:
P. H, HORNE, LAMOND & ROBINSON, A. S. RUSSEL,

Cheboygan. Mackinaw City. St. Ignaoe.

GEO. T. ARNOLD, GEO. KEMP,

Mackinac Island. Sault Ste Marie, or

W. R. OWEN, Manager,

33 Metropolitan Block,

CHICAGO, ILL..

ARCH ROCK.

The New Mackinac

{Built in 1888, upon the site of the old "Mackinac House"
which was burned in January, 188/.)

Mackinac Island, - Mich.

100 GOOD BED ROOMS.

Terms, $2.00 and $2.50 F>er Day.

This house is well arranged for the comfort of tourists, and is con-
veniently located opposite the end of the only passenger wharf
on the Island. The furniture, carpets, etc., are all new.
The house is equipped wiih electric bells, and
all modern conveniences.

FRED. R. EMERICK, - - Proprietor and Manager.

This hotel has been built and arranged for the special comfort and convenience of
summer boarders.

On arrival, each guest will be asked how he likes the situation, and if he says the
hotel ought to have been placed upon Fort Holmes or on Round Island, the location
of the hotel will be immediately changed.

Corner front rooms, up only one flight, for every guest. Baths, gas, electricity,
hot and cold water, laundry, telegraph, restaurant, fire alarm, bar-room, billiard
table, daily papers, sewing machine, grand piano, and all other modern conveniences
in every room. Meals every minute, if desired, and consequently no second table.
English, French and German dictionaries furnished every guest, to make up such a
bill of fare as he may desire.

Waiters of any nationality and color desired. Every waiter furnished with a libret-
to, button-hole boquet, full dress suit, ball tablet, and his hair parted in the middle.

Every guest will have the best seat in the dining hall and the best waiter in
the house.

Our clerk was carefully educated for this hotel, and he is prepared to please every-
body. He is always ready to sing any song you desire, play upon your favorite
musical instrument, match worsted, take a hand at draw-poker, play billiards, study
astronomy, lead the german, amuse the children, make a fourth at whist, or flirt
with any young lady, and will not mind being "cut dead when Pa comes down." He
will attend to the telephone and answer all questions in Choctaw, Chinese, Chippewa,
Volapuk, or any other of the Court languages of Europe.

The proprietor will always be happy to hear that some other hotel is " the bes
in the country." Special attention given to parties who can give information as to
" how these things are done in Boston."

For climate, beautiful scenery and health, Mackinac Island cannot be surpassed.
Only one funeral in 1887— the patient called a doctor.

St. Ignace Republican

P. D. BISSELL, Editor.

St." Ignace, Mackinac Co., Mich.

PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY.

62. OO A. ^lE^IR.

tsttxn Union Cclegraplj C0.

C. CORBETT, Ass't Supt.,

DETROIT, - - - MICH.

An extra three-conductor cable has been laid this year
(1888) across the Straits, between Mackinaw City
and St. Ignace, thus enabling us to give con-
stant and direct service between

Detroit and St. Ignace, Mackinac Island, Sault Ste. Marie, Marquette

and all intermediate places.

The Handsomest Trains in the World

THE

PULLMAN VESTIBULE TRAINS

NOW RUNNING BETWEEN

CHICAGO

AND

KANSAS CITY

OVER THE NEW

"Santa Fe Route."

Chicago, Santa Fe & California R'y,

Office 212 Clark Street, Corner Adams Street,

CHICAGO.

TH E

Qommercial Hotel-

C. W. DABB & CO., Proprietors.

ACCOMMODATIONS FOR FIVE HONDRED COESTS.

Corner Lake and Dearborn Streets,

CHICAGO.

The location is most accessible to Depots, Steamboat Landings, Theatres, Public Buildings,

Parks, and all objects of interest. Full South and East Fronts, Passenger

Elevator, Electric Lights and all Modern Improvements.

TERMS, $2.00 AND $2.50 PER DAY, INCLUDING MEALS.

Supper, Lodging and Breakfast, $1.50. Lodging and Breakfast, SI.OO
Meals, 50 Cents Each.

A. B. DICKINSON, FRANK H. CARR, '^

of Formerly Cashier Boody House,

Smith's Hotel, Hillsdale, Mich. Toledo, Ohio

^ BRUMS,,,

^ KtftdfnttlA •<*

Cor. of State and Griswold Sts,,

One Square from City Hall,

DETROIT. - - • MICHIGAN.

Location Central. Convenient to the leading stores and places of
amusement. First-class in all appointments, having passenger elevator,
heated by steam, hot and cold water in rooms, and all modern improve-
ments. A large number of very desirable guest and sample rooms have
recently been completed in the adjoining building on State Street, im-
mediately in the rear of M. S. Smith & Co.'s jewelry store, making our
location absolutely central, and giving ample accommodations for over
one hundred guests.

RATES, $2.50 and $2.00 PER DAY.

DICKINSON & CARR, - - Proprietors.

"THE NIAGARA FALLS ROUTE."

1M*^ Great Central K^otxte

To CANADA,

THE ST. LA WRENCE,

WHITE MOUNTAINS,

THE HUDSON

Now York, Boston, and New England Points,

HE MICHIGAN CENTRAL is the only real
"Niagara Falls Route" in the country. It is the
only railroad that gives a satisfactory view of the
Falls. Every day train stops from 3 to lO minutes at
Falls View, which is what the name indicates — a
splendid point from which to view the great cataract.
It is right on the brink of the grand canyon, at the
Canadian end of the Horseshoe, and every part of the
Falls is in plain sight. Even if one is too ill to get out of
the car, he can see the liquid wonder of the world from
the window or the platform. There is but one Niagara
Falls on earth, and but one direct railway to it.

O. W. RUGGLES,

General Passenger Agent.

MAP OF

Whitney's)
Point

JXlflCKWC IgltflP,

MICHIGAN.

Entered according to Act of Congress in 188i. by
D. H. Kklton.

Scale, 2 inches to 1 Mile.

BiltiBh Landing!

'Ruggles' Pillar

Early's Farm

Battlefield <y*» \

trt&X%XA

RATIONAL PiTRK

i/Donans Obelisk/

N
A

Uubbards Anno

Lover^^^^^nevira Kit
Pontiac's WctluTa^

BOOKS

Dwight H. Kelton

CAPTAIN U. S. ARMY.

History oftlie Sault Ste. Mary Canal;

PAPER, 15 CENTS.

Annals of Fort Mackinac;

PAPER, 25 CENTS.

ids;

CLOTH, $I.OO.

KELTON & CO.,

GiXJIISTOY, MICHIGAN.

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