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THE 

Annals  OF  Iowa 

A  HISTORICAL  QUARTERLY 


VOLUME  TWELVE— THIRD  SERIES 


EDITED  BY 

EDGAR    R.   HARLAN 


CURATOR  3     X 


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\ , 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE 

HISTORICAL  DEPARTMENT  OF    IOWA 

DES  MOINES 
1915-1921 


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Annals  of  Iowa. 


Vol.  XII,  No.  1.       Des  Moines,  Iowa,  April,  1915.  3d  Series 

PRINCIPLES   OF   CLASSIFICATION   OF   ARCHIVES.^ 

BY  ETHEL  B.  VIRTUE. 

[In  pursuing  her  work  as  an  assistant  in  the  Historical  De- 
partment, Miss  Virtue,  who  has  the  responsibility  of  indexing  the 
Public  Archives  of  Iowa,  carried  out,  at  our  request,  an  extensive 
investigation  of  the  science  of  administration  of  Public  Archives. 
From  the  results  of  this  investigation  she  prepared  this  paper  for 
the  conference  of  archivists  held  during  the  last  meeting  of  the 
American  Historical  Association.  Because  the  proceedings  of  the 
Association  are  necessarily  delayed  in  appearance,  and  because  of 
repeated  requests  from  many  sister  states  for  immediate  access  to 
Miss  Virtue's  paper,  we  are  courteously  allowed  to  publish  it  in 
the  present  number  of  the  Anxat.s. — Editor.] 

The  science  of  archives  is  indeed  a  mere  infant  in  the 
family  of  modern  sciences  and  her  underlying  principles  are 
far  from  being. fully  developed.  In  many  respects  she  re- 
sembles her  sister  science  of  library  theory  and  practice  but 
in  others  she  is  very  different.  Nowhere  is  this  difference 
more  plainly  seen  than  in  principles  of  classification. 

The  modern  library  has  developed  a  system  of  subject  clas- 
sification, which  has  made  the  contents  of  its  shelves  easily 
accessible  to  the  average  reader.  But  the  close  application 
of  a  similar  system  to  collections  of  archives  has  not  met  with 
success.      A   strictly   logical   arrangement   was   tried   in   the 


i"The  Public  Archives  Commission  of  the  American  Historical  Associa- 
tion is  engaged  with  the  preparation  of  a  'Primer  of  Archival  Economy 
for  the  use  of  American  Archivists.'  Knowing  of  the  good  work  that  is 
being  done  for  the  archives  of  Iowa  by  the  Historical  Department  of  that 
State,  the  Commission  invited  Miss  Ethel  B.  Virtue  to  present  a  paper  on 
'Principles  of  Classification  for  Archives.'  She  presented  this  subject  at 
the  sixth  annual  conference  of  archivists,  held  under  the  Commission's 
auspices  in  the  Auditorium  Hotel,  Chicago,  on  December  31,  1914.  She 
showed  that  the  system  in  vise  in  Iowa  follows  the  sound  principle  of 
classifying  the  archives  with  respect  to  their  origin,  as  advocated  and 
practiced  by  the  best  archivists  of  Europe,  where  the  business  of  arrang- 
ing, cataloging  and  administering  public  archives  is  an  accepted  profes- 
sion of  a  high  order.  Miss  Virtue  illustrated  her  able  exposition  of  the 
technical  phases  of  her  subject  by  a  goodly  number  of  charts,  which  gave 
a  clear  idea  of  the  different  steps  in  the  process  of  the  Iowa  scheme.  I 
am  very  glad  to  certify  my  appreciation  of  her  paper  and  the  value  it 
will  have  to  others  who  are  interested  in  the  subject. 

VICTOR  HUGO   PALTSITS,    Chairman, 

Pliblic  Archives  Commission." 

New  York  City, 
January  28,  1915. 


2  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

Swedish  Royal  Archives  some  twenty.five  years  ago,  but  was 
later  given  up  and  the  papers,  which  had  been  removed  from 
their  original  collections,  were  restored  to  the  same."  A  simi- 
lar attempt  was  once  made  in  the  National  Archives  of  France 
and  this  also  ended  in  confusion  and  failure.'  In  our  own 
country  we  find  in  the  early  arrangement  of  archives  that 
papers  have  been  grouped  in  special  collections  such  as  revo- 
lutionary papers,  military  papers  and  papers  concerning 
lands.  Such  an  arrangement  destroys  the  original  files  of  the 
offices,  which  carried  on  the  processes  of  government  in  the 
early  days,  hides  the  gaps  in  the  files  and  makes  it  almost 
impossible  to  know  what  kinds  of  papers  are  missing.  In 
short  the  records  with  which  the  political  anatomy  of  those 
days  could  be  reconstructed,  have  been  taken  out  of  their 
original  places  and  scattered  so  widely  that  it  is  almost  a 
hopeless  task  to  replace  them." 

It  is  generally  agreed  by  archivists  in  both  Europe  and 
America  that  the  ''summum  bonum"  to  be  desired  in  the 
classification  of  archives  is  that  they  shall  reflect  the  political 
organism  of  their  time.  "Whatever  information  they  may 
contain  upon  special  subjects  or  whatever  light  they  may 
throw  upon  certain  individuals  or  events,  is  a  side  issue  and 
should  not  be  the  determining  factor  in  their  arrangement. 
They  are  the  recorded  image  of  the  state  and  should  be  pre- 
served as  such.  Special  information  concerning  men  and 
events  can  be  brought  out  by  special  indices  without  inter- 
fering with  the  arrangement. 

This  opinion  regarding  the  classification  of  archives  has 
given  rise  to  the  principle  known  as  the  "respect  des  fonds," 
which  has  been  briefly  and  clearly  defined  by  Dr.  Miiller,  of 
Utrecht,  as  "the  method  of  classifying  archives  according  to 
which  each  document  is  placed  in  the  collection  and  in  the 
series  of  that  collection  to  which  it  belonged  when  that  collec- 
tion was  a  living  organism."" 

^Amandus  Johnson,  The  T^essons  of  the  Swedish  Archives,  Annual  Re- 
port of  the  American  Historical  Association,  1909,  p.  366. 

^Waldo  G.  r.eland.  The  National  Archives,  American  Historical  Re- 
view, XVIII,  p.  24. 

;»A.  J  F  van  Laer,  The  V^ork  of  the  International  Congress  of  Archi- 
vists and  Librarians  at  Brussels,  August  28-31,  1910,  Annual  Report  of 
the  American  Historical  Association,   1910,   p.    2  85. 

'Annual  Report  of  the  American  Historical   Association,   1912,   p.    260. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  3 

A.  J.  F.  van  Laer,  archivist  of  New  York,  has  defined  it  in 
more  detailed  terms  as  "a  system  of  arrangement  of  public 
archives  wherel)y  every  document  is  traced  to  the  govern- 
mental body,  administrative  office  or  institution  by  which  it 
was  issued  or  received  and  to  the  files  of  which  it  last  be- 
longed when  these  files  were  still  in  the  process  of  natural  ac- 
cretion.'" 

European  archivists  are  almost  unanimous  in  their  support 
of  this  principle.  The  uniform  rules  and  regulations  for  clas- 
sification in  Belgium  read  as  follows : 

' '  The  archivists  take  as  a  rule  in  the  work  of  classification : 

''1.  To  assemble  the  documents  with  respect  to  their 
sources;  that  is  to  say,  to  form  a  particular  collection  of  all 
the  titles,  which  belong  to  the  same  body,  the  same  institu- 
tion, the  same  administration  or  the  same  locality,  without 
mixing  the  acts  of  one  l)ody  with  those  of  another. 

"2.  To  classify  the  documents  in  each  source  according  to 
their  nature  or  contents,  arranging  the  material  as  the  case 
may  be,  chronologically,  topographically  or  alphabetically. 

"It  is  necessary  to  respect  the  source,  or.  as  the  Germans 
say,  the  principle  of  the  origin,  and  give  in  the  inventory  an 
exact  image  of  the  organization  or  the  institution,  the  archives 
of  which  one  wdshes  to  make  known."' 

In  France  the  departmental  archives  are  kept  in  the  va- 
rious departments  and  carefully  arranged  and  classified  in 
each.^  The  records  in  the  National  Archives  ''are  grouped 
according  to  the  nature  of  the  public  institutions  with  which 
they  are  concerned.'"* 

The  Royal  Privy  Prussian  State  Archives  in  Berlin  are 
arranged  by  departments  and,  for  the  most  part,  chronolog- 
ically within  each  department. "^ 

The  creed  of  the  archivists  of  the  Netherlands  is  so  heartily 
in  accord  with  this  principle  that  it  maintains  that  no  archi- 
vist, who  has  not  studied  carefully  the  organization  to  which 
the  archives  he  is  working  with  originally  belonged,  is  fitted 
to  classify  them.^° 

•'Annual  Report  of  the  American  Historical  Association,   1910,  p.   2  85. 

■^First  Report  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Public  Records,  London, 
1912.   I,   Pt.   II,    129b-130a. 

sFirst  Report  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Public  Records,  London, 
1912,  I,   Pt.   II,   134. 

"First  Report  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Public  Records,  London, 
1912,  I,  Pt.  n,   132a. 

"aLearned,  M.  D.,  Carnegie  Publication,  No.   150,  p.   17. 

i^Annual  Report  of  the  American  Historical  Association,    1912,   p.    260. 


4  ANNALS  OF  IOWA. 

From  Italy  also  comes  the  word  of  Signore  Pagliai  of  Flor- 
ence saying  that  the  ''respect  des  fonds"  is  ''the  only  scien- 
tific and  natural  principle,  which  should  be  followed  to  ren- 
der intelligent  the  researches  of  the  historian.'"' 

Sir  Henry  Lyte,  Deputy  Keeper  of  the  Public  Record  Of- 
fice of  England,  describes  the  records  of  that  office  as  being 
"kept  pretty  much  according  to  the  courts  or  offices  from 
which  they  came,  more  than  according  to  the  subject.  They 
are  classified  according  to  the  place  of  origin.  "^^ 

In  our  own  country  Mr.  Leland,  secretary  of  the  American 
Historical  Association,  writes:  "The  principle  of  the  'respect 
des  fonds'  should  be  adhered  to.  In  accordance  with  this 
principle  records  should  be  so  grouped  that  they  at  once  make 
clear  the  processes  by  which  they  have  come  into  existence. 
Archives  are  the  product  and  record  of  the  performance  of 
its  functions  by  an  organic  body  and  they  should  faithfully 
reflect  the  workings  of  that  organism.  No  decimal  system  of 
classification,  no  refined  methods  of  library  science,  no  purely 
chronological  or  purel}^  alphabetical  arrangement  can  be  suc- 
cessfully applied  to  the  classification  of  archives.'"' 

Dr.  Dunbar  Rowland,  director  of  the  Mississippi  Depart- 
ment of  Archives  and  History,  maintains  that  "the  object  to 
be  attained  in  the  arrangement  of  all  governmental  archives 
is  to  classify  them  in  such  a  manner  that  the  documents  will 
tell  the  story,  in  an  historical  way,  of  the  progress  and  de- 
velopment of  the  state  and  its  people  from  the  beginning. '  '^* 

Dr.  Thomas  Owen,  of  Alabama,  has  adopted  the  source 
principle  in  the  arrangement  of  the  archives  of  that  state  and 
says  that  thus  far  he  has  never  had  any  question  as  to  the 
wisdom  of  this  course.^'' 

Professor  Eugene  C.  Barker  of  the  University  of  Texas  cites 
the  following  incident,  which  shows  a  decided  legal  disad- 
vantage which  would  result  from  a  departure  from  this 
method  of  classification :  ' '  We  found  that  in  a  lawsuit  that 
came  up  recently,  a  man  wanted  to  prove  a  claim  by  a  certain 
document  that  had  been  transferred  from  the  state  depart- 

iiAnnual  Report  of  the  American  Historical  Association,    1912,   p.    260. 
i^First  Report  of  the  Royal   Commission  on    Public    Records,    London, 
1912,  I,  Pt.  Ill,  17,  Q.   440. 

"American  Historical  Review,  XVIII,   24. 

"Annual  Report  of  the  American  Historical   Association,    1912,   p.    270. 

I'Owen,  T.  M.  to  Harlan,  E.  R.,  October  23,  1913. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  5 

ment  to  the  library  and  before  that  document  could  be  pro- 
duced in  evidence,  the  defendant  had  to  prove  the  history  of 
the  document.  The  judge,  in  other  words,  wanted  to  know 
how^  that  document  came  to  be  in  the  library ;  wanted  to  be 
perfectly  sure  that  it  was  the  identical  document.'"" 

At  the  International  Congress  of  Archivists  and  Librarians 
held  in  Brussels  in  1910,  the  following  resolution  was 
adopted:  "Resolved,  that  the  'prineipe  de  la  provenance' 
(respect  des  fonds)  be  adopted  for  the  arrangement  and  in- 
ventorying of  archives,  with  a  view  to  the  logical  classitica- 
tion  of  separate  documents  as  well  as  in  the  interest  of  com- 
prehensive  historicaj   study.  "^' 

The  principle  'respect  des  fonds'  we  may  say  then  is  the 
established  principle  of  archival  classification  today.  In  "A 
Report  on  the  Public  Archives"  submitted  to  the  trustees  of 
the  State  Library  and  Historical  Department  of  Iowa  in 
1906,''  Prof.  Benjamin  F.  Sham])augh  presented  the  follow- 
ing outlines  as  leading  up  to  a  proper  classification  of  the 
archives  of  that  state.  These  outlines  are  a  very  simple  and 
concrete  illustration  of  the  principle  'respect  des  fonds' 
adapted  to  the  archives  of  Iowa. 

Outlines  of  Classification  for  the  Archives  of  Iowa. 
By  B.  F.  Shambaugh.i-' 

I — Primary  classification  for  Iowa. 

r  State 
Public  Archives    ^ 

[  Local 

II — Formal  classification  for  Iowa. 

r   Printed 
Public  Archives    \ 

[_   Manuscript 

III — Historical  classification  for  Iowa. 

r  Period  of  the  Territory 
Public  Archives    J   Period  of  the  1st  Constitution 
[  Period  of  the  2d  Constitution 

They  present  four  classifications  of  the  records.  The  first 
or  primary  classification  provides  for  the  separation  of  state 

i^Annual   Report  of  the  American   Historical   Association,    1910,   p.    307. 
'■^Annual  Report  of  the  American   Historical   Association,    1910,  p.    285. 
^sReprinted   from   the  Annals   of   Iowa,  Vol.   VII,   pp.    561-91,   January 
1907. 

i»Shambaugh,  Benjamin  F.,  A  Report  on  the  Public  Archives,  p.   35. 


ANNALS  OF  IOWA. 


and  local  archives.  Thus  far  Iowa  has  no  local  records  in  the 
files  of  her  archives  department.  A  few  private  papers  have 
been  overlooked  by  state  officers  and  left  with  the  official  files 
but  no  account  of  these  has  been  taken  in  the  classification. 

The  second  or  formal  classification  makes  the  distinction 
between  printed  and  manuscript  records.  Practically  no 
printed  archives  are  retained  in  this  department.  There  are  a 
few  exceptions  in  the  case  of  military  orders  in  the  governor 's 
office  and  some  printed  insurance  schedules  in  the  auditor's 
office.  These  are  filed  side  by  side  with  the  manuscript 
records. 

The  printed  reports  and  documents  of  Iowa  are  in  the  Law 
Library  which  purposes  to  have  a  complete  collection  of  the 
same.  Many  of  these  are  to  be  found  also  on  the  shelves  of 
the  library  of  the  Historical  Department,  but  none  are  kept 
in  the  archives. 

The  historical  classification  defines  the  three  distinct  pe- 
riods of  the  history  of  Iowa.  This  classification  has  been  made 
in  some  of  the  series  of  the  various  offices  but  not  in  all. 

IV — Administrative  Classification  for  lowa.^" 

1838 


Public  Archives  ' 


State 


1839 
1840 
1841 
1842 
Etc. 


'  Commissions 
Journals 
Letters 
Pardons 
Governor         Proclamations 
Requisitions 
Etc. 

LEtc. 


Secretary  of  State 

Auditor 

Treasurer 

Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 

Etc. 

Etc. 

Etc. 


r  County 
Local  -j  Township 
[City 


»Shambaugh,  Benjamin  F.,  A  Report  on  Public  Archives,  p.  36. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  PUBLrC  ARCHIVES  7 

The  fourth  or  administrative  outline  practically  combines 
the  three  classifications  just  described.  You  will  note  here 
again  the  separation  of  state  and  local  archives.  The  dis- 
tinction between  printed  and  manuscript  records  is  not 
made  but  these  may  be  filed  together  in  the  proper  series. 
The  chronological  arrangement  of  the  series  defines  the  limits 
of  the  different  historical  periods. 

Turning  now  to  the  heading,  state,  we  find  the  division 
into  the  offices  of  governor,  secretary  of  state  and  so  on 
down  through  all  the  offices  and  departments  of  the*  com- 
monwealth, the  concrete  illustration  of  the  classification  of 
records  according  to  their  origin. 

The  records  of  the  governor's  office  are  further  divided 
into  the  series  of  commissions,  journals,  letters,  proclama- 
tions, etc.,  divisions  Avhich  the  functions  of  that  office  have 
created. 

The  following  floor  plan  and  pictures  of  the  Iowa  Hall 
of  Archives  as  it  is  now  arranged  will  serve  to  visualize 
this  classification. 

You  will  readily  see  that  in  general  the  outlines  of  Dr. 
Shambaugh  have  been  followed  in  this  classification.  In 
some  of  the  subdivisions  the  chronological  arrangement 
has  been  departed  from  and  a  subject  or  alphabetical  ar- 
rangement substituted  as  the  series  seemed  to  demand. 

The  working  out  of  the  classification  has  been  largely  in 
the  hands  of  Mr.  C.  C.  Stiles,  superintendent  of  the  classi- 
fication department.  A  study  of  his  outlines  for  the  of- 
fice of  governor  will  illustrate  the  principles  which  he  has 
found  useful  in  the  classification  of  the  records  of  that  o'f- 
fice. 


ANNALS  OP  IOWA. 

TABLE  I— GOVERNOR'S  OFFICE. 
MAIN  SERIES.^^ 


I.  Commissions 

II.  Correspondence 

III.  Elections 

IV.  Extraditions 
V.  Legislative 

VI.  Petitions 

VII.  Proclamations 

VIII.  Reports 

IX.  Vouchers 

X.  Bonds 

XL  Executive  Journals 

XII.  Criminal  Records 

XIII.  Miscellaneous 


Subject 


M 

Years 
« 

Subject 


In  Table  I  we  have  the  thirteen  main  series  of  the  office, 
the  ma.jority  of  which  represent  particular  functions  of 
the  administrative  officer.  You  will  notice  that  out  of  the 
thirteen  series,  eleven  are  subdivided  according  to  class  or 
subject  and  two  are  arranged  strictly  by  years.  ^ 

A  more  detailed  outline,  such  as  we  have  in  Table  II, 
will  better  illustrate  this  subdivision. 


TABLE  II— GOVERNOR'S  OFFICE. 
SUBDIVISIONS.^'^' 


Notarial    \  1866    J  Adams,    James 


I.    Commissions . . 


Officers  of 

State 

Institutions 


College  for 
the  Blind    . 


Adams,    James 


This  table  represents  two  typical  arrangements  of  the 
series  of  commissions.  One  of  the  most  important  divisions 
of  this  series  is  that  of  notarial  commissions.  These  are  ar- 
ranged first  by  years  and  then  alphabeted  by  the  names  of 

2iStiles,  C.  C,  Public  Archives  of  Iowa,  Annals  of  Iowa,  Vol.  X,  p.  171, 
.October,  1911.  Some  changes  will  be  noted  in  the  table  above.  These 
have  been  made  since  the  publication  cited. 

22gtiieg^  C.  C,  Public  Archives  of  Iowa,  Annals  of  Iowa,  Vol.  X,  p.  172, 
October,  1911. 


HISTORICAL  DEPARTMENT  OF  IOWA — Floor  plan  of  Division  of  Public 
Archives,  showing-  location  of  cases  containing  records  of  the  state  officers. 
A,  Auditor  ;  B,  Board  of  Health  ;  G,  Governor  ;  S,  Secretary  of  State  ;  T, 
Treasurer ;    M,   Maps  ;    St.,    Storage. 


OFFICE  AND  CATALOGUING  ROOM — Cases  contain  records  of  the  Auditor, 


^^K. 

-■1 

■ 

Q 

r-  s' 

■=-™ — 1 

(  J 

1 

^l^^flittKj; 

tiiiii4  ii 

m 

* 

WORK    ROOM — Cases    contain    records    of    tlie    Auditor. 


FILINO  ROOM — Cases,  from  left  to  right  around  the  room,  contain  records 
respectively  of   the  offices  of  Governor,   Secretary  of  State,   Auditor. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  9 

the  commissioners.  Here  we  see,  then,  first  a  subject  or 
class  arrangement  (notarial),  then  a  chronological  (1866) 
and  lastly  an  alphabetical   (Adams). 

In  the  second  subdivision  of  commissions  we  have  those 
of  the  officers  of  state  institutions.  These  commissions  are 
arranged  first  by  the  name  of  the  institution  (College  for 
the  Blind),  and  then  b}^  the  name  of  the  commissioner 
(Adams).  No  account  is  taken  of  the  year  of  appoint- 
ment. 

The  largest  series  in  the  governor's  office  is  that  of  cor- 
respondence. This  series  in  Iowa  has  been  arranged  first 
by  subject  and  the  further  subdivisions  run  by  subject, 
year  or  name  as  the  material  seems  to  require.  Table  III 
illustrates  four  typical  classifications  of  this  series. 

TABLE  III. 

GOVERNOR'S   OFFICE 

SUBDIVISIONS.^^ 

Appoint-  ( Commission-      J  Ala-  \  Adams,  James 

ments     (  er  of  Deeds         (  bama        ) 


II.  CORRE- 
SPONDENCE 


Criminal  ( 
Cases     i  Adams,  James 


Trans-  r  Railroads  r  1856 

porta-  <  } 

tion  ( Waterways         ( 1851 

Temper-  f 

ance  I 


Under  the  subdivision  of  appointments  we  find  the  most 
detailed  type.  This  correspondence  is  arranged  first  by  the 
office,  in  this  case  that  of  commissioner  of  deeds,  second  by 
the  year  of  appointment,  then  by  the  state  for  which  the 
commissioner  is  appointed  and  lastly  by  the  name  of  the 
commissioner. 

In  the  subdivision  of  the  correspondence  concerning 
criminal  cases,  we  have  a  purely  alphabetical  arrangement 
by  the  name  of  the  criminal,  all  papers  pertaining  to  each 
case  being  kept  together. 

23Stiles,  C.  C,  Public  Archives  of  Iowa,  Annals  of  Iowa^  Vol.  X,  pp. 
179,   187,  October,   1911. 


10 


ANNALS  OF  IOWA. 


Correspondence  concerning  transportation  is  divided  into 
two  subject  headings  of  railroads  and  waterways,  each  of 
which  is  then  arranged  by  years. 

All  letters  concerning  temperance  are  arranged  by  years 
and  alphabeted  under  each  year  by  the  name  of  the  writer. 

Turning  to  Table  VII  and  series  XI,  that  of  Executive 
Journals,  we  find  the  simplest  classification  possible,  that 
of  a  straight  chronological  arrangement. 

TABLE  VII. 

XL     Executive  Journals,  1857 

1858 

1859 

etc. 

This  series  consists  of  bound  records  only,  and  any  other 
arrangement  is  practically  impossible.  A  separate  series 
has  been  made  of  criminal  records  as  soon  as  they  have 
become  bulky  enough  to  be  bound  in  separate  volumes, 
and  the  earlier  criminal  records  in  the  executive  journals 
are  listed  on  the  index  cards  of  the  journals. 

These  tables  have  presented  to  you  all  of  the  types  of 
the  classification  of  subdivisions  used  in  the  archives  of 
Iowa.  The  reasons  for  the  adoption  of  these  different  forms 
of  classification  will  be  best  brought  out,  I  think,  in  the 
discussion  of  the  same. 


RBCIPROCITY  IN  HISTORICAL  MATERIALS  11 

RECIPROCITY  IN  HISTORICAL  MATERIALS. 

BY  LAWRENCE  J.  BURPEE. 

In  discussing  with  various  archivists  and  librarians  the 
general  question  of  restrictions  on  the  use  of  historical  ma- 
terials, in  connection  with  a^  paper  for  the  Chicago  meeting 
of  the  American  Historical  Association,  several  points  in- 
evitably arose  as  to  the  facilities  that  are  or  should  be  af- 
forded for  historical  research.  I  was  particularly  struck 
with  a  statement  made  by  Mr.  Edgar  R.  Harlan,  curator  of 
the  Historical  Department  of  Iowa,  as  to  the  policy  he  con- 
templated adopting  looking  to  the  reciprocal  exchange  of 
historical  material  with  similar  institutions  in  other  parts 
of  the  country.  Speaking  of  various  classes  of  documents 
that  from  time  to  time  come  into  the  possession  of  the  His- 
torical Department  of  Iowa,  he  said:  ''As  this  sort  of  ma- 
terial comes  out  of  tlie  repositories  of  business  men,  literary 
men,  soldiers,  politicians  and  others,  some  connected  with 
other  governments  and  other  states,  and  not  connected  with 
Iowa  itself,  I  propose  the  eventual  exchange  of  such  ma- 
terials so  that  they  will  finally  find  a  resting  place  in  the 
region  to  which  they  properly  belong." 

This  seems  to  me  a  very  progressive  and  commendable 
suggestion,  and  one  the  general  adoption  of  which  would 
be  of  almost  incalculable  value  to  historical  students.  One 
can  readily  conceive  how  such  a  scheme  for  the  reciprocal 
exchange  of  historical  material  would  work  out  in  prac- 
tice. For  instance,  documents  drift  into  the  Historical  De- 
partment of  Iowa  having  no  bearing  on  the  history  of 
Iowa,  but  of  vital  importance  to  the  student  of  the  history 
of  Michigan,  or  Missouri,  or  California,  or  perhaps  Ontario 
or  Manitoba.  Iowa  hands  them  over  to  the  appropriate  re- 
pository in  the  state  or  province  to  which  they  relate,  under 
such  conditions  as  may  be  agreed  upon,  as  a  free  gift,  or 
for  a  nominal  sum,  or  in  exchange  for  similar  documentary 
material  relating  to  Iowa,  or  if  no  such  material  were  at 
the  moment  available,  on  some  system  of  credit  under  which 


12  ANNANS  OF  IOWA. 

the  beneficiary  would  respond  in  kind  when  the  opportunity 
arose.  It  might  even  be  feasible  to  arrange,  through  some 
such  national  institution  as  the  Library  of  Congress  in  the 
United  States,  or  the  Dominion  Archives  in  Canada,  for  the 
establishment  of  a  clearing  house  for  such  documentary 
material,  which  might  there  be  classified  and  listed,  and 
eventually  find  its  way  to  the  institution  where  it  would 
be  of  the  most  direct  benefit  to 'research  workers.  The  suc- 
cess of  such  a  movement  would,  of  course,  depend  largely 
upon  the  extent  to  which  state  and  provincial  institutions 
and  learned  societies  agreed  to  the  principle  of  exchange. 
National  institutions  such  as  the  Library  of  Congress  and 
the  Dominion  Archives  could  not  be  expected  to  transfer 
original  documents  to  other  depositories,  as  their  field  of 
interest  is  at  least  national  in  scope,  but  they  could  un- 
questionably supply  copies  of  documents  in  their  posses- 
sion relating  to  any  particular  state  or  province.  The  chief 
benefit  of  such  an  exchange  of  original  material  would  be 
to  state  or  provincial  depositories,  historical  societies  whose 
interests  are  confined  to  a  particular  area,  and  public  or 
university  libraries.  So  far  as  these  are  concerned,  one 
can  hardly  overestimate  the  mutual  benefit  that  the  general 
adoption  of  a  system  of  reciprocity  in  the  exchange  of  his- 
torical material  of  local  value  would  be  to  all  concerned. 
And  there  does  not  seem  to  be  any  good  reason  to  suppose 
that,  given  time  to  appreciate  the  advantages  of  the  idea, 
any  fair-minded  custodian  of  historical  material  would  re- 
fuse his  support  to  such  an  arrangement. 

With  this  idea  of  getting  each  document  into  the  reposi- 
tory where  it  will  be  of  the  widest  service,  one  may  well 
consider  the  question  of  institutions  supplying  facsimile  or 
other  copies  of  their  manuscripts  to  sister  institutions.  One 
rarely  finds  an  archivist  or  librarian  who  openly  declines  to 
accept  the  principle  that  one  depository  should  be  prepared 
to  assist  another  in  rounding  out  its  collections  of  docu- 
mentary material,  but  in  practice  most  of  us  know  of  insti- 
tutions, north,  south,  east  or  west,  where  the  policy  may  not 
unfairly  be  described  as  that  of  the  dog-in-the-manger. 
The  question  is,  of  course,  a  broad  one,  and  there  may  be 


RECIPROCITY  IN  HISTORICAL  MATERIALS  13 

some  legitimate  reservations  to  the  application  of  the  prin- 
ciple. For  instance,  the  Chief  of  the  Manuscript  Division  of 
the  Library  of  Congress  mentions  an  instance  where  an  in- 
stitution asked  for  several  copies  of  a  rare  manuscript,  with 
the  avowed  object  of  using  the  extra  copies  for  purposes  of 
exchange  with  other  depositories.  Then  there  is  the  case  of 
an  institution  reserving  material  either  in  course  of  publi- 
cation, or  which  it  proposes  to  publish  in  the  near  future. 
Other  points  will  occur  to  anyone  having  practical  ex- 
perience of  the  subject. 

There  is  also  the  question  of  conditions.  It  is  open  to 
any  institution  to  offer  other  institutions  copies  of  any  of 
its  documents,  without  restrictions  as  to  their  use,  and 
without  cost;  but  it  is  not  usual,  nor  frankly  is  it  desirable. 
It  is  a  fair  stipulation,  for  instance,  that  any  institution  re- 
ceiving a  copy  of  a  document  from  another  should  credit 
the  original  depository  in  its  own  records,  and  also  see  that 
students  using  the  manuscript  in  any  publication  should 
also  give  due  credit  to  the  original  source.  It  is  equally 
reasonable  that  an  institution  should  pay  the  actual  cost 
of  any  copy,  whether  photographic  or  by  hand,  or  give 
copies  of  its  own  documents  in  exchange.  There  can  be  no 
question,  however,  that  apart  from  the  advantages  to  the 
recipient  institution  and  to  those  v>dio  use  it  of  such  a  sys- 
tem of  exchange,  the  whole  world  of  scholarship  is  vitally 
interested  in  the  Avidespread  adoption  of  a  policy  of  reci- 
procity in  historical  material.  One  has  only  to  think  for  a 
moment  of  the  irreparable  losses  of  original  manuscripts, 
by  fire,  or  through  carelessness  or  neglect,  or  the  mere  in- 
fluence of  time,  to  realize  the  tremendous  importance  of  plac- 
ing copies,  particularly  photographic  copies,  of  at  least  the 
more  important  of  those  that  remain,  in  one  or  more  other 
institutions,  and  thus  reducing  the  chances  of  the  total  loss 
of  some  vital  link  in  the  history  of  a  nation  or  some  part 
of  it. 


14  ANIMALS  OF  IOWA. 

PDBLIC  ARCHIVES  OF  IOWA. 

BY  C.  C.  STILES, 
Superintendent  of  Public  Archives. 

III. 

In  the  former  articles  on  the  subject  of  Public  Archives, 
the  writer  gave  a  brief  sketch  of  the  archives,  the  method  of 
handling,  classifying,  etc.,  of  the  offices  of  Governor^  and 
Secretary  of  State.^  In  this  article  is  presented  the  office  of 
the  Auditor  of  State. 

The  office  of  the  Auditor  of  State  was  established  January 
7,  1840,  and  designated  ''Auditor  of  the  Territory."  The 
constitution  of  1846  provided  for  the  continuance  of  the  office 
under  the  title  of  ''Auditor  of  Public  Accounts."  The  con- 
stitution of  1857  continued  the  office  under  the  titular  head  of 
"Auditor  of  State." 

From  the  nature  of  the  business  transacted  by  this  branch 
of  the  State  government,  the  documents  are  not  generally  con- 
sidered so  valuable  historically  as  are  the  documents  in  some 
of  the  other  branches.  This,  in  part,  is  true,  but  a  large  num- 
ber of  documents  are  in  themselves  of  great  historical  interest. 
The  business  of  the  different  State  departments  has  been  so 
closely  connected  that  documents  in  the  office  of  Auditor 
must  be  found  to  corroborate  facts  gleaned  from  other  de- 
partments. Thousands  of  documents  in  this  department,  how- 
ever, have  no  connection  with  any  other. 

To  a  student  of  history  the  growth  of  the  State  is  more 
clearly  portrayed  in  this  department  than  in  the  others.  For 
example,  the  tax  lists  in  the  early  forties  of  the  then  or- 
ganized counties  were  written  out  on  a  few  sheets  of  foolscap, 
the  totals  of  each  county  amounting  to  only  a  few  dollars. 
At  present  the  collections  by  the  same  counties  are  counted 
by  the  thousands  and  tens  of  thousands.  "We  find  that  the 
documents  for  any  one  year  in  the  earlier  history  of  the 
State  are  numbered  by  hundreds  while  for  the  same  period 
of  time  at  present  there  are  thousands.  This  growth  of  the 
State  is  also  clearly  portrayed  by  the  increase  each  year  in 

iAnnals  of  Iowa,  Vol.  X,   pp.   166-193,  Oct.,   1911 
^Annals  of  Iowa,  Vol.  X,   pp.    273-319,  Jan.-Aprif,    1912. 


PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  OF  IOWA  15 

the  number  and  amounts  of  the  claims  filed  and  paid  and 
by  the  character  of  the  claims. 

The  number  of  documents  now  on  file  in  the  Hall  of  Public 
Archives  from  the  office  of  the  Auditor  of  State  is  far  in 
excess  of  that  from  any  other  branch  of  the  State  government. 
The  total  number  of  documents  is  estimated  to  be  700,000  and 
the  bound  records  1,000.  These  have  all  been  examined  and 
classified  in  the  manner  shown  by  the  outline  of  classification 
following. 

One  of  the  main  objects  aimed  at  in  the  classification  of  the 
documents  is  the  reduction  to  the  minimum  of  the  time  and 
labor  required  to  find  a  certain  document,  by  any  one  seek- 
ing information.  This  can  best  be  accomplished  by  classifying 
them,  first  by  divisions,  these  into  sub-divisions,  and  so  on 
until  the  lowest  sub-division  is  the  subject.  This  in  turn  is 
arranged  in  chronological  order  and  then  either  by  numbers 
or  in  alphabetical  order  according  to  the  character  of  the 
documents.  In  this  manner  the  great  mass  of  documents  is 
eliminated  from  the  course  of  the  investigator  and  compara- 
tively few  upon  the  subject  remain  with  the  document  sought. 

It  may  be  appropriate  here  to  repeat  that  the  proper  care 
and  preservation  of  Iowa  archives  was  first  proposed  by 
Charles  Aldrich,  founder  of  the  Historical  Department  of 
Iowa;  that  Dr.  Benjamin  F.  Shambaugh,  under  direction  of 
the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Historical  Department,  after  an 
exhaustive  investigation,  made  a  report  upon  the  subject  and 
recommended  a  plan  of  handling  and  of  classification;  that 
thereafter  the  execution  of  the  plan  was  transferred  to  the 
Executive  Council,  whose  secretary,  Hon.  A.  H.  Davison,  de- 
signed the  cases,  receptacles  and  folders  now  in  use;  that 
the  working  force  under  Mr.  Davison  was  organized  and  for 
two  years  directed  by  Hon.  John  H.  Kelley.  The  writer  has 
been  in  charge  since  Mr.  Kelley  retired  and  has  endeavored 
to  develop  the  system  of  classification. 

Our  work  has  been  referred  to  by  nearly  all  writers  on  the 
subject  of  public  archives  in  America,  usually  with  commenda- 
tion. In  a  field  still  new,  but  t)f  recognized  importance,  initial 
steps  have  all  been  vital,  and  credit  in  Iowa  is  due  those  who 
took  them. 


16  .  ANnIlS  of  IOWA. 

OFFICE  OF  AUDITOR  OF  STATE— CLASSIFICATION. 
MAIN  DIVISIONS. 


Series 

I. 

Certificates 

Series 

II. 

Corporations 

Series 

III. 

Correspondence 

Series 

IV. 

Notices 

Series 

V. 

Oaths   of   Office 

Series 

VI. 

Reports 

Series 

VII. 

Vouchers 

Series 

VIII. 

Miscellaneous 

SERIES  I.      CERTIFK 

Bound  Records. 

Documents. 


County  judges 

County  officers 

Election  and  qualification 

Elections 

State  institutions,  Officers  of 

State  officers,  members  of  boards,  etc. 

Miscellaneous 


County  judges 

School   Fund   Commissioners,   in  regard   to 
giving  bonds 

County  officers 

Miscellaneous 
Election  and  qualification 
Attorneys,  District 
Judges 

Circuit 
District 
Elections 

General  elections 

Auditor  of  State 
County  officers 
Judges  of  district  court 


lExperience  has  shown  that  the  formal  page  heads  used  in  outline  of 
the  office  of  Governor  (Annals,  v.  X,  p.  176-193),  and  of  the  Secretary 
of  State  (Annals,  v.  X,  p.  273-319),  are  confusing  to  some  workers,  and 
a  simpler  form  has  been   substituted  in  this  outline. 


PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  OF  IOWA  17 

State  institutions,  Officers  of 

College  for  the  Blind 
Hospitals  for  Insane 
Industrial  schools 

Iowa  State  College  of  Agriculture  and  Me- 
chanic Arts 
Iowa  State  Teachers'  College 
State  bank,  Officers  of 

Commissioners 

Directors 
State  Institutions,  Officers  of 

College   for  the  Blind 
Hospitals  for  the  Insane 
Iowa  State  Teachers'  College 
State  Bank,  Commissioners 
State  University 
State  officers,  members  of  boards,  departments,  etc. 
Auditor 

Bank  Examiner,  Appointment  of 
Control,  Board  of 
Governor 

Agricultural      College,     In     regard     to 
buildings  at 
Health,  Board  of 
Parole,    Board   of 
Pharmacy,  Commission  of 

Fines,   Collection   of 
Railroad  Commissioners 

Qualification  of 
Secretary   of   State 

Library  Board,  Amount  to  be  drawn  by 

Railroads,   Assessment    of,     for    R.   R. 

Commissioners'  fund 
Miscellaneous 

Bank  cashiers 

Deposits  made  by  county  treasurers,  In 
regard  to 
Lots,  Sales  of 

Iowa  City 

Monroe  City 
Unclassified 


18  ANNAlS  of  IOWA. 

SERIES   II.     CORPORATIONS. 

Baund  Records. 

Agents'  records 
Annual  statements 
Cash  books 
Fee  books 
Journals 
Ledgers 
Miscellaneous 

Documents. 

Banks 

Building  and  Loan 

Express 

Insurance 

Loan  &  Trust  and  Investment 

Telegraph 

Telephone 
(All  documents  are  arranged  in  alphabetical  order  by  name 
of  corporation.) 


Banks 

Incorporation 
Articles  of 
Miscellaneous 
Oaths  of  directors 
Publication   notices 
Incorporation 
Reports  on  call 
Reports 

Condition 

Bank  examiners 
Bank  officers  (on  call) 
Committee 
Miscellaneous 

Schedule  B.    (list  of  stock  and   p*^i?ck- 

holders) 
Unclassified 

Building  and  Loan 

Certificates 
Incorporation    . 

Articles  of 

By-laws 

Miscellaneous 


PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  OF  IOWA  19 

Building  and  Loan — Continued. 

Miscellaneous   (general) 

Notices 

Official  bonds 

Receipts 

Reports 

Annual 

Examiners 

Miscellaneous 
Statements 
Express 

Reports 

Insnrance 

Appointment  of  agents 
Bonds 

Official  bonds  of  officers 
Certificates 

Authority 

Deposit 

Valuation 

Miscellaneous 
Incorporation 

Articles  of 

By-laws 

Miscellaneous 
Miscellaneous  (general) 
Notices 

Miscellaneous 

Publication 
Power  of  Attorney 
Receipts 
Reports 

Condition 
Annual 
Examiners 

Miscellaneous 
Requisitions 

For  securities  on  file 
Statements 

lioan  &  Trust  and  Investment 

Incorporation 

Articles   of      ' 

Miscellaneous 
Oaths  of  directors 


20  ANNALS  OP  IOWA. 

Loan  &  Trust  and  Investment — Continued. 
Publication  notices 
Incorporation 
Reports  on  call 
Reports 

Condition 
Examiners 

OfHcers    (on  call) 
Committee 
Miscellaneous 

Telegraph 
Telephone 


SERIES   III.      CORRESPONDENCE. 

Bound  Records. 

Letter   copying    books 
Volumes  of  correspondence 

Documents. 

Affairs  outside  the  State 

Assessment 

Claims 

Corporations 

County  affairs 

Lands 

Municipal  accounting 

Revenue 

School  fund 

State  institutions 

State  officers,  members  of  boards,  departments,  etc. 

Taxation 

Warrants 

Miscellaneous 


Affairs  outside  the  state 

Foreign  (correspondence  with  Ambassadors, 
Consuls,  Ministers,  etc.  and  miscel- 
laneous) 

National  (correspondence  with  Depart- 
ments of  Agriculture,  Interior,  Justice, 
Navy,  Post  Office,  State,  War,  Treas- 
ury, U.  S.  Senate,  House  of  Represen- 
tatives and  Miscellaneous) 


PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  OF  IOWA  21 

Affairs  outside  the  state — Continued. 

Other  States   (with  Executive  Departments, 
Secretaries    of    State,    Librarians,    etc., 
concerning  conventions,  statistics,  con- 
ditions, etc.,  and  miscellaneous) 
Assessment 

Counties 
Railroads 

Telegraph,   Telephone   and   Express 
Miscellaneous 
Claims 

Corporations    (arranged  in  alphabetical  order  by  the 
names  of  the  corporations  also  a  miscellaneous 
division  for  each   class) 
Banks 

Building  and  Loan 
Express 

Insurance  (fire,  life  and  miscellaneous) 
Loan  &  Trust  and  Investment 
Miscellaneous 
Railroads 

Telegraph  and  Telephone 
County   affairs 

Lands 

Agricultural  College 
Des  Moines  River 
Railroad 
Saline 
School 
Swamp 
University 
Miscellaneous 
Municipal   accounting 

Revenue 

Counties 

Miscellaneous 
School  fund 

Counties 

Miscellaneous 
State   institutions 

College  for  the  Blind 

Industrial  School  for  Boys  at  Eldora 

Industrial   School  for  Girls  at  Mitchellville 

Institution  for  Feeble-minded  Children 

Iowa  Soldiers'  Home 


22  ANNALS  OF  IOWA. 

State  institutions — ^Continued. 

Iowa  Soldiers'  Orphans'  Home 
Iowa  State  College  of  Agriculture  and  Me- 
chanic Arts 
low^  State  Teachers'  College 
Penitentiaries 
Anamosa 
Ft.  Madison 
School  for  the  Deaf 
State  Hospital  for  inebriates 
State  Hospital  for  Insane 
Cherokee 
Clarinda 
Independence 
Mt.  Pleasant 
State  Sanatorium  for  the  Treatment  of  Tu- 
berculosis 
State  University 
State  officers,  members  of  boards,  departments,  etc. 
Adjutant  General 
Agricultural  Department 
County  and  district 
Farmers  Institute 
State 
Attorney  General 
Auditor  of  State 

Commissioner  of  Public  Buildings 
Control,  Board  of 

Custodian  of  Public  Buildings  and  Property 
Dental  Examiners,  Board  of 
Director  of  Weather  and  Crop  Service 
District  Attorney,  District,  Circuit  and  Pro- 
bate Judges 
Educational  Board  of  Examinei's 
Executive  Council 
Fish  and   Game  Warden 
Food  and  Dairy  Commissioner 
-  Geological  Survey 

Governor 
Health,   Board  of 
Historical  Department 
Horticultural  Society 
Inspector  of  Boats 
Iowa  State  Library 
Labor    Statistics,    Bureau    of 
Library  Commission 


PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  OF  IOWA  23 

State  officers,  members  of  boards,  departmeiits.  etc. — 

Continued. 

Parole,  Board  of 
Pharmacy,  Commission  of 
Railroad  Commissioners 
Secretary  of  State 
State  Binder 
State   Historical   Society 
State  Land  Office 
State  Mine  Inspectors 
State  Oil  Inspectors 
State  Printer 
State  Veterinary  Surgeon 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 
Superintendent  of  Weights  and  Measures 
Supreme  Court  (judges) 
Supreme  Court   (reporter) 
Territorial  Agent 
Treasurer  of  State 
Taxation 

Warrants 
Miscellaneous 

Applications    and    Appointments 

Bonds 

Census 

Certificates 

Commissions 

Crop   Statistics 

Dictionaries 

Documents 

Elections 

Expositions 

Laws 

Legislative 

Litigation 

New  Buildings 

Peddlers'  license 

Supplies  and  stores 

Unclassified 


SERIES  IV.      NOTICES. 

Bound  Records. 
Documents. 

Resignations,  appointments,  qualifications,  etc. 
Miscellaneous 

\ 


24  ANNALS  OF  IOWA. 

Resignations,  appointments,  qualifications,  etc. 

Commissioners,  Agents,   etc. 

Capitol  Commissioners,  Board  of 
Centennial   Exposition,  Assistant   man- 
ager 
Code  Commission 
Code  Supplement 
State  Hospital  for  Insane 
Southern  Battlefields 
State  Institutions,  Officers  of 
College  for  the  Blind 
Industrial  schools 

Institution  for  Feeble-minded  Children 
Iowa  State  College  of  Agriculture  and 

Mechanic  Arts 
Iowa  State  Teachers'  College 
Penitentiaries 
School  for  the  Deaf 
State  Hospital  for  the  Insane 
State  University- 
State   officers,   members   of   boards,   depart- 
ments, etc. 
Adjutant  General 
Attorney  General 
Control,    Board    of 
Dental  Examiners,  Board  pf 
District  Attorney,  District,  circuit  and 

probate   judges 
Educational  Board  of  Examiners 
Fish   and   Game  Wardens 
Food   and   Dairy   Commission 
Health,  Board  of 
Historical  Department 
Inspector    of    Boats 
Iowa  State  Library 
Labor  Statistics,  Bureau  of 
Pharmacy,  Commission  of 
Public  Buildings,  Custodian  of 
Railroad  Commissioners 
Secretary  of  State 
State  Historical  Society 
State  Mine  Inspector 
State  Printer 

State  Veterinary  Surgeons 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 
Superior  Court,  judges 


PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  OF  IOWA  25 

Resignations,      appointments,      qualifications,      etc. — 

Continued. 

Supreme    Court,    judges 

Supreme  Court,  clerk 

Supreme  Court,  reporter 

Voting  Machine  Commissioners,  Board 

of 
Weights  and  Measures,  Superintendent 
of 
State     officers,     members     of     boards,     etc., 
Deputies,  secretaries,  etc.  of 
Adjutant  General,  Assistant 
Control,  Board  of,  Secretary 
Food  and  Dairy  Commission,  Assistant 
Governor,  Private  secretaries 
Iowa  State  Library,  Assistant  librarian 
Labor    Statistics,    Bureau    of,    Deputy 

Commissioner 
Parole,    Board    of,    Secretary 
Railroad  Commissioners 
Secretary  of  State,  Deputy 
Superintendent    of  Public    Instruction, 
Deputy 
Miscellaneous 

Capitol,  Contracts  for  building,  in  regard  to 
Employees  of  State  Institutions,   fixing  sal- 
aries of 
Stationery,    Bids    for    furnishing 


SERIES  V.      OATHS  OF  OFFICE. 

Bound  Records. 
Documents. 

Commissioners,  agents,  etc. 

State  Institutions,  Oflacers  of 

State  officers,  members  of  boards,  etc. 


Conmiissioners,  agents,  etc. 
Commissioners 

Cedar  Rapids  River  Front 
Code  Supplement 
Floyd  Monument 
Iowa   Columbian 
Iowa  Soldiers'  Home 


26 


ANNALS  OF  IOWA. 

Commissioners — Continued. 

Iowa  State  College  of  Agriculture  and  Me- 
chanic Arts 
Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition 
New  Capitol 
Penitentiaries 
School  for  the  Deaf 
Southern   Battlefields  Monument 
State  Hospitals  for  the  Insane 
Warehouse,  erection  of 

Visitors 

State  Hospitals  for  the  Insane 

State  Institutions,  Officers  of 

College  for  the  Blind 
Industrial   Schools 
Institution  for  Feeble-Minded 
Iowa  Soldiers'  Home 
Iowa  Soldiers'  Orphans'  Home 

Iowa  State  College  of  Agriculture  and  Me- 
chanic Arts 

Iowa  State  Teachers'  College 

Penitentiaries 
Anamosa 
Ft.    Madison 

School  for  the  Deaf 

State  Bank 

State  Hospitals  for  the  Insane 
Cherokee 
Clarinda 
Independence 
Mt.  Pleasant 

State  University 
State  Officers,  members  of  boards,  departments,  etc. 

Adjutant   General 

Control,  Board  of 

Dental  Examiners,  Board  of 

District  Attorney,  District,  circuit  and  pro- 
bate judges 

Educational  Board  of  Examiners 

Fish  and  Game  Warden 

Food  and  Dairy  Commissioner 

Geological    Survey 

Health,  Board  of 

Historical  Department 

Inspector  of  Boats 

Iowa  State  Library 


PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  OF  IOWA  27 

State  Officers,  members  of  boards,  departments,  etc. — 

Continued. 

Labor  Statistics,  Bureau  of 

Library  Commission 

Pharmacy,  Commission  of 

Public   buildings.    Custodian   of 

Railroad   Commissioners 

Secretary  of  State 

State  Binder 

State  Historical  Society 

State  Mine  Inspectors 

State  Oil  Inspectors 

State  Printer 

State  Veterinary  Surgeons 

Supreme   Court  Judges 

Weather  and  Crop  Service,  Director  of 


SERIES    VI.      REPORTS. 

Bound  Records. 
Documents. 

Commissioners   and   agents 

County  officers 

State  Institutions,  Officers  of 

State  officers,  members  of  boards,  etc. 

Miscellaneous 


Commissioners  and  agents 

•       -    '     Commissioners  of  Immigration 

Commissioners  of  Public  Buildings 
Loan  Agents 
Territorial  Agents 
County  Officers 

County  Auditors,  Clerks,  Judges  and  School 
Fund  Commissioners 
Assessments,  Abstracts  of 
Banks,  Assessment  of 
•    r  -  County  auditors  and  treasurers  elected 

County   indebtedness 
County  .officers,  Compensation  of 
Insane  and   convicts,   Expense   of   con- 
veying to  institutions 
Lands   conveyed 
Laws,  codes,  etc..  Sales  of 


28  AI^NALS  OF  IOWA. 

County  Officers — Continued. 

Railroads,  Aid  to 
School  fund 
Interest 
Permanent 
Assets 

Contract  notes 
Lands  unsold 
Losses 
Mortgages 
Sales  and  re-sales 
Settlements 
Taxes 

Collections  by  "Tax  Ferrets" 
Delinquent  lists 
Levies 

Semi-annual   settlements 
Special 

Valuation  and  tax  reports 
Telephone  lines   in   counties 
County  Treasurers 

State  revenue,  Collections 
State  Institutions,  Officers  of 

College  for  the  Blind 
Expenditures 
Mechanical  department 
Institution  for  Feeble-minded  Children 
Iowa  Soldiers'  Orphans'  Home 

Inmates,  By  superintendent 
Penitentiary   at   Anamosa 

Clerks,    Report    of    funds 
Wardens,    Monthly 
Penitentiary  at  Ft.  Madison 
Wardens 

Biennial 
Monthly 

Record  of  convicts 
Miscellaneous 
Committees 

Appraisements  of  property 
Investigations 
Clerks 

Warrants    paid,    monthly    receipts 

for 
Miscellaneous 


PUBLrIC  ARCHIVES  OF  IOWA  29 

State  Institutions,  Officers  of — 'Continued. 
School  for  the  Deaf 

Receipts  and  expenditures 
State   Hospital   for   Insane,   Cherokee 

State  and  county  patients 

Miscellaneous 
State  Hospital  for  Insane,  Clarinda 

State  and  county  patients 

Miscellaneous 
State   Hospital   for  Insane,   Independence 

State  and  county  patients 

Miscellaneous 
State  Hospital  for  Insane,  Mt.  Pleasant 

State  and  county  patients 

Miscellaneous 
State  officers,  members  of  boards,  departments,  etc. 
Adjutant  General 

Arms  and  stores,  Sales  of 

Receipts  and  disbursements 

Miscellaneous 
Attorney  General 

"Orwig  matter" 
Executive  Council 

Financial  report,  Quarterly 
Governor 

Contingent  fund 

Spirit  Lake  Expedition,  Claims 

Miscellaneous 
Iowa  State  Library 

Expenditures 

Quarterly  report  by  librarian 
Pharmacy,    Commission    of 

Expense  account  of  members,  quarterly 

Secretary 

Annual  reports  of  fees  collected 
Monthly  report  of  fees  collected 
Railroad  Commissioners 

Expense  of  Commission 
Secretary  of  Territory 

Warrants  issued 
Secretary  of  State 

Contingent  fund 

Codes  and  laws,  distribution  of 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 

Laws,  Distribution  of 

Permanent  School  fund,  Condition  of 

Youths  of  school  age.  Enumeration  of 


30  ANN:!^LS  of  IOWA. 

State  officers,  members  of  boards,  departments,  etc. — 

Continued. 

Treasurer   of   State 
Funds,  quarterly- 
Settlements,  quarterly- 
Warrants  cancelled,  Weekly- 
General  revenue 
Special   revenue 

Iowa   State    College   of   Agri- 
culture, etc. 
Iowa  State  Teachers'  College 
State  University 
Miscellaneous 

Accountants 

Bonds,  Sale  of,  by  state  loan  agents 
Code  Commission 
Farmers'  Protective  Association 
Northwest  Relief  Commission 
Rankin  defalcation,   Commission  to  investi- 
gate 
State  Oil  Inspection 
State  revenue,   Bank  cashiers  in  regard   to 

deposits  of 
State  University  losses 


SERIES  VII.      VOUCHERS. 


Bound  Records. 


Balance   books 
Claim  registers 
Journals 
Ledgers 

AVarrant  registers 
Miscellaneous 

Documents. 

Arrest  and  return  of  fugitives  from  justice 

Charitable  institutions 

Collateral  Inheritance  Tax,  Expense  of  Collection 

Commissions,  commissioners  and  agents 

Expositions 

Farmei's'  institutes 

Legislature 

Printing  and  publishing 

Public  buildings  and  offices 


PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  OP  IOWA  31 

Documents — Continued. 
Reoeipts 

State  institutions 

State  offices,  boards  and  departments,  etc. 
Territorial  scrip  and  state  warrants 
Miscellaneous 


Arrest  and  return  of  fugitives 
Charitable  institutions 

Benedict  Home 
Boys'  and  Girls'  Home 
Florence  Chittenden  Home 
Dubuque  Rescue  Home 
House  of  the  Good  Shepherd 
Woman's  and  Babies'  Home 

Collateral  Inheritance  Tax,   Expense  of  Collection 
Commissions,  commissioners  and  agents 

Allotment 

Beef  and  Pork  Combine  Convention 
Capital,  To  locate 
Capitol  Improvement  Commission 
Capitol  Commission 
Code 

Code  Supplement 
County  Uniformity 
Des  Moines  River  Lands 
Directors,  State  bank 

Drainage,  Waterways  and  Conservation  Com- 
mission 
Eads  settlement 
Educational   Commission 
Floyd   Memorial  Association 
Immigration,  Board  of 
Insane,  Special 
Insurance 

Iowa  and  Missouri  Boundary  Line 
Iowa  State  Tax  Commission 
Penitentiary,  To  investigate 
Reform  School,  To  investigate 
Revenue  laws.  To  revise 
Russian   Thistle  Convention 
School  Fund  Commissioners 
School  Law   Commission 


ANNALS  OF  IOWA. 

Commissions,  commiissioners  and  agents — Continued. 
School  laws,  To  revise 
Soldiers'  Home,  To  locate 
Soldiers  and  Sailors'  Monument 
Southern  Battlefields  Monument 
Andersonville 
Chattanooga 
LfOokout  Mountain 
Shiloh 
Vicksburg 

Miscellaneous,   dedication,   etc. 
State  agents 

Agricultural  College  lands,  To  select 
At  Washington,  To  collect  war  claims, 

etc. 
Five  hundred  thousand  acre  grant.  To 

select 
Loans,  To  negotiate 
School   fund    commissioners,   To    settle 

with 
School  lands.  To  select 
Seminary  lands,  To  select 
State  Banks,   To  examine 
State  Revenue  Agents 
Swamp  lands,  To  select 
Territorial   Agents 
University  lands,  To  select 
State  offices,  To  examine 
Expositions 

Centennial  at  Philadelphia 
Columbian  Exposition,  Chicago 
Louisiana   Purchase   Commission,   St.   Louis 
National  Educational 
New  Orleans  Exposition 
Semi-Centennial,  Burlington 
Trans-Mississippi,  Omaha 
Farmers'  Institutes 
Legislature 

Per   diem   and   mileage,   members   and    em- 
ployees 
Miscellaneous 
Printing  and  Publishing 
Job  printing 

Lithographing  and  engraving 
Publishing  laws 
Publishing  notices 


PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  OF  IOWA  33 

Public  Buildings  and  Offices 

Building  and  repairing,  materials  and  labor 

Employees,  Custodian,  Janitors,  etc. 

Express 

Freight  and  cartage 

Fuel 

Historical  building 

Ice 

Improvement  of  Capitol  grounds 

Laundry  bills 

Lights 

New  Capitol,  labor  and  materials 

Paving  and   curbing 

Postage 

Rent 

Repairs,  furniture,  etc. 

Supplies  by  custodian 

Supplies,    general 

Telegraph  and  Telephone 

Water 

Miscellaneous 


Receipts 


Codes,  For 

County  Auditors,  for  tax  levy 

Farmers'  Institute  Fund 

Five  per  cent  apportionment  of  school  fund 

Insane,  miscellaneous 

Laws,   For 

Money  advanced  for  New  Orleans  Exposition 

Permanent  school  fund 

Received  by  State  Treasurer 

Agricultural  College,  Endowment  fund 

Agricultural   College,   Morrill   support 

Apportionment  of  permanent  school 
fund 

Apportionment  of  railroad  tax  to 
counties 

Pharmacy,  enforcement  fund 

Swamp  land  indemnity  fund 

Transfer  of  permanent  school  fund  by 
counties 
Registered  Letters,  For 
State  Treasurer's  receipts 

Agricultural  College,  Endowment  fund 

Collateral  Inheritance  Tax 

County  taxes 


34  ANNA^LS  OF  IOWA. 

Receipts^Continued. 

Equipment  Car  Company 
Fees 

Building  and  Loan 
Oil  Inspection 
State  officers 
Fish  and  Game  protection 
Institutions 
Insurance 
Foreign 
Iowa 

United  States 
Interest  on  deposits 
Stipulated     premium     and     assessment 

Insurance  Associations 
Swamp  land  indemnity 
Teachers'  examination  fees 
Telephone  tax 
Miscellaneous 
Express  tax 

Freight  line  and  equipment  tax 
General,  not  classified 
License,  itinerant  physicians 
Refund 

Mileage 
Warrants 
Revenue 
Support  fund 
Telegraph  tax 
Temporary  school  fund 
Transfer  of  funds  by  counties 
Transfer  of  permanent  school  fund 
Warrants,  For 
Miscellaneous 

State  Institutions 

College  for  the  Blind 

Building  fund 

Clothing  account 

General  expense 

Industrial  Home  for  the  Blind 

Requisitions  for  support 
Industrial  Schools 

Building  fund 

General  expense 


PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  OP  IOWA 

State  Institutions — Continued. 

Institute   for   Feeble-minded    Children 

Clothing  account 

Miscellaneous 

Per  diem  and  mileage 

Support  fund 
Iowa   Soldiers'   Home 

Building  fund 

General  expense 
Iowa  Soldiers'  Orphans'  Home 

General  expense 

Providential  fund 

Requisitions  for  support 
Iowa   State   College   of  Agriculture,    etc. 

Building  fund 

Contingent 

Experimental  fund 

Financial    agent 

Purchase   of  land 

Requisition  for  support 

Salaries    and    per    diem 

State  Entomologist 
Iowa  State  Teachers'   College   (Normal 

School) 

Building    fund 

Per  diem  and  expense 

Providential  fund 

Requisitions  for  support,  etc. 
Penitentiary,  at  Anamosa 

Current  expense 

Requisitions  for  support 

Salaries,  officers  and  employees 

Miscellaneous 
Penitentiary  at  Ft.  Madison 

Current  expense 

Requisitions  for  support 

Salaries,  officers  and  employees 

Miscellaneous 
School  for  the  Deaf 

Building  fund 

Clothing  account 

General  expense 

Requisitions  for  support 
State  Hospital  for  Inebriates 


36  ANNULS  OF  IOWA. 

State  Institutions — ^Continued. 

State  Hospital  for  Insane,  Cherokee 
Current  expense 
Requisitions  for  support 
Salaries,  officers  and  employees 
Miscellaneous 
State  Hospital  for  Insane,  Clarinda 
Current  expense 
Requisitions  for  support 
Salaries,  officers  and  employees 
Miscellaneous 
State  Hospital  for  Insane,  Independence 
Current  expense 
Requisitions  for  support 
Salaries,  officers  and  employees 
Miscellaneous 
State  Hospital  for  Insane,  Mt.  Pleasant 
/  Current  expense 

Requisitions  for  support 
Salaries,  officers  and  employees 
Miscellaneous 
State  Sanatorium  for  Tuberculosis 
State  University 

Per  diem  and  mileage  of  officers 
Requisitions  for  support 
Miscellaneous 
State  Oflaces,  Boards,  Departments,  etc. 
Adjutant    General 

Army    vote     (mileage,     etc.     of     com- 
missioners) 
Arsenal   building 
Contingent 

G.  A.  R.,  Department  of  Iowa 
Gray  uniforms 
Iowa  Volunteers 
Militia 
National  Guard 

Armory  rent,  etc. 
Clothing  allowance 
Expense  of  encampment 
Expense   while   on   duty 
Inter-state   competition 
Inspection 

Medical  examination 
Military  code 
Miscellaneous 


PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  OF  IOWA  37 

State  Offices,  Boards,  Departments,  etc. — Continued. 
Muster  and  pay  rolls 
Postage  and  incidentals 
Rifle  ranges 
Schools   of  instruction 
Transportation 
Worlds  Fair  dedication 
Quarter    Master    General's    department 
Salaries 

Soldiers'    Roster 
Spirit  Lake  Military  Expedition 
War  and  Defense 
Agriculture,  Department  of 
District  and  county 
State 

Building  and  Improvement 
rontingent 

Salary  and  Clerk  Hire 
Attorney  General 

Expense  account,  supplies,  etc. 
Legal  assistance  and   clerk  hire 
Salary,  fees,  etc. 
Auditor  of  State 

Bank  examinations 
Building  and  Loan 
Contingent,    supplies,    etc. 
County   accounting 
Insurance  examinations 
Municipal  accounting 
Salary  and  clerk  hire 
Control,  Board  of 
Expense  account 

Requisition  for  support  of  Institutions 
Salary  and  clerk  hire 
Dental  Examiners,  Board  of 
Expense  account 
Per  diem  and  mileage 
Director  of  Weather  and  Crop  Service 
District  Attorney,   district,   circuit  and  pro- 
bate judges 
Salary,   etc. 
Employers'  Liability  Commission 
Expense  account 
Salary  and  clerk  hire 


38  ANNALS  OF  IOWA. 

State  Offices,  Boards,  Departments,  etc. — Continued. 

Executive  Council 

Archives  department 
Census 
Clerk  hire 
Expense  account 
Expert  accountant 
General  expense  and  supplies 
Providential   contingent 
Fish  and  Game  Warden 
Salary  and  expense 
Food   and   Dairy   Commission 
Expense  account 
Per  diem  and  expense 
Salary  and  clerk  hire 
Geological    Survey 

Expense  account 
Salary  and  clerk  hire 
Governor 

Contingent 
Salary  and  clerk  hire 
Health,  Board  of 

Antitoxin  department 
Bacteriological   laboratory 
Embalmers'  department 
Nurses  department 

Salary  and  expense  account  of  members 
Salary  of  secretary  and  contingent  ex- 
penses 
Small  pox  epidemic  (Tama  Indians) 
Traveling  expense  of  delegate 
Vital  statistics 
Historical  Department 
Expense  account 
Salary  and  clerk  hire 
Horticultural   Society 
Iowa  State  Library 
Expense  account 
Salary  and  clerk  hire 
Labor  Statistics,  Bureau  of 

Expense   account,   supplies,   etc. 
Salary  and   clerk  hire 
Library    Commission 
Expense  account 
Salary  and  clerk  hire 


PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  OF  IOWA  39 

State  Offices,  Boards,  Departments,  etc. — Continued. 
Optometry  Examiners,  Board  of 

Per  diem  and  expense  of  members 

Salaries,  clerk  hire  and  contingent  ex- 
pense 
Parole,  Board  of 

Contingent 

Per  diem  and  expense  accounts 

Salary  and  clerk  hire 
Pharmacy,  Commission  of 

Per  diem  and  expense 

Salary,   clerk  hire   and   contingent 
Railroad    Commissioners 

Expense  account  and  supplies 

Salary  and  clerk  hire 
Secretary  of  State 

Census 

Contingent,  supplies,  etc. 

Land  ofRce 

Salary  and  clerk  hire 
State  Binder 
State  Board  of  Education 

Per  diem  and  expense  accounts 

Salary  and  clerk  hire 
State  Fire  Marshal 

Expense    account 

Fees  and   expense,   reporting   fires 

Salary  and  clerk  hire 
State  Historical  Society 
State  Mine  Inspectors 

Expense  account,  supplies,  etc. 

Per  diem  and  mileage  of  board  of  ex- 
aminers 

Salary  and  clerk  hire 
State  Oil  Inspectors 
State  Printer 
State  Veterinary  Surgeons 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 

Board  of  Educational  Examiners 

Contingent,  supplies,  etc. 

Salary  and  clerk  hire 

Teachers'  Institute 

Miscellaneous 
Superintendent  of  Weights  and  Measures 


40  ANNUALS  OP  IOWA. 

State  Offices,  Boards,  Depanmeiits,  etc. — Continued. 

Supreme  Court 

Bailiff  and  sheriff  fees 

Clerk 

Contingent,  supplies,  etc. 

Reporter 

Salaries   of    judges 
Treasurer  of  State 

Contingent,  supplies,  etc. 

Salary  and  clerk  hire 

Territorial  Scrip  and  State  Warrants 
Miscellaneous 

Battle  flags 

Binding 

Condemnation  of  real  estate 

Court  seals 

Elections 

Clerks  of  canvassing  boards 

Contested  elections 

Messengers 

Presidential  electors 

Primary  elections 
Escaped  inebriates 
Escaped   insane 
Expense  of  impeachment 

Miscellaneous  bills 

Subpoenas 

Witnesses 
General,  Not  classified 
Inaugurations 

Indemnity,  for  purchasers  of  land 
Inspection  of  hospitals  for  Insane,  etc. 
Interest  on  state  loans 
Islands  and  lake  beds 
Kate  Shelly,  medal 
Linnie  Haguewood 
Lots  at  Des  Moines  and  Iowa  City 
Memorials,  funerals,  etc. 
Miscellaneous  costs  in  civil  suits 
Miscellaneous  costs  in  criminal  prosecutions 

Court 

General,  not  classified 

Sheriffs 

Sheriffs  and  others 
Monuments,  statues,  etc. 


PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  OF  IOWA  41 

Miscellaneous — Continued. 
Motor  Vehicle  Tax 
National  Soldiers'  Orphans'  Home 
Non-resident  insane.   Transfer  of 
Northwest  Relief  Fund 
Paroled   prisoners 
Permanent  school   fund  costs 
Portraits 

Prisoners  aid  Association 
Public  lands 

Des  Moines  River  Lands 

Saline 

School 

Swamp,    etc. 
Recording  deed 
Refunds 
Relief,  for  accidents  while  in  employ  of  the 

State 
Relief  of  F.  M.  Hull 
Relief  of  Joseph  Metz 
Rewards 

Silver  service,  battleship  Iowa 
Special   appropriations 
State   roads 

Stone  for  Washington  Monument 
Subscriptions   for   newspapers 
Supreme   Court   Reports 
Taxes 

Toll  bridge  tickets 
Visitors  to  the  penitentiaries 
Visitors  to  the  Institution  for  Feeble-minded 

Children 


SERIES    VIII.      MISCELLANEOUS. 

Bound  Records. 
Documents. 


Abstracts 

Assessment 

Equalization   sheets  of    real    and    personal 

property  in  the  State 
General  election,  1884 
Land   entries 


42  ANN*ALS   OF  IOWA. 

Abstracts — Continued. 

Railroad  assessments 

State  and  Savings  banks  in  Iowa,  January 

10,  1899 
Tax  levies 
Abstracts  of  title 
Affidavits 

County  treasurers 

Public  money,  In  regard  to  use  of 
Lots  in  Iowa  City 

Lost  certificates  of  purchase,  In  regard 
to 
Miscellaneous 
Bonds,  Contracts,  etc. 

Articles  of  agreement 

Adjutant  General,  In  regard  to  amounts 

to  be  paid  to  Mrs.  N.  B.  Baker 
Silver   service   for  battleship   Iowa,   To 

furnish 
Southern   Battlefields   Monument   Com- 
mission  (contractors) 
Bonds 

Adjutant  General,  Official  bond 
Bank   examiners 
Bonds  on  contract 
Indemnity  bonds 
Loan  agents 

Northwest  Relief  Fund  Commission 
Paymaster   General 
Quartermaster  General 
Railroad  companies 
Secretary  of  State 
Secretary  of  State,  (deputies) 
Southern   Battlefields   Monument   Com- 
mission   (contractors) 
State  bank  officers 
State  bonds 
Lists  of 
State  institutions,  Officers  of 
Contracts,  bids  and  specifications 

Bushnell  claim.  In  regard  to  assignment 
Capitol  Building,  Building  and  repairing 
College  for  the  Blind,  Building 
Iowa  State  College  of  Agriculture,  etc., 
Financial  agent 


PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  OF  IOWA  43 

Bonds,    Contracts,   etc. — Continued. 

Loan    of    money    to    Territorial    Agent 

by  Wesley  Jones,  etc. 
Penitenitiary  building,  repairs 
Sales  of  lands  and  lots 
Soldiers'  Orphans'  Home,  Building  and 

repairing 
Southern   Battlefields   Monument    Com- 
mission 
State  Printer,  Publishing  of  Geological 
Report 
Claiins 

Old  Claims  not  allowed 
Claims  of  State,  Authorization  of  Withdrawal 
Commissions 

Adjutant  General 

District  Attorney,   district,   circuit  and   pro- 
bate judges 
Fish  and  Game  Wardens 
Industrial  School 

Trustees 
Iowa  State  Library,  Librarian 
Labor  Statistics,  Bureau  of,   Commissioner 
Penitentiaries,  Wardens  of 
State  Binder 
State  Mine  Inspectors 
State  Printer 

State  Veterinary  Surgeons 
Compilation   of   cost   of    State   printing    and   binding, 

1879-1883. 
Craig  investigation 
Crop   Statistics 
Deeds 

Defalcation,   Documents   and   records,   "Eads   case" 
Escheat,  Records,  etc..  In  the  matter  of  estates 
Impeachment   of   J.   L.    Brown,    State   Auditor,   docu- 
ments  and  records 
Inventory  of  Stock  and  Material,  Iowa  Penitentiary, 

1850 
Investments   by  insurance   companies,   Approval   of 
Legislative 

Members,   officers  and   employees,  Lists  of 
Resolutions 
Miscellaneous 
Letters  of  administration 


44  ANNALS  OP  IOWA. 

Litigation 

Judgments,  Mortgages,  etc. ' 

Papers  in  relation  to  the  case  of 
Allyn,  Frank 
Boget,  Thos.  A.  B. 
Mellinger  &  Forney 
Orwig,  R.   G. 

Parsons,  Galusha,  collections 
Shaw,  W.  H. 
Wilkinson,  John,  et  al 
Wisehart,  J. 
Original  Notice,  Subpoena 
Lots  in  Iowa  City,  Applications  of  churches  for 
Opinions  of  the  Attorney  General 
Orders 

Iowa  State  Library,  Trustees 
Monument  Commission 
Permanent  school  fund 
Apportionment 
Transfers 
School  for  the  Deaf 
Patent,  Mary  S.  Scott  for  land.  Papers  in  regard  to 
Permanent  School  fund  interest.  Apportionment 
Petitions  and  remonstrances 

C.  Swan,  school  fund  commission  vs.  E.  M. 
Bissell 
Power  of  Attorney 
Requisitions  and  orders 

County  Auditors 
Crop  Statistics 
Revenue  laws 
County  Clerks 

Dictionaries 
Secretary  of  State 
Stationery 
Resolutions  hy  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Monument  Com- 
mission 
School  fund.  Trial  balance  sheets 
State  revenue,    Collections   of    delinquent    by    John 

Foster 
Swamp  land  claims  of  Mitchell  county 


IOWA  AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  WORKS  45 

IOWA  AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  WORKS. 

A  CONTRIBUTION  TOWARD  A  BIBLIOGRAPHY.* 
By  Alice  Marple. 
(Continued.) 
Gilruth,  James  Henry,  1840 — 

Eternal  purpose.     '04.    George  P.  Houston,  Gin. 

God's  guide  for  man's  faith  and  practice.     '77.     N.  Y. 
Nelson  &  Phillips. 
Gilson,  Roy  Rolfe,  1875— 

Ember  light;  a  novel.     '11.    Baker. 

Flower  of  youth.     '04.    Harper. 

In  the  morning  glow.     '02.  Harper. 

Katrina.     '06.     Baker. 

Legend  of  Jerry  Ladd.     '13.    Doubleday. 

Miss  Primrose.     '06.     Harper. 

Mother  and  father,   from  In   the  morning   glow.      '03. 
Harper. 

When  love  is  young.   '01.     Harper. 

Wind  of  dreams.     '06.    Harper. 

Wistful  years.     '09.     Baker. 
Gist,  W.  W. 

Selections  from  the  writings  of  George  Bancroft,  with 
a  biographical  sketch.     '86.    Chic.  G :  Sherwood  &  co. 
Given,  Welker 

Further  study  of  Othello.     '99.     Shakespeare  press. 

Tariff  riddle.     '92.      Phil. 
Glaspell,  Susan  (Mrs.  Geo.  Cram  Cook),  1882 — 

Glory  of  the  conquered.     '09.    Stokes. 

Lifted  masks.     '12.     Stokes. 

Visioning.     '13.     Burt. 
Glazer,  Simon 

Jews  of  loAva.     '04.    Des  Moines.    Koch  bros. 
Goldie,  Mrs.  George  Pirie 

Light  out  of  darkness.     '95     Sioux  City.     Goldie  bros. 

♦This  list  of  Iowa  authors  and  their  works  is  herewith  published,  to 
continue  until  complete,  for  the  purpose  of  recording  all  that  is  at  present 
known  or  that  can  be  ascertained  upon  the  subject.  Criticism  and  sug- 
gestions are  invited. — Editor. 

fAbbreviation  of  publishers'  names  follows  the  usage  of  The  Cum- 
ulative Book  Index.  The  H.  W.  Wilson  Company,  Publishers,  White 
Plains,  New  York. 


46  ANNALS  OF  IOWA. 

Goldthwait,  N.  E. 

History  of  Boone  county,  la.  3v.  '14.  Chic.  Pioneer 
pub. 

Goodyear,  Lloyd  E. 

Farm  accounting  for  the  practical  farmer.  11.  Good- 
year-Marshall  pub. 

Progressive  business  accounting.  '09.  Waterloo.  Sys- 
tems CO. 

Goodyear,  Samuel  Horatio 

Bank  accounting,  text.     Goodyear-Marshall  pub. 

Bookkeeping  by  single  and  double  entry.     '92. 

Business  practice  in  jobbing  and  commission.  Good- 
year-Marshall  pub. 

Community  business  practice,     Goodyear-Marshall  pub. 

Goodyear 's  advanced  accounting,  with  business  practice 
by  office  and  tablets  methods.  '09.  Goodyear-Mar- 
shall pub. 

Intercommunication  business  practice,  text  and  equip- 
ment.    Goodyear-Marshall  pub. 

Lumber  accounting,  pamphlet  and  equipment.  Good- 
year-Marshall pub. 

Progressive  business  accounting,  text.  Goodyear-Mar- 
shall pub. 

Sixty  lessons  in  business,  text.    Goodyear-Marshall  pub. 

Standard  accounting,  text.    Goodyear-Marshall  pub. 

Theory  of  accounts.     '90.     Goodyear-Marshall  pub. 

— and  Goodyear,  Lloyd  E. 

Higher  accounting,  text.     '07.    Goodyear-Marshall  pub 

— and  Marshall,  Carl  Goran 

Modern  inductive  bookkeeping  with  business  practice 
by  office  and  tablet  methods,  text.  Goodyear-Mar- 
shall pub. 

— and  Whigam,  Wallace  Hugh 

Progressive  commercial  arithmetic  with  or  without  an- 
swers.    Goodyear-Marshall  pub. 


IOWA  AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  WORKS  47 

Gordon,  Henry  Evarts,  1855 — 

Vocal  expression  in  speech.     '11.     Ginn. 

Winninf,^  speeches  in  the  contest  of  the  northern  ora- 
torical league.     '09.    Am.  bk. 
Gordon,  John 

Three  children  of  Galilee.     '95.    Page. 

Graham,  John 

Autobiography  and  reminiscences  of.  '70.  Phil.  W : 
S.  Rentoul. 

Graham,  Mrs,  Margaret  Collier  (Mrs.  Donald  M.  Graham), 
1850-1910 

Gifts  and  givers.     Shepard,  Morgan. 

Stories  of  the  foothills.     '00.    Houghton. 

Wizard's  daughter  and  other  stories.     '05.     Houghton. 

Graham,  Thomas  W. 

Universal  foot  ball  and  hand  ball.  '08.  Dubuque.  The 
author. 

Green,  Charles  R. 

Early  days  in  Kansas.  3v.  '13.  Olathe,  Kan.  The 
author. 

Early  days  in  Kansas  in  Keokuk's  time  on  the  Kansas 
reservation.     '12.     Olathe,  Kan.     The  author. 

Family  history  and  genealofiy  of  the  Dryden  Barbour 
family.  Traer,  Iowa.  '11.  Olathe,  Kansas.  The 
author. 

Mission  school  and  other  matters  pertaining  to  the  In- 
dians on  the  Sac  and  Fox  reservation  in  Kansas,  1858, 
1860.     '12.     Olathe,  Kansas.     The  author. 

Green,  Thomas  Edward,  1857 — 

After  fourteen  years.     Torch  press. 

Hill  called  Calvary;  addresses  for  Good  Friday.     '99. 

Young  ch. 
In  praise  of  valor.     '07.     Torch  press. 
Mantraps  of  the  city.     '84.     Revell. 
Scrubbin'  did  it;  little  parables  of  cleanliness.     Torch 

press. 
Socialism    in    faith    and    practice.     '13.      Nat.    rip-saw 

pub.  CO. 


48  ANnXlS  of  IOWA. 

Greene,  Wesley 

Preliminary  list  of  hardy  herbaceous  plants  for  the  gar- 
dens of  Iowa.    Davenport.    The  author. 
Greenwood,  William 

Auxilium;  helpful  summary   of  Latin  essentials.      '07. 

Des  Moines,  la.    The  author, 
(tr.  &  ed.)  Horace,  the  greatest  of  lyric  poets.     '07.  Des 
Moines,  la.     The  author. 

Touch  typewriting  in   a  nutshell.      '10.     Des   Moines. 
Park  pub. 
Gregg,  Eva  L.,  1858— 

Studies  in  English  grammar.     3d.  ed.     Torch  press. 
Gregory,  Charles  Noble,  1851 — 

Federal  treaties  and  state  laws.    Reprint  from  Michigan 
law  review.     '07. 

Samuel  Freeman  Miller.     '07.    Iowa  state  hist.  soe. 
Griffin,  Lucia  B. 

Why  not?     '92.    Osceola,  la. 
Griffith,  Helen  Sherman 

Borrowed  luncheon;  farce.     Dennison. 

Burglar  alarm;  comedy.     Penn. 

Case  of  duplicity;  farce.     Penn. 

Dumb  waiter ;  farce.    Baker,  W.  H. 

Fallen  idol;  farce.     Penn. 

For  love  or  money;  comedy.    Penn. 

Help  wanted;  comedy.     Penn. 

Her  father's  legacy.     '04.     Penn. 

Her  wilful  way;  story  for  girls.     '02.    Penn. 

Large  order;  sketch.    Baker,  W.  H. 

Letty  and  the  twins.     '10.     Penn. 

Letty  of  the  circus.     '13.     Penn. 

Letty 's  new  home.     '11.     Penn. 

Letty 's  treasure.     '13,     Penn. 

Maid  to  order;  farce.    Baker,  W.  H. 

Man's  voice;  comedy.    Baker,  W.  H. 

Minister's  wife;  farce.     Penn. 

Patty  of  the  circus.     '09.    Penn. 

Psychological  moment;  farce.    Baker,  W.  H. 

Reflected  glory.     '09.    Penn. 

Rosemary  for  remembrance.     '11.    Penn. 

Scarlet  bonnet;  comedy.    Baker,  W.  H. 

Sewing  society;  farcical  drama.    Baker,  W.  H. 

Social  aspirations;  comedy.    Dick. 

Wrong  Miss  Mather ;  comedy.    Baker,  W.  H. 

Wrong  package ;  comedy.    Baker,  W.  H. 


IOWA  AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  WORKS  49 

Grinnell,  Josiah  Bushnell 

Cattle  industries  of  the  United  States.     '82.     Agricul- 
tural review. 
Men  and  events  of  forty  years.     '91.     Lothrop. 
Sermon  on  the  occasion  of  the   death   of  William  H. 

Mowry.     '50.     Troy,  N.  Y.     Johnson  &  Davis. 
Speech    delivered    in    the    house    of    representatives, 

March  5,  1864.     '64.    Wash.    W.  H.  Moore. 
Sermon  on  the  occasion  of  the  opening  of  the  first  Con- 
gregational church,  Washington,  D.  C.     '51. 
Grinnell  College — Class  of  Ninety-eight ;  S.  L.  Whitcomb,  ed. 
On  a  western  campus:  stories  and  sketches  of  under- 
graduate life.     '97.     ]Moulton. 
Griswold,  Mrs,  Alice  Steele 

(jt.  comp.)  Marple,  Alice.    Index  to  the  Annals  of  Iowa, 
Third  series,  v.  1-8,   '93- '09. 
Grow,  Oscar,  1882— 

Antagonism  of  races.     '13'.     Waterloo,  la.     The  author. 
Gue,  Benjamin  F.,  1828-1904 

History  of  Iowa  from  the  earliest  times  to  the  beginning 

of  the  twentietli  century.     4v.   '03.     Century  hist. 
Homestead  manual.     '81.     Des  ]Moines.     Homestead. 
Gunning,  William  D. 

Easter  ethics  and  religion.     Banner  of  It. 
Is  it  despair  of  science?    Banner  of  It. 
Life  history  of  our  planet.    Banner  of  It. 
Ministry  of  Avar.     '87.     Keokuk,  la. 
Gurney,  C.  W. 

Opening  exercises.     '89.     Welch. 
Guthe,  Karl  Eugen,  1866— 

Definitions  in  physics.     '13.     Macmillan. 

Heat.     '10.    Blakiston. 

Laboratory  exercises  with  primary  and  storage   cells. 

'03*.    Wahr. 
New  determination  of  the  electromotive  force  of  Wes- 
ton and  Clark  standard  cells  by  an  absolute  electro- 
dynameter.     '06.    IJ.  S.  stand. 
On  fibers  resembling  fused  quartz  in  their  elastic  prop- 
erties.    '05.    U.  S.  stand. 
4 


50  ANNALS  OF  IOWA. 

Guthe,  Karl  Engfen — Continued. 

Silver  conlometer.     '05.     IJ.  S.  stand. 

Study  of  the  silver  voltameter.     '05.     U.  S.  stand. 

(jt.  auth.)  Read,  John  Oren.    College  physics.     '11.  Mac- 

millan ;  Manual  of  physical  measurements.     2d.   ed. 

'07.    Wahr. 

Haines,  Aaron  W. 

Makers  of  Iowa  Methodism.     '00.    Jennings. 

Hale,  Charles  R. 

Eucharistic  office  of  the  Christian  Catholic  church  of 

Switzerland.     '82.    Am.  ch.  rev. 
Mozarabic  collects,  tr.  and  arranged  from  the  ancient 

liturgy  of  the  Spanish  church.     '95.     N.  Y.     James 

Pott. 

Hale,  Edward  Everett,  Jr. 

(ed.)  American  essays.     '02.     Globe  school  bk. 

(ed.)  American  stories.    Globe  school  bk. 

Ballads  and  ballad  poetry.     '02.    Globe  school  bk. 

Constructive  rhetoric.     '96.    Holt. 

Dramatists  of  to-day.    6th  ed.  rev.  &  enl.     '11.    Holt. 

(ed.)  English  essays.     '02.    Globe  school  bk. 

(ed.)  English  stories.     '02.    Globe  school  bk. 

(ed.)  Franklin,  B:  Autobiography. 

(ed.)     Greek    myths    in    English    dress.      '02.     Globe 

school  bk. 
James  Russell  Lowell.     '99.    Small, 
(ed.)  Longer  narrative  poems.     '02.    Globe  school  bk. 
William    H.    Seward    (Am.    crisis    biographies).      '10. 

Jacobs. 

—and  Sterling,  Adaline  Wheelock 

Hawthorne  readers,  lst-5th.    Globe  school  bk. 

Hallam,  Mrs.  Julia  Kirkland  (Clark),  1860 — 

Relation  of  the  sexes  from  a  scientific  standpoint.     '95. 
Story  of  a  European  tour.     '01.     Sioux  City.     Perkins 

bros. 
Studies  in  child  development;    a  manual  for  mothers 

and  mothers'  clubs.     '13.    Row,  Peterson  &  co. 


H> 


IOWA  AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  WORKS  51 

Hamilton,  Edward  John 

Modalist:  or,  The  law  of  rational  conviction.     '91.  Ginn. 
Moral  l^iw;  or,  The  theory  and  practice  of  duty.     '02. 

Funk. 
Perceptionalist ;  or,  Mental  science.     '12.     Funk. 

Hamilton,  John  Judson,  1854 — 

Government  by  commission ;    or,  The  dethronement  of 

the  city  boss.    3d.  ed.     '11.    Funk. 
Plea  for  the  business  freedom  of  the  American  press. 

'06.     Des  Moines.     Homestead  co. 

Hammond,  William  Gardiner 

Blackstone's  commentaries  on  the  laws  of  England, 
from  the  author's  8th  ed.    4v.     '90.    San  Francisco. 

Digest  of  the  decisions  of  the  Supreme  court  of  Iowa. 
'66.    Des  Moines. 

Equity  jurisprudence.     '75.     Iowa  City. 

Institutes  of  Justinian.  First  American  ed.  from  Fifth 
London.     '76.    Chic. 

Hancock,  Ellery  M. 

Past  and  present  of  Allamakee  county,  Iowa.  2v.  '13. 
S.  J.  Clarke. 

Haney,  Lewis  Henry 

Business    organization    and    combination.      '13.     Mac- 

millan. 
Congressional  history  of  railways  in  the  United  States. 

'08-10.     Univ.  of  Wis. 
History  of  economic  thought.     '11.     Macmillan. 

Hanna,  James  W. 

Baptism  and  the  Christian  church.  Emporia,  Kan.  Re- 
publican steam  ptg. 

Celestial  dj^namics;  a  new  theory  with  discoveries  in 
astronomy.     '76.     Cedar  Rapids.     Steam  print. 

Revised  astronomy.     '91.    Revell. 

Harbert,  Elizabeth  Morrison  Boynton,  1845 — 

Amore.     '92.    New  era. 

Out  of  her  sphere.     '71.    Des  Moines.    Mills  &  co. 


52  ANNALS  OP  IOWA. 

Hardy,  Arthur  Sherburne,  1847— 

Analytic  geometry.    Ginn. 

But  yet  a  woman.    Houghton.  • 

Elements  of  quaternions.     Ginn. 

Elements  of  calculus.     Ginn. 

His  daughter  first.     '03.    Houghton. 

Life  of  Joseph  Hardy  Neesima.    Houghton. 

Passe  Rose.     Houghton. 

Songs  of  two  and  other  poems.     '00.    Scribner's. 

Winds  of  destiny. 

(tr.)  Argand,  R.    Imaginary  quantities. 

Harlan,  Edgar  R.,  1869— 

(ed.)  Annals  of  Iowa,  v.  9-11,  1909— 
Execution  of  William  MacCauley.     Priv.  ptd. 
Location  and  name  of  the  Mormon  trail  across  Iowa. 

Priv.  ptd. 
Proposed    improvement    of    the    Iowa    state    capitol 

grounds.     '13.    Priv.  ptd. 
Van  Bur  en  county  court  house.     Priv.  ptd. 
Van  Buren  county  group  of  famous  men.    Priv.  ptd. 

Harrah,  0.  C. 

The  road;  the  ever-existent,  universal  and  only  relig- 
ion.    '02.    Des  Moines.    Scott  Heights  bk.  co. 

Harrington,  Kate 

Centennial  and  other  peoms.     '76.     Phil. 

Lionel  Lightfoot.     '76.     Keokuk,  la.     Constitution  bk. 
&  job  office'. 
Harrison,  Elizabeth,  i849 — 

Bead  stringing.      '04.     Chic,  kindergarten  college. 

Christmastide.     '02.    Chic,  kindergarten  college. 

How  little  Cedric  became  a  knight.    Flanagan. 

In  story-land.    Chic.    Central  pub. 

Kindergarten  building  gifts.    Central  pub. 

Misunderstood  children;  stories  taken  from  life.     Cen- 
tral pub. 

Some  silent  teachers.     '03.     Central  pub. 

Two  children  of  the  foothills.     '99.     Central  pub. 

Vision  of  Dante  (for  children).     '00.     Chic,  kindergar- 
ten college. 


IOWA  AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  WORKS  53 

Hart,  Irving  H. 

History  of  Butler  county,  Iowa.    2v.      '14.    S.  J.  Clarke. 

Hartsock,  E.  E. 

I'se  waitin'  fer  de  wlioop-per-will  song.  '89.  Sioux 
City,  la.    Perkins  bros. 

Hartzel,  Jonas 

Bible  vindicated;  a  series  of  essays  on  American  slav- 
ery.    '58.     Cin. 

Harwood,  William  Sumner,  1857-1908 

Life  and  letters  of  Austin  Craig.     '08.     Revell. 

New  creations  in  plant  life;  an  authoritative  account  of 

life  and  work  of  Luther  Burbank.     new  ed.     Mac- 

raillan. 
New  earth.     '06.     Macmillan. 

Hassell,  Snsan  Whitcomb 

Old  home.     '11.    San  Diego,  Cal.     Frye  &  Smith. 

Hatcher,  John  Bell,  1861-1904 

Diplodocus  ]\rarsh  ;  its  osteology,  taxonomy,  and  prob- 
able habits,  with  a  restoration  of  the  skeleton.  Car- 
negie museum. 

Genera  and  species  of  the  Trachodontidae  Marsh.  Car- 
negie museum. 

Mounted  skeleton  of  Titanotherium  Dispar  Marsh.  Car- 
negie museum. 

Narrative  of  Princeton  publication  to  Patagonia.  '03. 
University  publication. 

Osteology  of  Haplocanthosaurus  and  additional  re- 
marks upon  diplodocus.     Carnegie  museum. 

Structure  of  the  fore  limbs  of  and  manus  of  bron- 
tosaurus.    Carnegie  museum. 

Hatfield,  Clarence  E. 

Echo  of  Union  chapel ;  a  tale  of  the  Ozark  low  hill  coun- 
try.    '12.    Broadway  pub. 

Hathaway,  Esse  V. 

Little  Corsiean.     '09.    Rand. 

Cromwell — England's  uncrowned  king.     '12.    Rand. 


54  ANJ^ALS  OF  IOWA. 

Hawley,  Mrs.  Carrie  W. 

(jt.  auth.)  Windsor,  Ruth.  Your  future  foretold.  '99. 
Des  Moines.    Kenyon  press. 

Hayes,  Samuel,  1842 — 

»Tustice  practice  of  Iowa,  civil  and  political.  '09.  Flood, 
T.  H. 

Hays,  Willet  Martin,  1859— 

Agriculture,  industry  and  home  economics  in  our  pub- 
lic schools.     '08.    Nat.  educ.  assn.,  Wash.,  D.  C. 

Breeding  plants  and  animals.  State  agric.  college,  St. 
Anthony  Park,  JMinn. 

Education  for  country  life.    U.  S.  Agric.  Supt.  of  doc. 

Farm  development      '10.    Judd. 

Functions  and  needs  of  our  great  markets.  '13.  Am. 
acad. 

Plant  breeding.     '01.     Supt.  of  doc. 

Variation  in  cross-bred  wheats.    U.  S.  Agric. 

— and  Parker,  Edward  C. 

Cost  of  producing  farm  products.     '06.    Supt.  of  doc. 

Hazen,  Edward  Hamlin,  1834— 

New  findings  in  ophthalmology  and  otology.  2d.  ed.  '13. 
Des  Moines,  la.    E :  H.  Hazen  &  son. 

Heath,  Daisy  A. 

Boarding  school  life.     '92.    Brooklyn,  la. 
Heidel,  William  Arthur 

Necessary  and  contingent  in  Aristotelian  system.  Univ. 
of  Chic,  press. 

Heinz,  Flora  and  Sanborn,  Martha 

Art  and  love.     '11.     Ginn. 
Hempstead,  Junius  Lackland,  1842— 

After  many  days  and  other  stories.     '97.    Neely. 
Brain  rambles.     '05.    Ben-Franklin  pub. 
>  Chequered  destiny.     '05.    Ben-Franklin  pub. 
Deschanos;  a  thrilling  romance.  '05.  Ben-Franklin  pub. 
Musings  of  morn.     '98.    Neely. 
Parnassian  niches.     '92.    Moulton. 
Thompson,  the  detective.     '03.    Abbey  press. 


IOWA  AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  WORKS  55 

Henderson,  M.  A,  &  Henderson,  E.  A. 

German  prononncer ;  a  new  method  of  learning  the  Ger- 
man language.     '76.    Salem,  la. 

Hendrixson,  Walter  S. 

Course  in  qualitative  analysis.  '87.  Xenia,  0.  Gazette 
office. 

Henshaw,  Helen  Hinman,  1876-1908 

Passing  of  the  word.     '10.    Torch  press. 

Herr,  Horace  Dumont 

Country  and  riverside  poems.  '10.  Humboldt,  Ta.  The 
author. 

Herrick,  M.  W.  &  Doxsee,  J.  W. 

Probate  law  and  practice  of  loAva.  3d.  ed.  2v.  '12. 
Callaghan. 

Herringshaw,  Thomas  William,  1858 — 

(ed.)   Herringshaw 's  national  library  of  American  bi- 
ography.  *5v.    '09- '10.    Am.  pub.  assn. 
Mulierology.    Am.  pub.  assn. 

Poems  and  poetry  of  Jow^a.     '94.    Am.  pub.  assn. 
Poetical  quotations.     Am.  pub.  assn. 
Poets  of  America.    Am.  pub.  assn. 

Herriott,  Frank  I. 

Constitution  of  1857  and  the  people.  '07.  Hist.  dept. 
of  Iowa. 

Des  Moines;  Iowa's  capital  city  (in  Historic  towns  of 
the  West).     '01.     Putnam. 

Development  of  charitable  and  correctional  work  in 
Iowa  since  1898;  president's  address  to  state  con- 
ference charities  and  correction  at  Des  Moines,  1908. 

Did  emigrants  from  New  England  settle  Iowa?  '06. 
Hist.  dept.  of  Iowa. 

Frazier  collection.     '95.     Drake  univ. 

Germans  of  Davenport  and  the  Chicago  convention  of 
1860.     '10.    S.  J.  Clarke. 

Germans  of  Iowa  and  the  ''two  year"  amendment  of 

Massachusetts.  '13'.  Deutseh-Amerikanischen  Gesell- 
schaft  von  111. 


56  ANNALS  OF  IOWA. 

Herriott,  Frank  I. — Continued. 

Introduction   to   the    histor}^    of    corporation    taxes   in 

Iowa.     '02. 
Institutional  expenditures  in  the  state  budgets  of  Iowa. 

'02.     Board  of  control. 
Iowa  and  Abraham  Lincoln.     '10.    Hist.  dept.  of  Iowa. 
Nature  and  origin  of  crime;  president's  address  to  Iowa 

state  conference  of  charities  and  correction.     '06. 
Occupation,  general  health  and  diseases  in  insanity.    '03. 

Board  of  control. 
Preservation  of  Iowa's  public  documents.      '02.     Hist. 

dept.  of  Towa. 
Publicity  in  local  finance  in  Iowa.     '03.    Hist.  dept.  of 

Iowa. 
Senator  Stephen  A.  Douglas  and  the  Germans  in  1854. 

'12.     Springfield,  111.     State  hist.  soc. 
Sir  William  Temple  on  the  origin  and  nature  of  gov- 
ernment.    '92.     Am.  acad. 
Some  of  Iowa's  ability.     '05.    Hist.  dept.  of  Iowa. 
State  versus  county  care  of  dependents  in  Iowa.     '04. 

Board  of  control. 
Statistics  of  population  and  finance  of  charitable  and 

correctional   institutions   state    of   Iowa,    1903,   1905, 

1906,    1908,   1910,   1912,    1914.     Des   Moines.      State 

printer. 
Vital  statistics  of  Iowa.     '05.    Iowa  medical  jl. 

Herron,  George  Davis,  1862 — 

Betw^een  Caesar  and  Jesus.     Alliance. 

Call  of  the  cross.    4th  ed.    Alliance. 

Christian  society.    5th  ed.    Alliance. 

Day  of  judgment.     '04.    Kerr. 

From  revolution  to  revolution;  address  in  memory  of 

Paris  commune,  1871.     '07.    Kerr. 
Larger  Christ.     6th  ed.    Alliance. 
Message  of  Jesus  to  men  of  wealth.    Revell. 
New  redemption.     Alliance. 
Plea  for  the  gospel.    Alliance. 

Social  meanings  of  religious  experiences.     Alliance. 
Why  I  am  a  socialist.     '00.    Kerr. 


IOWA  AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  WORKS  57 

Hexom,  Charles  Philip 

Indian  history  of  Winneshiek.  '14.  Decorah,  la.  A. 
K.  Bailey  &  son. 

Hill,  G.  W.  E. 

Hand-book  of  Good  Templary.     '94.    Des  Moines.   Iowa 

ptg.   CO. 

Hiil,  Gershom  H. 

Prevention  of  insanity.     '89.     Keokuk,  la. 

Hill,  James  Langdon,  1848 — 

Crowning  achievement ;  early  exploits  of  the  Iowa  band. 

Immortal  seven ;  Judson  and  his  associates.  Am.  bap- 
tist pub.  soc. 

Seven  sorts  of  successful  services.     '04.     Treat. 

Two  tributes  to  Helen  Grinnell  Mears.  '13.  Salem, 
Mass.     The  author. 

Hillis,  Mrs.  Cora  Bussey 

Madame  Desiree's  spirit  rival;  story.  Des  Moines,  la. 
Midland  mo. 

Hillis,  Newell  Dwight,  1858— 

Across  the  contineut  of  the  years.     '01.    Revell. 

All  the  year  round ;  an  outlook  upon  its  great  days.    '12. 

Revell. 
Battle  of  principle.     '12.     Revell. 
Bruised  i-eed  and  the  broken  heart. 
Contagion  of  character;  studies  in  culture  and  success. 

'11.     Revell. 
David,  the  poet  and  king.     '01.     Revell. 
Faith  and  character.     '02.     Revell. 
Foretokens   of  immortality;  new  ed.     Revell. 
Fortune    of    the    republic,    and    other    addresses    upon 

America  of  today  and  tomorrow.     '06.     Revell. 
Great  books  as  life's  teachers.     '99.     Revell. 
Henry  Ward  Beecher;  a  study  of  his  life  and  influence. 

'13.    Revell. 
How  the  inner  light  failed.    Revell. 
Influence  of  Christ  in  modern  life.     '00.     Macmillan. 
Investment  of  influence.     Revell. 


58 


ANNALS  OF  IOWA. 


Hillis,  Newell  D wight— Continued. 

Lectures  and  orations  by  Henry  Ward  Beeclier.     13. 

Revell. 
Man's  value  to  society.    Revell. 

Message  of  David  Swing  to  his  generation.    '13.    Revell. 
Noble  thoughts.     '13.    Barse  &  Hopkins. 
Master  of  the  science  of  right  living.    Revell. 
Quest  of  happiness.     '02.     Grosset. 
Quest  of  John  Chapman.     '04. 
Eight  living  as  a  fine  art.     '04.    Eevell. 
School  in  the  home.     '02.    Revell. 
Story  of  Phaedrus;  how  we  got  the  greatest  book  in 

the  world.     '13.    Macmillan. 

Hinds,  Peter  M. 

Lamoni  illustrated.     '92.    Lamoni.     Herald  pub. 

Hinkhouse,  J.  S. 

The  beloved.     '09.    Fairfield,  la.    Fairfield  ledger. 

Hinshaw,  William 

Doctor's  confession.     '03.     Des  Moines.     Baker-Trisler. 

Hirschl,  Andrew  Jackson,  1852 — 

Combination,  consolidation,  and  succession  of  corpora- 
tions.    '96.    Callaghan. 
Law  of  fraternities  and  societies.     '83.     Central  law. 
Legal  hygiene.     Sprague  pub. 

Hobson,  Jonathan  Todd,  1850 — 

Footprints  of  Abraham  Lincoln.     '09.    Un.  breth. 

Lincoln  year-book.    Un.  breth. 

Master  and  his  servant;  comparative  outline  sketches 

of  the  Redeemer  of  mankind  and  the  emancipation 

of  a  race. 

Hoeve,  J.  H. 

Anatomy   of   the   head   and   neck.      Des  Moines.     The 
author. 

Hofer,  Andrea 

Child's  Christ  tales.     '92.     Chic.     Woman's  temple. 

Hofer,  Ernst,  1855— 

American  primary  system.     '96.     Kerr. 


IOWA  AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  WORKS  59 

Hofer,  Ernst — Continued. 

Jack  Norton.     '12.     Badger. 

Strawberry    culture    in    the    Pacific    northwest.       '03. 
Salem,  Ore.     Hofer  bros. 

Hoffman,  Oskar  U. 

Geschichte  von  Sioux  City.     '90.     Sioux  City.     Yolks- 
freunds. 

Holden,  Perry  Greely,  1865— 

A.  B.  C.  of  corn  culture.     '06.     Simmons  pub.,  Spring- 
field, 0. 
Corn  secrets  disclosed.     '10.     Atkinson. 
Successful  corn  culture.     '07. 

Holmes,  Calvin  Pratt 

Probate  law  and  practice  of  Iowa.     '00.     Flood,  T.  H. 

Holmes,  Samuel 

Opening  rose.     '12.    Hamburg,  la.    The  author. 

Holmes,  Samuel 

Township  laws  of  the  state  of  Iowa.    2d.  ed.     '89.    Bur- 
lington. 

Hoist,  Bernhart  Paul 

Poems  of  friendship,  life,  home,  love,  religion,  humor 

and  other  poems.     '13.     Hoist  pub. 
(ed.)     Practical     American     encyclopedia.       2v.       '11. 

Conkey. 
Practical  home  and  school  methods  of  study  based  on 

the    new    teachers'    and    pupils'    encj^clopedia.      '10 

Hoist  pub. 
Unrivalled  encyclopedia.     5v.  in  1.     '11.     Conkey. 

— and  Roark,  Ruric  Nevel,  1859 — 

New  teachers'   and  pupils'   encyclopedia.      '10.     Hoist 
pub. 

Herewith  appear  names,  and  character  of  books  or  pam- 
phlets, of  Iowa  writers  not  heretofore  listed  by  us.  Fuller  in- 
formation will  appear  in  a  completed  list  to  be  published 
later. 

Anderson,  J.  P.,  Botany.  Ball,  Carleton  Roy,  Agriculture. 

Anderson,  W.  Warren,  Sociology.  Ball,  Otho  Fisher,  Medicine. 

Ary,  Lester  C,  Peace.  Barnes,  A.  R.,  Journalism. 

Bakke,  A.  L.,  Botany.  Beach,  Allen,  Poetry. 


60 


ANNALS  OF  IOWA. 


Belknap,    William   W.,   Address. 

Bloomquist,    Churley,   Peace. 

Briggs,  J.  E.,  History. 
Buchanan,    Robert    Earle,    Bac- 
teriology. 

Burns,    Elmer    Ellsworth,    Elec- 
tricity. 

Campbell,   Glenn  H.,  Peace. 

Carr,  D.  M.,  Biography. 

Carter,  B.  F.,  Travel. 

Carter,      Charles     Frederick, 
Transportation. 

Cha  Ka  Ta  Ko  Si,  Manuscripts. 

Clement,  Ernest   Wilson,  Japan. 

Cokenower,   James  W.,   Surgery. 

Combs,  Robert,  Botany. 

Condra,  George  Evert,  Geology. 

Conley,  John  Wesley,  Bible. 

Cosson,  George,  Law. 

Cotton,  William  Wick,   Law. 

Crossley,  Bruce  W.,  Agriculture, 

Curtiss,  Daniel  S.,  Travel. 

Daggett,  Samuel  Locke,  History. 

Darling,  Jay  Norwood,  Cartoons. 

Davis,  John  Allen,  Engineering. 

De  Kay,  John  Wesley,  Essays. 

De  Puy,  Emerson,  Banking. 

De  Voe,  Walter,  Essays. 

De  Wolf,      Frank      Walbridge, 
Yearbook. 

Dexter,  Walter  F.,  Peace. 

Deyoe,   Albert  M.,  Schools. 

Dickson,  Leonard  Eugene,  Math- 
ematics. 

Dimond,   John  R.,  Finance. 

Doggett,    Laurence    Locke,    His- 
tory. 

Dolliver,  James,   Child  Labor 

Drew,  Gilman  Arthur,  Zoology 

Drouet,  Robert,  Drama. 
Dunn,   Samuel  Grace,  Transpor- 
tation. 

Durant,   H.,  Education. 
Eckles    Clarence  Henry,  Animal 
Husbandry. 

Effinger,  John  Robert,  Language 
Eggert,  Carl  Edgar,  Language 
Ensign,  S.  J.  Russell,  Immigra- 
tion. 

Everest,  Frank  F.,  Fiction 
Farwell,  Asa,  Address. 
Faurot,   F.  W.,  Botany. 
Fawcett,  H.  S.,  Botany. 
Pay,  Edwin  Whitfield,  Education 
Fields,  John,  Chemistry. 
Folsom,  Moses,  Essays. 


Foster,  Mrs.  Judith  Ellen,  Tem- 
perance. 

Fox,  Dorus  M.,  Politics. 

Puller,  A.  C.  Jr.,  Schools. 

Fuller,    Burton,    Socialism. 

Gabrielson,  Ira  N.,  Ornithology. 

Galland,  Isaac,  History. 

Gillin,  John  Lewis,  Charities. 

Gilpin,  T.  C,  History. 

Gladson,  William  Nathan,  En- 
gineering. 

Gordon,  C.  Ira,  Peace. 

Gordon,  Charles  H.,  Geology. 

Gordon,  Henry  Evarts,  Drama. 

Gorham,  Wallace  A.,  Poetry. 

Gorrell,  J.  R.,  Fiction. 

Gow,  J.  E.,  Fiction. 

Granger,  J.  T.,  Biography. 

Gregg,  Asa,  History. 

Grow,  Loretta  M.,  Poetry. 

Guthridge,  Walter,  Civil  govern- 
ment. 

Hadley,  Elbridge  Drew,  History. 

Haggard,  Alfred  Martin. 

Hall,  Newton  Marshall,  Bible. 

Hamilton,  Edward  John,  His- 
tory. 

Hamilton,  John  McLean,  Travel. 

Hanny,  W.,  Cartoons. 

Harbour,  Jefferson  Lee,  Fiction. 

Harsh,    J.   B.,  Banking. 

Harsha,  William  Justin,  His- 
tory. 

Haworth,  Erasmus,   Geology. 

Haynes,  F.  E.,   Child  labor. 

Hayward,  W.  C,  History. 

Hebard,  Grace  Raymond,  His- 
tory. 

Hedge,  Manoah,  History. 

Hedrick,  Ulysses  Prentiss,  Hor- 
ticulture. 

Hendricks,  Joel  E.,  Mathematics. 

Henn,  Bernhart,  Address. 

Hertzler,  Arthur  Emanuel,  Sur- 
gery. 

Hickenlooper,  Frank,  History. 

Hildreth,  Azro  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin, Biography. 

Hillock.  A.  Elizabeth,  Fiction. 

Hinrichs,  Carl  Gustav,  Chemis- 
try. 

Hixson,  A  W.,  Geology. 

Hoen,  A.  B.,  Geology. 

Hoenshel,  Eli  J.,  Language. 

Hofer,   Mari  Ruef,   Drama. 

Hollister,  Horace  Adelbert,  Edu- 
cation. 


PIONEERS  IN  IOWA  ARCHIVES  CONSERVATION 


BENJAMIN  F.  SHAMBAUGH  HORACE   E.  DEEMER 

CHARLES  ALDRICH 
CASSIUS  C.  STILES  ARTHUR   H.  DAVISON 


ANNALS  OF  IOWA 


EDITORIAL         DEPARTMENT 


IOWA  ARCHIVES  LAW  AND  ADMINISTRATION. 

The  Annals  in  this  issue  devotes  most  of  its  space  to  the 
subject  of  public  archives  because  of  the  special  interest  in 
that  subject  lately  awakened  throughout  the  country,  and 
because  of  a  recent  change  of  responsibility  in  the  admin- 
istration of  the  archives  of  Iowa. 

The  evolution  of  the  plan  and  provisions  for  the  preserva- 
tion, custody  and  use  of  the  archives  accumulations  of  our 
State  has  been  detailed  heretofore  in  the  Annals  and  other 
publications  of  our  Department-.  It  embraces  eha])ters  upon 
the  prevision  of  Hon.  Charles  Aldrich,  founder  of  the  De- 
partment; the  investigation,  report,  and  recommendations  of 
Dr.  B.  F.  Shambaugh,  Superintendent  of  the  State  Historical 
Society  of  Iowa,  at  Iowa  City;  the  reduction  of  these  recom- 
mendations through  a  maze  of  intricate  working  details  to  a 
working  system  of  receptacles  and  other  devices  hy  Hon.  A. 
H.  Davison,  Secretary  of  the  Executive  Council ;  the  labor- 
ious and  painstaking  initiatory  administrative  steps  wrouglit 
out  by  the  common  efforts  of  Mr.  Davison  and  a  corps  of 
workers  employed  by  the  Executive  Council  and  directed  by 
Mr.  John  H.  Kelley,  and  of  the  further  effectuation  of  all 
these  plans  and  policies  by  Mr.  C.  C.  Stiles  who  has  been  in 
charge  under  the  Executive  Council  for  nearly  eight  years. 
When,  after  years  of  consideration  of  ways  and  means  for 
not  only  saving  our  State  archives  from  destruction,  but  also 
for  rendering  the  materials  easy  of  access,  Mr.  Aldrich,  Dr. 
Shambaugh,  Hon,  Horace  E.  Deemer,  of  the  Board  of  Trus- 
tees of  the  Historical  Department  of  Iowa,  and  others,  pre- 
pared and  there  was  passed .  by  the  Thirty-First  General 
Assembly  of  Iowa,  one  of  the  early  statutes  of  American 
commonwealths  upon  this  subject.  It  was  designed  to  trans- 
fer from  the  custody  of  the  various  State  officials  to  that  of 


62 


AN^TALS  OF  IOWA. 


our  Board  of  Tustees,  the  accumulated  materials  then  more 
than  ten  years  old  to  be  put  in  order  and  filed.  On  mature 
consideration  the  Thirty-Second  General  Assembly  decided 
that  while  the  vast  bulk  of  the  materials  was  undergoing 
preparation,  it  would  be  better  if  their  actual  custody  and 
the  oversight  of  the  work  should  be  retained  by  the  Executive 
Council  but  that  thereafter  they  should  be  turned  over  to  our 
Board  of  Trustees.  So  the  Executive  Council,  consisting  of 
the  Governor,  the  Secretary  of  State,  the  Auditor  of  State, 
and  the  Treasurer  of  State,  directed  that  the  archives  in  their 
respective  custody,  embracing  all  the  materials  originating 
under  territorial  and  State  government,  and  from  scores  of 
now  obsolete  offices  and  commissions,  be  prepared  for  de- 
livery, and  by  January  1,  1915,  the  bulk  of  the  preparatory 
work  had  been  finished  upon  the  materials  of  all  these  offices. 
There  had  been  some  uncertainty  as  to  the  point  at  which 
the  technical  delivery  to  the  Board  of  Trustees — whether  of 
a  single  document,  a  single  office,  or  all  the  offices — should 
be  tendered  or  accepted.  In  January  last  there  came  a  sub- 
poena duces  tecum  for  the  reports  of  a  banker  for  1909  to 
1912,  and  the  court  was  uncertain  on  whom,  as  the  proper 
custodian,  service  should  be  made.  There  were  existing  and 
multiplying  problems  of  custodianship.  Lines  of  authority 
and  responsibility  seemed  indistinct.  A  resolution  was 
adopted  by  the  Executive  Council  which  tendered  to  our 
Board  of  Trustees  co-operation  in  the  simplification  of  all 
the  difficulties,  which  was  approved  by  a  proper  resolution 
by  our  Board  of  Trustees.  The  curator  of  the  Historical  De- 
partment was  directed  to  draft  a  bill  to  codify  existing  laws 
and  so  amend  them  as  to  accord  with  the  resolutions  men- 
tioned. Such  a  bill,  published  elsewhere  in  this  issue,  pre- 
sented to  the  legislature  by  Hon.  Herbert  C.  Ring,  member 
of  the  House  of  Representatives,  was  passed  and  on  July 
1,  1915,  will  become  the  Iowa  law.  The  future  policy  with 
respect  to  care,  custody  and  use  of  the  public  archives  of  Iowa, 
will,  while  the  writer  is  in  the  office  of  curator  and  can 
have  the  consent  of  our  Board  of  Trustees,  be  based  upon 
the  theory  that  the  curator  succeeds,  in  his  responsibilities, 
the  officials  from  whom  the  materials  are  derived.    No  use 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  63 

will  be  denied  and  no  authority  will  be  exercised  over  them 
other  or  different  from  that  which  the  Secretary  of  State, 
for  instance,  might  or  should  have  exercised  while  the  ma- 
terials derived  from  him  were  in  his  possession,  except  as  the 
statute  recently  enacted  directs.  As  the  reason  for  their  ex- 
istence is  primarily  an  official  one,  and  although  as  time 
passes  the  volume  of  official  use  may  diminish  and  that  of 
other  uses  may  increase,  yet  however  small  the  one  or  great 
the  other,  they  shall  forever  be  reserved  as  the  original 
records  of  government  rather  than  exploited  as  the  souce  ma- 
terials for  the  student,  and  whenever  demands  justify,  we  will 
publish  such  as  have  public  interest. 


THE  NEW  IOWA  ARCHIVES  STATUTE. 

Be  it  Enacted  by  the  General  AsscmNy  of  the  State  of  loica: 

Section  1.  That  sections  twenty-eight  hundred  eighty-one-j 
(2881-j),  twenty-eight  hundred  eighty-one-k  (2881-k),  twenty-eight 
hundred  eighty-one-1  (2881-1),  twenty-eight  hundred  eight-one-m 
(2881-m),  twenty-eight  hundred  eighty-one-n  (2881-n)  of  the  Sup- 
plement to  the  Code,  1913,  be  and  they  are  hereby  repealed  and  the 
following  enacted  in  lieu  thereof: 

(a)  That  for  the  care  and  preservation  of  the  public  archives 
the  curator  of  the  historical  department  of  Iowa  is  hereby  given 
the  custody  of  all  the  original  public  documents,  papers,  letters, 
records  and  other  official  manuscripts  of  the  state  executive  and 
administrative  departments,  offices  or  officers,  councils,  boards, 
bureaus  and  commissions,  ten  years  after  the  date  or  current  use 
of  such  public  documents,  papers,  letters,  records  or  other  official 
manuscripts.  Provided,  that  the  executive  council  shall  have  the 
power  and  authority  to  order  the  transfer,  of  such  records  or  any 
part  thereof  at  any  time  prior  to  the  expiration  of  the  limit  of 
ten  years  herein  before  provided  or  to  retain  the  same  in  the  re- 
spective offices  beyond  such  limit  according  as  in  the  judgment  of 
the  council  the  public  interest  or  convenience  may  require. 

(b)  That  the  several  state  executive  and  administrative  depart- 
ments, officers  or  offices,  councils,  boards,  bureaus  and  commis- 
sioners, are  hereby  authorized  and  directed  to  transfer  and  deliver 
to  the  historical  department  such  of  the  public  archives  as  are 
designated  in  Section  1-a,  of  this  act,  except  such  as  in  the  judg- 
ment of  the  executive  council  should  be  longer  retained  in  the 
respective  offices. 

(c)  That  the  curator  of  the  historical  department  is  hereby 
authorized  and  directed  to  receive  such  of  the  public  archives  and 
records  as  are   designated  in  section   1-a  of  this  act  and  provide 


64  ANNALS  OF  IOWA. 

that  the  same  be  properly  arranged,  classified,  labeled,  filed,  cal- 
endared and  indexed,  all  under  the  direction  of  the  board  of  trustees 
of  the  state  library  and  historical  department. 

(d)  That  for  the  care  and  permanent  preservation  by  the  cura- 
tor of  the  historical  department  of  the  public  archives  herein  be- 
fore designated,  the  executive  council  is  hereby  authorized  and 
directed  to  furnish  and  equip  such  room  or  rooms  in  the  historical, 
memorial  and  art  building  as  may  be  deemed  necessary  for  the 
purpose  of  this  act,  and  the  room  or  rooms  thus  provided  for  shall 
be  known  as  the  division  of  public  archives. 

(e)  Upon  and  after  the  receipt  by  the  historical  department  into 
its  division  of  public  archives  of  any  such  public  archives,  copies 
thereof  may  be  made,  certified  and  authenticated  by  the  curator 
in  the  same  manner  and  with  the  same  validity  as  the  officer  from 
whom  the  same  were  secured.  The  curator  shall  have  and  exer- 
cise the  same  custody  and  control  over  said  public  archives  as  had 
theretofore  been  exercised  by  those  from  whose  offices  they  were 
received,  but  they  shall  not  be  removed  from  the  historical  depart- 
ment except  by  the  consent  of  the  curator  and  upon  the  subpoena 
of  a  court  or  the  order  in  writing  of  the  person  from  whose  office 
they  were  originally  derived.  Said  curator  shall  charge  and  col- 
lect for  certified  copies  the  same  fees  as  are  allowed  by  law  to 
the  secretary  of  state  for  certified  copies  which  fees  shall  be 
turned  into  the  state  treasury.  Such  certificates  signed  by  the 
curator  shall  have  the  same  legal  effect  as  like  certificates  issued 
by  the  secretary  of  state. 


THE  CARE  AND  USE  OF  DOCUMENTARY  MATERIALS. 

One  of  the  valuable  papers  presented  at  the  recent  meet- 
ing of  the  American  Historical  Association  at  Chicago  was 
that  read  by  Mr.  Lawrence  J.  Burpee,  of  the  International 
Joint  Commission,  Ottawa,  Canada,  entitled  "Restrictions 
on  the  Use  of  Historical  Materials."  The  discussion  and 
exhibits  are  particularly  interesting  to  many  here  in  Iowa 
immediately  charged  with  the  administration  of  Depart- 
ments or  Libraries  containing  extensive  collections  of  pub- 
lic archives  and  documentary  materials ;  for  he  presents  not 
only  the  problems,  perplexities  and  practices  of  the  custo- 
dians of  documents  but  he  assembles  the  opinions  and  sug- 
gestions of  numerous  archivists  and  librarians. 

Preservation,  publicity  and  prudence  seem  to  be  the  grand 
objectives  and  the  grand  perplexities.     Shall  the  custodian 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  65 

stand  guard  over  the  precious  document,  armed  to  tlie 
teeth,  alert  with  suspicious  eye,  presuming  that  the  searcher 
after  data  will  misuse  or  abuse,  will  damage  or  mutilate  or 
steal  that  which  he  uses;  or  shall  he  be  a  Chesterfield  and 
assume  that  every  comer  is  a  gentleman  and  presume  him 
to  be  intelligent  and  lionest  and  careful  and  give  him  the 
right  of  way  without  let  or  hindrance,  indulging  the  belief 
that  the  greater  number  of  users  the  greater  the  good? 
Principles  and  practice  SAving  between  these  tAvo  extremes 
and  ahvaj^s  Avill.  Philosophers  and  saints  alike  Avill  be  sorely 
perplexed  to  discover  the  golden  mean  whereon  sense  and 
sensibility  coincide. 

3Ir,  Burpee  deals  Avith  sundry  complexes  of  problems 
Avhich  librarians  are  constantly  called  upon  to  solve. 

Are  Departments  or  Libraries  AA'herein  archives  and  rare 
documents  are  found,  to  l)e  regarded  merely  as  depositaries 
for  the  sole  use  of  the  Ciovernment,  or  for  the  use  of  the  gen- 
eral public?  The  better  opinion  or  the  Aveight  of  opinion 
seems  to  incline  to  the  latter  a^Icav. 

Is  preserA^ation  or  i)ublicity  the  major  consideration? 
PreserA'ation  is  a  basic  necessity  and  must  be  a  paramount 
consideration,  but  much  and  almost  perfect  publicity  may 
be  attained  or  assured  by  means  of  publication  and  photo- 
graphic reproduction.  Freedom  of  access  accorded  general 
and  special  users  and  exemption  from  suiDcrvision  and  pre- 
cautionary measures  have  often  resulted  in  serious  losses 
and  abuses.  These  losses  are  not  ahvays  due  to  the  heed- 
less or  perverted  layman  Avitli  ''unscientific"  notions;  but 
noA?  and  then  they  are  chargeable  to  the  misconduct  of  "his- 
torians" of  reputation,  of  professors  and  "research"  ex- 
perts. Prudence  enjoins  greater  or  less  restriction  to  pre- 
vent such  losses  or  misuse. 

Another  sorry  perplexity,  alas !  is  that  the  faux  pas  and 
gaucheries  of  the  honest,  Avell-meaning,  untutored  and 
stupid  are  no  less  fatal  than  the  perversions  of  the  malev- 
olent and  unscrupulous — as  many  a  bibliophile  has  discov- 
ered to  his  amazement  and  chagrin. 

In  the  scores  of  responses  to  Mr.  Burpee's  questionaire 
we  find  a  general  agreement  that  the  greatest  freedom  of 
5 


66  ANNALS  OF  IOWA. 

use  should  be  accorded  to  the  ''competent;"  to  all  persons 
engaged  in  "genuine  historical  research;"  to  "serious- 
minded  students,"  and  to  "all  qualified  users."  Such  re- 
sponses suggest  a  host  of  exasperating  queries.  Who  is  a 
' '  competent, "  "  qualified, "  "  serious-minded ' '  student  ? 
What  is  "genuine  historical  research?" 

Discriminations,  like  comparisons,  are  difficult,  often  deli- 
cate, more  or  less  dangerous  and  anon  odious.  Is  a  cranky 
old  man  in  pursuit  of  an  idea,  especially  if  vouched  for  by 
some  notable,  or  a  "cub  reporter"  of  an  influential  news- 
paper in  search  of  some  sensational  or  scandalous  exhibits 
"qualified"  and  "serious-minded"  and  engaged  in  "gen- 
uine historical  research?"  If  not,  how,  precisely,  by  what 
stigmata,  is  the  custodian  of  archives  and  rare  documents, 
anxious  to  be  generous  and  careful,  to  discriminate  the  hon- 
orable and  sensible  from  dubious  characters  and  obnoxious 
persons  and  those  "research"  students  and  "historians" 
who  may  impudently  or  stupidly  misuse  documents,  espe- 
cially private  correspondence  and  personalia,  in  utter  disre- 
gard of  the  just  feelings  of  contemporaries  and  relatives. 

Another  interesting  cluster  of  problems  touched  upon  by 
Mr.  Burpee  relates  to  the  reproduction  and  loan  of  docu- 
ments. Should  all,  or  any,  applicants  be  allowed  freely  to 
copy  or  reproduce  documents  by  photographic  processes? 
The  considerations  are  contradictory.  If  the  menace  of  loss 
or  misuse  is  inevitable  or  imminent,  freedom  should  not  be 
conceded.  If  publication  can  afford  a  satisfactory  substi- 
tute, then  promiscuous  copying  or  photographic  reproduc- 
tion should  not  be  permitted.  If  the  Society  or  Management 
of  the  Library  has  substantial  plans  for  publication,  reser- 
vation and  denial  of  liberal  use  of  documents  is  not  unrea- 
sonable. The  real  rub,  and  the  most  difficult  problem,  arises 
when  two  or  more  rival  students,  especially  those  represent- 
ing emulous  associations  or  bodies  and  now  and  then  hostile 
societies,  or  rather,  officers  and  promoters  thereof,  seek  to 
make  generous  use  of  documents  excUisively  for  their  sepa- 
rate advantage  and  distinction,  and  directly  or  by  subtle 
suggestion  and  insinuation  seek  to  secure  a  monopoly  of 
use,  or  first  use. 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  67 

A  satisfactory  treatment  of  the  latter  problem  is  not  easy. 
A  privately-founded  and  supported  institution  can  perhaps 
draw  finer  lines  more  easily  than  a  public  institution  sup- 
ported -by  the  taxpayers.  With  the  latter  all — at  least  all  of 
the  same  class — expect  and  can  exact  equal  treatment,  equal 
consideration.  The  Sherman  Anti-Trust  law  or  the  Com- 
mon law  enjoins  conspiracy  in  restraint  of  trade  and  sound 
public  policy  would  apply  its  injunction  in  commerce  with 
the  precious  collections  of  our  libraries. 

In  the  last  analysis  we  shall  have  to  depend  upon  the 
courtesy  and  charity  that  control  the  conduct  of  gentlemen 
and  a  fortiori  should  control  the  relations  of  scholars  and 
historians  to  each  other.  If  a  student,  after  laborious  search, 
has  discovered  a  rare  and  important  document  that  throws 
a  flood  of  light  upon  some  important  point,  a  librarian  acts 
well  within  his  authorit}^  if  he  exercises  his  discretion  and 
maintains  silence  for  a  reasonable  time  to  enable  the  dis- 
coverer to  assemble  his  materials  and  secure  the  credit  and 
distinction  the  pu])lication  of  his  discovery  may  give.  Cir- 
cumstances and  the  rule  of  reason  alone  can  determine  when 
his  silence  should  cease.  Scholars  and  ''research"  students 
are  certainly  as  much  in  need  of  discipline,  education  and 
grace  in  these  respects  as  the  unregenerate  layman. 

Mr.  Burpee  deals  with  another  interesting  phase  of  li- 
brary work  when  he  discusses  the  nature  and  amount  of  co- 
operation feasible  among  libraries  in  respect  of  loans  of 
documents  one  to  another.  Policy  and  practice  differ  radi- 
cally. Some  are  generous ;  others  refuse  absolutely  to  allow 
their  rare  possessions  to  leave  their  precincts.  The  pros  and 
.cons  are  about  evenly  balanced.  Those  who  have  benefited 
greatly  by  such  liberality  are  enthusiastically  in  favor  of 
its  continuance.  Those  who  have  been  generous  and  lost 
valuable  documents,  as  the  founder  of  this  Department  did 
some  years  before  his  death,  gravely  doubt  the  wisdom  of 
liberality.  When  a  document  is  lost  it  is  lost.  Philosophy 
and  philanthropy  constitute  no  guarantees  of  preservation. 
Mr.  Burpee's  responses  contain  some  interesting  and  in- 
structive exhibits  showing  that  students  and  even  historians 
and  the  conductors  of  scholastic  enterprises,   even  within 


68  ANIMALS  OF  IOWA. 

the  sacred  precincts  of  universities,  are  given  to  peculiar, 
not  to  say  reprehensible  practices  in  the  use  of  documents 
obtained  on  loan. 

The  nature  and  degree  of  censorship  and  supervision  ac- 
tually enforced  by  librarians  are  interesting  portions  of  Mr. 
Burpee's  exhibits  and  discussion.  Courtesy  prompts  to 
generosity  and  liberality;  prudence  and  adverse  experience 
prompt  to  close  scrutiny  and  alert  watchfulness  on  the  part 
of  the  custodian.  The  degree  of  acquaintanceship  between 
the  custodian  and  the  student  or  examiner  for  the  most  part 
seems  to  determine  whether  or  not  the  examination  is  closely 
supervised  by  attendants.  An  analysis  of  human  relation- 
ships must  needs  convince  that  this  is  the  major  premise  of 
sensible  procedure.  The  mechanical  arrangements  for 
supervision  of  those  examining  the  collections  in  the  Divi- 
sion of  Manuscripts  of  the  Library  of  Congress  afford  us  an 
excellent  illustration  of  a  successful  working  scheme  that 
''splits  the  difference"  between  the  extreme  policies  advo- 
cated. 

— F.  I.  H. 

USE  OF  OUR  PUBLIC  ARCHIVES. 

A  survey  of  the  written  requests  for  the  use  of  Iowa  pub- 
lic archives  which  were  required  by  the  Curator  of  the  His- 
torical Department,  shows  that  from  June,  1914,  to  April, 
1915,  133  requests  for  material  have  been  taken  care  of.  Of 
these,  eighty-one  have  come  from  the  various  State  offices: 
fifty-eight  from  the  Board  of  Health;  three  from  the  Gov- 
ernor; one  each  from  the  Secretary  of  State  and  Treasurer 
of  State;  seven  from  the  Auditor  of  State;  one  from  the 
Attorney  General;  three  from  the  Executive  Council;  one 
from  the  Law  Library ;  two  from  the  Insurance  Department ; 
two  from  the  Board  of  Education;  one  from  the  Railroad 
Commission  and  one  from  the  Board  of  Control  of  State 
Institutions. 

Of  the  remaining  inquiries,  eighteen  have  been  of  a  purely 
historical  character,  such  as  requests  for  information  from 
persons  making  historical  research  with  a  view  to  publication 
of  historical  books,  theses  and  articles  for  periodicals.   Legal 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  69 

inquiries  have  numbered  thirteen,  and  cover  a  variety  of 
cases  from  pension  claims  to  bank  controversies  and  settle- 
ment of  land  titles.  Business  interests  have  consulted  the 
archives  on  thirteen  different  occasions,  the  last  request  com- 
ing from  a  stone  quarry  wishing  to  know  the  test  made  of 
its  product  at  the  time  of  the  erection  of  the  present  capitol. 
Eight  miscellaneous  requests  complete  the  total  which  shows 
the  varied  field  of  in(juiry  which  this  Department  is  called 
upon  to  serve. 


NOTES. 

"What  are  public  archives  or  pu1)lic  records? 

*  *  *  *  "the  words  'public  records'  shall,  unless 
a  contrary  intention  clearly  appears,  mean  any  written  or 
printed  book  or  paper,  or  map,  which  is  tlie  property  of  the 
State,  or  of  any  county,  city.  town,  or  viUago  or  part  thereof, 
and  in  or  on  which  any  entry  has  been  made  or  is  required 
to  be  made  by  law,  or  which  any  officer  or  employee  of  the 
State,  or  of  any  county,  city,  town  or  viHage  has  received  or 
is  required  to  receive  for  filing." — L(ni:.<;  of  X<u'  YorJ:,  1913, 
ch.  424,  sec.  1194. 


Archives  have  been  housed  in  various  places,  from  attics 
and  storage  vaults,  old  castles,  judicial  buildings,  museums 
and  libraries  to  the  modern  archives  building  specially 
equipped  with  iron  and  steel  cases,  fireproof  vaults  and  ce- 
ment floors. 

In  Europe,  in  former  years,  the  most  valuable  xiapers  were 
stored  near  the  front  of  the  building  that  they  might  be  easilv 
removed  in  case  of  fire  or  flood. 

At  Neuwied,  Germany,  where  the  archives  were  endangered 
by  the  overflow  of  the  Rhine,  papers  were  placed  on  shelves 
in  portable  boxes  which  could  be  easily  removed  during  high 
water. 

The  enterprising  Dutch  archivists  have  planned  and  erected 
some  of  the  best  models  of  modern  archives  buildings  and  the 
cost  of  these  structures  has  been  very  moderate.  The  Ger- 
mans also,  though  still  utilizing  a  number  of  old  castles  and 


70  ANNALS  OF  IOWA. 

public  buildings,   have  erected  a  few  modern  structures  of 
the  best  type. 

A  movement  has  been  started  in  the  United  States  to  build 
at  Washington,  D.  C,  a  home  for  the  National  Archives  which 
shall  serve  as  a  model  of  archival  architecture  for  similar 
buildings  in  the  various  states. 


The  Public  Record  Office  of  England  in  the  year  1912, 
contained  the  records  of  63  courts  and  departments.  These 
records  consisted  of  2,321  classes;  511,466  pieces,  rolls,  vol- 
umes or  packages  and  over  3,000,000  documents. 


The  Paten^  Office  of  England  has  a  subject  index  of  rec- 
ords covering  a  period  of  60  years.  This  index  has  been  pub- 
lished from  time  to  time  and  in  1912  consisted  of  over  500 
volumes.  From  200  to  300  trained  indexers  besides  clerical 
assistants  work  upon  this  index.  It  is  compiled  and  published 
annually. 


The  card  index  to  rolls  on  file  in  the  United  States  War 
Department  contains  over  50,000,000  cards.  This  index  was 
created  to  answer  inquiries  from  the  Pension  Bureau  and 
furnishes  the  military  record  of  each  and  every  soldier. 


In  the  Vatican  collections  in  Rome,  the  division  known  as 
the  Archivio  Vaticano,  has  nearly  700  indexes  or  inventories 
compiled  upon  various  plans  and  principles.  They  are  kept 
in  one  room  where  they  may  be  consulted  by  students.  One 
writer  has  remarked  that  these  indexes  "probably  form  the 
most  interesting  body  of  material  in  the  world  for  the  study 
of  the  history  of  library  methods. " 


A  manual  of  principles  and  practices  of  archives  classifi- 
cation and  administration  has  been  prepared  by  three  Dutch 
archivists.  The  treatise  has  proven  so  useful  that  it  has  been 
translated  into  German  and  French. 

The  Public  Archives  Commission  of  the  American  Histor- 
ical Association  is  at  present  preparing  a  similar  treatise  for 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  71 

the  use  of  archivists  in  the  United  States.  The  work  is  in 
charge  of  Victor  H.  Paltsits,  chairman  of  the  commission. 
It  will  outline  principles  and  methods  of  classification  and 
indexing  of  archives  materials  and  also  discuss  sites  and 
plans  of  buildings,  proper  heating,  lighting  and  furnishing 
of  the  same ;  i^reservation,  repair  and  restoration  of  manu- 
scripts and  the  public  use  of  the  records. 


The  city  of  Brussels  maintained  a  current  archives  depot 
where  all  the  current  records  of  the  various  city  offices  Avere 
filed  by  the  archivist  as  soon  as  the  business  to  which  they 
related  was  finished.  Every  document  received  by  the  city 
offices  was  entered  in  a  general  register  and  referred  to  the 
proper  department  for  consideration.  After  its  considera- 
tion, the  document  was  put  in  a  properly  labelled  cover  and 
turned  over  to  the  archives.  Here  it  was  suitably  catalogued 
and  filed  for  reference.  Each  year  something  like  30,000  pa- 
pers and  400  volumes  were  received  l)y  the  city  archivist. 


The  French  national  archives  in  Paris,  numbering  over 
400,000  documents,  are  preserved  in  the  old  palace,  Maison 
Soubise,  a  part  of  which  was  built  in  1371.  At  the  time  of 
the  French  Revolution  the  palace  became  the  property  of  the 
State  and  the  archives  were  placed  there  by  order  of  Na- 
poleon. Because  of  the  great  age  of  the  building  and  the 
priceless  value  of  its  ancient  records,  there  is  no  heating 
process  or  artificial  light  allowed  so  it  would  not  be  well  to 
tarry  long  on  a  dark  or  cold  day.  The  director  and  two  other 
officials  reside  permanently  in  the  palace  and  thus  help  to 
protect  its  treasures. 

Among  the  most  interesting  old  manuscripts  are  the  will 
of  Napoleon,  Marie  Antoinette's  last  letter  to  the  Princess 
Elizabeth,  written  on  the  night  before  her  execution,  and  a 
journal  of  Louis  XVI,  1766-1792.  Splendid  facsimilies  of 
many  interesting  papers  have'  been  made  and  reduced  to  the 
post  card  form  and  these  are  on  sale  in  the  archives  for  a 
nominal  price. 


72  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

A  very  unique  department  of  these  archives  is  the  depart- 
ment of  seals.  Here  every  seal  that  is  found  in  the  course 
of  the  arrangement  of  the  records,  is  scientifically  described 
and  then  reproduced  by  means  of  casts.  These  casts  are 
catalogued  and  the  most  interesting  ones  placed  on  exhibition 
in  the  museum. 


EDWARD  F.  WINSLOW. 

By  Wm.  Forse  Scott. 

Edward  Francis  "Winslow  was  born  in  Augusta,  Maine, 
Septembe  28,  1837 ;  he  died  at  Canadaiqua,  New  York,  Octo- 
ber 22,  1914.  He  was  a  descendant  of  Kenelm  Winslow,  one 
of  the  Pilgrims  on  the  first  voyage  of  the  Mayflower.  His 
only  school  education  was  in  the  public  schools  of  Augusta. 
When  nineteen  he  sought  his  fortune  in  Iowa  in  the  construc- 
tion of  railways,  then  just  beginning  in  that  state.  He  was 
engaged  on  the  Burlington  &  Missouri  River  road,  living 
chiefly  at  Mount  Pleasant  when  the  Civil  War  began;  and 
had  just  then  been  married,  his^  wife  being  Miss  Laura 
Berry,  daughter  of  Rev.  Dr.  Lucien  H.  Berry,  a  dis- 
tinguished educator 

When  troops  were  called  for  to  maintain  the  Union,  he 
stopped  all  other  affairs  and  enlisted  a  company,  which 
joined  the  Fourth  Iowa  Cavalry  as  Co.  F,  with  him  as  cap- 
tain. He  led  his  company  with  the  regiment  in  its  long 
and  adruous  marches  through  Missouri  and  Arkansas  as 
part  of  the  army  of  the  Southwest,  and  after  several  en- 
gagements was  stationed  at  Helena,  Arkansas,  where  he  was 
provost-marshal  of  the  army.  Promoted  to  major  in  Janu- 
ary, 1863,  he  obtained  the  assignment  of  his  regiment  to 
Grant's  command  in  the  campaign  against  Vicksburg,  the 
only  cavalry  regiment  in  that  army.  He  soon  distinguished 
himself  in  action,  and  during  the  siege  of  Vicksburg  made 
many  marches  in  the  interior,  against  Johnston's  forces.  He 
was  severely  wounded  in  an  engagement  at  Mechanicsburg 
in  May,  was  promoted. to  colonel  of  his  regiment  July  4, 
1863,  and  appointed  by  Sherman  chief  of  the  cavalry  forces 
of  the  Fifteenth  Army  Corps,  several  other  cavalry  regi- 
ments having  been  in  the  meantime  added  to  the  army.     He 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  73 

led  the  regiment  in  Sherman's  campaign  against  Jackson, 
in  July,  1863,  and  in  August  made  a  raid,  with  a  selected 
force  of  cavalry,  through  Mississippi  from  Vicksburg  to 
Memphis,  with  splendid  success.  During  the  remainder  of 
the  year  he  was  occupied  in  keeping  the  enemy  in  check  be- 
tween Big  Black  river  and  Pearl  river,  from  Vernon  to 
Natchez. 

In  February,  1864,  in  command  of  the  cavalry,  he  led 
the  advance  of  Sherman's  army  in  the  campaign  of  IMeri- 
dian,  nearly  every  day  for  two  weeks  in  active  conflict  with 
the  retreating  forces  of  Gen.  Leonidas  Polk.  jVIeantime  he 
had  joined  with  the  majority  of  his  regiment  in  re-enlisting 
for  three  years  as  "Veterans."  In  April  he  was  ordered, 
with  the  regiment,  to  ]\Iemphis,  and  during  the  next  four 
months  was  very  actively  employed  in  a  succession  of  cam- 
paigns in  west  Tennessee  and  Mississippi,  commanding 
sometimes  a  brigade,  sometimes  a  division  of  cavalry.  In 
this  service  he  fought,  with  minor  engagements,  the  battles 
of  Guntown  (Price's  Cross-roads),  Tupelo,  and  Old  Town 
Creek.  In  the  disastrous  battle  of  Guntown  his  was  the 
only  brigade  to  come  out  unbroken  and  without  the  loss  of 
a  gun. 

In  September  he  led  a  brigade  of  cavalry  from  j\remphis 
to  the  relief  of  General  Steele  at  Little  Rock.  Thence  he 
marchd  with  it  up  into  ]\[issouri,  which  state  had  just  been 
invaded  by  General  Sterling  Price  with  three  divisions  of 
cavalry.  At  Big  Blue  river,  near  Kansas  City,  with  two 
brigades,  he  attacked  and  routed  Price's  right  wing,  thus 
turning  Price's  invasion  into  a  hurried  retreat  to  the  Ar- 
kansas river.  In  this  battle  he  was  again  severelv  wounded. 
In  December  following,  while  still  disabled  by  this  wound, 
he  commanded  a  brigade  making  a  raid  from  IMemphis  to 
Vicksurg  for  the  destruction  of  railways  and  depots  of 
supply. 

Meantime,  Decemer  12,  1864,  he  was  brevetted  brigadier- 
general  bv  a  special  order  of  the  president,  "for  gallantry 
in  the  field." 

In  January,  1865,  he  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  the 
First  Briorade,  Fourth  Division,  Cavalry  Troops  of  the 
Military  Division  of  the  Mississippi,  which  brigade  included 


74  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

the  Third  Iowa,  Fourth  Iowa  and  Tenth  Missouri  Cavalry, 
and  ordered  to  Eastport,  Miss.  From  there,  in  March,  he 
led  this  brigade  on  the  great  Selma  campaign,  made  by 
13,000  cavalry  under  Major-general  James  H.  Wilson,  in 
w^hich  General  Winslow  took  an  extremely  active  part,  with 
great  success.  Selma  and  Columbus,  Georgia,  heavily  forti- 
fied and  strongly  defended,  were  both  captured  by  assault, 
by  the  cavalry  dismounted,  Columbus  being  taken  by  Wins- 
low's  brigade  alone,  in  a  night  attack.  In  recognition  of  his 
services  he  was  placed  in  command  of  both  cities  in  succes- 
sion. 

On  the  surrender  of  the  eastern  Confederate  armies,  in 
April,  General  Winslow  was  posted  at  Atlanta,  in  command 
of  the  Fourth  Division  of  the  Cavalry  Corps,  and  had  a 
consp-cuous  position  in  the  control  of  the  country  by  the 
army,  while  he  pushed  with  great  energy  the  reconstruction 
of  the  railroad  to  Chattanooga. 

The  war  being  over  and  these  services  completed,  the 
Fourth  Iowa  and  General.  Winslow,  as  its  colonel,  were 
mustered  out  at  Atlanta,  August  10,  1865,  and  discharged 
at  Davenport  August  24th,  after  four  years  of  unceasing 
activity  as  volunteer  soldiers. 

General  Winslow  quickly  engaged  in  the  construction  of 
railways,  first  on  the  Yandalia,  then  the  Cairo  &  Vincennes, 
later  on  the  St.  Louis  &  Southeastern,  the  West  Shore  and 
the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco.  He  was  also  inspector  for 
the  United  States  of  the  Union  Pacific,  receiver  of  the  Bur- 
lington, Cedar  Eapids  &  Northern,  superintendent  of  the 
elevated  railways  in  New  York,  and  president  of  the  New 
York,  Ontario  &  Western,  the  Atlantic  .&  Pacific,  and  the 
St,  Louis  &  San  Francisco  roads. 

On  retiring  he  traveled  much  in  Europe  with  his  wife  and 
established  a  home  in  Paris,  though  making  many  visits  to 
America. 

While  temporarily  visiting  at  Canadaigua,  New  York,  he 
passed  away  and  his  body  was  buried  there. 

He  was  a  man  of  unexcelled  purity  of  character  and 
vigor  of  mind,  of  burning  and  unbounded  patriotism  at  all 
times,  a  most  loyal  and  helpful  friend  and  a  devoted  hus- 
band.    Iowa  cannot  set  his  name  or  fame  too  high. 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  75 


NOTABLE  DEATHS 


LoKENzo  S.  Coffin  was  born  in  Alton,  New  Hampshire,  April 
9,  1823;  he  died  at  his  home,  "Willow  Edge,"  near  Fort  Dodge, 
Iowa,  January  17,  1915.  He  received  all  possible  education  from* 
the  rural  schools  of  his  boyhood  day,  and  then  attended  Wolfboro 
academy.  When  twenty-four  years  of  age  he  went  to  Oberlin, 
Ohio,  and  entered  the  preparatory  department  of  Oberlin  College. 
After  an  attendance  of  eighteen  months,  he  taught  in  Geauga 
Seminary,  Geauga  county.  In  1855  he  removed  to  Iowa,  settling 
near  Fort  Dodge.  For  years  he  was  a  circuit  rider.  For  some  time 
he  was  editor  of  the  agricultural  department  of  the  Fort  Dodge 
Messenger.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war  he  enlisted  in  Com- 
pany I,  Thirty-Second  Iowa  Infantry,  and  served  as  private,  sergeant 
and  chaplain  until  the  close  of  the  war.  He  returned  to  his  farm 
near  Fort  Dodge  and  there  made  his  home  until  his  death.  From 
1883  to  1888  he  was  a  member  of  the  Iowa  State  Railroad  Com- 
mission and  ever  maintained  an  interest  in  railroad  men  and  their 
welfare.  In  1891  he  built  Hope  Hall  for  the  benefit  of  convicts 
recently  released  from  prison,  but  the  project  was  abandoned  when 
the  penitentiary  at  Anamosa  was  changed  into  a  reformatory.  The 
property  was  transferred  to  the  W.  C.  T.  U.  and  used  as  a  home 
for  unfortunate  girls  until  the  buildings  were  accidentally  burned 
to  the  ground.  Mr.  Coffin  was  for  many  years  an  active  member  of 
the  State  Agricultural  Society  and  prominent  in  agricultural  and 
stock-breeding  pursuits.  In  1906  he  was  candidate  for  Governor  of 
Iowa  on  the  Prohibition  ticket.  His  greatest  work  was  the  securing 
of  Iowa  legislation  compelling  equipment  with  automatic  brake  and 
coupler  equipment  the  railroad  cars  in  Iowa,  and  of  national  law  of 
the  same  nature.  He  founded  a  railroad  men's  home  near  Chicago 
and  was  the  originator  of  the  temperance  movement  among  rail- 
road men,  working  always  actively  in  its  behalf. 


LoREX  S.  Tyler  was  born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  April  21,  1845;  he 
died  in  Los  Angeles,  California,  October  13,  1914.  He  removed  to 
Keokuk  in  1856.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war  he  enlisted  as 
drummer  boy  in  Company  H,  Fifteenth  Iowa  Volunteer  Infantry, 
and  was  mustered  out  at  Vicksburg,  December  31,  1863.  He  re- 
enlisted  as  veteran  in  Company  H,  Fifteenth  Veteran  Infantry,  and 
participated  in  all  the  battles  in  which  his  regiment  engaged.  He 
was  mustered  out  on  July  24,  1865.  He  returned  to  Keokuk 
and  engaged  with  his  father  in  the  furniture  business.  In  1875 
he  engaged  in  the  auction  and  commission  business  with  I.  L. 
Brown,  under  the  firm  name  of  Brown  &  Tyler.  In  1872  he  was 
mustered  into  Torrence  Post,  No.  2,  G.  A.  R.,  and  held  various  offices 


76  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

in  that  organization.  He  served  as  assistant  adjutant  general  of  the 
Department  of  Iowa,  G.  A.  R.;  as  adjutant  and  commander,  -with 
rank  of  first  lieutenant,  of  the  Second  regiment  of  Infantry,  Iowa 
State  Guards,  and  in  1878  was  appointed  major  and  assistant  in- 
spector general  of  the  First  Brigade,  First  Division  of  the  Iowa 
State  Guard.  He  was  active  and  popular  in  Grand  Army  circles  and 
state  military  organizations.  For  a  number  of  years  he  had  spent 
the  winters  in  California,  but  continued  to  call  Keokuk  his  home. 
A  collection  of  photographs  and  negatives  of  every  citizen  of  Iowa 
who  attained  the  rank  of  lieutenant  colonel  or  higher  rank,  in  full 
rank  or  by  brevet,  or  of  captain  of  a  battery  of  light  artillery,  in 
his  service  in  the  War  of  the  Rebellion,  was  gathered  and  arranged 
by  Major  Tyler,  and  is  now  in  the  possession  of  the  Historical  De- 
partment, known  as  the  Loren  S.  Tyler  collection.  His  immense 
correspondence  and  all  his  souvenirs  and  mementos  became  the 
property  of  the  Historical  Department  of  Iowa  upon  his  death. 


Albert  Martin  Adams  was  born  April  16,  1843,  at  Orange,  Ver- 
mont; he  died  at  Humboldt,  Iowa,  January  4,  1915.  He  worked  on 
a  farm  and  was  educated  in  the  common  schools  until  the  age  of 
nineteen,  when  he  enlisted  in  Company  F,  Forty-second  Massachusetts 
Infantry,  participating  in  the  engagements  about  New  Orleans.  In 
August,  1863,  he  returned  to  his  home  in  Vermont,  but  soon  removed 
with  his  father's  family  to  Humboldt,  Iowa.  At  the  president's  call 
for  300,000  more  troops,  Mr.  Adams  re-enlisted  in  Company  F, 
Second  Iowa  Cavalry.  He  participated  in  the  battles  around  Nash- 
ville, was  taken  prisoner  at  Hollow  Tree  Gap  and  spent  four  months 
in  Andersonville  prison.  In  March,  1866,  he  returned  to  Humboldt 
county,  and  for  a  number  of  years  engaged  in  various  lines  of  busi- 
ness. In  1874,  after  three  years'  service  in  various  newspaper 
offices,  he  boueht  the  Humdoldt  Independent,  then  located  in  Dakota 
City.  In  1890  the  paper  was  removed  to  Humboldt.  From  the  time 
of  its  purchase  until  his  death,  Mr.  Adams  was  sole  editor  and  pro- 
prietor of  the  paper,  which  was  Democratic  until  1896,  but  since 
that  time  has  been  Republican.  Mrs.  Adams  was  associated  with 
him  in  the  publication  of  the  paper  until  her  death,  in  1909.  Mr. 
Adams  taught  the  first  term  of  school  in  Avery  township  and  was 
the  first  mayor  of  Dakota  City.  He  was  county  treasurer  for  two 
terms,  a  prominent  worker  in  several  social  and  fraternal  organi- 
zations and  ever  interested  in  all  matters  of  public  improvement. 
He  was  one  of  the  chief  promoters  of  the  Upper  Des  Moines  Edi- 
torial Association,  and  at  one  time  member  of  the  executive  com- 
mittee of  the  National  Editorial  Association. 


Lewis  Albert  Reiley  was  born  in  Nashville,  Ohio,  March  1,  1845; 
he  died  at  Wapello,  Iowa,  December  26,  1914.  He  removed  with  his 
parents  to  Louisa  county  in  1853,  and  attended  the  common  schools 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  77 

of  that  county  and  the  high  school  at  Mt.  Pleasant.  He  ran  away 
from  the  high  school  to  join  the  army  and  remained  in  the  South 
six  months.  He  afterward  spent  a  year  in  school  in  New  York  and 
a  year  in  Knox  College,  Galesburg,  Illinois.  He  began  teaching  at 
nineteen  years  of  age,  and  five  years  later  was  elected  county  super- 
intendent of  schools.  He  studied  law  with  Judge  D.  N.  Sprague  of 
Wapello,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  April,  1871,  and  formed  a 
partnership  with  Judge  Sprague  which  lasted  for  some  years.  In 
1885  he  was  elected  representative  from  Louisa  county  and  served 
through  the  Twenty-first  and  Twenty-second  General  Assemblies. 
He  devoted  himself  to  revising  the  judiciary  system  of  the  State 
and  perfecting  the  grand  jury  law.  He  was  one  of  the  managers 
of  the  impeachment  trial  of  John  L.  Brown,  auditor  of  state.  He 
took  active  interest  in  legislation  affecting  the  blind  people  of  the 
State,  and  was  appointed  by  Governor  Larrabee  a  member  of  a 
commission  to  visit  institutions  for  the  blind  in  the  United  States 
and  Canada. 

Smith  McPhersox  was  born  in  Morgan  county,  Indiana,  Feb- 
ruary 14,  1848;  he  died  at  Red  Oak,  Iowa,  January  17,  1915.  He 
worked  on  his  father's  farm  and  attended  the  district  school  and 
the  academy  at  Mooresville  until  1869,  when  he  removed  to  Iowa 
and  entered  the  law  department  of  the  State  University  of  Iowa, 
graduating  therefrom  the  following  year.  He  immediately  began 
the  practice  of  law  at  Red  Oak  and  continued  therein  until  1899, 
except  when  filling  public  office.  From  1874  to  1880  he  was  district 
attorney  of  the  Third  Iowa  Judicial  District.  From  1881  to  1885 
he  served  as  attorney  general  of  the  state.  For  some  years  he  was 
general  attorney  for  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railway. 
He  was  elected  representative  in  the  Fifty-Sixth  Congress,  but 
after  a  year's  service,  resigned  to  accept  the  appointment  of  United 
States  District  Judge  for  the  Southern  District  of  Iowa,  and  served 
in  that  capacity  until  his  death.  Judge  McPherson  was  a  stand-pat 
Republican,  an  active  politician  and  a  staunch  advocate  of  measures 
for  the  best  interests  of  his  party  and  of  the  community.  He  held 
many  terms  of  court  at  Kansas  City  and  St.  Louis  in  the  Missouri 
District,  and  presided  frequently  in  the  federal  courts  of  Kansas. 


ViNxiE  Ream  Hoxie  was  born  in  Madison,  Wisconsin,  Sep- 
tember 25,  1847;  she  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  November  20,  1914. 
She  removed  when  a  child  with  her  parents  to  Washington,  D.  C, 
and  several  years  later  to  Missouri,  where  she  attended  Christian 
College.  During  the  'Civil  war  the  family  again  removed  to 
Washington  and  Miss  Ream  for  some  time  filled  a  clerkship  in  the 
Postoffice  Department.  She  took  up  the  study  of  art  and  when 
still  a  young  girl  made  sketches  of  President  Lincoln  for  a  statue. 
Before  her  clay  model  was  executed  the  President  was  assassinated. 


78  ANIMALS  OP  IOWA 

Receiving  from  Congress  a  commission  to  execute  a  statue  of  Lin- 
coln, she  went  with  her  parents  to  Rome  to  have  the  clay  model 
duplicated  in  Carrara  marble.  This  statue  is  at  present  in  the 
rotunda  of  the  national  capitol.  She  subsequently  gave  her  entire 
time  to  sculpture,  studying  under  Bonnat  in  Paris  and  Majoli  in 
Rome.  A  statue  of  Admiral  Farragut,  ideal  statues  of  Miriam, 
'•'The  West,"  "The  Indian  Girl,"  busts  or  medallions  of  Gen.  G.  B. 
McClelland,  Thaddeus  Stevens,  John  Sherman,  Horace  Greeley, 
Peter  Cooper,  Gen.  U.  S.  Grant,  and  a  bronze  statue  of  Governor 
Samuel  J.  Kirkwood  are  among  her  best  known  works. 


Nathaniel  S.  Ketchum  was  born  in  Hackettstown,  New  Jersey, 
July  25,  1839;  he  died  at  Marshalltown,  Iowa,  January  16,  1915. 
His  early  education  was  obtained  at  Hopewell,  Hoboken,  and  he 
later  studied  civil  and  mechanical  engineering  at  Princeton  Uni- 
versity. He  removed  to  Iowa  with  John  I.  Blair  and  worked  with 
the  corps  of  engineers  constructing  the  Chicago,  Iowa  &  Nebraska 
Railway.  In  1862  he  entered  the  grain,  stock  and  implement  busi- 
ness, beginning  at  Marshalltown  and  extending  to  various  towns 
as  the  railroad  was  completed.  In  1872  he  built  the  Eureka  imple- 
ment works  at  Sterling,  Illinois,  which  he  sold  in  1874.  In  1879  he 
built  the  Moline  wagon  works  at  Moline,  Illinois,  and  a  year  later 
the  Ketchum  wagon  works  at  Marshalltown,  which  he  conducted 
for  ten  years.  In  1890  he  incorporated  the  Ketchum  &  Johnson 
Company,  wholesale  and  retail  dealers  in  wagons  and  implements, 
but,  after  ten  years'  management,  retired.  He  was  a  Republican 
in  politics,  and  was  for  several  years  a  member  and  director  of 
the  State  Agricultural  Society.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Iowa  State 
Railroad  Commission  at  the  time  of  his  death,  having  served  since 
January  1,  1905. 

Samuel  Forrey  was  born  in  Columbia,  Lancaster  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, February  11,  1826;  he  died  April  28,  1914,  at  his  home  in 
Leon,  Iowa.  He  was  of  French  and  German  ancestry.  His  educa- 
tion was  obtained  in  the  public  schools  and  in  Wyoming  Seminary, 
Wilkes-Barre,  Pennsylvania.  He  studied  law  in  the  office  of  Hon. 
Thaddeus  Stevens  at  Lancaster  and  after  admission  to  the  bar 
practiced  his  profession  two  years  in  Chambersburg.  In  the  sum- 
mer of  1855  he  came  west  and  located  at  Leon,  Decatur  county, 
Iowa,  where  he  immediately  began  a  successful  professional  career. 
While  acting  as  county  judge  he  organized  Eecatur  county  into 
and  gave  names  to  most  of  the  sixteen  townships.  He  took  an 
active  interest  in  promoting  the  development  of  his  town  and 
county,  and  was  a  pioneer  Republican  who  practically  organized  the 
party  in  his  section  of  the  State.  In  1870  he  was  appointed  circuit 
judge  by  Governor  Samuel  Merrill  and  afterward  was  elected  twice 
as  district  judge,  serving  eight  years  in  all  as  circuit  and  district 
judge. 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  79 

Charles  Wesley  Dorr  was  born  in  Kewanee,   Illinois,  January 

18,  1856;  he  died  in  Seattle,  Washington,  December  8,  1914.  His 
early  manhood  was  spent  in  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  where  he  practiced 
law  for  a  number  of  years.  In  1888  he  removed  to  Washington  Ter- 
ritory, locating  on  Bellingham  bay.  In  1894  he  was  elected  to  the 
State  Senate  from  the  Bellingham  district  and  served  through  two 
sessions.  During  the  formative  period  of  the  state  he  was  one  of 
the  most  active  and  influential  citizens  of  the  Puget  Sound  country, 
in  1900  he  served  as  chairman  of  the  Republican  state  convention. 
Mr.  Dorr  made  a  special  study  of  the  salmon  fishing  and  canning 
industry  and  its  legal  phases,  and  was  recognized  as  one  of  the 
foremost  authorities  on  the  salmon  business  on  the  coast.  In  1901 
he  went  to  San  Francisco  as  general  counsel  of  the  Alaska  Packers' 
Association,  became  vice  president  and  general  manager  and  re- 
mained there  eight  years.  Returning  to  Washington,  he  renewed 
his  previous  partnership  with  Judge  Hadley  in  the  practice  of  law, 
and  settled  in  Seattle. 

Robert   Joxes   Burdette  was   born   in   Greensboro,   Pennsylvania, 
July     30,     1844;     he     died     at     Pasadena,     California,     November 

19,  1914.  When  eight  years  of  age  he  removed  with  his  parents 
to  Peoria,  Illinois,  and  was  educated  in  the  common  schools  of 
that  city,  graduating  from  the  high  school  in  1861.  He  enlisted  in 
the  Forty-Seventh  Illinois  Volunteers  and  served  from  1862  to 
1865,  participating  in  the  siege  of  Vicksburg  and  the  Red  River 
campaign.  Returning  to  Peoria,  he  engaged  in  newspaper  work 
and  was  on  several  papers  in  that  place.  In  1872  he  began  con- 
tributing to  the  Burlington  Hawk-Eye,  in  1874  became  managing 
editor  and  soon  made  a  reputation  as  a  humorist.  He  afterward 
served  in  editorial  capacity  on  the  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  Eagle  for  some 
time,  and  was  contributor  to  the  Los  Angeles  Times  from  1900  until 
his  death.  He  was  ordained  minister  of  the  Baptist  church  in 
1903  and  served  as  pastor  of  the  Temple  Baptist  Church  of  Los 
Angeles  from  1903  to  1909  and  was  thereafter  pastor  emeritus.  He 
was  famous  as  a  lecturer  and  author. 


William  L.  Distin  was  born  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  February  9^ 
1843;  he  died  at  Chicago,  November  20,  1914.  He  removed  to 
Keokuk,  Iowa,  in  1857  and  was  connected  with  the  Des  Moines^ 
Valley  Railroad  until  1863.  On  February  3,  1864,  he  enlisted  in 
Company  C,  Seventeenth  Iowa  Volunteer  Infantry.  He  was  taken 
prisoner  in  October,  1864,  and  confined  in  Andersonville  prison  for 
six  months.  After  the  war  he  returned  to  Keokuk  and  was  em- 
ployed in  the  railroad  and  express  business  for  a  year  or  more.  He 
located  in  Quincy,  Illinois,  and  founded  a  produce  house,  which 
afterwards    became    known    as    the    W.    L.    Distin    Produce    Com- 


80  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

pany.  In  1897  he  received  from  President  McKinley  the  appoint- 
ment of  surveyor  general  of  Alaska.  His  work  was  so  efficiently 
done  that  he  continued  in  that  capacity  through  succeeding  adminis- 
trations until  his  resignation  in  1913.  Colonel  Distin  was  one  of 
the  early  members  of  the  Illinois  National  Guard  and  at  one  time 
department  commander  of  the  Illinois  Division,  G.  A.  R. 


Right  Reverend  Moxsignor  Anton  Niermann  was  born  near 
Munster,  Westphalia,  Germany,  August  9,  1831;  he  died  in  Daven- 
port, Iowa,  December  10,  1914.  He  was  educated  at  the  gymnasium 
at  Munster  and  in  the  university  of  the  same  place.  On  January 
20,  1858,  he  sailed  for  New  Orleans.  He  was  sent  for  training  to 
the  Carondelet  seminary,  was  recalled  in  1859  and  ordained  in 
Dubuque  on  March  27th  of  that  year.  He  was  assigned  to  St. 
Kunigunde's,  afterward  St.  Joseph's  parish,  with  which  he  was 
connected  until  his  death.  When  he  became  pastor  he  was  the 
only  German  Catholic  priest  in  the  vicinity,  and  was  called  upon 
to  make  long,  toilsome  trips  in  Iowa  and  Illinois.  Under  his  direc- 
tion the  new  St.  Joseph's  church  was  completed  and  dedicated  on 
September  16,  1883.  In  April,  1909,  his  golden  anniversary  as 
pastor  was  celebrated,  and  in  recognition  of  his  piety  and  faithful 
service  he  was  made  Monsignor. 


Frank  W.  Eichelberger  was  born  in  Piqua,  Ohio,  August  7,  1841; 
he  died  at  Ottumwa,  Iowa,  October  11,  1914.  He  was  educated  in 
the  common  schools  of  Ohio  and  Muscatine,  Iowa,  where  he  removed 
in  1854.  When  twenty  years  of  age  he  obtained  employment  on  the 
Muscatine  Journal  and  was  city  editor  from  1861-1863,  and  later 
correspondent  for  the  Chicago  Tribune.  In  1866  he  removed  to 
Ottumwa,  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1868.  He 
began  the  practice  in  Bloomfield  the  same  year  and  continued  until 
January  1,  1895,  when  he  became  judge  in  the  Second  Judicial 
District  of  Iowa.  His  service  as  district  judge  had  lasted  nearly 
twenty  years  when  his  death  occurred.  His  remains  were  taken  to 
his  old  home  and  interred  in  the  I.  0.  0.  F.  cemetery  at  Bloomfield. 


Alonzo  C.  Parker  was  born  in  Greene  county,  Indiana,  March  22, 
1853;  he  died  at  Des  Moines,  November  7,  1914.  His  early  education 
was  obtained  in  the  public  schools  of  Indiana  and  Buchanan  county, 
Iowa.  He  graduated  from  the  law  department  of  the  Iowa  State 
University  with  the  class  of  1876.  He  began  the  practice  of  law  at 
Oelwein  and  remained  there  two  years.  He  removed  to  Spencer  and 
practiced  there  fifteen  years.  In  August,  1894,  he  removed  to  Des 
Moines,  soon  taking  high  rank  at  the  bar  and  maintaining  leader- 
ship until  he  died. 


^r\. 


L.  J.  Rose,  a  pioneer  of  Van  iJuien  County,  Iowa,  and  of  Southern  California;  head  of 
an  ill-fated  expedition  by  the  southern  route  to  California  in   1858. 


Annals  of  Iowa. 

Vol..  XII,  No.  2.     Des  Moines,  Iowa,  July,  1915.  3d  Series 

THE  STORY  OF  AN  EMIGRANT  TRAIN. 
BY    J.    W.     CHENEY. 

In  the  spriDg  of  1858  the  L.  J.  Rose  emigrant  train  left 
Iowa  for  California,  but  it  failed  to  reach  its  destination. 

It  is  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  for  the  present  generation 
to  realize  that  less  than  one  hundred  years  ago  the  country 
west  of  the  Mississippi  was  in  a  wilderness  condition.  At  this 
writing,  in  1915,  I  am  only  in  my  70th  year,  but  can  remem- 
ber seeing  an  old  map,  which  located  a  "Great  American 
Desert"  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  is  said  that  when 
Daniel  AVebster  was  a  newly-fledged  statesman  he  descrijjed 
that  stretch  of  country  as  "a  worthless  region,  which  will 
never  be  settled  by  white  men."  But  the  great  states  of  Ne- 
braska, Kansas  and  Oklahoma  have  crowded  the  ''Great 
American  Desert"  off  the  map,  and  now  embrace  a  richer  ag- 
ricultural region  than  any  New  England  man  ever  saw — until 
he  came  west.  But  this  transformation  did  not  take  place  in 
a  decade  or  two. 

Iowa  was  not  in  that  "Desert"  region,  yet  Iowa  was  net 
opened  for  white  settlers  until  1838 — eighty-two  years  ago; 
and  she  had  not  reached  her  "teens"  in  statehood  at  the  time 
of  my  story — 1858.  At  that  time  her  population  averaged 
only  about  10  to  the  square  mile,  and  she  had  less  than  400 
miles  of  railroad,  the  longest  single  line  of  which  did  not  ex- 
tend half-way  across  the  State.  It  is  safe  to  say  that  not  one- 
half  her  lands  were  then  owned  by  actual  settlers  and  a  very 
small  fraction  of  their  holdings  was  under  cultivation.  It 
seems  very  strange  to  us  now  that  for  ten  years  prior  to  that 
time  many  of  her  settlers  had  been  "pulling  up  stakes"  au'l 
going  still  farther  west,  the  most  of  them  to  the  Pacific  coast. 
When  the  Rose  train  passed  through  in  1858,  only  a  narrow 
strip  of  Kansas  was  thinly  settled.  The  "Desert"  beyond 
had  undergone  .o  change,  and  further  on  were  the  mountains 
and  more'  desert  country. 
6 


82  ANNALS   OF  IOWA. 

Emigrating  from  Iowa  to  California  in  the  fifties  was  a 
very  serious  undertaking.  The  long  journey  was  usually  made 
in  heavy,  covered  wagons — ''Prairie  Schooners" — drawn  by 
slow-footed  oxen,  and  from  four  to  five  months  were  con- 
sumed in  making  the  trip,  depending  en  the  starting  point, 
the  route  taken  and  good  or  ill  fortune  on  the  way.  I  know 
of  one  train,  in  1864,  that  was  six  months  in  reaching  San 
Bernardino.  In  addition  to  the  great  length  of  the  journey 
and  the  many  natural  difficulties  to  be  overcome,  there  was 
always  danger  of  meeting  disaster  at  the  hands  of  Indiana. 
Some  trains  did  meet  that  fate  and  it  befell  the  Ros3  expedi- 
tion^ on  the  bank  of  the  Colorado  River,  just  where  the  mem- 
bers could  look  ''bej^ond  the  swelling  flood"  and  see  their 
''promised  land." 

My  story  begins  at  the  good  old  town  of  Keosauqua,  which 
is  not  now  of  so  much  relative  importance  as  it  was  when  the 
geography  of  my  school  days  said  it  was  one  "of  the  principal 
towns  of  the  State."  My  purpose  is  not,  even  incidentally,  t'j 
glorify  the  town  as  having  been  the  nursery  of  great  men, 
which  has  often  been  done  and  perhaps  overdone.  I  can  ap- 
preciate the  neat  turn  made  by  a  waggish  friend  who  said : 
"Keosauqua  is  celebrated  for  her  great  men  luho  don't  live 
there." 

L.  J.  Rose  was  a  Jew,  who  had  forsaken  the  ways  of  his 
fathers.  About  the  year  1848  he  came  from  Quincy,  Illinois, 
to  Keosauqua  and  engaged  in  the  mercantile  business.  He 
was  then  only  22  years  old  but  already  in  good  financial  cir- 
cumstances, and  in  the  next  ten  years  he  greatly  increased  his 
riches.  In  1851  he  married  the  daughter  of  Ezra  Jones,  who 
with  his  wife  went  with  Rcse  on  the  attempted  trip  to  Cali- 
fornia. 

Next  to  Rose,  Alpha  Brown  was  one  of  the  principal  charac- 
ters in  this  expedition.  In  1845,  when  he  was  33  years  old,  he 
came  to  Keosauqua  with  his  wife  and  two  children.  His  wife 
died  in  the  following  summer  and  in  the  winter  of  1847  he 
married  the  widow  Fox,  who  was  the  sister  of  that  pioneer, 
Charles  Baldwin'.    Mrs.  Brown  and  her  daughter,  Sallie  Fox, 

•     \^  ^\^^^^\^^  ^^^t^}^  ^S  Charles  Baldwin  by  Judge  Robert  Sloan  appeared 
m  the  ANNALS,  Vol.  XI,   pp.   286-90,  Jan.,   1914. 


THE  STORY  OF  AN  EMIGRANT  TRAIN.  83 

were  also  prominent  characters.  Alpha  Brown  was  always 
a  poor  man,  but  a  noble  man  nevertheless,  and  was  highly  re- 
spected. He  went  to  California  with  the  ''forty-niners"  or 
soon  afterward,  but  fortune  frowned  on  him  as  she  did  on  the 
majority  of  the  gold-seekers  and  he  soon  returned  to  his  fam- 
ily in  Iowa,  richer  only  in  the  experience  of  a  ''round  trip 
across  the  plains." 

In  the  winter  of  1856-57  he  and  Mr.  Rose  determined  to 
emigrate  to  California  and  settle  at  or  near  San  Francisco. 
Eose,  having  abundant  means,  was  to  finance  the  venture. 
Brown,  because  of  his  practical  knowledge,  was  to  l)e  the  exe- 
cutive head  of  the  expedition.  The  Avhole  of  the  next  year 
was  spent  in  preparation  by  Rose  in  disposing  of  his  large 
holdings  in  and  about  Keosaucpia ;  by  Brown  in  "buying  up," 
assembling  and  organizing  the  outfit  which  was  to  include  a 
herd  of  150  head  of  stock  cattle  to  be  driven  along  and  sold 
at  the  end  of  the  journey.  For  his  purpose  he  established  a 
rendezvous  on  Little  Fox  river,  12  miles  from  Keosauqua  and 
two  miles  south  of  the  present  town  of  Cantril,  where  he 
moved  his  family  to  a  little  farm  in  the  midst  of  a  great  ex- 
panse of  country  still  in  its  natural  state. 

Some  young  men  were  engaged  to  drive  teams  and  the  herd 
of  cattle  on  the  expedition.  For  this  service  they  were  to  be 
"boarded"  on  the  trip,  but  paid  no  money.  Thus  they  were 
"grub-staked"  in  the  most  literal  sense,  and  "jumped  at  the 
chance,"  for  they  thought  that  fortunes  were  waiting  for 
them  in  the  land  of  gold.  Among  those  young  men  may  be 
mentioned  Billy  Stidger,  then  only  19  years  old ;  Will  Harper, 
20;  Ed  Akey,  26,  and  Lee  Griffin,  age  unknown,  but  old 
enough  to  have  wanderlust  in  its  chronic  stage,  for  besides 
several  minor  trips  he  had  already  been  once  to  California 
and  once  to. Texas. 

"About  the  middle  of  April,"  1858,  the  caravan  started. 
There  were  four  heavy  wagons,  each  drawn  by  six  strong 
oxen — that  is,  "three  yoke"  in  the  parlance  of  that  day.  Three 
of  the  wagons  were  loaded  with  supplies.  In  the  fourth  were 
Mrs.  Brown,  the  five  children  and  some  family  belongings. 
Mr.  Rose,  his  wife  and  their  two  little  girls,  and  Mr.  Jones 
and  wife  rode  in  a  spring  vehicle  of  some    sort,    which   Mr 


g4  ANNALS  OF  IOWA. 

Rose  called  an  ambulance.  The  young  men  of  the  party  habi- 
tually referred  to  it  as  "the  avalanche."  The  drivers  of  the 
teams  walked  by  the  side  of  their  oxen,  but  Mr.  Brown  and 
the  young  men  who  drove  the  herd  of  cattle  were  on  horse- 
back. 

On  account  of  the  Mormon  troubles  in  Utah,  the  emigrants 
decided  to  take  the  next  route  south  of  that  territory,  which 
would  make  their  journey  about  500  miles  longer.  At  Kansas 
City  they  were  joined  by  ''a  Dutch  family,"  with  their  wagon 
and  mule  team.  Farther  on  they  annexed  another  party  with 
two  or  three  wagons  and  teams.  With  this  party  there  was 
"a  preacher  from  Missouri,"  who  later  on  gave  a  good  ac- 
count of  himself.  At  Albuquerque  in  New  Mexico,  they  were 
joined  by  a  company  with  three  wagons  and  50  head  of  stock 
cattle.  The  caravan  then  included  five  or  six  families,  ^ '  about 
thirty  men,"  two  rigs  drawn  by  mules,  ten  wagons  drawn  by 
60  oxen,  and  a  herd  of  200  stock  cattle.  They  spent  a  week 
at  Albuquerque,  resting  and  refitting. 

Hitherto  they  had  passed  through  much  virgin  country, 
but  over  a  fairly  well-defined  trail.  From  Albuquerriue  west- 
ward a  trail  had  been  explored  onlj^  the  previous  summer  by 
a  small  party  of  U.  S.  engineers  and  soldiers  which  was  called 
''The  Beale  and  Whipple  Route."  And  as  far  as  it  was  per- 
mitted to  go,  the  Rose  aggregation  was  the  first  emigrant  train 
to  pass  over  that  trail.  On  this  account  a  guide  was  engaged 
to  pilot  them.  At  that  time  New  Mexico  Territory  included 
the  Arizona  of  today,  and  extended  to  the  Colorado  River, 
which  was  the  California  boundary.  Arizona  Territory  was 
not  created  until  five  years  later — 1863. 

From  Albuquerque  to  the  Colorado,  a  distance  of  about 
500  miles,  the  emigrants  saw  only  two  settlements — if  they 
might  be  called  such;  for  one  was  a  herder's  station  of  a  few 
''shacks,"  and  the  other  only  the  ruins  of  the  old  Spanish 
town  of  Zuni,  where  some  friendly  Indians  lived.  Very  early 
on  this  new  trail  the  emigrants  began  to  experience  their 
great  trials.  The  mountain  travel  made  the  cattle  foot-sore, 
and  beyond  the  mountains  they  often  had  to  make  forced 
marches  in  the  heat  cf  mid-summer,  sometimes  through  a  day 
and  night,  and  even  into  the  next  day  in  order  to  camp  where 


'?H 


Mrs.   Alpha   Brown,    Sallie   Fox   and   Mrs.   Ezra   Jones,    pioneers   of  Van   Buren   County, 
Iowa,  and  of  Southern  California,  members  of  the  Rose  Expedition. 


<^) 


THE  STORY  OF  AN  EMIGRANT  TRAIN.  85 

there  was  grass  and  water  enough  for  so  many  animals.  The 
teams  grew  thin  and  weak.  Somewhere  on  this  stretch  they 
saw  the  first  wild  Indians;  a  tribe  few  in  number,  small  in 
stature,  degraded  and  miserably  poor,  living  on  insects,  small 
game  and  roots.  They  were  the  Digger  Indians,  objects  of 
pity  rather  than  of  fear.  Unfortunately  the  emigrants  took 
them  to  be  samples  in  that  respect,  and  concluded  that  wild 
Indians  in  general  were  not  very  dangerous.  They  were  scon 
to  pay  dearly  for  that  mistake. 

When  about  18  miles  from  the  Colorado  River,  the  teams 
of  three  families  ''gave  out" — became  temporarily  unable  to 
draw  their  loads,  the  Dutch  family's  mule  team  being  one  of 
them.  Knowing  that  the  train  would  be  detained  several  days 
at  the  river,  the  men  left  their  families  and  wagons  and  took 
their  teams  along  with  the  train,  intending  to  come  back  for 
their  families  as  soon  as  their  teams  were  sufficiently  re- 
freshed with  water,  grass  and  some  rest  at  the  river. 

Now,  the  habitat  of  the  wild  Mohave  Indians  was  along 
the  river  in  that  region,  and  they  numbered  about  4,000  souls. 
When  the  train  was  within  3  or  4  miles  of  the  river  a  small 
party  of  Mohaves  appeared  and  went  along  with  it. 

As  they  drew  near  the  river,  and  j\Ir.  Rose  and  his  wife 
were  walking  at  the  side  of  the  trail,  a  stout  Indian  suddenly 
stepped  forward  and  laid  hands  on  Mrs.  Rose,  wdio  was  so 
badly  frightened  as  to  forget  for  the  moment  that  her  hus- 
band was  her  natural  protector.  She  screamed  and  broke 
away  from  the  Indian  in  the  same  instant,  then  ran  and 
climbed  upon  the  tongue  of  a  wagon,  behind  the  moving  oxen. 
Mr.  Rose  was  very  angry,  but  wisely  refrained  from  resent- 
ing the  insult  for  fear  of  serious  consequences.  The  caravan 
camped  by  the  river  and  remained  in  that  camp  "about  a 
day  and  a  half." 

In  the  meantime  the  Dutchman's  mules  seemed  sufficiently 
"rested  up"  to  justify  him  in  going  back  for  his  family.  After 
he  started  it  was  decided  to  move  camp,  farther  down  the 
river,  to  a  perfectly  clear  space  of  "about  half  an  acre"  in 
extent.  There,  beginning  at  the  river  bank,  the  wagons  were 
drawn  up  in  two  parallel  rows,  with  quite  a  space  between 
the  rows.     Thus  the  river  practically  closed  one  end  of  the 


86  ANNALS  OF  IOWA. 

camp,  while  the  other  end  was  left  open  for  egress  and  ingress. 
On  the  sides  of  the  camp  there  were  some  trees  and  much  un- 
derbrush, but  opposite  the  open  end  of  the  camp  there  were 
very-  few  trees  and  no  underbrush.  The  chief  problem  at 
this  time  was  how  to  get  over  the  river,  which  was  ' '  about  500 
yards  wide,"  with  "a  movable  bottom"  of  alternate  depths 
and  shallows,  caused  by  the  sand  and  silt  constantly  "boil- 
ing up  and  settling  again."  Of  course  there  was  no  ferr^^ 
boat,  and  it  would  have  been  madness  to  attempt  hauling  the 
wagons  through  with  the  teams.  It  was  decided  to  unyoke 
the  oxen,  turn  them  loose,  and  drive  them  through  with  the 
herd  cattle,  and  to  ferry  the  women,  children  and  wagons 
over  on  a  raft.  "About  half  a  mile"  below  the  camp  suitable 
timber  was  found,  near  a  good  place  for  launching  the  logs 
and  constructing  the  raft. 

From  the  time  of  their  first  appearance,  the  Indians  had 
been  coming  and  going  at  intervals,  and  increasing  in  num- 
bers and  impudence.  They  got  in  the  way,  they  begged,  they 
pilfered,  and  became  an  intolerable  nuisance.  Soon  after 
making  the  new  camp,  in  the  afternoon,-  they  became  so 
troublesome  that  a  rope  was  stretched  across  the  camp,  shut- 
ting in  a  space  for  the  women,  children  and  such  things  as 
were  often  needed,  and  the  Indians  were  not  allowed  to  enter 
it.  Their  looks  and  actions  at  once  showed  that  they  were 
deeply  offended.  They  loitered  about  for  a  while,  then  went 
away. 

The  next  morning,  August  30,  a  small  party  of  men  went 
down  the  river  to  cut  logs  for  the  raft  and  not  an  Indian 
came  near  the  camp  through  all  the  forenoon.  That  fact  fore- 
boded evil.  The  guide  correctly  sensed  it,  and  said:  "We're 
going  to  have  trouble  with  them  Indians,  and  we'll  have  it 
before  night."  It  seems  very  strange  that  the  emigrants  did 
not  heed  his  warning.  But  they  afterward  confessed  that 
they  classed  the  Mohaves  with  the  Diggers,  and  thought  there 
was  no  real  cause  for  alarm. 

At  noon  the  usual  frugal  meal  was  eaten.  Meanwhile  the 
way-worn  emigrants  comforted  themselves  with  the  hope  of 
being  over  the  river  in  a  few  days,  with  teams  refreshed,  and 
moving  along  on  the  last  500  mile  stretch  of  their  journey. 


THE  STORY  OF  AN  EMIGRANT  TRAIN.  87 

Immediately  after  the  dinner  hour,  Billy  Stidger  and  a 
man  named  Young  were  sent  on  horseback  to  the  site  of  the 
first  camp  and  farther,  if  necessary,  to  meet  the  expected 
Dutch  family  and  guide  it  to  the  new  camp.  Griffin  and 
Akey.  on  foot,  went  down  the  river  to  resume  work  on  the 
raft.  Brown  soon  followed  them  on  horseback,  and  later  on 
rnen  and  a  team  were  to  go  and  drag  the  logs  to  the  water. 
Some  distance 'from  the  camp  the  oxen  and  herd  cattle  were 
browsing  on  the  brush  or  eating  grass  in  the  open  places,  and 
were  being  herded  by  three  or  four  men. 

Presently  the  herders  saw  some  Indians  on  their  way  to  the 
camp,  and  although  they  were  in  their  war-paint,  the  herders 
were  not  alarmed,  for  when  first  seen  the  Indians  were  al- 
ready passing  by  without  disturbing  the  herders  or  the  cat- 
tle. But  that  was  an  Indian  trick,  and  good  strategy  withal, 
their  purpose  being  to  first  surprise  and  overcome  the  greater 
numbers  at  the  camp,  after  which  it  would  be  an  easy  matter 
to  turn  back  and  get  the  herders  and  the  cattle. 

When  the  Indians  were  out  of  the  herders'  sight,  they  de- 
ployed and  began  their  stealthy  advance  upon  the  camp.  They 
flitted  from  tree  to  tree,  or  glided  noiselessly  through  the 
brush,  vigilantly  watching  to  avoid  discovery,  peering  from 
behind  a  tree  or  over  th(^  brush  before  making  another  for- 
ward movement.  There  was  really  no  need  of  so  nuich  cau- 
tion, as  no  sentinels  had  been  posted  to  discover  approaching 
danger  and  sound  the  alarm  and  within  the  camp  a  sense  of 
security  seemed  to  prevail.  The  men  and  women  were  en- 
gaged in  the  usual  duties  of  camp  life,  or  resting  and  convers- 
ing, and  the  children  were  playing. 

Nearer  and  nearer  came  the  Indians,  until  they  were  almost 
close  enough  to  let  ^y  their  arrows  and  then  rush  in  and  finish 
matters  with  the  war-club.  What  happened  to  prevent  the 
death  or  capture  of  every  person  in  that  camp?  Just  one  oi 
those  little  things,  which  are  nothing  in  themselves  alone,  but 
sometimes  of  immense  importance  in  their  relation  to  greater 
things.  At  the  critical  moment  just  described,  Sallie  Fox,  a 
little  girl  of  twelve  years,  glef^full}^  climbed  upon  a  wagon. 
She  happened  to  look  out  from  the  camp  and  in  that  instant 
her  joy  changed  to  terror.    She  sprang  to  the  ground,  scream- 


88  ANNALS   OF  IOWA. 

ing:  ''0,  the  Indians  are  coming!  And  they're  going  to  kill 
us ! "  A  flight  of  arrows  followed  her  cry,  and  the  war-whoop 
rang  out.  The  white  men  seized  their  guns,  and  the  battle 
was  on. 

Having  failed  to  completely  surprise  the  camp,  the  Indians 
promptly  retired  to  a  safer  distance  and  from  the  cover  of 
trees  and  brush  continued  the  fight  with  bow  and  arrow.  Hear- 
ing the  din  of  battle,  the  herders  wisely  forsook  the  cattle  and 
by  adroit  manoeuvering,  reached  the  camp  alive,  ^ble  and 
willing  to  fight.  Before  the  struggle  began  Stidger  and 
Young  had  reached  the  site  of  the  first  camp,  and  had  no  need 
of  going  any  farther.  The  Dutch  family  had  arrived.  There 
stood  their  wagon,  but  the  mules,  their  owner  and  his  wife 
were  nowhere  to  be  seen.  And,  so  far  as  known,  white  men 
never  saw  them  again.  There  on  the  ground  lay  the  bodies 
of  the  three  children,  apparently  clubbed  to  death.  One  was 
a  little  boy,  another  a  girl  about  twelve  years  old,  the  third 
almost  a  young  woman.  Each  of  them  had  been  stripped  of 
every  article  of  clothing.  One  glance  at  the  revolting  scene 
was  enough  for  the  young  men,  and  it  may  be  that  the  sound 
of  battle  was  borne  to  their  ears  at  the  same  moment.  They 
turned  and  rode  fast  for  the  beleaguered  camp,  reached  it  un- 
unscathed  and  bravely  took  a  part  in  the  fray. 

Akey  and  Griffin  arrived  at  the  place  where  the  raft  was 
to  be  made,  and  Brown  soon  joined  them.  At  that  moment 
rifle  shots  were  heard  in  the  direction  of  the  camp,  and  one 
of  the  young  men  exclaimed:  "What  does  that  mean?'' 
Brown's  face  blanched  as  he  replied:  ''My  God!  It  means 
Indians!"  In  the  same  breath  he  wheeled  his  horse  about 
and  rode  away  at  full  speed  to  command  his  men  and  defend 
his  family.  Akey  and  Griffin  followed  him  and  as  they  ran 
they  drew  their  Colt  revolvers  and  held  them  ready  for  in- 
stant use. 

Brown's  brief  experience  is  not  fully  known,  but  evidently 
he  had  nearly  reached -his  goal^  and  was  leaning  well  forward 
in  the  saddle  to  urge  on  his  horse  or  to  present  a  smaller  mark 
to  any  foe,  when  an  Indian,  who  must  have  been  but  a  few 
yards  away,  sent  an  arrow  into  his  back.  It  ranged  forward 
and  upward,  inflicting  a  mortal  wound.     There  are  two  ac- 


".5 


'I 


frs 


William  C.   Stidger,   in  his  uniform  as  a  soldier  in  the  Fifteenth 
Itwa  Infantry,  about  1863,  a  member  of  the  Rose  Expedition. 


THE  STORY  OF  AN  EMIGRANT  TRAIN.  89 

ccunts  of  his  death :  One,  that  he  rode  into  the  camp  and  said, 
^'Boys,  I'm  done  fcr.  Help  me  down!"  and  was  dead  by  the 
time  he  reached  the  ground;  the  other,  that  he  rode  to  his 
family  and  said,  "Mother,  where  is  my  gun?"  and  died  in  the 
act  of  getting  off  his  horse. 

As  Akey  neared  the  camp,  and  was  rounding  a  clump  of 
brush  he  came  face  to  face  Avith  an  Indian,  whose  arrow  was 
on  the  bow-string.  Akey's  ready  revolver  sped  its  bullet  into 
his  breast,  and  as  he  fell  his  arrow  went  feebly  up  into  the  air. 
A  minute  later  Akey  came  upon  another  Indian  and  shot  him. 
At  the  edge  of  the  lirush,  between  which  and  the  wagons 
there  was  a  narrow  strip  of  open  ground,  he  found  Griffin 
standing  in  a  half-dazed  condition  and  swaying  unsteadil^y 
on  his  feet.  Akey  aroused  him  Avith  the  cjuestion,  "What 
are  you  standing  here  for?"  Griffin  partly  extended  his 
right  arm  Avith  tAvo  arroAvs  fast  in  it,  and  replied,  "That's 
AAdiat  for."  One  arroAV  had  gone  almost  through  the  arm, 
just  above  the  Avrist,  the  other  one  had  struck  near  the  same 
place  and  ranged  along  the  bone  nearly  to  the  elbow.  Akey 
gave  Griff'in  a  vigorous  push  and  said  "Run!"  As  they  ran 
across  the  open  strip  there  came  after  them  a  shower  of  ar- 
roAvs — "it  seemed  like  an  armful  of  them."  Not  just  then, 
but  AA'hen  his  face  Avas  toAvard  the  foe,  an  arroAV  struck  Akey 
just  beloAv  the  left  collar-bone,  passed  l)etween  it  and  the 
tendon  beloAv  and  out  at  the  arm-pit. 

For  some  reason  JVIr.  BroAvn  's  Avagon  Avas  a  little  inside  the 
camp  and  next  to  the  river.  One  Indian  sneaked  along  under 
the  river  bank  and  Avas  climbing  up  by  the  aid  of  that  AA^agon 
tongue  Avhen  he  was  promptly  shot.  That  Avas  probably  at 
the  very  beginning  of  the  fight,  and  no  doubt  other  Avarriors 
Avere  Avith  him,  but  Avarned  by  his  fate  they  sneaked  back 
again. 

The  Brow^n  Avagon  had  little  in  it  and  early  in  the  fight  some 
of  the  men  unloaded  it,  took  the  Avagon-box  off  and  leaned  it 
against  another  w-agon.  Mrs.  BroAvn  then  made  the  children 
cuddle  into  and  against  it,  in  a  sitting  position,  and  leaned  a 
feather  bed  against  them  as  a  sort  of  breast  work.  One  arrow 
went  through  that  feather  bed  and  through  Sallie  Fox  from 
side  to  side,  at  the  AA^aist  line,  fortunately  too  far  forward  to 


90  ANNALS   OF  IOWA. 

strike  a  vital  part,  but  making  a  very  serious  wound.  In  ad- 
dition to  those  already  mentioned,  Mrs.  Jones  and  a  few 
others  were  slightly  wounded  during  the  fight  which  lasted 
"about  three  hours." 

It  appears  strange  that  there  were  so  few  casualties  among 
the  emigrants,  but  it  may  be  accounted  for.  The  white  man 
is  the  Indian's  superior  in  genuine  fighting  qualities  and  in 
this  instance  he  had  much  better  weapons.  At  long  range  the 
rifle  is  more  effective  than  the  bow,  and  at  short  range  the  bow 
is  inferior  to  the  revolver.  By  instinct  and  training  the 
Indians  were  over  cautious.  They  would  not  take  much  risk 
of  getting  hurt.  Therefore  they  were  generally  too  far  away 
for  accurate  and  effective  shooting  with  bow  and  arrow.  Ow- 
ing to  the  absence  of  cover  near  the  open  end  of  the  camp, 
they  could  not  get  close  enough  to  enfilade  it,  without  expos- 
ing themselves  to  a  deadly  rifle  fire. 

In  numbers  the  advantage  was  altogether  with  the  Indians. 
When  all  the  men  got  into  the  camp,  there  were  about  twenty- 
five  able  to  fight.  They  estimated  the  Indians  at  300.  This 
may  have  been  too  high,  as  estimates  are  very  apt  to  be  in 
such  cases.  If  there  had  been  only  half  that  many,  one  con- 
certed and  determined  rush  by  them  would  have  quickly  over- 
come the  camp,  but  it  would  have  been  at  a  heavy  cost  to 
themselves,  and  Indian-like,  they  were  not  willing  to  pay  the 
price. 

The  emigrants  realized  that  their  case  was  a  desperate  one 
but  they  fought  with  coolness  and  calculation.  To  be  saving  of 
their  precious  ammunition,  and,  if  possible,  make  every  shot 
count,  they  fired  only  when  an  Indian  exposed  himself  in  the 
act  of  letting  fly  an  arrow  or  flitting  across  some  open  space. 
Even  with  that  precaution  the  ammunition  w^as  running  low 
at  the  end  of  two  hours  fighting,  and  hope  had  almost  for- 
saken them,  when  an  incident  occurred  which  turned  the  tide 
of  battle  in  their  favor.  Either  to  animate  his  warriors,  or 
to  increase  his  fame,  and  confident  that  no  rifleman  could  hit 
him  at  such  a  distance,  the  Indian  chief  stepped  boldly  into 
the  open,  ''about  200  yards  from  the  camp,"  and  stood  there 
making  defiant  gestures,  especially  by  patting  himself  on  the 
breast,  plainly  inviting  a  shot. 


THE  STORY  OF  AN  EMIGRANT  TRAIN.  91 

Now,  ''the  preacher  from  Missouri"  was  known  to  be  a  good 
marksman,  and  some  one  said  to  him,  "Look  there!  Shoot  that 
Indian  I"  He  shook  his  head  and  replied,  "My  gun  won't 
carry  up  true  that  far."  Near  him  there  was  a  man  who  had 
been  shot  with  an  arrow  just  above  the  right  eye,  into  which 
the  blood  ran  so  that  he  could  not  see  to  shoot.  He  said, 
' '  Here,  take  my  gun  ;  you  can  hit  him  with  it. ' '  The  preacher 
took  the  proffered  gun,  but  he  was  tired  and  nervous  from 
the  strain  of  battle,  and  the  heavy  gun  wavered  as  he  rested 
it  against  a  wagon  and  tried  to  take  aim.  He  let  it  down  and 
said,  "I  can't  hold  the  gnu  on  him."  The  owner  of  the  gun 
then  said,  "If  you  could  keep  the  blood  out  of  my  eye,  I 
could  hit  him;  ])ut  you'd  better  try  again."  And  "the 
preacher  from  ]\[issouri"  did  try  again.  He  sunnnoned  aU 
his  powers  and  it  may  be  breathed  a  prayer.  Then  he  lifted 
the  rifle,  laid  it  in  rest  and  took  a  careful  aim.  That  time  the 
heavy  weapon  didn't  waver,  the  preacher's  finger  pressed 
upon  the  trigger,  and  at  tlie  crack  of  the  rifle  the  cliief 
measured  his  U^ngth  upon,  the  ground. 

Like  a  flash  a  stout  warrior  darted  out  of  the  brush,  slioul- 
dered  the  dead  chief  ajid  ran  to  cover.  Very  soon  after  that 
the  Indians  fell  back  a  little  farther,  but  continued  to  fight  in 
a  desultory  way  about  an  hour  longer,  then  ''made  off  down 
the  river."  According  to  Indian  custom,  they  carri(Hl  off  their 
dead  and  wounded,  so  their  loss  was  never  deiinitely  known; 
but  long  afterwards,  at  Fort  Yuma  the,  Indians  themselves  re- 
ported that  they  had  "heap  warriors"  killed  and  wounded 
in  that  flght.  Of  the  emigrants,  including  the  Dutch  family, 
two  were  captured,  four  killed  and  ten  or  twelve  Avounded. 

As  soon  as  it  was  known  that  the  Indians  were  gone,  the 
emigrants  held  a  council  to  determine  the  burning  question, 
"What  shall  we  do?"  They  were  yet  about  500  miles  from 
KSan  Francisco,  and  in  that  direction  the  first  white  settle- 
ment was  more  than  150  miles  away,  much  of  which  stretch 
was  Indian  country.  First  and  worst  of  all,  there  was  the 
river  to  cross.  It  would  take  several  days  to  build  a  raft  and 
effect  a  crossing  in  which  time  the  Indians  were  almost  sure 
to  return  in  -greater  numbers  and  attack  them  under  un- 
favorable conditions,  not  the  least  of  which  was  the  insuffi- 


92  ANNALS   OF  IOWA. 

ciency  of  ammunition  for  another  battle.  They  could  not  go 
forward.  Then  ''"What  about  trying  to  go  to  Ft.  Yuma?" 
That  was  200  miles  distant  down  the  river  and  through 
Mohave  country  all  the  way— almost  certain  disaster  lay  in 
that  direction. 

There  was  only  one  ray  of  hope  left,  and  it  was  so  faint  as 
almost  to  invite  despair.  That  ray  pointed  back  along  the 
trail  over  which  they  had  ccme,  and  they  determined  to  fol- 
low it.  That  course  would  soon  take  them  out  of  the  Indian 
country,  and  there  was  the  probability  of  meeting  another 
emigrant  train  before  going  very  far. 

But  they  were  in  poor  plight  for  traveling.  The  Indians 
had  driven  off  the  whole  herd  of  stock  cattle  and  nearly  rll 
the  work  oxen.  Only  six  oxen,  just  enough  to  make  a  team 
for  one  wagon,  had  escaped  capture  and  were  found  near  the 
camp.  Mr.  Rose  had  his  mule  team,  and  there  were  two  or 
three  saddle  horses.  One  wagon,  therefore,  was  loaded  with 
the  most  necessary  things.  All  else  had  to  be  left,  save  what 
might  be  carried  on  the  person.  Mr.  Brown's  body  was 
wrapped  in  blankets,  and  log-chains  wound  around  it,  and  it 
was  then  committed  to  the  turbid  waters  of  the  Colorado,  so 
that  the  Indians  might  not  find  and  mutilate  it.  The  oxen  were 
hitched  to  the  wagon,  the  mules  to  the  ambulance,  and  the  sad 
remnant  of  the  once  large  and  well-equipped  train  began  its 
retrograde  journey,  nearly  all  its  people  having  to  walk. 

At  dark,  and  only  ' '  about  half  a  mile ' '  from  the  camp,  they 
reached  a  ''low  table  mountain."  There  they  halted,  because 
the  way  was  too  rough  to  travel  in  the  darkness.  They  dared 
not  use  a  torch  or  lantern  for  fear  of  the  Indians,  whom  they 
expected  to  follow  them.  Not  many  minutes  later  pande- 
monium broke  locse  at  their  lately  deserted  camp.  There  were 
triumphant  yells  and  clanging  of  pots,  pans  and  kettles.  The 
Indians  were  there,  rejoicing  over  their  plunder,  too  cautious 
to  make  a  light  of  any  kind,  but  their  signal  fires  could  be 
seen  far  up  and  down  on  the  other  side  of  the  river. 

Why  the  Indians  did  not  pursue  and  attack  the  fugitives 
must  ever  remain  something  of  a  mystery.  It  may  have  been 
because  they  were  well-satisfied  with  the  large  booty  already 


THE  STORY  OF  AN  EMIGRANT  TRAIN.  93 

in  their  possession  and  afraid  of  the  bloody  cost  of  an  effort 
to  get  the  little  yet  left  to  the  white  men.  Fearful  and  almost 
hopeless,  the  poor  emigrants  could  only  cower  in  the  darkness 
and  listen  to  the  horrid  din  at  the  camp,  which  seemed  to 
grow  more  furious,  probably  because  more  Indians  came  and 
joined  in  the  revelry.  Or,  a  sufficient  explanation  is  sug- 
gested by  a  recent  remark  of  one  of  the  emigrants :  "I  Avould 
like  to  have  seen  the  Indians  when  they  broke  into  the  medi- 
cine chest  and  got  hold  ot:  Hose's  eight-dollar  brandy."  The 
revelry  was  still  going  on  at  the  camp  when,  "about  mid- 
night," the  moon  came  up  and  enabled  the  emigrants  to  re- 
sume their  march. 

Late  the  next  afternoon  the  mule  team  began  to  lag.  Griffin, 
b'^ing  weak  from  the  shock  of  his  wounds  and  loss  of  blood, 
had  been  taken  into  the  ambulance  at  the  camp  on  the  river, 
and  it  may  have  been  otlierwise  overloaded  with  things  too 
valuable  to  leave  for  the  Indians.  The  mules  would  stop 
often  and  rest  a  few  minutes  before  they  could  be  nuide  to 
move  on.  To  relieve  them  the  Rose  famil}^  and,  Mrs.  Jones 
got  out  and  walked  on,  leaving  j\Ir,  Jones,  who  was  a  very 
lame  man,  to  drive  and  bring  the  rig  and  Griff'in  into  camp 
at  the  convenience  of  the  mules.  But  the  mules  rapidly  grew 
more  weary  and  more  mulish.  They  stopped  oftener,  stayed 
longer,  and  each  time  were  harder  to  start.  Finally  they 
stopped  and  refused  to  budge  another  step,  in  spite  of  much 
whip-lashing  and  tongue-lashing.  Then  Jones  unharnessed 
them  and  turned  them  loose,  left  the  rig  and  Griffin  there 
and  limped  into  camp  long  after  dark.  Akey  volunteered  to 
go  back  for  his  chum,  and  after  a  long  walk  he  found  the  rig, 
got  Griffin  out  of  it,  and  by  allowing  him  to  lean  heavily  on 
his  shoulder  as  they  walked  along,  and  by  resting  often,  he 
at  length  brought  him  into  camp.  That  was  the  last  of  the 
mules  and  "the  avalanche" — Mr.  Rose  never  saw  them  again. 

The  emigrants  camped  that  night  where  the  three  families 
and  wagons  had  been  left,  while  their  men  and  exhausted 
teams  went  on  with  the  train  to  the  river.  As  we  know^,  there 
were  now  only  tw^o  of  the  families  there,  who  had  been  anx- 
iously expecting  the  return  of  their  men  and  teams  to  take 
them  to  join  the  caravan  at  the  river.     Their  men  came  that 


94  ANNALS   OF  IOWA. 

night,  but  not  their  teams.  Yet  we  can  imagine  how  thankful 
those  reunited  families  were  to  have  escaped  the  terrible  fate 
of  the  Dutch  family,  even  though  they  lost  nearly  all  their 
worldly  goods;  for  they  had  to  leave  their  wagons  and  effects 
standing  there,  excepting  only  the  few  things  they  could  carry 
as  they  walked  with  those  who  had  lost  as  much  or  more  than 
themselves. 

The  next  morning,  with  only  the  one  wagon,  but  two  more 
families,  the  unfcrtunate  company  continued  its  journey.  To 
meet  a  train,  and  that  very  soon,  was  their  great  need  and 
only  hope,  and  fortunately  they  were  not  disappointed.  It 
had  so  happeupd  that  two  small  parties  also  left  Van  Buren 
county  for  California  later  than  the  Rose  outfit.  One,  from 
the  northwestern  part  of  the  county,  was  headed  by  "Cal" 
Davis,  and  with  it  was  the  noted  early  settler  and  Indian 
trader,  Jim  Jordan ;  the  other  party  was  from  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Bonaparte,  and  headed  by  a  Mr.  Cave.  Before  or 
after  leaving  the  county  the  two  parties  united. 

Having  only  four  or  five  wagons  and  not  being  hampered 
with  a  herd  of  cattle,  they  traveled  faster,  and  met  the  Rose 
people  returning  a  few  days  after  their  trouble  with  the 
Indians.  When  they  saw  the  sad  condition  of  the  fugitives 
and  heard  their  story,  the^^  were  afraid  to  go  on,  and  also 
turned  back,  generously  sharing  their  supplies  with  the  Rose 
people  all  the  way  back  to  Albuquerque. 

When  the  combined  parties  had  placed  about  100  miles  be- 
tween themselves  and  the  scene  of  the  late  disaster,  and  all 
danger  from  the  Indians  was  over,  it  was  thought  best  for 
the  15  or  20  young  men  to  leave  the  train  and  push  forward 
on  foot.  They  Avere  given  an  ox  "  that  was  so  poor  you  might 
say  you  had  to  hold  him  up  to  knock  him  down."  They 
slaughtered  the  ox  and  dried  the  meat  in  the  sun,  which  did 
not  take  long  in  that  arid  climate,  especially  when  it  had  al- 
ready been  partly  dried  on  the  hoof.  To  hasten  the  process  it 
was  salted. 

''About  noon"  they  started,  with  what  flour  and  ''jerked 
ox"  they  could  carry,  but  did  not  take  much  water,  as  they 
expected  by  dark  to  reach  a  canyon,  where  there  had  been 


THE  STORY  OF  AN  EMIGRANT  TRAIN.  95 

water  on  their  outward  trip.  They  got  there  after  dark  and 
found  the  water  had  dried  up.  They  knew  then  that  they  had 
no  time  to  spare  in  camping',  for  it  was  a  long  march  to  the 
next  watering'  ])lace.  They  started  on  at  once,  and  walked  all 
night,  all  tlie  next  day  and  the  next  night,  growing  weaker 
and  making  slower  progress  the  farther  they  went.  The  salted 
meat  aggravated  their  thirst  and  they  suffered  terribly,  but 
tliey  pressed  on  with  parched  li])S,  swollen  tongues  and  weary 
feet.  The  hist  few  liours  of  tliat  dreadful  nmrch  they  stag- 
gered like  drunken  men,  and  had  to  stop  for  rest  every  few 
minutes. 

In  the  morning  of  the  second  ch\y  they  came  to  a  water 
hole  that  was  so  foul  they  smeUed  it  ])efore  they  got  to  it,  yet 
it  was  liviuff  watrr,  for  it  was  alive  with  "a  kind  of  white 
worm  an  inch  or  so  long."  It  had  one  redeeming  (juality — 
it  iras  Wit.  So  they  strained  tliat  animated  soup  through 
their  handkerchiefs  and  drank  it  eagerly.  One  of  them  now 
says,  "It  seemed  to  me  the  l)est  water  I  ever  tasted."  They 
stayed  by  that  water-hole  half  a  day,  resting  and  drinking, 
before  resuming  their  march.  Before  reaching  Albu(iuer(pie 
they  met  two  more  trains,  which  also  turned  back  when  the 
young  men  told  them  their  story. 

We  may  now  go  back  to  the  train  we  left  behind.  As  the 
Avagons  were  few  and  the  teams  growing  weak,  even  the 
women  and  children  had  to  walk  much  of  the  time.  Mrs.  Rose 
afterward  related  that  she  wore  out  her  shoes  and  then  walked 
with  bare  and  bleeding  feet.  On  this  return  trip  Mrs.  Brown 
early  lost  her  husband's  horse  and  had  to  walk,  and  of  all  that 
company  she  was  the  greatest  sufferer.  The  tragic  death  and 
unchristian  burial  of  her  husband  ever  weighed  upon  her 
mind,  and  for  some  time  she  was  worried  about  her  severely 
wounded  daughter.  Then  her  youngest  child,  her  only  son, 
sickened,  died  and  was  buried  by  the  wayside.  Her  worldly 
goods  were  gone  and  the  future  looked  very  dark  for  her  and 
her  four  children.  In  after  years  she  said  that,  "to  keep  from 
going  crazy,"  she  would  unravel  a  stocking  and  reknit  it,  over 
and  over  again,  as  she  rode  or  wearily  walked  along. 


96  ANNALS   OF  IOWA. 

After  six  or  seven  weeks  of  wearisome  travel  the  Rose  party 
and  its  escort  reached  Albnquerqne  and  halted  for  the  win- 
ter. Mr.  Brown  had  been  a  Free-Mason  and  got  in  touch 
with  the  lodge  at  Albuquerque  on  the  outward  trip.  The 
fraternity  there  helped  Mrs.  Brown  and  her  children  through 
the  winter.  In  the  spring  a  train  was  made  up,  and  a  kind- 
hearted  Mr.  Smith  took  the  Brown  family  through  to  Cali- 
fornia at  his  own  expense.  Mrs.  Brown's  brother  and  two 
sisters  had  been  in  California  for  several  years,  and  they  paid 
Mr.  Smith  for  his  trouble  and  expense. 

Sallie  Fox  became  a  teacher  in  the  San  Francisco  schools 
In  1870  she  came  to  town  on  a  visit  and  brought  with  her  a 
souvenir  of  the  battle  with  the  Indians.  It  was  the  little 
apron  she  wore  when  the  Indian  arrow  went  through  it  and 
her  body.  She  kept  the  apron  clean  but  never  mended  the 
ragged  arrow  holes.  On  a  later  visit  she  told  this  story :  She 
was  once  relating  her  adventures  to  some  school  children,  and 
when  she  described  how  she  had  been  wounded  and  how  she 
suffered,  one  little  fellow  was  so  carried  away  that  he  excitedly 
asked,  "And  did  you  live?" 

Of  course  Mr.  Rose  was  a  very  heavy  loser  by  his  venture, 
but  he  probably  had  some  ready  money  left,  and  had  not  lost 
his  Hebrew  faculty  for  buying,  selling  and  getting  gain.  Soon 
after  getting  back  to  Albuquerque  he  went  to  Santa  Fe,  and 
there  engaged  in  hotel  keeping — together  with  the  side-lines 
th^n  customary  in  a  frontier  town,  and  made  money  rapidly. 
When  the  Civil  War  was  brewing,  early  in  1861,  and  making 
trouble  in  Santa  Fe,  he  moved  with  his  family  and  the  Jones' 
to  California  and  settled  on  a  ranch  near  Los  Angeles.  For 
some  twenty-five  years  he  seemed  to  prosper  greatly.  He 
built  a  palatial  residence,  said  to  have  been  finished  inside 
with  woods  from  various  countries,  and  erected  correspond- 
ing outbuildings.  Eventually  he  met  with  serious  financial 
reverses  and  died  poor.  Mrs.  Jones  outlived  all  her  family 
and  died  at  the  great  age  of  105  years. 

From  the  time  of  leaving  Iowa  to  ' '  work  their  passage ' '  to 
California,  the  young  men  of  the  Rose  expedition  were  seven 
months  without  earning  money.  At  the  end  of  that  time,  at 
Albuquerque  they  hired  to  the  United  States  government  to 


<,t 


Edward  Akey,    May,    1915,   a  pioneer   of  Van  Buren  County,  Iowa,  survivor  of  the  ill- 
fated  Rose  Expedition,  whose  narrative  is  incorporated  in  the 
account  of  Mr.  J.   W.  Cheney. 


THE  STORY  OF  AN  EMIGRANT  TRAIN.  97 

drive  mule  teams  and  haul  supplies  to  forts  and  scoutinj^ 
parties.  In  the  spring  or  summer  of  1859  Harper  and  Stid- 
ger  returned  to  Iowa,  and  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War 
in  1861,  Harper  was  a  teacher  and  Stidger  a  student  in  Rev. 
Daniel  Lnne's  justly  celebrated  Keosauqua  Academy. 

Harper  enlisted  in.  the  first  companj^  raised  in  Yan  Buren 
county,  Company  F.  2d  Iowa  Infantry,  and  was  its  second 
lieutenant  when  killed  in  his  regiment's  famous  charge  at  Fort 
Donelson,  February  15,  1862.  Stidger  enlisted  as  a  pi'ivate  in 
Company  E,  15th  Iowa  Fiifantry,  was  slightly  wounded  in  the 
side  at  Shiloh,  and  severely  wounded  in  the  leg  and  thigh  at 
Corinth.  He  served  nearly  four  years  and  was  promoted  un- 
til he  became  adjutant  of  his  regiment.  He  died  at  Red  Oak, 
Iowa,  in  1880. 

In  the  Civil  War,  Lee  Griffin  became  a  Confederate  "bush- 
whacker.'' was  captured,  made  his  escape  and  armed  himself, 
was  pursued  and  overtaken,  refused  to  surrender  and  was  shot 
down,  but  continued  to  fight  as  long  as  he  coidd  handle  his 
two  revolvers. 

After  getting  ])ack  to  Alliucjuerque  ^Ir.  Akey  remained  in 
the  southwest  a  year  or  two  befoi'e  returning  to  Iowa.  He  is 
now  83  years  old  and  well-preserved  for  that  age.- 

-I  am  largely  indebted  to  Mr.  Akey  for  the  material  which  I  have  woven 
into  this  Ftory.  Quotation  marks  indicate  many  verbal  statements  made  by 
him  to   me. 


WHEAT. 

Statistics  show  that  Scott  county  harvested  during  the  year 
1856,  536,631  bushels  of  wheat — a  considerably  larger  amount 
than  any  other  county  in  the  State.  Clinton,  Lee,  Jackson, 
Cedar,  Dubuque  and  Muscatine  follow  in  amount  as  they 
are  named. 

Sigourney — Life  in  the  West,  Mar.  19,  1857. 


98  ANNALS   OF  IOWA. 


EVOLUTION  OF  THE   GENERAL  ROCK  SCHEME 
IN  IOWA. 

BY  CHARLES  KEYES. 

In  at  least  one  of  the  great  branches  of  science  Iowa  hap- 
pens to  play  a  singularly  unexpected  but  important  role.  On 
the  historical  side  cf  earth-study  cur  State  chances  to  occupy 
a  quite  unique  place.  In  three  grand  advancements  of  this 
science  in  this  country  the  same  western  commonwealth  takes 
an  initial  and  leading  part,  and  each  time  precedes  sister 
states  of  the  Union  by  a  full  generation.  This  in  itself  is  a 
noteworthy  fact  concerning  us.  The  purely  scientific  aspects 
of  these  circumstances  need  not  be  dwelt  upon  here ;  but  from 
a  strictly  historical  angle  the  incidents  really  deserve  more 
than  passing  notice. 

The  first  cf  these  great  forward  steps  in  American  earth- 
science  took  place  in  Iowa  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century 
before  she  had  become  a  state  and  long  before  even  her  name 
had  been  proposed.- 

Chance  sent  an  Englishman,  Thomas  Nuttall  by  name,  to 
our  shores,  to  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi  river,  where  the 
principles  of  the  then  new  modern  science  of  geology  were  ap- 
plied for  the  first  time  on  the  American  continent. 

As  is  quite  generally  known,  the  modern  science  of  geology 
is  yet  scarcely  more  than  a  hundred  years  old.  Its  birth  dates 
only  from  the  opening  days  of  the  Nineteenth  century,  the 
time  when  it  first  became  possible  to  read  in  the  rocks  a  se- 
quence of  geologic  events  and  to  parallel  the  rock  records  of 
different  parts  of  the  world.  This  "Rosetta  Stone"  is  Wil- 
liam Smith's  famous  discovery  that  the  relative  age  and  na- 
tural succession  of  rock-layers  were,  by  means  of  their  con- 
tained organic  remains,  susceptible  to  accurate  determination. 

Before  it  was  generally  applied  to  the  rock  sequences  o.'' 
England,  the  land  of  its  birth,  before  it  was  recognized  in 
Germany,  the  original  home  of  mining  and  earth-science,  be- 

iAnnals  of  IowAj  v.  XI,  p.  401,  July,  1914. 


EVOLUTION  OP  THE  ROCK  SCHEME  IN  IOWA.  99 

fore  it  was  grasped  in  France,  where  paleontology  long  prior 
had  taken  its  rise,  the  Smithian  law  was,  in  a  remarkable 
way  and  under  still  more  remarkable  circumstances,  skillfully 
and  successfully  put  into  practice  in  the  remotest  part  of  the 
youngest  of  the  continents,  where  the  doctrine  of  the  older 
science  had  not  yet  penetrated. 

It  is  the  second  great  forward  movement  in  geological  sci- 
ence in  this  country  that  recently  awakens  attention  anew. 
This  is  the  introduction,  in  the  middle  of  the  last  century, 
but  for  the  first  time  happily  and  accurately  in  this  country, 
of  the  then  new  English  system  of  classification  of  the  rock 
formations  of  our  globe.  The  resolution  of  the  old  "Werneriau 
medley  of  transition  rocks  into  an  orderly  arrangement  of 
naturally  succeeding  groups  was  distinctly  an  English 
achievement.  Through  tlie  unremitting  labors  of  the  great 
English  geologists  of  the  first  half  of  the  Nineteenth  century, 
the  main  subdivisions  of  the  enigmatical  Paleozoics  were  first 
differentiated  and  delimited  in  a  manner  that  has  stood  the 
test  of  time. 

It  was  Dr.  David  Dale  Owen,  who,  with  a  nicety  that 
would  do  ample  credit  to  any  savant  of  today,  first  trans- 
ferred the  English  scheme  to  America,  selecting  Iowa  wherein 
to  fit  the  plan.     This  was  during  the  years  1840  to  1850. 

Several  unusual  circumstances  conspired  to  introduce  and 
to  adapt  satisfactorily  the  English  scheme  of  rock  classifica- 
tion in  the  wild,  unsettled  interior  of  the  North  American 
continent  before  it  was  accomplished  anywhere  else  even 
within  the  borders  of  the  more  thickly  populated  Atlantic 
states.  Among  these  factors  the  early  work  of  Nuttall  gave 
singular  and  telling  impulse  to  the  movement.  The  lateness 
of  settlement  of  the  region  made  the  latter  too  remote  to  re- 
ceive at  an  earlier  time  any  influence  of  the  passing  "Werner- 
iau conceptions  which  were  already  long  potent  east  of  the 
Appalachians.  The  great  importance  of  Dubuque  as  a  min- 
ing center,  then  the  most  productive  camp  in  the  whole 
country,  where  annually  were  produced  nine-tenths  of  all  the 
lead  of  this  country  and  one-tenth  of  the  entire  world  sup- 
ply, marked  Iowa  a  region  for  immediate  and  special  scien- 
tific investigation  by  the  Federal  government.  The  principal 


100  ANNALS  OP  IOWA. 

workers  in  the  western  field  chanced  to  be  English-trained 
men,  and  hence  were  practically  familiar  with  the  latest  ad- 
vancements in  the  science  in  England  and  the  continent. 
Singularly  enough  the  general  rock-succession  in  the  upper 
Mississippi  valley  is  strikingly  like  that  of  England ;  and  this 
fact  could  not  fail  to  impress  investigators  fresh  from  that 
field.  Lastly,  the  so-called  New  York  System  had  been  found 
to  be  faulty.  In  reality  it  represented  a  conception  that  was 
already  a  superseded  notion.  In  the  attempt  to  establish  it 
in  the  east  the  true  taxonomic  relationships  of  the  formations 
themselves  were  completely  lost  sight  of. 

The  expansion  of  the  Iowa  scheme  has,  therefore,  more 
than  state-wide  bearing.  Its  interest  is  even  more  than  con- 
tinental in  extent.  It  is,  indeed,  of  world-wide  significance. 
The  development  of  the  idea  is  concisely  expressed  in  the  ac- 
companying diagram.  Nuttall's  great  discovery  is  represented. 
The  introduction  and  growth  of  the  European  scheme  is 
shown.  There  is  also  foreshadowed  the  third  great  advance 
which,  although  initiated  a  couple  of  decades  ago  and  is  only 
today  just  beginning  to  be  accepted  throughout  the  world, 
may  stand  forth,  fifty  to  one  hundred  years  hence,  as 'a  recent 
writer  states,  as  one  of  the  half  dozen  great  new  thoughts 
characterizing  Twentieth  Century  science. 


JOHN  L.  BURNS. 


On  "Wednesday  after  the  battle  commenced,  John  L.  Burns, 
an  old  citizen  of  this  place,  shouldered  his  musket  and  vy^ent 
out  by  himself  to  meet  the  rebels.  He  advanced  to  the  hot- 
test of  the  scene  and  blazed  away  with  his  old  musket  until  he 
fell  wounded  in  the  leg,  side  and  arm.  He  reached  his  home, 
and  though  severely  wounded,  it  is  hoped  he  will  soon  re- 
cover. Patriotism  and  bravery  like  this  is  worthy  of  record 
in  the  annals  of  this  war. — Gettysburg,  Pa. — Star  and  Banner, 
July  9,  1863. 

[The  above  paragraph  is  doubtless  the  record  of  the  incident 
which  prompted  Bret  Harte  to  write  the  popular  poem,  "John  Burns 
of  Gettysburg." — Editor.] 


^ 


77^^  d^^lt^ 


"LITTLE  BROWN  CHURCH  IN  THE  VALE."  101 


THE  LITTLE  BROWN  CHURCH  IX  THE  VALE":  ITS 
AUTHOR  AND  ITS  INSPIRATION. 

BY  ISABELLA  POWERS. 


THE  AUTHOR 

^'Yon  might  read  his  beautiful  biography  written  in  the 
hearts  of  his  friends;  and  heart  biographies  are  the  only  true 
ones  we  know."  Certainly  this  is  true  of  Dr.  AVilliani  Savage 
Pitts,  who  long  will  live  in  the  memory  of  all  whom  he  has 
striven  to  help  either  by  his  music  or  his  profession.  He  is 
descended  from  New  England  ancestry.  His  grandfather 
came  from  Bristol,  England,  and  served  as  a  soldier  under 
Burgoyne.  His  father  was  born  in  Massachusetts,  and  served 
as  a  soldier  in  the  war  of  1812.  From  his  mother  he  received 
a  trace  of  Scotch.     Her  native  state  was  Connecticut. 

Of  these  parents  Dr.  Pitts  writes:  "My  parents  were 
typical  New  England  people,  strictly  brought  up  in  Puritan 
ways,  wdiich  was  a  dominant  force  in  their  characters.  They 
w^ere  strong  and  vigorous  and  free  of  any  deleterious  taint 
physically.  My  father  died  at  the  age  of  80  years.  My 
mother  at  85."  Into  the  home  of  Charles  Pitt^  and  Polly 
Green  (Smith)  Pitts  on  August  18,  1830,  there  came  a  tin^ 
bit  of  humanity,  ,the.  eighth  child  in  a  family  of  nine,  wh?) 
was  to  become  known  throughout  the  world  as  the  author  c 
"The  Little  Brown  Church  in  the  Vale."  From  childhood  his 
musical  ability  was  evident.  His  mother  was  a  sweet  singer 
and  had  much  literary  ability  so  she  encouraged  these  God- 
given  talents  in  her  son.  "Music  is  God's  best  gift  to  man, 
the  only  art  of  heaven  given  to  earth,  the  only  art  of  earth  that 
we  take  to  heaven.  But  music,  like  all  our  gifts,  is  given  as 
in  the  germ.  It  is  for  us  to  unfold  and  develop  by  instruc- 
tion and  cultivation."  This  "germ"  developed  day  by  day 
through  his  boyhood  in  crude  attempts  to  write  the  sounds  by 
devices  of  his  own.  At  the  age  of  nineteen  he  began  the 
"cultivation"  with  J.  C.  Ide,  a  graduate  of  the  Handel  and 


102  ANIMALS  OF  IOWA. 

Hayden  Society  of  Boston.  His  studies  included  thorough 
bass,  harmony  and  counterpoint.  Today  the  doctor  is  still  a 
student  and  lover  of  the  art  which  "makes  us  feel  something 
of  the  glory  and  beauty  of  God. ' ' 

At  nineteen  he  came  to  Wisconsin,  and  at  twenty  he  began 
teaching  vocal  and  instrumental  music.  He  taught  singing 
schools  and  brass  bands,  composing  the  music  for  the  bands. 

At  the  age  of  twenty-nine  he  married  Ann  Eliza  Warren, 
daughter  of  Asahel  and  Eliza  Ann  (Robinson)  Warren  at 
Union,  Wisconsin.  From  this  union  there  came  five  children. 
Two  died  in  infancy.  The  three  living  are  Alice  M.,  William 
Stanley  and  Kate  B. 

In  1857  he  visited  Iowa,  and  stopping  in  Bradford,  Chicka- 
saw county,  the  beautiful  scenery  of  the  Cedar  Valley  proved 
the  inspiration  for  the  widely  known  song,  "The  Little 
Brown  Church  in  the  Vale,"  the  church  at  Bradford. 

In  1862  he  removed  to  Fredericksburg,  where  he  remained 
forty-four  years.  The  writer  well  remembers  the  cordial 
hospitality  of  that  Fredericksburg  home  where  the  "latch 
string"  was  out  to  the  homesick  girl  of  nineteen,  who  began 
her  career  as  school  ma'am  in  this  same  village. 

The  profession  of  doctor  appealed  to  him,  and  in  February 
of  1868  he  graduated  from  Rush  Medical  College,  and  con- 
tinued in  active  practice  until  October,  1906.  He  was  a  hard- 
worked,  sympathetic  country  physician.  He  knew  his  patients, 
their  histories,  their  strength  and  weakness,  physical  and 
mental;  as  perhaps  no  city  phA^sician  can  know  his  own,  and 
withal  he  loved  them.  A  quotation  from  Sarah  Orne  Jewett's 
"The  Country  Doctor"  applies  extremely  well  to  the  comfort 
Dr.  Pitts  took  to  the  sick  room.  "There  was  something 
singularly  self-reliant  and  composed  about  him;  one  felt  that 
he  was  the  wielder  of  great  power  over  the  enemies,  disease 
and  pain." 

In  August,  1886,  his  first  wife  died,  and  in  September,  1887, 
he  married  Mrs.  M.  A.  Grannis  of  Earlville,  Iowa.  In  1906 
Dr.  Pitts  and  wife  moved  to  Clarion,  Iowa,  where  Mrs.  Pitts 
died,  June,  1909.  In  October,  1909,  Dr.  Pitts  went  to  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.,  to  spend  the  "sunset  days"  with  his  son,  William 


"LITTLE  BROWN  CHURCH  IN  THE  VALE."  103 

Stanley,  chief  clerk  of  the  Transportation.  War  Department 
in  the  Army  Building. 

Dr.  Pitts  is  a  Master  Mason.  He  joined  Bradford  Lodge 
No.  129  A.  F.  and  A.  M.  in  the  year  1864  or  1865.  He  holds 
a  membership  now  in  Mt.  Horeb  Lodge  A.  F.  and  A.  M.  No. 
333,  at  Fredericksburg.    Of  this  he  was  a  charter  member. 

Besides  the  songs  Dr.  Pitts  has  written  a  Biographical  His- 
tory of  Fredericksburg  Township,  and  for  years  has  corre- 
sponded for  new^spapers.  He  was  mayor  of  Fredericksburg 
for  seven  years  and  was  school  treasurer  for  twenty-six 
years. 

His  sterling  qualities  he  inherited  from  his  farmer  father. 
These  caused  him  to  join  the  Baptist  church  in  Fredericks- 
burg in  1871.  In  1906  he  joined  the  Congregatioiial  church 
of  Clarion,  because  he  believed  in  having  a  church  home.  Now 
he  is  a  member  of  the  Dyker  Heights  Congregational  church, 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  In  May  of  this  year,  1915,  this  church 
honored  him  by  making  him  the  delegate  to  the  General  State 
Conference  of  Congregational  churches. 

Being  librarian  at  New  Hampton,  Chickasaw  county,  Iowa, 
I  asked  Dr.  Pitts  for  an  autograph  copy  of  the  song,'  then  later 
tor  his  stor}^  of  the  writing  of  the  song.  The  former  hangs 
on  the  wall  of  the  reading  room  of  our  library  together  Avith 
Dr.  Pitts'  picture  and  that  of  "The  Little  Brown  Church 
in  the  Vale."  The  story  in  Dr.  Pitts'  handwriting  has  been 
bound  and,  with  the  introduction  also  written  by  him  preced- 
ing it,  is  given  below: 

STORY  OF  THE  SONG. 

In  the  Cedar  river  valley,  at  the  old  town  of  Bradford,  stands  a 
little  storm-beaten  church,  known  as  the  "Little  Brown  Church  in 
the  Vale."  Beautiful  in  situation,  surrounded  by  and  embowered 
with  natural  oaks,  frescoed  with  memories,  hallowed  by  associations, 
immortalized  in  song  and  story,  it  stands  a  monitor  proclaiming 
the  heaven-born  song,  "Glory  to  God  in  the  Highest,  and,  On  Earth, 
Peace,  Good  Will  Toward  Men." 

For  nearly  fifty  years  the  bell  in  its  low-set  tower  has  broken  the 
Sabbath  day  stillness,  its  vibrant  tones  starting  the  echoes  from 
wooded  vale  and  prairie,  calling  the  old  man  and  his  descendants 


'See  fac  simile  on  opposite  page. 


104  ANNILS   of  IOWA. 

to  this  house  of  worship  dedicated  to  "Him  who  doeth  all  things 
well,"  there  to  listen  to  the  great  truths  that  lead  one's  feet  in  the 
paths  of  righteousness;  there  to  sing  the  songs  that  warm  the  heart 
like  a  day  in  June. 

The  majority  of  the  first  worshippers  at  this  church  in  the  vale 
have  gone  out  of  life.  The  few  who  remain  are  walking  near  the 
line  of  the  Borderland,  catching  glimpses,  through  faith,  of  that 
"Land  O'  the  Leal,"  that  home  of  the  soul. 

Where  are  the  children — those  boys  and  girls  who  began  their 
Sabbath  school  work  in  this  little  church?  They  are  scattered  like 
leaves  on  the  tide.  We  meet  some  of  them  now  and  then.  They 
have  passed  the  meridian  mark  in  life.  We  notice  the  silver  threads 
in  their  hair.  Do  they  love  that  little  church?  Ask  them.  With  a 
light  on  their  face  that  is  worth  remembering,  they  say,  "I  shall 
never  forget  the  dear  place." 

Dear  little,  storm-beaten  church,  we  grieve  to  think  that  thou 
must  molder  and  decay;  that  the  time  will  come  when  thy  form 
will  no  more  cast  a  shadow,  when  birds  will  chant  requiems  above 
thy  dust. 


"No  man  is  born  into  the  world  whose  work 
Is  not  born  with  him;  there  is  always  work 
And  tools  to  work  withal  for  those  who  will; 
The  man  who  stands  with  arms  akimbo  set. 
Until  occasion  tells  him  what  to  do, 
And  he  who  waits  to  have  his  task  marked  out, 
Shall  die  and  leave  his  mission  unfulfilled." 

In  the  writing  of  this  little  brochure,  it  will  be  consonant  to 
acknowledge  that  I  believe  in  inherent  gifts,  gifts  implanted  by 
the  Creator  for  special  work  along  definite  lines,  and  that  the  general 
character  of  the  individual  to  whom  these  gifts  are  given  will  be  in 
consonance  with  the  work  to  be  done. 

"What  are  the  wild  waves  saying,  , 

Sister,  the  whole  day  long, 
That  ever  amid  our  playing 
I  hear  but  the  same  low  song." 

As  a  boy,  I  was  like  the  boy  who  ever  amid  his  playing  heard  but 
the  same  low  song.  In  the  lap  of  the  waves  of  the  blue  Ontario 
underneath  the  low  pine  on  the  shore,  in  the  grand  old  woods,  by 
the  fireside,  on  the  prairies,  where  the  shadows  come  and  go,  in  the 
golden  sunset,  in  the  twilight  hour,  in  the  whispering  winds,  in  the 
silent  watches  by  night,  in  the  every-day  toils  of  life,  a  thread  of 
words  and  music  was  ever  spinning,  spinning  some  low  sweet  song. 


"LITTLE  BROWN  CHURCH  IN  THE  VALE."  105 

"In  the  hush  of  the  valley  of  silence 
I  dream  all  the  songs  that  I  sing, 
And  the  music  floats  down  the  dim  valley 
'Till  each  finds  a  word  for  a  wing. 
That  to  men,  like  the  dove  of  the  deluge, 
The  message  of  peace  they  may  bring. 

"But  far  out  on  the  deep  there  are  billows 
That  never  shall  break  on  the  beach, 
And  I  have  heard  songs  in  the  silence 
That  never  shall  float  into  speech. 
And  1  have  had  dreams  in  the  valley 
Too  lofty  for  language  to  reach." 

This  period  of  poetical  and  musical  incubation  had  its  time,  then 
this  gift,  this  inherent  gift,  righted  itself  for  tangible  work.  Then 
perfected  songs  came  forth,  fresh  and  vigorous,  came  forth  as  the 
waters  that  for  years  have  worked  their  way  through  earth  and 
rock-crevice,  'till  at  last  they  burst  forth  from  their  secret  chambers 
into  the  outer  world,  clear,  pure  and  sparkling  for  the  use  of  man. 

Now  do  you  ask  how  I  came  to  write  the  song,  "The  Little  Brown 
Church  in  the  Vale"?  How  I  came  to  write  the  songs,  "Little  Fred," 
"The  Isles  Beyond  the  River,"  "The  Old  Musician  and  His  Harp," 
"Ally  Ray,"  "Nellie  Wildwood,"  "Angels  Took  Her  Home,"  "Lilly 
Bell,"  "Our  Brave  Boys  In  Blue,"  "Sabbath  Bells,"  "Nellie  is  Sleep- 
ing by  the  Rill,"  "Bonnie  Katie,"  "Jimmie  is  My  Name,"  and 
others?    They  are  the  legitimate  children  born  of  poesy  and  song. 

Prophecy  is  said  to  be  a  declaration  of  something  to  come.  I 
remember,  when  still  a  boy,  of  trying  to  write  music  before  I  knew 
how  to  divide  melodies  into  proper  measures  or  understood  the 
rules  of  harmony  sufficiently  to  write  out  simple  chords.  I  was 
struggling  with  a  simple  melody,  trying  to  get  it  into  shape,  but 
could  not,  and,  laying  the  paper  down,  I  said  to  myself,  "The  day 
will  come  when  my  music  will  be  sung  around  the  world."  The 
song,  "The  Little  Brown  Church  in  the  Vale,"  has  made  good  the 
prophecy. 

In  the  summer  of  1857  I  visited  the  town  of  Bradford,  Iowa,  and 
spent  a  week  or  more  there.  It  was  then  a  veritable  bee-hive,  in 
the  way  of  business. 

The  town  did  not  win  me  as  much  as  the  path  along  the  ridge 
leading  to  Greenwood.  It  was  the  month  of  June  and  all  nature 
was  at  her  loveliest. 

The  day  that  I  arrived  I  walked  to  Greenwood.  It  was  near  the 
close  of  the  day,  as  the  sun  was  going  down  behind  the  trees  along 
the  Cedar  river.  The  oak  trees  were  in  full  leaf  and  the  prairie 
flowers  were  in  bloom. 

Nature's  carpet  of  green  was  on  every  side,  making  the  landscape 
beautiful  to  look  upon.  Nearly  every  day  I  strolled  along  over  the 
same  path,  sitting  down  now  and  then,  looking  about  to  more 
thoroughly  enjoy  the  scenery. 


106  ANNALS   OP  IOWA. 

The  grove  where  the  "Little  Brown  Church"  now  stands  was  an 
attractive  and  lovely  spot.  Never  from  that  day  to  this  has  it 
faded  from  my  memory.  The  valley  where  Bradford  had  nestled 
down  was  then,  and  ever  has  heen,  a  lovely  spot  to  me.  Even  now, 
as  I  rise  to  the  crest  of  the  hill  one  mile  or  so  to  the  east  of  the 
town,  I  gaze  with  enraptured  vision,  my  eyes  sweeping  the  valley 
from  the  "Little  Brown  Church"  to  enchanted  nook,  "Greenwood." 

After  going  back  to  Wisconsin,  I  wrote  the  words  and  music  of 
the  song,  "The  Little  Brown  Church  in  the  Vale."  I  made  no  use 
of  it  in  public  in  Wisconsin.  In  the  spring  of  the  year  of  1862  1 
came  to  Iowa,  to  Fredericksburg.  I  brought  the  song  in  manuscript 
with  me. 

The  winter  of  1864,  through  the  earnest  solicitations  of  the  music- 
loving  people  of  Bradford,  I  went  there  to  teach  a  class  in  vocal 
music.  We  met  at  the  brick  building  called  the  "Academy."  Rev. 
J.  K.  Nutting  was  one  of  the  class.  Near  the  close  of  the  term  we 
went  one  evening  to  the  building  now  known  as  the  "Little  Brown 
Church."  The  building  was  enclosed,  but  not  finished.  We  im- 
provised seats  with  boards.  It  was  there  I  sang  the  song,  the 
"Little  Brown  Church  in  the  Vale,"  for  the  first  time  in  public. 

In  the  spring  of  1865  I  took  the  manuscript  to  Chicago  and  sold 
it  to  H.  M.  Higgins,  on  Randolph  street. 

The  church  was  dedicated  in  1865,  just  about  the  time  the  song 
was  given  to  the  world.  The  song  at  once  became  immensely  popular 
and  spread  itself  over  the  world  like  a  benediction  from  on  high. 
It  was  not  long  before  the  church  at  Bradford,  as  it  now  stands, 
began  to  be  known  and  called  the  "Little  Brown  Church  in  the 
Vale,"  the  church  of  the  song.  It  has  been  so  called,  and  ever  will 
be,  until  time  shall  level  it  with  the  dust.  Even  then  the  loved  spot 
will  be  revered.  The  song  was  the  "Little  Brown  Church,"  the 
church  was  painted  brown. 

Under  the  circumstances,  what  more  natural  than  that  the  little 
church  at  Bradford,  Iowa,  painted  brown  and  the  song,  "The  Little 
Brown  Church  in  the  Vale,"  should  be  wedded  and  known  as  one 
and  the  same.  Some  people  may  try  to  rob  the  little  church  of  its 
fame,  but  as  long  as  it  stands  it  will  be  known  as  "The  Little  Brown 
Church  in  the  Vale." 

HISTORY  OF  BRADFORD  CHURCH. 

"The  Iowa  Band  has  supplied  for  the  country  the  romance 
of  home  missions."  While  this  Congregational  church  is  not 
the  direct  outgrowth  of  this  band,  it  is  the  outgrowth  of  the 
same  staunch  character  which  believed  in  the  church  home, 
and  believed  in  building  it  out  of  the  pittance  that  came  from 
long  hours  of  hard  labor,  the  lot  of  the  pioneer. 


"LITTLE  BROWN  CHURCH  IN  THE  VALE/-  107 

The  church  was  organized  November  4,  1855,  Rev.  0.  Lit- 
tlefield  being  the  first  pastor. 

Sanford  Billings  was  elected  the  first  clerk  and  held  that 
office  until  his  death  in  1886. 

The  following  were  the  constitution  and  articles  of  incor- 
poration : 

Constitution. 

Art.  1st.  This  Society  shall  be  called  the  First  Congregational 
Ecclesiastical  Society  of  Bradford  and  have  perpetual  succession. 

Art.  2d.  The  Object  of  this  Society  shall  be  to  maintain  the 
institution  of  the  Gospel  in  connection  with  the  First  Congregational 
Church  of  Bradford. 

Art.  3d.  Any  person  who  is  a  regular  attendant  upon  public 
worship  and  annually  contribute  to  the  society  for  the  support  of 
the  Gospel  shall  become  a  member  by  Subscribing  to  the  Constitu- 
tion and  by  laws. 

Art.  4th.  The  officers  of  the  Society  shall  consist  of  a  Clerk  and 
three  Trustees  to  be  chosen  annually.  Two  of  the  trustees  shall  be 
members  of  the  Congregational  Church. 

Art.  5th.  The  officers  shall  be  chosen  by  ballot  at  the  annual 
meeting.  Should  a  vacancy  occur  it  can  be  filled  at  any  regular 
meeting. 

Art.  6th.  The  Clerk  shall  keep  the  records  of  the  Society  and 
call  all  meetings  of  the  Society  by  giving  at  least  ten  days'  notice 
and  at  the  expiration  of  his  term  of  office  he  shall  deliver  up  the 
Books  to  his  successors. 

Art.  7th.  The  Trustees  shall  hold  all  the  property  of  the  Society 
both  personal  and  real.  In  their  Corporate  name  they  can  sue  and 
be  sued.  They  shall  dispose  of  the  income  of  the  Society  according 
to  the  vote  of  the  Society.  They  shall  regulate  and  order  the  renting 
of  the  pews  and  report  the  condition  of  the  Society  at  each  annual 
meeting  and  whenever  called  for  by  the  Society. 

Art.  8th.    Annual  Meeting  shall  be  on  the  2d  Tuesday  of  January. 

Art.  9th.  At  the  request  of  any  five  members  with  reasons  for  the 
same  the  clerk  shall  call  a  special  meeting  giving  the  object  for 
which  the  meeting  is  called  in  his  notice. 

Art.  10th.  The  basis  of  Union  between  the  Church  and  Society 
shall  be  to  this  intent.  The  Society  shall  hold  the  property,  receive 
the  income  and  make  all  pecuniary  engagements,  appropriation  and 
payments.  In  calling  a  pastor  the  Society  and  the  Church  shall  act 
as  concurrent  bodies,  a  majority  of  each  being  necessary  to  consti- 
tute a  call.  The  Church  nominating  and  the  Society  confirming  or 
rejecting  the  nomination. 

Art.  11th.  This  Constitution  may  be  altered  or  amended  by  a 
vote    of   two-thirds    present    at   the    annual    meeting,   provided    the 


108  ANNALS   OP  IOWA. 

notice  of  the  proposed  alteration  or  amendment  has  been  given  in 
writing  at  any  previous  meeting. 

Articles  of  Incorporation. 

Art.  1st.  The  undersigned,  Orrin  Humeston,  Walter  Smith, 
•L.  C.  Smith,  J.  E.  Smith,  Elmore  Smith,  Wm.  D.  Pomroy,  S.  A. 
Eastman,  E.  N.  Palmer,  S.  S.  Thomas,  C.  D.  Johnson,  E.  H.  Haskell, 
and  their  associates,  hereby  form  themselves  into  a  body  Corporate 
for  religious  purposes  under  the  name  of  The  First  Congregational 
Ecclesiastical  Society  of  Bradford. 

Art.  2d.     Said  body  Corporate  shall  have  Perpetual  Succession. 

Art.  3d.     Said  body  may  sue  and  be  sued  by  its  corporate  name. 

Art.  4th.  The  private  property  of  the  Members  of  said  Corporate 
body  shall  not  be  liable  for  its  Corporate  debts. 

Art,  5th.  Said  Corporate  body  shall  have  power  to  make  con- 
tracts, acquire  and  transfer  property,  possessing  the  same  power 
in  such  respects  as  -private  individuals  may  enjoy. 

Art.  6th.  Said  body  Corporate  shall  have  power  to  establish 
by-laws  and  make  all  rules  and  regulations  deemed  expedient  for 
the  management  of  their  affairs  in  accordance  with  law  and  not 
incompatible  wdth  an  honest  purpose. 


L. 

S. 

THOMAS, 

J. 

E. 

SMITH, 

L. 

C. 

SMITH, 

C. 

D. 

JOHNSON, 

E. 

H. 

HASKELL, 

ELMORE  SMITH, 

S. 

A. 

EASTMAN, 

w 

.   SMITH, 

ORRIN  HUMESTON, 

E. 

N. 

PALMER.^' 

The  church  building  was  begun  in  1862  and  was  finished 
and  dedicated  December  29,  1864.  Rev.  J.  K.  Nutting  built 
the  church  and  was  pastor  for  eight  years,  resigning  in  1870. 
He  has  a  record  as  a  church  builder  and  in  his  eighties  built 
a  "Little  Brown  Church  in  the  Glade,"  at  Crystal  Springs, 
Florida. 

This  is  his  account  of  the  work:^ 

In  the  year  1859,  when  I  became  the  youthful  Missionary  Pastor 
of  the  weak  but  very  interesting  Congregational  Church  at  Bradford, 
Chickasaw  County,  Iowa,  the  vast  network  of  railways,  which  now 
furnishes  ready  transportation  to  almost  every  farm  in  Iowa,  was 


^A     of     Miscellaneous     Records,     County     Recorder's     office,     Chickasaw 
County,  Iowa.     Filed  for  record  December  7,  1859. 

^Nutting's  Two  Little  Brown  Churches  in   Story  and  Song.    1914. 


"LITTLE  BROWN  CHURCH  IN  THE  VALE."  109 

in  its  infancy.  One  line  had  reached  as  far  inland  as  Iowa  City — 
only  to  see  the  state  capital  quickly  removed  to  its  present  normal 
location.  Weak  local  companies  had  also  made  beginnings  from 
various  points  on  "The  River.;"  but  these  had  hardly  more  than 
reached  the  edge  of  the  vast  prairies  which  make  up  the  now  popu- 
lous and  wonderful  empire  called  Iowa.  In  general,  all  transporta- 
tion was  dependent  upon  horses  or  oxen;  in  consequence,  all  interior 
commerce  was  heavily  handicapped,  except  that  which  supplied  the 
need  of  the  constant  influx  of  new  settlers,  who  brought  money, 
and  who  must  have  food  and  the  other  necessities. 

Up  to,  and  until  in  1857,  this  sort  of  trade,  with  the  sale  of  land, 
had  induced  boom  conditions.  Everybody  had  money,  and  many 
seemed  to  become  wealthy. 

Then,  without  warning,  came  the  great  financial  crash  of  that 
year — an  experience  never  to  be  forgotten  by  any  one  who  passed 
through  it.  Money  disappeared  as  by  magic.  Credit  expired.  We 
were  thrown  back  upon  mere  barter — the  clumsy  method  of  half- 
civilized  peoples.  Many  who  had  supposed  themselves  wealthy, 
now  often  found  themselves  hard  pressed  to  obtain  daily  food. 

The  next  year  had  been  worse  rather  than  better.  Not  only 
were  the  effects  of  the  "crash"  felt  more  than  ever,  but  the  season 
proved  extremely  unfavorable.  Rain  fell  in  torrents  almost  daily 
from  January  until  July.  Very  little  planting  or  sowing  could 
be  done,  and  what  was  sown  brought  almost  nothing.  Low  ground 
became  submerged,  high  land  a  mere  sponge.  Only  here  and  there 
some  small  field,  favorably  situated,  ripened  a  little  early  corn. 
I  saw  men  trying  to  cultivate  corn  in  which  the  weeds  were  higher 
than  the  corn.  They  had  provided  their  horses  with  guards  of 
leather  for  their  breasts  and  fore-legs,  because  the  great  weeds  had 
worn  through  their  hides  and  formed  dangerous  sores. 

There  was  no  money  to  import  supplies.  If  there  had  been,  the 
undrained  roads  and  the  unbridged  streams  made  transportation 
almost  impossible.  The  staple  living  of  most  families  was  corn 
meal,  with  very  poor,  sour  sorghum-syrup.  In  after  years  the  mere 
mention  of  either  would  bring  wry  faces.  To  many,  even  shoes 
and  stockings  were  a  luxury  not  to  be  thought  of.  Men  often  wore 
"packs"  of  raw-hide,  stripped  from  the  hind-legs  of  butchered  cattle, 
in  lieu  of  boots.  In  the  first  year  of  my  pastorate,  I  received  from 
my  people,  in  money,  exactly  four  dollars — from  a  lady  who  had 
just  come  from  the  East. 

Yet  by  that  time  there  was  no  serious  suffering.  Crops  in  1859 
were  good,  and  we  lived  well.  My  salary  was  paid  in  kind,  as 
were  also  all  fees  and  perquisites.  I  never  desired  any  funeral  fees, 
but  when  on  one  occasion,  after  a  trip  of  fifteen  miles,  and  a  whole 
day  with  my  team,  I  was  presented  with  four  large  pumpkins  as  a 
fee  I  accepted  them — the  humor  of  it  overcame  reluctance.  Wedding 
fees  were  paid  in  beans,  in  beef,  or  rarely,  in  apples,  which  had  to 


110  ANNALS   OF  IOWA. 

be  wagoned  from  Missouri — we  liad  none  as  yet  in  our  part  of  Iowa. 
(There  is  still  one  bushel  of  such  fruit  due  me— the  wedding  having 
been  performed  on  credit.) 

In  making  change,  owing  to  the  absence  of  small  coin,  we  used  to 
write  the  amount,  "five  cents,"  or  "ten  cents,"  on  a  scrap  of  paper, 
and  sign  the  debtor's  name.  Merchants  used  pasteboard  "coins," 
punched  out  with  a  gun-wad  punch. 

Yet,  as  I  said,  we  lived  well.  My  salary  was  paid  in  kind,  at 
prices  of  which  I  could  not  complain.  Wheat  at  thirty-six  cents  per 
bushel — mill  close  at  hand.  Best  cuts  beef,  six  cents  per  pound. 
Potatoes  never  more  than  twenty-five  cents  per  bushel — after  plant- 
ing time  in  spring  often  given  away.  Other  farm  products  on  the 
same  scale.  In  winter,  pork,  in  the  carcass,  frozen,  could  sometimes 
be  had  at  one  cent  per  pound.  A  threatened  thaw  would  generally 
overwhelm  the  parsonage  with  "spare-ribs."  Many  (I  with  the  rest) 
had  sugar-camps  in  the  forest,  and  made  oilr  own  sugar.  Others 
raised  sorghum. 

We  lived  well.  But  how  should  we  ever  build  a  church,  which, 
besides  all  that  we  could  do  in  the  way  of  labor  or  material,  must 
cost  at  least  a  round  thousand  in  cash? 

That  we  greatly  needed  one,  there  was  no  question.  We  had 
never  any  permanent  place  of  worship.  A  log-house,  a  lawyer's 
office,  a  hotel  dining  room,  a  school  house  far  to  one  side;  an  aban- 
doned store,  without  windows  or  door,  and  which  had  been  occupied 
all  winter  by  a  flock  of  sheep;  we  thought  of  the  labors  of  Hercules, 
and  wished  we  had  his  river  to  turn  through  the  room.  But  we  got 
it  fairly  clean,  and  used  it  till  the  cold  drove  us  out.  And  all  these 
things  made  it  more  and  more  evident  that  WE  MUST  HAVE  A 
CHURCH! 

Expecting  such  emergencies,  I  had  made  architecture  part  of  my 
preparatory  studies.  I  now  drew  plans,  which  were  pronounced 
satisfactory,  and  began  to  "talk  church"  in  good  earnest.  Some  dis- 
couraged the  attempt.  "We  haven't  the  first  dollar  to  do  it  with," 
was  their  lament.  But  I  showed  them  that  we  had  the  big  forest 
close  at  hand,  stone  and  lime  within  reach,  and  all  the  labor  that 
would  be  needed.    All  that  we  lacked  was  courage  and  faith. 

The  courage  and  faith  began  to  come.  I  have  always  been  sorry 
that  I  did  not  keep  memoranda  of  dates  along  then — but  I  did  not. 
I  only  remember  the  order  in  which  the  several  steps  of  our  progress 
were  made. 

Mr.  Joseph  Bird  gave  us  the  first  definite  advance,  by  donating 
the  village  lots  on  which  we  built.  His  gift  was  promptly  accepted, 
and  a  "bee"  was  called  for,  to  quarry  and  deliver  stone  for  the 
foundation.  That  accomplished,  we  all  became  for  the  nonce  "free 
and  accepted  masons,"  for  the  building  of  the  wall.  Only  one  of  us 
had  ever  laid  stone— Brother  Leander  Smith  had  built  stone  fences. 
His  work  can  yet  be  identified,  at  the  rear  of  the  building — as  he 


"LITTLE  BROWN  CHURCH  IN  THE  VALE."  Ill 

laid  every  stone  "slanting,"  as  he  had  done  in  laying  stone  fence. 
But  all  our  work  has  stood  firm  for  fifty  years. 

Mr.  Joseph  Bird  again  gave  us  a  new  start  by  offering  us  some  of 
his  fine  rock-elm  trees  for  sills.  They  were  procured,  hewn,  and 
placed  upon  the  walls.    Alas — there  they  lay,  for  many  long  months. 

The  reasons  for  this  I  cannot  quite  recall,  but  I  think  it  was  due 
to  the  diversion  of  attention  by  the  rolling  thunders  of  coming  war. 
For — how  little  we  realized  it — we  were  beginning  the  horrible  four 
years  of  the  Civil  War.     All  else  was  for  the  time  forgotten. 

How  patriotic  we  were!  All  men  and  boys — with  very  few  ex- 
ceptions—were for  enlisting  on  the  moment.  A  military  company 
was  formed,  and  we  proceeded  to  learn  the  art  of  war.  Only  one 
person  among  us  had  any,  even  slight,  knowledge  of  the  manual  of 
arms — the  venerable  Captain  John  Smith.  How  he  had  come  by  his 
title,  I  never  knew — we  supposed,  by  way  of  service  in  the  War  of 
1812.  At  that  time  he  was  living  near  Malone,  N.  Y.,  and  may  have 
had  some  hand  in  the  fighting  on  Lake  Champlain.  The  Company 
chose  him  for  drill-master.  But  when  he  gave  the  order  "Shoulder- 
your  firelocks!"  the  uproarious  laughter  with  which  the  company 
responded  so  hurt  the  dear  old  man's  feelings  that  he  threw  up  the 
task,  and  the  drill  went  no  farther.  A  few  weeks  later,  however, 
many  of  the  same  persons  were  enrolled  in  earnest,  and  marched 
away;  and  several  of  them  gave  their  lives  for  their  country.  Able- 
bodied  men  became  rare  in  our  village  and  county,  and  only  at  the 
very  last  of  the  war  was  the  draft  resorted  to,  and  then,  only  to  raise 
two  or  three  men  to  fill  out  our  quota.  Our  local  physician  died,  and 
all  the  other  doctors  in  the  county  (I  think)  went  to  the  war.  I, 
perforce,  became  not  only  a  spiritual  adviser,  but  an  authority  as 
well  in  medicine.  I  watched  with  many  a  soldier  returned  from  the 
front  in  dangerous  illness,  some  of  whom  I  buried.  I  sometimes  dug 
graves,  and  then  officiated  at  the  burial;  and  twice  I  helped  to  make 
coffins. 

I  think  it  was  the  fall  after  our  boys  marched  away,  that  Mr. 
Eastman,  who  always  "raised  the  minister's  salary,"  came  to  me 
with  a  sad  countenance,  to  say  that  he  had  done  his  best,  but  that 
instead  of  being  able  to  offer  me  the  same  (or  more)  for  the  coming 
year,  the  church  must  offer  me  fifty  dollars  less.  This  meant  that 
while  prices  had  already  risen  at  least  one-half,  I  must  try  to  live  on 
$450  instead  of  $500. 

Here  was  certainly  ground  for  serious  thought.  With  an  invalid 
wife,  needing  expensive  help,  and  with  reason  to  expect  family  ex- 
penses to  increase  naturally — I  knew  that  not  only  had  the  cost  of 
living  risen  one-half  already,  but  that  it  would  certainly  rise  higher 
and  higher  as  long  as  the  war  should  continue.  Gold  would  continue 
to  "go  up,"  and  by  great  strides.  Yet  1  was  asked  to  accept  lesa 
salary  than  ever  before. 


112  ANNADS  OP  IOWA. 

(Looking  back,  1  often  wonder  how  it  was  that  in  those  days  we 
never  spoke  or  thought  of  our  paper  money  as  falling  in  value — but 
always  of  gold  as  rising.  Was  this  a  trick  of  those  in  power,  or  did 
it  merely  happen?) 

I  finally  asked  my  friend  just  one  question:  "Do  the  people  really 
wish  me  to  remain  their  pastor?" 

"No  question  about  that,"  was  the  reply.  "And  every  one  wishes 
we  could  raise  your  salary,  instead  of  lowering  it." 

"In  that  case  I  will  stay — on  one  condition — that  you  shall  take 
hold  with  me — in  spite  of  everything — to  build  our  church." 

To  this  he  gladly  assented.  And  not  long  after,  I  took  him  in 
my  cutter  to  interview  Mr.  Watson,  who  owned  a  large  tract  of  the 
best  timber  in  the  great  forest  adjoining  the  village.  Mr.  Watson 
was  not  a  member  of  the  church,  but  I  felt  sure,  on  account  of  cer- 
tain circumstances  connected  with  the  illness  and  death  of  a  beloved 
daughter  of  his,  that  he  would  feel  kindly  toward  myself  and  the 
church. 

At  once,  learning  my  errand — I  seem  to  see  him  as  he  takes  his 
axe,  and  plows  through  the  deep  snow,  leading  the  way  to  the  forest. 
And  arrived  there,  instead  of  selecting  a  few  trees  for  us,  as  I  had 
modestly  suggested,  he  eagerly  marked  enough  of  the  very  finest, — 
splendid  red-oaks,  straight  as  an  arrow,  and  without  a  limb  for  (I 
should  think)  fifty  feet  up — enough  to  supply  all  the  dimension- 
timber  and  rough  boards  for  the  whole  church. 

We  went  home  rejoicing;  and  as  soon  as  the  news  spread.  Deacon 
Sanford  Billings  and  his  son-in-law,  Mr.  John  Heald,  mustered  a 
force  of  choppers,  and  felled  and  cut  to  proper  lengths  the  marked 
trees.  Walter  and  Elmer  Smith,  sons  of  Captain  John  Smith,  owned 
the  saw-mill,  at  the  edge  of  the  woods.  But  their  yard  was  so 
crowded  already,  that  it  was  June  before  they  could  receive  our 
trees.  Then  William  Pomroy  and  I,  with  two  yoke  of  oxen,  drew 
the  logs  in,  and  they  were  sawn  to  order,  free  of  all  charge. 

Soon  the  lumber  was  on  the  ground,  and  a  fresh  force  of  men, 
with  Newton  Palmer  as  foreman,  quickly  had  the  frame  up  and 
roughly  inclosed.  I  remember  that  I  was  so  foolish,  when  I  saw 
the  building  up  and  roofed,  that  a  lump  came  in  my  throat  and  my 
eyes  got  full.  And  so  far  we  had  not  expended  a  single  dollar  of 
money — all  had  been  freely  given. 

But  now  we  were  up  against  it,  surely.  All  the  rest  of  the  needed 
material  must  be  paid  for  in  money,  and  at  war  prices;  and  must 
be  wagoned  from  the  River  at  McGregor,  a  distance  of  eighty  miles. 
And  while  most  of  us  now  had  some  money,  such  as  it  was,  the  cost 
of  living  had  so  increased  that  we  were  really  poorer  than  ever.  We 
gave,  to  our  power  and  beyond;  but  the  aggregate  made  no  show 
as  compared  with  the  need. 

Was  it' mere  chance?  Just  then  I  happened  (?)  to  think  of  a 
certain  famous  divine  and  author,  by  name  the  Reverend  Doctor 


"LITTLE  BROWN  CHURCH  IN  THE  VALE."  113 

John  Todd,  at  that  time  pastor  of  a  very  wealthy  church  at  Pittsfield, 
Mass.  Doctor  Todd's  first  pastorate  had  been  at  Groton,  my  early 
home,  and  my  parents  and  grandfather  had  been  his  loving  friends 
and  helpers.  And  his  last  public  act  (as  I  had  been  told)  in  closing 
his  work  there,  had  been  to  baptize  me,  the  youngest  of  my  father's 
twelve  children.  I  remembered  once  hearing  him,  on  a  visit  of  his 
to  his  old  parish,  a  wonderful  sermon,  full  of  word-pictures — I  can 
never  forget  it. 

I  wrote  him.  I  told  him  whose  son  I  was,  how  much  my  parents 
had  told  me  of  him,  and  how  he  had  put  upon  me  the  seal  of  baptism. 
The  babe  he  had  named  was  now  himself  a  pastor,  and — well,  I  told 
him  what  we  were  doing,  how  far  we  had  gotten  on,  and  the  straits 
we  were  now  in.  Then  I  asked  Our  Father  to  give  us  "favor  in  the 
eyes  of  this  man." 

Very  soon,  I  received  a  letter  from  him — I  have  it  still — full  of 
feeling,  full  of  kind  remembrance  of  my  parents — and  inclosing  a 
check  for  one  hundred  and  forty  dollars — with  a  hint  of  more  to 
follow.  This  money,  he  wrote,  was  "honey  from  white  clover,  very 
precious — the  gift  of  the  children  of  his  Sunday  School." 

And  so  began  a  friendship  between  the  famous  doctor  and  the 
obscure  backwoods  preacher,  which  ended  only  with  his  death. 
And  it  came  about,  strangely,  that  in  his  last  sickness  he  called 
me  to  care  for  him,  and  for  many  days  and  nights  I  had  the  privi- 
lege at  least  of  showing  him  my  love  and  gratitude. 

Later  than  the  first  gift  came  others,  and  he  helped  us  besides 
to  secure  aid  from  our  Church  Building  Society,  which  was  then 
in  its  infancy.  And  so  we  finished  the  building.  And  just  then, 
being  a  delegate  to  the  First  National  Council  of  our  Church  (at 
Boston,  in  1865)  the  good  doctor  sent  money  to  have  my  wife  come 
with  me. 

We  spent  a  delightful  week  at  his  home.  He  called  together 
his  friends,  and  in  a  beautiful  little  service,  baptized  my  little 
daughter,  as  he  had  baptized  myself  more  thgn  thirty  years  before. 
Among  many  kindnesses,  he  suggested  to  his  people  that  "there 
was  an  excellent  place  for  a  good  bell,"  in  our  little  church  tower. 
Accordingly,  Mr.  Thomas  Cole,  then  a  wealthy  manufacturer  of 
paper  collars,  and  "Catherine,  his  wife,"  (as  the  inscription  reads 
on  the  bell,)  sent  me  over  to  Meneely's  famous  bell  foundry  at 
Troy,  N.  Y.,  to  select  such  a  bell  as  I  wished.  There  was  then  no 
church  bell  in  Chickasaw  County,  and  its  coming  was  an  event.  It 
was  rung  almost  continuously  all  the  way  from  Dubuque  until  it 
reached  its  destination.  It  still  hangs  in  its  tower,  and  is  beloved 
of  all  the  country-side. 

The  Dedication. 

This   took   place   in    December,   lSG-1— the   exact   date   is   lost.     In 
those  days  the  dedication  of  a  small  country  church  was  not  a  great 
8 


114  ANNALS   OP  IOWA. 

occasion.  And,  of  course,  none  of  us  dreamed  that  our  little  churcli 
would  ever  become  in  any  sense  famous.  The  neighboring  churches 
and  ministers  were  invited,  and  the  different  parts  were  assigned. 

But  the  day  proved  extremely  unfavorable,  and  of  those  invited, 
only  one  minister  was  able  to  attend.  This  was  Rev.  D.  N.  Bordwell, 
then  pastor  at  Charles  City,  about  twelve  miles  up  the  Cedar  River — 
the  nearest  important  town.  He  preached  the  sermon,  to  a  small 
audience.  I  think  he  also  offered  the  Dedicatory  Prayer.  I  have 
been  able  to  find  no  record — probably  the  church  clerk  considered 
it  a  failure,  of  which  the  less  said  the  better. 

I  continued  as  pastor  about  four  years  longer,  during  which 
not  only  my  pastoral  work  went  on  happily,  but  I  succeeded  in 
establishing  Bradford  Academy,  bringing  with  me  on  my  return 
from  New  England,  my  nephew.  Prof.  W.  P.  Bennett,  as  its  princi- 
pal. Beginning  in  a  small  way,  this  school  grew  until  the  people 
provided  for  it  a  good  brick  building,  in  which  it  did  a  notable  work 
for  many  years,  elevating  the  standard  of  education  in  all  the 
region,  so  that  it  is  claimed  that  from  no  equal  district  in  Iowa 
have  so  many  young  people  obtained  a  college  education.  And  the 
impetus  so  given  has  continued,  though  the  competition  of  the  free 
high  schools  in  the  end  took  away  its  constituency,  as  it  had  no 
endowment.  The  semi-centennial  of  the  Academy  was  celebrated 
by  its  friends  and  alumni,  in  connection  with  that  of  the  church, 
though  it  had  long  ceased  to  exist,  I  speak  of  it,  because  it  grew 
out  of  the  church. 

By  1867  it  had  become  evident  that  the  hoped-for  railway  would 
not  touch  Bradford,  but  would  build  up  the  newer  town  of  Nashua, 
about  a  mile  and  a  half  distant,  on  the  main  Cedar — Bradford  lying 
on  the  Little  Cedar,  which  there  flowed  through  the  same  "V5,le." 
The  old  town  had  two  possible  mill-sites,  one  of  which  had  long 
been  in  use.  But  Nashua  had  a  larger  water-privilege,  on  the  main 
stream.  After  a  pastorate  of  nearly  nine  years,  I  reluctantly  re- 
signed my  charge.  One  of  my  latest  acts  was  to  assist  in  organizing 
a  church  at  Nashua,  where  I  had  from  the  first  also  preached  regu- 
larly.    This  church  gradually  absorbed  the  older  organization. 

Other  pastors  succeeded  me  at  Bradford,  but  gradually  the  popula- 
tion decreased,  until  in  the  course  of  years  the  little  church  stood 
almost  alone  in  the  fields,  and  finally  its  sweet  bell  became  silent, 
except  when  some  old  settler  was  to  be  buried  from  the  church,  or 
upon  some  extraordinary  occasion. 

It  is  remarkable  that  both  men  connected  with  this  histori- 
cal spot,  Rev.  J.  K.  Nutting,  the  builder,  and  Dr.  W.  S.  Pitts, 
the  author  of  the  song,  are  both  alive  and  both  over  ''eighty 
years  young."  Both  sent  greetings  to  the  jubilee  celebration 
in  June,  1914. 


"LITTLE  BROWN  CHURCH  IN  THE  VALE."  115 

During  the  early  life  of  the  church  the  following  pastors 
were  leaders  in  the  work,  folloAving  Mr.  Nutting:  Eev.  H.  J. 
Williams,  Rev.  Alpheus  Graves,  Rev.  J.  M.  Hudson,  Rev.  L. 
D.  W.  Boynton,  Rev.  T.  J.  Reed  and  Rev.  N.  L.  Packard.  Mr. 
Packard  resigned  in  1887,  since  which  time  no  regular  pastor 
has  preached,  although  the  pulpit  has  been  supplied  much  of 
the  time  by  the  pastors  of  the  Nashua  Congregational  church, 
which  is  only  two  miles  away.  A  Sunday  school  has  been 
maintained  with  the  exception  of  very  short  intervals  during 
all  these  years. 

One  by  one  the  memlDcrs  of  the  church  withdrew  their 
memberships  or  went  to  tlieir  rewards  until  IMrs.  Sanford 
Billings  alone  remained.  ^She  would  never  take  her  member- 
ship from  this  church,  and  her  friends  would  laughingly  say 
to  her:  ''"Wliy  grandma,  you  are  the  Little  Brown  Church 
in  the  Vale."    But  in  May  of  1911  she,  too,  was  crowned. 

In  June,  1913,  the  church  took  on  new  life  and  was  again 
placed  on  the  map  of  Congregational  churches  with  a  mem- 
bership of  thirty.  It  is  now  known  as  the  Bradford  Branch 
of  the  Nashua  Congregational  church. 

In  June,  1914,  a  jubilee  celebration  was  held.  Near  the 
church  had  stood  a  building  known  as  Bradford  Academy. 
So  the  jubilee  included  a  reunion  of  the  former  students,  as 
Avell  as  the  children  of  the  old  members  and  of  the  old  con- 
stituency of  the  church.  A  large  crowd  came  together,  some 
thirteen  different  states  being  represented.  People  who  had 
not  met  for  forty  years  renewed  old  friendships. 

An  interesting  program  was  carried  out.  "Wednesday  eve- 
ning, June  10th,  Supt.  P.  A.  Johnson  of  Grinnell  preached 
on  the  theme,  "The  Vitality,  Fertility  and  Fruitfulness  of 
the  Church."  Mrs.  Rena  Bowers  gave  some  very  interesting 
reminiscences.  On  the  following  day  the  church  yard  was 
the  scene  of  the  picnic  dinner.  This  was  followed  by  an  address 
by  J.  F.  Grawe,  editor  of  the  Waverly  Independent^  on  ''In- 
fluence of  Old  Academy  Teachers."  Mrs.  Irving  Fisher  of 
Allison  recounted  the  struggles  of  early  days  in  connection 
with  church  and  school.  Hon.  J.  H.  Trewin  of  Cedar  Rapids, 
a  student  of  early  academy  days,  told  of  the  influence  which 


116  ANNULS  OF  IOWA. 

had  been  exerted  by  the  Academy,  which  though  now  past 
history,  still  lives  in  immortal  influence. 

In  the  evening  Rev.  Arthur  Graves,  a  grandson  of  a  former 
pastor  of  the  church  preached  on  ''Making  Christ  King,"  and 
Dr.  W.  W.  Gist,  of  Cedar  Falls,  closed  the  celebration  by 
pointing  out  the  opportunities  which  still  open  to  this  church 
in  serving  the  religious  interests  of  the  community.  The 
splendid  music  was  furnished  by  the  Nashua  church. 

The  Lord  passes  on  the  blessings  as  well  as  the  iniquities  of 
the  fathers  unto  the  third  and  fourth  generation,  for  the  cen- 
tral figure  in  the  activities  of  "The  Little  Brown  Church" 
in  this  year  of  1915,  is  James  Manly  Heald,  the  grandson  of 
the  first  clerk,  Sanford  Billings,  and  the  last  member,  Mrs. 
San  ford  Billino^s. 


SIGOURNEY— HOW  PRONOUNCED. 

The  county  seat  of  the  adjoining  county  of  Keokuk  is  the 
namesake  of  one  of  the  most  gifted  of  American  women,  and 
the  common  pronunciation  as  if  it  were  spelled  Si-gur-ney, 
placing  the  entire  accent  on  the  second  syllable,  has  always 
sounded  harsh  and  unpleasant.  Wishing  to  correct  this  error, 
we  recently  addressed  a  note  to  Mrs.  Sigourney  in  relation 
to  the  matter,  intimating  cur  impression  that  the  accent  should 
be  entirely  on  the  first  syllable.     The  following  is  her  answer: 

Hartford,  Conn.,  March  18th,  1858. 
My  Dear  Sir: 

In  reply  to  yours  of  the  6th  ult.  with  regard  to  the  pronunciation 
of  the  name  of  Sigourney,  I  assure  you  that  your  own  opinion  and 
usage  are  right  in  placing  the  accent  entirely  on  the  first  syllable. 
I  have  sometimes  heard  the  stress  of  voice  laid  on  the  second,  as 
you  mention  often  occurs  at  the  West,  but  it  is  incorrect. 

With  best  wishes  for  the  success  of  your  periodical  and  the  pros 
perity  of  your  beautiful  State,  I  am, 

Respectfully  yours, 

L.  H.  S. 
(From  Oskaloosa  Herald.) 

Sigourney,  Iowa,  Life  in  the  West,  Feb.  17,  1859. 


WRITINGS  OF  JUDGE  GEORGE  G.  WRIGHT.  117 

THE  WRITINGS  OF  JUDGE  GEORGE  G.  WRIGHT. 

V. 

ASSOCIATES    IN    THi.    LEGI^LATVjKE. 

In  the  senate  of  1848-49  and  1850-51,  I  remember  my  col- 
leagues Dr.  J.  F.  Sanford  (first  session),  and  Dr.  J.  B.  Spees, 
(second).  Sanford  was  then  and  after  among  the  ablest  and 
most  distinguished  surgeons  of  the  West,  and  was  for  a  long 
time  connected  with  the  medical  college  at  Keokuk.  He  was 
a  man  of  keen  intellect — the  quickest  perceptions — confident 
of  his  own  ability — a  ready  lalker  and  proud  of  his  profession. 
Dr.  Specs  was  of  most  modest  demeanor — but  little  familiar 
with  legislative  work — honest  and  true  to  every  obligation. 

Then,  too,  was  Francis  Springer.  We  called  him  by  direc- 
tion of  John  P.  Cook  "Sir  Francis  Burdette".  He  was  one 
of  eight  Whigs  in  a  body  of  twentj'-six  (Cook,  Wheeler, 
Springer,  Sanford,  Sprott,  Browning,  Jay,  Wright).  Had 
been  President  of  the  Territorial  Council,  afterwards  Dis- 
trict Judge  and  President  of  Constitutional  Convention  of 
1857.  [He  is]  still  in  life,  approaching  if  he  has  not  reached 
the  fourscore  line.  Is  with  his  son  and  daughter  in  Louisa 
county  part  of  the  time  (and  there  he  settled  fifty  years 
since),  and  part  with  his  two  sons  in  Ncav  Mexico, — noble 
children,  honoring  him  and  honored  by  him.  Their  mother 
was  a  daughter  of  Judge  Coleman,  a  true-hearted  old  Whig 
and  a  splendid  gentleman  of  the  old  school, — few  such  in 
Iowa.  [Springer]  w^as  even  more  level-headed  than  Burdette, 
safe,  cautious,  clear-headed,  the  perfection  of  the  gentleman 
in  all  his  habits,  with  few  if  any  enemies,  and  friends  every- 
where. 

Dr.  John  J.  Selman  was  president  of  one  session  and  Dr. 
Enos  Low^e  of  the  other;  both  from  Indiana.  I  knew  the 
latter  in  his  early  manhood  and  the  former  in  Van  Buren 
county  where  he  first  settled, — going  to  Bloomfield  in  Davis 
county  of  which  county  he  was  senator.  He  was  Territorial 
elector  on  the  Cass-Butler  ticket  of  1848.     Lowe  was  delib- 


118  ANNALS   OP  IOWA. 

erate — slow  in  his  movements — somewhat  timid  in  express- 
ing his  opinions — not  much  of  a  talker  but  a  good  presiding 
officer.  Selman  was  quick — struck  at  random — extreme  in 
his  political  views — depended  upon  the  ''light  of  reason  in 
the  common  courts" — was  genial — a  little  erratic  in  his  hab- 
its— but  withal  acquitted  himself  well.  Both  had  been  mem- 
bers of  constitutional  conventions — Selman  of  the  Second, 
and  the  former  (Lowe)  member  and  president  of  the  first. 

John  P.  Cook  was  the  always  happy,  genial  man  of  the 
senate.  Few  men  in  the  State  had  manners  more  popular. 
He  was  the  friend  of  everybody  and  everybody  was  his  friend. 
Always  the  life  of  every  social  circle, — he  could  sing  a  song 
or  tell  a  story,  whether  in  Irish,  Dutch  or  English,  equal  to 
any  man  (unless  it  may  have  been  Judge. Joseph  Williams, 
of  whom  more  perhaps  hereafter).  An  early  settler — among 
the  first  in  the  Cedar  valley,  he  was  of  a  family  (Ebenezer, 
William,  Ira)  which  has  most  happily  impressed  itself  upon 
Iowa.  His  son  Edward  (Davenport)  is  among  the  leading 
lawyers  of  the  State.  John  P.  was  in  congress  in  1853,  I  think. 
Was  a  leading  lawyer,  and  few  men  were  ever  stronger,  more 
invincible  before  a  jury  "of  twelve  good  and  lawful  men." 
Not  a  student,  he  nevertheless  had  a  tact  and  intuitive  per- 
ception of  legal  principles  and  a  faculty  for  grouping  and 
grasping  facts, — and  too,  of  judging  human  actions,  making 
him  quite  as  dangerous  an  antagonist  as  one  who  read  books 
more  and  the  affairs  of  the  world  less.  He  loved  his  friends — 
was  attached  to  good  men,  and  worshipped  the  happy,  jolly 
side  of  life,  and  had  a  most  profound  contempt  for  pretenders, 
shams  or  hypocrites. 

Warner  Lewis  was  from  Dubuque.  A  southerner  (Vir- 
ginia, I  believe),  was  the  soul  of  honor  and  the  highest  type 
of  the  old-school  gentleman.  Not  the  most  fliuent  talker,  he 
was  nevertheless  always  listened  to  with  attention,  for  his 
friendships  were  so  sincere,  his  amiability  so  admired,  his 
sincerity  so  admitted  that  he  always  commanded  respect.  He 
was  as  chivalrous  as  a  "prince  of  the  royal  blood"  and  al- 
ways stood  for  home  and  all  that  word  implies  and  includes. 
Adhering  to  old  views  and  ideas  he  was  at  first  opposed  to 
any  extension  of  the  rights  of  women — as  to  separate  prop- 


WRITINGS  OF  JUDGE  GEORGE  G.  WRIGHT.  119 

erty  or  the  like — but  after  reflection — and  he  was  a  man  who 
listened  and  thought  well, — he  changed  his  views  and  actu- 
ally aided  in  the  little  gained,  as  will  appear  in  the  code  of 
1851.  He  was  as  far  from  any  and  all  vices  as  any  man  then 
or  since  in  public  life.  And  living  to  a  good  old  age,  he  died 
poor,  without  (as  far  as  I  know)  a  stain  upon  his  record  pri- 
vate or  public. 

John  T.  Morton  and  Evan  Jay  were  from  Henry  [county] 
at  different  sessions.  John  liked  his  ease — preferred  a  dog 
or  fishing  tackle  to  book  or  work.  Then  in  the  prime  of  youthful 
manhood,  he  was  good-looking — indifferent  to  dress — a  royal 
Whig — worked  on  committee  when  necessary — in  his  place  if 
it  w^as  important — had  a  keen  sense  of  the  ludicrous  and 
ready  to  get  any  one  into  a  harmless  scrape  if  thereby  fun 
could  be  found.  He  is  in  Kansas  now — has  been  clerk  of  the 
Federal  court, — police  judge, — and  is  tiuis  well-known.  He 
was  ever  true  to  ''High  Henry"  and  had  scores  of  friends 
and  especially  with  the  young  people, — the  active,  enterpris- 
ing people  of  his  county. 

Evan  Jay  was  in  many  respects  just  the  0])posite.  A  farm- 
er, he  was  .not  much  of  a  talker — plain  i]i  his  habits  and 
dress — didn't  take  nuicli  to  dogs  or  fish  hooks,  but  more  to 
good  horses  and  the  pleasures  of  the  farm.  And  yet  he  was 
a  shrewd  chap — good  size — an  adroit  politician — strong,  vig- 
orous, common  sense — not  able  to  grasp  all  sides  of  a  difficult 
(especially  legal)  proposition — but  drove  to  his  conclusion 
directly  and  usually  wuth  correctness.  Evan  was  from  In- 
diana, I  think,  and  loved  to  talk  of  the  early  days  and  scenes 
of  his  "Hoosier"  life.  We  have  had  brighter  men — more 
able  in  law  or  in  legislation  but  few  more  faithful  to  a  trust. 
He  was  a  most  jolly  laugher — told  and  liked  a  good  story — 
not  always  exactly  the  most  particular  that  it  was  in  color. 
Had  something  of  the  Quaker  vein,  and  thus  had  additional 
strength  in  that  county.  And  yet  he  was  not  in  reality  much 
of  a  Quaker,  though  a  good,  plain,  perpendicular  citizen  and 
legislator, 

George  Hepner — an  odd  bird  from  Parke  county,  Indiana. 
George  took  naturally  to  politics  and  was  a  most  intense,  old- 
fashioned  Jackson  Democrat.    Without  much  education,  he. 


120  ANNALS   OF   IOWA. 

nevertheless,  having  a  good  presence  and  fair  assurance,  im- 
pressed himself  well.  He  was  chairman  of  committee  on  cor- 
porations, and  had  all  the  old-time  distrust  and  hostility  to 
everything  like  exclusive  rights  and  special  legislation  on 
the  subject  of  corporations,  whether  successful  or  otherwise. 
I  remember  that  Freeman  Alger  of  Muscatine,  also  a  Demo- 
crat, wanted  some  special  legislation  to  help  out  some  defect 
in  the  unsatisfactory  working  of  their  ferry  privilege  at  the 
old  town  of  Bloomington  (Muscatine).  His  constituents  were 
clamorous  and  he  was  very  anxious.  Hepner  stood  in  his  way 
and  more  than  once  reported  against  the  relief  asked.  Time 
went  on,  and  near  the  close  of  the  session  a  very  sturdy  dele- 
gation appeared  from  Des  Moines  county  ( Hepner 's  county) 
seeking  much  the  same  relief  and  the  committee  changed 
fast,  Alger  was  a  plain  man — unusually  quiet — and  had  said 
but  little — few  thought  it  was  in  him,  but  I  never  knew  any 
one  receive  such  an  unmerciful  scoring  as  he  gave  Hepner. 
Enos  Lowe  ( Hepner 's  colleague)  had  called  Hepner  to  the 
chair  and  took  charge  of  the  bill,  and  Hepner  asked  for 
mercy  until  he  could  get  the  floor.  It  was  of  no  avail.  Alger 
had  his  revenge.  Des  Moines  county  succeeded  and  so  then 
did  Muscatine.  Alger  ranked  very  high  after  that,  and  espe- 
cially since  it  occurred  that  night  that  a  traveling  troupe  of 
burnt  corkers  were  given  the  use  of  the  Senate  chamber  (free 
tickets  to  Senators  and  officers!)  and  in  their  local  hits  two 
of  them  took  off  Hepner  and  Alger  to  perfection, — imitated 
them  in  speech  and  action  (and  I  always  thought  that  John 
P.  Cook,  with  possible  assistance,  put  them  up  to  it!  They 
certainly  were  well  instructed). 

Hepner  lived  at  Augusta — settled  there  at  a  very  early 
day — had  had  prior  legislative  experience  and  stood  well  with 
his  party  in  his  county.  This  is  evidenced  in  the  fact  that  he 
was  a  member  of  the  First  and  Second  Territorial  Council, 
of  the  Fourth  and  Fifth  Territorial  House,  of  the  First  Con- 
stitutional Convention  and  Third  and  Fourth  State  Senate. 
As  I  have  said,  he  was  rather  fine  looking — dressed  well — 
loved  society  and  was  somewhat  vain. 

M.  D.  Browning  of  Des  Moines  [county]  was  a  member  of 
the  Third  Territorial  House  and  of  the  First,  Second  and 


WRITINGS  OF  JUDGE  GEORGE  G.  WRIGHT.  121 

Fourth  State  Senate  [also  Fifth].  His  ability  and  happy, 
cheerful  nature  no  one  denied.  He  was  a  good  lawyer — not 
so  much  from  reading  as  from  readiness  to  elicit  and  apply 
— almost  ])y  intuition — rules  and  principles  to  facts.  Had 
the  most  wonderful  tact  before  a  jury — repeated  the  Bible 
with  more  facility  than  any  lawyer  I  ever  knew,  and  could 
])eat,  or  circumvcMit  oftener,  those  of  more  laborious  liabits 
and  greater  application  by  his  happy  manner  and  adroit 
statement  of  his  proposition  and  ai'gument.  (Was  a  brother 
of  0.  H.  Browning  of  Quincy  in  Johnson's  cabinet.)  He 
and  Billy  G.  Haun  of  Clinton  in  the  House,  Fourth  State 
Assembly  (the  latter  had  a  distillery),  were  much  together, 
for  Haun  had  for  himself  and  friends  always  a  good  supply 
of  the  ''original  package."  (Boarded  at  Crummys',  I  think.) 
Browning  had  a  most  intense  dislike  of  shams,  as  also  of 
long-winded  and  prosy  speakers.  Always  wanted  to  hurry 
things  to  a  vote  and  adjourn.  He  was  a  Whig  then,  after- 
wards district  attorney  under  Johnson  and  died  a  Democrat. 
Was  in  the  habit  of  talking  to  himself — making  the  most 
liumcrous  and  amusing  comments  on  the  spi*eclies  of  others 
while  they  had  the  floor,  and  as  my  seat  was  next  his  I  could 
aot  but  hear  and  enjoy  the  fun.  He  was  seldom  still.  If  not 
walking  about,  he  was  talking,  commenting,  making  carica- 
tures on  paper,  moving  in  his  chair — for  ^Milton  could  not  be 
still — listen  quietly.  Even  if  he  took  part  in  a  debate,  he 
was  in  advance  to  himself,  amusing  his  antagonist,  spitting 
out  his  sarcasm  or  anticipating  his  speech  or  arguments.  Some 
men  he  loved  to  guy  and  put  on  the  rack  and  would  go  out 
of  the  line  of  debate  to  do  it.  Gen.  T.  S.  Espy,  senator  from 
Lee,  was  an  intense  Democrat — loved  to  talk — took  part  in 
everything,  almost.  On  stating  all  his  propositions  he  was 
wont  to  say,  "I  apprehend,  Mr.  President" — and  oh,  how 
Browning  ridiculed  his  "apprehensions"  and  loved  to  lay 
bare  what  he  esteemed  and  termed  his  sophistries.  Browning 
was  of  much  more  than  average  ability — not  of  the  best  habits 
— good  brain — with  study  and  application  he  could  and  would 
have  been,  if  true  to  himself,  among  the  strongest  and  lead- 
ing men  of  the  State.  A  Kentuckian — his  old  notions  and 
love  of  slavery  shadowed  at  least  his  political  life. 


122  ANNALS  OF  IOWA. 

IOWA  AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  WORKS. 

A  CONTRIBUTION  TOWARD  A  BIBLIOGRAPHY.* 

By  Alice  Marple. 
(Continued.) 

Holyoke,  Marie  Ballard 

Violets,  early  and  late.     '86.    Chic.  Mills  &  Spring. 

Hook,  Wallace  A.,  1874— 

Primer  of  agriculture.     '12.     Packard,  la.     The  author. 

Horack,  Frank  Edward 

Constitutional    amendments    in    the    commonwealth    ot 

Iowa.     '99.     Iowa  City. 
Government  of  Iowa.     '11.     Scribner. 
Primary  elections  in  Iowa  (Iowa  applied  history  ser.,  v. 

1,  no.  4).     '12.     Iowa  state  historical  soc. 
Organization    and    control    of    industrial    corporations. 

"03.    Taylor,  C.  F. 

Hornaday,  William  Temple,  1854 — 

American  natural  history.     '04.     Scribner. 

Brief  directions  for  removing  and  preserving  skins  of 
mammals.    U.  S.  uat.  museum. 

Camp-fires  in  Canadian  rockies.     '06.     Scribner. 

Camp-fires  on  desert  and  lava.     '08.     Scribner. 

Classification  of  collection  to  illustrate  art  of  taxidermy. 
U.  S.  nat.  museum. 

Destruction  of  our  birds  and  mammals.  '01.  N.  Y. 
zoological  soc. 

Extermination  of  American  bison;  with  sketch  of  dis- 
covery and  life  history.     '87.    IT.  S.  nat.  museum. 

*This  list  of  authors  and  their  works  is  herewith  published,  to  continue 
until  complete,  for  the  purpose  of  recording  all  that  is  at  present  known 
or  that  can  be  ascertained  upon  the  subject.  Criticism  and  suggestions 
are  invited. — Editor. 

tAbbreviation  of  publishers'  names  follows  the  usage  of  The  Cumxilative 
Book  Index,  the  H.  W.  Wilson  Company,  Publishers,  White  Plains,  New 
York. 


IOWA  AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  WORKS.  123 

Homaday,  William  Temple — Continued. 

How  to  collect  mammal  skins  for  purposes  of  study  and 
mounting.     '86.     U.  S.  nat.  museum. 

Notes  on  mountain  slieep  of  North  America.  '01.  N.  Y. 
zoological  soc. 

Our  vanishing  wild  life ;  its  extermination  and  preserva- 
tion.    '13'.     Scribner. 

Popular  official  guide  to  the  New  York  zoological  park. 
11th  ed.     '11.     N.  Y.  zoological  soc. 

Taxidermy  and  zoological  collecting;  with  chapters  on 
preserving  insects.     Scribner. 

Two  years  in  the  jungle.     Scribner. 

Hosteller,  Harvey 

Historical  sketch  of  the  presbytery  of  Fort  Dodge.    '80. 

Vail,  la.     Observer  ptg.  house. 
Minutes  of  the  presbytery  of  Sioux  City,  Iowa,  Apr.  23- 

25,  1891.     '91.     Sac  City. 

Houchuly,  J. 

Christianity,  the  safe-guard  of  the  republic.     '87. 

Hough,  Emerson,  1857 — 

54-40  or  fight.     '09.     Bobbs. 

Girl  at  the  halfway  house.     Appleton. 

Heart's  desire.      '05.     ^lacmillan. 

John  Rawn.     '12.    Bobbs. 

King  of  Gee-Whiz.     '06.    Bobbs. 

Lady  and  the  pirate.     '13.     Bobbs. 

Law  of  the  land.     '04.     Bobbs. 

Mississippi  bubble.     Bobbs. 

Purchase  price.     '10.     Bobbs. 

Singing  mouse  stories.     '10.     Bobbs. 

The  sowing;  a  ''Yankee's"  view  of  England's  duty  to 

herself  and  to   Canada.      '09.     Vanderhoof-Gunn   co. 
Story  of  the  cowboy.     Appleton. 
Story  of  the  outlaw.     '10.     Burt. 
Way  of  a  man.     '11.    Burt, 
Way  to  the  West,  and  lives  of  three  early  Americans, 

Boone-Crockett-Carson.      '03.     Bobbs. 
Young  Alaskans  in  the  Rockies.     '13.     Harper. 
Young  Alaskans  on  the  trail.     '11.    Harper. 


124  ANNALS   OF  IOWA. 

Hoy,  Oscar  H. 

Origin  of  organic  life.     '12.     Cedar  Falls,  la.     Monist 
pub. 

Hrbek,  Jeffrey  Dolezal,  1882-1907 

Ldnden  blossoms;  poems.     Torch  press. 

Hubbard,  Joseph  Welton 

Presbyterian   church   in  Iowa   1837-1900.      '07.     Cedar 
Rapids,  la.     Jones  &  Wells. 

Hudson,  Lillie  Row 

School  stories  of  little  things.     '83.    Des  Moines.    Mills 

&  CO. 

Huebinger,  Melchoir 

Map  and  guide  for  river  to  river  road.     '10.  Des  Moines. 
Iowa  pub.  CO. 

Hughes,  R.  P.  and  J.  W. 

Young  people's   entertainments.      '12.     Council  Bluffs. 
Monarch  ptg.  co. 

Hughes,  Rupert,  1872— 

Amiable  crimes  of  Dirk  Memling.     '13.     Appleton. 
Colonel  Crockett's  co-operative  Christmas.     '06.  Jacobs. 
Contemporary  American  composers.      '00. 
Dozen  from  Lakerim.     '99.     Century. 
Excuse  me!     '11.     Fly. 
Famous  American  composers.     Page. 
Gift-wife.     '10,    Moffatt. 
Gyges'  ring.     '01.    Russell. 
Lady  who  smoked  cigars.      '13.     FitzGerald. 
Lakerim  athletic  club.     '99.     Century. 
.     Lakerim  cruise.     '10.     Century. 

Love  affairs  of  great  musicians.     2v.    Page. 

Miss  318 ;  a  story  in  season  and  out  of  season.      '11. 

Revell. 
Mrs.  Budlong's  Christmas  present.      '12.     Appleton. 
(ed.)   Music  lovers'  cyclopedia.      '13.     Doubleday. 
Musical  guide.     2v.     '09.     Doubleday. 
Real  New  York.     Saalfield. 
Riley  album  and  other  songs.     Schuberth. 


IOWA  AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  WORKS.  125 

Hughes,  Rupert — Continued. 

Songs  by  thirty  Americans,  high  or  low  voice.     Ditson. 
What  will  people  say?    a  novel.     '14.    Harper. 
Whirlwind;   a  novel.      '02.     Lothrop. 
Zal;  an  international  romance.     '05.     Century. 

Hughs,  George  Shelley 

Ancient  civilizations.      '96.     G:  S.  Hughs,  915  E.  55th 

St.  Chic. 
Boken  (poems  phonetically  spelled).     '03.    G:  S.  Hughs, 

915  E.  55th  St.  Chic. 
Grammar   of  English;   on  the   theory  that   this   is   the 

first.     '10.     G:  S.  Hughs,  915  E.  55th  st.  Chic. 

Hull,  John  M. 

Ventilation,     n.  d. 

Hull,  Mattie  E. 

Spirit  echoes.     '01.     Sunflower  i)ub.  co. 
Spiritual  songsters.     Banner  of  It. 
Wayside  jottings.     Banner  of  It. 

Hull,  Moses 

All  about  devils.      '90.     Banner  of  It. 
Christs  of  past   and  present;   rev.   of  ''Jesus  and  me- 
diums."    '01.     Sunflower  pub. 
Contrast.     '91.    Banner  of  It. 
Death  and  its  tomorrow.     Peebles. 
Devil  and  the  Adventists.     l)anner  of  It. 
Irrepressible  conflict.     '90.     lianner  of  It. 
Jesus  and  the  mediums.     Banner  of  It. 
Letters  to  Elder  Miles  Grant.     Banner  of  It. 
Mystery  solved.     Banner  of  It. 
Old  and  new.     Hull. 
Old  nest.     '12.     Century. 
Our  Bible;  who  wrote  it?     Hull. 
Question  settled.     '91. 
Real  issue.     '92.     Banner  of  It. 
Spiritual  Alps.  Banner  of  It. 
Spiritual  birth  or  death.    Banner  of  It. 
Swept  awa}^;  sermon.     Banner  of  It. 
Talmagean  inanities,  incongruities,  etc.     '00.     Hull. 


126  ANNALS   OF   IOWA. 

Hull,  Moses — Continued. 
Two  in  one.    Hull. 

Your  answer  or  your  life;  or,  The  riddle  propounded 
by  the  American  sphinx.    Banner  of  It. 

—and  Hull,  Mattie  E. 

New  thought.    Hull. 

Hume,  Thomas  Milton 

Hume  produce  code.     14.    Burlington,^  la.    The  author. 

Hunter,  Samuel  John,  1866 — 

Elementary  studies  in  insect  life.      '02.     Crane. 

Huntington,  Ida  M. 

Christmas  party  for  Santa  Claus.     '12.     Rand. 
Garden  of  heart's  delight.     '11.     Rand. 
Peter  Pumpkin  in  AYonderland.     '08.    Rand. 

Hurd,  Marion  Kent  and  Wilson,  Jean  Brigham 

When  she  comes  home  from  college.     '09.    Houghton, 
(jt.  auth.)  Stokely,  Edith  Keely.     Miss  Billy;  a  neigh- 
borhood story.      '05.     Lothrop. 

Hussey,  Tacitus 

Biography  of  Edwin  Ruthven  Clapp.     '06.    Des  Moines. 

Register  &  Leader. 
History    of    steamboating    on    the    Des    Moines    river, 

1837-62. 
River  bend  and  other  poems.     '96. 
Six  Bonaparte  dam  elegies.     '02. 

Hutchinson,  Woods,  1862— 

Animal  chivalry.     '00.     Tucker. 

Common  diseases.     '13.    Houghton. 

Conquest  of  consumption.     '12.     Houghton. 

Exercise  and  health.     '11.    Outing  pub. 

Gospel  according  to  Darwin.    Open  ct. 

Handbook  of  health.     '11.     Houghton, 

Instinct  and  health.     '08.     Dodd. 

Overworked  children  on  the  farm  and  in  the  school.    '09. 

National  child  labor. 
Preventable  diseases.     '09.    Houghton. 
Studies  in  human  and  comparative  pathology.    Putnam. 


IOWA  AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  WORKS.  127 

Hutchinson,  Woods — Continued. 

Typhoid  fever;  the  story  of  the  fly  that  doesn't  wipe  its 

feet.     '08.    Merchants'  assn.  of  N.  Y. 
We  and  our  children.     '11.     Doubleday, 

Ivins,  Mrs.  Virginia  Wilcox 

Pen  pictures  of  early  western  days.     '05.    Keokuk.    The 
author. 

Jackson,  W.  T. 

Seneca  and  Kant.     '81.    Un.  breth. 

James,  Edmund  Janes,  1855 — 

Chairs  of  pedagogics  in  our  universities.     Am.  acad. 
(ed.)   Charters  of  the  city  of  Chicago,  3  pts.,  pts.  1  & 

2.    Univ.  of  Chic. 
Commercial  education.      '11.     Am.  bk. 
Commercial  education  in  Europe,  particularl}^  in  Aus- 
tria, France  and  Germany.     '97.    U.  S.  educ. 
Earh^  essay  on  proportional  representation.     '96.     Am. 

acad. 
Examination  of  Bryce's  American  commonwealth.     '96. 

Am.  acad. 
(tr.)   Federal  constitution  of  the  Swiss  confederation. 

Univ.  of  Pa. 
First  apportionment   of  federal  representatives  in  the 

United  States.      '97.     Am.  acad. 
Government  of  a  typical  Prussian  city,  Halle.    '00.   Am. 

acad. 
Growth   of   great   cities   in   area   and  population.      '99. 

Am.  acad. 
Municipal  administration  in  Germany,   as   seen  in  the 

government  of  a  typical  Prussian  city,  Halle.      '01. 

Univ.  of  Chic. 
New^spapers  and  periodicals  of  Illinois,  1814-1879 ;  rev. 

&  enl.  ed.  by  Franklin  W.  Scott.     '10.    111.  state  hist. 

soe. 
Origin  of  the  land  grant  act  of  1862.     '10.    Univ.  of  111. 
Place  of  the  political  and  social  science  in  modern  edu- 
cation.    '97.     Am.  acad. 
Railway  question.    Am.  economic  assn. 


128  ANNALS   OF   IOWA. 

James,  Edmund  Janes — Continued. 

Relation  of  the  modern  mimicipality  to  the  gas  supply. 

Am.  aead. 
University  extension  lecturer.     '92.    N.  Y.  state  library. 

— and  Haupt,  Lewis  Muhlenberg 

Papers  on  the  canal  question.     Am.  economic  assn. 

James,  James  Alton,  1864 — 

Constitution  and  admission  of  Iowa  into  the  union.  '00. 
Johns  Hopkins. 

English  institutions  and  the  American  Indian.  Johns 
Hopkins. 

Indian  diplomacy  and  the  opening  of  the  revolution  in 
the  West.     '10.     State  hist.  soc.     Madison,  Wis. 

(ed.)  Readings  in  American  history.     '14.     Scribner. 

(ed.)  Seignobos,  C. ;  History  of  contemporary  civiliza- 
tion. History  of  mediaeval  and  of  modern  civilization. 
— and  Sanford,  Albert  Hart 

American  history.     '09.     Scribner. 

Government  in  state  and  nation,  rev.  ed.  '11.  Scrib- 
ner. 

Our  government,  local,  state  and  national.     Scribner. 

Jarvis,  Mrs.  F.  M. 

Hydrogen  absorption  by  man.  '90.  Oskaloosa.  Globe 
steam  book  and  job  ptg.  house. 

Jessup,  Walter  Albert 

Social  factors  affecting  special  supervision  in  the  public 
schools  of  the  United  States.     '11.     Teachers  college. 

Jones,  Alice  Ilgenfritz  (Ferris  Jerome,  pseud.) 

Beatrice  of  Bayou  Teche.     McClurg. 
Chevalier  of  St.  Denis.     '00.    McClurg. 
High-water  mark;    a  novel.     '79.     Lippincott. 

Jones,  Christopher  Tompkins 

,         Iowa  supreme  court  practice;  being  the  rules  re2'iilitin<? 
-  ■'         practice  in  the   curromc   cor.rt   of  Iowa.      '01     Dot 
Moines. 

Jones,  J.  W. 

What  is  man?     '91.     Carbondale,  la. 


IOWA  AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  WORKS.  129 

Jones,  Lynde 

Development    of   nestling   feathers.      '07.      Oberlin,    0. 

The  author. 
Introduction  and  analytical  keys  to  birds  of  Ohio.     '03. 

Colambus,  0.    Wheaton  pub.  co. 

Jones,  Marcus  Eugene,  1852— 

Montana  botany  (Univ.  of  Montana,  Bui.  61).  '10.  Uni- 
versity of  Montana,  IMissoula. 

Utah  (Tarr  &  McMurray's  geographies,  supplementary 
volume).     '02.     Macmillan. 

Jones,  Margaret  Patterson 

The  other  side;  a  book  of  travels.     '03.     Des  Moines. 

Kenyon. 
Scribblings  in  verse.     '95. 

Jones,  Richard  0. 

Arthurian  legends.     '96.     Loud.     Fischer. 

Ethical  elements  in  literature.     Public  school. 

Growth  of  idyls  of  the  king.    Bardeen. 

Literature  as  a  means  of  culture  and  other  addresses. 
'91.     Bloomington,  111. 

Peasant  rents.    Macmillan. 
Jones,  Samuel  Calvin,  1838 — 

Reminiscences  of  the  22d  Iowa  volunteer  infantry.    '07. 
S.  C.  Jones,  1219  Nebraska  st.,  Sioux  City,  la. 
Johnson,  Allen,  1870— 

Stephen  A.  Douglas;  study  in  American  politics.      '08. 
Macmillan. 
Johnston,  Howard  Agnew,  1860 — 

Bible  criticism  and  the  average  man.     '02.    Revell. 

Famine  and  the  bread.     '08.     Y.  M.  C.  A. 

God's  methods  for  training  workers.     '00.    Y.  M.  C.  A. 

Scientific  faith.     '10.     Doran. 

Studies  for  personal  workers.     '03.    Y.  M.  C.  A. 

Victorious  manhood.     '09.     Revell. 

Judd,  Francis  Emerson 

Owl's  eve  and  other  poems.     '88.    Marshalltown.    Web- 
ster &  Burkart. 
9 


130  ANNALS  OF  IOWA. 

Junkin,  0.  M. 

Cruise  of  the  Morning  Star;  log  of  a  journey  on  the 
Mississippi  river  from  St.  Paul  to  New  Orleans.  '11. 
Fairfield,  la.    Ledger  ptg.  house. 

Kagy,  Amos  H. 

Iowa  probate  guide.     70.    St.  Louis. 

Kasson,  John  Adam,  1822-1910 

Evolution  of  the  constitution  of  the  United  States  of 
America  and  history  of  the  Monroe  doctrine.  '04. 
Houghton. 

Kavanagh,  Marcus  A. 

Proof  of  design  in  creation,  tested  by  the  established 
rules  of  evidence.      '10.     Flanagan. 

Kaye,  John  Brayshaw 

Songs  of  Lake  Geneva  and  other  poems.     '82.    Putnam. 

Sweet  lake  of  Geneva.     '75.     Putnam. 

Trial  of  Christ  in  seven  stages ;  a  poem.     '09.    Sherman, 

French  &  co. 
Vashti;  a  poem  in  seven  books.    3d.  ed.     '04.    Putnam. 

Kaye,  Percy  Lewis 

Colonial    executive   prior   to   restoration.      '00.     Johns 

Hopkins. 
English  colonial  administration  under  Lord  Clarendon. 

'05.    Johns  Hopkins. 
Readings  in  civil  government.     '10.     Century. 

Keane,  John  Joseph,  1839 — 

Father  Sorin ;  sermon  preached  at  the  unveiling  of  his 
monument.    L^niv.  of  Notre  Dame. 

Man,  the  Christian,  the  worker.    Univ.  of  Notre  Dame. 

Onward  and  upward;  a  year  compiled  from  the  dis- 
courses of  Archbishop  Keane,  by  Maurice  Francis 
Egan.     '02.     Murphy. 

Providential  mission  of  Pius  IX.     Murphy. 

Sodality  manual  of  Holy  Ghost.     Murphy.. 

Kearny,  Martha  Eleanor 

Pattie ;  or,  Leaves  from  a  life.  '92.  Lamoni.  Herald 
job  office. 


IOWA  AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  WORKS.  131 

Keayes,  Hersilla  A.  Mitchell  (Copp)    (Mrs.  Charles  Henry 
Keayes),  1861— 

He  that  eateth  bread  with  me.     '04.    Doubleday. 

I  and  my  true  love.     '08.     Small. 

Marriage  portion ;  a  novel.     '11.     Small. 

Mrs.  Brand;  a  novel.     '13.     Small. 

Road  to  Damascus.      '07.     Small. 

Work  of  our  hands.     '05.     Doubleday. 

Kelsey,  Carl,  1870— 

Evolution  of  negro  labor.     '03.     Am.  aead. 

— and  others 

Eace  improvement  in  the  United  States.     '06.    Am.  acad. 

Kempker,  John  F. 

History  of  the  Catholic  church  in  Iowa.  '87.  Iowa  City. 
Rep.  pub.  CO. 

Kent,  C.  H. 

Chart  of  Bible  history.     Pilgrim  press. 

Manual  for  young  ladies.     '81*.     Davenport.     Author. 

New  commentary ;  a  manual  for  young  men.  '81.  Dav- 
enport.    The  author. 

Texas;  the  future  home  of  the  emigrant.  '78.  Daven^ 
port.     Gazette  co. 

Kephart,  Cyrus  Jeffries,  1852— 

Jesus,  the  Nazarene.     Un.  breth. 
Life  of  Jesus  for  children.    Un.  breth. 
Public  life  of  Christ.     Un.  breth.     Revell. 

Kerr,  Alvah  Milton,  1858— 

Diamond  key  and  hoAv  the  railwa.y  heroes  won  it.     '07. 

Lothrop. 
Two  young  inventors.      '01.     Lothrop. 
Young  heroes  of  wire  and  rail.     '03.     Lothrop. 

Kershaw,  W.  L. 

History  of  Page  county,  Iowa.    2v.     '09.     S.  J.  Clarke. 

Ketchum,  Mrs.  A.  0. 

Benny;  a  Christmas  ballad.     '70.     N.  Y. 


132  ANNALS  OP  IOWA. 

Keyes,  Charles  RoUin,  1864— 

Annotated  bibliography  of  Iowa  geology  and  mining. 

(Reports  and  papers,  V.  22).     '13.    Iowa  Geol.  S.  Des 

Moines. 
Bibliography  of  North  American  paleontology,  1888-92. 

'94.    U.  S.  Geol.  S.    Supt.  of  doc. 
Geology  and  underground  water  conditions  of  the  Jor- 

nado  del  Muerto,  N.  M.     '05.     Supt.  of  doc. 
See  List  of  the  scientific  writings  of  Charles  Roliin  Keyes. 

'09,  John  Hopkins. 

Kincaid,  Frank  Hayward 

Register  of  the  society  of  the  Sons  of  the  American 
Revolution  in  the  state  of  Iowa.  '12.  Davenport. 
Edward  Borcherdt. 

King,  Irving,  1874 — 

Development  in  religion.     '10.     Macmillan. 

Differentiation  of  the  religious  consciousness.  '05. 
Psychological  review. 

Education  for  social  efficiency.     '13".     Appleton. 

Psychology  of  child  development.  '03.  Univ.  of  Chi- 
cago. 

Social  aspects  of  education.     '12.     Macmillan. 

King,  Lincoln 

Poems.     '86.    Marshalltown. 

King,  W.  W.  and  Hobbs,  Alvin  I. 

Theological  discussion  held  at  Des  Moines,  June  22, 
1868.     '68.    Dubuque,  la.    J.  L.  McCreery. 

King,  William  Fletcher 

Inaugural  address  of,  president  of  the  Iowa  state  teach- 
ers' assn.,  delivered  at  Des  Moines,  low^a,  Dec.  28, 
1885.     '85.     Cedar  Rapids. 

Baccalaureate  sermon  delivered  to  the  graduating  class 
of  1883.     '83.     Cedar  Rapids. 

Kinne,  La  Vega  George,  1846-1906 

Iowa  pleading,  practice  and  forms.  2d.  ed.  2v.  '98. 
Callaghan. 


IOWA  AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  WORKS.  133 

Kinney,  H.  A. 

Geography,  outlines  and  notes.     '88.     Woodbine,  la. 

Kirbye,  J.  Edward,  1873— 

Puritanism  in  the  south.     '08.     Pilgrim  press. 

Kirkpatrick,  Edwin  Asbury,  1862— 

Fundamentals  of  child  study,   new  ed.    '07.   Macmillan. 

Genetic  psychology.     '09.     Macmillan. 

Individual  in  the  making;  a  subjective  view  of  child 
development  with  suggestions  for  parents  and  teach- 
ers.    '11.     Houghton. 

(ed.)  Studies  in  development  and  learning.  '09.  Sci- 
ence press. 

Kleckner,  Emma  Robinson 

In  the  misty  realm  of  fable.     '01.     Flanagan. 
Sioux  City.    n.  d.    The  author. 

Knapp,  Mary  Clay  (Mrs.  T.  Y.  Kayne) 

AVhose  soul  have  I  now?     '69.     Rand. 

Kneeland,  Abner,  1774-1844 

(ed.)  Investigator.     '30.    Bost. 

(ed.)  Messenger.     '18.     Phila. 

(ed.)   Olive  branch.     '25.     N.  Y. 

(ed.)  Philadelphia  Universalist  magazine  and  Christian 

messenger. 
Child's  first  book. 
Letters  from  Salubria.     '39. 
My  philosophic  creed.     '33. 

New  Testament;  a  version  in  Greek  and  English. 
Speech  in  his  defense.     '36. 
Valedictory  address  on  leaving  Boston.     '39. 

Knax,  George  H.,  1871— 

Leadership.    '09.  Des  Moines,  la.  Personal  help  pub. 
Ready  money.  Des  Moines,  la.  Personal  help  pub. 
(comp.)    Thoughts  that  inspire.    2v.    Des  Moines,  la. 
Personal  help  pub. 


134  ANNALS   OP  IOWA. 

Koren,  John,  1861 — 

Census  statistics  of  special  classes;  with  Coman's  negro 
as  a  peasant  farmer.    Am.  statistical  assn. 

Some  statistics  of  recidivism  among  misdemeanants  in 
Boston.     '01.     Am.  statistical  assn. 

Statistics;  report.     '07.     National  conf.  of  charities. 

Summaries  of  laws  relating  to  the  commitment  of  and 
cure  of  the  insane  in  the  United  States.  '13.  National 
com.  for  mental  hygiene. 

(jt.  auth.)  "Wines,  Frederick  Howard.  Liquor  prob- 
lem in  its  legislative  aspects.    Houghton. 

Kratz,  Henry  Elton,  1849— 

Naturalism  in  pedagogy.  '91.  Wooster,  0.  Herald 
ptg.  CO. 

Studies  and  observations  in  the  school-room.  '07.  Edu- 
cational. 

Lacey,  John  Fletcher 

Address  Apr.  7th,  1912,  at  Shiloh  battle  ground,  Ten- 
nessee, on  fiftieth  anniversary  of  battle. 

Address  on  Henry  Clay  before  the  Grant  club  of  Des 
Moines,  May  19,  1903. 

Aguinaldo  and  his  supporters.     '99.     Wash. 

Digest  of  railway  decisions;  American  cases.  '75- '84. 
Chic. 

Early  bench  and  bar  of  Iowa.     Oskaloosa.     n.  d. 

Persistent  influence  of  John  Marshall.     '07.    Oskaloosa. 

Lambert,  J.  R. 

What  is  man?     '91.     Lamoni.     Patriot  office. 

Lamson,  Ward 

Self -worship ;  or,  Idolatry.  '79. 

Lanphere,  Mrs.  L. 

Common  school  compendium.  '85.    Chic. 

Larrabee,  William 

Railroad  question.     '93.     Schulte. 


IOWA  AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  WORKS.  135 

La  Toiirette,   Clara,   1880 — and  McDaniel.   Charles  Foster, 
1883— 

Commercial  art  typewriting.     '10.    Cedar  Rapids.   C  :  F. 
McDaniel. 

Lazell,  Frederick  John 

Down  the  Cedar  river.     Torch  press. 
Isaiah  as  a  nature  lover.     '10.     Torch  press. 
Some  autumn  days  in  Iowa.     '06.    Torch  press. 
Some  spring  days  in  Iowa.     '08.    Torch  press. 
Some  summer  days  in  Iowa.     '09.     Torch  press. 
Some  winter  days  in  Iowa.     '07.     Torch  press. 

Lee,  Franklin  Warner 

Dreamy  hours.     '90.     St.  Paul,  Minn. 

Finlay  Aaron's  fate.     '85.     Des  Moines,  la. 

Hearts.     '97.     Rush  City  post. 

Lenten  verses.     '97.     Rush  City  post. 

Senator  Lars  Erikson.     '91.     St.  Paul,  Minn. 

Shred  of  lace.     '91.     St.  Paul,  Minn. 

Sphinx  of  gold  and  other  sonnets.     '97.    Rush  City  post. 

Whispers  of  wee  ones.     '86.    Rush  City  post. 

Lee,  J.  W. 

History   of  Hamilton   county,    low^a.     2v,      '12.     S.   J. 
Clarke. 

Leffingwell,  C.  W. 

(ed.)  Lyrics  of  the  living  church.     '91.     ^FcClurg. 

Leffingwell,  William  Bruce 

Art  of  wing  shooting.     Rand. 

(ed.)    Shooting    on   upland,    marsh    and    stream.      '90. 

Rand. 
Wild  fowl  shooting.     '88.    Rand. 

Leland,  Samuel  Phelps,  1839— 

Peculiar  people.     '91.     Cleveland.    Aust  &  Clark. 
World  making;   a  scientific   explanation   of  the   hirth, 

growth  and  death  of  worlds.     17th  ed.     '06.     S:  P. 

Leland,  Seabreeze,  Florida. 


136  ANISTALS   OP  IOWA. 

Letts,  Mrs.  Albina  Marilla  (Brockway) 

By  grandsire 'swell  and  other  poems.    '09.  Kansas  City, 
Mo.  Kellogg-Baxter  ptg.  co. 

Lewis,  George  H. 

National  consolidation  of  railways  of  the  United  States. 
'93.    Dodd. 

Lillibridge,  William  Otis,  1878-1909 
Ben  Blair.     '05.    McClurg. 

Breath  of  prairies,  and  other  stories.     '11.    McClurg. 
Dissolving  circle.     '08.    Dodd. 
Dominant  dollar.     '09.     McClurg.     '11.     Burt. 
Quercus  alba ;  the  veteran  of  the  Ozarks.    '10.  McClurg. 
Quest  eternal.     '08.    Dodd.     '10.    Burt. 
Where  the  trail  divides.     '07.     Dodd. 

Lockhart,  Clinton 

Principles  of  interpretation.     '91.    Des  Moines.     Chris- 
tian index  pub.  co. 

Long,  Joseph  Schuyler,  1869 — 

Out   of  the   silence;   a   book   of  verse.      '09.-    Council 

Bluffs.     The  author. 
Sign  language.     '10.     Council  Bluffs.     The  author. 

Loos,  Charles  Louis,  1823 — 

First  general  Christian  missionary  convention  held  at 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Oct.  22-27,  1849.    Standard  pub. 

Loos,  Isaac  Althaus,  1856 — 

Political  philosophy  of  Aristotle.     '97.    Am.  acad. 
Studies  in  the  politics  of  Aristotle.     '99.    Univ.  of  Iowa. 

Lothrop,  Charles  H. 

Malaria.    '81.    Lyons,  la.    Beers  &  Eaton. 
Remedial  properties   of  Hot  Springs,   Arkansas.      '81. 
St.  Louis. 

Lucas,  D.  R. 

Paul  Darst.     '86.     St.  Louis. 

Lynch,  Samuel  Adams 

(jt.  auth.)  McNeill,  Isaac  C.     Introductory  lessons  in 
English  literature.     '01.    Am.  bk. 


IOWA  AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  WORKS.  137 

Lynch,  Virginia 

Dr.  Tom  Gardner.     '00.    Neely. 

McBride,  Matilda  B. 

No  sheaves.     '83.     Des  Moines. 

Macbride,  Thomas  Huston,  1848 — 

Fossi]  plant  remains  in  the  Iowa  herbarium.    Davenport 

academy  of  sci. 
Key  to  native  plants.     '98.    Allyn. 
Lessons   in   elementary   botany   for   secondary   schools. 

Allyn. 
New  flora.    Allyn. 
North  American  slime-moulds.     '99.     Macmillan. 

McCabe,  Olivia 

Rose  fairies.     '11.     Rand. 

McCarthy,  Dwight  G. 

History  of  Palo  Alto  county,  Iowa.     '10.     Torch  press. 

History  of  the  tariff  in  the  United  States.  '09.  Emmets- 
burg,  la.     Tribune  pub.  co. 

Territorial  governors  of  the  old  northwest.  '10.  Iowa 
City.     Iowa  state  hist.  soc. 

McCay,  Robert 

Principles  of  English  pronunciation  for  grammar 
schools,  high  schools  and  academies.  '92.  Burling- 
ton, la.     Acres,  B^iickmar  &  co. 

McClain,  Emlin,  1851— 

Annotated  statutes.     4v.     Chic.     '80- '88. 

Cases  on  carriers.     2d.  ed.     Little. 

Cases  on  constitutional  law^      '00.     Little. 

Constitutional  convention  (Iowa)  and  the  issues  before 
it.     Torch  press. 

Constitutional  law  in  the  United  States.  '10.  Long- 
mans. 

Criminal  law.  2v.     '97.     Callaghan. 

Digest  of  the  decisions  of  the  supreme  court  of  Iowa 
from  its  organization  to  May,  1908.  4v.  '08- '09. 
Callaghan. 

Outlines  of  criminal  law.     '82.    Iowa  City. 


138  ANNALS   OF  IOWA. 

McClain,  Emlin — Continued.  . 

Outlines  of  criminal  law  and  procedure.  '83.  Iowa 
City. 

Statutes  of  Iowa  relating  to  railways  and  notes  of  deci- 
sions thereunder.     '91.    Des  Moines. 

Synopsis  of  bailments  and  pledges.     '90.     Iowa  City. 

Sjmopsis  of  lectures  on  remedial  law.     '89.     Iowa  City. 

McClelland,  Adam 

History  of  our  Lord.     '98.     Dubuque.     Presb.  pub. 

McCord,  James  Peter 

Poems.     '89.    The  author. 

McCowan,  H.  S.  and  Everest,  F.  F.  . 

(eds.)  Under  the  scarlet  and  black;  poems  selected  from 
the  undergraduate  publications  of  Iowa  college.  '93. 
Grinnell. 

McCown,  Alfred  B. 

Down  on  the  ridge;  reminiscences  of  the  old  days  in 
Coalport  and  down  on  the  ridge.  Marion  county, 
Iowa. 

McCreery,  J.  L. 

Songs  of  toil  and  triumph.     '83.     Putnam. 

McCulla,  Thomas 

History  of  Cherokee  county,  Iowa.     '14.     S.  J.  Clarke. 
McDonald,  William,  1820-1901 

After  death,  what  ?    Christian  witness. 

Bank  of  faith.    Christian  witness. 

elohn  Wesley  and  his  doctrine.     Christian  witness. 

Life  of  John  S.  Inskip.     Christian  witness. 

New  Testament  standard  of  piety.     Christian  witness. 

People's  Wesley.    Meth.  bk. 

Saved  to  the  uttermost.     Christian  witness. 

—(Germ.)  Vollig  erlost.     Christian  witness. 

Scriptural  way  of  holiness.     Christian  witness. 

Spiritualism.    Meth.  bk. 

McFarland,  W.  M. 

Address  at  the  opening  of  the  Iowa  building,  Columbian 
exposition.  Chic.  May  1,  1893. 


IOWA  AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  WORKS.  139 

McGee,  W  J,  1853—1912. 

Field  records  relating  to   subsoil  water   (Bu.   of  soils, 

bul.  no.  93).      '13.     Supt.  of  doc. 
Geography  of  Virginia.     '04.     Univ.  pub. 
Index  to  proceedings  of  Davenport  acad.   of  sciences, 

V.  1-5.    Davenport  academy  of  sci. 
Soil  erosion   (Bu.  of  soils,  bul.  no.  71).     '11.     Supt.  of 

doc. 
Wells  and  subsoil  water  (Bu.  of  soils,  bul.  no.  92).    '13. 

Supt.  of  doc. 
(jt.  auth.)   Thomas,  Cyrus.     Indians  of  North  America 

in  historic  times    (History  of  North  America,  v.  2). 

'03.    Barrie. 

McGovern,  Anna  E. 

Nature  studies  and  related  literature.     '02.     Flanagan. 
Stories  and  poems,  with  lesson  plans  for  primary  and 

intermediate  schools.     '07.     Educational  pub. 
Type  lessons  for  primary  teachers  in  study  of  nature, 

literature  and  art.     '05.     Flanagan. 

McGovern,  John 

Pastoral  poems  and  other  pieces.      '82.     Chic. 

McKibbin,  Julia  Baldwin 

Miriam.     '05.     .Aleth.  bk. 

McKinley,  Charles  Ethelbert,  1870— 

Educational  evangelism.     Pilgrim  press. 

McKinney,  Ida  Scott  (Taylor)  (Mrs.  William  E.  McKinney) 

(comp.)  Yearbook  of  American  authors;  new  ed.     '09. 
Caldwell. 

MacLean,  George  Edwin,  1850 — 

Chart  of  English  literature.     Macmillan. 
Old  and  Middle  English  reader.     Macmillan. 
Present  standards   of  higher   education  in  the  United 
States.     '13.     Gov.  ptg. 

Maclean,  Paul 

History  of  Carroll  county,  Iowa.    2v.     '12.    S.  J.  Clarke. 

McLennan,  Evan 

Cosmical  evolution.     '90.     Donohue. 


140 


ANNALS  OF  IOWA. 


Herewith  appear  names,  and  character  of  books  or  pampli- 
lets,  of  Iowa  writers  not  heretofore  listed  by  us.  Fuller  in- 
formation will  appear  in  a  completed  list  to  be  published 
later. 


Allison,  William  B.,  Politics. 

Bancroft,     Charles,     Political 
economy. 

Beckman,  J.  W.,  Fiction. 

Blackmar,  E.  C,  Biography. 

Blackmar,  Mrs.  H.  W.,  Biography. 

Briggs,  John  E.,  Political 
economy. 

Brooks,  William  M.,  History. 

Carpenter,   C.   C,    Surveying. 

Drees,  Clara,  Poetry. 

Elarton,  J.  W.,  History. 

Elliott,  Francis  Perry,  Fiction. 

Fairchild,  D.   S.,  Medicine. 

Gatch,  C.  H.,  History. 

Haddock,  William  J.,  History. 

Harlan,  James,  Civil  government. 

Hollister,  Horace  Adelbert,  Edu- 
cation. 

Hoover,   Charles   Lewis,   Geogra- 
phy. 

Hoover,     Herbert     Clark,     Engi- 
neering. 

Hoover,    Theodore    Jesse,    Engi- 
neering. 

Hopkins,  Louise  Virginia  Martin, 
Fiction. 

Houser,   Gilbert  Logan,  Biology. 

Howard,  Frank,  Songs. 

Howe,  Anna  Belknap,  Bibliogra- 
phy. 

Howe,  Samuel  Storrs,  History. 

Hoxie,  Vinnie  Ream. 

Hudspeth,  Rosa,  Fiction. 

Huff,  Sanford  W.,  History. 

Hughes,  Edwin  Holt.  Religion. 

Hughes,    Matthew    Simpson,    Re- 
ligion. 

Hunt,  Kittie,  Essays. 

Hurst,  John  Fletcher,  Religion. 

Hyde,  S.  C,  History. 

Ingersoll,  Lurton  Dunham,  His- 
tory. 

Ingham,   Dorcas  Helen,   Fiction. 

Jackson,  Charles  Tenney,  Fiction. 

Jackson,  Harry  Albert,  Account- 
ing. 


Jacobi,  Putnam,  Insanity. 

Jacobson,  Abraham,  History. 

James,  Edwin,  History. 

James,  Elijah,  Biography. 

Johnson,  Allen,  Politics. 

Johnson,  B.  W.,  Geography. 

Jones,  Eliot,  Geology. 

Judy,  Arthur  Markley,  Ethics. 

Kaufmann,  Charles  Beecher, 
Political  economy. 

Kawakami,  Klyoshi  Karl,  Po- 
litical economy. 

Kay,  George  F.,  Geology. 

Kellogg,  C.  F.,  History. 

Kellogg,  Harriette  S.,  Botany. 

Kenyon,  William   S.,  Biography. 

Keve,  J.  S.,  Genealogy. 

King,  Charlotte  M.,  Botany. 

Kissick,    Robert,   History. 

Knight,    Nicholas,    Chemistry. 

Kretchmer,   E.,   Bees. 

Kuntz,  Albert,  Zoology. 

Landers,  Frank  E.,  History. 

Langton,  Mrs.  Mary  Beach,  Arts 
and  Crafts. 

Langworthy,  Lucius  H.,  History. 

Lathaam-Norton,  M.  F.,  Fiction. 

Lathrop,  Henry  Warren,  Biogra- 
phy. 

Laure,  M.  J.,  Law. 

Lea,  Albert  Miller,  History. 

Le  Claire,  Antoine,  Biography. 

Lee,  Henry  Washington,  Re- 
ligion. 

Lees,  James  H.,  Geology. 

Leffler,  Lydia  Anne  Vale,  Gene- 
alogy. 

Lemm,  H.  J.,  History. 

Leonard,  Arthur  G.,  Geology. 

Leverett,  Frank,  Geology. 

Longwell,  Oliver  Henry,  Lan- 
guage. 

Lonsdale,  Elston  Holmes,  Geol- 
ogy. 

Lucas,  C.  L.,  History. 

Lush,  Charles  K..  Fiction. 

McArthur,  Henry  Clay,  History. 


u 


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ANNALS  OF  IOWA 


EDITORIAL        DEPARTMENT 

MOTION  PICTURE  FILMS  AS  HISTORICAL 
.MATERIAL. 

In  the  collecting-  of  historical  materials  one  finds  himself 
too  often  inclined  to  lean  npon  proof  rather  than  to  rely 
upon  prophesy.  The  historical  value  of  an  ancient  object 
or  of  a  manuscript  is  easy  to  judge  with  the  light  of  years 
upon  it  but  by  the  same  light  one  observes  the  absence  of 
other  equally  important  things.  Our  best  museums  overlook 
matters  of  present  moment  which  will  be  indispensable  in 
future,  yet  in  future  impossible  to  procure.  All  materials 
wisely  collected  establish  or  illustrate  historical  matters.  It 
takes  little  imagination  or  courage  to  select  for  such  pur- 
pose materials  to  illustrate  principles  or  processes  now  ob- 
solete but  known  to  have  been  important.  But  to  attempt 
to  select  such  literature  or  object  material  of  today  as  will 
suitably  and  sufficiently  reveal  in  the  remote  future  all  the 
probable  wants  for  understanding  our  own  time  is  much 
more  difficult  but  none  the  less  the  collector's  obligation.  To 
choose  well,  to  acquire  no  waste  material  and  ignore  no  essen- 
tial, calls  for  a  species  of  talent  akin  to  that  which  in  writing 
guides  the  author  to  the  selection  and  treatment  of  themes 
at  once  vital  and  popular. 

When  Lew  Wallace  wrote  of  Ben  Hur's  life  at  the  oar  as 
a  galley  slave,  he  is  said  to  have  reluctantly  omitted  a  de- 
scription of  the  mechanical  device  we  now  call  an  oarlock 
for  he  could  neither  imagine  nor  ascertain  how  the  sea  was 
kept  from  the  hold  when  the  waves  lashed  the  gunwales. 
As  important  mechanical  devices  in  our  own  day  are  to  be 
examined  in  the  patent  office,  but  what  is  not  shown  there 
and  is  to  be  found  nowhere  else  unless  in  collections  of  objects 
and  associated  materials,  is  the  effect  produced  by  a  given 
device  upon  the  evolution  of  life.     Though  the  model  of  the 


142  ANNULS   OP  IOWA. 

electric  lamp  and  each  of  its  improvements  may  there  be 
seen,  one  is  driven  to  the  remotest  places  for  the  full  demon- 
stration of  its  effect  npon  mankind. 

The  motion  picture  is  one  of  the  more  recent  revolutionary 
mechanical  improvements.  From  popular  and  technical  press 
one  finds  adequate  information  upon  all  its  phases.  But  the 
collector  is  obliged  now  to  anticipate  its  effect,  and  preserve 
in  the  present,  for  the  use  of  the  future.  It  will  not  be  enough 
that  from  the  current  of  press  evidence  it  shall  be  seen  that 
a  single'  decade  of  the  motion  picture  has  stripped  from  legiti- 
mate theatricals  the  whole  of  that  patronage  which  in  Shakes- 
peare 's  time  was  known  as  the  pit ;  nor  may  the  average  in- 
tellect of  our  day  be  fairly  compared  with  that  of  the  Eliz- 
abethan age  by  such  circumstances  as  that  the  stage  then  pro- 
duced much  sound,  less  action  and  little  scenery  and  now  no 
sound,  much  scenery,  and  more  action.  It  is  incumbent  upon 
us  to  select  such  exact  original  mechanical  parts  and  such 
typical  programs  and  such  pictured  personages  and  events 
as  will  fairly  reveal  in  future  both  the  mechanics  and  the 
influence  of  this  present  day  phenomenon. 

We  have  begun  for  Iowa  by  acquiring  some  fifty  thousand 
feet  of  negative  film  made  of  Iowa  scenes  and  persons  during 
the  years  1913  and  1914  by  the  Superior  Film.  Company  of 
Des  Moines.  Since  such  scenes  are  intended  to  be  selected 
by  the  company  as  are  of  interest  in  a  popular  sense,  nega- 
tives are  made  and  preserved  by  them,  to  be  multiplied  into 
servdce  films,  in  such  numbers  as  is  required  by  popular  de- 
mand. Gauging  the  value  of  a  film  by  its  ''run"  precisely 
as  a  play  is  tested  on  the  stage,  the  company  considers  its 
negatives  of  more  or  less  value,  and  as  is  true  of  the  vaude- 
ville stage,  such  parts  of  the  series  of  scenes  or  acts  on  a  reel 
as  prove  of  mere  momentary  interest  are  cut  from  the  film  and 
new  parts  are  substituted.  Thus  the  commercial  value  soon 
vanishes  as  to  some  parts,  persists  as  to  others,  but  disap- 
pears as  to  the  whole  very  shortly.  Whether,  after  some  years 
it  will  have  a  new  and  different  value,  such  as  the  writer 
would  characterize  as  a  reminiscent  popularity,  is  unknown. 
But  whatever  value  it  may  possess,  the  company  does  not  wish 
to  part  with  nor  the  Historical  Department  need  to  acquire. 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT.  143 

The  junk  value  of  old  films  constantly  tempts  it  away  from 
the  company,  so  the  best  service  is  where  the  Historical  De- 
partment acquires  title  and  possession,  and  reserves  exclusive 
commercial  use  to  the  company  for  a  reasonable  future  period. 
•The  Department,  however,  by  taking  and  keeping  possession, 
is  depriving  the  company  of  only  the  money  value  in  the  film 
roughly  fixed  by  the  silver  content. 

.  We  handle  the  negatives  in  our  collections  by  the  rontine 
administrative  processes  usually  given  a  manuscript,  except 
that  the  tin,  airtight  shipping  container,  sealed  with  adhes- 
ive tape,  is  regarded  as  the  cover  or  binding,  and  carries  sucli 
library  marks  as  would  l)e  found  upon  or  within  the  binding 
of  an  ordinary  book.  As  the  negative  and  its  container  re- 
main separable,  the  designation  on  the  container  is  also 
placed  on  the  film  itself,  the  injury  being  negligible,  while 
the  chance  of  lost  identity  is  eliminated.  In  subse(iuent 
treatment  we  may  find  it  of  advantage  to  cut  a  film  into  as 
many  parts  as  there  are  distinct  subjects  photographed,  or 
we  may  make  a  calendar  of  the  contents  of.  each  reel,  depend- 
ing upon  wliether  the  company  in  future  demands  it  for  its 
own  use.  The  physical  care-taking  is  simple  and  without 
risk.  The  inflaimnability  of  the  negative  which  is  composed 
principally  of  celluloid  is  completely  neutralized  by  its 
insulation  in  the  airtight,  sealed  container.  In  our  steel, 
locked  cases  in  fireproof  quarters,  maintained  at  a  temperature 
and  humidity  suitable  for  books  and  papers  the  negatives  are 
removed  from  the  realm  of  danger. 

The  field  of  serious  and  important  possibilities  to  the 
scenario  producer  broadly  overlaps  that  of  the  collector  of 
historical  or  other  important  information.  Hints  to  him  are 
as  practical  as  to  the  photographer,  so  that  co-opera  don  be- 
tween the  producer  of  commercial  film  and  collector  of  his- 
torical materials  may  be  no  less  in  its  creation  than  its  pres- 
ervation. 

An  Iowa  sculptress  asserts  that  after  full  preparation  and 
some  years  in  her  actual  career,  she  needs  most  to  see  the 
almost  superhuman  dexterity  of  Rodin ;  to  see  his  very  hands 
and  fingers  manipulating  plastic  material  into  harmony  with 
his  thought.    In  resemblance  is  the  manual  marvel  of  an  Iowa., 


144  ANNALS  OP  IOWA. 

surgeon  in  one  of  his  most  difficult  and  successful  opera- 
tions with  hands,  instruments  and  affected  tissues  photo- 
graphed in  motion. 

We  have  a  daguerreotype  portrait  of  the  first  short  horn 
bull  brought  upon  Iowa  soil.  He  was  imported  by  Timothy 
Day  from  the  herd  of  Brutus  J.  Clay,  of  Lexington,  Kentucky, 
in  1852,  and  was  the  object  of  enormous  interest  at  the  earliest 
Iowa  agricultural  fairs.  And  we  have  a  negative  picturing  in 
motion  Gov.  George  W.  Clarke  conferring  in  1913  the 
first  medals  upon  the  successful  competitors  among  Iowa  prize 
babies. 

These  instances  suggest  the  precedents  and  the  probability 
of  historical  value  peculiar  to  present  day  motion  picture  neg- 
atives. 


CO-OPERATION  IN  ACQUIRING  HISTORIC  GROUNDS 
AND  MARKING  HISTORIC  SITES. 

The  State  of  Iowa  has  certain  assets  not  of  pecuniary  na- 
ture that  have  remained  undeveloped  or  are  going  to  waste. 
Some  of  these  seem  fairly  within  the  scope  of  the  responsi- 
bility of  the  Historical  Department  of  Iowa  yet  not  under 
the  special  attention  of  any  other  person  or  public  interest. 
Under  the  heading  of  "Notes"  in  this  issue  are  two  such 
groups  of  assets  respectively  entitled  "Acquiring  Titles  to 
Historic  Areas"  and  "Marking  Historic  Sites". 

While  there  is  something  of  a  feeling  that  a  state  should 
bear  all  the  responsibility  for  preserving  and  utilizing  these 
opportunities,  such  feeling  is  not  universal  nor  sound.  For 
these  are  not  solely  and  often  not  mainly  assets  of  the  state, 
but  are  or  should  be  part  of  the  natural  interest  of  the  peo- 
ple of  the  localities,  or  of  individuals  attached  by  kinship 
or  associated  by  other  interest.  There  is  a  distinct  disadvan- 
tage to  the  present  and  to  posterity  in  this  mutuality  of  in- 
terest. "What  is  everybody's  business  is  nobody's  business.'' 
Nearly  every  one  wishes  these  assets  recognized,  retrieved 
and  realized  upon.  The  Historical  Department  was  allowed 
by  the  Thirty-sixth  General  Assembly  certain  sums  and  by 
implication  certain  authority  to  participate  with  others  in 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT.  145 

efforts  at  doing  things  in  addition  to  talking  and  writing 
about  them.  The  proportionate  interest  of  persons,  the  lo- 
cality and  the  state  may  not  always  l)e  discernible.  Indeed 
the  proportion  of  sentimental  interest  may  not  l)e  the  same 
as  the  pecuniary  interest  of  the  respective  parties,  for  that 
would  be  assuming  that  sentiment  is  defined  in  money  value ; 
that  a  gravestone,  for  instance,  or  even  a  grave  has  only  a 
money  measure,  which  is  absurd.  But  it  is  not  absurd  foi^ 
all  who  are  concerned  in  doing  any  of  tliese  worthy  things 
to  plan  together.  Xor  will  it  be  unfair  nor  unpleasant  for 
the  Historical  Department  to  contribute  more  proportionally 
toward  the  realizing  on  a  prospect  of  inderest  histoi'ically,  but 
remote  from  centers  of  settlement,  than  to  such  as  are  within 
the  thickly  populated  portions  of  the  State. 

The  legislature  received  these  ideas  with  favoi',  and  assigned 
to  tlie  use  of  the  Historical  Department  certain  small  amounts 
to  be  used  in  stimulating  co-operative  interest.  It  is  not  much 
money,  but  no  more  was  re(piested.  For  the  i)urj)nse  nf  an 
effort  of  the  next  two  years  it  is  ade(piate. 

We  would  appreciate  suggestions  as  to  what  areas  are 
thought  to  have  sufficient  interest  to  be  reserved  and  mjirked  ; 
what  persons,  societies,  institutions  or  pul)lic  off'icers  would  wel- 
come the  co-operation  of  the  Historical  Department  in  authen- 
ticating historic  or  scenic  areas  or  establishing  markers  at 
historic  sites. 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  TERM  "NEWSPAPER." 

In  Haydn's  Dictionary  of  Dates  it  is  stated  that  news  is 
not,  as  many  supposed,  derived  from  the  adjective  '"new."  In 
former  times  (between  the  3^ears  1795  and  1830)  it  was  the 
prevalent  practice  to  put  over  the  periodical  republications  of 

N 

the  day,  the  initial  letters  of  the  compass,  thus :  e+w,  import- 

IS 

ing  that  these  papers  contained   intelligence   from  the  four 
quarters  of  the  globe,  and  from  this  practice  is  derived  the 
term    "newspaper." — Keokuk,   Rickey   &    Allyn's   Real   Es- 
tate Bulletin  and  Commercial  Advertiser,  Sept.  2,  1867. 
10 


146  ANNALS  OF  IOWA. 


NOTES. 


An  appropriation  by  the  Tiiirty-sixth  General  Assembly 
of  mutual  interest  to  our  institution  and  to  others  is  in  the 
following  terms : 

To  the  Historical  Department. 

For  examination  and  reservation  for  scientific  purposes,  of  his- 
toric, prehistoric  and  notable  scenic  areas  within  the  State,  where 
any  necessary  fund  is  provided  otherwise  to  the  extent  of  three- 
fourths  of  the  total  amount  necessary,  and  where  the  title  to  any 
such  areas  is  transferred  to  the  State,  the  sum  of  two  hundred 
dollars   ($200.00). 

The  intention  is  to  stimulate  the  cities  and  towns,  public 
and  private  institutions  of  learning,  patriotic  and  learned 
societies  to  get  together  and  accomplish  something  tangible 
toward  saving  to  the  future  at  least  a  few  groups  of  prehis-' 
toric  mounds.  There  are  also  numerous  sites  of  first  settle- 
ments or  other  sentimental  association,  which,  were  they  but 
acquired  and  held  for  the  enjoyment  of  the  people,  would  be 
invaluable  in  many  ways.  In  the  two-score  years  of  his  active 
life,  the  writer  has  walked  the  full  length  of  both  banks  of 
most  of  the  constant  and  many  of  the  intermittent  streams 
of  the  First  Congressional  District,  beginning  when  the  lands 
were  ''open"  and  had  a  valuation  of  from  ten  to  twenty-five 
dollars  an  acre,  and  were  used  as  "commons"  for  grazing, 
hunting,  fishing,  bathing  and  nutting.  In  1914  he  walked 
some  fifty  miles  along  the  banks  of  one  stream  that  was  open 
in  1880,  was  originally  legally  a  navigable  stream,  but  which 
has  now  not  a  continuous  distance  of  a  hundred  feet  in  all 
the  fifty  miles  where  he  or  any  of  his  descendants  may  ever 
go  except  on  invitation  or  as  a  trespasser.  The  sites  of  a 
dozen  towns  and  the  grave  of  at  least  one  noted  Indian  lie 
on  those  banks.  As  farm  lands  now  they  are  valued  at  from 
seventy-five  to  one  hundred  dollars  per  acre,  and  wire  en- 
tanglements protect  shorthorn  aristocracy  against  human  in- 
trusion. The  owners  are  blameless  for  they  are  ideal  in  their 
^  thrift  and  character  as  citizens,  and  from  the  ancient  play 


EHDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT.  147 

ground  reap  profits  wherewith  they  build  our  roads  and 
schools.  But  the  public  may  through  our  proposed  co-opera- 
tion compensate  the  individual  in  at  least  a  few  instances 
and  save  some  sites  in  the  name  of  history  and  for  the  general 
weal. 


Another  appropriation  was  in  the  following  terms : 

For  the  Historical  Department. 

For  marking  of  historic  sites  where  three-fourths  of  any  neces- 
sary fund  is  otherwise  provided,  the  sum  of  six  hundred  dollars 
($600.00). 

Here  is  a  way  for  the  common  interests  of  State,  county, 
town,  patriotic  society,  appreciative  friend  or  descendant  as 
an  individual,  to  be  pooled,  and  their  joint  pride  and  pe- 
cuniary power  made  to  produce  tangible  and  lasting  testimon- 
ials to  the  truth  of  things  as  they  w^ere. 


A  third  appropriation  is  as  follows : 

For  the  Historical  Department. 

For  the  use  of  the  Iowa  flag  commission  for  payment  of  competi- 
tive awards  for  designs  of  a  proposed  Iowa  flag,  provided  such 
competition  be  held  by  said  commission,  and  report  of  their  recom- 
mendations be  made  to  the  Thirty-seventh  General  Assembly,  the 
sum  of  Five  Hundred  Dollars   ($500.00). 


About  three  weeks  previous"  to  the  fire  of  February  21, 
1915,  which  gutted  the  old  Register  and  Leader  building  on 
the  corner  of  Fourth  and  Court  Avenue,  Des  Moines,  Mr. 
Jay  N.  Darling,  cartoonist  on  that  paper  presented  to  the 
Historical  Department  of  Iowa  a  collection  of  the  original 
drawings  for  his  famous  cartoons  which  we  immediately  re- 
moved to  the  Historical  building.  The  fire  destroyed  prac- 
tically everything  in  the  Register  and  Leader  building,  includ- 
ing all  Mr.  Darling's  cherished  early  drawings  which  hung 
on  the  walls  of  the  office.  The  collection  so  fortunately  re- 
ceived includes  the  drawings  of  Mr.  Darling's  most  noted 
cartoons,  both  of  national  and  State  import.  They  will  in- 
crease in  historical  as  well  as  art  value  in  years  to  come. 


Some  time  ago  a  request  was  received  from  a  gentleman 
in  Albany,  New  York,  for  copies  of  the  Annals  published  in 


148  ANNALS   OF  IOWA. 

1907  and  1908.  When  complying  with  his  request,  inquiry 
was  made  as  to  the  nature  of  the  information  sought,  with  a 
view  to  testing  the  usefulness  of  the  publication.  This  inquiry 
brought  out  the  following  interesting  facts  illustrating  how 
closely  Iowa  men  and  institutions  of  an  earlier  day  were  con- 
nected with  those  of  the  east  and  something  of  the  services 
of  Charles  Aldrich  and  of  Dr.  L.  H.  Pammel,  author  of  the 
article  in  question : 

Albany,  N.  Y.,  March  8,  1915. 
Mr.  Edgar  R.  Harlan,  Curator, 

Historical  Department  of  Iowa, 
Des  Moines,  Iowa. 

My  Dear  Sir:  I  have  your  letter  of  the  27th  Inst.  *  *  *  _ 
As  to  my  reason  for  asking  for  the  ANNALS:  The  Albany  Female 
Academy,  or,  as  it  is  now  known,  Albany  Girls'  Academy,  was 
founded  in  1814,  and  is  the  oldest  institution  of  its  kind  in  the 
world.  As  its  centennial  approached,  efforts  were  made  to  gather 
facts  and  likenesses  of  its  early  instructors.  Among  those  who 
served  the  Academy  about  a  century  ago  was  one  Edwin  James, 
later  a  physician  or  surgeon.  It  seemed  impossible  to  get  any  line 
upon  James,  no  one  here  remembering  him.  Finally,  in  a  medical 
annals,  published  in  Albany  forty  or  fifty  years  ago,  I  found  mention 
of  him,  stating  that  his  birthplace  had  been  a  small  town  in  Ver- 
mont. A  reference  to  that  small  hamlet  showed  that  a  town  cele- 
bration was  in  progress  many  years  before  and  that  Dr.  James  had 
written  a  letter  from  Burlington,  Iowa,  his  apparent  home,  con- 
gratulating his  former  neighbors  and  friends  upon  the  occasion.  I 
then  addressed  a  physician  in  Burlington,  but  he  had  never  heard 
of  James.  This  led  me  to  write  to  the  Public  Library  of  Burlington. 
The  librarian  there  "did  something,"  and  found  in  your  "modest 
quarterly"  a  most  interesting  and  complete  article  upon  Dr.  James, 
which  also  included  his  likeness.  Thus,  not  only  I,  but  women  of 
some  note,  who  obtained  their  education  in  the  Girls'  Academy 
here,  are  grateful  to  the  Historical  Department  of  Iowa  for  pre- 
serving the  memory  and  features  of  one  of  Albany's  early  teachers. 

Very  truly  yours, 

HENRY  SAGE  DERMOTT. 


Iowa  Day  was  celebrated  at  the  Panama-Pacific  Interna- 
tional Exposition,  June  25,  1915.  Appropriate  ceremonies 
were  held  in  the  Iowa  Building.  Gov.  George  W.  Clarke  and 
his  staff  were  guests  of  honor.     During  the  day  telephonic 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT. 


149 


communication  was  made  ])etween  San  Francisco  and  Des 
Moines,  and  conversation  with  the  Governor  and  his  party 
carried  on. 


Iowa  made  a  noteworthy  showing-  on  agricultural  exhibits 
at  the  Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition.     AVe  append 
a  list  of  the  prizes  awarded  to  the  State  and  its  citizens. 
LIST  OF  lOWANS  WINNING  MEDALS  AT  PANAMA  EXPOSITION. 


GRAND    PRIZE. 

STATE    OF    IOWA. 
CoUective   exhibit. 

3IEDAL,    OP   HO\OR. 

STATE   OF   IOWA. 

General    collective   exhibit 

(cereaLs). 
Collective    of   corn. 

GOLD    MEDAL. 

FAW^CETT,    W.    T.,    Mt.    A^ernon. 
Corn. 


FEETER,    VICTOR, 
Corn. 
Corn     (sweet). 


DeSoto. 


HETHEKSHAW.    FRED,    Des 
Moines,   R.    R.    3. 
Potatoes. 

lOW'A    STATE    COLLEGE,    Ames. 
Oat    display. 


nriG,     WALTER. 
Corn. 

JFSTICE,     JOHN 
Corn. 

KRIZER    BROS., 
Corn. 


Cedar. 
,     Ankeny 
Eddyville. 


M'CULLOCH,    FRED,    Hartwick. 
Oats. 


MALONE,    C.    E.,    Atlantic. 
Sheaf    German    millet. 


NEAL    BROS., 
Corn. 

POLK,    W.   W., 
Corn. 


Mt.    Vernon. 


Sidney. 


SHETTERLY,    S.    A.,    Hartford. 
Sheaf  wheat. 

ZELLER,    WILLARD,    Cooper. 
Corn. 


SILVER   3IEDAL. 

STATE    OF    IOWA. 

Corn. 

l^otatoes. 

Potatoes. 

Wheat,    Turkev   Red    winter, 

Flax. 

Corn. 

Corn. 

Corn. 

Corn. 
P.AILEY.    AMOS.    Ottumwa. 

("oi-n. 


BAKEHOUSE. 


D.    C.    Sisourney. 
( ^Nlancluiria). 


Slieaf  barlev 

Sheaf    barley    (black). 

Slieaf  red  clover    (Mammoth). 

Corn. 

Corn. 

Sheaf  med.    red   clo\-er. 


W.,    Underwood. 
RAY,    Ames. 


BP]LL,    J. 

Corn. 
BENNETT, 

Corn. 
BRUNS    &    SON,    Sigourney. 

Slieaf  wheat,   Turkey  Red  winter. 

Sheaf   speltz. 

Sheaf   alsike   clover. 

BRUNS,    ARMEIN,    Sigourney. 
Com. 

COVERDALE,   R.   E.,  Maquoketa. 

Corn. 
DAGGY,    GUY,    Ankeny. 

Oats. 
FELTER,     VICTOR,     DeSoto. 

Corn. 

Rye,   winter,   threshed. 

GEIL,    ARTHUR,    Des    Moines. 
Wheat,    Turkey   Red  Winter. 

HEATHERSHAW,        FRED,        Des 
Moines. 
Corn. 

Broom   corn   millet. 
Corn. 

Buckwheat. 
Sheaf  oats. 
Wheat     (sheaf.) 

IMIG,  WALTER,   Cedar. 
Corn. 


150 


ANNALS  OP  IOWA. 


JUSTICE,  JOHN,  Ankeny. 
Oats. 
Corn. 

KROEGER,  EMIL,  Princeton. 
Corn. 

LYONS,   W.  F.,   Hartford. 
Sheaf  barley. 
Sheaf  red  top. 
Sheaf  med.  red  clover. 
Sheaf  red   clover    (Mam.) 

MALONE,    C.   E.,    Atlantic. 
Sheaf    wheat    (Macaroni). 
Sheaf  wheat,   Turkey  Red  winter. 
Sheaf   barnyard  millet. . 
Sheaf   rye   winter. 

MALONE,     RAY,     Atlantic. 
Sheaf  wheat,  Macaroni. 

M'CULLOCH,   FRED,   Hartwick. 
Sheaf   alsike   clover. 
Med.    red    clover    seed. 
Oats,  Daubeney. 
Sheaf    blue    grass. 
Wheat. 

M'ELERY,    FRED,     Crawfordsville. 
Corn. 

MAXWELL,    J.    M.    &    SON,    Craw- 
fordsville. 

Corn. 
NEAL  BROS.,  Mt.  Vernon. 

Corn. 
OTCHECK,    GUS,    Grinnell. 

Oats. 
OTCHECK,    W.   F.,    Grinnell. 

Barley. 

Wheat. 

Corn. 

Sheaf    Med.    red    clover. 

W^heat. 

Sheaf    alsike    clover. 

Sheaf  sweet  clover. 

Sheaf  sweet  corn. 

PLOWS,   WALTER,   Chariton. 
Sheaf  barley. 
Sheaf  alsike  clover. 
Sheaf  sweet  clover. 
Sheaf  red  clover. 
Sheaf  red  top. 
Sheaf    wheat.  * 

SHETTERLY,    S.    A.,    Hartford. 
Sheaf  oats. 
Native  grasses. 
Sheaf   alsike   clover. 
,      Sheaf  speltz,  black. 
Sheaf  sweet  clover. 
Sheaf    Med.    red    clover. 
Sheaf   Mam.   red   clover. 
Sheaf  barley. 

SHOTEN,    SANCHU. 

Buckwheat. 
SNATER,    REICHO,    Ackley. 

Oats. 


TROBRIDGE,  S.  A.,  Des  Moines. 

Corn. 
UTTERBACK,  WILL,   Sigourney. 

Oats. 
ZELLER,    EARL,    Cooper. 

Corn. 
ZELLER,  IVAN  G.,  Cooper. 

Corn. 
ZELLER,    WILLARD,    Cooper. 

Corn. 

BRONZES  MEDAL. 

STATE   OF  IOWA. 
Corn,  Legal  Tender. 
Corn,    Silver  Mine. 
Corn,    Calico   Dent. 
Sheaf  oats. 
Sheaf  barley. 
Corn. 

Sheaf  wheat,    Early   Iowa. 
Corn,    Calico   Dent. 
Sheaf  oats. 
Rye,  winter. 

BAILEY,   AMOS,    Ottumwa. 
Corn. 
Corn. 
Corn    (Boone  Co.) 

BAKEHOUSE,   D.   C,   Sigourney. 
Oats. 
Wheat. 

Sheaf   oats,   Kherson. 
Sheaf   oats,    Silver  Mine. 
Sheaf    oats.    Big    Four. 
Sheaf   oats,    Swedish   Select. 
Sheaf  red  top. 
Sheaf  speltz. 
Sheaf    wheat,    Turkey   Red. 

BENNETT,    RAY,    Ames. 
Oats. 
Wheat. 
Corn. 

BRUNS,    ARMEIN,    Sigourney. 

Corn. 
BRUNS  &  SON,  Sigourney. 

Sheaf  oats. 

Sheaf  wheat. 

Sheaf  oats. 

Sheaf  wheat. 

p^-pnf  barle5\ 

Sheaf  oats. 

Sheaf  Med.  red  clover. 

pi^eaf  orchard  grass. 

Sheaf  blue   grass. 

Sheaf  oats    (side    oats). 

Sbpaf  oats  No.   103. 

Sheaf  red  top. 

COVERDALE,  R.  E.,  Maquoketa. 

Corn. 
DAGGY,   GUY,   Ankeny. 

Corn. 
FELTER,   VICTOR,   De  SotO. 

Corn,  Ideal  White.  ,     , 

Corn,   Reid's.  '  • 

Corn,  rice  popcorn. 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT. 


151 


HETHERSHAW,   FRED,  Des 

Moines. 

Fheaf  speltz. 

Sheaf  timothy. 

Beets,    mangel    wurzel. 

Sheaf    oats,    black. 

Corn,   striped   rice  pop  corn. 

Corn,   red   rice   pop   corn. 

KRIZER   BROS.,   Eddyville. 

Corn,   R.   Y.   Dent. 
Oats,    Silver  Mine. 

LYONS,    W.   F.,    Hartford. 

Sheaf  wheat,  Turkey  Red. 
Sheaf  timothy. 
Sheaf    wheat. 

Sheaf  oats,   Swedish   Select. 
Sheaf   oats.    Big   Four. 
Sheaf   oats,    Kherson. 
Sheaf   flax. 
Sheaf  speltz. 

M'CULLOCH,    FRED,    Hartwick. 
Sheaf  timothy. 
Sheaf  Med.   red  clover. 
Sheaf   red    top. 

Sheaf  ^vheat,   Turkey  Red  winter. 
Sheaf  barley.  Manchuria. 
Corn,    R.    Y.    Dent. 
Sheaf  speltz. 

Wheat,   Turkey  Red  winter. 
Sheaf  wheat. 
Sheaf  oats. 
Sheaf  oats. 

MALONE,    CHAS.,   Atlantic. 
Sheaf  oats. 
Slieaf  wheat. 
Sheaf  oats. 

MALONE.    C.    E.,    Atlantic. 
Slieaf  Med.   red   clover. 
Sheaf   oats. 
Sheaf  timothy. 
Sheaf  flax. 

Sheaf  Hungarian    millet. 
Sheaf  oats.    Big   Four. 
Sheaf  barley. 

Sheaf  oats    (Black    Tartarian). 
Sheaf  oats,   Swedish. 
Sheaf  oats,    President. 
Broom  corn,   Evergreen. 
Sheaf  wheat. 
Sheaf  speltz. 
Sheaf  blue   grass. 

MALONE,   RAY.   Atlantic. 
Sheaf  red  top. 
Sheaf  oats. 
Sheaf  rye,   spring-. 
Sheaf  Cerman   millet. 
Sheaf  flax. 
Sheaf  oats. 
Kaffir   corn. 
Sheaf  barley. 
Sheaf  barley. 
Sheaf  speltz. 
Sheaf  wheat. 
Sheaf   rve. 
Sheaf  timothy. 
Sheaf  Med.  red  clover. 


MAXWELL,    J.    M.,    Crawfordsville, 
Oats,  Silver  Mine. 

OTCHECK,  W.  F.,  Grinnell. 
Sheaf  wheat.    Cruiser  winter. 
Oats,   Daubeney. 
Sheaf   oats,    Scottish   Chief. 
Sheaf  Early  Champion. 
Sheaf   barley. 
Slieaf   barley. 
Timothy    seed. 
Sheaf  timothy, 
bheaf  .speltz. 
Corn. 
Oats. 
Wheat. 
Oats. 
Millet. 
Oats. 
Oat.s. 
Wheat. 
Oats. 

PLOAYS,   WALTER,    Chariton. 
Sheaf  oats. 
Sheaf  wheat. 
Sheaf  oats    (Potato). 
Sheaf  oats  July. 
Slieaf  oats.   Silver  mine. 
Dure   corn  heads. 
Sheaf  wheat    red    cross. 
Slieaf  barley. 
Sheaf  speltz. 
Sheaf  white  Med.   clover. 
Sheaf  blue  grass. 
Sheaf  timothy. 

POLK,   W.   W.,   Sidney. 

Corn,   single  ear. 
ROLLINSON,  HENRY,  Des  Moines. 

Beets. 

SHETTERLY,    S.   A.,    Hartford. 
Sheaf  rye. 
Sheaf   oats. 
Sheaf  orchard  grass. 
Early   amber   cane   heads. 
Sheaf  blue  grass. 
Sheaf  timothy. 
Sheaf  wheat. 
Sheaf  German    millet. 
Sheaf  wheat. 
Sheaf   oats. 
Shra^  oats,   Kherson. 
Sheaf  wheat. 
Sheaf  Hung-arian   millet. 
Sheaf  flax. 

SMITH,    "F'.,    Des   Moines. 

Wheat. 
SNATER,    REICHO,    Ackley. 

Oats. 
UTTERBACK,  WILL,  Sigourney. 

Wheat. 

Oats. 

Timothy. 

Clover. 

Blue  grass. 

TA^'heat,   Turkey  Red. 

Oats. 

Rye. 

Oats,  Silver  Mine. 


152  ANNALS   OF   IOWA. 


NOTABLE  DEATHS 


Alonzo  Abernethy  was  born  in  Sandusky,  Ohio,  April  14,  1836; 
he  died  at  Tampa,  Florida,  February  21,  1915.  In  1839  he  removed 
with  has  father's  family  to  Bellevue,  Ohio,  where  his  early  boy- 
hood was  spent  working  on  a  farm  and  attending  school.  In 
1854  they  removed  to  Illyria,  Iowa,  where  he  taught  school.  Later 
he  attended  Burlington  Academy  and  Chicago  University.  In  1861 
he  left  his  studies  of  the  senior  year  to  enlist  as  a  private  in  Com- 
pany F,  Ninth  Iowa  Infantry.  He  participated  in  the  battles  of 
Pea  Ridge,  Chickasaw  Bayou,  Jackson,  Lookout  Mountain,  Mis- 
sionary Ridge  and  many  other  important  engagements,  and  was 
rapidly  promoted  to  lieutenant  colonel.  He  was  mustered  out.  July 
18,  1865.  He  represented  Fayette  county  in  the  House  of  the 
Eleventh  General  Assembly,  and  was  especially  active  in  the  revi- 
sion and  perfecting  of  the  school  laws.  In  1869  he  removed 
to  Denison  and  engaged  in  farming.  The  following  year  he  be- 
came principal  of  the  University  of  Des  Moines.  After  nine  months' 
energetic  service  he  accepted  the  position  of  state  superintendent 
of  public  instruction.  He  was  twice  re-elected  and  served  until 
1876  when  he  resigned  to  accept  the  presidency  of  the  Chicago 
University  which  he  held  for  two  years.  Following  a  European  trip, 
he  returned  to  his  farm  at  Denison.  In  1881  he  accepted  the 
presidency  of  the  Cedar  Valley  Seminary  at  Osage  to  which  he 
gave  twenty-one  years  of  service,  leaving  it  transformed  to  a 
well-located,  well-endowed  permanently  useful  institution.  In  1909 
he  located  in  Des  Moines,  spending  part  of  each  year  in  Florida 
where  he  had  business  interests.  Colonel  Abernethy  received  the 
degree  of  A.B.  from  the  University  of  Chicago  in  1866  and  of  Ph.D. 
from  Lenox  College  in  1886.  He  took  great  interest  in  the  edu- 
cational interests  of  the  Baptist  denomination  in  lov/a,  and  was 
constantly  in  demand  as  a  speaker  before  institutes  of  farmers, 
teachers,  etc.  He  was  secretary  of  the  Iowa  Lookout  Mountain 
and  Missionary  Ridge  Monument  Commission,  and  a  member  of  the 
board  of  regents  of  the  State  University  of  Iowa  from  1890-1909. 
He  was  the  author  of  "Iowa  under  Territorial  Government  and 
the  Removal  of  the  Indians,"  "History  of  Iowa  Baptist  Schools," 
"Glimpses  of  Abraham  Lincoln,"  and  editor  of  Whitman's  "Early 
Life  of  Jesus  and  New  Light  on  Passion  Week." 


Emlin  McClain  was  born  in  Salem,  Ohio,  November  26,  1851;  he 
died  at  Iowa  City,  Iowa,  May  25,  1915.  He  removed  with  his  parents 
to  Tipton,  Iowa,  in  1855.     His  early  education  was  supplemented 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT.  153 

by  a  year  in  Wilton  Academy.  He  then  entered  the  State  Uni- 
versity of  Iowa  and  graduated  with  tlie  class  of  1871.  The  next 
year  he  taught  in  the  Iowa  City  Academy,  which  was  established 
by  his  father,  and  continued  his  studies  in  the  university.  Later 
he  entered  the  law  department  of  the  State  University  and  graduated 
in  1873.  He  removed  to  Des  Moines  and  pursued  his  study  of  law 
in  the  law  office  of  Wright,  Gatch  &  Wright,  became  private 
secretary  for  Senator  Wright,  and  served  two  terms  as  clerk  of  ths 
United  States  senate  committee  on  claims,  of  which  Senator  Wright 
was  chairman.  In  1877  he  returned  to  Des  Moines  and  practiced 
law  for  five  years,  also  prepared  and  published  McClain's  Annotated 
Statutes  of  Iowa.  In  1881  he  was  appointed  professor  in  the  law 
department  of  the  State  University  of  Iowa,  and  removed  to  Iowa 
City.  In  1890  he  v/as  made  dean  of  that  department,  with  the  title 
of  Chancellor,  and  held  the  position  until  1900.  He  was  elected  to 
the  supreme  bench  in  November,  1900,  and  in  1906,  his  two  terms 
of  service  extending  to  1913.  He  was  chief  justice  for  1903  and  1912. 
In  1913  he  removed  to  California,  as  jn'ofessor  of  law  in  Lelana 
Stanford,  Jr.,  University.  Returning  to  Iowa  in  1914,  he  was  again 
appointed  dean  of  the  college  of  law  in  the  State  University,  in  which 
position  he  was  serving  at  the  time  of  liis  death.  He  served  as 
Iowa  commissioner  on  uniform  legislation.  1894;  was  one  of  the 
commissioners  appointed  to  prepare  the  Iowa  Code  of  1897,  and 
also  prepared  the  annotations  for  that  Code.  Judge  McClain  was  a 
member  of  the  American  Bar  Association,  the  Iowa  State  Bar  Asso- 
ciation, Beta  Theta  Pi,  Phi  Beta  Kappa  and  Phi  Delta  Phi,  and  an 
honorary  member  of  the  State  Bar  Associations  of  Illinois  and 
Kentucky,  American  Society  of  International  Law  and  American 
Geographical  Society.  He  was  the  author  of  Outlines  of  Criminal 
Law  and  Procedure,  Synopsis  of  Elementary  Law  and  Law  of  Per- 
sonal Property,  Digest  of  Iowa,  Reports  and  Supplements  thereto. 
Constitutional  Law  in  the  United  States  and  many  other  works  of  a 
legal  nature. 


Cyrus  Btspey  was  born  in  Hubbard,  Ohio,  October  5,  1833;  he 
died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  March  2,  1915.  When  but  four  years  of 
age  he  removed  with  his  father  to  Indiana.  At  fourteen  he  became 
clerk  in  a  drygoods  store  at  Dupont,  Indiana,  and  two  years  later 
began  business  for  himself.  All  his  spare  time  was  spent  in  hard 
study.  In  1855  he  removed  to  Bloomfield,  Iowa,  where  he  conducted 
a  flourishing  business  and  took  active  part  in  political  and  civic 
affairs.  He  represented  Davis  county  in  the  Senate  of  the  Eighth 
and.  Eighth  Extra  General  Assemblies.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the 
Charleston  -convention  and  to  the  Baltimore  convention  which  nom- 
inated Stephen  A.  Douglas  for  president.  Although  a  Democrat 
in  politics  he  supported  Governor  Kirkwood  in  all  war  measures 
and  was  appointed  aide-de-camp  on  his  staff.  He  organized  a  com- 


154  ANNALS  OF  IOWA. 

pany  of  riflemen  to  protect  the  southern  border  of  Iowa,  and  owing 
to  his  energy  and  ability  a  raid  into  Iowa  from  Missouri  was 
defeated.  In  August,  1861,  he  raised  a  regiment  of  cavalry  which 
was  mustered  in  as  the  Third  Iowa  Cavalry,  and  became  its  colonel. 
He  was  rapidly  promoted  to  brigadier  general  and  later  major 
general  by  brevet.  He  won  wide  recognition  for  bravery  and  mili- 
tary skill  at  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge  and  was  very  prominent  in 
the  siege  of  Vicksburg.  He  commanded  the  largest  division  of 
the  Seventh  Army  Corps  at  Little  Rock  and  in  1865  commanded 
the  third  division  of  the  Seventh  Army  Corps  in  western  Arkansas 
and  Indian  Territory.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  engaged  in  the 
commission  business  in  St.  Louis  and  New  Orleans  and  was  presi- 
dent of  the  New  Orleans  chamber  of  commerce  for  six  years.  In 
1881  he  removed  to  New  York  and  engaged  in  business,  maintained 
his  interest  in  politics  and  in  1884  stumped  New  York  and  New 
Jersey  for  Blaine.  In  1889  he  was  appointed  Assistant  Secretary 
of  the  Interior  by  President  Harrison.  In  1893  he  removed  to 
Washington,  D.  C.  and  practiced  law  in  that  city  until  his  death. 
He  was  buried  in  Arlington. 


Henry  Clay  Caldwell  was  born  in  Marshall  county,  Virginia, 
September  4,  1832;  he  died  at  Los  Angeles,  California,  February 
15,  1915.  His  father  removed  with  his  family  to  the  Black  Hawk 
Purchase  in  1836,  locating  at  what  is  now  Bentonsport,  Van  Buren 
county,  Iowa,  and  removing  about  a  year  later  to  a  tract  of  land 
near  lowaville  which  became  the  farm.  Here  the  boy  worked  on 
the  farm  and  attended  the  pioneer  schools  in  winter  when  possible. 
In  later  years  he  gave  most  interesting  accounts  of  their  relations 
with  the  Indians  during  this  period.  Of  an  unusually  studious 
nature,  he  commenced  to  read  law  at  the  age  of  sixteen  years, 
entering  the  law  office  of  Wright  and  Knapp,  Keosauqua.  In  1851 
he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  became  a  member  of  the  firm,  and 
at  the  age  of  twenty-fcfur  was  elected  prosecuting  attorney.  In 
1859  he  represented  Van  Buren  county  in  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, Eighth  General  Assembly,  and  was  appointed  chairman 
of  the  judiciary  committee.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war  he 
resigned  his  seat  in  the  legislature  and  enlisted  in  the  Third 
Iowa  Cavalry,  and  served  successively  as  major,  lieutenant  colonel 
and  colonel,  participating  in  the  battle  of  Moore's  Mill'  the  capture 
of  Little  Rock  and  other  engagements.  He  resigned  June  25,  1864, 
and  the  same  month  was  appointed  judge  of  the  United  States 
District  court  of  Arkansas.  He  held  this  position  until  1890,  when 
he  was  appointed  judge  of  the  Eighth  Circuit,  comprising  Arkansas, 
Kansas,  Nebraska,  Iowa,  Minnesota,  North  and  South  Dakota,  Wyo- 
ming and  Colorado.  In  1903  he  retired  to  private  life.  He  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Little  Rock  University.    After  his 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT.  155 

retirement  he  resided  in  Los  Angeles  until  he  died.  His  body  was 
taken  to  Little  Rock  where  his  residence  had  been  for  the  greater 
part  of  his  active  life  and  there  was  buried. 


James  Irving  Manatt  was  born  in  Millersburg,  Ohio,  February 
17,  1845;  he  died  at  Providence,  R.  L,  February  14,  1915.  He  removed 
with  his  parents  to  Poweshiek  county,  Iowa,  in  his  boyhood  and 
received  his  early  education  in  the  district  schools  of  that  county. 
At  the  age  of  nineteen  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  Forty-sixth 
Iowa  Volunteer  Infantry.  He  served  from  May  10  to  September 
23,  1864,  as  clerk  in  the  regimental  headquarters  of  Col.  David  B. 
Henderson.  He  returned  to  Iowa  and  graduated  from  Iowa  College, 
Grinnell,  in  1869,  with  the  degree  of  A.  B.  He  received  the  degree 
of  Ph.D.  from  Yale  University  in  1873;  attended  the  University 
of  Leipzig,  1876-1877;  received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.  D.  from 
Iowa  College  in  1886,  and  from  the  University  of  Nebraska  in  1902. 
He  was  professor  of  Greek  at  Denison  University,  Ohio,  1874-1876, 
and  at  Marietta  College,  1877-1884.  From  1884  to  1889  he  was 
Chancellor  of  the  University  of  Nebraska.  In  1889  he  received  the 
appointment  as  United  States  Consul  to  Athens  and  occupied  that 
post  until  1893.  He  returned  to  America  and  served  as  pro- 
fessor of  Greek  literature  and  history  at  Brown  University,  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  from  1893  until  his  death.  He  was  a  delegate  and 
attended  the  first  international  congress  of  archaeology  at  Athens 
in  1905,  and  was  a  member  of  the  managing  committee  of  the 
American  school  at  Athens  and  of  various  scientific  societies.  In 
1897  was  published  his  "Mycenaean  Days,"  Dr.  Chrestos  Tsountas, 
joint  author,  and  in  1913,  "Aegean  Days."  His  work  as  editor  and 
contributor  to  various  magazines  was  well  known  and  a  compilation 
of  his  addresses  on  different  occasions,  under  the  title  "Some  Brown 
Studies,"  is  soon  to  be  published. 


Geokge  Lute  Godfrey  was  born  at  Hardwick,  Vt.,  November  4, 
1833;  he  died  at  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  April  24,  1915.  He  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  and  at  Barre  Academy.  In  1855  he  removed 
to  Iowa,  teaching  school  the  first  winter  at  Dubuque,  going  to  Des 
Moines  the  next  spring,  and  soon  after  to  Sioux  City,  where  he 
assisted  for  some  time  in  the  work  of  the  then  recently  opened  land 
office.  He  returned  to  Des  Moines  in  1859  and  took  up  the  study 
of  law.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  he  enlisted  as  corporal 
in  Company  D,  Second  Iowa  Volunteer  Infantry.  He  participated  in 
the  engagements  at  Fort  Donelson,  Shiloh  and  Corinth,  and  was  com- 
missioned major  of  the  First  Alabama  Cavalry  on  October  18,  1863. 
During  the  siege  of  Atlanta  he  was  promoted  to  lieutenant  colonel. 
He  was  with  Sherman  on  his  march  to  the  sea.  He  was  mustered 
^ut  on  October  20,  1865,  at  Huntsville,  Ala.,  and  while  there  was 


156  ANlSTALS  OF  IOWA. 

elected  representative  from  Polk  county  to  the  Eleventh  General 
Assembly.  He  took  active  part  in  the  proceedings  of  the  legislature, 
secured  the  passage  of  a  bill  for  the  erection  of  a  state  arsenal  and 
adjutant  general's  headquarters  and  was  the  author  of  a  bill  for  the 
erection  and  maintenance  of  a  soldiers'  orphans'  home,  which  is  now 
located  at  Davenport.  Colonel  Godfrey  served  for  four  years  as  re- 
corder of  the  land  office  at  Sioux  City,  as  city  attorney  and  city  solic- 
itor of  Bes  Moines,  and  as  assistant  U.  S.  district  attorney  for  four 
years.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Utah  commission  from  1882  to 
1913.  From  1903  until  his  death  he  was  surveyor  of  customs  at 
Des  Moines.  He  was  a  Republican  in  politics  and  a  member  of  the 
G.  A.  R.  and  Loyal  Legion. 


Washington  Galland  was  born  at  "Lower  Yellow  Banks,"  near 
the  present  city  of  Oquawka,  111.,  July  20,  1827;  he  died  at  Fort 
Madison,  Iowa,  April  22,  1915.  His  father.  Dr.  Isaac  Galland,  a 
year  or  two  later  established  an  Indian  trading  post  at  Ah-wi-pe-tuk, 
now  in  Lee  county,  Iowa,  and  removed  his  family  to  that  point. 
Washington  attended  the  first  school  in  Iowa,  which  was  taught  by 
Berryman  Jennings,  and,  subsequently,  other  schools  of  the  locality, 
and  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  Akron  and  Chillicothe,  Ohio.  He  studied 
law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1856.  He  enlisted  in  Company 
A,  Third  Missouri  Mounted  Volunteers,  and  served  two  years  in 
the  Mexican  war.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war  he  raised  and 
organized  Company  H,  Sixth  Iowa  Volunteer  Infantry,  and  was 
mustered  in  as  captain.  He  participated  in  the  battles  of  Corinth 
and  Shiloh  and  was  held  prisoner  for  seven  months.  On  account  of 
ill-health  he  resigned  on  June  20,  1862,  and  returned  to  Montrose, 
Iowa.  In  1863  he  was  elected  representative  from  Lee  county  in 
the  Tenth  General  Assembly.  For  a  few  years  he  practiced  law  in 
Lee  county,  but,  being  possessed  of  a  wandering  spirit,  he  spent 
two  years  in  Texas  and  afterward  four  years  in  California.  In 
1878  he  was  in  Washington,  D.  C,  and  later  entered  the  lecture 
field  and  toured  the  eastern  states.  He  returned  to  Iowa  to  spend 
the  last  years  of  his  life.  He  was  a  man  of  literary  taste  and  con- 
siderable ability  as  a  humorist  and  poet.  His  residence  in  Iowa 
was  probably  longer  than  that  of  any  other  man. 


Laur  Larsen  was  born  at  Christiansand,  Norway,  August  10, 
1833;  he  died  at  Decorah,  Iowa,  March  1,  1915.  His  father  was 
an  army  officer  and  his  mother  a  daughter  of  one  of  the  framers 
of  the  Norwegian  Constitution  of  1814.  He  received  a  liberal  edu- 
cation and  graduated  from  the  theological  department  of  the  uni- 
versity of  Ciiristiania  in  1855.  For  two  years  he  was  a  teacher 
of  languages  in  Christiania.  In  1857  he  emigrated  to  America  and 
spent  two  years  in  missionary  work  in  Wisconsin  among  the  Nor- 


EDITORIAL   DEPARTMENT.  157 

wegian  immigrants.  In  order  to  educate  young  men  for  the  minis- 
try, the  Norwegian  pioneers  founded  a  professorship  at  the  Con- 
cordia Seminary  in  St.  Louis  in  1859.  Doctor  Larsen  filled  this  chair 
until  Luther  College  was  organized  at  Half-way  Creek,  Wiscon- 
sin, in  1861,  when  he  was  appointed  president.  The  school  was 
moved  to  Decorah,  Iowa,  in  1862,  and  Doctor  Larsen  continued  as 
president  and  president  emeritus  until  his  death.  He  was  vice 
president  of  the  Lutheran  Synod  from  1876  to  1903,  and  served  as 
pastor  at  various  times  and  upon  important  occasions.  Prom  18G8 
to  1888  he  was  editor-in-chief  of  the  Kirketidendc.  Doctor  Larsen  was 
one  of  the  oldest  educators  among  the  Norwegians  in  America  and 
was  widely  known  as  a  teacher,  pastor  and  editor.  He  received 
the  degree  of  D.D.  from  Concordia  Seminary,  and  in  recognition  of 
his  life  work  was  made  a  knight  of  the  Order  of  St.  Olaf  by  the 
king  of  Norway. 


Alfred  Hfrst  was  born  in  Hull,  Lincolnshire,  England,  Novem- 
ber 19,  1846;  he  died  at  Hurstville,  Iowa,  March  25,  1915.  At  the 
age  of  six  years  he  emigrated  with  his  parents  to  America,  land- 
ing at  New  Orleans  and  coming  immediately  to  Davenport,  Iowa. 
Soon  after  their  arrival  the  father  died,  leaving  his  wife  and  three 
boys  to  make  their  own  way  in  the  v;orld.  Althougli  but  fifteen 
years  old,  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war  lie  enlisted  in  tlie  trans- 
portation service,  was  engaged  for  nineteen  months  with  the  Mis- 
sissippi fleet,  was  present  at  the  battles  of  Paducah,  Ft.  Donelson 
and  Shiloh,  and  also  accompanied  General  Banks  on  the  Red  River 
expedition.  In  September,  1863,  he  Avas  captured  by  the  Confeder- 
ates and  for  some  time  forced  into  the  service  of  the  South.  During 
the  raid  of  Memphis  he  succeeded  in  escaping,  returned  to  St.  Louis 
and  engaged  in  steamboating  on  the  upper  Mississippi  river  until 
1866,  when  he  returned  to  his  home  at  Davenport  and  learned  the 
stone  mason's  trade  which  he  followed  in  that  city  for  some  years. 
He  purchased  forty  acres  of  land  in  Jackson  county  suitable  for 
the  manufacture  of  lime,  developed  a  flourishing  business  and  the 
town  of  Hurstville  grew  rp  about  the  Hurst  quarries  and  kilns. 
Mr.  Hurst  was  always  active  .in  the  interest  of  public  welfare  and 
was  twice  elected  county  supervisor.  He  served  two  terms  as  sena- 
tor from  Jackson  county,  continuing  in  office  from  January,  1892, 
until  April,  1898. 

Richard  T.  Wellslager  was  born  in  Washington  county,  Mary- 
land, April  18,  1834;  he  died  at  Des  Moines,  March  15,  1915.  When 
he  was  two  years  of  age  his  parents  removed  to  Richland  county, 
Ohio,  where  his  boyhood  was  spent  working  in  the  forest  and  on 
the  farm  in  summer  and  attending  the  common  schools  in  winter. 
In  1852  he  began  teaching  school,  alternating  that  with  his  farm 


158  ANNALS  OF   IOWA. 

work.  He  removed  to  Oskaloosa,  Iowa,  in  February,  1855,  and 
served  as  deputy  postmaster  and  postmaster  until  1861.  He  also 
published  the  Oskaloosa  Times  for  a  year  during  this  period.  In 
1861  he  located  in  Des  Moines  and  after  a  few  years  in  the  bank- 
ing business  joined  Wesley  Redhead  in  founding  the  book  and  sta- 
tionery house  of  Redhead  &  Weljslager  which  continued  until  1883. 
For  several  years  after  withdrawing  from  this  prominent  estab- 
lishment Mr.  Wellslager  was  obliged  to  rest  and  recuperate.  In 
1887  he  again  entered  the  banking  business  and  continued  his  inter- 
est therein  until  his  death.  He  was  connected  with  the  Des  Moines 
National  Bank  from  1888  to  1894,  serving  as  president,  and  in  1895 
became  stockholder  and  director  of  the  Central  State  Bank.  He 
also  helped  organize  and  maintained  connection  with  other  bank- 
ing institutions.  He  was  instrumental  in  securing  an  order  from 
the  Comptroller  of  the  Currency,  making  Des  Moines  a  reserve  city 
for  national  banking  institutions. 


Nicholas  Williams  McIvor  was  born  in  Cheraw,  S.  C,  April 
30,  1860;  he  died  at  Tokyo,  Japan,  February  10,  1915.  He  was  a  grad- 
uate of  Trinity  College,  Hartford,  Conn.,  in  1882.  From  1882  to  1885 
he  attended  Harvard  Law  School.  In  1885  he  began  the  practice 
of  law  in  Cedar  Rapids.  He  was  associated  with  the  Democratic 
party  and  served  as  city  counsel  during  the  years  1891  and  1892. 
He  was  prominent  in  the  campaign  for  Horace  Boies  as  governor 
and  served  as  a  member  of  the  Governor's  military  staff 
for  both  terms.  In  1893  President  Cleveland  appointed  him  United 
States  Consul  General  and  Judge  of  the  United  States  Court  at 
Yokohama,  Japan.  After  retiring  in  1897  he  returned  to  America 
and  soon  thereafter  was  commissioned  by  the  Educational  Society 
of  the  Congregational  church  to  negotiate  with  the  Japanese  gov- 
ernment regarding  title  to  valuable  properties  owned  by  them  in 
Japan.  Since  that  time  he  has  been  counsel  and  director  of  various 
American,  English  and  Japanese  corporations.  He  was  appointed 
holder  of  the  protectorate  over  the  Chinese  in  Japan  during  the 
Chinese-Japanese  war  in  1894  and  1895,  and  received  from  the 
empress  of  China  the  decoration  of  the  Chinese  Order  of  the  Dou- 
ble Dragon. 


Cyrus  S.  Ranck  was  born  in  Union  county.  Pa.,  March  31,  1845; 
he  died  May  25,  1915,  at  Battle  Creek,  Mich.,  while  temporarily 
absent  from  his  home  in  Iowa  City.  He  removed  with  his  parents 
to  Illinois  in  1855,  shortly  thereafter  to  Iowa  and  then  back  to 
Illinois.  He  attended  the  public  schools  of  Illinois  and  Iowa, 
studied  four  years  in  the  Baptist  college  at  Burlington,  graduated 
from  the  law  department  of  the  State  University  of  Iowa  in  1871 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  the  same  year.    He  began  the  practice 


EDITORIAL   DEPARTMENT.  159 

of  law  in  Iowa  City  in  1874.  In  1886  lie  associated  in  partnership 
with  M.  J.  Wade,  later  for  a  time  with  Stephen  Bradley,  and  at 
the  time  of  his  death  was  associated  with  Frank  P.  Messer.  Until 
1896  he  was  a  Democrat  in  politics  and  served  as  city  attorney  for 
two  terms  and  as  chairman  of  the  Democratic  State  Central  Com- 
mittee in  1895  and  1896.  Since  1897  he  had  supported  the  Re- 
publican ticket.  He  served  as  representative  in  the  Twentieth, 
Twenty-first  and  Twenty-fifth  General  Assemblies  and  as  senator  in 
the  Twenty-sixth,  Twenty-sixth  Extra  and  Twenty-seventh  General 
Assemblies.  He  was  trustee  of  the  Iowa  School  for  the  Deaf  for 
seven  years. 

Sa^^iuel  Dkuet  was  born  in  Piqua,  Ohio,  August  20,  1844;  he  died 
at  Anamosa,  Iowa,  May  2,  1915.  He  was  left  an  orphan  at  an  early 
age,  and  in  185(1  removed  with  his  brother's  family  to  Bloomfield, 
Iowa,  where  he  was  educated  in  the  common  schools.  As  a  young 
man  he  learned  the  tinner's  trade.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war 
he  returned  to  Ohio,  and  in  :May,  1864,  enlisted  in  the  161st  Ohio 
Infantry,  serving  until  his  regiment  was  mustered  out.  In  1865  he 
returned  to  Bloomfield  and  engaged  for  a  time  in  the  tin  and  hard- 
ware business.  After  taking  a  regular  course  in  medicine  he  began 
the  practice  in  1874  and  followed  that  profession  for  twenty-two 
years  at  Marysville.  In  1895  he  w^as  elected  state  senator  from  the 
Monroe-Marion  district  and  served  through  the  Twenty-sixth,  Twen- 
ty-sixth Extra  and  Twenty-seventh  General  Assemblies.  In  June, 
1898,  he  was  appointed  prison  physician  for  the  penitentiary  at 
Anamosa  and  held  that  position  for  twelve  years.  He  returned  to 
his  practice  at  Anamosa,  but  about  a  year  ago  failing  health  forced 
him  to  retire. 


George  Hartley  Purdy  was  born  in  Ontario,  Canada,  August  27, 
1866;  he  died  at  Mason  City,  Iowa,  April  24,  1915.  He  removed  in 
1869  to  Mason  City,  where  he  attended  the  public  schools.  He  also 
took  the  course  in  civil  engineering  at  Cornell  College,  Mt.  Vernon. 
After  leaving  college  he  removed  to  Spencer  and  engaged  in  the 
grocery  business  for  ten  years.  In  1899  he  returned  to  Mason  City 
and  took  charge  of  his  father's  farm,  to  scientifically  develop  it. 
About  four  years  before  his  death  he  purchased  a  farm  near  Rock- 
ford  and  gave  his  attention  to  fruit  and  stock  raising.  He  served 
as  mayor  and  councilman  of  Rockford.  He  was  elected  representa- 
tive from  Floyd  county  in  the  Thirty-sixth  General  Assembly; 
was  appointed  chairman  of  the  committee  on  horticulture  and  to 
membership  on  the'  committees  on  appropriations,  agriculture  and 
other  committees  of  importance.  Ill-health  forced  him  to  return  to 
his  home  before  the  close  of  the  session  and  his  death  occurred, 
soon  after  its  adjournment. 


160  ANNALS   OF  IOWA. 

John  Cliggitt  was  born  in  Montgomery  county,  New  York,  August 
25,  1840;  he  died  at  Muscatine,  Iowa,  June  17,  1914.  His  early  edu- 
cation was  received  in  the  common  schools  of  Burlington,  Vermont. 
In  1850  he  removed  to  the  West,  locating  for  some  time  in  Ken- 
dall county,  Illinois.  There  he  worked  on  a  farm  and  attended 
school  and  later  taught.  He  entered  the  Chicago  law  school  in  1868, 
completed  the  course  and  was  admitted  to  practice  in  the  Supreme 
court  of  Illinois  in  1869.  He  removed  to  Mason  City,  Iowa,  in  1871 
and  continued  the  practice  of  law  in  that  city  for  over  forty  years. 
He  served  at  various  times  as  justice  of  the  peace,  town  recorder, 
secretary  of  the  school  board  and  mayor.  He  was  a  Democrat  in 
politics  and  was  delegate  to  the  National  Convention  in  1886  which 
nominated  Grover  Cleveland. 


Edward  E.  Cook  was  born  in  Scott  county,  Iowa,  August  13, 
1843;  he  died  at  his  home  near  Buffalo,  June  16,  1914.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  schools  of  Washington.  D.  C,  Rochester,  Albany  and 
Geneva,  New  York,  and  Griswold  College  at  Davenport,  Iowa.  He 
read  law  and  was  graduated  from  the  Albany  law  school  in  May, 
1863.  He  returned  to  Davenport  and  began  the  practice  of  law 
in  his  father's  office.  With  different  associates  in  the  firm,  he 
maintained  his  office  and  practice  in  Davenport  from  1863  until 
his  death.  He  acted  as  attorney  for  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  & 
Pacific  Railway  Company,  and  other  large  corporations  of  the  city 
and  State.  He  was  a  Democrat  in  politics  but  never  a  candidate 
for  office.  He  was  prominently  identified  with  the  best  interests  of 
Davenport  for  many  years. 


Gerhard  Henry  Schulte  was  born  in  Clayton  county,  Iowa,  Jan- 
uary 21,  1866;  he  died  at  his  home  in  Elkader,  June  17,  1914.  His 
education  was,  begun  in  the  common  schools  and  he  commenced  teach- 
ing at  the  age  of  nineteen  years.  In  1890  he  graduated  from  the  Iowa 
State  College  at  Ames  with  the  degree  of  B.  S.,  and  the  next  year  at- 
tended the  law  department  of  the  State  University  of  Iowa.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1894  and  practiced  in  Elkader,  He  was 
elected  mayor  of  Elkader  in  1902  and  served  continuously  for 
twelve  years.  He  represented  Clayton  county  in  the  Thirty-second, 
Thirty-second  Extra  and  Thirty-third  General  Assemblies.  In  1912 
he  was  elected  county  attorney  and  had  been  re-elected  for  a  sec- 
vOnd  term  just  previous  to  his  death. 


Annals  of  Iowa. 

Vol.  XII,  No.  3.     Des  Moines,  Iowa,  October,  i9i5  3d  Series 

SCIENTIFIC  STUDIES  OF  DR.  ASA  IIORR. 
By  James  0.  Crosby. 

After  the  capital  was  removed  from  Iowa  City  to  Des 
Moines,  it  was  a  long-  journey  from  Clayton  county  to  attend 
the  sessions  of  the  supreme  court.  In  December,  1857,  Elijah 
Odell  and  I  attended  the  first  term  of  the  court  lield  at  Des 
Moines,  and  our  journey  by  stage  took  five  days,  including 
three  all  night  rides. 

Later  the  general  assembly  established  argument  terms  to 
be  held  at  Davenport  in  April  and  October,  for  the  presenta- 
tion of  cases  from  the  eastern  part  of  the  State,  and  in  1868 
established  similar  terms  at  Dubuque.  These  argument  terms 
were  discontinued  in  1872,  when  all  cases  Avere  transfirred  to 
Des  Moines.  I  attended  all  the  Dubuque  terms.  About  the 
first  term  Judge  Murdock  accompanied  me  and  introduced  me 
to  Dr.  Asa  Ilorr,'  the  eminent  physician,  surgeon  and  scientist, 
at  his  office.  In  our  conversation  the  judge  stated  that  he 
had  recently  read  that  at  this  particular  season  Saturn  was 
making  the  finest  show  of  the  year  with  its  rings. 

In  the  rear  of  his  office  Dr.  Horr  had  built  a  private 
astronomical  observatory  in  which  was  placed  a  meridional 
telescope.  With  a  watch,  by  use  of  the  telegraph,  he  kept 
Washington  time.  By  the  Nautical  Almanac  he  found  the 
meridian  time  of  the  planet,  and  said  if  we  would  arrange 
with  a  policeman  to  wake  us  at  2.00  a.  m.  and  would  go  to  his 
house  and  wake  him,  we  could  come  with  him  to  the  office  and 
interview  Saturn  with  the  telescope  from  the  observatory,  At 
3.00  a.  m.  we  were  all  on  hand,  and  while  Saturn  crossed  the 
object  lens  of  the  telescope  we  each  had  time  for  a  good  look 

iDr.  Asa  Horr  was  born  at  Worth  ington,  Franklin  County,  Ohio, 
September  2,  1817.  He  studied  medicine  and  surg^ery  at  the  town 
of  Baltimore  and  city  of  Columbus,  Ohio,  and  spent  his  professional 
life    at    Dubuque,    Iowa. 

11 


162  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

at  the  planet  in  a  clear  sky,  with  its  rings  bright  and  plainly 
to  be  seen. 

After  Saturn  passed  the  range  of  the  telescope,  the  Nautical 
Almanac  gave  the  meridional  time  of  other  stars  at  which  we 
gazed  till  daylight  obscured  them.  Then  we  left  the  observa- 
tory and  in  the  office  took  up  the  microscope  and  played  with 
it  until  breakfast  time.  It  was  of  good  size  and  had  six  sets 
of  object  lenses  of  different  magnifying  powers. 

One  slide  he  had  prepared  from  fine  sand,  swept  from  rocks 
on  the  coast  of  Florida.  To  the  naked  eye  it  seemed  like  buck- 
wheat flour ;  magnified,  it  was  a  collection  of  beautiful,  conical 
sea-shells,  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  with  spines  begin- 
ning with  a  light  burnt-umber  color  at  the  shell  and  deepen- 
ing to  black  at  the  points. 

Another  object  he  had  prepared  was  an  itch-mite  taken  from 
the  person  of  a  patient.  An  enlarged  picture  of  the  animal 
is  an  illustration  in  the  Century  dictionary. 

At  another  visit  Dr.  Horr  told  me  something  of  his  early 
history,  and  as  I,  too,  had  had  an  early  history,  I  was  very 
much  interested,  so  much  so  that  it  is  very  clearly  retained  in 
my  memory  and  I  will  give  it  as  of  his  own  statement : 

At  the  age  of  19  I  was  working  about  20  miles  from  Columbus, 
Ohio,  learning  the  carpenter's  trade.  One  day  I  rode  horseback  to 
Columbus  to  purchase  a  text  book  on  botany  for  beginners,  as 
I  had  a  desire  to  study  plant  life.  I  called  at  a  bookstore  and 
made  my  purpose  known  to  the  proprietor,  and  he  laid  upon 
the  counter  a  number  of  books. 

After  an  examination  of  them  I  was  unable  to  make  a  selec- 
tion, and  I  asked  the  advice  of  the  merchant,  who  said  he  couldn't 
tell,  but  pointing  to  a  gentleman  seated  in  the  room,  said  that 
that  man  could  advise  me.  Turning  to  the  gentleman,  he  said: 
"Mr.  Sullivant,  will  you  step  here?  Here  is  a  young  man  who 
wishes  to  purchase  a  Botany  for  beginners.  Please  advise  him 
which  to  select." 

The  gentleman  came  to  the  counter  and  asked  if  I  wished  it 
for  myself.  I  answered  that  I  did,  and  he  very  soon  made  a 
selection.  Then  he  asked  if  I  felt  an  interest  in  such  matters.  If 
I  did  he  had  a  collection  that  he  thought  would  please  me,  ana 
if  I  liked  he  would  take  me  in  his  buggy,  which  was  standing 
in  front  of  the  store,  and  show  it  to  me. 

I  very  gladly  accepted  his  kind  offer  and  I  found  his  home 
and    collection    of    plants    large    and    interesting.     .The    plants    in 


SCIENTIFIC  STUDIES  OF  DR.  ASA  HORR  163 

quantity  and  variety  were  larger  and  finer  than  I  ever  had  seen, 
and  his  explanations  and  descriptions  gave  me  an  increased  in- 
terest in  botany.  He  took  me  back  to  the  city  and  I  returned 
to  my  carpenter  work. 

About  three  weeks  after  that,  Mr.  Sullivant  sent  to  me  a  mes- 
senger on  horseback,  with  a  letter  stating  that  a  party  of  his 
friends,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  at  a  time  named,  were  going  with 
him  camping  on  a  week's  outing  for  pleasure  and  research,  and 
extending  to  me  an  urgent  invitation  to  join  their  party,  and  re- 
questing an  answer  by  the  returning  messenger.  I  was  a  great 
awkward  boy,  and  knew  from  my  former  visit  to  his  home  that 
his  company  would  be  of  a  class  with  which  I  had  not  been  ac- 
customed to  associate.  Bashfulness  came  over  me  like  a  blanket. 
If  he  had  sent  his  letter  by  mail,  I  could  easily  have  answered 
it  by  mail,  declining  the  invitation  with  thanks;  but  he  had  sent 
a  messenger  specially  to  bring  it  and  there  could  be  no  mistake. 
The  invitation  was  not  merely  formal  and  he  surely  desired  me  to 
join  the  party,  doubtless  for  my  benefit,  and  I  could  not  do  other- 
wise than  send  an  answer  of  acceptance. 

At  the  appointed  time,  at  his  home,  I  joined  the  company  of 
cultured  ladies  and  gentlemen  by  whom  I  was  politely  and  kindly 
received.  Though  it  may  have  been  imaginary  on  my  part,  I 
thought  I  detected  a  slight  air  of  condescension  on  their  part. 

After  we  had  been  out  a  couple  of  days,  a  discussion  arose 
respecting  some  action  related  in  the  Iliad.  The  controversy  was 
growing  somewhat  heated  when,  to  avoid  unpleasant  feeling,  one  of 
the  gentlemen  proposed  to  end  the  discussion  by  referring  the 
matter  to  "our  young  friend"  and  letting  his  decision  end  the  mat- 
ter; to  which  they  agreed  unanimously.  It  so  happened  that  I 
had  just  finished  reading  a  translation  of  the  Iliad  the  week  be- 
fore, and  very  much  to  their  surprise  I  promptly  related  Homer's 
account  of  the  matter.  The  imaginary  condescension  disappeared 
and  their  cordial  treatment  made  me  forget  that  I  was  ever  bash- 
ful. 

One  day  as  Mr.  Sullivant-  and  I  were  alone  in  a  boat  on  a 
lily  pond,  gathering  lilies  and  searching  for  other  water  plants, 
he  related  to  me  the  incidents  that  led  him  to  the  study  of 
botany.  He  said:  "When  a  young  man,  by  inheritance,  I  became 
the  owner  of  the  farm  on  which  my  present  home  is  situated.  I 
had  no  plan  of  life  and  was  rather  inclined  to  be  gay  and  as- 
sociate with  young  men  fond  of  a  good  time.  One  day  1  naa 
four  of  them  at  my  home  for  dinner  and  a  little  jollification. 
Looking  out  of  a  window  that  she-wed  the  pasture  in  the  landscape, 
I  saw  a  man  walking  slowly  along,  closely  watching  the  ground, 


"William  Starling  Sullivant  was  born  near  Columbus,  Ohio,  January 
15,  1803,  and  died  there  April  30,  1873.  He  was  an  American  student  of 
nature   who  became  distinguished  as   a  bryologist. 


164  ANnIlS  of  IOWA 

occasionally  stooping  down  as  if  to  pick  up  something,  stopping 
to  examine  it  and  then  putting  it  in  a  tin  case  which  was  sus- 
pended by  a  shoulder  strap  at  his  side. 

I  wondered  what  the  man  found  of  so  much  interest  in  the 
pasture,  and  said  to  my  company:  'Hoys,  excuse  me  for  a  little 
while!  I  see  a  man  down  in  my  pasture  and  I  must  go  down 
and  see  what  he's  doing  there.'  So  I  left  them  and  went  to  the 
pasture.  I  found  a  man  somewhat  advanced  in  years  who  ex- 
plained that  he  was  studying  the  flora  of  the  state,  and  had  al- 
ready found  in  my  pasture  some  new  plants  not  yet  described, 
that  he  would  add  to  the  list.  I  staid  with  him  till  near  dinner 
time,  asked  him  to  take  dinner  with  me  and  he  consented.  I 
wanted  to  see  more  of  him,  and  if  he  were  not  accustomed  to 
our  style  of  living,  it  might  be  some  fun  for  the  boys  as  his 
clothing  was  suited  to  his  work.  When  seated  at  the  table,  his 
dignified  bearing  and  intelligent  conversation  kept  my  other  guests 
as  attentive  listeners,  with  no  thought  of  making  fun  at  his  ex- 
pense. I  asked  his  permission  to  accompany  him  the  rest  of  the 
day,  and  adjourned  the  frolic  with  my  gay  young  friends.  That 
afternoon  opened  a  new  world  to  me  and  led  me  to  become  a 
student  of  nature." 

The  week's  outing  was  a  delightful  one  and  opened  wide  to  me 
the  book  of  nature  of  which  I  became  an  earnest  student.  After 
I  had  acquired  the  profession  of  medicine  and  surgery  and  came 
to  form  a  plan  of  life,  I  resolved  to  be  a  faithful  student  in  the 
line  of  my  profession,  and  in  addition,  to  study  and  keep  up  with 
the  growth  of  the  natural  sciences;  that  if  days  of  leisure  came 
after  my  professional  labors  were  ended,  I  would  have  the  love 
of  nature  to  cheer  my  declining  years. 

In  1847  Dr.  Horr  came  to  Dubuque  and  entered  upon  the 
practice  of  medicine  and  surgery  and  successfully  carried  out 
his  plan  of  life. 

He  died  in  his  seventy-ninth  year  at  Dubuque,  leaving  a 
wife,  a  son,  Edward  W.,  of  Blandville,  Ky.,  and  a  daughter, 
Mrs.  Charles  G.  Stearns,  of  Waterloo,  Iowa,  all  of  whom  are 
still  living. 


IN  COMMEMORATION  OF  RICHARD  C.  BARRETT  165 


IN  COMMEMORATION 
OF  HON.  RICHARD  C.  BARRETT. 

[On  the  12th  day  of  June,  1915,  there  was  installed  on  tbe 
corridor  walls  of  the  Historical,  Memorial  and  Art  Building  of  Iowa 
a  portrait  medallion  in  bronze  of  Richard  C.  Barrett.  The  presenta- 
tion address  was  delivered  by  Hon.  F.  F.  Faville,  of  Storm  Lake, 
Iowa,  and  Hon.  A.  M.  Deyoe,  a  successor  to  Mr.  Barrett  in  the  office 
of  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  presiding,  delivered 
an  address.  In  the  place  of  Governor  Geo.  W.  Clarke,  chairman  of 
the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Historical  Department  of  Iowa,  Edgar 
R.  Harlan,  curator,  accepted  the  medallion. — Editor.] 


AN  APPRECIATION  OF  RICHARD  C.  BARRETT. 
By  F.  F.  Faville. 

The  story  of  the  life  of  Richard  C.  Barrett  is  the  story  of 
a  successful  Iowa  farm  boy  who  was  blessed  with  ideals.  His 
was  the  good  fortune  to  be  reared  amid  the  simple  and 
rugged  surroundings  of  an  low^a  rural  community  of  a  half- 
century  ago,  having  been  born  in  Bremer  county  in  1858. 

This  was  before  the  advent  of  the  automobile,  the  telephon*^ 
and  the  rural  delivery  of  mail.  It  was  at  a  time  when  life 
on  an  Iowa  farm  had  its  large  measure  of  isolation  and  its 
full  round  of  genuine  hard  work.  The  neighboring  village 
was  then  visited  only  for  purposes  of  trade  or  worship  and 
the  "county-seat  town"  was  a  distant  metropolis  seen  onl.y 
at  "fair  time"  or  on  a  similarly  rare  occasion. 

The  country  school  was  not  then  regarded  as  a  "social  cen- 
ter," and  was  by  no  means  the  modern  "consolidated"  insti- 
tution with  its  course  of  study  and  its  up-to-date  appliances. 
It  was  the  little  one-room  white  edifice  on  the  section  corner, 
with  its  heterogeneous  collection  of  pupils  and  its  "curricu- 
lum" embracing  the  entire  rauge  from  the  primer  to  Ray's 
Higher  Arithmetic. 

Mr.  Barrett  lived  at  a  time  when  farm  boys  spent  their 
evenings  at  home.     The  family  life  was  developed.     Books, 


166  ANNiltLS  OF  IOWA 

magazines,  and  games  served  to  while  away  the  long  winter 
evenings  and  the  duties  of  summer  brought  a  literal  exemplifi- 
cation of  the  motto  ''early  to  bed  and  early  to  rise."  The 
old-fashioned  custom  of  family  prayers  had  not  yet  become 
obsolete. 

In  such  a  home,  and  under  such  circumstances  was  Richard 
C.  Barrett  reared.  The  work  of  the  farm  did  not  destroy  his 
ambition  and  its  isolation  did  not  stunt  his  ideals.  He  plowed 
corn  none  the  less  well  because  he  recited  Thanatopsis  to  the 
team  that  he  drove.  He  followed  the  ceaseless  and  unending 
monotony  of  the  daily  grind  of  farm  drudgery  with  its  pinch- 
ing limitations  and  was  not  narrowed  nor  dwarfed.  He  looked 
beyond  his  daily  task.  He  saw  art  in  the  changing  panorama 
of  the  prairie,  and  he  heard  a  symphony  in  the  sublime  "music 
of  the  spheres. ' ' 

Richard  Barrett  was  never  the  egotist,  but  he  believed  in 
himself.  And  he  determined  with  himself  that  he  should  try 
himself  out.  And  so  he  went  to  school.  He  was  not  sent  to 
school.  He  went.  No  wealthy  father  purchased  him  member- 
ship in  some  fashionable  college  club.  No  fond  and  fearful 
parent  turned  him  over  to  a  college  faculty  with  the  vain 
hope  that  he  might  learn  something.  No  such  misfortune  be- 
fell him.  He  was  privileged  to  ' '  work  his  way. ' '  Opportunity 
did  not  open  the  door  for  him  with  "soft  and  lily  fingers" — 
but  he  opened  the  door  himself. 

Like  most  ambitious  young  men  he  debated  long  and  seri- 
ously as  to  his  life  work.  The  ministry,  law  and  medicine 
were  all  attractive  to  him  and  he  was  tempted  to  follow  one 
of  these  professions,  but  with  rare  good  judgment  and  com- 
mon sense  he  decided  that  he  would  be-  a  teacher. 

Some  one  has  said,  "The  first  essential  of  a  successful 
teacher  is  love  for  the  profession."  If  this  be  true  Mr.  Bar- 
rett was  essentially  successful. 

"What  was  his  ideal?  Was  teaching  with  him  a  mere  mat- 
ter of  salary-drawing  or  making  provision  for  a  present  need  ? 
Long  afterwards  he  thus  described  "The  Teacher's  Greatest 
Ambition ' ' : 


IN  COMMEMORATION  OF  RICHARD  C.  BARRETT  167 

To  help  a  child  to  become  unselfish,  self-reliant,  kind,  thought- 
ful, considerate,  honest  and  independent;  to  train  to  habits  of 
usefulness;  to  promote  purity  of  thought  and  life;  to  have  even 
some  small  part  in  awakening  loftier  purposes  and  holier  aspira- 
tions; to  arouse  in  the  minds  of  boys  and  girls  an  honest  and 
sincere  hope  to  be  able  to  some  extent  to  make  happier  the  school, 
the  home,  the  community,  the  state,  the  nation  and  the  world — 
should  be  the  greatest  ambition  of  every  teacher. 

With  such  ail  ambition  Richard  C.  Barrett  began  his  life 
work  as  a  teacher.  He  commenced  in  a  country  school  of  the 
type  he  had  attended  as  a  small  boy.  An  insignificant  begin- 
ning it  was,  but  a  most  valuable  asset  it  became  when  in  after 
years  as  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  he  did 
JvO  much  to  establish  the  consolidated  school,  which  is  working 
such  a  revolution  in  the  country  schools  of  Iowa  today. 

After  six  years  in  the  school  room,  in  which  he  was  very 
successful,  he  was  called  to  the  office  of  county  superintendent 
of  Mitchell  county  and  held  that  position  for  fourteen  years 
and  until  his  election  to  the  state  superintendency. 

During  this  time  he  became  widely  known  in  educational 
circles.  He  Avas  a  lecturer  and  an  instructor  at  the  leading 
teachers'  institutes  of  the  State,  a  contributor  to  various  edu- 
cational publications  throughout  the  country,  and  a  promi- 
nent member  of  the  National  Educational  Association.  He 
was  recognized  as  an  expert  on  "the  rural  school  problem." 
He  brought  to  the  office  of  State  Superintendent  a  splendid 
equipment  and  a  broad  comprehension  of  the  needs  of  the 
schools  of  the  State,  particularly  those  of  the  country  dis- 
tricts. 

Without  any  pretense  at  revolutionizing  affairs,  but  actuated 
by  a  sincere  desire  to  help  the  schools  of  the  State,  he  gave  to 
the  duties  of  this  office  his  best,  most  conscientious  efforts. 
When  he  assumed  the  office  of  State  Superintendent,  Iowa 
was  one  of  the  very  few  states  of  the  Union  without  a  law 
requiring  the  attendance  of  children  at  school.  He  made  a 
most  careful  study  of  the  question  of  compulsory  education, 
examined  and  abstracted  the  laws  of  all  of  the  states  on  the 
subject,  corresponded  extensively  with  educators  regarding 


168  ANNALS  OP  IOWA 

the  matter,  and  investigated  conditions  in  states  where  such 
laws  had  been  adopted. 

He  strongly  urged  the  adoption  of  such  a  law  upon  the 
Twenty-eighth  General  Assembly.  He  submitted  a  model  bill 
for  the  consideration  of  the  legislators  and  worked  unceas- 
iijgly  to  secure  the  passage  of  such  a  statute,  and  finally  the 
Twenty-ninth  General  Assembly  passed  the  law  practically 
as  suggested  by  him.  The  credit  for  the  enactment  of  this 
very  important  legislation  was  due  in  no  small  degree  to  his 
efforts,  and  it  will  always  be  associated  with  his  work  as  State 
Superintendent. 

Richard  Barrett  was  one  school  man  who  was  not  given  to 
fads  nor  hobbies,  but  nevertheless  one  thing  was  uppermost 
in  his  work,  and  that  was  the  improvement  of  the  country 
schools.  He  knew  their  every  need.  He  had  learned  their 
requirements  at  first  hand.  He  saw  that  the  inefficiency  of 
the  isolated  country  school  could  be  largely  eliminated  by 
reducing  the  number  of  schools,  and  by  transporting  the 
pupils  to  one  central  school  which  should  be  graded  and  which 
should  have  better-equipped  teachers. 

The  proposed  change  became  known  as  the  ' '  Consolidation ' ' 
movement.  It  necessarily  met  with  intense  opposition,  an 
opposition  that  has  by  no  means  yet  entirely  disappeared. 
The  question  of  expense  was,  and  still  is,  the  paramount  one 
with  many  school  patrons.  The  idea  of  disposing  of  existing 
school  houses,  incurring  the  expense  of  a  new  modern  build- 
ing, buying  conveyances  and  paying  to  have  the  children 
transported  to  and  from  school,  and  the  employing  of  ex- 
perienced and  trained  teachers  at  better  wages,  was  so  revo- 
lutionary, that  it  was  viewed  as  an  invasion  of  the  inalienable 
rights  of  the  rural  taxpayer. 

Mr.  Barrett  firmly  believed  that  the  plan  would  work  out 
successfully.  He  gave  much  study  to  all  the  arguments  ad- 
vanced against  the  proposition,  set  them  forth  frankly  and  at 
length  in  his  official  reports  and  discussed  them  with  perfect 
candor  and  convincing  logic.     In  1903  he  said: 

It  was  a  great  day  in  the  history  of  Iowa  when  it  was  de- 
clared that  the  State  should  have  a  free  public  school  system.     It 


IN  COMMEMORATION  OF  RICHARD  C.  BARRETT  169 

will  be  a  greater  one  when,  in  the  course  of  time,  it  is  ordered 
that  all  children  shall  have  equal  school  privileges— that  the  child 
in  the  remotest  district — the  child  of  the  humblest  poor,  in  the 
backwoods  and  on  the  prairie, — shall  have  educational  advantages 
unexcelled  in  the  best  school  in  the  largest  and  best  city  in  the 
land. 

With  this  in  his  mind  and  on  his  heart  he  worked  unceas- 
ingly to  bring  about  the  great  result,  not  only  by  legislation 
that  would  make  it  possible,  but  by  endeavoring  to  educate 
the  public  to  understand  the  real  merits  of  the  proposition. 
He  was  greatly  interested  in  the  first  practical  experiment  that 
was  tried  in  the  State.  He  personally  visited  this  sciiool  and 
studied  at  first  hand  the  objections  that  had  been  urged  of 
increase  of  taxes,  impracticability  of  transporting  children 
and  similar  matters. 

He  was  thoroughly  convinced  that  the  "Consolidated 
School"  would  eventually  be  the  solution  of  the  "rural  school 
problem."  How  wonderfully  is  his  prophecy  being  fulfilled 
in  the  many  such  schools  that  have  been  and  are  being  rapidly 
established  all  over  the  State.  I  think  his  untiring  labors  for 
the  betterment  of  the  rural  schools  of  Iowa,  the  most  im- 
portant single  service  that  he  rendered  the  commonwealth. 

Mr.  Barrett  was  a  believer  in  "higher  education."  He 
took  commendable  pride  in  the  Master  of  Arts  degree  which 
Cornell  College  conferred  upon  him.  But  he  was  essentially 
a  believer  in  things  practical,  especially  in  education.  He 
once  said : 

The  schoolmaster  who  attempts  to  teach  art,  music,  painting, 
French,  stenography,  pharmacy,  etc.,  to  a  boy  who  cannot  spell 
the  common  v/ords  in  daily  use,  write  a  legible  hand,  keep  the 
simplest  accounts,  compose  a  letter,  recite  the  principal  events  of 
American  history,  and  explain  the  elementary  principles  of  science, 
will   soon  lose  caste  with  the  business  world. 

In  1903  he  said  to  the  General  Assembly  in  the  official 
report,  regarding  the  teaching  of  agriculture  in  the  public 
schools : 

There  has  been  considerable  discussion  of  the  teaching  of  the 
elements  of  agriculture  in  rural  schools  and  more  recently  the 
introduction  of  the  study  in  high  schools  has  been  proposed.  If 
into  the  school  life  there  should  be  introduced  the  subjects  with 
which   pupils   are   to   deal   in   life,   no  mistake   is   being  made   by 


170  ANKALS  of  IOWA 

those  who  urge  the  value  of  the  practical.  If  it  can  be  urged  that 
agricultural  subjects  should  be  introduced  into  schools  in  cities 
where  only  a  small  part  of  the  patrons  are  engaged  in  agricul- 
ture or  gardening,  it  can  be  more  strongly  urged  for  rural  schools 
where  agriculture  is  the  chief  business  of  all  the  people.  Each 
succeeding  year  high  schools  teach  more  of  the  practical,  and  as 
laboratories  multiply  and  professionally  trained  teachers  increase, 
there  is  likely  to  be  still  less  of  theory  and  more  instruction  in 
how  to  do  the  work  of  the  world. 

He  did  not  live  to  see  the  enactment  of  our  present  statute 
requiring  that  agriculture  and  domestic  science  must  be  taught 
in  the  schools  of  the  State,  but  he  paved  the  way  for  that 
legislation  and  aided  its  oncoming  in  no  small  degree. 

During  his  administration  of  the  office  of  State  Superin- 
tendent great  progress  was  made  in  manual  training  in  the 
public  schools.  Mr.  Barrett  aided  greatly  in  this  work.  He 
issued  an  extensive  outline  on  the  subject,  particularly  to  aid 
teachers  in  learning  where  and  how  to  equip  themselves  to 
give  manual  training. 

He  also  especially  urged  that  the  teachers  of  the  State 
should  have  better  opportunities  for  training  in  their  profes- 
sion. He  believed  that  Iowa  should  supplement  her  great 
Teachers'  College  with  others  of  like  character,  where  more 
teachers  could  receive  adequate  and  scientific  training  for 
their  important  work,  and  he  unhesitatingly  advocated  the 
paying  of  better  wages  to  the  teachers  of  the  State. 

His  work  in  the  office  of  State  Superintendent  covered  six 
very  important  years  in  the  history  of  education  in  Iowa.  At 
all  times  industrious,  patient  and  tactful,  keeping  constantly 
in  mind  the  greater  good,  and  working  ever  for  the  better- 
ment of  conditions,  he  contributed  largely  toward  furthering 
those  things  that  hasten  the  coming  of  a  better  day. 

After  his  retirement  from  the  office  of  State  Superintend- 
ent he  completed  a  course  in  law  and  received  the  degree  of 
LL.B.  but  he  made  no  attempt  to  practice  law  as  a  profession, 
and  almost  immediately  accepted  a  position  on  the  faculty 
of  the  State  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts  at 
Ames,  occupying  the  chair  of  Civics.  This  place  was  par- 
ticularly pleasing  to  him,  not  only  because  it  brought  him  in 


IN  COMMEMORATION  OF  RICHARD  C.  BARRETT  171 

connection  with  the  work  of  this  great  school  in  which  he  was 
deeply  interested,  but  more  particularly  because  it  gave  him 
an  opportunity  to  get  in  close  touch  with  a  multitude  of  young 
men  and  women  who  were  seeking  an  education. 

I  am  confident  that  no  position  in  which  he  was  ever  placed 
brought  as  much  real  satisfaction  to  Mr.  Barrett  as  to  be 
on  the  committee  on  classification  of  students  at  Ames.  No 
man  could  have  been  better  adapted  for  this  position  than  he. 
He  delighted  to  meet  the  boys,  especially,  who  had  come  from 
farm  homes  to  enter  the  great  school,  and  who  needed  just 
then  a  little  sympathy  and  good  advice.  No  austere  official 
confronted  them  in  the  person  of  Mr.  Barrett.  He  was  their 
friend.  He  knew  exactly  their  difficulties  and  their  ambitions. 
With  a  genuine  and  sincere  sympathy  he  became  their  con- 
fidant and  their  counsellor.  And  what  joy  he  found  in  this 
service ! 

In  all  the  thousands  of  teachers  and  students  that  came  in 
contact  with  Mr.  Barrett  none  ever  applied  to  him  for  sym- 
pathy or  assistance  and  applied  in  vain.  He  never  had  such 
urgent  business  that  he  could  not  find  time  to  hear  of  the 
troubles  of  some  inexperienced  teacher  or  to  listen  to  a  recital 
of  the  difficulties  of  some  farm  boy  who  needed  encourage* 
ment  and  help.  How  many  such  lives  has  he  touched  in  this 
State  and  always  with  kindly  sympathy!  He  was  never  the 
misanthrope.  He  was  always  an  ambassador  of  helpfulness 
and  good  cheer. 

In  the  midst  of  his  activities  at  the  College,  in  the  very 
prime  of  life,  he  was  suddenly  stricken  with  an  infection  of 
the  mastoid  and  died  March  3,  1909. 

Thus  lived  and  died  this  kindly,  helpful,  hopeful  man.  I 
can  pronounce  no  greater  encomium  upon  him  than  to  say  he 
was  a  Christian  gentleman  in  the  full  and  true  meaning  of 
that  term.  He  was  from  early  childhood  a  member  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  His  interest  in  young  people 
and  his  desire  to  help  them  caused  him  to  render  years  of 
service  in  the  Sunday  School,  as  superintendent  and  teacher. 
He  made  no  spectacular  parade  of  his  religion.  There  was  no 
ostentation  about  it.    It  was  an  abiding  and  essential  part  of 


172  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

his  daily  life.  Some  people  profess  their  religion.  Richard  C. 
Barrett  lived  his.  He  neither  boasted  of  his  faith  nor  apol- 
ogized for  it,  but  no  man  who  knew  him  at  all  intimately  ever 
had  any  doubt  of  his  religious  convictions,  whether  he  ever 
heard  him  mention  the  subject  or  not.  Clean,  upright,  pure- 
minded,  conscientious,  he  was  a  splendid  example  of  that  type 
of  Christian  citizen  whose  "daily  walk  and  conversation'^ 
''make  for  righteousness." 

Emerson  said,  ''The  only  way  to  have  a  friend  is  to  be 
one."  If  the  Sage  of  Concord  was  right  Richard  Barrett's 
friends  were  truly  "numbered  by  his  acquaintances."  At  his 
death  it  was  said  of  him  that  "he  was  loved  by  more  people 
than  any  other  man  in  Iowa. ' '  No  man  ever  had  a  more  loyal 
friend  than  he  was.  He  was  not  "one  thing  to  the  face  and 
another  to  the  back"  of  any  friend.  He  was  always  depend- 
able. I  once  heard  a  friend  praise  him  with  the  homely  ex- 
pression, "he  will  stand  without  hitching." 

Mr.  Barrett  had  no  ambition  to  acquire  wealth.  Amid  the 
struggles  of  this  money-making  era  he  caught  the  larger 
vision  and  found  his  compensation  in  giving  rather  than  in 
getting.  To  touch  young  life,  to  inspire  to  better  efforts  and 
nobler  things,  in  a  word,  to  be  of  service  was  more  of  joy  to 
him  than  the  accumulation  of  money.    He  was  content  to 

Sit  in  the  house  by  the  side  of  the  road 
And  be  a  friend  to  man. 

He  was  a  great  lover  of  books  and  of  travel,  but  he  found 
his  greatest  pleasure  in  his  own  home  and  in  the  society  of 
those  he  loved  best. 

While  teaching  at  Riceville,  Iowa,  Mr.  Barrett  married 
Janet  Dean,  who  was  also  a  school  teacher.  Their  home  life 
was  ideal.  No  task  was  undertaken,  no  plan  formulated,  no 
success  achieved,  no  disappointment  suffered,  that  was  not 
shared  equally  by  them.  Saddened  by  the  loss  of  one  daughter 
in  infancy,  they  were  also  blessed  with  one  whose  beautiful 
life  has  been  a  constant  comfort  and  joy. 

His  dust  rests  in  the  little  cemetery  at  the  Iowa  State  Col- 
lege, beneath  the  graceful  elms  and  rugged  oaks  of  his  native 
State. 


IN  COMMEMORATION  OF  RICHARD  C.  BARRETT  173 

It  is  most  fitting  that  on  the  walls  of  the  Historical  Building 
should  be  placed  a  medallion  to  perpetuate  the  memory  of 
this  good  and  true  man  and  useful  citizen. 

With  becoming  modesty,  Mr.  Barrett,  in  concluding  his  last 
report  as  State  Superintendent,  said : 

If  the  discouraged  teacher  has  been  encouraged,  if  the  heavy- 
hearted  has  been  made  to  rejoice,  if  the  weak  has  been  strength- 
ened, if  the  pathway  of  life  has  been  made  to  appear  smooth, 
the  skies  brighter  and  tlie  days  happier  by  anything  I  may  have 
said  or  done,  the  inspiration  for  the  word  or  deed  came  from  the 
encouraging    words    of    helpfulness    spoken    by    teachers. 

And  he  gave  this  characteristic  message  to  the  teachers  of 
the  State: 

To  you  who  have  been  my  co-laborers  and  have  given  your 
strength  to  promote  the  true  cause  of  education,  I  am  debtor  be- 
yond ability  to  repay  or  words  to  express.  I  could  not  if  I  would, 
have  you  freed  from  the  burdens  of  the  schoolroom,  but  were  the 
power  mine  I  would  give  to  each  of  you  added  strength  to  bear 
all  of  the  trials  and  to  overcome  all  of  the  difficulties.  I  would 
have  you  remember  that  while  such  power  is  not  mine,  the  Great 
Teacher  has  said,  "I  am  with  you  alway,  even  unto  the  end  of  the 
world"  and  from  Him  you  can  have  help. 

He  needs  no  greater  eulogium. 

In  the  very  prime  of  life,  without  a  murmur  of  complaint, 
with  a  firm  and  abiding  faith,  Richard  C.  Barrett  turned  the 
prow  of  his  frail  bark  out  from  the  shores  of  Time,  upon  the 
trackless  sea  ' '  that  has  never  borne  the  shadoAV  of  a  returning 
sail." 

Let  us  be  assured  that  his  voyage  was  in  peace,  his  anchor- 
nge  in  the  Harbor  of  Eternal  Joy. 


174  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 


THE   DIGNITY  OF  THE    STATE   SUPERINTENDENCY   IN   THE 
STATE'S  DEVELOPMENT. 

By  Albert  M.  Deyoe. 

We  live  in  a  great  State,  rich  in  promise  for  the  future. 
Bounded  on  two  sides  by  two  of  the  largest  rivers  of  our  con- 
tinent, with  a  soil  whose  fertility  wearies  not  in  yielding 
abundant  harvests,  and  with  continental  systems  of  railways 
to  bear  our  products  to  the  markets  of  the  world.  But  Provi- 
dence gave  to  Iowa  a  choicer  blessing  than  river  or  soil  or 
railroad.  From  the  states  located  to  the  eastward  came  the 
best  men  and  women  to  settle  our  State.  The  privilege  is  ours 
to  prove  true  to  our  vantage  ground,  not  only  to  perpetuate 
their  heroic  vigor,  but  to  build  for  larger  and  better  things. 
Iowa  holds  the  creditable  and  enviable  position  of  having  the 
lowest  percentage  of  illiteracy  of  any  state  in  the  Union.  The 
laurel  was  hers  by  inheritance  as  she  entered  statehood;  it  is 
B  legacy  for  succeeding  generations  to  merit  as  a  distinction  of 
priceless  value.  Fortunate,  indeed,  are  we  because  of  the  char- 
acter of  the  pioneers  who  settled  here,  in  the  quality  of  the 
immigrants  who  have  come  to  us,  and  in  the  physical  and  occu- 
pational conditions  in  our  State.  The  continuation  of  com- 
paratively so  high  a  standard  of  thrift  and  intelligence  among 
our  people  will  depend  first  and  foremost  upon  the  policy  and 
efficiency  of  our  system  of  education.  Unless  the  individual 
is  well  trained  for  some  occupation  in  life  he  is  lacking  in  an 
essential  element  in  the  making  of  the  best  class  of  citizenship, 
viz.,  the  ability  to  become  self-supporting  and  capable  of  sup- 
porting those  dependent  upon  him. 

But  education  for  efficiency  must  not  take  into  account 
merely  the  utilitarian  idea.  It  must  be  inspired  with  ideal- 
istic, gesthetic,  philanthropic,  and  spiritual  incentives,  without 
which  life  will  not  rise  to  its  highest  level.  The  purpose  or 
the  function  of  education  appeals  to  us  in  this  great  common- 
wealth to  put  within  reach  of  all  the  children  the  most  gen- 
erous means  for  development  into  useful  manhood  and  woman- 


IN  COMMEMORATION  OF  RICHARD  C.  BARRETT  175 

hood.  Young  men  and  young  women  endowed  with  the  ability 
and  the  disposition  for  work  need  none  of  our  solicitude  con^ 
corning  the  welfare  of  the  State.  The  world  owes  no  man  a 
living,  but  every  man  owes  it  to  the  world  to  make  a  living 
for  himself  and  those  dependent  upon  him.  When  we  can 
bring  together,  embodied  in  the  same  individual,  right  think- 
ing and  right  doing,  sound  theory  and  successful  practice,  we 
shall  have  the  well-educated  man  and  the  ideal  citizen. 

Better  schools  should  mean  better  citizenship.  Our  boys  and 
girls  should  not  only  be  prepared  to  do  something  well  but 
they  should  be  desirous  of  doing  something  well.  The  disposi- 
tion to  do  something  well  represents  the  moral  side  of  educa- 
tion. Not  only  the  boy  who  comes  from  the  slums,  but  the 
boy  who  turns  the  automobile  crank  is  to  be  dealt  with  in  the 
training  for  citizenship.  The  question  of  training  the  boy 
raised  in  luxury  is  just  as  difficult  a  problem  of  solution  as 
the  training  of  the  boy  raised  in  poverty.  It  is  just  as  injur- 
ious and  unbecoming  for  a  youth  to  puff  out  his  vitality 
through  a  cigarette  or  a  pipe-stem  on  the  college  campus  as 
it  is  in  the  back  alley.  Not  money,  not  social  caste,  not  fame. 
not  even  scholarship  will  make  men  and  women  worthy  of  re- 
ward. Let  us  not  forget  that  sympathy  for  others,  purity  of 
living,  honesty,  industry,  reverence,  obedience,  and  respect  for 
law  are  among  the  determining  forces  that  will  count  most  in 
estimating  the  worth  of  a  life. 

The  development  of  the  State  industrially,  and  the  hope  of 
its  citizenship  intellectually  and  spiritually,  depends  upon  the 
training  of  the  child.  This  then  represents  the  responsibility, 
the  dignity  of  the  work  of  those  to  whom  have  been  committed 
the  task  of  shaping  the  educational  policies  of  the  State. 

There  was  a  propriety  in  the  selection  of  the  Hon,  James 
Harlan  to  lay  the  corner-stone  of  the  beautifully  designed  His- 
torical, Memorial  and  Art  Building,  perhaps  not  thought  of  at 
the  time.  Many  years  before  the  ceremonies  connected  with 
the  first  steps  taken  toward  the  erection  of  the  building,  James 
Harlan  had  been  chosen  as  the  first  State  Superintendent  of 
Schools  after  the  admission  of  Iowa  into  the  Union  in  1846.. 
To  this  man — one  of  Iowa's  greatest  noblemen — was  entrusted 
the  duty  of  laying  the  corner-stone  of  our  State 's  great  educa- 


176  AN^^ALS  OP  IOWA 

tional  system,  maintained  today  at  the  enormous  annual  ex- 
pense of  over  seventeen  million  dollars.  The  amount  expended 
is  a  large  sum.  But  what  of  it,  when  we  estimate  that  nearly 
two  and  one-eighth  times  as  much  money  is  expended  annually 
in  the  nation  for  intoxicating  liquors  and  tobacco  as  for  the 
public  schools,  and  almost  one  and  one-half  times  as  much  as 
for  education  of  all  kinds.  Educational  advantages  of  a  gen- 
eration, ago  can  not  best  meet  the  needs  of  today,  much  less  the 
needs  of  generations  to  come. 

It  would  be  interesting  to  speak  of  the  development  of  our 
State's  educational  system  under  the  administration  of  each 
of  the  successors  to  Mr.  Harlan,  on  down  through  those  of 
Thomas  H.  Benton,  Maturin  L.  Fisher,  Oran  Faville,  Alonzo 
Abernethy,  and  others,  but  time  permits  mention  only  of  the 
one  in  whose  memory  we  are  assembled  on  this  occasion. 

Richard  C.  Barrett  lived  but  half  a  century.  His  was  a  life 
of  wonderful  activity  and  usefulness.  In  studying  the  lives  of 
successful  men,  we  are  constantly  being  impressed  with  the 
thought  that  they  make  the  most  of  their  opportunities.  They 
do  not  wait  for  a  good  chance  to  succeed ;  they  take  advantage 
of  such  chances  as  they  can  get,  and  make  them  good. 

Mr.  Barrett  excelled  as  an  instructor  and  as  a  school  admin- 
istrator. A  teacher  of  teachers — he  never  ceased  to  be  a  stu- 
dent. He  was  not  satisfied  with  a  superficial  knowledge  of 
the  subject  he  attempted  to  teach.  He  drank  deep  from  the 
fountain  of  information.  Some  years  ago  it  was  my  privilege 
to  be  a  co-worker  with  Mr.  Barrett  in  a  teachers'  normal  in- 
stitute in  one  of  the  counties  in  the  State.  In  discussing  a 
disputed  question  in  physiology,  Mr.  Barrett  quoted  Gray's 
Anatomy  as  his  authority.  He  had  consulted  the  best  text; 
one  used  by  students  in  surgery  and  medicine.  His  study  of 
the  principles  of  education  was  thorough  and  exhaustive. 

It  was  his  will  to  work,  his  purity  of  living,  his  Christian 
fortitude,  and  his  love  for  humanity  that  made  Superintend- 
ent Barrett  beloved  by  all  who  became  acquainted  with  him. 
He  knew  no  such  thing  as  failure.  He  had  faith  that  the 
mission  of  the  teacher  was  one  of  the  greatest  callings  in  the 
world.  No  wonder  that  his  presence  among  a  body  of  teach- 
ers was  an  inspiration  to  them. 


IN  COMMEMORATION  OF  RICHARD  C.  BARRETT  177 

It  was  through  State  Superintendent  Barrett's  efforts  that 
the  compulsory  attendance  law  and  the  law  providing  for 
the  founding  of  school  libraries  were  passed  by  the  legisla- 
ture. Both  laws  are  of  special  importance  and  far-reaching 
in  their  influence. 

E-egular  and  continued  effort  in  school  is  essential  in  the 
education  of  the  child. 

It  is  well  that  the  State  through  the  school  attempts  to  en- 
courage the  study  of  the  pure  and  life-ennobling  in  literature 
by  children.  A  squad  of  boys  arrived  in  one  of  the  small 
towns  in  Iowa  recently  bent  on  an  adventurous  deed  of  some 
sort.  They  engaged  in  a  contest  among  themselves  as  to 
who  should  be  chosen  leader  of  the  ''gang."  They  settled 
upon  the  plan  of  ''fighting  it  out"  among  themselves  and  in 
this  manner  decide  who  should  be  made  captain.  It  was 
found  upon  inquiry  that  the  reading  of  bad  books  prompted 
these  boys  to  leave  home  to  begin  lives  of  crime.  To  teach 
the  children  how  to  read  without  providing  them  with  proper 
reading  material,  may  prove  a  dangerous  experiment  if  we 
apply  the  test  that  the  kind  of  literature  read  by  the  boy 
or  the  girl  has  a  strong  influence  in  shaping  his  ambition  for 
future  activity.  More  important  than  the  ability  to  read  well 
is  the  use  made  of  that  ability  in  contributing  to  the  destiny 
of  the  child.  In  other  words,  it  is  more  important  what  a 
child  reads  than  how  well  he  reads.  There  are  but  few  schools 
in  Iowa  today  without  a  library  of  at  least  a  few  well-se- 
lected books. 

From  Superintendent  Barrett's  reports  I  quote  the  follow- 
ing as  exemplifying  his  ideals  in  education : 

The  great  need  in  Iowa  is  not  more  schools,  but  better  schools; 
not  more  teachers,  but  better  teachers;  not  a  school  that  fits  for 
teaching,  for  business,  for  college,  but  one  that  aids  students  in  the 
preparation  for  life  and  its  manifold  duties.  That  from  right  edu- 
cation, the  youth  may  be  happier,  the  home  more  sacred,  the  citizen 
nobler  and  truer,  and  the  nation  stronger. 

Truly,  Superintendent  Barrett  dignified  the  office  to  which 
he  had  been  chosen. 


12 


178  ANN1\LS  OF  IOWA 


GREAT  STATES  THE  CREATURES  OF  GREAT  MEN. 
By  Edgae  R.  Harlan. 

Great  states  are  largely  the  mere  creatures  of  great  men. 
Although  nature  did  her  portion  of  the  building  of  our  com- 
monwealth and  had  removed  most  of  her  waste  materials  be- 
fore the  coming  of  white  men,  and  although  she  put  into  our 
physical  foundations  most  all  essential  minerals,  into  our 
soils  and  atmosphere  enough  desirable  elements  from  which 
to  make  a  state,  there  yet  remained  the  handiwork  of  men 
for  its  completion. 

Still  it  was  not  the  mere  assembling  here  of  men  and  women, 
not  the  coming  merely  of  those  in  ample  numbers  to  occupy 
the  lands,  produce  and  then  consume  its  fruits,  or  multiply 
and  replenish  the  earth.  There  yet  was  to  have  been  gathered 
beneath  the  Iowa  skies  those  who  might  divine  the  needs,  the 
possibilities  of  institutions;  those  who  through  almost  match- 
less courage,  tireless  labor  and  prophetic  vision  so  wrought 
out  the  social  fabric  as  to  almost  vie  in  finished  social  form 
with  the  natural  Iowa  masterpiece  of  the  Creator.  They  who 
in  our  earliest  statehood  welded  the  southern  with  the  north- 
em  streams  of  thought  into  one  Iowa  impulse  indeed  were 
master  builders.  They  who  thereafter  brought  and  built  in 
the  finest  materials  from  the  realms  of  Holland,  Great 
Britain,  France,  Germany,  Denmark,  Sweden  and  Norway, 
by  so  strengthening  our  social  structure  also  were  master 
craftsmen.  They  who  led  almost  as  one  man  these  various 
step-sons  with  the  native  of  our  State  through  the  shambles 
of  the  south,  and  they  who  neither  wrote  our  laws  and  consti- 
tutions, amalgamated  our  various  stocks,  nor  led  our  hosts  to 
battle,  but  placed  the  tracery  of  culture  upon  our  social  walls, 
also  were  masters,  were  leaders  in  their  day. 

The  life  of  none  of  our  statesmen,  nor  soldiers,  nor  civic 
leaders  but  should  be  noted  by  this  State.  No  lesson  nor  ex- 
ample of  which  we  are  and  those  after  us  shall  be  the  bene- 
ficiaries should  be  forgotten. 


IN  COMMEMORATION  OP  RICHARD  C.  BARRETT  179 

It  is  to  note  these  lives,  these  lessons ;  to  symbolize  in  bronze 
and  marble,  and  thus  in  language  read  of  all  men  for  all  time, 
upon  the  classic  and  imperishable  walls  of  this  memorial  hall 
the  workers  in  this  institution  are  commanded  by  our  State 
to  bend  all  effort. 

One  life  and  character  that  welled  forth  beyond  the  con- 
fines of  the  individual,  that  became  discernibly  a  public 
benefaction,  has  been  well  and  most  beautifully  delineated  by 
other  speakers  here,  and  it  is  both  a  duty,  and  delight  for 
me,  in  place  of  a  member  of  our  Board  of  Trustees,  on  ])e- 
half  of  the  State  to  accept  and  to  install  this  sculptured 
semblance  in  the  name  and  to  the  honor  of  Richard  C.  Bar- 
rett, 

OPINIONS   OF  HON.   SMITH  McPHERSON,  DISTRICT 

JUDGE,  IN  THE  CASE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

vs.  DAVID  S.  MORRISON. 

By  a.  J.  Small. 
[From  the  vast  accumulation  of  materials  of  the  late  Hon.  John 
F.  Lacey  of  Oskaloosa,  first  a  lawyer,  but  also  a  soldier,  and  a  con- 
gressman, was  selected  almost  at  random  a  manuscript  illustrative 
of  the  type  of  litigation  in  w^hich  Major  Lacey  reveled.  The  manu- 
script consists  of  two  opinions  in  a  case  decided  by  Hon.  Smith 
McPhcrson,  Judge  of  the  United  States  District  Court,  for  the  South- 
ern District  of  Iowa,  one  a  holding  upon  a  demurrer  and  the  other 
upon  the  trial  of  facts  wherein  the  jury  was  waived. — Editor.] 

OPINION. 
November  22,  1900,  on  an  ex  parte  application,  the  court 
granted  leave  to  the  United  States  attorney  to  file  an  informa- 
tion against  the  defendant,  accusing  him  of  a  violation  of  the 
laws  prohibiting  the  giving  of  aid  to  the  bringing  of  aliens  to 
this  country  under  contract.  The  information  filed  is  in  two 
counts.  The  first  count,  in  substance  charges  that  defendant, 
a  resident  of  Grinnell,  Iowa,  did  in  June,  1900,  aid  in  bring- 
ing from  Prague,  Austria,  one  Adolph  Zuza,  a  cutter  of  ladies 
kid  gloves,  who  was  then  a  native,  resident,  and  citizen  of 
Prague,  Austria,  and  then  a  subject  of  the  emperor  of  Austria. 
Zuza  was  not  a  singer,  lecturer,  minister  of  the  Gospel,  actor, 
artist,  professor  of  a  college,  and  not  a  member  of  defendant's 
family  or  his  secretary.    He  was  a  cutter  of  ladies'  kid  gloves, 


180  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

and  had  no  other  occupation  or  profession,  and  did  not,  and 
was  not  to,  sustain  any  other  relation  in  this  country,  either 
to  the  defendant  or  any  other  person,  than  as  such  cutter  for 
defendant. 

The  information  also  charges  that,  while  Zuza  was  still  in 
Austria,  he  and  defendant  entered  into  an  agreement  by 
which  Zuza  was  to  perform  labor  in  this  country,  and  under 
which  agreement  he  came  to  the  United  States  with  money 
furnished  him  by  defendant  for  his  transportation;  that  the 
agreement  preceded  furnishing  the  aid,  and  preceded  Zuza's 
coming  to  America  pursuant  to  the  agreement;  that  Zuza 
did  come  from  Austria  to  the  United  States  under  said  agree- 
ment, and  after  having  received  the  aid  in  transportation 
from  defendant,  to  perform  in  the  United  States  the  services 
and  labor  of  cutting  ladies'  kid  gloves. 

And  the  information  then  charges : 

"And  the  said  Adolph  Zuza  was  not  *  *  *  then  and 
there  a  skilled  workman  under  any  contract  and  agreement 
to  perform  labor  and  services  in  the  United  States  in  or  upon 
any  industry  not  then  established  in  the  United  States,  and 
not  established  in  the  United  States  February  26,  A.  D. 
1885." 

The  second  count  of  the  information  is  in  the  same  lan- 
guage as  the  first,  excepting  as  to  the  name  of  the  other  per- 
son of  Austria  to  whom  aid  was  furnished,  and  who  came  to 
the  United  States.  The  information  was  duly  verified  by  the 
United  States  attorney.  A  warrant  for  defendant's  arrest  was 
issued,  and  he  has  demurred  to  the  information.  There  is  no 
claim  but  that  the  information  is  in  due  form,  and  that  it  has 
all  allegations  and  recitals  necessary  to  constitute  a  crime, 
if  a  person  who  is  a  ladies'  kid  glove  cutter  is  such  a  person 
as  is  prohibited  from  being  brought  to  this  country  under 
agreement  and  with  aid  furnished  him  to  enable  him  to  come. 

The  grounds  of  the  demurrer  are  that  a  ladies'  kid  glove 
cutter  is  an  expert  mechanic ;  that  he  is  not  a  person  engaged 
in  common  or  ordinary  manual  labor;  that  the  business  re- 
quires skill;  that  February  26,  1885,  the  business  of  making 
ladies'  kid  gloves  was  not  an  established  industry  in  the 
United  States;  that  the  trade  of  a  ladies'  kid  glove  cutter 


OPINIONS  OF  HON.  SMITH  McPHERSON  181 

requires  skill  and  intelligence,  and  is  an  art  or  profession 
known  to  but  very  few  persons  in  the  world.  On  demurrer 
the  court  will  consider  only  such  matters  as  are  alleged  and 
of  which  judicial  notice  is  taken. 

The  acts  of  congress  under  which  the  information  has  been 
filed  are  highly  penal,  and  as  a  criminal  statute,  are  to  be 
strictly  construed.  In  this  country  no  person  is  ever  sub- 
jected to  fine  or  imprisonment  because  of  the  common  law, 
but  only  when  there  is  a  plain  statute  clearly  condemning  the 
acts  complained  of  as  being  a  crime. 

It  is  conceded  by  counsel  for  both  the  Government  and  the 
defendant  that  this  Government  has  the  power  to  regulate  or 
prohibit  immigration  of  foreigners.  Generally  the  policy  has 
been  to  encourage  it.  This  went  on  for  many  years,  until 
quite  a  per  cent  of  our  best  citizens  were  people  of  foreign 
birth.  But  selfish  men  took  advantage  of  the  opportunities 
offered  to  laboring  men,  and  it  is  said  that  as  far  back  as 
1859  alien  iron  moulders  were  brought  over  to  take  the  place 
of  workmen  then  on  strike  in  Troy,  in  the  state  of  New  York. 
After  the  Civil  War  the  Pacific  Coast  states  were  overrun 
by  the  Chinese,  until  the  traffic  in  coolies  became  a  scandal, 
and  almost  or  quite  destroyed  the  opportunities  of  our  owii 
people  on  the  Pacific  Coast  for  getting  work  at  remunerative 
prices. 

The  evil  so  grew  that  it  became  necessary  for  Congress  to 
enact  the  most  stringent  legislation  against  Chinese  immigra- 
tion; and  Congress  did  enact  such  legislation  against  the 
Chinese,  partly  because  that  people  would  not  assimilate  with 
our  people,  partly  because  they  only  intended  to  remain  in 
America  a  short  time,  partly  because  of  their  immoralities, 
but  largely  because  from  their  methods  of  living  they  could 
underbid  American  workmen.  The  Pacific  Coast  condition 
after  a  short  time  became  largely  the  condition  of  Eastern 
states,  and  particularly  in  those  states  having  coal  and  large 
manufacturing  interests  and  lumber  interests. 

The  records  show  that  about  the  year  1883  bills  were  intro- 
duced in  large  number  in  both  the  Senate  and  the  House  to 
correct  the  evil.    In  December,  1883,  for  the  first  time,  the 


182  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

House  of  Representatives  provided  for  a  committee  of  labor 
to  which  all  bills  upon  the  subject  were  referred. 

The  question  of  immigration  of  laborers  became  one  of 
S'reat  public  concern.  Political  parties  took  up  the  question, 
and  it  became  one  of  general  public  discussion.  The  labor 
committee  of  the  House  and  the  appropriate  committee  of 
the  Senate,  took  much  evidence  and  made  elaborate  reports 
strongly  urging  legislation. 

From  these  matters,  which  are  now  general  history,  as  well 
as  that  which  is  in  the  recollection  of  all,  it  is  known  several 
evils  existed,  which  Congress  undertook  to  correct ;  and  exist- 
ing evils  are  always  considered  as  having  great  and  convinc- 
ing force  in  the  construction  of  a  statute. 

The  labor  organizations  of  the  country  appealed  to  the 
political  parties  and  to  legislatures  and  to  Congress  for  help, 
by  way  of  correction  of  the  evils.  They  furnished  the  proof, 
if  proofs  were  needed,  that  when  a  strike  in  this  country 
occurred,  or  one  was  threatened  or  impending,  or  when  labor 
was  in  great  demand,  the  large  concerns,  with^much  capital 
behind  them,  sent  agents  to  Europe,  and  sometimes  to  Asia, 
for  laborers  to  take  the  place  of  workmen.  They  were  brought 
over  under  contract.  Many  of  them  lived  while  here,  but  little, 
if  any,  better  than  animals.  They  lived  together  in  large 
numbers  in  small  rooms.  Many  lived  together  regardless  of 
sex,  and  often  regardless  of  the  marriage  relation.  They  lived 
on  nearly  nothing,  and  that  nearly  nothing  was  often  food 
of  the  most  disgusting  kind;  and  so  living,  they  only  asked 
and  only  received  wages  on  which  an  American  could  not  live. 
They  gave  their  children  no  education.  They  never  intended 
to  make  this  country  their  home,  and  yet  tens  of  thousands 
of  them  went  through  the  form  of  being  naturalized.  They 
debased  and  prostituted  the  right  of  suffrage. 

All  these  things  appear  in  most  graphic  language  in  the  re- 
ports of  committees  to  Congress, — one  by  Senator  Blair  to  the 
Senate,  June  28,  1884,  and  one  by  Mr.  Faron,  of  Ohio,  to  the 
House,  February  23,  1884.  On  these  reports  the  act  of  Feb- 
ruary 26,  1885,  was  enacted  by  Congress,  supplemented  later 
by  other  laws.  Under  these  statutes  the  defendant  is  now 
prosecuted. 


OPINIONS  OF  HON.  SMITH  McPHERSON  183 

But  immigTation  was  not  prohibited.  Immigration  under 
contract  was  not  prohibited.  But  certain  kinds  of  immigra- 
tion were  prohibited,  and  immigration  of  certain  kinds  under 
contract  was  prohibited.  And  the  question  is  whether  the 
immigration  of  the  two  ladies'  kid  glove  cutters  who  were 
brought  over  under  contract  with  defendant  are  prohibited. 
Before  discussing  this  question,  as  the  question  of  the  case, 
I  think  another  matter  one  of  importance. 

It  is  a  matter  of  general  knowledge  that,  during  all  the 
times  the  foregoing  matters  were  under  discussion  before  the 
country  and  before  congress,  a  question  which  was  ever  be- 
ing asked  was,  why  enact  protective  tariff  laws,  to  protect 
American  laborers  against  the  paupers  of  foreign  countries, 
and  yet  allow  the  pauper  laborers  of  foreign  countries  to  be 
brought  here  to  labor  ?  The  difference  was  that,  with  the  for- 
eign pauper  here,  the  little  he  ate  and  the  little  he  wore  was 
furnished  him  by  our  own  producers  and  manufacturers;  but 
the  fact  remained  that  in  either  case  the  foreign  pauper  was 
in  direct  competition  with  the  American  laborer.  But  there 
was  this  other  difference :  Generally  the  pauper  laborer  who 
remained  was  a  skilled  workman,  while  the  one  who  came  or 
was  brought  to  this  country  under  contract  was  unskilled. 
Generally  he  was  the  common,  cheap,  ignorant,  and  unskilled 
workman. 

But  the  truth  is  that  the  protective  tariff  laws  and  the 
laws  against  importing  an  alien  laborer  are  upon  the  same 
subject  and  have  the  same  purpose  in  view,  which  is  that  of 
protecting  the  laboring  man  of  our  country  from  the  competi- 
tion of  the  laboring  man  of  foreign  lands.  And  the  subject 
of  ''kid  gloves,"  as  it  is  found  in  the  schedules  of  the  last 
four  tariff  laws  of  the  United  States,  will  show  the  ever- 
increasing  concern  of  congress  to  not  simply  raise  a  revenue, 
but  to  bring  about  the  manufacture  of  such  gloves  in  this 
country. 

The  practical  effect  of  all  this,  and  especially  the  result  of 
the  tariff  act  of  1897,  is  of  great  interest.  But  so  far  as  this 
case  is  concerned,  the  difficulty  is,  not  to  get  information,  but 
to  get  in'crmation  of  which  a  court  will  take  judicial  notice. 
I  have  much  information  from  merchants  and  those  manufae- 


184  ANISfALS  OF  IOWA 

turing  other  gloves.  I  have  read  much  from  the  Glovers' 
Journal.  I  have  correspondence  with  men  who  claim  to  have, 
and  no  doubt  do  have,  knowledge  of  the  subject.  But,  on  de- 
murrer to  specific  allegations  of  fact  to  the  contrary  in  the 
information,  can  I,  and  am  I  allowed  to,  use  such  facts,  and 
on  such  facts* thus  acquired,  determine  the  demurrer?  Am  I 
not  confined  to  the  record,  supplemented  only  by  such  facts 
as  courts  can  judicially  notice?  And  can  a  court  judicially 
notice  those  things  not  in  the  laws,  nor  in  the  official  rec- 
ords, nor  facts  of  history  and  generally  known  ? 

I  have  made  the  most  diligent  and  tireless  search  in  the 
reports  of  the  departments  for  data  and  facts  germane  to 
the  imports  of  ladies'  kid  gloves,  and  the  manufacture  thereof 
in  this  country,  and  received  practically  no  information.  It 
is  plain  to  me  that  the  tariff  laws,  and  especially  the  one  now 
in  force,  had  for  one  of  its  objects  either  the  creation  of  the 
industry,  if  not  already  established,  or  its  maintenance,  if 
already  established.  And  this,  perhaps,  is  the  one  question 
in  this  case:  Is  the  manufacture  of  ladies'  kid  gloves  an 
established  business  in  the  United  States?  If  established, 
when  was  it  established? 

I  cannot  resort  to  evidence  in  passing  upon  a  demurrer, 
and  yet  information  in  the  nature  of  evidence  is  all  I  have. 
I  know,  and  perhaps  it  is  of  general  knowledge,  that  there  are 
some  ladies'  kid  gloves  manufactured  in  this  country.  But  it 
is  claimed  that  such  gloves  have  not  been  so  manufactured 
until  since  the  passage  of  the  tariff  act  of  1897,  and  then  not 
to  the  extent  of  making  it  an  established  industry.  But  as 
yet  they  are  manufactured  in  limited  quantities,  and  in  but 
three  or  four  places  in  the  United  States,  and  possibly  at 
but  the  one  place  west  of  the  Mississippi  river,  and  that  at 
Grinnell,  Iowa,  by  defendant. 

The  exact  facts  as  to  these  matters  I  do  not  know.  But  if 
the  foregoing  is  substantially  a  correct  statement  of  the  facts, 
then  I  take  it  no  one  would  claim  that  defendant  is  guilty 
of  the  crime  charged,  because  the  statute  provides: 

"Nor  shall  this  act  be  so  construed  as  to  prevent  any 
person  or  persons,  partnership,  or  corporation  from  engag- 
ing under  contract  or  agreement,  skilled  workmen  in  for- 


OPINIONS  OF  HON.  SMITH  McPHERSON  185 

eign  countries  to  perform  labor  in  the  United  States  in  or 
■upon  any  new  industry  not  at  present  established  in  the 
United  States". 

It  will  be  kept  in  mind  that  this  statute  was  approved 
February  26,  1885.  It  will  be  kept  in  mind  also,  that  the 
statute  recites  "not  at  present  established",  Do  the  words 
"at  present  established"  mean  the  date  the  act  was  ap- 
proved by  the  President,  or  the  date  of  the  acts  complained 
of  in  the  accusation  against  defendant?  Counsel  have  not 
argued  this  point,  and  I  am  not  prepared  to  decide  it.  The 
United  States  Attorney,  in  preparing  the  information, 
charges  it  both  ways.  He  says  that  both  February  26,  1885, 
and  in  1900,  when  defendant  did  the  things  complained  of, 
the  manufacture  of  ladies'  kid  gloves  was  established  in 
the  United  States. 

Such  is  his  information,  or  that  of  the  officer  directing 
him  to  present  the  charge.  But  such  is  neither  my  informa- 
tion nor  belief.  But  he  makes  it  an  allegation  of  fact,  and 
most  specifically  charges  it  as  truth,  and  they  are  facts  con- 
cerning which  the  court  cannot  take  judicial  notice.  Evi- 
dence to  sustain  the  allegations  of  the  United  States  attorney 
must  be  furnished,  and  a  jury  will  determine  the  facts. 
But,  as  the  case  will  be  tried,  it  will  be  as  well  to  present 
the  rulings  of  the  courts,  and  of  the  Departments. 

The  case  of  Holy  Trinity  Church  vs.  United  States,  143 
U.  S.  457,  was  one  arising  under  the  statute  invoked  in  the 
case  at  bar.  The  person  brought  to  this  country  under  con- 
tract was  a  minister  of  the  gospel.  The  statute  as  it  then 
stood  did  not  except  a  minister.  But  Justice  Brewer,  in 
speaking  for  the  entire  court,  urges  two  propositions  worthy 
of  being  kept  in  mind,  not  only  because  it  is  the  duty  of 
this  court  to  observe  the  holdings  of  that  court,  but  because 
his  arguments  are  so  pertinent  to  the  case  now  under  con- 
sideration.   Among  other  things  he  says: 

"Another  guide  to  the  meaning  of  a  statute  is  found  in 
the  evil  which  it  is  designed  to  remedy;  and  for  this  the 
court  properly  looks  at  contemporaneous  events, — the  situ- 
ation as  it  existed,  and  as  it  was  pressed  upon  the  atten- 
tion of  the  legislative  body". 


186  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

He  then  quotes  with  approval  the  opinion  of  Justice 
Brown  when,  as  district  judge,  he  decided  the  case  of  the 
United  States  vs.  Craig,  28  Federal  Reporter  795,  who  pre- 
sented the  historical  facts  preceding  and  attending  the  pass- 
age of  this  statute,  and  he  sets  out  much  of  the  House  re- 
port which  clearly  shows  the  evil  struck  at  and  the  only 
evil;  and  this  report  so  often  referred  to,  in  my  judgment 
contains  the  key  to  the  meaning  of  the  statute,  wherein  it 
recites : 

''It  (the  bill)  seeks  to  restrain  and  prohibit  the  immigra- 
tion or  importation  of  laborers  who  would  have  never  seen 
our  shores  but  for  the  inducements  and  allurements  of  men 
whose  only  object  is  to  obtain  labor  at  the  lowest  possible 
rate,  regardless  of  the  evil  consequences,^'  etc. 

I  have  underscored  certain  words.  Another  thing  Justice 
J^rewer  presses  in  his  opinion  is  that  statutes  should  be  so 
construed  as  not  by  intendment  to  hold  one  guilty  of  a 
crime,  but  give  the  statute,  not  a  literal,  but  a  sensible,  con- 
struction, and  such  a  construction  as  will  reach  the  evils  com- 
plained of  when  the  statute  was  enacted. 

In  case  of  United  States  vs.  Laws,  163  U.  S.  258,  the  per- 
son brought  over  under  contract  was  a  chemist  for  a  sugar 
plantation.  A  sugar  plantation  was  certainly  an  old,  estab- 
lished industry,  and  chemists  in  this  country  are  numbered 
by  the  thousands;  and  the  supreme  court  held  that  the  stat- 
ute had  not  been  violated.  Justice  Peckham,  in  writing  the 
opinion,  among  other  things,  said: 

''The  fact  that  the  individual  in  question  by  his  contract 
had  agreed  to  sell  his  time,  labor  and  skill  to  one  employer 
and  in  one  prescribed  branch  of  science  does  not  in  the 
least  militate  against  his  being  a  professional  chemist,  nor 
does  it  operate  as  a  bar  to  the  claim  that  while  so  employed 
he  is  nevertheless  practicing  a  recognized  profession.  It 
is  not  necessary  that  he  should  offer  his  services  to  the 
public  at  large,  nor  that  he  should  hold  himself  ready  to 
apply  his  scientific  knowledge  and  skill  to  the  business  of 
all  persons  who  applied  for  them,  before  he  would  be  en- 
titled to  claim  that  he  belonged  to  and  was  actually  prac- 
ticing a  recognized  profession.     As  well  might  it  be  said 


OPINIONS  OF  HON.  SMITH  McPHERSON  187 

that  the  lawyer  who  enters  into  the  service  of  a  corporation 
and  limits  his  practice  to  cases  in  which  the  corporation  is 
interested  thereby  ceases  to  belong  to  the  profession.  The 
chemist  may  confine  his  services  to  one  employer  so  long  as 
the  services  which  he  performs  are  of  a  professional  nature. 
It  is  not  the  fact  that  the  chemist  keeps  his  services  open 
for  employment  by  the  public  generally  which  is  the  cri- 
terion by  which  to  determine  whether  or  not  he  still  be- 
longs to  or  is  practicing  a  recognized  profession.  So  long- 
as  he  is  engaged  in  the  practical  application  of  his  knowl- 
edge of  the  science,  as  a  vocation,  it  is  not  important  whether 
he  holds  himself  out  as  ready  to  make  that  application  in 
behalf  of  all  persons  who  desire  it,  or  that  he  contracts  to 
do  it  for  some  particular  employer  and  at  some  named  place. 
We  have  no  doubt  that  the  individual  named  comes  within 
one  of  the  exceptions  named  in  the  statute". 

This  question  was  elaborately  discussed  by  the  circuit 
court  of  appeals,  for  the  Sixth  circuit  in  the  case  of  United 
States  vs.  Gay,  95  Federal  Reporter  226.  In  that  case  the 
person  brought  over  was  ' '  a  draper,  window  dresser  and  dry 
goods  clerk,"  who  was  to  receive  about  $2.00  per  day  for 
]iis  work.  In  that  case  the  holding  was  that  the  statute  only 
prohibited  the  bringing  of  cheap,  common  and  unskilled 
laborers.  I  do  not  so  believe.  Glass  blowers,  iron  moulders, 
locomotive  engineers,  telegraphers,  and  men  of  many  other 
vocations  are  neither  cheap,  common,  nor  unskilled;  but 
they  have  been  so  long  recognized  as  w^orkmen  in  established 
industries,  and  are  in  America  numbered  by  the  hundreds 
of  thousands,  that  I  believe  it  would  be  an  unlawful  act  to 
bring  a  man  of  such  a  vocation  to  this  country  under  con- 
tract. Just  what  is  required  of  a  window  dresser  I  do  not 
know,  and  I  neither  approve  or  disapprove  of  what  the 
court  actually  decided.  But  I  do  not  agree  with  much 
of  the  argument  of  the  opinion. 

The  statute  in  question  is  enforced  under  general  regu- 
lations of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  November  26, 
1900,  the  commissioner  general  of  immigration,  Hon.  T.  V. 
Powderly,  filed  an  opinion  touching  the  right  to  land  in 
this  country  of  certain  lace  makers.     The  fact  need  only 


188  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

he  stated  tlidt,  as  the  reports  show,  Mr.  Powderly  perhaps 
had  more  to  do  with  bringing  about  this  legislation  than 
any  other  man  or  number  of  men.  For  years  he  has  been 
aggressive,  earnest  and  tireless  in  seeking  protection  to 
American  laborers;  but  he  held  that  lace  making  was  a  new 
industry  in  this  country,  and  yet  I  suspect  that  lace  has 
been  made  by  ladies  from  since  the  time  the  needle  and 
thread  were  first  used. 

But  that  did  not  seem  to  be  the  test  with  Mr.  Powderly, 
and  without  doubt  he  was  right.  It  is  fair  to  say  that  the 
opinion  was  in  part  because  of  the  fact  that  thread  was  im- 
ported with  which  to  make  the  lace,  and  the  persons  were 
also  thread  makers.  But  his  opinion  was  not  alone  grounded 
upon  that  fact.  This  opinion  was  approved  by  Secretary 
Gage. 

Such,  briefly  stated,  have  been  the  holdings  of  the  courts 
and  of  the  departments  having  the  matter  in  charge.  But 
the  United  States  attorney  charges  in  the  information,  and 
charges  it  most  specifically,  that  February  26,  1885,  as  well 
as  in  the  year  1890,  the  manufacture"  of  ladies'  kid  gloves 
was  an  established  industry  in  the  United  States.  This 
allegation  calls  for  proof,  and  the  Government  must  furnish 
it.  And  it  follows  that  the  demurrer  must  be  overruled  be- 
cause of  the  allegations  in  the  information.  I  have  a  belief 
touching  them;  but  it  may  be  that  the  Government  will 
furnish  evidence,  of  which  I  know  nothing.  At  all  events 
T  cannot  judicially  notice  the  facts,  and  the  material  facts 
lire  practically  all  in  dispute. 

What  are  the  duties  of  a  ladies'  kid  glove  cutter?  Is  it 
skilled  labor?  Can  it  readily  be  procured  in  this  country? 
Is  it  an  occupation,  or  profession?  Is  it  an  established 
business  in  this  country?     If  so,  when  was  it  established? 

Some  of  these  questions,  possibly  all,  are  involved. .  So  I 
will  submit  the  case  to  a  jury  to  find  the  facts.  We  will 
then  know  the  services  of  a  ladies'  kid  glove  cutter. 

We  will  then  know  whether  he  is  a  common,  unskilled  and 
cheap  laborer.  We  will  then  know  whether  he  must  sort, 
and  prepare  the  skins,  from  which  the  gloves  are  made. 
We  will  learn  whether  ladies'  kid  glove  cutters  can  be  ob- 


OPINIONS  OF  HON.  SMITH  McPHERSON  189 

tained  in  this  country.  We  Avill  learn  whether  any  one 
working  at  glove  making  can  cut  ladies'  kid  gloves,  and 
whether  it  is  done  only  from  a  pattern  furnished.  "We  will 
learn  how  extensively  ladies'  kid  gloves  were  manufactured 
in  the  United  States  February  26,  1885,  and  how  exten- 
sively they  were  manufactured  in  1900.  We  will  learn  when, 
if  at  all,  the  manufacture  of  ladies'  kid  gloves  became  an 
established  industry  in  this  country.  All  this  is  for  the 
Government  to  show.  We  will  ascertain  whether  it  is  true 
that  there  are  but  few  such  cutters  in  the  United  States,  and 
possibly  but  the  one,  or  but  few  at  most,  of  such  manufac- 
tories west  of  the  Mississippi  river,  and  but  few  in  the 
country. 

And  it  is  claimed  by  defendant's  counsel  that  for  every 
cutter  a  num_ber  of  persons  residents  in  this  country  are 
employed  to  make  the  gloves,  and  if  the  cutters  are  deported, 
that  such  makers  are  thrown  out  of  employment.  We  will 
learn  as  to  the  truth  of  this,  and  the  statute  will  be  con- 
strued so  as  to  give  aid  to  American  laborers,  and  not  such 
construction  as  to  throw  them  out  of  employment. 

The  Government  having  alleged  to  the  contrary,  as  against 
all  of  defendant's  claims,  and  they  being  matters  of  which 
the  court  cannot  take  judicial  notice,  issues  of  fact  are 
raised,  and  the  Government  will  be  required  to  furnish  the 
evidence  to  sustain  its  allegations;  and  on  the  evidence  for 
and  against  the  law  can  be  applied  without  difficulty. 

Des  Moines,  Iowa,  May  14,  1901. 

OPINION. 

This  case  has  been  tried  to  the  court,  the  defendant  hav- 
ing filed  a  writing  signed  by  him  waiving  a  jury. 

On  demurrer  to  the  information,  I  filed  a  written  opin- 
ion, which  is  published  in  the  Federal  Reporter  in  Vol.  109, 
page  891. 

I  adhere  to  the  views  then  expressed.  I  conclude  that 
defendant  should  be  discharged  for  three  reasons : 

1.  The  two  Austrians  named  in  the  information,  are 
ladies'  fine  kid  glove  cutters.  They  borrowed  the  money 
from  a  gentleman  then  in  Austria,  and  who  had  been  there 


190  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

for  quite  a  time.  That  man  was  the  agent  of  defendant 
Morrison,  in  purchasing  kid  skins  and  shipping  them  to  Mr. 
Morrison.  But  there  is  no  evidence  that  he  was  the  agent 
of  Mr.  Morrison,  in  procuring  kid  glove  cutters.  The  two 
glove  cutters  came  to  Chicago,  where  one  had  a  sister  living. 
After  remaining  there  about  a  week,  one  of  them  made  ar- 
rangements by  telegram  for  both  to  go  to  Grinnell,  Iowa, 
where  defendant  resides  and  work  for  him.  Defendant  ad- 
vanced the  railroad  fares  from  Chicago  to  Grinnell.  That 
was  refunded  by  retaining  it  from  their  wages.  No  other 
contract  than  that  appears  from  the  evidence.  And  no 
other  money  was  taken  from  their  wages  .  And  neither  the 
United  States  attorney  nor  the  inspector  claims  that  to  be 
in  violation  of  law.  Some  admission  was  made  by  defend- 
ant to  the  inspector,  but  by  inference  only  can  that  be  con- 
strued into  a  confession  of  guilt.  And  if  it  could,  it  only 
need  be  stated,  that  a  confession  never  establishes  guilt. 
The  crime  must  be  established  by  other  evidence.  When  the 
crime  is  established  by  independent  evidence,  then  the  con- 
fession would  be  competent  and  sufficient  to  connect  defend- 
ant therewith.  But  in  this  case  the  crime  is  not  established. 
Both  of  the  Austrians  were  present  and  testified  on  behalf 
of  the  Government.  Each  of  them  denied  that  he  came  to 
this  country  under  contract.  So  under  any  view  of  the  law, 
and  under  any  view  of  what  the  evidence  shows,  as  to  the 
art  or  science  of  making  ladies'  fine  kid  gloves,  the  guilt  of 
defendant  does  not  appear. 

2.  Much  of  the  evidence,  and  the  arguments  of  counsel 
were  directed  by  the  way  ladies'  kid  gloves  are  made  and  by 
the  kind  of  persons  making  them,  and  to  the  extent  the  in- 
dustry is  now,  and  was  heretofore  established.  A  fair  esti- 
mate is,  that  more  than  ninety  per  cent  of  all  ladies'  and 
gentlemen's  kid  gloves  made  in  the  United  States  are  made 
in  and  around  two  towns  in  North  Eastern  New  York  state, 
named  Johnstown  and  Gloversville,  and  I  am  not  certain 
but  that  the  per  cent  is  more  nearly  ninety-nine  per  cent. 
And  the  increase  of  the  manufacture  at  those  two  towns  has 
been  very  marked  since  the  enactment  of  the  present  tariff 
law  by  Congress  called  the  ''Dingley  Law".    But  even  now^ 


OPINIONS  OF  HON.  SMITH  McPHERSON  191 

from  the  best  estimates  of  the  witnesses,  and  the  informa- 
tion obtained  from  the  records  and  reports  of  the  Treasury 
Department,  shows  that  less  than  twenty  per  cent  of  sncli 
gloves  worn  in  this  country  are  made  in  the  United  States. 
More  than  eighty  per  cent  are  imported,  and  are  the  fruits 
of  European  labor.  And  on  such  a  statement,  which  from 
the  evidence  cannot  be  doubted,  how  can  it  be  said,  th^t 
the  manufacture  of  fine  kid  gloves  is  now,  or  was,  when 
these  two  Austrians  came  over  in  June,  1900,  an  established 
industry?  Perhaps  the  best  informed  witness  who  testified 
upon  the  subject  was  the  secretary  of  the  organization  of 
glove  makers.  For  several  years  he  has  been  in  Johnstown 
and  Gloversville.  He  impressed  me  as  being  candid.  He 
has  had  much  to  do  with  bringing  about  this  prosecution. 
But  he  could  only  locate  a  very  few,  and  very  small  estab- 
lishments outside  of  the  two  New  York  towns  above  named. 
And  the  few  he  mentioned  are  insignificant  because  of  tlie 
small  volume  of  work  done.  It  is  a  very  narrow  view  to 
take,  because  kid  gloves  are  made  in  two  small  towns  in 
New  York,  that  thereby  the  business  is  an  established  in^ 
dustry  in  this  country.  I  know  of  no  reason  for  holding  that 
two  small  towns  in  one  state  shall  be  allowed  to  dominate 
the  business,  and  by  closely  bound  organizations,  freeze  out 
all  similar  industries  in  all  other  parts  of  the  country.  It  is 
not  for  the  interest  of  the  manufacturers  of  those  two  small 
towns  to  have  a  monopoly  of  the  business,  particularly  as 
they  can  supply  but  a  small  part  of  the  demand.  It  is  not 
for  the  interest  of  the  glove  cutters  of  the  country  to  supply 
such  a  small  part  of  the  demand.  And  it  is  not  in  harmony 
with  the  laws  of  Congress  which  were  enacted  for  all  of  the 
United  States,  and  not  for  one  county  in  the  state  of  New 
York.  A  glove  cutter  is  a  skilled  workman.  Any  one  can 
soon  learn  to  do  the  cutting.  But  he  must  be  skilled  in  pre- 
paring the  skins.  In  this  case  the  Government  undertook  to 
show  that  this  can  be  done  by  machinery.  In  part  it  is  so 
done.  But  when  so  done,  the  skin  is  fired,  or  burned,  and 
thereby  weakened,  and  the  glove  made  much  inferior,  and. 
the  purchaser  thereby  imposed  upon. 


192  ANNALS  OP  IOWA 

It  can  serve  no  purpose  to  discuss  the  matter  further.  And 
especially  so,  in  view  of  the  fact  that  this  is  a  criminal  case. 
And  all  penal  statutes  must  be  strictly  construed  as  against 
the  Government,  and  liberally  construed  on  behalf  of  one 
charged  with  crime. 

3.  On  authority,  the  defendant  should  be  acquitted.  The 
statutes  governing  this  case  are  to  prevent  the  importation 
of  foreign  laborers  under  contract.  The  statutes  are  for 
two  purposes.  The  one  purpose  is  in  the  interest  of  good 
morals  by  keeping  out  the  ignorant  and  the  criminal  and 
vicious.  It  is  not  pretended  that  the  two  Austrians  are  to 
be  so  classed. 

The  other  purpose  is  in  the  interest,  and  on  behalf  of  la- 
boring people  in  this  country.  Every  kid  glove  cutter 
thrown  out  of  employment  brings  about  the  discharge  of 
from  five  to  eight  glove  makers.  Every  additional  kid  glove 
cutter  that  can  be  obtained,  gives  employment  of  from  five 
to  eight  other  people.  And  yet  1  have  been  pressed  by  evi- 
dence to  hold  that  it  is  in  the  interest  of  labor  to  declare 
that  just  as  few  as  possible  of  glove  makers  shall  find  em- 
ployment, and  that  all  such  people  shall  go  into  other  ave- 
nues and  compete  with  other  laborers,  and  allow  the  impor- 
tations of  kid  gloves  to  go  on. 

The  Supreme  Court  has  held  in  the  case  of  United  States 
vs.  Laws,  163  U.  S.  258,  that  a  chemist  for  a  sugar  plantation, 
could  be  brought  to  this  country  from  Europe,  under  con- 
tract, and  there  be  no  violation  of  law.  In  95  Federal  Re- 
porter 226,  in  case  of  United  States  vs.  Gay,  the  circuit  court 
of  appeals,  for  the  Sixth  circuit,  held  it  to  be  no  violation 
of  law  to  bring  over  under  contract  "draper,  window 
dresser,  and  dry  goods  clerk ' '. 

As  late  as  November  26,  1900,  Hon.  T.  V.  Powderly,  Uni- 
ted States  commissioner  of  immigration,  held  it  not  to  be  in 
violation  of  law  to  bring  over  under  contract  "a  thread  and 
lace  maker". 

And  in  that  decision,  Mr.  Powderly,  was  sustained  by  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury.     These  three  decisions  are  per- 
suasive and  have  much  weight  with  me.    In  principle  I  think 
i  they  are  in  point. 


OPINIONS  OF  HON.  SMITH  McPHERSON  193 

If  a  ''lace  and  thread  maker";  or  ''a  window  dresser  and 
draper";  or  "a  chemist  for  a  sugar  plantation",  can  be 
brought  from  Europe  under  contract,  but  not  violate  the 
immigration  laws,  then  surely  one  who  prepares  and  selects 
and  dowels  a  kid  skin  for  tine  kid  gloves  can  be  brought 
over,  and  such  act  be  neither  against  good  morals,  nor  good 
government,  nor  against  the  industry  of  making  ladies'  fine 
kid  gloves. 

For  every  of  the  three  reasons,  the  defendant  will  be  dis- 
charged. 

Letter  From  S.  C.  Hastings. 

Dear  Brother:  Sacramento  City,  September  21,  1849. 

I  am  now  fixed  at  the  city  having  lately  returned  from  the 
south.  I  visited  all  those  parts  of  the  country  which  I  think 
worthy  of  attention.  Every  thing  which  has  been  written  of 
this  country  seems  to  be  mainly  correct,  except  the  reputa- 
tion of  its  agricultural  resources.  For  agriculture  alone,  I 
would  not  exchange  the  county  of  Linn,  Iowa,  for  all  Cali- 
fornia. 

I  am  now  getting  into  a  good  practice,  I  believe.  I  have 
opened  a  Deposit  ott'ice  and  have  received  within  three  days 
$20,000  in  deposits. 

My  health  has  been  in  the  main  good;  altho'  (strange,  too) 
I  had  the  chills  and  fevers  in  my  travels  south  which  I  trav- 
eled. I  now  weigh  more  than  I  have  for  20  years.  Mr.  Olds 
arrived  here  about  15  days  ago,  in  excellent  health,  so  fleshy 
you  would  not  recognize  him.  He  left  his  team  and  packed 
from  near  the  Sink  of  Mary's  river.  Jeray  is  following  with 
the  teams.  Great  distress  is  reported  back,  but  we  have  sent 
them  relief.  Stuart,  Pratt,  Buker,  Daniels.  &c.,  I  understand, 
went  by  Salt  Lake,  and  will  probably  pack  through  this  fall, 
or  in  the  spring.  McCormick  and  Smith  are  said  to  be  in  the 
upper  mines.  Our  Iowa  folks  are  coming  in  well  so  far  as  I 
can  learn.  Richman  has  not  yet  got  in,  but  will  be  out  of 
danger;  for  if  his  cattle  give  out,  he  will  be  met  by  a  train 
of  pack  mules.  The  families  will  receive  the  first  attention 
from  the  relief  trains.  I  brought  up  from  Monterey  70  mules 
with  some  Government  officers  and  men  who  go  to  the  relief 
of  the  emigrants. 

*  *  *  I  received  $75,  yesterday  for  one  case,  and  $16, 
today  from  our  friend  Sawyer  Jenner,  as  a  retainer  in  a  suit 
before  the  Alcalde,  which  is  settled.  I  have  just  loaned 
$1000  for  ten  per  cent  for  one  month.    *    *    *    * 

Yours,  truly,     S.  C.  Hastings. 
Andrew,  Western  Democrat,  Sept.  28,  1849. 
13 


194  ANNALS  OP  IOWA 


THE  WRITINGS  OF  JUDGE  GEORGE  G.  WRIGHT. 

VI. 

SHEPHERD  LEFFLER. 

Virginian.  I  knew  him  at  school  at  Indiana  State  Univer- 
sity. He  was  very  prominent  in  early  Iowa  politics.  Lived 
near  Burlington  in  Des  Moines  county.  Belonged  to  a  family 
of  great  influence.  Democrat, — his  brother  Isaac  a  Whig.  Was 
U.  S.  Marshal  in  1841-5.  Other  brothers  and  relatives  stood 
remarkably  well  as  farmers  and  business  men  in  earlier  Iowa. 
Shepherd  was  elected  on  the  Democratic  ticket  at  large  with 
S.  C.  Hastings  to  Congress  in  1846, — three  competitors — Jo- 
seph H.  Hedrick  of  Wapello  county  and  G.  C.  R.  Mitchell 
of  Scott.  He  was  president  of  the  First  Constitutional  Con- 
vention. He  was  a  terse  talker — no  surplusage — quick — a 
born  politician — admirable  presiding  officer — had  a  desirable 
home  near  Burlington — was  a  lawyer,  I  believe,  but  never 
practiced — made  a  fairly  popular  canvass — not  especially 
profound  on  political  views  and  yet  not  a  parasite  of 
his  party.  How  true  this,  when  the  record  shows  that 
he  was  a  member  of  the  House,  Second  [and  Third] 
Territorial  Legislature;  of  the  Fourth,  Fifth,  Sixth, 
Seventh  and  Eighth  Territorial  Council,  and  having  presided 
over  the  First  Constitutional  Convention,  he  was  a  member  of 
the  Second, — elected  each  time  from  Des  Moines  county— 
and  then  in  Congress,  1846.  With  more  energy — had  life 
been  spared  he  would  have  had  still  further  honors  if  in  the 
power  of  his  party  to  confer  them.  He  was  one  of  the  men  to 
whom  the  State  may  well  refer  with  pride  and  pleasure. 

S.  C.  Hastings. 

His  colleague  above  referred  to  (S.  C.  Hastings)  was  very 
prominent.  Legislator,  presiding  officer,  member  of  congress 
— Chief  Justice  of  our  Supreme  Court — Chief  Justice  in  Cal- 


WRITINGS  OP  JUDGE  GEORGE  G.  WRIGHT  10.> 

ifornia — a  leading  capitalist  there — a  money  maker — owner 
of  large  ranches — few  men  were  more  actively  connected  witli 
either  Iowa  or  California  politics  and  affairs.  His  home  was 
at  Muscatine  (first  called  Bloomington) .  Among  his  towns- 
men were  Judge  Joseph  Williams,  Stephen  Whicher,  Ralpli 
P.  Lowe,  W.  G.  Woodward,  Jacob  Butler,  Scott  Richman, 
Henry  O'Connor,  D.  C.  Cloud,  John  G.  Deshler  and  others. 

He  was  of  the  shrewd  men  of  the  world.  His  motto  was  to 
"win."  Tall,  straight  as  an  arrow — dark  complexion — fine 
looking — adroit  and  plausible  in  all  his  movements — a  manner 
that  captivated  and  led  others  to  do  and  think  as  he  did — he 
was  a  formidable  antagonist  whether  at  the  bar,  in  legislative 
halls  or  at  the  huskings.  He  succeeded  not  so  much  by  his 
strength  of  statement  or  argument  as  by  personal  influence 
or  address  or  quiet  private  appeals  of  which  he  was  perfect 
master.  His  habits  were  such  in  those  early  days  that  he 
was  a  leader  of  men,  especially  of  young  men,  and  few  suc- 
ceeded better  in  accomplishing  their  ends.  There  were  many 
greater  men,  and  yet  by  his  diplomacy,  frank  assertiveness 
and  fine  presence,  he  had  success  beyond  many  of  his  fellows. 

Joseph  Williams. 

His  long-time  colleague,  Joseph  Williams,  was  among  the 
unique  characters  of  this  early  age. 

He  was  from  Pennsylvania — a  Methodist — a  Democrat — the 
best  teller  of  stories  I  ever  knew — could  play  the  fiddle,  or, 
as  far  as  I  know,  any  instrument — could  sing  any  song, 
whether  in  English,  Dutch,  Irish  or  Indian — lead  a  prayer 
or  class  meeting — talk  as  few  others  to  a  Sunday  school  or 
Bible  society — and  among  the  most  interesting  temperance 
talkers  I  ever  heard.  In  the  midst  of  hearing  arguments  he 
would  write  poetry.  I  remember  that  one  afternoon  in  Ot- 
tumwa — he,  chief  justice — when  the  court  was  held  in  dis- 
tricts— he  was  apparently  listening  and  taking  notes  of  all 
arguments — that  night  made  a  temperance  speech  in  the  old 
court  house,  opening  it  with  singing  a  song*  composed  while 
listening— to  the  tune  of  "Lucy  Neal"— the  title  "Little 
Billy  Neal,"  and  with  which  he  captured  the  audience  at 


196  ANkALS  OF  IOWA 

once  and  held  entranced  for  an  hour.  The  Judge  was  near- 
sighted— wore  glasses — was  of  medium  size — sinewy  and  well- 
calculated  for  pioneer  life.  His  influence  was  always  on  the 
side  of  temperance,  good  morals,  obedience  to  the  law,  good 
government,  the  church  and  the  school.  His  manners  were 
genial — his  hold  upon  the  people  such  that  whether  talking 
to  a  jury  or  to  a  mixed  audience  (and  many  were  the  evenings 
that  he  thus  talked  on  temperance  or  to  Bible  societies  or  of 
agriculture  in  Iowa) — he  was  always  aiding  in  giving  us 
better  society,  better  citizens  and  in  the  upbuilding  of  the 
State. 

I  never  thought  him  a  great  student  or  lawyer,  and  yet 
his  opinions  (he  did  not  write  many)  compare  very  favorably 
with  those  of  his  associates  and  compeers.  For  one  of  his 
organization" — so  ready  to  drop  the  pen  and  engage  in  some- 
thing else,  and  especially  in  a  social  way — he  had  strangely 
enough  the  fault  of  prolixity  in  his  opinions  and  especially 
unusual  detail  in  his  statement  of  a  case.  This  may  have 
grown  out  ,of  early  associations  and  the  habit  of  following 
old-time  judges  in  the  other  states.  But  he  wais  very  system- 
atic in  his  statements.  The  young  men  of  the  bar  all  liked 
him.  He  never  knowingly  offended  the  tyro  at  the  bar  any 
more  than  the  nestors.  Though  fairly  dignified,  he  never  let 
an  occasion  pass  for  a  good  joke  whether  in  court,  consulta- 
tion, social  circle  or  elsewhere.  Had  wonderful  powers  as  a 
mimic  and  few  his  equals  as  a  ventriloquist.  He  was  at  home 
in  the  most  polite  circles  and  could  command  respect  and 
attention  in  the  hardest  and  most  boisterous  crowd. 

I  have  said  he  could  play  the  violin.  So  could  Jerry  Church 
who  lived  in  his  cabin  below  Des  Moines.  They  had  lived 
and  played  together  in  Pennsylvania^ — had  not  met  for  twenty- 
five  years.  "Williams  came  here  to  hold  his  fall  term.  Learn- 
ing before  reaching  ''The  Forks"  where  Jerry's  cabin  was, 
and  directed  to  him,  [he  went]  by  path  to  it.  Jerry  did 
not  know  him.  He  talked  to  him  of  lands  and  land 
buying  until  they  got  to  the  cabin.  Getting  off,  and 
still  unknown,  he  observed  Jerry 's  violin — asked  to  look 
at  it — handled  it — tuned  the  strings — Jerry  watched  him, 
and  presently  Williams  struck  up  ''Arkansas  Traveler" — 


WRITINGS  OP  JUDGE  GEORGE  G.  WRIGHT  197 

Jerry  walked  around,  looked  at  him,  and  finally  exclaimed, 
"Ain't  your  name  Joseph  Williams?"  The  Judge  nodded 
his  head,  kept  on  playing,  and  Jerry  said:  "I  knew 
it,  by  thunder,  for  no  man  living  or  dead,  plays  that  tune  that 
way  but  Joseph  Williams  and  myself."  And  thus  their  ac- 
quaintance was  renewed. 

We  had  spent  an  evening  over  an  elegant  lunch  of  quail, 
venison,  etc.,  and  after  that  in  the  rooms  of  the  Des  Moines 
Improvement  Company  (Johnson,  General  Clarke  and  others 
representing  the  Company)  in  the  Clinton.  Williams  told 
stories  and  sang  songs.  He  was  stopping  at  the  Parke,  three 
or  four  squares  away.  This  was  in  1857,  I  think.  Ed.  John- 
stone, Coolbaugh,  Grimes,  Gillaspy,  Neal,  Woodward,  Stock- 
ton, Lyman  Cook  and  others  present.  We  left  Williams  there. 
Very  cold  and  ice  evei-ywhere.  The  next  day  it  was  told  that 
Williams  at  twelve  o'clock  proposed  to  leave,  when  General 
Clarke,  a  most  polite  and  courteous  gentleman,  insisted  that 
he  should  remain  all  night.  Williams  gave  reasons  why  he 
should  return  to  the  Parke.  Clarke  [said:]  "If  you  go,  I  go 
with  you,  for  I  cannot  permit  one  who  has  contributed  so 
much  to  our  amusement  to  return  alone,''  and  against  the 
Judge's  protest,  go  he  did,  and  they  started  to  walk  arm  in 
arm.  Arrived  at  the  Parke,  the  Judge  says :  ' '  What  is  this  I 
see, — a  gentleman  whose  hospitality  I  have  enjoyed  about  to 
brave  the  inclement  night  alone?  Never,  and  you  will  allow 
me  to  return  with  you."  And  return  he  did,  and  when  the 
Clinton  was  reached  Clarke  made  a  like  speech,  took  the 
Judge's  arm  and  escorted  him  back  to  the  Parke.  How  often 
their  politeness  led  to  these  trips  I  know  not,  but  the  tradi- 
tion is  that  they  finally  separated  half  way,  each  going  to  his 
lodgings  alone.  I  can  well  believe  this,  for  it  is  perfectly 
characteristic  of  both. 

In  an  early  day  at  the  old  capital  (Iowa  City)  there  was 
an  exquisite,  long-mustached,  lily-fingered  pianist  from  the 
East — music  teacher,  Professor!  At  every  social  gathering, 
the  Professor,  if  there  was  a  piano,  was  called  out,  and  he 
handled  the  keys  with  eyes  upraised,  head  thrown  back — 
sang  in  the  most  dramatic  manner,  and  threw  his  hands, 
arms  and  head  with  all  the  spirit  and  abandon  of  the  quack, 


198  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

whether  in  music  or  in  anything  else.  One  evening  Judge 
Williams  took  the  piano, — the  Professor  present — and  so  per- 
fectly did  the  Judge  mimic  him  in  tone,  manner  and  touch 
that  he  refused  to  play,  and  soon  after  left  the  city  for  other 
worlds  to  humbug  and  conquer. 

[Judge  Williams]  had  an  old  friend — of  the  best  circles  and 
habits,  who  fell  into  dissipation.  Finding  him  one  day  by  the 
wayside,  outside  the  city  in  a  drunken  stupor  in  the  gutter,  he 
raised  him  up,  worked  with  him,  seated  on  a  log  until  he  was 
fairly  restored.  At  once  he  commenced  the  work  of  leading  hiin 
to  a  better  life.  After  some  time,  he  said :  '  'Judge,  it  is  no  use, 
there  is  not  enough  left  of  me  to  talk  about,  to  trouble  over 
or  make  a  man  of."  Quick  as  thought,  the  Judge  said: 
^'John,  there  is!  there  is  plenty,  and  by  the  grace  of  God 
you  can  be  restored  in  all  your  former  happiness  to  home, 
family,  society  and  church."  John  said,  "I  will  try,"  and 
promised  he  would  come  to  the  Judge's  pew  the  next  Sunday. 
Come  he  did,  reform  he  did,  and  was  soon  and  for  years  re- 
mained among  the  best  and  most  influential  of  their  citizens. 

And  thus  it  was  he  was  always  doing  good.  I  know  he  was 
laughed  at  and  made  fun  of  by  many  who  called  him  a 
mountebank  and  wanting  in  dignity,  men  who  did  not  imi- 
tate him  in  sobriety,  work  as  he  did  for  temperance  and  the 
€hurch, — men  who  were  jealous  of  his  hold  on  the  people, — 
I  say  I  am  not  unmindful  of  these  things,  and  yet  hesitate 
not  to  say  that  while  he  had  faults  and  perhaps  quite  too 
many,  he  nevertheless  was  useful  beyond  many  of  his  com- 
peers, and  was  certainly  helpful  to  the  State  far  more  than 
many  of  those  critics  and  fault  finders. 

It  was  my  privilege  to  be  present  at  his  funeral,  and  the 
affection  and  esteem  in  which  he  was  held  at  his  home  (Mus- 
catine, where  buried)  was  most  gratifyingly  evidenced,  in 
that  high  and  low,  rich  and  poor,  black  and  white,  were  there 
by  hundreds — almost  by  thousands^ — and  the  humblest  were 
the  most  affected,  lingered  longest  at  his  coffin  and  seemed  to 
feel  that  their  loss  was  personal  and  greatest.  He  was  so 
generous  in  his  nature — never  accumulated  much — he 
Avas  always  as  kind  and  ready  an  adviser  and  helper 
to    those    ever    so    poor    as    to    those    in    all    circles — that 


WRITINGS  OF  JUDGE  GEORGE  G.  WRIGHT  199 

all  felt  that  they  had  lost  the  most  valued  friend.  I  give  it 
as  my  opinion  that  few  public  men  in  Iowa — though  he  had 
his  faults  and  weaknesses — ever  made  a  better  impress  upon 
'the  moral  and  material  interests — did  more  in  laying  those 
foundations  which  now  afford  such  good  ground  for  praise 
and  commendation. 


]\rASS  Meeting  at  Dunleith. 

Rev.  Henry  Clay  Dean, 
Of  Burlington,  will  address  the  people  of  Jo  Daviess  county, 
at  Dunleith,  on  Monday  Evening,  November  1st. 

Mr.  Dean  is  one  of  the  most  distinguished  clergymen  of 
tiie  state  of  Iowa,  as  he  is  one  of  the  soundest  and  most  elo- 
(juent  speakers  in  the  AVest.  He  is  a  clergyman  but  never 
])reaches  politics  in  the  pulpit.  As  old  ministers  of  Revolu- 
tionary days,  when  the  clouds  of  war  gathered  dark  in  their 
<'ountry,  donned  the  armor  of  battle,  seized. the  weapons  of 
))lood,  and  went  into  the  fight  with  the  Bible  in  one  hand 
and  the  sword  of  the  patriot  in  the  other,  so  goes  Mr.  Dean 
into  the  political  struggle,  with  the  Constitution  as  the  Bible 
of  his  political  faith,  and  reason  as  his  weapon.  With  these 
he  assails  the  sophistry  and  falsehoods  of  error,  and  demol- 
ishes the  fabrics  of  bigotry  and  sectionalism. 

Let  the  Democracy  of  Dubuque — nay,  let  every  man  in 
Dubuque,  who  wishes  to  listen  to  Mr.  Dean's  stirring  appeal, 
turn  out  on  Monday  next,  and  pay  the  good  people  of  Dun- 
leith a  friendly  visit. 

Ample  preparations  will  be  made  for  the  occasion  by  the 
Democracy  of  Dunleith. 

Remember,  Monday  evening,  at  IY2  o'clock. 

Dubuque,  Express  and  Herald,  Oct.  28,  1858. 


Enlightened  Minnesota. 

The  Legislature  of  Minnesota  afford  striking  proof  of  their 
wisdom  in  passing  a  direct  vote  instructing  the  secretary  to 
subscribe  for  all  the  newspapers  published  in  the  Territory 
and  to  cause  the  same  to  be  bound  and  filed  for  future  refer- 
ence. The  legislature  of  every  state  should  take  the  same 
course,  and  thus  place  in  the  archives  of  the  state  day  by  day 
a  chronicle  of  passing  events  as  selected  from  mirrors  that 
show  every  hue  of  opinion. 

Fort  Des  Moines  Star,  November  23,  1849. 


200  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  OF  IOWA. 

BY   C.   C.   STILES. 

IV. 

Articles  on  this  subject  have  heretofore  been  published  in 
tlie  Annals,  treating  of  the  archives  of  the  offices  of  Gov- 
ernor, Secretary  of  State  and  Auditor  of  State.^  In  this 
article  is  presented  similar  information  upon  the  office  of 
Treasurer  of  State. 

This  department  of  the  government  was  established  Jan- 
uary 24,  1839,  and  designated  "Treasurer  of  the  Territory." 
The  office  was  appointive  and  the  first  incumbent  was  Thorn- 
ton  Bayless,  appointed  by  Governor  Lucas.  By  the  provi- 
sions of  the  Constitution  of  1846  the  department  was  con- 
tinued under  the  title  of  ''Treasurer,"  This  constitution 
made  the  office  elective  and  at  the  next  election  Morgan 
Reno  was  elected.  The  Constitution  of  1857  continued  the 
department  under  the  titular  head  of  "Treasurer  of  State." 

The  documents  and  records  of  the  department  mainly  per- 
tain to  the  receipt  and  disbursement  of  the  revenues  of  the 
State.  But  many  of  a  different  character  result  from  legisla- 
tive changes  in  the  duties  of  the  office.  This  varietj^  in  the 
duties  of  the  office  appears  in  the  classification  of  the  docu- 
ments. 

There  are  also  found  in  this  department  many  historical 
documents  not  classed  as  public  archives.  These  are  mainly 
letters  and  documents  of  temporary  commissions,  not  of  statu- 
tory character,  such  as  "Johnstown  Flood"  and  "Russian 
Famine,"  where  the  Treasurer's  office  has  been  made  the 
voluntary  depository  of  gratuitous  funds. 

One  of  the  most  important  of  the  additional  duties  as- 
signed by  law  to  this  department  is  the  collection  of  the  col- 
lateral inheritance  tax.  Much  material  has  accumulated  in 
this  division  since  its  establishment  in  1896.     The  office  of 


^Office   of  Governor,   Vol.   X,   p.    166-193:    Secretary   of  State,   Vol.   X,. 
p.   273-319  ;  Auditor  of  State,  Vol.  XII,  p.   14-44. 


PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  OF  IOWA  201 

State  Treasurer  retains  all  this  under  its  control  for  the  pres- 
ent, but  there  was  obtained  through  the  courtesy  of  Mr. 
Quincy  C.  Willis,  Deputy  Treasurer  of  State,  who  has  been  in 
direct  charge  of  this  division  of  the  administrative  work  for 
a  number  of  years,  information  necessary  to  enable  an  out- 
line to  be  made  for  its  classification  when  transferred  to  the 
Historical  Department. 

OFFICE   OF  TREASURER   OF   STATE — l^LASSJFl CATION. 


MAIN  DIVISIONS. 

Series 

I 

Bids. 

Series 

II 

Bonds. 

Series 

III 

Certificates. 

Series 

IV 

Collateral  Inheritance  Tax. 

Series 

V 

Contracts,  Agreements,  etc. 

Series 

VI 

Correspondence. 

Series 

VII 

Notices. 

Series 

VIII 

Orders. 

Series 

IX 

Reports. 

Series 

X 

Vouchers. 

Series 

XI 

Miscellaneous. 

SERIES  I.     BIDS. 

Documents. 

state  Warrants,  Purchase  of 


SERIES  IT.     BONDS. 

Documents. 

Adniinistratoi's 
Official 


SERIES  III.     CERTIFICATES 

Documents. 

Bonds 

Deposit 

Election 

Indebtedness 

Purchase 

School  fund,  Interest  on 

Swamp  land  indemnity 

Miscellaneous 


202  .       ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

SERIES    IV.      COLI^ATERAL    INHERITANCE    TAX. 

Bound  Records, 

Estates  reported,  By  counties 
Register  of  estates 
Register  of  receipts 

Documents. 

(All  documents  are  filed  in  the  following  order  under  each 
estate.  The  estates  are  arranged  in  chronological  and  alpha- 
betical order.) 

Appraisement 

Notices 

Release  from  appraisement 

Reports 

Miscellaneous 


SERIES  V.     CONTRACTS,  AGREEMENTS,  ETC. 

Documents. 

Miscellaneous 


SERIES  VI.     CORRESPONDENCE. 

Bound  Records. 

Letter  books 

Collateral  inheritance  tax 
County  attorneys 
General 

Sitate  institutions 
Letters. 

Agricultural  College  loans  • 

Checks  and  drafts 
County  officers 

County  attorney 
County  superintendent 


Lands 


Des  Moines  river 
General 

Iowa  State  College  of  Agriculture  and  Me- 
chanic Arts 
Railroad 

Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific 

Des  Moines  &  Fort  Dodge 

Des  Moines  Valley 

Iowa  Falls  &  Sioux  City 

Miscellaneous 


PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  OF  IOWA  203 

Lands — Continued. 
Saline 
School 
Swamp 
University 

Revenue 

Counties 
Miscellaneous 

School  fund 
State  institutions 

Collfge  for  the  Blind 
Industrial  Home  for  the  Blind 
Industrial  Schools 

Boys,  at  Eldora 

Girls,  at  Mitchellville 
Institution   for  Feeble-minded    Children 
Iowa  Soldiers'  Home 
Iowa  Soldiers'  Orphans'  Home 
Iowa  Statp  Teachers'  College 
Penitentiaries 

Anamosa 

Ft.  Madison 
School  for  the  Deaf 
State   Hospital  for  Inebriates 
State  HosDitals  for  Insane 

Cherokee 

Clarinda 

Independence 

Mt.    Pleasant 
State   Sanatorium   for  Tuberculosis 
State   University 

State  OflRces,  Boards,  etc,. 

Adjutant  General 

Attorney  General 

Auditor  of  State 

Control,    Board    of 

Custodian   of   Public  Buildings 

Dental    Examiners,    Board    of 

Executive  Council 

Fish   and   Game  Wardens 

Food  and  Dairy  Commission 

Geological  Survey 

Governor 

Historical    Department 

Iowa  State  Library 

Labor  Statistics,   Bureau   of 


204  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

State  Oflficers,  Boards,  etc. — 'Continued. 
Library   Commission 
Medical   Examiners,   Board   of 
Pharmacy,   Commission  of 
Railroad   Commissioners 
Secretary  of  State 
State  Mine  Inspectors 
State  Oil  Inspectors 
State  Printer 
Treasurer  of  State 

Taxes 

Collateral  inheritance 

Davenport    and    Dubuque    Street    Railway 

Company 
Express 

Continental 

Pacific 

United  States 
Insurance 
Lands 
Railroads 

Companies 

Counties,  to  aid  in  building 

United  States 
Refining  companies 
Refrigerator  transit  companies 
Telegraph 
Telephone 
Warrants 
Miscellaneous  ^  ;"^' 

Warrants 
Miscellaneous 

Banks 

Bids  and  contracts 

Bonds 

Centennial  Exposition 

Claims 

Dictionary   fund 

Grey  uniforms 

Johnstown  flood 

Laws 

Licenses 

Itinerant   peddlers 

Peddlers 

Miscellaneous 
Notices 


PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  OF  IOWA 

Miscellaneous — Continued. 
Refunds 

Columbian   Commission 

Legislative 

Miscellaneous 
Reports 

Russian   Famine 
Vouchers 
Unclassified 


20/ 


SERIES  VII.     NOTICES. 

Documents. 

Appointments 

Fines  collected 

Interest  due  on   Agricultural  CoUege  loans 

Investments 

Protests 

Banks 

Insurance   companies 

Postal  telegraph 

Warrants 
Publication 
Revocation 
Suspension 
Miscellaneous 


SERIES  VIII.      ORDERS. 

Documents. 

Auditor  of  State 

Transfers 
Board  of  Control 

Transfer,  credit,  etc.,  of  the  funds  of  State 
institutions. 


SERIES  IX.     REPORTS. 

Bound  Records. 

Auditor 

Iowa  State  CoUege  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts 
Miscellaneous 

Documents. 

Commissions,  Commissioners,  etc. 

Iowa  Trans-Mississippi  and  International  Ex- 
position 


206  ANNALS  OP  IOWA 

Commissions,  Commissioners,  etc. — Continued. 
Public  Buildings 
School  Fund  Commission 

County  Officers 

County  Superintendent  of  Schools 

Fees 
County  Treasurers 

Revenue 

State  Institutions 

College  for  the  Blind 
Industrial  Home  tor  the  Blind 
Industrial    (or  reform)    Schools 

Boys,  at  Eldora 

Girls,  at   Mitchellville- 
Institution   for  Feeble-minded  Children 
Iowa  Soldiers'  Home 
Iowa   Soldiers'   Orphans'   Home 
Iowa  State  Agricultural  College,  etc. 
Penitentiaries 

Anamosa 

Ft.   Madison 
School  for  the  Deaf 
State  Hospital  for  Inebriates 
State  Hospitals  for  Insane 

Cherokee 

Clarinda 

Independence 

Mt.  Pleasant 

State  Officers,  Members  of  Boards,  etc. 

Adjutant  General  ' 

Sales  of  ammunition 
Sales  of  arms  and  stores 
Auditor  of  State 
Fees 

Banks 

Building  and  Loan 
Insurance 

Municipal  examinations 
Miscellaneous  •   " 

,  Warrants  issued 

Des    Moines    River    Improvement 

fund 
General  revenue 
War  and  defense 
Clerk  of  Supreme  Court 
Fees 


PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  OP  IOWA  207 

State  Officers,  Members  of  Boards,  etc.— Continued. 
Custodian  of  Public  Buildings 
Dental   Examiners,   Board   of 
Educational  Board  of  Examiners 
Food  and  Dairy  Commission 
Governor 
Health,  Board  of 

Embalmers  Department 

Maternity  hospital 

Medical  Examiners,  Board  of 

Nurses  department 

Veterinary    Medical    Examiners,    Board 
of 
Iowa  State  Library 
Library  Commission 
Pharmacy,  Commission  of 
Secretary  of  State 

Fees 
State  Land  Office 
State  Mine  Inspectors 

Fees 
State  Oil  Inspectors 

Fees 
Treasurer   of   State 

Monthly 

Quarterly 

Railroads 

Warrants   endorsed 

Warrants  redeemed 
Miscellaneous 

General  Land  Office 

Swamp  Land   indemnity 


SERIES  X.     VOUCHERS. 

Bound  Records. 

Balance  Books 

Invoices 

Journals 

Ledgers 

Registers 

Bonds 

Checks 

Drafts 

Deposits 

Warrants 


208  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

Bound  Records — Continued. 
stub  Books 

Checks 

Express 

Fees 

Institutions 

Insurance 

Revenue 

Miscellaneous 

Documents. 

Labor  and  materials  on  Capitol 
Notes  paid  and  cancelled 
Receipts 

Dictionary  fund 
Deposit  of  bids  on  Capitol,  etc. 
Distribution  of  laws 

Expense  of  prosecutions  by  Pharmacy  Com- 
mission 
»  Express  companies 

Interest  of  Agricultural  College  loans 
Salaries 

Auditor  of  State 
Members   of  General   Assembly 
Sales 

Iowa  City  lots 
Land  sale  notes 
Railroad  lands 
State  revenue   (by  counties) 
Swamp  land  indemnity  fund  (by  counties) 
Warrants 
Miscellaneous 


SERIES  XI.     MISCELLANEOUS. 

Bound  Records. 

Abstracts 

Memoranda 

Miscellaneous 

Documents. 

Acts  of  General  Assembly 

Affidavits 

Approval   by   Executive  Council    of   Investigation   of 

Agricultural  College  Funds 
Checks   (see  list) 
Deeds 

Distribution  of  5%   School  Fund 
List  of  lots  at  Iowa  City 


PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  OF  IOWA  209 


Documents — Continued. 

Opinions  of  Attorney  General 
Kelease  of  railroad  lands 
Statements 

Banks 

Bond   agents 
State  Treasurer 

Transcripts 

Unclassified 


J^RUSSELS  Carpet  Manufactory  in  Muscatine. 

Our  down  river  sister  city  Muscatine  is  a  live  place.  Its 
people  are  not  asleep,  as  its  rapid  improvement  and  its  un- 
tiring energy  in  extending  its  railroads,  and  in  making  itself 
a  commercial  center,  abundantly  prove. 

Muscatine  does  not,  like  Davenport,  go  a-begging  for  other 
people  to  build  its  roads.  Its  people  do  not  advocate  either 
county  or  state  debt,  in  their  behalf. 

But  the  spirit  of  the  people  of  that  town  is  manifested  in 
various  ways  and  in  many  things  they  have  taken  the  lead. 

It  would  hardly  be  believed  that  there  is  at  present  a  man- 
ufactory of  Brussels  Carpets  in  the  state  of  Iowa;  yet  such 
is  the  fact,  and  that  manufactory,  too,  is  in  Muscatine,  as  w^e 
learn  from  the  Journal  of  last  Friday.  It  states  that  "Mr. 
James  Kitley  has  engaged  in  the  business  of  carpet  weaving, 
and  there  is  to  be  seen  in  his  shop  a  piece  of  Brussels  Royal 
Velvet,  of  his  own  make,  equal  to  any  imported  carpet.  We 
can  from  personal  knowledge  say  that  he  is  master  of  his 
trade.    His  place  is  at  east  end  of  Eighth  St." 

We  look  upon  this  single  fact  as  the  beginning  of  an  im- 
portant era  in  the  history  of  the  State.  Let  Iowa  manufac- 
tures prosper,  say  we. 

Dubuque,  Express  and  Herald,  Nov.  4,  1858. 


Greene  &  Merritt, 

Attorneys-at-Law  and  Solicitors  in  Chancery. 
George  Greene  and  Edward  Merritt,  having  associated 
themselves  for  the  practice  of  law  at  Dubuque,  Iowa,  will 
punctually  attend  to  professional  business  in  the  several 
counties  in  the  Territory,  and  wall  also  act  as  general  land 
agents,  Dubuque,  April  24,  1844. 

Dubuque,  Iowa  Transcript,  November  1,,  1844. 
14 


210  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 


JUDGE  GEORGE  GREENE. 

BY  B.  L.  WICK. 

At  the  Founders  Day  gathering  at  Coe  College  on  Decem- 
ber 3,  1914,  considerable  new  material  came  to  light  con- 
cerning the  life  and  services  of  George  Greene,  one  of  the 
founders  of  that  institution. 

George  Greene  was  a  pioneer  along  many  lines  in  the  de- 
velopment of  the  State.  He  was  born  at  Staffordshire,  Eng- 
land, April  15,  1817,  and  was  the  eldest  of  three  sons,  George, 
William  and  Joseph,  all  of  whom  settled,  lived  and  died  in 
Cedar  Rapids. 

Robert  Greene,  the  father,  emigrated  with  his  wife  and 
family  to  America  in  1820,  locating  in  Buffalo,  New  York, 
where  he  became  a  contractor  and  engaged  in  building  the 
locks  on  the  Erie  Canal.  He  died  in  1831,  and  George  Greene, 
then  barely  fifteen  years  of  age,  became  the  sole  support  of 
the  family.  About  1836  he  went  to  England  for  a  time,  but 
soon  made  his  way  back  to  America.  He  obtained  some 
schooling  in  Buffalo  and  attended  Aurora  Seminary,  French 
Institute  at  Geneva  and  Caryville  Academy.  As  clerk  and 
assistant  he  entered  the  office  of  George  Baker,  a  well-known 
lawyer.  He  soon  went  to  live  with  a  Dr.  Chapin,  and  for  a  time 
was  imbued  with  the  idea  of  becoming  a  doctor.  He  did  study 
medicine  for  awhile  but  later  gave  it  up. and  began  the  study 
of  law,  aiming  to  settle  down  at  Buffalo  in  the  practice  of  law. 

On  May  30,  1838,  he  married  Harriet  Merritt  of  Buffalo. 
She  was  the  daughter  of  a  physician  of  that  city  and  a  sister 
of  Colonel  Merritt  who  later  figured  as  a  newspaper  man  and 
a  politician  in  Iowa.  Shortly  after  his  marriage  he  migrated 
to  Davenport,  Iowa,  where  he  intended  to  locate.  There  he 
met  David  D.  Owen,  son  of  Robert  Owen,  who  w^as  at  that  time 
making  a  geological  survey  of  the  new  Territory  for  the  gov- 
ernment. He  joined  Mr.  Owen  in  this  work  which  lasted  six 
months  and  gave  him  an  opportunity  to  become  Acquainted  not 
only  with  a  n^w  country  but  with  most  of  the  settlers.    He  be- 


JUDGE  GEORGE  GREENE  211 

came  a  friend  of  Dr.  Owen  who  no  doubt  helped  the  young 
man  in  many  ways. 

From  Davenport  Mr.  Greene  removed  to  Linn  county,  lo- 
cating at  a  little  trading  village  known  as  Ivanhoe,  on  the 
Cedar  river  near  where  Mt.  Vernon  is  now  situated.  It  was 
at  that  time  supposed  to  be  the  future  metropolis  of  that  sec- 
tion of  the  country,  but  is  now  known  only  by  name.  Here  he 
brought  his  young  wife  and  established  the  first  store  in  Linn 
county.  He  also  taught  school  during  the  winter.  The  coun- 
ty seat  being  located  at  Marion,  some  distance  from  Ivanhoe, 
in  the  spring  of  1840  he  removed  to  that  place  and  began  the 
practice  of  law  which  he  continued  for  five  years.  He  had 
scarcely  been  in  the  county  a  year  before  he  was  elected  as  a 
representative  to  the  Territorial  legislature  where  he  served 
two  sessions. 

Before  leaving  New  York  Mr.  Greene  had  been  appointed 
by  Governor  Seward  as  lieutenant  in  one  of  the  New  York 
regiments  raised  to  put  down  the  so-called  Patriots'  Rebel- 
lion. After  removing  to  Iowa  he  was  appointed  a  lieutenant 
colonel  by  Governor  Chambers.  However,  he  never  became 
imbued  with  the  militaiy  spirit  and  never  entered  active  mili- 
tary service. 

In  1842  he  was  sent  as  a  special  delegate  to  Washington  to 
secure  the  location  of  the  land  office  at  Marion.  In  this  he 
was  successful. 

Perceiving  the  advantage  of  a  water  power  to  operate  grist 
and  saw  mills,  during  the  summer  of  1841,  with  N.  B.  Brown 
and  others,  he  purchased  the  water  power  on  the  Cedar  river, 
locating  the  town  site  first  called  Rapids  City  and  later 
Cedar  Rapids. 

Being  of  a  restless  disposition,  and  finding  little  if  any  law 
practice  in  this  new  portion  of  the  Territory,  he  removed  in 
the  spring  of  1845  to  Dubuque,  seeking  a  more  extensive  field. 
He  asspciated  with  J.  J.  Dyer,  afterwards  judge  of  the  United 
States  district  court.  In  connection  with  the  legal  business, 
which  was  not  over-lucrative  even  at  Dubuque,  he  became  the 
editor  of  the  Miners'  Express,  one  of  the  first  newspapers  of 
the  Territory,  and  edited  it  for  three  years.    His  talents  and 


212  ANKALS  of  IOWA 

legal '  knowledge  soon  became  recognized,  and  in  October, 
1847,  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  the 
new  State,  on  the  resignation  of  Judge  Thomas  S.  Wilson.  In 
December,  1848,  he  was  elected  justice  by  the  general  as- 
sembly, and  served  out  his  entire  term  of  six  years.  It  was 
during  this  period  of  his  life  that  he  edited  the  Iowa  Reports 
known  as  Greene 's  Reports,  consisting  of  four  volumes.  The 
opinions  in  these  reports  all  bear  evidence  of  his  marked 
ability. 

In  April,  1850,  his  wife  died  and  in  1851  he  removed  with 
his  two  children  to  Cedar  Rapids.  From  that  time  until  his 
death  except  for  a  short  stay  in  Chicago  where  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  law  firm  of  Greene  and  Bently,  he  was  a  resident 
of  the  county  which  he  assisted  in  many  ways  to  develop.  In 
January,  1855,  he  married  Frances  R.  Graves,  daughter  of 
Calvin  Graves  of  Cooperstown,  New  York. 

Judge  Greene,  with  John  Weare,  started  the  first  bank  in 
Cedar  Rapids,  known  as  Greene  &  Weare.  Branches  of  this 
bank  were  established  at  Des  Moines,  Council  Bluffs,  Omaha, 
Fort  Dodge,  Sioux  CAiy  and  other  centers  of-  population.  The 
panic  of  1857  wiped  out  most  of  them  and  the  firm  dissolved, 
the  partners  liquidating. 

Judge  Greene  later  became  interested  in  railroad  building. 
He  was  one  of  the  organizers  and  directors  of  the  Chicago, 
Iowa  &  Nebraska  railroad,  which  was  completed  to  Cedar 
Rapids  in  the  summer  of  1859.  In  this  connection  he  was 
associated  with  John  I.  Blair.  He  was  also  engaged  in  build- 
ing a  short  line  of  railroad  sixty  miles  long,  known  as  the 
McGregor  Western,  now  a  part  of  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  & 
St.  Paul  railway.  He  was  likewise  connected  with  the  build- 
ing of  the  Rockford,  Rock  Island  &  St.  Louis  railway  along 
the  eastern  bank  of  the  Mississippi  river,  and  with  building 
the  St.  Louis,  Hannibal  &  Keokuk  and  the  Memphis,  Kansas 
&  Colorado  and  the  Muscatine  Western  railways.  While  as- 
sisting with  others  in  building  the  above-named  railways,  he 
was  really  one  of  the  main  promoters  of  what  was  known  as 
the  Burlington,  Cedar  Rapids  &  Minnesota  railroad,  a  system 
which,  with  its  branches,  made  Cedar  Rapids  a  city  of  con- 
siderable commercial  importance.    At  the  tirhe,  these  railroad 


JUDGE  GEORGE  GREENE  21S 

enterprises  from  a  financial  standpoint,  were  a  failure,  but 
Judge  Greene  did  not  give  up,  and  after  many  disasters  in 
railway  building,  succeeded  in  putting  the  last-named  road  on 
its  feet,  so  that  it  became  one  of  the  best  paying  properties 
in  the  State. 

Railway  building  was  not  Judge  Greene's  only  interest. 
He  was  largely  responsible  for  the  purchase  of  a  river  steam- 
er called  ''Cedar  Rapids"  which  ran  between  Cedar  Rapids 
and  St.  Louis  just  before  the  advent  of  the  railroad.  This 
steamer  met  with  an  accident  and  the  owners  lost  heavily. 
This  was  the  first  and  last  steamboat  venture  on  the  Cedar 
river.  He  was  also  interested  in  one  of  the  first  stores  opened 
in  Cedar  Rapids,  as  well  as  in  the  first  newspaper,  called  the 
Progressive  Era,  edited  by  Dan  P'inch.  He  was  the  first 
president  of  the  Republican  Printing  Company,  a  corpora- 
tion still  in  existence.  He  early  saw  the  need  of  a  publi(! 
water  supply  for  the  use  of  the  fast-growing  city,  and  or- 
ganized the  Cedar  Rapids  Water  Company,  which  has  lately 
been  taken  over  by  the  city.  PTe  built  the  first  street  car  line 
and  erected  the  first  opera  house.  IVIany  of  these  enterprises 
did  not  pay.  but  Judge  Greene  early  saw  that  these  things- 
were  essential  to  the  growth  of  a  city. 

His  broad  mind  also  comprehended  the  need  of  other  than 
the  material  things  of  life.  PTe  was  one  of  the  organizers  o^ 
the  Episcopal  church,  of  St.  Pjuke's  PPospital  and  of  Coe  Col- 
lege, and  helped  in  many  of  the  city's  charitable  organiza- 
tions. 

Judge  Greene  passed  away  June  23,  1880,  in  the  sixty- 
fourth  year  of  his  age.  He  had  twelve  children,  seven  of 
whom  survived  him.  His  widow  passed  away  December  13, 
1911,  in  the  eighty-first  year  of  her  age. 

The  industry  and  perseverance  of  Judore  Greene  entitled 
him  to  a  high  place  in  the  history  of  the  State.  His  acquaint- 
ance over  the  country  was  extended  and  he  associated  witli 
men  of  wealth  and  induced  them  to  invest  their  money  in 
Powa.  He  was  a  sound  lawyer,  a  logical  judge  and  a  far- 
sighted  financier.  His  influence  in  every  way  was  elevating 
and  his  contribution  to  the  history  of  the  development  of  the 
State  in  the  early  days  cannot  be^  too  highly  commended. 


214  .       ANNALS  OF  IOWA 


IOWA  AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  WORKS. 

A  CONTRIBUTION  TOWARD  A  BIBLIOGRAPHY.* 

By  Alice  Marple. 

(Continued.) 

McLoney,  Ella  M. 

Historical  sketch  of  the  Des  Moines  public  library.  '93. 
Kenyon  press. 

McLuen,  William 

Looking  forward;  or,  Glimpses  by  an  observer  of  the 
past,  present  and  probable  future  of  our  country, 
politically.     '91.     Perry,  la.     Chief  steam  ptg. 

McMillen,  Listen 

Alathiasis;  or,  Principles  of  Christian  hygiene.  '95. 
Oskaloosa,  la.    Nicholson  &  Wilson. 

MacMurray,  Arthur 

Practical  lessons  in  public  speaking.  '10.  Ames.  The 
author. 

Macombe,  Joseph  E. 

History  of  grand  lodge  of  Iowa  A.  F.  and  A.  M.,  v.  1. 
'10.     Cedar  Rapids,  la. 

Macomber,  J.  K. 

Lightning  rod  humbugs.     Des  Moines.     Kenyon  press. 
Matter  and  force.     '76.    Ames.  ., 

McVey,  Frank  Le  Rond,  1869— 

Government  of  Minnesota.    2d.  ed.     '08.    Macmillan. 
Making  of  a  town.     '13.     Macmillan. 
Modern  industrialism.     '04.    Appleton.        ^,r  .>,, 
Populist  movement.    Am.  economic  assn. 

♦This  list  of  authors  and  their  works  is  herewith  published,  to  continue 
until  complete,  for  the  purpose  of  recording  all  that  is  at  present  known 
or  that  can  be  ascertained  upon  the  subject.  Criticism  and  suggestions 
are  invited. — Editor. 

fAbbreviation  of  publishers'  names  follows  the  usage  of  The  Cumulative 
Book  Index,  the  H.  W.  Wilson  Company,  Publishers,  White  Plains,  New 
York. 


IOWA  AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  WORKS  215 

McVey,  Frank  Le  Rond,  1869— Continued. 

Railroad  transportation;  some  phases  of  its  history, 
operation  and  regulation.     '10.     Cree  pub. 

(ed.)  Minnesota  academy  of  social  sciences.  Papers  and 
proceedings,  1st  annual  meeting  on  taxation;  2d.  an- 
nual meeting  on  Minnesota. 

Macy,  Jesse 

English  constitution.     Macmillan. 

— Same,  pt.  1.     The  nature  of  the  constitution.      '11. 

Macmillan. 
First  lessons  in  civil  government.     '94.     Ginn. 
Government  text-book  for  Iowa  schools.     '91.     Ginn. 
Institutional   beginnings  in   a   western   state.      (Iowa). 

*84.    Johns  Hopkins. 
Our  government,    rev.  ed.     Ginn. 
Parliamentary  procedure.     '92.     Am.  acad. 
Party  organization  and  machinery.     '01.     Century. 
Political   parties   in   the   United   States,   1846-61.      '00. 

Macmillan. 
Political  science.     '13.    Chic,  civics  soc. 

— and  Geiser,  Carl  Frederick 

Government  of  Iowa;  based  on  Macy's  Iowa  govern- 
ment.    '06.    Ginn. 

Macy,  Mrs.  Maude  Little  and  Norris,  Harry  Waldo 

General  physiology  for  high  schools.     '00.    Am.  bk. 

Macy,  S.  R. 

Outline  course  of  theoretical  pharmacy  and  laboratory 
work,     '91.     Des  Moines.     A.  J.  Lilly. 
Madison,  W.  C. 

God's  crowning  work  and  other  sermons.     '86.    Roches- 
ter, N.  Y.    C.  Venton  Patterson  &  co. 
Magee,  J.  0. 

Apostolic  organism.     '90.    Meth.  bk. 
Maggard,  James  H. 

Rough  and  tumble  engineering ;  a  book  of  instructions 
for  operating  farm  engines.    Iowa  City.    The  author. 
'       Traction  engine,  its  use  and  abuse,  including  gas  and 
gasoline  engines.     '05.     McKay. 


216  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

Magoun,  George  F.  .    r  /       ^ 

Asa  Turner  and  his  times.     '89.     Cong.  Sunday-School 
pub  CO. 

Magoun,  Herbert  William,  1856 — 

Asuri-Kalpa;    a    witchcraft   practice    of   the    Atharva- 

Veda.     '89.    Bait.    Isaac  Friedenwald. 
Glacial  epoch  and  the  Noachian  deluge.     '10.     H;  W. 

Magoun,  70  Kirkland  st.,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
(ed.)  Denison,  T:  S.  Mexican  Aryan  sibilants. 

Mahood,  John  Wilmot,  1864— 

Art  of  soul  winning.  '01.  Meth.  bk. 
Lost  art  of  meditation.  '11.  Revell. 
Make  Jesus  king,   and   other  messages  to  men.      '08, 

Meth.  bk. 
Master  workman.     '10.    Praise  pub. 
Renaissance  of  Methodism.     '05.    Meth.  bk. 
Victory  life.    Meth.  bk. 

Main,  J.  H.  T. 

Locative  expression  in  the  Attic  orators.     '92.     Bait. 
John  Murphy  co. 

Manatt,  James  Irving,  1845 — 

Aegean  days.     '14.    Houghton.  ' 

(ed.)  Xenophon,  Hellenica. 

(.it.  auth.)  Tsountas,  Chrestos.  Mycenaean  ag:e.    Hough- 
ton. 

Mangold,  George  Benjamin 

Child's  problems.     '10.    Macmillan. 
Church  and  philanthrophy.     '07.    Am.  acad. 
Labor  argument  in  the  American  protective  tariff  dis- 
cussion.    '08.    Univ.  of  Wis. 

Manning,  Mrs.  Carrie  C. 

Heart  echoes.     '90.     Charles  City. 
Manning,  Jessie  Wilson 

Passion  of  life.    '87.    Cin.    Robert  Clarke  &  co. 

Markey,  Joseph  Ignacious 

From  Iowa  to  the  Philippines.     '00.    Red  Oak,  la.  T.  D. 
Murphy  co.  ,    ..^ 


IOWA  AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  WORKS  217 

Marple,  Alice 

Reference  use  of  public  documents;  a  paper  read  before 
the  joint  meeting  of  the  Iowa  and  Nebraska  library- 
associations  held  at  Council  Bluffs  and  Omaha,  Oct. 
8th-llth,  1907.     '07.    Des  Moines,  la. 

— and  Griswold,  Mrs.  Alice  Steele 

,    , ,  .    f 

(comps.)  Index  to  the  Annals  of  Iowa,  third  series,  v. 
1-8,  1893-1909. 

Marshall,  Carl  Goran  and  Goodyear,  Samuel  Horatio 

Inductive  commercial  arithmetic.  '10.  Goodyear-Mar- 
shall  pub. 

Marston,  Anson,  1864 — 

History  of  engineering.     '12.     Ames.     The  author. 
Sewers  and  drains.     '09.    Am.  school  of  correspondence. 

— and  Anderson,  A.  0. 

Theory  of  loads  on  pipes  in  ditches,  and  tests  of  cement 
and  clay  drain  tile  sewer  pipe  (Engineering  exper. 
sta.  bul.  no.  31).     '13.     Iowa  state  college  of  agrie. 

Martin,  0.  C. 

Harness-makers'  complete  guide.  '91.  Jefferson  Jack- 
son.    Chic. 


Marvin,  Merze 

McCauslands  of  Donaghanie  and  allied  families.      '11. 
Shenandoah.     The  author. 

Mason,  William  Ernest,  1850—  ' 

John  the  unafraid  (anon.).     '10.    McClurg.       '      ' 
John  the  unafraid  calendar.     '13.    McClurg. 

Mathews,  Harvey 

Carrier's  address  to  the  Daily  herald  tribune.     '85.     i 
Matthews,  Washington,  1843-1905 

Catlin  collection  of  Indian  paintings.     '92.     Gov.  ptg. 
Ethnology  and  philology  of  the  Hidatsa  Indians.     '77, 

Gov.  ptg. 
Navajo  gambling  songs.     '09.    Judd  &  Detweiler. 
Navajo  legends.    Houghton.  ^ 

Navajo  myths,  prayers  and  song.     '07.    Univ.  of  Cal. 


218  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

Matthews,  Washington — Continued.  ^  ' 

Night  chant;  Navajo  ceremony.  '07.  Am.  museum  of 
nat.  hist. 

Part  of  the  Navajo's  mythology  (Reprint  from  the 
American  antiquarian  for  April,  1883). 

Prayer  of  a  Navajo  shaman.  '88.  Wash.  Judd  & 
Detweiler. 

Study  in  butts  and  tips  (from  the  American  anthro- 
pologist for  Oct.,  1892). 

Mazzuchelli,  Samuel,  1807-1864 

Memorie  d'un  Missionario  Apostolico.     '44.    Milan. 

Maxwell,  Sara  B. 

Manners  and  customs  of  to-day.  '90.  Des  Moines.  Cline 
pub.  house. 

Medbury,  Charles  S.,  1865— 

From  Eden  to  the  Jordan ;  series  of  lessons  in  the  Pen- 
tateuch.    '09.    Standard  pub. 

From  the  Jordan  to  the  throne  of  Saul ;  for  advanced 
teacher-training  classes,  adult  Bible  classes,  etc.     *10. 

.    Standard  pub. 

From  the  throne  of  Saul  to  Bethlehem;  for  advanced 
training  classes,  Bible  classes,  etc.     Standard  pub. 

Meeker,  Ezra,  1830— 

Ox  team  and  the  old  Oregon  trail.     '06. 

Pioneer  reminiscences  of  Puget  Sound.      '05.     Seattle, 

Wash.    The  author. 
Story  of  the  lost  trail  to  Oregon.    Seattle.    The  author. 
Ventures  and  adventures ;  or,  Sixty  years  of  frontier 

life.     '08.     Seattle.    Rainier  ptg.  co. 

Meese,  William  Augustus,  1856 — 

Abraham  Inncoln ;  incidents  in  his  life  relating  to  water- 
ways.    Moline,  111.     The  author. 

Mehan,  J.  M. 

Chart  of  political  history,  with  key.     '85.    Des  Moines. 

Merriam,  Charles  Edward,  1874 — 

History  of  American  political  theories.     '03.  Macmillan. 


IOWA  AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  WORKS  219 

Merriam,  Charles  Edward — Continued. 

History  of  theory  of  sovereignty  since  Rousseau.  '00. 
Longmans. 

Investigation  as  a  means  of  securing  administrative  ef- 
ficiency.    '12.    Am.  acad. 

Primary  elections.     '08.    Univ.  of  Chic. 

Report  of  investigation  of  municipal  revenues  of  Chi- 
cago.   City  club  of  Chic. 

Meredith,  Mrs.  Maude  (pseud,  for  Mrs.  Dwight  Smith) 
Parson 's  sin.    Donohue. 
Rivulet  and  clover  blossoms.     '81.     N.  Y. 
St.  Julien's  daughter.     '83.    Chic. 

MerriU,  S.  B. 

Paradise  restored  and  improved.     '81.     Des  Moines,  la. 

Metcalf,  Arthur,  1864— 

Green  devil;  a  romance  of  Thornton  abbey  in  the  days 
of  John  Wyclif.     '12.     Pilgrim  press. 

Metcalf,  H.  J. 

Riverside  echoes.     '04.    La  Crosse,  Wis.  Spicer  &  Busch- 

man. 
True  garden  of  eden.    n.  d. 

Meyer,  Frederic  Louis,  1875 — 

Twentieth  century  manual  of  railway  and  coitunercial 

telegraphy.     '05.    Rand. 
Twentieth  century  manual  of  railway  station  service. 

'06.     Rand. 

Meyerholz,  Charles  H. 

History  and  government  of  lovv^a.  '12.  Educational  pub. 

Miller,  Daniel  F.,  Sr. 

Rhetoric  as  an  art  of  persuasion.  '80.  Des  Moines 
Mills  &  Co. 

Miller,  Emery,  1834-1912 

Evolution  of  love.    rev.  ed.     '07.    Meth.  bk.  ,, 

Fact  of  God.     '01.    Meth.  bk. 

Future  probation.     '87.     Des  Moines.  •. ' 


220  ANNALS  OF  IOWA  ..  >.  . 

Miller,  Emory — Continued.  -.v. 

Memoirs  and  sermons.     11.    Meth.  bk.  i 

Thoughts.    Des  Moines.    Kenyon.  ^  - 

Miller,  Irving  J.  A. 

Fireside  poems.     '87.     Marshalltown,  la.     Miller  bros. 

Miller,  Mrs.  Mary  Farrand  (Rogers),  1868— 

Brook  book.     '02.    Doubleday. 
Outdoor  work.     '11.     Doubleday. 

Miller,  Mrs.  Sylvia  Penn 

Genealogical  record.     '13.    Englewood,  111.    The  author. 

Miller,  WiUiam  Edward,  1823-1896 

New  revised  and  annotated  code  of  Iowa.    Des  Moines. 

'80,  '85,  '88.    Supplement.     '92. 
Probate  law  and  practice  in  Iowa.     '90.    Des  Moines.    - 
Treatise  on  pleading  and  practice  in  Iowa.     5th;  ed. 

Des  Moines.     '88. 

— and  Field,  Washington 

Federal  practice.     Des  Moines.     '81. 

Mills,  Charles  Francis  Henry,  1875 — 

Voice  and  vocalism.     '09.    Lincoln,  Neb.    The  author. 

Mills,  F.  M. 

Home-made  jinglets,  cast  in  the  rough  at  odd  times.  '14. 
Sioux  Falls,  S.  D.    Sessions-Mannax  co. 

Index-digest  of  the  American  trotting  register;  digest 
of  first  ten  volumes  published  in  1892.  Mills  pub.  co. 
Sioux  Falls,  S.  D. 

Mills  family  and  its  collateral  branches  with  autobi- 
ographical reminiscences.     '11.    Sioux  Falls,  S.  D. 

Mills,  William  Wirt,  1867— 

King's  views  of  the  Panama  canal,  in  course  of  con- 
struction;  text  by  W :  Wirt  Mills.     '12.    King,  M.      -. 

Miner,  S.  E. 

Creation;  or,  The  power  behind  evolution.  '87.  Burling- 
ton, la. 


IOWA  AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  WORKS  221 

Miner,  William  Harvey,  1877— 

Contributions  toward  a  bibliography  of  writings  con- 
cerning Daniel  Boone.    Torch  press. 

Iowa  Indians;  a  sketch  of  their  history.  '10.  Torch 
press. 

Mitchell,  S.  F. 

Historical  sketch  o^  Iowa  Baptists.  ^S6.  Burlington, 
la. 

Monlux,  George 

Early  history  of  Lynn  county.  '09.  Rock  Rapids,  la. 
The  author. 

Moore,  Al 

Cab,  coach,  caboose.     '02.    Des  Moines.    Welch  ptg.  co. 

Moore,  Henry  Clarke 

Nihilism  and  other  isms  of  the  day.     '82.    Chic. 

Moore,  S.  A. 

History  of  Davis  county,  Iowa.  '76.  Bloomfield,  la. 
Moore  &  Ethell. 

Moorhead,  Frank  Graham 

Unknown  facts  about  well-known  people;  a  biograph- 
ical dictionary  and  directory.  '95.  St.  Louis.  Nixon- 
Jones. 

Morgan,  E.  G. 

Centennial    history    of    Webster    county.      '76.      Fort 
Dodge.     Times  job  ptg. 
Morley,  Margaret  Warner,  1858 — 
Bee  people.     '99.    McClurg. 
Butterflies  and  bees ;  insect  folks. 
Carolina  mountains.     '13.    Houghton. 
Donkey  John  of  Toy  valley.     '09.    McClurg. 
Down  north  and  up  along  (Nova  Scotia).    Dodd. 
Few  familiar  flow^ers.     Ginn. 
Flowers  and  their  friends.     Ginn. 
Grasshopper  land.     '07.     McClurg. 
Honey  makers.    McClurg.  -  -    ..... 

Insect^fdlks.     '03.     Ginn.   -  .,...'•         •  ■  - 

Life  and  love.    McClurg.  •    ' 


222  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

Morley,  Margaret  Warner— Continued. 

Little  Mitchell ;  story  of  a  mountain  squirrel.     '04.    Mc- 

Clurg. 
Little  wanderers   (seeds).     Ginn. 
Eenewal  of  life ;  how  and  when  to  tell  the  jstory  to  the 

young.     '06.    McClurg. 
,  Seed-habies.    Ginn. 
.Song  of  life.    MeClurg.  '^ 

Spark  of  life.     '13.    Revell. 
Wasps  and  their  ways.     '00.    Dodd. 
Will  o'  the  wasps.     '13.    McClurg. 

Morris,  R.  Anna 

Physical  education  in  the  public  schools.     '92.    Am.  bk. 

Morris,  Robert,  1818-1888 

Level  and  the  square.     '97.    Priv.  ptd. 

Lights  and  shadows  of  freemasonry.    Macoy  pub. 

Poetry  of  freemasonry.     Macoy  pub. 

— and  Mackey,  Albert  Gallatin 

Lights  and  shadows  of  the  mystic  tie.    Macoy  pub. 

Morrison,  M.  V.  B. 

Orphan's  experience;  or,  The  hunter  and  trapper.  '68. 
Des  Moines.     Mills  &  co. 

Moscnp,  F.  A. 

(jt.  auth.)  Battin,  William.  Past  and  present  of  -Mar- 
shall county,  Iowa.  2v.  '12.  Indianapolis.  B.  F. 
Bowen  CO. 

Mosely,  Moses  ^      , 

;    Colored  man  of  America  as  a  slave  and  as  a  citizen.     '84. 
Mount  Pleasant,  la.  , 

Mueller,  Ign. 

Communism.     '92.    Des  Moines  college. 
'  !  Gymiiasitim ;  an  educational  institution  of  Germany  and 
Austria-Hungary.     '90.    DeS  Moines.    Kenyon;  '■ 

Murphy,  Thomas  Dowler,  1866—  ,     , 

,    British  higl^^ays;  and,  bywayg  from  a  moto^  _^aT;     '08, 
Page. 


IOWA  AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  WORKS  223 

Murphy,  Thomas  Dowler — Continued. 

In  unfamiliar  England;  a  record  of  a  seven  thousand 
mile  tour  by  motor  of  the  unfrequented  nooks  and 
corners,  and  the  shrines  of  especial  interest  in  Eng- 
land with  incursions  into  Scotland  and  Ireland.  '10. 
Page. 

On  old  world  highways ;  a  book  of  motor  rambles  in 
France  and  Germany  and  the  record  of  a  pilgrimage 
from  Land's  End  to  John  0 'Groats  in  Britain.  '14. 
Page. 

Three  wonderlands  of  the  American  west.     '12.     Page. 

Myers,  Harriet  Williams 

Birds'  convention.  '13.  Western  pub.  eo.,  Los  An- 
geles, Cal. 

Neflf,  Mary  Lawson 

Brief  manual  of  prescription  writing  in  Latin  or  Eng- 
lish.    '01.     Davis. 

Neidig,  Mrs.  Clara  Adele 

As  the  seasons  come  and  go ;  a  cantata.      'OG.     Clara 

Adele  Neidig  library. 
Methodical   music  master;    an    operetta.       '07.      Bost. 

White,  Smith  music  pub. 

Nelson,  Aven,  185&— 

Analytical  key  to  some  of  the  common  flowering  plants 
of  the  Rocky  Mountain  region.     '02.     Appleton. 

Red  desert  of  Wyoming  and  its  forage  resources.  (Plant 
ind.  bul.)     '98.     Supt.  of  doc. 

(ed.)  Coulter,  J:  M.  New  manual  of  botany  of  the 
Central  Rocky  Mountains. 

Newcomer,  M.  S.  i 

Golden  gleanings.     '91.    Cedar  Rapids.    Republican  ptg. 
Lectures  on  preaching.     Central  bk. 

Newhall,  John  B. 

Sketches  6f  life;  or,  The  emigrant's  guide.    '41.  Golton, 


224  ■    = '"  '  "    ;ANl>rALS  OF  IOWA 

Newton,  Joseph  Fort 

■     'Abi'aham  Lincoln;  an  essay.     '10.    Torch  press. 
'David  Swing;  poet-preacher.     '09.    Unity  pub.  co. 
r     Eternal  Christ;  studies  in  the  life  of  vision  and  service. 
'         m.     Revell. 

Lincoln  and  Herndon.      '10.     Torch  press. 

Ministry  of  masonry.     '13.    Cedar  Rapids.    The  author. 

Nichols,  James  Thomas,  1865 — 

Lands  of  sacred  story.     '10.     Des  Moines.     Christian 
union. 

Noble,  Charles,  1847— 

Story  of  English  speech.     '13.    Badger,  R:  G. 
Studies  in  American  literature.     '01.    Macmillan. 

Noble,  Frank  H. 

Taxation  in  Iowa.     '97.     St.  Louis,  Mo.     Nixon-Jones 
ptg.  CO. 

NoUen,  John,  1828-1914 

Die  afcheiding. 

Spectre  of  the  brocken.     '79.    Pella,  la.    A.  T.  Betzer. 

Nollen,  John  Scholte,  1869— 

,     (comp.)  Chronology  and  practical  bibliography  of  mod- 
ern German  literature.     '03.    Scott. 
Fellowship;  the  church  and  the  college;  addresses  de- 
livered at  the  opening  of  the  academic  year,  Lake 
..^  y  Forest,  111.,, Sept  18  and  22,  1907.    Priv.  ptd. 

(ed.).German  poems,  1800- '50.    '12.    Ginn. 
..    PrinzFriedrich  von  Romberg.    "00.   Ginn. 

N^orris,  Harry  Waldo 

(jt.  anth.)   Macy,  Mrs.  Maude  Little.     Physiology  for 
high  schools.     '00.    Am.  bk. 

Norton,  Roy,  1869— 

-     Garden  of  fate.     '10.     Watt. 

Mediator.     '13.     Watt.  ' 

Plunderer.     '13.     Watt. 

Toil  of  the  sea.     '09.     Appleton.  '  '     ' 

'    Vanishing  fltiets.     '08.  ."Appleton.  ;' :         r 


IOWA  AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  WORKS  223 

— and  Hallo  well,  William  C. 

Guilty;  magazine  gun  tragedy.     Laird. 

Nourse,  Charles  Clinton 

Autobiography.     '11.     Priv.  j^td. 

Iowa  and  the  centennial ;  the  state  address.  '76.  Des 
Moines.    State  r'^gister  print. 

Nourse,  Laura  A.  Sunderlin 

Lyric  of  life.     '02.    Moulton. 

Pencilings  from  immortality.  '76.  ]\Ia<|uoketa.  Swi- 
gart  &  Sargent. 

Noyes,  William  Albert,  1857— 

Atomic  weight  of  hydrogen.  '08.  T^.  S.  stand.  Siipt. 
of  doc. 

Chemistry  for  the  laboratory.     Chem.  pub. 

Elements  of  qualitative  analj^sis,  6th  ed.,  re\'..  in  col- 
laboration with  the  author,  by  G.  MqV.  Smith.  '11. 
Holt. 

Organic  chei^iisti'y  for  the  laboratory.  2d.  rev.  &  enl. 
'11.     Chemical. 

Textbook   of  chemistry.      '13.     Holt. 

Textbook  of  organic  chemistry.      '08.     Ilolt. 

— and  Weber,  Henry  Charles  Paul 

Atomic  weight  of  chlorine.  '08.  U.  S.  stand.  Supt. 
of  doc. 

Nutting,  Charles  Cleveland,  1858 — 

Alcyonaria  of  the  California  coast.    U.  S.  Nat.  museum. 

American  hydroids.     '00.     '04.    U.  S.  Nat.  museum.' 

Descriptions  of  alcyonaria  coll.  by  U.  S.  bureau  of  fish- 
eries steamer  Albatross  in  vicinity  of  Hawaiian  is- 
lands.    '02.    TJ.  S.  Nat.  museum.    Supt.  of  doc. 

Hydroids  from  Alaska  and  Puget  Sound.  U.  S.  Nat. 
museum. 

Hydroids  (in  Harriman  Alaska  ser.,  v.  1-5) .     '10.    Smith- 
sonian. 
•   Hydroids  of  Hawaiian  islands  collected  by  steamer  Al- 
batross in  1902.     '05.    U.  S.  Fisheries.    Supt.  of  doc. 
15 


226  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

Nutting,  Charles  Cleveland — Continued. 

Hydroids  of  the  Woods  Hole  region.     '01.    U.  S.  Fish- 
eries. 
On  local  museums.   Davenport  acad.  of  sci. 

Nutting,  John  K. 

Rocky  hill  and  rolling  prairie.      '70.     Congregational 
pub. 

Oelrich,  Henry 

Cityless  and  countryless  world;  an  outline  of  practical 
co-operative  individualism.     '93. 

Osborn,  Herbert,  1856 — 

Descriptions  of  new  forms  of  jassidae.    Davenport  acad. 

of  sci. 
Economic  zoology.     '08.     Macmillan. 
Hessian  fly  in  the  United  States.      (Entom.  bu.  bul.) 

Gov.  ptg. 
Insects  affecting  domestic  animals.     (Entom.  bu.  bul.) 

Supt.  of  doc. 
Partial  catalogue  of  the  animals  of  Iowa.     '92.    Ames. 
PedicuUi  and  mallophaga  affecting  man  and  the  lower 

animals.     (Entom.  bu.  bul.  old  ser.)  '91.  Supt.  of  doc. 

— and  Ball,  Elmer  Darwin 

Genus  pediopsis.    Davenport  acad.  of  sci. 
Studies  of  North  American  jassidae.     Davenport  acad. 
of  sci. 

Osmond,  Samuel  McClurg 

Sulamith;  a  metrical  romance.     '92.     Phil.     James  B. 
Rogers  ptg.  co. 

Otis,  William  Bradley- 
American  verse,  1625-1807.     '09.    Moffat. 

Ott,  Edward  Amherst,  1867— 

Good  recitations.     Christian  pub. 
How  to  gesture,    new  ed.    Hinds. 

How  to  use  voice  in  reading  and  speaking.     '01.  Hinds. 
,  ,     Phillip  Gerard,  an  individual.    E.  E.  Ott,  Waukegan,  111. 
Sour  grapes;  or,  Heredity  and  marriage.     '09.    Lycue- 
mite  press,  617  Steinway  Hall,  Chic. 


IOWA  AUTHORS  AND  THEIR  WORKS  227 

Overton,  D.  Y. 

Annotated   code   of   civil   practice   for   Wisconsin   and 

Iowa.     75.     Chic. 
Treatise  on  the  law  of  liens,  as  common  law,  equity, 

statutory  and  maritime.     '83.     Banks  &  co. 

Page,  Charles  N. 

History  and  genealogy  of  the  Page  family  from  the  year 

1257  to  the  present.     11.    The  author. 
Parrots  and  other  talking  birds.     '10.    Des  Moines.   The 

author. 

Paine,  Albert  Bigelow,  1861 — 

Arkansaw  bear.     '03.    Altemus. 

Beacon  prize  medals  and  other  stories.     "99.     Baker. 

Bread  line.     '00.     Century. 

Captain  Bill  McDonald,  Texas  ranger.  '09.  W.  J.  Mc- 
Donald, Austin,  Tex. 

Commuters ;  the  story  of  a  little  lieartli  and  garden. 
'04.     Taylor. 

Dumpies.     Russell. 

ELsie  and  the  Arkansaw  bear.     '09.    Altemus. 

From  van  dweller  to  commuter.     '07.     Harper. 

Great  white  way.     '01.     Taylor. 

Hollow  tree   and   deep   woods.      '01.     Harper. 

Hollow  tree  snowed-in  books;  being  a  continuation  of 
the  stories  about  the  hollow  tree  and  deep  woods  peo- 
ple.     '10.     Plarper. 

In  the  deep  woods.    Russell. 

Life  and  letters  of  Thomas  Nast.     '10.    Harper. 

Little  garden  calendar  for  boys  and  girls.    '05.  Altemus. 

Little  lady,  her  book.     '01.     Altemus. 

Lucky  piece.     Baker. 

Sailor  of  fortune;  personal  memoirs  of  Captain  B.  S. 
Osbon.     2d.  ed.     Doubleday. 

Ship-dwellers ;  a  story  of  a  happy  cruise.     '10.   Harper. 

Tent-dwellers.      '08.     Harper. 

Thomas  Nast,  his  period  and  his  pictures.    Harper. 

Wanderings  of  Joe  and  little  Em.    Altemus. 


228 


ANNALS  OF  IOWA 


Herewith  appear  naiiies,  and  character  of  books  or  pam- 
phlets, of  Iowa  w^riters  not  heretofore  listed  by  us.  Fuller 
information  will  appear  in  a  completed  list  to  be  published 
later : 


Adams,  Elmer,    Biography. 

Anderson,  O.  A.,    Poetry. 

Antrobus,  Augustus  M.,  His- 
tory. 

Barker,  W.  T.,  Economics. 

Bartholomew,  Charles  L.,  Car- 
toons. 

Basquin,  Olin  Hanson,  Geom- 
etry. 

Bennett,  E.  G.,     Economics. 

Benton,  Elbert  J.,    History. 

Bessey,  Ernst  Athearn,    Botany, 

Bliss,  Ralph  Itenneth,  Agricul- 
ture. 

Bowles,   Gilbert,     Missions. 

Brigham,  Arthur  A.,  Useful 
Arts. 

Brown,   Charles   E.,     Biography. 

Burge,    William,     History. 

Callender,    William,     History. 

Glaggett,  Thomas,     Politics. 

Clark,  J.  Fred,    History. 

Clark,  Lincoln,    Politics. 

Clark,  Olynthus  B.,    History. 

Clark,  S.  M. ,    Pensions. 

Cleveland,  W.  F.,    History. 

Conkling,  William  W.,  Geneal- 
ogy. 

Copeland,  Katharine  Guild,  Gene- 
alogy. 

Corey,   S.  A.,    Mathematics. 

Curtis,  Samuel  R.,  Politics. 

Deane,  Ruthven,    Ornithology.. 

Drowning,  J.  B.,    History. 

Dunn,  L.  V.,  History. 

Edey,   E.   C,     Economics. 

Elrod.  Morton  John,    Ethnology. 

Ethell,  Henry  C;  History. 

Farwell,  Sewell,    Politics. 

Freer,    Hamline,     Religion. 

Gallatin,   Albert,     History. 

Gear,  John  H.,    Economics. 

Gjerset,   Knut,     History. 

Harding,  Wilber  J.,    Genealogy. 

Harrison,  Viola,    Travel. 

Hartley,    Joseph ,     Genealogy. 

Hodson,  E.  R.,    Agriculture. 

Holbrook,   John   C. ,     Biography. 


Horn,  Hosea  B.,    Travel. 

Hueston,  Ethel,    Fiction. 

Hughes,  Thomas,    History. 

Hull,  John  A.  T.,     History. 

Jackson,  A.  W.,    History. 

Keigwin,  Albert  Elwin,  Religion. 

Kelley,  William  H.,    Religion. 

Keller,   Buda,     Poetry. 

Kendall,   N.   E.,     Ethics. 

Kerby,    William    Joseph,     Soci- 
ology. 

Kirkwood,    Samuel   J.,    Politics. 

Kissell,  Mary  Lois,  Useful  Arts. 

Langridge,  W.  B.,   Biography. 

Laylander,  O.  J.,  Orthography. 

Lenher,   Victor,    Chemistry. 

Lewis,  R.  R.,   Arithmetic. 

Lloyd,   Frederick,    Biography. 

Loetscher,    Frederick    William , 
Religion. 

Loomis,    C.    H.,    Nature. 

Louis,  John  J. ,  Sociology. 

Lyon,  Milford  Hall,    Religion. 

McArdle,    Fred,    Engineering. 

McCrary,  George  W.,   Politics. 

McCrory,   Samuel  Henry,    Engi- 
neering 

McRoberts      Harriet      Skinner, 
Biography. 

Magoun,  George  P.,  Addresses. 

Mahin,    John    Lee,    Advertising. 

Mall,  Franklin  Paine,  Anatomy. 

Mansfield,  Robert  E.,    Travel. 

Mason,  Charles,   Address. 

Merriam,  Charles  Edward,   Eco- 
nomics. 

Michael,  William  H.,    History. 

Moore,  Henry  Hoyt,   Sociology. 

Morcombe,  Joseph  E.,   History. 

Mosher,    L.    O,    History. 

Neidig,  William  Jonathan,    Lit- 
erature. 

Noble,  C.  E.,   Religion. 

Nutting,  John  K.,  History. 

O'Connor,    Henry,    History. 

Ortlepp,  E.   E.,    Religion. 

Otto,  Ralph,    Law. 


^ 


■^ 


ANNALS  OF  IOWA 


EDITORIAL         DEPARTMENT 


THE  DEVICE  OF  OUR  FIRST  OFFICIAL  SEAL. 

The  Thirty-sixth  General  Assembly  empowered  the  Curator 
to  certify  copies  of  such  of  the  public  papers  as  he  receives 
from  State  offices  for  perpetual  care  and  custody  in  tlie  Di- 
vision of  Public  Archives  in  the  Historical  Department.  Such 
certification  implies  an  official  seal. 

Stud}'  for  the  device  of  such  a  seal  reveals  nothing  appear- 
ing to  so  well  coml)ine  a  symbolism  of  Iowa  history,  art  and 
patriotism  with  that  permanence,  dignity  and  beauty  of  de- 
sign requisite  to  a  seal,  as  does  the  classic  visage  of  the  founder 
of  the  Historical  Department. 

There  is  immeasurable  satisfaction  in  authenticating  the 
most  formal  and  imperishable  communications  of  the  Depart- 
ment by  affixing  a  visual  reminder  of  that  nnselfish  service 
to  which  Iowa  is  indebted  for  an  aroused  respect  for  her 
historical  interests.  Formal  documents  with  this  impress  in  a 
sense  will  be  inspirited.  They  will  have  with  them  something 
like  the  presence  as  well  as  the  thought  of  Charles  Aldrich. 


230  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 


THE  CUSTODY  AND  USE  OF  HISTORICAL 
MATEEIALS. 

The  historical  materials  of  Iowa  under  the  custody  of  the 
Historical  Department  at  Des  Moines,  consist  of  all  that  we 
can  obtain  of  the  genuine,  original  objects,  books,  newspapers, 
maps,  manuscripts  and  other  things  that  evidence  or  illustrate 
the  lives  of  men  as  notable  individuals  or  their  movement  in 
groups  or  in  procession  in  our  community  development.  Our 
materials  are  derived  by  gift,  bequest,  purchase,  legislation, 
discovery  or  production  by  our  workers  and  associates. 
How  and  to  what  extent  the  collections  are  available  for  the 
use  of  others  than  the  Historical  Department,  we  will  en- 
deavor to  define. 

It  appears  that  institutions  such  as  ours  are  bound  to  their 
respective  traditions  and  environment,  and  that  no  com- 
mon basis  of  co-operation  between  institutions  and  public,  or 
institution  and  institution  obtains.  A  few  custodians  have 
forced  their  way  through  obstructions  and  by  a  sort  of  comity 
have  worked  out  a  species  of  ethics  similar  to  that  obtaining 
in  the  practice  of  the  law,  thus  exchanging  views,  borrowing 
and  lending  collections  and  otherwise  expanding  their  tradi- 
tional boundaries.  But  as  has  been  stated  by  Mr.  Lawrence 
J.  Burpee  and  others,  no  system  nor  science  controls.^  Hence 
the  writer's  views  upon  this  phase  of  the  responsibility  of 
custody  of  historical  materials  and  the  policy  of  the  Historical 
Department  with  respect  thereto  are  here  presented  in  re- 
sponse to  numerous  requests  of  heads  of  other  institutions. 

"Whatever  one's  desire  to  use  or  allow  the  use  of  materials 
under  his  charge,  he  is  responsible  directly  through  law,  con- 
tract, presumptions  and  rules  of  ethics  to  the  person  or  source 
from  which  possession  or  title  to  each  item  in  his  trust  is  de- 
rived. The  public  archives  being  derived  through  law,  from 
state  officials,  are  to  be  held  and  used  by  the  curator  as  if 
he  were  in  fact  a  composite  of  the  persons  who  have  from 
time  to  time  as  incumbents  of  the   office  had  personal  re- 

'Annals,  v.  XII,  No.  1,  April,  1915. 


EDITORIAL   DEPARTMENT  231 

sponsibility  for  the  papers.  Wherein  they  or  any  of  them 
should  have  held  to  any  rule  of  use,  that  rule  the  curator  is 
obliged  to  discover  and  regard  in  the  formulation  of  his 
])olicy  and  rules.  Materials  derived  by  gift  or  bequest  are 
lield  by  a  right  wholly  different  from  that  by  which  public 
archives  are  held,  and  the  curator  is  presumed  to  know  and 
1o  enforce  compliance  with  each  condition  going  with  title  or 
]>ossession.  Such  materials  as  are  discovered  or  produced  by 
us  are  subject  to  all  the  considerations  of  good  conscience 
that  bear  upon  the  performance  of  any  other  public  trust. 
The  curator  escapes  no  charge  or  complaint  that  is  or  may  be 
lodged  against  the  persons  formerly  in  possession. 

The  Iowa  statute  on  libel  suggests  one  extreme  of  lia.bilitv 
and  is  as  folloAvs: 

A  libel  is  the  malicious  defamation  of  a  person,  made  public  by 
any  printing,  writing,  sign,  picture,  representation  or  effigy,  tending 
to  provoke  liim  to  wrath  or  expose  him  to  public  hatred,  contempt 
or  ridicule,  or  to  deprive  him  of  the  benefits  of  public  confidence 
and  social  intercourse;  or  any  malicious  defamation,  made  public 
as  aforesaid,  designed  to  blacken  and  vilify  the  memory  of  one  who 
is  dead,  and  tending  to  scandalize  or  provoke  his  surviving  relatives 
or  friends. 

No  printing,  writing  or  other  thing  is  a  libel  unless  there  has  been 
a  publication  thereof. 

The  delivering,  selling,  reading  or  otherwise  communicating  a 
libel,  or  causing  the  same  to  be  delivered,  sold,  read  or  otherwise 
communicated,  to  one  or  more  persons  or  to  the  party  libeled,  is  a 
publication  thereof. 

Every  person  who  makes,  composes,  dictates  or  procures  the 
same  to  be  done,  or  who  wilfully  publishes  or  circulates  such  libel, 
or  in  any  way  knowingly  or  wilfully  aids  or  assists  in  making,  pub- 
lishing or  circulating  the  same,  shall  be  imprisoned  in  the  county 
jail  not  more  than  one  year,  or  be  fined  not  exceeding  one  thousand 
dollars. 

This  liability  would  arise  probably  not  once  in  a  thousand 
times  in  collections  of  archives  and  personal  manuscript  ma- 
terials, but  it  reveals  the  difficulty  with  which  one  contem- 
plates the  holding  of  deposits  loaded  with  public  and  private 
explosives  which  may  be  as  readily  touched  into  instant  life  by 
the  deliberation  of  the  scholarly  stranger  as  the  careless  jani- 
tor. Regardless  of  the  date  of  a  circumstance  or  of  a  paper 
disclosing  it,  injury  is  actionable  at  law  and  repulsive  in 


232  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

morals,  not  as  of  the  date  it  became  possible  but  of  its  ef- 
fect. Between  this  extreme  and  that  of  the  original  dis- 
covery and  publication  of  highly  creditable  but  forgotten 
facts  regarding  men  and  events  of  former  days,  lies  the  field 
of  discretion  on  the  part  of  the  curator. 

The  writer  advocates  the  acquisition  and  preservation  of 
every  scrap  of  paper  that  originates  with  or  comes  from  the 
hand  of  any  man  of  note.  He  believes  the  supreme  test  for 
such  item  was  when  it  passed  in  review  of  the  attention  of 
the  mind  of  the  person  through  whose  hand  it  was  derived. 
If  at  that  instant  that  mind  reserved  it,  every  other  mind  fol- 
lowing is  put  upon  inquiry  whether  all  the  functions  for  which 
it  was  originally  reserved  have  been  performed.  Few  of  us 
have  the  temerity  to  say  a  man  once  high  in  military  or  social 
affairs,  knew  or  felt  less  accurately  the  meaning  of  an  item 
related  to  his  problems  than  can  thereafter  become  known 
without  our  own  exhaustive  study.  Pew  of  us  have  time  even 
if  we  had  the  ability  to  judge  whether  all  the  functions  for 
which  an  item  was  resented  have  been  performed.  So  the 
custodian  of  historical  materials  should  both  acquire,  and  con- 
trol the  use  of  all  that  exists  which  tends  to  throw  light  upon 
the  working  out  of  the  destiny  of  man  within  his  sphere. 

The  writer  holds  that  the  curator  must  therefor  know  the 
qualifications  and  purposes  of  applicants  for  the  use  of  his- 
torical materials  precisely  as  the  banker  must  know  the 
things  necessary  to  protect  and  produce  dividends  upon  tint 
funds  of  his  depositors  which  as  an  agent  he  lends  to  his 
clients.  Nor  is  it  unnecessary  hardship  upon  the  user  to 
cause  him  to  m^ake  himself  known  in  this  respect.  To  estab- 
lish himself  in  the  acquaintance  and  confidence  of  the  curator 
is  to  clothe  his  naked  right  with  a  good  will  and  convert 
passive  into  active  energy.  He  gains  access  to  the  wnole  of 
the  record  and  all  the  local  color  with  which  the  curator  is 
possessed.  Often  this  is  vital  to  success.  For  instance,  if  a 
student  observe  from  available  sources  that  the  current  of  a 
life  or  of  public  affairs  suddenly  swirls  about  something  he 
senses  but  cannot  see,  he  confers  with  the  curator  and  finds 
there  is  some  explanatory  tradition  or  "inside  evidence." 
The  student  proceeds  with  knowledge  or  at  least  with  notice, 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  233 

where,  uuassisted,  or  without  the  confidence  of  the  curator,  liis 
course  must  have  been  at  random  or  at  the  least  uncertain. 
The  writer  has  entrusted  matter  in  confidence  to  investigators 
under  assurance  of  honor  against  untoward  use  of  facts  and 
has  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  rocky  channels  thereby  safe- 
ly navigated  and  accurately  cliarted  without  inviting  wreck. 
The  curator  as  a  trustee  is  entitled  to  personal  safety  and  to 
obtain  it  is  entitled  to  establish  rules  and  exact  guarantees 
so  long  as  he  exercise  good  faith,  diligence,  and  the  iiiaxiinum 
of  his  intelligence  in  dealing  with  applicants.  Piut  after  all 
it  is  for  him  to  determine  in  every  instance  of  applicant  and 
puiTDOse;  of  item  and  its  bearing.  There  is  probal)ly  no  field 
of  scholarly  endeavor  where  as  highly  trained  men  on  as 
important  missions  meet  (and  by  the  way,  present)  so  great 
a  lack  of  uniformity,  not  to  say  low  order,  of  (^tliics  as  that 
where  the  inquiring  mind  presents  itself  to  the  keei)er  o'' 
historical  material.  There  is  no  institution  wliere  tlie  con- 
tending considerations  of  this  complex  trust  is  better  illus- 
trated than  in  the  Historical  Depai-tment  of  Iowa.  There  is 
nothing  better  supported  than  our  rule  that  everything  pos- 
sessed is  for  the  public  use,  yet  whether  a  proposed  use  is  of 
public  or  private  character  is  for  the  decision  of  the  curator. 


PROPOSED  GRAND  ARMY  CORRIDOR. 

Officials  and  leaders  of  the  Iowa  Department,  Orand  Army 
of  the  Republic,  plan  for  an  eventual  testimonial  to  the  valor 
of  loyal  soldiers  of  Iowa  in  the  War  of  the  Rebellion.  The 
idea  is  best  outlined  in  resolutions  adoi)ted  at  the  41st  annual 
encampment  of  the  Iowa  Department,  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic,  Sioux  City,  June  8-10,  1915 : 

Whereas,  Many  of  our  Grand  Army  Posts  and  individual  comrades 
and  tlieir  families  possess  valuable  records,  correspondence,  pictures, 
trophies  and  books  which  illustrate  our  service  for  the  Union,  and 
which  are  likely  to  be  lost,  Be  it 

Resolved,  That  all  comrades  of  this  department  are  urged  to  send 
or  provide  for  the  sending  of  all  such  material  to  the  office  of  the 
Assistant  Adjutant  General  at  Des  Moines  for  safe  keeping,  particu- 
larly all  unused  Post  records,  correspondence,  pictures,  flags  and 
wall  pieces,  and  all  letters,  commissions,  weapons  and  uniforms  that 
relate  to  the  Federal  service  of  the  soldier  or  sailor,  that  are  still 
in  existence. 


234  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

Resolved,  That  we  urge  the  next  General  Assembly  to  erect  a 
suitable  addition  to  the  State  Historical,  Memorial  and  Art  Build- 
ing, to  be  known  as  the  Grand  Army  Corridor,  or  some  suitable 
designation,  where  all  Civil  War  material  the  State  possesses  or 
may  acquire  may  be  assembled.  The  same  to  be  the  sole  repository 
of  the  Civil  War  history  of  Iowa,  to  be  owned  by  the  State  of  Iowa 
forever. 

From  this  it  is  inferred  that  by  a  sort  of  gravity  there  may 
come  into  the  keeping  of  the  principal  officials  of  the  Grand 
Army  in  our  State  all  that  exists  outside  the  State's  collec- 
tions, of  writings,  relics,  trophies,  records  and  literature  be- 
tokening the  contribution  in  blood  and  treasure  of  Iowa  peo- 
ple to  the  Union  cause;  that  when  the  Grand  Army  so  de- 
sires, its  official  headquarters  shall  be  by  them  established 
in  an  apartment  designed  by  and  for  them,  and  for  the  con- 
venient, permanent  and  public  exhibition  of  all  material  re- 
lating to  soldier  service  of  Iowa  citizens. 

Nothing  so  inspires  our  youth  as  the  bullet-shredded  stan- 
dard of  our  country.  Nothing  stirs  the  emotion  of  new  citi- 
zens from  foreign  countries  or  sister  states  as  the  service- 
stained  uniform  or  accoutrement  of  the  Iowa  volunteer  sol- 
dier soiled  in  his  struggle  for  human  rights.  Probably  no 
portion  of  the  Iowa  field  of  scholarly  study  will  in  future 
be  covered  with  greater  diligence  or  more  devotion  than  that 
wherein  were  planted,  grown  and  garnered  the  seeds  of  civil 
strife. 

Iowa  soldiers  and  their  families  at  home  or  removed  e]se>= 
where  could  not  now  so  honor  their  names  as  to  respond 
to  this  resolution.  Our  Department  has  no  higher  office 
than  the  co-operation  with  the  Iowa  Department  Grand  Army 
of  the  Republic,  in  its  great  purpose.  Iowa  has  no  better 
tribute  remaining,  since  it  has  marked  with  bronze  and  gran- 
ite the  battle  grounds  and  burial  places  of  her  troops  in 
southern  lands,  than  to  raise  a  fitting  structure  central  to  all 
Iowa  historical,  memorial  and  art  collections,  as  her  Grand 
Army  Corridor.  We  have  had  no  "Little  Corporal."  We 
recall  no  St.  Helena.  We  need  no  Invalides.  But  without  a 
temple  or  imperial  tomb,  in  response  to  this  resolution,  Iowa 
should  in  justice  and  may  in  modesty  provide  a  monument 
less  imposing  and  yet  as  eloquent. 


EDITORIAL   DEPARTMENT  235 

NOTES. 

LOCATION    OF   A    MORMON    TRAIL   MONUMENT. 

Mrs.  D.  W.  Bushnell,  for  the  Iowa  D.  A.  R.,  seeking  as- 
surance for  a  correct  location  within  the  city  of  Council 
Bluffs  for  a  monument  marking  the  route  of  overland  travel 
across  Iowa  upon  the  Mormon  Trail,  was  advised  by  the 
writer  as  follows : 

The  flow  of  immigration  from  eastern  Iowa  through  Council 
Bluffs  and  onward  was  like  that  of  the  water  through  Lake  Pepin 
on  the  upper  Mississippi.  We  can^say  with  precision  where  it  en- 
tered and  with  certainty  at  what  point  it  left.  But  within  the 
city  there  was  the  same  phenomena  of  current  and  quiet,  of  swirl 
and  stillness,  of  sweeping  and  of  settling,  as  the  excitement  in 
the  East  and  in  the  West  ebbed  and  flowed;  as  the  ground  and  the 
grass,  the  warmth  and  the  coldness  of  the  air  affected  the  sensibilities 
of  those  bound  west.  Technically  it  is  safe  only  to  say  that  the 
main  thread  of  travel  entered  Council  Bluffs  where  the  road  from 
Lewis  passes  the  state  School  for  the  Deaf;  then  its  fraying  fibers 
spread  all  about  the  hills  and  bottom-lands;  that  they  were  again 
gathered  into  one  thread  now  reaching  across  the  Missouri  at  one 
place  at  a  ferry,  then  at  another  as  the  ferry  was  changed  up  or 
down  stream.  Absolute  precision  in  the  location  of  a  marker  is 
immaterial  so  long  as  it  is  found  with  ease  by  whoever  seeks  it 
and  it  states  the  essential  facts  in  accurate  language. 


FROM  THE  ANDREW  WESTERN  DEMOCRAT,  January  25,  1850. 
A  NEW  FERRY  ACROSS  THE  MISSOURI  RIVER. 

The  subscribers  having  obtained  from  the  General  Assembly  of 
the  State  of  Iowa,  a  charter  to  keep  a  Ferry  across  the  Missouri 
river  at  Council  Bluffs,  and  a  permit  from  the  Indian  agent  at 
Council  Bluffs  Agency  to  land  in  the  Indian  Territory,  are  pre- 
pared with  new  and  safe  boats  and  tried  watermen  to  attend  faith- 
fully to  the  duties  of  said  Ferry.  For  those  going  to  Oregon  or 
California,  this  is  decidedly  the  best  crossing  place.  Aside  from 
being  over  three  hundred  miles  nearer  than  by  Independence,  it 
saves  the  difficult  and  dangerous  crossings  of  the  two  forks  of  the 
Kansas  river,  the  Platte  river  and  several  others,  and  insures  the 
protection  of  the  United  States  troops,  as  well  as  the  Agency  of  the 
Ottoes,  the  Omahos  and  Pawnees  being  at  the  Bluffs. 

The  roads  to  this  Ferry  from  the  various  crossings  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi through  the  interior  of  Iowa  are  good,  well  supplied  with 


236  AN5jALS  of  IOWA 

wood  and  water,  and  every  other  article  needed  by  the  emigrant, 
and  at  St.  Francis  and  Council  Bluffs  all  articles  of  food,  furniture, 
&c.,  that  will  be  needed  in  crossing  the  mountains,  can  be  had  on 
reasonable  terms,  as  well  as  good  and  experienced  guides  and 
mountaineers;  ih  fact  it  is  designed  to  be  prepared  with  all  such 
articles  as  the  traveler  may  need  to  add  to  his  comfort  or  safety. 
Those  who  wish  to  spend  the  winter  here  in  order  to  cross  the 
mountains  early,  can  find  abundance  of  all  that  they  require  for 
themselves  and  teams.  This  ferry  being  on  the  direct  line  from 
Chicago  to  the  South  Pass,  gives  it  a  decided  advantage  over  the 
old  route.  All  North  of  the  Iowa  should  pass  through  Iowa  City, 
via  Trading  House,  25  miles,  (Bob  Hutchenson's  residence,)  Snook's 
Grove,  24  miles;  to  Newton,  34  miles;  this  is  the  county  seat  of 
Jasper  county;  to  Fort  Des  Moines  (Raccoon  Forks)  30  miles; 
here  goods  and  stores  of  every  kind  needed  can  be  had  on  fair 
terms.  From  this  place  the  road  is  the  best  of  any  in  the  state. 
To  Brown's  ford  on  North  river,  18  miles;  Happy  grove,  6  miles; 
to  Marvin's  grove,  6  miles  ;to  Tucker's  grove,  10  miles,  (i^  mile 
off  the  road;)  to  Allen's,  9  miles,  at  the  bridge  across  Middle  river; 
to  east  fork  of  the  Nodawa,  13  miles,  good  ford;  to  west  fork  of 
the  Nodawa,  Campbell's  grove,  15  miles,  stream  bridged — plenty  of 
timber;  to  east  fork  of  the  Nishnabotany,  12  miles,  Ferrin's  ferry 
at  the  old  Indian  village.  Here  the  northern  road  intersects  the 
Mormon  trail;  to  Mt.  Scott,  17  miles;  to  west  fork,  5  miles;  to 
Silver  creek,  10'  miles;  to  Keg  creek,  6  miles;  here  the  road  forks, 
the  right  hand  leads  to  Kanesville,  the  principal  Mormon  town,  the 
left  to  St.  Francis,  opposite  Council  Bluffs  Agency  in  Nebraska 
Territory. 

SOUTHERN  ROUTE. 

Eddyville  is  the  principal  crossing  place  of  the  southern  road — 
emigrants  would  do  well  to  lay  in  their  supplies  here  as  there  are 
some  five  or  six  large  stores,  fiouring  mills,  &c.;  to  Clark's  Point, 
13  miles;  to  Prather's,  12  miles;  to  Chariton  Point,  13  miles,  center 
of  Lucas  county;  to  .Watson's.  20  miles;  to  Pisgah,  40.  miles,  to 
Ferrin's  ferry  at  the  junction  of  the  northern  and  southern  roads, 
60  miles.  The  distance  from  Iowa  City  to  St.  Francis,  can  be  trav- 
eled in  12  days  with  good  ox  teams.    From  Eddyville  in  14  days. 

CLARK,  TOWNSEND,  WHEELING  &  CO. 

St.  Francis,  July,  1849. 


EDITORIAL   DEPARTMENT  237 

THE  GETTYSBURG  SPEECH  IN  THE  IOWA  NEWSPAPERS  OF 

THE  TIME. 

Our  file  of  the  Ottumiva  Canrier  for  November  26,  1863. 
contains  the  following  editorial  npon  Lincoln's  Gettysbur«4' 
speech  on  the  dedication  of  the  battle  ground  on  November 
19,  1863 : 

The  consecration  of  a  Cemetery  on  the  Battle  Ground  of  Gettys- 
burg on  the  26th,  [19th]  was  one  of  the  most  solemn  and  impres- 
sive occasions  ever  witnessed  in  this  country.— Over  50,000  people, 
including  President  Lincoln,  several  heads  of  Departments,  Gov- 
ernors of  States,  and  other  persons  high  in  civil  and  military  life, 
were  present.  A  very  impressive  prayer  was  made  by  Rev.  Mr. 
Stockton,  the  eloquent  Chaplain  of  the  U.  S.  Senate.  Hon.  Edwarfl 
Everett  delivered  an  oration  occupying  2  hours  and  4  minutes, 
which  is  pronounced  among  the  most  eloquent  of  his  discourses. 
Speeches  were  made  by  Col.  Forney,  and  the  best  one  of  the  occa- 
sion by  Lieut.  Gov.  Anderson  of  Ohio.  President  Lincoln  spoke 
as  follows: 

"Four  score  and  seven  years  ago,  our  fathers  established  upon 
this  continent  a  Government  subscribed  in  liberty  and  dedicated  to 
the  fundamental  principle  that  all  mankind  are  created  equal  by  a 
good  God,  and  (applause)  now  we  are  engaged  in  a  great  con- 
test. We  are  contesting  the  question  whether  this  nation  or  any 
nation  so  conceived,  so  dedicated  can  longer  remain.  We  are  met 
on  a  great  battle  field  of  the  war.  We  are  met  here  to  dedicate 
a  portion  of  that  field  as  the  final  resting  place  of  who  have  given 
their  lives  to  that  nation  that  it  might  live.  It  is  altogether  fitting 
and  that  we  should  do  this.  But  in  a  large  sense  M^e  cannot  dedi- 
cate, we  cannot  consecrate,  we  cannot  hallow  this  ground.  The 
brave  men  lying  dead,  who  struggled  here,  have  consecrated  it  far 
above  our  poor  power  to  add  or  to  detract.  (Great  applause) —  The 
world  will  little  heed,  nor  long  remember,  what  we  say  here; 
but  it  will  not  forget  what  they  did  here.    (Immense  Applause.) 

It  is  for  us  rather,  the  living,  to  be  dedicated  here  to  the  un- 
finished work  that  they  have  thus  far  so  nobly  carried  forward. 
It  is  rather  for  us  here  to  be  dedicated  the  great  task  remaining 
before  us;  for  us  to  renew  our  devotion  to  that  cause  for  which 
they  gave  the  full  measure  of  their  devotion.  Here  let  us  resolve 
that  what  they  have  done  shall  not  have  been  done  in  vain.  That 
the  nation,  shall,  under  God,  have  a  new  birth.  That  the  Govern- 
ment the  people  founded,  by  the  people  shall  not  perish." 

The  National  Cemetery  adjoins  the  Gettysburg  Cemetery,  slop- 
ing northwards,  towards  the  long  line  of  hills  from  which  the  foe 
made  their  attack.  The  old  cemetery  has  been  beautifully  improved, 
though  not  all  the  monuments  and  iron  fence  demolished  by  shot 
and  shell  liave  been  restored. — It  is  an  elevated  and  commanding 
site,  sloping  down  handsomely  all  around,  except  to  the  eastward, 
where  a  slight  descent  brings  up  to  the  hill,  where  the  earth  de- 
fenses of  two  batteries  are  as  they  were  constructed. 


238  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 


NOTABLE  DEATHS 


Lorenzo  Frank  Andrews  was  born  in  Atliol,  Massachusetts. 
March  8,  1828;  he  died  at  Des  Moines,  July  8,  1915.  When  two 
years  of  age  his  parents  removed  to  Brandon,  Vermont,  remained 
there  for  ten  years,  and  then  returned  to  Massacliusetts.  He  at- 
tended the  common  schools  and  had  one  term  in  Troy  Conference 
Academy  at  Poultney,  Vermont.  From  sixteen  to  eighteen  years 
of  age  he  was  an  apprentice  in  the  office  of  the  Barre  (Mass.) 
Patriot.  In  1850  he  removed  to  Kalamazoo,  Michigan,  and  worked 
in  the  office  of  the  Telegraph.  Later  he  established  the  Western 
Union  at  Niles,  Mich.,  which  was  destroyed  by  fire;  a  weekly 
paper  at  Girard,  Pa.,  which  he  sold;  served  as  city  editor  of  the 
Daily  Northwestern  at  Oshkosh,  Wis.,  for  a  year  and  as  assistant 
editor  of  the  Daily  Courier  at  La  Fayette,  Ind.,  for  two  years. 
In  1863  he  removed  to  Des  Moines  and  entered  the  office  of  Mills 
&  Company,  publishers.  While  working  there  he  read  law,  en- 
tered the  first  class  of  the  Iowa  Law  School,  graduated  in  1866, 
was  admitted  to  the  practice  and  appointed  United'  States  Com- 
missioner for  Iowa.  He  was  State  correspondent  of  the  Chicago 
Evening  Journal  for  thirty  years  and  at  times  for  the  Chicago 
Tribune,  St.  Louis  Globe-Democrat,  St.  Paul  Pioneer  Press  and 
Neio  York  Tribune.  He  was  night  editor  of  the  Daily  Register 
under  Mills  &  Company  and  city  editor  of  the  Daily  Republican 
and  Daily  State  Journal.  In  1880  he  was  appointed  the  first  sec- 
retary of  the  State  Board  of  Health.*  A  new  law  requiring  the 
secretary  to  be  a  physician  was  passed  the  next  year,  and  he 
became  assistant  secretary,  serving  for  eighteen  years  and  assist- 
ing in  the  passage  of  numerous  important  laws  conducive  to  pub- 
lic health  and  safety.  He  reported  the  proceedings  of  the  legis- 
lature for  more  than  twenty  years.  In  recent  years  Mr.  Andrews 
devoted  his  time  to  collecting  and  recording  facts  and  biographies 
of  early  days  and  early  settlers  in  the  city  and  State.  In  addi- 
tion to  his  numerous  special  articles  he  was  the  author  of  "Pio- 
neers of  Polk  County,"  a  two-volume  work  published  in  1908. 


Clarence  S.  Wilson  was  born  in  Louisiana,  November  11,  1840; 
he  died  in  Des  Moines,  August  18,  1915.  He  came  to  the  North 
when  a  young  man,  and  as  a  rider  on  the  Overland  Pony  Express 
carried  mail  across  the  plains  for  some  years.  He  went  to  Win- 
terset,  Iowa,  about  1861  and  obtained  employment  as  a  printer. 
He  enlisted  in  Company  D,  First  Iowa  Cavalry,  on  June  13, 
1861,    and    after   eighteen    months'    service,   received    his    discharge 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  239 

on  account  of  disability  on  February  14,  1863.  He  returned  to 
Iowa  and  in  the  winter  of  1864-65  located  at  Pella,  where  he  estab- 
lished the  PclJa  Blade.  In  1866  he  was  appointed  a  clerk  in  the 
House  of  Representatives.  In  1871  he  removed  to  Des  Moines  and 
for  six  years  was  city  editor  on  the  loica  State  Register.  In  1878 
he  served  as  Representative  from  Polk  county  in  the  Seventeenth 
General  Assembly  and  was  instrumental  in  passing  the  law  to 
establish  the  board  of  railroad  commissioners.  In  1887  he  became 
one  of  the  founders  and  first  editor  of  the  Bes  Moines  Daily 
News.  He  afterward  disposed  of  his  interests  in  this  paper  and 
was  city  editor  on  the  Des  Moines  Daily  Capital  for  a  time  and 
did  similar  work  in  St.  Joseph  and  Atchison.  He  removed  to  Cali- 
fornia several  years  ago  on  account  of  his  health,  returning  to 
Iowa  for  special  treatment  about  a  year  before  his  death.  He 
was  considered  an  ideal  reporter  and  his  editorials  were  widely 
read  and  quoted. 


Charles  Edwix  Bessev  was  born  at  Milton,  Ohio,  May  21,  1845; 
he  died  at  Lincoln,  Nebraska,  February  25,  1915.  He  was  brought 
up  on  a  farm  and  received  his  early  education  in  the  common  schools 
and  in  the  academies  at  Seville  and  Canaan,  Ohio.  He  was  grad- 
uated from  the  scientific  course  in.  the  Michigan  Agricultural  Col- 
lege at  Lansing,  in  1869,  and  studied  at  Harvard  under  Prof.  Asa 
Gray,  1872-1873  and  1875-1876.  From  1870  to  1884  he  was  professor 
of  botany  in  the  Iowa  Agricultural  College,  then  in  its  pioneer  days. 
and  served  as  acting  president  during  the  year  1882.  In  1884  he 
was  appointed  to  the  chair  of  botany  in  the  University  of  Nebraska 
and  filled  that  position  until  his  death,  also  acting  as  chan- 
cellor 1888-1891,  1899-1900  and  1907,  and  as  head  dean  since 
1909.  He  was  editor  of  the  department  of  botany  of  the  American 
Naturalist  from  1880  to  1897  and  of  Science  since  that  date.  He 
was  probably  the  most  noted  botanist  in  the  country,  an  investigator 
of  international  repute  and  had  served  as  president  of  the  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  1910-11;  Botanical 
Society  of  America,  1895-96;  Society  Promotion  of  Agricultural 
Science,  1889-91;  Department  of  Natural  Science,  National  Educa- 
tional Association,  1895-96;  American  Microscopical  Society,  1902. 
He  was  the  author  of  many  text  books  on  botanical  subjects  and 
a  contributor  to  the  leading  scientific  periodicals. 


Melvin  H.  Byers  was  born  in  Noble  county,  Ohio,  January 
12,  1846;  he  died  at  Des  Moines,  July  27,  1915.  He  removed  with 
his  father's  family  to  Glenwood,  Iowa,  in  1853.  He  worked  on  a 
farm  and  attended  the  public  schools  until  1864  when  he  en- 
listed in  Company  B,  Twenty-ninth  Iowa  Volunteer  Infantry,  and 
participated  in  several  important  engagements.  He  was  mustered 
out  with  his  regiment  at  New  Orleans,  August  10,  1865.     He  re- 


240  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

turned  to  Mills  county  and  assisted  his  father  upon  the  farm  for 
several  years,  and  afterward  opened  a  general  store  at  Glenwood 
which  he  conducted  for  ten  years.  Later  he  engaged  in  the  real 
estate  and  abstract  business.  He  was  elected  county  recorder  of 
Mills  county  and  held  that  office  six  years.  He  was  also  mayor 
of  Glenwood  for  three  terms.  In  1879  he  enlisted  in  the  Iowa  Na- 
tional Guard  and  in  1898  received  from  Governor  Shaw  the  appoint- 
ment as  Adjutant  General  of  Iowa.  The  outbreak  of  the  Spanish- 
American  War  called  for  special  effort  and  he  organized  four  regi- 
ments of  infantry  to  serve  in  that  war.  He  was  re-appointed  Ad- 
jutant General  by  Governor  Cummins  and  his  whole  service  ex- 
tended from  1898  to  1905.  At  the.  expiration  of  this  period  he 
engaged  in  the  life  insurance  business  at  Des  Moines.  In  1909  he 
v/as  appointed  state  oil  inspector  and  filled  that  position  until  his 
death. 


Chaig  L.  Wkight  was  born  in  Keosauqua,  Iowa,  December  5, 
1846;  he  died  in  Los  Angeles,  California,  August  6,  1915.  He 
was  the  son  of  Judge  George  G.  and  Hannah  M.  (Dibble)  Wright. 
He  attended  the  public  schools  of  Keosauqua  and  was  graduated 
from  the  State  University  of  Iowa  at  the  age  of  19.  He  received 
his  diploma  from  the  Law  Department  of  the  University,  at  Des 
Moines,  the  next  year,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1868.  He 
removed  to  Sioux  City  the  same  year  and  entered  into  a  partner- 
ship with  William  L.  Joy  which  continued  until  1887.  From  1887 
to  1890  he  practiced  alone.  Then  with  Senator  E.  H.  Hubbard 
he  formed  the  law  firm  of  Wright  &  Hubbard  which  continued  until 
1896  when  a  third  partner,  A.  F.  Call,  was  taken  into  the  firm. 
In  1905  Mr.  Hubbard  withdrew,  and  the  firm  became  Wright  & 
Call.  Mr.  Wrig)it's  special  field  was  corporation  law  and  he  was 
recognized  as  the  leading  lawyer  of  Sioux  City.  He  was  always 
greatly  interested  in  politics  and  took  a  prominent  part  in  work- 
ings of  the  Republican  party. 


Rice  H.  Bell  was  born  in  Marshall  county,  West  Virginia, 
September  7,  1859;  he  died  at  Keokuk,  Iowa,  July  26,  1915.  He 
worked  on  a  farm  and  attended  the  public  schools  and  was  gradu- 
ated from  West  Alexandria  Academy  in  1880.  He  removed  to  Keo- 
kuk the  same  year,  began  the  study  of  law  with  John  H.  Craig 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1882.  He  served  as  justice  of  the 
peace  and  judge  of  the  superior  court.  He  was  city  clerk  of  Keo- 
kuk for  a  number  of  years.  He  was  a  Republican  in  politics  and 
had  served  as  chairman  of  the  Lee  county  central  committee. 
Memorial  services  were  held  by  the  Keokuk  Bar  Association  of 
which  he  was  a  member. 


-^ 


LESLIE  MORTIER  SHAW 
Governor  of  Iowa  1898-1902 


Annals  of  Iowa. 

Vol.  XII,  No.  4.        Des  Moixes.  Iowa,  April.  1920  3n  Serik 


MAJOR  WILLIAM  WILLIAMS'  JOURNAL  OF  A  TRIP 
TO  IOWA  IN  1849. 

[William  Williams,  brother  of  Judge  Joseph  Williams, 
chief  justice  of  Iowa,  journeyed  from  his  home  in  West- 
moreland county,  Pennsylvania,  to  the  West  with  a  view  to 
taking  up  land  for  future  settlement.  No  record  of  the  first 
part  of  the  trip  has  been  found,  but  this  journal  relates  his 
experiences  and  imi)ressions  from  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  to  Fort 
Snelling,  Minnesota,  and  on  the  return  trip  to  his  home. 
The  original  journal  is  in  a  leather-covered  book,  4  by  6 
inches  in  size.  The  notes  were  originally  made  in  pencil  and 
later  traced  in  ink.  The  journal  contains  many  sketches  of 
plants,  flowers,  animals,  Indians  and  scenes  particularly  no- 
ticed by  him.  These  were  likewise  done  in  pencil  and  later 
traced  and  colored.  He  very  soon  returned  to  Iowa,  remained 
for  some  time  in  Muscatine,  and  in  August,  1850,  was  ap- 
pointed sutler  of  the  new  military  post  at  Fort  Dodge.  Upon 
the  removal  of  the  troops  in  1853,  he  planned  a  town  on  the 
site  of  the  post  and  in  1854  located  and  surveyed  the  town 
of  Fort  Dodge.  At  the  time  of  the  Indian  depredations  in 
1857,  Major  Williams  commanded  the  Spirit  Lake  Relief  Ex- 
pedition. He  was  continuously  identified  with  the  interests 
of  Fort  Dodge  until  his  death  in  1874. 

Through  the  courtesy  of  his  daughter,  Mrs.  John  F.  Dun- 
combe,  who  has  possession  of  the  original  journal,  and  of 
^Ir.  II.  M.  Pratt  of  Fort  Dodge,  who  kindly  assisted  in  copy- 
ing and  editing,  we  are  enabled  to  publish  the  journal. — 
Editor.] 

[Maij  19,  18',9,  If  o'clock,  Sat.],  took  passage  on  Steam  Boat  Kate 
Karney,  Oapt.  Wickley,  for  Keokuk,-  Iowa,  about  60  passengers  on 
board,  the  improvements  on  the  Missouri  Side  for  Some  Miles  up 
from  St  Louis,  very  fine,  on  the  Illinois  Side  it  Continues  low. 
Subject  to  overflow.  Some  beautiful  Islands, — passed  the  Mouth  of 
the   Missouri   River   which   presents   a   Singular   appearance,     that 


t4t  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

Water  forces  itsself  half  way  across  the  Mississipi)i ;  its  Water  is 
very  Muddy  and  the  Mississippi  very  Clear,  the  two  Waters  keep 
their  own  Side,  dont  mix  untill  they  get  nearly  down  to  St  Louis 
distance — miles.  Wisconsin  River  has  two  mouths,  a  long  Island 
between,     distance  to  upper  mouth . 

Arrived  at  Alton,  Illinois,  this  is  a  fine  Town,  beautifully  Situated 
and  appears  to  be  a  place  of  importance,  arrived  here  after  dark, 
find  a  Well  paved  Levee — and  Steam  Boats  moored,  a  great  Crowd 
at  the  wharf,  population  Said  to  be  1,800.  took 'on  Several  pas- 
sengers. Went  to  bed,  passing  in  the  Night  Grafton,  Illinois  River 
(mouth),  Gilead,  Harrisburgh,  Clarksville.  in  the  morning  found 
we  were  Near  Louisiana,  Missouri. 

Louisiana,  Missouri  Side,  is  a  very  thriveing  little  place  on  an 
elevated  Bank  with  gentle  Slope  from  the  Water,  just  above  it  a 
high  Mound  Shaped  hill,  buildings  Some  of  them  quite  new  & 
good,  brick,  built  in  good  Style — The  population  is  about  250  to  300. 
a  good  landing  here  and  room  for  quite  a  City,  from  this  place  up 
to  Hannibal  the  River  is  beautifull,  Studded  with  Islands — 

Hannibal,  Missouri,  Marion  Co. — is  a  most  beautifull  town.  Situa- 
tion on  the  River  &  the  County  seat  Palmyra  is  12  miles  distant — 
Hannibal  is  the  best  built  town  I  have  Seen  of  the  Size — population 
3,000 — It  is  Situated  on  a  rising  ground,  gradually  riseing  from 
the  River,  flanked  on  the  upper  Side  by  a  high  bluff.  Streets  wide 
&  well  paved,  buildings  generally  Brick — Modern  style,  the  people 
look  inteligent  &  Active— this  is  a  great  point  for  the  Shipment  of 
Pork — the  banks  for  Some  distance  above  this  place  on  the  Mis- 
souri side  are  high  ground.  The  Illinois  side  low  and  inundated, 
the  River  here  is  about  %  mile  wide. 

Marian,  Missouri  Side,  a  small  &  poor  place  about  150  inhabitants, 
'tis  situated  on  a  very  extensive  Hat  all  subject  to  inundation;  here 
both  sides  of  the  river  low,  The  Illinois  side  generally  low  from 
St  Louis  up,  Missouri  side  varying — generally  high  banks. — this 
day,  Sunday,  May  20th,  passed  2  Steam  Boats  Sunk,  fine  day,  high 
stern  wind,  River  rough,  Sailing  nearly  North. 

Quincy,  Illinois,  County  seat  of  Adams  County  now  in  view, 
about  4  miles  distant,  this  is  one  the  the  largest  towns  in  the 
State;  except  Chicago,  tis  largest,  population  6,500.  stopped  here 
to  put  out  freight  &  passengers,  the  town  situated  on  a  beautiful 
Bluff— 6  flouring  Steam  Mills  &  2  Steam  Saw  Mills,  an  Odd  Fellows 
Hall,  a  Masonic  Hall,  trade  Pork,  flour  &  the  produce  of  the 
Country — Land  in  this  quarter  is  worth  from  $15  to  $30.  Said  to 
be  the  garden  of  the  State  from  this  point  to  the  Illinois  River, 
this  place  has  sprung  up  tis  said  in  the  last  12  years — I  think  it 
would  be  hard  to  find  in  the  U.  S.  a  more  desirable  place  to  live 
than  this  is.     The  town  is  most  beautifully  arranged,  the  buildings 


MAJOR  WILLIAM  WILLIAMS'  JOURNAL  243 

all  in  fine  Style — the  Streets  wide  &  Superbly  paved  &  Sanded  & 
Shade  Trees  throughout,  generally  Locust,  now  in  full  bloom.  The 
Country  in  the  rear  for  many  Miles  nearly  level,  beautifully  im- 
proved, a  very  fine  Levee  here  on  the  first  bank,  on  second  bank 
on  which  the  town  Stands  is  faced  by  a  ridge  of  Mounds  or  eleva- 
tions presenting  a  fine  View  of  the  River,  and  at  this  time  are 
seated  under  the  Shade  trees  groups  of  well  dressed  Gentlemen  & 
Ladies  looking  on  at  the  arrival  &  departures  of  the  Steam  Boats 
below,  from  this  place  they  have  a  View  of  the  River  both  up  & 
down  for  many  miles,  tis  Certainly  a  beautiful  place,  the  people 
appear  Orderly  and  intelligent.  This  is  one  of  the  best  Pork  Mar- 
kets in  this  Country. 

there  has  been  Since  January  20  or  30  Cases  of  Cholera  here — 
LaGrange,  Missouri  Side,  a  small  town,  population  about  200,  situate 
on  the  bank  of  the  river,  high  bluffs  in  rear,  this  appears  to  be  a 
Shipping  point — 

Canton,  Missouri,  Situate  on  an  extensive  bottom,  a  Small  place 
about  150  population,  a  great  many  Negroes  here.  River  wide 
here,  great  excitement,  Crowds  at  the  landing  enquireing  about 
the  fire  at  St.  Louis^ — so  at  all  points  along  the  River.  Cholera 
here. 

Tully,  Situated  about  one  mile  above  Canton  on  same  flat.  i>opu- 
lation  about  400.  some  good  buildings  here,  large  Pork  houses 
here.  Negroes  numerous.  Here  two  Indians  came  on  board  who 
belonged  to  Wisconsin  Bull  falls,  they  came  down  Wisconsin  River 
with  a  raft,  are  fine  looking  fellows.  Speak  tolerable  English, 
names  I.  B.  Dubee  &  Basel  Dubee — They  Say  they  are  all  going  to 
move  this  fall  to  the  Winnebago  Country,  they  are  Minomenies. 
Alexandria,  Missouri  Side,  Situated  on  a  level  Bank,  population 
about  400.  rather  an  ordinary  looking  place,  put  out  some  freight 
here,     nearly  opposite  on  the  Illinois  Side  Stands  Warshaw — 

Warshaw,  Illinois,  is  a  fine  looking  town  Situated  on  a  high  Bluff 
on  second  bank  from  the  Mo.  side  where  we  are.  I  suppose  it  to 
contain  about  from  1,000  to  1,500  inhabitants,  buildings  look  very 
well — a  good  looking  Levee  &  Warehouses  down  on  the  first  bank, 
from  this  point  we  have  a  view  of  Keokuk  4  miles  ahead,  along 
here  the  Illinois  Side  is  the  more  elevated.  Here  the  Des  Moines 
River  empties  into  the  Mississippi  on  the  Missouri  Side,  tis  about 
as  Wide  as  the  Connemaugh,  Pa — or  Kiskeminetas  but  is  navigable, 
arrived  at  Keokuk,     feel  unwell. 

Keokuk,  Iowa,  is  situated  on  a  high  bluff  say  100  feet  high,  tis 
piled  up  on  a  number  of  knoles,  the  top  of  the  bluff  being  uneven. 


*A  terrible  fire  has  devastated  St.  Louis.  It  is  supposed  to  have 
been  the  work  of  incendiaries.  Six  squares  of  the  business  portion 
of  the  city  are  in  ashes.  *****  Several  steamboats  were 
burned  at  the  wharf — among-  them  the  Montauk.  Red  Wins:  fnd- 
Alex.  Hamilton.     Bloomington — Iowa  Democratic  Enquirer,  May  19,   1S49. 


244  AN5TALS  OF  IOWA 

the  number  of  inhabitants  about  2500.  The  river  here  is  wide. 
I  am  obliged  to  stop  here  as  the  Packet  Boat  Stops,  will  take  Boat 
Time  &  Tide  (if  not  too  many  German  Emigrants  on  board)  to 
night,  very  unwell,  this  town  is  at  the  foot  of  the  rapids,  lower 
rapids  on  the  half  breed  tract  formerly  belonged  to  the  Sacks  & 
Fox  Indians — four  Churches,  viz. — Methodist,  Presbyterian,  Catho- 
lic &  Baptist.  2  divisions  of  Sons  of  Temperance,  1  section  of 
Cadets,  a  Masonic  Lodge,  Odd  Fellows  Lodge,  2  printing  presses, 
One  Steam  flouring  Mill.  The  Pork  trade  is  great.  36,000  head  of 
hogs  Slaughtered  here  last  Winter — 

The  River  Des  Moins  is  the  line  between  Missouri  &  Iowa — went 
to  bed  very  unwell,  will  go  on  Time  &  Tide  when  she  comes  up — 
Symptoms  of  Cholera,     very  uneasy. 

Monday  Morning,  May  21st.  got  up,  found  the  Time  &  Tide  gone 
up.  Several  who  set  up  to  watch  for  her  Still  here,  they  found 
when  she  arrived  that  She  was  literally  filled  with  Dutch  Emigrants 
and  several  cases  of  Cholera  on  iDoard — they  refused  to  go  on  her  & 
did  not  rouse  those  of  us  who  depended  on  them,  expect  the  Oragan 
up  to  day. 

9  oClock  in  Company  with  three  others  hired  a  Waggon  and  Set  out 
by  Land  for  Fort  Maddison  by  Way  of  Mont  Rose — passed  through 
a  most  Splendid  Country  of  Prairie  Land  called  the  Half  Breed 
Tract,  this  is  the  first  Sight  I  have  had  of  the  Prairie  lands,  tis 
beautiful.  Arrived  at  Mont  Rose,  dont  feel  Well  this  Morning, 
this  place  is  a  small  place  purhaps  200  Inhabitants,  on  the  opposite 
Side,  Illinois,  Stands  Navou  The  Famous  Morman  City  of  Jos. 
Smith,  tis  quite  a  large  place  and  a  very  pretty  situation  on  a  high 
bluff,  Containing  tis  said  now  about  5,000  inhabitants,  formerly  did 
contain  7,000  Mormans.  buildings  are  generally  good.  I  have  a  fair 
view  of  the  famous  Morman  Temple,  tis  a  splendid  looking  pile  130 
feet  by  90  feet  and  80  feet  high,  tis  good  Work.  Built  of  White 
Coloured  Marble,  altho  very  much  injured  it  still  presents  a  fine 
appearance.  Walls  uninjured,  all  here  agree  that  the  Mormans 
were  an  injured  &  abused  people — Say  all  difficulties  arose  from 
their  numbers  being  great  and  able  to  Controul  Election,  &c  &c. 
between  Keokuk  and  Madison  24  miles  I  passed  through  the  most 
beautiful  Country,  Prairie  Lands  with  timber  groves  interspersed, 
tis  a  perfect  garden — for  the  first  time  I  Saw  Prairie  Hens,  they 
are  as  large  &  plump  as  our  large  Sized  fowls — they  fly  very  much 
like  our  Pheasants — Saw  a  great  number  of  other  birds  new  to  me. 
they  are  about  the  Size  of  the  Cow  Bird,  in  colour  Something  like 
our  Thrush  except  they  have  2  Black  Stripes  on  each  side  of  the 
head — the  Prairies  are  here  Covered  with  flowers  of  Red,  Yellow, 
Blue  &  White  Colours.  I  am  already  satisfied  this  is  the  best  &  most 
beautiful  Country  in  the  World.  We  have  had  a  delightful  breeze  all 
forenoon,     arrived  at  Madison,  Lee  County,  Iowa — 


MAJOR  WILLIAM  WILLIAMS'  JOURNAL  245 

Madison,  Lee  Co,  Iowa,  is  Situated  on  an  elevated  piece  of  table 
Land  baclved  by  a  bluff  of  Some  150  feet  liigli.  there  is  better  than 
1500  inhabitants,  buildings  generally  tolerably  good  Appearance. 
on  a  point  above  town  (upper  end  of  the  Town  is  where  Fort  Madi- 
son formerly  Stood) — They  are  building  the  State  Penitentiary  here; 
tis  about  half  finished,  built  of  very  handsome  Free  Stone  neatly 
faced,  above  the  Main  entrance  is  very  neatly  cut  in  relief  a  heavy 
Chain  Work,  it  does  not  appear  to  be  a  place  of  great  business,  pur- 
haps  to  near  Burlington  &  Keokuk  being  about  14  miles  from  K.  & 
18  miles  from  B. —  the  half  Breed  Tract  including  from  this  place 
to  Keokuk  is  in  dispute  which  no  doubt  retards  its  improvement, 
the  Country  is  beautiful,  the  Bank  on  which  Madison  Stands  is 
very  extensive  &  would  afford  room  for  a  large  City — I  am  obliged  to 
Stay  here  untill  to-morrow  noon  for  the  Stage  unless  a  boat  Should 
come  up.  5  oClock  in  the  evening,  sitting  at  the  Window  at  the 
Eagle  Hotel  (W.  C.  Steepe  proprietor)  from  which  I  have  a  view 
of  the  river  for  Miles,  two  pretty  Islands  in  front  of  me  about  the 
middle  of  the  River  which  appears  here  to  be  considerably  over  a 
mile  Wide.  It  looks  here  more  like  a  Lake,  being  to  the  eye  in  the 
distance  land  bound  all  around,  the  Illinois  bluffs  stand  up  in  bold 
releif  on  the  oposite  Shore — a  very  heavy  Storm  is  approaching  in 
the  West,  tis  gathering  &  comeing  up  the  River  which  runs  nearly 
due  West  from  this  point — it  looks  very  black  and  angry,  thunder 
loud  and  flashes  of  forked  lightning  playing  with  great  rapidity. 
Wind  becomeing  Very  Strong,  the  Waves  on  the  river  very  high, 
topped  with  White  Caps — The  Scene  terrible  &  Sublime — a  ferry 
Boat  is  on  her  way,  makes  for  the  Island,  is  caught  in  the  Storm^ 
she  is  tied  up,  the  Clouds  break — The  torrents  of  rain  forced  on  by 
wind  is  comeing  up  the  River,  raiseing  a  white  foam  on  the  face  of 
the  Water — the  distant  hills  or  bluffs  are  no  longer  Visable  on  the 
back  ground,  tis  Close  upon  us.  Wind,  Rain,  thunder  and  lightning 
is  terrific,  in  the  Street  are  Some  people  moveing,  2  waggons,  4  or 
5  Women,  Some  Men  &  boys  driving  Cattle  &  Sheep,  great  efforts 
are  Making  by  the  Citizens  to  Save  them  from  the  Storm — they  are 
barely  saved  from  its  force — but  the  poor  Horses,  Cattle  &  Sheep 
are  left  to  its  force — tis  on  us,  tis  terrible — we  have  no  such  Storms 
in  Penna.  it  is  over — Lasted  about  15  minutes,  all  calm  again. 
Clear  in  the  West  a  beautiful  Sunset — 

I  find  a  Masonic  Lodge  here,  2  divisions  of  Sons  of  Temperance — 
One  Section  of  Cadets  of  T — one  of  daughters,  not  a  liquor  selling 
Establishment  in  the  place,  tis  the  most  uniformly  Temperate  place 
I  was  ever  in.  the  further  I  ascend  the  Mississippi  the  more  Tem- 
perate.    No  Cholera  here. 

Tuesday,  May  22.  fine  Morning,  no  Boat  up  yet— I  feel  anxious 
to  get  up  to  Burlington  as  I  am  informed  my  brother  Jos.  is  there 
holding  Court,     the   Supreme   Court  met   there  yesterday.     I  find 


246  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

every  person  is  acquainted  with  him.  Steam  Boats — Archer  and 
Wisconsin  has  just  passed  down,  rafts  of  Logs — laths — boards  & 
Shingles  are  now  arriving  here,  all  from  the  Wisconsin  River,  the 
raft  men  are  fine,  hearty  looking  fellows,  they  are  originally  from 
different  States  &  some  half  breed  Indians, — half  Indian,  Half 
French.  The  Sons  of  Temperance  here  are  Sweeping  all  before 
them.    I  am  informed  they  have  Initiated  as  Many  as  30  of  a  Night. 

I  am  wearied  lying  here,  have  put  in  my  tinie  talking  to  a  German 
from  the  City  of  Navou — 

The  Mormans  have  all  left.  Sold  out  all  their  property  to  a  French 
Company^  who  will  no  doubt  make  it  a  great  place.  He  tells  me  they 
are  establishing  all  Mechanical  branches,  about  700  have  arrived  in 
all  there,  there  is  to  be  25,000  made  up  of  French  &  Germans  from 
the  Rhine,  they  are  buying  Lands  all  around  Navou  on  the  Illinois 
Side. 

Our  Landlord  W.  C.  Steepe  is  a  W.  W.  Ward,  a  little  pompous  Eng- 
lishman— 1  oClock  took  the  Stage  for  Burlington  by  way  of  Skunk 
River  ferry.  My  Traveling  Companion  Since  I  left  St.  Louis,  Mr. 
Keith,  Mercht.  of  St  Croix,  Wisconsin — a  very  clever  Fellow  &  a 
Mason  &  Odd  Fellow — We  Stick  together— left  after  dinner  in  Stage 
for  Burlington,  about  32  Miles  by  Land,  felt  very  unwell — very  much 
debilitated,  passed  through  a  most  beautiful  and  rich  Country  par- 
ticularly between  Skunk  River  &  Madison.  I  think  the  Prairie 
called  Green  Bay  Bottom  is  the  most  beautiful  Sight  I  ever  have 
seen,  tis  a  Prairie  about  9  or  10  Miles  in  length  &  from  3  to  4  Miles 
Wide.  Skunk  River  bottom  is  well  timbered,  the  River  is  a  Stream 
about  like  the  Loyalhanna.  Country  rolling  from  this  River  to 
Burlington,  arrived  at  Burlington  about  5  oCclock  P.  M.  where  I 
found  my  Brother.  The  Supreme  Court  was  sitting  (Judges  Greene 
and  Kinney,  associates)  Burlington,  Des  Moines  Co — stopped  at  The 
Barrett  House,  proprietor  Fletcher,  met  Jas.  Clarke  &  his  brother 
from  Greanbe 

This  town  Originally  called  Flint  Hill — The  Indian  name  was 
Shoquokon,  Flint  or  Rock  Hill,  beautifully  elevated  Situation  on 
the  West  Side  of  the  Mississippi  River,  a  place  of  very  considerable 
business,  the  town  is  very  well  built,  houses  are  very  good,  gen- 
erally tasty,  Brick  dwellings,  a  great  many  handsome  residences 
on  the  More  elevated  part  of  the  bluff,  the  number  of  inhabitants 
between  3,000  &  3,500.  a  splendid  country  back  of  this  South  & 
West.  I  find  a  great  many  people  Crossing  at  this  place,  with  them 
Ox  teams,  eight  Oxen  to  a  waggon  &  the  Waggons  built  to  float  over 
Rivers,  they  are  generally  from  Michigan  &  Indiana  &  Illinois — all 
bound  for  California — entire  families.  Men  Women  &  Children — all  a 
hardy  looking  people. — this  place  is  situated  on  the  West  Bank  of 


2The  Icarian  Community,  founded  by  Etienne  Cabet,  settled  in  Nauvoo 
in    1849,    afterwards    removed   to    Adams    county,    Iowa. 


MAJOR  WILLIAM  WILLIAMS'  JOURNAL  247 

the  Mississippi  River.  Was  the  first  Seat  of  Government  after  the 
formation  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  the  view  of  the  City  is  ex- 
tremely picturesque  from  the  River,  the  Main  part  of  the  City  is 
situated  like  an  ampitheatre  formed  by  the  surrounding  hills,  beau- 
tiful buildings  &  private  residences  on  the  eminances  around,  from 
the  location  of  Burlington  it  must  always  be  a  place  of  Considerable 
trade,  the  City  is  well  built  on  modern  Style,  a  very  inteligent  pop- 
ulation, there  are  a  number  of  Churches — Presbyterian,  N.  School 
&  Old  School,  Baptist,  Congregational,  Catholic,  Episcopal,  Methodist, 
a  goodly  number  of  Steam  Saw  Mills,  flouring  Mills,  founderies,  &c, 
a  Masonic  Lodge,  O.  F.  Lodge,  two  Devisions  of  Sons  of  T.  Cadets 
Sisters,  &c,  &c.    people  remarkably  Temperate. 

I  found  my  Brother  Joseph  holding  Court  here,  him  &  his  asso- 
ciates. Judge  Kinney  &  Greene,  both  young  Looking  men — the  Law- 
yers in  attendance  appear  to  be  able  &  respectable  looking  men. 
About  40  Lawyers  in  attendance,  the  great  half  breed  Tract  Cases 
are  on  hand  involving  at  least  $1,000,000  worth  of  property — great 
interest  manifested.  4  or  5  excellent  Hotels.  The  Barret  House 
where  I  stop  is  an  excellent  house,  Fletcher,  proprietor;  would  be  a 
Credit  to  any  eastern  City — tis  a  very  extensive  Concern  &  the  ar 
rangement  very  extensive,  excellent — I  have  been  here  2  days  &  2 
nights — was  treated  by  being  present  at  the  practiseing  of  an  ex- 
cellent Band — Brass  Band  Composed  of  the  Young  Gentlemen  of  the 
City.  Met  with  Lieut  Buoy  of  the  16  Regt.  a  young  Lawyer  who 
knew  Wm.  in  Mexico; — The  River  here  is  over  %  of  mile  wide  and 
Steam  ferry  Boats  constantly  plying  between  this  ar\d  the  Illinois 
Shore — the  Illinois  Shore  lies  low  opposite  this  for  some  miles  up 
&  down  the  River. 

Thursday  the  24  May.  left  for  Bloomington  which  is  60  Miles 
above,  took  Steam  Boat,  Anthony  Wayne,^  11  oClock  forenoon. 
James  Golden,  Blacksmith,  formerly  of  Hollidaysburgh  died  at  Bur- 
lington the  day  before  I  arrived — Several  Citizens  have  died  within 
a  few  days,  all  of  Cholera,  among  whom  was  a  Mr.  Jones  just  re- 
turned from  St.  Louis,  one  of  the  most  extensive  Merchants  here — 
Country  along  from  this  place  up  to  Bloomington  generally  along 
the  River  high  Bluffs  on  the  Iowa  Side  and  low  prairies  on  the 
Illinois  Side— 

Oquawka,  County  Seat  of  Henderson  County,  Illinois.  13  Miles  above 
Burlington  is  a  pretty  looking  little  place,  Containing  over  500  in- 
habitants, buildings  look  fresh,  a  very  good  Court  house,  looks 
well  from  the  River,  tis  located  on  the  Margin  of  a  Very  extensive 
Prairie  which  extends  as  far  as  I  can  see.    I  am  informed,  with  the 


3THE  BOATS.  THE  BOATS. — Our  favorite,  the  Bon  Accord,  regularly 
supplies  us  with  papers  from  below.  She  always  passes  here  on  her 
downward  trip  on  Tuesday. 

The    Time    and    Tide    for   like    attentions   has   our   thanks. 

The  Anthony  Wayne  also  is  entitled  to  our  thanks   for   like  favors. 
Bloomington — Iowa  Demaci'atic  Enquirer,  June  9,   1849. 


248  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

interuption  of  one  bluff  that  it  runs  in  about  7  or  8  miles  from  the 
town,  that  the  Prairie  extends  back  for  near  50  Miles,  our  passen- 
gers are  Composed  of  the  Lumbermen  from  Wisconsin,  St  Josephs, 
Turkey  River,  &c,  and  one  young  Lawyer  by  name  Brown — from  D. 
of  Columbia  bound  for  Minasote,  St  Pauls,— in  all  about  30  passen- 
gers, the  Lumbermen  are  Composed  of  Shrewd  Scotchmen,  Yankees 
&  half  breed  Indians — Menomonies — Oquaka  is  built  on  the  Site  of 
an  Old  Indian  Town — Saw  here  a  Very  beautiful  Indian  Bark  Oanoe 
very  prettily  modeled  &  painted  in  their  way.     Keithsburgh. 

Keithsburgh,  Illinois,  a  small  town  commenced  about  two  years 
ago,  perhaps  200  inhabitants,  rather  a  promising  town — some  good 
houses,  it  has  the  appearance  of  an  Active  business  place  Situated 
on  the  upper  end  of  a  bluff  on  a  level  or  flat,  this  town  is  the  Coun- 
ty Seat  of  Mercer  Co.  Illinois — 

New  Boston,  Illinois  Side,  is  situated  on  an  elevated  Bank  which 
Stretches  or  lies  along  the  River  for  some  distance  above  and  below 
the  Town.  The  population  about  200  to  250 — oposite  this  on  the 
Iowa  side  is  the  mouth  of  the  Iowa  River  which  empties  into  the 
Mississippi  by  two  mouths,  an  Island  between.  The  Iowa  River  is  a 
beautiful  River,  clear  &  rapid  and  navigable,  with  good  Stage  of 
Water  up  as  far  as  Iowa  City,  90  miles  from  its  mouth. — a  great 
many  Islands  in  the  Mississippi  from  Burlington  up,  and  the  Banks 
of  the  River  on  both  Sides  generally  lined  with  thick  growth  of 
timber.  The  Iowa  River  is  about  300  Yds  wide,  a  good  deal  of  lum- 
ber Comes  down  it — 

Point  Louisa  or  Wallace's  Old  Landing,  15  miles  below  Blooming- 
ton,  a  Small  place,  a  shipping  Point — from  this  point  up  to  Bloom- 
ington  there  is  a  great  many  Islands,  about  7  Miles  below  Blooming- 
ton  the  most  beautiful  Prairies  open  out  on  the  Iowa  side  and  the 
Island  called  Muskatine  Island  is  splendid  land  formed  by  a  slough 
that  puts  out  from  the  River,  this  slough  is  full  of  Wild  Ducks, 
Geese,  &c.  &  on  the  Prairie  Snipe,  Prairie  Hens  &  Woodcock — as 
most  of  the  Slough  &  Island  along  here  are. — I  arrived  at  Blooming- 
ton  at  Seven  oClock.  find  it  to  be  a  very  considerable  town,  excel- 
lent Landing,  a  great  crowd  on  the  Wharf. 

Stopped  at  the  American  House,  Borelands.  Mr.  Boreland  accom- 
panied me  up  to  My  Brother's,  found  Mary  &  the  family  all  well 
and  very  glad  to  see  me.  found  Kennedy,  Wm.  &  Joseph  to  be  fine, 
promising  Young  men.  Georgianna  is  a  charming  girl.  Set  up  late 
talking  with  the  family — 12  oClock  retired  to  bed. 

Friday  morning  May  24  [25].  after  a  good  Sleep  got  up  and  after 
breakfast  took  a  look  at  the  town,  very  much  pleased.  Joseph's 
residence  is  on  an  elevated  site  which  commands  a  view  of  the  River 
for  Miles  up  &  down — 

Called  to  see  Ann  Brown,  Black  Girl,  found  she  was  married  & 
has  three  very  pretty  little  Black  Children.     She  was  the  most  de- 


MAJOR  WILLIAM  WILLIAMS'  JOURNAL  249 

lighted  creature.  Showed  me  her  children,  boasted  of  her  husband  & 
She  calls  her  Oldest  child  Mary  after  sister  Mary  &  little  Mary,  & 
her  son  she  calls  William  after  myself,  &  She  Says  She  often  has 
told  her  husband  that  she  would  like  to  give  us  one  of  them  we 
took  such  good  Care  of  her.     She  looks  Well,  dont  See  that  She  has 

changed  Much.    Met  with  Col.  Thos.  Isett.  called  to   See    

also  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wallace,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Boreland,  Miss  Culbertson. 
The  town  all  in  mourning  caused  by  the  death  of  Some  of  their  most 
worthy  citizens,  particularly  Miss  Parvin,*  whose  remains  was  brot 
up  from  St  Louis  this  morning  in  the  Oswego.*'' 

Bloomington  is  a  fine  town,  one  of  the  most  important  points  in 
the  State,  its  Situation  on  one  of  the  great  bends  of  the  Mississippi 
has  great  commercial  advantages;  is  the  seat  of  justice  of  Muscatine 
County.  Contains  about  2000  inhabitants,  is  the  Natural  depository 
for  a  vast  amount  of  trade  from  the  Surrounding  Country,  has  many 
neat  Residences  &  Several  Spacious  Brick  Mercantile  Establish- 
ments— a  large  Steam  Mill,  One  Smaller  One,  two  printing  Establish- 
ments, 6  churches,  4  Physicians,  8  Lawyers,  a  neat  Court  house  & 
Jail,  Masonic  Lodge,  &c.,  with  a  due  proportion  of  Merchts.,  Me- 
chanics, &c.  and  2  Divisions  of  Sons  of  Temperance,  1  Section  of 
Cadets,  Odd  Fellows  Lodge,  the  town  is  very  prettily  situated,  in 
part  on  a  level  on  the  river  for  two  streets  back,  when  the  ground 
rises  and  the  remaining  Street  is  elevated  in  benches,  the  whole 
Standing  in  a  rise  enclosed  by  a  range  of  high  bluffs  which  runs 
around  it  in  a  Semicircular  form,  forming  beautifuU  Sites  for  resi- 
dences, from  the  bluffs  there  is  a  beautifull  View  of  the  town  below 
and  of  the  Mississippi  for  Miles  up  and  down,  all  steam  Boats  land 
here,  passing  up  &  down  and  as  the  Country  improves  above  and 
back  of  it,  it  must  increase  the  trade  &  importance  of  the  place, 
wrote  home  to  Wm. 

Saturday,  May  26.  cloudy,  some  rain  in  the  Morning,  promised  to 
clear  up  about  10  o'clock,  walked  about,  took  a  view  of  the  Town. 
Several  Steam  Boats  arrived,  everything  appears  new.  find  Several 
of  the  Citizens  are  yet  but  Strangers.  I  like  the  appearance  of 
things  very  well,     much  yet  to  do  in  gradeing  Streets,  &c.  &c. 

Sunday,  27  May — Another  Cloudy  day  &  cold.  Went  to  Presbyter- 
ian Church  in  the  forenoon,  herd  Mr.  Pratt  preach,  rather  a  prom- 
ising preacher,  rather  diffident  (young).    Evening  went  to  Methodist 

^In   St.   Louis,  of   cholera,   on   Sunday  20th  inst,   at  the  residence  of  J. 

P.   Mulford,   Miss  Lydia  Harris  Parvin,  daughter  of  John  A.  and • 

Parvin,  of  this  place,  in  the  18th  year  of  her  age.  Bloomington — Iowa 
Democratic  Enquirer^  May   26,    1849.    - 

^"REGULAR  PACKET,— From  St.  Louis  to  Burlington,  Bloomington 
and  Rock  Island.  The  staunch  and  elegant  passenger  and  freight  steam- 
boat, OSWEGO,  Thomas  S.  Battelle,  Master,  will  run  as  a  regular  packet 
from  St.  Louis  to  the  above  named  ports  during  the  season.  Blooming- 
ton— loiva  Democratic  Enquirer^  May  26,   1849. 


250  ANN'ALS  OP  IOWA 

Church,  herd  Mr.  Harris^  preach,  he  is  an  Englishman,  rather  a 
Strong  man,  fine  Voice  and  preaches  with  great  Confidence. 

Mr.  Pratt's  text  5  Ch.  Math.— Ye  are  the  light  of  the  World.  Mr. 
Harris'  text  24  Ch.  Math.  29  to  35  V.  inclusive.  The  Methodists  are 
the  largest  Congregation  here  &  Very  respectable,  the  Presbyterians 
has  a  Small  Congtn.  but  very  respectable — The  town  appears  very 
Orderly  on  Sabbath  day. 

Monday,  May  28.  morning  Clear,  promise  of  a  pleasant  day.  rode 
out  today  with  Mr.  Wallace  to  look  at  the  country  lying  betweien 
Bloomington  &  Ceder  River,  for  the  first  1%  Miles  the  broken 
river  bluffs  continue  well  timbered;  passing  this  we  enter  upon  the 
Prairie,  a  most  delightful  region,  an  undulating  Prairie  for  twenty 
Miles  all  arranged  in  Squares  or  oblong  Sections,  half  Sections  or 
quarter  Sections  of  Land,  Some  of  which  are  handsomely  improved. 
Joseph's  Tract  lies  in  this  Prairie,  a  very  pretty  place,  the  lanes 
wide  &  beautiful,  as  we  approach  Cedar  River  tis  more  broken  & 
again  Timbered.  Saw  two  Prairie  Chickens  and  a  great  variety  of 
flowers  on  the  open  part  of  the  Prairie;  the  whole  is  a  perfect  gar- 
den. Visited  the  Odd  Fellows  Lodge  this  evening.  Reed  a  letter 
from  William,  greatly  relieved  to  hear  from  home. 

Tuesday,  29  Mny.  10  oClock,  clear  &  pleasant  Morning.  Started 
with  Kennedy  for  Tipton,  Ceder  County,  passed  through  a  beautiful 
Country,  Woodland  &  Prairie  alternately,  25  Miles  to  Tipton.  Saw 
a  number  of  Prairie  Hens  and  Quails  also  a  Species  of  Squirrel  pre- 
cisely like  our  Common  Gray  Squirrel — Something  less  in  size  and 
head  a  little  longer.  Colour  Same,  they  Burrow  in  the  ground  in 
the  Prairies.-— we  passed  through  a  Very  extensive  Prairie — some- 
thing near  a  Circular  form — would  I  think  Measure  in  Circumfer- 
ence 70  or  80  Miles,  a  beautiful  View,  undulating,  with  Small  groves 
interspersed,  about  7  miles  wide,  some  places  purhaps  10  Miles. 
Surface  undulating  and  the  Shadows  of  the  Clouds  passing  over 
them  gives  the  whole  the  appearance  of  a  Vast  Lake  ruffled  by  the 
wind.  Some  places  you  have  a  View  for  20  Miles  without  interup- 
tion,  the  whole  enclosed  in  the  distance  by  the  distant  bluffs  of  the 
Surrounding  Streams  Covered  with  timber  untill  Colour  is  lost  in 
the  distance,  the  whole  Covered  with  flowers  of  deep  red,  yellow, 
Purple  &  White,  wish  my  friends  at  home  could  be  here  to  enjoy 
the  sight. 

Arrived  at  Tipton,  2  oClock.  Stopped  with  Jno.  Culbertson.  found 
here  also  J.  C.  Betts  &  family,  J,  Ennis  &  son.  Tipton  is  a  very 
pretty  little  Town,  the  County  town  of  Ceder  County,  Situated  in  the 
center  of  the  County  &  the  seat  of  Justice;  Contains  about  3  or  400 
Inhabitants,  the  town  is  Situated  on  a  beautiful  Prairie,  about  the 
Centre  of  it.     Prairie  about  6  Miles  wide  —  purhaps  10  in  length, 


ejohn   Harris,   pastor   Methodist   Churcli,    1847-48.    1855,    1857.      History 
of  Muscatine  Co.  West.  Hist.  Co.   1879. 


MAJOR  WILLIAM  WILLIAMS'  JOURNAL  251 

timbered  all  around  it;  about  5  Miles  from  Cedar  River,  the  town 
is  all  frame  buildings  painted  white,  which  gives  it  a  very  neat  & 
airy  appearance,  tis  very  healthy — people  very  Orderly  &  plain. 
Majority,  Methodists  &  Congregationalists.  good  Schools  all  through 
this  country,  filling  up  Very  fast. 

rode  out  this  evening  with  a  Mr.  Friend  to  look  at  some  unentered 
Prairie  Land,  he  Conducted  me  to  Some  delightfull  locations  about 
2%  Miles  from  town,  fixed  on  three  quarter  Section — Worthy  of  at- 
tention, intend  going  to  the  East  of  this  about  same  distance,  2% 
Miles,  to  Morrow  where  he  thinks  I  will  like  it  better.  I  find  diffi- 
culty in  getting  as  much  together  as  I  want,  being  cut  up  in  40  &  80 
Acre  tracts,  also  in  getting  timber  &  water  on  the  tracts.  I  go  to 
morrow  with  a  hope  I  shall  be  able  to  include  a  good  Stream  of 
Water,  no  prettier  Country  in  the  World, — a  perfect  garden,  my 
greatest  trouble  is  I  find  that  Speculators  have  every  where  Secured 
the  best  of  the  Woodland,  the  only  plan  is  to  select  good  Prairie 
Land,  well  watered  &  buy  20  or  40  acres  of  Wood  Land  to  Supply  it. 
any  quantity  can  be  bought  at  $5  p  Acre.  The  Woodland  is  gen- 
erally on  bluffs.  The  Prairie  Land  is  far  preferable  for  farming 
purposes — you  can  Select  the  most  beautiful  farms  of  160 — 280  or 
even  a  whole  Section  that  will  every  foot  of  it  be  like  a  garden. 

Wednesday,  30  May.  after  breakfast  Started  in  Company  with  Mr. 
Friend,  Kennedy  &  Jas.  Ennis  to  view  some  government  Land,  trav- 
eled East  about  3  Miles  to  the  great  Prairie,  very  much  pleased 
with  the  Land,  Selected  %  Sections,  if  I  cant  please  myself  better. 
Swamped  in  a  slough  today,  dined  with  Jeremiah  Betts  &  family. 
Started  for  home  to  Bloomington  1  oCIock.  Saw  a  great  many 
quails,  large  snipes  &  Rabbits  today.  The  land  Selected  here  is 
about  to  the  Eastern  line  2^4  Miles,  to  Western  Boundary  1^4  Miles, 
lying  on  and  including  Sugar  Creek. 

Started  for  Bloomington  at  2  oClock.  reached  home  for  tea. 
Thursday,  JtCne  1st.  rode  out  with  T.  Isett  to  look  at  the  Country. 
Isett  has  put  me  on  a  plan  of  finding  all  the  Government  Land  in 
Musketine  County,  intended  to  ride  out  North  to  look  at  a  peice 
V4.  Section  with  Mr.  Boreland  but  was  prevented  by  rain — rained  all 
evening — Telegraphed  home,  not  being  able  to  do  it  sooner  the  Bat- 
tery being  out  of  order. 

Friday,  June  2d.  rode  out  with  T.  Isett,  Selected  2  qr.  Sections  6 
Miles  from  Town,  on  the  Prairie,  caught  in  a  Storm,  got  wet,  re- 
turned by  one  OClock,  remained  in  the  house,  evening  wet. — Rev'd 
Johnston^  called,  agreed  to  go  to  Iowa,  City  in  the  morning— if 
clear — this  night  is  a  fine  clear  night,  have  a  fine  view  of  the  river 
from  Joseph's  door;  two  Steam  Boats  in  view,  their  fire  &  smoke  as 
they  sail  along  has  a  fine  effect,    the  scene  before  me  is  very  fine. 


«Rev.  G.  J.  Johnson  was  pastor  of  the  Burlington  First  Baptist  Church 
at  its  organization,  April  1,  1849.  History  of  Des  Moines  Co.  West  Hist. 
Co.    1873. 


252  ANNALS  OP  IOWA 

Saturday,  June  3cl.  Foggy  morning,  set  out  at  8  oClock  in  compy 
with  Rev'd  Mr.  Johnston  of  Burlington,  having  heavy  rains  yes- 
terday, found  the  roads  bad,  partecularly  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Ceder  River. 

Ceder  River  is  about  as  largfe  a  Stream  as  the  Kiskeminetas. 
Steam  Boats  are  now  running  up  it  for  some  distance,  passed 
through  a  most  Splendid  Country,  Prairies  from  10  to  15  Miles  Wide, 
rather  more  flat  than  the  Prairies  in  Ceder  County,  fine  roads  from 
Ceder  River  to  Iowa  City,  arrived  at  the  City  about  4  oClock,  33 
miles,  put  up  at  Mr.  Crummy's^  Hotel;  a  very  excellent  House  & 
very  pleasant  Landlord. 

The  City  is  laid  out  on  the  margin  of  a  very  extensive  Prairie  15 
Miles  Wide,  Situated  on  a  lovely  rise  on  the  Iowa  River,  a  Stream 
Something  like  the  Conemaugh  in  Pa.  The  City  is  well  built  up  but 
Scattered, — a  number  of  very  fine  Churches,  Baptist,  Old  School 
Presbyterians,  New  School  Presbyterians,  Universalist,  Catholic,  & 
a  very  fine  building  called  the  Mechanics  Association  Hall  in  which 
Schools  are  kept  and  in  which  the  Sons  of  Temperance  &  Masons 
meet.  The  State  House  is  a  splendid  Stone  Edefice  not  yet  finished, 
and  a  very  extensive  Enclosure  or  grounds  enclosed  around  it.  the 
Streets  are  Wide  &  beautifully  laid  out.  population  over  1,500,  a 
great  many  beautifull  building  scites  around  it  and  a  number  of 
Very  handsome  residences  &  improvements,  have  here  also  Two 
Methodist  Churches,  The  Episcopal  &  Radicals,  8  Lawyers,  7  or  8 
Physicians,  found  the  Crummy  family  exceedingly  kind  &  interest- 
ing, they  are  particular  friends  of  Mary  &  Joseph's.  I  like  the  peo- 
ple here  better  than  any  part  I  have  been  in.  everything  looks  more 
like  home,  found  many  of  the  first  men  here  very  kind  &  friendly, 
perticularly  Doctor  Lowe,^  Secretary  of  State  Bunn,®  Col  Williams,^" 
late  Secretary,  both  Masons,  attended  this  evening  their  Masonic 
Lodge,  a  very  good  one.    there  is  also  here  an  Odd  Fellows  Lodge. 

Sunday  morning,  June  )/i7i.  a  fine  Morning — went  with  the  Ladies 
Mrs.  Clarke  &  the  Miss  Crummys  to  Methodist  Church,  Text  2d 
Chronicles,  4  Chapter,  two  last  verses  of  the  chapter,  a  very  good 
Sermon  preached. 

Afternoon  went  to  Baptist  church,  heard  a  very  good  preacher,  Mr. 
Braybrook  of  Gelena.  at  7  oClock  in  the  evening  went  again  to  hear 
Mr.  Johnston  of  Burlington,  Baptist,  had  a  very  elequent  discourse, 
text  in  Ecclesiastes  upon  the  duties  of  Preachers  &  hearers. 

Monday,  June  5.  rode  out  through  the  Country  over  the  Iowa  Riv- 
er opposite  to  the  city  in  Company  with  Mr.  Clarke,"  a  young  Law- 
yer, son  in  law  of  Mr.  Crummy,    do  not  like  the  Land  so  well  as  that 


^John  Crummey,  landlord  of  Crummey  House. 

8Dr.  Enos   Lowe  was   Receiver  of  Public  Monies  at  Iowa  City,    1849. 

sjosiah  H.   Bonney  was   Secretary  of  State,   1848-50. 

"Col.  Jesse  Williams  was  Secretary  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,   1845. 

iiWilliam   Penn  Clarke. 


MAJOR  WILLIAM  WILLIAMS'  JOURNAL  253 

in  Ceder  Co.  &  that  in  Muskatine  between  Bloomington  &  this  City, 
altho  tis  all  good,  afternoon  attended  to  business  at  the  Land  office 
then  turned  in  with  the  Ladies,  Mrs.  Fails,  Mrs.  Lowe,  Mrs.  Clarke, 
Mrs.  Brown  &  the  two  Miss  Crummys  in  Compy  with  Doctor  Lowe, 
Col.  Jesse  Williams  and  Mr.  Clarke  &  Mr.  Fails,  spent  the  evening 
with  them  and  went  again  with  them  to  hear  Mr.  Johnston  preach, 
heard  an  eloquent  sermon,  text  was  John,  3d  Chapter,  18  V,  Con- 
demn'd  already,  after  sermon  in  Company  with  the  preacher,  Mr. 
Johnston,  we  all  went  to  the  Crummy  House  and  was  very  agreeably 
entertained.  They  have  an  excellent  choir  here  Composed  of  a  Union 
from  the  several  Churches.  Mr.  &  Mrs.  Fails^-  are  the  leaders,  they 
use  Bass  Viol  &  Violins.  1  have  so  far  been  very  much  pleased  with 
the  people;    they  are  plain,  cheerfuU  and  hospitable. 

Tuesday,  June  (>.  took  Breakfast  with  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Brails.  Mrs. 
Fails  is  a  fine  Woman,  a  Yankee,  a  great  Manager  &  leader,  formerly 
a  teacher  at  Fort  Atkinson,  I  believe  of  Domestic  Econemy.  a  great 
friend  of  Mason  Williams.  She  is  a  perfect  Major,  can  entertain 
Company  with  any  Woman  I  ever  saw.  %  past  9  oClock  started 
with  Rev'd  Johnston,  Rev.  Archibald  &  wife  of  Devenport  for  Bloom- 
ington. had  a  Very  pleasant  ride,  reached  Bloomington  4  oClock. 
found  all  well,  reed  William's  letter  of  the  22d  May,  very  much  re- 
lieved to  hear  all  is  well  at  home. 

Wednesday,  7  June,  fine  morning,  when  at  Iowa  City  I  located 
for  Wm.  of  Land  94  of  a  Section  near  Tipton,  Ceder  Co.  and  i/4  Sec- 
tion Near  Bloomington,  about  514  Miles  out  on  the  Tipton  road. 

Went  to  the  Court  House  to  day  to  hear  their  proceedings  in 
Court.  Judge  Grant'-  of  Devenport  presides.  No  associate  Judges 
in  this  State,  the  Bar  here  rather  thin,  best  Lawyers  are  Mr.  Wood- 
ward, Whitaker  and  Butler,  balance,  2  or  three.  Very  ordinary  in- 
deed. Woodward  is  the  best  read  man  by  far.  not  much  business  in 
any  of  the  Courts.  Agencies  &  Collections  principle  business  and 
Speculateing  a  pretty  good  opening  for  a  young  Man.  a  very  heavy 
rain  this  evening. 

Thursday,  June  8th.  clear  &  cool  Morning  after  a  very  heavy 
rain  last  Night,  Sun  Warm,  Streets  drying  fast,  as  I  have  to  re- 
main till  Joseph  can  return  I  have  Concluded  to  go  up  to  Galena  in 
the  first  Boat  &  see  that  part  of  the  Country, — 

Thursday,  Jiine  8th.  Cont'd  at  &  spent  the  Evening  at  Joseph's 
with  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Senat  and  Mrs.  Popp,  a  German  Lady,  was  en- 
tertained by  Mrs.  Popp  playing  on  the  Guitar  &  Singing.  She  Sings 
well,  has  Sung  in  the  Operas,  has  a  fine  Voice  indeed.    Siiigs  well. 

6  oClock  in  the  evening  took  passage  on  the  Oswego  Boat,  Capt. 
Battelle,   for   Devenport,   Rock   Island   &   during   the   night  passed 


"Mr.  and  Mrs.  Joseph  T.   Fales. 

^»1847.      In  April,   James  Grant  was  elected  District  Judge  of  the  Sec- 
ond  Judicial   District.      Wilkie's   Davenport   Past   and    Present.      1858, 


254  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

Rockingham,  arrived  at  Devenport  between  11  &  12  oClock  in  the 
night,  after  touching  at  Stevenson,  took  Lodgeings  at  the  Le  Clare 
House,"  Landlord  Mr.  Gayle.'"    a  Splendid  house. 

Friday  inorning,  June  9th.  very  clear,  warm  morning,  took  a 
look  at  the  town  and  Surrounding  Country.  Devenport  is  Situated 
on  the  Iowa  Side  of  the  River  on  a  Very  extensive  flat  of  Land, 
gently  riseing  from  the  River  Mississippi  for  a  Mile  back,  when  the 
bluffs  rise  to  considerable  bight  affording  most  beautifull.  Scites  for 
improvements.  This  is  a  charming  place;  buildings  good  but  in 
Some  parts  Scatterd;  Streets  very  Wide  and  beautified  with  Trees 
on  each  side;  Some  very  pretty  residences;  a  great  deal  of  taste 
displayed,  we  have  a  fine  View  of  the  River  both  up  &  down,  the 
population  is  about  from  1,100  to  1,200.  the  town  has  the  appear- 
ance of  a  More  Ancient  town  than  any  I  have  seen  on  the  Mississip- 
pi, directly  opposite  on  the  Illinois  Side  lies  Spread  out  in  full 
view  Rock  Island  and  Fort  Stevenson,  a  Town  that  appears  to  be  a 
place  of  business,  containing  a  population  of  1,800  or  2000.  has  a 
clean  neat  appearance  from  this  Side.  Devenport  is  the  County  Seat 
of  Scott  county.  Supports  two  Lawyers,  four  Doctors,  has  Seven 
Churches — Presbyterian,  Methodist,  Congregationalist,  Baptist, 
Campbelites,  New  Presbyterians,  Catholic,  Episcopal.  Catholic  & 
Congregationalists  &  Methodists  are  the  most  numerous.  No  Cholera 
here — a  healthy  place,  in  Sight  a  little  above  is  Fort  Armstrong 
Situated  on  Rock  Island,  a  very  delightful  place  3  Miles  long  &  bet- 
ter than  a  mile  wide.  Thomas  Drum  lives  at  the  Fort,  also  Doctr 
Hewett  of  Williamsburgh  lives  there.  Hiram  Price  lives  in  Deven- 
port. Met  with  John  Rouser  here,  he  is  a  Justice  of  the  peace;  Hi- 
ram Price,  Acting  Recorder. 

Rock  River  enters  four  Miles  below  on  the  Illinois  Side,  this 
River  is  navigable  for  .50  to  70  Miles  up  from  Mouth,  two  large 
Steam  flouring  Mills  that  Manufts  620  Bals  of  flour  per  Week,  One 
Steam  Saw  Mill,  abundance  of  Iron  back  of  this,  40  Miles  in  Jack- 
son County,  liveing,  everything,  cheaper  in  this  Country  than  in 
Penna.  Eight  or  ten  stores  here,  good  ones,  Some  groceries,  3  Drug 
Stores,  One  Regular  Hotel, — 2  Doggaries,  One  Odd  Fellows'  Lodge, 
One  Masonic  Lodge,  One  Devision  of  Sons  of  Temperance,  a  very 
Temperate  place,  more  so  than  Stevenson,  in  Stevenson  One  Ma- 
sonic Lodge,  One  Chapter,  One  Odd  Fellows  Lodge,  One  Division 
Sons  of  T— 


"Le  Claire  House.  It  was  built  in  1839,  at  a  cost  of  $35,000,  by 
Antoine  LeClaire,  and  was  at  the  time  a  marvel  of  beauty  and  magnitude ; 
and  was  not  excelled  anywhere  in  the  Mississippi  Valley.  It  was  for 
a  time  Davenport  proper, — inasmuch  as  it  was  the  rallying  point  for 
all  residents  of  the  city,  and  during  the  summer  was  a  resort  for  vis- 
itors from  St.  Louis  and  other  southern  cities,  who  came  here  with 
their  families  to  ruralize,  hunt,  escape  warm  weather  and  yellow  fever. 
Willcie's  Davenport   Past   and   Present.      1858. 

»Mr.  Gayle's  name  not  given  in  the  list  of  landlords.  A  William  H. 
Gayle  was  a  Davenport  pioneer  of  1840. — ^Ed. 


MAJOR  WILLIAM  WILLIAMS'  JOURNAL  255 

a  very  fine  college^®  at  Davenport  under  the  Direction  of  the  Con- 
gregationalists;  a  Very  fine  building,  beautifully  situated  on  t^e 
bluffs  in  rear  of  the  town. 

rained  this  evening.  Steam  Boat  Wisconsin^'  came  up  this  even- 
ing, too  much  Crowded,  did  not  take  passage.  10  oClock  Steam 
Boat  Dr.  Franklin/^  Packet,  came  up  bound  for  falls  of  St  Anthony, 
took  passage  on  her  for  Galena.  Boat  Crowded  with  passengers, 
passed  in  the  Night  Parkhurst  at  the  head  of  the  Rapids,  Camanche 
— Iowa  Side. 

Saturday,  June  10.  Sun  rise  arrived  at  Albany,  Illinois,  a  small 
place,  apparently  new;  Some  good  buildings,  good  warehouse,  popu- 
lation about  100,  fine  country  back  of  it.  passed  Fulton  City  on  the 
Illinois  side,  situated  on  an  extension  flat,  a  promising  looking  place 
about  250  inhabitants; — &  Lyons,  Iowa  Side,  a  small  place,  popula- 
tion about  75  to  100,  pretty  situation,  country  along  here  very 
pretty  on  both  sides — 

Sabula,  Jackson  Co.  la.  situated  on  an  Island  on  the  Iowa  Side  of 
the  Main  channel.  Situation  is  high  &  beautifull;  Town  scattered, 
one  or  two  Warehouses,  a  Hotel  &  a  very  pretty  situation.  Island  2 
or  3  miles  long  &  appears  to  be  over  one  Mile  Wide,  two  Miles  to 
Sevannah. 

Sevannah  on  Illinois  Side,  situated  on  the  River  bank  on  a  narrow 
strip  of  flat  land  which  puts  out  into  a  beautifull  valley  where  the 
town  stands;  about  y^  mile  wide,  rather  low  for  health,  town  has 
rather  a  dull  appearance,  building  very  common  frames,  but  one 
brick  building  in  this  place,  population  I  suppose  to  be  about  300. 
took  in  3  or  4  passengers  &  about  50  sacks  of  corn  here,  a  great 
place  for  Wooding. 

about  11  oClock  cleared  up  &  sun  came  out  after  a  dull  cloudy 
morning,  very  pleasant,  amused  myself  in  looking  at  the  country 
on  each  side  of  the  River,  the  Iowa  side  is  decidedly  preferable; 
the  bluffs  put  in  closer  to  the  River  here  &  a  great  many  Islands, 
the  Illinois  side  for  Some  distance  is  a  high  bluff  of  bare  Sand 
banks,  the  Iowa  Side  covered  with  a  luxuriant  growth  of  timber, 
I  have  all  this  forenoon  amused  myself  in  looking  at  the  fish  jump- 
ing out  of  the  Water,  Pike,  Salmon  &  Sturgeon.  I  have  seen  Stur- 
geon four  feet,  I  think,  long  and  Pike  from  2  to  3  feet.  Salmon  gen- 
erally appear  to  be  from  a  foot  to  18  inches  long,  passed  Apple 
River,  a  small  River  on  the  Illinois  side,     took  40  bals.  of  flour  in. 


i*'Iowa  College.  The  first  building  was  erected  (near  Western  Avenue, 
between  Sixth  and  Seventh  Streets)  *  *  *  *.  It  was  a  small,  one- 
story  brick  edifice,  with  a  plain  cupola.  *  *  *  *  The  trustees  were 
incorporated  under  the  statute,  June  4,  1847.  Wilkie's  Davenport  Past 
and   Present.      1858. 

"The  officers  of  the  Wisconsin  favored  us  with  St.  Louis  dates  of  the 
18th.     Muscatine — Iowa  Democratic  Enquirer,  July  21,  1849. 

i«Dr.    Franklin,    No.    Two. — A   new,    fast   and   elegantly    furnished    boat. 

*  *  *  *  We  advise  those  who  travel  to  try  the  Dr.  Franklin,  No. 
Two.     Bloomington — Iowa  Democratic  Enquirer,  June  9,  1849. 


256  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

a  great  many  passengers  on  Board,  we  have  Representatives  of 
every  state  nearly  on  Board,  Several  Scotchmen,  half  breed  Indians 
&  traders,  we  have  4  Pennsylvanians  bound  for  Minnesota.  All  in- 
teligent,  hardy  young  men  &  very  orderly  &  decent  in  their  deport- 
ment. The  scenery  here  is  beautiful.  Some  beautiful  locations  on 
the  Iowa  Side,  we  are  sailing  now  along  Jackson  County  in  that 
State. 

Bellview,  Jackson  Co.,  Iowa,  a  flourishing  town  12  miles  from 
Galena,  this  is  a  choice  location;  tis  situated  on  a  high  bank  & 
flanked  by  the  highest  bluffs  I  have  seen  in  the  State,  the  scenery 
around  the  town  is  very  romantic,  the  Rocks  jut  out  &  are  piled 
up  in  grand  Confusion,  in  the  rear  of  the  town  is  most  beautiful 
ridges  coverd  with  a  fine  groth  of  timber,  there  is  here  a  Splendid 
flouring  mill.  Some  Warehouses,  Taverns,  Stores,  &  population  I 
suppose  about  850,  a  good  ferry  and  a  number  of  Waggons  &  people 
Crossing  from  tSe  Illinois  Side  into  Iowa  to  settle,  there  is  now 
on  the  Bank  6  or  7  Waggons  and  Something  like  fifty  Emigraxits. 

Fever  River,  ascen'ded  this  River  8  miles  to  Galena,  this  River, 
is  about  as  wide  as  the  Schuylkill  but  much  deeper,  there  is  a 
great  many  Islands  in  the  Mississippi  at  the  Mouth  of  this  River, 
along  this  River  on  the  right  side  the  hills  put  into  the  River  in 
the  Shape  of  Mounds  bare  of  Timbers,  as  we  ascend,  both  Sides  of 
the  River  assumes  the  Same  appearance,  this  River  is  Very 
Crooked,  arrived  at  Galena  1  oClock. 

Galena  is  Situated  on  the  two  sides  of  Fever  River  with  a  draw 
Bridge  Connecting,  the  Town  is  built  on  Steep  bluffs  on  both  sides 
of  the  River  resembling  Mounds,  one  towring  over  the  other  & 
forming  numerous  revines  &  Mounds,  the  River  Street  narrow  &  the 
buildings  fronting  it  generally  built  with  their  back  Walls  to  the 
hill,  the  Town  off  the  river  St  presents  a  Scattered  appearance  for 
a  Mile  &  an  half  along  the  River.  Many  of  the  highest  hills  are 
beautifully  improved,  buildings  generally  good  with  a  great  Many 
Splendid  residences  overlooking  the  Town.  Many  of  the  Streets 
are  very  Crooked  as  they  follow  the  revines  amid  the  hills.  The 
population  over  6,000.  there  is  five  Presbyterian  Churches,  1  Metho- 
dist, -  Baptist,  One  Lutheran,  2  Catholic,  the  business  of  the  place 
is  brisk;  a  great  Many  drays  and  Ox  teams  hauling  Lead,  a  Mer- 
chant informed  me  the  principle  trade  is  the  Lead.  Over  700,000 
Bars  of  Lead  is  Shipped  from  this  place  annually,  the  surrounding 
Country  is  full  of  the  ore  and  furnaces  all  around  at  the  distance  of 
14  to  6  &  8  Miles. 

regular  lines  of  Steam  Boats  run  up  this  far.  the  River  is  not 
Navigable  above  this  place. — their  wharf  here  has  quite  a  business 
appearance;  the  pig  lead  is  piled  up  Very  neatly  as  high  as  my 
hed  and  Stands  all  along  the  wharf  in  Squares  of  about  20  piles  in  a 
Square,  and  in  the  sun  presents  a  fine  appearance.    I  walked  out  i/4 


MAJOR  WILLIAM  WILLIAMS'  JOURNAL  257 

Mile  to  a  furnace,  while  our  Boat  was  dischargeing  &  takeing  on 
freight  &  procured  Some  Ore.  I  am  much  pleased  with  the  City  of 
Galena.  Their  Churches  are  Splendid;  indeed,  there  is  as  fine 
Blocks  of  four-Story  buildings  here  as  are  in  any  City  Eastward, 
their  business  houses  arranged  in  Complete  City  Style,  the  City  may 
be  said  to  be  located  in  a  trough  with  the  River  in  the  Center  and 
amid  the  hills  on  each  Side,  half  concealed  &  half  disclosed,  you  see 
that  the  various  Streets  follow  the  revenes  among  the  hills. — 5 
oClock  P.  M.  Boat  turned  &  put  down  again,  then  up  the  Mississippi. 

There  is  an  Excellent  Temperance  Hotel  here,  a  large  Devn.  of 
Sons,  Masonic  Lodge, — O.  P.  Lodge,  good  Schools  under  the  School 
Laws  of  Illinois,  arrived  at  Debuque  after  dark,  this  appears  to 
be  a  considerable  place,  the  County  Seat  of  Dubuque  Co.,  Iowa, 
after  discharging  some  freight  proceeded  up  the  River.  10  oClock 
went  to  bed. 

Sunclmj  morning,  June  11th.  Morning  Clear  &  fine,  begins  to 
feel  a  change  of  Climate,  tis  much  cooler,  a  pure,  Sharp  breese. 
now  about  3  miles  above  French  Town,  an  old  French  Settlement 
about  15  miles  below  Prairie  DuChein.  passed  in  the  night  Peru, 
Cassville  &  Prairie  Le  Porte,  small  and  unimportant  places — likely 
to  go  down  Since  the  removal  of  the  Indians,  the  River  &  Sur- 
rounding Country  is  beautifull  here,  immediately  on  the  River 
along  here  there  is  on  both  sides  from  One  to  two  Miles  of  Bot- 
tom and  that  backed  by  high  bluffs  piled  up  in  the  form  of  Cones, 
bare  of  timber  except  here  &  there  a  Solitary  one  or  two  hills  all 
green  &  beautiful,  passed  Mouth  of  Turkey  River  in  the  night 
near  Cassville.  we  now  have  Wisconsin  on  the  right  hand  &  Iowa 
on  the  left,    the  Country  on  both  sides  is  beautifull. 

landed  at  McGregors''  Ferry,  Iowa  side,  Clayton  Co.  directly 
opposite  we  have  in  View  Prairie  Du  Chein  and  Fort  Crawford, 
The  Fort  looks  exceeding  well  from  this  point;  very  extensive  im- 
provements, the  buildings  painted  white  as  chalk,  the  Town  above 
— both  are  Situated  on  a  very  extensive  Prairie  that  runs  up  & 
down  the  River  as  far  as  the  eye  Can  reach  and  from  One  to  two 
Miles  broad,  on  the  back  ground  a  continued  range  of  high  bluffs 
from  200  to  300  feet  high  and  perfectly  green  with  but  little  timber 


i-'The  following  note  was  made  hy  the  writer  in  the  back  of  the  jour- 
nal : — Ed. 

"Alex  McGregOf  of  McGregors  Landing,  Clayton  county,  Iowa,  I  found 
on  visiting  it  the  second  time,  to  be  a  decendant  of  Rob  Roy  McGregor. 
He  has  settled  there  and  Several  of  the  Old  Clan  are  gathering  around 
him.  He  showed  to  us  the  original  Seal  and  Signet  of  Rob  Roy,  T.  W.  B. 
Heming.  One  of  which  is  the  ancient  Clan  Seal.  The  inscription  is  in 
Gaelic. 

Triogal   Ma   Dh'ream.   or 

I  am  of  royal  descent,  &. 

Een   dhn    bait   spair   nocht.    or 

Slay  and  spare  not. 

engraved  on  a  blood  stone  from  Loch  Lomond  in  Perthshire.  Helen 
McGregor,  his  daughter,  is  a  fine  bouncing  girl,  a  little  proud  of  her 
ancestry." 


258  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

on  them,  the  timber  is  in  Small  groves  of  Cedar  &  Oak  which  dots 
the  hill  sides,  the  bluff  Slopes  towards  the  Prairie  by  falling  off 
in  broken  ridges  or  Mounds  nearly  the  shape  of  Cones,  growing 
smaller  &  change  to  the  form  of  an  Oven  as  they  close  in  upon  the 
Prairie,  the  whole  Scenery  is  delightfull.  This  is  an  ancient 
French  town  or  Settlement, 

crossed  the  River  to  Prairie  Du  Chein  and  took  in  400  Bals.  of 
Flour,  a  fine  Steam  Mill  here,  on  approaching  the  'Shore  I  saw 
the  first  Indian,  he  came  down  to  the  bank  of  the  River  and  took 
his  seat  on  the  Grass  to  look  at  the  Boat  landing,  after  landing  he 
came  on  board  with  his  interpreter,  the  famous  old  man  Reed,  a 
native  of  Kentucky  who  has  been  a  great  many  years  with  the 
Indians,  Married  to  a  Squaw  and  in  the  employment  of  the  Amer- 
ican Fur  Company.  The  Indian  is  a  chief  of  the  Winnebagoes; 
Name,  Ouna-kot-a-ka,  or  Big  Bear;  a  large  fine  looking  Indian 
dressed  in  Calico,  Short  Buckskin  leggons,  Red  Blanket  over  his 
shoulders;  a  very  pleasant  looking  yet  degnified  fellow,  immedi- 
ately opposite  to  this  place  in  Iowa  on  Turkey  River  was  their  late 
residence,  they  were  not  long  since  removed  pretty  much  by  force 
to  the  West  Side  of  the  Mississippi  near  St  Peters  and  are  very 
much  dissatisfied,  say  they  have  no  good  hunting  ground  there. 
Many  of  them  have  returned  to  their  former  home  and  this  chief's 
business  is  to  gather  them  up  &  induce  them  to  go  home.  He  says 
tis  hard  to  leave  their  former  hunting  grounds  &  the  homes  of 
their  Fathers  but  he  wishes  to  have  no  trouble  with  his  great 
Father,  the  Presdt.  Poor  Indians!  I  have  had  a  long  talk  with 
this  Chief  through  his  interpreter,  he  is  a  noble  specimen  of  the 
Red  Man,    he  says  the  last  winter  has  been  very  hard  on  them. 

The  Town  Prairie  Du  Chein  is  Scattered  over  the  Prairie,  popu- 
lation over  500,  made  up  principally  of  French  Creoles,  half  Indians 
&  negroes,  a  mixed  race  generally.  The  American  Fur  Compy.  has 
a  large  Store  here. 

The  Fort  Crawford  stands  on  a  rise  in  the  Prairie  &  is  a  very 
tasty  improvement.  The  English  of  Prairie  Du  Chein  is  "The  land 
of  Dogs,"  being  originally  inhabited  by  the  Dog  chief,  Dog.  Village 
formerly  in  great  numbers,  a  few  very  pleasant  French  Families 
here.**  The  Wisconsin  River  empties  in  below  this  place  about  4 
miles. 

6  oClock  afternoon,  from  P  Du  Chien  up  to  the  line  of  Iowa 
State,  (upper  Iowa  Rivers  mouth),  the  bluffs  have  been  growing 
higher  &  higher,  presenting  to  the  River  the  appearance  of  the 
Gable  end  of  houses  and  a  Solid  Rock  front,  the  hills  here  look 
generally  like  a  Cone  cut  in  two  with  the  flat  side  presented  to  the 


2«Carver  found  a  considerable  town  on  the  Mississippi  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Wisconsin,  called  by  the  French  "La  Prairie  les  Chiens",  which 
is  now  Prairie  du  Chien,  or  the  Dog  Prairie,  named  after  an  Indian  chief 
who  went  by  the  dignified  name  of  "The  Dog."  Flandi-au's  History  of 
Minnesota.      1900. 


MAJOR  WILLIAM  WILLIAMS'  JOURNAL  259 

River,  on  the  Wisconsin  the  Shores  are  generally  low  &  the  hills 
about  a  mile  back  continue  to  have  the  appearance  they  have  at 
P  Du  Chein.^'^  discription  of  the  blulTs  on  the  Iowa  side  along 
Allamakee  Co.  for  20  miles  below  the  Minnesota  Line,  Iowa  River.-'' 
the  flags'^  represented  mark  the  Graves  of  distinguished  Winnebago 
Indians,  they  are  flying  on  the  hills,  that  are,  I  suppose  350  feet 
high.  Allamakee  &  Winnesheek  Counties  was  the  great  Settlement, 
also  Clayton  Co.,  of  the  Indians,  passed  here  Capila  Rock-*  where 
there  Stands  a  Singular  Rock,  an  Indian  God  painted  up  by  the  In- 
dians &  worshipped  by  them,  the  Capila  Mound  or  Rock  stands  a 
short  distance  above  on  the  Iowa  side.-^  on  the  Wisconsin  side 
stands  the  Old  Indian  Village  Winnesheek.  Winesheek.  innumer- 
able pidgeons  here  on  the  low  grounds  &  Islands,  arrived  at  the 
mouth  of  Bad  Axe,^  the  old  Battle  ground  of  Black  Hawk  on  the 
Wisconsin  Side.-^ 

we  now  have  Minnesota  territory  on  the  left  side  and  Wisconsin 
on  the  right.  I  find  a  great  change  in  the  temperature  of  the  atmos- 
phere, our  course  all  day  has  been  from  N.  W.  to  North,  the  coun- 
try back  from  the  River,  both  sides,  is  level,  a  great  part  of  it  put- 
ting off  into  rolling  Prairies,  to  me  tis  a  very  interesting  country, 
the  scenery  &  general  features  of  it  entirely  new  to  me.  never  could 
a  country  be  better  adapted  to  the  life  the  Indian  leads,  the  hills 
and  revenes  furnishing  shelter  for  them  during  the  winter  and  the 
country  back  the  finest  hunting  grounds,  good  Timber  all  through 
this  country  along  the  streams.  A  great  many  Islands  in  the  River 
from  Bad  Axe  up  for  some  distance,  the  sun  is  setting  and  a  beau- 
tlfull  sunset  it  is.  Our  course  now  is  nearly  due  North,  close  to 
our  Boat  a  Cat  3  feet  long  just  jumped  Clear  out  of  the  Water,  a 
great  many  fish  in  the  River  here.  Sturgeon,  Pike,  Pickerel,  Bass, 
&c.  passed  Coon  Slough  here,  the  River  is  very  narrow  &  rapid, 
the  Country  back  on  both  sides  of  the  River  is  a  Mineral  Region, 
about  40"  Miles  back  on  the  Wisconsin  region  is  a  Copper  Mine  & 
on  the  Iowa  Side  Lead  all  through  it,  also  Iron,  went  to  bed  10 
oClock. 

Monday,  12th  June,  this  morning  cloudy,  looks  like  haveing  rain, 
found  myself  on  getting  up  approaching  Wabbisha,  an  Indian  town, 
Sous  or  Sioux,  tis  situated  on  a  very  extensive  Prairie,  looks  as 
the  it  was  15  miles  long  &  4  or  5  Miles  Wide,  there  is  a  Village  of 
Some  twenty  five  Bark  Lodges  or  houses  and  above  it  a  short  dis- 


=«iOriginal  journal  shows  sketch  giving  the  appearance  of  the  hills 
around  Prairie  du   Chien. 

^-Original  .iournal  has  sketch  showing  shape  of  the  mounds  around 
Prairie  du  Chien. 

23Referring   to   sketch    in   original   journal,   probably  of  Ft   Crawford. 

-^Painted   Rock,  Allamakee   county. 

=»Original  journal  shows  sketch  of  Caplin  Rock  and  Indian  God  ravines 
filled  with  fine  springs. 

aeBattle  of  Bad  Axe.  August  2.  1832. 

^^Original   journal  shows  sketch  of   battle  ground   of  Bad  Axe. 


260  *    An!^ALS  of  IOWA 

tance  about  10  or  12  Tents,  the  little  Indians  are  running  about  the 
lodges  the  old  ones  sitting  about,  some  few  by  pairs  are  seen  in 
the  distance  apparently  hunting  their  Ponies,  and  Cattle  are  graze- 
ing  in  flocks  over  the  Prairie,  the  Prairie  is  a  beautifull  One,  be- 
longs to  the  Sioux  yet,  not  purchased  of  them,  about  a  Mile  above 
the  Village  there  is  an  enclosure  of  Pickets  and  a  Mound,  the  Grave 
of  one  of  their  Principal  Chiefs.^*  passed  in  the  night  mouth  of 
Black  River — Wisconsin  &  Root  River.  River  of  the  Mountain 
passed  this  morning,     on  the  Minnesota  Side  the  White  Wolf  River. 

Indian  Graves  along  the  Shores  built  over  with  logs  and  a  port 
set  at  the  head  painted  white  &  red  with  a  round  head  Striped  red 
&  white — marked  in  Picture  writeing.  the  Sous  or  Sioux  Indians 
are  a  noble  looking  race,  in  this  district  what  they  call  the  lower 
Band  reside,  passed  Zumbra  or  Drift  River  Minnesota  Side,  imme- 
diately above  the  mouth  of  this  River  is  an  Encamnment  of  Sioux 
and  has  the  appearance  of  a  Sugar  Camp,  the  young  Indians  appear 
to  be  naked,  jumping,  clapping  their  hands  &  hooping  at  us  as  we 
pass.  Men  and  Squaws  setting  about  their  lodges  looking  on. 

the  river  is  very  full  of  Islands  for  some  distance  above  Drift 
River,  indeed,  untill  we  approach  Lake  Pepin  the  bluffs  still  have 
the  same  appearance  that  they  have  from  Prairie  Du  Chein  up  to 
Bad  Axe,  but  stand  back  further  from  the  River.  The  Musquetoes 
are  very  bad  here  when  we  approach  or  lay  to  the  Shore  to  Wood, 
they  are  very  anoying  in  the  timberlands  along  the  river,  also  what 
they  call  Buffalo  Gnats  are  bad.  I  feel  sensibly  the  change  of  Cli- 
mate; the  air  is  quite  cool  and  braceing.  very  pure  &  delightfull 
Water  in  this  country,    must  be  a  very  healthy  Country. 

I  find  all  kinds  of  people  pushing  up  for  the  new  territory,  we 
have  on  Our  Boat  French,  Germans,  Pennsylvanians,  Ohioans  &  from 
Illinois,  N.  York,  Massachusetts,  Maryland  &  Virginia.  Majority 
from  Penna.  &  Illinois,  (now  Wooding  12  miles  below  Lake  Pepin). 
Young  Davis  of  Chester  Co.  Pa.  defeated  here — his  retreat  to  the 
Boat,  fec.^**  passed  Wabasha,  The  Half  breed  Village,  built  up  in 
French  Style,  a  great  many  Indians  on  the  bank  of  the  river  look- 
ing at  the  boat,  here  I  see  the  first  Indians  on  horse  back  scamper- 
ing over  the  Prairie  below  the  village,  and  above,  droves  of  Indians 
comeing  over  the  hills  in  Indian  file  with  great  loads  on  their  backs. 

The  Half  breed  tract  includes  all  on  th^  Minnesota  Side  from 
Drift  River  up  to  Red  Wing,  the  neighborhood  of  this  village  is 
the  most  beautifull  Country  in  the  world  for  beauty  of  location,  the 
Prairie  on  which  the  Village  is,  together  with  the  surrounding 
hills,  cant  be  excelled.    This  tract  runs  along  the  river  for  50  miles 


="*Original  journal  shows  sketch  of  Sioux  village  and  the  surrounding 
hills. 

-^Evidently  a  note  made  by  the  writer  which  he  intended  to  elaborate 
and    did    not. 


MAJOR  WILLIAM  WILLIAMS'  JOURNAL  201 

and  includes  all  the  Territory  for  a  day's  journey  back,  tis  not  yet 
purchased  of  the  Indians,  when  it  is'  it  will  afford  the  best  oppor- 
tunity for  speculation,  tis  just  at  the  entrance  of  Lake  Pepin,  it 
commences  &  runs  down  the  River  for  50  Miles,  all  the  country 
back  is  a  Mineral  Region,  the  Prairie  on  which  the  Village  stands 
affords  a  scite  for  a  City  that  would  contain  1,000,000  of  a  popula- 
tion, with  a  most  splendid  Bank  that  never  will  overflow,  and  on 
the  back  ground  a  beautifull  range  of  hills  covered  with  splendid 
groves  of  timber  of  beautifull  foilage.  The  half  breed  Indians  are 
a  mixture  of  French  &  Indians,  they  are  generally  lighter  coloured 
than  the  full  bloods,  there  is  a  great  many  full  bloods  in  here, 
men,  Squaws  &  children,  lying  about  on  the  bank  of  the  River  the 
young  lads  are  very  lively,  cut  a  great  many  capers  and  generally 
very  fantastically  dressed. 

as  we  enter  the  Lake  Pepin  the  Water  is  very  rapid.  Lake  Pepin 
is  an  enlargement  of  the  River;  it  opens  out  to  the  width  of  from 
21/^  to  4  or  5  miles  wide,  passed  mouth  of  Chippaway  River  just 
before  entering  the  Lake,  it  comes  in  on  the  Wisconsin  side.  Lake 
Pepin  is  22  miles  long  &  from  4  to  5  miles  wide,  some  splendid 
country  on  each  side,  perticularly  on  the  Minnesota  side,  the  most 
beautiful  Cornelion  is  found  on  the  bank  of  this  Lake,  at  the  head 
of  this  Lake  on  the  Wisconsin  side  Stands  the  famous  Rock  called 
the  Lovers  Leap,  or  Maiden  Rock,  the  tale  of  the  Lovers  leap  or 
Indian  girl  jumping  off  of  it  is  founded  here,  tis  said  to  be  a  fact, 
her  People  wanted  her  to  marry  a  Trader,  and  rather  than  do  it 
she  threw  herself  off  this  rock,  tis  a  perpendicular  Rock  300  feet 
high,  at  the  termination  of  a  bluff  that  puts  into  the  river,  stands 
close  to  the  River  or  Lake,    face  smothe  as  follows: '^ 

on  the  Minnesota  side  the  half  breed  tract  continues,  on  the 
Wisconsin  side  is  the  tract  of  Country  known  by  the  name  of  the 
Carver  Claim.^-  passed  Mouth  of  Rush  River  on  the  Wisconsin  side. 
I  am  indebted  to  a  Mr.  James  McPhail,  long  a  trader  &  resident  of 
this  Country,  now  lives  on  the  Willow  River  Lake  St  Croix,  for 
names  of  places,  &c. 

The  Islands  for  5  or  6  Miles  above  the  Lake  are  alive  with  Pid- 
geons.  there  are  millions  of  them  on  all  sides,  A  very  heavy  rain, 
— the  river  is  riseing  very  fast,  passed  the  Crow  Wing  Village  of 
Indians,     they   appear   to   be  cultivating-  considerable   ground.''     a 

^Original  journal  shows  two  sketches — side  view  of  Maiden  lloek, 
and  front  view  sliowing  the  Lover's  Leap. 

^'-The  first  traveler  and  author  visiting  and  describing  Minnesota  af- 
ter France  lost  her  American  possessions  was  Jonathan  Carver.  Start- 
ing from  Boston  in  June,  1766,  Carver  traveled  to  the  strait  of  Macinac 
and  Green  Bay,  and  then  by  the  canoe  route  of  the  Fox,  Wisconsin  and 
Mississippi  rivers  to  the  area  of  Minnesota.  Here  he  spent  the  follow- 
ing winter  witlx  tribes  of  the  Sioux.  At  his  return  east,  begun  in  the 
spring  of  1767,  he  made  a  treaty,  as  it  may  be  called,  with  two  of  the 
Sioux  chiefs,  who  formally  granted  to  him  a  large  tract  of  land  on  the 
east  side  of  the  Mississippi,  including  the  area  of  the  present  site  of 
St.   Paul.    Minnesota   in  Three  Centuries,   p.   281.     1908.    ' 

^Original    journal    shows   a   sketch   of    Red    Wing,    a   Sioux   village. 


262  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

great  many  men,  Squaws  &  young  children  &  dogs  on  the  bank  of 
the  river  looking  at  our  Boat,  two  young  Indians  courseing  their 
ponies,  all  the  grown  Indians  have  their  blankets  over  their 
shoulders  but  many  of  the  young  ones  are  naked,  tis  a  novel  sight 
to  me.  there  is  22  Lodges  and  a  Missionary  House,  Catholic,  in  this 
Village. 

this  evening's  clear,  a  very  beautiful  sun  set.  we  have  left  the 
Mississippi  and  entered  the  St  Croix  River,  now  sailing  up  St 
Croix  Lake  after  passing  up  a  narrow  neck  from  the  mouth  or  out- 
let. This  Lake  is  about  from  li/^  to  2  miles  wide  &  about  30  miles 
long;  the  most  beautiful  sheet  of  Water  I  ever  saw.  tis  as  smoothe 
as  glass  and  as  clear  as  Crystal,  with  rock  bound  shores  nearly  all 
the  way  up.  the  bluffs  are  about  one  hundred  &  fifty  feet  high  with 
a  gradual  slope  to  the  water's  edge,  tis  the  intention  to  run  up  to 
Still  Water  &  Marine  Mills  above  the  head  of  the  Lake  12  miles. — 
the  point  where  this  River  empties  into  the  Mississippi  must  be- 
come an  important  point,  a  fine  location  for  a  town,  there  is  now 
there  a  very  good  settlement,  a  store,  warehouse,  &c.  &c. 

in  ascending  this  Lake  our  course  is  due  West  it  runs  from  West 
to  East,  the  night  is  cool  &  clear,  cant  sleep,  the  Boat  is  full  of 
musquetoes,  haveing  received  a  large  supply  where  we  last  Wooded 
on  the  Mississippi,  passed  Willow  River's  mouth  6  miles  below 
Stillwater,  a  warehouse  &  some  buildings  here,  arrived  at  Still- 
water, discharged  freight  &  passengers  here.  Stillwater  is  at  the 
head  of  the  Lake,  a  very  brisk  place;  is  the  rival  of  St  Paul's, 
population  is  from  3  to  500.  buildings  very  good,  frame,  all  painted 
white,  a  large  warehouse,  good  wharf,  &c.  &c.  discharged  freight 
&  passengers  here. 

pushed  up  the  river  St  Croix  12  miles  fruther  to  Marine  Mills, 
discharged  more  freight  here  &  some  passengers,  good  Saw  Mills 
here;  a  place  of  some  business,  particularly  in  the  lumber  trade, 
returned  down  to  the  Mississippi,  haveing  run  up  the  St  Croix 
about  50  miles.  The  Marine  Mills  are  owned  by  a  Compy.,  built 
on  what  was  called  by  the  Chippawas,  Fall  River;  fine  water  power, 
tis  25  miles  from  this  point  by  land  across  to  St  Peter's  on  the 
Mississippi,  above  this  place  20  miles  is  the  Falls  on  the  St  Croix, 
good  water  power  above  the  falls  not  yet  taken  up.  this  River  is 
the  devideing  line  between  Wisconsin  &  Minnesota,  Minnesota  on 
the  West  and  Wisconsin  on  the  Bast  bank,  this  is  certainly  one 
of  the  finest  regions  in  the  world,  tis  the  best  watered  country  I 
ever  saw,  perticularly  the  Minnesote  side,  water  of  the  purest  kind 
appears  to  be  gushing  out  of  every  hill  side,  the  whole  country 
is  beautifully  deversified  with  hills  &  valleys  or  Prairies,  beautiful! 
Lakes  all  through  it  and  fin-e  water  power.  Bear  Lake  is  a  most 
delightfuU  country;  indeed,  all  the  country  lying  between  the  St 
Croix  &  the  Mississippi  is  delightful. 


MAJOR  WILLIAM  WILLIAMS'  JOURNAL  L'6M 

Tuesday,  June  J 3th.  foggy  morning,  found  the  Boat  moored  at 
the  Marine  Mills,  discharging  a  great  portion  of  her  freight  and 
about  50  of  our  passengers,  this  is  a  great  Lumber  Country — very 
large  rafts  floating  down  this  morning,  all  kinds  of  lumber,  left 
the  mills  for  the  Mississippi  again,  at  8  o'clock  a.  m.  returned  to 
Still  Water. 

Stillwater  is  the  County  seat  of  St  Croix  Co.,  Minnesota,  situate 
one  mile  below  the  head  of  Lake  St  Croix,  a  very  thriveing  town, 
they  are  building  very  fast,  there  is  now  about  60  houses,  popula- 
tion about  500,  2  large  Hotels,  the  Minnesota  House  &  the  St  Croix 
Hotel,  they  are  putting  up  a  good  Court  House,  building  all  frame, 
neatly  painted  White;  location  a  hill  side  riseing  gradually  from 
the  lake  with   an  Eastern  exposure.'* 

The  Signification  of  Minnesote  is  troubled  or  Muddy  Water,  a 
Sioux  Name."^ 

fine  fish  in  the  Lake,  Specked  Trout,  Pike,  Pickeral,  Herring,  Bass, 
Sturgeon,  &c.  &c.  along  the  shores  of  this  Lake  &  White  Bear  Lake, 
9  miles  from  this,  in  low  Water  the  most  beautiful]  Cornelion  are 
found  in  great  quantities.  I  have  procured  a  few  but  the  Water 
being  now  unusually  high  the  shores  are  too  much  coverd.  this  is 
a  Mineral  region.  Iron,  Copper  &  Lead  found  in  the  Country  on 
each  Side.  See  some  very  rich  Specimens  of  Copper  Ore  at  Still- 
water, proceeded  20  to  40  miles  back  on  the  Minnesote  side,  ar- 
rived at  foot  of  the  Lake  St  Croix  9  oClock  night,  after  lingering 
all  day  since  11  oClock  towing  out  a  number  of  rafts  becalmed  in 
the  lake,     put  up  the  Mississippi  for  St  Peters. 

Rush  River— below  the  Mouth  of  this  Lake  is  a  splendid  Stream 
of  Clear  Water  fed  by  Springs  and  is  said  to  be  the  greatest  Trout 
Stream  in  the  World.  ^  they  catch  Trout  here  weighing  from  1  to  9 
pounds,  the  Country  along  this  Stream  is  also  said  to  be  one  of 
the  best  districts  in  Wisconsin  as  to  soil  &  timber,  there  is  in 
the  East  a  wrong  impression  of  this  Climate,  it  is  in  about  the 
same  Latitude  with  Albany,  N,  Y.  from  what  I  see  every  thing  is 
as  far  forward  as  Penna.  I  believe  I  would  prefer  it  to  that  part 
of  Missouri  I  have  seen.  Certainly  is  a  much  more  healthy  region, 
but  Iowa  in  my  estimation  is  t,he  Star  State,    went  to  bed. 

Wednesday,  June  l.^th.  awoke  early,  found  our  Boat  landed  at 
St  Pauls  discharging  flour.     I  took  a  walk  up  the  steep  bluff  and 

"^Original  journal  shows  a  sketch  of  Stillwater  and  a  map  of  Lake  St. 
Croix. 

=»The  word  is  composed  of  two  Sioux  words,  "Minne,"  which  means 
water,  and  "Sota,"  which  means  the  condition  of  the  sky  when  fleecy 
white  clouds  are  seen  floating  slowly  and  quietly  over  it.  It  has  been 
translated,  "sky-tinted,"  giving  to  the  -  word  Minnesota  the  meaning  of 
sky-tinted  water.  The  name  originated  in  the  fact  that,  in  the  early 
days,  the  river  now  called  Minnesota  used  to  rise  very  rapidly  in  the 
spring,  and  there  was  constantly  a  caving  in  of  the  banks,  which  dis- 
turbed its  otherwise  pellucid  waters,  and  gave  them  the  appearance  of 
the  sky  when  covered  with  light  clouds.  Flandrau's  History  of  Minne- 
sota, p.  48. 


264  AKNALS  of  IOWA 

took  a  view  of  the  town  generally,  the  upper  or  new  town  is  laid 
out  on  a  wild  looking  place  situated  on  high  bluffs  which  have  a 
steep  face  to  the  River  &  Rocks  projecting,  the  lower,  or  Old 
French  town,  is  composed  of  about  10  or  15  houses,  some  of  the 
bark  roofs,  in  this  part  is  found  Half  breed  Indians  &  French  and 
Canadian  French,  this  part  stands  on  a  lower  ground  just  above 
a  revine  where  Carvers  Cave  is.  site  of  the  upper  town  is  more 
broken  &  it  stands  on  a  succession  of  benches  of  land,  there  is  a 
great  many  people  here,  many  of  them  have  for  a  covering  their 
Waggons  &  tents,  there  is  two  large  frame  Hotels  going  up  &  a 
great  many  small  frame  buildings  scattered  among  the  bushes,  for 
the  greater  part  of  the  ground  where  the  new  Town  stands  is  not 
yet  grubbed  out,  full  of  Hazel  bushes  &  Scrub  Oak.  they  are  asking 
as  high  as  $500  for  lots.  I  think  they  will  have  a  great  deal  of 
work  to  do  here  before  they  will  have  things  as  they  should  be. 
there  is  a  Slough  100  yeard  wide  between  the  town  and  the  river, 
over  which  they  have  built  a  causeway  to  get  from  the  River  to 
the  town,  between  the  River  &  the  Slough  there  is  barely  room  for 
three  or  four  Warehouses,    two  are  here  erecting. 

the  great  objection  to  this  place  is  that  the  bluffs  are  too  high, 
100  feet  high  generally  &  almost  perpendicular,  so  with  the  excep- 
tion of  about  100  to  150  yd.  opposite  the  upper  town,  &  there  tis 
quite  Steep,  perticularly  at  the  Second  bank,  they  are  building  fast. 
I  suppose  there  is  now  in  an  unfinished  state  at  least  40  small, 
frame  buildings,  the  population  is  a  very  mixed  one  some  of  the 
most  inteligent  &  some  mixed  with  the  Indian  French.  I  would 
judge  from  appearance  that  the  active,  shrewd  population  that  is 
putting  in  here  will  soon  expel  all  the  old  inhabitants,  they  are 
like  oil  &  water,  wont  mix.  I  think  they  cant  live  together,  wont 
mix.  I  am  surprised  to  see  the  inteligent  lady-like  appearance  of 
all  the  females  here,  liveing  many  of  them  in  huts,  cheerfuU  & 
happy,  the  Majority  of  them  are  from  St  Louis,  Illinois,  N.  York, 
Maine,  Massachusetts,  Virga.  &  Ohio. 

Gov.  Ramsey  &  Judge  Meeker^®  inform  me  tis  a  most  splendid 
country  all  the  way  down  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  River  till  it 
joins  State  of  Iowa.  Latitude  about  the  same  as  Plattsburgh,  N.  Y. 
a  great  many  Indians  here,  tradeing.  the  country  around  is  not 
yet  settled  to  any  extent,  have  to  get  all  provisions  from  the 
lower  Country,  everything  high  here,  boarding  $3  p.  week  &  that 
generally  pork  &  beans,  the  town  has  sprung  up  principally  since 
the  opening  of  navigation  this  spring;  population  said  to  be  about 
1300.  the  place  has  a  new  &  scattered  appearance,  it  will  even- 
tually be  a  place  of  importance  but  it  will  be  sometime  hereafter, 
not  till  the  country  around  fills  up  and  improves  the  fine  Land  & 


3«Judge   Bradley   B.   Meeker  was  Associate   Justice   of   the   Teri'itory  of 
Minnesota. 


MAJOR  WILLIAM  WILLIAMS 


''.;J^^i: 


#• 


MAJOR  WILLIAM  WILLIAMS'  JOURNAL  265 

add  support  to  the  Town,  at  present  everything  is  on  the  Swell 
&  reaction  must  take  place. — 

1  oClock  left  for  St  Peters  which  is  Seven  Miles  above.  Carvers 
Cave  just  below  town  is  an  interesting  place,  there  is  also  a  large 
Cave  about  a  mile  above  town,  the  River  from  this  up  to  Fort 
Snelling  is  high  bluffs  &  Rock  bound  shores.  Water  now  very  high. 
St  Peters,^"  opposite  or  rather  below  Fort  Snelling,  is  a  small  place 
with  a  tradeing  house,  &c.  of  the  Fur  Company,  here  also  three 
or  four  good  Stone  buildings  in  one  of  which  Governor  Ramsey 
has  his  residence."**  at  present  the  Town  is  situated  on  a  bluff  at 
the  mouth  of  the  St  Peters  River,  population  about  100  to  150. 
a  great  many  Winnebagoes  and  Chippaway  Indians  here,  about  400. 
tis  quite  an  interesting  sight,  men,  Squaws  &  children  encamped 
all  about  this  region,  the  squaws  in  Canoes  rowing  about,  catching 
pine  logs  &  lumber  that  has  come  down  the  river  washed  off  from 
the  owners  by  the  high  water,  for  which  they  get  50  cts  a  log  from 
the  owners,  the  Men  &  young  children  sitting  along  the  banks  of 
the  River,  wrapped  up  in  their  blankets,  giveing  their  directions  to 
the  Squaws,  here  We  have  them  young  &  old;  the  quite  young 
ones  are  naked,  some  of  the  men  well  dressed,  fine  looking  fellows. 
all  are  wrapped  up  in  their  blankets  with  feathers  in  their  heads 
&  generally  red  logons,  the  squaws  have  on  generally  Blue  Skirts 
with  a  Calico  garment  very  much  like  the  Josey's"'  worn  by  our 
Ladies.  I  think  the  Chippawa's  are  better  looking  Indians  than 
the  Winnebagoes. 

crossed  over  to  Fort  Snelling  and  all  our  passengers  went  into 
the  Fort,  was  very  kindly  received  by  the  officer  of  the  day,  Capt. 
Page,  there  is  3  Companies  of  the  6  Reg.  of  Infantry  here,  a  fine 
looking  body  of  men.  Col  Loomis,  Commdt.*"  was  treated  to  music 
by  their  excellent  Band  in  Number  16.  they  play'd  several  Marches, 
Waltzs  &  wound  up  with  "there  is  No  Luck  about  the  House"  With 
variations,  tis  a  splendid  Band ;  I  never  herd  so  good  a  Kent  Bugler 
as  their  leader  is. 

left  the  Fort,  run  up  to  Falls  St  Anthony,  the  Mississippi  &  St 
Peters  is  high,  great  sport  to  see  the  squaws  rowing  for  life  to 
get  out  of  the  way  of  the   Steam  Boat,  &  the  Indians  along  the 


3"*  *  *  a  point  called  "St.  Peter's,"  (since  known  as  Mendota.)  On 
May  27,  [1849]  Hon.  Alex  Ramsey,  of  Pennsylvania,  wiio  had  a  short 
time  previously  been  appointed  Governor  of  the  Territory,  arrived  with 
his  wife,  but  being  unable  to  secure  proper  accommodations  at  St.-  Paul, 
went  by  invitation  of  Hon.  H.  H.  Sibley  to  the  mansion  of  that  gentle- 
man at  Mendota,  where  he  remained  a  few  days.  Williams'  History  of 
St.   Paul.    pp.   39,   216.      1876. 

38In  1834  *  *  *  -^lY  Sibley  commenced  his  residence  at  :Mendota 
*  *  *  It  was  a  large  comfortable  dwelling,  constructed  of  the  blue 
limestone  found  in  the  vicinity,  with  commodious  porticos  on  th^  river 
front.      Flandrau's  History  of   Minnesota,   p.   45.      1900. 

aojoseph, — a  name  given  in  the  18th  century  to  a  lady's  riding  haliit 
or  great  coat,  buttoned  down  the  front,  and  with  a  broad  cape.  Josey,— 
a  curious  diminutive  and  degraded  form  of  the  word  and  garment,  was 
used   in  the   middle    states.      Earle's   Costumes   of   Colonial    Times. 

^oGustavus  Loomis,  Lt.  Col.  6th  Regiment,  Sept  22,  1840,  to  March  9, 
1851. — Heitman. 


266  ANNALS  OP  IOWA 

shore  shouting  and  waveing  their  red  Handfs,  the  crew  of  the  Boat 
answering.  I  never  had  an  idea  what  an  Indian  Shout  was  before, 
they  are  all  a  merry  set  of  fellows  &  the  engineer  can  start  them 
to  shouting  when  he  pleases  by  letting  off  his  shrill  whistle  from 
the  engine.  It  tickles  them  exceedingly,  tis  truely  an  interesting 
sight  to  see  them  sitting  along  the  shore,  fishing,  others  hunting 
in  the  low  ground,  and  again  from  two  to  6,  8  &  10  in  Indian  file 
winding  their  way  over  the  bluffs  &  hills,  then  on  the  Prairies 
that  open  out  along  the  River  you  see  them  on  hourseback,  some 
paceing  along,  others  going  as  hard  as  their  ponies  can  go.  tis  a 
wild  &  romantic  scene.  See  the  men  where  you  will,  on  foot  or  on 
horse  back,  they  have  their  blankets  around  them,  nearly  all  the 
inhabitants  I  have  seen  from  the  mouth  of  Lake  Pepin  up  to  St 
Paul  are  mixed  French  &  Indian  or  Indian,  poor  Indians!  their 
burying  Grounds  are  to  be  seen  all  along  the  shores,  tis  a  delight- 
full  country,  tis  no  wonder  they  think  hard  and  are  unwilling  to 
leave  it.  fine  Prairie  Land  and  a  much  greater  proportion  of 
Timber  Land. 

there  is  the  finest  Timber  on  both  sides  of  the  Mississippi  from 
the  mouth  of  Lake  St  Croix  up  to  St  Peters  &  on  to  falls  of  St 
Anthony,  the  falls  of  St  Anthony  7  miles  above  Fort  Snelling  is 
a  very  wild  and  romantic  Country,  there  is  rapid  water  for  some 
distance  above  the  main  Falls  which  is  16  feet  perpendicular,  it 
appears  to  come  from  a  country  considerable  higher  than  that  be- 
low the  falls,  it  puts  off  immediately  below  into  an  extensive 
Prairie  there  where  just  above  the  falls  is  a  Grist  Mill,  Saw  Mill 
and  again  a  few  other  Scattered  buildings,  principly  inhabited  by 
Half  breeds,  Canadian  French  &  some  few  Yankes  from  Maine. 

5  oClock  retd  from  Falls,  took  the  Boat  again  &  put  down'  the 
River  for  St  Pauls,  the  finest  country  lies  along  the  St  Peters 
River,  perticularly  on  the  West  side,  the  opposite  side  is  a  good 
deal  cut  up  with  Lakes  &  Sloughs  and  not  so  well  timbered  as  tis 
on  the  Iowa  or  West  side,  arrived  at  Point  Douglass,  a  very  pretty 
situation  at  the  mouth  of  the  St  Croix  River  where  it  empties  into 
the  Mississippi,  about  15  houses,  three  very  fine  buildings,  inhab- 
itants principly  Scotch.  Stopped  to  Wood;  took  30  cords  of  Wood, 
persecuted  dreadfully  by  the  musquetoes;  did  not  get  any  relief 
untill  a  hard  thunder  storm  came  up  when  all  the  staterooms  & 
doors  &  windows  were  opened  &  the  wind  blew  them  off.  passed 
Steam  Boat  Senator  upward  bound,    went  to  bed  10  oClock. 

Thursday,  June  15th.  fine  morning,  found  we  were  in  Lake 
Pepin  taking  in  tow  several  Rafts,  in  all  eight  large  Rafts  of  Lum- 
ber &  Logs,  this  Lake  is  very  hard  on  the  Lumbermen.  When 
calm  there  is  no  current  and  when  the  wind  is  up  they  are  in 
danger  of  haveing  their  rafts  broke  up.  we  are  now  towing  eight 
large  rafts,  two  on  each  side  &  four  in  the  rear  of  the  Boat,  running 


MAJOR  WILLIAM  WILLIAMS'  JOURNAL  267 

at  the  rate  of  from  2  to  3  miles  pr.  hour,  there  is  about  300  men 
on  these  rafts,  the  whole  makes  quite  an  imposeing  appearance, 
the  Raftsmen  have  everything  raised  on  their  Raft  that  will  catch 
the  wind,  Boards,  Blankets,  &c.  &c. 

The  Famous  Pilot  &  Rafter  is  in  command  of  the  Fleet,  Name 
Joe  Peron,  a  half  breed.  He  is  a  noble  fellow,  keeps  all  his  men 
in  fine  order;  will  not  suffer  any  man  to  drink  liquor,  no  body  of 
soldiers  are  better  drilled,  he  commands  with  the  air  of  a  Coma- 
dore.  The  Wind  is  very  high  and  Lake  very  rough,  he  has  his 
canoe  &  occasionally  rows  from  raft  to  raft,  directing  &  examining 
them,  some  danger  of  Logs  seperating,  they  are  so  bound  about  by 
the  waves,  the  timber  is  very  heavy,  most  of  the  Logs  3  feet 
diameter,  the  rafts  attached  to  us  &  under  his  controul  is  worth, 
all  judges  agree,  $20,000.  over  2,300,000  [feet],  there  is  an  immence 
Lumber  trade  on  these  rivers  all  off  U.  S.  Land,  most  of  the  men 
on  these  Rafts  have  been  up  in  the  Pineries  for  6  months  past. 

tis  evening,  Sun  setting,  have  been  all  day  laboring  on  this  Lake 
(Pepin),  saveing  Rafts  &  towing  them  through,  we  are  now  within 
two  miles  of  the  mouth,  gathered  some  Corneloin  to  day  when  the 
Boat  run  in  near  to  shore,  the  water,  however,  is  too  high  over 
the  beach;  too  high  to  get  at  them,  the  country  along  this  Lake 
is  certainly  the  finest  in  the  world  as  to  Scenery,  soil  and  mineral 
productions  as  lead,  copper,  on  the  Iowa  side,  perticularly  along 
Minnesota  Side,  for  some  distance  you  will  have  the  bluffs  close  to 
the  river  in  all  variety  of  forms  that  fancy  could  invent.  Mounds, 
squares,  oblong,  comes,  and  riseing  gradually  from  the  Lake,  then 
open  out  into  a  lovely  Prarie,  coverd  with  a  carpet  of  green,  deco- 
rated with  every  variety  of  flower,  reaching  back  from  one  to  two 
or  three  Miles  back  from  the  Lake,  and  5  or  6  miles  Land  with 
another  line  of  beautifull  bluffs  in  rear  of  it.  all  over  these  beauti- 
full  Prairies  &  bluffs  there  is  to  be  seen  spots  of  one,  two  or  4  Acre 
of  Timber  so  arranged  as  to  look  as  tho  art  had  placed  them  there, 
altho  there  is  no  improvements  on  the  Land,  being  the  Indian 
Reservation,  One  cannot  dismiss  the  idea  that  it  is  all  cultivated 
&  beautified  by  men  of  taste,  yet  tis  all  nature's  handywork.  no 
white  man  is  on  it.  all  that  is  to  be  seen  of  mankind  is  the  noble 
&  dignified  Sioux  Indians  on  their  fine  horses,  galloping  over  the 
Prairies,  2  3  &  4  in  a  company,  they  are  about  to  propose  a  sale 
to  the  U.  S.  this  season.  If  this  Land  be  purchased  of  them  by  the 
U.  S,  &  put  into  market,  it  will  be  worthy  of  attention,  tis  of  all 
countries  I  have  seen  the  most  beautifull  along  this  Lake,  and  I 
am  informed  tis  all  so  from  the  Iowa  line  up  to  Minnesota  for  many 
miles  back  from  the  River;  indeed  all  the  Land  between  the  St 
Peters  &  Iowa. 

We  have  several  Catholic  Priests  on  board.  I  have  been  struck 
with  wonder  at  the  number  I  have  seen  of  them  along  the  upper 


268  iVNNALS  OP  IOWA 

Mississippi  from  Cairo  up,  they  are  in  every  town,  and  every 
point  you  recognize  tlieir  presence  by  the  erection  of  a  Cross.  '  in 
every  Indian  town  you  see  them  and  the  cross  erected  on  some 
house  built  by  them,  they  are  from  all  countries,  German,  French, 
Spanish  &c.  but  the  French  appear  to  be  most  numerous,  by  con- 
versing with  them  I  find  sorhe  of  them  have  only  been  6  mo.  or  a 
year  in  the  Country,  they  all  wear  black,  long-tailed  frocks,  single 
breasted  and  buttoned  up  close  to  the  chin,  they  appear  to  have  a 
general  meeting  place  at  Prairie  Du  Chein,  as  I  find  them  traveling 
up  &  down  to  that  point;  down  from  the  Winnebagoes  above  the  falls 
of  St.  Anthony,  from  the  Chippawas  up  the  St.  Croix  &  from  Fort 
Snelling  &  St.  Peters  among  the  Sioux,  very  stormy.  Boat  cut 
loose  from  the  Rafts  after  moveing  them  about  a  mile  above  outlet 
of  the  Lake.  Lake  very  rough,  the  Boat  rocked  about  very  much, 
went  to  bed  12  oClock. 

Friday,  June  16th.  got  up,  found  a  very  cold  morning,  must  have 
been  very  heavy  rain  North  of  this,  found  we  were  at  the  mouth 
of  Black  River,  Wisconsin  side,  a  very  fine  Stream,  not  so  large  as 
Chippawa  but  deep  Water,  a  great  deal  of  lumbering  done  up  this 
River;  the  best  lumber  Country  in  this  region  is  up  this  River. 
Prairie  La  Cross  is  a  most  splendid  Prairie,  the  scite  of  an  Indian 
Town  formerly,  now  settled  by  whites,  about  8  or  10  houses  here, 
the  sun  is  comeing  out,  7  oclock,  we  will  yet  have  a  fine  day.  saw 
the  first  drunken  man  this  morning  I  have  seen  since  I  left  Rock 
Island,  he  is  an  Englishman,  a  miner.  Captain  refused  him  a 
passage,  arrived  at  Bad  Axe.  One  of  the  best  districts  in  Wiscon- 
sin lies  between  Bad  Axe  and  Coon  River  and  Kickapoo. 

Particles  of  gold  found  in  the  sand  at  Prairie  La  Porte,  Cassville 
&  Beleview  had  been  washed  &  proved  sufficient  quantity  to  in- 
dicate its  presence  in  this  region,  the  search  had  been  made  from 
a  small  bag  of  buckskin  containing  some  grains  of  gold  about  as 
large  as  a  grain  of  wheat.  It  was  found  on  the  Island  opposite 
Prairie  Du  Chein,  on  the  site  of  an  old  Indian  town,  which  give 
rise  to  the  supposition  that  the  Indians  found  it  some  place  near 
landing  below  the  mouth  of  upper  Iowa  River. 

Capeli  former  home  of  the  Winnebagoes,  many  of  whom  are  re- 
turned from  their  new  home  on  the  St  Peters  and  are  loitering 
around  the  graves  of  their  Fathers,  some,  tis  said,  have  raised  the 
bones  of  their  dead  &  took  them  with  them.  Capeli  is  a  French 
name;  English  is  Cape  of  Garlic,  first  settlement  of  the  French 
they  found  garlic  here  on  the  low  ground  around  it. 
Prairie  Du  Chein.  bought  two  pair  mocossins  of  Fur  Company, 
passed  mouth  of  Wisconsin  River  below  P.  D.  Chein.  it  winds 
around  the  Prairie  bluffs  &  empties  in  about  4  or  5  miles  below, 
tis  at  mouth  from  ^4  to  i^  mile  wide.  Clayton  County,  Iowa,  op- 
posite is  over  run  with  speculators  in  Land  Warrants,     they  have 


MAJOR  WILLIAM  WILLIAMS'  JOURNAL  269 

recently  located  nearly  all  the  wood  Lands  with  warrants,  the 
settlers  are  very  much  enraged,  say  Actual  settlers  who  are  come- 
ing  in  are  driven  away  by  them. 

arrived  at  Prairie  La  Porte  (or  Door  Prairie)  situated  on  a  beau- 
tifull  Prairie  on  the  Iowa  side,  Clayton  Co.,  20  miles  below  Prairie 
Du  Chein,  population  about  200.  this  is  a  delightful  situation  for 
a  large  town;  tis  elevated  20  feet  above  high  Water  and  a  fine 
landing,  immediately  back  of  this  for  miles  is  a  fine  mineral 
region,  arrived  at  Cassville,  Wisconsin — Iowa  side,  situated  on  an 
elevated  flat  about  i/4  mile  wide,  backed  by  a  long  range  of  high 
bluffs  faced  with  limestone  Rocks,  tis  a  very  pleasant  situation, 
population  about  200,  one  very  large  3  story  Brick  Tavern,  appears 
to  be  a  place  of  some  business,  a  depot  for  the  lead  region  back  of 
it.  a  great  quantity  of  Bar  Lead  ])iled  up  here,  took  150  bbls.  flour 
and  25  tons  of  Lead,  delayd  here  from  2  oclock  till  dark.  9  oClock 
went  to  bed. 

Saturday,  June  11.  awoke  this  morning,  found  we  were  lying  at 
the  wharf  in  Galena,  a  beautiful  morning,  promises  a  warm  day. 
several  cases  of  cholera  here,  one  or  tw^o  deaths,  alarming  ac- 
counts of  cholera  at  St.  Louis. 

New^  Albany  on  the  Illinois  side,  a  very  pretty  situation,  below 
for  some  distance  affords  most  lovely  scites  for  building.^^  river 
very  wide  here,  has  the  appearance  of  a  Lake,  passed  Wapsapinican 
River,  division  between  Scott  and  Clinton  Counties,  Iowa,  fine  Land 
up  this  River,  well  timbered.  on  the  Illinois  side  is  situate 
Maridocia,  Baire  &  Yellow  Bank,  a  little  below  Mr  Brackenridge  of 
Pa.  has  settled  &  enclosed  3  miles  square  on  the  Iowa  side  in  Scott 
Co.  Camanche  above  this  in  Clinton  County,  Iowa,  there  is  a  large 
Prairie  along  the  River,  tis  said  you  can  from  this  point  travel 
through  to  the  Rockey  Mountains  (by  winding  a  little)  without 
passing  through  100  yds  of  timber  Land  all  the  way.  passed  Cor- 
dovia,  or  City  of  Rocks,  Illinois  side,  small  place  very  prettily 
situated  on  a  point  of  limestone  Rock.*-'  this  appears  to  be  a  soli- 
tary Rock  as  a  beautifull  Prairie  commences  a  short  distance  from 
it  in  its  rear,  on  the  rock  it  looks  as  if  there  was  scarcely  soil 
enough  to  work,  the  Rocks  or  Stratas  lie  horizontally,  falling  off 
gradually  to  the  River  thus*^ 

opposite  is  a  beautifull,  rolling  Prairie  where  formerly  stood  the 
great  Town  of  the  Iowa  Indians,  tis  said  they  were  there  during 
the  summer  season,  thousands  of  them  congregated  at  this  place" 
and  along  the  Wapsepinecan  River,  passed  Parkhurst  Iowa  side,  a 
small  place,  10  or  15  houses,  directly  opposite,  Illinois  side,  stands 
Port  Byron,  quite  a  brisk  looking  place,  some  good  Brick  Ware- 


"Oriffinal   journal    shows   sketch   here. 
"Original  journal  shows  sketch    of   village. 
"Original  journal  shows  sketch. 
**Original  journal  shows  sketch. 


270  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

houses,  population  about  300.  this  place,  owing  to  its  being  a  better 
landing,  has  riveled  Parkhurst  both  are  situated  above  the  head 
of  the  rapids,  20  miles  above  Rock  Island. 

La  Clere,  Iowa  side,  a  new  town  at  the  head  of  the  rapids  about 
a  mile  below  Parkhurst,  is  building  up  very  fast  and  generally  of 
Brick,  population  now  I  suppose  about  150  and  several  New  build- 
ings under  Way.     Situation  beautifull. 

Moline,  on  Illinois  side,  at  the  head  of  Rock  Island,  is  a  beauti- 
full place,  contains  a  population  of  about  700.  the  buildings  are 
very  good,  tis  truely  a  Temperate  Town;  the  proprietor  who  laid 
it  out  has  from  the  beginning  made  it  a  condition  in  the  sale  of 
every  lot  that  no  spiritous  liquors  shall  be  sold,  the  purchaser  or 
his  assigns  penalty  the  forfieture  of  the  property — Consequently  tis 
said  there  is  no  liquor  sold  in  or  about  the  place,  everything  about 
the  place  looks  neat  and  orderly. 

Arrived  at  Rock  Island  &  Devenport.  parted  with  some  friends 
there,  took  on  some  passengers  &  pushed  on.  arrived  at  Blooming- 
ton  at  9  oClock.  found  all  well,  But  quite  uneasy  lest  something 
had  happened  me. 

Sabbath,  June  18.  fine  morning  went  to  Methodist  church  with 
Mary  and  Mrs.  David  &  herd  a  very  good  sermon,  Text  Exods. 
20c.  8v.  "Remember  the  Sabbath  day".  Met  Col.  Jesse  Williams, 
had  more  perfect  understanding  with  him.  hard  rain  this  evening, 
kept  the  house. 

Monday,  Jiine  W.  fine  morning  after  the  rain,  bad  news  from 
St  Louis.  Cholera  greatly  on  the  increase;  deaths  from  60  to  100 
pr  day.  people  comeing  up  from  St  Louis  hunting  boarding,  flying 
from  the  cholera,  very  warm  day.  Joseph  arrived  at  home  this 
evening,  spent  the  evening  at  Mr.  Boreland's,  present  D.  Lowe  & 
wife,  Mrs.  McCormick,  Mrs.  David,  Mary,  Joseph  &  myself.  News 
that  Mrs  Battelle  has  retd  from  St  Louis  &  was  dying  with  the 
Cholera.*^  Jos  &  Mary  sent  for.  party  dispersed. 
Tuesday,  June  20.  promised  to  be  a  very  warm  day,  little  moveing. 
to  day  exceedingly  warm,  all  engaged  in  the  preperation  for  Mrs. 
Batelle's  funeral,  the  Capt.  being  away  from  home  a  great  deal 
of  sympathy  for  the  family  expressed,  wrote  home  to  day.  I  am 
again  thrown  back  from  a  start  for  home  owing  to  Capt  Batelle's 
absence  &  the  distress  of  him  &  his  family  when  he  does  arrive. 
I  begin  to  feel  very  anxious,  to  get  off.  a  Mr  Dewart  arrived  here 
to  day  oh  the  Boat,  had  not  more  than  settled  down  at  the  Hotel 
when  a  despatch  by  Telegraph  from  St.  Louis  reached  him,  calling 
him  to  hasten  home,  that  his  brother  was  just  dying  with  the 
cholera,     poor  fellow,  he  is  in  great  distress. 


*=Diecl,  on  Tuesday  morning  last,  the  19th,  in  this  place,  Mrs,  Grace 
Ann,  consort  of  Capt.  T.  S.  Battelle,  aged  about  30  years.  Muscatine — 
Iowa  Democratic  Enquirer,  June   23,  1849. 


MAJOR  WILLIAM  WILLIAMS'  JOURNAL  271 

Wednesday,  2Jst.  This  day  spent  in  the  houfee  pretty  much,  it  had 
been  so  very  warm  that  I  all  day  kept  in.  in  the  evening  went 
with  Jos.  &  Wm.  &  Georgiana  to  singing  society,  herd  some  good 
singing,     returned  home  &  went  to  bed  about  10  oClock. 

Thursday,  22d.  Another  very  sultry  day.  most  pleasant  place  to 
be  found  is  at  home,  at  Joseph's,  preparing  to  start  for  home 
to  morrow.  Mrs  Popp  give  us  some  music  this  evening,  this  day, 
if  possible,  has  been  the  warmest  yet. 

Friday,  June  23d.  this  morning  looks  for  rain,  tis  something 
cooler,  bad  news  from  below,  they  Telegraph  from  Burlington 
that  the  Uncle  Toby  is  comeing  up,  full  of  Emigrants  &  that  they 
have  buried  8  between  Navou  &  Burlington  &  have  over  20  more 
Cases  on  board  when  they  left  Burlington,  the  deaths  reported 
in  St  Louis  during  the  last  week  is  528.  tis  asserted  the  truth 
would  say  nearer  1000. 

The  Uncle  Toby  Boat  arrived  about  11  oClock.  did  not  Land, 
kept  off  to  the  oposite  shore.  A  melencholly  sight  to  see  her  pass, 
full  of  desease  &  death,  she  has  lost  27  passengers  between  St 
Louis  &  this  place.  The  Capt.  was  either  dead  or  dying  when  they 
passed  this  place,  they  stopped  on  the  Island  below  town  &  I 
suppose  was  engaged  burying  dead. 

4  oClock  in  the  evening  took  Boat  Doctr.  Franklin  No  2  for 
Albany,  arrived  at  Devenport.  there  found  the  Boat  Uncle  Toby 
had  put  on  shore  all  her  passengers,  tis  said  when  she  arrived 
there  ten  were  dead  &  two  had  died  after  they  were  landed, 
balance  of  two  hundred  &  fifty  were  lying  on  the  beach  below  Deven- 
port in  the  open  air,  many  of  them  sick  and  dying,  horrible  Scene! 
a  child  died  this  evening  on  our  Boat,  three  or  four  affected  with 
Cholera.  I  have  delayd  for  fear  of  getting  on  Cholera  Boats,  but 
after  all  I  have  found  it  on  board  of  the  Franklin,  tis  extremely 
warm  on  the  Boat  this  evening,  don't  intend  lying  down  as  I  get 
off  about  2  oClock.  Spent  the  evening  very  pleasantly  with  a  Mr. 
Douglass,  Madam  Cazeneau,""  wife  of  a  Mexican  Genl.  Cazeneau, 
taken  at  Mel  Reno  Del  Rey;  a  very  accomplished  Lady,  traveling 
with  a  party  of  Ladies  &  Gentlemen,  keeping  out  of  the  way  of 
Cholera,  they  are  on  their  way  to  N.  York  by  way  of  the  Lakes, 
several  persons  on  board  complaining  this  evening,  strong  symp- 
toms of  Cholera  prevailing  amongst  them,     went  to  bed  12  oClock. 

Saturday  morning,  found  the  Boat  tied  up  to  the  Shore,  being 
obliged  to  stop  owing  to  the  very  dense  fog.  could  (not)  see  to  run. 
I  fear  I  will  miss  the  stage  in  consequence  of  it.  8  oClock.  Boat 
started,  the  fog  haveing  in  some  measure  dispersed,  folks  who 
were    complaining    generally    better    this    morning.      I    arrived    at 


^*'On  another  page  of  the  original  journal  appea-rs  the  note — "Jane  M 
Tazneau,  wife  of  Gen'l  Cazneau,  Mexican  Armv,  taken  at  Mel  Reno  Del 
Rey." 


272  ANIsTALS  of  IOWA 

Albany,    Illinois,     there   left   the   Boat,     found   the   ill   fated   Boat 
Uncle  Toby  at  the  wharf,     the  citizens  very  much  excited. 

took  the  stage  for  Chicago,  passed  through  Coma,  Sterling  and 
arrived  at  Dixon  after  dark  for  supper,  suffered  this  day  very 
much  from  heat.  Coma  is  a  good  looking  village,  situated  on  a 
delightfull  Prairie,  good  water  power  here  on  one  of  the  tribu- 
taries of  Rock  River,  There  is  a  very  extensive  flouring  mill,  be- 
longing to  an  Eastern  Company,  here.  Sterling  is  a  very  promise- 
ing  Town,  County  Seat,  Situated -on  Rock  River,  population  about 
600,  situation  a  very  pleasant  one.  Dixon  is  a  very  beautiful!  town 
situated  on  Rock  River,  population  I  suppose  to  be  about  1500. 

found  myself  about  8  oClock  landed  at  the  Hotel  kept  by  Wm 
Latshaw  &  Welty.  met  here  Rachel  Latshaw,  Mary  Latshaw  & 
Rachel's  Sons  and  daughters,  Wm.  Jos.  &  two  sisters.  Rachel  looks 
well.  She  has  become  very  large  &  fat.  She  &  Mary  was  very 
much  astonished  &  very  glad  to  see  me.  I  found  her  sons  to  be 
very  clever  business  doing  young  men,  the  daughters  are  fine 
young  women.     One  of  them  favours  Nancy  Cooper  very  much. 

about  lloClock  took  the  stage  again,  and  after  a  very  tedious  & 
cold  ride  all  night  arrived  at  Breakfasting  house  on  the  Margin  of 
a  lovely  prairie  on  Indian  Creek,  next  arrived  at  Aurora  on  Fox 
River  for  dinner.  Aurora  is  a  very  promiseing  place.  The  Fox 
River  here  affords  great  Water  power,  there  are  many  fine  Mills 
and  manufactures  here,  at  present  nearly  compleated  a  very  large 
Woolen  Factory,  the  place  promises  to  be  a  place  of  some  im- 
portance. The  Country  around  it  is  a  lovely  country  &  well  im- 
proved, passed  this  morning  through  a  very  fine  country.  Sunday 
morning. 

Sunday,  June  25.  this  day  promises  to  be  very  warm,  roads  very 
dusty,  oppressed  with  heat  and  dust  all  day.  the  country  through 
which  we  have  passed  to  day  were  generally  low  Prairjie,  I  think 
the  Land  inferior  to  the  North  &  Western  part  of  the  State, 
arrived  at  the  City  of  Chicago  10  oClock  at  night,  went  to  bed. 
found  it  exceedingly  warm,  could  not  sleep  for  the  cries  and  lamen- 
tations in  some  families  not  far  from  the  City  Hotel  where  I 
lodged,  between  their  lamentations  &  the  heat  &  the  idea  that  I 
was  in  the  midst  of  those  dieing  with  Cholera,  I  was  kept  from 
sleeping  nearly  all  night. 

Monday  Morning,  June  26.  got  up.  morning  very  warm,  find 
there  is  a  good  deal  of  Cholera  in  the  City,  took  passage  on  the 
splendid  Boat,  Key  Stone  State,  for  Erie,  Pa,  met  John  Denniston 
at  Breakfast,  took  a  walk  with  him  through  part  of  the  City,  tis 
a  beautiful!  City,  very  level,  they  are  building  &  extending  it  very 
fast.  The  population  at  present  is  said  to  be  about  25,000.  the 
trade  is  very  extensive,  the  greatest  objection  to  the  City  I  find 
to  be  their  plank  streets  &  side  walks.     I  discover  in  many  places 


MAJOR  WILLIAM  WILLIAMS'  JOURNAL  27^ 

the  water  lodges  under  the  plank  walks  and  in  this  warm  weather 
I  can  smell  it.  the  streets  are  wide  and  arranged  beautifully  with 
young  trees,     take  it  all  in  all,  tis  a  beautifull  City. 

Boat  sailed  9%  oClock.  very  soon  we  found  ourselves  far  out  in 
the  delightfull  Lake  Michigan,  the  most  splendid  sheet  of  Water  I 
ever  beheld;  tis  clear,  of  a  bright  sea  green  Colour  &  but  gently 
ruffled  this  morning  by  the  most  refreshing  breeze.  I  have  not  felt 
so  comfortable  this  two  weeks  as  I  do  on  this  floating  palace, 
glideing  along  on  this  delightfull  Lake,  cheered  by  the  delightful, 
cooling  breeze  and  the  music  of  a  fine  Band  of  Musicians,  good 
Company  and  the  thoughts  of  home.  I  feel  that  when  I  next  step 
on  shore  at  Erie  I  will  be  in  hailing  distance  of  home,  which  I 
long  to  see.  arrived  at  Little  Port,  40  miles  distant  from  Chicago, 
Situated  on  the  Lake  Shore;  a  place  of  considerable  business,  popu- 
lation about  2000.  next  passed  South  Port,  10  miles,  in  Wisconsin, 
also  a  place  of  considerable  business  in  the  Lumber  &  Grain  busi- 
ness, population  about  from  1800  to  2000. 

Milwaukee,  Wisconsin,  is  situated  on  the  western  Shore  of  the 
Lake,  tis  a  beautifull  place,  the  only  objection  is  the  landing  is 
not  so  good,  the  Boat  cannot  get  200  yds  off  the  shore,  all  Boats 
of  any  Size  have  to  receive  and  discharge  freight  at  the  termination 
of  piers  or  causeways  run  out  into  the  Lake,  there  is  a  beautifull 
Prairie  of  Velvet  green  runs  into  the  Lake  in  front  of  a  good  part 
of  the  City,  the  City  stands  principally  on  high  ground  on  rear  of 
this  flat  with  a  gentle  slope  as  it  recedes  from  the  Lake.  It  is  a  place 
of  great  business.  I  think  from  appearances  better  business  place 
than  Chicago,  its  situation  for  beauty  &  health  is  decidedly  better: 
tis  not  so  flat,  on  the  back  ground  the  country  is  rolling  &  beau- 
tifull, studded  with  pretty  improvements  and  residences  as  far  as 
the  eye  can  see.  the  City  has  a  great  many  large  &  fine  public 
buildings  in  it.  the  population  is  over,  I  am  disposed  to  think, 
20,000.  I  like  it  better  than  Chicago,  the  country  above  &  below 
the  City  along  the  Lake  Shore  for  a  great  distance  is  beautifull. 
The  River  Milwakee  puts  in  to  the  Lake  here,  which  I  find  is  the 
cause  of  the  difficulty  in  getting  in  close  to  the  city.  I  think  by 
cutting  through  the  narrow  strip  of  Prairie  connecting  the  River 
and  the  Lake  would  enable  Boats  to  get  up  closer. 

Lake  Michigan  is  a  beautifull  sheet  of  Water,  tis  400  miles 
long,  60  miles  on  an  average  Wide  &  900  feet  deep  by  the  deepest 
soundings,  so  reported  by  the  engineers  of  U.  S.  after  supper 
the  Band  took  their  seats  in  the  Gents  Cabin  and  commenced  play- 
ing on  Violins,  Bass  Viol  &  Guitar,  when  the  Danceing  commenced, 
between  each  sett  of  Cottilion  they  give  us  a  song  in  full  chorus, 
the  evening  till  eleven  oClock  was  spent  in  this  way  very  pleas- 
antly indeed,  our  company  are  composed  of  the  best  Society  of 
Ladies  &  Gentlemen.     The  Band  is  Composed  of  Eight  Black  fel- 


2f4  ANNALS  OP  IOWA  ' 

lows,  most  excellent  Musicians,  they  appear  to  have  been  selected. 
Seldom  can  you  find  so  good  looking,  polite  &  orderly  young  Men. 
they  dress  extremely  neat,  white  Linen  Roundabouts,  Blue  panta- 
loons, Black  Silk  vest  &  Stock,  with  a  Blue  Silk  Velvet  cap  with 
gold  lace  Band,  Star  &  tassals.  indeed  everything  about  the  Boat 
is  done  up  in  superior  style,  no  Hotel  in  any  City  can  excel  it  in 
neatness  &  Style  and  the  furniture  &  all  from  one  end  of  the  Boat 
to  the  other  is  perfect  neatness  &  Elegance,  we  have  in  the  Cabin 
about  150  passengers  and  about  the  same  number  in  the  lower 
Cabins,     these  lower  Cabins  are  equal  to  most  Steam  Boats  upper. 

arrived  at  Sheboigin  on  the  Wisconsin  side,  a  small  town,  popu- 
lation purhaps  from  700  to  1000. — This  is  a  promising  place,  there 
are  a  great  many  best  class  of  Germans  settling  around  it.  tis  all 
along  this  Lake  so  far  quite  an  interesting  country,  this  evening 
is  quite  clear  and  cool,  the  Lake  is  very  calm,  yet  tis  cool  enough 
for  fire,  took  in  some  passengers  here  &  passed  on.  12  oClock 
went  to  my  berth. 

Tuesday,  June  26.  fine  morning,  sun  very  bright,  morning  quite 
cool,  find  a  great  change  since  I  left  Chicago,  found  we  were 
nearly  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Lake  this  morning,  now  running 
nearly  due  East  between  the  South  Manitou  Island  &  the  Sleeping 
Bear,  the  Sleeping  Bear  is  on  the  East  Shore  of  the  Lake,  on  an 
extensive  Bluff  of  sand,  contains  purhaps  an  acre  of  ground,  tis  a 
high  mound,  coverd  with  vegetation  &  looks  in  shape  like  a  large 
bear  lying  down,  there  is  no  vegetation  on  the  Bluff  near,  it  being 
all  a  sand  bank.^^  Manito  Island  is  a  high  Island,  very  well  tim- 
berd,  about  100  miles  from  this  point  to  Mackina.  we  now  have 
Michigan  on  both  sides  of  the  Lake,  opposite  is  South  Monitou 
Island.^^  passed  North  Manitou  Island,  100  miles  to  Mackina.*" 
passed  South  Fox  Island  and  North  Fox  Island.'^  passed  Beaver 
Island."  lost  sight  of  Land  untill  we  reached  the  light  Ship,  which 
is  moored  or  anchored  in  the  entrance  of  the  Straights,  the  current 
is  strong  here  and  the  wind  high. 

Too  cool  to  stand  out.  as  we  approach  Mackina,  the  Indian  Vil- 
lages and  Lodges  are  seen  along  the  Shores,  they  are  many  of 
them  out  fishing  along  shore.  Mackina  is  in  View,  the  Port  is 
situated  on  a  high  bluff  above  the  town  and  makes  quite  an  im- 
poseing  appearance,  tis  a  bleak,  cold  looking  place;  vegitation  is 
far  back.  The  Town  is  a  scattered,  poor  looking  place;  one  or  two 
good  hotels  in  it,  buildings  all  of  frame,  there  is  about  800  to 
1,000  inhabitants  I  suppose,  there  is  a  great  many  Indians  here, 
lounging   about   the    Streets,    .the   town   is    Situated   on   a  Sterile 


*'^Original  journal  shows  sketch  of  Sleeping    Bear. 
'fiOriginal  journal  shows  sketch  of  South    Manitou   Island. 
^^Original  journal  shows  sketch  of  North   Manitou   Island. 
"Original  journal  shows  sketch  of  South  Fox  Island.   45   miles   to  Mac- 
kina,  and  of  North  Fox   Island. 

"Original  journal  shows  sketch  of  Beaver    Island. 


MAJOR  WILLIAM  WILLIAMS'  JOURNAL  ^75 

beacli  below  the  Fort  and  is  shelterd  from  the  N  West  winds  by 
the  Bluffs. 

We  took  in  a  number  of  passengers  here,  amongst  the  number 
Jas.  Potter  Sr.  and  Genl.  Jno.  Potter  of  Mifflen  Co.  Pa.  after  entering 
Lake  Huron  It  was  so  cold  &  windy  I  lay  down  &  slept  till  supper 
was  ready,  after  supper  the  Cabin  was  cleared  &  the  Band  took 
their  station,  when  the  dance  again  commenced,  Waltzes  &  Gottil- 
lions,  Music  &  songs  until  12  oClock,  when  they  all  retired  to  their 
bertha,  there  is  a  very  fine  Piano  in  the  Ladies'  Cabin  and  during 
this  day  a  great  many  attempts  at  playing,  but  I  have  not  herd  any 
one  attempt  it  that  can  play  even  tolerably  well,  we  have  run  alt 
this  day  from  15  to  20  miles  pr.  hour,  out  of  sight  of  Land,  at  sun 
down,  this  Lake  appears  to  be  much  ruffer  than  Lake  Michigan, 
Water  darker  green.  I  saw  at  Mackina  to  day  a  great  many  fish, 
White  Pish  and  Mackina  Trout.  I  saw  trout  from  3  to  3%  feet 
long;  a  most  beautifull  fish,  plump  and  heavy,  went  to  my  birth  V2 
past  12  oClock.  find  it  quite  cold;  a  very  different  climate  from 
that  I  have  left,  two  day  ago  I  was  oppressed  with  heat,  now  o}>- 
pressed  with  cold,     no  Cholera  in  this  quarter. 

Wednesday,  June  21.  found  when  I  got  up  this  morning  about 
sun  rise  that  we  were  at  Saginaw  Bay.  this  morning  a  beautifull 
morning,  quite  calm  and  mild  compared  with  yesterday.  I  have 
caught  a  severe  cold,  find  I  am  quite  hoarse  from  being  run  from 
extreme  heat  to  extreme  cold  climate,  (found  at  Mackina  a  Brother 
of  Nick  Biddle,  a  merchant,  quite  an  Old  Man,  nearly  blind,  he 
came  there  at  an  early  day  and  Married  a  Squaw.— his  sons  are 
quite  inteligent,  good  looking  men  but  quite  dark.)  some  of  the 
Chippawa  Indians  are  very  good  looking,  Clean  &  tastey,  perticu- 
larly  those  who'  come  in  from  a  distance,  all  Indians  located  near 
the  white  settlements  are  a  poor  degraded  set  of  beings,  those  who 
have  but  little  intercourse  with  the  whites  are  a  noble  looking  set 
of  people,  the  Chippawa  Squaws  here  as  in  Minnesote  are  very 
good  looking  &  dress  very  neatly;  short  gown  of  Callico  and  skirt 
of  Blue  Cloth,  Blue  Cloth  leggons  neatly  ornamented  with  porcu- 
pine quills  &  Beads,  and  Moccosins  beautifully  worked,  then  a 
Mantle  of  fine  Blue  Cloth  edged  with  Beads  thrown  over  their  head 
and  Shoulders.     Some  of  them  here  talk  French  and  English. 

Morning,  28  June,  delightfull.  approaching  the  mouth  of  St 
Clair  River,  passed  Fort  Gratiot  &  the  Light  House  on  the  Ameri- 
can side,  the  Fort  is  very  handsomely  situated  at  the  point  on 
the  mouth  of  the  River,  passed,  about  one  mile  below,  Port  Huron 
a  town  of  considerable  trade,  appears  to  have  a  population  of  about 
2,000,  trade  Lumber  principaly.  nearly  opposite  on  the  Brittish 
side  is  the  Town  called  Port  Sarnia,  also  a  considerable  town  of 
about  1,500  or  1800  inhabitants,  the  River  is  very  narrow  here, 
not  wider  than  our  Kiskiminitas.     have  a  fine  view  of  all  on  hoih 


276  A]^ALS  OP  IOWA 

the  American  and  Canadian  Sides,  the  improvements  on  the  Ameri- 
can Side  is  much  the  best;,  everything  wears  a  more  lively  & 
thriveing  appearance,  on  both  Sides  is  low  ground  and  very  level, 
the  timber  on  the  American  Side  is  entirely  Pine  and  on  the 
Brittish  Side  Oak.  extensive  openings  of  Prairie  on  the  Brittish 
Side,  great  numbers  of  Indians  and  French  liveing  along  the 
Canada  Side,  great  numbers  of  young  Indians  standing  on  the 
Banks  looking  at  us  as  we  pass. 

this  is  a  beautifull  River,  the  two  sides  would  be  brot  into  close 
contact  in  case  of  a  War.  Fort  Gratiot  completely  commands  the 
Entrance  or  mouth  of  this  River  and  have  a  fine  plain  for  exercise 
of  Cavelry  or  Artillery,  about  10  miles  below  Port  Huron  on  the 
American  side,  the  Oak  timber  commences,  also  some  very  fine 
farms  are  now  in  View  on  both  sides  of  the  River,  but  much  the 
best  on  the  American  side.  The  French  and  Scotch  are  not  famous 
for  good  improvements  on  the  Canada  Side.  Occasionally  there  is 
an  American  or  English  settlement  in  View,  the  difference  can  be 
at  once  discovered,  the  buildings  &  improvements  are  at  once  to 
be  seen. 

16  miles  below  Port  Huron  on  the  American  side  is  the  Town 
called  St  Clair,  population  about  1500.  the  situation  is  a  beautifull 
onCv  considerable  business  done  here,  the  Wharfs  are  lined  with 
Schooners  and  tradeing  Boats,  this  river  all  the  Way  presents  a 
lively  &  beautiful  appearance;  tis  filled  with  Vessels  in  full  sail 
&  both  shores  lined  with  scatterd  houses  and  pretty  lying  farms, 
the  scenery  is  very  beautifull. 

Arrived  at  the  Town  of  China,  met  Steam  Boat  Niagara  full  of 
passengers  just  leaving  the  wharf  as  we  were  putting  in.  our  Boat 
&  the  Niagara  come  in  Colission.  we  could  not  avoid  her,  She 
putting  out  when  our  Boat  capt.  considered  she  was  going  to  lie 
untill  we  got  in.  The  Crash  was  terrible,  notwithstanding  the  great 
exertions  to  avoid  it  on  both  sides,  the  Shock  was  so  great  that 
it  knocked  down  most  of  our  passengers,  the  Confusion  was  very 
great  amongst  the  Ladies  &  Children,  perticularly.  terrible  Scream- 
ing &  many  fainting.  Our  Boat  received  but  little  injury  but  the 
Niagara  was  very  seriously  injured;  broke  in  her  bulwark  &  other- 
wise badly  injured,  on  our  Boat  it  was  sometime  to  reconcile  the 
Women  &  Children  who  continued  crying  &  excited  for  two  hours 
at  least,  after  examining  the  Boat  &  taking  in  some  passengers 
we  again  proceeded  on  our  Way,  pleased  with  our  fortunate  escape. 
China  is  a  pretty  little  village,  situated  on  the  American  side,  popu- 
lation about  5  or  600. 

passed  another  town  on  the  Ametican  side,  situated  in  a  delight- 
full  Bank  of  the  River  near  the  entrance  into  Lake  St  Clair,  popu- 
lation about  500.  one  very  neat  church  in  it.  opposite  on  the  the 
Canada  side  a  very  extensive  Island  &  Prairies.     Canada  side  low, 


MAJOR  WILLIAM  WILLIAMS'  JOURNAL  277 

wet  Prairie,  and  the  American  side  more  elevated  &  well  timberd 
with  good  farms  all  along  the  shore,  on  the  lower  part  of  the 
Islands,  on  Peninsulas,  on  the  Canada  side  tis  beautifuU  &  some 
fine  improvements,  we  are  now  in  sight  of  the  Lake  St  Clair, 
length  of  River  said  to  be  39  miles,  as  we  approach  the  Lake  the 
River  branches  off  in  Branches  or  Sloughs,  forming  a  great  number 
of  Islands,  principly  Prairies,  which  have  great  numbers  of  Cattle 
grazeing  on  them,  here  as  we  approach  the  Lake  it  wears  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  River  &  Lake  being  considerably  higher  than  the 
surrounding  Country.  Some  of  the  Prairies  here  very  extensive  & 
perfectly  level  with  the  Waters  edge.  We  meet  a  great  number  of 
sloops  and  Propeller  Boats  coming  up  from  the  Lake,  principly 
loaded  with  Lumber,  Coal  &  Grain. 

We  enter  the  Lake  with  Prairies  very  extensive  on  both  sides, 
and  in  a  great  distance  on  both  sides  we  can  discern  the  fringe  of 
timber  land,  the  View  on  entering  the  Lake  is  splendid.  Lake  18 
miles  Long  &  about  25  miles  wide,  tis  studded  full  of  vessals  under 
full  sail  as  far  as  the  eye  can  see.  they  appear  to  be  running  in 
every  direction,  the  view  is  fine,  the  Prairies  of  which  I  speak 
are,  I  am  informed  by  the  Capt.,  called  the  St  Clair  Flats,  the 
Sloughs  at  the  entrance  of  this  Lake  are  so  numerous  tis  difficult 
to  get  out  of  it  after  night. 

We  are  now  passing  out  of  the  Lake  St  Clair,  the  surrounding 
Country  around  us  is  very  similar  to  that  at  the  entrance  except 
that  the  Prairies  or  flats  are  better  and  drier  land  and  more  thickly 
settled  on  both  sides,  perticularly  on  the  Canada  side,  there  the 
French  are  very  closely  settled,  we  have  just  passed  a  very  pretty 
Island  called  Hog  Island,  now  we  have  Detroit  in  sight,  beautifull 
groves  of  timber  on  the  American  side.  Detroit  has  from  this  point 
the  appearance  of  a  large  City,  passed  into  Detroit  River,  tis 
about  such  River  as  the  Monongahela. 

arrived  at  Detroit,  the  City  is  beautifully  situated  below  the 
outlet  of  the  Lake  &  has  the  appearance  of  quite  a  Commercial  City. 
Contains  a  population  of  from  20,000  to  21,000.  its  situation  is  on 
a  very  extensive  flat  of  land  which  very  gradually  rises  back  from 
the  River,  on  the  opposite  shore  is  a  small  town  called  Windsor, 
I  suppose  containing  a  population  of  6  or  800.  tis  scattered  along 
the  shore  for  a  mile,  situated  on  a  high  bank,  (the  Canada  side 
here  is  a  beautifull  country!)  appears  to  be  all  frame,  in  Detroit 
and  around  it  a  great  proportion  brick,  a  great  many  windmills 
along  the  Canada  shore,  also  below  along  both  sides  of  the  River  a 
great  many  very  pretty  residences,  the  Michigan  Central  R.  R.  Co. 
has  erected  a  very  elegant  &  extensive  pile  of  buildings  at  Detroit, 
the  Road  is  owned  by  Bostonians. 

a  tremendous  Storm,  very  high  wind.  Thunder  &  lightning  &  a 
tremendous  fall  of  rain  mixed  with  hail  came  up  the  River  on  us 


278  ANNALS  OP  IOWA 

about  the  time  we  were  two  or  three  miles  from  Detroit,  which 
prevented  me  and  all  others  from  looking  out.  the  Storms  here 
may  be  called  storms  indeed.  The  Boat  has  stopped,  in  danger  of 
running  foul  of  Vessels.    Storm  abateing.    Boat  got  under  way. 

the  country  on  both  sides  down  to  the  entrance  of  Lake  Erie  is 
a  delightfull  country.  Amherstburgh  is  the  last  town,  situated  just 
above  the  mouth  of  the  River,  tis  a  dingy,  dark  looking  town, 
altho  the  situation  is  a  beautifull  one  on  the  Bank  of  the  River, 
on  a  lovely  plain  of  level  land,  the  only  redeeming  feature  about 
the  town  is  the  fine  Shade  Trees  which  they  have  preserved,  large 
Elms  with  the  richest  foliage,  I  judge  the  population  in  and  about 
the  town  to  be  about  from  800  to  1,000.  the  buildings  nearly  all 
frame,  the  greater  part  of  them  not  painted,  there  is  several 
church  &  one  large  frame  Flouring  Mill,  Saw  Mill  &c.  appears  to 
be  a  very  dull  place. 

immediately  above  and  adjoining  the  Town  Stands  Fort  Maiden, 
on  position  commanding  the  River,  and  immediately  opposite  stands 
on  an  Island  a  Block  House  calculated  to  rake  the  American  Shore 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Island,  and  prevent  any  landing  on  the 
Island.  The  Fort  is  far  inferior  to  any  of  the  American  Forts  or 
Barracks;  greater  part  of  the  buildings  are  frame,  painted  Lead 
Collour,  what  appears  to  be  a  modern  addition,  two  or  three  build- 
ings, officers  quarters  are  small  &  built  of  Brick,  it  stands  on  an 
elevated  Bank  and  embankment  thrown  up  around  it,  the  whole 
surrounded  with  Pickets,  there  is  not  more  than  one  Company  of 
troops  here,  so  the  British  have  the  command  of  Detroit  River  at 
one  end  &  the  Americans  by  Fort  Gratiot  at  the  other,  right  be- 
tween them  would  be  the  place  to  invade  Canada,  steal  a  march 
round  Maiden  &  push  on  up  the  Thames  River  to  London,  &  cut  off 
communication  by  taking  possession  of  the  district  of  country  lying 
between  the  Thames  River  &  Lake  Erie. 

all  is  quiet  in  this  quarter,  5  oClock,  after  tea  I  find  we  have  yet 
sight  of  the  Canada  shore,  steering  S.  S.  E.  to  the  North  of  Point, 
a  play  Island,  we  are  in  view  of  the  3  Sister  Islands,  they  are 
about  one  mile  to  the  N.  W.  of  us,  that  is,  the  Southern  one.  between 
the  South  &  Middle  one.  Commodore  Perry  conquered  the  Brittish 
Fleet  about  3  miles  distant  from  it.  when  Perry  came  down  the 
Brittish  Fleet  was  about  where  we  now  are  sailing  between  the 
Southern  Sister  &  the  Canada  shore.  He  conquered  them  &  saild 
for  Put  in  Bay  which  lies  N.  W.  of  us  near  Sandusky. 

the  sun  is  setting  clear  behind  us,  clouds  very  black  in  front  of 
us,  the  effect  is  splendid,  a  whole  fleet  of  Sloops,  Schooners  in  view 
&  in  their  rear  a  splendid  Rainbow,  thp  canvas  of  the  Vessal  in  full 
sail  with  the  dark  clouds  behind  them,  &  the  sun  shineing  on  them 
from  the  West,  causes  them  to  look  as  white  as  snow,  all  the  whole 
overhung  by  a  splendid  Arch  or  Rainbow  presents  a  most  enchant- 


MAJOR  WILLIAM  WILLIAMS'  JOURNAL  279 

ing  Scene,  truly  a  fine  subject  for  the  pencil,  at  dark  the  music 
commenced  as  usual  &  the  dance  followed  till  we  began  to  near 
Cleveland.  10  oClock,  Light  house  in  view,  evening  very  pleasant, 
arrived  at  Cleveland,  left  several  passengers  &  took  some  on.  too 
dark  to  see  anything  of  the  City,  made  but  a  few  minutes  stay,  put 
out  for  Erie,     went  to  bed  12  Oclock. 

Thursday,  June  28t7i.  when  I  got  up  found  the  morning  warm  & 
overcast,  from  the  head  way  we  are  making  will  reach  Erie  by 
8  oClock,  Capt.  says,  the  Ohio  &  Penna.  shore  in  sight,  arrived  at 
Erie  7i/^  oClock,  very  glad  to  get  to  it,  I  feel  very  much  wearied 
&  unwell,  haveing  caught  cold  &  Lake  Erie  being  very  rough  I  feel 
sick  this  morning.  Lake  Erie  is  about  400  miles  long  &  from  40  to 
50  wide,  being  much  shallower  than  any  of  the  others  tis  more 
easily  moved  by  winds.  Erie  is  prettily  situated  on  quite  a  high 
Bank  overlooking  the  Lake  but  the  harbour  is  not  good,  the  Town 
contains  a  population  of  over  6,000,  some  very  good  buildings,  gen- 
erally frame  &  scattered,  as  a  business  place  it  looks  dull  com- 
pared with  the  thriveing  young  Cities  &  Towns  of  the  AVest  &  North. 
Erie  has  a  considerable  character  abroad,  but  I  am  disappointed,  a 
dull  place,     went  to  bed  afternoon,  slept,  I  feel  quite  revived. 

Friday,  29  June.  9  oClock  took  Canal  Packet  Boat,  Queen  City, 
for  Beaver,  met  with  Robert  M'Kee  here.  He  is  asst.  supervisor  on 
the  Canal  from  this  to  Beaver,  says  he  is  doing  very  well,  also 
met  with  Judge  Patton  &  Josiah  King,  fine  rain  this  morning  which 
has  cooled  the  air.  arrived  at  Girard,  16  miles  from  Erie,  a  very 
pretty  village  on  the  Canal,  population  500.  great  excitement  here, 
the  National  Circus  is  in  town,  this  country  along  the  Canal  is  a 
very  heavily  timberd  country,  principly  Poplar,  Oak,  horse  chesnut, 
Pine  &  some  Mulberry,  passed  during  the  evening  several  thrive- 
ing villages,  viz.  Lockport,  Cranesville,  Powerstown. 

went  to  bed  about  10  oClock  but  could  not  sleep  for  the  noise 
and  confusion  on  the  Boat,  there  is  on  board  the  greatest  fool  of 
a  chambermaid  that  ever  lived,  she  has  in  the  Cabin  two  or  three 
young  girls  &  to  help  her  out  with  her  folly  &  nonsence  three  other 
fools  with  their  beaus  came  on  board  about  12  oClock,  as  they  said 
going  home  from  a  pleasure  trip;  and  they  made  out  to  anoy  us  on 
board  till  3  oClock  in  the  morning  with  their  fool  talk,  plays  & 
giggleing  &  laughing,  untill  all  passengers  rose  up  in  rebellion, 
remonstrated  &  made  the  whole  party  stope.  I  take  the  majority 
of  the  folks  along  this  canal  to  be  of  a  very  h)w  order  from  their 
conduct .  and  conversation. 

Saturday  Morning,  June  30,  i849.  a  very  dense  fog  this  morning, 
passed  during  the  night  Lake  Conneaught  &  French  Creek  Cut, 
passing  Big  &  little  Shenango.  in  the  forks  between  these  two 
Creeks  there  are  some  very  fine  farms,  arrived  at  West  Greenville, 
Mercer  Co,    This  is  truely  a  very  beautiful!  &  thriveing  town,  popu- 


280  ANNALS  OP  IOWA 

lation  over  2,000.  there  are  5  large  Furnaces  adjoining  the  town. 
Lot  Irwin's  Furnaces  are  close  above  the  Town,  the  Canal  runs 
through  the  middle  of  the  town,  great  abundance  of  fine  stone,  coal 
&  iron  ore  in  this  neighborhood,  every  thing  looks  lively,  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  people  are  much  better  than  further  up  the  Coun- 
try; you'l  find  here. intelligent  looking  people,  from  the  junction  of 
Big  &  little  Shenangos  down,  the  appearance  of  things  improves. 
Indian  mound  at  W.  Greenville.^^  this  mound  stands  on  a  perfectly 
level  meadow  on  the  Banks  of  the  Shenango.  this  day  has  been 
very  warm,  passed  a  number  of  Villages  to  day  in  passing  through 
Mercer,  Lawrence  &  Beaver  Counties,  amongst  the  number  New 
Castle  this  evening;  a  very  considerable  town,  population  about 
2,000,  Several  Manufts.  Establishments  here.    10  oClock  went  to  bed. 

Sunday  Morning,  1st  July,  got  up  this  morning,  found  myself  at 
Rochester  at  Beaver  Point.  The  Steam  Boat  that  takes  us  up  to 
Pittsburgh  not  yet  arrived.  Sun  comes  out  very  warm,  the  River 
Ohio  riseing  fast,  great  number  of  Locusts  in  Mercer,  Lawrence  & 
Beaver,  Counties;  they  are  killing  the  leaves  on  all  the  Trees;  make 
a  great  noise,  left  Beaver  in  Steam  Boat,  Michigan,  at  2  oClock 
for  Pittsburgh.    I  consider  Beaver  a  poor  place. 

Arrived  at  Pittsburgh  about  3  oClock.  looks  very  black  compared 
with  the  fine,  fresh  looking  towns  &  cities  of  the  West.  This  even- 
ing, Sunday,  find  the  River  filled  with  Boats  with  pleasure  parties 
returning  from  the  Gardens  below,  some  distance  along  the  Banks 
under  Shade  trees  see  several  Card  Parties  busy  playing  cards,  no 
such  sights  have  I  seen  in  the  West,  also  see  a  good  many  drunk, 
took  lodgings  at  the  St  Charles  House,  after  supper,  7  oClock,  to 
the  Canal  Boat,  Capt.  Greeley,  after  leaving  the  Suburbes  of  Al- 
legheny town  went  to  my  berth. 

Monday  Morning,  2d  July,  when  I  got  up,  found  myself  at  Free- 
port,  morning  fine  &  pleasant,  day  throughout  very  pleasant,  about 
7  oClock  in  the  evening  arrived  at  Blairsville.  set  on  deck  of  the 
Boat  untill  late  night,  very  pleasant. 

Tuesday  Morning,  July  3d.  took  the  Cars  at  Johnstown  about 
daylight  and  arrived  at  home  about  10  oClock.  found  all  Well  and 
I  very  much  pleased  to  get  home,  Haveing  traveld  through  parts  of 
Kentucky,  Missouri,  Illinois,  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota  and  through 
nearly  all  of  Iowa.  part  of  Missouri  I  like  very  much  and  a  part 
of  it  I  do  not  like.  Illinois  from  Fox  River  North  is  a  delightful 
Country.  South  of  Fox  River  tis  too  fiat  &  low,  soil  not  to  good, 
same  with  Wisconsin.  I  like  the  Northern  part  best.  Minnesota 
is  a  beautiful  Country,  well  watered  and  some  parts  of  it  the  scenery 
is  very  romantic,  perticularly  along  the  Mississippi  &  the  St  Croix 
Rivers,     no  more  beautiful  country  can  be  found  than  that  lying 


G^Original   journal   shows  sketch   of   Indian   mound    at   West    Greenville. 


MAJOR  WILLIAM  WILLIAMS'  JOURNAL  281 

along  Lake  Pepin,  what  is  known  by  tlie  name  of  the  Sioux  half 
breed  tract  or  reservavtion. 

But  take  it  all  through,  Iowa  is  decidedly  the  best  State  for  uni- 
form richness  of  soil,  beauty  of  scenery,  Water  and  Health,  tis  in 
my  opinion  destined  to  be  the  greatest  Agricultural  State  in  the 
Union. 


NOTES  IN  CONNECTION  WITH  SKETCHES. 

Painted  Rock  or  Capeli  above  Prairie  Du  Chein  on  the  Iowa  Side 
formerly  belonged  to  the  Winebagoes,  now  Allemakie  County. 

The  Painted  boulder  represented  on  the  bank  is  painted  and  was 
the  Indian  God  to  which  their  great  Medicine  men  repaired  to  Con- 
jure, the  Rock  above  is  Smothe  faced  &  has  a  great  many  animals 
with  Picture  writeing  on  it 

Sious  Squaws  pushing  their  Canoes  across  the  Mississippi  returning 
with  their  Children  (papoose  from  the  Fort  after  receiving  their 
rashions  &c) 

BATTLE  GROUND  AT  BAD  AXE. 

Black  Hawk  &  his  Indians  were  encamped  on  the  River  bottom,  the 
Regulars  came  on  them  by  passing  through  the  defiles  in  the  bluffs 
&  forced  them  through  the  River  to  the  Island,  a  Steam  Boat  was 
run  up  and  a  fire  opened  on  them  &  the  Sioux  Indians  attacked  them 
as  the(y)   reached  the  opposite  shore  or  Island. 

A  VIEW  ON  LAKE  PEPIN  FROM  MAIDEN  ROCK. 

all  the  Indian  Tribes  have  the  tradition  of  this  Rock  and  have  a 
great  dread  in  approaching  it.  tis  said  to  be  300  feet  high,  the 
Indian  Maid  Winona  threw  herself  off  this  rock. 

BOAT  TOWING  RAFTS  THROUGH  LAKE  PEPIN. 

Red  Rock  opposite  Side  of  River  to  Little  Crow  Village.  This 
place  is  named  from  a  red  rock,  a  Rock  painted  red  which  stands 
on  the  Prairie  on  the  Bank  of  the  River,  tis  Red  and  Striped  with 
Black  &  white  paint  in  Picture  writing  which  is  Worshiped  by  the 
Sioux  tis  said. 

Little  Crow  Village  of  Sioux  on  the  West  Bank  of  Mississippi  be- 
low St  Pauls,  Minnesote. 

Indians  encamped  on  the  Shore  below  Fort  Snelling. 

Fort  Snelling  from  the  beach  below  the  Fort  Stands  on  a  Sand 
rock  white  as  chalk. 

Jane  M.  Cazneau,  New  York,  wife  of  Genl  Cazneau,  Mexican  Army, 
taken  at  Mel  Ren  Del  Ray. 


282  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

PRAIRIE  SQUIRREL. 

Coloured  very  much  like  a  gray  squirrel  with  a  redish  or  brown 
stripe  along  the  side. 

Rosin  Weed  or  Compass  plant,  leaves  point  due  N.  &  S.  cure  for  bite 
of  Rattle  Snake,    grows  on  the  Prairies  of  Iowa- 
Iowa  or  loa,  English  this  is  the  place  or  no  such  place. 
Minesota,  troubled  Water  or  disturbed  Water  or  Water  agitated. 
Mine    Water 
Sota    troubled,  disturbed 


SIOUX   LANGUAGE. 
Indian  Names — 
Baptieste    Winnebego  Chief 
Crow  D— ''^      D— 

Capt  Jim  D—        D— 

Broad  face         D —        D — 

Muscatine  in  English  is  Fire  Island 

Indian  Names — 
Guns  cot  a  ca — Big  Bear  a  Winnebago  Chief 
Hole  in  the  day — Chippaw  Chief 
Wabasha  Sioux  Chief 

Six  D—     D— 

Whirling  Thunder  D— 
Black  Dog  D— 

Hard  Fish      Winnebego 
Little  Hill  D— 

Little  Owl    Chippawa  Chief 
Wineshiek  Sioux    D— 

Yellow  Thunder      Winnebego 
White  Cloud  D— 

Black  Cloud. 
Little  Dick 

Winnesheck      Winnebego  Chief 
Snake      Chippawa 
Melting  Snow      Chippawa  Squaw 
Wapello  D—         D— 


»D  Indicates  dltta 


REV.  DANIEL  LANE  AND  HIS  KEOSAUQUA  ACADEMY  283 


REV.  DANIEL  LANE  AND  HIS  KEOSAUQUA 
ACADEMY 

BY  J.  W.  CHENEY 

On  his  mother's  side  Daniel  Lane  was  a  descendant  of 
John  and  Priscilla  Alden,  members  of  the  Mayflower  hand  of 
Pilgrims.  He  was  horn  in  Leeds,  Kennebec  County,  Maine, 
March  10,  1813.  His  father  kept  a  country  store,  and,  evi- 
dently, was  in  ,very  moderate  financial  circumstances.  Daniel 
was  the  only  child  of  his  mother,  who  miist  have  died  when 
he  was  a  mere  ba(l>y,  for  wiien  he  was  only  four  years  old  his 
father  also  died,  leaving  to  the  little  Daniel  a  step-mother  and 
a  half-sister.  He  then  foo^ind  a  home  with  his  own  mother's 
brother,  a  Mr.  Brett;  not  that  his  step-mother  lacked  in 
affection  for  him,  but  because  she  was  left  with  insufficieut 
means  to  properly  support  herself  and  the  two  children.  She 
lived  until  after  Mr.  Lane  w^as  thirty  years  old.  and  he  always 
spoke  very  highly  of  her. 

Hon.  A.  J.  McCrary  says  of  Mr.  Lane,  ''He  was  truly 
the  friend  of  youth,  yet  you  could  not  think  of  him  as  ever 
having  any  youth."  But  in  every  case  the  boy  precedes  the 
man.  The  little  I  know^  of  Daniel  Lane,  the  boy,  I  learned 
from  the  Valentine  brothers,  Lowell  and  John,  who  followed 
Mr.  Lane  to  Keosauqua,  Iowa,  and  w^hose  mother  w^as  a  cousin 
of  Mr.  Lane's  mother.  Lowell  Valentine  was  superintendent 
of  the  Congregational  Sunday  School  in  Keosauqua  when  I 
was  a  boy,  and  I  recall  his  telling  a  very  interesting  story  of 
the  struggles  and  triumphs  of  p  poor,  orphan  boy,  closing  with 
the  impressive  declaration,  ' '  And  that  boy  was  Daniel  Lane. ' ' 
At  the  time  we  had  no  difficulty  in  thinking  that  Mr.  Lane 
might  'have  been  such  a  boy.  But  John  Valentine,  who  now 
lives  in  Denver,  Colorado,  w^rites  me  something  which  may 
astonish  those  wiho  only  knew  the  man.  Rev.  Daniel  Lane,  and 
are  not  able  to  ' '  think  of  him  as  ever  having  any  youth. ' '  Mr. 
Valentine  says,  "I  can  tell  you  an  incident  of  his  boyhood, 
which  not  only  illustrates  Ms  desire  to  excel  in  everythiug. 


284  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

but  also  shows  the  power  of  religion  to  change  one's  moral 
nature.  Anicl  I  have  this  from  his  own  lips.  Several  boys,  of 
whom  Daniel  was  one,  were  playing  together,  when  some  of 
them  became  very  profane.  Daniel  so  far  excelled  the  others 
that  one  of  them,  at  least,  was  'greatly  sihocked  and  exclaimed, 
'Now  Dan!  quit  that!'  And  Daniel  was  so  surprised  and 
deeply  moved  by  the  rebuke  that  h^  did  quit,  then  and  there, 
and  soon  afterward  became  a  follower  of  the  Jesus  whose 
name  he  had  used  so  lightly. ' '  That  indeed  was  the  turning 
point  in  his  career,  and  the  real  key  to  his  future  character 
and  useful  life. 

As-  nearly  as  I  can  learn  he  was  about  sixteen  years ,  old 
when,  after  much  reflection  and  study  of  the  Bible,  he  came 
out  openly  on  the  Lord's  side  and  united  with  the  Congrega- 
tional church.  He  fitted  himself  for  college  in  the  Brighton 
Academy.  While  doing  so  his  health  became  very  poor,  he 
was  thought  to  have  couvsumption,  and  asked  his  physician 
whether  he  would  better  go  on  with  his  studies.^  The  reply 
was,  '  *  Oh  yes,  but  you  will  not  live  beyond  your  second  year 
in  college."  He  did  go  on,  and  not  only  passed  ''the  dead 
line"  safely,  but  graduated  from  Bowdoin  College  in  1838, 
by  which  time  he  was  twenty-five  years  old.  In  the  mean- 
time he  had  taught  •  school  in  several  places,  among  which 
was  the  village  of  Freeport,  not  far  from  the  city  of  Portland, 
Maine.  There  he  became  acquainted  with  the  family  of 
David  Staples,  a  sea  captain,  whose  daughter  Elizabeth  was 
destined  to  be  his  devoted  wife  and  efficient  helper  through- 
out his  career  in  Iowa. 

Immediately  after  graduating  from  college  he  became 
the  teacher  of  English  and  modern  languages  in  North  Yar- 
mouth Academy.  At  this  writing,  1915,  there  is  living  in 
Iowa  City  a  Mrs.  Saunders,  who  was  then  a  student  in  that 
academy,  but  probably  in  the  primary  department,  as  she  was 
only  nine  or  ten  years  old,  and  only  remembers  that  Mr. 
Dane  was  a  tall,  slender,  fine  looking  man,  and  very  highly 
esteemed  by  the  whole  community  as  a  man  and  teacher. 
After  teaching  two  consecutive  years  in  Yarmouth,  he  entered 
Andover  Theological  Seminary,  took  its  three-year  course  of 
study,  aiijd  graduated  therefrom  in  1843,  at  the  age  of  thirty 
years. 


REV.  DANIEL  LANE  AND  HIS  KEOSAUQUA  ACADEMY  285 

While  in  the  seminary^  Mr.  Lane,  because  of  his  ripiu' 
years  and  strong  personality,  became  a  leader  among-  the 
students,  especially  those  of  his  own  class.  But  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1843,  near  the  close  of  his  second  year  at  the  seminary, 
he  was  in  very  poor  health,  and  it  is  he  to  whom  the  author 
of  ''The  Iowa  Band"  refers  in  relatino'  what  occurred  one 
evening  that  summer  at  the  usual  devotional  exercises  of  the 
faculty  and  students:  "Among  them  sat  one,  pale  and  emaci- 
ated by  continued  illness,  and  of  whom  his  friends  began  to 
\vhisper,  ^Unless  relieved  soon  we  fear  he  will  never  b<>  well, 
even  if  he  lives.'  They  might  have  spared  a  portion  of  their 
anxiety  had  they  known  the  nature  of  his  disease,  which  was 
dyspepsia,  and  that  not  of  a  chronic  form."  Mr.  Lane  came 
to  that  service  greatly  cast  down  by  the  combined  effects  of 
disease  and  hard  study.  During  the  service  he  deeply 
pondered  his  condition  and  prospects,  and  had  about  con- 
cluded that  he  must  abandon  his  long-cherished  plan  of  Ix'^ 
coming  a  New  England  minister,  for  the  reason  that  such  a 
life  would  aggravate  his  disease,  cripple  his  energies,  and 
shorten  his  days.  At  that  moment  there  came  to  him  the 
thought  that  the  quite  different  life  of  a  missionary  in  the 
west  might  countera'ct  his  disease.  To  go  west  would  require 
great  self-denial,  but  there  might  be  great  comx)ensation, 
K'hiefly  of  a  spiritual  character.  These  thoughts,  with  others, 
passed  before  him  with  the  swiftness  of  a  vision,  and  had 
for  a  time  the  effects  of  a  vision.  All  things  else  were  shut  out. 
The  chapter,  the  hymn,  the  singing  were  all  unheard.  In 
the  general  movement  he  rose  for  prayer,  but  not  to  join  in 
the  (petitions  offered.  The  spell  was  upon  him,  and  he  seemed 
to  stand  alone  before  God.  He  went  out  that  evening  not  as 
he  came  in.  Henceforth  his  prayer  was  "May  I  be  found  in 
the  right  place,  doing  the  right  work !  Prepare  me  for  it,  and 
make  me  willing  to  enter  upon  it ! "  The  result  was  that  he 
definitely  decided  to  become  a  western  missionaiy.  He  soon 
found  that  a  classmate  from  the  west  expected  to  return  and 
labor  in  that  region.  And  these  two  so  successfully  promoted 
the  scheme  tihat  ten  others  of  their  class  joined  them.  The 
twelve  prospective  home  missionaries  were  Daniel  Lane,  Har- 
vey Adams,  Erastus  Ripley,  Horaee  Hutchinson,  Alden  B, 
Rol>bins.  William   Salter,   Edwin  B.    Turner,   Benjamin   A. 


286  ANNALS  OP  IOWA 

Spaulding,  William  Hammond,  Jame^  J.  Hill,  Elbenezer  Alden 
amd  Ephriam  Adams. 

These  kindred  spirits  then  proposed  to  hold  prayer 
meetin'gs,  to  further  foster  their  remarkable  friendship  and 
ujiity  of  purpose.  But  no  two  of  them  roomed  together,  and 
the  question  arose  as  to  when  they  might  privately  assemble. 
One  of  their  number  happened  to  he  the  seminary  librarian; 
so  they  decided  to  meet  in  the  library  room,  although  the 
seminary  rules  forbade  lights  in  that  room;  but  they  over- 
came that  difficulty  by  meeting  there  on  Tuesday  evening's 
and  praying  in  the  dark.  And  in  after  years,  though  widely 
separated  in  the  mission  field,  those  devoted  men  observed 
Tuesday  evening  as  the  set  time  to  secretly  pray  for  each 
other.  Before  graduating  from  the  seminary  the  twelve  had 
chosen  Iowa  territory  as  the  field  of  their  missionary  labors. 
They  therefore  became  known  as  ''The  Iowa  Band." 

After  seven!  years  of  acquaintance,  courtship  and  be- 
trothal, Daniel  Lane  and  Elizabeth  Staples  were  married, 
September  9,  1843,  which  was  soon  after  he  graduated  from 
the  seminary,  and  a  few  weeks  (before  ' '  The  Band ' '  was  to 
start  west.  One  of  the  members,  William  Hammond,  decided 
not  to  go  at  all,  "for  fear  of  the  western  climate,"  and  two 
more,  Erastus  Ripley  and  J.  J.  Hill,  were  temporarily 
detained,  and  eame  on  the  following  year.  Nine  of  ''The 
Band, ' '  two  of  them,  Mr.  Lane  and  Mr.  Roblbins,  with  wives, 
started  on  the  long  journey,  Oet.  4,  1843.  The  first  stage  was 
by  train  to  Buffalo,  then  the  western  terminus  of  the  rail- 
road, thence  by  a  lake  steamer  to  Chicago.  It  is  worth  not- 
ing and  will  amuse  present  day  lowans,  that  during  a  brief 
landing  at  Milwaukee  they  were  met  by  Rev.  Peet,  the  Wis- 
consin agent  for  the  Ameriean  Home  Missionary  Society, 
which  was  financing  "The  Band,"  but  he  discouraged  their 
going  on  to  their  destination  by  saying  "Iowa  will  never 
aanount  to  much,  as  it  has  only  a  narrow  strip  of  good  land 
along  the  Mississippi  river,  beyond  which  is  the  Great  Amer- 
ican Desert. ' '  The  only  excuse  for  such  a  statement  was  ig- 
norance of  the  character  of  the  unsettled  portion  of  Iowa  at 
that  time,  when  it  was  understood  that  "the  settled  portion  of 
l^e  territory  was  a  belt  of  land  on  the  we^^  bank  of  the  Miss- 


REV.  DANIEL  LANE  AND  HIS  KEOSAUQUA  ACADEMY  287 

issippi,  200  miles  long-  and  40  wide,  with  a  population  of  some- 
thing over  fifty  thousand."  From  Chicago,  by  chance  con- 
veyances, mostly  open  farm  wagons,  the  missionaries  came 
through  Avhat  was  to  them,  "a  new  and  w^onJerful  country," 
and  were  much  surprise'd  to  get  good  meals  by  the  way  f(^r 
a  "bit,"  121/2  cents,  and  night  lodging  for  25  cents.  Through 
out  the  w^hole  trip  they  refrained  from  traveling  on  Sunday 
and,  after  about  seventeen  day  of  actual  travel,  they  arrived 
at  Denmark,  Lee  County,  Iowa,  October  25,  1843. 

But  they  were  not  the  first  Congregational  missiojiaries  to 
come  to  Iowa.  The  same  missionary  society  had  sent  Rev. 
Asa  Turner  to  Quincy,  Illinois,  in  1830.  In  1836  he  made  an 
exploring  tour  to  the  Black  Hawk  purchase,  and  found  a 
colony  of  religious  New  England  people  settled  in  the  Den- 
mark locality.  In  1838  those  Denmark  people  invited  him  to 
become  their  pastor;  he  accepted  the  call,  and  sustained  that 
relation  to  them  for  thirty  years.  However,  during  the  first 
six  years  of  that  period  he  gave  half  his  time  as  agent  for  the 
"American  Home  Missionary  Society  in  the  territory  of  Iowa. 
Fourteen  CongTegational  churches  had  been  organized  by  the 
time  the  'Iowa  Band'  came,  and  some  eight  Congregational 
ministers  had  reached  the  Territory, ' '  so  said  Dr.  Magoun  at 
the  dedication  of  a  new  Congregational  church  in  Keosaukua 
in  1888,"  and  Dr.  Salter  one  of  'The  Band,'  says,  'It  was  a 
letter  from  Asa  Turner,  under  God,  more  than  any  other  single 
infiuen<ie,  which  led  us  to  choose  Iowa  as  our  field  of  labor,' 
therefore,  with  or  wdthout  the  consent  of  my  Congregational 
friends,  I  may  say  that  Asa  Turner  was  a  sort  of  Bishop  of 
Iowa,  and  Denmark  the  headquarters  of  his  diocese ;  which  ac- 
counts for  '  The  Iowa  Band '  coming  to  Denmark  in  a  body. ' ' 

Dr.  Salter  further  relates  that,  after  arriving  in  Iowa,  "the 
next  Sunday  I  spent  at  Keosauqua,  on  the  Des  Moines  river, 
and  preached  in  a  blacksmith  shop. "  A  Mr.  Hadden  attended 
or  followed  him  back  to  Denmark  where,  on  the  following  Sun- 
day, Novemiber  5th,  Mr.  Lane  and  six  others  were  to  be  or- 
dained before  the  members  of  '.'The  Band"  dispersed  to  their 
appointed  fields  of  labor.  The  method  of  assignnent  to  those 
fields  is  thus  described  in  the  little  'book  entitled  "The  low-a 
Band",  the  nine  members  having  assembled  in  the  pastor's 


U^  ANNALS  OP  IOWA 

stuidy  for  that  purpose :  Then  Fathers  Turner  and  Gaylord, 
who  had  explored  tihe  field,  came  in,  map  in  hand,  described 
tiheir  tour,  the  places  visited,  and  then  retired.  Now,  by  free 
suggestion  and  mutual  consent,  the  assignment  began.  Broth- 
er Hutchinson,  for  peculiar  reasons,  as  was  well  known,  was 
inclined  to  Burlington,  and  H.  Adams  to  Farmington;  and 
none  were  disposed:  to  object.  Those  having  wives,  it  was  said,, 
ouight  to  be  provided  with  places  as  comfortable  as  any  in  the 
territory.  A  minister-seeking  man^  "from  Keosauqua  had 
claimed  Brother  Lane  as  the  one  of  his  choice.  Hds  promises 
were  fair,  and  he  was  gratified.  Then  Bloomington,  since 
called  Muscatine,  a  smart  town  of  400  inhabitants,  was  ceded 
to  Brother  Robbins,  and  thus  the  wives  were  provided  for." 
And  thus,  incidentally,  was  shown  the  rank  which  Keosauqua 
held  among  her  sister  towns  in  1843.  The  Savior's  injunction 
was  "judge  not  according  to  appearances;  judge  rigihteous 
judgment."  For  lack  of  time  and  opportunity  Mr.  Hadden 
had  to  "judge  according  to  appearances"  when  he  chose  Mr. 
Lane  but,  fortunately,  it  proved  to  be  a  "  righteous  judgment ' ' 
also,  and  has  ^bcen  endorsed  as  such  by  Keosuaqua  people  un- 
to this  day.  ^ 

Mr.  Lane  was  nearly  thirty-one  years  old  on  November  12, 
1843,  when  he  preached  his  first  sermon  in  Keosauqua,  and 
stood  face  to  face  with  the  great  work  he  had  chosen,  and  for 
which  God  had  chosen  him.  Many  precious  years  had  been 
,:^pent  iu  preparation  for  it,  not  willingly  (but  necessarily.  He 
had  not  inherited  a  robust  body;  physical  ^veakness  always, 
and  real  illness  often,  hindered  study.  And  a  degree  of  pov- 
erty frequently  drove  him  from  the  halls  of  learning,  and 
compelled  long  periods  of  manual  labor  or  teaching,  in  order 
to  replenish  his  normally  slender  and  often  empty  purse.  His 
eager  spirit  chafed  against  the  enforced  delay,  which  after  all 
was  not  without  its  compensations,  for  the  protracted  struggle 
was  a  discipline  which  resulted  in  the  development  of  patience, 
courage,  perseverance,  self-reliance — all  those  moral  qualities, 
indeed,  v^Mdk  characterized  him  afterward  and  contributed 
so  much  to  his  popularity  and  usefulness. 

As  a  matter  of  economy,  if  not  of  necessity,  the  Lanes  had 
sent  their  few  household  effects  by  water  down  the  Atlantic 

iMr.  Hadden. 


REV.  DANIEL  LANE  AND  HIS  KEOSAUQUA  ACADEMY  289 

coast,  across  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  up  the  Mississippi  to 
Burlington,  w*hence  they  must  come  to  Keosuaqua  by  wa^on ; 
and  until  they  arrived  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lane  boarded  with  Mr. 
Hadden's  family.  How  few  were  those  household  effects  is 
shown  'by  the  following-  excerpt  from  the  diary  of  Rev.  H, 
Adams,  of  Farmington,  who,  the  next  summer,  visited  the 
most  of  his  brother  ministers '  at  their  homes,  beginning  at 
Keosauqua:  "July  16,  1844.  Here  are  Brother  Lane  and  his 
wife  in  their  little  home  of  two  rooms.  They  have  a  chair  or 
two  now  and  a  table,  but  they  say  they  set  up  housekeeping 
without  either,  using  old  boxes  instead."  He  then  goes  on  to 
say  '-They  have  a  church  of  a  few  members,  organized  as 
Presb>1:erians,  but  its  members  are  not  all  of  that  way  of 
thinking.  Brother  Lane  is  coming  to  be  very  decided  that 
CougTegationalism  is  the  true  Bible  way,  really  quite  con- 
scientious about  it.  A  majority  are  with  him.  How 
things  will  turn  out,  can't  tell."  How  ''few  members"  com- 
posed that  church,  and  how  eager  was  ''the  majority"  who 
were  "with  Brother  Lane"  on  the  denominational  question, 
appears  from  the  fact  that,  when  he  did  organize  a  Congrega- 
tional Church  about  four  months  after  Rev.  Adams'  visit,  and 
a  little  more  than  a  year  after  Mr.  Lane  begar,  his  labors  here, 
he  did  it  with  only  five  members,  viz.,  Moses  Root  and  wife. 
Comfort  ]3ames  and  wife,  and  Mrs.  Lane.  Moreover,  Mrs. 
Lane  was  the  only  member  who  lived  in  town ;  the  others  lived 
two  and  four  miles  out.  Mr.  Hadden,  the  Chief  instrument  in 
bringing  Mr.  Lane  to  Keosauqua,  must  have  been  a  Presby- 
terian "after  the  ^rictest  of  his  sect,"  for  he  did  not  then  join 
the  Contgregational  church,  nor  did  he  afterward  during-  the 
few  years  he  remained  in  town. 

When  Mr.  Lane  had  been  in  Iowa  about  two  years,  the  con- 
dition of  his  health  required  an  extended  vacation  and  a 
change  of  climate,  but  did  not  keep  him  from  doing  good 
when  and  where  he  had  opportunity.  Of  that  vacation  Mr. 
Jollj  Valentine  writes  me,  "The  ^vinter  of  1845-6  Mr.  Lane 
spent  in  Maine,  on  account  of  illness  from  malaria,  and  made 
his  heme  with  my  'brother,  Lowell.  During  that  winter  he 
preached  to  our  people  there;  and  it  was  then  under  his 
preaching, "''hat  I  was  converted." 


290  ANNALS  OP  IOWA 

In  the  history  of  Van  Bur  en  County — ^page  475 — it  is  er^ 
roneously  stated  that  "Mr,  Hadden  built  the  first  church  at 
Keosauqua,  in  1840."  It  is  not  at  all  probable  that  a  single 
person  would  build  a  church  at  his  own  expense  in  a  frontier 
town  which  was  less  than  four  years  old.  The  truth  is  that 
Mr.  Hadden,  being  a  carpenter,  as  I  am  informed,  did  erect 
a  small  house  in  that  year  to  be  rented  for  school  purposes. 
It  is  true  that  it  was  also  a  preaching  place  ' '  for  aU  denomi- 
nations", as  man}^  school  houses  were  in  an  early  day,  and  not 
a  few  are  in  these  days,  but  the  Hadden  house  was  not  intend- 
ed for  a  church,  and  was  never  dedicated  as  such.  Judge 
Wright  and  Mrs.  Joseph  C.  Knapp  both  came  to  Keosauqua  in 
1840,  the  year  in  which  Mr.  Hadden  built  that  house.  Judge 
Wright  in  his  sketch  of  Mr.  Lane — ^ Annals  of  Iowa,,  October, 
1914,  page  486 — refers  to  it  as  "the  little  school  house,  rented 
for  private  scohols,"  and  Mrs.  Knapp  says  she  never  heard 
it  spoken  of  as  being  a  church,  on  the  contrary  it  was  always 
called  ' '  Hadden 's  school  house. ' ' 

In  that  school  house  Mr.  Lane  preached  his  first  sermon, 
and  many  others,  in  Keosauqua,  but  we  have  his  own  state- 
ment that  his  congregation  "for  several  years  had  no  settled 
place  for  public. worship."  But  in  his  fourth  year  here,  and 
under  his  leadership,  his  people,  aided  by  other  citizens, 
built  a  small  brick  church,  Mr.  Lane  himself  paying  for  the 
brick  out  of  his  salary  of  $400  per  annum,  when,  as  he  after- 
ward said,  '  ^  we  had  no  other  pecuniary  resources  whatever. ' ' 
Let  us  give  honor  to  whom  honor  is  due.  As  we  have  already 
seen,  there  was  a  small  Presbyterian  church  organization  here 
when  Mr.  Lane  arrived  in  1843,  but  to  the  Methodists  belong 
the  credit  of- the  fii^t  church  organization.  About  the  middle 
of  Novemiber,  1836,  less  than  a  year  after  the  first  settler  built 
his  "daim-ipen,"  and  about  seven  years  before  Mr.  Lane  ar- 
rived. Rev.  Norris  Hobart,  a  Methodist  preacher,  "formed. a 
Class"  here,  and  made  this  a  regular  preachin!g  place  on  his 
large  "circuit"  of  sixteen  appointments,  the  headquartei;iS  of 
which  was  Burlington.  But  to  Mr.  Lane  belongs  the  honor  of 
having  been  the  first  resident  pastor,  and  the  credit  of  leader- 
ship in  the  erection  of  the  first  chupch  building  in  Keosauqua. 

And  now,  a  few  general  statements  may  ibe  msde  to  intro- 
duce an  account  of  Mr.  Lane's  school-teaiching  in  the  town. 


REV.  DANIEL  LANE  AND  HIS  KEOSAUQUA  ACADEMY  291 

According  to  the  Histoiy  of  Vau  Biireii  Connty,  "Tom  "Wil- 
kinson kept  the  first  school  at  the  (new)  connty  seat,  in  1839," 
which  was  about  three  years  after  the  advent  of  the  first  set- 
tler. The  character  of  "Tom",  and  how  he  may  have  "kept 
school,"  may  be  inferred  from  the  further  statement  of  said 
history  that  "Wilkinson  left  in  1842,  and  married  a  half^ 
breed  of  the  Cherokee  nation."  All  the  early  schools  were 
private  ones,  and  steadily  improved  in  character  and  effi- 
ciency. In  the  late  forties,  Professors  Allen,  Moore  and  Howe 
taught  schools  of  some  pretentions.  And  a  part  of  that  time 
Moore  and  Howe  were  associated  in  teachino  a  school  in  the 
Des  Moines  House,  originally  a  tavern,  near  the  court  house. 
The  large  dancing  hall  of  that  building  could  be  made  two 
good  school-rooms  by  means  of  folding  doors,  ai]d  other  parts 
of  the  house  were  occupied  by  private  families. 

The  pufblic  school  district  was  not  organized  till  1849.  Late 
in  that  year  it  ac(|nire(l  two  lots,  on  which  a  one  room  brick 
school-house  was  built  tlie  following  summer,  and  in  it  the 
next  winter  a  pu'blic  school  was  taught  by  George  Baldwin,  a 
l)rother  of  the  pioneer,  Charles  Baldwin,  who  had  opened  the 
school  and  taught  it  al)out  two  weeks,  until  his  brother  Oeorge 
could  come  on  from  Ohio. 

A  very  bright  girl,  Mary  Wilkins,  was  a  scholar  in  that  first 
public  school,  and  later  a  student  in  IVIr.  Lane 's  academy.  She 
is  now  Mrs.  Charles  Rustin,  of  Omaha,  and  writes  me  of  that 
public  school  that,  after  a  lapse  of  sixty-five  years,  she  still 
treasures  a  little  book,  on  the  fly-leaf  of  which  is  ^vritten: 
To  Miss  Mary  E.  Wilkins: 

This  book  is  presented  by  the  undersigned,  Directors  of  School 
District  No.  One,  Van  Buren  Township,  as  the  principal  premium 
for  improvement  and  good  conduct  during  the  winter  term  of  said 
school— 1850.  Attest:     George  G.  Wright,  Pres't. 

John  D.  Mitchler,  Treas. 
John  H.  Stine,  Sec. 

And  Mrs.  Rustin  adds,  wdth  commendable  pride,  ''This  was 
the  first  prize  given  in  the  first  public  school  of  Keosauqua. ' ' 

But  some  citziens  of  the  town  were  anxious  for  better  ad- 
vantages for  their  children  than  could  be  expected  of  the 
piit)lic  school  at  that  time.  Who  took  the  initiative  in  the  mat- 
ter I  cannot  say,  but  it  resulted  in  Mr.  Lane  opening  a  school 


292  ANIMALS  OF  IOWA 

ill  the  only  room  on  the  ground  floor  of  the  Odd  Fellow  build- 
ing. He  did  this  partly  for  financial  reasons,  his  salary  as  a 
minister  still  being  a  small  one,  and  partly — perhaps  more — 
for  the  sake  of  enlarging  his  sphere  of  usefulness.  The  school 
was  to  be  one  of  high  grade,  an  academy  really,  as  appears 
from  the  following  wliich,  published  in  the  Des  Moines  Val- 
ley Whig,  Keokuk.  Iowa,  May  1,  1851: 

KEQSAUQUA  ACADEMY 
Rev.  Daniel  Lane — Teacher 
The  First  Term  of  this  Institution  will  commence  on  Monday,  May 
20th.     Each  term  will  consist  of  11  weeks. 

TUITION  PER  TERM;   PRIMARY  BRANCHES— $3.00' 

Branches  usually  taught  in  common  district  schools,  including  the 
elementary  principles  of  Algebra  and  Natural  Philosophy — $3,75. 
Higgler  studies  in  Mathematics,  Mental  and  Moral  Science,  Chemis- 
try,  Astronomy,   Rhetoric,   Logic,  Ancient   and   Modern   Languages 
—$4.50.     *     *     *     Keosauqua,  April  17th,  1851. 

In  the  announcement  for  the  third  term  of  the  same  year 
in  the  Western  American,  Keosauqua,  December  5th,  "Latin 
and  Greek"  are  mentioned  as  languages  to  be  taught;  and  in 
the  same  paper,  June  19,  1852,  announcing  June  30th  as  the 
l>eginning  of  the  "Fifth  Term,"  it  is  said  that  "instruction 
will  be  given  in  I/atin,  Greek,  French  and  German  if  re- 
quested."  The  first  announcement,  backed  up  by  the  well 
known  fact  that  Mr.  Lane  was  a  graduate  of  three  schools, 
an  academy,  a  college,  and  a  theological  seminary,  and  also 
was  a  teacher  of  several  years  experience,  indicated  that  the 
proposed  school  would  not  be  an  experiment  so  far  as  the 
teacher  was  concerned,  and  the  people  were  not  left  in  douibt 
very  long.  His  albility  as  an  instructor,  and  the  excellent 
moral  atmosphere  of  his  school,  soon  became  so  evident  that 
his  patrons  desired  to  have  their  younger  children  brought 
under  his  immediate  influence.  To  gratify  their  desire,  he 
formed  one  or  two  sub-primary  classes,  and  employed  Miss 
Mary  Wilkins,  an  advanced  scholar,  to  hear  their  recitations ; 
for  which  service  she  received  $3.08  per  week,  in  addition  to 
her  own  tuition. 

The  newspapers  frequently  referred  to  the  aca-demy  as  be- 
ing "an  excellent  and  flourishing  institution."      Its  fine  rep- 


REV.  DANIEL  LANE  AND  HIS  KEOSAUQUA  ACADEMY  293 

utation  went  abroad  and  attracted  students  from  adjoinintr 
counties  in  Iowa  and  Missouri. 

As  furtiher  evidence  that  Mr.  Lane  was  seriously  handi- 
capped 'by  physical  frailty  the  Western  American  of  August 
30,  1851,  says,  "Keosauqua  Academy — ^We  are  requested  to 
state  that  the  academy  will  not  commence  its  session  next 
Monday,  owing  to  the  continued  ill  health  of  Mr.  Laiie.  But  he 
is  rapidly  recovering  and  in  all  probability  will  soon  be  at  his 
post."  He  bravely  carried  his  double  burden  of  preaching  and 
teaching  through  a  period  of  two  years,  until  the  spring  of 
1 853,  when  it  became  evident  to  him  that  he  was  overworking. 
Me  therefore  closed  his  school,  severed  his  i)astoral  relation 
to  the  church,  and  went  to  Davenport  to  become^  principal  of 
the  Preparatory  Department  of  Iowa  College  then  in  its  in- 
fancy, and  without  a  dollar  of  endowment.  He  was  also  to 
have  charge  of  the  boarding  and  lodg'ing  dei)artnient,  in  the 
case  of  which  Dr.  Magoun  said  "^Ir.  and  Mrs.  Lane  were  use- 
ful to  the  students  in  a  rare  measure,  both  in  respect  to  this 
world  and  the  world  to  come."  Mr.  and  iNIrs.  Lane  had  no 
children  of  their  own,  but  both  of  them  had  the  instinct  of 
parenthood  in  an  eminent  degree.  Of  course  there  was  greater 
obligation  and  opportunity  for  its  exercise  while  in  charge  of 
that  boarding  and  lodging  department  than  they  ever  had 
before  or  afterward,  but  they  always  had  a  parental  interest 
in  their  scholars.  To  their  intimate  friends  they  habitually 
spoke  of  their  scholars  as  ''our  boys"  and  ''our  girls,"  and 
they  watched  their  adult  careers  with  a  solicitude  akin  to  that 
of  real  parents.  To  illustrate  that  habit  I  may  relate  that  on 
the  occasion  of  a  visit  to  Keosauqua,  when  the  name  of  a 
former  scholar,  inclined  to  w^aj^wardness,  was  mentioned,  Mr. 
Lane  inquired  with  evident  anxiet}',  "Is  W steady  now?" 

He  was  equally  solicitous  about  the  church  he  had  planted 
in  Keosauqua  anid,  before  leavin'g  for  Davenport,  he  secured 
Rev.  Dimon  to  succeed  him  as  pastor.  Mr.  Dimon  was  an  ex- 
ceptionally aTble  man  and  a  fine  character,  who  had  left  a  good 
law  practice  in  the  east  after  'being  convinced  of  a  call  to 
preach  the  Gospel.  But  he  died  albout  a  year  after  coming  to 
Keosauqua,  greatly  to  the  regret  of  aU  who  knew  him.  In  that 
short  time  he  acquired  influence  enough  to  organize  a  company 
for  the  purpose  of  founding  a  permanent  academy    in    the 


I 
294  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

town.  After  his  death  the  company  bongiht  a  small  brick 
house  of  two  rooms,  placed  over  its  door  the  sign  ' '  The  Dimon 
Institute,"  and  brought  a  Professor  Greene  from  the  east  to 
superintend  the  school.  But  for  some  reason  the  institution 
was  short  lived,  and  Mr.  Greene  returned  to  Massachusetts, 
where  he  became  associated  in  the  practice  of  law  with  George 
F.  Hoar,  who  later  on  was  United  States  senator. 

Two  years  after  going  to  Davenport,  Mr.  Lane  was  promoted 
to  the  chair  of  mental  and  moral  science  in  Iowa  College.  But 
in  1858,  because  of  a  defaulting  college  treasurer,  and  the 
persistence  of  the  Davenport  City  Council  in  opening  a  wide 
street  through  the  campus  the  college  trustees  temporarily 
closed  the  institution  but  reopened  it  at  Grinnell  the  follow- 
ing year. 

During  that  year  of  intermission  Mr,  Lane  taught  a  classi- 
cal school  in  Davenport,  at  the  close  of  which,  in  the  fall  of 
1859,  upon  the  earnest  solicitation  of  Judge  Wright  and  others 
he  returned  to  Keosauqua  under  a  contract  to  teach  there  three 
years.  This  second  Keosauqua  academy  was  conducted  in  the 
basement  of  the  Methodist  Church,  and  occupied  three  rooms. 
The  majority  of  the  students  were  under  Mr.  Lane's  immed- 
iate control  in  a  large  lecture  room.  In  a  smaller  room  the 
primary  scholars  were  located,  and  taught  for  some  time  by 
Mrs.  Lane,  who  was  succeeded  by  Miss  Maggie  Mc Arthur.  In 
a  third  room,  a  few  of  Mr.  Lane's  classes  were  tutored  by  the 
advanced  scholar  and  exceptionally  fine  young  man,  William 
C.  Harper,  until  he  became  a  Union  soldier  in  1861.  This 
school  also  attracted  students  from  afar.  The  average  num- 
ber of  its  scholars  is  now  supposed  to  have  been  seventy  or 
eighty  for  aibout  two  years,  when  the  Civil  War  came  on,  cut 
down  the  attendance  and  otherwise  seriously  affected  the 
school  by  making  soldiers  of  a  number  of  young  men  and  older 
boys,  who  were  greatly  admired  by  Mr.  Lane,  and  had  con- 
tributed much  to  the  morale  of  his  school.  Mr.  Lane  was  a 
devoted  Union  man,  and  thoroughly  in  sympathy  with  the 
patriotic  spirit  which  prevailed  among  his  scholars.  Friday 
afternoons  were  devoted  to  literary  exercises  which,  after  the 
war  began,  took  on  a  decidedly  patriotic  character.  W.  W. 
Baldwin  says  "I  remember  declaiming  an  impassioned,  pat- 
riotic appeal,  and  seeing'  the  tears  flow  down  Mr.  Lane's  face 


REV.  DANIEL  LANE  AND  HIS  KEOSAUQUA  ACADEMY  295 

as  he  listened  to  me.     1  can  never  forget  the  inspired  look 
upon  him  at  that  time." 

In  those  days  Keosauqua  had  a  "glee  club"  of  unusually 
good  singers,  four  of  whom  were  scholars  in  tlie  academy,  aii(.i 
Hattie  Mc Arthur  one  of  the  four.  When  the  war  came  on  the 
club  sang  at  rallies  for  recruits  in  southeastern  Iowa,  and 
raised  many  a  boy's  patriotism  to  the  enlisting  point.  And  the 
boys  did  not  forget  that  when  they  were  hundreds  of  miles 
distant  from  the  club,  and  experiencing  the  stern  realities  of 
soldier  life.  One  day  when  eonditions  were  very  trying  a 
wag  in  our  company  sang  out  dolefully,  ''Oh,  I  wish  Hattie 
.A fc Arthur  was  here  to  sing  me  out  of  service ;  she  sung  me 
into  it!" 

P^our  of  Mr.  Lane's  scholars  responded  to  l^resident  Lin- 
coln's first  call  for  troops.  Voltaire  Twombly  was  one  of  them 
and  he  writes  me,  "The  four  of  us,  Harper,  Hums,  Henry 
and  Twombly,  were  one  day  invited  to  dinner  )jy  Mr.  Lane, 
and  Mi*s.  Lane  got  us  up  a  good  dinner.  The  most  impressive 
part  of  that  visit  with  our  dear  teacher  and  his  wife  was  when 
we  all  got  down  on  our  knees  and  he  prayed  with  us.  And  in 
parting  he  gave  each  of  us  a  small  Testament  and  fatherly 
counsel.  I  carried  my  Testament  throughout  the  war,  and 
read  it — sometimes  when  under  fire  in  the  trenches.  I  have 
it  yet,  with  this  written  on  the  fly-leaf,  'V.  P.  Twombly,  from 
his  teacher  and  friend,  D.  Lane'."  I  have  ascertained  that, 
including  nine  from  his  first  school,  thirty-eight  of  Mr.  Lane's 
scholars  became  Union  soldiers,  and  suffered  their  pi'oportion 
of  hardships  and  casualties  during  the  war.  There  may  have 
been  a  few  more  in  the  Union  xVrmy,  and  it  is  also  a  signifi- 
cant fact  that  I  have  not  learned  of  one  of  his  scholars  who 
served  in  the  Confederate  Army. 

Including  both  schools  Mr.  Lane's  teaching  in  Keosauqua 
covered  a  period  of  about  five  years.  Some  persons,  in  their 
zeal  for  the  good  reputation  of  the  old  town,  but  with  no  in- 
tention whatever  of  misrepresenting  matters,  assert  that  no 
other  school  of  like  character,  in  the  whole  country,  and  in  the 
same  length  of  time,  was  attended  'by  so  many  scholars,  wiho 
became  prominent  in  their  mature  years.  That  may  or  may 
not  be  true.  No  one  can  tell  in  the  ab^nce  of  complete  statis- 


296  ANNALS  OP  IOWA 

tics  from  all  such  schools,  and  it  is  safe  to  say  that  no  such 
statistics  were  ever  compiled,  and  distributed,  therefore  the 
assertion  may  he  made  only  as  an  opinion,  not  as  a  known 
fact.  Moreover,  the  makers  of  the  foregoing  statement  er- 
roneously, but  of  course  honestly,  swell  their  mental  list  of 
Mr,  Lane 's  scholars  who  became  prominent  men,  by  including 
in  it  the  names  of  George  W.  McC'rary,  H.  C.  Caldwell,  and  a 
few  others,  of  less  prominence,  none  of  whom  ever  went  to 
school  to  Mr.  Lane.  In  the  Annals  of  Iowa,  Octo/ber,  1914, 
there  appeared  a  'brief  character  sketch  of  Mr.  Lane  hy  Judge 
Wright.  In  that  sketch  the  Judge  does  not  assert  the  su- 
periority of  Mr.  Lane 's  school  over  other  schools  in  the  pro- 
duction of  prominent  men,  but  he  restricts  the  field  of  com- 
parison, and  adroitly  shifts  the  burden  of  proof  upon  any 
one  who  might  deny  it.  He  says,  ''Find  if  you  can  another  in- 
stance in  this  western  world,  in  the  early  days,  of  a  small  pri^ 
vate  school  sending  out  so  man^y  men  of  whom  the  instructor, 
the  state  and  nation  even,  may  feel  so  justly  proud."  This 
challenge  comes  after  naming  twelve  prominent  men — from 
memory — who  had  been  scholars  in  Mr.  Lane's  school.  Judge 
Caldwell  among  them.  I  will  not  attempt  to  take  up  the  chal- 
lenge, for  I  do  not  contend  for  the  superiority  of  any  other 
school,  but  the  Judge  is  mistaken  in  naming  Caldwell  as  a 
student  in  the  Lane  Aca/demy.  This  may  seem  strange — and 
it  is — in  view  of  the  facts  that  Caldwell  studied  laAV^  in  the 
office  of  Knapp  and  Wright,  and  was  junior  memher  of  the 
firm  of  Knapp,  Wright  &  Caldwell  from  the  time  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1851,  until  he  enlisted  as  major  in  the 
Third  Iowa  Cavalry  in  1861,  a  period  of  ahout  ten  years. 

Now  Judge  Wright's  reminiscent  articles  are  very  fine. 
They  are  illuminating,  intensely  interesting,  and,  in  a  general 
way,  are  faithful  portrayals  of  pioneer  characters  and  events. 
But  they  were  written  exclusively  from  memory,  or  nearly  so, 
and  it  is  well  known  that  memory  is  not  perfectly  reliable  as 
to  the  details  of  forty  or  fifty  years  ' '  Lang  Syne. ' '  In  other 
articles  I  have  found  Judge  Wright  in  error  as  to  some  details. 
And  in  the  article  now  under  consideration  there  are  two  er- 
rors besides  the  one  concerning  Caldwell.  The  first  one  states 
that  Mr.  Lane  settled  in  Keosauqua  in  1842  instead  of  1843, 
and  the  second  says  "forty  years  later  he  returned  to  his  first 


REV.  DANIEL  LANE  AND  HIS  KEOSAUQUA  ACADEMY  297 

home  in  Maine,  and  died  within  the  year,"  whereas  he  lived 
over  seven  years  after  returning  to  Maine.  It  is  thongiht  by 
some  that  George  W.  McCrary  attended  school  in  Keosauqua 
and  it  is  known  that  Caldwell  went  to  school  to  Professors 
Allen,  Moore  and  Howe ;  hut  I  have  reliable  information  that 
neither  of  them,  nor  a  few  others  included  with  them,  ever 
were  students  in  Mr.  Lane's  schools.  Mrs.  Eustin,  Winifield 
Mayne  and  others  who  were  students  in  the  first  school  are 
quite  positive  that  those  persons  did  not  attend  it,  and  Mrs. 
Knapp  confirms  their  statement. 

Mrs.  Rustin  explains  that  as  the  Knapp,  Wright  &  Cald- 
well law  office  was  just  across  the  street  from  the  a-cademy 
school  room,  Caldwell  would  often  come  over  during-  inter- 
mission periods  and  join  the  older  scholars  in  their  games. 

Caldwell  had  very  little  sehooling,  but  he  was  one  of  those 
percocious  youths  who  had  a  faculty  for  obsor'bing  knoTvledge, 
and  made  good  in  after  life.  He  began  studying  law  with 
Knapp  &  Wright  at  the  age  of  fifteen  and  was  only  nineteen 
w^hen  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1851,  the  very  year  in 
which  Mr.  Lane  opened  his  school  in  the  Odd  Fellow  building. 
What  more  likely  then  than  that  the  boy  of  nineteen  or  twen- 
ty should:  still  have  a  zest  for  play  and  often  engage  in  it, 
when  suitable  comrades  were  hard  at  it  so  near  liim,  especially 
when  his  sedentarv^  occupation  made  erercise  and  recreation 
necessary.  Judge  Wright  saw  those  youngsters  at  play  hun- 
dreds of  times;  they  made  a  bright  and  enduring  picture  in 
his  mind.  Forty  years  later  as  he  sat  writing  his  tribute  to 
Mr.  Lane  memory  brought  out  that  picturf;  labeled  ''Mr. 
Lane's  students  at  play"  and  in  it  was  Caldwell,  one  of  the 
most  enthusiastic  players;  so  memory  played  the  honest 
Judge  a  trick,  and  beguiled  him  into  thinking  that  Caldwell 
was  really  a  student  in  that  academy.  Finally,  I  have  a  list 
of  the  students  in  that  school,  given  by  Mr.  Lane  himself  to 
Thomas  S.  Wright,  the  Judge's  son,  for  use  in  an  address 
made  in  Keosauqua  in  1888,  and  the  names  of  George  W.  Mc- 
Crary and  H.  C.  Caldwell  are  not  in  that  list.  It  is  true  that 
Mr.  Lane  jnade  that  list  from  memory,  closing  with  the  re- 
mark **And  perhaps  two  or  three  others,  whose  names  are 
not  recalled  by  their  old  teacher."  But  it  is  incredible  that 
he  should  hav§  forgotton  two  such  men  as  MeCrary  and  Cald- 


298  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

well,  who  became  far  more  prominent  than  any  he  did  men- 
tion as  students  in  his  first  Keosauqua  Academy. 

Other  Keosauqua  patriots,  and  ardent  admirers  of  Mr. 
Lane,  equally  desirous  of  honoring  him  and  ibeing  loyal  to 
truth,  are  content  with  saying  that  he  was  in  the  front  rank 
of  this  country 's  great  teachers ;  that  he  probably  had  few,  if 
any,  superiors;  and  that  his  Keosauqua  schools  were  really 
remarkable  for  the  number  of  their  students  who  became  more 
or  less  proiqinent  in  after  life.  That  seems  to  be  a  perfectly 
reasonably  statement.  And  I  feel  sure  that  the  fair  minded 
and  modest  Daniel  Lane  would  not  think  of  claiming  the  sole 
credit  for  the  prominence  of  his  scholars.  Indeed,  he  often 
and  gladly  admitted  that  heredity  and  home  environment  had 
furnished  him  an  unusual  amount  of  good  material  for  the 
making  of  superior  men  and  women.  And  we  are  not  to  leave 
out  of  the  account  that  great  factor,  the  personal  endeavor  of 
the  students  themselves.  Therefore,  on  these  accounts,  and 
the  certainty  that  those  students  would  have  had  other  good 
teachers,  it  is  to  be  conceded  that  many  of  them  would  have 
become  useful  men  and  women  and  attained  to  a  good  degree 
of  prominence  if  they  had  never  seen  Mr.  Lane.  And  it  is 
also  admitted  that  at  least  a  few  of  his  scholars  profited  little 
in  3^uth  or  maturity  (by  the  great  advantages  of  his  schools, 
but  that  was  not  the  fault  of  their  teacher.  But  I  do  contend 
that  he  inspired  many  with  a  zeal  for  knowledge  and  morality 
who,  otnerwise,  might  not  have  'been  so  inspired ;  and  that  he 
developed  even  the  most  willing  of  hiis  scholars  to  a  degree 
which  they  were  not  likely  to  have  attained  under  any  other 
teacher  availaible  at  that  time — in  short,  that  he  was  the  great- 
est possible  help  to  all  who  were  willing  to  be  helped  and  to 
help  themselves;  and  therefore  justly  deserves  a  very  large 
measure  of  credit  for  the  success  which  they  achieved  in  later 
life. 

There  is  extant  no  original  roster  of  the  students  in  either 
of  Mr.  Lane's  academies.  His  list  of  those  in  the  first  school 
given  from  memory  has  been  supplemented — also  from  mem- 
ory— ^by  a  few  surviving  students  of  that  school.  For  a  list 
of  those  in  the  second  school  I  am  wholly  dependent  upon  the 
recollections  of  a  few  of  its  survivors  with  whom  I  have  cor- 
responded.   Both  lists  are  probaibly  not  complete,  but  I  think 


REV.  DANIEL  LANE  AND  HIS  KEOSAUQUA  ACADEMY  299 

are  nearly  so.  They  are  as  follows,  with  my  comments  show- 
ing the  prominence  in  life  attained  by  many  of  them,  the  ma- 
jority of  those  not  thus  noticed  filled  their  hum'bler  stations 
with  credit  to  themselves  and  their  able  teacher : 

FIRST    SCHOOL 

Edwin  Stannard — ^Commission  merchaDt  in  St.  LkjuL;*, 
wealthj^  owner  of  flouring-  mills,  lieutenant  g:overnor  of  Mis- 
souri, congTessman,  and  delegate  to  Methodist  General  Con- 
ference. 

Zervia  Stannard — Wife  of  George  C.  Duffield,  a  prominent 
pioneer  farmer  and  citizen  of  Van  Buren  county. 

Alphonso  Stannard — Brother  of  Edwin. 

John  C.  Brown — Bank  cashier. 

Hugh  Brown — Lieutenant  on  staff  of  Gen.  Ord  in  Civil 
War,  thereafter  in  regular  army,  last  service  in  Spauish- 
American  war,  final  rani?:,  major. 

Alex  Brow^i — ^Sergeant-major  of  Fifteenth  Iowa,  discharged 
for  wound  received  at  Shiloh  and  Corinth,  county  judge, 
county  auditor,  lawyer,  and  member  of  state  legislature. 

Annie  Brown — Wife  of  Dr.  William  Craig. 

Mo] lie  Brown — Wife  of  Judge  Rdbert  Sloan. 

Henry  Moon — Keosauqua  postmaster. 

Winiield  Mayne — ^The  first  graduate  of  Iowa  Wesleyan 
College,  he  being  the  whole  class  of  1856,  for  many  years  a 
prominent  lawyer  of  Council  Bluffs. 

Leroy  Mayne — Soldier  in  Second  Iowa  Infantry  and  Third 
Cavalry,  lieutenant  and  adjutant  of  marine  brigade  when  he 
died  in  1863. 

Stephen  Fellows — Prominent  citizen,  wealthy  'and  success- 
ful farmer. 

Mary  Shepherd — ^Wife  of  Delazon  Smith,  a  lawyer,  preach- 
er, and  United  States  senator  from  Oregon. 

Mary  E.  Wilkins — Both  scholar  and  tutor  in  the  school,  af- 
terward a  successful  teacher  in  Keosauqua  and  Sioiix  City, 
wife  of  Charles  Rustin,  a  cultured  woman  and  life-long  stu- 
dent. 

Harriet  Benton— Wife  of  Judge  H.  C.  Caldwell. 

Arthur  Buckner — ^When  a  child  came  with  his  people  from 
Kentucky  to  Clark  county,  Missouri,  "depended  on  his  mental 


300  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

quickness  rather  than  on  elose  application  to  study,  mischiev- 
ous in  season  and  out  of  season,  and  the  only  scholar  I  ever 
saw  Mr.  Lane  out  of  patience  with"  says  Mrs.  Rustin.  He 
became  a  physician  and  eminent  surgeon.  The  Confederate 
Gen.  Buckner  was  his  ^reat  uncle.  'Arthur  was  loyal  and 
served  as  a  surgeon  in  the  Union  Army. 

Aurelia  Julien — Wife  of  i\Iaj.  H.  C.  Mc Arthur,  civil  war 
veteran. 

Jane  Bell — Sister  of  Col.  Frank  Bell. 

Margaret  Leach — ^Daughter  of  Gen.  Leach. 

Isaac  Thatcher — Captain  of  Company  K,  Forty-fifth  Infan- 
try." 

Amos  Thatcher — Sergeant-major  Fifteenth   Iowa. 

Jacoh  St.  John — La^^er  in  Des  Moines. 

Vina  Baldwin — ^Sister  of  Charles  Baldwin. 

Ellen  Mlanguin — ^Wife  of  Winfield  Mayne. 

George  Swain — ^Lieutenant  in  Seventh  Cavalry. 

Aurelia  or  "MiUy"  Williams — ^Wife  of  Mr.  Schramm,  a 
prominent  Burling-ton  merchant. 

Volney  Smith — ^Son  of  Delazon  Smith,  was  cadet  a  while 
at  West  Point,  suposed  to  have  been  a  soldier  in  the  Civil  War, 
and  known  to  have  been  prominent  in  Arkansas  politics. 

Lizzie  Brown,  Mary  Ann  Brown,  Nancy  Brown,  Elizabeth 
Burns,  Mary  Bums,  Elizabeth  Cameron,  Cornelia  and  Mary 

Chittenden,  Ellen  Claflin,  James  Coleman,  Samuel  Dook, 

Devin,  Davis  Leonard,  William  Fellows,  WiUiam  Fosnot, 
Sarah  and  Amanda  Hartzell,  Victoria  Julien,  Luther  and 
Mary  Kreigh,  Henry  Mathias,  Philander  and  Carrie  Mayne, 
Sarah  Jane,  Elizalbeth  and  Angeline  Miller,  Jackson  and  Zar> 
\T.a  Miller,  David  Miller,  Mary  Moore,  Francis  Montonye, 
Martha  Selby,  Felissa  Stannard,  Joanna  Steele,  Carlisle  and 
Sarah  St.  John,  Louisa  and  Sarah  Tolman,  Charlotte  and  Rus- 
sell Tylee,  Adaline  and  Amanda  Walker,  Boylston  Wilson, 
Emily  Webster  and  William  Wallace,  Brown. 

SECOND    ACADEMY 

The  first  three  names  on  this  list  are  persons  who  were  also 
in  the  first  school,  but  in  the  primary  class. 

Charles  W.  Shepherd — ^Served  three  years  in  Third  Iowa 
Cavalry,  then  till  close  of  Civil  war  as  a  lieutenant  in  a  col- 


REV.  DANIEL  LANE  AND  HIS  KEOSAUQUA  ACADEMY  301 

ored  regiment,  was  a  Methodist  miuister  nearly  thirty  years, 
and  died  when  treasurer  of  Van  Huren  county. 

Thomas  S.  Wright — ^Son  of  Judge  George  G.  Wright,  was 
adjutant  in  Third  Cavalry,  prisoner  of  war  for  a  short  time, 
lawyer  of  prominenee,  and  was  attorney  for  the  C.  R.  I.  &  P. 
Ry.  Go.  when  he  died  in  New  York  City  as  the  result  of  an 
accident,  age  about  forty-nine  years. 

V.  P.  Twombly — Excelled  in  matliematics  while  a  student, 
enlisted  spring  of  1861  in  the  Second  Iowa  Infantry  at  the 
age  of  nineteen,  was  slightly  wounded  at  Ft.  Donelson  and 
was  the  last  of  the  color  guards  on  his  feet/\vhen  he  carried 
the  colors  over  the  Confederate  works,  was  promoted  from 
grade  to  grade  until  made  captain,  was  severly  wounded  at 
Corinth,  serv^ed  over  four  years.  After  the  war  was  treasurer 
of  Van  Buren  county  four  years,  treasurer  of  the  state  of 
Iowa  six  years,  and  president  of  the  Home  Savin(>-s  Bank  of 
Des  Moines  ten  years,  from  1891  to  1901. 

Chloe  Funk— Wife  of  V.  P.  Twombly. 

W.  W.  Baldwin — Soldier  and  lawyer,  prominent  citizen  of 
Burlington  and  president  of  its  library  association,  became 
land  commissioner  of  the  C,  B.  <fc  Q.  R.  R.  in  about  1879,  still 
in  the  employ  of  that  company  as  \ice-prf^sident  and  is  an 
able  writer  on  railroad  questions. 

John  Burns — Soldier  four  years,  sergeant  Third  Cavalry, 
afterward  treasurer  Van  Buren  county  and  postmaster  at 
Keosauqua. 

B.  F.  Elbert — Banker  and  member  of  Iowa  Legislature. 

Felix  T.  Hughes — ^Soldier,  school  teacher  in  ^Memphis,  Mo., 
three  years,  lawyer  in  Lancaster,  Mo.,  in  1880  removed  to 
Keokuk,  Iowa,  as  general  solicitor  of  the  M.,  I.  &  N.  R.  R.,  five 
years  later  president  and  attorney  for  the  same  road  reorgan- 
ized as  the  Keokuk  and  Western  until  it  was  sold  to  the  C, 

B.  &   Q.,   since   which   he   has  been  local   attorney   for  the 

C,  B.  &  Q.     Meantime  he  has  been  mayor  of  Keokuk  two 
years  and  judge  of  that  city^s  superior  court  three  years. 

Ben  Johnston — ^Soldier  four  years  in  Union  army,  promoted 
lieutenant  in  colored  regiment,  lawyer,  county  attorney,  and 
died  while  United  States  consul  in  a  Honduras  port. 


302  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

B.  F.  Kauffman — Lawyer,  and  by  many  thouofht  to  'be  the 
foremost  attorney  in  Des  Moines  when  he  died  in  the  prime 
of  life. 

Eutledge  Lea — ^Said  to  have  been  the  best  declaimer  in  the 
school,  became  an  able  lawyer  but  died  when  about  forty  years 
old. 

Alvin  J.  MeCrary — Soldier,  lawyer,  president  Iowa  State 
Bar  Association,,  appointed  by  President  Roosevelt  a  delegate 
to  the  congress  of  lawyers  at  the  St.  Louis  Exposition,  and 
since  1900  has  been  attorney  for  two  corporate  companies  at 
Bingihampton,  N.  Y. 

Craig  L.  Wright — Son  of  Judge  George  G.  Wright  and  for 
many  years  an  alble  lawyer  in  Sioux  City. 

Sam  M.  Clark — Editor  of  the  Gate  City  and  memlber  of 
congress. 

J.  H.  Watts — First  lieutenant  in  Third  Cavalry  and  killed 
in  battle. 

Charles  Leach — First  lieutenant  in  Third  Cavalry. 

William  C.  Stidger — ^Soldier  four  years,  second  lieutenant 
ahd  adjutant  of  Fifteenth  Iowa. 

George  Stidger — ^Soldier  and  physician. 

Addie  Stidger— Wife  of  George  C.  Duffield. 

John  Baker — Soldier  and  physician. 

William  C.  Haiper — Lieutenant  in  the  Second  Iowa,  was 
killed  at  Ft.  Donelson. 

W.  II.Andrews,  Irene  Anderson,  Laviua  R.  Baldwin,  Rachel; 
Berger,  Mary  Bonney,  John  Bonner,  Jerome  Briggs  and  two 
sisters,  Miles  Bums,  Mary  Claflin,  Lou  Canaja,  Eliza  Day, 
Henry  Easling,  Susanna  Fellows,  Lutie  Ganes,  Lizzie  and 
Susie  Harrison,  Ellen  Brewster,  Clarissa  Hartson,  Samuel 
and  Benjamin  Heam,  Thomas  and  Orra  Henry,  Sally  Jordan, 
Stanslow  Julien,  Christopher  Kauffman,  Augusta  Kinnersly, 
Lemuel  Kincade,  Lena  Lea,  Anna  and  Will  Manning,  Josie 
Manguin,  Flavins,  Scott  and  Susan  Miller,  Hattie  McArthur, 
Nelson  McCl*ary,  William  McBride,  Sarah,  and  Vina  Morris, 
Elizabeth  Myers,  Frances  Miller,  Lida  Moore,  Emma  and 
Amandus  Pearson,  Henry  Potter,  Mary  Purnell,  James  and 
Mary  Rankin,  Laura  Rowley,  Lewis  Rye,  John  C.  Smith, 
Melissa  Stannard,  Fletcher  and  Mary  St.  John,  Clarence  and 


.  REV.  DANIEL  LANE  AND  HIS  KEOSAUQUA  ACADEMY  303 

Amanda  Walker,  Thomas  Thorn'burg,  Peter  Watts,  Sarah 
Warren,  .Mary  Wheelan,  Solon  Wilson,  Dora  and  Mary 
Wright,  Samuel  Hogue,  Elizaheth  Marshall. 

The  building*  in  which  Mr.  Lane  taught  his  schools  and  the 
church  he  built  in  Keosau<]ua  have  long  since  been  torn  down 
that  modern  ones  might  take  their  places,  and  Mr.  Lane  has 
been  dead  nearly  twenty-six  years;  but  his  memory  is  still 
cherished  in  the  town,  and  will  be  after  those  who  knew  and 
loved  him  in  the  flesh  are  dead  and  gone.  Li  the  present  Con- 
gregational ist  church  on  the  wall,  above  and  back  of  the  pulpit, 
there  hangs  a  large  and  life-like  picture  of  Mr.  Lane,  who 
seems  to  be  looking  over  the  congregation,  his  eyes  fondly  rest- 
ing upon  the  beautiful  front  window,  which  'bears  this  inscrip- 
tion:  ''Daniel  Lane,  D.  D.,  of  the  'Iowa  Band,'  and  the  first 
pastor  of  this  church.  By  his  students,  testifying  their  affection 
and  esteem,  and  commemorating  his  work  and  character  as  a 
Christian  teacher.''  At  the  dedication  of  this  church,  in  1888, 
Thomas  S.  Wright  delivered  an  appropriate  and  able  address 
in  behalf  of  Mr.  Lane's  students,  some  of  whom  had  journeyed 
far  to  be  present  on  the  occasion.  The  foregoing  narrative 
is  a  more  able  and  just  tribute  to  the  character  of  Mr.  Lane 
than  I  can  personally  offer  in  another  form.  But  to  show 
further  how  he  was  and  still  is  regarded  and  appreciated  by 
his  former  students,  T  here  quote  tributes  which  a  few  of  them 
sent  me  at  my  request.  Mrs.  Rustin  says :  "  I  think  Mr.  Lane 's 
success  as  a  teacher  was  the  result  of  his  splendid  scholarship 
and  ability  to  impart  knowledge,  to  his  kind,  wise  and  finn 
control  of  his  scholars,  and  to  his  broad  vievvs  and  aims.  lie 
was  much  more  than  a  mere  pedagogue,-  with  an  eye  upon  his 
pecuniary  reward.  He  had  a  great  longing  for  the  personal 
profit  of  his  scholars,  and  through  them  for  the  future  wel- 
fare of  Iowa.  As  I  think  of  it  now,  he  must  have  taken  up 
teaching  in  Keosauqua  as  a  necessary  corollary  of  his  minis- 
terial w^ork,  his  conception  of  the  w^ork  of  a  home  missionary 
was  that  broad.  He  saw  that  the  hope  of  Iowa  lay  in  the 
morality  and  intelligence  of  her  citizens.  As  a  minister,  and 
as  a  citizen  himself  he  dbeyed  the  call  to  do  what  he  could  to 
mold  the  minds  and  characters  of  the  rising  generation.  And, 
Oh,  the  personality  of  the  man !  Sincerity  radiated  from  his 


304  ANN.ALS  OP  IOWA 

countenance.  Even  a  look  from  his  honest,  blue  eyes  blessed 
the  one  on  whom  it  rested." 

By  Alvin  J.  McCrary:  ''No  man  can  fully  estimate  a  life 
so  poured  out  on  his  pupils  as  was  Mr.  Lane 's.  In  lasting  in- 
fluence never  did  a  teacher  more  surely  fasten  his  wise 
thoughts  upon  his  scholars.  And  he  personally  followed  them 
in  after  years  with  his  loving  counsel.  He  was  one  of  the  few 
who  could  talk  of  Divine  things  without  cant-  He  was  truly 
the  friend  of  youth,  yet  you  could  not  think  of  him  as  ever 
having  had  any  youth.  Man's  value  to  man  is  the  true  njea- 
sure  of  greatness.  But  by  that  standard  Daniel  Lane's  great- 
ness w^ll  never  be  realized  in  this  world." 

By  Judge  Felix  T.  Hughes:  "We  loved  Professor  Lane 
very  dearly,  and  I  have  always  regarded  him  as  a  wonderful 
educator,  and  in  other  respects  a  really  wonderful  man.  His 
christain  virtues  and  his  anxiety  for  the  advancement  of  his 
scholars  were  really  admirable,  and  no  thoughtful  young  man 
or  woman  could  work  for  other  than  his  highest  esteem,  1 
can  see  him  now  before  the  classes,  his  face  aglow  with  inter- 
est and  anxiety  for  the  success  of  his  pupils.  He  was  so  ten- 
der, so  patient,  and  yet  so  firm  that  he  never  let  a  pupil  go 
until  he  understood  just  what  the  lesson  was  intended  to  teach. 
He  was  so  perfectly  informed  himself  that  it  seemed  a  delight 
to  him  to  exert  himself  in  the  interest  of  the  subject  under 
consideration,  and  he  was  so  free  in  the  use  of  simple  and 
plain  language  that  it  all  seemed  real  eloquence,  and  held  us 
to  the  closest  attention. ' ' 

By  V.  P.  Twombly:  "Mr.  Lane  was  loved  by  all  his  schol- 
ars. He  was  stern  on  occasion,  but  very  jUst.  As  an  example 
of  his  thoroughness  I  may  relate  that  our  arithmetic  classes 
seemed  to  have  trouble  to  rememiber,  '5280  feet  make  a  mile', 
that  sentence  was  written  at  the  top  of  the  blackboard,  and 
kept  there  until  it  was  impressed  upon  their  memories.  And 
I  venture  that  few,  if  any,  of  those  scholars,  if  asked  today, 
would  fail  to  answer  promptly,  '5280  feet  make  a  mile.'  Mr. 
Lane  was  a  strong,  earnest,  christian  character;  not  a  great 
preacher,  but  one  who  truly  exemplified  the  Christ-life  in  his 
daily  walk  and  conversation.  He  certainly  was  a  great  teacher 
and  leader  of  young  people. ' ' 


REV.  DANIEL  LANE  AND  HIS  KEOSAUQUA  ACADEMY  305 

And  Mrs.  Twombly  asiys:  "My  stroiiji'est  impressions  of  Mr. 
Lane  in  the  school  room  Avere  made  by  his  quiet  talks  before 
or  after  reading-  a  Scripture  lesson  and  praying,  every  morn- 
ing, on  opening"  the  school;  and  his  repeating  over  and  over 
again  'The  fruit  of  the  Spirit  is  love,  jo.y.  peace,  long-suffer- 
ing, kindness,  goodness,  faithfulness,  meekness;  against  such 
there  is  no  law."*  ((ial.  V.  22-28.) 

By  W.  W.  Baldwin:  ''^Ir.  Lane  was  mori^  than  a  teaelier 
and  preacher.  He  was  a  great  exampU\  His'  [)rec(*pts  wei*e 
sound,  but  his  life  was  more  than  all  his  precepts.  He  was 
not  simply  an  upi'ight  and  pure-minded  man,  ])ut  was  the  em- 
bodiment of  uprig-'htness  and  high  character.  1  think  that  he 
combined  in  himself  more  nearly  the  best  type  of  a  i)atri(vtic 
citizen,  the  faithful  pastor,  and  the  conscientious  teacher  than 
any  man  with  whom  my  life  has  been  associated.  This  ex- 
plains his  influence  upon  his  pupils,  an  influence  in  the  for- 
mation of  character  and  hahits  aibove  any  influence^  of  max- 
ims or  books,  and  one  which  endures  in  our  minds  and  li^•es 
even  now  after  the  lapse  of  more  than  half  a  century,  not 
only  as  a  hlessed  memory  but  also  as  a  vital  force."' 

In  1862  another  protracted  illness  prevented  Mr.  Lane  fi'om 
teaching  the  final  term,  eleven  weeks  of  his  second  school.  That 
proibably  convinced  him  that  he  was  no  longer  e(|ual  to  the 
strain  of  continuous  teaching.  At  any  rate  as  soon  as  he  was 
able  he  returned  to  active  work  in  the  ministry,  in  whi-ch  he 
served  as  pastor  at  Eddyville  four  years,  and  at  Pleasant 
Plains  six  years;  he  then  retired  from  pastoral  work  on  ac- 
count of  impaired  hearing.  In  1872-73  he  assisted  in  raising 
funds  for  Iowa  College.  Pie  then  moved  to  Oskaloosa,  chiefly 
to  enjoy  the  fellowship  of  ''Father"  Turner,  who  in  age  and 
feebleness  lived  there  with  his  daughter.  Mr.  Lane  still 
preached  at  times,  and  for  short  periods  undertook  pastoral 
charge  of  churches  which  were  temporarily  v/ithout  installed 
pastors.  In  that  capacity  he  was  again  at  Eddyville  six  months, 
and  three  months  at  Keosauqua.  While  in  Iowa  he  was  pastor 
of  chui^ches  twenty-one  years,  a  teacher  eleven  years  and  col- 
lege agent  two  years,  making  in  all  thirty-four  years  of  active 
labor,  including  the  two  years  when  he  was  both  pastor  and 


30G  ANJsALS  OF  IOWA 

teaeher  in  Keosaukua.  And  in'  the  meantime  he  Avas  a  trustee 
of  Iowa  College  for  twenty-six  years. 

As  old  age  crept  upon  them  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lane  yearned 
for  the  land  of  their  youth,  and  for  their  relatives  and  friends 
who  still  lived  there.  So  they  left  Iowa  and  went  fback  to 
Maine  in  December,  1882.  In  order  to  be  near  Mrs.  Lane's 
relatives  they  bouglit  a  small,  rural  home  about  a  mile  from 
the  little  village  of  Freeport.  It  will  please  his  Iowa  friends 
Mid  pupils  to  learn  that  the  generous  and  self-denying  Daniel 
Lane  had  enough  means  to  supply  his  moderate  wants  in  the 
evening  of  life.  Mrs.  Lane's  sister,  Miss  Anna  Staples,  writes 
me,  ^'One  of  Mr.  Ijane's  Iowa  friends  advised  him  to  invest 
some  money  in  land,  so  that  he  would  have  something  for 
old  age,  or  to  leave  to  his  wife  if  she  survived  him,  which  she 
did  for  ten  years.  The  investment  proved  to  be  a  good  one 
so  when  he  came  here  he  was  able  to  'buy  a  small  place  and  live 
very  comfortably.  After  he  died  some  of  his  money  was  lost 
tlirough  his  agent  in  the  west,  but  there  was  enough  left  to 
last  Mrs.  Lane  through,  and  what  there  was  ever. was  to  go  to 
Iowa  College  and  the  missionary  societies.  He  was  to  the 
last  a  cheerful  giver,  and  when  he  received  a  gift  he  would 
iiive  it  to  some  good  cause  instead  of  using  it  for  his  own 
benefit." 

Mr.  Lane  lived  a  little  over  seven  years  after  returning 
to  Maine,  and  died  April  3,  1890,  at  the  age  of  seventy-seven 
years  and  twenty-three  days.  Of  his  closing  years  Miss  Staples 
writes,  ''His  last  days  were  passed  quietly  in  reading  and 
study,  cultivating  his  garden  and  preaching  okicasionally, 
ITe  was  a  constant  attendant  at  church  and  mid-week  prayer 
meetings.  He  had  a  large  Bible  class  of  men  and  women  in 
the  Sunday  school,  and  a  neigM>orhood  prayer  meeting  at  his 
hcyme  on  Saturday  evenings." 

Thus,  contrary  to  the  dark  prophecy  of  the  physician"  in 
his  academy  days,  although  seriously  handicapped  by  a  frail 
]yQdy  and  frequent  ilbiess,  this  good  man  labored  long  and 
(successfully  for  God  and  humanity,  and  ''came  to  his  grave 
in  a  full  age,  like  as  a  shock  of  corn  cometh  in  its  season." 


ANNALS  OF  IOWA. 


EDITORIAL     DEPARTMENT 


SUSPENSION  AND  RESUMPTION  OF  THE 
.    ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

The  Annals  of  lovva,  like  many  another  excellent  enterprise, 
has  depended  from  its  begfinnino^  upon  great  effort  and  sacri- 
fice by  the  curator  of  the  Historical  Department.  Extreme 
effort  and  expenditure  of  time,  talent  and  energy  by  Charles 
Aldrich,  the  founder  of  the  Historical  Department  of  Iowa, 
and  the  founder  and  editor  of  the  third  series  of  the  Annals 
of  Iowa,  drew  exhaustively  upon  the  frail  strength  of  his  last 
years.  From  its  first  issue  in  April  1893,  until  Jaiiuar}-, 
1908  (the  last  number  containing  his  work)  his  friends  and 
associates  volunteered  for  his  use  their  strength  and  zeal. 
His  successor,  mtli  fewer  natural  and  acquired  talents  than 
Mr.  Aldrich,  took  up  and  prosecuted  the  work  to  the  best  of 
his  albility,  holding  to  the  same  lines.  He  bound  himself  to 
the  same  considerations  and  aimed  at  the  same  results,  as  he 
understood  them,  as  the  founder. 

With  the  pulblication  of  the  Annals  goes  the  direction  of 
the  great  collection  of  newspapers,  the  portrait  gallery,  the 
great  natural  and  political  history  museum,  the  priceless 
collection  of  local  historical  books,  mansuscript,  etc.,  and  the 
public  archives  of  the  state  of  Iowa.  Thus  is  formed  the 
task  and  thus  supported  the  distinction  of  the  curatorship 
succeeding  that  of  the  lamented  founder. 

The  war  whioli  distorted  the  passions,  the  zeal,  the  demands 
of  service,  the  purchasing  power  of  money,  and  practically  all 
the  elements  entering  into  the  direction  of  an  institution  such 
as  the  Historical  Department  interfered  especially  with,  the 
publication  of  the  Annals.  Our  Ixyard  of  trustees,  therefore, 
on  January  12,  1918,  aodpted  the  following: 


308  ANNALS  OP  IOWA 

RESOLVED,  That  the  publication  of  the  Annals  be  suspended 
until  the  close  of  the  present  war,  and  that  at  that  time  such 
action  be  taken  as  shall  be  deemed  expedient. 

Throughout  the  fighting  the  great  heart  of  Iowa  beat  up  to 
and  heyond  the  full  of  its  every  obligation.  The  Thirty- 
eighth  General  Assembly  substantially  added  to  the  curator's 
responsibilities,  for  it  gave  heed  to  an  appeal  in  which  the 
Historical  Department  had  joined,  for  authority  and  means 
wherewith  to  estalblish  and  bring  forward  the  work  of  con- 
serving as  public  state  parks  such  areas  in  Iowa  as  kre  suited 
to  the  use  of  the  people  for  scientific,  scenic,  historical  and 
recreational  purposes.  A  more  extended  treatment  of  the  lat- 
ter su'b'jeet  is  given  elsewhere  in  this  issue  of  the  Annals. 
The  editorial  responsibilities  and  labor  of  the  curator  were 
doubled  thereby.  He,  therefore,  suibmitted  to  the  Board  of 
Trustees  of  the  Historical  Department,  the  Executive  Council, 
and  the  legislative  committee  on  Retrenchment  and  Reform, 
in  suibstance,  the  following  request: 

It  is  proposed  that  since  the  curator  was  made  by  law  a 
meniber,  and  by  selection  the  secretary,  of  the  Board  of  Con- 
servation, with  the  resulting  responsibility  of  establishing  and 
maintaining  an  office  with  proper  records,  preparation  of  re- 
ports and  carrying  on  the  innumerable  details  of  a  new  insti- 
tution, in  addition  to  doing  his  share  of  inspecting  areas, 
and  public  speaking,  he  requests  that  an  editorial  assistant  be 
engaged,  who  shall  be  assistant  secretary  of  the  Board  of  Con- 
servation, and  assistant  editor  to  the  curator,  by  way  of  com- 
pensating the  time  and  talent  subtracted  by  the  curator  from 
the  Historical  Department. 

The  proposal  was  agreed  to  by  the  legislature,  authority 
and  means  for  ^uch  assistant  provided,  and  the  resumption  of 
the  publication  of  the  Annals  of  Iowa  made  possible.  The 
curator  thereupon  reported  to  the  Board  of  Trustees  his  belief 
that  notwithstanding  the  continued  distortion  in  the  cost  of 
printing  and  supplies  and  pending  adjustment  of  our  support 
to  these  and  all  other  demands,  the  publication  should  be  re- 
sumed, and  in  response  the  following  resolution  was  adopted 
by  the  Board  of  Trustees: 


EDITORIAL   DEPARTMENT  309 

RESOLVED,  That  Mr.  Harlan's  recommendation  that  the  revival 
of  the  publication  phases  of  the  department  work,  including  the 
issues  of  the  Annals  of  Iowa,  be  undertaken  within  the  present 
year,  be  adopted. 

The  field  of  the  Annals  is  ample,  and  the  repository  of  re- 
sources upon  which  to  draw  for  its  matter  has  increased  and 
continues  to  expand.  '  Neither  the  writer  nor  those  who  follow 
him  need  ever  fear  they  will  find  themselves  without  the  most 
ample  and  valuable  sources  of  materials  in  the  collections  of 
the  department  and  productions  of  others  of  the  type  and 
character  the  A-nnals  produces,  which  will  register  and  reveal 
the  aims  and  attainments  of  those  who  laid  the  foundations 
or  continue  in  the  construction  of  our  commonwealth. 

The  Annals  therefore  returns  to  its  place  of  service.  The 
work  it  did  has  been  resumed. 


THE  IOWA  BOARD  OP  CONSERVATION 

Theodore  Roosevelt  attributes  the  enactment  of  national 
lesjislation  to  conserve  national  resources  to  the  energy  and 
foresight  of  Mr.  Gifford  Pinchot.  Papers  in  the  Historical 
rJepartment  reveal  that  two  notable  Iowa  men  contributed  a 
very  great  part.    They  were  W.  J.  MeGee  and  John  F„  Lacey. 

The  Iowa  legislature  in  its  Thirty-seventh  General  Assem- 
bly, stimulated  by  the  foregoing  and  similar  infiuences,  en- 
acted two  measures,  aimed  at  the  preservation  of  Iowa  areas 
worth  while  for  scenic,  scientific,  historical  and  recreational 
use.  Numerous  Iowa  institutions  of  learned  character,  and 
associations  aimed  to  promote  recreation  or  sportsmanship, 
had  for  years  directed  the  thought  of  the  public  to  our  rapidly 
disappearing  forests,  the  decimation  of  wild  animal  and  plant 
life,  and  the  destruction  of  mounds  and  works  of  prehistoric 
men. 

Chapter  333,  Acts  of  the  Thirty-seventh  General  Assembly, 
empowered  the  curator  of  the  Historical  Department  to  accept 
gifts  as  trustee  of  the  people,  of  lands  and  property  of  his- 
toric interest. 

Chapter  236  of  the  same  session  directed  the  division  of  the 
fish  and  game  protection  funds  into  halves,  one  part  to  be 
expended  in  improving  lakes  and  acquiring  public  state  parks 


310  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

selected,  if  reoommended  by  the  fish  and  game  warden  and 
approved  ihy  the  Executive  Council. 

The  Thirty-eighth  General  Assemibly  amended  the  latter 
act  iby  suJbstituting  for  "the  fish  and  game  warden"  "the 
Board  of  Conservation"  so  far  as  selecting  and  approving 
park  sites  are  concerned.  It  set  apart  only  so  much  of  the 
fish  and  game  protection  fund  as  would  not  in  the  opinion  of 
the  Executive  Council  be  required  to  carry  on  the  work  of  the 
fish  and  game  department,  but  it  added  annually  the  sum  of 
$100,000. 

Under  this  law  the  curator  of  the  Historical  Deparment 
is  made  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Conservation  and,  in  the 
organization,  became  its  secretary.  The  Executive  Council  ap- 
pointed Dr.  L.  H.  Pammel  of  Ames,  head  of  the  department 
of  botany  of  Iowa  State  College,  who,  on  organization,  was 
made  president;  Hon.  Joseph  Kelso,  Jr.,  of  Belle vue,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Thirty-fifth  and  Thirty-sixth  General  Assemblies, 
and  Hon.  John  F.  Ford  of  Fort  Dodge,  former  mayor  of 
that  city,  as  the  other  three  members. 

The  board,  serving  with  no  compensation  other  than  ex- 
penses, has  performed  a  great  amount  of  valuable  work.  Be- 
sides its  preliminary  investigations  and  the  institution  of  stat^ 
policies,  they  have  examined  and  passed  upon  some  fifty  areas, 
and  have  recommended  for  acquisition  some  eight  or  nine 
tracts.  A  general  report  dealing  with  the  law,  policy  and 
procedure  of  the  state  with  reference  to  public  state  parks, 
is  ready  for  publication  and  is  delayed  only  by  the  impedi- 
ments to  state  printing  that  retard  all  similar  work. 


Major  Williams'  journal,  which  he  kept  while  going  through 
Iowa  in  1849  and  which  is  published  in  this  number  of  the 
Annals,  frequently  alludes  to  the  Sons  of  Temperance,  an 
organization  which  was  then  very  popular.  The  Historical 
Department  is  fortunate  in  having  in  its  possession  a  certifi- 
cate of  membership  in  that  society  issued  to  C.  F.  Clarkson 
in  Indiana  in  1845.  We  present  an  illustration  of  the  cer- 
tificate on  opposite  page. 


/J 


^"^^^%> 


^  Jit  iUitni»^$\tilj?rraf 


/,^y   ty/^^p  ...,  /J^. .........  A.,//.  V..... /,,/  y^^  ^'/-*^ 


SONS  OF  TEMPERANCE  TRAVELING  CARD 

Issued  to  C.  F.  (Father)  Clarkson  in  1845.    The  original  from  which  this  illustration  is  made  is 

in  possession  of  the  Historical  Department  of  Iowa. 


EDITORIAL   DEPARTMENT  311 

ACCOMPLISHMENT  OF  STATE  BOARD  OF  COiNSER- 
VATION  TO  APRIL,  1920 

(From    the    forthcoming    report    of  the  State   Bourd   of  Conservation) 

AREAS  IN  IOWA  WHICH  HAVE  BEEN  ACQUIRED  OR  ARE  IN 
COURSE  OP  ACQUISITION  FOR  PUBLIC  STATE  PARKS 

Boneyard  Hollow  and  Woodman's  HoUoiv,  Wehster  Coiuity 
About  ten  miles  southeast  of  Fort  Dodge  on  the  west  hank 

of  the  Des  Moines  river ;  wikl  and  beautiful  scenery :   rare 

plants  and  forestrs^ ;  adapted  to  summer  and  winter  sports ; 

interesting'  historic  assf>ciations  and  unusual  prehistoric  works 

and  discoveries. 

Four  hundred  and  fifty-seven  acres  purchased  for  thirty^ 

eight  thousand,  five  hundred  dollars,  toward  w^hich  the  local 

citizens  paid  ten  thousand  dollars  in  ca.sh  and  provided,  cost 

free  to  the  State,  two  appropriate  roadw^ays. 

Tlic  Devil's  Backho)ie,  Delaware  downty 
Twelve  miles  northwest  of  Manchester,  four  miles  northeast 
from  Lamout,  four  miles  southeast  of  Strawberry  Point : 
good  roads;  purcliased  almost  entirely  from  funds  derived 
from  half  the  huuting  license  proceeds,  under  ('hapter  286, 
Acts  of  the  37th  (Jeneral  Assemhly,  therefore  ^ by  the  State 
Board  of  Conservation  characterized  as  "The  Gift  of  the 
Iowa  Sportsmen  to  tlie  People  of  the  State."  First  public 
state  park  acquired ;  most  wild  and  wonderful  scenic  area  in 
interior  of  Iowa:  great  bend  of  Maquoketa  river;  immense 
spring  is  a  constant  supply  for  fine  brook  trout;  Maquoketa 
river  to  and  including  an  ancient  mill  embraced ;  rare  plants 
and  forestry,  including  best  typical  growth  of  native  white 
pines ;  grotesque  weathering  of  ancient  limestone ;  unusual  and 
rare  glacial  and  erosive  effects  displayed ;  ideal  camping  place 
when  facilities  are  provided. 
All  lands  purchased. 

year  Farming  ton,  Tan  Buren  County 

One-half  mile  south  of  Farmington  near  Des  Moines  River 

and  State  roads ;  unique  geology ;  scenic  gem ;  original  timber 

undisturbed ;  natural  lake  and  marsh  of  forty  acres  proposed 

to  be  improved  so  as  to  cover  sixty  acres ;  perfect  for  stocking 


312  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

with  bullheads  and  other  fish;  rare  fields  of  lotus  or  chin- 
■fiuapin;  throng  of  the  cardinal  and  other  hirds  winter  and 
summer;  muskrat  and  other  fur  hearers  numerous. 

One  hundred  acres  purchased  by  local  citizens  for  seventy- 
five  hundred  dollars  and  presented  cost  free  to  the  State 
which  has  engaged  to  purchase  two  additional  acres,  con- 
demn or  acquire  roadways  and  improve  the  same  and  other- 
wise render  the  area  enjoyable, 

'  Near  Keosaiiqua,  Van  Bur  en   County 

Extends  from  the  town  along  the  south  bank  of  the  Des 
Moines  River  at  the  toe  of  the  horseshoe  bend  some  two  miles 
up  stream,  thence  southward  from  the  stream  to  include  some 
fourteen  hundred  acres.  Natural  wild  life  sanctuary  and  set 
apart  to  the  unmodified  and  undisturbed  use  of  the  natural 
species  of  wild  animal  and  plant  life ;  rough,  wooded,  brushy, 
the  high  hills  affording  rarest  of  vistas  up,  down  and  across 
stream  and  crowned  with  prehistorie  mounds;  the  ruffed 
grouse  observed  in  summei;  1919,  with  quail  most  abundant; 
winter  resort  and  summer  breeding  place  of  the  cardinal; 
numerous  dens  of  fox,  skunk,  mink,  raccoon,  opposnm  and 
groundhog;  for  a  mile  in  all  directions  of  the  State  lands, 
land  owners  voluntarily  engage  to  assist  the  State  in  its  pro- 
tection of  wild  life,  both  on  their  lands  and  the  lands  of  the 
State  so  that  there  shall  be  a  protected,  undisturbed  breed- 
ing place  of  approximately  4,000  acres;  "Ely's  Ford,"  a 
historic  river  crossing  of  pre-railroad  days,  famous  then 
and  ever  since,  as  a  camping  site  for  hunting,  fishing, 
bathing  and  for  winter  sports. 

Acquired  by  purchase  at  an  average  of  less  than  fifty 
dollars  per  acre,  to  which  local  citizens  contributed  in  cash 
something  over  seventy-six  hundred  dollars. 

Lepley  Park,  Hardin  County 
Three  miles  in  a  northerly  direction  from  Union;  nine 
acres  presented  cost  free  to  the  people  of  Iowa  hy  Mr.  Irvin 
I^pley;  the  State  to  purchase  some  additional  twenty  acres. 
On  tlie  tract  presented  and  that  to  be  acquired  are  magnifi- 
cent oak,  elm,  basswood,  walnut  and  nearly  every  other  native 
species  of  timber,  wild  flowers,  woods,  river,  and  important 


EDITORIAL   DEPARTMENT  313 

highways  near  make  of  this  place  aii  ideal  gift  to  be  dedi- 
cated to  the  perpetual  use  to  which  it  has  been  devoted  from 
the  earliest  civilized  times,  namely,  the  enjoyment  of  the  great 
out-doors. 

For  withholding  this  area  from  mercenary  disposition  and 
making  its  transfer  to  the  State  for  park  purpose,  the  board 
feels  it  is  warranted  in  commending  Mr.  Lepley  to  the  grati- 
tude of  the  people  of  the  State. 

Near  Oakland,  Pottawattatnie  County 

The  Oakland  Chautauqua  Association  donates,  cost  free  to 
the  State  of  Iowa,  its  fifteen  acres  of  ground  of  a  high  pecu- 
niary and  still  higher  esthetic  value  as  the  first  roadside 
park  in  Iowa,  upon  the  condition  that  the  State  acquire 
a  small  additional  area  of  ground  to  complete  and  perfect 
the  foundation  of  an  ideal  roadside  park. 

Tlie  additional  ground  being  held  at  an  exorbitant  price  is 
yet  to  be  condemned.  The  committee  commends  to  <?itizens 
ill  other  parts  of  Iowa  the  spirit  of  the  Oakland  Chautauqua 
Association  as  of  the  most  practical,  luiselfish  and  farseeing 
character. 

Xear  Oakland  Mills,  Hennj  County 

Four  miles  southwest  of  Mt.  Pleasant  on  Skunk  River; 
accessible  from  State  roads;  resorted  to  from  remotest  civil- 
ized and  even  during  Indian  times,  for  fishing  and  sugar  mak- 
ing ;  rare  plants  and  forestry ;  good  boating  and  bathing ;  beau- 
tiful scenery;  interesting  history. 

acres  in  extent;  a  part  of  the  ground  and  four  thou- 
sand dollars  donated,  the  State  purchasing acres.  Addi- 
tional areas  on  margins  of  streams  should  be  donated  to  the 
State,  giving  it  complete,  undisputed  control. 

Roosevelt  Park,  Floyd  County 

Three  miles  in  a  northerly  direction  from  Grreene  and  four 
miles  in  the  southerly  direction  from  Marble  Rock  in  the  banks 
of  the  Shell  Rock  River.  C.  M.  Mather  donates  cost  free  to 
the  people  of  the  State,  some  fifteen  acres  of  ground  together 
with  an  appropriate  roadway  thereto,  providing  the  State 
acquire  some  additional  ground,  denominate  this  ''Roosevelt 
Park"  and  furthermore,  that  in  the  use  of  this  area  certain 


314  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

• 

rules  deferential  to  Sunday  be  established  and  enforced.  A 
fine  growth  of  woods  and  flowers;  resort  of  every  species  of 
bird,  native  and  migratory  in  that  region ;  picturesque  bluffs 
and  ravines;  a  dam  in  the  river  at  Greene  affords  fine  boat- 
ing and  fishing ;  for  years  much  resorted  to  for  fishing  and  to 
some  extent  for  camping. 

The  State  Board  of  Conservation  regards  the  donation 
of  Mr.  Mather  as  a  distinctly  public-spirited  act  and  bene- 
ficial to  the  people  of  the  State  beyond  present  valuation.  It 
individually  and  positively  expressed  to  Mr.  Mather,  and  here 
records  that  ejcpression,  that  the  reasonable  rules  recognizing 
and  differentiating  Sunday  as  the  one  day  on  which  pastimes 
and  performances  of  all  sorts  shall  be  in  harmouy  with  the 
mental  attitude  of  devout  people,  is  a  wholesome  and  welcome 
condition  precedent  to  public  acceptance  of  this  gift. 

Wildcat  Den,  Muscatine  County 
Eight  miles  northeast  of  Muscatine,  near  good  roads. 
Misses  Emma  C.  and  Clara  L.  Brandt,  nature-loving  sisters, 
present,  cost  free,  sixty  acres  of  the  heart  of  one  of  the  richest 
floral  regions  in  the  State.  Picturesque  in  every  way  and 
the  resort  for  years  of  classes  in  botany  and  forestry  from  the 
Chicago  University  and  other  institutions  of  learning;  fish- 
ing, boating  and  bathing  available  especially  if  the  area  em- 
brace one  of  the  few  remaining  water  power  mills  on  the 
smaller  streams. 

The  State  and  local  citizens  engage  to  acquire  the  remainder 
of  three  hundred  acres  along  Pine  Creek  to  its  confluence  with. 
the  Mississippi  River. 

AREAS  IN  IOWA  SUGGESTED  BY  RESPONSIBLE  CITIZENS  OF 
STATE  AS  SUITABLE  FOR  PUBLIC  STATE  PARK  PUR- 
POSES AND  SO  REGARDED  BY  THE  BOARD  OF  CONSER- 
VATION, FROM  WHICH  SELECTIONS  WILL  BE  MADE,  BUT 
NONE  OF  WHICH  HAVE  AS  YET  BEEN  ACQUIRED  FOR  THE 
WANT  OF  APPROPRIATE  CONDITIONS  FOUND  OR 
CREATED. 

FIRST    DISTRICT 

Des  Moines  County — Starr's  Cave — Cave  and  glen  near  Burlington. 
Jefferson  County — Cedar  Creek — Woods  south  of  Fairfield. 
Lee  County — Keokuk — Bluffs  near  Mississippi  River. 
Lee  County — Murray's  Landing — Camp  ground  on  Skunk  River, 
Louisa  County — Myerholz  Lake — Near  Wapello. 


EDITORIAL   DEPARTMENT  315 

Louisa  County — Odessa  Lake — East  of  Wapello. 

Louisa   County — Toolesboro — Indian  mounds,   mouth   Iowa  River. 

SECOND  DISTRICT 

Jackson  County — Morehead  Caves — Northwest  of  Maquoketa. 
Jackson     County — Tete    des    Morts — Historic,     picturesque,     near 
Bellevue. 

Muscatine   County— Park   Place   Addition — Suburb   of  Muscatine. 

THIRD    DISTIilCT 

Black  Hawk  County— Cedar  Heights — Near  Cedar  Falls  on  Cedar 
River. 

Black  Hawk  County — Island— Above  Cedar  Falls. 

Bremer  County — Shell  Rock — Southwest  of  Waverly. 

Bremer  County — Waverly  Park — In  suburbs  of  Waverly. 

Dubuque  County — Catfish  Creek — Two  miles  from  Dubuque. 

Dubuque  County — Durango  Road — North  of  Dubuque. 

Hardin  County— Alden-Iowa  Falls — Along  Iowa  River. 

Hardin  County— Steamboat  Rock — Scenic,  scientific,  on  Iowa 
River. 

Wright  County — Cornelia  Lake — Six  miles  northeast  of  Clarion. 

Wright  County — Elm  Lake — Six  miles  north  of  Clarion. 

Wright  County — Twin  Sisters'  Lake — West  of  Belmond. 

Wright  County— Wall  Lake — Eleven  miles  southeast  of  Chirion. 

FOURTH   DISTRK^r 

Allamakee  County — The  Fish  Farm — Indian  mounds,  near  Lan- 
sing. 

Allamakee  County — Waterville — Scenic  and  scientific. 

Allamakee  County — Yellow  River — ^Scenic  and  scientific. 

Cerro  Gordo  County — Hackleberry  Grove — Fossil  beds,  near  Port- 
land. 

Cerro  Gordo  County — Clear  Lake — Land  bordering  the  lake. 

Chickasaw  County — Nashua  Park — Near  Nashua,  woods. 

Chickasaw  County — Nashua  Lake — Near  Nashua  on  Cedar  River. 

Clayton  County — Bixby  Park — Wooded  and  scenic,  southwest  part 
of  Clayton  County. 

Payette  County — Arlington — Scenic,  near  Arlington. 

Fayette  County — Duttoji's  Cave — Scenic,  wooded,  six  miles  from 
West  Union. 

Fayette  County — Falling  Springs — Scenic,  four  miles  northwest  of 
West  Union. 

Fayette  County — Rocky  Dell — Scenic,  four  miles  northwest  of 
Wiest  Union. 

Floyd  County — Big  Boulder — Biggest  boulder  in  west,  near 
Nashua. 

Floyd  County — Charles  City  Park — Suburbs  Charles  City,  Cedar 
River.  ^^ 

Howard  County — Lime  Springs — Wooded,  on  Upper  Iowa  River. 


316  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

Mitchell  County — Sprin'g  Park — Wooded,  near  Osage. 

Winneshiek  County — Bluffton  Balsam  Grove — Rare  woods,  near 
Bluffton. 

Winneshiek  County — Ice  Cave — Near  Decorah,  famous  scenic, 
scientific. 

Winneshiek  County — Meader  Farm — Woods  near  Hesper. 

Worth  County — ^Silver  Lake — Ten  miles  west  of  Northwood. 

I 

FIFTH   DISTRICT 

Cedar  County — Cedar  Valley — Eight  miles  southwest  Tipton  on 
Cedar  River. 

Cedar  County — Rochester — Seven  miles  south  Tipton  on  Cedar 
River. 

Jones  County — Monticello — Ten  miles  east  of  Monticello,  pictured 
rocks. 

Jones  County — Oxford  Junction — Picnic  grounds  on  Wapsie  River. 

Linn  County — Palisades — On  Cedar  River,  ten  miles  southeast 
Cedar  Rapids. 

Tama  County — Tama — Partly  on  Indian  Reserve  near  Tama. 

SIXTH    DISTRICT 

Mahaska  County — The  Bluffs — Thirteen  miles  southwest  Oskaloosa 
on  Des  Moines  River. 

Mahaska  County — Eveland  Park — ^Wooded,  southwest  of  Oskaloosa. 

Wapello  County — ^Chilton  Farm — Near  Eddyville,  Indian  mounds. 

Wapello  County — Eldon — Suburbs  of  Eldon  along  river. 

Wapello  -County — Monkey  Mountain — Near  Ottumwa  on  Des 
Moines  River,  scenic. 

Wapello  County — The  Old  Agency  and  Fort  Sanford. 

SEVENTH  I>ISTRICT 

Dallas  County — Farlow  Ford — On  Coon  River,  north  of  Adel. 

Dallas  County — Perry — Woods  near  Perry. 

Dallas  County — Van  Meter — One  mile  northeast  of  Van  Meter, 
woods. 

Madison  County — Devil's  Backbone — Scenic,  scientific,  six  miles 
southwest  Winterset. 

Marion  County — Red  Rock — Historic,  scientific,  six  miles  north- 
east Knoxville. 

Warren  County — Carlisle — On  North  River,  near  Carlisle,  wooded. 

Warren  County — Indianola — One  mile  west  of  Somerset,  on  Mid- 
dle River. 

EIGHTH  DISTRICT 

Lucas  County— Chariton — Five  miles  southeast  C?hariton  on 
Chariton  River. 

NINTH   DISTRICT 

Harrison   County — Missouri  Valley— Woods,   scientific,   scenic. 
Harrison  County — Four  miles  west  Pisgah,  on  Little  Sioux  River. 


EDITORIAL   DEPARTMENT  317 

Mills  County — Buckingham  Lake — Southwest  corner  county. 

Pottawattamie  County — Council  Bluffs — Northwest  of  city,  bluffs 
and  ravines. 

Pottawattamie  County — ^Manawa  Lake — Near  Council  Bluffs. 

Shelby  County — Grove  Township — Rare  woods,  northwest  part  of 
county. 

TENTH    DISTRICT 

Boone  County — Ledges — ^Scenic,  scientific,  on  Des  Moines  River, 
south  of  Boone. 

Calhoun  County— Twin  Lakes — Six  miles  north  Rockwell  City. 

Emmet  County — Estherville — Near  town,  fine  woods,  on  Des 
Moines  River. 

Emmet  County — High  Lake — Three  miles  east  Wallingford. 

Emmet   County — Iowa   Lake — Northeast  corner   of   county. 

Emmet  County — Swan  Lake — Ten  miles  southeast  Estherville, 
walnut  grove. 

Emmet  County — Tuttle  Lake — On  north  line  of  county. 

Hamilton  County — Little  Wall  Lake — Three  miles  south  of  Jewell. 

Hancock  County — Crystal  Lake — In  northeast  part  of  county. 

Hancock  County — Eagle  Lake — Timbered  banks,  four  miles  east 
of  Britt. 

Hancock  County— Pilot  Knob — Pour  miles  southeast  of  Forest 
City,   scenic. 

Hancock  County — Twin  Lakes — In  southern  part  of  county. 

Palo  Alto  County — Medium  Lake — ^Suburbs  of  Emmetsburg. 

Pocahontas  County — Sunk  Grove  Lake — Four  miles  northwest  of 
Fonda. 

Winnebago  County — Duck  Lake — In  northern  part  of  county. 

Winnebago  County — Rice  Lake — On  eastern  edge  of  county. 

ELEVENTH   DISTRICT 

Buena  Vista  Countj^ — Pickerel  Lake — In  northeastern  corner  of 
county. 

Buena  Vista  County — Storm  Lake — Land  on  shore  near  town  of 
Storm  Lake. 

Cherokee  County — Cherokee — In  northwestern  suburbs  of  Chero- 
kee. 

Cherokee  County — Pilot  Rock — Four  miles  south  Cherokee,  large 
boulder. 

Clay  County — Peterson — Scenic,  wooded,  on  Little  Sioux  River. 

Dickinson  County — Okoboji  Lake — Adjacent  shore. 

Dickinson  County — Spirit  Lake — ^Adjacent  shore. 

Lyon  County — Gitchie  Manito — ^Scientific,  granite,  northwest 
corner  of  county. 

Monona  County — Blue  Lake — Pour  miles  west  of  Onawa. 

Osceola,  County — Ocheyedan  Mound — Near  Ocheyedan. 

Plymouth  County — River  Sioux-  Park — Near  Westfield,  on  Big 
bioux  River. 

Sac  County — Lake  View — Shore  of  Wall  Lake. 

Woodbury  County — Stone  Park — Suburbs  of  Sioux  City. 


318  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

GOVERNOR  SIIAW  'S  PORTRAIT 

We  present  as  a  frontispiece  a  halftone  reproduction  of  an 
oil  painting  of  Governor  Leslie  M.  Shaw,  which  was  recently 
hung  in  the  portrait  gallery  of  the  Historical  Department. 
It  is  by  the  artist,  F.  Carl  Smith,  and  is  a  splendid  portrait. 
It  is  the  one  that  was  in  the  Iowa  building  at  the  St.  Louis 
Exposition  in  1905,  shows  the  distinguisihed  governor  in  a 
characteristic  pose,  and  reveals  his  force  and  power.  It 
is  a  valuable  addition  to  our  already  notable  collection  of 
paintings  of  historical  characters  of  Iowa. 

F.  Carl  Smith  is  an  artist  of  note.  "Who's  M^ho  in  Ameri- 
ca" says  of  him:  "Smith,  F.  Carl,  bom  Cincinnati,  O. ; 
son  of  Frederick  and  Louisa  Smith ;  grad.  high  school,  Cin- 
cinnati; studied  lithography;  studied  Cincinnati  Art  School, 
where  he  received  medal;  spent  7  years  in  Paris;  pupil  of 
Benjamin  Constant  and  Bougeaureau  and  Ferrier;  won 
medal  in  art  schools  in  Paris  and  exhibited  several  years  in 
Paris  Salon;  married  in  London,  Eng.,  Isabel  E.  Smith  1895. 
Benjamin  Constant  and  Bougeureau  and  Ferrior;  won 
mention  Art  Soe.  Exhbn.,  Phila.  1902,  for  water  colors.  Mem. 
Am.  Art  Club  (Paris),  Washington  Artists  (sec).  Address: 
1739-17th  St.,  N.  W.  Washington." 


DAVID  C.  MOTT,  ASSISTANT  EDITOR  OF 

THE  ANNALS 

When  the  added  duties  of  editorial  character  fell  to  the 
curator  through  his  membership  on  the  iState  Board  of  Con- 
servation, editorial  assistance  seemed  imperative.  Authori- 
ties joined  with  him  in  making  this  possible.  The  curator's 
choice  was  Mr.  David  C.  Mott,  until  recently  of  Marengo. 

Mr.  Mott  has  been  a  resident  of  Iowa  nearly  all  his  life.* 
For  twenty-five  years  he  was  in  the  newspaper  business,  own- 
ing and  editing  in  that  time  in  turn  the  What  Cheer  Patriot, 
the  Tipton  Advertiser,  the  Audubon  Rep"^blican  and  the 
Marengo  Republican.  He  was  representative  from  Audubon 
County  in  the  Thirtieth  and  Thirty-first  General  Assemblies. 
For  nearly  nine  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  State  Board  of 
Parole,  ending  his  service  there  last  July  and  coming  to  this 
department. 

The  state  is  fortunate  in  finding  such  a  man  and  being  able 
to  keep  him  in  its  employ. 


EDITORIAL   DEPARTMENT  319 


NOTABLE  DEATHS 


Peter  Mili.kh  Mussek  was  born  at  Whitehall,  Lancaster  County, 
Pennsylvania,  April  3,  1841,  and  died  at  Muscatire,  Iowa,  May  22. 
1919.  He  attended  common  school  and  early  began  to  help  his  father 
in  his  store  at  Whitehall  and  later  at  Adamstown.  in  1863  he  came 
to  Muscatine  to  work  for  his  uncles,  Peter  and  Richard  Musser,  in 
their  lumber  business.  In  1864  he  went  to  Iowa  C'ty  cs  an  employe 
in  the  firm's  branch  yard  there.  Ke  later  became  the  local  manager 
of  that  yard.  In  1871  he  became  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Musser 
&.  Co.  In  1875  he  removed  to  Muscatine  and  became  active  in  the 
management  of  the  company's  business.  The  firm  incorporated  and 
grew  to  immense  proportions.  They  erected  and  op^^^rated  their  own 
saw  and  planing  mills.  They  also  owned  their  own  timber  lands  in 
Minnesota  and  Wisconsin  and  operated  their  own  rrifting  steamers. 
The  company  was  very  successful  and  always  maintained  a  reputa- 
tion for  integrity.  Besides  his  active  participation  in  the  manage- 
ment of  the  lumber  company  P.  M.  Musser  was  for  forty-three  years 
president  of  the  Cook,  Musser  &  Co.  Bank.  He  was  also  interested 
in  other  business  enterprises.  He  was  a  public  bonefactor,  as  the 
P.  M,  Musser  Public  Library,  the  Old  Ladies'  Home,  the  Muscatine 
fire  department  and  the  Musser  Park,  all  bear  witness.  He  was  a 
prominent  member  of  and  a  liberal  contributor  to  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church.  He  was  a  cultured  man  and  especially  loved 
travel  and  outdoor  life. 


Chari.es  W.  MiLLAx  was  born  in  Wayne  County,  Illinois,  Decem- 
ber 31,  1845,  and  died  at  Rochester,  Minnesota,  May  8,  1919.  Inter- 
ment was  at  Waterloo,  Iowa.  He  came  to  Black  Hawk  County  with 
his  parents  in  1846.  He  attended  public  school  in  Waterloo.  He 
enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  Forty-seventh  Iowa  Infantry  and  served 
until  the  regiment  was  mustered  out.  He  attended  Upper  Iowa 
University  at  Fayette  for  a  time  and  then  read  law  with  Orrin 
Miller  at  Waterloo,  In  1870'  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  was 
city  solicitor  of  Waterloo  for  six  years.  He  was  county  attorney  of 
Black  Hawk  County  from  1887  to  1893.  In  1897  he  was  elected 
senator  and  served  in  the  Twenty-seventh  and  Twenty-eighth  Gen- 
eral Assemblies.  He  was  elected  attorney  general  of  Iowa  in  1900 
and  re-elected  in  1902,  serving  four  years.  In  1913  he  was  appointed 
by  Governor  Clarke  one  of  the  judges  of  the  Tenth  Judicial  District 
and  was  thereafter  twice  elected,  lioldin?  the  position  a.t  the  time 
of  his  death.  He  was  an  able  lawyer  and  a  high-minded  and  cul- 
tured man. 


320  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

George  A.  Lincoln  was  born  at  Chickopee,  Massachusetts,  Janu- 
ary 31,  1848,  and  died  at  Spirit  Lake,  Iowa,  July  18,  1919.  When  a 
boy  he  came  with  his  parents  to  Madison,  Wisconsin.  At  sixteen 
years  of  age  he  enlisted  in  the  Third  Wisconsin  Light  Artillery, 
serving  until  honorably  discharged,  July  5,  1865.  He  then  worked 
two  years  in  a  clothing  store  in  Madison  and  in  1867  came  to  Cedar 
Rapids  and  engaged  in  the  clothing  business,  following  it  twenty 
years.  From  1870  to  1876  he  was  chief  of  the  Cedar  Rapids  fire 
department.  In  1874  and  1875  he  served  as  a  city  alderman.  In 
1878  he  was  city  assessor.  In  1889  and  1890  he  was  engaged  in 
building  the  first  electric  railway  in  Dubuque.  In  1890  and  1891  he 
was  the  Fifth  District  member  of  the  Republican  State  Central  Com- 
mittee. From  1891  to  1895  he  was  postmaster  at  Cedar  Rapids. 
Prom  1895  to  1897  he  was  mayor  of  Cedar  Rapids.     From  1899  to 

1900  he   was  secretary  of  the  Cedar  Rapids  commercial-  club.     In 

1901  he   was   appointed    state   fish    and    game   warden,    and   served 
until  1910.  

Et-it  Manning  was  born  near  Rockford,  Illinois,  March  13,  1846, 
and  died  at  Chariton,  Iowa,  June  23,  1919.  He  attended  common 
richool  and  was  one  year  at  an  academy  at  Rockford.  He  taught 
school  one  year  in  Franklin  County,  Iowa.  He  was  a  bookkeeper 
for  Farwell  &  Company  of  Chicago  for  a  time  and  was  also  in  the 
grain  business  there.  With  a  brother  he  was  in  the  grain  business 
three  years  at  Aledo,  Illinois.  In  1871  he  came  to  Chariton  and 
worked  as  a  store  clerk.  He  served  as  sheriff  of  Lucas  County  for 
six  years,  1896  to  1901  inclusive.  In  1903  he  was  elected  representa- 
tive and  served  in  the  Thirtieth  General  Assembly.  He  served  as  a 
member  of  the  school  board  at  Chariton,  as  a  member  of  the  city 
council,  was  active  in  securing  the  right-of-way  for  railroads  being 
constructed  in  the  county,  in  developing  the  coal  mines,  in  building 
churches,  in  conducting  Chautauquas,  and  in  almost  every  enter- 
prise calculated  to  benefit  the  people. 


George  Fitch  was  born  in  Galva,  Illinois,  June  5,  1877;  he 
died  at  Berkeley,  California,  August  9,  1915.  He  was  the  son 
of  Elmer  Eli  and  Rachel  (Helgesen)  Fitch.  He  was  educated 
in  the  common  schools  and  received  the  degree  of  B.  S.  from  Knox 
College,  Galesburg,  Illinois,  in  1897.  He  commenced  his  news- 
paper work  at  Galva  in  1897,  was  special  writer  on  the  Council 
Bluffs  Nonpareil  from  1902  to  1905  and  editor  of  the  Peoria  (111.) 
Herald-Transcript  from  1905  to "  1911.  He  served  as  member  of 
the  Illinois  House  of  Representatives  in  1912.  He  was  president 
of  the  American  Press  Humorists  and  author  of  the  "Big  Strike 
at  Siwash;"  "At  Good  Old  Siwash;"  "My  Demon  Motor  Boat"  and 
"Homeburg  Memories,"  which  last  series  was  unfinished  at  the 
time  of  his  death.  He  was  recognized  as  one  of  the  leading  humor- 
ists of  the  country. 


l'\."*-^^ 


'^''X^::i«*««*  A 


JAMES  W.  GRIMES 


3^ 


Annals  of  Iowa, 


Vol.  XII,  No.  5  Des  Moixks.  Iowa.  Jti  y.   1920  3i)  Skrii 


SAC  AND  FOX  IXDIAX  ("OrX(^IL  OF  18il 

Minutes^  of  a  Treaty  luld  at  the  Sae  &  Fox  Indian  Agency 
in  the  Territory  of  Iowa  on  the  15th  day  of  October  1841  l)y 
and  between  Hon.  John  Chambers-,  Hon.  T.  IIartU\\'  OraxN- 
ford"  and  Hon.  James  Duane  DotyS  Commissioners  on  the 
part  of  tlie  United  States  and  tlie  Chiefs,  liraves,  wari-ioi's 
and  head  men  of  tlie  Confederated  tribes  of  Sae  &  Vox 
Indians. 

The  Conncil  liaving- met  at  11  o'clock  A.  ~SL  Gov.  Chambers 
addressed  the  assembled  cliiefs,  l)ravcs  and  liead-men  as  fol- 
lows: My  friends;  We  are  now  abont  to  enter  npon  a  sub- 
ject of  vast  importance  to  you  and  one  of  deep  interest  to  the 
Government  of  the  United  States.  Yonr  areat  father,  the 
President,  has  sent  us  here  to  act  the  part  of  friends  towards 
yon,  and  we  wish  you  to  act  as  such  towards  us.  AVe  want 
your  own  honest  &  candid  opinions  upon  the  subject  we  are 
about  to  submit  to  you,  and  not  the  opinions  of  your  traders 
and  those  who  have  claims  against  you.  AVe  want.  I  sa>'. 
your  own  opinions  for  we  believe  you  are  capable  of  forminu' 

^These  minutes  were  recorded  by  James  AV.  Grimes,  of  Burling- 
ton, then  twenty-four  years  old,  and  just  entering-  on  his  illustrious 
public  career.  See  editorial  section.  The  original  is  on  file  in  the 
Bureau   of   Indian   Affairs,    Washing-ton,    D.   C. 

'An  extended  biography  and  estimate  of  Gov.  Chambers,  soeoud 
territorial  g-overnor  of  Iowa,  (1841-1S45)  was  written  by  Willirnn 
Penn  Clarke  and  published  in  the  Annals  of  Iowa,  Vol.  I,  page   42'>. 

^Thomas  Hartley  Crawford  was  born  in  Chambersburgr,  Pa..  Nov. 
14.  1786.  He  g-raduated  at  the  College  of  New  Jersey  in  1S04  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1807,  practicing-  at  Chambersburg".  Hf 
was  representative  in  the  Twentv-first  and  Twenty-second  C*on- 
gresses,  1829-33,  and  was  a  state  leg-islator  in  1833-4.  In  ISM*; 
he  was  appointed  by  President  Jackson  to  investig-ate  alleg:ed 
frauds  in  the  purchase  of  the  Creek  Indian  reservation.  He  was 
commissioner  of  Indian  affairs.  1838-45,  and  was  judge  of  the  crim- 
inal court  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  1846-63.  He  died  in  Washing- 
ton, January  27,  1863.  Recollections  of  Chambersburg:,  Pa.,  says 
he  had  a  larg-e  law  practice  there,  especially  in  criminal  cases.  H<^ 
was  of  medium  heig-ht  and  large  build,  with  a  sharp  nose  and  a 
head  inclined  to  baldness.  His  arguments  were  earnest  and  in- 
cisive.     (Lamb's    Biog.    Dictionary.) 

*James  Duane  Doty,  second  territorial  governor  of  Wisconsin, 
(1841-44).  was  born  in  Salem,  Washington  County,  N".  Y..  in  1790. 
After    studying    law    he    removed    to    Detroit,    Michigan,    at    the    age 


322  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

correct  ones  and  honest  enough  to  express  them.  Your  friend 
from  Waishington  who  has  been  sent  here  by  your  great 
father,  the  President,  will  explain  to  you  what  the  President 
wants.  We  come  as  friends,  from  your  great  friend  the 
President  and  we  wish  to  act  towards  you  in  pure  friendship. 
We  do  not  wish  to  entrap  or  over-reach  you,  but  to  act  hon- 
ourably and  fairly  towards  you  and  we  wish  and  believe  you 
will  act  so  towards  us. 

Hon.  Mr.  Crawford : 

My  friends  and  Ijrothers :  Your  great  father  the  President 
of  the  United  States  has  sent  me  in  conjunction  with  my 
powerful  friend  on  my  left  and  my  friend  the  Grovernor  of 
Wisconsin  on  my  right,  to  tell  you  what  he  wants.  I  am 
extremely  happy  to  see  you  once  more  friendly  and  united, 
and  I  sincerely  hope  you  will  remain  like  the  iron  on  a 
wheel,  no  part  of  which  can  move  without  the  whole.  You 
are  met  a  handsome  and  powerful  people,  but  you  must 
know  that  you  will  become  weak  if  you.  do  not  cultivate 
peace  and  friendship  among  yourselves  and  cease  to  follow 
tlie  advice  and  practice  of  those  whose  design  is  to  destroy 
you.  AVhat  is  better  than  anything  else,  you  are  honest  still, 
Imt  will  not  remain  so  if  you  obey  the  council  of  those  whose 
endeavor  it  is  to  corrupt  you.  The  times  past  have  satisfied 
your  great  father  that  there  is  no  safety  for  you  unless  you 
are  removed  beyond  the  reach  of  white  men,  where  they  can 

of  nineteen,  where  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  in  1819  was 
appointed  secretary  of  the  legislative  council  and  clerk  of  the  court 
of  the  territory.  In  1820  he  joined  the  expedition  to  explore  the 
upper  lakes  in  canoes.  He  traveled  with  it  4,000  miles  in  com- 
mand of  one  of  the  five  canoes,  and  as  secretary  of  the  expedition, 
assisting"  in  negotiating-  important  treaties  with  the  Indians  of  that 
region.  In  18i2'3  he  was  appointed  United  States  judge  for  northern 
Michigan.  He  held  his  first  court  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  then  a  mili- 
tary outpost,  and  having  organized  the  judiciary  of  his  district,  filled 
this  p'ositon  till  1832.  In  1830  he  was  appointed  by  Congress  one 
of  the  two  commissioners  to  survey  and  locate  a  military  road  from 
Green  Bay  through  Chicago  to  Prairie  du  Chien,  in  wiiicn  work  he  was 
engaged  about  two  years.  In  1834-3  5  he  was  a  member  of  the 
leg-islative  council  of  Michigan.  Here  he  was  the  first  to  agitate 
the  question  of  dividing  Michigan,  which  finally  led  to  the  creation 
of  AVisconsin  and  Iowa  territories.  Returning  from  the  legislature 
he  became  an  active  operator  in  the  public  land  sales  which  were 
opened  at  Green  Bay  in  1835-36  and  pre-empted  several  tracts  of 
government  land  at  presumably  desirable  spots  in  the  wilderness  for 
future  towns  and  cities.  One  of  these  tracts  situated  on  an  un- 
dulating isthmus  between  four  lakes,  was  laid  out  in  1837  and 
named  Madison  and  he  selected  that  as  the  site  for  the  capital  of 
the  new  territorv.  He  succeeded  iri  having  the  seat  of  government 
located  there  in  1836  and  was  himself  a  member  of  the  commission  to 
erect  a  capitol  building.      In  September,  1838,  he  was  elected  delegate 


SAC  AND  FOX  INDIAN  COUNCIL  OF  1841  323 

have  nathiii<i'  to  do  with  your  fuiicls  or  anything'  that  con- 
cerns yon.  We  wish  to  purchase  the  hinds  you  now  ()ccu})y 
and  cUiiin,  Ijut  not  without  your  full  and  free  consent.  To 
g'et  that  assent,  freely  and  without  the  controid  of  any  hody 
we  liave  sent  away  all  white  j)eople  fi'oni  you  and  from  the 
council  house,  and  want  you  to  ])v  let  aloiu',  to  get  your  o{)iii- 
ions  without  the  interference  of  white  i)eople.  It  is  the 
opinion  of  the  Sac  &  Fox  nations  we  desire  and  not  tlie 
opinion  of  persons  comings  from  a  distance  who  want  >()ur 
money  and  care  nothing'  about  your  condition  or  hap[)iness. 
Having-  these  views  for  your  advantage,  we  propose  to  aou 
in  behalf  of  the  President  of  the  Uiuted  States  to  cede  to  the 
Ujiited  States  all  that  portion  of  laiul  claimed  by  you  and 
embraced  within  the  present  limits  of  the  Territory  of  lown. 
For  this  we  i)]'0])ose  to  give  you  one  million  of  dollai's  and 
money  enough  to  ])ay  your  debts.  The  country  we  wisli  you 
to  remove  to  should  such  cession  be  made,  will  be  on  t!ie 
head  watci's  of  tlu^  Des  .Moines  and  west  of  the  l^lue  Ivii'Iii 
Ivivei'.  To  renu^.ve  apprehension  of  hostilities  from  youi'  I'cd 
brotliei's  in  that  ses'tion,  we  pro|)ose  to  establish  and  man 
three  forts  tliere  foi'  your  ]~)rot(('tion  to  be  established  !)ef;)i'e 
your  removal  frcm  your  ])resent  villages.  Out  of  the  million 
of  dollai's  we  p,ro]^ose  that  you  liave  farms  &  fai'mers.  mills 
and  millers,  blacksmiths,  gunsmitlis.  school  houses,  and  a 
line  Council  House,     l^ut  what  will   be  of  moi'e  value  to  you 


to  congress  from  the  territory,  and  re-elected  in  1S40.  and  s"i\ed 
until  March  :'.,  1841.  He  was  ai)pointed  governor  of  tlie  lenltoiy 
of  Wisconsin,  Octobei-  5.  1841,  serving-  till  Septeinh'-r  It),  1S4!.  wlieii 
he  was  removed  and  succeeded  by  X.  J'.  Tallmadgc,  liut  in  is!.") 
Doty  was  re-appointed,  and  served  till  .May  l-'I,  184-").  His  a  dm  in - 
istiation  was  marked  by  l^itter  contentions  and  a  coUisinn  A\illi  l!ie 
leg-islature.  After  his  I'emoval  from  office  he  was  ap!)()intc-d  l)y 
the  war  department  a  commissioner  to  treat  with  tlie  Indians  of 
the  north^\'est.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  first  constitutional  con- 
vention at  Madison,  in  1846,  and  on  the  admission  of  AVisconsin  to 
the  Union  in  1848,  was  elected  a  representative  in  Cohgress.  serv- 
ing two  terms,  1849-.')3.  He  was  made  superintendent  of  Indian 
affairs  in  1861,  with  headquarters  at  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  subse- 
quently became  treasurer  of  Utah  and  in  1864  was  appointed  Ity 
President  Lincoln,  governor  of  Utah,  which  post  he  held  at  the  time 
of  his  death.  He  died  at  Salt  Lake  City,  June  13,  1865.  leaving  the 
reputation  of  a  man  of  conspicuous  ability  who  enjoyed  the  I'esjiect 
of  both  friends  and  foes.      (Natl.  Cyc.  Amer.  Biog.) 

Letters  from  Henry  Dodge  to  George  W.  Jones,  published  in 
Vol.  ni,  p  292,  of  the  Annals  of  Iowa,  tell  of  Jones  defeating  Doty 
in  1835  for  delegate  to  Congress  from,  that  part  of  Michigan  Terri- 
tory not  included  in  the  new  state  of  Michigan,  but  that  Doty  de- 
feated Jones  in  1838.  Henry  Dodge  seems  to  have  be-^n  bitteidy 
opposed  to  Doty.  He  charges  in  these  letters  that  Doty  Avas  in- 
terested in  locating  the  capitol  of  Wisconsin  at  Madison  because 
he    was    interested    in    real    estate    there. 


324  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

than  all,  we  would  propose  to  build  a  house  for  each  family, 
each  house  to  be  worth  not  exceeding  one  hundred  &  fifty 
dollars,  to  fence  and  plough  six  acres  of  ground  for  each 
family.  We  propose  to  build  for  each  of  the  chiefs  a  house 
worth  not  exceeding  three  hundred  dollars  and  fence  and 
plough  twelve  acres  of  ground  for  each.  "We  then  intend 
you  all  to  live  in  one  village,  like  brothers.  This  is  the 
proposition  we  are  autliorized  to  make.  If  you  will  once 
try  this  mode  of  life,  you  will  never  quit  it:  The  white  peo- 
])le  have  found  it  good.  You  will  be  happy  with  your  wives 
and  children  in  fine,  warm  &  close  houses.  Your  children 
^vill  grow  strong  and  be  healthy,  if  kept  from  the  weather 
&  well  fed  and  you  will  all  live  long. 

But  to  make  your  children  respected,  they  should  be  taught 
to  read  &  write.  To  enable  them  to  do  so,  we  propose  to 
place  fifty  thousand  dollars  at  interest,  for  the  purposes  of 
instrnction.  If  you  will  live  in  houses,  cultivate  the  land 
and  edncate  your  children  you  will  be  contented  and  happy. 
I  have  now  told  you  the  terms  upon  which  we  propose  to 
treat.  You  will  probably  want  time  to  reflect  upon  this 
subject.  In  making  this  proposition  I  have  been  honest  and 
plain  with  you  and  I  expect  the  same  from  you.  Any  other 
course  of  conduct  would  be  unworthy  of  you  and  unjust  to 
the  Government. 

Gov.  Chambers: 

My  Friends :  You  have  listened  to  what  your  friend  the 
chief  from  Washington  has  said.  I  approve  of  every  thing 
you  have  heard  from  him.  I  am  sent  here  to  remain  as  your 
superintendent.  It  is  my  duty  to  watch  over  you  and  see 
that  no  injustice  is  done  to  you  by  any  one,  either  by  our 
traders  or  the  government.  If  the  President  should  require 
me  to  do  what  was  wrong  towards  you,  I  would  spurn  the 
direction.  We  have  been  directed  by  him  to  treat  with  you 
and  to  make  you  proposals  for  the  purchase  of  your  lands. 
If  I  thought  the  proposals  you  have  heard  were  unjust  or 
dishonourable  I  would  not  sanction  or  advocate  them.  I 
may  be  mistaken  as  to  what  is  for  your  interest,  but  you  are 
capable  and  must  judge  for  yourselves.     I  iiave  fought  the 


SAC  AND  FOX  INDIAN  COUNCIL  OP  1841  325 

red  men  and  esteem  them  brave.  Brave  men  are  always 
honest  and  I  respect  them  for  their  bravery  and  honesty. 
You  have  now  been  two  years  without  your  money.  You  are 
surrounded  by  blood  suckers  who  are  constantly  endeavoring 
to  obtain  all  the  money  paid  to  you.  All  tlie  money  yon 
yesterday  reced.  has  already  gone  into  their  liands.  You 
liave  paid  them  enough  to  supply  all  your  wants  for  a  year. 
Those  of  them  who  sell  you  whiskey  are  men  who  desire  only 
your  money  and  would  kill  all  your  women  and  childre]i  to 
obtain  it.  They  have  no  souls.  They  are  men  of  bad  hearts 
and  yon  should  not  permit  them  to  exercise  any  influence 
over  you  whatever.  I  believe  it  to  your  interest  to  get  out 
of  their  reach.  Your  great  father  proposes  to  give  you  such 
an  opportunity — he  proposes  to  you  to  go  north.  I  know 
that  in  going  north  you  will  go  towards  your  enemies  the 
Sioux  and  AVinnebagos  but  the  President  authorizes  ns  to 
pi'01K)se  to  estal)lisli  for  you  a  line  of  forts  for  your  i)ro- 
tection  and  to  place  sufficient  troopis  there  to  ])revent  aggres- 
sion upon  you.  and  if  they  will  not  be  peaceal)le,  to  ciiastize 
them.  Farther  south  a  great  many  red  men  have  been  gath- 
ering for  some  years  and  frequent  difficulties  have  occurred 
among  them.  You  would  l)e  much  safer  where  Ave  propose 
to  send  you.  AYe  propose  to  give  you  as  your  friend  from 
AYashington  has  stated,  one  million  of  dollars  and  money 
eiiough  to  pay  your  debts;  to  build  you  out  of  that  one  mil- 
lion of  dollars  comfortable  houses  and  farms,  mills,  black- 
smith shops,  school  houses,  &c.  AAliy  is  it  the  wliite  peoj^le 
iiicrease  like  the  leaves  on  the  trees  and  the  red  men  are 
constantly  decreasing!  Because  the  whites  live  in  comfort- 
able house,  are  well  fed  and  comfortably  cloathed.  A^'our 
band  only  fifteen  years  ago  numbered  no  less  than  sixteen- 
hundred  warriors,  and  now  it  numbers  but  twenty-three 
hundred  persons,  including  men,  women  and  children.  An- 
other reason  why  the  red  man  is  continually  decreasing  is 
that  the  evil  spirit  has  b-een  introduced  among  you  in  the 
Lshape  of  liquor  impregnated  with  pepper  and  tobacco  and 
other  poisonous  ingredients.  But  few  as  you  now'  are,  there 
are  young  men  among  you  who  will  yet  live  to  see  you  a 
powerful    and   prosperous    people   if   you    settle    down    and 


326  ANNALS  OP  IOWA 

cultivate  the  earth  as  we  propose  to  you.  There  is  no  reason 
why  you  should  not  increase  as  fast  as  any  people  on  the 
earth  if  you  live  in  comfortable  houses,  are  w^ell  fed  and 
keep  clear  of  the  vultures  who  are  about  you.  It  will  indeed 
be  a  happy  day  to  me  to  hereafter  go  among  your  homes 
and  find  you  a  happy  &  strong  people.  These  old  men  and 
myself  must  soon  be  gone,  but  if  we  are  so  disposed,  we  can 
do  much  good  for  those  who  shall  come  after  us.  In  deciding 
upon  the  acceptance  of  our  proposal,  w'e  wish  you  to  use  your 
own  judgment  without  the  controul  of  others.  We  have 
forbidden  white  men  to  have  any  intercourse  with  you  during 
the  progress  of  this  treaty. 

Ke-o-kuck,  the  Chief: 

All  our  chiefs  and  braves  have  heard  what  you  have  said 
to  us,  and  understand  your  desires.  We  are  glad  you  have 
told  us  to  reflect  upon  it  and  not  decide  immediately.  Our 
chi/^fis  and  then  our  braves  will  have  to  council  together 
before  we  can  give  you  an  answer.  We  have  to  take  more 
time  among  us  in  matters  of  this  kind,  than  the  whites  do. 
When  the  Sun  is  half  gone  tomorrow,  w^e  will  give  our  answ^er. 

Saturday,  16th  Oct.  1841,  12  o'clock,  Council  met,  Gov. 
Chambers  said,  We  have  come  to  hear  what  reply  the  chiefs 
and  braves  have  to  give  to  our  proposals. 

Ke-o-kuck,  Sac  Chief: 

We  have  come  together  without  coming  to  any  conclusion. 
Many  of  our  people  are  not  accustomed  to  business  and  do 
not  understand  your  propositions.  We  w-ant  them  explained 
slowly  and  plainly.  We  do  not  know  w^hether  the  houses 
are  to  be  paid  for  from  the  thousand  boxes  or  to  be  paid 
besides.  We  wish  this  explained  so  there  will  be  no  misun- 
der^standing.  We  hope  we  shall  be  excused  for  our  not  under- 
standing, for  our  people  are  not  much  acquainted  with  busi- 
ness. After  you  will  explain  to  us,  we  shall  have  a  council 
among  ourselves  alone  and  then  explain  &  talk  over  the 
w^hole  matter  among  ourselves.  We  wish  a  guard  stationed 
around  us  to  prevent  interference  from  the  whites  while  in 
council. 


SAC  AND  FOX  INDIAN  COUNCIL  OF  1841  327 

Hon.  ]\Ir.  Crawford  repeated  and  explained  the  proposals 
made  a.s  substantially  stated  in  yesterday's  proceedings, 
whereupon  council  adjourned  'till  Sunday  17th  at  10  O'clock. 

Sunday  17th  Oct.  10  o'clock,  Council  met. 

Kis-ke-kosh,  a  Fox  brave  and  chief: 

Wish-e-co-mac-quet's  band  are  going  to  give  their  opinions 
first  and  then  Ke-o-kuck's  band. 

Wish-e-co-mac-quet,  Sac  Chief,  called  Ilard-Fish. 

My  braves  and  warrioi^  who  sit  around  me  had  a  council 
yesterday.  All  our  chiefs,  braves  and  warriors  liad  one 
council  and  are  all  of  one  opinion.  AVe  have  thouglit  of  our 
families  and  those  who  are  to  follow  us,  and  my  answer  is 
the  answer  of  all.  It  is  a  great  concern  to  us  and  Ave  hope 
the  great  Spirit  and  this  earth  will  bear  favourable  witness 
to  our  answer.  It  is  impossi])le  for  us  to  accept  your  pro- 
posals. AVe. can't  subsist  in  the  country  where  you  wi,sh  us 
to  go.  It  is  impossible  for  us  to  live  there.  In  reflecting 
upon  it,  it  seems  like  a  dream  to  think  of  going  and  leaving 
our  present  homes  and  we  do  not  want  to  hear  any  new  jU'o- 
posals. 

Pow-e-sick,  Fox  chief  from  Iowa  River: 

You  have  heard  through  AVish-e-co-mac-quet  the  ojniiion 
of  our  whole  nation.  AVe  have  thought  of  the  condition  of 
our  families,  and  what  it  will  be  where  you  wish  us  to  live. 
AVe  hold  this  country  from  our  fathers.  AA^e  have  an  lieredi- 
tary  right  to  it,  and  we  think  we  have  a  riglit  to  judge 
whether  we  will  sell  it  or  not.  According  to  our  custom, 
our  chiefs  own  all  the  trees  and  the  earth  and  they  are  used 
for  the  benefit  of  our  people.  AVe  should  give  up  a  timber 
for  a  prairie  country  if  we  went  where  you  wish.  I  call  the 
great  spirit,  earth,  sky  and  weather  to  witness  that  we  choose 
what  is  best  for  our  people.  After  being  a  powerful  people, 
we  are  now  but  the  shade  of  one.  AVe  hope  the  great  spirit 
will  now  pity  and  protect  us. 

Pash-o-pa-ho,  Sac  brave : 

AVe  yesterday  listened  to  what  was  sent  to  us  from  our 
great  father  at  AA^ashington.  AVe  have  had  a  council  together 
about  it  and  now  come  to  give  our  answer.  After  thinking 
of  our  families  and  those  who  are  to  come  after  us  we  think 


328  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

we  cannot  accept  your  proposals.  We  have  already  given 
to  government  all  the  land  we  owned  on  the  other  side  of  the 
Mississippi  River  and  all  they  own  on  this  side.  Our  country 
is  now  small  and  if  we  part  wdth  it  we  cannot  live.  "We  hope 
you  will  not  be  displeased  with  our  refusal. 

Kish-ke-kosh,  Fox  brave : 

You  have  heard  the  unanimous  opinion  of  our  nations. 
We  do  not  wish  to  accept  your  proposals.  This  is  the  only 
country  we  have.    It  is  small  and  it  is  our  only  timber. 

Wish-e-wah-ka,  a  Fox  brave : 

You  have  already  heard  our  opinion.  We  are  all  of  the 
same  mind.  This  is  the  only  spot  of  timber  we  own  and  it  is 
small.  The  country  you  wish  us  to  remove  to  is  without  tim- 
ber and  very  poor.  We  hope  our  great  father  Avill  not  insist 
upon  our  removal. 

Ke-o-kuck,  Chief  of  the  Sac  nation : 

Day  before  yesterday  we  did  not  understand  the  terms 
upon  which  you  wdsh  to  buy  our  land.  We  have  since  then 
had  a  council  &  have  come  to  one  mind.  We  have  never  heard 
so  hard  proposals.  We  never  heard  of  so  hard  a  proposal 
as  you  have  made  us.  The  country  where  you  wish  to  send 
us,  we  are  acquainted  with.  It  looks  like  a  country  of 
distress.  It  is  the  poorest  in  every  respect  I  have  ever  seen. 
We  own  this  land  from  our  fathers,  and  we  think  we  have 
a  right  to  say  whether  we  will  sell  or  not.  You  have  read 
and  heard  the  traditions  of  our  nation.  We  were  once 
powerful.  We  conquered  many  other  nations  and  our  fathers 
conquered  this  land.  We  now  omtl  it  by  possession  and  have 
the  same  right  to  it  that  white  men  have  to  the  lands  they 
occupy.  We  hope  you  will  not  think  hard  of  our  refusal  to 
sell.  We  wish  to  act  for  the  benefit  of  our  children  &  those 
who  shall  come  after  them,  and  we  believe  the  Great  Spirit 
will  bless  us  for  so  doing.  As  to  the  proposal  to  build  school 
houses,  we  have  always  been  opposed  to  them  and  will  never 
consent  to  have  them  introduced  into  our  nation.  We  do 
not  wish  any  more  proposals  made  to  us. 

Wa-pel-lo  Chief  of  the  Foxes: 

You  said  you  were  sent  by  our  Great  Father  to  treat  with 
us  and  buy  our  land.    AVe  have  had  a  council  and  are  of  one 


SAC  AND  FOX  INDIAN  COUNCIL  OF  1841  329 

opinion.  You  have  learned  that  opinion  from  our  chiefs  & 
braves  who  have  spoken.  You  told  us  to  be  candid  and  we 
are.  It  is  impossible  for  us  to  subsist  where  you  wish  us  to 
go.  AVe  own  this  country  by  occupancy  and  inheritance. 
It  is  the  only  good  country  &  only  one  suitable  for  us  to 
live  in  on  this  side  the  Mississippi  River  and  you  must  not 
think  hard  of  us  because  we  do  not  wish  to  sell  it.  AVe  were 
once  a  powerful,  but  now  a  small  nation.  AVhen  tlie  white 
people  first  crossed  the  big  w^ater  and  landed  on  this  Island, 
they  were  then  small  as  we  now  are.  I  remember  when  AVis- 
konsin  was  ours  and  it  now  has  our  name.  AVe  sold  it  to  you. 
Rock  River  &  Rock  Island  was  once  ours.  AA^e  sold  them  to 
you.  Dubuque  was  once  ours.  AA^e  sold  that  to  you  and 
they  are  now  occupied  by  white  men  who  live  happy.  Rock 
River  was  the  only  place  where  we  lived  happily  &  we  sold 
that  to  you.  This  is  all  the  country  we  have  left,  and  we 
are  so  few  now,  we  cannot  conquer  other  countries.  You 
now  see  me  and  all  my  nation.  Have  pity  on  us.  AVe  are 
but  few  and  are  fast  melting  away.  If  other  Indians  had 
been  treated  as  we  have  been,  there  would  have  been  none  left. 
This  land  is  all  we  have.  It  is  our  only  fortune.  AYhen  it  is 
gone,  we  shall  have  nothing  left.  The  Great  Spirit  has  been 
unkind  to  us  in  not  giving  us  the  knowledge  of  white  men,  for 
we  would  then  be  on  an  equal  footing,  but  we  hope  He  Avill 
take  pity  on  us. 

Ap-pa-noose  a  Sac  Chief: 

You  have  truly  heard  the  opinion  of  our  nation  from  our 
chiefs  and  braves.  You  may  think  we  did  not  all  understand 
your  pro2)osals,  but  we  do.  AVe  have  had  a  council  upon 
them  among  ourselves  and  concluded  to  refuse  them.  AVe 
speak  for  our  whole  nation.  AVe  were  told  at  AVashington 
that  we  would  not  be  asked  to  sell  anymore  of  our  land,  and 
we  did  not  expect  to  be  asked  to  do  so,  so  soon.  AVe  would 
we  willing  to  sell  some  of  our  countrv%  if  we  could  subsist 
where  you  wish  us  to  live.  The  country  you  offered  us  is 
the  poorest  I  ever  saw.  No  one  can  live  there.  AVish  our 
great  father  at  AVashington  to  know  the  reason  why  we  do 
not  wish  to  sell. 


330  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

Gov.  Chambers: 

My  friends :  We  have  heard  your  answer  to  the  proposals 
the  President  directed  us  to  make  to  you.  We  hope  and 
have  reason  to  believe  you  have  been  governed  by  your  own 
judgment  and  not  by  the  advice  of  others.  Your  great  father 
has  no  intention  to  drive  or  force  you  from  your  lands.  I 
am  sent  here  to  remain  and  to  watch  over  and  attend  to  you 
— to  see  justice  done,  and  I  wdll  not  see  wrong  done  to  you 
while  I  can  prevent  it.  I  have  been  led  to  believe  that  the 
Country  we  wish  you  to  go  to  is  different  from  the  descrip- 
tion you  have  given  of  it.  Your  friend  Gov.  Doty  has  lately 
been  over  it  and  says  it  is  different.  He  says  there  is  timber 
there.  There  must  be  some  mistake.  Now  I  will  tell  you 
why  your  great  father  proposes  to  sell  at  this  time.  He 
knows  and  I  know  that  white  people  have  got  near  you — 
are  selling  you  whiskey,  and  that  we  cannot  prevent  them 
from  selling  or  you  from  buying.  Bad  white  people  are  thus 
encouraged  to  sell  and  3^ou  are  degraded  by  buying,  and  you 
will  become  more  &  more  degraded  until  you  become  entireh^ 
extinct.  Troops  have  been  sent  here,  but  on  account  of  your 
proximity  to  the  white  settlements,  improper  intercourse  with 
them  cannot  be  prevented.  I  had  learned  and  reported  to 
your  great  father  that  you  bought  goods  which  you  did  not 
need  and  immediately  traded  them  away  for  whiskey.  Your 
great  father  thought  you  wished  to  pay  your  debts.  I  have  as- 
certained that  300,000  dollars  wall  not  pay  them.  This  is  an- 
other reason  why  he  thought  you  should  sell.  A  few  months 
ago  you  went  to  Montrose  and  bought  fifteen  thousand  dollars 
of  goods,  none  of  which  you  needed  (save  perhaps  a  few 
horses)  and  they  are  now^  all  given  to  the  wind^.  How^  will 
you  pay  the  man  of  whom  you  procured  them?  The  whole^ 
amount  of  your  annuities  for  five  years  will  not  pay  your 
debts  to  your  traders.  They  will  not  trust  you  any  more.. 
They  have  sold  to  you  heretofore,  expecting  you  would  sell 
your  lands  and  that  they  would  then  be  paid.  You  will  get. 
no  more  goods  on  credit.  It  was  kindness  then  on  the  part 
of  your  great  father  which  indu-ced  him'  to  offer  to  buy  your- 
land — to  furnish  you  money  with  which  you  could  render 
yourselves,   your  wives  and   children   comfortable   &  happy.. 


SAC  AND  FOX  INDIAN  COUNCIL  OP  1842  331 

It  is  my  business  to  superintend  your  affairs  and  watch  over 
your  interests  as  well  as  the  interest  of  government,  and  I 
want  you  to  reflect  upon  the  fact  that  in  a  few  days  all 
your  money  will  be  gone,  you  will  be  without  credit — yon 
may  be  unsuccessful  in  your  hunts  &  what  will  become  of 
you?  Even  your  whiskey  sellers  Avill  not  sell  you  that  with- 
out money  or  an  exchange  of  your  horses,  guns  and  blankets 
for  it.  Many  of  you  do  not  reflect  upon  this  now,  l)ut  you 
will  before  a  year,  with  sorrow. 

These  Chiefs  (Gov.  Doty  &  Mr.  Crawford)  are  going  away. 
I  am  to  remain  and  it  will  be  the  first  wish  of  my  heart  to 
do  you  all  the  good  in  my  power,  but  I  cannot  render  yon 
much  service  unless  you  are  more  prudent.  We  shall  not 
come  to  you  any  more  to  induce  you  to  sell  your  lands  liow- 
ever  great  may  he  your  .sufferings.  We  shall  let  the  matter 
rest  until  your  misfortunes  &  sufferings  will  convince  you 
that  you  have  been  guilty  of  an  act  of  folly  in  refusing  to 
sell  your  lands — 

The  Indians  signifying  no  further  disposition  to  treat,  the 
Council  was  indefinitely  dissolved. 

I  hereby  certify  the  foregoing  to  contain  substantially  true 
&  correct  minutes  of  the  council  held  as  above  stated  ]>y  Hon. 
John  Chambers,  Hon.  James  D.  Doty  &  Hon.  T.  Hartley 
Crawford  with  the  Confederated  tribes  of  the  Sac  &  Fox 
Indians  on  the  15th  day  of  Oct.  1841. 

Jas.  W.  Grimes, 
Sectij.  of  the  Commission. 


SAC  AND  FOX  INDIAN  COUNCIL  of  1842 

Minutes  of  a  council  held  by  Governor  Chambers  with 
chiefs,  braves  and  headmen  of  the  Sa-c  and  Fox  Mission,  com- 
mencing on  the  4th  of  October,  1842,  at  the  Sac  and  Fox 
Agency,  Indian  Territory  for  the  sale  of  their  lands  in  said 
Territory. 

Tuesday  morning,  10:00  o'clock,  council  opened. 
:  Goyemor  Chambers  rose  and  said  ''My  friends,  I  am  glad 
to  meet  you  once  more  in  council.     When  I  was  here  last 


332  ANNAI.S  OF  IOWA 

year,  at  the  fall  of  the  leaf,  we  made  you  an  offer  for  the 
iSale  of  your  land  in  this  territory  to  which  you  were  not 
willing  to  accede.  I  then  told  you  that  no  further  attempt 
to  treat  with  you  would  be  made  until  you  asked  for  it. 
Towards  the  close  of  the  last  winter,  your  agent  told  me  you 
wished  to  go  to  Washington  for  that  purpose.  I  wrote  to 
your  Great  Father  and  told  him  of  your  wishes,  but  the 
great  council  of  the  whites  was  then  in  session  and  he  had 
too  much  business  to  permit  him  to  meet  you  there. 

But  he  has  now  sent  me  here  to  talk  to  you  again  about 
it  and  he  has  told  me  he  does  not  wish  to  hold  frequent 
councils  with  you  and  make  frequent  purchases  of  you.  He 
wishes  now  to  settle  you  in  a  permanent  home. 

At  the  time  we  were  here  last  fall,  we  had  bought  a  part 
of  the  Sioux  country  on  the  St.  Peters  river,  and  you  remem- 
ber we  wanted  you  to  go  there,  but  the  great  council  have 
rejected  that  treaty  and  put  it  away,  and  we  now  have  no 
land  there.  "We  could  not  therefore,  offer  you  a  home  there 
if  we  wished  to  and  you  were  willing  to  go  to  it,  but  you  were 
not  willing  to  go  there  then. 

Your  Great  Father  has  told  me  to  say  to  you  now  that  he 
still  wishes  to  buy  the  whole  of  your  eountry  and  find  you 
another  home  where  you  will  not  be  troubled  by  the  white 
people  as  you  are  here.  You  see  that  he  has  been  compelled 
to  keep  part  of  his  army  here  to  protect  you  and  he  now  wants 
to  give  you  a  home  where  they  can  no  longer  molest  you. 
If  he  buys  the  whole  of  your  country,  he  will  want  you  to- 
move  further  west  until  he  can  find  another  home  which  he 
will  do  as  soon  as  he  can. 

I  will  now  tell  you  what  he  offered.  He  will  give  you  one 
million  dollars  (one  thousand  boxes  of  money).  Out  of  that 
he  expects  you  to  pay  all  the  debts  you  now  owe.  He  will 
put  a  part  of  it  in  such  a  situation  that  it  will  never  lessen 
and  give  you  so  much  a  year  through  all  time ;  that  is,  he  will 
give  5%  a  year  or  fifty  dollars  on  each  box.  He  directs  me 
to  urge  upon  you  to  apply  some  portion  of  it  to  educate 
your  children,  to  learn  them  to  read  and  write  and  to  keep 
accounts  so  that  they  may  not  be  cheated  by  bad  men.  He 
wished  you  to  make  yourselves  farms  arid  build  comfortable 


SAC  AND  FOX  INDIAN  COUNCIL  OF  1842  333 

liomes.  He  thinks  it  is  very  important  to  you  to  make  your- 
selves comfortable  homes  and  to  educate  your  children.  You 
will  be  better  and  happier  and  it  will  prevent  white  men 
from  imposing  upon  3'OU.  He  has  instructed  me  to  urge 
this  upon  you  because  he  has  seen  that  your  red  brotlier  of 
the  south  who  have  done  so,  have  good  cattle,  hogs  and  liorses. 
and  good  homes  and  are  increasing  in  numbers  and  are  happy. 
He  is  your  friend  and  he  knows  that  this  is  for  your  good. 
He  wants  you  all,  your  old  men  and  braves,  and  your  young 
men,  to  consider  this  deeply.  Your  money  is  now  wasted. 
like  water;  your  young  men  are  dissipated  and  you  all  liave 
a  great  deal  of  trouble.  If  you  will  adopt  his  advice,  your 
money  will  last  longer,  your  young  men  will  be  kept  from 
the  evils  of  intemperance,  your  condition  will  be  bettei'ed 
and  you  will  all  be  happier. 

I  will  now  repeat  to  you  brieHy  that  if  you  sell  your  land, 
your  Great  Father  will  give  you  one  thousand  boxes  of 
money.  Out  of  that  he  will  pay  all  the  debts  I  may  1)C 
satisfied  ought  justly  to  be  paid  (after  the  gentlemen  I  have 
here  with  me  have  investigated  them  to  prevent  your  being 
cheated)  and  he  will  take  pleasure  in  disposing  of  any 
amount  of  your  money  you  may  wish  to  for  the  purpose  ot: 
educating  your  children  and  making  them  wiser  and  better. 
He  does  not  wish  to  force  you  (  )  do  so  but  he  knows  that 
it  is  for  your  good  and  he  hopes  you  will  see  it  and  adopt 
it  and  it  will  give  him  great  pleasure  to  hear  you  have  done  so. 

If  you  accept  the  proposition  now  made,  he  will  want  you 
for  the  present  to  go  west  of  a  line  running  north  and  south 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Racoon  river.  He  only  wishes  you 
together  to  get  out  of  the  way  of  the  white  men  who  are  con- 
tinually rushing  in  upon  you  in  great  numbers  and  giving 
him  trouble  to  send  them  back  into  the  white  settlements. 
and  he  will  select  a  permanent  home  for  you  as  soon  as  he 
can  do  so,  so  that  you  w^ill  not  remain  there  long. 

You  will  now  take  this  matter  into  consideration  and 
answer  me  tomorrow,  and  if  you  conclude  to  sell  your  land 
we  wall  then  enter  into  the  details  as  to  when  you  are  to 
move  and  of  the  disposition  you  wdll  have  of  your  money." 


334  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

Kaw  Kaw  Ke,  Fox  brave,  then  rose  and  said  "My  friends, 
the  advice  of  our  father  is  good  and  I  hope  we  may  all  meet 
and  talk  it  all  over  friendly  and  amicably."  When  several 
other  braves  from  the  different  bands  having  repeated  the 
same  in  substance,  the  council  adjourned. 

Thursday  morning,  October  6th,  the  council  having  re- 
convened, Kaw  kaw  ke,  a  Fox  brave,  having  said  (addressing 
the  Indians)  ''Chiefs  and  braves  of  the  Sac  and  Fox,  as  we 
will  leave  the  answer  to  the  matter  now  under  consideration 
to  him  whom  the  Great  Spirit  has  given  us  to  be  the  repre- 
sentative of  our  people,  and  we,  braves  and  warriors,  will 
listen." 

Powsheik,  Fox  Chief,  ' '  You  have  heard  what  my  brave 
has  said.  We  govern  by  the  appointment  of  the  Great  Spirit, 
and  by  the  will  of  the  nation.  This  land  was  given  to  us  to 
do  with  as  we  please.  After  the  Great  Spirit  made  this  vast 
island,  he  placed  the  chiefs  upon  it,  he  "gave  us  the  sun  and 
moon  and  stars  and  all  the  great  lights ;  he  gave  us  the  beasts 
of  the  field  and  the  birds  that  fly  for  our  meat  and  for  our 
dresses.  He  made  the  trees  and  gave  names  to  them  for  our 
benefit,  and  he  not  only  gave  us  these  but  he  gave  us  the 
great  medicine  bag  and  everything  you  see  to  make  us  a  great 
people. 

"You  was  sent  by  our  Great  Father  to  make  a  propo- 
sition to  us  for  a  sale  of  our  lands.  We  have  advanced  and 
talked  over  several  propositions  among  ourselves  and  you  w^ill 
hear  the  fourth  one,  to  which  we  have  all  agreed." 

Governor  Chambers'  commissioner  then  said  "My  friends 
I  am  glad  you  have  determined  to  leave  your  chiefs  to  speak 
for  you.  I  will  consider  it  the  answer  of  all  of  you  and  if 
I  do  not  accept  it,  you  can  then  say  what  other  conclusion 
you  can  come  to. " 

Kish  ke  kosh.  Fox  Brave,  "I  suppose  our  father  did  not 
understand  precisely  what  my  chief  meant.  I  will  explain. 
He  said  that  the  answer  about  to  be  given  would  be  by  the 
chiefs  whom  the  Great  Spirit  approves  as  the  rulers  of  our 
people.  This  is  the  first  time  the  Foxes  have  ever  spoken 
first,  in  council.  Heretofore  it  has  been  always  our  friends 
the  Sacs.    But  my  chief  is  the  one  to  whom  the  Great  Spirit 


SAC  AND  FOX  INDIAN  COUNCIL  OF  1842  335 

iirst  gave  this  land,  and  yon  have  heard  him  speak.  We  liave 
been  two  days  trying  to  make  all  of  one  mind,  to  reconcile 
all  to  the  answer  abont  to  be  given,  and  yon  was  perliaps 
impatient.  AVe  first  proposed  among  onrselves  to  sell  all 
onr  lands  south  of  the  Des  Moines,  but  all  did  not  agree.  We 
then  spoke  of  selling  from  Wishecomacpie's'  to  Poweshieks". 
This  was  rejected  as  was  likewise  a  proposal  to  determine 
upon  a  creek  named  White  Breast.  The  land  is  full  of 
some  precious  things.  It  is  in  four  different  places  near  us 
to  the  north.  You  have  before  bought  land  of  us  containing 
this  Jjead  from  which  you  have  grown  rich.  It  is  in  nnuiy 
places  iji  our  countiy.  We  wish  more  money  on  this  account 
and  this  was  the  cause  of  our  disagreement.  The  Sacs  Juive 
not  yet  spoken.  After  you  liave  heard  them,  we  Avill  liear 
you  and  then  you  will  hear  us  again.  I  am  pleased  that  you 
approve  of  our  determination  that  the  chiefs  should  deliver 
the  voice  of  the  nation." 

Wish  e  CO  maque,  ''You  have  heard  what  my  frienJs.  the 
Foxes  have  said.  I  was  ])lease(l  to  hear  you  advise  us  to  think 
deeply  of  this  matter  and  I  think  we  have  done  so.  Now  the 
fourth  proposition  upon  which  we  have  all  agreed  is  to  sell 
all  the  land  east  of  a  line  connnencing  where  the  northern 
l)oundary  of  Missouri  is  met  by  the  eastern  boundary  of  our 
session  of  18  (for  Indian  purposes)  thence  northeast  to  a 
point  on  the  Des  Moines  called  Painted  Rocks,  (about  eight 
miles  from  White  Breast)  and  onward  to  the  mouth  of  Deer 
River'"  on  the  Iowa  (not  laid  down  on  map,  supposes  a])out 
forty  miles  from  the  present  boundary  of  tlie  Neutral 
grounds). 

''This  is  a  serious  matter  with  ujs.  The  country  we  now 
have  left  upon  which  to  support  our  women  and  children 
is  very  small.  But  we  have  agreed  among  ourselves  to  this 
offer.  We  talked  a  great  deal  before  concluding  upon  it. 
weighing  and  examining  the  matter  well  before  we  made  up 
our  mind.     And  we  are  now  willing  to  sell  you  this  portion 

^The  Indian  viUage  of  Hard  Fish,  or  Wishecomaque.  as  it  is  in 
the  Indian  tongue,  was  located  where  the  city  of  EddyviUe  now 
stands,  . 

2An  Indian  viUage  about  a  mile  north  of  the  present  city  or 
Colfax. 

^Deer  Creek,  or  Deer  River,  empties  into  the  Iowa  River  near 
the  west  boundary   of  the   city  of   Tama. 


336  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

of  our  land  because  we  want  to  pay  our  traders  and  to  please 
our  friends  and  relations  by  giving  something  to  them." 

Pasli  e  pa  ho,  ''I  am  pleased  that  you  gave  us  time  and 
advised  us  to  consult  among  ourselves.  It  is  an  important 
matter  and  we  Avished  the  consent  of  all  our  people  before 
we  answered  you  which  is  the  reason  we  were  so  long  in  con- 
sultation. Last  fall  our  Great  Father  sent  commissioners  to 
buy  our  land  but  we  could  not  agree  and  you  have  now  made 
us  the  same  proposition  to  which  you  have  heard  this  answer 
of  our  chiefs  and  which  is  the  answer  of  all." 

Cha  ko  mart  or  Wa  pe  ke  shit  the  Prophet,  ''I  am  not 
ashamed  to  come  before  you  like  a  man  and  express  my 
pleasure  at  the  understanding  to  which  we  have  come  among 
ourselves.  I  hope  that  when  you  make  this  treaty  you  will 
l3lot  out  all  our  debts  and  I  have  thrown  off  my  blanket  to 
show  you  that  I  am  willing  to  give  all  I  have  to  pay  an  old 
debt  we  owe  for  having  robbed  a  trader,  Mr.  George  Hunt,  a 
long  time  ago." 

Governor  Chambers,  "My  friends,  I  told  you  to  consider 
well  en  this  matter  among  yourselves.  It  is  the  wish  of  your 
Great  Father  that  you  should  all  unite  in  whatever  you  do, 
and  although  he  would  not  regard  the  voice  of  a  few  turbu- 
lent ones,  he  would  be  pleased  to  have  you  all  of  one  mind. 
I  told  you  the  day  before  yesterday  and  now  tell  you  again,  it 
is  his  wish  to  buy  all  your  land  provide  you  a  better  home. 
He  knows  as  well  as  you  do  that  your  game  is  nearly  all 
gone  from  your  lands  here  and  that  if  you  go  north  to  hunt, 
you  meet  with  your  old  enemies,  the  Sioux,  w^ho  will  fight 
and  kill  you,  and  he  wants  to  put  you  where  your  hunting 
grounds  will  be  better.  He  knows  that  if  he  buys  only  a 
part  of  your  land  now,  you  will  soon  have  to  sell  more.  The 
AVhites  will  follow  you  as  buzzards  do  a  carcass  to  get  your 
money  and  everything  of  value  you  have,  and  they  will  fol- 
low you  again.  You  know  this  and  you  know  that  it  will  be 
the  case  as  long  as  you  have  any  land  to  sell.  If  you  sell 
all  the  lands  you  now  own,  and  get  the  money  for  them,  you 
will  be  out  of  their  reach  and  be  able  to  live  easier  and  bet- 
ter and  have  better  hunting  gTounds  than  you  now  have.  One 
of  (you)  said  you  wanted  money  to  pay  your  traders;  well, 


SAC  AND  FOX  INDIAN  COUNCIL  OF  1842  337 

if  you  pay  them  now,  how  long  will  it  be  before  yoii  will 
again  be  in  debt  to  them  and  have  to  pay  them  again  and 
when  you  sell  it  ail,  how  will  you  then  pay  them  ?  You  see 
then  3^ou  will  be  compelled  to  continue  selling  until  you  will 
be  shoved  off  your  lands  entirely  and  will  then  have  nothing 
left  to  pay  with  or  live  upon. 

"The  president  looks  upon  you  as  a  part  cf  his  i>reat  fam- 
ily. It  is  his  duty  to  take  care  of  you  and  to  protect  you 
and  see  that  you  are  not  imposed  upon.  He  does  not  want 
your  land  for  present  use.  lie  has  enough  in  Illinois  and 
Missouri,  and  in  the  north.  You  attach  great  value  to  your 
lead  mines  but  all  you  have  sold  him  have  only  been  a  trouble 
to  him.  fSome  of  his  people  make  money  by  it.  but  others 
wear  out  their  lives  in  digging  without  any  success.  He 
does  not  consider  lead  mines  of  any  advantage  to  him.  Those 
he  has,  gave  him  more  trouble  than  profit.  Day  before  yes- 
terday, I  made  you  the  proposal  the  President  directed  me 
to  make  to  you  and  you  have  rejected  and  have  made  one  of 
your  own.  You  have  offered  me  less  than  a  half  of  youi-  land 
and  if  I  were  to  accept  your  offer  I  could  only  pay  for  it  in 
])r()portion  to  the  whole  sum  I  have  offered  you  for  all,  and 
all  I  could  give  you  for  it  would  but  little  more  than  pay 
your  debts.  Your  land  then  would  be  gone,  and  your  money 
would  be  gone  to  the  traders  and  whiskey  sellers  who  would 
be  ready  next  year  for  as  much  more. 

"I  cannot  therefore  accept  your  proposition.  Tlie  President 
would  be  dis})l eased  if  I  were  to  do  so  liecause  you  would 
be  ruined  by  it.  I  wish  you  therefore  to  go  into  council 
again,  think  well  of  what  I  have  said  to  you  think  of  the 
effect  of  selling  a  small  part  of  your  lands  and  then  I  will 
meet  you  in  council  again." 

Keokuk  then  said  "This  is  the  second  time  we  have  heard 
you  on  this  subject.  I  think  my  friends  have  made  a  mis- 
take in  saying  that  all  of  our  peoples  have  been  in  council. 
That  cannot  have  been."  And  leaving  the  council,  it 
thereupon  dispersed. 

Saturday,  October  8th.  The  coimcil  having  been  assembled. 

Ma  why  why,  a  Fox,  said,  "We  told  you  the  day  before 
yesterday  that  we  had  determined  to  permit  those  men  whom 


338  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

the  Great  Spirit  had.  placed  over  us  to  speak  for  us  in  this 
matter  and  they  will  now  give  our  final  answer. ' ' 

Powsheik,  "I  believe  we  are  now  all  present.  This  is  an 
important  occasion  to  us  and  as  is  usual  with  us  in  such  cases, 
we  have  taken  much  time  to  consider  it  and  we  are  all  willing- 
now  to  accept  the  proposition  you  made  us  last  fall." 

Kish  ke  kosh,  "You  told  us  day  before  yesterday  to  go 
back  to  our  tents  and  reconsider  this  subject.  We  have  done 
so  and  after  much  difficulty  have  reconciled  all  to  the  answer 
just  given.  We  were  certain  you  had  forgotten  something 
on  this  oecasion  which  you  promised  to  us  last  fall.  Then 
you  was  willing  to  give  us  one  million  dollars  and  pay  all 
our  debts  in  addition  and  as  you  appear  to  have  forgotten  it, 
we  now  remind  you  of  it  and  submit  it  as  the  wish  of  all 
our  people.  In  our  treaties  heretofore,  our  friends  the  Sacs 
have  had  the  entire  management  but  what  my  chief  has 
said  is  the  wish  of  all,  both  Sacs  and  Foxes.  We  are  one 
people.  In  our  new  home  we  hope  you  will  not  let  us  be 
imposed  upon  by  the  red  men  we  live  near  and  we  want  you 
to  prepare  the  agentis  of  those  people  for  our  coming." 

Wish  e  CO  maque,  "I  am  pleased  to  hear  the  opinion  of 
our  friends  the  Foxes.  I  also  was  of  opinion  that  you  had 
forgotten  a  part  of  the  offer  made  last  fall  and  was  listening 
to  hear  it.  We  wish  you  to  adhere  to  that  proposition.  Our 
people  have  not  forgotten  it  and  have  agreed  to  accept  it." 

Pash  e  pa  ho,  ''You  have  heard  what  has  just  been  said. 
It  is  good.  Although  yon  forgot  to  mention  that  you  would 
pay  our  debts  in  addition  to  giving  us  $1,000,000,  you  can 
do  so  now  and  we  know  you  will.  It  is  also  good  that  you 
inform  the  agents  of  our  brethren  on  the  Missouri  to  tell 
their  people  that  we  are  coming  among  them.  Some  of  them 
are  bad  men,  for  I  know  them  my  self,  and  you  know  us  well 
enough  to  tell  them  that  if  they  do  not  meddle  with  us,  we 
will  not  trouble  them,  and  to  tell  them  too,  that  if  they 
molest  us  we  will  retaliate  and  you  know  that  we  can  do  it." 

Keokuk,  ''You  have  heard  the  eause  of  our  delay  and  I 
presume  think  it  is  a  good  omen.  And  now  on  this  clear  day, 
I  give  you  the  answer  of  all  our  people  to  your  proposition 
for  the  sale  of  our  lands.     Last  fall,  our  Great  Father  told 


SAC  AND  FOX  INDIAN  COUNCIL  OF  1842  339 

you  to  offer  us  $1,000,000  and  to  pay  all  our  debts,  and  find 
us  a  good  home  if  we  would  let  him  have  all  the  land  we 
owned.  After  many  consultations,  among  ourselves,  we  have 
come  to  the  conclusion  that  it  was  good,  but  we  want  them 
to  look  at  our  new  home  and  prepare  to  move  their  women 
and  children  tliere.  We  wish  therefore  to  remain  in  our 
present  country  west  of  a  line  running  north  and  south 
through  the  mouth  of  White  Breast,  for  three  years.  We 
want  you  also  to  inform  those  people  on  the  Missouri  that 
we  are  coming  to  live  among  them  and  that  we  want  to  live 
peaceably.  Some  of  them  steal  and  sometimes  they  kill  each 
other,  but  if  they  do  so  to  us,  we  will  have  to  protect  our- 
selves and  to  fight  too.  We  caution  you  iiow  so  that  if  they 
molest  us  you  cannot  he  angry  if  we  seek  revenge.  We  will 
not  troul)le  them  l)ut  they  must  let  us  alone. 

"We  are  now  ready  to  draw  up  the  writing  and  in  doing 
so,  we  have  many  little  things  to  talk  about ;  nuuiy  poor 
friends  and  relatives  to  think  of,  and  also  to  provide  for  tlie 
future  as  well  as  the  present  and  past.  We  would  like  to  liave 
our  white  friend,  ^Mr.  Clioteau's  son-in-law,  ^Ir.  Sandford, 
and  our  interpreter,  Mr.  Le  Claire,  to  be  with  us.  They  know 
us  and  can  advise  us." 

Governor  Chambers,  "My  friends,  I  am  glad  that  you  have 
come  to  an  agreement  among  yourselves  as  one  people.  I 
can  only  know  and  consider  you  as  such  in  nw  intercourse 
with  you.  You  are  all  brothers.  You  have  inter-married. 
You  hunt  together  and  live  together  and  you  'Can  only  l)e 
considered  as  one  nation.  You  have  now  agreed  to  sell  your 
lands  and  ask  the  protection  of  your  great  father  in  your 
new  homes.  This  you  shall  have,  my  long  intercourse  with 
you  has  made  me  your  friend,  and  if  I  thought  you  could 
not  live  peaceably  and  happy  where  he  places  you,  I  would 
not  ask  you  to  >sell  and  remove.  I  will  tell  your  red  brethren 
w^herever  you  go,  that  you  are  coming  to  live  near  them  and 
that  they  must  be  your  friends.  Your  great  father  has  sol- 
diers everywhere  who  can  and  will  protect  you  if  these  people 
attempt  to  molest  you.  But  I  hope  we  will  be  able  to  place 
■vou  among  your  friends  whom  you  know  and  with  wliom 
you  have  hunted.  . 


340  .  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

''I  am  now  ready  to  prepare  the  papers  and  will  meet 
your  chiefs  this  evening  for  the  purpose  of  talking  over  the 
details  that  are  to  be  written  down.  You  can  bring  any  of 
your  white  friends  you  wish  with  you,  and  we  will  talk  it 
all  over." 

On  meeting  the  chiefs  and  braves  in  the  afternoon  in  a 
similar  conversation,  they  again  urged  that  the  Governor 
should  confirm  the  offer  made  last  fall  of  paying  their  debtr, 
in  addition  to  the  $1,000,000  to  wiiich  he  replied  that  he  had 
told  them  very  candidly  what  their  great  father  had  allowed 
him  to  offer  them,  and  that  he  could  not  consent  to  extend  the 
offer.  They,  however,  insisted  upon  it,  and  after  some  con- 
sultation among  themselves,  they  inquired  how  much  he 
thought  their  debts  would  amount  to,  to  which  the  Governor 
replied  that  he  had  not  yet  been  able  to  ascertain  the  amount, 
Imt  that  from  the  examination  that  had  been  made,  lie 
thought  it  would  not  exceed  $300,000.  They  then  said  they 
would  agree  to  pay  $200,000  of  the  debts  out  of  their 
$1,000,000,  but  their  great  father  must  pay  the  balance, 
which  the  Governor  finally  agreed  to,  but  said  it  must  be 
understood  that  no  debts  should  be  allowed  by  them  but  such 
as  he  should  consider  just,  to  which  they  agreed. 

The  chiefs  then  said  that  having  agreed  to  sell  their  land 
they  must  have  a  home  upon  it  west  of  the  line  running 
north  and  soutli  from  the  mouth  of  the  White  Breast  at  the 
Des  Moines  to  strike  the  neutral  ground  on  the  north  and  the 
line  of  the  state  of  Missouri  on  the  south,  for  three  years. 
To  this  the  Governor  answered  that  it  was  very  important 
to  them  to  remove  as  early  as  the  President  could  point  out 
the  place  to  which  they  could  go  aind  he  would  much  prefer 
that  they  should  remove  as  soon  as  that  was  done. 

The  chiefs  said  it  w^as  probable  they  w^ould  wish  to  do  so, 
but  still  they  desired  to  have  three  years  to  remove  in.  The 
Governor  then  told  them  that  if  they  would  agree  to  let  the 
line  run  north  and  south  from  the  Painted  or  Red  Rock  on 
White  Breast,  understood  to  be  6  or  8  miles  from  the  junction 
of  that  stream  with  the  Des  Moines  and  would  remove  west 
of  that  line  by  the  first  of  May  next,  he  would  agree  that 
they  should  remain  there  three  years,  if  they  insisted  upon 


SAC  AND  FOX  INDIAN  COUNCIL  OP  1842  341 

it,  but  advised  them  earnestly  against  doing  so  longer  than 
the  President  should  give  them  a  place  to  go. 

This  being  agreed  to,  they  entered  into  a  variety  of  argu- 
ments to  prove  that  they  ought  to  make  provision  for  their 
poor  friends,  meaning  the  half  breeds  and  white  people  who 
had  inter-married  among  them.  The  Governor  advised  them 
against  such  a  disposition  of  their  money  and  their  friend 
Major  Sanford  told  them  they  ought  to  divide  the  half  breeds 
with  the  Governor  and  let  him  provide  for  one  half  of  them 
as  they  were  the  children  of  white  people  as  well  as  of  tlie 
redskins,  but  that  it  was  wrong  to  give  them  anything.  It 
was  too  much  like  hiring  the  white  men  to  take  their  Avomen 
for  wives.  They  however  adhered  to  their  wisli  and  left  the 
matter  open  for  further  consideration. 

The  chiefs  by  Keokuk  then  told  the  Governor  that  they 
wanted  to  give  one  mile  square  of  land  around  the  agency 
house  to  the  family  of  their  old  friend  General  Street,  their 
late  agent.  The  Governor  asked  them  why  they  wished  to 
make  such  a  gift  and  told  them  he  did  not  wish  them  to 
begin  to  make  presents  of  land.  There  would  be  no  end  to 
it.  Keokuk  answered  that  General  Street  had  been  good 
friend  to  them  Avhen  alive,  that  they  had  buried  their  dis- 
tinguished chief  Wapello  along  side  of  General  Street,  and 
had  given  their  agent  $100  to  erect  such  a  stone  over  liis 
grave  as  was  over  General  Street ;  that  their  tribe  was  now- 
going  away  and  they  would  not  consent  to  let  these  graves 
go  into  the  possession  of  strangers;  they  want  the  family 
of  General  Street  to  take  care  of  them.'  The  Governor  told 
them  that  the  government  had  been  at  the  expense  of  build- 
ing the  agency  house  and  he  was  not  authorized  to  give  it 
away,  but  if  they  would  agree  to  pay  what  it  should  be  now 
valued  at  by  gentlemen  who  were  judges  of  its  value,  he 
would  agree  to  their  request  and  to  this  proposition.  The 
chiefs  assented.  There  w^as  much  additional  conversation 
which  did  not  result  in  any  specific  arrangement  and  the 
council  adjourned  to  meet  again  tomorrow  morning. 

^This  monument  was  provided  and  the  land  granted  to  Mrs.  Street 
as  requested.  Upon  the  death  of  Mrs.  Street  the  lands  passed  en 
and  finaUy  into  the  possession  of  the  Chicago,  BurHngton  &  Quincy 
Railroad    Company,    which    now    maintains    them. 


342  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

Sunday  morning,  October  9th. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  council  this  morning  Governor  Cham- 
bers told  the  Chiefs  and  head  men  that  if  anything  further 
had  occurred  to  them  which  they  wished  to  suggest  before 
the  treaty  was  drawn  up,  he  wished  to  hear  it,  and  then  told 
them  that  he  would  again  recommend  to  them  very  earnestly 
the  adoption  of  the  wishes  of  their  great  father,  the  Presi- 
dent, that  they  should  apply  some  portion  of  their  money  to 
agricultural  purposes  and  to  the  education  of  their  children, 
and  reminded  them  of  what  had  been  recommended  to  them 
last  year  upon  those  subjects.  He  then  told  them  it  was  his 
advice  to  them  to  make  some  provision  for  their  chiefs  who 
were  compelled  to  attend  the  affairs  of  the  tribe,  and  were 
expected  to  entertain  and  feed  strangers,  and  friends  who 
visited  them,  and  had  not  time  to  hunt  and  attend  to  their 
own  interests.  And  he  recommended  that  they  should  give 
the  principal  chiefs  $500  each  per  year  to  be  applied  with 
the  advice  of  their  agent.  He  recommended  to  them  to  make 
provision  for  a  national  fund  to  be  expended  by  their 
chiefs  with  the  consent  of  their  agent  for  the  support  of  their 
poor  and  helpless  of  the  tribe  and  for  such  other  benevolent 
purposes  as  might  present  themselves,  and  to  purchase  pro- 
visions when  their  hunts  failed  and  their  necessities  required. 

Keokuk  then  answered  that  as  to  expending  their  money 
for  agricultural  purposes,  or  schools,  or  building  houses,  they 
had  consulted  among  themselves  and  determined  as  they  did 
last  year  they  could  not  consent  to  it.  A  number  of  the 
braves  then  spoke  and  all  concurred  in  the  suggestion  of 
giving  their  chiefs  $500  a  year  and  creating  a  national  fund 
as  recommended  by  the  Governor.  They  said  they  believed 
he  was  their  friend  and  had  a  good  heart,  and  they  wished 
him  to  fix  the  amount  to  be  retained  every  year  as  a  national 
fund.  Finally  the  chiefs  and  braves  were  unanimous  in 
assenting  to  the  adoption  of  those  suggestions.  Several  of 
their  chiefs  then  spoke  with  much  earnestness  of  their  wish 
to  provide  for  two  women  of  their  tribe  who  were  married 
to  white  men,  said  they  had  given  up  the  idea  of  providing 
:f or  any  others  upon  the  advice  of  the  Governor,  but  they 
hoped  he  would  consent  to  their  giving  one  box.of  mbiiey  to 


SAC  AND  POX  INDIAN  COUNCIL  OF  1842  343 

each  of  these  women  because  the  Indians  very  often  ate  at 
their  houses  and  were  always  kindly  treated  by  them.  The 
Governor  told  them  he  liked  the  manly  liberality  whieli  they 
always  manifested  and  especially  when  it  was  directed  to- 
wards their  women,  but  that  if  they  opened  the  door,  he 
knew  there  were  forty  or  fifty  more  ready  to  rush  in  and 
that  they  could  not  withstand  them.  Tliese  people  always 
gathered  about  them  when  they  made  a  treaty  or  received  a 
payment,  and  cared  nothing  about  them  at  any  other  time; 
that  these  white  men's  wives  deserved  iiothing  more  from 
them  than  any  other  of  their  women  and  they  were  oidy 
offering  a  premium  to  white  men  to  marry  their  prettiest 
young  women  and  deprive  their  young  men  of  a  choice,  lie 
entirely  disapproved  it  and  hoped  they  woukl  give  it  up — 
which,  upon  further  consideration,  they  agreed  to  do. 

They  then  requested  that  provision  should  be  made  for 
marking  the  line  from  the  Painted  or  Red  Kock  on  AVhite 
Breast  west  of  which  they  were  to  remove.  They  wanted  it 
so  marked  that  the  white  people  could  see  it  and  wished  tliat 
they  should  be  allowed  to  follow  the  surveyors  over  it. 

The  Indians  finally  requested  that  the  papers  miuiit  be 
drawn  up  and  prepared  for  signing,  and  the  Governor  de- 
sired them  to  meet  him  early  tomorrow  morning  to  look  into 
the  debts  that  were  brought  in  against  them,  and  tell  liim 
which  of  them  were  just  and  which  of  them  were  not  so. 
Whereupon  the  council  adjourned. 

The  council  having  reassembled,  at  10:00  o'clock  on  Mon- 
day the  10th  of  October,  Governor  Chambers  proceeded  to 
read  the  articles  of  the  treaty  to  the  Indians  present  and  to 
have  every  part  of  it  carefully  interpreted  to  them,  request- 
ing them  repeatedly  to  ask  explanations  if  there  was  any- 
thing they  did  not  perfectly  understand.  They  all  expressed 
their  entire  satisfaction  with  the  terms  of  the  treaty  as  read 
to  them,  but  there  was  a  blank  left  for  the  insertion  of  the 
aggregate  amount  of  their  debts  which  the  Governor  told 
them  could  not  be  filled  until  he  held  a  council  with  them 
on  that  subject  (of  the  claims  which  had  been  presented 
against  them).  There  was  also  a  blank  for  the  amount  of 
the  national  fund  which  they  proposed  to  retain  each  year 


344  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

out  of  their  annuities;  that  he  had  considered  their  request 
to  him  to  fix  the  sum,  but  felt  at  a  loss  about  it  and  would 
be  glad  to  have  their  views  on  the  subject.  He  said  he 
thought  this  fund  had  better  be  a  large  one.  If  they  did  not 
use  it  in  any  one  year,  there  would  be  no  loss  of  the  money. 
It  would  still  be  in  the  hands  of  their  agent  for  their  use 
another  year.  He  said  he  had  thought  of  $200,000  as  the 
least  sum  they  ought  to  reserve  and  would  be  pleased  to 
enlarge  it  if  they  were  willing.  They  then  consulted  together 
and  finally  requested  that  the  sum  might  be  set  down  at 
$300,000. 

Keokuk  then  said  there  was  one  thing  he  wished  to  mention 
to  their  father.  They  were  now  making  their  last  treaty 
with  their  white  friends  for  the  sale  of  their  lands,  and  it 
had  been  customary  on  such  occasions  for  their  great  father 
to  send  their  chiefs  each  a  large  medal  and  each  of  the  prin- 
cipal braves  a  smaller  one;  and  they  hoped  he  would  do  so 
now.  The  Governor  told  him  they  would  jnake  the  request 
of  their  great  father  and  had  no  doubt  he  would  take  great 
pleasure  in  complying  with  it. 

Keokuk  then  said  there  was  another  thing  he  wished  to 
say.  He  understood  that  the  great  council  at  Washing-ton 
sometimes  altered  treaties  made  with  the  red  men  after  they 
were  signed.  That  he  and  his  people  did  not  want  this 
treaty  changed  after  they  had  signed  it,  and  they  wished  to 
have  it  written  down  in  the  treaty  that  it  is  not  to  be  altered 
or  changed  in  any  way,  and  that  if  it  is,  it  shall  no  longer  be 
binding  upon  them.  The  Governor  told  them  in  reply  that  he 
would  to  satisfy  them,  insert  a  clause  in  the  treaty  that  if 
any  alteration  or  change  in  the  treaty  should  be  proposed  by 
the  Senate,  it  should  be  sent  back  for  them  to  consider  of  it 
and  if  they  disapproved  the  proposed  change  or  amendment, 
it  should  have  no  effect  and  the  treaty  should  be  sent  back 
to  Washington  for  ratification  or  rejection  as  it  was  when 
they  signed  it.  Keokuk  answered  for  his  people  that  they 
would  be  satisfied  with  such  an  article. 

The  commissioners  appointed  by  the  Governor  to  affirm  the 
claims  against  the  Indians  then  came  into  the  council  and 
together  with  the  Governor  and  Chiefs,  head  men  and  braves, 


SAC  AND  FOX  INDIAN  COUNCIL  OF  1842  345 

proceeded  to  council  upon  the  various  claims  that  had  l)een 
presented. 

The  council  having  again  assembled  on  this  morning'  of 
the  11th  of  October,  the  treaty  was  publicly  read  by  the  Sec- 
retary after  which  it  was  duly  signed  ])y  the  (Commissioner 
and  Indians.  This  done,  Governor  Chamliers  remarked:  "^ly 
friends,  this  business  on  which  we  liave  been  engaged,  being 
now  concluded,  I  take  pleasure  in  saying  to  you  that  you 
have  acted  nobly  and  generously.  I  shall  so  inform  your 
great  father  w^ho  I  am  sure  will  feel  much  kindness  towards 
you.  The  step  you  have  taken  is  an  important  one.  I  believe 
it  will  insure  your  greater  comfort  and  happiness. 

"In  conclusion,  I  implore  that  the  Great  Spirit  aljove  will 
always  watch  over  and  protect  you.    I  bid  you  now  farewell." 

And  the  Indians,  having  taken  the  Governor  l)y  the  liand, 
the  council  dissolved. 

I  certify  that  the  foregoing  record  is  correct. 

Joiix  Beach,  Secrctanj. 


Northern  Boundary  Survey. 

The  steamer,  Lamartine,  left  this  city  on  Thursday  evening 
last  for  Lansing,  in  Allamakee  county,  having  on  board  most 
of  the  party  to  be  employed  in  establishing  the  Northern 
Boundary  line  of  this  State  this  season.  The  Avork  will  Ijo  done 
under  instructions  from  the  surveyor  general  of  AVisconsin 
and  Iowa.  Capt.  Andrew  Talcott  will  have  particular  direc- 
tion of  the  field  and  astronomical  operations.  Isaac  W.  Smith, 
late  of  the  Creek  and  Cherokee  boundary  survey,  is  assistant 
surveyor,  and  George  R.  Stuntz  and  John  S.  Sheller,  second  as- 
sistants. 

Active  field  operations  will  be  entered  upon  immediately. 
The  place  of  beginning  will  be  at  a  monument  heretofore  es- 
tablished by  Captain  Lee  a  few  miles  from  Lansing.  The  party 
is  provisioned  for  six  months,  and  great  exertions  will  be  made 
to  complete  the  work  the  present  season. 

(Dubuque  Tribune.) — Iowa  Cit}^,  Iowa  Republican,  April 
14,  1852.  (In  the  newspaper  collection  of  the  Historical  De- 
partment of  lo'wa.) 


346  ANNALS  OP  IOWA 


JOHN  A.  KASSON,  AN  AUTOBIOGRAPHY^ 

John  Adam  Kasson  was  born  in  the  country  town  of  Char- 
lotte, Vermont,  January  11,  1822. 

His  parents  were  John  Steele  Kasson  and  Nancy  Black- 
man,  who  were  fairly  educated  country  people,  intelligent 
and  irreproachable  in  character,  who  migrated  from  Connec- 
ticut to  Vermont  in  1816.  Both  were  devoted  to  giving  the 
best  education  obtainable  to  their  children,  of  whom  the 
youngest  was  the  above  named.  Their  father  died  in  1828, 
the  mother  in  1860. 

The  blood  was  Scotch-Irish  mingled  with  English.  Adam 
Kasson  with  Jane  Hall,  his  wife,  and  nine  children  sailed 
from  Ulster,  Ireland,  in  1722  to  Boston,  Massachusetts,  and 
taking  a  body  of  land  lying  partly  in  Rhode  Island  and 
partly  in  Connecticut  settled  upon  it.  Thence  their  descend- 
ants have  scattered  to  Massachusetts,  Vermont,  New  York, 
Pennsylvania,  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  Iowa,  Louisiana 
and  California. 

James,  sixth  son  of  the  first  emigrant,  Adam,  built  a  home- 
stead at  Bethlehem,  near  Litchfield,  Connecticut,  in  1760, 
which  remained  in  the  family  130  years.  To  him  and  his 
wife,  Esther  Duncan,  was  born  in  1763,  Adam  his  tenth 
child.  He  married  Homour  Steele,  descendant  of  that  John 
Steele  who  was  one  of  the  proprietors  of  Cambridge,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  after  being  a  member  alternately  of  both  upper 
and  lower  house  of  the  Colonial  Legislature  and  its  secretary, 
became  afterwards  a  leader  and  founder  of  the  town  of 
Hartford,  Connecticut  and  its  registrar  for  many  years.  For 
him  this  Adam's  son,  John  Steele  Kasson  was  named;  and 
this  latter  was  the  father  of  John  A.  Kasson,  his  youngest 
child. 

Of  the  ancestral  family  Robert  Kasson  served  in  the  French 
and    Revolutionary    Wars,    and    Colonel    Archibald   Kasson 


^This  sketch  was  written  by  Mr.  Kasson  a  few  years  before  his 
death,  for  an  eastern  publishing-  company,  and  the  document  as  he 
wrote  it  is  on  file  in  the  Historical  Department.  The  great  career 
of  this  illustrious  statesman  and  international  diplomat  justifies  the 
laudatory   statements   he  makes   about   himself. — Editor. 


•^^  w  /. 


JOHN  A.  KASSON 

The  original  painting  from  which  this  cut  is  made  hangs 
the  portrait  gallery  of  the  Historical  Department  of  Iowa 


JOHN  A.  KASSON,  AN  AUTOBIOGRAPHY  347 

served  throughout  the  Revolutionary  War,  aud  at  its  close 
was  honored  with  a  brigadier  general's  commission.  Of  the 
Blackmans  one  is  known  to  have  ])een  a  lieutenant  and  inem- 
ber  of  an  expeditionary  force  to  Ticonderoga,  and  liis  ]iote- 
book  thereof  remains  in  the  family. 

John  Adam  Kasson  was  educated  at  the  University  of 
Vermont,  in  Burlington,  and  graduated  in  1842,  ranking 
first  in  Greek,  and  second  in  average  of  all  studies. 

His  earliest  experiences  were  on  a  farm  near  Lake  Ciiamp- 
lain,  and  at  the  common  school  of  the  town.  Having  been 
orphaned  by  the  death  of  his  father  at  the  age  of  six  years, 
the  family  afterwards  settled  in  Burlington  for  his  educa- 
tion, and  that  of  his  eldest  brother,  Charles  de  Forest  Kasson, 
in  the  study  of  the  law.  The  younger  brother  developed  a 
taste  for  reading  and  study,  was  fond  of  horses  and  dogs, 
and  was  ambitious  and  diligent  in  his  studies  at  school  and 
the  university.  After  gi^aduation,  restless  and  eager  to  see 
the  world,  he  took  a  position  as  tutor  in  a  Virginia  family 
for  a  few  months — returned  to  Burlington  and  began  the 
study  of  the  law.  Again  restless  under  his  limitations  and 
having  a  few  extra  dollars  in  his  pocket,  he  left  without 
adieus  to  the  family  for  Boston,  tried  to  embark  for  a  sailing 
voyage  on  an  old  schooner  fit  for  shipwreck,  failed,  turned 
inland  to  Worcester,  Massachusetts,  where  he  arrived  with 
his  funds  exhausted,  and  entered  the  law  office  of  Emory 
Washburn,  afterward  judge  and  governor  of  Massachusetts. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  by  Judge  Washburn  in  1844. 
After  consulting  the  distinguished  Rufus  Choate  at  Boston, 
he  went  to  pursue  his  profession  at  New  Bedford.  There  he 
formed  a  partnership  with  Thomas  Dawes  Eliot,  and  had 
much  practice  .from  that  whaling  port  in  the  courts  of  admir- 
alty at  Boston.  At  this  time  he  published  an  article  in  the 
"Law  Reporter"  advocating  a  reform  in  the  cumbrous  com- 
mon law  system  by  simplification  of  pleadings,  partial  disuse 
of  juries,  and  diminution  of  legal  expenses.  He  also  took 
part  in  the  anti-slavery  movement  of  1848,  was  sent  as  a 
delegate  to  the  Free  Soil  Convention  at  Buffalo,  and  was 
on  his  return  nominated  for  congress  on  that  issue  from  the 


348  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

New  Bedford  District,  a  nomination  which  at  that  early  age 
he  had  the  good  sense  to  decline. 

Still  feeling  the  pressure  on  him  of  the  settled  institutions 
and  the  hereditary  systems  of  that  old  society,  his  desires 
turned  to  the  new  and  open  West,  where  west  of  the 
Allegheny  Mountains  all  traveling  was  then  done  by  boat  on 
rivers  and  lakes  and  by  stage  coach  or  wagon  or  horseback 
across  country.  Having  by  this  time  some  surplus  earnings 
in  money,  he  removed  in  1850  to  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  where 
he  arranged  for  law  practice  with  J.  B.  Crockett,  afterwards 
a  supreme  judge  in  California,  to  whose  business  he  suc- 
ceeded. For  a  short  time  he  associated  with  him  Hon.  B. 
Gratz  Brown,  afterward  United  States  senator  from  Missouri 
and  a  candidate  for  vice  president  on  the  Greeley  ticket.  He 
was  very  successful  in  his  practice  at  that  bar,  which  was 
then  distinguished  by  such  men  as  Henry  S.  Geyer,  afterward 
a  United  States  senator,  and  Edward  Bates,  afterward  United 
States  attorney  general  under  Lincoln. 

He  continued  in  his  profession  there  until  1856,  when  he 
found  his  health  deteriorating  under  the  influence  of  that 
climate,  and  the  controlling  pro-slavery  elements  of  Missouri 
were  distasteful  to  him.  After  a  year  of  comparative  idleness 
and  a  tour  in  Europe,  he  finally  in  1857  established  himself 
at  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  which  had  just  then  been  declared  the 
new  and  permanent  capital  of  that  young  state.  It  was  then 
a  large  struggling  village,  but  full  of  hope  and  ambition  as 
the  coming  capital  city.  He  soon  had  a  large  docket  as  an 
attorney,  the  docket  much  fuller  than  his  purse.  Hard-work- 
ing farmers,  but  no  money.  Panic  of  1857  impoverished 
everybody.  There  was  no  river  navigation  nor  railroad  to 
the  capital.  Road  and  bridges  bad,  and  wagon  transportation 
slow  and  costly.  The  wagon  which  carried  him  for  two  days 
and  nights  to  Des  Moines  broke  down  before  reaching  the 
city,  leaving  him  to  walk  the  remaining  distance  through 
the  mud  to  his  future  home.  Everything  discouraging.  But 
he  stuck  to  his  purpose  of  sharing  the  fate  and  fortune  of 
this  frontier  and  western  people.  Years  of  weary  waiting, 
in  which  he  formed  his  close  attachment  to  his  fellow-fron- 
tiersmen, who  afterward  stood  so  constantly  by  him  in  many 


JOHN  A.  KASSON,  AN  AUTOBIOGRAPHY  349 

political  contests.  In  his  political  campaigns  he  travelled 
in  open  wagons,  he  ate  in  their  kitchens,  slept  when  necessary 
on  the  floors  of  their  cabins  or  in  the  hay  loft,  and  shared 
their  deprivations.  Withont  wrangling  over  nnpaid  fees,  he 
sometimes  accepted  in  place  of  money  a  load  of  vegetables 
which  a  farmer  would  bring  him. 

In  1858-59  he  was  made  chairman  of  the  Iowa  State  Kepnb- 
lican  Committee,  and  organized  for  the  first  time  systematic- 
ally the  Republican  party  of  that  state.  He  was  also  ap- 
pointed by  Governor  Lowe  chairman  of  a  commission  to 
examine  and  report  upon  tlie  condition  of  the  executive 
offices  of  the  state,  which  had  just  been  removed  to  the  ]ic\v 
capitol,  and  made  report  thereon  recommending  various  im- 
l)rovements  of  administration.  lie  was  also  made  a  state 
director  in  the  newly  organized  State  Bank  of  Iowa.  In  1860 
he  was  sent  as  delegate  from  the  state  at  large  to  the  Eepub- 
lican  National  Convention  at  Chicago  Avliich  nominated  I^in- 
coln.  He  was  chosen  to  represent  that  state  in  committee  on 
resolutions,  and  on  the  sul)-committee  which  framed  the  plat- 
form. After  an  all-niglit  session  of  this  committee  of  live, 
of  which  Horace  Greeley  was  one,  Kasson  was  left  to  reduce 
the  platform  to  its  final  shape  and  style,  while  Greeley,  as 
the  morning  sun  was  rising,  left  the  room  to  telegraph  the 
Xew  York  Tribune  that  the  platform  was  complete,  and  that 
credit  for  it  was  chiefly  due  to  Jolni  A.  Kasson  of  Iowa,  as 
appears  by  the  Tribune  of  that  issne.  From  thjii  lime 
throughout  the  campaign  lie  was  on  the  stuDip  in  the  A'V  est 
advocating  the  election  of  Abraliam  Lincoln,  and  supj'ortiog 
that  clause  of  the  platform  wliieh  lie  himself  had  penned, 
tluit  '"the  normal  condition  of  all  the  territories  of  the  Lnitcd 
States  was  that  of  freedom." 

Joyous  over  the  wonderful  victory  of  his  party  in  1860, 
and  made  anxious  by  the  threatening  organization  of  rebel- 
lion, he  travelel  to  Washington  to  witness  the  inauguration 
of  the  new  president  in  March,  1861.  Intensity  of  feeling 
was  there  divided  between  the  rebellious  movement  in  the 
South  and  the  organization  of  the  new  cabinet.  ^Montgomer}' 
Blair,  whom  he  had  known  as  a  judge  in  St.  Louis  had  been 
selected  for  postmaster  general.    By  desire  of  Senator  Grimes 


350  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

of  Iowa  Mr.  Kasson  was  most  unexpectedly  offered  the  jDlace 
of  first  assistant  postmaster  general  and  accepted  it.  His 
nomination  was  the  second  sent  to  the  Senate  by  President 
Lincohi  for  confirmation,  the  first  being  that  of  Mr,  Lincoln's 
personal  friend,  Mr.  Judd  of  Illinois  for  minister  to  Prussia. 
In  this  way  Mr.  Kasson  was  introduced  into  that  branch 
of  the  national  service  where  as  it  later  appeared  he  was  to 
render  some  historical  service  in  national  and  international 
postal  relations.  At  first  he  was  overwhelmed  with  the  work 
of  discharging  and  appointing  postmasters,  sometimes  reach- 
ing six  hundred  changes  in  one  day,  both  on  account  of  poli- 
tics and  for  disloyalty.  In  those  days  civil  service  reform 
had  not  been  introduced.  Mail  communications  with  the 
Secession  States  were  broken  up.  As  our  armies  advanced 
southward  Kasson  prepared  an  armj^  postal  system  which 
was  approved  by  the  military  authorities  and  used  during 
the  war.  As  soon  as  this  pressure  of  official  duties  was 
relieved,  he  turned  his  attention  to  the  condition  of  the  postal 
laws.  They  were  scattered  through  many  statutes.  He  pre- 
pared a  postal  code,  eliminating  obsolete  provisions.  He 
found  different  rates  prevailing  to  different  parts  of  the 
country.  He  proposed  legislation  to  make  them  uniform, 
and  this  was  adopted.  In  respect  to  foreign  countries  he 
found  as  many  differing  rates  as  there  were  nations,  and  a 
complicated  system  of  international  accounts,  under  w^hi-ch 
this  country  was  brought  largely  in  debt  for  balances  each 
,vear  to  the  foreign  governments.  This  balance  w^as  payable 
in  gold,  the  premium  on  which  cost  the  United  States  Gov- 
ernment many  added  thousands  for  exchange.  To  remed}^ 
these  inconveniences  Kasson  proposed  to  Mr.  Blair  to  invite 
an  international  postal  conference  to  make  lower  and  more 
uniform  rates,  to  simplify  postal  treaties,  and  for  the  aboli- 
tion of  international  accounts.  The  detailed  plan  being  ap- 
proved by  the  postmaster  general,  invitations  were  sent 
through  the  secretary  of  state,  which  were  accepted  by  fifteen 
nations  who  were  represented  in  the  conference  held  at  Paris 
in  1863.  Kasson  was  the  commissioner  representing  the 
United  States,  and  his  propositions  were  the  basis  and  the 
beginning  of  that  great  international  postal  reform,  which 


JOHN  A.  KASSON,  AN  AUTOBIOGRAPHY  351 

lias  now  become  the  admiration  as  well  as  the  convenience 
of  the  civilized  world.  At  its  concluding-  session  the  Con- 
ference ordered  Mr.  Kasson's  closing-  address  to  be  inserted 
in  the  Proces  Verbal,  together  with  an  acknowledgment  of 
the  obligation  of  the  conference  to, "the  enlightened  and  at 
the  same  time  conciliatory  spirit"  Avhich  he  had  constantl\- 
presejited  in  their  deliberations.  (Proces  Verbal  of  June  8, 
1863.)  Kasson  remained  long  enough  in  Europe  to  visit 
several  of  the  governments  and  make  preliminary  conven- 
tions with  them  on  the  new  basis. 

Tie  returned  toward  the  close  of  that  year  to  take  his  seat 
in  the  Thirty-eighth  Congress,  to  which  he  had  in  the  mean- 
time l)een.  elected,  representing  twenty-three  counties  of 
southwestern  Iowa.  lie  was  re-elected  in  1864  to  the  Thirty- 
ninth  Congress.  During  this  time  he  made  annual  tours  oL' 
his  large  district,  speaking  in  every  county,  ardently  advo- 
cating the  support  of  ]\Ir.  Lincoln,  and  arousing  and  main- 
taining the  popular  determination  to  make  all  sacrifices  for 
the  maintenance  of  the  Union  and  for  the  extinction  of 
slavery.  In  the  Thirty-eighth  Congress  he  was  appointed  by 
Speaker  Colfax  on  the  leading  connnittee,  "Ways  and  Means, 
which  also  at  that  time  included  Appropriations.  In  the 
Thirty-ninth  Congress  he  was  appointed  on  the  Committee  of 
Appropriations,  and  chairinan  of  the  Committee  on  Coinage. 
Weights  and  Measures.  While  on  this  latter  connnittee  he 
initiated  and  carried  through  Congress  the  first  l)ill  ever 
passed  for  the  introduction  of  the  decimal  system  of  weights 
and  measures  into  the  United  States,  adopting  the  metric 
system  of  France.  He  also  reported  a  bill  which  was  passed, 
for  abolishing  the  smaller  denominations  of  paper  money. 
On  his  i:)roposition  a  measure  was  also  adopted  for  introduc- 
ing consular  clerks  into  that  service,  irremovable  except  for 
cause — the  first  step  in  the  congressional  reform  of  civil 
service.  Became  prominent  among  congressional  debaters 
in  various  departments  of  legislation,  and  secured  the  intro- 
duction of  a  clause  into  the  Bankrupt  Bill  exempting  from 
liability  the  homesteads  of  settlers  in  all  the  states  Avhere 
that  exemption  had  been  established  by  state  law.  He  always 
advocated  the  reservation  of  public  lands  for  actual  settlers. 


352  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

At  the  end  of  the  Thirty-ninth  Congress,  in  March,  1867. 
Kasson  was  again  appointed  a  commissioner  from  the  United 
States  tO'  European  governments  to  make  further  postal 
conventions  with  them,  and  signed  them  with  Great  Britain, 
Belgium,  Holland,  Germany,  Switzerland  and  Italy.  In  1873 
in  recognition  of  his  services  in  metrical  reform  he  was  made 
a  member  and  lirst  chairman  of  the  American  IMetrological 
Society,  organized  at  Columbia  College,  New  York. 

During  his  absence  in  Europe  in  the  fall  of  1867,  the  people 
of  his  home  county  elected  him  to  the  legislature  of  Iowa 
for  the  purpose  of  securing  state  action  for  the  erection  of 
a  new  capitol  at  Des  Moines.  This  election  was  repeated  in 
1869  and  1871,  when  the  Fourteenth  General  Assembly  con- 
summated the  legislation  desired.  The  contest  which  he  con- 
ducted through  three  successive  assemblies  became  memorable 
in  the  annals  of  the  state,  and  secured  still  more  for  him 
the  confidence  and  attachment  of  the  people. 

After  making  a  long  tour  in  Europe  and  parts  of  Africa 
and  Asia  in  1870  and  1871,  Mr.  Kasson  was  called  home  to 
take  his  seat  for  the  last  time  in  the  legislature  in  January, 
1872.  In  the  following  fall  he  was  elected  to  the  Forty-third 
Congress,  by  an  unexpectedly  large  vote  from  the  ten  coun- 
ties of  central  Iowa,  which  now  composed  his  district;  and 
was  re-elected  to  the  Forty-fourth  Congress  from  the  same 
district  in  1874.  During  the  Forty-third  Congress  he  again 
served  on  the  Ways  and  Means  Committee,  and  in  the  Forty- 
fourth,  which  was  Democratic,  he  was  appointed  on  the 
Banking  and  Currency  and  Pacific  Railroad  Committees,  and 
was  prominent  in  various  debates.  He  led  the  movement  for 
the  repeal  of  the  odious  provision  known  as  the  "Salary 
Grab,"  w'hicli  the  previous  congress  had  passed.  He  opposed 
all  further  land  grants  to  railroads,  and  defeated  that  pro- 
posed for  the  Texas  Pacific  Railroad. 

During  these  congresses  the  wear  and  tear  of  congressional 
service,  which  was  not  confined  to  legislative  duties  alone, 
but  embraced  an  immense  correspondence  with  constituents 
about  pension  and  other  claims  and  demands  for  personal 
and  political  favors,  added  to  his  annual  speaking  campaign, 
had  told  upon  Mr.  Kasson 's  strength  as  well  as  his  congTes- 


JOHN  A.  KASSDN,  AN  AUTOBIOGRAPHY  353 

sional  ambition.  He  resolved  to  retire  at  the  end  of  that 
congress,  and  so  declined  to  be  a  candidate  for  re-nomination 
in  the  fall  of  1876.  In  that  last  session  of  the  Forty-t'onrth 
(V)nt>'ress  occurred  the  i>reat  trial  ])ef()re  the  liistoric  Triliniial 
of  Fifteen  of  the  right  of  Rutherford  B.  Hayes  to  the  presi- 
dency, contested  by  "Sir.  Tihlen  of  New  York,  ^vliicli  excited 
intense  and  even  ])assionate  interest  throngiiout  the  Fniti^d 
States.  Mr.  Ka-son  was  selected  ])y  the  Kepublican  eommit- 
tee  in  charge  to  nnd<;e  the  opening'  arguiucnt  in  the  case  on 
the  part  of  the  Republicans  in  congress.  This  s])eech  won 
great  praise  and  was  telegraphed  in  full  to  the  press  of  the 
nation,  and  was  also  published  in  a  pampldet  and  widely 
circulated.  Soon  after  the  inauguration  of  President  Hayes 
lie  offered  .Air.  Kasson  the  post  of  minister  plenij^otentiary 
to  Spain,  and  afterward  the  alternative  of  accepting  that  to 
Austria-Hungary.  The  latter  was  accepted  by  him  as  having 
greater  diplomatic  intei'est  owing  to  the  Russo-Turhish  AVar 
then  waging  near  the  boundaries  of  that  empire,  and  tlie 
prospective  conference  of  the  Powers  at  Alenna.  lie  occu- 
pied that  post  for  four  years  to  the  satisfaction  of  his  own 
government,  as  well  as  to  that  of  Count  Andrassy.  the 
Austro-IIungarian  premier.  While  tliere  the  United  States 
government  gave  him  a  commission  as  special  envoy  to  the 
new  Servian  government  to  negotiate  a  commercial  treaty, 
and  he  visited  Belgrade  for  that  purpose.  He  also  paid  an 
unofficial  visit  to  Montenegro,  where  he  was  entertained  by 
the  prince  of  that  interesting  people. 

During  his  absence  in  Europe  the  Republicans  had  lost 
the  Iowa  district  which  Mr.  Kasson  had  formerly  represented 
in  Congress.  Toward  the  close  of  the  Hayes  administration 
his  former  constituents  requested  his  return  to  become  their 
•candidate  for  the  Forty-seventh  Congress,  in  the  liope  of 
recovering  the  district  to  the  Republicans.  He  returned  for 
that  purpose,  made  a  successful  canvas,  and  took  liis  seat  in 
congress  in  1881  for  the  fifth  time  from  the  Capital  District 
of  Iowa.  In  this  Congress  he  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  speaker  of  the  House,  and  was  appointed  chairman  of 
the  committee  on  Reform  of  Civil  Service,  and  to  the  second 
place   on   committee   of  Ways   and  Means   and   of  Foreign 


354  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

Affairs.  From  the  first  conimitteG  lie  reported  the  senate 
bill,  for  reforming  the  civil  service,  and  secured  its  passage 
in  the  House.  From  the  second  he  reported,  and  in  two 
speeches  advocated  and  secured  the  passage  of  the  bill,  pro- 
viding a  business  commission  to  revise  the  tariff.  From  the 
third  he  made  an  elaborate  report  in  favor  of  the  construc- 
tion of  the  Nicaragua  Canal,  with  a  bill  in  aid  thereof. 

He  was  again  re-elected  to  the  Forty-eighth  Congress, 
which  was  Democratic,  and  was  appointed  as  before  on  the 
Ways  and  Means  Committee. 

It  w^as  during  this,  his  sixth  term  in  Congress,  that  some 
diplomatic  trouble  arose  between  the  then  United  States 
minister  to  Germany  and  the  German  chancellor,  which  re- 
sulted in  chilling  the  relations  between  the  two  governments, 
and  in  the  resignation  of  our  minister.  President  Arthur, 
without  prior  consultation  with  him,  sent  the  nomination  of 
Mr.  Kasson  to  the  Senate  as  envoy  extraordinary  and  minis- 
ter plenipotentiary  to  Germany  to  supply  the  vacancy  thus 
created,  and  restore  good  relations.  Wishing  in  any  event 
to  retire  from  congress  at  the  end  of  this  term,  he  accepted 
the  appointment,  and  served  as  minister  at  Berlin  until  after 
the  first  inauguration  of  President  Cleveland,  when  in  accord- 
ance with  the  American  custom  he  tendered  his  resignation 
to  the  new  administration.  The  satisfaction  which  he  gave 
to  Prince  Bismarck  and  his  government  w^as  attested  by  a 
request  made  by  the  German  government  to  that  of  President 
Cleveland  for  the  retention  of  Mr.  Kasson  as  United  States 
minister  at  the  German  capital — an  unusual  and  distinguish- 
ing honor  from  that  supreme  chief  of  European  diplomacy. 
Prince  Bismarck. 

It  w'as  during  this  service,  and  in  the  winter  of  1884-85, 
that  the  ''Congo  Conference"  of  fourteen  governments  as- 
sembled under  the  presidency  of  Prince  Bismarck.  Its  object 
was  to  establish  the  international  relations  of  that  vast  newly- 
discovered  region  called  the  Congo  Free  State,  with  a  view  to 
equality  of  international  rights  therein,  to  the  promotion  of 
its  civilization  and  to  the  preservation  of  its  peace.  Mr, 
Kasson  was  specially  accredited  thereto  by  the  United  States 
government  as   its  representative.     Its  beneficial   w^ork  has 


JOHN  A.  KASSON,  AN  AUTOBIOGRAPHY  355 

passed  into  history.  In  a  German  review  of  that  conference 
Mr.  Kasson  was  credited,  next  after  the  German  represen- 
tatives, with  having  done  the  most  to  shape  its  useful  results. 
It  was  upon  his  proposition  that  the  "Conventional  Basin 
of  the  Congo"  was  enlarged  so  as  to  embrace  about  twice 
the  territory  originally  included,  and  extending  across  Africa 
from  ocean  to  ocean.  In  this  region  the  people  of  all  coun- 
tries were  to  enjoy  equal  commercial,  educational  and  reli- 
gious privileges,  and  their  citizens  equal  protection.  lie  also, 
in  the  interest  of  civilization  and  perpetual  peace,  proposed 
an  article  agreeing  to  the  arbitration  of  international  dis- 
putes in  all  cases  arising  in  or  concerning  these  territories, 
instead  of  a  resort  to  war.  This  was  accepted  by  all  bnt  two 
of  the  fourteen  governments;  but  the  refusal  of  these  two 
•compelled  the  modification  of  that  proposition  after  long 
negotiation,  into  a  mutual  engagement  to  resort  in  all  <'ases 
to  friendly  mediation  before  having  recourse  to  war.  while 
reserving  their  optional  resort  to  arbitration.  It  was  the 
first  general  agreement  recorded  in  history  among  ]M)\verfiil. 
independent  and  alien  nationalities  looking  to  the  adjustment 
of  all  future  differences  by  the  peaceful  intervention  of  thii'd 
parties. 

After  his  recall  from  Germany  ^Iv.  Kasson  turned  his  at- 
tention to  literary  work,  especially  that  of  historical  char- 
acter. But  his  diplomatic  experience  and  ability  were  ag^ain 
to  be  called  into  service.  The  three  governments  of  the 
United  States,  Germany  and  Great  Britain,  had  in  vain  at- 
tempted to  settle  their  differences  concerning  the  Sanioan 
Islands  in  a  conference  at  Washington,  held  under  the  first 
administration  of  President  Cleveland.  It  was  later  agreed 
that  a  further  conference  should  assemble  at  Berlin  on  the 
subject.  In  the  meantime  President  Harrison  succeeded  Mr. 
Cleveland,  and  one  of  his  earliest  appointments  Avas  that  of 
Mr.  Kasson  at  the  head  of  a  commission,  three  in  number,  to 
meet  the  same  number  of  delegates  from  each  of  the  other 
governments  in  a  conference  at  Berlin  in  1889,  to  settle  all 
the  disputed  points.  Passing  through  London,  Mr.  Kasson 
had  an  interview  on  the  subject  with  Lord  Salisbury.  The 
1    conference   was   successfully   concluded   at   Berlin;    and  the 


356  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

chief  point  of  the  contention  of  the  United  States  was  gained, 
as  the  result  of  friendly  private  negotiations  between  Mr. 
Kasson  and  Count  Bismarck,  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs. 

Since  his  return  from  that  mission,  Mr.  Kasson  has  led  a 
private  and  tranquil  life,  relieved  by  occasional  travel  to  the 
remoter  lands  of  the  North  Atlantic  and  Arctic  Seas,  and  to 
various  portions  of  Europe  and  America.  His  life  has  been 
industrious  as  well  as  active  and  successful.  He  has  made 
countless  speeches  in  political  campaigns  in  many  States 
since  18G0  and  in  Congress,  many  of  which  have  been  sepa- 
rately published  for  general  circulation.  He  has  also  de- 
livered many  lectures  before  associations,  and  the  public,  on 
various  subjects.  He  has  written  for  the  reviews  and  maga- 
zines; notably  two  articles  on  the  Monroe  Declaration  (No. 
Amer.  Rev.  Sept.  and  Dee.,  1881)  ;  on  Municipal  Reform  (lb. 
Sept.,  1883)  ;  on  the  Congo  Convention  (lb.  Feb.,  1886)  ;  on 
Bismarck,  Man  and  Minister  (lb.  Aug.,  1886)  ;  the  Hohenzol- 
lern  Kaiser  (lb.  April,  1888)  ;  the  Western  View  of  the 
Tariff  (The  Forum,  Dec,  1887). 

In  1887,  lie  was  chosen  president  of  the  Interstate  Com- 
mission to  celebrate  in  that  year  the  centennial  of  the  Ameri- 
can Constitution,  under  the  shadow  of  Independence  Hall  at 
Philadelphia.  In  that  connection  he  prepared  a  brief  history 
of  the  formation  of  the  United  States  Constitution  and  its 
causes,  which  was  published  in  the  memorial  volumes  of  that 
anniversary  (pp.  133,  Vol.  L.  Lippincott  Co,  Phila.  1889). 
In  1890  he  delivered  a  course  of  ten  lectures  on  the  devel- 
opment and  history  of  diplomacy  before  the  Lowell  Institute 
of  Boston;  and  subsequently  two  courses  of  lectures  on  the 
same  subject  before  the  Johns  Hopkins  Universit}^  in  Balti- 
more. His  address  before  the  General  Assembly,  state  offi- 
cers and  people  of  Iowa  upon"  the  inauguration  of  their  new 
State  Capitol  is  remembered  in  that  state  as  an  Iowa  classic, 
and  is  published  among  the  state  documents,  1884.  He  has 
had  a  large  correspondence  with  men  eminent  in  official  and 
literary  circles,  much  of  which  is  now  deposited  in  the  col- 
lections of  the  State  Historical  Department  at  the  Capital  oi 
■  Iowa. 


JOHN  A.  KASSON,  AN  AUTOBIOGRAPHY  357 

Mr.  Kasson  is  fond  of  society,  whether  that  of  royal  court 
<'ircles  in  Europe,  or  the  more  familiar  circles  of  a  country 
village  at  home.  He  was  for  many  years  a  member  of  the 
Society  of  Free  Masons  in  the  West,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Pioneer  Lawmakers'  Association  of  Iowa;  of  the  National 
Geographic  and  Columbia  Historical  Societies  of  Washington ; 
and  a  governor  of  the  jMetropolitan  and  Chevy  Chase  Clubs 
of  the  same  city.  He  was  honored  with  the  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Laws  b}'  the  University  of  Vermont.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  and  of  the  Board  of  Cathe- 
dral Trustees  of  the  Diocese  of  Washington.  Born  into  a 
Democratic  family,  he  passed  early  through  the  Free  Soil 
episode  into  the  Republican  party,  to  which  he  has  since  con- 
stantly adhered. 

Mr.  Kasson 's  ''military  service"  is  limited  to  one  unhappy 
night,  during  his  term  as  assistant  postmaster  general.  Hear- 
iDg  of  the  figliting  at  Bull  Run,  he  drove  rapidly  from  Wash- 
ington toward  the  front,  meeting  the  rapid  movements  of 
scared,  non-combatant  fugitives  on  the  way.  Pushing  on 
against  the  tide  till  after  dark,  he  arrived  at  a  place  called 
Goodwin's  tavern.  Here  his  carriage  Avas  sent  back  to  the 
city;  he  mounted  an  abandoned  musket  to  his  shoulder,  moved 
to  a  dark  part  of  the  road,  and  began  a  sentinel's  regular 
pacing  to  and  fro  across  the  highway,  ordering  all  the  routed 
soldiers  and  teamsters  to  halt  and  form  camp  by  the  tavern, 
where  w^as  good  water,  and  where  an  escaping  commissary 
wagon  was  ordered  to  furnish  bread.  Strangely  enough  none 
disputed  his  orders,  the  camp  was  formed,  the  wearied  sol- 
diers slept.  At  two  o'clock  in  the  morning  a  regular  lieuten- 
ant of  the  army  rode  up  on  the  route  of  fugitives  and  told 
this  volunteer  sentinel  that  the  army  orders  were  to  fall 
back  of  the  defences  of  Washington.  Mr.  Kasson  then  roused 
his  camp,  having  but  a  single  soldier  who  refused  to  get  up, 
and  followed  his  command  as  rear  guard,  rousing  and  en- 
couraging them  w^ho  faltered  with  fatigue,  until  they  en- 
tered the  fortification's  of  the  Potomac.  General  Burnside 
on  horseback,  weary  and  mud  splashed,  passed  him  on  the 
way.    Mr.  Kasson  crossed  the  long  bridge  into  the  city  after 


358  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

his  weary  nighfmarch,  'jus't  as  the  sun  rose  over' the  humiliated 
capital.  It'  was  probably  the  only  instance  during  the  war 
where  a  civilian  undertook  to  command  armed  forces  and 
was  obeyed. 

The  reader  will  observe  that  the  foregoing-  fragment  was  writ- 
ten by  Mr.  Kasson  about  1895  and  his  death  occurred  on  the  18th 
day  of  May,  1910  After  the  sketch  was  written,  President  McKinley, 
In .  1899,  recognizing-  Mr.  Kasson's  great  ability  and  experience  in 
international  "diplomacy,  appointed  him  to  the  important  position 
of  special  commissioner  plenipotentiary  for  the  negotiation  of  com- 
mercial treaties  with  other  nations,  and  also  as  a  member  of 
the  British-American  Joint  High  Commission  for  the  settlement  of 
differences  with  Canada.  He  proceeded  at  once  to  negotiating  re- 
ciprocity treaties  with  the  leading  countries  of  both  Europe  and 
South  America.  His  work  was  more  difficult  than  was  that  of 
Secretary  Blaine  in  negotiating  his  famous  reciprocity  treaties, 
because  under  the  then  recent  Dingley  tariff  law  other  countries 
were  somewhat  resenting  the  strong  protective  policy  of  this  coun- 
try. But  laboring  with  great  skill  and  perseverance  and  with  an 
eye  single  to  the  future  interests  of  this  country  in  its  trade  with 
other  nations,  he  was  successful  in  completing  several  agreements  of 
limited  scope,  which  did  not  need  ratification  by  .the  Senate,  and 
which  became  operative  by  proclamation  of  the  President,  a,nd  at 
least  twelve  treaties,  which  had  •  to  be  submitted  •  to  the  Senate 
before  they  became  operative.  This  was  the  largest  number  of  com- 
mercial treaties  ever  before  negotiated  by  one  officer  on  the  part  of 
the  United  States.  Mr.  Kasson's  great  disappointment  as  a  diplomat 
was  the  refusal  of  the  Senate  of  the  United  States  to  ratify  these 
treaties.  The  unique  distinction  paid  him  by  the  President,  which 
should  have  been  the  crowning  glory  of  his  long  and  successful  career 
in  diplomacy,  turned  out  to  be  his  great  disappointment.  Although  the 
press  largely  commended  his  work  and  the  President  desired  him  to 
remain  longer  in  the  position,  he  resigned  in  1903,  and  the  position 
lapsed.  This  was  his  last  official  work.  The  remaining  seven 
years  of  his  life  was  spent  mostly  in  quiet  retirement  at  his  home 
in  Washington,  where  he  died  May  18,  1910.  Thus  ended  the  life  of 
this  accomplished  orator,  lawyer,  legislator,   statesman  and  diplomat. 

The  series  of  presidential  commissions,  diplomas  and  other  tokens 
of  honor  and  attainment  of  Mr.  Kasson,  deposited  in  the  Historical 
Department,  excel  in  number  and  excel  in  character  all  similar  col- 
lection extant  in  Iowa. — Editor. 


SAD  AFFAIR. 


The  saddest  incident  connected  with  the  battle  at  this  place 
was  the  killing  of  Miss  Magy  Virginia  "Wade  by  the  rebel 
sharp-shooters  posted  in  the  outskirts  of  the  town.  She  was 
attending  a  sick  sister  at  the  time,  and  the  house  standing  in 
an  exposed  position,  she  was  in  constant  danger.  A  minie 
ball  from  one  of  their  rifles  struck  her  in  the  head  and  killed 
her  instantly.  Miss  Wade  was  aged  20  years  1  month  and  7 
days,  and  was  a  young  lady  of  good  character  and  much 
respected.  This  is  only  one  of  the  many  painful  incidents 
connected  with  this  cruel  war. — Gettysburg,  Pa. — Star  mid 
Banner,  July  9,  1863.  (In  the  newspaper  collection  of  the 
Historical  Department  of  Iowa.) 


THE  MOUNT  VERNON  LADIES  ASSOCIATION  359 


THE  MOUNT  VERNON  LADIES  ASSOCIATION 
OF  THE  UNION 

By  Mrs.  Horace  ]\I.  Towner^ 

Tice-Begent  for  Iowa. 

The  present  quickening  of  interest  in  all  that  pertains  to 
the  early  historv  of  the  United  States,  and  the  development  of 
the  national  life,  is  well  illustrated  in  the  renewed  desire  to 
become  more  familiar  with  all  that  relates  to  the  life,  char- 
acter and  statesmanship  of  the  ''First  American,"'  George 
Washington. 

The  honor  and  responsibility  of  restoring,  preserving  and 
caring  for  the  home  and  tomb  of  "Washington  has  belonged 
for  more  than  half  a  century  to  an  association  of  women 
known  as  the  Mount  Vernon  Ladies  Association  of  the  Union, 
the  first  national  organization  of  women  in  the  country  for 
patriotic  purposes.  To  this  association  is  due  the  credit  of 
accomplishing  a  task  which  is  far  reaching  in  its  influence 
and  importance. 

At  a  time  when  ]\[ount  Vernon,  with  its  hallowed  associa- 
tions as  the  home  and  last  resting  place  of  Washington,  seemed 
in  imminent  danger  of  being  lost  to  the  people  of  the  United 
States,  this  association  of  women  was  formed,  rallied  to  its 
support  patriotic  citizens  throughout  the  country,  and  by  the 
mo;st  painstaking  and  conscientious  effort  has  restored  and 
preserved  this  historic  spot  as  it  is  seen  today. 

Before  referring  specifically  to  the  connection  which  Iowa, 
has  had  with  Mount  Vernon  it  ma}^  be  of  interest  to  recount 
briefly  the  events  wdiich  led  to  the  formation  of  the  Mount 
Vernon  Ladies  Association  and  the  purchase  of  the  estate, 
which  at  that  time  consisted  of  two  hundred  acre;S,  and  in- 
cluded the  mansion  in  wdiich  Washington  lived  and  the  tomb 
in  which  he  is  buried. 


iMrs.  Towner  is  the  wife  of  Hon.  Horace  M.  Towner,  of  Corning", 
judge  Tlii^id  Judicial  District  1890-1910,  and  representative  in  Con- 
gress from  the  Eighth  Iowa  District  since  1911.  She  is  a  member 
of    the    Iowa    Library    Commission. 


360  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

It  will  be  remembered  that  Mount  Vernon  is  part  of  a 
large  tract  of  land  in  northern  A^irginia,  lying  between  the 
Potomac  and  Rappahanock  rivers,  which  w^as  originally  part 
of  a  royal  grant  made  to  Lord  Culpepper.  In  1674  a  portion 
of  this  land  came  into  the  hands  of  John  Washington,  the 
great  grandfather  of  George  Washington.  He  devised  it  to 
his  son  LaAvrence,  who  in  turn  left  it  to  his  son  Augustine 
Washington,  who  was  in  1740  in  possession  of  2,500  acres 
w^hich  included  Mount  Vernon.  In  1743  this  Augustine  Wash- 
ington left  the  estate  to  his  son  Lawrence,  who  built,  it  is 
thought,  the  original  house  and  named  the  estate  for  Admiral 
Vernon  of  the  English  navy,  with  whom  Lawrence!  had 
fought  in  the  West  Indies  in  1741. 

Lawrence  Washington  died  in  1752  leaving  the  estate  to 
his  infant  daughter,  with  the  proviso  that  in  the  event  of  her 
death  it  should  become  the  property  of  his  younger  half 
brother,  George.  The  daughter  died  and  in  1753  George 
Washington  became  the  owner  of  Mount  Vernon. 

Here  in  1759  he  brought  his  bride,  Martha  Dandridge  Cus^ 
tis,  here  he  spent  the  important  years  preceding  the  Revo- 
lution, when  not  engaged  in  public  duties ;  from  nere  he  wtu, 
forth  to  become  the  commander-in-chief  of  the  American 
Revolutionary  forces,  and  to  Mount  Vernon  he  returned,  the 
victorious  general.  At  this  time  he  completed  the  remodeling 
of  the  mansion  and  surroundings,  giving  it  the  form  we  see 
today. 

From  Mount  Vernon  Washington  again  went  forth  in 
obedience  to  the  summons  of  his  country  to  become  in  1789 
its  first  president,  and  to  it  he  returned  after  eight  years  of 
service  in  establishing  the  Republic.  Two  years  later  he 
died  at  his  beloved  home  on  the  Potomac  and  was  buried  there. 

Mount  Vernon  was  left  to  Washington's  nephew,  Bushrod 
Washington,  the  son  of  his  brother  Augustine.  Judge  Bush- 
rod  Washington  was  a  member  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States.  At  his  death  in  1829  he  left  the  estate,  now 
reduced  to  about  1,225  acres,  to  his  nephew  John  A.  Wash- 
ington, son  of  his  brother  Corbin.  John  A.  Washington  died 
in  1842  leaving  Mount  Vernon  to  his  wife  Jane,  with  power 
to  devise  it  as  she  pleased  among  his  children.     She  deeded 


THE  MOUNT  VERNON  LADIES  ASSOCIATION  361 

it  in  1850  to  her  husband's  oldest  son,  John  Augiistiiie  AVash- 
ington,  who  was  the  last  private  owner.  Changing*  economic 
and  labor  conditions,  the  gradual  impoverishment  of  tlie  soil, 
together  with  the  enormous  demands  made  upon  liis  hospi- 
tality by  those  whose  patriotism  brougiit  them  from  every 
part  of  the  country  to  visit  the  home  and  tomb  of  Washiiigton. 
made  it  increasingly  difficult  for  John  Augustine  Washing- 
ton to  maintain  the  estate.  He  finally  offered  to  sell  it  to  the 
governmeut  of  the  United  States,  theu  to  the  common wealtli 
of  Virginia,  both  of  which  declined  to  purchase  it.  At  this 
juncture  Miss  Ann  Pamela  Cunningham,  of  South  Cai'olina, 
came  forward  with  the  suggestion  tliat  the  women  of  the  coun- 
try buy  Mount  AVrnon  and  hold  it  in  trust  forever  for  the 
people  of  tlie  Ignited  States.  The  movement  for  the  pureiiase 
anci  restoration  of  JMount  A^ernon  was  started  by  Aliss  Cun- 
ningham in  1853,  and  from  that  time  until  the  purchase^  was 
completed  in  1859  she  devoted  her  entire  time  and  thouglit 
to  the  accomplishment  of  her  pur])ose,  overcoming  obstacles 
wliicli  seemed  at  times  to  be  almost  insuperable.  Aliss  Cun- 
ningham conceived  the  idea  of  forming  an  association  of 
women,  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  A^irginia,  consisting 
of  a  representative  from  each  state,  which  should  take  charge 
of  raising  the  money  to  purchase  the  estate,  restore  it  to  its 
appearance  in  A\^ashington 's  time,  and  hold  it  as  trustees 
for  the  people.  The  first  charter  Avas  granted  to  the  Alount 
A^ernon  Ladies  Assoeiation  of  the  Union  in  1856,  followed  by 
a  second  charter  in  1858.  In  this  year  the  Association  held 
its  first  meeting,  Miss  Cunningham  presiding  as  regent,  the 
representatives  of  the  various  states  being  known  as  vice- 
regents.  At  this  time  there  were  twenty-two  states  repre- 
sented by  vice-regents.  Iowa  was  one  of  these  siates.  The 
•contract  to  purchase  Mount  A^ernon  was  signed  April,  1858, 
and  the  first  installment  ($18,000)  was  paid  on  the  purchase 
price,  which  had  been  agreed  upon  as  $200,000  for  the  two 
hundred  acres.  Rapid  progress  was  made  in  raising  the  re- 
mainder of  the  money  required  and  this  is  recorded  in  a 
paper  published  in  Philadelphia  known  as  The  Mount  Vernon 
Kecord.  Its  title  page  announces  that  it  is  "the  organ  of 
the  Mount  Vernon  Ladies  Association  of  the  Union ;  contain- 


362  ANJ^ALS  OF  IOWA 

ing  important  official  matter  of  the  Association,  appeals  of 
vice-regents  and  lady  managers,  monthly  reports  of  the  sec- 
retary, lists  of  contributors  to  the  fund,  together  with  a  great 
variety  of  valuable  and  highly  interesting  matter  relative  to 
our  colonial  and  revolutionary  histors^" 

Mrs.  Jane  Maria  Van  Antwerp  of  Keokuk  was  appointed 
in  Octoher,  1858,  as  the  first  vice-regent  for  Iowa.  Of  Mrs. 
Van  Antwerp  The  Mount  Vernon  Record  for  November  of 
that  year  has  the  following : 

' '  The  Regent  has  been  particularly  fortunate  in  the  selec- 
tion of  Mrs.  Jane  Maria  Van  Antwerp,  as  Vice-Regent  for 
Iowa.  Reports  say — That  this  lady  possesses  every  qualifi- 
cation which  could  fit  her  for  the  discharge  of  her  duties  in 
the  honorable  and  important  position  to  which  she  is  called. 
She  is  endowed  with  brilliant  talents;  noted  for  her  literary- 
abilities,  her  energy,  her  practical  good  sense,  and  her  patriot- 
ism. 

''Mrs.  Van  Antwerp  is  the  grand-daughter  of  Robert  Yates, 
one  of  the  framers  of  the  Federal  Constitution,  and  Chief 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State  of  New  York; 
daughter  of  Robert  Van  Ness  Yates,  Secretary  of  the  same 
state ;  and  niece  of  Major  Fairlie,  of  Revolutionary  memory, 
(who  was  aide-de-camp  to  Baron  iSteuben.) 

"Her  husband,  Gen.  Ver  Plank  Van  Antwerp,  has  been 
entrusted  by  the  government  with  many  responsible  offices. 
It  was  he  who  drew  up  the  important  treaty  with  the  Sioux 
and  Chippewa  Indians,  whereby  an  immense  tract  of  terri- 
tory, reaching  nearly  to  Lake  Superior,  and  embracing  the 
fine  region  of  the  upper  Mississippi,  was  ceded  to  the  United 
States.  In  the  same  year,  1837,  he  assisted  in  the  removal 
of  the  Cherokee  Indians  from  Tennessee  and  Alabama,  and 
of  the  Pottawattamies  to  the  western  bank  of  the  Missouri 
river.  His  biographer,  Mr.  John  Livingston,  placed  him 
among  the  most  eminent  men  of  his  country.'' 

In  the  same  issue  of  The  Mount  Vernon  Record  Mrs.  Van 
Antwerp  appeals  to  the  people  of  Iowa  as  follows : 

"The  undersigned  has  recently  been  appointed,  by  the 
Regent  of  the  Mount  Vernon  Ladies  Association  of  the  Union, 
Miss  Anna  Pamela  Cunningham,  of  South  Carolina^ — whose 


THE  MOUNT  VERNON  LADIES  ASSOCIATION  363 

patriotic,  zealous  and  untiring  efforts  in  the  cause,  do  her 
the  highest  honor — Vice-Regent  for  Iowa ;  and  thus  it  l^ecomes 
her  duty  to  appeal  to  the  people  of  the  State,  to  help  in  this 
great  work.  It  is  confidently  hoped  that  they  will  be  no 
less  prompt  than  have  been  those  of  South  Carolina  and  New 
York,  Virginia  and  Massachusetts,  Alabama  and  Maine,  in 
responding  to  the  call.  If,  in  consequence  of  the  severe  mone- 
tary pressure  that  still  continues  to  prevail  among  us,  much 
cannot  be  given  by  any  one,  let  it  be  less,  and  in  proportion 
to  his,  or  her,  ability  to  give;  but  let  all  give  something;  and 
the  aggregate  for  the  State  may  thus  be  made  to  swell  to  a 
considerable  amount.  The  AYestern  States  are  each  being 
appealed  to,  in  their  turn,  for  help  in  this  matter;  and  let  it 
never  be  said  of  Iowa  that  she  is  less  willing,  and  ready,  than 
any  of  them,  to  do  her  share  towards  it,  in  proportion  to  lier 
ability.  Patriotism  demands  this  at  the  hands  of  her  people 
— and  State  Pride  seconds  to  the  call  1 


"Pinallj',  may  not  the  undersigned  appeal,  confident  of  a 
favorable  response,  to  the  Public  Press  of  Iowa — that  ever 
ready  champion  of  all  noble  and  patriotic  movements — for 
the  aid  of  its  columns  to  promote  and  advance  the  one  now 
under  consideration?  She  truly  feels  she  may  do  so,  with 
entire  reliance  upon  a  cordial  co-operation  on  its  part,  for 
the  achievement  of  the  object  in  view;  for  surely,  there  can 
be  none  other  of  a  more  patriotic  and  truly  exalted  character. 
"All  communications  should  be  addressed  to  the  under- 
signed at  this  i")lace. 

Jane  Marta  Van  Antweri% 

Vice  Regent  for  loiva, 
Keokuk,  November,  1858." 

Mrs.  Van  Antwerp 's  appeal  is  followed  by  a  list  of  twenty- 
seven  names  of  lowans  to  form  an  "Advisory  Committee  of 
Gentlemen"  headed  by  Governor  K.  P.  Lowe;  also  a  "Ladies 
Standing  Committee"  of  the  same  number.  Contributions 
are  reported  iindi  the  names  of  contributors  given  from  Keo- 
kuk, Davenport,  Des  Moines,  Iowa  City,  Indianola,  Dubuque; 
Mt.    Pleasant,    Drakeville,    Council    Bluffs,    Cedar    Kapids, 


364  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

Bloomfield,  Fairfield,  Muscatine,  Keosauqua,  Farmington, 
Bonaparte  and  Washington.  Under  date  of  January  3,  I860, 
Mrs.  Van  Antwerp  reports  that  Iowa  has  contributed  over 
$2,100  to  the  fund. 

More  than  a  quarter  of  the  two  hundred  thousand  dollars 
to  be  raised  was  contributed  by  Mr.  Edward  Everett,  who, 
through  his  oration  on  the  character  of  Washington,  and  in 
other  ways,  raised  $69,064.77. 

The  date  of  Mrs.  Van  Antwerp's  death  is  uncertain  but 
it  occurred  hefore  1872.  Her  successor  as  vice-regent  for 
Iowa  was  Mrs.  Jolm  F.  Dillon  of  Davenport,  who  was  ap- 
pointed in  1872.  Mrs.  Dillon  was  the  daughter  of  an  Iowa 
pioneer,  Iliram  Price,  who  was  five  times  elected  to  congress 
from  Iowa,  between  the  years  1862  and  1881.  She  was  the 
wife  of  Judge  John  F.  Dillon,  who  served  on  the  district 
bench  (Clinton,  Scott,  Muscatine  and  Jackson  Counties),  was 
a  member  of  the  Iowa  Supreme  Court,  and  later  became 
United  'States  circuit  judge  for  the  Eighth  Federal  Circuit. 
Judge  and  Mrs.  Dillon  moved  to  New  York  in  1879.  Mrs. 
Dillon  was  closely  identified  with  social  and  civic  affairs  in 
Davenport  and  was  the  first  president  and  long  time  trustee 
of  the  Davenport  Library  Association. 

Mrs.  Dillon  resigned  as  vice-regent  for  Iowa  late  in  1873, 
as  she  was  planning  an  extended  stay  abroad  ^Wth  her  chil- 
dren. In  1898,  as  Mrs.  Dillon  and  her  daughter  were  again 
enroute  to  Europe  to  take  the  cure  at  Nauheim,  Germany, 
they  were  lost  on  the  French  steamer,  La  Bourgoyne,  which 
was  wrecked  under  tragic  circumstances. 

Mrs.  Dillon  was  deeply  interested  in  Mount  Vernon  and 
in  the  effort  to  restore  it  to  its  appearance  in  Washington's 
time.  When  the  mansion  came  into  the  possession  of  the 
Association  none  of  the  original  furnishing?*  remained,  the 
contents  having  been  divided  among  the  heirs  of  General  and 
Mrs.  Washington.  It  was  therefore,  from  the  beginning,  the 
task  of  the  members  of  the  Association  not  only  to  restored 
and  preserve  the  appearance  of  Mount  Vernon,  but  to  find 
and  bring  back  the  household  belongings  which  Washington 
had  in  his  home.  This  labor  of  love  has  been  carried  on 
through  the  years  with  the  utmost  reverence  and  singleness 
of  purpose,  the  Association  feeling  itself  bound  by  its  charter 


HOW  PRIMGHAR  WAS   NAMED  365 

to  keep  Mount  Vernon  inalienably  sacred  to  the  inomory  ol; 
Washington.  The  regent  and  vice-regents  representing'  tlic 
different  states  are  appointed  for  life.  The  present  regent  is 
Miss  Harriet  C.  Comegys  of  Delaware,  daughter  of  the  late 
Joseph  P.  Comegys,  at  one  time  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Delaware. 

After  the  resignation  of  Mrs.  Dillon  Iowa  was  witliout 
representation  in  the  Mount  Vernon  Association  until  tli(> 
writer  was  appointed  in  1913.  She  has  since  then  attended 
every  meeting  of  the  Grand  Council  which  is  held  each  year 
at  Mount  Vernon  in  May. 


HOW   PRIMGHAR   WAS    NAMED. 

In  the  October,  1914.  issue  oP  tlie  Axxalr  was  published 
an  account  of  the  origin  of  the  name  of  Le  Mars,  Iowa, 
which  attracted  the  attention  of  ]\Ir.  J.  D.  Edmundson  of  Des 
Moines,  who  has  kindly  ol)tained  for  us  the  appended  iv- 
count  of  the  origin  of  the  name  of  Primglmr,  Iowa  : 

Primghar,    Iowa,   January   18,    1915. 
J.  D.  Edmundson,  Des  Moines,  Iowa. 

Dear  Sir:  Yours  of  the  15th  inst.  at  hand  in  regard  to  the 
naming  of  Primghar. 

It  was  named  from  the  initials  of  the  surnames  of  the  eight  men 
taking  chief  part  in  the  platting;  their  names  being  as  follows: 
Pumphrey,  J.  R. 
Roberts,  James 
Inman,  C.  W. 
McCormick,  B.  F. 
Green,  W.  C 
Hayes,  D.  C. 
Albright,  C.  F. 
Rerick,  T.  L. 

It  has  been  put  in  verse  as  follows: 

"P — umphrey,  the  treasurer,  drives  the  first  nail; 
R — oberts,  the  donor,  is  quick  on  his  trail; 
I — nman  dips  slyly. his  first  letter  in; 
M — cCormick  adds  M,  which  makes  the  full  Prim, 
G — reen,  thinking  of  groceries,  gives  them  the  G; 
H — ayes  drops  them  an  H  without  asking  a  fee; 
A — Ibright,  the  joker,  with  his  jokes  all  at  par; 
R — erick  brings  up  the  rear  and  crowns  all,  Primghar." 


366  ANNALS  OP  IOWA 


LETTER  FROM  A  CITIZEN  OF  TIIE  SOUTHERN 
CONFEDERACY' 

Berkeley  Co.,  Virginia,  Southern  Confederacy, 

The  12,  May,  1861. 
Dear  Brother, 
Samuel  Thatcher: 

I  seat  myself  this  iSabbath  morning  to  answer  your  kind 
letter  which  I  received  last  week,  and  to  let  you  know  that  I 
and  my  family  are  all  well:  hoping  that  you  and  yours  are 
enjoying  the  same  great  blessing. 

I  have  not  written  to  you  concerning  the  death  of  my  wife, 
she  died  on  the  first  of  March,  1860,  lasted  but  46  hours, 
leaving  me,  6  sons  and  one  daughter  to  mourn  her  loss. 
My  sister-in-law  Adaline  Miller,  has  kept  house,  and  she  lived 
with  us  2  years  before  the  death  of  my  wife  and  she  is  still 
with  us.  You  wrote  to  me  that  there  was  a  great  excitement 
in  your  state  concerning  national  affairs.  ^'Now  the  crisis  is 
only  an  artificial  one;  when  I  look  out  I  see  nothing  going 
wrong,  there's  nobody  hurt."  This  was  the  language  of 
Abraham  Lincoln,  that  was  elected  for  to  be  president  of  the 
Great  United  States  of  America.  It  now  appears  to  me  that 
the  man  Abram  or  Abraham  begins  to  think  that  something 
is  going  wrong  and  altho,  he  has  at  this  time  thirty  thou- 
sand soldiers  around  him  to  guard  him  and  the  capital,  he  is 
still  afraid  of  the  southern  rebels  as  he  calls  them,  that  they 
will  hurt  somebody.  Well  now  I  will  let  you  know  as  near 
as  I  can  how  the  call  of  Abram  Lincoln  w^as  responded'  to 
here.  He  called  for  75  thousand  volunteers  to  crush  the 
Rebels  in  the  Seceded  States.  I  was  at  Harper's  Ferry  yes- 
terday and  learned  that  Virginia  has  at  this  time  76  thousand 
Volunteers  under  arms  and  w^ell  equipped  and  will  resist 
with  their  lives  and  fortunes  and  their  sacred  honor,  any 
Northern  Army  that  Lincoln  may  send  against  them. 

iThis  letter,  written  by  J.  W.  Thatcher,  of  Virginia,  to  his  brother, 
Samuel  Thatcher,  of  Ohio,  reflects  the  intense  feeling-  that  frequently 
divided  families  along  the  border  states  during  the  Rebellion.  It 
came  into  the  possession  of  the  .late  V.  P.  Twombly,  and  was  by 
him  turned  over  to  the  Historical  Department. — Editor. 


LETTER  FROM  A  CITIZEN  OP  THE  CONFEDERACY       367 

Berkeley  County  furnished  six  large  companies  and  they 
are  at  Harpers  Ferry;  there  are  five  thousand  troops  at 
Harpers  Ferry  at  this  time,  ^ly  oldest  son  belongs  to  the 
Berkeley  Cavalry;  he  left  home  last  Friday  three  weeks  ago. 
he  is  only  17  years  of  age,  but  is  very  near  as  large  as  I  am. 

Hardly  one  family  around  here,  but  some  one,  two,  or 
three,  of  its  number  have  gone  to  defend  the  rights  of  the 
south ;  we  may  be  over  run,  but  may  not  be  easily  subdued. 
I  believe  the  only  way  the  Federal  Government  can  conquer 
the  South  will  be  to  exterminate  tliem,  s^^•eep  them  from  the 
faee  of  the  earth.  "We  begged  long  and  hard  for  the  Crit- 
tenden Compromise,  which  if  it  had  been  granted,  Avould 
have  saved  the  Border  States  and  been  no  loss  to  the  North. 
They  wouldn't  give  us  that.  Then  we  wanted  to  separate  in 
peace  and  tliey  won't  let  U)S  go  that  way;  and  I  tell  you  now 
brother,  the  first  blood  that  the  northern  troops  slied  on  A^ir- 
ginia  soil  will  be  the  beginning  of  a  contest  such  as  was  never 
seen  this  side  of  the  Atlantic.  I  was  one  of  the  number  that 
went  to  Harpers  Ferry  from  Alartinsburg  the  time  of  the 
John  Brown  raid,  which  ^vas  on  IMonday,  the  17th  of  Octo- 
ber, 1859,  and  I  there  seen  the  teachings  of  the  North,  and 
if  it  could  have  been  carried  out,  w^here  would  we  have  been? 
The  Sharps  rifles  and  pistols  and  pikes  some  two  or  three 
thousand  in  number,  the  pikes  with  long  handles ;  they  were 
handed  to  the  slaves  that  they  took,  but  they  could  not  be 
persuaded  to  use  them  against  their  masters,  where  did  these 
instruments  come  from  ?  There  must  have  been  a  large  num- 
ber of  men  in  the  North  aiding  in  this  irrepressible  conflict, 
the  22  men  that  came  there  could  not  have  made  all  those 
instruments  themselves  and  kept  it  a  secret.  But,  I  am  now 
glad  that  John  Brown  did  come  to  Harpers  Ferry,  that  very 
affair  give  the  South  warning  and  she  prepared  herself  for 
the  coming  conflict. 

If  what  the  Northern  Journals  say  comes  true,  then  our 
lands,  after  we  are  murdered,  will  be  given  to  the  Northern 
soldiers  for  their  pay. 

Now  brother  I  have  written  to  you  and  have  not  been  writ- 
ing fictitiou(s  language;  you  asked  me  to  let  you  know^  how 
things  stood,  and  I  have  this  to  say  to  you  about  this  war, 


368  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

that  if  the  Black  Republican  Government  at  Washington  is 
as  determined  as  we  are,  then  I  say  to  you  goodbye. 

Now  I  will  ask  of  you  to  write  to  me  and  let  me  know  liow 
it  stands  out  there,  give  me  a  full  account,  etc. 

I  remain  your  brother  and  well  wisher, 

J.  W.  Thatcher. 

P.  S.  I  have  75  acres  of  wheat  and  25  acres  of  barley 
which  I  sowed  last  fall  and  it  look's  very  well. 

I  sowed  20  acres  of  oats  this  spring  and  have  planted  25 
acres  of  com,  and  25  acres  to  plant  yet,  just  half  done. 

I  have  one  hundred  and  twenty-four  head  of  sheep  at  this 
time,  I  sold  7  head  last  week  for  31  dollars  after  I  sheared 
them. 

I  have  11  head  of  hogs  and  ?A  head  of  cattle. 

I  am  farming  besides  my  own  land,  which  is  343  acres,  my 
sister-in-law \s  and  brother-in-law's  260  acres  whicli  is  over 
600  acres,  and  you  may  judge  whether  I  have  much  time  to 
idle  away. 

J.  ^Y.  Thatcher  to  Samuel  Thatcher. 

My  best  love  to  vou  and  Emilv. 


The  Fourth  of  July  was  celebrated  in  this  city  most  agree- 
ably. A  large  procession  of  citizens,  headed  by  the  city  band, 
after  parading  the  streets,  marched  to  the  courthouse  where 
the  Declaration  of  Independence  was  read  by  Warner  Lewis, 
Esq.,  and  an  oration  delivered  by  George  Greene,  Esq. ;  after 
which  about  200  citizens  (including  ladies)  sat  down  to  a  din- 
ner prepared  by  Mr.  Panning  on  the  ground  in  tront  of  the 
courthouse. — Dubuque,  Iowa  Transcript,  July  12,  1844.  (In 
the  newspaper  collection  of  the  Historical  Department  of 
Iowa.) 


That  Buffalo. 

There  will  be  a  shooting  match  at  Dudley  on  Christmas  day 
Tiext — first  match  for  the  Buffalo.  Ye  Knights  of  the  Rifle 
be  on  hand;  much  sport  may  be  expected.  So  clean  up  those 
old  guns  and  pick  your  flints. — Fort  Des  Moines  Star,  Novem- 
ber 23,  1849.  (In  the  newspaper  collection  of  the  Historical 
Department  of  Iowa.) 


-^L 


SPAN  OF  THE  GREAT  ICE  AGE  369 


SPAN  OF  THE  GREAT  ICE  AGE 

BY    CHARLES    KEYES 

AVlien  about  half  a  century  ago  deep  road  cuttings  were 
made  on  Capitol  Hill  there  were  unearthed  some  geological 
features  that  have  since  become  famous  the  world  over. 
While  the  excavations  were  fresh  the  walls  displayed  with 
diagrammatic  clearness  some  of  the  most  noteworthy  glacial 
drift  phenomena  ever  uncovered  on  the  American  continent. 
At  the  time  the  record  was  preserved  in  one  of  our  leading 
scientific  magazines.  Were  it  not  for  this  circumstance  a  great 
scientific  discovery  might  soon  have  passed  into  oblivion. 
Long  since  the  mural  faces  succumbed  to  tlie  effacing  effects 
of  rain  and  frost,  until  they  were  worn  down  to  gentle  hill- 
side slopes,  grass-covered  and  tree-dotted. 

In  the  extensive  grading  operations  on  the  new  Capitol 
grounds  a  few  months  ago,  the  celebrated  glacial  sections  are 
again  laid  open  to  sky.  They  are  now  preserved  for  the  ages 
to  come.  They  are  marked  by  a  permanent  monument  erected 
by  the  State  of  Iowa.  A  beautiful  and  substantial  bridge 
spans  the  sunken  speedway  where  the}'  were  best  exposed. 

This  monumental  site,  on  the  brow  of  Capitol  Hill,  is 
really  one  of  the  scientific  wonders  of  our  state.  Geologically 
its  interest  is  indeed  global.  Bearings  of  our  local  sections 
upon  the  broader  aspects  of  the  'basic  problems  concerning 
the  great  Ice  Age  seem  worthy  of  brief  relation.  For  many 
years  after  Louis  Agassiz  first  gave  to  the  world  his  theory  of 
glaciation — one  of  the  most  brilliant  generalizations  of  modern 
science — earth  students  in  the  field  were  occupied  mainly  in 
gathering  facts  and  details.  With  the  accumulation  of  these 
records  came  new  generalizations.  Gradually  it  came  to  be 
realized  that  the  original  notion  was  not  nearly  so  complete  as 
was  in  the  beginning  supposed. 

"  Finally   it   began    to    develop   that    instead    of  a   single 
glacial  epoch  there  were  probably  several  successive  Ice  Ages. 


370  ANNAI.S  OF  IOWA 

In  the  great  world-wide  controversy  which  was  warmly 
waged  on  this  subject  for  more  than  a  generation  Iowa 
chanced  to  bear  a  conspicuous  part.  Not  the  least  interest- 
ing feature  was  that  in  this  state  were  found  the  first  un- 
doubtaible  evidences  of  the  existence  of  more  than  one  drift- 
sheet  separated  by  a  thick  deposit  of  fine  wind-deposited 
loam.  In  after  years  this  observation  proved,  to  be  the  most 
critical  criterion  in  the  argument  for  a  multiple  rather  than 
a  unal  character  of  the  Ice  Age.  Moreover,  Iowa  men  made 
this  important  discovery.  In  our  state  were  finally  differ- 
entiated five  great  glacial  mantles.  At  the  present  'day  the 
Iowa  Classification  of  the  great  Ice  Age  deposits  is  recog- 
nized the  world  over. 

This  spot  on  Capitol  Hill  where  first  were  obtained  the 
depositional  proofs  of  the  complexity  of  the  GMacial  Period  is 
for  several  reasons  exceptionally  instructive.  It  seems  to  be 
the  first  locality  ever  recorded  in  w^hicli  the  stratigraphical  re- 
lations of  two  drift  sheets  were  unmistakable.  It  is  also  this 
section  which  later  gave  first  intimation  of  the  eolian  origin 
of  American  loess  loams.  It  is  here  that  was  disclosed  first 
clue  to  that  wonderful  interlocking  of  the  continuous  south- 
western loess  and  adobe  deposits  with  the  northeastern  glacial 
tills.  This  site  bids  fair  long  to  remain  one  of  the  classic 
geological  localities  of  the  continent. 

At  this  time  and  at  this  distance  there  are  few  of  us  who 
can  have  any  adequate  appreciation  of  the  almost  unsur- 
mountable  difficulties  which  this  novel  problem  once  pre- 
sented, albeit  now  it  seems  all  so  simple.  Still  fewer  of  us 
there  are  who  can  gather  directly  from  experience  what  it 
really  means  actively  and  determinedly  to  contend  on  the 
skirmish-line  of  the  unknown.  By  our  distinguished  fellow 
citizen,  the  late  W  J  McGee,  than  whom  no  one  was  in  better 
position  to  know  intimately  the  marvelous  intricacies  of  the 
attempt  to  decipher  the  glacial  puzzles  of  that  day,  the  pro- 
cedure, so  far  as  it  concerns  Iowa,  is  thus  graphically  por- 
trayed :  *  *  *  "In  the  solution  of  the  prdblem  it  is  nec- 
essary to  do  more  than  assume  the  existence  and  action  of  a 
great  sheet  of  ice  hundreds  or  thousands  of  feet  in  thickness 
and  hundreds  or  thousands  of  miles  in  extent.     In  order  to 


SPAN  OF  THE  GREAT  ICE  AGE  371 

explain  the  sum  of  the  phenomena  it  is  necessary  to  picture 
the  great  ice  sheet  not  only  in  its  general  form  and  extent,  but 
in  its  local  features,  its  thickness,  its  direction,  and  its  rate 
of  movement  over  each  square  league,  the  inclination  of  its 
surface  both  at  top  and  bottom,  and  the  relations  of  these 
slopes  to  the  subjacent  surface  of  earth  and  rock ;  and  all  this 
without  a  single  glacial  stria  or  inch  of  ice. polish,  save  in  one 
small  spot,  in  the  whole  tract  of  16,500  square  miles.  It  is 
necessary  to  conceive  not  only  the  mode  of  melting  of  the  ice 
at  each  league  of  its  retreat,  but  also  every  considerable  brook, 
every  river,  and  every  lake  or  pond  formed  by  the  melting 
lioth  at  its  under  surface  and  on  its  upper  surface ;  it  is  nec- 
essary not  only  to  restore  not  only  the  margin  of  the  7vcr  de 
f/lace  under  each  minute  of  latitude,  it  occupied,  but  as  well, 
the  canyons  by  which  it  was  cleft,  the  floe-bearing  lakes  and 
mud-charged  marshes  with  Avhich  it  was  fringed,  each  island 
of  ice,  and  each  ice-bound  lake  formed  within  its  limits.  And 
it  is  not  only  necessary  to  reconstruct  the  geography  of  a 
dozen  episodes,  as  does  the  anatomist  the  skeleton  from  a  few 
l)ones,  but  to  develop  a  geography  such  as  civilized  eye  has 
never  seen,  and  which  could  exist  only  under  conditions 
such  as  utterly  transcend  the  experience  of  civilized  men. 
All  this  has  been  done.  The  trail  of  the  ice  monster  has 
been  traced,  his  magnitude  measured,  his  form  and  even  his 
features  figured  forth,  and  all  from  the  slime  of  his  body 
alone,  where  even  his  characteristic  tracks  fail." 

As  originally  described  in  the  American  Journal  of 
Science,  this  now  famous  exposure  on  the  brow  of  Capitol 
Hill  presents  the  following  succession  of  beds : 

Feet 

6.— Soil    2 

5. — Till;  light  reddish  buff  clay,  with  pebbles 7 

4. — Till,  contorted  and  interstratified  with  loess 5 

^. — Loess,  with  numerous  fossils 15 

2. — Till ;  dark  red  clay,  with  aibundant  pebbles 6 

1. — Shale,  Canbonic,  exposed 10 

The  salient  features  to  be  especially  noted  are  that: 
First,  the  lower  till  sheet  (No.  2)  represents  what  is  now  called 
the  Kansas  Drift,  which  was  formed  w^hen  the  'greiat  conti- 
nental glacier,  reaching  southwai-d  to  St.  Louis  and  Kansas 


372  ANNAI.S  OP  IOWA 

City,  attained  its  greatest  extent  and  thickness;  second,  the 
loess  members  (Nos.  3  and  4)  composed  of  line  loams,  consti- 
tute the  soil  formations  during  loing  interglacial  epochs  when 
the  climate  was  not  so  very  different  from  what  it  is  at  the 
present  time;  and  third,  the  upper  till  (No.  5)  represents 
what  is  now  known  as  the  great  Wisconsin  Drift-sheet. 

At  the  time  when  these  observations  were  made  (1882), 
as  already  indicated,  the  possible  complexity  of  the  Grlacial 
Period  was  not  yet  even  faintly  surmised.  Chances  of  the 
existence  of  a  second  Glacial  Epoch  were  only  vaguely  being 
suggested.  The  prolix  and  bitter  controversy  over  the  duality 
versus  the  unity  of  the  great  Ice  Period  was  just  beginning. 
Under  these  circumstances  it  is  not  at  all  surprising  that 
some  of  the  Iowa  facts  were  misinterpreted  and  that  their  true 
significance  was  for  a  time  overlooked.  Then,  too,  the  pre- 
vailing notion  concerning  the  origin  of  the  loess  tended  to  ob- 
scure a  proper  understanding  of  data  accurately  recorded. 

Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  Doctor  McGee  was  inclined 
at  the  time  to  attach  rather  slight  importance  to  his  really 
monumental  observations  and  to  regard  the  phenomena  which 
he  had  noted  as  indicating  mere  local  advance  of  the  ice-sheet 
it  soon  became  manifest  that  the  two  till  deposits  separated 
by  a  thick  loess  bed  was  impeachable  testimony  in  support 
of  two  distinct  and  great  ice  movements  within  the  period 
of  what  w^as  regarded  previously  as  a  single  one.  So  far  as 
is  known  this  appears  to  be  the  first  and  most  important 
recorded  evidence  proving  conclusively  the  ccmplex  character 
of  the  Ice  Age. 

Of  similar  import  was  the  somewhat  later  description  of 
a  great  drift  section  several  miles  farther  south  on  the  Des 
Moines  River.  In  a  paper  read  before  the  Iowa  Academy  of 
Sciences  in  1890,  it  was  sho<wii  that  there  was  still  another 
thick  member  to  be  reckoned  with  beneath  the  till  underlying 
the  loess.  In  recent  years  officers  of  the  State  Geological 
Survey  were  inclined  to  regard  it  as  representing  the  pre- 
Kansan  Aftonian  beds. 

The  Capitol  Hill  drift  section  is  now  one  of  the  notaible 
glacial  localities  in  America.  During  the  past  thirty  years 
(he  place  and  the  vicinity  have  'been  visited  by  many  of  the 


SPAN  OF  THE  GREAT  ICE  AGE  373 

most  eminent  scientists  of  the  world.  As  it  is,  our  fellow 
lowan  and  distiin^ished  pioneer  in  the  field  of  glaciology 
narrowly  escaped  making  one  of  the  half  dozen  great  geolog- 
ical discoveries  of  the  Nineteenth  century — the  establish- 
ment of  the  fact  of  the  complexity  of  the  Glacial  Period. 

It  so  happens  that  the  two  thick  drift  sheets  which  cover 
Capitol  Hill  are  the  youngest  and  the  oldest  but  one  of  a 
succession  of  five  great  glacial  mantles,  the  intermediary 
sheets  being  absent.  Now,  the  bridge,  of  which  a  view  is 
given  in  the  accompanying  plate,  joins^  two  unrivaled  sec- 
tions on  opposite  sides  of  the  Court  Avenue  speedw^ay.  The 
south  abutment  rests  on  the  more  remote  drift  sheet  and  the 
deposits  beneath ;  while  the  north  end  of  the  span  abuts  the 
more  recent  drift  deposit. 

The  arch  not  only  spans  a  fine  ])oulevard  but  it  connects 
the  two  glacier-dropped  'beds  which  in  point  of  time  are  sep- 
arated by  thousands  upon  thousands  of  years.  Geologically 
this  noble  structure  spans,  as  it  were,  the  Glacial  Period 
as  does  the  rainbow  the  heavens.  It  is  fitting  that  a  majestic 
monument  should  mark  the  positions  of  the  famous  McGee 

Drift  sections,  which  first  gave  definite  clue  to  the  conception 
of  a  multiple  Ice  Age.  It  is  especially  appropriate  that  Iowa 
.should  in  so  artistic  a  manner  and  in  so  permanent  a  form 
•commemorate  such  unicjue  event. 


Military  Notice. 

The  signers  of  the  article  of  agreement  to  form  a  rifle  com- 
pany in  Jackson  county,  are  requested  to  meet  at  the  store  of 
A.  G.  Clark  in  Andrew,  November  9,  1844,  at  2.00  p.  m.  for 
the  purpose  of  choosing  officers,  to  agree  upon  a  uniform,  and 
the  transaction  of  such  other  business  as  may  be  deemed  neces- 
sary.     A    punctual    attendance    is    earnestly    requested    by 

MANY  SOLDIERS. 

Andrew,  Oct.  24,  1844. — ^Dubuque,  Iowa  Transcript,  Novem- 
ber 1,  1844.  (In  the  new^spaper  collection  of  the  Historical 
Department  of  Iowa.) 


ANNALS  OF  IOWA. 


EDITORIAL     DEPARTMENT 


INDIAN  TREATIES  TOUCHING  IOWA 

The  Annals  of  Iowa  is  a  repository  rather  more  than  a 
purveyor  of  Iowa  historical  facts.  It  has  served  as  a  ready 
tool  and  probably  will  continue  so  to  |serve  for  a  long  while. 
It  has  been  able  so  to  serve  largely  through  its  publication 
of  original  articles  and  its  re-publication  of  rare  and  fugitive 
pertinent  materials. 

The  present  editor  of  the  Annals  has  found  special  pleasure 
in  pursuing  facts  relating  to  the  transfer  of  title  and  posses- 
sion of  lands  of  Iowa  to  the  individual  owner.  A  consider- 
able mass  of  these  materials  has  been  assembled.  Portions 
of  them  have  been  printed,  and  other  portions  are  not  in 
print,  nor,  so  far  as  we  know,  accessible  to  the  public.  It  is 
intended  to  put  such  information  into  the  pages  of  the  Annals 
and  to  make  it  available. 

'  Not  the  least  interesting  of  this  group  of  materials  are  the 
minutes  of  the  councils  that  were  held  between  the  United 
States  government  on  the  one  part,  and  the  Indian  tribes 
occupying  what  is  now  the  State  of  Iowa  on  the  other  part. 
Introducing  what  may  become  a  valuable  series  of  these  mate- 
rials, we  present  the  minutes  as  they  have  been  preserved 
of  these  two  councils,  viz :  of  1841  and  1842,  held  at  Agency 
City,  now  in  Wapello  County,  Iowa.  The  deliberations  of 
these  councils  ended  in  the  treaty  of  October  11,  1842,  which 
transferred  to  the  white  man  the  right  to  occupy  the  largest 
.area  surrendered  at  one  time,  and  took  from  the  Sacs  and 
Foxes  their  last  claim  to  their  rights  within  the  state. 

WA-PEL-LO  who  participated  in  the  council  of  1841  died' 
.in  March,  1842  and.  was  buried  on  the  site  of  the  two  coun- 
'cils. ,   The  .iiiseription  on  hife  tomb  is  as  follows : 

' '  In  memory  of  WA-PEIi-LO  a  principal  chief  of  the  Foxes, 
who  was  bom  at  Prairie  du  Chien  about  the  year  1787,  died 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  375 

near  the  forks  of  the  Skunk  River,  March  15,  1842  and  liere 
buried  at  his  own  request.  This  stone  was  erected  by  the  Sac 
and  Fox  nation.  Distinguished  in  early  years  for  his  valor, 
he  was  no  less  remarkable  for  kindness  and  beneficence  toward 
his  people,  while  honetsty  of  character  and  strict  friendship 
towards  the  white  men  won  for  him  unusual  regard." 

Those  familiar  with  Iowa  history  will  note  with  interest 
that  one  of  the  statements  attributed  to  those  representing  the 
red  and  white  peoples  was  written  by  James  W.  Grimes.  It  is 
probable  that  he  who  later  became  one  of  our  greatest  states- 
men transmitted  truly  the  meaning  of  those  arguments  to  us. 

Reading  then  the  record  of  the  councils  of  1841  and  1842, 
it  is  not  difficult  to  sense  deeply  tlie  pathos  with  which  the 
"trustees"  from  their  "Great  Father"  for  the  benefit  of 
His  red  children  in  perpetuity  fought  off  the  surrender  of 
these  lands. 


THE  SAC  AND  FOX  TREATY  OF  1842 

In  the  body  of  the  Annals  we  present  the  minutes  of  the 
councils  leading  up  to  the  treaty  through  which  the  Sac  and 
Fox  Indians  surrendered  their  right  of  possession  of  that 
part  of  the  state  of  Iowa  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Neu- 
tral Strip  of  1830:  on  the  east  by  the  New  Purchase  of  1837; 
on  the  south  by  the  state  of  Missouri  and  on  the  west  by  the 
Neutral  Line  of  1825. 

It  is  believed  the  meaning  of  these  minutes  will  be  better 
understood  and  this  issue  of  the  Annals  increased  in  value 
by  the  addition  herewith  of  the  text  of  that  treaty : 

TREATY  WITH  THE  SAUK  AND  FOXES,  1842 
Articles  of  a  treaty  made  and  concluded  at  the  agency  of  the 
Sac  and  Fox  Indians  in  the  territory  of  Iowa,  between  the  United 
States  of  America,  by  John  Chambers  their  commissioner  thereto 
specially  authorized  by  the  President,  and  the  confederated  tribes 
of  Sac  and  Fox  Indians  represented  by  their  chiefs,  headmen  and 
braves: 

ARTICLE  I 

(Lands  ceded  to  the  United  States.) 
The  confederated  tribes  of  Sacs  and  Foxes  cede  to  the  United 
States,  forever,  all  the  lands  west  of  the  Mississippi  River,  to  whick 


376  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

they  have  any  claim  or  title,  or  in  which  they  have  any  interest 
whatever ;  reserving  a  right  to  occupy  for  the  term  of  three  years 
from  the  time  of  signing  this  treaty,  all  that  part  of  the  land 
hereby  ceded  which  lies  west  of  a  line  running  due  north  and  south 
from  the  painted  or  red  rocks  on  the  White  Breast  fork  of  the 
Des  Moines  river,  which  rocks  will  be  found  about  eight  miles, 
when  reduced  to  a  straight  line,  from  the  junction  of  the  White 
Breast  with   the  Des  Moines. 

ARTICLE  II 
(Payment  by  the  United  States  for  Cession) 
In  consideration  of  the  cession  contained  in  the  preceding  article, 
the   United   States   agree  to  pay  annually  to  the   Sacs  and  Foxes, 
an  interest  of  five  per  centum  upon  the  sum  of  eight  hundred  thou- 
sand dollars,  and  to  pay  their  debts  mentioned  in  the  schedule  an- 
nexed to  and  made   a  part  of  this   treaty,  amounting  to  the  sum 
of  two  hundred  and  fifty-eight  thousand,   five  hundred  and   sixty- 
six  dollars  and  thirty-four  cents;  and  the  United  States  also  agree, 
(Lands  to  be  assigned  to  Indians  for  permanent  residence.) 
First.    That  the  President  will  as  soon  after  the  treaty  is  ratified 
on  their  part  as  may  be  convenient,  assign  a  tract  of  land  suitable 
and   convenient  for  Indian  purposes,  to  the   Sacs  and  Foxes  for  a 
permanent  and  perpetual  residence  for  them  and  their  descendants, 
which  tract  of  land  shall  be  upon  the  Missouri  river,  or  some  of  its 
waters. 

(Blacksmiths'   and  gunsmiths'  shops,  etc.) 

Second.  That  the  United  States  will  cause  the  blacksmiths'  and 
gunsmiths'  tools,  with  the  stock  of  iron  and  steel  on  hand  at  the 
present  agency  of  the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  to  be  removed,  as  soon  after 
their  removal  as  convenient,  to  some  suitable  point  at  or  near  their 
residences  west  of  the  north  and  south  line  mentioned  in  the  first 
article  of  this  treaty;  and  will  establish  and  maintain  two  black- 
smiths' and  two  gunsmiths'  shops  convenient  to  their  agency  and 
will  employ  two  blacksmiths,  with  necessary  assistance,  and  two 
gunsmiths  to  carry  on  the  said  shops  for  the  benefit  of  the  Sacs 
and  Foxes;  one  blacksmiths  and  one  gunsmiths'  to  be  employed 
exclusively  for  the  Sacs,  and  one  of  each  to  be  employed  exclusively 
for  the  Foxes,  and  all  expenses  attending  the  removal  of  the  tools, 
iron  and  steel,  and  the  erection  of  the  new  shops,  and  the  purchase 
of  iron  and  steel,  and  the  support  and  maintenance  of  the  shops, 
and  wages  of  the  smiths  and  their  assistants,  are  to  be  paid  by  the 
tribe,  except  such  portion  thereof  as  they  are  now  entitled  to  have 
paid  by  the  United  States,  under  the  4th  article  of  the  treaty  made 
with  them  on  the  4th  of  August,  1824,  and  the  4th  article  .of  the 
treaty  of  the  21st  of  September,  1832.  And  when  the  said  tribes  shall 
remove  to  the  land  to  be  assigned  them  by  the  President  of  the 
United  States,  under  the  provisions  of  this  treaty,  the  smiths'  shops 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  377 

above  stipulated  for  shall  be  re-established  and  maintained  at  their 
new  residence,  upon  the  same  terms  and  conditions  as  are  above  pro- 
vided for  their  removal  and  establishment  west  of  the  north  and 
south  line  mentioned  in  the  first  article  of  this  treaty. 

(Boundary  to  be  run  and  marked) 
Third.  That  the  President  of  the  United  States  will  as  soon  as 
convenient  after  the  ratification  of  this  treaty,  appoint  a  commis- 
sioner for  the  purpose,  and  cause  a  line  to  be  run  north  from  the 
painted  or  red  rocks  on  the  White  Breast,  to  the  southern  Boundry 
of  the  neutral  ground,  and  south  from  the  said  rocks  to  the  northern 
boundry  of  Missouri;  and  will  have  the  said  lines  so  marked  and 
designated,  that  the  Indians  and  white  people  may  know  the 
boundry  which  is  to  separate  their  possessions. 

ARTICLE  III 
(Removal  of  Indians) 
The  Sacs  and  Foxes  agree  that  they  will  remove  to  the  west  side 
of  the  line  running  north  and  south  from  the  painted  or  red  rocks 
on  the  White  Breast,  on  or  before  the  first  of  Mav  next,  and  that 
so  soon  after  the  President  shall  have  assigned  them  a  residence 
upon  the  waters  of  tlie  Missouri,  as  their  chiefs  shall  consent  to 
do  so,  the  tribe  will  remove  to  the  land  so  assigned  them;  and 
that  if  they  do  not  remove  before  the  expiration  of  the  term  of 
three  years,  they  will  then  remove  at  their  own  expense;  and  the 
United  States  agree,  that  whenever  the  chiefs  shall  give  notice 
to  the  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs  of  the  time  at  which  they 
will  commence  their  removal  to  the  land  to  be  assigned  them  by 
the  President,  a  quantity  of  provisions  sufficient  for  their  subsistence 
while  removing,  shall  be  furnished  them  at  their  agency,  and  an 
additional  quantity,  not  exceeding  one  year's  supply  shall  be  de- 
livered to  them  upon  their  arrival  upon  the  lands  assigned  them; 
the  cost  and  expenses  of  which  supplies  shall  be  retained  out  of  any 
money  payable  to  them  by  the  United  States. 

ARTICLE  IV 
(Each  principal  chief  to  receive  $500  annually.) 
It  is  agreed  that  each  of  the  principal  chiefs  of  the  Sacs  and 
Foxes,  shall  hereafter  receive  the  sum  of  five  hundred  dollars  annu- 
ally, out  of  the  annuities  payable  to  the  tribe,  to  be  used  and  ex- 
pended by  them  for  such  purposes  as  they  may  think  proper,  with 
the  approbation  of  their  agent. 

ARTICLE    V. 

($30,000  to  be  retained  at  each  annual  payment.) 

It   is  further  agreed   that  there  shall  be   a   fund  amounting  to 

thirty   thousand    dollars   retained  at   each   annual   payment  to  the 

Sacs  and  Foxes,  in  the  hands  of  the  agent  appointed  by  the  Presi- 


378  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

dent  for  their  tribe,  to  be  expended  by  the  chiefs,  witn  the  appro- 
bation of  the  agent,  for  national  and  charitable  purposes  among 
their  people;  such  as  the  support  of  their  poor,  burying  their  dead, 
employing  physicians  for  the  sick,  procuring  provisions  for  their 
people  in  cases  of  necessity,  and  such  other  purposes  of  general 
utility  as  the  chiefs  may  think  proper,  and  the  agent  approve.  And 
if  at  any  payment  of  the  annuities  of  the  tribe,  a  balance  of  the  fund 
so  retained  from  the  preceding  year  shall  remain  unexpended,  only 
so  much  shall  be  retained  in  addition  as  shall  make  up  the  sum  of 
thirty  thousand  dollars. 

ARTICLE  VI. 
(Application  of  any  portion  of  annuities.) 

It  is  further  agreed  that  the  Sacs  and  Poxes  may,  at  any  time, 
with  the  consent  of  the  President  of  the  United  States,  direct  the 
application  of  any  portion  of  the  annuities  payable  to  them,  under 
this  or  any  former  treaty,  to  the  purchase  of  goods  or  provisions, 
or  to  agricultural  purposes,  or  any  other  object  tending  to  their 
improvement,  or  calculated  to  increase  the  comfort  and  happiness 
of  their  people. 

ARTICLE  VII. 
(Certain  funds  for  agricultural  purposes.) 

The  United  States  agree,  that  the  unexpended  balance  of  the  fund 
created  by  the  seventh  paragraph  of  the  second  article  of  the  treaty 
of  the  twenty-first  of  October,  1837,  for  agricultural  purposes,  or  so 
much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  shall  be  used  and  employed  in 
the  cultivation  of  the  pattern  farm  near  the  present  Sac  and  Fox 
agency,  in  the  year  1843,  for  the  exclusive  use  and  benefit  of  the 
tribe.  And  they  further  agree,  that  such  portion  of  the  fund  for 
erecting  mills,  and  supporting  millers,  specified  in  the  fourth  para- 
graph of  the  second  article  of  the  aforesaid  treaty  of  October  21, 
1837,  as  may  be  and  remain  unexpended  on  the  1st  day  of  May 
next,  shall  be  transferred  to  and  made  part  of  the  sum  designated 
in  the  fifth  paragraph  (as  amended)  of  the  article  and  treaty  above 
named,  for  breaking  up  land  and  other  beneficial  objects,  and  be- 
come thereafter  applicable  to  the  same  purposes,  as  were  in  the 
said  fifth  paragraph,   originally  intended. 

ARTICLE  VIII. 
(Remains  of  the  late  chief  Wapello  to  be  buried,  etc.) 
The  Sacs  and  Foxes  have  caused  the  remains  of  their  late  dis- 
tinguished chief  Wa-pel-lo  to  be  buried  at  their  agency,  near  the 
grave  of  their  late  friend  and  agent  General  Joseph  M.  Street  and 
have  put  into  the  hands  of  their  agent  the  sum  of  one  hundred, 
dollars  tt)  procure  a  tombstone  to  be  erected  over  his  grave,  similar 
to  that  which  has  been  erected  over  the  grave  of  General  Street; 
and  because  they  wish  the  graves  of  their  friend  and  their  chief 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  379 

to  remain  in  the  possession  of  the  family  of  General  Street,  to 
whom  they  were  indebted  in  his  life-time  for  many  acts  of  kindness, 
they  wish  to  give  to  his  widow  Mrs.  Eliza  M.  Street  one  section  of 
land  to  include  the  said  graves,  and  the  agency-house  and  the  en- 
closures around  and  near  it;  and  as  the  agency  house  was  built 
at  the  expense  of  the  United  States,  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  agree  to 
pay  them  the  sum  of  one  thousand  dollars  the  value  of  said  build- 
ing, assessed  by  gentlemen  appointed  by  them,  and  Governor  Cham- 
bers, commissioner  on  the  part  of  the  United  States,  to  be  deducted 
from  the  first  annuity  payable  to  them  under  the  provisions  of  this 
treaty. 

(Patent  to  issue  to  E.  M.  Street  for  640  acres.) 

And  the  United  States  agree  to  grant  to  the  said  Eliza  M.  Street 
by  one  or  more  patents,  six  hundred  and  forty  acres  of  land  in  such 
legal  subdivisions,  as  will  include  the  said  burial  ground,  the  agency 
house,  and  improvements  around,  and  near  it,  in  good  and  con- 
venient form,  to  be  selected  by  the  said  E.  M.  Street  or  her  duly 
authorized  agent. 

ARTICLE  IX. 
(Treaty  binding  when  ratified.     Proviso.) 

It  is  finally  agreed  that  this  treaty  shall  be  binding  on  the  two 
contracting  parties,  so  soon  as  it  shall  have  been  ratified  l)y  the 
President  and  Senate  of  the  United  States:  PROVIDED  ALWAYS, 
That  should  the  Senate  disagree  to  and  reject,  alter  or  amend  any 
portion  or  stipulation  thereof,  the  same  must  be  again  submitted 
to  the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  and  assented  to  by  them,  before  it  shall  be 
considered  valid  and  obligatory  upon  them,  and  if  they  disagree  to 
such  alteration  or  amendment,  the  treaty  shall  be  returned  to  the 
Senate  for  ratification  or  rejection,  in  the  form  in  which  it  was 
signed. 

In  witness  whereof,  the  said  John  Chambers,  commissioner  on 
the  part  of  the  United  States,  and  the  undersigned  chiefs,  braves 
and  headmen  of  the  Sac  and  Fox  nation  of  Indians,  have  hereunto 
set  their  hands,  at  the  Sac  and  Fox  agency,  in  the  Territory  of  Iowa, 
this  eleventh  day  of  October,  Anno  Domini,  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  forty-two. 

JoHX  Cii a:\ibeks. 

SACS.  FOXES. 

Ke  o  kuk  Pow  a  shick 

Ke  o  kuk,  jr.  Wa  co  sha  she 

Wa  ca  cha  An  au  e  wit 

Che  kaw  que  Ka  ka  ke 

Ka  pon  e  ka  Ma  wha  why 

Pa  mekow  art  Ma  che  na  ka  me  quat 

Ap  pe  noose  Ka  ka  ke  mo 

Wa   pe  Kish  ka  naqua  hok 


330 


ANNALS  OF  IOWA 


sacs-Con. 

Wa  sa  men 

Wis  ko  pe 

As  ke  po  ka  won 

I  o  nah 

Wish  e  CO  ma  que 

Pash  e  pa  ho 

Ka  pe  ko  ma 

Tuk  quos 

Wis  CO  sa 

Ka  kon  we  na 

Na  cote  e  we  na 

Sho  wa  ke 

Mean  ai  to  wa 

Muk  e  ne 

Signed  in  presence  of — 

John     Beach,     U.     S.     Indian 
Agent  and  secretary. 

Antoine  Le  Claire,  U.  S. 
interpreter. 

Josiah  Swart,  U.  S. 
interpreter. 


FOXES— Con- 
Pe  a  tau  a  quis 
Ma  ne  ni  sit 
Mai  con  ne 
Pe  she  she  mone 
Pe  Shaw  koa 
Puck  aw  koa 
Qua  CO  ho  se 
Wa  pa  sha  kon 
Kis  ke  kosh 
Ale  mo  ne  qua 
Cha  ko  kow  a 
Wah  ke  mo  wa  ta  pa 
Muk  qua  gese 
Ko  ko  etch 


J.  Allen,  captain  First 
Dragoons 
C.  F.  Ruff,  lieutenant,  First 

U.  S.  Dragoons. 
Arthur  Bridgman 
Alfred  Hebard 
Jacob  O.  Phister 


(To  the  Indian  names  are  subjoined  marks.) 

Schedule  of  debts  due  from  the  Confederated  Tribes  of  the  Sac 
and  Fox  Indians  to  be  paid  by  the  United  States  under  the  provi- 
sions of  a  treaty  made  and  concluded  at  the  Sac  and  Fox  agency 
in  the  territory  of  Iowa  on  the  eleventh  day  of  October  in  the  year 
1842;   to  which  this  schedule  is  annexed  as  a  part  thereof. 


Name  of  claimant 
Pierre  Choteau,  Jr.  &  Co. 

W.  Cx.  &  G.  W.  Ewing 
J.  P.  Eddy  &  Co. 
Thomas  Charlton 
R.  B.  Willoughby 
Francis  Withington 
Jesse  B.  Webber 
J.  C.  Wear 

W.  C.  Cameron,  assignee 
of  A.  M.  Bissel,  (bankrupt) 
David  Bailey, 
Thomas  W.  Bradley 
John  J.  Grimes 
William    Settles 


Place  of  residence  Amount 
St.  Louis,  Missouri,  licensed 

traders.  $112,109.47 

Indiana,  licensed  traders  66,371.83 

loway           "             "  52,332.78 

Van  Buren  c'ty,  loway  76.69 

25.00 

Lincoln  county,  Missouri  4,212.58 

Burlington,  loway  116.60 

Jefferson  county,  loway  50.00 

Burlington  283.14 

Lincoln  City,  Missouri  75.00 

loway .  20.00 

Lincoln  c'ty,  Missouri  625.00 

do      do         do  320.00 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT 


381 


John  S.  David 

Burlington,  loway 

20.00 

F.  Hancock 

Van  Buren,     do 

20.00 

C.  G.  Pelton 

Burlington      do 

34.00 

J.  Tolman 

Van  Buren,      do 

115.00 

J.  L.  Biirtis 

Lee  county,     do 

715.00 

Isaac  A.  LEfevre 

Van  Buren      do 

348.00 

Jeremiah  Smith,  jr. 

Burlington      do 

4,000.00 

William  &  Sampson  Smith 

Jefferson  county  do 

60.00 

John   Koontz 

6.50 

Robert   Moffet 

New  Lexington,  loway 

129.63 

Antoine  Le  Claire 

Davenport             do 

1,375.00 

Margaret  Price 

Lee  county,           do 

9.00 

Jesse  Sutton 

Van  Buren             do 

22.00 

Jefferson  Jordon 

do                    do 

175.00 

Jeremiah  Wayland 

St.  Francisville.  Missouri 

15.00 

Robert  Brown,  assignee 

Cutting  &  Gordon 

Van  Buren  c'ty,  loway 

73.25 

William  Rowland 

do                    do 

460.32 

Edward    Kilbourne 

Lee  county,            do 

10,411.80 

Perry  &  Best 

do                    do 

22.75 

P.  Chouteau  Jr..  &  Co. 

St.  Louis,  Missouri 

26.00 

Job  Carter 

Van  Buren  C'ty 

28.00 

Francis  Bcsseron 

St.  Louis,  Missouri 

26.00 

James  Jordon 

Van  Buren,     loway 

], 775.00 

Sampson  Smith 

do 

54.00 

Louis  Laplant 

loway 

122.00 

William  Phelps 

Clark  county,  Missouri 

310.00 

William  B.  Street 

loway 

^00.00 

Julia  Ann  Goodell 

do 

855.00 

George  L.  Davenport 

Davenport.   loway 

320.00 

G.  C.  R.  Mitchell 

do             do 

100.00 

David  Noggle 

Van  Buren,    do 
Amount 

20.00 

.$258,566.34 

Joirx    CHA:NrBEHS, 
Cornwissioner  on  the  imrt  of  the  U.  8. 


Alfred  Hekard, 
Arthur  Bridgmax, 

Commissioners  appointed  hy  the  eommissio7i  on  the  part  of  the 
United  States  for  examining  and  adjusting  claims. 


(The    above    treatv 
1843.— Editor.) 


became    effective    by    proclamation    Llarch    23, 


382  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

THE  STATE  BOARD  OF  CONSERVATION 

Chapter  236,  Acts  of  the  Thirty-seventh  General  Assembly, 
and  acts  amendatory  thereto,  providing  for  the  creation  of 
a  State  Board  of  Conservation  and  the  machinery  wherewith 
to  initiate  a  public  state  policy  of  reserving  and  administering 
areas  as  state  parks,  names  as  a  member  of  the  commission, 
the  Curator  of  the  Historical  Department  of  Iowa;  by  election 
he  was  made  and  remains  the  secretary  of  the  board.  By  a 
resolution  of  the  Thirty-eighth  General  Assembly  provision 
was  made  for  an  assistant  secretary,  and  under  an  appoint- 
ment of  the  Curator,  on  the  15th  day  of  July,  1919,  Mr.  D.  C. 
Mott  accepted  and  has  filled  that  position. 

The  Hiistorical  Department,  therefore,  more  than  has  any 
other  department  of  the  state  government  contributed  of  its 
administrative  and  physical  resources  to  the  routine  of  ini- 
tiation and  promotion  of  this  new  public  policy. 

It  appears  fitting  to  the  Curator  of  the  Historical  De- 
partment, that  ill  the  absence  of  some  other  official  publica- 
tion of  the  State  Board  of  Conservation,  and  in  view  of  the 
ex-officio  character  of  his  service  on  the  board,  that  the 
Annals  of  Iowa  should  publish  the  esisential  facts  touching 
the  business  of  the  board  and,  therefore,  beginning  with  the 
next  number  the  editorial  department  will  carry  an  abstract 
of  the  minutes  of  the  board. 


New  Mail  Route. — The  legislature  has  authorized  the  post- 
masters at  Dubuque,  Iowa  City  and  Keosauque,  to  hire  a 
mail  carrier  to  carry  a  one  horse  mail  weekly  during  the  pres- 
ent legislative  session,  from  Dubuque  through  this  city,  via 
Washington  and  Mt.  Pleasant  to  Keasauque. — Iowa>  City 
Standard,  December  11,  1841.  (In  the  newspaper  collection 
of  the  Historical  Department  of  Iowa.) 


Henry  O'Reilly,  Esq.,  formerly  editor  of  the  Daily  Adver- 
tiser and  Republican,  has  been  appointed  postmaster  at 
Rochester.  A  very  popular  appointment. — ^Albany,  N.  Y., 
The  Jeffersoman,  June  2,  1838.  (In  the  newspaper  collection 
of  the  Historical  Department  of  Iowa.) 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  383 


NOTABLE  DEATHS 


Of  difl'iciilties  experienced  by  all  liistvorieal  societies  and 
similar  institntions  the  past  three  or  four  years,  our  depart- 
ment has  had  its  full  share.  Nothinu',  however,  has  dri^^en  us 
from  the  sacred  duty  of  noting  and  recordinix  the  passino-  of 
our  notable  citizens  and  pioneers.  The  "Xotable  Deaths'' 
feature  of  the  Annals,  made  standard  and  indispensable  by 
our  lamented  predecessor.  Charles  Aldrich,  has  been  made  the 
])articular  charge  of  tlie  publication  division  of  the  Historical 
Department,  and  the  complete  file,  duly  edited,  lies  ready 
and  is  to  bo.  published  portion  l)y  portion  until  it  appears 
without  a  skip. 


Joux  R.  Sage  was  boni  at  Blenheim,  New  York,  December  29, 
1832,  and  died  in  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  May  28,  1919.  He  attended 
common  school  and,  at  eighteen  years  of  age,  became  a  country 
school  teacher,  removing  soon  thereafter  to  western  New  York. 
In  1856  he  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Universalist  Church,  hav- 
ing studied  in  the  family  of  Rev.  D.  P.  and  Mrs.  Mary  A.  Livermore. 
He  was  preaching  at  Little  Falls,  New  York,  when,  in  1862,  he  en- 
listed as  a  private  in  the  One  Hundred  and  Twenty-first  New  York 
Infantry.  He  was  commissioned  chaplain  of  the  regiment  and 
served  as  such  until  the  summer  of  1863  when  he  was  discharged  on 
account  of  physical  disability.  In  1869  he  came  to  Mitchellville, 
Iowa,  as  pastor  of  the  Universalist  church  there.  In  1877  he  gave 
up  his  ministerial  work  and,  with  Ralph  Robinson,  established  the 
Neivton  Journal.  In  1879  he  sold  his  interest  in  the  Joimial  and 
became  editor  of  the  Cedar  Rapids  Repuhlican.  In  1883  he  sold  his 
interest  in  the  Repuhlican  and  was  employed  for  a  time  as  editor 
of  the  Des  Moines  Daily  Capital.  When  that  paper  changed  hands 
he  was  employed  several  years  as  correspondent  for  and  editorial 
writer  on  the  Chicago  Inter-Ocean.  In  1890,  after  the  establisment 
of  the  Iowa  Weather  and  Crop  Service  he  was  appointed  director. 
This  position  he  filled  for  twenty  years  and  became  an  authority  on 
meteorological  science.  For  several  years  before  his  death  he  had 
been  in  retirement.     He  loved  literature,  music  and  nature. 


384  ANIS^ALS  OF  IOWA 

John  Mahix  was  born  at  Noblesville,  Indiana,  December  8,  1833, 
and  died  at  his  home  in  Chicago,  Illinois,  July  24,  1919.  Burial 
was  at  Muscatine,  Iowa.  He  was  brought  by  his  parents  to  Effing- 
ham County,  Illinois,  in  1837,  and  to  Bloomington  (afterwards  called 
Muscatine),  Iowa,  in  1843.  In  1844  they  removed  to  a  farm  near 
Rochester,  Cedar  County,  remaining  there  until  1847,  when  they  re- 
turned to  Bloomington.  He  was  then  apprenticed  to  Stout  &  Israel, 
editors  and  publishers  of  the  Bloomington  Herald.  About  a  year 
thereafter  this  firm  failed  financially,  but  young  Mahin  remained 
in  the  office  when  new  proprietors  assumed  control,  and  was  so  ad- 
vanced that  he  did  much  of  the  writing  for  the  paper.  In  1852  the 
Mahins,  father  and  son,  bought  the  paper,  then  called  the  Journal, 
and  John  at  nineteen  years  old,  was  installed  as  editor,  a  position 
which  he  retained  for  fifty  years,  excepting  about  one  year,  in  1855, 
when  he  was  attending  Ohio  Weslayan  University  at  Delaware,  0. 
Because  of  serious  illness  he  had  to  give  up  his  much  cherished 
desire  to  secure  a  college  education.  After  returning  from  Ohio 
Wesleyan  and  resuming  his  editorial  work  he  soon  attained  prom- 
inence. In  1861  President  Lincoln  appointed  him  postmaster  at 
Muscatine  which  position  he  retained  until  1869.  That  fall  he  was 
elected  representative  and  served  in  the  Thirteenth  General  As- 
sembly. In  1873  President  Grant  appointed  him  postmaster  and  he 
served  until  1878.  In  1888  he  was  nominated  by  the  Republicans 
for  railroad  commissioner,  but  was  defeated  by  Peter  A.  Dey.  In  his 
editorial  work  he  uniformly,  courageously  and  with  ability  opposed 
the  liquor  business  and  advocated  prohibition.  Being  a  leader  he 
incurred  the  enmity  of  some  of  the  liquor  men.  On  the  night  of 
May  10,  1893,  his  home  was  dynamited  and  wrecked,  and  he  and  his 
wife  and  children  escaped  as  if  by  miracle.  But  not  even  this  dast- 
ardly deed  served  to  swerve  him  from  the  course  into  which  his 
judgment  and  conscience  had  directed  him.  In  1903  he  retired  from 
the  editorship  of  the  Journal.  A  short  time  before  this  he  had  been 
appointed  a  postoffice  inspector  and  in  April  1905,  he  removed  to 
Evanston,  Illinois,  that  he  might  be  near  his  children,  and  contin- 
ued for  a  few  years  his  work  for  the  post  office  department,  but 
several  of  the  later  years  of  his  life  he  spent  in  happy  retirement. 
During  the  more  than  fifty  years  of  active  life  in  Muscatine  he  was 
a  real  leader  in  his  city  and  state.  He  was  secretary  and  manager 
of  the  Soldiers'  Monument  Association  of  Muscatine  County  which 
erected  the  beautiful  monument  in  the  court  house  square.  He  was 
active  in  every  good  cause.  He  was  a  prominent  lay  member  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  church  and  was  a  delegate  from  the  Iowa  Con- 
ference to  the  general  conferences  at  Baltimore  in  1876,  at  New 
York  in  1888  and  at  Dos  Angeles  in  1904.  He  attained  eminence  as 
an  editor.  At  the  time  of  his  retirement  he  was  recognized  as 
Iowa's  veteran  editor.    At  one  time  he  was  honored  with  the  nres- 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  S85 

idency  of  the  Iowa  Press  Association.  As  a  writer  he  made  no  ertori; 
at  brilliancy  ncr  claim  to  unusual  talent.  He  even  said  what  he 
wrote  he  had  to  "pound  out."  But  he  had  a  clear,  logical,  common- 
sense  and  forceful  style.  His  earnestness,  enthusiasm  and  intense- 
ness,  his  uncompromising  steadfastness  of  purpose,  his  personal  in- 
tegrity and  high  character,  made  oC  him  a  positive  power  in  shaping 
the  opinion  of  the  state. 

David  A.  You.xg  was  born  in  Burnside,  Hancock  county,  Illi- 
nois, January  16,  1852;  he  died  at  Keokuk,  Iowa,  August  21,  1915. 
He  was  of  Canadian  descent,  his  parents  being  Rev.  William  and 
Juliette  (Toms)  Young.  The  family  moved  from  Burnside  to 
Iowa  and  when  he  was  ten  years  of  age  settled  in  Keokuk,  in 
which  town  and  its  vicinity  he  made  his  home  until  his  death. 
He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  and  worked  on  the  canal 
and  in  a  sawmill  before  he  was  of  age.  He  afterward  engaged  in 
farming,  in  stock  raising  and  in  the  selling  of  public  lands.  He 
was  greatly  interested  in  politics  and  was  a  regular  attendant  on 
county  and  state  conventions.  In  1897  he  was  elected  state  sena- 
tor from  Lee  county  on  the  Democratic  ticket.  He  was  re-elected 
in  1901  and  his  terms  of  service  extended  from  the  Twenty-seventh 
to  the  Thirty-tirst  General  Assemblies.  He  was  instrumental  in 
securing  a  new  cell  house  for  the  penitentiary  at  Fort  ^Madison 
and  appropriations  for  various  soldiers'  monuments  throughout 
the  State.  Ho  was  appointed  delegate  to  the  prison  congress  at 
Indianapolis  by  Governor  Shaw.  As  a  member  of  the  Lee  county 
board  of  supervisors  he  did  much  for  the  improvement  of  county 
bridges  and   highways. 


Joux  Porter  w^as  born  in  Washington  County,  Pennsylvania,  April 
14,  1828,  and  died  at  Boise,  Idaho,  September  25,  191. ^.  Interment 
was  at  Eldora,  Iowa.  In  1836  he  migrated  with  his  parents  to 
Ohio.  Here  he  attended  school,  studied  law  at  Warren.  Ohio, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1851.  He  removed  to  Plymouth, 
Indiana,  in  1854,  and  to  Mason  City,  Iowa,  in  1856.  In  1858  he  was 
elected  a  judge  of  the  district  court  in  the  then  new  district  com- 
posed of  Marshall,  Story,  Boone,  Hamilton,  Wright,  Hancock,  Win- 
nebago, W^orth,  Cerro  Gordo,  Franklin  and  Hardin  Counties,  In 
1859  he  changed  his  residence  to  Eldora.  In  1862  he  was  re-elected 
district  judge  and  served  until  April,  1866,  when  he  resigned  and 
entered  the  practice  of  law  at  Eldora.  His  partner  was  W.  J.  Moir. 
He  was  very  active  in  work  for  the  interests  of  the  new  town  and 
country.  He  led  in  promoting  the  building  of  the  railroad  from 
Gifford  to  Eldora,  becoming  president  of  the  company  and  gen- 
eral manager  of  the  road.  He  was  mayor  of  Eldora  for  some 
years  and  lead  in  securing  many  improvements,  water  works  and 
a  sewer  system  being  among  them. 


386  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

EuGE^'E  Secok  was  born  at  Peekshill  Hollow,  New  York,  May  13, 
1841,  and  died  at  Forest  City,  Iowa,  May  14,  1919.  He  came  to 
Forest  City  in  1862  and  soon  thereafter  entered  Cornell  College, 
Mt.  Vernon.  In  about  a  year  he  was  called  to  Forest  City  to  take 
charge  of  the  business  of  his  brother,  David  Secor,  who  had  enlisted 
in  the  army.  Caring  for  his  brother's  business  included  acting 
as  treasurer  and  recorder  of  Winnebago  County  and  as  postmaster 
at  Forest  City.  He  performed  these  duties  until  the  end  of  the 
war.  He  was  the  first  mayor  of  Forest  City,  serving  four  consec- 
utive terms.  He  was  afterwards  a  member  of  the  city  council  for 
many  years.  From  1870  to  1876  he  was  clerk  of  the  district  court. 
From  1877  to  1881  he  was  county  auditor.  He  was  county  cornorer, 
serving  two  years.  In  1901  we  was  elected  representative  and 
served  in  the  in  the  Twenty-ninth  General  Assembly.  For  many 
years  he  was,  by  appoilJtment  of  the  governor,  a  delegate  from 
Iowa  to  the  Farmers'  National  Congress.  From  1889  to  1894  he  was 
a  trustee  of  the  Iowa  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  board  uf  trustees  of  Cornell  College  for 
twenty  years  and  held  the  honorary  degree  of  A.  M.  from  that  in- 
stitution. For  fifteen  years  he  served  as  a  member  of  the  board 
of  education  of  Forest  City.  For  twelve  years  he  was  president  of 
the  Winnebago  County  Farmers'  Institute.  He  organized  the  Win- 
nebago County  Agricultural  Society  and  was  iis  first  president. 
He  was  at  one  time  president  of  the  Iowa  State  Society,  Sons  of 
the  American  Revolution.  For  many  years  he  had  conducted  a 
real  estate  and  loan  business,  was  interested  in  banking  and  for  the 
last  few  years  in  breeding  registered  Short  Horn  cattle.  For  forty 
years  he  was  a  bee  culturist  and  won  world-wide  reputation  in  that 
work.  In  1893  he  was  sole  expert  aparian  judge  at  the  World's 
Columbian  Exposition.  He  was  at  one  time  president  of  the  North 
American  Beekeepers'  Society,  and  for  seven  years  its  general 
manager  and  treasurer.  He  was  a  regular  contributor  to  various 
agricultural  and  technical  journals.  He  was  an  active  member  of 
the  Iowa  Horticultural  Society,  at  one  time  its  president  and  for 
many  years  was  regularly  oh  the  program  of  its  meetings.  At  the 
time  of  his. death  he  was  devoting  his  attention  largely  to  horticul- 
ture. Mr.  Secor  was  a  Republican  and  in  1892  was  a  delegate  to 
the  national  convention  at  Minneapolis.  He  was  a  Methodist  and  in 
1892  was  a  delegate  to  the  general  conference  at  Omaha.  He  was 
an  accomplished  writer  of  both  prose  and  verse,  a  naturalist,  philos- 
opher, scholar,  public  servant  and  christian  gentleman. 


George  L.  Dobsox  was  born  in  Westmoreland  County,  England, 
September  24,  1851,  and  died  at  Redmond,  Oregon,  February  16, 
1919.  Burial  was  at  Sac  City,  Iowa,  When  an  infant  his  parents 
removed  with  him  to  County  Tipperary,  Ireland.  In  1864  they  came 
to  the   United   States,   stopping  in  Jo  Davies   County,   Illinois,     In 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  387 

1868  they  removed  to  Lafayette  County,  Wisconsin,  and  in  1869 
to  Webster  County,  Iowa.  He  lived  on  a  farm  with  his  parents 
until  1873  when  he  went  to  Sac  County  and  purchased  a  farm.  He 
remained  there  three  years  and  married  there.  Soon  thereafter  he 
entered  the  law  department  of  the  State  University  of  Iowa  from 
which  he  graduated  in  1878.  He  then  practiced  law  one  year  in 
Sac  City  and  removed  to  Newell,  Buena  Vista  County,  in  1S79, 
where  he  continued  to  reside  until  1891,  practicing  law  and  acting 
as  editor  of  the  Xcitell  Mirror.  He  was  mayor  of  Newell  nve  years 
and  a  member  of  the  school  board  nine  years.  In  18S5  he  Was 
elected  representative,  and  was  twice  re-elected,  serving  in  the 
Twenty-first,  Twenty-second  and  Twenty-third  General  Assemblies. 
He  resigned  as  representative  before  the  expiration  of  his  last  term 
and  accepted  the  appointment  of  registrar  of  the  government  land 
office  at  Beaver,  Oklahoma.  In  1892  he  removed  to  Des  Moines, 
Iowa.  In  1896  he  was  elected  secretary  of  state  and  was  re-elected, 
two  years  later,  serving  until  January,  1901.  In  1905  he  was  ap- 
pointed consul  to  Hang  Chow,  China,  but  only  remained  abroad  a 
few  months,  resigning  because  of  poor  health.  In  1908  he  was 
elected  treasurer  of  Polk  County  and  re-elected  in  1910.  For  sev- 
eral years  in  Des  Moines  he  was  interested  in  insurance  business, 
and  was  for  four  years  vice  president  of  the  Des  Moines  Life  In- 
surance Company.  In  1918  he  went  to  Redmond,  Oregon,  to  make 
his  home  with  a  son.  For  a  quarter  of  a  century  or  more  he  took 
a  conspicuous  part  in  Republican  campaigns  both  in  Iowa  and  in 
other  states,  being  considered  one  of  the  most  popular  orators  of 
the  day.  He  also  distinguished  himself  on  tlie  ])latform  as  an 
eloquent  advocate  of  measures  against  the  use  of  intoxicating 
liquors. 

Malcolm  Smith  was  born  in  Belfast,  Ireland,  June  8,  1848;  lie 
died  at  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa,  May  2,  1915.  He  was  of  Scotch  an- 
cestry. His  education  was  received  in  the  schools  of  Belfast.  While 
still  a  boy  he  became  interested  in  the  temperance  movement  and 
was  a  member  of  the  Rechabites,  Good  Templars  and  Band  of  Hope. 
In  1873  he  migrated  to  the  United  States,  settling  first  in  New  York, 
where  he  was  employed  by  A,  T.  Stewart  &  Co.,  pioneer  drygoods 
merchants.  He  removed  to  Cedar  Rapids  in  1880  and  became  an 
employe  of  the  T.  M.  Sinclair  &  Co.  wholesale  house,  with  whom 
he  remained  until  his  death,  being  in  his  last  years  their  general 
agent.  On  his  arrival  in  Cedar  Rapids  he  became  intensely  in- 
terested in  the  prohibition  question,  and,  though  a  Republican  in 
politics,  he  allied  himself  with  the  Prohibition  party.  He  was 
an  intimate  friend  of  the  national  leaders  of  that  party.  In  1890 
and  again  in  1914  he  was  candidate  for  governor  of  Iowa  on  the 
Prohibition  ticket,  and  had  twice  been  candidate  for  United  States 
senator. 


388  ANNALS  OP  IOWA 

Tacitus  Hussey  was  born  in  Terre  Haute,  Indiana.  October  10, 
1832,  and  died  at  the  Home  for  the  Aged  in  Des  Moines,  Iowa, 
August  9,  1919.  In  his  youth  he  attended  country  school  in  a  log 
school  house  during  winters.  When  sixteen  years  old  he  com- 
menced work  in  a  printing  office  in  Terre  Haute  and  continued  it 
for  four  years.  On  November  9,  1855,  he  arrived  at  Fort  Des 
Moines,  later  called  Des  Moines,  on  a  stage  coach,  and  lived  there 
continuously  from  that  date  until  his  death.  He  commenced  work 
in  Des  Moines  in  the  printig  office  of  the  Statesman,  and  worked 
in  other  offices,  but  in  1857  took  employmet  as  a  job  printer  with 
N.  W.  Mills  &  Co.,  becoming  their  foreman.  In  1864  he  became  a 
member  of  the  firm  of  Carter,  Hussey  &  Curl,  job  printers,  continu- 
ing actively  in  business  until  1901.  During  all  thi*?  time  he  did  more 
or  less  writing,  editing  the  Neio  Broom,  published  by  Carter,  Hussey 
&  Curl  in  the  interests  of  their  business,  editing  the  Mail  and  Times 
for  two  or  three  years,  assisting  in  editing  Plain  Talk  for  some 
time,  and  contributing  many  articles  to  the  Register  and  other 
papers.  He  was  the  author  of  the  songs,  "Iowa,  Beautiful  Land," 
"My  Country,  Oh,  My  Country,"  and  "When  the  Mists  Have  Passed 
Away";  "The  RivCr  Bend  and  other  poems,"  "History  of  Steamboat- 
ing  on  the  Des  Moines  River,"  "Story  of  the  Central  Presbyterian 
Church,"  and  many  other  poems,  sketches,  etc.  He  had  In  manu- 
script at  the  time  of  his  death  "Beginnings;  being  Remin'is- 
oences  of  Early  Des  Moines,"  which  has  since  been  published  by 
his  friends  in  a  volume  of  over  200  pages.  Mr.  Hussey  was  a  mem- 
ber of  Central  Presbyterian  Church,  Des  Moines,  from  the  time  of 
his  arrival  in  1855.  Printer,  philosopher,  pioneer,  nature  lover 
and  poet,  he  was  a  remarkable  character  and  was  loved  by  all  who 
knew  him.  He  left  his  large  and  valuable  collection  of  clippings, 
books  and  manuscripts  to  the  Historical  Department  of  Iowa. 


Frederick  Edward  White  was  born  in  Prussia,  Germany,  Jan- 
uary 19,  1844,  and  died  at  Sigourney,  Iowa,  February  14,  1920.  With 
his  widowed  mother  and  two  sisters  he  emigrated  to  America  in 
1857,  coming  to  the  north  part  of  Keokuk  County,  Iowa.  For  four 
years  he  worked  in  that  vicinity  as  a  farm  hand,  part  of  the  time 
attending  common  school.  In  1861  he  enlisted  in  the  Eighth  Iowa 
Infantry  but  was  rejected  on  account  of  his  youth.  In  February, 
1862,  he  re-enlisted,  this  time  in  Company  I,  Thirteenth  Iowa  In- 
fantry, served  as  a  private  until  the  end  of  the  war,  and  was  mus- 
tered out  in  August,  1865.  He  returned  home  and  again  engaged 
in  farm  labor.  In  1866  he  w^as  married  and  settled  on  a  farm 
of  his  own.  For  the  next  forty-five  years  he  lived  on  that  farm, 
adding  to  it  from  time  to  time  and  becoming  successful  as  a  farmer 
and  stockman.  He  was  a  great  reader  and  an  intense  student  of 
political  subjects.     He  early  adopted  the  theories  of  Thomas  Jeffer- 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  S89 

son  and  being  himself  of  a  philosophical  turn  of  mind  and  culti- 
vating the  art  of  public  speaking,  he  gained  some  local  prominence 
as  a  speaker.  In  1890  the  Democrats  of  the  Sixth  District  nomin- 
ated him  for  congress,  and  he  was  elected,  defeating  John  P.  Lacey, 
and  served  in  the  Fifty-second  Congress.  In  congress  he  made  at 
least  two  notable  speeches,  one  being  on  disarmament,  and  the 
other  on  the  tariff  question.  The  latter  became  one  of  the  most 
widely  circulated  speeches  ever  delivered  in  congress,  being  trans- 
lated into  various  languages  and  used  for  years  by  Democratic  com- 
mittees as  a  campaign  document.  Mr.  White  was  renominated  for 
congress  in  1892,  but  was  then  d'^feated  by  Major  Lacey.  In  1897 
he  was  nominated  by  the  Democratic  party  for  governor  of  Iowa, 
but  was  defeated  by  L.  M.  Shaw.  He  was  nominated  again  for  the 
same  office  in  1899  and  was  again  defeated  by  Governor  Shaw.  In 
1908  he  was  nominated  for  governor  a  third  time,  and  this  time  was* 
defeated  by  B.  F.  Carroll.  In  1911  he  retired  from  his  farm  and  re- 
moved to  Sigourney.  When  the  World  War  opened  he  was,  as 
might  have  been  expected,  intensely  loyal  to  his  adopted  country 
and  it  was  while  delivering  a  speech  at  Ottumwa  in  the  interests 
of  the  Red  Cross  that  he  was  stricken  with  apoplexy,  from  which 
he  never  fully  recovered.  In  his  life  he  overcame  the  handicaps 
of  poverty,  hardships  and  lack  of  education.  He  labored  by  day 
and  read  by  night.  He  was  a  foe  of  aristocracy  and  militarism.  He 
ardently  loved  the  institutions  of  this  republic.  He  was  an  original 
and  independent  thinker  in  religion  as  well  as  in  politics,  and  was 
an  orator  of  unusual  ability. 


Benjamin  Rex  Vale  was  born  June  4,  1848,  in  Jefferson  county, 
Ohio;  he  died  at  Bonaparte,  Iowa,  April  3,  1915.  He  removed  with 
his  parents  to  Lee  county,  Iowa,  in  1850,  and  in  1856  to  Harrisburg 
township.  Van  Buren  county,  which  was  his  home  until  1914,  when 
he  moved  to  Bonaparte.  He  was  educated  in  the  Birmingham 
Academy,  Birmingham,  Iowa,  and  at  Monmouth  College  in  Illinois, 
graduating  therefrom  in  1873  with  the  degree  of  A.  B.  He  later 
received  the  degree  of  A.  M.  from  the  same  college.  He  became  one 
of  the  leading  farmers  and  stock  breeders  of  Van  Buren  county, 
introducing  and  improving  thoroughbred  strains  of  cattle  and  hogs, 
his  most  notable  contribution  to  the  wealth  of  the  country  at  large 
being  his  long  and  wise  course  of  improved  breeding  of  the  Chester 
White  strain  of  swine.  Upon  the  organization  of  the  Farmers  and 
Traders  Bank  at  Bonaparte,  in  1882,  he  was  made  president,  and 
held  the  position  continuously  while  he  lived.  He  was  also  president 
of  the  Mt  Sterling  Savings  Bank  In  1887  he  was  elected  senator 
from  the  Van  Buren-Jefferson  district  to  the  Twenty-second  General 
Assembly  and  served  two  terms.  He  took  special  interest  in  all 
matters  pertaining  to  schools  and  agriculture. 


390  ANNALS  OP  IOWA 

Jesse  Macy  was  born  in  Henry  County,  Indiana,  June  21,  1842, 
and  died  at  Grinnell,  Iowa,  November  2,  1919,  In  1856  he  came 
with  his  parents  to  a  farm  in  Powesheik  County,  near  Lynnville. 
In  1859  he"  entered  the  academy  of  Iowa  College  at  Grinnell.  He 
had  been  born  and  reared  a  Quaker.  His  parents  had  been  active 
anti-slavery  people.  When  the  war  came  on  he  volunteered  in  the 
hospital  service.  He  was  with  Sherman's  army  in  its  march  to 
the  sea.  He  was  mustered  out  at  Springfield,  Illinois  and  re-en- 
tered Iowa  College,  graduating  in  1870.  From  1871  to  1885  he  was 
principal  of  Iowa  College  Academy.  Prom  1885  to  1888  he  was  act- 
ing professor  of  history  and  political  science  in  Iowa  College.  ^In 
1888  he  became  professor  of  political  science,  which  position  he 
held  until  he  retired  in  1912.  He  received  the  degree  of  A.  M. 
from  Iowa  College  in  1873.  He  was  granted  the  degree  of  LL.  D. 
from  Brown  University  in  1898,  from  Grinnell  College  in  1911  and 
from  Oberlin  College  in  1915.  He  was  Harvard  Poundation  lec- 
turer in  French  j)rovincial  universities  in  1913.  He  was  president 
of  the  American  Political  Science  Association  in  1916.  His  fame  is 
based  not  alone  on  his  success  as  an  instructor,  but  also  on  his 
productions  as  an  author.  Among  his  more  noted  publications  are 
"Civil  Government  in  Iowa,"  1881;  "Institutional  Beginnings  in  a 
Western  State,"  1884;  "First  Lessons  in  Civil  Government,"  1894; 
''English  Constitution,"  1897;  "Political  Parties  in  the  United 
States,"  1900;  "Political  Science,"  1913.  He  had  an  acquaintance 
with  and  the  confidence  of  many  of  the  world's  truly  great.  He 
was  indispensable  to  Hon.  James  Bryce  in  the  production  of  "The 
American  Commonwealth."  He  was  a  man  of  large  abilities  and 
of  fine  character,  bringing  honor  to  his  college  and  to  his  state. 


William  E.  Johnston  was  born  in  Cedar  county,  Iowa,  Sep- 
tember 8,  1866;  he  died  at  Ida  Grove,  Iowa,  August  16,  1915. 
His  parents  were  Albert  Jefferson  and  Ellen  C.  (McDonald)  John- 
ston. He  was  educated  in  the  district  schools  of  Cedar  and  Ida 
counties,  the  family  having  removed  to  Ida  county  in  1881.  He 
began  the  study  of  law  and  was  graduated  from  the  law  depart- 
ment of  the  State  University  of  Iowa  in  1890.  He  served  as  clerk 
of  the  courts  and  in  1892  was  elected  county  attorney,  serving 
one  term.  As  a  young  man  he  was  a  Democrat  in  politics,  but  in 
1896  became  an  advocate  and  active  worker  of  the  Republican 
party.  He  was  instrumental  in  promoting  the  candidacy  of  Will- 
iam S.  Kenyon  for  United  States  senator,  and  in  1914  was 
permanent  chairman  of  the  Republican  state  convention.  He 
was  president  and  attorney  of  the  Grain  Shippers  Mutual  Fire 
Association  and  interested  in  various  business  enterprises  of  Ida 
Grove.  He  was  an  extensive  land  owner  and  had  traveled  widely 
in  Europe  and  the  Orient. 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  391 

David  Brant  was  born  at  Shelbyville,  Indiana,  July  6,  1850,  and 
died  at  Iowa  City,  Iowa,  June  4,  1919,  He  came  with  his  mother 
and  stepfather  to  Monroe  County,  Iowa,  in  1855.  They  went  on  to 
Ringgold  County  in  1857.  The  stepfather  went  into  the  Union 
army,  leaving  the  farm  to  the  care  of  David'  v/hen  he  was  but 
twelve  years  old.  Ambitious  for  an  education  he  went  to  Iowa  City 
in  1872,  walking  sixty  miles  of  the  way,  and  entered  the  academy 
where  he  remained  two  terms.  He  then  attended  the  University 
three  years.  Leaving  the  University  ha  became  editor  and  part 
owner  of  the  Iowa  City  Journal.  He  later  disposed  of  his  interest 
in  the  Jouriial  to  take  a  position  on  the  Iowa  City  ReDuhlican.  In 
1881  he  went  to  Cedar  Rapids  as  city  editor  of  the  Cedar  Rapids  Re- 
publican. In  1883  he  established  the  Walker  Xeivs,  conducting  it 
seven  years.  In  1890  he  became  city  editor  of  the  Cedar  Rapids 
Gazette,  which  he  also  represented  six  years  as  legislative  corre- 
spondent at  Des  Moines.  He  was  elected  representative  from  Linn 
County,  serving  in  the  Twenty-sixth  General  Assembly  and  in  the 
Twenty-sixth  extra  session  in  1897  when  the  code  was  revised.  Tn 
1897  he  went  to  Clinton  as  editor  of  the  Clinton  Herald,  remaining 
there  four  years.  In  1902  he  returned  to  Iowa  City  ao  editor  and 
manager  of  the  Iowa  City  Republican,  later  acquiring  its  ownership 
and  continuing  with  his  two  sons,  its  publication  until  his  deatli. 
As  an  editorial  writer  he  was  original,  aggressive  and  forceful. 
He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Republican  national  convention  in  1908. 
He  was  well  acquainted  with  Iowa  politics  and  affairs,  had  a  re- 
tentive memory,  and  wrote  a  series  of  valuable  reminiscent  ar- 
ticles for  his  paper  not  long  before  his  death.  He  had  been  a 
familiar  figure  at  district,  state  and  national  conventions  for  many 
years.  He  bitterly  denounced  the  legislation  for  extending  and  im- 
proving the  State  Capitol  grounds  in  1913. 


Henry  W.  Rotheht  was  born  in  Germany,  September  11,  184U. 
and  died  at  Council  Bluffs,  Iowa,  January  29,  1920.  Burial  was  at 
Keokuk.  He  came  with  his  parents  to  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  in  1850. 
He  graduated  from  high  school  in  that  city  and  at  once  entered 
the  hardware  business  with  his  brothers.  In  1858  they  established 
a  branch  house  at  Keokuk  and  Henry  removed  there  and  took  charge 
of  it  and  soon  built  up  a  very  prosperous  business.  He  began  public 
life  in  1868  by  being  elected  alderman  from  the  Third  Ward  and 
served  three  years.  In  1871  he  was  elected  mayor  and  was  re-elected 
in  1872.  In  1873  he  was  elected  senator  and  served  in  the  Fifteenth 
and  Sixteenth  General  Assemblies.  He  was  president  pro  tempore 
of  the  senate  of  the  Sixteenth  General  Assembly  and  when  on  Febru- 
ary 1,  1877,  Governor  Kirkwood  resigned  to  become  United  States 
senator,  and  Lieutenant  Governor  Newbold  became  governor,  under 
the   constitution    Mr.   Rothert   became   acting   lieutenant   governor, 


392  ANIMALS  OF  IOWA 

serving  as  such  until  January,  1878.  In  1881  he  was  elected  to  the 
senate  again  and  served  in  the  Nineteenth  and  Twentieth  General 
Assemblies.  Although  those  assemblies  contained  many  men  of 
note  and  ability,  he  was  a  real  leader  and  greatly  influenced  legis- 
lation. In  1881  he  was  appointed  register  of  the  land  office  at 
Cheyenne,  Wyoming,  and  held  the  position  nearly  four  years,  re- 
signing when  Cleveland  was  inaugurated.  He  was  then  called  by 
the  board  of  directors  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  to  investigate 
and  report  on  their  entire  land  system,  which  he  did.  Up  toi  this 
time  his  career  had  been  that  of  a  successful  business  man  and  a 
political  leader.  For  years  he  was  chairman  of  the  Republican 
county  central  committee  of  Lee  County,  and  he  was  perhaps  the 
dominant  political  figure  of  the  county  during  the  later  years  of  his 
residence  there.  In  August,  1887,  at  forty-seven  years  of  age,  he 
turned  his  back  on  what  appeared  to  be  further  and  more  distin- 
guished political  honors,  and  entered  his  life  work  as  superintendent 
of  the  Iowa  School  for  the  Deaf  at  Council  Bluffs.  His  mind  had 
been  directed  to  this  work  because  of  the  deafness  of  a  son.  When 
in  the  senate  he  had  been  active  in  furthering  legislation  for  the 
deaf.  His  nine  years  of  service  on  the  board  of  education  of  Keokuk, 
several  of  the  later  years  as  its  president,  had  familiarized  him 
with  general  educational  work.  In  1887  he  found  the  School  for 
the  Deaf  was  a  small  institution  with  quite  limited  buildings.  He 
remained  its  superintendent  thirty-two  years,  or  until  August,  1919, 
when  he  resigned.  During  that  time  epidemics  of  sickness,  floods 
and  fires  were  visited  upon  them.  At  one  time  nearly  the  whole 
plant  was  burned  down.  Under  his  constructive  management  the 
school  became  one  of  the  best  equipped  and  best  organized  in  the 
countrj^  Mr.  Rothert  was  active  in  Masonic  circles,  being  grand 
master  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Iowa  in  1875  and  1876.  He  was  a 
man  of  large  administrative  and  executive  ability,  of  strong  intellect 
and  of  generous  sympathies. 


James  Hannibal  Shields  was  born  near  Bowling  Green,  Missouri^ 
May  8,  1840;  he  died  at  Dubuque,  Iowa,  September  30,  1914.  He 
received  his  early  education  in  the  schools  of  Dubuque,  was  pre- 
pared for  college  at  Alfred  Academy  in  western  New  York  and 
spent  some  time  in  Union  College,  Schenectady.  He  studied  law 
in  the  office  of  John  B.  Henderson,  of  St.  Louis,  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  Dubuque  County  in  1862.  He  was  elected  city  attorney 
of  Dubuque  in  1863  and  served  two  terms.  In  1882  he  was  elected 
district  attorney  and  held  that  oflfice  for  four  years.  In  1889  he  was 
elected  senator  and  served  in  the  Twenty-third  and  Twenty- 
fourth  General  Assemblies.  In  the  last  twenty  years  he  withdrew 
almost  entirely  from  politics  and  the  practice  of  law,  confining  his 
attention  to  the  real  estate  business. 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  393 

James  Albert  Smith  was  born  at  Castile,  Wyoming  County,  New 
York,  February  4,  1851,  and  died  at  Pasadena,  California,  January 
12,  1918.  Burial  was  at  Osage,  Iowa.  He  received  a  common  school 
education.  In  1869  he  came  to  Osage  and  followed  civil  engineering 
several  years.  He  then  entered  mercantile  business  and  soon  there- 
after the  lumber  business.  He  became  the  owner  of  several  lumber 
yards  in  Iowa,  Minnesota  and  South  Dakota.  He  had  rare  busi- 
ness judgment  and  great  energy  and  came  to  be  rated  as  a  million- 
aire. He  served  several  terms  on  the  school  board  and  on  the  city 
council  of  Osage.  In  1887  he  was  elected  representative  and  re- 
elected two  years  later,  serving  as  such  in  the  Twenty-second  and 
Twenty-third  General  Assemblies.  In  1899  he  was  elected  senator, 
and  twice  re-elected,  serving  as  senator  from  the  Twenty  eight  Gen- 
eral Assembly  to  the  Thirty-fourth  inclusive.  Thus  for  four  years 
he  was  representative  and  for  thirteen  years  he  was  senator,  mak- 
ing a  state  legislative  career  excelled  in  length  of  service  by  only 
Lemuel  R.  Bolter,  of  Harrison  County,  John  L.  Wilson,  of  Clinton 
County,  and  William  Larrabee,  of  Payette  County.  Senator  SmiUi 
was  a  very  useful  member.  During  the  last  few  sessions  of  his 
service  he  was  chairman  of  the  appropriations  committee  and  was 
also  president  pro  tempore  of  the  sejiate.  He  was  a  close  personal 
and  political  friend  of  Albert  B.  Cummins.  He  was  an  ardent 
advocate  of  primary  election,  anti-pass,  two-cent  fare  and  kindred 
measures.  He  was  a  trustee  of  Grinnell  College  from  1887  until 
his  death. 

JoHX  A.  Nash  was  born  in  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  May  9,  1854,  and 
died  at  his  home  in  Audubon,  Iowa,  October  28,  1913.  He  was  the 
son  of  Reverend  John  A.  Nash,  prominent  pioneer  minister  of 
Des  Moines.  He  attended  public  school  in  Des  Moines  and  grad- 
uated from  Des  Moines  College  in  1870,  He  read  law  with  Brown 
and  Dudley  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  spent  one  year  at 
Stuart  in  a  law  office,  then  in  1878  went  to  Exira  and  commenced 
practice.  In  1879  he  removed  to  Audubon.  He  was  employed  by 
the  C,  R.  I.  &  P.  Ry.  Co.  to  quiet  the  titles  of  lands  they  owned 
in  Audubon,  Shelby  and  Crawford  Counties.  He  also  engaged  in 
the  law,  loan  and  abstract  business,  having  partners  at  different 
times,  the  present  Congressman  W.  R.-  Green  being  with  him  sev- 
eral years.  He  was  mayor  of  Audubon  some  years,  was  a  member 
of  the  school  board  twelve  years,  was  a  leader  in  politics  in  that 
part  of  the  state  and  a  public  spirited  and  useful  citizen. 


Michael  P.  McCullough  was  born  at  Holy  Cross,  Dubuque  Coun- 
ty, Iowa,  July  28,  1854,  and  died  at  Dubuque,  December  20,  1913. 
He  received  a  common  school  education  and  followed  the  avocation 
of  farmer  and  stock  buyer.  He  was  elected  representative  in  3910 
and  re-elected  in  1912,  serving  in  the  Thirty-fourth  and  Thirty- 
fifth  General  Assemblies. 


394  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

Maro  Loomis  Bartlett  was  born  at  Brownhelm,  Ohio,  October 
25,  1847,  and  died  in  Des  Moines,  March  15,  1919.  His  youth  was 
spent  on  a  farm.  At  Oberlin  College  he  early  took  instruction 
on  violin  and  in  voice.  Soon  thereafter  he  began  his  long  career 
as  a  musical  instructor,  as  he  there  became  director  of  the  Bap- 
tist Church  choir.  He  went  from  there  to  Meadville,  Penn.,  and 
taught  music  there  and  conducted  a  church  choir.  He  later  did 
the  same  in  Orange,  New  Jersey.  He  then  went  to  New  York  City 
where  he  was  the  first  to  introduce  the  specialized  teaching  of 
music  in  the  public  schools.  In  New  York  he  studied  under  some 
of  the  best  known  instructors  and  sarig  and  directed  music  in 
several  leading  churches,  among  them  being  Grace  Church  where 
Bishop  Potter  was  rector.  After  six  years  in  New  Y'ork  he  re- 
moved to  Chicago  and  was  equally  active  there,  but  in  1886  went 
to  Des  Moines  and  remained  there  actively  engaged  in  teaching 
music  and  training  choirs  and  orchestras.  In  St.  Paul's  Episcopal 
Church  he  organized  the  first  boy's  choir.  He  established  the 
first  orchestra  of  any  size  in  Des  Moines.  He  gave  the  Messiah, 
the  Creation,  Elijah  and  other  choral  works  their  first  performance 
in  Des  Moines.  It  was  through  his  efforts  that  many  great  artists 
were  brought  to  Des  Moines,  among  them  being  Nordica,  Melba, 
Carreno,  Alice  Nieison,  Schumann-Heink,  McCormack,  Kubelik  and 
Alma  Gluck  and  among  the  organizations  he  brought  were  the 
Thomas  Orchestra,  the  New  York  Symphony  Orchestra,  the  New 
York  Philharmonic  Orchestra  and  the  Minneapolis  Orchestra.  He 
was  a  strong  force  in  developing  the  musical  taste  of  the  people 
of  Des  Moines  and  of  Iowa. 


John  Stillman  Lothrop  was  born  at  Dover,  Maine,  October  9, 
1836,  and  died  at  Sioux  City,  Iowa,  July  1,  1913.  He  came  wiith 
his  family  in  1852  to  Illinois  and  lived  on  a  farm  until  1859  when 
he  entered  the  Chicago  Law  School.  When  the  war  opened  he 
enlisted  in  the  Eleventh  Illinois  Infantry  and  re-enlisted  in  the 
Twenty-sixth  Illinois  Infantry  and  was  commissioned  captain. 
After  the  war  he  practiced  law  at  Ottawa,  Illinois,  and  later  at 
Champaign,  Illinois,  until  1884  when  he  removed  to  Sioux  City, 
Iowa.  Here  he  was  quite  successful  in  his  law  practice,  especially 
in  drainage  cases,  in  which  he  specialized.  President  Harrison  ap- 
pointed him  collector  of  internal  revenue  with  headquarters  at 
Dubuque  and  he  served  one  term.  In  1895  he  was  elected  senator 
and  served  in  the  Twenty-sixth,  Twenty-sixth  extra  and  Twenty- 
seventh  General  Assemblies.  After  retiring  from  the  legislature 
he  was  successful  in  securing  for  the  state  of  Iowa  from  the  United 
States  a  refunding  of  interest  on  certain  war  and  defense  bonds 
Issued  in  1861,  amounting  to  $456,417.89,  for  which  service  he  was 
paid  $7,500.  In  1912  he  was  elected  commander  of  the  Loyal  Legion 
of  Iowa.     He  was  a  political  orator  of  reputation. 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  395 

Bradford  B.  Lane  was  born  in  Ijincoln  County,  Ontario,  Canada, 
February  5,  1838,  and  died  at  his  home  near  Maxwell,  Iowa,  July 
16,  1913.  He  attended  common  school  in  his  native  town  and  grad- 
uated in  the  Bellville  Academy.  He  then  taught  school  two  years 
and  in  1860  entered  Oberlin  College,  remaining  there  two  years. 
The  three  following  years  he  was  in  his  native  country  but  iii^ 
1865  he  came  to  Palmyra,  Warren  County,  Iowa,  and  taught  school. 
He  was  ordained  a  minister  by  the  Methodist  Episcopal'Church  in 
1867,  and  two  years  later  an  elder.  He  then  had  charge  of  various 
churches  until  1872  when  he  settled  on  a  farm  in  Washington  town- 
ship, Polk  County,  and  for  ten  years  cultivated  his  farm  and  preached 
for  the  Highland  Congregational  Church.  Failing  health  caused 
him  to  quit  preaching.  In  1889  he  was  elected  representative  and 
re-elected  in  1891.  thus  serving  in  the  Twenty-third  and  Twenty- 
fourth  General  Assemblies.  In  the  former,  following  the  custom 
of  the  senior  member  from  Polk  calling  the  house  to  order,  he  be- 
came temporary  speaker,  and  presided  during  the  two  weeks  of  the 
famous  deadlock,  or  until  an  organization  was  effected.  He  served 
ably  and  satisfactorily.  After  his  retirement  he  frequently  con- 
tributed to  public  journals  on  leading  questions  of  the  day. 


L.  B.  Paksiiall  was  born  at  Interlaken,  Seneca  County.  New 
York,  June  28,  1845,  and  died  at  Canton,  Jackson  County,  Iowa, 
May  9,  1913.  He  attended  common  school,  Northville,  New  York, 
Academy  and  Yale  University,  graduating  from  the  latter  with  the 
degree  of  Ph.  D.  He  was  in  Chicago  in  1872  in  mercantile  busi- 
ness one  year.  He  then  went  to  Kansas  and  engaged  in  the  cattle 
business  until  1877,  after  which  he  returned  to  New  York.  In 
1881  he  removed  to  Jackson  County,  Iowa,  and  engaged  in  farming 
and  live  stock  business  on  a  large  scale.  In  1892  he  was  elected 
superintendent  of  schools  of  Jackson  County,  holding  the  position 
until  1897.  In  that  year  he  was  the  candidate  for  state  superin- 
tendent of  public  instruction  on  the  Democratic  ticket.  In  1908 
he  was  elected  state  senator  and  served  in  the  Thirty-third  and 
Thirty-fourth  General  Assemblies. 


George  Leuders  was  born  at  Jaemstad,  Germany,  January  30, 
1861,  and  died  at  New  Liberty,  Iowa,  January  24,  1919.  He  came 
with  his  parents  to  America  in  1875,  locating  at  Davenport.  He 
attended  common  school  and  business  college  in  Davenport.  In 
1887  he  located  at  New  Liberty  and  engaged  in  the  lumber  business 
and  in  buying  and  selling  live  stock.  In  1905  he  became  cashier  of 
the  German  Savings  Bank  of  New  Liberty  and  later  became  its 
president.  He  held  numerous  township  offices  and  was  mayor  of 
New  Liberty  from  1909  to  1915.  In  1914  he  was  elected  representa- 
tive and  served  in  the  Thirty-sixth  General  Assembly. 


396  ANNALS  OP  IOWA 

James  M.  Andeeson  was  born  at  Antrim,  Guernsey  County,  Ohio, 
November  22,  1844,  and  died  at  Long  Beach,  California,  February 
17,  1919,  Burial  was  at  Indianola,  Iowa.  He  came  with  his  parents 
to  Davenport,  Iowa,  in  1854.  In  1856  they  removed  to  Oskaloosa, 
and  in  1857  to  Warren  County.  He  worked  on  the  farm  for  his 
father  in  boyhood  until  sixteen  years  of  age  when  he  went  to 
Des  Moines  and  learned  the  saddlery  and  harness  making  trade. 
In  1872  he  went  to  St.  Charles  and  engaged  in  mercantile  business, 
and  afterwards  bought  and  operated  a  farm  near  there,  in  Warren 
County.  In  1886  he  and  his  brother  T.  T.,  bought  the  Indianola 
Herald,  which  they  owned  and  edited  for  twenty-five  years.  In 
1911  he  bought  his  brother's  interest  and  until  1915  he  owned  and 
edited  the  paper  alone.  In  1899  he  was  elected  representative  and 
was  re-elected  two  years  later,  serving  in  the  Twenty-eighth  and 
Twenty-ninth  General  Assemblies.  He  was  the  author  of  the  Ander- 
son road  law,  which  marked  a  distinct  progress  in  road  legislation. 
He  was  an  able  and  successful  newspaper  man.  m  1908  he  was 
president  of  the  Southern  Iowa  Press  Association.  In  1915  because 
of  poor  health  he  sold  his  newspaper  and  thereafter  spent  his  time 
between  Ft.  Collins,  Colorado,  and  Long  Beach,  California. 


Neal  W.  Rowell  was  born  in  Athens  county,  Ohio,  June  19, 
1836;  he  died  at  Afton,  Iowa,  June  30,  1915.  He  was  educated  in 
the  public  schools  and  at  Ohio  University,  graduating  therefrom  in 
1856,  completing  the  scientific  course.  He  had  removed  with  his 
father's  family  to  Wapello  county,  Iowa,  in  1847,  and  after  his 
graduation  in  Ohio,  returned  to  Iowa  and  began  the  study  of  law 
in  the  office  of  Harris  and  Galbraith  in  Centerville.  In  1858  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  removed  the  same  year  to  Afton,  where 
he  continued  in  the  practice  of  law  until  his  death.  He  was  elected 
county  judge  of  Union  county  in  1862.  In  1868  he  was 'elected  repre- 
sentative in  the  Twelfth  General  Assembly  and  two  years  after 
re-elected  for  a  second  term.  He  served  as  member  of  the  board 
of  education  from  1865  to  1880  and  as  mayor  of  Afton  for  two  terms. 
He  was  a  Republican  in  politics  and  deeply  interested  in  all  affairs 
pertaining  to  the  welfare  and  uplift  of  his  community. 


Oliver  P.  Rowles  was  born  at  Beth,  New  York,  March  25,  1821, 
and  died  at  his  home  at  Albia,  Iowa,  August  10,  1913.  When  an 
infant  he  was  brought  by  his  parents  to  Covington,  Indiana,  where 
he  grew  to  manhood.  In  1844  he  came  to  a  farm  two  miles  south 
of  the  present  city  of  Albia,  and  lived  there  for  sixty  years.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  county  board  of  supervisors  for  two  or  three 
terms  and  was  representative  in  the  Ninth  and  Ninth  extra  General 
Assemblies,  being  elected  in  1861.  Since  1900  he  had  lived  a  retired 
life  in  Albia. 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  397 

John  W.  Harvey  was  born  in  Wiells  County,  Indiana,  September 
16,  1840,  and  died  at  Leon,  Iowa,  February  28,  1913.  His  father  died 
in  1845  and  the  next  year  the  mother  and  family  came  to  Jasper 
County,  Iowa.  He  took  some  preparatory  school  work  at  Indian- 
ola  and  then  attended  Iowa  Central  University  at  Pella.  He  en- 
listed in  Company  G,  Eighteenth  Iowa  Infantry,  as  a  private  and 
came  out  a  captain  in  1866.  He  again  entered  college  at  PeUa  and 
graduated  in  1867.  He  graduated  from  the  Iowa  College  of  Law  at 
Des  Moines  in  1868.  He  removed  to  Leon  soon  thereafter  and 
formed  a  law  partnership  with  Major  J.  L.  Young.  He  was  elected 
judge  of  the  district  court,  serving  from  1883  to  1890.  He  taen 
formed  a  partnership  with  R.  L.  Parrish.  which  continued  eleven 
years,  or  until  Mr.  Parrish  was  elected  to  the  district  bench.  He 
then  formed  a  partnership  with  his  son,  James  F.  Harvey.  His 
practice  was  extensive  and  his  reputation  as  a  lawyer  and  a  citi- 
zen of  the  best.  He  was  president  of  the  Farmers  and  Traders 
State  Bank  of  Leon  from  1894  until  his  death, 


Edward  P.  McMaxus  was  born  in  Keokuk,  Iowa,  June  20,  1857, 
and  died  at  Keokuk,  January  8,  1918.  He  graduated  from  the  pub- 
lic schools  and  took  a  business  course  at  Bayless  Commercial  Col- 
lege. He  then  taught  school  three  years,  then  acted  as  bookkeeper 
for  a  Keokuk  firm  three  years,  and  then  for  eight  years  was  en- 
gaged in  farming  and  stock-raising.  At  the  end  of  that  time  he  be- 
came a  member  of  a  contracting  firm  of  which  his  father  was  the 
head,  and  on  his  father's  death  he  became  the  senior  member  of  the 
firm  of  McManus  &  Tucker,  general  contractors  in  stone  and  earth- 
work. In  1906  he  was  elected  senator  and  was  re-elected  in  1910, 
serving  from  the  Thirty-second  General  Assembly  to  the  Thirty- 
fifth  inclusive.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  postmaster  at  Keo- 
kuk. He  was  also  chairman  of  the  Lee  County  Council  of  Defense 
and  was  county  food  administrator. 


Henry  Franklin  Andrews  was  born  at  Lovell,  Maine,  June  27, 
1844,  and  died  at  Exira,  Iowa,  May  20,  1919.  In  1862  he  enlisted  in 
the  Sixteenth  Maine  Infantry.  In  Juno,  1864,  on  account  of  ill 
health  he  was  sent  to  a  hospital  at  Washington,  D.  C,  and  after- 
wards was.  on  detached  duty  as  clerk  there  until  he  was  discharged 
in  July,  1865.  He  came  to  Audubon  County,  Iowa,  in  1865,  taught 
school  two  or  three  years,  served  as  county  recorder  in  1867  and 
18'68,  and  in  1868  was  appointed  county  judge.  He  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1870.  In  1891  he  was  elected  senator  from  the  Audubon- 
Dallas-Guthrie  district  and  served  in  the  Twenty-fourth  and  Twenty- 
fifth  General  Assemblies.  In  the  later  years  of  his  life  he  became 
an  authority  on  geneological  subjects,  publishing  several  books  on 
different  family  lines,  particularly  of  the  Hamlin  family. 


398  ANNALS  OP  IOWA 

Guernsey  Smith  was  born  in  Ulster  county,  New  York,  July 
15,  1833;  he  died  at  Hawkeye,  Iowa,  July  16,  1915.  His  parents 
were  Calvin  and  Henrietta  (Chambers)  Smith.  His  early  years 
were  spent  on  the  home  farm.  When  he  was  eight  years  of  age 
his  father  died  and  he  was  obliged  to  earn  his  own  living.  In 
1849  he  started  to  California,  but  stopped  at  the  Missouri  river 
and  spent  a  year  in  shipping  and  freighting  on  the  Missouri,  Mis- 
Bissippi  and  Tennessee  rivers.  He  returned  home  for  a  few  years. 
In  1856  he  removed  to  Iowa  City  and  was  one  of  the  party  who  as- 
sisted in  removing  the  capital  from  Iowa  City  to  Des  Moines.  In 
1857,  while  acting  as  government  surveyor  in  Pocahontas  county, 
he  volunteered  in  the  Spirit  Lake  Massacre  Relief  Expedition 
and  participated  in  the  terrible  hardships  of  that  trip.  The  next 
three  years  were  spent  on  his  claim  near  Fort  Dodge.  In  1861  he 
crossed  the  plains  and  worked  in  the  mines  and  as  stage  driver 
until  1864,  when  he  returned  home.  He  remained  on  this  farm  for 
eight  years,  and  afterward  lived  for  different  periods  of  time  at 
Rochester,  Illinois,  on  a  farm  in  Fayette  county  and  at  Hawkeye, 
Iowa.  He  was  a  worker  in  the  temperance  cause  and  always  in- 
terested  in  men   and   events   about   him. 


William  Dennis  was  born  in  Madison  County,  Illinois,  April  20, 
1870,  and  died  at  his  home  in  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa,  December  12, 
1919.  In  1884  he  came  with  his  parents  to  Woodbury  County,  Iowa. 
He  attended  school  at  Sloan,  taught  school  five  years,  graduated 
from  Cornell  College,  Mount  Vernon,  in  1900,  and  later,  from  the 
law  department  of  the  State  University  of  Iowa.  He  began  practice 
at  Mount  Vernon,  but  was  elected  county  clerk  of  Linn  County  in 
1910  and  re-elected  in  1912  and  1914.  He  was  for  a  time  chairman 
of  the  Linn  County  Republican  Committee.  In  1915  he  was  appointed 
by  Governor  Clarke  a  member  of  the  Iowa  Board  of  Parole,  but  re- 
signed in  1916.  He  then  formed  a  law  partnership  with  Charles  W. 
Kepler  and  son  of  Mount  Vernon,  the  firm  being  Kepler,  Dennis  & 
Kepler,  he  having  the  Cedar  Rapids  office  of  the  firm.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  board  of  directors  of  the  Cedar  Rapids  Y.  M.  C.  A. 


Thomas  Fr^vncis  Nolan  was  born  in  Ireland,  December  17,  1838; 
he  died  at  Dubuque,  Iowa,  June  26,  1915.  At  the  age  of  eight  years 
he  emigrated  with  his  parents  to  America  and  aettled  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  where  they  remained  three  years.  At  the  end  of  that 
time  they  removed  to  Iowa,  and  to  a  farm  in  Dubuque  county.  Mr. 
Nolan  engaged  in  farming  and  successfully  followed  that  pursuit  in 
Dubuque  county  for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He  served  as  repre- 
sentative from  Dubuque  county  in  the  Twenty-sixth,  Twenty-sixth 
Extra  and  Twenty-seventh  General  Assemblies  and  as  senator  in 
the  Twenty-eighth  General  Assembly,  in  which  he  was  a  member 
of  the  committees  on  agriculture,  labor  and  mines  and  mining. 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  399 

JoHX  CoLLixs  SiiERWix  WRS  bom  at  Berlin,  Ohio,  February  6, 
1851,  and  died  at  Mason  City,  Iowa,  February  3,  1919.  When  an 
infant  he  came  with  his  parents  to  LaCrosse,  Wisconsin.  He  at- 
tended common  school  and  Ripon  and  Beloit  Colleges  and  grad- 
uated from  the  law  department  of  the  Wisconsin  State  University 
at  Madison  in  1875.  In  1876  he  came  to  Mason  City,  Iowa,  and 
entered  on  the  practice  of  law.  He  first  had  a  partnership  with 
B.  F.  Hartshorn  and  two  years  later,  with  Richard  Wilbur.  At 
one  time  he  was  a  partner  of  M.  L.  Schermerhorn.  In  1881  he 
became  city  solicitor  of  Mason  City,  and  in  1884,  mayor.  The  fall 
of  1884  he  was  elected  district  attorney  of  his  judicial  district, 
being  the  last  one  under  the  old  system.  In  1888  he  was  appointed 
district  judge  and  was  later  elected  and  regularly  re-elected,  serv- 
ing until  1899,  when  he  was  elected  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of 
the  state.  He  was  re-elected  to  this  position  serving  until  1913. 
After  retiring  he  continued  to  make  his  home  in  Mason  City.  He 
had  a  high  standing  in  his  profession  and  as  a  citizen. 


CoKNELirs  C.  Platter  was  born  at  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  April  22, 
1839,  and  died  at  Red  Oak,  Iowa,  December  30,  1909.  He  graduated 
at  Miama  University,  Oxford,  Ohio,  in  1860.  In  1861  he  enlisted  in 
Company  I,  Eighty-first  Ohio  Infantry,  was  commissioned  a  second 
lieutenant,  then  a  first  lieutenant,  then  adjutant  ot  his  regiment, 
and  later  was  commissioned  captain  and  appointed  adjutant  of  his 
brigade.  Finally  he  was  assistant  adjutant  general  on  the  staff 
of  General  John  A.  Logan.  After  the  war,  he  removed  to  Forest 
City,  Missouri,  and  engaged  in  the  furniture  business,  but  in  1870 
he  removed  to  a  farm  near  Red  Oak,  Iowa,  w^here  he  lived  for 
twenty-five  years.  In  1873  he  was  elected  representative,  serving 
in  the  Fifteenth  General  Assembly.  Again  in  1881  he  was  elected 
representative  and  served  in  the  Nineteenth  General  Assembly.  He 
was  postmaster  ai  Red  Oak  from  1900  until  his  death,  almost 
ten  years. 

CiiARLKs  E.  ALiutooK  was  born  in  Pennsylvanin,  October  23, 
1851,  and  died  at  San  Diego,  California,  February  10,  1919.  Burial 
was  at  Eldora,  Iowa,.  When  a  boy  he  came  with  his  parents  to 
Delaware  County,  Iowa.  He  attended  common  school  and  grad- 
uated from  Cornell  College,  Mt.  Vernon.  He  went  to  Eldora  in  1874 
and  began  the  study  of  law  in  the  office  of  Judge  Porter  and  W.  J. 
Moir.  After  being  admitted  he  was  a  partner  of  Judge  Porter  for 
s-ome  time  and  later  practiced  alone  until  1893  when  he  became 
the  senior  member  of  the  firm  of  Albrook  &  Lundy,  which  con- 
tinued until  1908  when  he  was  appointed  as  one  of  the  judges  of 
the  Eleventh  Judicial  District.  He  was  later  elected  and  served 
until   1914  when  he  retired  and   moved   to  San   Diego,   California. 


400  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

W.  B.  Southwell  was  born  at  Sterling,  Illinois,  November  16, 
1862,  and  died  at  a  hospital  in  Chicago,  February  16,  1920.  Interment 
was  at  Burlington,  Iowa.  When  a  small  boy  he  removed  with  his 
parents  to  Burlington.  He  became  a  carrier  boy  for  The  Burlington 
Hawkeye.  Later  he  ran  the  news  stand  at  the  Union  Hotel,  and  at 
the  Union  Station.  In  1885  he  entered  the  business  office  of  The 
Burlington  Hawkeye  and  soon  became  that  paper's  business  man- 
ager. He  achieved  real  success  in  that  work  and  in  1904  he  went 
to  the  Register  and  Leader  of  Des  Moines  as  its  business  manager, 
remaining  there  thirteen  years.  There  he  was  also  eminently  suc- 
cessful. In  1917  he  returned  to  Burlington  as  principal  owner  and 
publisher  of  The  Hawkeye.  In  Des  Moines  he  was  a  director  and 
finally  first  vice-president  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce.  In  Burling- 
ton he  was  a  member  of  the  school  board,  a  director  in  the  Rotary 
Club,  and  was  very  active  in  Red  Cross,  Belgian  Relief,  Liberty 
Bond  sales  and  all  war  activities. 


Marion  Floyd  Stookky  was  born  in  Kosciusco  County,  Indiana, 
March  19,  1846,  and  died  at  Leon,  Iowa,  April  2,  1919.  In  1857  he 
came  with  his  parents  to  Linn  County,  Iowa,  where  they  made  their 
home  on  a  farm.  He  attended  common  school,  one  year  at  Cedar 
Rapids  High  School  and  one  year  at  Western  College.  He  enlisted 
in  Company  C,  Forty-seventh  Iowa  Infantry  and  served  until  the 
regiment  was  discharged.  He  taught  school  during  winters  and 
worked  on  farms  during  summers  for  several  years.  He  attended 
the  law  department  of  the  State  University  of  Iowa,  and  graduated 
from  there  in  1877.  He  then  located  at  Leon,  forming  a  partner- 
ship with  E.  W.  Hasket  which  lasted  several  years  and  until  Mr. 
Haskett  was  appointed  district  attorney  in  Alaska.  For  several 
years  Mr.  Stookey  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Decatur  County 
Journal.  He  was  mayor  of  Leon  for  a  time  and  also  was  city  at- 
torney. He  was  county  attorney  of  Decatur  County  in  1887  and 
1888.  In  1903  he  was  elected  senator  and  served  in  the  Thirtieth, 
Thirty-first  and  Thirty-second  General  Assemblies. 


Hugh  Robert  Lyons  was  born  at  St.  Clairsville.  Ohio,  July  10, 
1825,  and  died  at  his  home  at  Winfield,  Henry  County,  Iowa,  De- 
cember 28,  1913.  He  came  on  horseback  and  by  stage  from  Indiana 
to  Winfield  in  1853,  and  entered  from  the  government  320  acres 
of  land  three  miles  southwest  of  Winfield.  It  remained  his  prop- 
erty until  his  death,  never  having  been  mortgaged  or  encumbered. 
He  brought  his  family  there  in  1855  and  lived  there  until  1891 
when  he  removed  to  Winfield.  He  held  a  number  of  township 
offices,  was  a  member  of  the  county  board  of  supervisors  and  was 
elected  representative  jn  1863  and  again  in  1873,  serving  in  the 
Tenth  and  Fifteenth  General  Assemblies> 


ALONZO  ABERNETHY 
At  the  Age  of  Twenty-six  Years 


vr 


Annals  of  Iowa. 


Vol.  XII,  No.  6  Des  Moistes,  Iowa,  October,  1920  3d  Series 


INCIDENTS  OF  AN  IOWA  SOLDIER'S  LIFE,  OR  FOUR 
YEARS  IN  DIXIE 

By  Alonzo  Abernethy  ^ 

Who  can  portray,  after  so  many  years,  the  exciting  events  that 
foreshadowed  and  inaugurated  the  War  of  the  Rebellion?  The 
bombardment  of  Fort  Sumter  on  April  12,  1861,  and  its  precipi- 
tate surrender  next  day  to  rebel  soldiers  under  Beauregard,  sent 
a  thrill  of  excitement  throughout  the  land.  Tliis  defiant  act  of 
open  war  at  once  aroused  the  nation  to  intense  feeling  and 
activity. 

Who  has  forgotten  that  electric  shock,  even  at  this  distance? 
Long  years  have  come  and  gone  since  the  heart  of  the  whole 
North  was  convulsed  by  the  attack  and  capture  of  Fort  Sumter, 
but  the  sorrow  and  wrath  of  that  day  have  never  been  forgotten 
and  never  can  be.  The  conviction  of  danger  and  the  impulse  to 
self-preservation  were  alike  universal. 

The  call  of  President  Lincoln,  on  the  day  following  the  sur- 
render, for  75,000  volunteers  to  defend  the  old  flag  seemed  only 
the  reflection  of  a  greater  call  from  every  heartlistone  in  the 
broad  land.  When  that  memorable  proclamation  said:  "I  appeal 
to  all  loyal  citizens  to  favor,  facilitate  and  aid  this  effort  to  main- 
tain the  honor,  the  integrity  and  the  existence  of  our  National 
Union  and  the  perpetuity  of  popular  government,  and  to  redress 
the  wrongs  already  long  enough  endured,"  it  found  the  country 
already  in  arms.  Forty-eight  hours  later,  regiments  were  en 
route  for  Washington,  and  in  two  days  more,  a  hundred  thousand 
men  had  offered  and  were  being  rapidly  organized  for  instant 
service. 

Intense  excitement  burst  over  the  country.  Both  North  and 
South  rushed  to  arms.  I  need  not  recount  the  manner  in  which 
the  call  was  everywhere  responded  to.     How  from  all  ranks,  con- 

iCoI.  Abernathy  died  February  21,  1915.  He  was  born  in  Sandusky,  Ohio, 
April  14,  1836,  and  came  to  Iowa  in  1854.  He  enlisted  as  a  private  in  Company 
F,  Ninth  Iowa  Infantry,  and  rose  to  be  lieutenant  colonel.  He  was  a  repre- 
sentative in  the  Eleventh  General  Assembly  in  1866.  He  w;is  state  superintendent 
of  public  instruction  from  1872  to  1876.  For  a  more  complete  sketch  of  his  life, 
see  Annals  of  Iowa,  Vol.  XII,  No.  2,  p.  152. 


402  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

ditions  and  classes  they  came,  "Came  at  their  country's  call," 
and  went  forth — the  young  men,  the  old  men  and  the  boys  from 
school;  the  single  men  and  those  who  had  families  to  support;  the 
men  of  all  parties,  of  all  religions  and  all  nationalities ;  giving  up 
their  employments,  giving  up  their  attachments,  giving  up  their 
homes.  Gathering  into  companies  and  regiments,  they  rose  up 
in  one  mighty  throng  in  this  hour  of  common  danger.  Such  was 
the  common  impulse  that  impelled  a  nation  of  freemen  to  arms. 

Our  first  winter  in  the  Sunny  South  under  canvas  might  well 
have  served  to  cool  the  ardor  of  patriotic  fervor.  For  three 
months  it  was  a  humdrum  life  in  the  woods,  in  a  miserably  un- 
attractive and  unhealthy  region  of  southeastern  Missouri,  at  a 
little  railroad  station  near  Pacific  Junction,  where  the  people  ap- 
peared sickly,  sallow  and  cadaverous;  where  malarial  fever  pre- 
vailed nine  months  in  the  year  and  worse  forms  of  disease  the 
remaining  three.  Camped  there  to  protect  important  railroad 
bridges  and  constantly  on  guard  duty  day  and  night  by  turns; 
with  no  adequate  facilities  for  maintaining  cleanliness ;  exposed 
to  cold,  wind  and  storm ;  sleeping  on  rude  bunks  or  on  the  frozen 
ground  in  our  crowded  tents  at  night,  with  only  a  pair  of  coarse 
blankets  apiece  for  bedding;  with  little  variety  or  change  of  food; 
with  few  of  the  comforts  and  delicacies  of  the  average  home,  and 
with  none  of  the  cheerfulness  and  affection  of  either  wife,  mother, 
sister  or  daughter,  is  there  any  wonder  that  sickness  soon  entered 
the  camp  and  carried  away  numbers  to  the  post  hospital,  and 
even  so  soon,  some  down  into  the  narrow  house.  Even  that  early 
in  the  service  many  a  soldier  began  to  absorb  from  the  sickening 
miasma  of  that  section  the  seeds  of  malarial  disease  that  subse- 
quent years  of  change,  waste  and  repair  never  eradicated. 

It  would  be  both  ungenerous  and  unjust,  in  any  account  of 
our  first  winter  of  camp  life,  not  to  mention  the  name  and  serv- 
ices of  one  noble  woman,  Mrs.  Terrell",  the  widowed  mother  of 
one  of  our  boys,  who  spent  nearly  the  whole  of  our  first  winter 
in  the  camp  and  camp  hospital  of  our  regiment,  in  alleviating  the 
pains,  in  relieving  the  distress  and  softening  the  pillows  of  our 
sick  and  suffering.  They  said,  when  she  came,  it  was  no  place 
for  a  woman.    She  soon  proved  how  sadly  they  were  mistaken.  So 

^The  name  Terrell  is  not  found  in  Roster  of  the  Ninth  Iowa.  It  shows  a  D.  W. 
Tyrell  from  West  Union  and  an  Edward  Tyrell  from  Waverly. 


INCIDENTS  OF  AN  IOWA  SOLDIER'S  LIFE  403 

far  as  I  know^  Mrs.  Terrell  was  the  first  army  nurse  of  the  war, 
the  harbinger  of  that  noble  army  of  heaven-appointed  nurses  that 
later  went  out  as  angels  of  mercy  in  the  midst  of  all  the  sickness 
and  carnage  and  death. 

Iowa  sent  out  her  full  quota  of  Mrs.  Terrells,  Aunt  Beckys 
and  Annie  Wittenmeyers,  furnished  as  they  always  were  with 
every  possible  supply  of  sanitary  stores  and  supported  by  the 
willing  hands  and  loving  hearts  of  the  noble  women  at  home. 

During  three  months'  service  here,  in  an  unhealthy  region  and 
an  inclement  winter,  the  regiment  passed  through  one  of  the 
severest  ordeals  of  all  its  four  years  of  active  service  in  the 
South.  Inexperienced  in  camp  life  and  ignorant  of  its  real  perils, 
it  was  attacked  simultaneously  by  the  scourge  of  that  country, 
bilious  fever,  and  by  the  measles  and  the  mumps.  Few  were  so 
fortunate  as  to  escape  the  hospital  for  one  or  more  of  these  com- 
plaints. On  December  31,  1861,  at  tlic  end  of  the  first  four 
months  of  service,  the  regiment  had  lost  by  death  17,  by  dis- 
charge 7,  total,  2i;  and  had  gained  by  additional  enlistments  and 
transfer  42,  leaving  an  aggregate  of  995. 

A  month  later  found  us  among  the  Ozark  mountains,  in  south- 
western Missouri  in  pursuit  of  the  rebel  general  Price;  and  after 
a  march  of  250  miles  in  less  than  a  month,  having  made  our  way 
alternately  through  mud  and  snow,'  the  Army  of  the  Southwest, 
under  the  gallant  Curtis,  halted  at  Cross  Hollows.  From  this 
point  a  detachment  of  300  men  under  Colonel  Vandever  was  sent 
to  Huntsville,  Arkansas,  forty  miles  away,  to  destroy  commissary 
stores,  and  capture  or  drive  away  a  detacliment  of  rebel  soldiers. 

Our  advance  guard  found  the  camp  deserted,  and  learned  from 

a  straggler,  a  rebel  soldier,  that  the  combined  Confederate  army, 

under  Van  Dorn,  McCullough,  Price  and  Mcintosh  was  even  then 

marching  to  meet  and  attack  our  force.     At  four  o'clock  on  the 

morning  of  March  6,  the  bugle  sounded  the  order  to  "fall  into 

line,"  and  we  started  to  rejoin  our  command,  every  hour  bringing 

us  some  new  evidence  that  not  a  moment  was  to  be  lost  if  we 

would  save  ourselves  from  capture  by  the  large  force  pressing 

forward  in  advance  of  us,  on  a  parallel  road.     Accordingly,  after 

an  extraordinary  march  of  forty-two  miles,  our  little  band  of  300 

^January  weather  in  southwest  Missouri  was  not  greatly  unlike  some  of  our 
March  weather  in  northern  Iowa — one  day  four  or  five  inches  of  snow;  the 
next,  eight  or  ten  inches  of  mud. 


404  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

sore-footed  infantry  rejoined  our  comrades  at  eight  o'clock  the 
same  evening.  It  was  the  longest  and  hardest  march  we  ever 
made,  forty-two  miles  in  one  day. 

The  phases  of  camp  life  were  like  the  ever-changing  sands  of 
the  seashore.  Whoever  would  understand  a  soldier's  life  must 
put  himself  in  his  place,  and  imagine  himself  on  a  mild  winter 
morning,  strapped  to  his  back  a  knapsack  containing,  besides  the 
extra  shirt,  pair  of  trousers  and  stockings,  the  single  blanket 
which  has  been  his  sole  protection  in  sleep  from  the  frozen  bed 
beneath  and  the  frost  and  wind  above.  He  should  not  forget 
the  usual  plug  of  tobacco  and  pack  of  cards,  even  if  they  must 
lie  beside  mother's  Bible.*  Over  his  right  shoulder  hangs  his 
haversack,  with  its  last  day's  scanty  rations;  from  the  left,  his 
canteen  and  coffee.  The  belt  around  his  waist  supports  the  cart- 
ridge box  and  forty  rounds,  with  cap  box  in  front  and  glistening 
bayonet  at  the  left.  Last  but  not  least,  he  will  not  forget  to 
"shoulder  arms"  with  tlie  eleven-pound  Dresden  rifle,  as  bright 
a  piece  and  true  a  sliot  as  ever  soldier  bore.  Thus  equipped,  the 
distant  bugle  sounds  the  order  "March"  and  for  sixteen  hours,  he 
plods  his  way  along,  up  hill  and  down,  over  gravelly  and  stony 
roads,  made  doubly  hard  and  sharp  by  the  mere  remnants  of  his 
shoe  soles,  with  never  so  much  as  a  halt  and  rest  of  fifteen  min- 
utes during  the  livelong  day.  As  the  muscles  begin  to  stiffen 
and  the  bones  begin  to  ache  he  may  fear,  as  some  did  fear  on 
that  tiresome  day,  that  lie  is  planting  seeds  that  may  perchance 
bear  fruit  of  pain'  even  to  the  end  of  the  journey  of  life. 

At  last  we  reached  camp  where  our  rations  of  hard-tack  and 
rusty  bacon  made  us  a  sumptuous  supper.  There  occurred,  on  the 
following  day,  March  7,  1862,  the  memorable  battle  of  Pea  Ridge. 
It  was  for  many  an  Iowa  regiment  a  hard-fought  battle.  Such 
was  it  to  the  Ninth  Iowa  above  all  others.  The  fighting  began  at 
10  A.  M.  by  a  fierce  attack  of  the  enemy,  who  was  driven  back. 
Our  line  advanced  in  turn.  We,  too,  were  driven  back  before  the 
grape  and  canister  of  their  batteries.  Again  they  came  and  again 
were  repulsed.  From  this  time,  the  battle  raged  incessantly, 
growing  hotter  as  the  day  advanced.     Only  an  occasional  lull 

*One  member  of  the  Ninth  Iowa,  at  least,  can  testify  that  he  neither  carried 
his  pack  of  cards  nor  played  its  games  during  all  those  years. 

"It  is  no  great  wonder  that  many  a  gallant  soldier  who  has  stoutly  braved  it 
out,  lo!  these  many  years,  has  at  last  been  compelled  to  ask  the  government 
for  a  pension  to  buy  bread  he  no  longer  has  the  strength  to  earn. 


INCIDENTS  OF  AN  IOWA  SOLDIER'S  LIFE  405 

gave  opportunity  to  refill  the  cartridge  boxes.  This^  our  first 
fight,  raged  with  a  fury  which  exceeded  our  worst  apprehensions. 
Lieutenant  Colonel  Herron,  our  commander,  had  said  in  the 
morning  to  his  regiment  in  line  of  battle:  "We  have  come  a 
long  way,  boys,  to  fight  them,  and  by  the  Eternal,  we  will  fight 
them  right  here."  And  we  did  fight  them  there.  At  nightfall  we 
held  our  ground,  and  lay  upon  our  arms  near  the  spot  where  the 
fighting  began  in  the  morning  and  were  satisfied  that  we  had 
triumphed,  but  were  not  confident  that  we  could  long  continue 
such  fighting  against  such  odds.  It  was  only  when  the  enemy 
i^anished  at  sunrise  with  the  mists  of  the  morning,  that  we  re 
alized  how  complete  had  been  this  our  first  victory. 

This  victory,  though,  was  dearly  bought.  Of  560  men  who 
went  out  in  the  morning,  237,  or  nearly  every  other  man  in  the 
ranks  had  been  killed  or  wounded.  In  this  day's  engagement 
seventy-four  men  had  been  either  killed  or  mortally  wounded,  and 
nearly  as  many  more  permanently  disabled  out  of  our  single 
regiment.  Among  the  killed  were  the  brave  Captains  Andrew 
W.  Drips  and  Alva  Bevins,  and  Lieutenants  Abner  G.  M.  Neff' 
and  Nathan  Rice.  Here  the  gallant  Herron,  then  commanding 
the  regiment,  was  severely  wounded  and  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  enemy  while  at  the  head  of  his  regiment.  He  was  soon  after 
promoted  to  brigadier  general,  and  Colonel  Vandever,  also  in 
command  of  our  brigade,  received  a  like  recognition  of  his  dis- 
tinguished bravery. 

It  was  during  the  thickest  of  the  fight  on  the  afternoon  of  this 
day,  that  I  had  my  first  experience  of  rebel  lead  and  how  it 
feels.  Standing  partly  protected  by  a  fallen  tree,  I  had  raised 
my  rifle  to  take  steady  aim,  when  I  felt  a  dull  thud  upon  the  inside 
of  my  right  leg,  near  the  ankle,  as  if  struck  by  a  club. 

In  the  midst  of  a  first  battle,  the  human  mind  often  manifests 
powers  transcending  all  experience,  as  in  the  case  of  a  man 
drowning.  I  would  not  express  it  as  some  have,  as  an  instan- 
taneous review  of  the  experiences  of  a  lifetime,  but  rather  as  a 
preternatural  power  of  recollection  and  association  by  which  the 
mind  seems  able  to  recall  instantly  and  vividly,  every  related 
idea  in  all  past  experience. 

^Lieutenant  Neff  died  of  his  wounds,  March  12. — Iowa  Soldier's  Roster. 


406  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

Daniel  Webster,  when  afterwards  describing  his  mental  state 
while  making  that  great  speech  in  the  United  States  Senate  in 
reply  to  Hayne  of  South  Carolina,  portrayed  the  condition  of 
the  mind  in  the  highest  state  of  controlled  activity,  when  he  said : 
"All  that  I  had  ever  read,  or  thought,  or  acted  in  literature,  in 
history,  in  law,  in  politics,  seemed  to  unravel  before  me  in 
glowing  panorama;  and  then  it  was  easy,  if  I  wanted  a  thunder- 
bolt, to  reach  out  and  take  it  as  it  went  smoking  by." 

The  instant  I  felt  the  stroke,  there  came  to  me,  probably  for 
the  first  time  since  early  boyhood,  the  recollection  of  stories  to 
which  I  had  listened,  related  by  returned  soldiers  of  the  Mexican 
war,  that  a  cannon  ball  might  take  off  a  leg  or  a  foot,  with  no 
more  pain  at  the  instant,  than  of  a  limb  benumbed  by  a  blow  or 
bruise.  I  looked  down  and  found  the  foot  still  there.  I  stepped 
and  found  that  no  bones  were  broken,  and  returned  to  the  thought 
of  my  rifle.  A  few  minutes  later.  Captain  Towner  asked  me  the 
cause  of  my  limping.  I  replied,  "A  slight  bruise  only,"  though 
my  trousers  were  considerably  riddled.  Some  time  later  I  found 
blood  in  my  shoe,  and  then  first  learned  that  I  was  really  wound- 
ed, but  I  still  considered  it  unimportant  and  kept  my  place  in  the 
ranks.  In  another  half  hour  I  could  not  walk,  and  did  not  again 
step  upon  that  foot  for  four  months ;  nor  was  I  able  to  walk  with- 
out the  aid  of  a  cane  for  more  than  a  year.  But  to  many  a  soldier 
in  that  day's  struggle,  nightfall  brought  neither  pain  nor  anxiety, 
for 

He  lay  hke  a  warrior  taking  his  rest, 
With  his  martial  cloak  around  him. 

Of  the  eight  thousand  who  went  out  to  battle  in  the  morning, 
thirteen  hundred  were  that  night  hors  de  combat.  They  were  out 
of  the  battle.  Those  who  rested  upon  their  arms,  where  nightfall 
had  ended  the  battle,  were  ready  to  re-form  their  lines  at  a 
moment's  warning.  Though  their  ranks  had  been  frightfully 
decimated;  though  it  was  apparent  to  everybody  that  they  had 
been  fighting  against  great  odds ;  though  heavy  draughts  had 
already  been  made  upon  the  reserve  ammunition,  and  though  no 
one  could  claim  more  than  a  drawn  battle;  yet  they  were  deter- 
mined and  resolute,  and  for  the  most  part  hopeful,  and  after  the 
exhaustion  and  excitement  of  the  day,  they  generally  slept. 


INCIDENTS  OF  AN  IOWA  SOLDIER'S  LIFE  407 

Quite  another  scene  was  presented  at  the  Division  HospitaL 
The  shifting  fortunes  of  the  preceding  day  had  twice  compelled 
the  removal  of  the  large  hospital  tent^  in  and  around  which  were 
huddled  the  hundreds  of  wounded  men^  who  had  either  hobbled 
back  or  had  been  borne  thither  on  stretchers  from  the  front.  I 
will  not  attempt  a  description  of  the  scene  at  this  hospital  during 
that  weary,  anxious  night.  My  own  unimportant  wound  remained 
undressed  till  nearly  morning.  What  could  five  or  six  surgeons 
do  among  500  or  600  men  who  lay  there,  scores  of  them  writhing 
in  agony  ?  Besides  the  pain  that  every  man  had  to  bear  for  him- 
self— I  might  well  say  men  and  boys — for  half  of  them  seemed 
but  striplings  who  ought  to  have  been  under  their  mother's  care — 
besides  their  own  pains,  they  must,  perforce,  listen  to  the  groans 
and  shrieks,  the  complaints  and  criminations,  the  curses  and 
prayers,  on  every  side.  Add  to  this  the  uncertainty,  and  to  these 
helpless  men  the  gloomy  anxiety  of  the  morrow,  and  you  have  the 
material  for  your  own  picture. 

When  the  shot  and  shell,  the  grape  and  canister,  begin  to  whiz 
about  the  ears  of  a  regiment  of  armed  soldiers,  they  can  usually 
"hit  back"  and  return  the  fire.  When  it  becomes  too  hot,  they 
know  they  can  "retreat  in  good  order";  that  as  a  last  resort, 
they  can  adopt  the  famous  cry  of  Napoleon's  Old  Guard  at 
Waterloo,  "Saiive  qui  pent," — "Save  himself  who  can."  But 
what  shall  a  regiment  of  wounded  men  do,  in  like  circumstances  ? 
Add  yet  to  this  number  a  small  Iiorde  of  worthless  camp  followers 
and  cowards,  who  always  infest  that  part  of  an  army  which  is 
farthest  from  danger,  with  their  doleful  fears  and  their  more 
doleful  rumors  from  the  front,  and  you  have  some  conception  of 
a  night  in  a  field  hospital  after  a  drawn  battle. 

Army  life  afforded  frequent  illustration  of  some  singular 
anticipations  of  coming  danger.  A  similar  illustration  was  that 
of  the  case  of  the  gifted  and  charming  Margaret  Fuller,  whose 
tragic  fate  on  Fire  Island  Rock,  near  New  York  Harbor,  sent 
such  a  thrill  of  horror  throughout  the  country  in  the  year  1850. 
She  had  been  abroad  four  years,  most  of  the  time  at  Rome. 
When  about  to  embark  from  her  home  abroad  to  the  land  of 
her  birth,  she  found  herself  under  a  cloud  of  apprehension  which 
no  effort  of  her  strong  will  could  dispel.  To  a  friend  she  wrote: 
"Various  omens  have  combined  to  give  me  a  dark  feeling.     In 


408  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

case  of  mishap^  however^  I  shall  perish  with  husband  and  child." 
Again  she  wrote:  "It  seems  to  me  that  my  future  on  earth  will 
soon  close.  Have  a  vague  expectation  of  some  crisis,  I  know 
not  what.  Yet  my  life  proceeds  as  regularly  as  a  Greek 
tragedy,  and  I  can  but  accept  the  pages  as  they  turn."  On  the 
day  of  sailing,  she  "lingered  for  a  final  hour  on  shore,  almost 
unable  to  force  herself  to  embark."  During  all  the  long  home- 
ward voyage  across  the  Atlantic  the  same  shadow  hung  over  her. 
They  were  not  long  out  when  the  captain  of  the  vessel  sickened 
and  died  of  smallpox.  Two  days  later  her  own  little  boy  was 
attacked  with  the  same  fell  disease,  and  came  near  death's  door, 
but  recovered.  After  two  weary  months  of  anxiety  and  when 
almost  in  sight  of  the  harbor,  the  vessel  suddenly  went  to 
pieces  on  Fire  Island  Rock,  less  than  100  yards  from  the  Long 
Island  shore,  and  completed  the  tragedy  so  strongly  fore- 
shadowed in  her  own  mind,  by  engulfing  together  husband,  wife 
and  child. 

Every  one  is  familiar  with  the  shadows  that  would  continue 
to  flit  over  and  darken  the  rugged  pathway  of  the  lamented 
President  Lincoln  with  their  portents  of  impending  personal 
disaster,  which  at  the  very  zenith  of  his  lofty  career  came  so 
undeservedly,  so  suddenly  and  so  tragically.  The  most  marked 
case  of  morbid  presentiments,  however,  that  has  come  under  my 
own  observation,  was  in  connection  with  the  Pea  Ridge  battle. 
Just  one  month  to  a  day  prior  to  that  event.  Lieutenant  Neff,  of 
my  company,  was  seized  with  a  foreboding  that  he  could  not 
throw  off. 

On  the  night  of  February  7,  at  Lebanon,  Missouri,  where  the 
regiment  camped  on  its  march.  Lieutenant  Neff  spent  the  whole 
night  in  sleepless  vigilance,  and  when  at  last  morning  came,  he 
revealed  to  me  the  cause  of  his  deep  emotion.  He  had  been  my 
companion  daily  and  almost  hourly  for  the  last  five  months.  I 
knew  every  mood  and  phase  of  his  usually  sunny  life.  He  was 
a  man  of  genial  life  and  high  social  qualities,  dwelling  habitually 
upon  the  sunny  side  of  life  and  possessing  a  large  fund  of  anec- 
dotes, with  which  it  was  his  custom  to  beguile  the  monotony  of 
camp  life.  But  from  that  fell  hour  the  whole  current  of  his 
mental  activity  was  changed.  The  clear  limpid  stream,  suddenly 
and  without  apparent  cause,  became  dark  and  turbid.     He  had 


INCIDENTS  OF  AN  IOWA  SOLDIER'S  LIFE  409 

a  conviction  that  his  time  had  come.  He  made  every  preparation 
for  it.  His  mind  dwelt  continually  upon  it  and  time  did  not 
serve  to  efface  this  conviction.  It  did  not,  however,  affect  his 
performance  of  duty.  When  one  week  later  we  came  upon  the 
enemy,  he  was  in  his  place  and  never  shrank  once  in  the  face 
of  danger.  So  far  as  I  know,  he  was  the  first  man  shot  on  the 
morning  at  Pea  Ridge,  and  that,  too,  by  a  stray  ball,  some  time 
before  we  got  into  action. 

He  died  in  the  heat  of  that  terrible  day, 
A  day  that  shall  live  in  story; 
In  the  rocky  land  they  placed  his  clay, 
And  left  him  alone  in  his  glory. 

There  was  one  phase  of  this  class  of  phenomena  very  common 
in  the  army  and  often  very  baleful.  It  came  to  be  known  as 
homesickness.  Sometimes  sickness,  which  was  not  readily 
cured,  brought  first  discontent,  and  then  despondency;  a  convic- 
tion that  they  would  not  recover  without  better  treatment  and 
better  care,  followed  by  the  longing  for  the  comforts  of  home. 
This  too  often  settled  into  a  despair  that  greatly  lessened  the 
chances  of  recovery,  and  carried  many  a  brave  soldier  to  an 
untimely  grave.  But  if  some  lives  were  lost  by  despondency  and 
homesickness,  many,  many  more  were  saved  by  "clear  grit,"  by 
the  force  of  will  alone,  stimulated  by  a  conviction  of  duty.  The 
man  whose  cot  lay  next  to  mine  in  the  hospital  at  Cassville,  after 
Pea  Ridge,  had  been  shot  through  the  lungs.  Whenever  the 
wound  in  his  breast  was  unbandaged,  the  air  bubbled  out  at  every 
expired  breath.  His  surgeons  told  him  he  could  not  live.  But 
he  bravely  said  he  would  live,  and  sure  enough  he  did  live,  got 
well,  and  served  out  his  time  in  the  ranks.  The  world  has 
yet  to  learn  the  real  value  of  courage,  based  upon  devotion  to 
the  truth.     "As  a  man  thinketh,  so  is  he." 

My  first  view  of  the  rebel  dead  strewn  upon  the  field  was  at  the 
battle  of  Arkansas  Post,  January  10,  1863;  a  spirited  affair  in 
which  the  army  and  navy  united  to  compass  an  easy  victory.  Aside 
from  two  days  and  nights  of  wading  and  standing  around  in  the 
mud,  with  clothing  drenched  with  rain;  with  what  came  near  being 
a  forty-eight  hours'  fast — Arksansas  Post  was  a  large  victory  at  a 
small  cost.  We  had  captured  an  important  military  post  at  a  time 
in  the  war  when  victories  were  the  exception  and  not  the  rule.  It 


410  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

served  to  reassure  the  army  and  prepare  it  for  the  splendid 
victories  that  awaited  us  under  Generals  Grant,  Sherman  and 
MePherson,  from  Vicksburg  to  Chattanooga  during  the  year  1863. 
But  after  the  first  flush  of  excitement  and  joy  was  over,  as  we 
traversed  the  lines  of  the  Arkansas  Post  intrenchments,  the 
savage  execution  of  our  arms  was  apparent  enough.  Everywhere 
were  the  torn  and  mangled  bodies  of  the  rebel  dead,  scattered 
over  the  ground  where  the  death-dealing  weapons  had  left  them. 
In  ordinary  death  we  see  only  the  lifeless  form,  white  hands, 
pallid  face  and  sunken  cheek.  In  the  "grim  visage  of  war"  we 
saw  more.  We  saw  the  gaping  mouth  and  glaring  eye  over  which 
the  dull  color  of  the  butternut  uniform  cast  its  sickly  hue.  But 
here  a  still  worse  picture  met  the  eye  in  face  contortions;  in 
brainless  skulls;  in  limbless  and  headless  bodies;  here  an  arm, 
there  a  leg  and  close  by,  two  booted  and  stockinged  feet,  still 
standing  in  their  place  but  from  which  had  crawled  away  the 
mangled  body,  leaving  the  red  stains  as  the  life  blood  gushed  out. 
Arkansas  or  Arkansaw,  as  their  own  people  mostly  pronounce 
it,  though  a  state  of  great  fertility  and  rich  in  undeveloped 
resources,  contained  at  that  time  a  wretched  population.  The 
people  were,  as  a  class,  ignorant  and  lazy.  It  was  decidedly  a 
land  of  corndodgers  and  poor  fiddlers.  I  wish  I  could  render 
a  little  of  the  "Arkansas  Traveler,"  a  ridiculous  song  so  popular 
in  Missouri  and  elsewhere  south,  in  those  days : 

Way  daun  in  Aiikinsaw,  daun  b'low,  daun  b'low; 
Whar  they  eat  the  bar  meat  raw,  daun  b'low,  daun  b'low, 
And  the  taters  skin  and  a',  daun  b'low,  daun  b'low. 

Referring  to  the  kind  of  fare  the  Arkansas  people  liked  best, 
they  used  to  say  that  a  true  Arkansas  breakfast  consisted  of 
"Three  whiskey  cocktails  and  a  chew  of  tobacco." 

From  Arkansas  Post  we  returned  to  Youngs  Point,  Louisiana, 
just  above  Vicksburg,  where  we  remained  during  February  and 
March,  1863.  During  the  two  months  after  our  arrival  there, 
we  suffered  greater  loss  than  can  ever  be  told.  Amidst  the 
incessant  rains  and  the  constant  overflowing  of  the  river  banks, 
we  were  driven  hither  and  thither  in  search  of  a  dry  spot  upon 
which  to  pitch  our  tents;  or  in  the  expressive  words  of  our 
leader,  Sherman,  "were  compelled  to  roost  on  the  levees  when  no 


INCIDENTS  OF  AN  IOWA  SOLDIER'S  LIFE  411 

other  dry  spot  could  be  found."  The  history  of  the  regiment  for 
these  two  months  of  February  and  March  is  a  tale  of  sorrow. 
The  health  of  many  of  the  men  was  already  undermined  by  a  six 
months'  sojourn  in  the  malarial  regions  of  the  lower  Mississippi 
and  it  seemed  that  but  few  could  withstand  the  debilitating  and 
enervating  influences  of  this  insalubrious  climate. 

The  smallpox  came  now  for  the  first  time  into  our  ranks. 
Scores  of  our  boys  hitherto  stout  and  rugged,  were  prostrated 
past  recovery  and  now  lie  buried  in  the  narrow  graves  near 
where  the  hospitals  once  dotted  that  region,  while  others  only 
recovered  long  afterwards,  in  the  mountains  of  Tennessee  and 
Georgia  or  on  the  sandy  plains  of  the  Carolinas.  The  ordeal  of 
these  unpropitious  months  was  the  more  grievous  because  it  had 
all  the  evils  of  the  battlefield  with  none  of  its  honors.  A  historian 
of  the  war  says  of  this  period: 

Death  was  holding  high  carnival  in  every  encampment.  Acres  of 
graveyards  were  soon  visible  in  these  most  dismal  swamps.  The  dying 
increased  as  the  flood  increased,  till  at  length  the  dead  were  buried  on 
the  levee,  whither  the  army  had  been  driven.  There  they  continued  to 
be  buried  till,  it  is  not  too  much  to  say,  the  levee  was  formed  near  its 
outer  surface  with  dead  men's  bones,  like  the  layers  of  stones  in  a  work 
of  masonry.  When,  after  more  than  two  months'  stay  in  this  vicinity 
the  army  moved  away,  it  left  the  scene  of  its  encampment  the  Golgotha 
of  America.^ 

The  army  was  a  good  place  to  study  character.  The  men 
were  thrown  constantly  together,  and  thus  compelled  to  reveal 
to  their  comrades  almost  every  act  and  thought  of  their  lives. 
Any  peculiarities  soon  became  manifest,  and  sooner  or  later, 
the  "true  inwardness"  of  every  man  revealed  itself.  Whether 
selfish  or  unselfish;  good-natured  or  ill-natured;  peaceable  or 
quarrelsome;  hopeful  or  despondent;  pious  or  profane,  (in  fact, 
mostly  the  latter)  ;  industrious  or  indolent ;  brave  or  cowardly. 
A  great  many  people  in  this  world  are  moody.  Most  civilized 
people  have  at  least  two  suits  of  clothes,  one  for  every  day  and 
one  for  Sunday.     They  seldom  wear  their  Sunday  suit  at  home. 

I  think  it  was  Madame  De  Stael,  that  most  brilliant  and  witty 
of  all  brilliant  French  women,  who  said:  "The  more  I  know  of 
men,  the  better  I  like  dogs."  It  is  a  common  proverb,  I  believe, 
among  women,  that  all  husbands  treat  their  second  wives  better 

^IngersoU — Iowa  and  the  Rebellion,  p.  159. 


412  Al^NALS  OF  IOWA 

than  their  first,  and  all  other  women  better  than  their  own. 
Personally  I  do  not  believe  it  is  true,  but  I  do  believe  that  a  great 
many  people  make  themselves  unnecessarily  disagreeable  at 
certain  times  and  in  certain  moods.  This  was  especially  true  in 
army  life.  The  men  were  huddled  so  closely  together,  had  so 
many  real  causes  of  grievance,  and  so  many  more  imaginary  ones, 
that  they  often  jostled  each  other  without  cause.  What  wonder 
if  they  became  selfish  and  quarrelsome  and  troublesome  when 
their  rations  were  lean,  their  raiment  thin,  their  comforts  small 
and  their  duties  hard.  It  was  often  difficult  to  harmonize  con- 
flicting interests.  A  boy  in  my  old  company,  whose  name  was 
Orlando  Searles,  took  it  into  his  head  for  some  reason,  I  know 
not  what,  for  he  was  only  sixteen  years  old,  to  call  himself  "Old 
Hackett"  and  very  soon  he  was  known  as  "Old  Hackett"  and 
always  called  "Old  Hackett."  "Old  Hackett"  was  brimful  of 
good  nature  and  broad  humor.  He  was  the  self-appointed  peace- 
maker of  the  company.  He  was  sure  to  find  enough  absurd, 
ridiculous  or  funny  points  in  every  quarrel  and  against  every 
complainant  to  laugh  both  parties  out  of  it.  It  was  impossible  to 
get  mad  at  him  or  resist  his  sallies  of  wit.  Though  a  "high 
private  in  the  rear  ranks,"  and  not  quite  like  Dickens'  Mrs. 
Fezziwig,  "one  vast,  substantial  smile,"  yet  "Old  Hackett"  as  a 
peacemaker,  God  bless  him,  was  worth  his  weight  in  gold. 

Since  the  time  when  Charles  Sumner  made  his  masterly  speech 
in  the  United  States  Senate  in  1860,  choosing  as  his  subject, 
"The  Barbarism  of  Slavery,"  denouncing  its  influence  on 
character,  society  and  civilization,  the  barbarism  of  slavery  has 
been  illustrated  in  a  thousand  forms.  One  instance  that  came 
home  to  me  with  great  force  occurred  at  the  first  capture  of 
Jackson,  the  capital  of  Mississippi,  just  prior  to  the  siege  of 
Vicksburg.  Having  a  leisure  hour,  I  walked  out  to  the  State 
Penitentiary,  whose  doors  that  morning  had  been  thrown  open, 
all  the  convicts  being  pressed  into  the  rebel  ranks.  One  old 
white-haired  man  alone  remained.  Suddenly  set  free,  and  left 
there  alone,  after  thirty  years  of  continuous  imprisonment,  he 
seemed  at  a  loss  where  to  go  or  what  to  do.  His  intelligent  and 
kindly  face  was  attractive,  and,  approaching,  I  ventured  some 
inquiries.  This  led  to  a  brief  history  of  the  old  man's  checkered 
life  from  his  own  lips. 


INCIDENTS  OF  AN  IOWA  SOLDIER'S  LIFE  413 

He  told  me  that  he  was  born  and  educated  in  Fall  River, 
Massachusetts,  and  learned  the  trade  of  carpenter  and  joiner. 
In  the  year  1832,  he  went  south  to  seek  his  fortune,  working  at 
his  trade.  Landing  at  Mississippi  City,  he  soon  found  employ- 
ment and  boarded  in  a  private  family.  Six  months  later  he  was 
caught  in  that  invisible  cord  whose  silver  strands  bind  together 
kindred  hearts,  and  became  enamored  of  a  young  woman  em- 
ployed at  needlework  in  the  house.  This  woman,  he  said,  was 
endowed  with  rare  beauty  and  intelligence.  Unfortunately, 
her  otherwise  aristocratic  southern  blood  was  tinctured  with  one- 
sixteenth  African.  In  other  words,  she  was  a  semi-octoroon,  and 
a  slave,  though  her  complexion  was  as  fair  and  pure  as  that  of 
any  woman  in  the  town.  To  this  woman  he  was  pliglited  in 
marriage,  and  they  started  on  their  way  north,  through  Alabama, 
making  their  way  rapidly  and  successfully  until  he  was  suddenly 
prostrated  by  sickness.  He  urged  her  to  go  on  and  he  would 
follow,  but  she  resolutely  refused.  The  delay  proved  terribly 
fatal  to  their  plans  and  hopes.  The  trail  had  been  found  and 
followed,  until  as  they  were  about  escaping  into  the  mountain 
ranges  of  East  Tennessee  where  friendly  hands  would  surely 
have  helped  them  forward,  they  were  overtaken.  She  was 
carried  back  into  slavery,  he  never  knew  where,  and  he  was 
thrown  into  jail,  whence  he  was  sent  to  the  Alabama  State 
Prison,  for  the  crime  of  "Abducting  a  slave  from  her  master." 
At  the  expiration  of  a  twenty  year  term  of  imprisonment,  in- 
stead of  being  released,  he  was  turned  over  to  the  state  authorities 
of  Mississippi  on  a  now  twenty  year  old  indictment,  for  the 
further  crime  of  "Attempting  to  marry  a  slave";  and  though  he 
had  the  sympathy  of  both  judge  and  jury,  and  was  given  the 
lightest  sentence  allowed  under  the  laws  of  Mississippi,  he  was 
"sent  up"  for  another  ten  years. 

He  completed  his  remarkable  story  in  these  touching  words : 
"In  three  months  more  I  should  have  completed  thirty  years 
imprisonment  in  these  two  penitentiaries  for  two  offences,  neither 
one  of  which  would  have  been  even  so  much  as  indictable  in  my 
own  native  state  of  Massachusetts." 

Seeing  that  I  had  become  deeply  interested  in  his  story, 
he  requested  me  to  go  with  him  to  a  neighboring  cell,  where  he 
took  the  half  of  a  pair  of  broken  handcuffs,  which  had  encased 


414  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

his  own  wrists,  and  asked  me  to  keep  it  in  remembrance  of  a 
heartbroken,  homeless  and  now  helpless  old  man.  This  little 
memento  of  that  old  man's  sorrowful  story  I  took  from  his  hand, 
and  shall  keep  as  long  as  I  live.  As  I  looked  into  the  face  of  the 
white-haired,  but  broken-spirited  and  penniless  man,  my  blood 
boiled  with  indignation  and  I  realized  as  never  before  the  bar- 
barism of  slavery.  And  I  shall  never  cease  to  reverently  bless  the 
Most  High  for  the  Emancipation  Proclamation,  which  Theodore 
Tilton  said  "Bound  the  Nation  and  unbound  the  Slave"  and  of 
which  President  Lincoln  himself  afterwards  said:  "It  is  the 
central  act  of  my  administration  and  the  great  event  of  the  Nine- 
teenth Century."* 

I  shall  not  soon  forget  the  dismay  of  300  factory  girls  in  a 
large  cotton  mill  on  the  banks  of  the  Pearl  River  in  Jackson  at 
General  Sherman's  order  to  "clear  the  building  and  set  it  on 
fire."  The  factory  contained  looms  enough  to  employ  300  girls, 
weaving  a  heavy-bodied,  light-colored  cotton  jean.  General 
Sherman  had  good  evidence  that  they  were  manufacturing  cloth 
for  rebel  uniforms,  and  hence  the  order  to  burn  that  sent  such 
consternation  among  these  poor  girls,  many  of  whom  ran  back 
and  forth  in  wild  excitement  at  being  so  suddenly  thrown  out  of 
employment.  All  too  many  of  them  no  doubt  were  thus  left 
both  penniless  and  homeless — one  might  almost  say  of  girls  in 
their  situation,  hopeless.  The  order  was  probably  necessary, 
and  yet  to  these  300  factory  girls  it  seemed  only  harsh.  It  was 
harsh.  And,  indeed,  such  must  ever  be  nearly  all  the  con- 
comitants of  cruel  war,  especially  of  civil  war. 

That  night  we  left  the  Capital  to  march  upon  Vicksburg,  but 
before  starting  I  found  time  to  go  over  to  the  Confederate 
Hotel  for  supper.  At  the  head  of  the  table  stood  the  good- 
natured  landlord,  a  fat,  old  man,  known  as  "Old  McMackin," 
who,  they  said,  had  kept  the  same  hotel  under  different  names  for 
near  thirty  years.  He  followed  the  odd  habit  of  standing  at 
the  head  of  the  table  and  calling  out  in  a  singsong,  lazy  tone 
the  bill  of  fare,  set  to  rhyme  in  some  doggerel  verses: 

Here's  yer  jellies  and  yer  jam, 

Yer  veal  cutlets  and  yer  ham, 

Yer  petatoes  mashed,  and  yer  squashes  squashed, 

Yer  peach  pie  and  yer  bread  made  o'  rye. 


^Carpenter — Six  Years  in  the  White  House,     p.  90. 


INCIDENTS  OF  AN  IOWA  SOLDIER'S  LIFE  415 

When  asked  why  he  continued  such  an  absurd  custom,  he 
replied  that  it  was  purely  from  the  force  of  habit;  that  when  he 
first  opened  the  house  many  years  ago,  it  being  the  principal 
hotel  in  the  capital  city,  he  had  at  his  table  a  good  many 
members  of  the  legislature,  and  that  he  found  it  necessary  to 
call  out  the  bill  of  fare  because  so  many  of  his  boarders  could 
not  read.  The  price  charged  for  my  supper  was  $1.50,  which 
I  paid  by  giving  the  clerk  a  ten  dollar  Confederate  bill  handed 
me  by  one  of  my  boys  during  the  day,  and  received  in  change 
$8.50  in  United  States  currency. 

The  same  landlord  went  to  General  Sherman  for  protection, 
as  a  "law-abiding  Union  man,"  which  fact,  the  General  quietly 
remarked,  was  manifest  from  the  sign  of  his  hotel,  which  was 
the  Confederate  Hotel,  the  sign  "United  States"  being  faintly 
painted  out  and  "Confederate"  painted  over  it.  In  the  dusk  of 
the  evening,  as  we  marched  away,  this  "Confederate  Hotel" 
also  was  seen  to  be  in  flames  and  by  its  lurid  light  illumined 
the  whole  city  for  miles  around. 

Forty-eight  hours  after  leaving  Jackson,  we  took  position  in 
the  outer  works  which  environed  Vicksburg,  having  in  seventeen 
days  marched  a  distance  of  225  miles,  on  about  six  days'  rations. 
May  19,  after  severe  skirmishing  and  a  final  assault,  the  regiment 
succeeded  in  getting  a  good  position  about  seventy-five  yards 
from  the  enemy's  line  of  works,  protected  in  front  and  flank  by 
a  semi-circular  ridge  the  crest  of  which  was  immediately  con- 
verted into  a  line  of  earthworks,  supported  on  the  right  by  the 
Twenty-sixth  Iowa  and  on  the  left  by  the  Thirtieth  Iowa.  Some 
difficulty  was  at  first  experienced  in  getting  up  supplies  of 
ammunition  and  food,  as  no  one  could  leave  our  position  in  day- 
light without  exposing  himself  to  the  rebel  sharpshooters,  con- 
stantly on  the  watch.  In  a  few  days  covered  ways  were  con- 
structed, which  made  the  passage  sufficiently  safe. 

On  May  22,  in  line  with  the  whole  Army  of  the  Tennessee,  we 
went  up  to  the  assault.  Our  colors  went  down  a  few  feet  from 
the  rebel  works,  after  the  last  one  of  the  color  guard  had  fallen, 
either  killed  or  wounded,  and  its  dripping  folds  were  drawn  from 
under  the  bleeding  body  of  its  prostrate  bearer.  In  the  few 
terrible  moments  of  this  assault  our  regiment  lost  seventy-nine 
killed  and  wounded,  or  nearly  one-third  the  number  in  action. 


416  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

But  this  was  not  all.  The  assault  failed;  and  we  found  our- 
selves lying  in  ravines,  behind  logs,  close  up  to  and  partly  under 
the  protection  of  the  rebel  works.  There  we  lay  and  were  com- 
pelled to  lie,  till  darkness  gave  us  a  cover  under  which  to  escape. 
Here  again  I  pay  tribute  to  those  who  fell:  to  Captain  F.  M. 
Kelsey,  and  Lieutenants  Jacob  Jones,  Henry  P.  Wilbur  and 
Edward  Tyrell  who  fell  while  leading  their  companies  to  the 
assault;  and  to  Captain  F.  S.  Washburn  who  was  mortally 
wounded  at  the  head  of  the  regiment.  Our  loss  on  May  19  was 
sixteen  men;  and  when  on  the  morning  of  Independence  Day,  the 
enemy  came  out  and  stacked  his  arms  and  colors  on  the  works,  our 
total  loss  in  the  siege  was  121.  "They  slept  an  iron  sleep — 
slain  for  their  country."  The  same  evening,  July  4,  found  us 
marching  away  again  toward  the  State  Capital,  where  we  took 
part  in  the  siege  of  Jackson,  now  fortified  and  defended  by  the 
rebel   Joe  Johnston,  who   was   soon  put  to   rout. 

The  Fifteenth  Army  Corps  to  which  we  belonged  almost  from 
the  date  of  its  organization,  always  had  faith  in  "Billy  Sher- 
man," or  "Crazy  Billy,"  as  General  William  T.  Sherman  was 
often  familiarly  called  in  those  days. 

The  "Stay-at-home  Rangers"  in  the  North  might  say  what  they 
would  of  "our  Billy,"  but  the  boys  of  the  Fifteenth  Corps  had 
faith  in  him.  They  believed  he  would  fight — believed  he  would 
look  after  his  men — ^believed  he  knew  what  he  was  doing — ^be- 
lieved he  could  lead  them  to  victory  if  anybody  could.  In  other 
words,  they  believed  him  a  man  of  brains,  a  man  of  heart,  and 
above  all  else,  a  man  of  action.  But  they  were  also  ready  to  do 
battle  under  any  other  fighting  man.  And  at  last  our  Fourth 
Division  of  the  Fifteenth  Corps  did  serve,  for  two  days  and  two 
nights  under  "Flighting  Joe  Hooker." 

I  must  pass  over  a  long  and  ever-radiant  page  of  our  history, 
from  Vicksburg  to  Chattanooga,  where  we  found  ourselves  on 
the  night  of  November  23,  1863,  at  the  foot  of  Lookout  Mountain, 
cut  off  from  the  rest  of  Sherman's  Corps  by  a  broken  pontoon 
bridge  stretched  over  the  Tennessee  River,  and  were  temporarily 
attached  to  the  command  of  General  Joe  Hooker. 

The  first  and  only  written  order  we  had  from  Hooker  was  re- 
ceived that  night:  "Be  ready  next  morning  to  move  at  six,  and 
fight  at  seven."     We  were  ready  as  ordered;  but  did  no  fighting 


INCIDENTS  OF  AN  IOWA  SOLDIER'S  LIFE  417 

till  the  afternoon  of  the  24th.  It  was  a  misty,  cloudy,  murky 
day,  and  we  were  drawn  up  in  line  at  one  o'clock  at  the  foot  of 
Lookout  Mountain,  the  sides  of  which,  at  this  point,  were  exceed- 
ingly steep  and  rugged.  We  were  ordered  to  advance.  A  more 
appropriate  order  would  have  been  to  ascend,  as  it  was  a  feat 
of  climbing  rather  than  of  marching.  We  obeyed  orders  as 
best  we  could,  climbing  up  the  steep  sides  and  clambering  over 
the  huge  rocks  as  they  lay  piled  one  upon  the  other. 

It  was  a  wild  weird  way  that  we  went.  It  was  a  dark  and 
dismal  afternoon.  The  thunders  of  battle  were  rolling  and 
reverberating  about  and  above  us.  Away  in  the  distance  to  our 
left,  Sherman  w^as  deploying  his  troops  and  planting  his  batteries 
along  the  foot  of  Missionary  Ridge.  The  closed  ranks  and 
heavy  guns  of  Thomas  were  in  the  center;  close  up  to  which,  on 
Pilot  Knob  stood  General  Grant,  turning  wistfully  from  right  to 
left,  in  the  vain  effort  to  follow  the  movements  of  the  two  armies 
in  the  gathering  mists.  But  we  were  crowding  up  the  mountain 
side  into  the  very  muzzles  of  the  enemy's  cannon  as  they  belched 
forth  with  flame  and  smoke  their  fiery  missiles  over  our  heads. 
The  hoarse  voice  of  command  ordered  "Halt."  But  the  intoxi- 
cation of  battle  carried  our  line  steadily  forward.  On  we  climbed, 
still  up  the  rocky  heights,  over  fallen  trees,  through  tangled 
thickets,  into  unexplored  ravines,  until  we  were  beyond  and 
behind  a  large  part  of  the  rebel  host  as  they  stood  shivering 
with  fear  behind  their  breastworks,  hastily  constructed  of  cord- 
wood,  and  sowing  the  unoccupied  hillsides  below  thick  with  their 
harmless  minie  balls.  There  was  nothing  left  for  them  to  do 
but  to  surrender,  stack  their  arms  and  march  down  where  we  had 
just  come  up. 

At  length  as  we  neared  the  summit  of  this  mighty  "Bulwark  of 
everlasting  hills,"  the  darkness  of  cloud  and  mist  was  made 
intense  by  the  darkness  of  night,  and  we  halted,  resting  upon  our 
arms  and  sending  a  detail  down  for  hard  tack  and  coffee. 

This  battle  has  been  immortalized  by  the  genius  of  Benjamin 
F.  Taylor,  whose  poetical  and  beautiful  description  is  as  follows : 

Night  was  closing  in  and  the  scene  was  growing  sublime.  The  battery 
at  Moccasin  Point  was  sweeping  the  road  to  the  mountain.  The  brave 
little  fort  at  its  left  was  playing  like  a  heart  in  a  fever.  The  rebel 
cannons  at  the  top   of  Lookout  were  pounding   away   at  their  lowest 


418  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

depression.  The  flash  of  the  guns  fairly  burned  through  the  clouds; 
there  was  an  instant  of  silence,  here,  there,  yonder,  and  the  tardy 
thunder  leaped  out  after  the  swift  light.  For  the  first  time,  perhaps, 
since  that  mountain  began  to  burn  beneath  the  gold  and  crimson 
sandals  of  the  sun,  it  was  in  eclipse.  The  cloud  of  the  summit  and  the 
smoke  of  the  battle  had  met  half  way  and  mingled.  Here  was  Chatta- 
nooga, but  Lookout  had  vanished! 

It  was  Sinai  over  again,  with  its  thunderings  and  lightnings  and 
thick  darkness — and  the  Lord  was  on  our  side.  Then  the  storm  ceased, 
and  occasional  dropping  shots  tolled  off  the  evening  till  half -past  nine — 
then  a  crashing  volley,  a  rebel  yell,  and  a  desperate  charge.  It  was 
their  goodnight  to  our  loyal  boys;  goodnight  to  the  mountain.® 

On  the  morrovi^  as  we  again  shouldered  arms  at  early  dawn  to 
complete  the  ascent,  we  missed  the  music  of  the  rebel  shot  and 
shell.  The  glittering  sunlight,  leaping  from  the  crest  of  Mis- 
sionary Ridge,  away  in  the  east,  fell  upon  the  Stars  and  Stripes 
again  floating  upon  the  summit  of  Pulpit  Rock.  We  enjoyed  a 
sublime  view  of  the  wonderful  panorama  spread  out  before  us ;  a 
scene  of  varied  hue  and  grandeur;  of  city  and  plain;  of  winding 
river  and  mountain  range ;  a  bird's-eye  view  of  surpassing  beauty 
of  nature's  own  scenery  from  six  different  states.  Our  part  of 
the  great  battle  of  Missionary  Ridge  on  November  25  was  a 
contest  of  legs  rather  than  of  arms;  the  rebels  running  to  get 
away  from  us ;  we  running  to  catch  them.  Having  descended 
from  Lookout  Mountain  early  in  the  day,  we  were  marched  away 
over  the  plain  to  Ross's  Gap,  a  fissure  and  roadway  through  Mis- 
sionary Ridge,  guarded  by  a  detachment  of  infantry  and  artillery, 
which  we  easily  put  to  flight. 

Having  been  ordered  to  stack  arms,  our  boys  were  strolling 
about  when  suddenly  came  dashing  down  into  our  midst  a  gay 
young  officer  in  butternut  uniform,  riding  one  of  Kentucky's 
fleetest  thoroughbred  horses.  Before  he  could  realize  his  situa- 
tion, he  was  surrounded  by  a  half-dozen  bluecoats,  with  pointing 
revolvers,  and  ordered  to  dismount.  He  proved  to  be  a  son  and 
aid-de-camp  of  the  rebel  General  Breckenridge,  sent  down  to 
reconnoitre.  At  this  moment  the  signal  officer  on  Lookout 
Mountain,  four  miles  aw^ay  in  the  rear,  signalled  General  Hooker 
that  a  strong  rebel  column  was  starting  along  the  crest  of  Mis- 
sionary Ridge,  with  the  evident  purpose  of  driving  us  back.  Our 
bugleman  sounded  the  "assembly"  and  we  were  hastily  formed 

»Ingersoll — Iowa  and  the  Rebellion,    p.  580. 


INCIDENTS  OF  AN  IOWA  SOLDIER'S  LIFE  419 

into  line,  over  the  crest  of  the  Ridge,  and  ordered  "forward, 
double  quick." 

From  that  time  till  dark  we  maintained  a  running  fight,  re- 
peatedly striking  and  doubling  back  the  head  of  the  rebel  column, 
and  never  once  giving  them  a  chance  to  form  a  sufficient  line 
seriously  to  check  our  advance.  That  night  was  cold  and  bleak, 
and  we  were  compelled  to  huddle  about  our  scanty  camp  fires 
without  either  blanket  or  food  until  four  o'clock  next  morning, 
when  our  previous  day's  combined  dinner  and  supper  at  last 
reached  us.  I  can  this  moment  see  all  about  me,  as  when  I  stood 
there  years  ago  on  that  bleak  November  night,  on  the  brow  of  that 
historic  Ridge,  those  thickly-studded  knots  of  shivering,  hungry 
soldiers,  good-naturedly  recounting  the  incidents  of  the  day.  It 
was  indeed  a  rough,  bleak  night  but  little  we  cared;  for  another 
great  battle  was  done  and  victory  won,  and  our  lives  were  yet 
spared  by  the  God  of  Battles,  while  the  enemy  was  utterly  routed 
and  in  full  retreat.  Our  year's  work  mainly  ended  with  this  great 
battle.  And  to  us  who  survived,  it  had  been  a  glorious  year;  a 
year  of  great  marches  and  great  battles,  a  year  of  great  victories ; 
and  crowned,  at  last,  with  the  greatest  victory  of  all.  It  began 
to  give  some  promise  and  hope  of  a  successful  and  speedy  termi- 
nation of  this  unholy  w^ar.  And  for  this  most  of  all,  our  hearts 
rejoiced. 

Time  utterly  fails  me  even  to  make  mention  of  the  still  later 
marches  and  countermarches,  battles  and  victories,  of  this 
eventful  year;  of  the  soldierly  celebration  of  New  Year's  Day  in 
northern  Georgia  wherein  every  able-bodied  man  of  my  regiment 
attested  his  patriotism  by  promptly  re-enlisting  for  another 
"three  years  or  during  the  war";  of  the  consequent  twenty  days' 
furlough  at  home;  of  the  honors  received  by  the  way,  notably 
those  bestowed  by  the  patriotic  citizens  of  Dubuque;  of  our 
prompt  return,  bringing  125  three  year  recruits;  and  I  plunge 
headlong  into  the  middle  of  the  immortal  Atlanta  Campaign. 

At  Dallas,  Georgia,  on  May  27,  1864,  having  lain  upon  our 
arms  during  the  night,  the  regiment  was  attacked  at  daybreak 
simultaneously  in  front  and  flank,  by  a  strong  force,  but  hand- 
somely repelled  the  charge  and  drove  the  enemy  back.  Next 
day,  the  28th,  we  were  again  attacked,  and  this  time  with  great 
force  and  fury.     For  two  years  we  had  been  digging  intrench- 


420  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

ments;  for  the  last  twelve  months  almost  continually,  and  since 
the  beginning  of  the  present  campaign,  incessantly  day  and  night. 
As  yet,  not  the  first  opportunity  had  been  afforded  to  use  them. 
So  far  we  had  only  dug  to  go  forward  and  leave  our  works  in 
the  rear.  Now,  suddenly,  we  had  our  reward  for  all  this  labor. 
At  4  p.  M.  without  warning  and  as  the  rush  of  an  avalanche,  came 
the  excited,  confident,  yelling  thousands  of  the  rebel  Hardie's 
corps.  They  swept  our  skirmishers  to  the  ground.  Our  men  in 
the  trenches  waited  to  see  their  comrades  come  in  from  the  front 
before  firing,  but  they  came  not;  and  in  their  stead  was  the 
advance  of  the  rebel  line.  That  moment  they  were  met  by  such 
a  volley  as  scattered  them  from  the  spot.  They  tried  to  rally, 
once,  twice  and  even  a  third  time,  but  to  no  avail.  All  who  could, 
betook  themselves  to  places  of  safety,  and  as  our  skirmishers 
followed  them  out  over  the  ground  where  so  short  a  time  since 
their  lines  were  advancing,  they  found  it  strewed  with  the  killed 
and  wounded.  That  few  moments'  experience  behind  breast- 
works had  taught  us,  and  the  whole  Fifteenth  Army  Corps,  such 
a  lesson  as  was  never  forgotten;  the  lesson  that  no  number  of  men 
could  have  driven  them  that  day,  nor  ever  afterwards,  from 
behind  a  line  of  earthworks. 

It  was  the  boldest  and  fiercest  attack  that  Johnston  ever  made 
upon  us,  and  it  miserably  failed.  From  this  place,  we  went  to 
New  Hope  church,  thence  to  Big  Shanty.  And  from  June  19 
to  July  3,  we  remained  close  up  under  the  frowning  brow  of 
Kenesaw  Mountain  and  within  easy  range  of  the  line  of  batteries 
that  bristled  from  its  crest  and  belched  forth  upon  our  unpro- 
tected heads  its  periodical  discharge  of  iron  hail.  Several  of  our 
men  were  fearfully  mangled  by  shot  and  shell  from  their 
batteries. 

This  Atlanta  campaign  was  prosecuted  with  the  most  wonder- 
ful energy.  General  Sherman  was  a  man  of  extreme  nervous 
temperament,  and  pushed  forward  every  part  of  his  army  with 
the  utmost  vigor.  The  Confederate  army  was  crowded  back  at 
every  point,  and  followed  up  day  and  night.  All  our  supplies 
were  kept  close  up  to  the  front,  and  even  railroad  bridges, 
burned  by  the  rebels  as  they  retreated,  were  sometimes  replaced 
in  a  night. 


INCIDENTS  OF  AN  IOWA  SOLDIER'S  LIFE  421 

Sherman  tells  a  good  story  on  a  Confederate  soldier  who  was 
on  Kenesaw  Mountain  during  our  advance,  regarding  the  rail- 
road tunnel  at  Dalton,  through  which  all  our  supply  trains  had 
to  pass: 

A  group  of  rebels  lay  in  the  shade  of  a  tree  one  hot  day,  overlooking 
our  camps  at  Big  Shanty.  One  soldier  remarked  to  his  fellows:  "Well, 
the  Yanks  will  have  to  git  up  and  git  now,  for  I  heard  General  Johnston 
himself  say  that  Wheeler  had  blown  up  the  tunnel  at  Dalton  and  that 
the  Yanks  would  have  to  retreat,  because  they  could  get  no  more 
rations."  "Oh,  hell !"  said  a  listener,  "don't  you  know  that  Old  Sherman 
carries  a  duplicate  tunnel  along?" 

From  Kenesaw  Mountain  we  went  to  Marietta,  the  Chatta- 
hooche  River,  Roswell  Factory  and  Decatur,  and  were  in  front 
of  Atlanta  in  time  to  take  part  on  July  22  in  handsomely 
driving  back  a  strong  rebel  column  and  retaking  a  battery  of 
Parrott  guns  that  had  just  been  lost  on  our  left.  We  could  but 
take  honest  pride  in  having  the  honor  of  helping  turn  the  first 
success  of  the  new  rebel  leader.  General  Hood,  into  a  withering 
defeat  before  night,  and  of  avenging  the  death  of  our  own  beloved 
McPherson. 

I  had  been  almost  three  years  in  active  service  in  the  army,  and 
had  taken  part  in  some  of  the  most  hotly-contested  battles  of  the 
war,  before  I  ever  really  saw  two  hostile  armies  in  the  midst 
of  battle.  Soldiers  as  a  rule  had  poor  opportunities  of  witnessing 
those  grand  views  of  contending  armies,  pictures  of  which  are 
everywhere  so  common.  These  views  came  not  to  those  who  stood 
at  their  posts  in  the  front  line,  but  to  that  other  army  of  camp 
followers,  newspaper  correspondents,  and  the  like,  who  always 
did  their  fighting  at  long  range  and  who  were  able  to  send 
home  glowing  accounts  of  battle  scenes  because  they  were  not 
in  the  fights.  I  tried  that  method  of  fighting  for  a  part  of  one 
day,  and  had  the  usual  reward,  getting  a  splendid  view  of  one  of 
the  great  battles  of  the  war,  that  of  Atlanta,  July  22,  I86i. 

It  was  the  greatest  battle  of  the  Atlanta  campaign  and  in- 
deed the  last  great  battle  of  Sherman's  army.  At  daybreak  on 
the  twenty-second  our  army  found  the  rebel  earthworks  in  their 
front  deserted.  And  many  hoped  it  was  a  final  retreat — that 
our  Atlanta  campaign  was  ended.  It  soon  enough  proved  other- 
wise.    It  was  only  a  sudden  change  of  front,  for  a  final  struggle 


422  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

to  drive  us  thence.  It  was  an  adroit  flank  movement  to  strike  us 
hard  at  a  weak  point.  At  first  they  met  with  real  success.  Our 
lines  did,  for  the  time,  waver.  Some  gaps  were  made,  through 
one  of  which  the  gallant  McPherson  rode  hastily  to  his  death 
at  11  A.  M.  as  he  was  bravely  trying  to  direct  his  army  to  resist 
the  assault. 

From  that  hour,  the  battle  raged  with  the  greatest  fury  in 
front  of  the  Fifteenth  and  Seventeenth  Army  Corps.  Line  after 
line  was  formed  along  our  whole  front  and  hurled  desperately 
forward.  They  were  shattered  and  scattered  and  slain,  and  the 
staggering  survivors  could  only  retreat  to  again  rally,  with  the 
reinforcements  rapidly  led  forward.  They,  too,  in  turn,  went 
down  before  the  livid  lightning  of  our  steady  lines.  Yet  other 
lines  were  formed,  came  wavering  on,  in  great  serpentine  columns, 
only  to  meet  the  fate  of  those  who  had  before  been  sacrificed 
in  the  insane  hope  of  breaking  our  solid  and  serried  ranks.  It 
was  an  awful  sight.  Fifty  thousand  armed  men  confronting 
each  other,  counting  not  their  lives  dear  unto  themselves,  if  they 
could  but  stand,  and  withstand  the  terrible  ordeal.  The  din  of 
artillery,  the  roar  of  musketry,  uninterrupted  and  increasing  as 
the  day  sped  was  like  pent-up  peals  of  rolling  thunder.  It  was 
a  grand  and  awful  scene.  A  sublime  day  in  the  history  of  the 
Republic,  though  in  it  many  a  brave  man  fell,  to  rise  no  more. 

Will  I  be  blamed  if  I  linger  a  moment,  even  at  this  distance, 
to  drop  a  tear  over  the  sacred  memory  of  a  long-lost,  but  not 
forgotten  brother?  I  know  I  may  claim  many  in  the  great 
brotherhood  of  humanity  and  patriotism,  and  doubtless  may  even 
join  hands  with  many  an  one  whose  heart  chords  are  often  made 
tremulous  over  the  evergreen  memory  of  a  slain  brother,  father 
or  affectionate  son. 

It  was  in  the  heat  of  one  of  those  two  terrible  days  at  Atlanta, 
in  the  second  one  of  which  the  noble  McPherson  with  so  many 
of  his  gallant  men  received  their  final  discharge.  Among  them 
my  own  younger  brother  was  ruthlessly  slain,  at  the  head  of 
the  old  veteran  Third  Iowa,  in  a  charge  made  by  a  part  of  the 
Seventeenth  Corps.  I  sought  the  privilege  of  taking  his  remains 
away  from  this  bloody  field  and  to  our  old  home  for  Christian 
burial.  The  hard  fortunes  of  war  denied  me  even  this  poor 
privilege.    His  body  lies  buried  near  the  scene  of  his  last  struggle 


INCIDENTS  OF  AN  IOWA  SOLDIER'S  LIFE  423 

and  final  sacrifice  upon  the  holy  altar  of  his  country;  near  the 
spot  where  his  spirit — the  spirit  of  a  loving  brother,  an  affec- 
tionate son  and  a  patriot  soldier — took  its  flight. 

I  would  not  if  I  could,  forget  the  last  brave  words  that  passed 
his  whitening  lips.  He  said  calmly,  but  with  bated  breath: 
"My  time  has  come  at  last,  and  I  must  go.  But  tell  Mother 
I  have  done  my  duty  and  am  ready." 

And  when  the  sun  in  all  his  state 
Illumed  the  western  skies, 
He  passed   through   glory's   morning   gate 
And  walked  in  Paradise. 

A  soldier's  grave  he  was  not  denied.  A  soldier's  burial  he  was 
not  refused;  for  we  laid  him  away  gently,  "With  his  martial  cloak 
around  him."  His  grave  yonder  upon  the  stony  hillside,  under 
the  tropical  rays  of  the  sun  in  central  Georgia,  may  go  ever  un- 
decorated  until  the  echo  of  the  final  trumpet  shall  proclaim  the 
general  assembly  of  all  the  earth.  And  yet  I  do  not  forget  that 
he  was  only  one  of  the  many,  many  thousand  brothers  and  sons 
of  Iowa,  whose  lives  must  needs  have  been  laid  upon  the  bloody 
altar. 

On  September  22,  186i,  while  our  army  was  lying  for  a  few 
days  in  and  around  Atlanta,  it  was  my  fortune  to  witness  the 
return  of  some  of  our  Union  soldiers  from  the  Andersonville 
prison  pens.  In  that  Atlanta  campaign  prisoners  were  being 
constantly  captured  on  both  sides.  The  men  taken  from  our 
army  had  been  for  months  hurried  away  to  Andersonville.  At  last 
an  exchange  of  prisoners  was  arranged  for,  and  it  was  announced 
that  the  first  trainload  was  approaching  our  lines.  As  the  iron 
horse  moved  slowly  along  past  our  picket  outposts  and  ap- 
proached within  the  Union  lines,  the  banks  of  the  railway  were 
lined  with  our  soldiers  to  witness  and  welcome  a  trainload  of 
their  old  comrades  direct  from  the  horrors  of  Andersonville. 

And  who  shall  depict  the  scene  that  met  their  eyes  ?  Strong, 
stalwart,  sun-browned  men  already  inured  to  the  hardest  of  hard- 
ships, in  two  short  months  reduced  to  literal  skeletons,  haggard, 
nerveless,  spiritless,  almost  naked.  Of  hats  and  shoes  next  to 
nothing  was  left.  Of  coats,  I  need  not  speak,  for  they  had  none. 
Of  the  trousers  and  shirts  that  alone  remained,  and  with  which 
they  vainly  sought  to  cover  their  bodies  from  midnight  chill  and 


424  ANNULS  OF  IOWA 

midday  sun,  scarcely  a  garment  that  was  not  either  measurably 
legless  or  armless.  It  was  indeed  an  affecting  sight,  that  long 
line  of  standing  skeletons,  almost  naked.  And  yet  when  cheer 
after  cheer  from  the  ranks  that  lined  either  side  of  the  slowly 
moving  train  aroused  them  to  the  fact  that  they  were,  at  last, 
back  again  among  their  old  comrades,  the  joy  that  shone  from 
their  eyes,  beamed  forth  from  their  white  faces,  and  otherwise 
manifested  itself  from  their  feeble  actions,  was  a  sight  never  to 
be  forgotten.  Some  tried  to  hurrah,  others  to  sing ;  some  laughed, 
some  cried;  while  in  many  more,  the  emotions  were  too  deep  for 
any  utterance.  And  yet  in  every  attitude  and  look  were  unmis- 
takable evidences  of  the  joy  of  disliverance  from  a  living  death; 
of  an  escape  from  loathsome  tombs ;  of  a  resurrection  to  new  life. 

On  October  4  we  were  again  hurried  off  at  "double  quick" 
after  the  rebel  General  Hood,  whom  Jefferson  Davis  had  re- 
cently placed  in  command  of  Joe  Johnston's  army  with  the  hope 
of  resisting  and  checking  Sherman's  further  progress  into  the 
heart  of  the  Confederacy.  Hood  had  failed  to  keep  us  out  of 
Atlanta.  He  now  tried  a  bold  scheme  to  force  us  back,  by  a 
flank  movement  intended  to  attack  our  lines  of  communication 
and  cut  off  our  supplies.  We  followed  him  rapidly  back  nearly 
200  miles,  through  Marietta,  Rome  and  Resaca,  and  across  into 
Alabama  and  then  again  "about  faced"  and  retraced  our  steps 
to  Atlanta,  Sherman  telegraphing  to  General  Grant,  November  2, 
"I  want  to  prepare  for  my  big  raid;  I  regard  the  further  pursuit 
of  Hood  as  useless.  The  best  results  will  follow  my  contemplated 
movement   through   Georgia." 

To  which  Grant's  laconic  answer  was:  "Go  on!" 

Before  starting  on  his  "big  raid,"  Sherman  issued  a  general 
order  in  which  he  said:  "The  army  will  forage  liberally  on  the 
country  during  the  march.""  The  General,  himself,  tells  a 
story  illustrating  how  well  this  order  was  understood  and 
executed.  Standing  by  the  roadside  a  few  days  after  the  orders 
were  issued,  while  his  army  was  marching  through  Covington, 
Georgia,  a  soldier  passed  him  with  a  ham  on  his  musket,  a  jug 
of  sorghum  molasses  under  his  arm  and  a  big  piece  of  honey  in  his 
hand,  from  which  he  was  eating.     Catching  Sherman's  eye,  he 

^'^ShermB.n— Memoirs.    V.  II,  p.  175. 


INCIDENTS  OF  AN  IOWA  SOLDIER'S  LIFE  425 

remarked   sotto   voce    and   carelessly   to    a    comrade:      "Forage 
liberally  on  the  country,"  quoting  from  the  general  orders. 

November  15  we  started  with  Sherman's  army  on  its  famous 
"March  to  the  Sea."  In  describing  this  remarkable  trip  and  the 
manner  in  which  we  lived  off  the  country  as  we  traveled,  often 
leaving  more  provisions  in  camp  as  we  left  it  in  the  morning  than 
the  whole  army  had  consumed,  there  only  remains  to  copy  from 
my  daily  journal,  kept  at  the  time,  a  few  days'  record: 

Sunday,  November  13.  At  daybreak  we  received  orders  to  be  ready 
to  march  at  seven  o'clock.  We  started  promptly  on  time  and  marched 
through  Atlanta  and  two  miles  cast,  a  distance  of  sixteen  miles.  Saw 
Atlanta  today  for  the  first  time,  and  it  looks  sorry  enough  in  all  con- 
science; but  probably  not  half  so  bad  as  it  will  tomorrow.  It  still  con- 
tains, after  all  the  destruction  of  property,  many  fine  buildings  and  even 
whole  brick  blocks. 

It  will  be  seen  that  we  commenced  this  great  marcli,  as  we 
did  so  many  marches  and  battles  in  the  war,  on  Sunday.  Of  the 
destruction  of  Atlanta,  here  foreshadowed,  General  Sherman's 
own  record  is  as  follows: 

About  7  A.  M.,  November  16,  we  rode  out  of  Atlanta  by  the  Decatur 
road,  filled  by  the  marching  troops  and  wagons  of  the  Fourteenth 
Corps;  and  reaching  the  hill,  just  outside  of  the  old  rebel  works,  we 
naturally  paused  to  look  back  upon  the  scenes  of  our  past  battles. 
We  stood  upon  the  very  ground  whereon  was  fought  the  bloody  battle  of 
July  22,  and  could  see  the  copse  of  wood  where  McPherson  fell.  Behind 
us  lay  Atlanta,  smouldering  and  in  ruins,  the  black  smoke  rising  high  in 
air,  and  hanging  like  a  pall  over  the   ruined  city.^^ 

I  must  omit  the  record  of  the  intervening  days,  and  quote  the 
records  of  two  Sundays  more,  only. 

Sunday,  November  20.  Started  at  6  a.  m.  our  division  and  brigade 
in  advance.  Got  a  mile  or  two  before  daylight.  Passed  through  Hills- 
boro,  and  marched  direct  for  Macon,  stopping  at  Clinton,  twelve  miles 
from  Macon.  Reached  camp  at  8:30  p.  m.  in  the  rain,  having  come 
twenty  miles. 

Pretty  good  Sabbath  day's  journey,  twenty  miles,  beginning 
an  hour  before  daylight,  and  ending  two  hours  after  dark,  and  in 
the  rain! 

It  should  not  be  forgotten  that  all  arrangements  for  cooking 
and  eating  supper,  preparing  beds   upon  which  to  stretch  the 

"Sherman — Memoirs.    Vol.  II,  p.  178. 


426  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

weary  limbs^  details  for  guard  duty  and  other  precautions  for  the 
night's  defense  had  to  be  made  after  we  reached  camp.  And 
many  a  night  the  bed,  made  simply  of  rails,  over  which  one-half 
the  single  blanket  was  spread,  formed  a  most  grateful  protection 
from  the  damp,  wet  or  muddy  ground.  There  is  a  limit  to  physical 
and  nervous  endurance.  Is  it  any  wonder  that  many  a  soldier, 
under  the  terrible  strain  to  which  he  was  so  often  subjected, 
finally  gave  up  in  despair  and  fell  out  by  the  way,  never  to 
return  ? 

Again  I  pass  over  six  days'  record,  for  a  last  quotation. 

Sunday,  November  27.  At  7  a.  m.  were  ordered  out  to  tear  up  rail- 
road. Went  four  miles,  worked  till  one  o'clock,  when  we  were  ordered 
to  rejoin  the  regiment — marched  till  nine  o'clock,  twenty-two  miles. 

So  the  days,  even  the  Sundays,  came  and  went,  filled  with 
work,  tearing  up  railroads  till  one  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  and 
then  marching  twenty-two  miles  and  reaching  camp  at  9  p.  m. 
tired,  hungry,  sleepy  men. 

It  was  in  the  closing  days  of  this  march  and  during  the  actual 
siege  of  Savannah,  Georgia,  that  our  boys  were  permitted  to  en- 
joy their  well  remembered  rations  of  rice  in  three  courses.  The 
first  course  consisted  of  rice  taken  from  the  immense  rice  mills 
of  that  region,  all  hulled  and  nicely  prepared  for  our  camp 
kettles;  for  we  were  in  the  midst  of  the  finest  rice-growing 
plantations  of  America.  When  this  supply  of  hulled  rice  gave 
out,  the  boys  resorted  to  the  bins  of  unhulled  rice  as  it  came  from 
the  threshing  machines,  which  was  about  equal  to  so  much  un- 
hulled barley  or  oats.  And  again  when  this  delicacy  had  all 
been  served  up,  a  lively  skirmish  line  deployed  out  over  the 
fields  for  a  vigorous  attack  upon  the  little  stacks  and  bunches  of 
cut  and  gathered,  but  unthreshed  rice,  which  still  dotted  most 
of  those  broad,  level  rice  fields  of  southern  Georgia. 

I  scarcely  need  so  much  as  even  to  mention  the  three  days  on 
parched  corn  that  filled  in  the  necessary  gap  between  the  last 
of  the  rice  and  the  first  boxes  of  hard  tack  that  finally  reached 
us  from  the  Atlantic  coast. 

Having  found  Savannah  a  comfortable  place  to  spend  the 
Christmas  and  New  Year's  holidays,  we  embarked  on  January 
13  of  the  new  year,  for  a  short  ride  out  over  the  broad  Atlantic, 


INCIDENTS  OF  AN  IOWA  SOLDIER'S  LIFE  427 

landing  at  Beaufort,  South  Carolina.  Plunging  thence  into  the 
interior  of  the  state,  it  was  not  many  weeks  till  we  built  our 
camp  fires,  and  lay  down  to  sleep  at  night  beneath  the  domes 
of  another  proud  rebel  capital.  Columbia  lay  upon  the  hillside 
beyond  us.  Her  haughty  citizens  could  look  down  upon  us  at 
night,  and  we  could  now  come  beneath  their  very  windows,  and 
almost  upon  their  threshholds. 

The  next  night  after  our  arrival  was  spent  in  being  ferried 
across  the  Broad  River,  two  miles  above  the  city,  and  by  daylight 
of  the  seventeenth,  the  Ninth  Iowa,  together  with  the  Thirtieth 
and  Thirty-first,  charged  through  a  bayou,  sometimes  up  to  their 
waists  in  the  mud  and  water,  upon  a  force  of  rebels  opposed  to  us, 
and  drove  them  from  their  position.  This  sealed  at  last  the  fate 
of  Columbia,  and  gave  us  the  pleasure  of  marching,  an  hour 
later,  at  the  head  of  Sherman's  army,  into  this  hotbed  of  treason 
and  the  foul  nest  where  secession  was  first  hatched. 

That  night  our  boys  pitched  their  tents,  taken  from  the  rebel 
storehouses  around  the  capitol,  and  from  thence  furnished 
guards  for  the  night,  to  the  southwest  quarter  of  the  city,  until 
driven  away  by  that  terrible  night  of  fire  and  flame,  wherein 
a  city  of  30,000  souls  was  instantly  consumed.  Does  any  one  yet 
ask  how  Columbia  was  burned  to  the  ground.^  Echo  will  ever 
answer,  "How?"  to  every  soldier  who  witnessed  the  awful  sheet 
of  red  flame  that  canopied  the  whole  wide  expanse  of  heaven,  as 
far  as  eye  could  reach,  and  which  is  so  vividly  photographed,  to 
this  day,  upon  the  imagination  of  every  surviving  witness  of  that 
awful  scene,  and  the  causes  of  which,  when  rightly  read  between 
the  lines,  give  color  and  ground  for  the  bold  comparison  of 
Sherman,  the  statesman-soldier,  vs.  Wade  Hampton,  the  political 
poltroon. 

A  few  more  weary  stages  up  through  the  Carolinas  brought 
us  to  Bentonville,  North  Carolina,  and  Raleigh,  its  beautiful 
capital,  where  we  well  remember  the  one  day  of  gloomy  suspense, 
succeeding  the  first  vague  report  of  President  Lincoln's  assassi- 
nation. Thence  in  a  triumphal  march  we  went  up  through  the 
proud  old  state  of  Virginia,  via  Petersburg,  Richmond,  Fred- 
ericksburg, Mount  Vernon  and  Alexandria,  to  Washington,  where 
we  took  part  in  the  great  military  pageant  of  May  24,  in  the 
streets   of  the   National   Capital.      Thence,   westward,  over  the 


428  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

mountains,  down  the  Ohio  river,  to  Louisville,  Kentucky,  whence 
at  last  the  fortunate  survivors  of  our  oft-thinned  ranks,  with  their 
final  discharge,  came  "Marching  Home." 

And  thus  we  left  the  conquered  South.  We  left  it  neither  in 
hate  nor  in  anger.  Any  truthful  picture  of  the  great  war,  from 
whatever  standpoint  we  view  it,  must  needs  present  a  sombre  hue. 
And  yet,  even  this  great  cloud  of  defeat  and  destruction  and 
death;  of  wasted  energies  and  ruined  hopes,  wherein  all  had 
been  staked  and  all  lost;  even  this  dark  cloud  has  to  me  its 
silver  lining.  After  its  night  of  defeat,  is  there  not  arising  in 
the  South,  a  new  civilization  whose  bow  of  promise  already  spans 
the  whole  arch  of  heaven?  This  "Sunny  South,"  this  "Dixie 
Land,"  the  fairest  upon  which  the  sun  ever  shone,  is  even  now 
giving  assurance  of  a  great  and  glorious  future.  If  the  close  of 
our  first  century  of  national  life  testified  to  the  blessed  inherit- 
ance we  have  received  through  the  Revolutionary  War,  may 
not  the  close  of  a  second  century  testify  to  the  still  greater 
benefits  of  the  war  for  the  suppression  of  rebellion,  in  the  exist- 
ence, on  this  continent,  of  a  nation  of  a  hundred  million  freemen, 
controlled  by  the  supremacy  of  an  enlightened  public  sentiment, 
and  built  on  the  immovable  pillars  of  a  free  church,  free  schools 
and  a  free  ballot.^ 


ny 


HON.  MILO  P.  SMITH 
Judge  of  the  Eighteenth  Judicial  District  of  Iowa 


RECOLLECTIONS  OF  MARENGO  429 


RECOLLECTIONS  OF  MARENGO 
By  Judge  Milo  P.  Smith  ^ 

I  first  saw  the  village  of  Marengo  in  January,  1862.  It  then 
had  about  five  or  six  hundred  inhabitants.  I  walked  there 
f  "om  Leroy  station  (now  Blairstown)  on  the  Chicago  and  North- 
western Railway.  The  snow  was  quite  deep  and  walking  hard. 
I  crossed  the  river  down  where  Robert  McKee  formerly  had  a 
ferry  and  went  up  town  by  the  old  hotel  kept  by  the  Ratcliffs. 
There  were  but  few  buildings  then  on  either  the  south  or  west 
sides  of  the  square,  and  the  little  town  looked  straggly,  sickly 
and  very  bleak  in  its  coat  of  snow.  I  stayed  over  night  at  Lewis 
Wilson's  on  the  Koszta  road,  and  the  next  day  passed  on  my  way 
westward.     The  railroad  only  ran  to  Victor  then. 

The  next  time  I  saw  the  place  was  in  May,  1866,  when  I  located 

there   and  began   the   practice   of   law.      The   town   had   grown 

some  in  the  four  years  and  then  contained  about  eight  liundred 

inhabitants,   with   but    four    brick    buildings — the    school    house, 

the    Presbyterian   church,   the   court   house,   and    L.    Q.    Reno's 

dwelling  house — all  the  rest  being  wooden,  some  frame  and  some 

log  buildings.     Aside  from  Beaupre's   Hall  near  the  northwest 

corner  of  the  public  square,  William  Liddle's   blacksmitli  shop 

and    McConnell's    millinery    shop     (where    the    First    National 

Bank  now  stands)  and  the  V.  M.  Ogle  &  Co.'s  store,  there  were 

no   other   buildings   on   the   west   side.      Mrs.    Groff's   dwelling, 

iThis  article  was  orig:inally  written  in  1909  at  the  request  of  the  editor  of  the 
Marengo  Republican  and  published  in  the  home-coming  edition  of  that  paper, 
issued  on  October  13,  1909,  on  the  occasion  of  the  celebration  of  the  fiftietli 
anniversary  of  the  founding  of  Marengo.  Judge  Smith  recently  made  some 
revision  of  the  article  for  publication  in  the  Axnals.  The  author  of  the  article, 
Milo.  P.  Smith,  was  born  in  Delaware  County,  Ohio,  July  16,  1835,  He  spent  most  of 
his  youth  in  Washington  County,  Ohio,  and  came  with  his  parents  by  covered 
wagon  to  Linn  County,  Iowa,  in  1855.  He  graduated  from  Cornell  College,  Mount 
Vernon,  in  1861.  In  1862  he  enlisted  in  Company  C,  Thirty-first  Iowa  Infantry, 
He  was  promoted  several  times  and  became  captain  of  his  company.  Anticipating 
the  fact  that  the  war  was  almost  over  he  resigned  late  in  186  4.  and  entered  the 
law  department  of  the  University  of  Michigan,  and  graduated  therefrom  in  18C6. 
He  entered  the  practice  of  law  at  Marengo,  Iowa,  in  May,  1866.  In  1874  he  was 
elected  district  attorney  of  the  Eighth  Judicial  District  which  was  composed  of 
Cedar,  Jones,  Johnson,  Linn,  Iowa,  Benton  and  Tama  counties,  and  was  re- 
elected four  years  later,  serving  from  1875  to  1883.  In  1882  he  removed  to 
Cedar  Rapids  and  has  continuously  resided  there  since.  In  1906  he  was  elected 
one  of  the  judges  of  the  Eighteenth  Judicial  District,  composed  of  Cedar,  Jones 
and  Linn  counties;  was  re-elected  in  1910,  1914,  and  in  1918  for  the  term  which 
will  end  in  1922.  He  occupies  the  bench  acceptably  to  a  most  distinguished  bar, 
and  administers  the  duties  of  his  office  promptly,  impartially  and  with  exceptional 
ability.  He  surpasses  in  age  the  record  of  any  presiding  judge  of  which  we 
have  account,  being  well  into  his  eighty-sixth  year. — D,  C,  M. 


430  ANICALS  OF  IOWA 

where  the  Masonic  building  now  stands,  L.  Q.  Reno's  store, 
Jake  Hass'  saloon,  Charley  Eckert's  blacksmith  shop,  and  the 
Marengo  hotel  on  the  southeast  corner  were  all  the  buildings 
there  were  on  the  south  side,  while  the  north  and  the  east  sides 
were  about  half  filled  with  buildings,  many  of  which  have  long 
since  disappeared. 

The  court  house  was  a  boxlike  building  standing  close  to  the 
sidewalk  on  the  east  side  of  the  park  or  square,  the  length  being 
the  breadth  of  the  present  old  court  house  building,  as  it  was 
afterwards  improved.  The  county  offices  were  all  on  the  ground 
floor  and  were  entered  directly  from  the  sidewalk,  with  no  hall  or 
staircase  in  the  building.  The  second  floor  was  reached  by  some 
outside  steps  at  the  south  end,  and  up  there  was  the  court  room, 
small,  stuffy,  but  certainly  well  lighted.  In  place  of  carpet  or 
linoleum  the  floor  was  covered  with  about  one  inch  of  saw- 
dust, making  a  good  deposit  for  tobacco  spit.  All  the  furniture 
was  of  the  plainest  kind,  and  unpainted  except  the  judge's  desk, 
and  that  was  white.  N.  B.  Vineyard  was  county  treasurer  and 
occupied  the  south  room,  while  the  middle  room  was  used  by  the 
clerk  of  the  court  and  the  sheriff.  W.  G.  Springer  was  clerk 
and  his  son,  John  C,  deputy.  Eli  D.  Akers  was  sheriff,  and  he 
had  for  deputy  the  irresponsible  "Bill"  Hastings,  who  could  tell 
the  biggest  yarn  of  any  man  in  the  county.  He  used  to  tell  it  as 
a  fact  that  he  was  driving  a  wagon  loaded  with  loose  gunpowder 
during  the  war  through  the  city  of  Columbia,  South  Carolina, 
when  it  was  burning,  and  that  the  powder  caught  fire  and  half  the 
load  burned  up  before  he  could  tramp  it  out.  But  the  Ananias 
Club  had  not  been  organized  then.  The  county  recorder  (Judge 
John  Miller)  and  the  county  judge  (A.  H.  Willetts)  occupied  the 
north  and  remaining  room  of  the  building.  I  believe  Mr.  Jennis 
was  county  superintendent  and  Mr.  Childers  coroner.  They  both 
carried  their  offices  in  their  hats. 

The  stores  of  general  merchandise  were  those  of  L.  Q.  Reno 
on  the  south  side  and  V.  M.  Ogle  &  Co.  on  the  west  side,  and 
Scheuerman  Bros,  at  the  northeast  corner  of  the  square,  where 
Eyrich  so  long  had  his  shoe  store.  The  only  drug  stores  were 
run  by  Ed  Alverson  in  the  old  Beaupre  building  on  the  west 
side,  and  by  Williams  &  Games  on  the  north  side.  Libby  & 
Martin  had   a  hardware   store   just   south   of   Alverson's   drug 


RECOLLECTIONS  OF  MARENGO  431 

store.  Gus  Holm,  genial  and  accommodating,  was  running  in  con- 
nection with  Myers  Bros,  of  Davenport,  a  hardware  store  on  the 
east  side,  and  Henry  Deffinbaugh  had  the  office  of  the  express 
company  in  the  same  room  with  him.  Hon.  John  R.  Serrin, 
representative  in  the  legislature,  was  postmaster,  and  carried  in 
the  same  room  a  stock  of  notions,  wall  paper,  etc.  His  store 
was  east  of  the  southeast  corner  of  the  square,  and  the  Masonic 
Lodge  and  Good  Templar  lodge  met  up  stairs  over  his  store. 
H.  N.  Redmond  (Nice)  and  B.  F.  Haven  each  carried  a  small 
stock  of  goods.  These  were  the  chief  parties  engaged  in  business 
as  I  now  recall  them.  A.  J.  Morrison  ran  the  Clifton  House  and 
Uncle  John  Cone  ran  the  hotel  at  the  southeast  corner  of  the 
square.  John  Dinwiddie,  now  the  cashier  of  the  Cedar  Rapids 
Saving  Bank,  and  secretary  of  the  Bankers'  association  of  Iowa, 
was  learning  to  clerk  in  the  store  of  B.  F.  Haven.  He  was  very 
young  and  small. 

Some  years  afterwards  J.  H.  Branch  came  and  established  his 
bank.  It  is  said  he  started  with  $2,500,  one-half  of  which  he 
invested  in  a  safe,  which  must  have  proven  a  good  advertisement 
and  investment,  as  his  subsequent  success  showed.  Drs.  Bartlett, 
Grant  and  Huston  were  the  leading  physicians,  thougli  Drs.  Mc- 
Fall  and  Alverson  had  some  practice.  Afterwards  Drs.  Eddy 
and  Schultz  came  and  both  acquired  a  good  practice  and  won 
for  themselves  enviable  positions  in  the  community  for  their 
learning,  judgment  and  skill  in  their  chosen  profession. 

The  legal  fraternity  was  reperesented  by  Martin  &  Kagy,  J. 
FT.  Murphy  &  Bro.,  Templin  &  Feenan,  Capt.  (Judge)  C. 
Hedges,  and  John  Miller,  who  became  my  partner.  Soon  after 
I  went  there  C.  S.  Lake  and  Charles  E.  Baker  came  up  from 
Iowa  City  and  established  the  firm  of  Lake  &  Baker.  Capt.  J. 
N.  W.  Rumple  was  at  the  time  reading  law  in  the  office  of  Martin 
&  Kagy,  and  Homer  Wilson  was  reading  with  Templin  &  Feenan. 

H.  M.  Martin  (commonly  called  Hugh)  was  facile  princeps  of 
the  bar  of  the  county.  He  was  a  first  rate  lawyer,  careful,  pains- 
taking and  studious,  and  always  kept  abreast  of  the  decisions  of 
the  supreme  court  of  the  state.  Though  not  a  man  of  great 
learning  or  especial  breadth  of  general  reading,  he  possessed 
excellent  judgment  and  a  good  understanding,  and  was  a 
splendid   all-round   lawyer.      He    was    almost    destitute   of   wit. 


432  ANVALS  of  IOWA 

however,  or  the  power  of  repartee.  He  was  genial  and  pleasant, 
and  was  of  fine  physique  and  princely  bearing,  always  dressed 
in  the  height  of  fashion,  his  clothes  neatly  fitting  his  almost 
perfect  form,  and  his  head  always  crowned  with  a  silk  hat.  He 
was  instinctively  respected  by  all  who  met  him,  was  admired 
by  his  associates  and  loved  by  his  friends.  He  left  Marengo 
shortly  after  I  came  and  went  to  Davenport,  and  he  and  J.  H. 
Murphy  constituted  the  firm  of  Martin  &  Murphy,  which  became 
eminent  and  was  known  as  one  of  the  strongest  law  firms  of  the 
state.  Mr.  Martin  died  many  years  ago  from  the  effects  of  an 
accident  when  on  a  visit  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  He  was  a 
man  of  affairs  and  acquired  quite  a  property  and  left  a  generous 
estate  to  his  family  at  the  time  of  his  death.  His  partner,  Mr. 
Kagy,  was  a  respectable  lawyer,  industrious  and  careful.  He 
only  remained  in  Marengo  a  few  years,  but  early  went  to  Musca- 
tine and  died  many  years   ago. 

J.  H.  Murphy,  member  of  the  firm  of  J.  H.  Murphy  &  Bro., 
was,  as  his  name  indicates,  an  Irishman,  possessed  of  the  unique 
distinction  of  being  an  Irishman  born  in  Massachusettes.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  Yankee  mother  and  there  was  no  other  man 
like  him.  "Jerry,"  as  we  called  him,  was  a  splendid  judge  of 
human  nature,  a  pretty  good  lawyer,  possessed  a  fair  education, 
and  had  more  than  ordinary  ability  as  a  public  speaker.  Whether 
addressing  the  jury  or  speaking  from  a  platform,  he  was  very 
effective,  and  was  always  listened  to  with  close  attention.  He 
had  unusual  assurance  and  unbounded  faith  in  himself,  and 
never  hesitated  to  push  his  own  claims  or  any  claims  in  which 
he  was  interested  to  the  utmost.  His  motto,  and  it  was  appropri- 
ate, was  "If  a  man  bloweth  not  his  own  horn,  surely  that  horn 
shall  not  be  blown."  His  horn  was  heard  early  and  often.  His 
self-esteem  and  egotism  were  most  remarkable.  It  passed  the 
line  of  boredom  and  disgust  and  become  not  only  tolerable,  but 
really  pleasant  and  enjoyable.  He  was  of  a  large,  sturdy  frame 
and  was  a  man  of  affairs,  and  accumulated  before  his  death  con- 
siderable property.  While  the  firm  of  Martin  &  Murphy  existed 
in  Davenport,  I  presume  that  Jerry  Murphy  could  go  to  New 
York  City  and  drum  up  more  valuable  collections  against  western 
merchants  than  any  man  in  the  state  of  Iowa.  Soon  after 
going  to  Davenport  he  began  to  take  a  great  interest  in  politics. 


RECOLLECTIONS  OF  MARENGO  433 

was  mayor  of  the  city  a  long  time,  and  represented  his  district  in 
congress  for  a  number  of  terms.  He  was  whole-souled,  open- 
handed,  a  generous  man  and  one  who  loved  a  joke  and  appreciated 
all  the  good  things  that  came  his  way.  I  heard  Dr.  Peck  say 
once  "There  were  a  thousand  people  in  Davenport  who  believed 
'Jerry'  Murphy  was  the  greatest  man  in  the  state,  because  Jerry 
had  told  them  so  himself."     He  was  the  sort  of  man 

Who,  meeting  Caesar's  self,  would  slap  his  back, 
Call  him  "Old  horse,"  and  challenge  to  a  drink. 

I  learned  to  respect  him  very  much,  and  loved  his  company 
and  genial  conversation. 

T.  P.  Murphy,  commonly  called  "Tim,"  was  a  very  good 
lawyer  indeed.  We  regarded  him  as  a  much  better  lawyer  than 
his  brother,  J.  H.  He  was  industrious,  persevering,  vigilant  and 
very  determined  in  any  thing  he  undertook,  and  at  times  his 
logic  was  merciless.  He  was  not,  however,  so  good  a  business 
man,  nor  was  he  so  good  a  talker  as  was  his  brother.  He  went 
years  ago  to  Sioux  City  and  at  one  time  filled  the  office  of 
United  States  district  attorney  for  the  northern  district  of  Iowa. 

After  the  departure  of  H.  M.  Martin,  Mr.  Hedges  was 
recognized  as  the  head  of  the  bar  of  Iowa  County,  and,  indeed, 
many  thought  he  was  not  inferior  to  Mr.  Martin.  He  had,  I 
believe,  a  better  education  than  any  of  those  before  mentioned. 
His  general  reading  and  his  acquired  information  were  very 
broad  and  very  thorough.  He  had  read  law  and  was  prepared 
for  admission  long  before  he  was  twenty-one  years  of  age.  He 
had  read  in  the  office  of  one  of  the  best  lawyers  in  Ohio,  had 
been  thoroughly  drilled,  and  became  versed  in  the  common  law 
and  the  principles  of  American  jurisprudence,  and  but  few 
lawyers  in  the  state  were  his  superiors  in  that  respect.  His  mind 
had  been  well  trained  to  investigation,  reflection  and  accurate 
decision.  He  was  a  splendid  pleader,  and  was  an  advocate  of 
no  mean  ability.  Pie  could  discover  and  present  finer  questions 
of  law  than  any  other  member  of  the  bar,  and  sustain  them  with 
better  reasoning  and  more  profundity  if  not  lucidity  of  argument 
than  almost  any  lawyer  I  ever  knew.  He  was  very  firm  and 
tenacious  of  purpose,  and  when  he  afterwards  was  elected  judge 
of  the  Eighth  Judicial  Circuit  of  the  state,  he  became  eminent 
for  the  justness  and  fairness  of  his  decisions,  and  for  his  firmness 


m  ANIMALS  OF  IOWA 

and  impartiality  in  dispensing  justice.  He  was  as  fearless  as 
death  itself,  and  as  honorable  and  upright  as  a  man  could  be. 
He  was  always  very  plain  and  direct  in  expressing  his  opinion 
of  men  and  things,  and  at  times  quite  blunt,  as  was  illustrated 
in  the  answer  he  made  to  Lawyer  Clarkson,  who  blew  into 
Marengo  at  one  time,  remained  a  few  years,  arid  departed 
between  two  days.  On  the  occasion  I  refer  to.  Homer  Wilson, 
who  did  not  always  use  the  best  language  in  the  world,  was 
addressing  the  jury,  when  Mr.  Clarkson  turned  to  Hedges  and 
remarked,  "Homer's  vernacular  grates  so  harshly  on  my  ears 
that  I  can  scarcely  stand  it."  Hedges  instantly  replied,  "Cut 
your  d — d  ears  off  then."  Such  indulgence  in  the  energetic  idiom 
came  so  natural  to  him  that  it  never  seemed  to  be  profane. 
Clarkson,  however,  afterwards  partly  evened  up  with  the  Judge 
upon  being  told  that  Hedges'  first  name  was  Christian,  by  saying, 
"What  strange  ideas  his  parents  must  have  entertained  of  the 
character  of  Christ."  In  my  early  efforts  in  the  practice  of 
law  in  Iowa  County  I  acquired  more  valuable  information  from 
Judge  Hedges  concerning  the  practice  of  law  itself  than  I  had 
acquired  in  all  of  my  previous  reading. 

Mr.  Templin,  of  the  firm  of  Templin  &  Feenan,  had  formerly 
been  a  Methodist  preacher  of  great  power  and  unction,  but 
abandoned  the  cloth  for  the  court  room.  His  enemies  always 
insisted  that  he  never  forgot  Paul's  injunction  in  I  Tim.  5:23. 
He  was  a  good  advocate  and  quite  strong  before  a  jury;  was  a 
man  of  good  parts  and  acquired  information,  but  not  overly 
profound  as  a  lawyer.  He  was  not  about  Marengo  very  much, 
intrusting  the  business  to  his  partner,  Mr.  Feenan,  as  a 
general  thing.  I  never  thought  he  deserved  the  implied  excoria- 
tion administered  to  him  by  LeGrand  Byington  of  Iowa  City. 
They  were  trying  the  case  of  Byington  vs.  Scanlon  that  came 
to  Marengo  on  change  of  venue  from  Johnson  County.  In  ad- 
dressing the  jury  Mr.  Byington  went  for  Templin's  client,  Scan- 
lon. He  described  him  as  a  thief,  robber,  perjurer  and  law- 
breaker, a  moral  pervert,  a  man  without  a  single  virtue  to  his 
credit,  then  pausing  and  pointing  downward,  he  said,  "And  now, 
gentlemen  of  the  jury,  leaving  Scanlon  and  descending  the  scale 
of  human  degredation,  we  come  to  Templin." 


RECOLLECTIONS  OF  MARENGO  435 

Mr.  Feenan,  as  the  name  indicates,  was  an  Irishman  too, 
although  he  looked  the  least  like  it  of  any  one  you  ever  saw. 
He  was  rather  below  the  medium  size,  trim  built,  with  a  good 
head,  fine  face  and  dressed  always  at  the  top  of  the  fashion. 
His  movements  about  the  office  or  court  room  were  stately, 
considerate  and  quiet,  rarely  in  a  hurry.  His  step  as  he  walked 
upon  the  street  would  remind  you  of  that  of  a  cat  w^alking  in 
damp  grass.  He  was  not  the  profoundest  lawyer,  nor  did  he 
possess  the  strongest  individuality  in  the  world,  but  he  was  the 
soul  of  industry,  with  an  unflagging  zeal  for  the  rights  of  his 
clients ;  was  honest,  careful  and  true,  and  became  quite  eminent 
in  the  line  of  probate  law  and  commercial  collections.  He  died  a 
comparatively  young  man  several  years  ago,  quite  well  off. 

Mr.  Lake,  of  the  firm  of  Lake  &  Baker,  afterwards  became  a 
member  of  the  well-known  firm  of  Rumple  &  Lake,  that 
flourished  a  number  of  years  in  the  county.  He  spent  the  later 
years  of  his  life  at  Marion,  enjoying  the  respect  of  all  wlio 
knew  him,  dying  in  1917.  I  always  thought  that  Mr.  Lake  liad 
naturally  tlie  best  legal  mind  of  any  lawyer  in  the  county.  His 
natural  abilities  were  far  above  tlie  average ;  his  education, 
though  not  so  broad  as  some,  was  solid  and  thorough,  and  his 
knowledge  of  the  law  and  his  ability  to  discern  the  main  points  in 
a  case  and  the  effect  of  a  legal  proposition  were  really  invaluable. 
He  was  a  fine  pleader,  and  presented  his  questions  to  the  court 
with  clearness  and  fairness,  so  that  it  was  a  pleasure  to  listen 
to  him,  but  he  very  much  disliked  the  trial  of  jury  cases.  In 
the  preparation  of  a  case  for  the  supreme  court  or  in  looking  up 
the  law  applicable  to  a  case  in  the  trial  court,  he  was  wonderfully 
useful  and  successful. 

Charles  E.  Baker  remained  in  Marengo  only  about  a  year, 
when  he  returned  to  Iowa  City,  entered  the  office  of  Mr.  Black- 
well,  became  his  partner  and  finally  his  successor,  and  then  the 
senior  member  of  the  firm  of  Baker  &  Ball,  now  one  of  the 
oldest  and  best  law  firms  in  the  state.  I  always  had  a  fellow 
feeling  for  him,  because  he  came  to  Marengo  as  poor  as  I  was. 
He  rendered  valuable  service  to  the  profession  in  assisting  to 
frame  the  Code  of  1897.     He  has  since  passed  away. 

Mr.  Rumple,  as  I  have  heretofore  said,  was  a  law  student  when 
I    first    knew    him,    who    afterward    became    one    of    the    most 


436  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

prominent  men  and  most  highly  respected  citizens  of  the  county, 
and  had  a  reputation  that  was  state  wide.  He  was  the  trial 
member  of  the  firm  of  Rumple  &  Lake,  and  probably  no  man 
tried  or  assisted  in  the  trial  of  more  cases  in  Iowa  County  than 
he  did,  and  with  the  assistance  of  Mr.  Lake,  their  firm  justly 
became  very  eminent  and  successful.  Mr.  Rumple's  education 
was  good  and  his  early  advantages  were  such  as  usually  fell  to 
a  young  man  of  that  period.  He,  like  Judge  Hedges  and  his 
partner,  Mr.  Lake,  and  Mr.  Baker,  had  served  faithfully  and 
honorably  during  the  War  of  the  Rebellion,  which  gave  him  much 
prestige  in  his  after  life.  I  never  thought  he  was  as  deep  and 
profound  a  lawyer  as  was  his  partner,  Mr.  Lake,  but  his  per- 
ceptions were  quick,  his  judgment  was  sound,  and  as  a  trial  law- 
yer and  advocate,  he  stood  surpassed  by  few.  He  represented  the 
county  for  many  years  in  the  state  senate,  and  died  while  a 
member  of  congress  from  the  Second  District  of  Iowa.  Rumple 
&  Lake  had  the  best  clientage  in  the  county  after  the  departure 
of  Martin  &  Murphy.  We  used  to  think  that  Rumple  needed 
Lake  as  much  as  Lake  needed  Rumple  in  the  firm. 

Homer  Wilson  was  entitled  to  much  credit  for  the  position  he 
won  for  himself  as  a  lawyer  when  one  considers  his  lack  of 
advantages  in  his  early  life.  He  always  had  a  fair  clientage, 
and  there  came  to  him  a  class  of  business  among  his  old 
acquaintances  and  friends  that  could  not  be  driven  to  anyone 
else.  He  served  his  country  also  as  a  member  of  the  First  Iowa 
Regiment  and  fought  at  Wilson's  Creek. 

My  old  partner,  Judge  Miller,  gave  a  very  accurate  description 
of  himself  the  first  time  I  saw  him,  in  which  he  said,  "I  am  not 
much  of  a  lawyer,  but  I  can  work  just  as  hard  as  anybody." 
He  came  to  the  county  when  the  Indian  trading  post  stood  down, 
where  South  Amana  stands,  became  acquainted  with  the  Indians, 
and  was  by  them  named  Kish-Ke-Kosh.  He  had  a  common  school 
education,  had  been  a  farmer,  and  was  once  elected  county  judge 
of  Iowa  County,  hence  always  carried  the  title  of  Judge  Miller. 
He  too  had  been  a  member  of  the  Twenty-fourth  Iowa.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  when  such  admission  could  be  obtained  by 
having  two  lawyers  recommend  him  and  setting  up  the  oysters 
for  the  crowd.  He  was  a  man  of  fair  natural  ability,  and  I 
soon  found  that  he  was  just  as  industrious  as  he  said  he  was, 


RECOLLECTIONS  OF  MARENGO  437 

nor  was  his  profundity  in  the  law  in  excess  of  what  he  had  first 
told  me.  He  was  honest,  upright,  true  to  his  friends,  a  kind 
husband  and  father,  and  no  one  was  more  highly  respected 
than  he  during  all  the  time  I  knew  him.  He  also  died  some 
years  ago. 

To  show  that  lawsuits  were  not  always  conducted  then  with 
the  decorum  that  now  prevails,  I  give  the  following  illustrations : 

Thomas  Rankin  of  Millersburg  was  a  lawyer  of  pretty  fair 
ability.  He  was  lawyer  and  farmer  combined,  and  was  respect- 
able in  both  capacities.  He  was  a  small,  active,  wiry  little  fellow 
with  a  very  scant  supply  of  hair  on  the  top  of  his  head,  and, 
fortunately  or  unfortunately,  was  very  quick  tempered.  There 
was  a  long,  lathy  lawyer  that  lived  in  Marengo  a  short  time,  who 
announced  to  some  of  us  one  day  that  he  was  going  over  to 
Millersburg  to  try  a  case  before  Pat  Sivard,  a  justice  of  the 
peace.  He  was  asked  who  was  on  the  other  side.  He  answered, 
"Tom  Rankin."  He  was  told  to  be  careful  or  he  might  have 
trouble.  He  just  laughed  and  went  on  the  next  day.  After  he 
came  back  he  dro23ped  into  Hedges'  office  where  I  was  sitting  at 
the  time  and  began  to  tell  what  a  fine  time  he  had  over  at 
Millersburg.  Hedges  asked  him  how  he  and  Tom  Rankin  got 
along.  He  replied,  "Oh,  first  rate;  we  had  no  trouble  at  all." 
Hedges  asked  him  what  made  that  black  and  blue  place  on  tne 
top  of  his  forehead.  He  replied,  "Oh,  during  the  trial  I  told 
Tom  he  was  a  d — d  old  bald-headed  fool  and  he  knocked  me 
down."  We  afterwards  learned  that  it  was  true  and  Tom  had 
cleaned  out  the  ranch. 

I  was  once  trying  a  case  before  Squire  Ogden  in  Troy  Township 
against  old  Thomas  Hughes,  a  sharp  but  domineering  old  Welsh- 
man who  acted  as  his  own  lawyer  in  the  trial.  He  purposely 
insulted  and  exasperated  every  witness  that  testified  against 
him.  I  finally  called  old  Lewis  Jones,  another  fiery  Welshman, 
to  the  witness  stand,  and  Hughes  (they  called  him  "Windy 
Hughes")  insulted  him  with  his  first  question.  Jones  sprang  up, 
laid  some  money  on  the  Squire's  table  and  then  turned  and 
struck  Hughes,  turned  him  around  and  kicked  him  clear  out  of 
the  room,  through  the  kitchen  and  off  the  back  porch.  The 
Squire  regarded  it  as  being  contempt  of  court,  and  announced 
that  he  would  have  to  fine  him  for  contempt,  when  one  of  Jones' 


438  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

friends  spoke  up  at  once  with  great  assurance,  "You  can't  fine 
him,  Squire,  for  he  laid  the  money  down  before  he  struck  the 
man."  The  Squire  regarded  that  as  good  law  and  entered  up  a 
fine  for  the  amount  laid  down  and  let  the  contempt  matter  go. 

At  another  time  I  went  over,  or  rather  he  took  me  over,  to  the 
school  house  in  York  Township,  to  try  a  case  before  Squire  Kelly 
for  Mike  Rigney,  a  well-to-do  old  Irish  bachelor.  As  we  ap- 
proached the  building,  I  saw  a  great  crowd  around  it.  I  asked 
Rigney  whether  or  not  the  justice  of  the  peace  was  friendly  to 
him.  He  replied,  "Friendly,  of  course,  because  I  board  with 
him."  I  asked  what  lawyer  was  on  the  other  side.  He  answered, 
"A  little  fellow  by  the  name  of  Winter  from  Iowa  City."  I 
said,  "Maybe  he  will  call  for  a  jury."  He  replied,  "It's  all  right; 
the  crowd  is  all  my  friends,  for  I  have  two  kegs  of  beer  up 
there  on  the  hill."     It  is  needless  to  say  that  I  won  the  case. 

Of  the  judges  who  presided  in  the  courts  at  Marengo  during 
my  stay  there,  much  could  be  said.  There  was  Judge  Hubbard, 
Judge  Rothrock  and  Judge  Shane  of  the  District  bench;  and 
Judge  William  E.  Miller,  Judge  George  R.  Struble,  Judge  C. 
Hedges  and  Judge  John  McKean  of  the  Circuit  court,  and  I 
doubt  if,  all  things  being  considered,  the  judiciary  of  the  state 
was  ever  represented  by  seven  more  competent,  upright  and  fair 
minded  men  than  by  the  above-named  gentlemen. 

Hubbard  only  held  court  a  few  times  in  Marengo.  He  had  an 
extraordinarily  acute  and  penetrating  mind,  and  had  no  superior 
as  a  trial  lawyer  in  the  state,  as  his  subsequent  career  demon- 
strated, but  his  methods  in  the  transaction  of  business  from  the 
bench  were  so  energetic  and  novel,  presenting  phases  so  unex- 
pected, and  at  times  with  conduct  so  abrupt  and  severe,  and 
withal  quite  humorous  and  interesting,  that  some  were  con- 
strained to  say  that  he  held  court-martial  rather  than  an  ordinary 
court.  He  afterwards  attained  to  great  eminence  in  his  profes- 
sion and  in  state  affairs. 

Judge  Rothrock,  though  not  a  man  of  extensive  learning  or 
very  great  breadth  of  reading  had  an  unusual  amount  of  "uncom- 
mon common  sense,"  and  his  knowledge  of  men  and  affairs,  and 
his  natural  good  judgment  made  up  for  his  deficiencies  in  other 
respects.  He  was  a  large  and  fine  looking  man,  and  his  aspect 
when  on  the  bench  was  always  that  of  strong  judicial  integrity. 


RECOLLECTIONS  OF  MARENGO  439 

He  afterward  served  for  over  twenty  years  on  the  supreme  bench 
of  the  state. 

Judge  John  Shane  of  Vinton  was  probably  the  best  educated 
and  the  best  read  of  any  of  the  district  judges  that  had  sat 
on  the  bench  prior  to  his  time  in  Iowa  County.  He  too  was 
a  natural  jurist,  with  a  presence  that  was  satisfactory  to  all 
who  knew  him  unless  you  would  say  that  his  facial  resemblance 
to  Boss  Tweed  of  New  York  fame  was  a  drawback.  He  died 
greatly  lamented. 

Judge  William  E.  Miller,  our  first  circuit  judge,  a  sort  of 
helper  to  the  district  judge,  lived  in  Iowa  City.  He  had  been 
fairly  well  educated  when  young  and  trained  to  the  trade  of  a 
mechanic  or  rather  machinist,  which  knowledge  was  very  useful 
to  him  afterward  in  his  profession  and  especially  in  deciding 
cases  that  came  before  him.  He  was  a  good  lawyer,  clear 
headed,  perfectly  upright  and  very  suave  and  sociable.  He 
served  as  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  after  leaving  the  circuit 
court,  from  1870  to  1875.  He  died  in  Des  Moines,  highly  re- 
spected,  many   years   ago. 

Judge  Struble  of  Toledo,  succeeded  Miller  on  the  circuit  bench. 
He  was  then  a  young  man  of  fine  appearance,  well  educated,  and 
thoroughly  grounded  in  the  laws  of  Iowa,  and  no  man  was  more 
familiar  with  the  provisions  of  the  Code  of  Iowa  than  was  Judge 
George  R.  Struble.  He  was,  if  anything,  more  genial,  more 
pleasant  and  more  accommodating  than  any  of  the  other  judges. 
He  used  frequently  to  adjourn  the  spring  term  of  court  for 
half  a  day  to  go  fishing  with  the  lawyers.  After  his  retirement 
from  the  bench  he  entered  into  the  active  practice  at  Toledo 
and  was  known  throughout  the  state  as  a  careful,  painstaking, 
high-minded  and  successful  lawyer. 

John  McKean  of  Anamosa  also  served  as  one  of  the  circuit 
judges.  He  was  well  educated,  a  good  and  profound  lawyer,  a 
learned  jurist  and  an  upright  judge,  though  a  constant  sufferer 
from  an  affliction  that  rendered  his  neck  stiff  and  eventually 
terminated  in  death.  Having  long  served  in  the  Iowa  Legislature 
he  proved  to  be  a  wise  and  sagacious  statesman.  A  lover  of 
learning,  he  took  a  deep  interest  in  college  work  and  higher 
education.  No  man  in  Jones  County  was  more  respected  than 
Judge  McKean. 


440  Annals  of  iowa 

Of  Judge  Hedges  I  have  already  written. 

The  district  attorney  at  that  time  was  C.  R.  Scott  of  Anamosa, 
who  was  followed  by  William  G.  Thompson  of  Marion.  I  pause 
for  words  when  I  come  to  write  of  Major  Thompson.  He  was 
tall,  straight,  broad-shouldered,  full  of  life  and  vitality,  and 
everybody  knew  he  was  around  when  he  was  there.  A  man  of 
remarkably  quick  perceptions,  rapid  judgment  and  a  sound 
understanding,  he  also  possessed  the  readiest  wit  and  quickest 
repartee  of  any  man  in  the  old  Eighth  Judicial  District.  He 
had  read  law  and  been  trained  in  an  old-fashioned  Pennsylvania 
law  office,  which  training  was  seasoned  by  doses  of  the  West- 
minster catechism  administered  by  his  Presbyterian  parents,  so 
that  he  came  to  the  bar  thoroughly  imbued  with  the  principles  of 
the  common  law  and  a  knowledge  of  the  natural  degeneracy  of 
mankind.  The  readiness  with  which  he  could  grasp  the  main 
points  in  a  case  was  equalled  only  by  the  rapidity  with  which  he 
let  loose  his  gatling  guns  on  the  enemy."  When  the  Major 
"turned  himself  loose"  on  a  criminal,  all  that  fellow  had  to  do 
was  to  select  the  articles  of  clothing  he  wanted  to  wear  to  the 
penitenitary.  If  there  was  any  man  living  who  could  prepare 
and  try  a  case  quicker,  and  say  more  to  the  point  in  addressing 
the  jury,  in  the  same  length  of  time  than  Major  Thompson  could, 
I  never  met  him.  He  had  always  been  an  omniverous  reader, 
and  his  naturally  retentive  memory  aided  him  so  that  his  mind 
became  well  stored  with  the  thoughts  of  the  world's  best  authors 
which  he  used  to  advantage.  He  was  remarkably  democratic  in 
his  habits  and  in  his  dress  and  had  a  bon  homme  about  him  that 
rendered. him  very  popular  indeed.  He  filled  many  offices  of  trust 
and  honor  in  the  state  and  never  was  defeated  at  the  polls. 
Coming  to  Iowa  in  1853,  he  soon  entered  public  life  and  has 
ever  since  been  in  the  lime-light,  and  no  blur  or  stain  ever 
formed  on  his  name.  He  was  state  senator  and  representative, 
presidential  elector,  chief  justice  of  Idaho,  member  of  congress 
and  district  judge,  besides  district  attorney,  all  of  which 
positions  he  filled  with  credit  and  honor.  He  died  at  his  home 
at  Kenwood  Park  in  April,  1911,  when  past  eighty-one  years 
of  age,  full  of  honors  and  loved  by  all  who  knew  him. 

C.  R.  Scott,  who,  as  I  have  said,  was  district  attorney  when  I 
went  to  Marengo,  was  a  small,  waspish  fellow,  whose  greatest 


RECOLLECTIONS  OF  MARENGO  441 

delight  was  to  be  the  hero  of  a  row  in  a  lawsuit.  He  was 
familiarly  called  at  that  time  "Little  Scott,"  but  after  he  went 
to  Omaha  he  was  called  "Great  Scott."  When  Scott's  ire  was 
raised  he  made  the  saw  dust  fly  in  that  old  court  room.  He  was 
surely  a  live  wire.  He  went  to  Nebraska  in  the  early  '70's  and 
was  for  many  years  a  judge  in  one  of  the  courts  in  Omaha.  I 
believe  he  is  not  now  living. 

Of  the  other  citizens  that  I  early  became  acquainted  with  in 
the  town  of  Marengo  forty  odd  years  ago,  but  few  are  living. 
We  had  some  characters  there,  as  all  communities  have.  The  man 
who  was  nearest  regarded  as  a  part  of  Marengo,  and  who  came, 
I  think,  while  the  Indians  were  in  possession,  who  was  always  a 
property  owner  there  and  had  faith  in  the  future  of  the  town 
equalled  only  by  the  faith  of  a  Christian  in  his  Saviour,  who  was 
always  ready  to  greet  friend  or  stranger  with  a  smile  and 
pleasant  word,  and  help  anyone  who  was  in  need,  and  who 
bought  every  patent  right  that  was  offered  on  the  street,  was 
Uncle  Horace  H.  Hull.  No  kinder  hearted  or  more  optimistic 
man  ever  lived  than  Uncle  Horace.  I  don't  think  he  had,  when 
I  knew  him,  or  ever  had,  an  enemy;  nor  did  he  deserve  to  have 
one.  I  don't  think  anyone  ever  asked  alms  of  him  that  he  did 
not  receive  something,  and  always  got  the  sympathy  of  the  old 
man,  but  the  singletree  on  his  side  always  scraped  the  wheel. 
When  I  travel  over  the  state  and  visit  different  towns  and  see 
hundreds  of  miles  of  cement  sidewalk  and  scores  of  beautiful 
buildings  made  from  cement,  I  recall  the  fact  that  the  first  time 
I  ever  saw  anything  of  the  sort,  Horace  Hull  made  the  stone 
with  which  he  laid  up  a  cement  wall  for  a  cellar  in  Marengo 
over  fifty  years  ago,  and  it  stood  there  on  the  north  side  of  the 
square  a  naked  and  unfinished  wall  for  years,  and  furnished 
scoffers  and  wits  the  opporunity  to  laugh  at  "Hull's  folly."  The 
old  gentleman  had  bought  a  patent  right  for  Iowa  and  possibly 
some  other  county,  and  had  started  to  make  stone.  It  was  the 
incipient  step  to  the  great  cement  industry  that  now  practically 
takes  the  place  of  natural  stone  in  sidewalks  throughout  the 
country. 

The  man  that  I  always  felt  I  owed  as  much,  if  not  more  to, 
than  anyone  else,  was  G.  W.  Williams,  commonly  called  "Gord." 
I  soon  became  acquainted  with  him,  and  learned  to  love  him.     He 


442  AI^NALS  OF  IOWA 

was  such  a  good  hearted  man,  so  kindly  disposed,  so  ready  to 
help  a  friend,  that  I  early  became  indebted  to  him  for  many  acts 
of  kindness.  On  many  a  time  when  I  hadn't  a  dollar  and  did  not 
know  where  the  food  for  myself  and  family  was  to  come  from, 
I  have  gone  to  Gord,  and  a  hint  of  my  situation  would  prompt 
him  to  proffer  me  any  amount  I  wanted,  and  many  a  five  dollar 
bill  did  he  loan  to  me,  saying  "You  can  pay  it  back  to  me.  Cap, 
whenever  you  get  ready."  I  often  wonder  at  the  mistaken 
faith  that  he  had  and  why  he  was  so  foolish  as  to  trust  a  penniless 
fellow  as  I  was  without  any  security.  We  all  knew  that  Gord 
kept  not  only  his  family,  but  all  his  brothers  and  a  part  of  his 
wife's  family.  He  never  had  a  word  of  complaint  to  make  to 
anyone,  but  seemed  to  do  it  not  only  as  a  duty,  but  because  he 
loved  to  do  it.  There  was  but  one  person  living  that  ever  was 
or  ever  could  be  an  enemy  of  Gord  Williams,  and  that  was  Gord 
himself.  The  circumstances  of  his  death  it  is  not  necessary  to 
mention.     I  would  place  a  laurel  wreath  on  his  grave. 

A.  J.  Morrison,  then  the  keeper  of  the  Clifton  House,  was 
another  with  whom  I  early  became  acquainted,  and  for  whom  I 
ever  had  a  tender  and  affectionate  feeling.  No  one  enjoyed  a 
good  joke  on  another  more  than  did  Andy  Morrison.  I  recollect 
before  I  had  been  there  a  year,  on  a  cold  winter  morning  I 
started  on  horseback  over  into  Benton  County  to  try  a  case  before 
a  justice  of  the  peace.  I  had  a  copy  of  the  Conklin  Treatise 
under  my  arm,  and  as  I  rode  past  the  Clifton  House,  Andy  came 
out,  called  to  me  to  stop,  and  tendered  me  one  of  Jayne's 
Almanacs, .saying  it  was  just  as  useful  to  me,  and  that  I  could 
comprehend  it  just  as  well  as  the  book  I  had.  During  the  long 
period  of  the  time  that  he  lived  in  Marengo,  no  man  filled  as 
many  offices  as  he  did,  and  no  one  filled  them  more  acceptably 
and  faithfully.  He  was  a  public  spirited  man  and  always  had 
an  interest  in  the  town.  I  never  believed  the  trouble  which  came 
to  him  eventually  was  by  reason  of  his  want  of  honesty  or  in- 
tegrity. I  believe  the  "recording  angel  dropped  a  tear  on  the 
charge  that  blotted  it  out  forever." 

Another  very  prominent  man  and  one  who  probably  did  more 
for  Marengo  than  any  other  man  there,  and  who  had  more 
varied  ability  than  any  other,  was  N.  B.  Holbrook.  He  was,  I 
think,  the  best  educated  man  in  the  town.     He  was  a  splendid 


RECOLLECTIONS  OF  MARENGO  445 

surveyor  and  engineer,  a  successful  newspaper  editor,  a  respect- 
able member  of  the  bar,  a  very  prosperous  land  agent,  a  good 
banker,  and  one  of  the  most  successful  all-around  business  men 
that  the  county  ever  had;  and  was,  withal,  the  most  complete 
master  in  politics  that  could  be  found  in  this  portion  of  the  state. 
No  church  subscription  was  ever  circulated  there  that  didn't 
have  N.  B,  Holbrook's  name  on  it  with  a  good  sized  amount; 
no  appeal  was  ever  made  for  charity  to  which  Holbrook  did  not 
respond;  no  town  meeting  was  ever  held  for  the  general  good 
of  the  town  and  community  that  Holbrook  wasn't  prominent  in. 
In  school  matters  and  the  financial  affairs  of  the  churches  and  in 
the  general  business  affairs  of  the  town  N.  B.  Holbrook  had  no 
superior,  if  he  had  an  equal.  He  was  thoroughly  versed  in  the 
history  of  the  country,  and  had  the  political  events  of  the  nation 
at  his  finger's  end,  and  no  one  was  safe  in  getting  into  an  argu- 
ment with  him  on  the  history  of  American  politics.  He  filled 
many  places  of  eminence  and  trust  and  offices  of  responsibility, 
and,  withal,  Bruce  Holbrook,  as  we  called  him,  was  in  his  daily 
walk  and  conversation,  as  quiet,  gentlemanly  and  polite  as  a 
subdued  minister  of  the  gospel. 

Another  quaint  character  in  Marengo  was  Uncle  Dicky  Groff. 
Teacher,  preacher,  lawyer,  merchant,  book  peddler  and  poet  all 
rolled  up  in  one  man  makes  a  combination  hard  to  beat,  but  that 
was  Dicky  Groff.  A  short,  stubby  man  with  a  full  grey  beard, 
always  of  the  same  age  and  never  changing,  he  was  honest  and 
well  meaning,  but  never  learned  how  to  do  anything.  His 
greatest  claim  to  immortal  renown  lies  in  his  poem  to  Iowa,  com- 
mencing, "Young  Peri  of  the  West."  His  greatest  achievement 
in  teaching  a  Sunday  School  was  to  ask  the  children  where  Moses 
was  when  the  light  went  out,  and  his  preaching  was  about  on  a 
par  with  that.  As  a  lawyer  he  went  out  of  practice  about  a  hun- 
dred years  ago,  in  fact,  he  never  began.  The  goods  in  his  store 
consisted  of  two  old  straw  bonnets,  some  ribbon,  a  few  spools  of 
black  thread,  and  an  old  stove  that  never  had  a  fire  in  it  winter 
or  summer.  He  had  no  customers,  for  he  had  nothing  to  sell, 
but  still  he  went  to  the  store  every  day,  opened  it,  sat  down  and 
read  a  book  a  short  time  and  then  went  home.  But  I  think  he 
was  the  most  constant  reader  in  the  state  of  Iowa,  and  read  to 
the  least  purpose  of  anyone  in  the  state.     Still  he  could  write 


444  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

a  first  class  newspaper  article,  and  make  words  jingle  in  what  he 
called  verse  or  poetry.  He  was  always  happy  and  good  natured, 
and  viewed  life  from  a  pleasant  standpoint.  The  following 
quotation,  worthy  of  Hudibras,  he  frequently  used,  possibly  be- 
cause it  fully  embodied  his,  ideas   of  men: 

The  world  of  fools  has   such  a  store 
That  he  who  would  not  see  an  ass 

Should  go  home  and  bolt  his  door, 
Then  break  his   looking-glass. 

I  don't  think  he  ever  sat  five  minutes  in  his  life  that  he  did 
not  pick  up  a  book  or  paper  and  go  to  reading.  He  could  write 
as  good  an  article  on  farming  as  could  Horace  Greeley,  and  could 
manage  a  farm  about  as  well  as  could  the  great  editor. 

But  there  were  other  good  men  in  business  there:  J.  P. 
Ketchem,  who  was  probably  the  best  business  man  in  the  town; 
Ed  Hopkins,  who  was  a  royally  good  and  lovable  man;  J.  M. 
Rush,  true  to  his  friends;  W.  A.  Suavely,  tinner  and  hardware 
merchant,  a  good  citizen  and  "piller"  of  the  M.  E.  church;  "Nice" 
Redman,  with  his  "North  Carolina"  ditty;  Fred  Eyrich,  the 
shoeman;  Ben  Liddle,  whose  love  for  Canada  was  so  intense  that, 
when  in  a  fight  with  a  stranger  who  struck  him  a  fearful  blow,  he 
said,  'T  knew  he  was  Canada  from  the  way  he  struck  me."  There 
was  I.  M.  Lyon,  "Pappy,"  we  called  him,  who  came  as  near  as 
mortal  could  to  keeping  the  commandment,  "Thou  shalt  love  the 
Lord  thy  God  with  all  thy  heart,  and  with  all  thy  soul,  and  with 
all  thy  strength,  and  thy  neighbor  as  thyself."  Quiet  and  of  even 
temper  at  all  times,  he  was  surely  a  good  and  consistent  Christian. 
He  had  a  large  family  of  boys — Asher  (the  dragoon),  Tom, 
Ben,  etc.  Ben  Lyon  once  at  a  meeting  of  the  G.  A.  R.  men  to 
bury  a  comrade,  unconsciously  paid  his  father  an  unclassified 
compliment.  We  could  find  no  minister  in  town  to  officiate  at 
the  funeral,  when  Bent  cut  the  Gordian  knot  by  saying,  "Why, 
d — n  it,  boys.  Pap  can  do  the  praying,  and  Cap.  Rumple  or 
Smith  can  do  the  talking."  And  no  minister  ever  made  a  more 
appropriate  prayer  than  did  "Pappy"  Lyon  at  that  grave.  Out 
on  the  hill  in  the  old  grave  yard,  on  a  cold  stormy  day,  from  an 
earnest  man  came  an  earnest  prayer  to  the  Heavenly  Father  that 
for  simplicity  of  language,  grandeur  of  pathos,  and  firmness  of 
faith,  could  not  have  been  excelled  by  a  bishop.     And  when  he 


RECOLLECTIONS  OF  MARENGO  445 

asked  divine  blessings  on  the  band  of  scarred  veterans  standing 
around,  it  seemed  that  heaven  was  near ! 

J.  S.  Shaw,  soon  after  I  went  there,  "came  to  stay."  Next  to 
his  family,  he  loved  the  Methodist  church  and  a  good  horse  more 
than  anything  else.  And  by  kicking  Jake  Sehorn  out  of  his  hotel, 
he  was  the  innocent  and  unintentional  cause  of  Jake's  dropping 
into  poetry  in  the  next  issue  of  the  Marengo  Democrat. 

Of  the  young  men  of  the  town  that  I  became  acquainted  with, 
there  was  Capt,  McBride,  Capt.  J.  B.  Wilson,  C.  V.  Gardner, 
W.  P.  and  Sam  Ketchem,  Nate  Martin,  A.  B.  Eshelman,  Thomas 
Owen,  Henry  and  Newton  Leib,  Lute  Wilson,  my  dear  friend, 
Henry  E.  Goldthwaite,  still  living  there,  and  others.  We  never 
painted  the  town  red,  but  it  was  sometimes  made  green.  Our 
enjoyments  were  primitive,  but  they  were  well  worth  their  cost, 
and  did  us  no  harm.  An  evening  at  the  Good  Templar's  Lodge, 
a  sleigh  ride  to  Blairstown,  or  a  trip  to  the  Colony,  were  regarded 
as  sufficient  acts  of  dissipation.  But  few  of  those  early  friends 
are  living.     The  departed  acted  well  their  part  in  life. 

Yet  they  who  fall  in  fortune's  strife, 
Their  fate  ye  should  not  censure, 

For  still  the  important  part  of  life 
They  equally  may  answer. 

I  could  mention  many  others  with  whom  I  early  became 
acquainted  and  whose  friendship  has  left  a  sweet  remembrance, 
but  I  forbear.  Any  town  that  could  withstand  a  campaign  of 
"Mike  McNorton"  and  two  floods  deserves  to  live  while  the 
hills  stand. 

Of  my  numerous   acquaintances   subsequently  made,   though 
just  as  dear  as  the  older  ones,  I  will  forbear  to  speak. 

Around  Marengo  hangs  many  a  recollection  of  struggles  in 
life,  clouds  of  adversity  and  sunshine  of  joy  and  happiness,  and 
the  town  and  its  people  will  never  be  by  me  forgotten  till  my 
heart  is  as  cold  as  death  can  make  it. 


446  AN.NALS  OF  IOWA 


MEMORIES  OF  THE  CHICAGO  CONVENTION  OF  1860 

Being  interviews  with  General  Grenville  M.  Dodge  of 
Council  Bluffs  and  Judge  Charles  C.  Nourse  of  Des 
Moines,  the  memoranda  being  obtained  and  put  in  form 

By  F.  I.  Herriott 

Professor  in  Drake  University 

The  following  interviews  were  obtained  in  the  course  of  a 
search  for  data  bearing  upon  assertions  of  two  prominent 
historians  relative  to  the  actions  of  the  representatives  of  the 
Republicans  of  Iowa  at  the  Chicago  Convention  of  1860  which 
nominated  Abraham  Lincoln  for  the  presidency,  namely: 

(1)  The  allegation  of  Professor  A.  B.  Hart  of  Harvard 
University  in  liis  Life  of  Salmon  P.  Chase  in  "The  American 
Statesmen"  series,  by  means  of  a  quotation  to  the  effect  that 
"some  of  the  delegates  from  Iowa  were  'on  the  trading  tack'  " — 
so  put  in  a  context  as  to  involve  all  of  the  delegation  in  the 
charge  of  sordid  personal  greed  and  venality.  (See  edition  of 
1899,  pp.  189-190,  and  repeated  in  the  same  terms  in  the 
"Standard  Library  Edition"  of  the  series  of  1917,  pp.  189-190.) 

(2)  The  assertion  of  Miss  Ida  M.  Tarbell  in  her  Life  of 
Abraham  Lincoln  concerning  the  many  and  varied  efforts  of  the 
opponents  of  Governor  Seward's  nomination  to  unite  on  Lincoln 
on  the  night  before  the  convention  was  to  decide,  as  follows : 

While  all  this  was  going  on,  a  committee  of  twelve  men  from  Pennsyl- 
vania, New  York,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois  and  Iowa  were  consulting  in 
the  upper  story  of  the  Tremont  House.  Before  their  session  was  over 
they  had  agreed  that  in  case  Lincoln's  vote  reached  a  specified  number 
on  the  following  day,  the  votes  of  the  states  represented  in  that  meeting, 
so  far  as  these  twelve  men  could  effect  the  result,  should  be  given  to 
him.    Vol.  I,  p.  353. 

The  present  writer  has  dealt  with  the  gross  injustice  and  the 

unmitigated  impropriety  of  Professor  Llart's  aspersion  upon  the 

members    of   the   delegation   to    the    Chicago    convention.^      His 

design  to  exhibit  the  actual  part  taken  by  lowans  in  the  pre- 

^See  "Iowa  and  the  First  Nomination  of  Abraham  Lincoln"  in  the  Annals  of 
Iowa  for  July,  1907,  Vol.  VIII,  pp.  81-115,  especially  pp.  100-109. 


MEMORIES  OF  THE  CHICAGO  CONVENTION  OF  1860    447 

liminaries  and  proceedings  of  the  National  Republican  Conven- 
tion of  1860  and  particularly  the  character  and  conduct  of  the 
members  of  the  party  sent  to  represent  them  has  been  partially 
accomplished.* 

Both  of  the  interviews  contain  recollections  of  more  or  less 
general  interest  outside  of  the  immediate  objectives  of  the  inter- 
viewer that  justify  their  preservation  and  publication — par- 
ticularly the  recollections  and  observations  of  Judge  Nourse. 
The  contents  of  the  interview  in  each  case  were  submitted  sub- 
sequently to  the  one  interviewed  and  his  amendments  or  additions 
incorporated.  The  interview  with  Judge  Nourse  w^as,  because 
of  his  defective  vision,  read  twice  to  him  in  order  to  insure  the 
accuracy  of  his  original  statements  and  additions  or  amendments. 

The  interview  with  General  Grenville  M.  Dodge  which  follows 
took  place  in  the  Savery  Hotel,  Des  Moines,  on  the  evening  of 
November  17,  1908.  General  Dodge  was  in  Des  Moines  in 
attendance  at  a  meeting  of  the  Loyal  Legion.  The  writer  was 
indebted  to  the  courtesy  of  Colonel  G.  W.  Crossley  of  Webster 
City  for  tlie  opportunity  to  meet  him  at  the  time  when  many 
counter  interests  attracted  him.  Previous  correspondence  with 
him  had  prepared  the  way,  however,  and  the  only  adverse  fact 
was  the  shortness  of  the  time. 

General  Dodge  frankly  confessed  to  difficulty  in  recalling  spe- 
cific facts  inquired  about  because,  as  he  himself  put  it,  he  was 
"a  youngster"  and  acted  "as  a  messenger  for  Judd,"  and  was 
completely  absorbed  "in  helping  him  in  his  moves  and  ma- 
neuvers." Working  "like  a  beaver,"  he  hardly  appreciated  tlie 
significance  of  the  crowding  events  about  him  or  took  particular 
note  of  the  men  who  were,  or  who   were   reported  to  be,  con- 

'^Ibid,  and  again  in  subsequent  articles  under  the  same  title  in  the  Annals  for 
October,  1907,  Vol.  VIII,  pp.  186-220;  for  July,  1908,  Ibid,  pp.  444-466;  for  April, 
1909,  Vol.  IX,  pp.  45-64;  and  for  October,  1909,  Ibid,  pp.  186-228. 

See  also  "Republican  Presidential  Preliminaries  in  Iowa — 1859-1860"  in 
Annals  for  January,  1910,  Vol.  IX,  pp.  242-283;  and  "The  Republican  State 
Convention — Des  Moines,  January  18,  1860"  in  Annals  for  July-October,  1910, 
Vol.   IX,   pp.   401-446. 

In  another  series  dealing  with  the  notable  and  decisive  activities  of  the 
Germans  in  the  anti-slavery  propaganda  affecting  and  determining  the  course 
of  the  Republicans  of  Iowa  and  of  the  northern  Free  states  in  the  preliminaries 
of  the  National  Republican  Convention  of  1860  the  writer  has  displayed  more 
or  less  of  the  antecedent  developments  controlling  the  lowans  at  Chicago.  See 
especially  "The  Germans  of  Davenport  and  the  Chicago  Convention  of  1800"  in 
Deutsch-Amerikanische  Geschichisbtaetter  for  July,  1910,  Vol.  X,  pp.  156-163; 
also  "The  Germans  of  Iowa  and  the  'Two  Year'  Amendment  of  Massachusetts," 
Ibid,  Jahrgang,  1913,  Vol.  XIII,  pp.  202-308;  also  "The  Germans  of  Iowa  in 
the  Gubernatorial  Campaign  of  Iowa  in  1859,"  Ibid,  Jahrgang,  1914,  Vol.  XIV, 
pp.  451-623;  and  "The  Premises  and  Significance  of  Abraham  Lincoln's  Letter  to 
Theodore  Canisius,"  Ibid,  Jahrgang,  1915,  Vol.  XV,  pp.  181-254. 


448  <  ANHALS  OF  IOWA 

trolling  or  directing  the  course  of  events.  Portions  of  the  inter- 
view do  not  bear  directly  upon  the  convention  at  Chicago,  but 
as  one  of  the  paragraphs  deals  with  what  was  one  of  the  not- 
able perplexities  of  President  Lincoln's  policy  in  dealing  with 
the  liberated  slaves  during  the  early  progress  of  the  Civil  War, 
and  the  other  to  a  noteworthy  decision  of  President  Lincoln 
that  was  due  in  major  part  to  the  latter's  visit  to  Council  Bluffs 
and  his  chance  meeting  with  the  young  surveyor  of  the  projected 
railroad  to  the  Pacific  coast,  both  are  included. 

Grenville  M.  Dodge  in  May,  1860,  was  already  a  young  man 
whom  associates  were  beginning  to  watch  with  lively  expecta- 
tions of  a  notable  career  and  they  were  not  disappointed.  At 
that  time  he  was  a  civil  engineer  in  charge  of  the  initial  surveys 
for  the  then  much  mooted  railroad  to  the  Pacific  coast,  and  not 
long  thereafter  he  became  chief  engineer  of  the  Union  Pacific 
Railroad  Company.  Upon  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he 
offered  his  services  to  the  government  of  President  Lincoln, 
raised  a  company  of  infantry  at  Council  Bluffs  and  entered  the 
army  with  the  rank  of  captain.  His  rise  was  rapid  and  his 
achievements  under  Generals  Grant  and  Sherman  were  so  bril- 
liant and  solid  as  to  win  for  him  the  stars  of  a  major  general 
before  the  end  of  the  Civil  War.  In  1866  he  was  elected  by  the 
Republican  party  to  the  Fortieth  Congress.  At  the  expiration 
of  his  term  he  declined  renomination  and  thereafter  devoted 
himself  to  his  profession  and  to  the  furtherance  of  his  invest- 
ments and  interests  in  railroad  construction,  mainly  in  the  west- 
ern and  southwestern  states.  He  became  one  of  the  influential 
leaders  in  financial  circles  in  Wall  Street  in  relation  to  railroads 
and  their  management.  In  1898  President  McKinley  appointed 
him  chairman  of  the  Commission  to  Investigate  the  Conduct 
of  the  Military  Department,  particularly  in  care  of  the  soldiers 
in  camp  and  field  during  the  war  with  Spain,  concerning  which 
there  raged  a  violent  and  bitter  controversy  both  in  official  and 
in  popular  circles.  Many  of  the  helpful  reforms  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  our  national  military  department  that  enabled  the 
United  States  to  cope  so  effectively  and  so  promptly  with  the 
immense  task  suddenly  put  upon  the  government  in  the  late 
war  with  Germany  resulted  from  the  findings  and  recommenda- 
tions of  General  Dodge's  commission. 


MEMORIES  OF  THE  CHICAGO  CONVENTION  OF  1860     449 

Somewhat  of  the  energy  and  influence  of  Judge  Nourse  in 
1860  may  be  inferred  from  the  ensuing  extract  from  a  letter  to 
the  writer  from  Mr.  A.  C.  Voris,  President  of  the  Citizens  Na- 
tional Bank  of  Bedford^  Indiana^  under  date  of  April  25,  1907, 
written  in  response  to  inquiries  as  to  his  recollections  of  the 
character  of  Iowa's  delegates  to  the  Chicago  convention  of  1860 
and  their  participation  in  the  caucus,  or  committee,  referred  to 
by  Miss  Tarbell.  Mr.  Voris  was  one  of  the  delegates  from  Indi- 
ana. He  says  relative  to  the  caucus  in  the  small  hours  of  Thurs- 
day morning: 

As  to  the  members  of  that  Com[mittee]  from  Iowa.  I  regret  I  can- 
not say  certainly.  I  only  remember  that  a  Mr.  Nourse  of  Des  Moines, 
and  of  "Williamson  and  Nourse,"  seemed  to  be  a  ruling  spirit  in  the 
convention,  and  though  there  were  older  men  than  he,  it  is  likely  he 
was  one  of  that  Com[mittee]. 

Mr.  Nourse  was  only  twenty-nine  years  of  age  at  the  time  of 
the  Chicago  convention.  He  was  known  then  as  one  of  the 
"coming  men"  of  Iowa  and  a  factor  to  be  reckoned  with  by  all 
those  concerned  with  the  political  affairs  of  the  state.  The  next 
year  he  was  elected  by  the  Republicans  to  the  office  of  attorney 
general  of  the  state  and  served  for  four  years  of  the  Civil  War. 
Later  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the  Fifth  Judicial  District;  but 
he  soon  resigned  and  thereafter  steadfastly  confined  himself  to 
the  practice  of  the  law. 

As  Judge  Nourse  recalled  the  exciting  moments  in  the 
Chicago  convention,  following  the  third  ballot  that  insured  Abra- 
ham Lincoln's  nomination,  his  memories  of  the  scene  in  the  great 
Wigwam  became  so  stirring  that  his  emotions  aroused  him  from 
his  chair,  and  almost  blind  though  he  was  from  cataract  of  the 
eyes,  he  leaped  to  his  feet,  threw  out  his  arms  in  swinging  ges- 
tures in  reproduction  of  the  wild  gesticulation  and  vociferation 
of  the  lowans  joining  in  that  pandemonium.  In  the  rush  of  his 
recollections  he  dashed  about  the  table  in  the  center  of  the  room 
in  which  we  were  in  demonstration  of  his  narrative.  His  aban- 
don proved  beyond  cavil  how  intense  and  overwhelming  must 
have  been  the  excitement  the  instant  the  friends  of  the  Com- 
moner of  Springfield  realized  the  certainty  of  their  triumph,  if 
nearly  a  half  century  after  memories  of  the  scene  could  so 
arouse  and  carry  away  a  cool  collected  lawyer  of  wide  and  varied 


450  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

experience  in  court  and  public  forum.  Judge  Nourse's  partial 
blindness  enhanced  the  effect  of  his  demonstration.  It  was  a 
sight  that  the  present  writer  will  not  soon  forget. 


I. 

NOTES  OF  A  CONVERSATION  WITH  GENERAL  GREN- 

VILLE  M.  DODGE,  SAVERY  HOUSE,  DES  MOINES, 

NOVEMBER   17,  1908 

"My  first  interest  in  Abraham  Lincoln  came  about  as  a  result 
of  my  business  interests  and  connection.  For  some  time  I  had 
had  business  relations  with  Mr.  N.  P.  Judd  of  Illinois.  He  was, 
as  you  know,  Mr.  Lincoln's  manager  in  the  campaign  before  the 
Chicago  convention.  He  was  an  attorney  for  the  Rock  Island 
railroad,  then  in  the  course  of  construction  across  Iowa,  and  a 
large  stockholder,  and  I  believe  an  officer. 

"Mr.  Lincoln  was  also  interested  in  the  Rock  Island  railroad. 
He  had  acted  as  one  of  the  leading  attorneys  in  the  celebrated 
litigation  involving  the  right  of  the  company  to  build  the  bridge 
across  the  Mississippi  at  Rock  Island.  In  consequence  of  the 
acquaintance  and  association  of  Judd  and  Lincoln  I  had  been 
asked  to  look  after  some  of  their  land  interests  in  Council  Bluffs, 
which  I  had  done  for  some  time.  These  facts  created  and,  of 
course,  increased  my  interest  in  the  promotion  of  Mr.  Lincoln's 
public  advancement. 

"My  going  to  Chicago  and  working  for  Lincoln's  nomination 
was  the  result  of  a  letter  from  Mr.  Judd  asking  me  to  do  so.  I 
was  an  admirer  of  Lincoln  and  did  not  need  much  urging,  but  it 
was  my  relations  with  Judd  that  made  me  go  and  work  like  a 
beaver  for  Lincoln  at  that  convention.  I  was  only  a  youngster  then 
of  course."  I  was  not  very  well  acquainted  with  the  older  political 
leaders  in  the  state.  I  knew  Hoxie,*  Nourse  and  Kirkwood  and 
some  of  the  other  delegates  but  none  very  intimately.  I  tried  to 
exert  what  influence  I  had  of  course  in  bringing  our  delegation 
around  to  Lincoln  but  I  was  in  a  way  a  messenger  for  Judd, 

^General  Dodge  was  twenty-nine  years  old. 

'Herbert  Hoxie  of  Des  Moines,  later  appointed  by  President  Lincoln  United 
States  marshal  for  Iowa.  After  the  war  he  became  extensively  interested  in 
railroad  construction.  At  the  time  of  his  death  in  1886  he  was  virtually  in 
charge  of  the  Goiild  system  of  railroads  in  the  Southwest.  See  Harper's  Weekly, 
Dec.  4,   1886,  p.   784. 


MEMORIES  OF  THE  CHICAGO  CONVENTION"  OF  1860     451 

helping  him  in  his  moves  and  maneuvers.  My  business  interests 
and  my  admiration  of  Lincoln  combining,  I  was  naturally  very 
enthusiastic  and  earnest  and  hopeful  of  the  final  outcome. 

"The  caucus  in  the  Tremont  House  the  night  before  the 
nomination  was  made  I  recall  but  I  cannot  remember  the  names 
of  the  men  who  were  there  except  Kirkwood.  The  others  you 
mention  (Gear/  Dunham,  Saunders)  were  doubtless  present  for 
they  were  influential  and  would  naturally  be  called  in  for  such  a 
conference.  As  I  recollect  the  conference  was  first  called  by  some 
man  from  New  York.  The  opposition  to  Seward  wished  to  find 
out  whether  there  was  not  enough  second  choice  Lincoln  men 
among  the  delegates  from  New  England,  Pennsylvania,  2New 
Jersey,  Indiana  and  Iowa  to  secure  the  votes  of  those  states 
for  Lincoln  after  the  first  ballot.  Judd's  plan  from  the  start  was 
to  unite  the  second  choice  men  in  the  doubtful  states  on  Lincoln. 
My  memory  is  too  vague  now  to  recall  names  or  faces  of  men 
from  the  other  states;  but  I  do  recollect  late  or  rather  early  the 
next  morning  after  the  conference  had  come  to  an  agreement, . 
going  to  Judd  and  talking  with  him  about  the  agreement  reached 
and  the  result  if  the  agreement  could  be  carried  out.  Judd  was 
especially  anxious  to  get  our  Iowa  delegates  to  go  solid  for 
Lincoln  after  the  first  ballot.  Our  being  neighbors  was  a  fact 
that  he  urged  very  strongly.  But  our  Seward  men,  while  they 
wanted  to  nominate  a  strong  man  and  were  willing  to  go  to  him 
when  it  was  evident  that  all  would  go  to  him,  voted  for  Seward 
up  to  the  last  or  third  ballot. 

"My  memory  of  men  and  events  back  in  those  days  is  not  so 
good  as  it  was  ten  years  ago;  but  when  you  prod  it  by  calling 
my  attention  to  some  of  the  incidents  I  can  recollect  many  of 
them.  One  fact  I  realize.  In  the  hurry  and  confusion  of  ordi- 
nary times  we  do  not  always  appreciate,  or  even  discern  the  im- 
portance or  significance  of  events  taking  place  about  us  and  in 
which  we  are  more  or  less  engaged.  In  1860  I  felt  of  course 
much  of  the  keen  public  interest  in  the  discussion  of  political 
matters  and  yet  as  a  young  man  I  but  vaguely  sensed  the  vital 
import  of  the  events  that  I  was  watching. 

'John  H.  Gear  of  Burlington,  afterward  (1877-1881)  Governor  of  Iowa  and 
Mr.  Clark  Dunham,  the  editor  of  The  Hawkeye  of  Burlington.  Mr.  Alvin 
Saunders,  later  mentioned  by  Judge  Nourse. 


452  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

"I  first  met  Mr.  Lincoln  at  Council  Bluffs  in  August,  1959. 
He  had  come  up  there  by  way  of  St.  Joseph  and  the  Missouri 
River  to  look  after  an  interest  in  the  Riddle  tract,  he  had  bought 
from  Mr.  Judd.  I  had  returned  with  my  party  from  a  surveying 
trip  and  was  camped  in  a  ravine  just  north  of  the  town,  and  had 
come  down  to  the  Pacific  House  to  get  a  square  meal. 

"He  heard  of  the  arrival  of  the  engineering  party,  and  sought 
me  out  at  the  hotel.  We  sat  down  on  a  bench  on  the  porch  of 
the  Pacific  House  and  he  proceeded  to  find  out  all  about  the 
country  we  had  been  through,  and  all  about  our  railroad  surveys, 
the  character  of  the  country,  particularly  its  adaptability  to 
settlement,  its  topographical  features,  in  fact,  he  extracted  from 
me  the  information  I  had  gathered  for  my  employers,  and 
virtually  shelled  my  woods  must  thoroughly. 

"There  are  no  accounts  of  his  speech"  that  give  any  details  as  to 
what  he  said  except  perhaps  in  a  very  vague  way.  He  dwelt 
largely  upon  the  slavery  question — the  great  subject  in  which 
we  folks  on  the  'Missouri  Slope'  were  then,  as  was  the  whole 
country,  much  interested.  Mr.  Lincoln  set  forth  his  views  of 
the  slavery  question  in  connection  with  the  settlement  of  the 
territory  just  across  the  Missouri  River.  The  settlement  of  the 
new  territories  interested  him  very  much  and  their  commercial 
development  was  much  in  his  mind.  In  the  course  of  his  speech 
he  took  occasion  to  commend  the  advanced  stand  taken  by  Kirk- 
wood  in  his  campaign  for  governor.  I  went  with  Kirkwood  to 
some  of  the  towns  in  the  western  part  of  the  state,  where  he 
spoke.  Kirkwood  was  regarded  by  a  good  many  as  pretty  strong 
on  the  slavery  question.  It  was  natural  that  Lincoln  should  say  a 
good  word  on  his  behalf. 

"Before  the  speech  I  had  no  very  definite  ideas  about  Mr. 
Lincoln,  but  that  speech  in  the  square  settled  the  matter.  He 
convinced  me  and  most  of  those  who  heard  him  that  he  knew 
what  he  was  talking  about  and  that  he  knew  how  to  put  the 
issues  so  as  to  bring  out  the  strong  points  of  the  Republican 
position.  He  made  many  strong  friends  in  our  part  of  the  state 
at  that  time. 


«This  was  Lincoln's  speech  made  on  the  public  square  in  Council  Bluffs  the 
same  day. 


MEMORIES  OF  THE  CHICAGO  CONVENTION  OF  1860    453 

"Mr.  Lincoln  staid  with  Messrs.  Thomas  Officer  and  W.  H.  M. 
Pusey  while  in  the  town — they  had  formerly  lived  in  Springfield, 
Illinois. 

"Years  after  it  was  the  conversation  at  the  Pacific  House  that 
led  to  the  fixing  of  the  eastern  terminus  of  the  Union  Pacific  at 
Council  Bluffs.  In  1863  I  was  stationed  at  Corinth,  Miss., 
with  my  command.  I  had  just  previously  marched  up  the  Ten- 
nessee valley,  which  was  a  very  rich  district  and  full  of  rebel 
supplies.  These  I  had  destroyed.  One  of  the  results  was  that 
about  three  thousand  negroes  followed  me  back  to  Corinth  and 
were  on  my  hands.  They  were  a  great  problem.  They  had  to 
be  fed  and  kept  in  order.  My  soldiers,  or  many  of  them,  did 
not  take  very  kindly  to  the  idea  of  guarding,  feeding  and  caring 
for  'niggers.'  The  ill  feeling  manifested  itself  in  serious  ways, 
the  white  guards  shot  darkies  out  foraging  and  tresspassing. 
What  to  do  with  them  I  hardly  knew.  Finally  Chaplain  Alex- 
ander of  one  of  my  regiments — a  very  able  man — came  to  me 
and  said  that  he  could  solve  my  negro  problem.  He  asked  to 
have  100  muskets  assigned  to  him  to  arm  a  company  of  the  darkies 
to  guard  the  rest.  He  said  that  they  would  be  able  to  do  it  with 
a  little  assistance.  My  ordnance  officer  refused  to  issue  arms 
and  ammunition  to  him  and  when  Alexander  came  back  to  me  and 
reported  the  situation  I  receipted  for  the  arms  and  turned  them 
over  to  him,  not  thinking  much  about  the  matter  at  the  time  for 
I  was  greatly  relieved  to  have  their  care  taken  off"  my  hands. 
The  arming  of  those  negroes  produced  a  stir.  Soon  the  Chicago 
papers  had  accounts  of  it.  The  discussion  of  what  to  do  with 
the  negroes  was  then  becoming  a  live  coal  in  political  discussion. 
I  soon  realized  that  I  had  put  my  foot  in  it.  But  I  concluded  that 
silence  was  the  better  part  of  wisdom  and  said  nothing.  I 
knew  that  General  Grant  knew  what  I  had  done  though  I  had 
made  no  report;  and  so  long  as  he  did  not  make  trouble  I  felt 
fairly  safe.  One  day  General  Grant  transmitted  an  order  from 
the  War  Department  directing  me  to  report  at  once  at  Washing- 
ton. I  thought  my  time  was  up  and  my  head  was  going  off,  for 
I  had  done  a  very  serious  thing  absolutely  without  orders. 

"The  event  was  not  so  fearful  as  I  had  reason  to  fear. 
President  Lincoln  had  to  decide  upon  the  terminal  of  the  Union 
Pacific  and  he  had  summoned  me  to  give  him  the  benefit  of  my 


454  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

first  hand  knowledge  of  the  region  and  the  probable  develop- 
ments. He  recalled  our  conversation  in  Council  Bluffs,  and  on 
the  report  I  made  to  him  he  fixed  the  eastern  terminus  on  the 
western  boundary  of  Iowa  in  the  townships  that  Council  Bluffs  is 
located  in.  About  that  time  the  government  officers  were 
begining  to  look  favorably  upon  the  notion  of  arming  the  negroes 
and  I  could  offer  some  practical  experience  that  was  beneficial. 
I  was  thereupon  given  a  general  commission  that  enabled  me  to 
organize  regiments  directly  and  appoint  the  officers  from  my 
command  which  were  duly  commissioned  at  Washington.  By 
this  means  I  could  reward  my  line  officers  and  non-commissioned 
men.  At  first  they  did  not  look  upon  the  offers  or  chances 
favorably  but  as  the  negroes  proved  that  they  could  fight  and 
under  good  training  and  discipline  would  make  good  soldiers, 
very  soon  my  soldiers  were  anxious  to  secure  commissions.  The 
First  Alabama  Colored  Regiment  was  thus  organized  by  me 
and  several  other  regiments." 


II 

A  DELEGATE'S  MEMORIES  OF  THE  CHICAGO  CON- 
VENTION OF  1860 

Ah  Interview  with  Hon.  Charles  C.  Nourse,  Des  Moines, 
April  26  and  May  12,  1907 

"My  memories  of  the  Convention  that  met  in  Chicago,  May 
16-18,  1860,  are  not  so  definite  as  you  probably  wish.  Never- 
theless, events  and  men  and  measures  that  concerned  us  in 
those  exciting  days  made  a  vigorous  impression  on  my  mind.  I 
recall  much  in  those  days  a  great  deal  more  clearly  than  I  do 
happenings  of  ten  years  ago.  However,  I  do  not  want  to  be 
held  too  strictly  to  account  for  details.  You  know  in  a  few  days 
now  it  will  be  just  forty-eight  years  since  we  met  in  that  Wig- 
wam at  the  corner  of  Market  and  Lake  streets. 

"From  the  beginning  of  the  serious  discussion  of  candidacies 
in  1859,  I  was  a  Lincoln  man.  When  I  went  to  Chicago  I  felt 
strongly  that  two  things  had  to  be  accomplished  or  all  would  be 
in  vain  in  the  forthcoming  campaign.     The  first  essential  was  to 


CHARLES  CLINTON  NOURSE 
From  a  Photograph  by  W.  Kurtz,  Madison  Square,  New  York,  1876 


MEMORIES  OF  THE  CHICAGO  CONVENTION  OF  1860     455 

prevent  the  nomination  of  William  H.  Seward.  The  second 
thing  was  to  nominate  a  man  whose  views  on  the  slavery  question 
were  solid  and  clear-cut,  who  would  represent  and  attract  those 
in  all  the  old  parties  who  strongly  opposed  the  extension  of 
slavery  and  the  aggressions  of  its  leaders,  and  whose  character 
and  career  would  not  suggest  attacks  upon  the  property  rights 
of  the  southern  slave  owners.  The  selection  of  Lincoln  I  be- 
lieved would  meet  the  second  condition  of  party  success. 

"My  objections  to  Seward  were  based  partly  upon  my  opinion 
of  the  New  York  statesman  and  his  character,  and  partly  upon 
my  knowledge  of  what  the  people  here  in  Iowa,  particularly  in 
the  southern  tiers  of  counties,  thought  of  him.  To  me.  Governor 
Seward  was  a  dangerous  radical.  He  had  been  intimately  asso- 
ciated for  over  a  decade  with  the  extreme  opponents  of  slavery, 
especially  with  the  Free  Soilers.  He  had  used  expressions  in 
his  speeches  that  seemed  to  us  then  to  indicate  that  he  was  in 
favor  of  abolition  or  emancipation.  Certainly  this  was  the  opin- 
ion of  the  great  majority  of  the  Democrats  throughout  Iowa. 
At  the  same  time  he  was  associated  with  the  old  Cotton  Whigs 
of  New  York  to  such  a  degree  as  to  make  him  objectionable  to 
those  Whigs  who  opposed  further  compromises  for  the  sake  of 
holding  the  southern  trade.  The  manufacturers  and  merchants 
of  New  York  were  anxious  to  curry  favor  with  the  southerners. 
They  wished  first  and  last  to  maintain  the  supremacy  of  the 
port  of  New  York  as  the  transshipping  point  or  center  of  the 
cotton  and  ocean  carrying  trade  for  the  Southern  States.  They 
wanted  further  to  enjoy  a  monopoly  in  supplying  the  South  with 
manufactured  goods.  Back  of  Sev/ard  stood  vast  commercial 
interests.  Their  leaders  counseled  against  firmness  in  opposing 
the  arrogant  demands  of  Judah  P.  Benjamin  and  Jefferson  Davis, 
and  favored  compromising  and  conciliatory  measures.  Wc  had 
had  enough  of  compromises  that  made  the  southerners  more  and 
more  aggressive  and  domineering.  Another  fact  adverse  to 
Governor  Seward,  in  southern  Iowa  particularly,  was  his  hostile 
attitude  towards  the  'American'  or  Know  Nothing  party  that 
had  a  very  considerable  representation  in  Iowa. 

"These  fears  of  Seward,  or  objections  to  his  candidacy  were 
not  a  dreamer's  notions.  They  had  been  forced  upon  me  as  early 
as  the  Pierce-Scott  campaign  in  1852  and  particularly  in  1856. 


466  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

In  1852  I  was  elected  county  prosecutor  of  Van  Buren  County 
as  a  Whig.  In  1854  I  was  renominated.  The  Free  Soilers  were 
numerous  enough  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county  to  cause  the 
convention  to  put  a  Free  Soiler  by  the  name  of  French  on  the 
ticket.  For  several  reasons  I  was  strong  enough  to  win  on 
my  own  strength,  but  my  friends  soon  told  me  that  I  could  not 
carry  the  Free  Soiler  along  with  me.  You  see  a  great  number 
of  the  people  in  Davis  and  Van  Buren  counties  had  moved  into 
that  region  when  they  supposed  it  was  a  part  of  Missouri.  In 
the  contest  over  the  boundary  the  decision  was  largely  in  our 
favor.  The  fact  that  those  southerners  were  in  Iowa  did  not, 
however,  reconstruct  their  notions  or  ways  of  thinking.  A  Free 
Soiler  to  them  was  an  abolitionist,  an  equal  suffragist  who  pro- 
posed to  force  on  us  negro  equality  both  political  and  social.  I 
worked  manfully  on  behalf  of  French  but  I  could  not  disabuse 
their  minds  and  I  was  beaten.  It  was  my  defeat  that  induced 
my  friends  to  make  me  clerk  of  the  House  of  Representatives 
in  1854,  as  a  sort  of  compensation  or  'consolation  prize.' 

"In  the  Fremont  campaign  in  1856  I  canvassed  nearly  all  the 
southern  counties  of  the  state  for  the  State  Central  Committee, 
and  I  knew,  or  thought  I  knew  thoroughly  how  strong  the  anti- 
abolition  and  anticompromise  sentiments  were  among  the 
voters.  By  that  time  the  old  Whig  party  had  disappeared  as  a 
national  party  organization.  But  we  had  large  numbers  of  them 
in  the  state.  Many,  if  not  most  of  them  were  opposed  to  any 
interference  with  slavery  in  the  Slave  States,  but  they  were  just 
as  much  opposed  to  its  extension.  Many  of  them  were  strongly 
proslavery  because  they  had  come  from  Kentucky,  Virginia  and 
Maryland.  We  could  not  safely  or  sensibly  antagonize  them 
and  Seward's  speeches  had  made  them  very  uneasy  and  sus- 
picious. Finally,  we  had  a  large  Know  Nothing  element  in  our 
region — ^just  how  large  it  was  I  cannot  say  now.  But  they 
made  a  tremendous  noise  and  no  one  could  really  say  whether 
the  woods  were  full  of  them  or  not.  The  Bell-Everett  vote 
showed  that  they  were  not  a  factor  to  be  ignored.  The  most  of 
them  became  Republicans  and  we  believed  that  if  not  antag- 
onized or  offended  nearly  all  of  them  would  come  to  us.  They 
made  us  lots  of  trouble  in  the  southern  sections.  To  all  this 
element  Seward  was  especially  distasteful  because  as  governor 


MEMORIES  OF  THE  CHICAGO  CONVENTION  OF  1860    457 

of  New  York  he  had  pursued  a  course  contrary  to  their  views 
on  Catholicism  and  the  school  question. 

"Such  objections  were  not  captious  or  fanciful  or  mere  make- 
believe.  If  we  were  to  unhorse  the  Democrats  at  Washington  we 
needed  every  ounce  of  strength  we  could  muster.  It  was  suicide 
to  take  any  serious  risks.  We  had  to  have  a  candidate  that 
would  unite  all  factions  and  all  sections  of  the  Republicans  and 
attract  to  us  the  other  discordant  elements  that  were^  like  we 
were,  opposing  the  Democracy  and  draw  to  us  the  thousands 
of  Democrats  who  were  discontented  and  disgusted  with  the 
weakness  of  Buchanan's  administration.  The  right  man  in  my 
judgment  was  the  man  who  had  worsted  Stephen  A.  Douglas  in 
1858. 

"Abraham  Lincoln  had  secured  my  admiration  and  firm  sup- 
port in  1858,  because  he  had  demonstrated  his  remarkable  in- 
sight into  the  significance  of  tlie  issues  then  disturbing  us.  His 
debates  with  Douglas  had  astonished  us  all  by  his  profound 
thought  and  preeminent  capacity  for  statesmanship.  He  was  no 
artful  dodger  and  he  was  no  demagogue ;  he  met  the  issues 
squarely  and  convinced  the  entire  public  that  he  knew  and  was 
master  of  the  real  problem.  As  soon  as  the  lines  began  to  be 
drawn  and  the  date  of  the  convention  approached,  I  became 
convinced  that  Lincoln  was  the  man  we  should  nominate.  Among 
the  politicians,  as  the  term  goes,  Seward  had  a  large  following. 
But  Iowa  could  not  be  carried  easily  by  anybody  we  might 
nominate.  We  had  to  fight,  and  to  fight  hard,  to  secure  and  to 
maintain  control,  and  common  prudence  or  'good  politics'  if  you 
please,  ls  well  as  moral  philosophy  required  that  we  nominate  a 
man  at  Chicago  who  would  carry  our  cause  and  the  party  through 
to  victory. 

"Seward  probably  had  the  largest  popular  following  in  Iowa 
at  the  time ;  and  I  think  that  such  was  the  case  in  the  convention 
that  met  in  Des  Moines  in  January,  1860.  But  we  were  prac- 
tical politicians  as  well  as  ardent  friends  of  the  various  candi- 
dates. We  were  chosen  five  months  before  the  National  Con- 
vention and  none  knew  what  might  happen.  Every  practical 
political  worker  knows  that  winds  and  tides  change  suddenly  and 
it  would  have  been  extremely  foolish  for  us  to  be  instructed 
then  for  anybody.    We  wanted  to  nominate  a  man  that  would  win 


458  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

and  we  divided  honorably  and  fought  hard  but  it  was  not  petty 
huckstering  that  controlled  our  conduct. 

"The  assertions  of  Professor  Hart  concerning  our  delegation 
has  no  justification.  The  fact  that  our  Seward  men  held  fast 
and  fought  from  start  to  finish  for  their  leader  shows  that  a  good 
portion  of  us  were  not  wabblers  or  weak-kneed  brethren.  We 
original  Lincoln  men  had  to  contend  against  tremendous 
odds — Seward's  popularity  and  the  money  and  hired  workers  of 
Thurlow  Weed,  the  great  manager  of  Seward's  forces.  We 
would  call  Weed  a  'boss'  nowadays.  There  were  some,  perhaps, 
in  our  delegation — but  I  recall  none — as  there  were  doubtless  in 
every  delegation,  who  considered  the  probabilities  of  personal 
advancement  being  an  incidental  result  of  the  success  of  their 
own  candidate — but  it  is  unjust  to  Iowa's  delegation  to  class  us, 
as  Professor  Hart  does,  in  his  Life  of  Chase  among  corruption- 
ists.  Even  if  he  means  only  office  broking,  cabinet  appointments, 
or  the  like,  he  implies  petty  sordidness  on  our  part;  and  honor- 
able men  do  not  rest  easily  under  the  implications  of  his  state- 
ment. 

"The  correspondent  of  Chase  on  whom  Professor  Hart  de- 
pends was  without  warrant,  in  my  judgment,  for  his  assertion  re- 
specting the  delegates  from  Lee  county.  Dr.  Walker  and  Senator 
Rankin  were  both  men  of  great  ability  and  solid  character  with  a 
fine  sense  of  honor  regarding  public  matters.  Neither  pettiness 
nor  desire  for  private  gain  were  moving  motives  with  either.  Any 
one  who  knows  the  A  B  C's  of  politics  knows  that  in  the  last 
struggle  of  the  various  factions  and  sections  for  the  chief  prizes 
of  a  convention  that  various  sorts  of  combinations  or  'trading,'  if 
you  please  so  to  call  it,  result,  but  there  is  nothing  essentially 
questionable  about  such  proceedings.  They  are  inevitable  and, 
while  now  and  then  the  result  of  petty  trading  and  corrupt  ex- 
change, are  not  usually  reprehensible. 

"Colonel  Voris,  of  Bedford,  Indiana,  gives  me  undeserved 
credit  in  saying  that  I  was  the  leading  spirit  among  the  Lincoln 
men  of  the  Iowa  delegation.  I  was  young  and  active  and  I  worked 
like  a  Trojan  and  no  doubt  I  helped  somewhat.  But  the  real 
leader  of  the  Lincoln  men  was  Colonel  Alvin  Saunders,  of  Mt. 
Pleasant.  He  was  one  of  our  big  men  in  Iowa  in  those  days,  a 
forceful,  clear-headed  and  efficient  worker.     He  had  managed  the 


MEMORIES  OF  THE  CHICAGO  CONVENTION  OF  1860    459 

two  campaigns  of  his  fellow  townsman,  James  Harlan,  for  the 
United  States  Senate,  with  rare  discretion  and  marked  success. 
He  was  widely  acquainted  in  Indiana,  Illinois,  Kentucky  and 
other  states.  He  was,  in  fact,  a  whole  team  by  himself.  An- 
other man  who  probably  exercised  as  much  influence  as  Saunders 
on  behalf  of  Illinois's  candidate  was  Governor  Samuel  J.  Kirk- 
wood.  He  was  not  a  delegate,  however.  He  had  already  won 
distinction  by  his  course  as  governor.  He  was  a  great  leader,  a 
keen  eyed  statesman,  and  an  adroit  politician.  He  was  exten- 
sively acquainted  in  Ohio  where  he  had  a  state  wide  reputation 
before  coming  to  Iowa.  Saunders  and  Kirkwood  probably  did 
more  than  any  others  to  bring  the  Iowa  contingent  around  to 
Lincoln.' 

"Miss  Tarbell's  statement  I  think  is  true,  but  I  cannot  say 
positively  who  represented  Iowa  in  that  committee  of  twelve  to 
which  she  refers.  Saunders  and  I  slept  in  the  same  room  at  the 
Tremont  Hotel  where  Illinois  and  Iowa  had  their  headquarters. 
Early  in  the  evening  of  the  night  before  the  nomination  was  to 
be  made  I  had  gone  up  to  get  some  rest.  I  was  fagged  by  the 
long  strain  of  the  day.  The  outlook  for  Lincoln  was  gloomy 
indeed;  I  recall  Saunders  coming  in.  He  was  depressed  and 
dubious  about  our  chances  of  overcoming  the  New  Yorkers. 
Kirkwood  came  in  later.  He  was  nervous  and  very  uneasy  and 
glum.  I  remember  a  peculiar  sound  he  made  that  was  character- 
istic of  him  whenever  he  was  worried  over  anything — a  clucking 
or  sucking  sound  as  he  fidgeted  about.  Both  of  them  soon  went 
out  and  I  went  to  sleep.  After  midnight  Saunders  came  in  and 
in  some  excitement  wakened  me.  He  said  that  he,  or  Kirkwood, 
or  both,  had  just  come  from  a  caucus  or  committee  of  various 
states  and  that  all  present  had  decided  to  throw  their  votes  and 
influence  for  Lincoln  after  the  first  ballot.  He  was  jubilant  at 
the  outlook.  I  cannot  assert  definitely,  but  I  feel  certain  that  he 
or  Kirkwood  or  both  had  been  in  attendance  at  a  meeting  that 

'In  a  letter  to  me  dated  at  Des  Moines,  August  29,  1906,  Judge  Nourse  says: 

"We  had  originally,  first,  last,  and  all  the  time,  eight  men  in  the  delegation 

earnestly  in  favor  of  Mr.  Lincoln's  nomination.     The  most  active  of  them  were 

James    F.    Wilson    of    Fairfield,    Alvin    Saunders    of    Mount    Pleasant,    Thomas 

Seeley  of  Guthrie   [county],  and  myself;  the  others  I  am  not  sure  of." 

James  F.  Wilson  later  became  a  representative  in  Congress  and  a  national 
senator  from  Iowa,  becoming  one  of  the  prominent  leaders  of  both  bodies.  Alvin 
Saunders  was  appointed  the  last  governor  of  the  territory  of  Nebraska ;  later 
he  became  a  national  senator  from  the  state  of  Nebraska.  Thomas  Seeley  had 
been  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  1857  that  drafted  the 
present   constitution   of   Iowa. 


460  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

practically  decided  Lincoln's  fate.  I  mean  by  this,  of  course, 
that  none  of  us  before  that  agreement  were  certain  that  we  could 
swing  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey  into  line  and  insure  Seward's 
defeat,  which  we  deemed  necessary  to  party  success  in  the  fall. 

"W.  M.  Stone's  seconding  Lincoln's  nomination  *on  behalf  of 
two-thirds  of  the  Iowa  delegation  was  a  case  of  undue  excite- 
ment. The  minutes  are  correct:*  he  made  the  declaration,  but  he 
had  no  right  to  do  so.  All  of  us  were  astounded  at  his  perform- 
ance and  laughed  at  his  being  carried  off  his  feet.  Stone  was 
not  an  original  Lincoln  man.  He  was  for  McLean  or  Chase  as 
I  recall.  His  vote  on  the  first  ballot  was  cast  for  one  or  the 
other  in  accordance  with  the  decision  of  the  delegates  before  we 
went  into  the  convention.  But  Stone  was  a  man  who  was  bound 
to  distinguish  himself  some  way  or  other.  He  supposed  that  his 
candidate  would  win  of  course,  but  when  the  deavening  roar  fol- 
lowed Judd's  nomination  of  Abraham  Lincoln — you  know  the 
Lincoln  managers  had  packed  the  Wigwam  while  the  Seward 
shouters  were  paradidng  outside — Stone  was  carried  off  his  feet. 
He  thought  he  saw  his  chance  and  jumped  up  and  proclaimed 
Iowa  for  Lincoln.  The  vote,  however,  showed  that  he  was  off; 
his  own  vote  included. 

"The  summary,  or  poll  of  the  delegation  in  the  St.  Charles 
City  Intelligencer   [May  24,   I860],  is  incorrect."     There  were 

«The  above  refers  to  the  following  minute  in  the  proceedings  of  the  conven- 
tion on  Thursday  morning  after  some  fourteen  different  delegates  had  either 
nominated  or  seconded  the  nomination  of  different  candidates,  mostly  either 
Seward  or  Lincoln:  "Mr,  Stone,  of  Iowa.  Mr.  President,  I  rise  in  the  name 
of  two-thirds  of  the  delegation  of  Iowa  to  second  the  nomination  of  Abraham 
Lincoln.  [Great  Applause.]"  See  Chas.  W.  Johnson's  Proceedings  of  the  First 
Three  Republican  National  Conventions,  p.  149. 

»In  its  account  of  the  Chicago  Convention  The  St.  Charles  City  Intelligencer 
of  St.  Charles  City,  in  Floyd  County,  contained.  May  24,  1860,  the  following: 

"The  Iowa  delegation  had  their  headquarters  at  the  Tremont  House.  Before 
the  opening  of  the  convention  they  organized  by  appointing  W.  Penn  Clarke 
chairman  and  took  a  ballot  among  themselves  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining 
how  they  stood  in  reference  to  the  different  presidential  candidates.  The  result 
was  as  follows: 

"Whole  number  of  ballots 27 

Lincoln    had 8 

Seward    7 

Bates    4 

Cameron    ' .' , , ,  4 

McLean    ..!!.!.'.!!..".!.   3 

Chase   .".'. ...'.'.'.'.','.'  1" 

On  the  first  ballot  in  the  convention  the  delegation  gave  two  votes  to  Seward, 
two  votes  to  Lincoln,  and  one  each  to  Bates,  Cameron,  Chase  and  McLean.  The 
division  of  the  delegates  from  Iowa  was  eight  each  for  Seward  and  Lincoln  and 
four  each  for  the  other  candidates  named.  (See  Johnson's  Proceedings,  p.  149.) 
Both  the  contemporary  and  the  latter-day  statements  of  the  vote  of  the  delegation 
from  Iowa  have  been  curiously  misrepresented  or  incorrectly  reported.  Professor 
Hart  in  his  Life  of  Chase  states  that  the  Ohioan  received  no  votes  from  Iowa, 
(see  p.  190.)  lowans  voted  for  Chase  on  all  three  ballots,  William  B.  Allison  of 
Dubuque  and  Judge  William  Smythe  of  Cedar  Rapids  being  among  the  number. 
Judge  Smythe  "died  in  the  ditch"  with  Chase.  (For  the  ballots,  see  Johnson's 
Proceedings,  pp.  149,  152,  153.) 


MEMORIES  OF  THE  CHICAGO  CONVENTION  OF  1860    461 

nine  Seward  men  on  the  delegation.  I  remember  very  distinctly 
the  heated  discussions  we  had  when  we  refused  to  allow  it  to  be 
counted.  It  took  four  delegates  to  make  one  vote  and  we  would 
not  announce  less  than  one-half  a  vote.  Mr.  R.  L.  B.  Clarke,  of 
Mt.  Pleasant,  an  ardent  Seward  man,  was  among  us  by  proxy 
apparently  because  his  name,  you  say,  does  not  appear  among  the 
regular  delegates.  He  insisted  stoutly  upon  having  his  vote  for 
Seward  added  and  there  was  a  hot  debate  when  we  refused.  He 
got  so  angry  that  I  flippantly  said  that  if  he  did  not  look  out  he 
would  make  us  think  he  had  just  escaped  from  the  new  lunatic 
asylum  at  Mt.  Pleasant,  that  was  just  then  a  subject  of  hot 
political  discussion. 

"The  Seward  men  were  very  confident  of  winning  when  we 
went  into  convention  and  they  held  fast  to  the  end.  Henry 
O'Connor  of  Muscatine,  one  of  my  successors  as  attorney  general, 
in  a  ratification  meeting  afterwards  at  Muscatine,  said  there  were 
two  classes  of  men  who  voted  for  the  New  Yorker,  'plain'  Seward 
and  'fool'  Seward  men,  the  latter  voting  for  their  candidate 
through  thick  and  thin  regardless  of  prospects  and  he,  O'Connor, 
belonged  to  the  latter  class. 

"We  delegates  from  Iowa  were  a  noisy  and  contentious  set. 
We  were  all  young  and  full  of  ginger  and  fight.  ^\'e  were  di- 
vided so  badly  that  our  deliberations  were  not  always  the  most 
dignified.  The  odd  Seward  vote  not  being  counted  put  a  wire 
edge  on  the  tempers  of  the  Seward  men.  In  the  convention  we 
sat  next  to  the  New  Jersey  delegation.  The  contrast  between  us 
w^as  marked.  We  were  full  of  life  and  enthusiasm  and  perhaps 
not  very  considerate  of  each  other's  feelings  or  opinions.  The 
Jerseyites  were  extremely  dignified  and  proper  in  their  conduct. 
From  their  solemn  looking  clothes  and  polite  behavior,  one  to 
another,  we  would  think  they  were  all  college  professors  or 
preachers.  They  seemed  always  to  bow  to  each  other  in  a  most 
deferential  manner  whenever  one  spoke  to  another.  When  Lin- 
coln was  nominated  we  Lincoln  men  let  loose  such  a  series  of  war 
whoops  and  indulged  in  such  fantastic  antics  that  one  of  the 
Jersey  delegates  came  up  to  me  in  one  of  my  gyrations  and  very 
cautiously  put  his  hand  on  my  shoulder  and  said  soberly,  'Why 
are  you  so  excited.'^  What  is  the  need  of  so  much  feeling.^'  'Why,' 
I  said,  letting  forth  another  shout,  'we  have  nominated  the  best 


462  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

man  in  the  country  for  president  and  beaten  that  New  York 
crowd  of  wire  pullers.  Why  shouldn't  we  shout?  We  came  from 
Iowa  where  we  were  suckled  by  prairie  wolves !  Whoop !'  and 
off  again  I  went  into  a  series  of  ear-splitting  performances.  I 
never  was  so  happy  in  my  life  before  or  since. 

"One  of  the  comical  results  of  the  convention  was  the  cost  of 
the  'Iowa  Headquarters'  to  the  chairman  of  the  delegation, 
William  Penn  Clarke.  Clarke  felt  very  much  elated  at  his  selec- 
tion as  chairman.  I  have  forgotten  whether  we  had  concluded  to 
choose  him  here  in  Des  Moines  or  not.  Any  way,  Clarke  felt  that 
he  was  certain  of  being  so  designated  and  he  was  also  sure  that 
it  would  promote  his  political  ambitions  which  were  robust  at 
that  time — he  had  been,  you  know,  a  strong  candidate  for  the 
United  States  Senate  against  Grimes  in  1858 — and  he  wanted  to 
make  the  most  of  his  honor.  So  he  went  to  Chicago  several  days 
ahead  of  time  and  rented  a  good  sized  room  and  had  it  labeled 
'Iowa  Headquarters.'  We  had  no  candidate  to  promote  and  no 
axes  to  grind  and  there  was  no  particular  need  for  so  much  show, 
but  it  gave  us  some  prominence  perhaps.  The  result  to  Clarke 
was  hard  on  his  pocketbook.  There  were  a  few  on  our  delega- 
tion who  liked  wines  and  Kentucky  Bourbon  more  than  was  good 
for  them  and  at  the  convention  such  gay  lords  had  plenty  of  en- 
couragement to  indulge  their  fondness  for  spirits.  Clarke  him- 
self was  not  much  given  to  such  diversion,  if  at  all.  Those  who 
were  so  addicted  ordered  such  liquors  as  they  desired  and  had 
the  costs  charged  to  the  'Iowa  Headquarters.'  The  subjects 
under  discussion  at  the  conclaves  of  those  partizans — the  fates 
of  candidates  and  the  welfare  of  the  nation  were  too  important 
and  pressing,  you  know,  to  permit  those  stern  patriots  to  think 
of  such  prosy  matters  as  immediate  payment  of  the  price.  In  the 
furious  excitement  just  preceding  and  following  the  nomination 
they  totally  forgot  that  they  had  ordered  or  were  ordering  all 
sorts  of  high  priced  liquors.  After  the  convention  was  over,  and 
the  delegates  had  dispersed,  the  bill  was  presented  to  Clarke.  It 
took  his  breath,  but  he  had  to  pay  it  and  he  realized  as  never 
before  the  beauties  and  benefits  of  fame  among  politicians. 

"Another  interesting  reminiscence  of  Clarke's  part  in  the  con- 
vention comes  to  me.  He  had  a  slight  impediment  in  his  speech 
that   became   serious    whenever   he    got    excited.      His    office    of 


MEMORIES  OF  THE  CHICAGO  CONVENTION  OF  1860    463 

chairman  made  him  the  spokesman  of  the  delegation,  who  should 
announce  Iowa's  vote  on  the  roll  call.  When  our  turn  came  on 
the  first  ballot  Clarke  arose.  The  excitement  was  intense.  Iowa's 
vote,  while  known  to  be  divided,  was  of  consequence  to  the  two 
leaders,  Lincoln  and  Seward,  and  all  were  eager  to  hear  our 
decision.  Clarke  opened  his  mouth  to  speak  and  couldn't  say  a 
word.  There  he  stood  painfully  helpless  in  a  vain  stammer  or 
stutter.  We  saw  that  he  couldn't  make  it,  and  some  one  jumped 
up  to  relieve  him  and  the  situation  by  announcing  the  vote  of 
Iowa  for  him. 

"Among  the  influential  considerations  in  making  many  of  us 
fight  Seward  so  hard  at  Chicago  was  the  feeling  that  the  forces 
of  'commercialism'  and  corrupt  political  rule  would  triumph  by  his 
election.  The  New  York  men  'talked  big'  about  the  need  of 
money  in  the  approacliing  election  and  the  sources  they  would 
control  and  tap.  It  was  notorious  at  that  time  that  Weed  manip- 
ulated the  Albany  legislature  to  secure  New  York  City  franchises 
for  coteries  or  cliques  of  his  personal  and  political  friends.  He 
was  regarded  as  the  most  potent  political  manager  in  the  country. 
The  forces  he  controlled  and  worked  through  and  with  were 
what  today  we  should  unreservedly  call  the  'machine'  elements. 
Such  certainly  v^'as  the  liorde  of  Seward  shouters  and  v/orkers  led 
by  the  prize  fighter  Tom  Hyer.  One  of  the  New  Yorkers  came 
up  to  me  and  said,  'It  is  absurd  for  you  westerners  to  want  to 
nominate  an  Illinois  man  or  any  other  man  than  Seward.  No 
man  can  carry  Pennsylvania  or  Indiana  unless  lie  and  his  back- 
ers have  plenty  of  the  sinew^s  of  war.'  I  asked,  'VvHiat  do  you 
mean?'  'I  mean  money,  of  course,'  lie  rejoined.  'Just  so,'  I 
retorted,  'and  that  is  one  of  the  reasons  v/hy  we  from  Iowa  and 
the  West  are  afraid  of  you  and  are  fighting  you.  You  and  your 
kind  think  you  can  purchase  the  election  as  you  buy  stocks.  But 
you  can't  buy  Iowa.  We  need  a  little  money  for  ordinary  cam- 
paign expenses  but  not  to  buy  votes.  With  such  methods  as 
you  fellows  pursue  at  Albany  endorsed  at  the  polls  and  you 
will  drain  the  national  treasury  dry.  No,  Sir!  Mr.  Seward  must 
not  be  nominated.  Not  because  we  think  he  is  personally  bad  or 
wants  to  do  anything  unrighteous,  but  because  he  could  not  con- 
trol the  forces  that  are  back  of  him  and  that  would  work  through 
him.'     This  fact  of  his  bad  company  and  his  radical  and  reckless 


464  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

statements  were  the  great  causes  of  the  general  opposition  to  him. 

"Seward's  defeat  was  taken  with  very  bad  grace  by  many  of 
his  eastern  champions.  Some  exhibitions  are  worth  mentioning. 
A  large  number  came  west  with  us  as  far  as  Davenport  to  see  the 
wonderful  prairies  of  Illinois  and  the  scenery  of  the  Mississippi. 
At  most  of  the  stations  where  stops  of  ten  minutes  or  so  would 
be  made  some  of  the  big  guns  from  New  York  or  elsewhere 
would  be  called  out  for  a  rear  platform  speech.  Several  of  the 
New  Yorkers  referred  deprecatingly  to  the  nominee^  apologizing 
for  having  a  'rail  splitter'  for  the  party's  standard  bearer — a  man 
without  the  culture  or  experience  and  trained  ability  of  the  great 
statesman  of  Auburn^  etc.,  and  of  similar  strain.  My  blood  boiled 
but  I  said  nothing  in  the  way  of  retort  until  we  reached  Daven- 
port and  then  I  concluded  I  couldn't  hold  in  any  longer.  Some  of 
those  inconsiderate  and  ill  advised  gentlemen  needed  a  little 
disciplining  and  I  let  them  have  it  straight  and  hot.  'Why/  I 
exclaimed,  'such  deprecation  of  the  Commoner  of  Springfield  and 
of  the  yeomen  of  the  West !  We  of  the  West  were  born  of  women 
as  were  you  of  the  East.  We  are  sons  of  your  fathers  and  of 
your  bone  and  flesh.  We  have  all  the  traditions  that  you  have  and 
more.  We  have  been  reared  in  the  free  fresh  air  of  the  prairies, 
redolent  with  sweet  odors  of  wild  flowers.  We  love  liberty  and 
will  fight  for  our  rights  if  need  be.  We  have  youth  and  vigor  and 
are  conquering  a  vast  empire.  Abraham  Lincoln  has  shown  him- 
self to  be  a  profound  thinker.  He  is  a  powerful  advocate  of  the 
cause  our  party  represents.  The  convention  has  passed  by  the 
learned  men  and  older  leaders  of  the  East  and  has  chosen  for  its 
leader  the  great  giant  of  Illinois.  He  is  worthy  of  your  respect 
and  he  will  prove  himself  the  greatest  among  all  of  us  and  you 
will  yet  concede  it.'" 

"The  tremendous  applause  that  greeted  my  rejoinder  indicated 
that  I  had  struck  a  responsive  chord." 

"The  episode  referred  to  by  Judge  Nourse  was  probably  an  incident  of  the 
excursion  of  various  eastern  delegates  to  the  convention  to  the  Mississippi  River, 
made  as  a  result  of  the  official  invitations  of  the  managements  of  the  Chicago  & 
Galena  and  of  the  Chicago  &  Roclc  Island  railroad  companies  to  participate  in 
the  excursion  as  their  guests.  (See  Johnson's  Proceedings,  p.  167.)  Among 
those  who  came  to  Iowa  was  no  less  an  one  than  Mr.  Thurlow  Weed.  His 
biographer  informs  us  that  efforts  to  get  him  to  make  a  speech  to  the  convention 
after  the  defeat  of  Governor  Seward  were  unavailing  because  "Mr.  Weed  was 
already  preparing  to  leave  Chicago  for  the  Prairies  of  Iowa."  (Barnes'  Life, 
Vol.  II,  p.  267.)  Mr.  Weed  came  to  Iowa  City  where  he  stopped  in  connection  with 
some  private  business  matters,  according  to  information  given  the  writer  by  one 
of  the  citizens  of  Des  Moines,  who  happened  to  be  in  that  city  at  the  time  and 
met  him  at  the  hotel  at  which  he  staid. 


MEMORIES  OF  THE  CHICAGO  CONVENTION  OF  1860    4.65 

III 

CHARLES  C.  NOURSE  TO  SENATOR  JAMES  HARLAN 

In  the  way  of  striking  confirmation  of  the  general  accuracy 
of  Judge  Nourse's  recollections  of  the  general  considerations 
that  coerced  the  judgments  of  the  delegates  of  Iowa  to  the  Chi- 
cago convention  in  1860  there  is  reproduced  a  portion  of  a  letter 
he  wrote  to  Senator  James  Harlan,  Iowa's  senior  senator  at 
Washington,  dated  at  Des  Moines,  June  6,  1860.  Senator  Har- 
lan expected,  and  in  general  deemed  expedient,  and  as  a  strong 
opponent  of  slavery  desired  the  nomination  of  Governor  Seward. 
Judge  Nourse  was  a  staunch  supporter  of  Senator  Harlan's  and 
was  writing  him  in  explanation  of  his  own  course  and  that  of 
others  of  the  delegation  at  Chicago.  The  original  letter  is  in 
the  James  Harlan  manuscript  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Robert  T.  Lincoln  to  whom  the  interviewer  is  indebted  for  per- 
mission to  use. 

Des  Moines,  Iowa,  June  6,  1860 


"The  nomination  of  Lincoln  gives  us  great  strengtli  in  tliis 
Congressional  District.  I  voted  for  Lincoln  at  Chicago  on  every 
ballot.  By  his  nomination  and  the  platform  adopted  we  get  rid 
of  any  issues  in  regard  to  the  Fugitive  Slave  Law,  Slavery  in 
the  District  of  Columbia,  and  'No  more  Slave  State'  Doctrine. 
These  questions  about  which  republicans  are  not  agreed,  and 
about  w^hich  there  is  not  now  and  probably  will  not  be  any 
practical  issue  before  the  country,  have  been  continually  thrust 
into  the  canvass  by  Democratic  stumpers.  They  were  the  whole 
staple  of  Dodge's  tirade  and  with  John  Brow^n  and  Helper's  Im- 
pending Crisis  would  have  driven  all  old-line-Whigs  and  Fillmore 
men  from  us  if  Seward  had  been  nominated.  It  is  a  fact  that  we 
cannot  ignore  that  Clay,  Fillmore  and  other  Whigs  did  sustain 
the  Fugitive  Slave  Law  and  did  oppose  any  effort  to  disturb 
Slavery  in  the  District  and  never  gave  any  countenance  to  the 
unqualified  doctrine  of  "no  more  slave  states.'     With  Seward's 


466  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

nomination  we  could  not  have  held  the  same  position  as  now.  The 
question  of  Negro  suffrage  is  another  of  the  catch  questions 
which  would  have  been  thrust  into  the  campaign  to  our  prejudice 
in  case  of  Seward's  nomination.  We  would  also  have  lost  much, 
if  not  all  the  capital  we  have  in  this  campaign  in  the  extravagance 
and  corruption  of  the  Administration,  had  Seward  been  our  candi- 
date. However  honest  and  pure  Seward  may  be,  he  is  not  a 
political  economist  and  there  is  a  general  distrust  in  the  North- 
west of  that  class  of  N.  Y.  politicians  into  whose  hands  Seward, 
in  case  of  his  election,  would  in  his  magnanimity  to  his  friends, 
have  placed  our  P.  O.  and  custom  houses. 

"These  are  the  reasons,  I  think,  which  influenced  the  majority 
of  our  delegation  to  vote  against  Seward." 


CADETS  OF  TEMPERANCE 

We  are  much  gratified  to  learn  that  a  charter  has  been  ob- 
tained by  the  youth  of  this  place,  for  a  Section  of  the  juvenile 
branch  of  the  great  Temperance  family,  known  as  the  Cadets 
of  Temperance.  The  Cadets  of  Temperance  embrace  boys  from 
twelve  to  eighteen  years  of  age,  and  hold  to  the  same  sentiments 
and  observances  as  the  Sons.  Every  boy,  whose  parents  or 
guardian  will  consent,  should  become  a  Cadet.  Aside  from  the 
important  fact  that  it  will  throw  that  most  fearful  of  vices, 
intemperance,  and  elevate  his  nature  and  purify  his  heart  by  the 
noblest  and  most  exalted  moral  teachings  and  influences,  it  will 
be  a  great  advantage  in  an  intellectual  point  of  view.  Each 
Section  of  Cadets  elects  a  Minister  of  Affairs,  from  among  the 
Sons,  who  assists  in  conducting  affairs  and  preserving  order. 
The  Section  will  be  organized  next  week,  and  is  to  be  called,  we 
learn,  Hawkeye  Section,  No.  3,  of  Iowa. — Bloomington  Iowa 
Democratic  Enquirer,  Jan.  27,  IS^Q.  (In  the  newspaper  col- 
lection of  the  Historical  Department  of  Iowa.) 


ANNALS  OF  IOWA. 


EDITORIAL     DEPARTMENT 


A  NOTABLE  BEQUEST 

In  harmony  with  the  counsel  and  conduct  of  the  last  twenty- 
five  years  of  his  life.  General  Grenville  M.  Dodge  provided  in 
his  will,  executed  February  9,  1911,  the  following  bequest: 

*  *  *  *  * 

THIRD.  I  give  and  bequeath  to  the  Historical  Department  of  Iowa, 
of  which  E.  R.  Harlan  is  at  present  the  Curator,  my  Army  and  Civil 
Commissions  and  Diplomas  and  my  Army  Records,  Maps,  Photographs 
and  Reports  and  letters  of  Historical  interest;  also  all  my  records, 
Reports,  Maps,  Plans,  Letters,  Letter-hooks  relating  to  my  profession 
as  Civil  Engineer  and  especially  those  relating  to  the  surveys  and 
explorations  of  the  two  over-land  routes  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  the  Union 
Pacific  and  Texas-Pacific  hoth  of  which  are  of  historical  interest;  also 
one  of  the  seven  typewritten  volumes  of  the  compiled  and  complete 
records  of  my  life.  If  the  said  Historical  Department  shall  determine 
that  the  above  described  documents  and  records  supply  data  for  a 
publication  of  public  interest  or  utility  and  shall  arrange  for  such  a 
publication  in  such  a  manner  as  shall  be  approved  by  my  Executors 
and  Trustees,  hereinafter  named,  then  in  that  event,  I  authorize  my 
said  Executors  and  Trustees  to  contribute  out  of  my  estate  towards 
defraying  the  cost  of  preparing  and  publishing  the  same,  under  the 
auspices  of  the  said  Department,  a  sum  not  exceeding  Five  Thousand 
Dollars,  and  my  Trustees  and  Executors  are  also  entitled  to  ap- 
propriate out  of  my  estate  such  sum  as  their  judgment  would  approve 
for  any  suitable  monument  or  memorial  to  me. 

FOURTH.  My  painting  as  Grand-Marshal  of  the  Grant  Monument 
Inaugural  Parade,  twelve  feet  by  nine  feet  in  size,  painted  by  Whipple 
of  New  York,  I  donate  to  the  Union  League  Club  of  New  York  City, 
of  which  I  am  an  Honorary  member. 

*  ^  *  *  * 

Some  months  prior  to  the  death  of  General  Dodge  the  Curator 
of  the  Historical  Department  requested  that  he  present  to  our 
collections  the  painting  named  in  paragraph  four.  It  was  sent 
but  with  it  came  a  letter  from  General  Dodge  explaining  that 
it  belonged  to  the  Union  League  Club.     The  club  has  declined 


468  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

the  bequest  so  that  our  collections  become  the  final  repository 
for  this  great  memorial  canvas. 

Upon  his  last  visit  to  the  Historical  Department  General 
Dodge  was  shown  the  apartment  in  which  we  proposed  to  as- 
semble his  materials  as  a  Grenville  M.  Dodge  memorial.  The 
architectural  features  were  discussed  and  their  preparation  left 
with  the  approval  of  General  Dodge  to  his  friend^  the  eminent 
architect^  Emanuel  L.  Masqueray.  The  proposed  method  of 
treating  the  vast  manuscript  collections  and  the  publication 
features  were  broadly  canvassed.  Soon  after  the  death  of 
General  Dodge  our  Board  of  Trustees  approved  the  plan  of  the 
Curator  for  the  memorial  room  and  the  policy  of  publication, 
^nd  appointed  as  a  committee  thereon  Judge  Horace  E.  Deemer 
and  the  Curator. 

The  death  of  General  Dodge  occurred  on  January  3,  1916, 
that  of  Judge  Deemer  on  February  26,  1917,  and  of  Mr.  Mas- 
queray on  May  26,  1917.  The  general  outlines  for  both  the 
structural  and  literary  features  of  the  memorial  were  rapidly 
taking  shape  when  the  loss  of  these  two  advisers  came.  But  when 
the  whole  country  turned  its  attention  to  the  war  our  own 
department  awaited  more  settled  conditions  to  take  up  and  com- 
plete its  work  on  the  memorial  of  General  Dodge.  Recently 
we  have  received  the  final  portions  of  the  great  collection.  More 
than  a  million  items  of  written  and  printed  matter  not  only 
bearing  upon,  but  indispensable  to  the  understanding  of  western 
industrial,  political  and  military  subjects  of  greatest  importance 
are  now  assembled.  Plans  for  their  final  repository  and  use  will 
be  ready  to  be  announced  in  the  Annals  in  an  early  issue,  and 
their  completion  will,  we  believe,  be  in  full  compliance  with  the 
letter  and  spirit  of  the  great  bequest  of  General  Dodge. 


BLACKSTONE  ON  PRESERVING  HISTORICAL 
MATERIALS 

Sir  William  Blackstone,  in  Vol.  II  of  "Law  Tracts."  published 
at  "Oxford,  at  the  Clarendon  Press,  M.  DCC.  LXII."  presenting 
"the  Great  Charter  and  Charter  of  the  Forest,  with  other 
Authentic  Instruments:  to  which  is  prefixed  An  Introductory 
Discourse,  containing  The  History  of  the  Charters,"  explains  how 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  469 

the  original  parchment  manuscript  of  the  charters  happened  to 
remain  in  existence  in  his  time.  His  works  are  no  more  pertinent 
to  the  history  and  the  principles  of  English  common  law  than  are 
these  words  commendatory  of  the  traits  of  such  as  Charles 
Aldrich,  which  resulted  in  the  founding  and  promotion  of  Iowa 
historical  collections  in  our  own  institution.     Blackstone  says : 

New  as  this  account  may  appear  and  un- 
noticed by  all  our  hiftorians,  except  very  im- 
perfectly by  Tyrrel,  it  is  however  inconteft- 
ably  confirmed  by  the  original  charter  itfelf 
now  preferved  in  the  Bodleian  library  at  Ox- 
ford; from  which  the  following  copy  is  ve- 
ry carefully  and  exactly  printed.     This  char- 
ter is  in  breadth  feventeen  inches,  and  in 
length  (including  the  fold  for  the  label) 
twenty  three.     It  has  the  following  endorfe- 
ment  on  it  in  a  cotemporary  hand,  Magna 
Carta  Caps,  xiiij  de  Lane.  te.  which  feems  to 
have  been  a  mark  denoting  the  capfule  or 
drawer,  wherein  it  was  depofited  at  the  ab- 
bey of  Gloucefter,  to  which  religious  houfe 
it  is  thought  to  have  once  belonged.     In  a 
fomewhat  later  but  very  antient  hand  it  is  alfo 
thus  endorfed.  Carta  H.  regis  de  libertatibus 
magne  carte  H.  reg.  avi  noftri.     Regiftratur 

W at.     There  ftill  remain  affixed  to 

it  by  parchment  labels  the  feals  of  Gualo  the 
legate  and  William  Marefcall  earl  of  Pem- 
broke, the  former  in  white  wax,  the  latter 
in   green;    both   which   are   exhibited   with 
their  feveral  imperfections  in  the  plate, 
page  71. 

This  invaluable  piece  of  antiquity 
was  bequeathed  (among  others)  to  the 
univerfity  of  Oxford  by  the  late  reve- 
rend Richard  Furney,  M.  A.  arch- 
deacon of  Surry.     And  it  were  much 
to  be  wifhed  that  all  gentlemen,  who 
are  poffeffed  of  fimilar  curiofities, 
would  follow  fo  laudable  an  example, 
by  placing  them  in  fome  public  repofi- 
tary.     The  collecting  and  hoarding  of 
antiquities,  which,  when  confined  to 
private  amufement  and  felf-fatisfaction 
only,  are  too  juftly  the  object  of  ridi- 


470  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

cule,  would  then  be  of  fingular  advan- 
tage to  the  public.     However,  we  may 
congratulate  the  prefent  age  on  the 
profpect  there  is  of  feeing  the  paths  to 
thefe  hidden  treafures  made  fufficiently 
eafy  and  commodious,  not  only  by  the 
immenfe  fund  of  antient  learning  which 
the  wifdom  of  the  legiflature  has  amaff- 
ed  together  and  depofited  in  the  Britifh 
Muf eum ;  but  alf o  by  a  plan  which 
has  long  employed  the  attention  of  the 
noble  and  honourable  truftees  of  the 
Radcliffe   library   in   Oxford,   for   transfer- 
ring to  that  auguft  edifice  all  the  MSS 
which  are  at  prefent  the  property  of  the 
univerfity,  and  appropriating  it  for  the 
future  to  the  reception  of  MSS  only: 
a  defign,  which  will  exhibit  in  one 
view,  and  preferve  with  the  utmoft  fe- 
curity,  that  ineftimable  treafure  which 
now  lies  inconveniently  difperfed;  will 
give  room  for  the  daily  acceffions  of 
printed  books  to  the  Bodleian  library; 
will  perpetuate,  by  a  proper  arrange- 
ment, the  memory  of  former  benefac- 
tors to  letters,  and  be  the  means  of 
exciting  new  ones ;  and  will  in  the 
end  do  the  higheft  honour  to  the  name 
of  the  munificent  founder,  by  ftamping 
a  peculiar  and  moft  ufeful  character  of 
its  own  on  that  noble  ftructure,  which 
it  ever  muft  want  if  confidered  only  as 
a  fupplement  to  former  libraries.    How 
far  this  plan  will  be  adopted,  is  not 
hitherto  fully  determined;  yet  it  can- 
not but  feem  an  aufpicious  omen,  that 
the  ample  firft-fruits  of  doctor  Rad- 
cliffe's  endowment  have  been  lately 
applied  with  the  utmoft  propriety  to 
the  purchafe  of  M.  Frafer's  very  curious 
and  numerous  collection  of  oriental 
MSS. 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  471 


STATE  BOARD  OF  CONSERVATION 

According  to  announcement  in  the  July  Annals,  we  herewith 
set  out  in  abstract  the  proceedings  of  the  Board  of  Conservation, 
after  the  meeting  of  July  28,  1 91 8.  The  minutes  of  that  meet- 
ing and  all  prior  thereto  occur  in  the  Report  of  Conservation, 
1919,  pp.  11-28. 

August  30,   1919  ^ 

Communications. — Secretary  of  Executive  Council  advised  the  Board 
that  ten  cents  per  mile  per  member  for  necessary  automobile  passage 
would  be  allowed. 

Resolutions. — Account  of  expense  incurred  to  be  entered  in  a  book 
by  the  secretary  so  that  the  Board  may  know  instantly  at  all  times  all 
details  of  said  accounts.  Expenditures  to  be  within  the  clear  purview 
of  prior  minutes  of  meetings  certified  to  each  member  by  the  secretary. 
Expenditures  evidenced  by  statements  and  audited  by  the  Board  to  be 
certified  by  the  secretary  to  the  Executive  Council  for  payment. 

Regular  Meetings. — Until  further  arrangement  the  Board  to  meet  on 
the  1st  and  3rd  Friday  of  each  month,  at  the  oifice  of  the  secretary. 

Consideration  of  Areas. — One  or  more  members  to  make  preliminary 
inspection  and  re])ort  essentials  at  next  meeting  of  Board,  which  as  a 
whole  shall  then  visit  the  area,  enter  into  written  agreement  if  approved, 
subject  to  approval  of  Executive  Council,  inspections  to  be  grouped  for 
minimum  of  expense  and  time. 

Reviezo  of  Business  as  to  Each  Area. — Oakland  Mills — progress  re- 
ported; Fairfield  Chautauqua  Grounds — secretary  to  arrange  meeting 
at  Fairfield  to  consider  this  and  Big  Cedar  Bluffs  in  same  county;  near 
Keokuk  and  Murray's  Landing — secretary  to  inquire  for  details;  in 
Louisa  County — re})ort  by  Pammel  and  Harlan  on  visit  to  Toolsboro, 
Odessa  Lake,  Myerholts  I^ake  and  mouth  of  Iowa  River,  showing  same 
to  be  replete  with  points  of  interest  to  history,  science  and  recreation; 
Farmington  and  Keosauqua — secretary  to  secure  final  descriptive  data, 
maps,  etc.,  and  certify  approval  of  Board  to  Executive  Council;  Donahue 
Park  and  Amana — deferred  for  the  present;  Morehead  Caves — ap- 
proved for  all  essentials,  referred  to  Kelso  for  negotiation;  Catfish 
Creek,  Tete  de  Morts,  Durango  Road  and  Swiss  Hollow — referred  to 
Kelso;  Wildcat  Den — sixty  acres  tendered  to  state  cost  free  upon  state 
acquiring  certain  additional  lands — proposition  approved  and  referred 
to  Kelso  and  Harlan  for  completion;  Cedar  Heights  and  Island  above 
Cedar  Falls — secretary  to  write  interested  parties;  Waverly  Park, 
Bixby's  Park,  Iowa  Falls,  Steamboat  Rock,  Waterville,  Nashua, 
Meader  Woods,  Decorah,  Cedar  Valley,  Rochester  and  Gray's  Ford — 
referred  to  Pammel;  Little  Wall  Lake,  Twin  Sisters'  Lake,  Cornelia 
Lake  and  Clear  Lake — referred  to  Pammel  and  Albert;  Yellow  River, 
Arlington,  Monticello,  Palisades,  Madison  County,  Hepburn  Park,  Oak- 
land— referred  to  Harlan;  Eveland  Park,  Des  Moines  Bluffs,  Monkey 
Mountain,  Eddyville,  Garrison  Rock,  Wapello's  Grave,  Agency,  Old 
Farlow   Road,   Russell  Lakes,   Forks   of  the  Coon,   Carlisle,   Indianola, 

^For  brevity  this  record  will  omit  roll  calls  and  other  repeated  language 
except  where  the  same  is  an  important  part  of  the  business. 


472  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

Ford,  Buckingham  Lake  and  Backbone  Park — deferred  to  September  6; 
Red  Rock — referred  to  Kelso,  Ford  and  Harlan;  Big  Boulder,  Mitchell 
County — referred  to  Ford. 

September  5,  1919 

Resolutions, — Resolutions  were  adopted  covering  the  following 
matters: 

That  Kelso  be  an  audit  committee  to  whom  accounts  of  the  Board 
shall  be  sent  for  inspection  and  approval  before  secretary  certifies  to 
Executive  Council. 

Oakland  Chautauqua  Grounds  proffered  by  their  owners,  cost  free, 
and  having  been  inspected  and  approved  by  the  chairman,  Mr.  Ford  is 
directed  to  inspect  and  finally  negotiate  for  the  same  and  such  ad- 
ditional grounds  as  may  seem  expedient. 

Board  concurs  with  request  of  Executive  Council  to  participate  in 
planning  and  conducting  dedicatory  functions;  of  creating  a  system  of 
co-ordinating  the  two  bodies;  of  forming  joint  authority  for  fixing 
amounts  to  be  paid  for  lands,  and  forms  committees  for  carrying  out 
these  provisions. 

Chairman  authorized  to  join  Fish  and  Game  Warden  as  a  com- 
mittee to  locate  areas  on  each  of  the  lakes  named  and  report  to  the 
full  Board.  Secretary  is  directed  to  do  likewise,  with  respect  to  the 
Ledges,  Twin  Lakes,  Storm  Lake,  Peterson  Park,  Gitchie  Manitou, 
Ocheyedan  Mound  and  Stone  Park. 

The  Board  understands  it  supercedes  Fish  and  Game  Department  in 
carrying  out  lake  improvements,  but  as  no  report  or  sufficient  informa- 
tion has  been  furnished  the  Board  on  which  to  base  its  study,  opinion 
or  judgment,  it  asks  the  secretary  to  formally  request  of  the  Executive 
Council  a  statement  of  the  legal  and  pecuniary  status  of  this  Board 
with  respect  to  such  lake  improvements  under  Section  2,  Chapter  236, 
Acts  of  Thirty-seventh  General  Assembly  and  amendments  thereto,  and 
of  the  policies,  contracts,  purposes  and  projects  of  the  Fish  and  Game 
Department  and  Executive  Council  with  which  this  Board  should  be 
concerned. 

All  lake  areas  referred  to  committee  composed  of  the  chairman  and 
State  Fish  and  Game  Warden;  matters  relating  to  dams,  water  levels, 
riparian  rights,  dredging,  reclamation  or  other  matters  involving 
authority  of  Executive  Council,  Fish  and  Game  Department,  Board 
of  Conservation,  counties,  municipalities  or  drainage  districts  to  be 
assembled  by  the  secretary  of  the  Board  so  that  an  itinerary  of  any 
or  all  concerned  to  all  the  places  may  be  arranged,  hearings  held  and 
conclusions  reached  in  the  month  of  October. 

Consideration  of  Areas. — Oakville,  Myerholtz  and  Odessa  Lakes  and 
Toolsboro  Mounds  visited  by  Ford  and  Kelso — action  deferred;  Farm- 
ington  and  Keosauqua — certified  for  acquisition;  reports  by  members 
of  investigation  on  Greene,  Nashua,  Rochester,  Tama,  Red  Rock,  Davis 
City,  Chariton,  The  Ledges,  Twin  Lakes,  Tuttle  Lake,  Iowa  Lake,  Little 
Wall  Lake,  Pilot  Knob,  Woodman's  Hollow,  Boneyard  Hollow,  Wild- 
cat Cave,  Storm  Lake,  Peterson  Park,  West  Okoboji,  Gitchie  Manitou, 
Ocheyedan  Mound,  Horseshoe  Bend,  Wall  Lake  and  Stone  Park. 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  473 


NOTABLE  DEATHS 


Benjamik  Franklin  Allex  was  born  at  Salem,  Indiana,  April  27, 
1829,  and  died  at  Hollywood,  California,  April  14,  1914.  The  body  was 
cremated  and  the  ashes  placed  in  the  family  lot  in  Woodland  ceme- 
tery, Des  Moines.  He  came  to  Des  Moines  in  1848,  bringing  several 
thousand  dollars  with  him  and  began  active  and  extensive  business 
operations.  He  early  exhibited  great  talent  as  a  business  man.  With 
Jonathan  Lyon,  he  at  once  entered  the  general  mercantile  business 
on  the  corner  of  Second  and  Vine  streets.  In  1850  with  Charles 
Van  he  built  a  steam  sawmill  at  the  south  end  of  the  old  Coon  River 
bridge.  There  was  a  great  quantity  of  good  timber  near,  especially 
black  walnut,  and  they  had  a  big  business.  In  1851  he  and  R.  W. 
Sypher  purchased  a  steamboat  at  St,  Louis  and  put  it  in  the  Des 
Moines  River  traffic.  In  1855  he  established  a  bank  and  soon  obtained 
an  immense  business.  He  successfully  came  through  the  wildcat 
banking  period  of  1855  to  1858,  maintaining  his  credit  and  winning 
recognition  as  one  of  the  leading  bankers  of  the  West.  In  1860  he 
was  a  member  of  the  city  council.  In  1865  he  organized  the  first  gas 
company  of  Des  Moines.  The  same  year  with  others  he  organized  the 
Hawkeye  Insurance  Company.  He  became  a  stockholder  and  director 
in  the  Rock  Island  railroad  and  assisted  it  to  reach  Des  Moines  in 
1867.  In  1869  he  built  on  Grand  Avenue  the  most  magnificent  residence 
in  Iowa,  later  and  now  the  mansion  of  Mr.  F.  M.  Hubbell.  The  same 
year  he  was  elected  to  the  state  senate  and  served  in  the  Thirteenth 
and  Fourteenth  General  Assemblies  and  was  influential  in  securing  the 
legislation  providing  for  the  new  Capitol  building.  In  1871  he  organ- 
ized the  Des  Moines  Water  Company.  In  1874  he  went  to  Chicago 
and  took  over  the  Cook  County  National  Bank.  Here  he  met  disaster, 
the  failure  swallowing  up  his  entire  fortune,  including  his  Des  Moines 
properties.  Soon  thereafter  he  went  to  Southern  California  where  he 
was  interested  for  a  time  in  fruit  growing,  had  an  imnortant  Dosition 
supervising  forestry  service  in  California  fo^  ^^'^  Federal  Government 
for  some  years,  but  for  several  years  of  his  later  life,  lived  in  retire- 
ment. He  is  credited  with  doing  more  toward  developing  the  city  of 
Des  Moines  in  its  early  history  than  any  other  one  man. 


Bernard  Murphy  was  born  at  Brookline,  Massachusetts,  September 
24,  1847,  and  died  at  Vinton,  Iowa,  February  28,  1918.  He  came  with  his 
parents  to  Poweshiek  County,  Iowa,  in  1859,  where  they  located  on  a 
farm  about  four  miles  south-west  of  Belle  Plaine.  He  worked  on 
farms  in  this  neighborhood  and  in  the  south  part  of  Benton  County 
until  1867  when  he  went  to  Vinton  and  commenced  to  learn  the  printer's 
trade.     Remaining  there  until  1870  he  went  to   Des   Moines  and  was 


474  AISTNALS  OF  IOWA 

employed  by  the  Clarksons,  the  proprietors  of  the  8tate  Register,  for 
three  years,  except  for  a  short  time  he  spent  in  Denver  working  on 
the  Rocky  Mountain  News.  In  1874  he  assisted  in  establishing  the  Truer 
Clipper,  but  in  1876  became  a  partner  in  the  ownership  of  the  Vinton 
Eagle.  In  1886  he  became  the  sole  owner  of  the  Eagle,  and  continued 
as  such  until  1913  when  his  son  became  part  owner  with  him.  For 
some  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  city  council  of  Vinton.  He  was 
postmaster  at  Vinton  from  1897  to  1901,  and  state  printer  from  1901 
to  1906.  He  was  an  alternate  delegate  to  the  Republican  national 
convention  at  Minneapolis  in  1892  and  was  a  presidential  elector  on  the 
Republican  ticket  in  1916.  He  was  grand  chancellor  of  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  Iowa,  Knights  of  Pythias,  in  1901  and  was  representative  to  the 
supreme  lodge  of  that  order  from  1912  until  the  time  of  his  death. 
He  was  untiring  in  his  work  for  the  Iowa  College  for  the  Blind  at 
Vinton,  and  his  work  for  Linnie  Hagewood,  the  blind  and  deaf  girl,  the 
Helen  Kellar  of  Iowa,  will  long  be  remembered.  His  interest  in  educa- 
tion was  such  that  he  was  appointed  as  a  member  of  the  Better  School 
Commission.  His  greatest  work,  however,  was  on  the  editorial  page  of 
his  paper.  In  originality  and  in  creative  and  constructive  power  he 
was  not  excelled  by  any  writer  in  the  state.  He  took  an  active  part 
in  district  and  state  editorial  association  meetings,  and  for  years 
attended  them  and  ahVays  gave  interest  and  inspiration  by  his  presence. 
He  was  also  a  well  known  figure  at  Republican  district  and  state  con- 
ventions, where  he  had  a  large  influence.  He  had  good  judgment,  good 
ability,  rugged  honesty,  a  sense  of  humor  and  a  love  of  his  fellow  men 
that  made  of  him  a  real  leader  in  Iowa. 


Voltaire  P.  Twombly  was  born  near  Farmington,  Van  Buren  County, 
Iowa,  February  21,  1842,  and  died  at  Des  Moines,  February  24,  1918. 
His  parents  had  emigrated  from  Massachusetts  with  the  Free  Thought 
Colony  founded  by  Abner  Kneeland  near  Farmington  in  1839  and 
named  Salubria.  A  few  months  after  his  birth  his  father  died  and  the 
widowed  mother  with  her  infant  son  removed  to  Keosauqua.  There  he 
attended  public  school  and  Lane's  Academy.  He  volunteered  as  a 
private  in  Company  F,  Second  Iowa  Infantry  and  was  mustered  in 
May  27,  1861.  In  October,  1861,  he  was  promoted  to  seventh  corporal 
and  detailed  as  a  color  bearer.  In  the  famous  charge  on  Ft.  Donalson, 
five  color  bearers  of  his  regiment  were  shot  down  in  succession,  when 
he  caught  up  the  colors,  and  although  knocked  down  once  by  a  spent 
ball,  succeeded  in  carrying  them  forward  and  planting  them  on  top  of 
the  enemy's  works.  He  was  then  promoted  to  lieutenant.  At  Corinth 
he  was  severely  wounded  and  again  at  Jonesboro.  In  June,  1864,  he 
was  promoted  to  adjutant  of  the  regiment  and  in  November  became 
captain  of  Company  K.  In  1865  he  was  acting-  inspector  general  of 
the  Fifth  Army  Corps.  He  was  mustered  out  July  12,  1865,  returned 
home,  attended  Bryant  &  Stratton's  Business  College  at  Burlington  for 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  475 

awhile,  and  then  was  two  years  at  Ottumwa  in  the  grain,  flour  and 
grocery  business.  Removing  to  Pittsburg,  Van  Buren  County,  he 
followed  milling  nine  years,  when  he  removed  to  Keosauqua  and  en- 
gaged in  the  mercantile  business.  In  1880  he  was  elected  county 
treasurer  of  Van  Buren  County  and  was  re-elected  two  years  later.  In 
1884  he  was  elected  treasurer  of  state  and  was  twice  re-elected,  serving 
until  January,  1891.  Soon  thereafter  he  entered  the  Home  Savings 
Bank  of  Des  Moines  as  its  president  and  acted  in  that  capacity  for 
ten  years.  The  last  few  years  of  his  life  were  spent  in  retirement.  He 
was  quiet  and  unobtrusive,  but  was  held  in  high  esteem  because  of 
his  integrity  and  good  judgment. 

Edward  Hookkr  Gillette  was  born  at  Bloomfield,  Connecticut,  Oc- 
tober 1,  1840,  and  died  at  his  home  near  Valley  Junction,  Iowa,  August 
14,  1918.  He  graduated  from  the  Hartford,  Connecticut,  High  School 
and  the  New  York  State  Agricultural  College  at  Ovid,  New  York. 
Intending  to  devote  himself  to  agriculture,  on  leaving  college  in  1863  he 
came  to  Iowa,  bought  a  farm  in  Dallas  county  and  engaged  in  raising 
nigh  bred  stock.  Shortly  thereafter  he  bought  a  farm  immediately 
west  of  Des  Moines  at  the  end  of  Grand  Avenue  and  adjoining  what  is 
now  the  city  of  Valley  Junction.  He  made  his  home  for  a  while  in  Des 
Moines  and  was  interested  not  only  in  farming  but  in  manufacturing 
and  in  other  business  enterprises.  He  became  active  in  farmers'  organ- 
izations, especially  in  their  contests  with  railroad  corporations  and  with 
the  barbed  wire  trusts.  He  was  an  active  organizer  of  the  Anti- 
monopoly  party  in  1874  and  the  Greenback  party  in  1876.  In  1876 
he  was  a  delegate  to  the  national  convention  of  the  Greenback  party 
that  nominated  Peter  Cooper  for  president,  and  that  year  he  took  an 
active  part  in  the  campaign,  speaking  in  many  states.  In  1878  the 
Greenback  party  of  the  Seventh  Iowa  District  nominated  him  for  con- 
gress and  the  Democratic  party  fusing  with  it,  he  was  elected  and 
served  in  the  Forty-sixth  Congress.  In  1880  he  was  renominated  but 
was  defeated  by  John  A.  Kasson.  Mr.  Gillette  and  General  Weaver 
having  started  the  State  Tribune  Mr.  Gillette  became  its  editor  in  1881 
and  remained  such  until  1891.  For  over  twenty  years  he  was  active  in 
politics,  speaking  in  practically  every  state  in  the  union.  He  was  chair- 
man of  the  national  committee  of  the  Greenback  party  at  one  time  and 
chairman  of  the  state  committee  of  the  Union  Labor  party  for  several 
years.  He  was  the  nominee  of  the  Democratic  party  in  1898  for  auditor 
of  state.  The  later  years  of  his  life  were  spent  in  quiet  retirement  at 
his  home  near  Valley   Junction. 


Nathaniel  French  was  born  at  Andover,  Massachusetts,  September 
7,  1854,  and  died  at  Tuscon,  Arizona,  February  14,  1920.  Burial  was 
at  Davenport,  Iowa.  When  a  child  he  removed  with  his  parents  to 
Davenport.  There  he  attended  common  school  and  Griswold  College 
and  completed  his  education  at  Harvard  and  Heidelburg  universities. 


476  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

Choosing  the  law  for  his  profession,  at  Peoria,  Illinois,  he  read  in  the 
office  of  Robert  G.  Ingersoll,  an  intimate  friend  of  his  father,  and  com- 
menced practice  there.  In  the  late  '70's  he  returned  to  Davenport,  enter- 
ing the  practice  there  with  John  W.  Thompson.  In  1882  he  was  ap- 
pointed city  attorney  and  in  1883  was  elected  circuit  judge,  serving 
until  1886.  He  then  retired  from  the  law  practice  and  took  over  the 
management  of  the  manufacturing  interests  of  the  French  family,  his 
father  having  recently  died.  From  1889  to  1896  he  was  with  the  Eagle 
Manufacturing  Company,  which  was  later  sold  and  removed  to  Kansas 
City.  In  1888  the  Bettendorf  Wheel  Works  was  organized  by  Judge 
French  and  William  P.  Bettendorf.  Later  this  became  the  firm  of 
French  &  Hecht.  They  maintained  one  large  factory  at  Davenport 
and  another  at  Springfield,  Ohio,  and  became  the  largest  metal  wheel 
manufacturers  in  the  world.  For  years  Judge  French  was  a  director 
in  the  First  National  Bank  of  Davenport.  When  a  receiver  was  ap- 
pointed for  the  Rock  Island  lines  he  became  a  director.  He  was  a 
gold  standard  Democrat  and  supported  Palmer  in  1896.  During  the 
World  War  he  served  as  chairman  of  the  exemption  board  at  Davenport, 
and  the  arduous  duties  likely  hastened  his  death.  He  was  a  man  of 
large  wealth,  a  lawyer  of  unusual  ability,  and  a  philanthropist  and 
public-spirited  citizen  of  much  influence.  His  brother  is  Col.  George 
W.  French,  and  his  sister.  Miss  Alice  French,  known  in  the  literary  world 
as  Octave  Thanet,  of  Davenport. 


LuMAK  H.  Weller  was  born  at  Bridgewater,  Connecticut,  August  24, 
1833,  and  died  at  a  sanitarium  in  Minneapolis,  Minnesota,  March  2,  1914. 
Interment  was  made  at  his  home  at  Nashua,  Iowa.  His  education  was 
obtained  in  the  common  schools  of  Connecticut,  State  Normal  School 
and  Literary  Institute  of  Suffield.  He  came  to  Iowa  in  1858  and 
settled  on  a  farm  near  Nashua,  which  was  his  home  from  then  until 
his  death.  He  was  admitted  to  practice  law  in  both  the  state  and 
federal  courts.  In  1865  he  was  justice  of  the  peace.  He  also  served 
as  a  member  of  the  county  board  of  supervisors.  In  1867  he  was  an 
independent  candidate  for  the  general  assembly.  He  identified  himself 
with  many  new  movements,  it  is  said  with  practically  all  ot  them  except 
socialism  and  woman  suffrage.  In  1882  he  was  elected  to  congress 
from  the  Fourth  Iowa  District  on  the  fusion  ticket  of  the  Greenback 
and  Democratic  parties,  and  in  1884  he  was  defeated  for  congress  by 
William  E.  Fuller  by  only  200  votes.  He  was  twice  a  candidate  for 
governor,  twice  for  judge  of  the  supreme  court  and,  in  1908,  was  a 
candidate  for  vice-president  of  the  United  States  on  the  American 
ticket.  He  was  president  of  his  local  grange,  a  prominent  leader  in 
the  Knights  of  Labor,  president  of  the  Chosen  Farmers  of  Amercia  and 
a  member  of  the  national  committee  of  the  Peoples  Party  for  many 
years.  For  some  twenty  years  he  was  editor  of  the  Farmers'  Advocate. 
He  was  a  reformer  by  nature,  was  sincere  and  earnest  and  struck  hard 
blows  at  monoply  and  corruption  in  hii?h  places.  He  was  widely  and 
affectionately  called  "Calamity  Weller." 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  477 

Thomas  Jeffersox  Steele  was  born  in  Rush  County,  Indiana,  March 
19,  1853,  and  died  in  Sioux  City,  Iowa,  March  21,  1920.  In  1859  he  re- 
moved with  his  parents  to  Coles  County,  Illinois,  and  in  1862  to  Jeffer- 
son County,  Iowa.  Here  he  attended  common  school  and,  later,  Axline 
Academy  (now  defunct).  After  two  years  in  the  academy  he  commenced 
teaching  public  schools,  which  he  continued  several  years.  He  later 
farmed  and  worked  at  the  carpenter  trade  in  northwestern  Iowa. 
When  the  grasshopper  plague  came  he  had  to  return  to  school  teaching 
to  make  a  living.  He  studied  law  with  Barrett  &  Bullis  at  Sheldon 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  but  did  not  enter  the  practice.  He  entered 
the  retail  merchandise  business  at  Wayne,  Nebraska,  took  control  of  the 
First  National  Bank  and  organized  a  big  cattle  feeding  company.  In 
1893  he  removed  to  Tyndall,  South  Dakota,  established  a  lumber  yard 
and  also  went  extensively  into  the  cattle  business.  In  1895  he  entered 
the  live  stock  brokerage  and  commission  business  in  Sioux  City.  He 
continued,  however,  to  develop  his  South  Dakota  holdings,  having  one 
ranch  there  of  20,000  acres.  Although  the  Eleventh  Iowa  Congressional 
District  was  normally  Republican  by  several  thousand,  he  was  elected 
to  Congress  as  a  Democrat  in  1914  by  a  majority  of  3,659  and  served 
in  the  Sixty-fourth  Congress.  In  1916  he  was  again  his  party's  nominee 
and  was  defeated  by  131  votes.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  had  been 
selected  as  one  of  the  delegates  at  large  from  Iowa  to  the  Democratic 
National  Convention  at  San  Francisco.  He  was  a  very  successful  busi- 
ness man  and  was  deservedly  popular. 


Fraxk  D.  Bayless  was  born  at  Pendleton,  Madison  County,  Indiana, 
October  9,  1840,  and  died  at  Los  Angeles,  California,  March  7,  1920. 
Burial  was  at  Elkader,  Iowa.  He  came  west  by  ox  team  with  his  mother 
and  her  family  in  1853.  In  1855  they  located  in  Dodge  County,  Minne- 
sota, where  he  worked  on  a  farm.  In  1856  he  returned  to  Indiana  and 
attended  high  school  two  years.  In  1858  he  again  went  to  Minnesota 
and  farmed,  taught  school  and  studied  medicine.  In  1861  he  enlisted 
in  the  Second  Minnesota  Infantry  and  served  until  his  health  became 
impaired,  when  he  was  honorably  discharged.  Soon  thereafter,  however, 
he  re-enlisted  in  the  Third  Minnesota  Infantry,  serving  until  September, 
1865.  He  then  became  a  drug  clerk  and  in  1866  removed  to  Elkader, 
Iowa,  and  entered  the  drug  business  on  his  own  account.  He  was  very 
successful  and  established  several  branch  stores  at  neighboring  towns. 
He  was  enterprising,  public-spirited  and  helpful  to  his  community.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  local  school  board  continuously  for  twenty-four 
years.  In  1883  he  was  elected  to  the  state  senate  as  a  Democrat  and  was 
re-elected  in  1887,  serving  in  the  Twentieth,  Twenty-first,  Twenty-second 
and  Twenty-third  General  Assemblies.  During  his  service  in  the  senate 
he  became  recognized  as  a  legislator  of  ability,  independence  and  good 
business  judgment.  In  the  Twenty-third  General  Assembly  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Ways  and  Means,  Railways,  Public  Health  and  Printing 
committees  and  was  chairman  of  the  Military  committee. 


478  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

Mathew  Simpson  Hughes  was  born  at  West  Union,  West  Virginia, 
February  2,  1863,  and  died  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  April  4,  1920.  The  final 
funeral  rites  were  observed  at  Portland,  Oregon.  He  was  a  son  of 
the  Reverend  and  Mrs.  Thomas  B.  Hughes.  He  was  educated  in  the 
common  schools,  in  Linsley  Institute  and  in  the  University  of  West  Vir- 
ginia. On  leaving  the  University  he  became  city  editor  of  the  Parkers- 
burg  Daily  Journal  In  1884,  although  but  little  past  twenty-one,  he 
achieved  state  wide  distinction  as  a  political  orator,  speaking  in  the  in- 
terest of  the  Republican  party.  In  1886  he  was  converted  and  at  once  de- 
cided to  enter  the  ministry  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  In  Sep- 
tember, 1887,  he  received  his  first  appointment,  that  of  Ewart  Circuit  in 
Poweshiek  County,  Iowa.  From  that  little  circuit  of  four  points  he  went 
as  pastor  to  Malcom  in  1888-89,  to  Grinnell  in  1889-90,  to  Chestnut  Street 
Church,  Portland,  Maine,  in  1890-94,  to  Wesley  Church,  Minneapolis, 
Minnesota,  1894-98,  to  Independence  Avenue  Church,  Kansas  City,  Mis- 
souri, in  1898-1908  and  to  First  Church,  Pasadena,  California,  in  1908-16. 
He  was  elected  a  bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church  at  the 
General  Conference  held  at  Saratoga  Springs,  New  York,  in  1916.  From 
1916  to  1920  he  was  resident  bishop  at  Portland,  Oregon.  He  was  an 
orator  of  national  reputation. 

Alfred  N.  HoEsoisr  was  born  at  Allegheny  City,  Pennsylvania,  April 
1,  1848,  and  died  at  a  hospital  at  Rochester,  Minnesota,  April  11,  1918. 
Interment  was  at  West  Union,  Iowa.  He  came  with  his  parents  to 
Fayette  County,  Iowa,  in  1855,  and  to  West  Union  in  1858.  He  attended 
public  schools,  the  Upper  Iowa  University  at  Fayette  and,  for  a  short 
time,  the  State  University  of  Iowa.  He  read  law  with  his  father,  Joseph 
Hobson,  and  with  L.  L.  Ainsworth,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1870. 
For  a  short  time  thereafter  he  was  in  the  revenue  department  at 
Dubuque,  but  in  1875  he  became  a  law  partner  of  Mr.  Ainsworth  on 
the  latter  being  elected  to  congress.  This  partnership  continued  until 
the  fall  of  1894  when  Mr.  Hobson  was  elected  a  judge  of  the  Thirteenth 
Judicial  District.  This  position  he  continued  to  hold  for  twenty-three 
years,  or  until  his  death.  The  estimation  in  which  he  was  held  by  the 
people  of  his  district  was  indicated  by  the  fact  that  his  re-elections 
were  made  with  but  little  or  no  opposition.  His  record  on  the  bench 
gave  evidence  of  judicial  talent  of  a  high  order.  At  differeni;  umes  ne 
was  prominently  mentioned  as  a  member  of  the  state  supreme  court, 
and  in  1910  all  the  counties  of  his  judicial  and  congressional  districts 
solidly  supported  him  for  nomination  to  that  position.  In  1916  he  was 
president  of  the  state  bar  association. 


Hugh  Breknan  was  born  in  County  Monaghan,  Ireland,  March  12, 
1845,  and  died  in  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  March  15,  1920.  He  emigrated  to 
America  in  1850  with  his  parents,  who  first  located  at  Philadelphia, 
then  at  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania.  In  1865  he  came  to  Des  Moines. 
Here  he  worked  as  an  engineer  in  a  pottery,  and  later  as  a  coal  miner. 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  479 

From  1873  to  1877  he  was  a  member  of  the  Des  Moines  police  force,  and 
in  1877  was  appointed  deputy  sheriff  of  Polk  County.  Soon  after 
becoming  a  peace  officer  he  took  up  the  study  of  law,  devoting  his  time 
to  it  while  not  on  duty.  He  read  with  Smith  &  Baylies  (Seward  Smith 
and  Ripley  N,  Baylies)  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1878  whUe  he 
was  still  deputy  sheriff.  In  1880  Mr.  Baylies  retired  and  Mr.  Brennan 
entered  the  firm.  In  1881  he  retired  as  deputy  sheriff  and  devoted  him- 
self to  the  practice  of  law.  In  1866  he  was  appointed  assistant  city 
solicitor  of  Des  Moines  and  served  until  1890  when  he  was  elected  city 
solicitor.  From  1903  until  1914  he  served  as  a  district  judge  in  Polk 
County,  being  three  times  elected  to  that  position.  Both  as  a  peace 
officer  and  as  a  judge  on  the  bench  he  acquitted  himself  with  honor. 
In  overcoming  the  handicaps  of  poverty  and  in  winning  his  way  unaided 
to  an  honorable  position  in  a  learned  profession,  his  was  a  remarkable 
career. 


J.  D,  M.  Hamiltox  was  born  at  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  in  1851, 
and  died  at  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  September  20,  1914.  In  1851,  when 
only  an  infant,  he  came  with  his  parents  to  Fort  Madison,  Iowa.  He 
attended  common  school  there,  Knox  College  at  Galesburg,  Illinois,  and 
was  graduated  from  the  law  department  of  Washington  University, 
Saint  Louis,  in  1875.  He  became  city  attorney  of  Fort  Madison  and 
in  1877  was  elected  representative  in  the  Seventeenth  General  As- 
sembly. He  attained  prominence  politically.  He  was  a  candidate  for 
presidential  elector  on  the  Democratic  ticket  and  was  appointed  by 
Governor  Sherman  as  a  member  of  the  commission  to  locate  and  build 
the  hospital  for  the  insane  in  the  southwest  part  of  the  state.  In  1886, 
he  was  chairm.an  of  the  committee  on  resolutions  at  the  Democratic 
state  convention.  In  1887  he  was  elected  mayor  of  Fort  Madison.  In 
1884  he  was  grand  chancellor  of  the  Grand  Lodge,  Knights  of  Pythias 
of  Iowa.  He  was  recognized  as  one  of  the  ablest  lawyers  of  the  state 
and  he  obtained  an  extensive  practice.  He  was  appointed  claims  at- 
torney for  the  A.  T.  &  S.  F.  Ry.  Co.  and  removed  to  Topeka,  Kansas, 
where  he  lived  several  years  during  the  latter  part  of  his  life. 


WiLLARD  Chauxcy  Earle  was  born  at  Honesdale,  Pennsylvania,  Oc- 
tober 7,  1833,  and  died  in  Florida,  February  10,  1920.  Burial  was  at 
Waukon,  Iowa.  He  was  educated  in  public  schools.  He  came  to  Waukon 
in  1854  and  worked  in  a  sawmill.  In  October,  1861,  he  enlisted  in  the 
Union  Army  and  was  elected  captain  of  Company  B,  Twelfth  Iowa 
Infantry.  In  1863  he  raised  and  commanded  the  Seventieth  United 
States  Colored  Infantry.  In  1865  he  resigned  to  attend  Jefferson 
Medical  College,  Philadelphia,  and  in  1867  graduated  therefrom.  Re- 
turning to  Waukon  he  practiced  medicine  there  twenty-five  years.  He 
was  interested  in  the  mercantile  business,  stock  and  grain  shipping  and 
banking.  He  was  active  in  promoting  the  building  of  the  railroad  to 
Waukon.     In  1881  he  was  elected  representative  and  served  in  the  Nine- 


480  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

teenth  General  Assembly,  and  in  1886  was  elected  senator  to  fill  the  un- 
expired term  in  the  Twenty-first  General  Assembly  of  William  Larrabee 
when  the  latter  became  governor.  He  was  again  elected  representative 
in  1906  and  served  in  the  Thirty-second  and  Thirty-second  extra  General 
Assemblies. 


William  Battix  was  born  in  Columbiana  County,  Ohio,  June  24,  1832, 
and  died  at  Marshalltown,  Iowa,  February  8,  1918.  He  was  of  Quaker 
parentage  and  rearing.  He  attended  country  school,  taught  school  at 
Lisbon,  Salem  and  Damascus,  Ohio,  and  clerked  in  stores.  He  came 
to  Iowa  City,  Iowa,  in  1856  and  to  Marshall  County  in  1857,  and  estab- 
lished a  store.  The  brick  building  in  which  he  had  this  store  is  said  to  be 
still  standing.  In  1859  he  was  elected  county  judge  of  Marshall  County  on 
the  issue  of  removing  the  county  seat  from  Marietta  to  Marshalltown, 
he  favoring  Marshalltown.  After  Marshalltown  won  the  removal  con- 
test by  an  election  and  had  successfully  resisted  Marietta's  efforts  to 
defeat  the  removal  by  court  actions,  a  counter  movement  was  started 
to  change  the  county  seat  to  Albion,  and  the  case  arising  in  that  move- 
ment was  tried  before  Judge  Battin,  Marshalltown  winning.  He  declined 
to  be  a  candidate  for  re-election.  A  few  years  thereafter  he  removed 
to  a  farm  near  Marshalltown  and  in  1890  removed  to  that  city.  He  held 
several  township  offices,  including  justice  of  the  peace. 


Mahlox  Head  was  born  in  Highland  County,  Ohio,  July  12,  1835,  and 
died  at  Jefferson,  Iowa,  January  17,  1920.  He  came  with  his  parents 
to  Poweshiek  County,  Iowa,  in  1855.  There  he  worked  on  a  farm  one 
year  and  then  became  a  clerk  in  the  office  of  the  treasurer  of  Poweshiek 
County.  He  remained  in  that  position  until  June,  1861,  when  he  enlisted 
in  Company  F,  Tenth  Iowa  Infantry,  and  served  four  years.  He 
participated  in  many  battles  and  was  seriously  wounded  at  Missionary 
Ridge.  He  marched  with  Sherman  to  the  Sea,  was  commissioned 
a  lieutenant  and  was  later  a  staff  officer  with  General  John  E.  Smith. 
Returning  home  from  the  war  in  1865,  he  engaged  in  banking  one  year 
at  Montezuma,  but  in  1866  went  to  Jefferson.  There  he  entered  the 
banking  business  and  became  a  leading  citizen  of  Greejie  County.  Be- 
sides his  banking  interests  at  Jefferson  he  was  interested  in  banks  in 
several  nearby  towns.  He  invested  largely  in  land  and  became  quite 
wealthy.  In  1899  he  was  elected  representative  and,  by  .'eason  of  re- 
elections,  served  in  the  Twenty-eighth,  Twenty-ninth,  Thirtieth  and 
Thirty-first  General  Assemblies. 


William  Hexry  Webb  was  born  near  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  Oc- 
tober 7,  1849,  and  died  at  Spencer,  Iowa,  May  2,  1914.  In  1854  he 
came  with  his  parents  to  Iowa  County,  Wisconsin,  in  1874  to  Clear 
Lake,  Iowa,  and  in  1877  to  Spencer.  He  was  a  successful  farmer.  He 
was  elected  representative  in  1912  and  served  in  the  Thirty-fifth  General 
Assembly. 


M^ 


Annals  of  Iowa. 


Vol.  XII,  No.  7       Des  Moines,  Iowa,  January,  1921  3d  Series 


GALLAND'S  IOWA  EMIGRANT,  1840 

A  REPRINT 

Much  publicity,  which  was  helpful  in  turning  immigration  to 
a  country  so  rich  in  natural  resources,  was  given  Iowa  Territory 
by  men  engaged  in  official  duties  and  by  the  early  settlers.  De- 
scriptions of  the  land  when  it  was  new  and  of  the  beginning  of 
the  settlements  were  faithfully  recorded  by  Isaac  Galland  in 
"Galland's  Iowa  Emigrant,"  published  in  1840,  of  which  the 
writer  has  one  of  tlie  very  scarce  copies,  here  reprinted;  R.  W. 
Chandler,  "Map  of  the  Lead  Mines  on  the  Upper  Mississippi 
River,"  (showing  location  of  Dubuque's  Mines)  1829;  Albert  M. 
Lea,  "Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,"  1836;  Henry  I.  Able, 
"Travelers'  &  Emigrants'  Guide  to  Wisconsin  &  Iowa,"  1838; 
Wm.  R.  Smith,  "Observations  on  Wisconsin  Land  District," 
1838;  John  Plumb,  Jr.,  "Sketches  of  Iowa  and  Wisconsin,"  1809; 
Jesse  Williams,  "Descriptions  of  Lands  in  Iowa,"  1840;  J.  H. 
Colton,  "Guide  for  Territory  of  Iowa,"  1840;  John  B.  Newliall, 
"Sketclies  of  Iowa,"  1841  ;  Joseph  N.  Nicollet,  "Report  and  Ma]) 
of  the  Hydrograpliical  Basin  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  River," 
1843;  Willard  Barrows,  "Notes  on  Iowa  Territory,"  1845;  Jolm 
B.  Newhall,  "Glimpse  of  Iowa,"  1846.     Albert  N.  Harbert. 

In  tlic  following  pages  we  reprint  "Galland's  Iowa  Emi- 
grant," tlie  original  of  whicli  is  loaned  to  us  by  Albert  N.  Har- 
bert, of  Iowa  City.  In  1903  Mr.  Harbert  loaned  this  same  vol- 
ume to  this  department,  and  in  the  October,  1903,  issue  of  tlie 
Annals,  Vol.  VI,  No.  3,  page  232,  Charles  Aldrich  acknowledges 
his  obligation  tlierefor,  saying:  "Mr.  Harbert  has  kindly  loaned 
to  the  Historical  Department  several  of  his  rare  books  and 
pamphlets,  one  of  which  we  briefly  mention  as  follows :"  He 
then  gives  an  extended  description  of  "Galland's  Iowa  Emi- 
grant," ending  with,  "The  book  is  in  an  excellent  state  of  preser- 
vation, and  we  are  confident  will  some  day  be  reprinted  in  this 
state.  At  the  present  time  this  thin  volume  is  one  of  the  rarest  of 
Iowa  publications  and  perfect  copies  command  high  prices^" 

We  have  endeavored  to  follow  the  spelling,  capitalizing,  itali- 
cizing and  general  style  of  this  fine  old  book  as  nearly  as  possible. 

Isaac  Galland  was  born  at  or  near  Marietta,  Ohio,  in  1790,  and 
died  at  Fort  Madison,  Iowa,  in  1858.  (See  "History  of  Lee 
County,  Iowa,"  Western  Historical  Company,  Chicago,  1879, 
page  548.)  He  had  but  little  schooling.  In  early  life  he  wan- 
dered into  what  is  now  New  Mexico  where  he  was  seized  by  the 
Spanish  government  on  suspicion  of  being  there   with  designs 


482  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

against  it,  and  was  confined  for  about  a  year  in  prison  at  Santa 
Fe.  On  his  release  he  returned  to  the  United  States  and  prac- 
ticed law  awhile  in  Indiana.  He  then  studied  medicine  in  Ful- 
ton County,  Illinois,  practiced  there  awhile,  and  in  1826  re- 
moved to  Yellow  Banks,  now  Oquawka,  Illinois.  (See  "Portrait 
and  Biographical  Album  of  Lee  County,  Iowa,"  Chapman  Broth- 
ers, Chicago,  1887,  page  588.)  In  the  spring  of  1829^  he  re- 
moved with  his  family  to  a  point  in  Lee  County,  Iowa,  where 
afterwards  grew  up  the  village  of  Nashville,  now  Galland. 
Here  he  established  a  store  and  carried  on  an  extensive 
trade  with  the  Indians  and  the  white  people  and  also 
practiced  medicine.  His  "Dr.  Galland's  Family  Medicines" 
had  an  extensive  sale  in  surrounding  territory.  In  1837 
he  had  the  first  survey  and  plat  made  of  the  town  of  Keo- 
kuk. From  1836  to  1838  he  was  editor  of  The  Western  Adven- 
turer, published  at  Montrose.  He  was  agent  for  the  New  York 
Land  Company  and  was  much  interested  in  the  development  of 
the  country.  It  was  near  this  time  that  he  wrote  his  "Iowa  Emi- 
grant." In  1839  he  met  Joseph  Smith,  the  Mormon  leader,  be- 
came a  convert  to  the  Mormon  faith,  removed  to  the  Illinois  side 
of  the  Mississippi  and  for  a  year  acted  as  amanuensis  for  the 
famous  "prophet."  He  practiced  medicine  in  Hancock  County, 
Illinois,  but  in  1842  deserted  the  Mormon  faith  and  returned 
to  Lee  County,  Iowa.  He  had  concluded  Smith's  "revelations" 
were  the  result  of  his  peculiar  mental  powers.  Dr.  Galland, 
before  he  joined  the  Mormons,  was  inclined  to  Methodism,  and 
on  several  occasions  filled  pulpits  of  that  denomination.  After 
leaving  the  Mormon  church  he  became  a  believer  in  Spiritualism, 
and  retained  that  faith  during  the  rest  of  his  life.  In  1847  he 
was  editor  of  the  Iowa  Advocate  and  Half -Breed  Journal,  pub- 
lished at  Montrose.  The  last  ten  years  of  his  life  he  resided 
in  Keokuk,  Nashville  (Galland)  and  Fort  Madison,  being  at 
Fort  Madison  from  1855  until  his  death  in  1858.  He  was  a 
writer  and  public  speaker  of  unusual  ability,  and  had  a  wide 
range  of  information.  He  was  a  fine  type  of  American  frontiers- 
man, with  the  education  and  manners  of  civilized  life,  inter- 
mixed with  the  audacity,  boldness  and  peculiarities  of  Indian 
and  border  life.  He  had  lived  a  great  deal  among  the  Indians, 
spoke  their  language  fluently,  and  had  made  their  character  and 
habits  a  studv. 


^In  the  "Portrait  and  Biographical  Album."  quoted  above  appears  a  sketch  of 
the  late  Washington  Galland,  and  the  material  for  that  sketch  was  doubtless 
furnished  by  him.  He  mentions  that  his  father,  Dr.  Isaac  Galland,  removed 
from  Yellow  Banks  about  July,  1827,  and  on  September  24,  1827,  settled  with 
his  family  where  the  town  of  Galland  now  is.  However,  in  "Galland's  Iowa 
Emigrant,"  written  by  the  father,  there  occurs  on  page  eight  the  following:  "In 
the  spring  of  1829,  the  writer  settled  with  his  family  on  the  bank  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, at  the  upper  chain  of  rocks  in  the  Lower  Rapids,  where  the  village  of 
Ahwipetuk  now  stands,  in  Lee  county,  Iowa." 


GALLAND'S  ^ 


II©WA  EMH(SM^MTs 


CONTAINING 


A  MAP, 


GENERAL  DESCRIPTIONS 


IOWA    TERRITORY 


CHILLICOTHE; 
PRINTED  BY  WM.  C.  JONES, 


1840. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1840,  by 
I.  GAI.I.AirD, 

In  the  Clerk's  office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  Eistrict  of  Ohio. 


GALLAND'S  IOWA  EMIGRANT  485 

TO  THE  READER 

The  writer  had  proposed  sending  this  little  matter  forth  to  the  public 
without  any  preliminary  remarks  whatever;  but  being  prevailed  upon 
by  the  publishers  and  other  friends  to  accompany  it  with  a  few  pre- 
liminary remarks,  expressive  of  the  opportunities  which  he  has  had  of 
obtaining  correct  information  on  the  subject  upon  which  he  treats,  he 
begs  leave  to  premise  that  he  has  been  an  actual  resident  in  the  regions 
hereinafter  described  for  the  last  fourteen  years,  and  more  than  forty 
years  a  resident  north-west  of  the  Ohio  river.  Aware  that  many  publi- 
cations, having  in  view,  as  it  would  seem,  the  same  object,  have 
already  appeared  before  the  put)14c,  it  might  be  supposed  superfluous 
to  tax  the  reading  community  with  anything  further  on  the  subject. 
But  when  it  is  recollected,  that  most  of  those  productions  which  have 
appeared  in  the  characters  of  "sketches,"  "notes,"  and  newspaper  para- 
graphs, are  misrepresentations  both  of  the  country  and  the  people  who 
inhabit  it,  the  country  being  generally  over-rated,  and  the  progress  of 
improvements  greatly  extolled,  should  be  deemed  a  sufficient  apology 
for  this  work.  It  is  true  that  there  are  many  convenient,  comfortable 
and  even  capacious  edifices  in  both  town  and  country;  but  the  "splendid 
Cathedrals,"  the  "lofty  steeples"  and  "towering  edifices,"  etc.,  spoken  of 
by  travellers  and  writers  have  yet  to  be  erected  before  they  can  be  seen. 
It  is  of  vastly  inferior  interest  to  those  who  wish  to  emigrate  to  a  new 
country,  to  learn  in  what  manner  a  few  wealthy  nabobs  have  already 
contrived  to  expend  their  thousands  of  dollars,  in  pampering  their  pride; 
than  to  be  made  acquainted  with  the  natural  advantages  of  the  country. 
*'Can  a  poor  man  get  a  comfortable  living  there?"  "Can  he  do  better 
there  than  to  remain  in  the  old  settlements  on  rented  lands?"  "Is  it 
probable  that  a  poor  man  with  a  large  family,  could  in  a  few  years 
obtain  lands  for  all  his  children?"  Such  would  seem  to  be  the  most 
rational  questions,  to  be  proposed  by  the  greatest  part  of  emigrants. 
These  inquiries  are  continually  being  answered  in  the  affirmative,  by  the 
improved  circumstances  of  hundreds  who  are  locating  themselves  in 
Iowa  Territory.  It  should  also  be  borne  in  mind,  that  where  the  earth 
is  successfully  cultivated  and  plentiful  harvests  reward  the  labors  of  the 
field,  there  also  will  the  mechanic,  the  artizan,  the  merchant  and  the 
learned  professor  find  an  ample  field  for  the  exercise  of  their  industry, 
skill,  enterprise  and  science.  The  privations  attendant  on  settling  a  new 
country,  are,  to  many  persons,  an  insurmountable  obstacle.  To  abandon 
the  place  of  their  nativity,  and  to  forsake  forever  the  society  of  those 
with  whom  they  have  been  associated  from  infancy  to  manhood;  to 
exchange  the  shrill  tone  of  the  city  bell,  for  the  howling  of  the  wolf 
or  the  melancholy  hooting  of  the  owl;  the  busy  hum  of  men  and  domes- 
ticated animals,  for  the  distant  murmur  of  the  prairie  hen,  or  the  silent 
beauties  of  an  undulating  plain,  ornamented  with  wild  flowers  of  every 
tint;  to  be  as  it  were  exiled  from  society  and  deprived  of  many  of 
(p.  4)^  those  social  enjoyments  to  which  they  have  become  attached  by 

^These  parenthetical  numbers  indicate  the  pages  in  the  Galland  book. 


486  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

habit,  are  circumstances  calculated  to  cool  the  ardor  of  enterprize  in 
many  bosoms.  But  had  our  fathers  shrunk  from  privations  such  as 
these,  or  even  from  dangers  and  toils  of  infinitely  greater  magnitude, 
than  any  which  now  await  the  new  settler  in  Iowa,  the  Ohio  Valley  would 
still  have  remained  a  wilderness.  Still,  whatever  may  be  the  inconven- 
iences attending  a  frontier  life,  there  are,  at  least,  some  advantages 
resulting  from  it.  The  important  changes  which  are  continually  occur- 
ring, both  in  the  moral  and  physical  condition  of  things,  seem  to  mark 
so  many  different  periods  of  time  at  an  imaginary  distance  from  each 
other,  so  as  to  double  as  it  were  the  retrospect  of  life.  While  those  who 
have  always  resided  in  cities  or  in  the  older  settlements,  pass  their 
dreaming  lives  away  without  a  striking  event  to  mark  the  progress  of 
their  years. 

When  I  attempt  to  call  to  mind  the  events  which  have  transpired 
within  the  last  thirty  years  of  my  life,  if  their  definite  number  did  not 
teach  me  otherwise,  I  should  be  disposed  to  think,  at  least  a  hundred 
years  had  passed  away. 

The  scenery  of  uncultivated  nature,  either  of  hills  or  valleys,  woodland 
or  prairie,  unchanged  by  human  art,  is  certainly  one  of  the  most  sub- 
lime, terrestial  objects  which  the  Creator  ever  presented  to  the  view  of 
man.  Equally  deserving  of  our  admiration,  is  the  simple,  unostenta- 
tious manners  of  the  children  of  the  forest.  Let  any  one  compare  the 
easy,  social,  unassuming  deportment  of  the  western  pioneer,  with  the 
stiff,  reserved,  haughty  and  domineering  manners  of  a  southern  black 
leg,  or  a  northern  coxcomb,  with  all  their  boasted  refinements; — the 
yelling  of  our  wolves  is  not  more  offensive  to  Christian  ears,  then  the 
shrieks  of  tortured  slaves  in  the  civilized  cities  of  the  south;  and  our 
wild  roses  yield  as  rich  perfumes,  as  the  pomatumed  whiskers  of  a 
northern  dandy.  In  what  point  then,  will  the  western  people  suffer  by  a 
comparison  with  any  other  section  of  the  Union?  If  they  have  better 
laws  in  the  older  divisions  of  the  country,  they  do  not  obey  them  better; 
if  they  have  better  schools,  they  have  no  better  scholars;  and  if  they 
make  more  ado  about  religion,  they  have  no  more  piety  or  virtue,  than 
the  people  of  the  west.  The  city  refinements  of  the  western  country, 
are  the  only  matters  which  would  make  a  savage  blush:  such,  for  ex- 
ample, as  the  burning  of  Mcintosh  in  the  polished  city  of  St.  Louis; 
and  the  murder  of  Elijah  P.  Love  joy,  in  the  church  building  of  Alton. 
If  these,  together  with  your  mobs  at  Baltimore,  Boston,  New  York, 
Philadelphia,  &c.,  are  specimens  of  your  Christianity  and  civilization, 
then,  may  heaven  grant,  that  the  native  American  savages  may  never  be 
contaminated  by  such  improvements  as  you  are  laboring  to  afford  them. 

Among  the  most  prominent  obstacles  in  settling  on  the  frontier,  from 
the  earliest  period  of  American  history  to  the  present  time,  has  been 
the  fear  of  a  savage  foe.  We  are  told  that  the  North  American  Indians 
are  "monsters/'  that  "the  only  associations  connected  with  the  savages 
are  of  barbarity  and  perfidy."  That  "they  have  always  been  the  ag- 
gressors."   "The  results  of  the  repeated  efforts  of  Government  to  influ- 


GALLAND'S  IOWA  EMIGRANT  487 

ence  these  Indians,  by  measures  of  kindness  and  benevolence,  will  warrant 
the  conclusion,  that  it  is  futile  to  attempt  any  other  course  towards 
them  than  that  of  the  greatest  rigor  and  severity.  The  natural  distrust 
between  the  white  and  red  man,  has  at  length  amounted  to  an  entire 
want  of  confidence  on  both  sides;  the  proneness  of  the  Indians  to  take 
the  lives  of  the  whites,  without  regard  to  sex  or  condition,  whenever  it 
is  in  their  power  to  do  so, — form  a  barrier  to  the  renewal  of  any  good 
feeling  on  either  side."  [See  the  late  Report  of  the  Major  General 
commanding  the  Army.]  Volumes  might  be  filled  with  extracts  of  the 
above  description,  which  are  as  illiberal  and  unjust,  as  they  are  cruel 
and  untrue. 

(p.  5)  "Open  thy  mouth  for  the  dumb  *  *  *  ^  and  plead  the 
cause  of  the  poor  and  needy."" — Prov.  XXXI.  8,  9. 

Having  commenced  my  earthly  career  about  49  years  ago,  in  the 
Ohio  valley,  and  from  that  time  to  the  present  date  having  lived  in 
social  and  familiar  intercourse  with  the  various  tribes  of  Indians  who 
have  inliabited  the  country  from  Pennsylvania  to  the  Missouri  river; 
speaking  many  of  their  languages,  and  being  intimately  acquainted  with 
all  the  causes  which  have  led  to  the  unhappy  difficulties  between  these 
people  and  the  whites,  I  hope  to  be  excused  for  calling  in  question  the 
correctness  of  such  sweeping  charges,  no  matter  how  high  the  authority 
from  which  they  emanate.  It  is  due  to  the  injured,  it  is  due  to  myself, 
and  it  is  due  to  posterity,  that  those  insidious  reports  made  by  design- 
ing individuals  who  are  interested  in  perpetuating  hostilities  between 
the  two  races,  should  be  corrected  and  the  truth  published  to  the  world. 
But  it  cannot  be  presumed  that  any  thing  more  than  a  mere  glance  at 
the  subject,  can  be  expected  in  this  place. 

The  Senate  of  the  United  States  have  made  void  by  a  vote  of  28  to 
19,  a  most  solemn  treaty  with  the  Cherokee  Indians  of  Georgia, — a  treaty 
ratified  by  Gen.  Washington  and  all  his  successors  until  the  admin- 
istration of  Gen.  Jackson.  By  this  most  flagrant  outrage  upon  the 
rights  of  humanity,  a  Nation's  character  has  been  sacrificed  for  Naboth's 
vineyard,  (see  1st  Kings,  21st  chapter,)  and  the  Indians  invited  to 
make  another  treaty.  Policy  has  been  substituted  for  the  unchangable 
word  justice;  and  in  this  as  well  as  other  countries,  and  under  its 
insidious  guise  aristocracy  has  committed  some  of  the  darkest  deeds  and 
blackest  crimes  which  have  ever  disgraced  human  nature.  But  why 
dwell  upon  this  particular  circumstance,  as  though  it  was  an  isolated 
case?  If  from  this  act  of  perfidy  on  the  part  of  our  own  government, 
towards  the  Cherokees,  we  could  not  trace  the  whole  catalogue  of  our 
recent  difficulties  with  the  Indian  tribes,  both  in  the  south,  the  north 
and  west,  we  would  not  have  adverted  to  it.  What  man  of  common 
sense  would  listen  for  a  moment  to  the  declarations  of  another,  who  had 
already  violated  his  promise,  that  he  might  have  an  opportunity  of 
making  another  more  in  accordance  with  his  interests.  Let  any  im- 
partial umpire  contrast  the  inhuman  butchery  of  the  Moravian  Indians 


488  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

on  the  Muskingum,  the  burning  of  the  old  woman  at  Massasinneway, 
the  indiscriminate  murder  of  women  and  children  at  Bad  Axe,  the 
murder  of  Quasquama's  son  by  the  Missourians,  and  a  thousand  other 
atrocities  within  the  knowledge  of  the  writer,  with  every  incident  of 
savage  cruelty  known  to  the  American  people,  and  we  believe  the  whites 
would  suffer  by  the  comparison. 

"While  this  disregard  for  national  character,  in  the  most  dignified  body 
of  legislators  on  the  whole  face  of  the  earth,  is  so  obviously  manifested, 
we  should  not  be  astonished  if  the  brigands  of  our  own  and  other  coun- 
tries, encouraged  by  so  dignified  an  example,  should  practice  their  pro- 
fession upon  these  helpless  people,  though  it  should  be  upon  a  much 
smaller  scale;  such,  for  instance,  as  horse-stealing,  robbing  them  of  the 
result  of  their  toil,  such  as  meat,  skins,  &c.,  and  through  cowardice,  in- 
flict upon  the  injured  Indian  a  most  brutal  castigation,  with  a  view  of 
terrifying  him  from  a  resort  for  redress  or  revenge.  The  very  blankets 
were  stolen  from  around  the  dead  bodies  of  Indians  in  their  graves,  at 
the  mouth  of  Rock  River,  in  the  celebrated  Black  Hawk  war,  and  after 
being  washed  and  smoked,  were  carried  to  their  homes  by  white  men. 
The  bones  of  the  celebrated  chief.  Black  Hawk,  have  been  stolen  from 
his  grave !  !  Thus  it  seems,  that  these  ill  fated  people  are  first  to  be 
cheated  out  of  all  the  products  of  their  country  by  the  traders;  then  to 
be  robbed  of  the  country  itself  by  the  Government;  and,  lastly,  as  they 
refuse  to  be  slaves,  their  bones  are  destined  to  become  articles  of  traffic 
and  speculation.  Would  to  Heaven,  for  the  honor  of  our  common  (p.  6) 
country,  that  this  was  an  exaggerated  picture  of  the  facts  in  the  case. 
But,  alas !  one  thousandth  part  of  the  truth  is  not  told,  nor  can  it  be  at 
this  time.  We  may  smile  over  our  ill-gotten  gains,  or  forfeit  with  im- 
punity the  confidence  of  a  community  whom  we  no  longer  fear,  but 
sooner  or  later  the  oppressor  will  lie  as  low  as  the  helpless  being  upon 
whom  he  has  trampled.  You  must  first  expunge  from  the  breast  of  the 
Indian  his  memory,  or  you  can  never  gain  his  confidence. 

I.  Galland. 

Chillicothe,  March  5,  1840. 

§ 

IOWA 

(p.  7)  This  Territory  is  bounded  as  follows,  to  wit: 
Beginning  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Des  Moines,  where  it  empties 
itself  into  the  Mississippi  river;  thence  east,  to  the  middle  of  the  main 
channel  of  the  Mississippi;  thence  up  the  same,  following  the  main 
channel  thereof,  to  Lake  Winnepeg;  thence  north,  to  the  Lake  of  the 
Woods,  thence  west,  with  the  southern  boundary  of  Upper  Canada, 
following  the  parallel  of  the  49th  degree  of  north  latitude,  to  the  White 
Earth  river;  thence  down  said  river,  with  the  main  channel  thereof,  to 
its  junction  with  the  Missouri  river;  thence"  down  the  main  channel  of 
the  Missouri  river,  to  the  north  west  corner  of  the  State  of  Missouri; 
thence  east,  on  the  parallel  of  latitude  which  passes  through  the  Rapids 


GALLAND'S  IOWA  EMIGRANT  489 

of  the  river  Des  Moines,  to  the  middle  of  the  channel  of  the  Main  Fork 
of  the  said  river  Des  Moines;  thence  down  the  said  river  Des  Moines, 
with  the  main  channel  thereof,  to  the  place  of  beginning. 

From  north  to  south,  this  district  is  little  short  of  600  miles,  and  its 
average  breadth  is  something  more  than  250  miles;  affording  sufficient 
territory  for  three  States  of  ample  dimensions.  The  whole  extent  of 
this  vast  country  abounds  with  a  fertile  soil,  a  pure  atmosphere  and 
excellent  water,  and,  in  their  several  localities,  are  found  many  of  the 
rich  mineral  deposits  of  the  earth— the  noisy  cataract  and  the  gently 
flowing  stream,  the  smooth  surface  of  the  limpid  lake  and  the  turbid 
torrent  of  the  Missouri,  the  expansive  prairie  and  the  almost  endless 
variety  of  forest  trees. 

HISTORY 

The  limits  prescribed  to  these  brief  remarks,  on  the  general  character 
of  Iowa  Territory,  will  only  permit  me,  under  this  head,  merely  to 
rescue,  from  ignorant  or  envious  neglect,  the  names  of  a  few  of  the  first 
actual  settlers  of  that  section  of  country  now  denominated  Iowa  Terri- 
tory. It  is  true  that  they  did  not  render  themselves  notorious,  either  by 
their  turmoils  with  each  other,  or  by  their  inhuman  brutality  towards 
the  natives,  as  many  other  settlers  upon  the  frontiers  have  done.  But 
as  long  as  benevolence  and  (p.  8)  humanity,  industry  and  enterprize, 
virtue  and  talents,  deserve  to  be  remembered,  the  names  of  Russell 
Farnham,  Dr.  Samuel  C.  Muer,  Joshua  Palen,  John  Connolly,  Moses 
Stillwell,  Morrice  Blondeau,  Andrew  Santamont,  John  Gaines,  Thomas 
Brierly  and  James  White,  should  not  be  forgotten.  These  have  all  gone 
to  another  world.  They  were  among  the  first  settlers  in  the  country, 
and  each  one  was  both  the  intimate  and  personal  friend  of  the  writer. 
Many  of  them  have  left  indelible  traces  on  the  face  of  the  country  and 
in  the  memory  of  their  friends.  It  would  seem  that  thus  far  each  indi- 
vidual who  has  presumed  to  write  on  this  subject,  has  entertained  an 
idea,  that  nothing  deserving  of  notice  had  occurred  in  Iowa  until  he 
himself  arrived.  The  above-named  Morrice  Blondeau,  a  half-breed  of 
the  Sauk  Indians,  opened  the  first  farm,  enclosing  his  field  with  a  log 
wall,  on  the  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  and  the  balance  with  a  worm  fence, 
and  caused  it  to  be  ploughed  and  cultivated  in  corn,  in  the  usual  way. 
In  the  spring  of  1829,  the  writer  settled  with  his  family  on  the  bank 
of  the  Mississippi,  at  the  upper  chain  of  rocks  in  the  Lower  Rapids, 
where  the  village  Ahwipetuk  now  stands,  in  Lee  county,  Iowa.  About 
the  same  time,  Moses  Stillwell  and  Otis  Reynolds  erected  buildings  at 
the  foot  of  the  Lower  Rapids,  now  called  Keokuk.  These  were  the 
first  improvements  made  by  white  persons,  as  actual  settlers,  in  Iowa 
Territory;  and  they  were  confined  to  that  part  of  the  present  county  of 
Lee  which  is  known  as  the  Sauk  and  Fox  Half-Breed  Reservation, 
situate  between  the  rivers  Des  Moines  and  Mississippi.  And  not  until 
the  month  of  June,  in  the  year  1833  were  the  citizens  of  the  United 
States  permitted  to  enter  upon  any  other  part  of  the  territory.     Still, 


490  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

however,  several  persons  attempted  to  locate  at  Fort  Madison,  Flint 
Hill  (Burlington,)  Dubuque,  and  at  other  points  on  the  west  bank  of 
the  Mississippi,  during  the  Fall  and  winter  of  1832,  but  they  were 
removed  by  a  military  force,  in  obedience  to  an  order  from  the  Secretary 
of  War,  as  intruders  upon  the  Indians'  land.  They  were  not,  however, 
to  be  thus  easily  diverted  from  their  purpose;  for  no  sooner  had  the 
troops  retired,  than  they  were  found  resuming  their  labors. 

From  that  period  to  this,  the  rush  of  immigration  to  Iowa,  has  greatly 
exceeded  anything  of  the  kind  heretofore  experienced  in  any  other  part 
of  the  United  States.  In  the  year  1832,  the  whole  white  population  did 
not  exceed  fifty  persons,  and  in  November,  1839,  Gov.  Lucas  says,  in 
his  Message  to  the  Legislative  Assembly  of  Iowa,  that  "the  present  popu- 
lation may  be  safely  set  down  at  FIFTY  THOUSAND !"  This  circum- 
stance, alone,  is  a  conclusive  argument  that  Iowa  is  a  desirable 
country. 

CHARACTER  OF  THE  POPULATION. 

(p.  9)  It  cannot  have  escaped  the  observation  of  those  acquainted 
with  the  early  history  of  the  Western  country,  that  the  first  settlements 
of  the  Ohio  Valley  were  attended  by  circumstances  widely  different  from 
those  of  the  present  day,  in  Iowa.  In  the  early  settlement  of  the  former, 
when  most  of  the  luxuries  and  many  of  the  necessary  comforts  of  life 
were  only  obtained  by  transportation  across  the  mountains  on  pack- 
horses,  and  at  great  expense;  the  emigrants  soon  learned,  by  necessity, 
to  change  many  of  their  former  habits  and  modes  of  living,  and  to  con- 
form, in  these  matters,  to  the  dictates  of  economy  or  necessity.  The 
tardy  progress  of  improvement  in  a  dense  forest,  the  sparse  locations 
of  the  inhabitants,  and  their  absolute  exposure  to  a  savage  foe,  all  con- 
tributed to  produce  a  peculiarity  of  character,  according  with  the  sur- 
rounding circumstances.  Under  these  circumstances  families  were 
raised,  not  only  without  the  advantages  of  a  school  education,  but  they 
were  not  unfrequently  deprived  even  of  the  benefits  of  social  inter- 
course, and  hence  contracted  habits,  and  even  customs,  peculiar  to 
themselves.  But  these  causes  now  no  longer  in  existence,  the  effects  have 
also  ceased.  The  great  facilities  now  afforded  to  emigration,  as  well 
as  to  commercial  intercourse  in  general,  have  been  productive  of  as 
obvious  changes,  in  the  character  of  the  western  pioneer,  as  in  any 
other  effects  which  it  has  produced  in  society.  The  rapidity  with  which 
the  frontier  settlements  are  now  made,  the  great  facilities  afforded  to 
emigrants,  of  carrying  with  them  all  the  necessaries  and  most  of  the 
conveniences  of  life,  their  entire  security  from  danger  and  the  density 
and  proximity  of  their  settlements,  at  once,  conclusively  prove  that  the 
character  of  the  people  of  Iowa  has  nothing  peculiar  in  it  but  what  has 
been  derived  from  other  and  older  sections  of  the  civilized  world.  Almost 
every  State  in  the  Union  and  many  foreign  countries  are  contributing  to 
its  population.  The  States  of  Ohio,  Pennsylvania  and  New  York,  are 
perhaps  among  the  first  in  affording  the  greatest  number  of  emigrants; 


GALLAND'S  IOWA  EMIGRANT  491 

while,  at  the  same  time,  the  Northern  States,  together  with  Virginia, 
Kentucky,  Tennessee,  &c.  are  also  doing  their  part  in  furnishing  Iowa 
with  industrious  and  enterprising  citizens.  Hence  an  individual  from 
almost  any  part  of  the  United  States,  or  in  fact  from  almost  any  part 
of  the  civilized  world,  may  find  himself  as  it  were  at  home,  among 
natives  of  his  own  State  or  country,  in  Iowa.  If,  therefore,  anything  of 
the  "mobocratic,  half-horse  and  half-aligator"  character,  so  frequently 
ascribed  to  the  western  settlers,  can  be  attributed  to  the  citizens  [of] 
Iowa,  we  can  (p.  10)  only  admire  the  sudden  transition,  by  which  Gov- 
ernors, Senators  and  Representatives,  of  older  States,  together  with 
gentlemen  of  every  class,  from  the  polite  circles  of  the  most  polished 
societies,  can  become  metamorphosed  to  a  clan  of  "half-human  west- 
erners." 

It  is  truly  to  be  regretted,  that  the  virgin  soil  of  Iowa  has  ever  been 
defiled  by  the  tracks  of  a  polite  mobile,  a  popular  murderer  or  a  legalized 
thief,  but  it  is  quite  gratifying  that  neither  the  soil  nor  climate  agrees 
with  such  gentry.  They  have,  therefore,  found  it  convenient  to  make  but 
a  short  stay  in  the  country;  and,  after  visiting  us,  they  have  generally 
taken  up  their  march  to  the  south,  perhaps  to  Texas. 

RIVERS. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

The  pronunciation  of  this  name  in  the  language  of  the  Sauk  Indians 
is,  Mis-se  Se-po.  Mis-se  is  an  adjective,  answering  to  the  English  words, 
grandest,  noblest,  chiefest,  or  most  splendid, — and  Se-po,  simply  means 
river;  hence,  this  name  in  its  original  acceptation  signifies,  the  grandest, 
the  noblest,  the  chiefest,  or  the  most  splendid  river.  The  Indians  often 
pronounce  this  name  with  the  plural  termination,  uh,  as  Misse  Sepouh, 
that  is,  Chiefest  of  Rivers.  This  truly  majestic  river  rises  between  the 
48th  and  49th  degrees  of  north  latitude,  and  after  winding  its  course 
towards  the  south,  for  the  distance  of  about  3,038  miles,  empties  into 
the  Gulph  of  Mexico  in  the  29th  degree  of  north  latitude.  It  receives 
in  its  course,  from  each  side,  many  beautiful  streams.  At,  and  near  its 
source,  are  found  many  delightful  lakes,  whose  waters  abound  in  fish 
and  fowls,  and  whose  shores  are  lined  with  groves  of  fine  timber.  Other 
lakes  in  this  vicinity,  of  similar  character,  are  likewise  the  sources  of 
the  Red  River  of  the  North;  another  noble  river  which  rising  in  this 
great  valley,  runs  north,  and  discharges  its  waters  into  Hudson's  Bay. 

From  St.  Anthony's  Falls  to  the  head  sources  of  the  Mississippi,  the 
country  is  only  now  beginning  to  be  correctly  examined,  by  competent 
engineers  in  the  service  of  the  United  States.  The  Secretary  of  War, 
says:  "When  the  calculation  of  the  observations  made  this  summer  shall 
be  worked  out,  the  department  will  possess  all  the  materials  necessary  to 
enable  it  to  construct  a  physical  and  topographical  map  of  this  portion 
of  our  country,  which,  added  to  that  already  in  our  possession,  from 
the  same  hand,  of  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi  and  North  Red  River, 


492  ANNA"LS  OF  IOWA 

will  present  at  one  view  the  vast  country  comprehended  between  the 
87th  and  100th  degree  of  longitude,  and  40th  and  49th  degree  of  north 
latitude/' 

MISSOURI. 

(p.  11)  This  river  is  called  by  the  Sauks  and  Fox  Indians  in  their 
own  language,  Pe-ka-ton-oke  Sepo;  which  literally  translated  is,  "River 
of  Vortexes,"  or  whirlpools.  It  constitutes  the  almost  entire  western 
boundary  of  the  Iowa  Territory;  and  the  White  Earth  river,  one  of  its 
tributaries,  completes  the  whole  western  line,  from  the  north  boundary 
of  the  State  of  Missouri  to  the  Canadian  line,  on  the  parallel  of  the  49th 
degree  of  north  latitude.  The  Missouri  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
and  passing  along  the  west  side  of  the  Iowa  Territory  receives  many 
fine  rivers  from  each  side,  and  after  leaving  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  it 
continues  its  course  through  the  most  fertile  and  interesting  portion  of 
the  State  of  Missouri,  and  empties  itself  into  the  Mississippi  about  20 
miles  above  the  city  of  St.  Louis.  The  appearance  of  this  river  is  very 
repulsive;  the  muddy  and  filthy  appearance  of  its  water,  the  torrent-like 
current,  the  immense  numbers  of  snags,  sand-bars  and  falling  banks,  all 
contribute  to  produce  in  the  mind  of  the  beholder,  feelings  of  an  un- 
pleasant character.  Steamboats  have  navigated  its  waters  for  some  dis- 
tance above  the  mouth  of  the  Yellow  Stone  river,  which  is  still  in  ad- 
vance of  the  White  Earth  river.  It  seems  to  be  the  present  policy  of 
the  government  of  the  United  States,  to  remove  all  the  Indian  tribes 
within  its  jurisdiction,  to  the  south-west  side  of  the  Missouri  river;  and 
to  settle  them  there,  under  the  influence  of  as  many  of  the  arts  of  civili- 
zation, as  they  may  be  prevailed  upon  to  adopt. 

JACQUES, 

Or  James  river,  rises  in  about  47  degrees  of  north  latitude,  and  run- 
ning south,  empties  itself  into  the  Missouri,  in  latitude  43.  This  river 
is  said  to  afford  an  extensive  and  delightful  valley,  situated  between 
the  high  table  lands  and  the  Missouri  river. 

RED   PIPE   STONE, 

Or  Calumet  river,  sometimes  called  the  Sioux  river,  has  its  source 
also  in  the  Beautiful  Meadows  or  table  lands  which  separate  it  from 
the  St.  Peters.  His  Excellency  Gov.  Lucas,  of  Iowa,  recommends  as  the 
northern  boundary  of  the  contemplated  new  State  of  Iowa,  the  St.  Peters 
river  from  the  mouth  up  to  the  mouth  of  the  Blue  Earth  river;  thence 
up  the  same,  and  west  to  the  Cactus,  an  eastern  branch  of  the  Red  Pipe 
Stone;  thence  down  the  same  to  its  confluence  with  (p.  12)  the  Missouri 
river.  It  is  said,  that  a  great  part  of  the  country  is  not  surpassed  by 
any  lands  in  the  United  States  as  to  fertility  of  soil.  Being  also  well 
watered,  and  interspersed  with  groves  of  timber. 

ST.    PETERS. 

This  is  a  beautiful  river,  rising,  as  has  been  already  remarked,  in  some 
small  but  delightful  lakes,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  south-eastern  slope  of 


GALLAND'S  IOWA  EMIGRANT  493 

the  Beautiful  Meadows,  and  sweeping  round  in  a  south-easterly  direc- 
tion, to  its  southernmost  bend  about  the  Swan  Lakes,  it  changes  its  course 
to  a  north-east  direction,  and  empties  itself  into  the  Mississippi  at  Fort 
Snelling.  This  river,  as  well  as  its  tributaries,  abounds  with  water 
power.  And  at  no  very  remote  period  of  time  will  doubtless  be  con- 
nected with  the  river  Des  Moines  by  a  canal. 

DES    MOIXES. 

This  name  was  given  to  this  stream  by  the  French  traders,  and  is  in- 
terpreted "The  Monks'  River."  The  Indian  name,  however,  is  "Ke-o- 
siiaw-qua;"  the  origin  of  which  they  account  for,  as  follows,  to  wit:  They 
say,  that  when  their  ancestors  first  explored  this  country,  they  found, 
residing  on  the  bank  of  this  river,  an  old  man  without  family  or  human 
C!)m})ani()n,  and  that  his  name  was  Ke-o-shaw-qua ;  hence  they  called  it 
Keoshawqua's  river.  The  French  seem  also  to  have  had  a  view  to  tlie 
same  circumstance,  when  regarding  this  lonely  inhabitant  as  a  recluse, 
they  named  it  (La  riviere  Des  Moines,)  or  ''The  river  of  the  Monks." 
It  is  about  400  miles  in  length,  and  averages  about  300  yards  in  width. 
Its  headwaters  interlock  with  branches  of  the  St.  Peters,  and  in  its 
course  it  passes  diagonally  through  the  neutral  ground,  and  receiving 
the  Raccoon  river  and  many  other  fine  tributary  streams,  it  continues 
its  course  through  the  centre  of  that  district  of  country,  of  which  the 
new  State  of  Iowa  must  soon  be  formed.  Its  waters  are  transparent, 
and  its  current  swift  and  shallow;  it  abounds  in  fish,  and  springs  of 
excellent  water  are  in  many  places  found  in  great  profusion  along  its 
shores.  The  bottom  lands  are  not  very  extensive,  except  in  some  places, 
but  they  are  of  a  rich  alluvial  soil,  covered  generally  with  a  heavy 
growth  of  forest  trees,  such  as  black  and  white  walnut,  hackberry,  sugar 
tree,  cherry,  locust,  mulberry,  coifee  nut,  some  buckeye,  and  all  the 
varieties  of  oak,  &c.  L^pon  the  banks  of  this  river  are  already  situated 
the  flourishing  towns  of  St.  Francisville,  in  Missouri,  Farmington,  Van 
Buren,  Rochester,  Lexington,  Bentonsport  and  many  others,  all  (p.  13) 
now  rapidly  improving.  Its  shores  are  also  lined  with  beautiful  farms 
as  high  up  as  to  the  Indian  Agency,  above  which  the  white  people  are 
not  yet  permitted  to  settle.  Iron  ore  and  stone  coal  have  been  found  in 
abundance  in  every  part  of  this  country  where  they  have  been  searched 
for.  There  is  no  doubt  that  lead  ore  will  be  discovered  in  great  quan- 
tities on  the  neutral  ground,  as  soon  as  that  district  of  country  is  sub- 
jected to  a  proper  examination. 

The  Des  Moines,  from  the  40°  44'  06"  of  north  latitude,  to  its  con- 
fluence with  the  Mississippi,  constitutes  the  boundary  line  between  the 
State  of  Missouri  and  the  Territory  of  Iowa;  and  between  this  section 
of  the  same  and  the  Mississippi,  is  situated  that  tract  of  land  known 
as  the  Sauk  and  Fox  half  breed  reservation.  This  is  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  Iowa  Territory,  and  occupying  the  lower  rapids  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, where  water  power  to  any  extent  can  be  obtained;  to  which 
might  be  enumerated  many  other  local  advantages,  which  cannot  fail  to 
make  this  one  of  the  most  promising  situations  on  the  Mississippi  river. 


494  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

In  passing  up  the  river  Des  Moines,  above  the  Indian  Agency,  we  are 
in  a  district  of  country  which  still  belongs  to  the  Sauks  and  Foxes  but 
which  it  is  presumed  the  United  States  will  soon  purchase  from  them. 
This  tract,  together  with  the  neutral  ground,  is  a  most  desirable  sec- 
tion of  Iowa,  not  only  on  account  of  the  fertility  of  the  soil,  the  timber, 
the  water  power  and  its  mineral  productions,  but  also  on  account  of  the 
centrality  of  its  location,  in  reference  to  the  contemplated  boundaries  of 
a  new  State. 

SHECAQUA,    OR    SKUNK    RIVER, 

This  river  is  about  150  yards  wide  and  probably  200  miles  in  length; 
it  is  already  thickly  settled  with  an  industrious  and  improving  popula- 
tion. There  are  also  several  flourishing  towns  and  villages  on  its  banks, 
together  with  some  fine  mills.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  the  timber  in  many 
places  is  both  abundant  and  of  a  good  quality.  This  river  empties  into 
the  Mississippi  about  8  miles  below  Burlington,  and  12  above  Fort 
Madison. 

FT.IXT  CREEKj 

Is  a  valuable  little  stream,  on  account  of  the  excellent  water  powers 
which  it  affords.  It  empties  itself  into  the  Mississippi,  a  short  distance 
above  Burlington. 

LOWER  IOWA  RIVER. 

(p.  14)  This  stream  is  called  by  the  Indians  in  the  Sauk  language, 
Nah-a-to-seek-a-way ,  which  signifies  a  yearling  Bufalo  bull;  it  is  about 
200  yards  wide,  and  perhaps  300  miles  long,  a  deep  channel  and  strong 
current;  its  bottoms,  which  are  principally  prairie  from  the  mouth  up 
for  the  distance  of  20  miles,  are  not  excelled  in  beauty,  fertility  of  soil 
and  romantic  scenery  by  any  other  part  of  the  western  country.  The 
principal  tributaries  to  this  beautiful  river,  are  the  Red  Cedar  and  the 
English  rivers;  the  former  from  the  north-east,  and  the  latter  from  the 
south-west  sides.  On  the  banks  of  it  are  situated  several  flourishing 
towns,  among  which  is  Wapalaw,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Louisa ,  County, 
situate  about  15  miles  from  its  mouth;  and  still  higher  up,  perhaps  100 
miles  from  the  mouth,  Iowa  City  has  been  located  by  authority  as  the 
permanent  Territorial  seat  of  Government.  The  several  counties  through 
which  this  river  and  its  branches  pass  are  rapidly  improving;  Cedar 
County  is  especially  a  delightful  district. 

WA-PE-SE-PIN-E-KA, 

Or  White  Mineral  river,  is  also  a  fine  stream,  abounding  with  water 
power  and  a  good  soil.  This  is  regarded  as  the  commencement  of  the 
mineral  region,  in  ascending  the  Mississippi. 

MACOQTJETA. 

This  stream  is  principally  celebrated  for  its  cascades  and  mill  privi- 
leges, though  it  also  affords  much  excellent  farming  land  and  some  valu- 
able mineral  deposits.  The  settlement  of  this  district  of  the  country  is 
also  rapidly  progressing. 


GALLAND'S  IOWA  EMIGRANT  495 

TURKEY  RIVER,, 

Or  Pen-e-ah,  is  a  very  pleasant  little  stream,  abounding  with  good 
timber  and  a  rich  soil;  the  white  population  as  yet  is  rather  sparse. 
From  this,  following  up  the  Mississippi,  we  first  meet  with  Yellow  river, 
a  small  stream  upon  which  a  part  of  the  Winnebago  Indians  reside, 
having  a  school  and  some  farms. 

Thence  passing  Paint  Creek,  we  arrive  at  the 

UPPER  IOWA  RIVER. 

This  is  a  considerable  stream,  but  not  yet  inhabited  by  white  people; 
it  is  the  point  at  which  the  neutral  ground  commences  on  the  west  bank 
of  the  Mississippi;  thence  to  the  Red  Cedar;  thence  to  (p.  15)  the  Des 
Moines;  thence  to  the  Red  Pipe  Stone,  and  thence  to  the  Missouri  river; 
being  a  belt  of  country  40  miles  in  width.  A  few  miles  above  the  mouth 
of  this  river,  and  on  the  opposite  bank  of  the  Mississippi  is  the  mouth 
of  the  "Bad- Axe  Creek,"  noted  mainly  on  account  of  the  inhuman 
butchery  of  a  large  number  of  Indian  women,  children  and  helpless  old 
men  of  the  Sauk  nation,  at  the  conclusion  of  the  late  celebrated  "Black 
Hawk  war." 

Root  river.  River  of  the  Mountains,  White  Wolf  or  Cannon  river,  and 
many  other  smaller  streams  empty  themselves  into  the  Mississippi  from 
the  western  shore.  The  River  of  the  Mountains  is  celebrated  for  its 
ancient  mounds  or  tumuli  which  are  found  upon  its  banks;  and  the 
White  Wolf  or  Cannon  river  is  noted  for  its  water  power.  This  is  all, 
however,  still  an  uninhabited  wilderness,  except  a  settlement  of  principally 
half  breeds  of  the  Sioux  nation  of  Indians,  who  are  located  on  a  valuable 
reservation  of  land,  situated  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Pepin;  to  which  may 
be  added,  a  few  Missionary  establishments  at  different  points.  It  is  now 
in  contemplation  to  purchase  from  the  natives,  the  entire  district  of 
country  south  of  the  St.  Peters,  out  of  which  it  is  proposed  to  form 
the  new  State  of  Iowa. 

THE  BEAUTIFUL  MEADOWS. 

This  is  that  extensive  elevation  of  rich  and  fertile*  table  land  which 
separates  the  valleys  of  the  Jacques  or  James,  and  the  Red  river  of 
the  North.  "This  is  represented  to  be  a  country  of  surpassing  fer- 
tility and  beauty.  The  sljpe  rises  to  a  fine  table  land,  about  nineteen 
hundred  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  sea,  and  is  watered  by  frequent 
streams  abounding  in  fish,  that,  after  swelling  two  small  lakes,  form  at 
their  contluence  the  river  St.  Peters.  The  soil  is  very  rich,  and  would 
support  a  numerous  population,  that  would  enjoy  the  advantages  of 
inhabiting  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  healthy  regions  Of  the  far 
north-west."  (See  Report  of  the  Secretary  of  War.)  This  tract  of 
country  is  of  great  extent;  it  rises  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Devil's  lake, 
and  extends  to  the  neighborhood  of  the  sources  of  the  Des  Moines  and 
Red  Pipe  Stone  rivers.  The  whole  extent  of  it  is  skirted  and  inter- 
spersed with  groves  of  the  finest  woods.     It  is  already  recommended  to 


496  ANNAES  OF  IOWA 

the  general  Government,  to  purchase  this  region  of  country,  from  the 
natives  who  now  roam  over  it,  and  occasionally  fish  and  hunt  upon  it. 
But  it  is  mostly  used  at  present,  as  a  hunting  ground  by  the  Hudson 
Bay  traders,  and  the  half  breeds  in  their  employ,  who  procure  large 
supplies  of  Buffalo  flesh  in  this  district,  and,  after  drying  the  same, 
carry  it  to  their  residences  on  the  Assinaboin,  (p.  16)  Pembina,  Red 
river,  Hudson's  bay,  &c.  for  their  own  subsistence — of  which  com- 
plaints have  already  been  made  to  our  Government;  but  it  is  probable 
that  these  matters  will  not  attract  much  attention,  until  that  section  of 
the  country  shall  begin  to  be  settled  by  American  citizens. 

LAKES. 

devil's  lake. 

This  lake  is  situated  between  the  48th  and  49th  degrees  of  north  lati- 
tude as  appears  from  the  latest  observation.  It  is  ascertained  to  be 
about  40  or  45  miles  long,  and  in  some  places  about  half  that  width;  its 
shores  are  well  timbered,  and  its  waters,  which  abound  with  excellent 
fish,  are  as  salt  as  those  of  the  ocean.  It  is  interspersed  with  numerous 
islands,  which  are  likewise  covered  with  woods.  "These  physical  char- 
acteristics are  common  to  several  other  smaller  lakes  which  are  found 
in  this  region  of  country,  where  salt  is  so  abundant,  that  in  many  places 
it  effloresces  on  the  surface  of  the  earth."  (See  Report  of  the  Secretary 
of  War,  1839.) 

LAKE    TRAVERSE, 

Is  the  southern  source  of  the  Red  river  of  the  North,  and  as  well  as 
the 

BIG  STONE   LAKE, 

Which  is  the  source  of  the  St.  Peters  river,  is  situated  immediately  in 
the  vicinity  of  those  delightful  table  lands,  called  the  "Beautiful  Mead- 
ows." These  lakes  have  been  long  known  as  important  trading  posts,  and 
have  been  occupied  alternately  by  different  Indian  traders  for  many 
years. 

^  THE   SWAN   LAKES. 

These  are  a  cluster  of  small  lakes,  on  the  north  side  of  the  St.  Peters 
river,  and  about  a  hundred  miles  south  and  west  of  Fort  Snelling,  near 
the  extreme  southern  bend  of  said  river.  These  are  said  to  be  beautiful 
sheets  of  water,  surrounded  by  a  pleasant  country.  This  is  the  point 
at  which  the  river  Des  Moines  will  probably  be  connected  with  the  St. 
Peters,  at  no  very  distant  day. 

INDIANS. 

SAUKS  AND   FOXES. 

(p.  17)  These  Indians  occupy  the  country  embracing  the  head  waters 
of  Grand,  Chariton,  Little  Platte,  &c.  of  the  Missouri,  on  the  south,  and 
extending  north,  from  the  boundary  line  of  the  State  of  Missouri  to  the 
neutral  ground,  embraces  the  Des  Moines,  Shecauque,  or  Skunk,  Iowa 


GALLAND'S  IOWA  EMIGRANT  497 

and  Red  Cedar  rivers.  These  people  are  divided  into  five  general  divi- 
sions— three  on  the  Des  Moines  river,  a  short  distance  above  the  present 
white  settlements,  one  on  the  Missouri,  and  one  on  the  Iowa  rivers. 
From  the  late  report  of  Gen.  J.  M.  Street,  U.  S.  Indian  Agent  for  the 
Sauks  and  Foxes,  to  His  Excellency  R.  Lucas,  Governor  of  Iowa,  he 
estimates  their  population,  exclusive  of  those  on  the  Missouri  river,  at 
4396  souls,  "inhabiting  a  fertile  and  well  watered  country."  "Two  sec- 
tions of  land  and  four  mills  have  been  added  to  their  improvements  since 
last  year.  The  mills  on  Soap  creek  are  calculated  to  do  a  fine  business, 
and  are  so  near  the  settlements  that  the  business  will  'be  thronged,  as  it 
is  the  only  mill  for  50  miles  that  has  water  to  run  this  summer.  Sawing 
to  any  amount  can  be  done  there,  and  much  lumber  is  wanted  in  the 
adjoining  country.  The  other  mill  at  the  Indian  town,  though  also 
nearly  completed,  is  not  as  fortunately  situated  as  to  water:  I  appre- 
hend it  will  only  operate  about  five  or  six  months  in  each  year.  At  the 
Soap  creek  mills  there  will  be  required  at  least  two  hands  to  cut  and 
haul  logs  and  to  attend  the  saw-mill,  while  the  miller  (Samuel  Smith) 
will  be  attending  the  grist-mill.  At  the  Indian  towns  on  the  Des  Moines, 
I  have  had  three  fields  broke  up  and  substantially  fenced,  and  at  the 
desire  of  the  Indians  have  had  100  bushels  of  wheat  sowed  on  the  farms." 
Gen.  Street  continues:  "At  the  mills  near  the  Indian  towns,  I  have  ap- 
pointed Jeremiah  Smith,  the  miller.  I  presume  the  field  of  640  acres  on 
the  Iowa  will  be  ready  for  delivery  over  in  15  or  20  days.  When  that  is 
completed,  the  Sauks  and  Foxes  will  have  four  fields  broke  and  fenced, 
on  the  Iowa  and  Des  Moines,  and  be  prepared  to  farm  to  a  considerable 
extent.  These  Indians  have  the  most  flattering  prospects  of  doing  well 
and  living  happy,"  &c. 

Gov.  Lucas,  in  his  report  to  the  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs,  says: 
"There  has  not  as  yet  been  a  school  or  a  missionary  established  among 
these  Indians,  and  I  am  satisfied,  from  personal  observation,  that  there 
are  no  people  more  susceptible  of  improvement  than  they  are."  The 
same  causes  which  Gov.  Dodge  of  Wisconsin  alludes  to  in  these  words, 
viz.:  "The  benevolent  designs  of  government  to-  (p.  18)  wards  the  In- 
dians can  never  be  consummated  until  the  power  and  influence  of  the 
traders  are  counteracted,"  may  account  for  the  absence  of  schools  and 
missionaries  among  the  people,  as  well  as  for  their  general  degradation. 
As  long  as  ivhiskey- selling  atheists,  are  permitted  to  exercise  a  controll- 
ing influence  over  these  people,  both  the  officers  of  the  Government  and 
philanthropists  will  be  embarassed,  in  the  discharge  of  their  duties 
towards  them. 

[From  Major  Taliaferro,  Agent  at  St.  Peters.] 

WAHPAAKOOTAS. 

This  ill-fated  tribe,  from  being  once  warlike  and  a  terror  to  their 
enemies,  have,  since  1812,  nearly  been  exterminated.  Many  have  been 
cut  off  by  marauding  parties  of  the  Sauks  and  Foxes,  besides  those  who 
fell  in  battle.    This  state  of  things,  in  connexion  with  the  small-pox,  has 


498  ANNALS  of  IOWA 

left  but  325,  and  they  are  wending  their  way  to  their  destiny  with  rapid 
strides.  This  tribe,  in  conjunction  with  the  South  Yanetons  of  the  river 
Des  Moines,  once  held  nearly  all  the  soil  comprising  the  beautiful  Ter- 
ritory of  Iowa.  It  was  taken  from  them  by  conquest,  by  the  Sauks  and 
Foxes,  and  a  part  of  it  has  now  fell  into  the  hands  of  our  Government. 
Continually  harassed  by  their  old  enemies,  the  Sauks  and  Foxes,  they 
can  raise  no  corn,  although  they  inhabit  a  beautiful  country,  from  the 
headwaters  ©f  the  Des  Moines  to  the  Cannon  rivers,  the  Mixed  Lakes 
and  on  the  Blue  Earth  river.  Water  power  abounds  in  this  portion  of 
the  country.  These  people  claim  an  equal  right  in  the  famed  pipe  stone 
quarry,  on  the  Red  Pipe  Stone  river,  with  the  Susseeton  Sioux. 

SOUTH   SUSSEETOXS. 

These  also,  from  a  formidable  people,  have  become  reduced  to  276,  by 
migrations  and  wars  with  the  Sauks  and  Foxes.  They  now  reside  on 
the  Lizzard  river,  about  the  Swan  lakes,  and  on  the  St.  Peters,  about 
100  miles  from  its  mouth.  "The  country  claimed  by  this  fractional  band 
is  an  interesting  one,  beautiful  to  view,  pretty  well  timbered  and 
watered."    Specimens  of  good  stone  coal  have  been  found  in  this  region. 

XORTH   SUSSEETOKS. 

These  people  number  980  persons;  they  raise  but  little  or  no  corn,  and 
follow  the  chase  for  subsistence;  they  roam  from  Big  Stone  and  Tra- 
verse lakes,  where  they  reside  at  times,  to  the  country  on  the  Chippeway 
border  on  Red  river  of  the  North.  They  are  at  war  with  the  Chippewas, 
but  often  in  company  with  the  Yanetonas. 

EAST   WAHPEETONS. 

(p.  19)  This  band  numbers  325  souls,  and  resides  at  the  "Little 
Rapids"  of  the  St.  Peters,  about  35  or  40  miles  from  Fort  Snelling — 
they  are  anxious  to  sell  their  country. 

WEST    WAHPEETONS. 

These  number  425 — are  at  war  with  the  Chippewas;  "raising  nothing, 
but  depended  upon  the  chase  alone  for  subsistence,  until  the  Rev.  T.  S. 
Williamson,  M.  D.,  and  S.  R.  Riggs,  A.  M.,  at  Renvill's  trading  post, 
located  among  them.  Since  then,  a  visible  change  for  the  better  has  been 
effected."  They  are  now  cultviating  the  soil  and  some  of  their  women 
have  been  taught  to  spin,  knit  and  Weave.  The  general  features  of  the 
country  owned  by  these  people,  which  is  situated  around  Lake  qui-Parle 
on  the  St.  Peters  river,  are  a  fertile  soil  and  good  water — timber  not 
very  abundant. 

YANETOXAS. 

This  is  the  most  numerous  tribe  of  Sioux  in  these  regions,  and  may  be 
estimated  at  about  2,150  souls.  They  depend  on  the  buffalo,  both  for 
food  and  clothing  to  a  very  great  extent.  They  roam  through  the  coun- 
try on  Red  river  of  the  North,  and  upon  the  waters  of  the  Missouri;  and 
sometimes  they  rest  a  season  with  others  at  the  "Devil's  Lake."  Their 
country  is  extensive,  and  abounds  with  fish,  fowl  and  buffalo. 


GALLAND'S  IOWA  EMIGRANT  499 

THE   ASSIXABOIXESj 

Or  Stone  Sioux,  as  they  are  termed,  are  but  little  noticed,  and  imper- 
fectly known,  but  are  said  to  number  over  3,000  souls.  They  range  over 
the  country  about  "Devil's  Lake,"  and  upon  the  Assinaboine  river.  They 
sometimes  remove  to  the  high  lands,  and  resort  to  the  Missouri  for  the 
purposes  of  trade. 

MEDAWAKAXTOXS. 

Maj.  Taliaferro  says,  "This  tribe  numbers  exactly  1,658  souls,  484  war- 
riors, 406  women  and  768  children.  These  reside  in  seven  detached  vil- 
lages." They  formerly  resided  east  of  the  Mississippi,  but  since  the 
treaty  of  session  of  1837,  they  have  removed  west,  and  are  now  living 
upon  their  country  in  Iowa  Territory,  which  extends  from  the  "Little 
Rapids"  of  the  St.  Peters  to  the  neutral  grounds,  tw^enty  miles  above 
the  Upper  Iowa  river.  Ample  provisions  have  been  made  by  the  govern- 
ment for  the  improvement  of  these  people;  work  (p  20)  cattle,  horses, 
carts,  wagons,  ploughs,  black-smith  shops  and  other  mechanics  are  fur- 
nished them.  In  the  neighborhood  of  St.  Anthony's  Falls,  on  Lake 
Clahoun,  Mr.  Pond,  the  farmer,  at  that  point,  reports,  that  under  his 
charge  there  was  raised  this  year  (1839)  2,300  bushels  of  corn,  200 
bushels  of  potatoes  and  other  vegetables.  Mr.  Holton  at  the  Little 
Crow  village,  reports  1,500  bushels  of  corn,  many  potatoes,  &c.  It  is 
ascertained  that  over  6,000  bushels  of  corn  have  been  harvested  this 
year.  "The  general  features  of  the  country  of  this  particular  tribe  are 
level,  with  undulating  rolling  ]>rairie  lands,  interspersed  with  ravines 
and  valleys,  as  you  approach  tlie  Mississippi  from  inland.  It  is  well 
watered;  having  the  Crow,  St.  Peters,  Cannon,  Racine,  Disembarrass 
and  numerous  other  small  streams  passing  through  it."  Lead  ore  is 
found  on  the  half-breed  Reservation  on  Lake  Pepin.  The  present  pros- 
pects of  these  people  are  quite  flattering. 

CIIIPPEWAS. 

These  people  have  a  village  at  Leech  Lake,  which  contains  a  popula- 
tion of  820  souls.  A  second  at  Red  Lake  containing  290,  making  the 
Chippewa  population  in  Iowa  Territory  1,110  persons,  besides  those 
who  are  continually  passing  and  repassing  to  and  from  Wisconsin  Ter- 
ritory and  Upper  Canada. 

WIXXEBAGOES. 

Win-o-shiek's  band  of  the  Wlnnebagoes  reside  on  the  Upper  Iowa 
river.  The  band  of  Two  Shillings,  at  the  Winnebago  school,  on  Yellow 
river;  the  united  bands  of  the  Little  Priest  and  Whirling  Thunder,  at 
a  new  farm  recently  opened  for  them  fifteen  miles  west  of  the  school. 
The  bands  under  Big  Canoe  and  his  brother  Wah-con,  are  residing  on 
Black  river  and  in  its  vicinity,  on  the  Mississippi,  in  Wisconsin  Terri- 
tory. Likewise,  the  bands  belonging  to  Yellow  Thunder,  Caramanee, 
Dandy,  Little  Soldier,  Decory  and  Big  Head,  all  reside  at  present  in 
Wisconsin,  but  are  under  treaty  stipulations  to  remove  west  of  the 
Mississippi  river.     Nothing  very  definite  can  be  said  of  the  number  of 


500  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

these  people,  as  the  head  of  each  family  wishes  to  make  his  number  as 
large  as  possible,  knowing  that  he  draws  money  or  goods  in  proportion 
to  the  number  of  the  inmates  of  his  lodge.  Maj.  Boyd,  estimated  the 
Winnebagoes  at  5,000  souls;  and  we  have  no  authority  to  say  that  this 
is  incorrect,  but  it  is  thought  to  be  full  large. 

BEASTS. 

(p.  21)  The  Buifalo  is  found  in  abundance  on  Red  Pipe  Stone, 
Jacques  or  James,  St.  Peters  and  Red  rivers;  they  continually  recede 
before  the  white  population,  and  are  now  only  occasionally  found  on  the 
head  waters  of  the  river  Des  Moines  and  Lower  Iowa. 

Elk  are  frequently  found  much  nearer  the  white  settlements,  and,  oc- 
casionally, even  in  the  limits  of  the  present  settlements. 

Deer  are  not  very  abundant,  being  hunted  out  by  the  natives;  still, 
however,  there  are  many  hundreds  of  them  killed  yearly. 

Bears  are  scarce,  but  the  Indians  succeed  every  winter  in  obtaining 
more  or  less  of  these  animals,  as  appears  from  the  skins  which  they 
bring  to  the  traders. 

Raccoons  are  in  great  abundance  in  every  district  of  timbered  country, 
and  more  especially  along  the  water  courses.  They  constitute  the  pork 
of  the  Indian. 

Squirrels.  The  common  grey  squirrels  are  found  plentifully  in  the 
woods,  with  a  few  scattering  fox  squirrels,  but  no  black  ones,  however, 
during  fourteen  years  residence  and  rambling  in  that  country,  I  have  not 
seen  one,  neither  have  I  discovered  the  singular  phenomenon  of  migration 
and  emigration,  profusion  and  scarcity,  of  these  little  animals,  which  are 
so  remarkable  in  the  early  settlement  of  the  Ohio  valley. 

The  Panther  is  rarely  seen  in  the  country;  their  skins  are  to  be  found 
sometimes  among  the  Indians,  but  I  have  not  seen  the  animal  alive  in 
this  country.  Wild  cats  are  more  frequently  seen,  but  they  are  not 
by  any  means  numerous. 

The  Wolf.  There  are  a  few  of  the  large  black  wolves,  and  some  grey, 
but  the  most  numerous  of  this  class  of  animals  are  the  Praine  wolf, 
which  is  something  above  the  size  of  the  fox.  These  animals  have  not  yet 
proved  troublesome  to  any  extent  to  the  farmers;  and  probably  never 
can,  as  the  country  is  not  adapted  to  their  security,  against  the  search 
of  the  hunter — having  to  burrow  in  the  earth,  in  certain  elevations  of 
the  prairie,  they  are  readily  found  and  easily  destroyed.  Many  of  those 
animals  which  have  been  so  industriously  destroyed  for  their  skins,  as 
the  beaver,  the  otter,  the  musk-rat,  the  mink,  &c.,  are  becoming  scarce; 
the  beaver  may  be  said  to  be  almost  extinct,  while  but  few  of  the  otter 
remain.  It  is  true  that  the  musk-rat  abounds  in  great  plenty  in  some 
places,  and  they  are  said  to  be  found  in  the  greatest  abundance  about 
the  sources  of  the  Raccoon  river. 

Rabbits  are  found  in  the  settled  parts  of  the  country;  and  rats  are 
(p.  22)   continually  arriving,  with  almost  every  accession  to  our  white 


GALLAND'S  IOWA  EMIGRANT  501 

population,  though  it  is  clear  that  they  are  not  natives  of  the  country. 
The  oppossum,  the  pole-cat  or  skunk,  the  hedge-hog  or  procupine,  and 
the  ground-hog,  are  severally  to  be  found  in  this  country. 

SERPENTS. 

These  reptiles  are  not  numerous  in  this  country,  but  there  are  a  few 
of  the  large  yellow-pied  rattle-snakes,  and  still  more  frequently  the  little 
venomous  prairie  rattle-snake  is  heard,  whizzing  about  the  traveller's 
feet  in  passing  through  the  prairies.  There  are  also  the  bull-snake, 
the  black-snake,  the  moccasin-snake,  the  garter-snake  and  a  variety 
of  water  snakes,  which  are  occasionally  met  with  in  the  different  sec- 
tions of  this  country,  none  of  which  are  poisonous  except  the  moccasin. 

BIRDS. 

Tlie  groves  in  all  this  vast  region  of  country,  arc  enlivened  with  the 
morning  matins  and  evening  vespers  of  a  great  variety  of  singing  l)irds. 

The  wild  turkey,  which  was  so  abundant  on  the  Ohio  in  early  times, 
is  but  rarely  found  in  Iowa:  I  have,  however,  seen  large  flocks  of  them 
on  the  river  Des  Moines,  more  frequently  than  in  any  other  part  of  the 
country. 

The  prairie  hen  obtains  in  the  greatest  abundance,  and  inore  especially 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  white  population.  Quails  are  also  numerous,  but 
the  pheasant  is  rarely  seen.  Swans,  geese,  brants,  and  an  almost  endless 
variety  of  ducks  are  in  the  greatest  abundance  along  the  rivers,  upon 
the  lakes,  and  not  unfrequently  upon  the  prairies. 

Pelicans.  These  singular  fowls,  in  the  early  part  of  autumn,  often 
whiten  the  sand  bars  of  the  rivers  and  lakes — hundreds  of  them,  on 
their  passage  to  a  southern  latitude,  alight  together  on  a  sand  bar  or 
island,  and  give  it  the  appearance  of  a  bank  of  snow. 

The  crow  and  the  black  bird  are  sufficiently  numerous  to  be  at  times 
troublesome  to  the  farmers. 

Bald  Eagles  are  quite  common,  while  the  grey  eagle  is  scarcely  ever 
seen.     Buzzards  and  ravens  are  also  frequently  seen. 

Doves  and  pigeons,  a  great  variety  of  woodpeckers,  and  a  few  of  the 
real  woodcock  genus,  of  a  large  size,  are  found  in  the  country. 

The  little  humming-bird  is  likewise  often  seen,  examining  the  flowers 
for  his  food. 

The  honey  bee  is  doubtless  a  native  of  this  region; — they  are  found 
in  the  greatest  abundance,  as  we  advance  beyond  the  white  population. 

WILD  FRUITS. 

(p.  23)  The  earlist  fruit,  which  ripes  in  the  last  of  May  or  first  of 
June,  is  the  strawberry.  It  grows  in  barren  land,  or  adjoining  the 
timber  in  prairies,  and  often  on  the  second  bottoms,  which  are  of  a  sandy 
soil.  This  fruit  is  of  an  excellent  flavor,  and  in  some  seasons  can  be 
obtained  in  almost  any  quantity. 

Black  berries  grow  plentifully,  in  those  places  where  the  timber  has 
been  either  cut  down  by  the  hand  of  man,  or  where  it  has  been  pros- 


502  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

trated  by  hurricanes;  these  are  also  a  very  pleasant  berry,  but  not  so 
delicious  as  the  strawberry. 

Raspberries  are  not  as  plentiful  as  the  foregoing,  but  they  are  very 
common  in  the  country. 

Gooseberries  are  in  many  places  in  the  greatest  abundance,  and  of 
the  best  quality;  they  are  large  and  smooth  and  of  an  excellent  taste. 

Plums  abound  in  a  great  variety  of  size,  color  and  flavor,  and  grow  on 
trees  or  bushes  in  a  variety  of  soils,  some  of  them  are  of  an  excellent 
flavor. 

Crab  apples  are  found  plentifully  about  the  head  of  watercourses  in 
the  edges  of  the  prairies,  they  are  very  large  and  make  excellent  pre- 
serves, having  a  fragrant  smell  and  a  fine  golden  color.  Several  varie- 
ties of  hickory  nuts,  the  black  walnut,  the  butter  nut,  the  hazel  nut 
and  the  pecan,  are  plenty  in  many  places. 

Grapes.  Both  summer  and  winter  grapes,  and  of  several  varieties, 
both  in  size  and  flavor  are  found  in  the  country.  Wild  cherries,  the  black 
haw,  the  red  haw  and  the  paw-paw,  are  also  found  here. 

Cranberries  grow  in  the  greatest  abundance  in  the  northern  parts  of 
this  Territory,  and  are  obtained  from  the  Indians  by  the  traders  in 
large  quantities. 

MILITARY  DEFENSE. 

[Extract  from  the  Report  of  the  Quarter  Master  General.] 

"If  it  be  contemplated  to  establish  posts  on  the  route  surveyed  be- 
tween Forts  Leavenworth  and  Snelling,  I  would  recommend  that  the 
ordinary  log  cabins  and  block  houses  of  the  frontiers  alone  be  con- 
structed, and  with  as  little  expense  as  practicable.  The  natural  line  of 
defense  of  that  frontier  is  the  Missouri  river  itself;  it  runs  nearly 
parallel  with  the  Mississippi  through  several  degrees  of  latitude;  and 
will  afford  the  best  boundary  west  for  the  States  that  must  in  a  few 
years  be  found  north  of  the  State  of  Missouri.  As  to  the  road,  I  would 
recommend  that  neither  money  nor  labor  be  expended  (p.  24)  up(^n  iL 
The  whole  country  is  represented  as  an  open  prairie,  that  may  be  tra- 
versed in  all  directions  without  difficulty.  Posts  on  the  Missouri,  in  ad- 
vance of  Fort  Leavenworth,  at  the  mouth  of  Table  creek,  and  at  or  near 
the  mouth  of  Sioux  River,"  [Red  Pipe  Stone,]  "with  one  on  the  St. 
Peters,  would  have  much  greater  influence  over  the  Indians  between  the 
former  river  and  the  Mississippi,  than  any  post  placed  on  the  line  near 
the  white  settlements.  To  secure  the  communication  with  Fort  Snelling, 
barracks  for  two  companies,  with  good  block  houses,  are  necessary  at 
some  intermediate  point  between  that  port  and  Prairie  du  Chien;  and  for 
the  security  of  the  extending  settlements  of  Wisconsin,  a  post  is  re- 
quired at  Sandy  lake,  or  some  other  point  in  advance  of  Fort  Snelling 
on  the  Upper  Mississippi;  and  another  at  Fond  du  Lac,  the  south- 
western extremity  of  Lake  Superior." 


GALLAND'S  IOWA  EMIGRANT  503 

SPEECH  OF  BLACK  HAWK, 

Made  to  the  Sauk  and  Fox  Indians,  in  the  Spring  of  1831,  on  receiving  orders 
from  the  Indian  Agent  at  Roclc  Island,  to  remove  to  the  west  bank  of  the 
Mississippi. 

Warriors: — Sixty  summers  or  more  have  passed  away,  since  our 
fathers  sat  down  here,  while  our  mothers  erected  their  lodges  at  this 
delightful  spot.  Upon  these  pastures  our  horses  have  fattened  for  many 
successive  summers;  these  fields,  cultivated  by  the  hands  of  our  wives 
and  daughters,  have  always  yielded  us  a  plentiful  supply  of  corn,  beans, 
squashes,  melons,  &c. ;  and  from  the  shoals  of  these  rivers,  whose  limpid 
waters  here  unite,  our  young  men  have  always  obtained  the  wanted 
abundance  of  excellent  fish.  Here  too,  you  are  protected  by  the  broad 
current  of  the  majestic  river,  [Mis-se  Se-po,]  from  the  assaults  of  your 
old  and  inveterate  enemy,  the  Shaw-hawk  [Sioux].  Thus  supplied  with 
food  and  protected  from  harm,  our  summers  have  passed  away  in  mirth 
and  gladness.  With  what  reluctance  many  of  you  have  quitted  these 
scenes  of  joy  and  pastime,  even  for  one  winter,  our  patrol  can  testify, 
who  have  been  charged  with  bringing  up  the  rear  of  our  encampment, 
when  leaving  this  place  in  the  fall  for  our  wintering  ground.  And  yet 
another,  and  still  stronger  tie  binds  us  to  this  residence  of  our  fathers. 
In  these  little  enclosures,  some  of  wood  and  others  of  stone,  which  we 
see  scattered  all  over  these  plains,  now  rest,  in  undisturbed  repose,  the 
bones  of  our  dearest  relatives,  our  bravest  warriors  and  many  of  our 
greatest  chiefs  and  orators.  But  alas!  Warriors,  what  do  I  hear?  The 
birds  which  have  long  gladdened  these  groves,  with  the  sweet  melody  of 
their  notes,  are  now  singing  a  melancholy  song!  They  say  "the  red 
(p  25)  man  must  forsake  his  home,  to  make  room  for  the  white  man." 
The  Long-knives  desire  it,  and  must  have  a  new  field  opened  for  the 
exercise  of  their  speculation  and  avarice.  To  accomplish  which,  the 
red  man's  wife  and  daughter  must  now  surrender  the  little  piece  of 
ground  which  they  had  marked  as  their  own,  by  many  days  of  labor  and 
severe  toil.  Widows !  you  must  forsake  forever  the  graves  of  your  hus- 
bands !  Children !  forget  that  you  were  ever  born !  Mothers  !  you  shall 
no  more  see  the  sacred  spot  where  the  bones  of  your  children  rest! 
These,  all  these,  you  must  forsake  forever!  And  for  what  reasons,  are 
we  told  that  we  must  leave  forever,  our  houses  and  our  homes — the  land 
of  our  nativity  and  the  graves  of  our  fathers !  Because  the  Long- 
knives  want  to  live  in  our  houses,  plant  corn  in  our  fields  and  plough 
up  our  graves !  Yes !  they  wish  to  plant  corn  in  these  graves !  and  can 
you  refuse  a  request  at  once  so  inodest,  and  so  reasonable.^  They  want 
to  fatten  their  hogs  on  the  bodies  of  our  dead,  who  are  not  yet  mouldered 
in  these  graves!  Will  you  refuse?  We  are  ordered  to  remove  to  the 
west  bank  of  the  Majestic  river;  there  to  erect  other  houses  and  open 
new  fields,  of  which  we  shall  soon  again  be  robbed  by  these  pale  faces ! 
They  tell  us  that  our  great  father,  the  Chief  of  the  Long-knives,  has  com- 
manded us,  his  red  children,  to  give  this,  our  greatest  town,  our  greatest 
grave-yard  and  our  best  home,  to  his  white  children !    Do  you  believe  this 


504  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

story?  I  do  not.  It  cannot  be  true.  We  have  vagabonds  among  us, 
and  so  have  the  Long-knives  also — we  have  even  liars  of  our  own  nation, 
and  the  Long-knives,  no  doubt,  abound  with  such.  The  truth,  therefore, 
must  be  this;  that  a  few  base  and  avaricious  individuals  of  the  Long- 
knife  tribe,  who,  in  visiting  the  lead  mines,  or  exploring  the  country, 
have  passed  by  this  place,  and  seeing  this  delightful  spot,  have  become 
enamored  with  it;  have  thought  this  to  be  the  most  probable  stratagem 
which  would  promise  them  success  in  driving  us  from  our  homes;  that 
they  may  seize  upon  our  town  and  corn  fields.  But  I  repeat  it  again,  it 
cannot  be  true — it  is  impossible  that  so  great  a  Chief,  as  the  Chief  of  the 
Long-knives  is  said  to  be,  should  act  so  unjustly,  as  to  drive  six  thousand 
of  those,  whom  he  is  pleased  to  call  his  "red  children,"  from  their  native 
homes,  from  the  graves  of  their  ancestors,  and  from  the  scenes  of  the 
most  tender  and  sacred  associations.  Compelling  them  to  seek  new 
homes,  to  build  other  houses,  and  to  prepare  new  corn  fields;  and  that, 
too,  in  a  country  where  our  women  and  children  will  be  in  continual 
danger  of  being  murdered  by  our  enemies:  and  all  this  injustice  is  to  be 
done,  and  this  distress  inflicted,  merely  to  gratify  the  greedy  avarice 
of  twenty  or  thirty  persons  of  his  "white  children!"  (p.  26)  No!  No! 
Our  great  father,  the  Chief  of  the  Long-knives,  will  never  do  this  thing! 
Shall  we  therefore  leave  this  home  of  our  fathers,  on  account  of  such 
silly  and  unreasonable  tales?  No!  I  have  heard  these  same  fables 
■every  spring,  for  the  last  seven  winters,  that  we  were  to  be  driven  from 
this  place.  You  know  we  have  oifered  the  Long-knives  a  large  tract 
of  country  on  the  west  side  of  the  Majestic  river,  abounding  with  lead, 
if  they  would  relinquish  their  unjust  claim  to  this  little  spot.  We  will 
therefore  repair  our  houses,  which  these  pale-faced  vagabonds  have  torn 
down  and  burnt  through  the  past  winter,  and  we  will  plant  our  corn  as 
usual;  and  if  these  white  intruders  annoy  us  we  will  tell  them  to  depart. 
We  will  offer  them  no  violence,  except  in  self-defense,  and  even  then,  we 
will  only  protect  ourselves  and  our  families  from  their  dog-like  assaults. 
We  will  not  kill  their  cattle  or  destroy  any  of  their  property,  but  their 
scutdh  "wapo,  (whiskey,)  we  will  search  for  and  destroy,  by  throwing  it 
out  upon  the  earth,  wherever  we  find  it.  We  know  that  when  men  are 
filled  with  that  liquor,  they  think  that  they  are  very  rich;  perhaps  if 
their  liquor  was  destroyed,  and  they  should  become  sober,  they  may  not 
then  think  that  they  are  the  owners  of  all  the  earth!  We  have  asked 
permission  of  these  intruders  to  cultivate  our  own  fields,  around  which 
they  have  erected  wooden  walls.  They  have  refused,  and  have  even 
forbid  us  the  privilege  of  climbing  over.  We  will,  therefore,  throw 
down  these  walls  which  keep  us  from  our  fields.  And  as  these  pale  faces 
seem  unwillingly  to  live  in  the  same  community  with  us,  let  them,  and 
not  us,  depart.  It  was  them,  not  us,  that  sought  the  connection,  and 
when  they  become  tired  of  the  society,  let  them  seek  such  as  they  like 
tetter.  This  lands  is  ours  and  not  theirs;  we  have  inherited  it  from  our 
forefathers — we  have  never  parted  from  it — we  have  never  sold  it — we 


GALLAND'S  IOWA  EMIGRANT  505 

have  never  forfeited  it — it  is  therefore  ours!  If  some  drunken  dogs  of 
our  own  people,  assuming  to  be  our  chiefs,  have  sold  lands  to  the  Long- 
knives,  which  they  did  not  own,  our  rights  remain  unimpaired !  We  have 
no  chiefs,  no  agents,  no  delegates  who  are  authorized  to  sell  our  corn 
fields,  our  houses,  or  the  bones  of  our  dead!  I  say  we  have  none — we 
cannot  have  such  a  Chief;  because  the  very  act  itself  proves  him  a 
traitor,  and  would  strip  him  of  all  official  authority !  Many  of  the  old 
braves  who  now  hear  me,  remember  well  the  cruel  advantages  which  the 
Commissioners  of  the  Long-knives  took  of  our  distressed  condition,  at 
Portage  de  Sioux,  at  the  close  of  the  war  about  sixteen  winters  ago, 
how  they  there  compelled  us  to  recognize  a  treaty  which  they  themselves 
knew  to  be  a  fraud,  and  by  which  they  still  assume  to  claim  even  this 
little  tract,  though  we  have  given  up  to  them  all  the  other  immense 
(p.  27)  countries  on  both  sides  of  this  great  river,  without  a  murmur, 
and  as  I  have  said  before,  we  have  also  proposed  to  pay  them  for  this. 
The  great  Chief  of  the  I>ong-knives,  I  believe  is  too  wise  and  to  good 
to  approve  of  such  acts  of  robbery  and  injustice;  though  I  confess,  I 
have  found  true  the  statement  of  my  British  friends  in  Canada,  "that 
the  Long-knives  will  always  claim  the  land,  as  far  as  they  are  permitted 
to  make  a  track  with  their  foot,  or  mark  a  tree."  I  will  not  however, 
believe  that  the  great  Chief,  who  is  pleased  to  call  himself  our  "Father," 
will  send  an  army  of  his  warriors  against  his  children,  for  no  other  cause 
than  for  contending  to  cultivate  the  fields  which  their  own  labor  has  pro- 
vided, and  for  occupying  the  houses  which  their  own  hands  have  erected ! 
No,  I  will  not  believe  it,  until  I  see  his  army !  and  then,  and  not  until 
then,  will  I  forsake  these  graves  of  my  ancestors,  and  this  home  of 
my  youth ! 

AN  ACT 

NOW  IX  FORCE  IX  IOWA. 

(p.  28)  Sec.  1.  Be  it  enacted,  &c..  That  hereafter  in  actions  of  trespass 
quare  clausum  f regit,  trespass,  ejectment,  forcible  entry  and  detainer,  as 
well  as  forcible  detainer  only,  when  any  person  may  be  settled  on  any  of 
the  public  lands  in  this  Territory, — where  the  same  have  not  been  sold  by 
the  General  Government, — his,  her,  or  their  possession,  shall  be  con- 
sidered on  the  trial  as  extending  to  the  boundaries  embraced  by  the 
"claim"  of  such  person  or  persons,  so  as  to  enable  him,  her,  or  them,  to 
have  and  maintain  either  of  the  aforesaid  actions,  without  being  com- 
pelled to  prove  an  actual  enclosure;  Provided,  that  such  "cJaim"  shall 
not  exceed,  in  number  of  acres,  the  amount  limited  to  any  one  person, 
according  to  the  custom  of  the  neighborhood  in  which  such  land  is  sit- 
uated, and  shall  not  in  any  case  exceed  in  extent,  three  hundred  and" 
twenty  acres:  and.  Provided,  that  such  " claim"  may  be  located  in  two 
different  parcels  as  will  suit  the  convenience  of  the  holder.  But  no  such 
holder  shall  be  entitled  to  hold  a  "claim,"  less  than  the  smallest  leT:al 
subdivision,  agreeably  to  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  relative  to  selling 


606  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

the  public  lands.  And  all  such  claim  or  part  of  a  claim  shall  be  marked 
out,  so  that  the  boundaries  thereof  can  be  readily  traced,  and  the  extent 
of  said  claim  easily  known ;  Provided,  That  no  person  shall  be  entitled  to 
sustain  either  ot  said  actions  for  possession  of,  or  injury  done  to,  any 
"claim,"  (except  mineral  lots,)  unless  he  has  actually  made  an  improve- 
ment as  required  by  the  custom  of  the  neighborhood,  in  which  such 
claim  or  claims  are  situated. 

Sec.  2.  A  neglect  of  a  claim  by  the  owner,  and  those  under  whom  he 
claims,  for  a  period  of  six  months  or  more,  shall  be  considered  such  an 
abandonment  as  to  preclude  said  owner  from  sustaining  either  of  the 
aforesaid  actions. 

Sec.  3.  Nothing  in  this  act  contained  shall  be  construed  to  prevent 
any  person  from  sustaining  either  of  the  aforesaid  actions,  when  there 
shall  be  an  actual  enclosure,  for  an  injury  done  within  the  same,  although 
the  "claim"  of  such  persons,  enclosed  and  unenclosed,  may  exceed  in 
the  whole  three  hundred  and  twenty  acres. 

Approved,  January  19,  1838. 

(p.  29)  EXECUTIVE   OFFICERS. 

Robert  Lucas^ Governor. 

James  Clarke, Secretary. 

Charles  Masox, Chief  Justice. 

T.  S.  WiLsox, Associate  Justice. 

Joseph    Williams, "  " 

Francis.  Gehox, Marshall. 

land  office  at  BURLINGTON. 

Augustus  C.  Dodge, Register. 

Verplanck  Van  Antwerp Receiver. 

LAND   office    AT  DUBUQUE. 

Benjamin  R.  Petrikin, Register. 

Thomas  McKnight, Receiver. 

INDIAN  DEPARTMENT. 

Robert  Lucas, Superintendent,  ex.  of. 

Jesse  Williams, Messenger. 

SAUK  AND   FOX  AGENCY. 

Joseph  M.  SteeV Agent. 

Joseph  Smart, Interpreter. 

C.  H.  Withington, Blacksmith. 

Joshua  W.  Baker, do. 

Harvey    Sturdivant, Gunsmith. 

Richard    Kerr, Farmer. 

Ruth   Kerr, Laborer. 

Job    Smith, do. 

^An  evident  error.    Gen.  Joseph  M.  Street  was  Sauk  and  Fox  agent  at  this 
time. — Editor. 


GALLAND'S  IOWA  EMIGRANT  507 

William  Fullerton, do. 

David  Fullerton, do. 

Cannon, do. 

Jeremiah  Smith, Miller. 

Samuel   Smith, do. 

Henry    Plummer, Striker. 

Preston  Roberts, do. 

SIOUX  AGEKCY  AT  SAINT  PETERS. 

Law.   Taliaf ero, Agent. 

Scott    Campbell, Interpreter. 

Antoine   Papin, Blacksmith. 

James    Reasch, Assistant        do. 

Oliver   Ruscieo, Blacksmith. 

John  Short, Assitant        do. 

Gideon  H.  Pond, Farmer. 

Samuel  F.  Denton, do. 

(p.  30) 

John    Holton, do. 

Jedediah  D.  Stephen,  (teacher,  chaplain,) do. 

Peter  Quin, do. 

Louis  Martin, do. 

Oliver  Farribault, do. 

Oliver  Cratte, Armorer  and  Smith. 

William  M  Manning, Assistant  do. 

Dr.  John  Emerson, Physiciam^ 

FORT  SNELLING. 

Brev.  Maj.  Plympton, Commanding  Officer. 

POST    OFFICE    DEPARTMENT. 

Postmasters.  Offices. 

Thomas    Dickey, A  ugusta 

John  D.  Bell,. . , Bellview. 

Seth    Richards, Bentonsport. 

E.  Hooke, Black  Hawk. 

E.  E.  Fay, Bloomington. 

Enos  Lowe, Burlington. 

Simeon  Gardner, Comanche. 

William  H.  Brown, Charleston. 

M.  N.  Bosworth, Clark's  Ferry. 

D.  E.   Eldrige, ; Davenport. 

W.    H.    Vandeventer, Deventerville. 

G.  B.  Morrison, .Dubuque. 

H.  Bateman, Farmington. 

Peter  Miller, Fort  Madison. 

S.  C.  Stambaugh, Fort  Snelling. 

A.  Walton, Geneva. 


608  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

A.  Clark, Orandview. 

S.  R.  Isett, ..Hope  Farm. 

John  Buckhart, Jacksonville. 

T.  T  Clark, Moscow. 

B.  Nye, Montpelier. 

D.  W.  Kilbourne, Montrose. 

A.  Sanders, Mount  Pleasant. 

Robert  Moffit, New  Lexington. 

J.  H.  Kinkade, New  London. 

E.  Parkhurst, Parkhurst. 

M.  W.  Power, Peru. 

A.  B.  Lathrop, Pleasant  Valley. 

J.  J.  Fairman, Portoro. 

J.  H,  Sullivan, Rockingham. 

Aaron    Street, Salem. 

T.  J.  Sanborn, . Sanbomton. 

J.  D.  Bourne,  ( Waw-pe-se-pin-e-ke) Wauhesopinecoux. 

(p.  31) 

Zadock  C.   Ingram, Wapello. 

Francis  Foot, .West  Liberty. 

Owen  Dodd, West  Point. 

John  Sherf ey, Wyoming. 

CIVIL  OFFICERS. 
W.  W.  Chapman, Delegate  in  Congress. 

MEMBERS   OF  THE    COUKCIL. 

Stephen  Hempstead,  President  Keith, 

A.  Ingham,  Parker, 

J.  B.  Browne,  Payne, 

C.  Whittlesey,  Ralston, 

G.  Hepner,  Swazey, 

Clark,  Lewis, 

L.  B.  Hughes,  B.  F.  Wallace,  Secretary, 

MEMBERS   OF  THE    HOUSE   OF  REPRESENTATIVES. 

Edward  Johnson,  Speaker  Hall, 

Alfred   Rich,  Biggs, 

James  Churchman,  Hastings,                         • 

Laurel  Summers,  Clark, 

Shepherd  Leffler,  Coop, 

Joshua  Owen,  Baily, 

Jacob  Mintun,  Cox, 

Daniel  Brewer,  Robertson, 

William  R.  Ross,  Fleenor, 

J.  C.  Hawkins,  Langwo'rthy, 

L.  N.  English,  Wheeler, 

William  Patterson,  Lash, 

Walworth,  ■                          Myers. 

J.  F.  Fales,  Chief  Clerk. 


GALLAND'S  IOWA  EMIGRANT 


509 


' 

COUNTIES. 

Benton, 

Fayette, 

Keokuk, 

Buchanan, 

Henry, 

Lee, 

Cedar, 

Jackson, 

Louisa, 

Clinton, 

Jones, 

Linn, 

Clayton, 

Johnson, 

Muscatine, 

Des  Moines, 

Jefferson, 

Scott, 

Dubuque, 

V^an  Buren, 

Delaware, 

Washington. 

(p.  32) 

TOWNS. 

Augusta, 

Farmin'rton, 

Prairie  la  Porte 

Astoria, 

Florence, 

Philadelphia, 

Antwerp, 

Geneva, 

Peru, 

Akwipetuk, 

Grandview, 

Portoro, 

Burlington, 

Iowa  city. 

Pittsburg, 

Bloomington, 

Jacksonville, 

Point  Comfort, 

Buffalo, 

Keokuk, 

Rochester, 

Bellvue, 

Keoshawqua, 

Rockingham, 

Bentonsport, 

Lexington, 

Sanbornton, 

Black  Hawk, 

Lyons, 

Salem, 

Camanche, 

Mount  Pleasant, 

Tusc  arora. 

Charleston, 

Montpelier, 

Van  Buren, 

Catteesh, 

Montrose, 

Wapalaw, 

Dubuque, 

Moscow, 

West  Point, 

Davenport, 

Napoleon, 

Wyoming, 

Denmark, 

New  London, 

Washington, 

Deventerville, 

Parkhurst, 

West  Liberty. 

Fort  Madison, 

Pleasant  Valley, 

MUSCATINE,  VICE  BLOOMINGTON 


Bv  a  decree  of  the  District  Court,  in  accordance  with  a  petition 
of  the  citizens,  the  name  of  this  town  has  been  changed  to  Mus- 
catine. ^  *  ^  The  name  we  now  bear  is  the  aboriginal  one 
for  this  locality.  It  means  Fire  Island  and  was  applied  to  the 
large  island  just  below  the  city.  It  is  also  the  name  of  our  large, 
rich  and  rapidly  populating  county.  It  has  euphony  and  original- 
ity and  is  peculiar  to  ourselves,  not  being  found  anywhere  else 
on  the  map  of  the  world. — Bloomington-Iowa  Democratic  En- 
quirer, June  9,  1849.  (In  the  newspaper  collection  of  the  His- 
torical Department  of  Iowa.) 


Mx\JOR-GENERAL  LEWIS  ADDISOX  GRANT  511 


MAJOR-GENERAL  LEWIS  ADDISOX  GRANT 
By  Charles  Keyes^ 

The  real  hero  of  "Sheridan's  Ride/'  and  the  one  personage  of 
all  others  who  made  the  great  fame  of  that  ride  possible^  appears 
to  me  not  to  have  been  the  commander  himself  but  one  of  his 
lieutenants,  who,  with  a  relatively  small  force,  had  fought  and 
held  back  an  entire  Confederate  army  all  day  while  the  rest  of 
the  Union  regiments  were  in  disastrous  retreat.  The  recent  an- 
nouncement of  the  demise  of  that  hero  recalls  tlie  fact  that  for  a 
quarter  of  a  century  he  was  an  honored  and  distinguished  citi- 
zen of  our  state,  and  was  for  years  one  of  tlie  most  w^idely  known 
survivors  of  the  Civil  War  resident  in  the  West. 

Major-General  Grant,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  March  20, 
1918,  in  Minneapolis,  Minnesota,  at  the  ripe  old  age  of  four 
score  and  ten  years,  was  the  sole  survivor,  save  one,  of  the 
famous  Old  Vermont  Brigade  w^hich  was  one  of  the  most  active 
units  throughout  the  Civil  War.  Of  the  many  engagements  in 
which  he  took  part  two  in  particular  stand  out  prominently.  At 
the  battle  of  Cedar  Creek,  Virginia,  he  saved  the  Union  army 
from  signal  defeat.  Before  Petersburg  he  planned  and  led  the 
assault  which  broke  the  Confederate  lines  and  opened  the  way 
for  Lee's  surrender  seven  days  later.  Subsequently  he  became 
assistant  secretary  of  war,  and  acting  secretary  of  war,  under 
President  Harrison. 

At  the  close  of  the  Civil  War  General  Grant  resumed  his  law 
practice,  first  in  Moline,  Illinois,  and  afterwards  at  Des  Moines. 
The  last  mentioned  place  he  made  his  home  for  twenty  years. 
At  the  same  time  his  practice  led  him  directly  into  land  invest- 
ment. Besides  numerous  successful  city  ventures  he  planned  and 
laid  out  Waukee,  now  one  of  the  prosperous  towns  of  Dallas 
County.  The  old  Grant  homestead  on  Third  Street,  in  Des 
Moines,  still  retains  its  original  characteristics  and  environment." 

^Dr.  Charles  Keyes,  the  writer  of  this  article,  was  a  neighbor  of  General  Grant 
for  many  years  and  talked  with  him  frequently  concerning  the  events  herein 
related,  and  other  phases  of  the  Civil  War. — Editor. 

-Business  has  deeply  invaded  this  once  select  residence  district,  but  the  Grant 
residence,  No.  830  Third  Street,  is  still  preserved  intact. — Editor. 


512  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

When^  in  the  early  eighties,  the  great  real  estate  "boom"  of  the 
Twin  Cities  set  in  General  Grant  invested  heavily.  His  inter- 
ests in  Minnesota  occupied  so  much  of  his  attention  that  he 
finally  removed  to  Minneapolis  altogether. 

Lewis  Addison  Grant  was  born  in  Winhall  Hollow,  Vermont,. 
January  17,  1829.  He  was  the  youngest  of  a  family  of  ten  chil- 
dren. His  father,  James  Grant  (1772-1856),  moved  from  Mas- 
sachusetts to  the  Green  Mountain  state  in  early  days  and  en- 
gaged as  a  school  teacher  and  farmer.  His  mother,  before  her 
marriage,  was  Elizabeth  Wyman  (1784-1875),  of  Lunenburg^ 
Massachusetts,  daughter  of  David  Wyman,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier. The  original  Grant  ancestor  in  this  country  was  Christo- 
pher Grant  (1608-1663),  who  emigrated  from  Scotland  in  1630, 
and  settled  in  Watertown,  Massachusetts. 

The  boyhood  of  Lewis  was  spent  in  the  usual  strict  ways  of 
the  old  New  Englanders.  He  attended  the  district  school  of 
Townshend,  Vermont,  until  he  was  sixteen  years  of  age.  The 
following  year  he  taught  in  this  same  school  where  the  term 
before  he  had  been  pupil.  Later  he  attended  the  academy  at 
Chester,  Vermont.  After  academy  days  he  taught  school  for  a 
period  of  five  years  in  New  Jersey,  in  Chester,  Vermont,  and 
near  Boston,  meanwhile  reading  law.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1855  and  began  the  practice  of  the  law  in  Bellows  Falls,, 
Vermont. 

On  March  11,  1857,  young  Grant  was  united  in  marriage  with 
S.  Agusta  Hartwell,  of  Harvard,  Massachusetts.  To  them  a 
daughter  was  born,  now  Mrs.  George  W.  Stone,  of  Indianapolis, 
Indiana.  Mrs.  Grant  died  January  27,  1859.  Four  years  after- 
wards, on  September  9,  1863,  Mr.  Grant  married  Mary  Helen 
Pierce,  of  Hartland,  Vermont,  a  niece  of  President  Franklin 
Pierce.  Their  two  sons  are  Captain  James  Colfax  Grant,  a 
prominent  attorney  of  Minneapolis,  Minnesota,  and  Dr.  Ulysses 
Sherman  Grant,  now  dean  of  the  College  of  Liberal  Arts  in 
Northwestern  University,  at  Evanston,  Illinois,  and  a  distin- 
guished scientist  of  more  than  national  reputation. 

Under  the  firm  name  of  Stoughton  &  Grant,  at  Bellows  Falls, 
Vermont,  the  junior  member  had  hardly  entered  his  professional 
career  when  the  Civil  War  came  on.  He  at  once  gave  up  his  law 
practice  and  joined  the  colors. 


MAJOR-GENERAL  LEWIS  ADDISON  GRANT  513 

Lewis  A.  Grant  was  commissioned  major  of  the  Fifth  Vermont 
Infantry  Volunteers,  which  was  mustered  into  service  Septem- 
ber 16,  1861,  at  St.  Albans,  Vermont,  to  serve  three  years.  This 
regiment  was  assigned  to  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  and  partici- 
pated in  the  advances  of  that  organization  during  the  spring  of 
1862.  He  was  mustered  into  service  as  lieutenant-colonel  of  the 
same  regiment  on  September  25,  1861,  and  was  promoted  to  col- 
onel on  September  16,  1862.  He  was  honorably  discharged  as  col- 
onel on  May  20,  1861,  to  enable  him  to  accept  an  appointment  as 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers.  In  the  latter  part  of  the  same 
year  he  was  commissioned  major-general  of  United  States  volun- 
teers by  brevet  to  date  from  October  19,  "for  gallant  and  meri- 
torious service  in  the  present  campaign  before  Richmond,  Vir- 
ginia, and  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley,"  and  was  honorably  dis- 
charged from  the  service  August  24,  1865.  In  July,  1866,  lie  was 
appointed  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  Thirty-sixth  Infantry,  L^.  S. 
Army,  but  after  liis  four  years  of  hard  service,  storm  and  tur- 
moil, he  preferred  private  life  and  declined  the  honor. 

General  Lewis  A.  Grant  was  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
soldiers  of  tlie  Civil  War,  and  his  military  services  were  con- 
spicuously valuable.  His  service  covered  practically  the  whole 
period  of  tlie  war,  during  all  of  which  time  he  was  in  command 
of  the  regiment,  brigade,  or  division  to  which  he  belonged.  He 
was  twice  wounded  in  battle,  once  in  the  leg  at  Fredericksburg, 
December  11,  1862,  and  again  in  the  head  at  Petersburg,  April 
2,  1865.  For  distinguished  gallantry  in  tlie  battle  of  Salem 
Heights,  on  May  3,  1863,  congress  awarded  him  a  medal  of 
honor. 

As  shown  by  the  records  of  the  war  department  General 
Grant  took  active  part  in  many  engagements,  the  most  important 
of  which,  with  his  brigade,  are  as  follows:  Yorktown,  May  5, 
1862;  Golding  Farm,  June  28,  1862;  Savage  Station,  June  29, 
1862;  White  Oak  Swamp,  June  30,  1862;  Crampton  Gap,  Sep- 
tember 14,  1862;  Antietam,  September  17,  1862;  Fredericksburg, 
December  13  and  14,  1862.  As  brigade  or  division  commander 
he  was  in  the  following  battles:  Fredericksburg  and  Salem 
Heights,  May  3  to  5,  1863;  Gettysburg,  July  2  and  3,  1863; 
Fairfield,   July   5,    1863;    Rappahannock   Station,   November   8, 


514  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

1863;  Mine  River,  November  27,  1863;  Wilderness,  May  5  to  7, 
1864;  Spottsylvania  Court  House,  May  8  to  21,  1864;  Cold  Har- 
bor, June  1  to  12,  1864;  siege  of  Petersburg,  June  18  to  July  10, 
1864;  Charleston,  August  21,  1864;  Gilbert  Crossing,  September 
13,  1864;  Cedar  Creek,  October  19,  1864;  siege  of  Petersburg, 
December,  1864,  to  April,  1865;  assault  on  Petersburg,  April  2, 
1865;  Sailor  Creek,  April  6,  1865. 

General  Lewis  A.  Grant  commanded  the  Second  Brigade,  Sec- 
ond Division,  of  the  Sixth  Army  Corps  from  February  21,  1863, 
to  December  29,  1863;  from  February  2,  1864,  to  September  29, 
1864;  from  October  8,  1864,  to  December  2,  1864;  from  February 
11,  1865,  to  February  20,  1865;  and  from  March  7,  1865,  to 
June  28,  1865,  He  commanded  the  Second  Division  of  the  Sixth 
Army  Corps  from  December  2,  1864,  to  February  11,  1865. 

The  new  Fifth  Vermont  organization  was  mustered  into 
regular  service  in  September,  1861,  at  once  went  to  Wash- 
ington, where  it  joined  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  Upon  uniting 
with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  the  Fifth  Regiment  was  brigaded 
with  four  other  Vermont  regiments  and  later  with  two  additional 
ones  from  the  same  state,  and  served  throughout  the  war  as  one 
of  the  few  brigades  composed  exclusively  of  regiments  from  the 
same  state.* 

Bcause  of  the  fact  that  this  brigade  was  prominent  in  prac- 
tically all  of  the  campaigns  which  were  conducted  back  and 
forth  through  Virginia  and  Maryland  it  soon  became  famous  as 
the  "Old  Vermont  Brigade."  All  through  the  desperate  fight- 
ing on  the  Peninsula  in  1862  the  Vermonters  were  conspicuous 
for  their  bravery.  At  Antietam  and  later  at  Fredericksburg  this 
brigade  saw  active  work.  In  the  following  spring,  at  the  Sec- 
ond Battle  of  Fredericksburg,  which  was  fought  as  a  detail  of 
the  Battle  of  Chancellorsville,  the  brigade,  which  General  Grant 
was  then  commanding  as  senior  colonel,  bore  a  severe  part.  It 
was  for  his  part  in  this  action  that  General  Grant  later  received 
from  congress  a  medal  for  bravery. 

^Captain  B.  C.  Ward,  of  Des  Moines,  who  was  a  member  of  the  Second  Ver- 
mont Infantry,  one  of  the  regiments  of  this  brigade,  tells  the  following  anecdote: 
"At  one  time  when  our  regiment  was  occupying  quarters  near  the  Twenty- 
sixth  New  Jersey,  we  were  missing  things  a  great  deal.  We  finally  killed  and 
dressed  a  dog  and  placed  the  carcass  where  it  could  be  seen,  and  in  the  morning 
it  was  gone.  Then  our  boys  whistled  for  the  dog  and  called  it,  and  others  would 
imitate  its  bark.  Our  boys  kept  it  up  until  the  Jersey  boys  got  plenty  tired  of  it, 
but  they  seemed  to  'catch  on,'  if  they  hadn't  already  because  of  the  quality  of 
the  meat,  and  our  things  were  not  molested  so  much  after  that." 


MAJOR-GENERAL  LEWIS  ADDISON  GRANT  515 

As  the  Battle  of  Gettysburg  began  General  Grant  and  his 
Vermont  brigade,  which  was  still  a  part  of  the  Sixth  Army  Corps, 
was  at  Mt.  Airy,  Maryland,  thirty  miles  from  the  field  of  action. 
Breaking  camp  at  one  o'clock  in  the  morning  and  marching  all 
day  they  reached  the  battle  ground  just  before  sunset,  and  took 
up  position  on  Little  Round  Top.  Had  General  Lee  followed  the 
advice  of  Longstreet  the  burden  of  the  great  assault  made  by 
Pickett,  on  the  following  day,  would  have  fallen  upon  this  bri- 
gade instead  of  the  center.  Lee's  decision  saved  them  from  this 
fate. 

Fifty  years  afterwards,  at  the  grand  reunion  held  on  the  bat- 
tlefield on  the  anniversary  of  the  Battle  of  Gettysburg,  General 
Lewis  A.  Grant,  General  Daniel  E.  Sickles,  and  General  John 
R.  Brooke,  of  tlie  Union  Army,  and  General  E.  M.  Law,  of  the 
Confederate  Army,  were  the  only  surviving  general  officers  of 
tlie  forces  engaged,  and  all  four  were  present.  Congress  had 
done  a  gracious  act  by  appropriating  funds  to  cover  all  traveling 
and  other  expenses  of  all  the  soldiers  of  both  armies  who  had 
participated  in  this,  the  decisive  battle  of  our  Civil  War. 

Tlie  position  of  General  Grant's  First  Vermont  Brigade  on 
Little  Round  Top  on  that  fateful  day  in  July,  1863,  is  marked 
by  one  of  the  finest  of  the  many  handsome  monuments  erected 
on  the  field  of  Gettysburg.  It  is  known  as  the  "Vermont  Lion." 
When  acting  secretary  of  war  during  the  Harrison  administra- 
tion, in  1893,  General  Grant  with  his  family  visited  the  spot. 
In  the  accompanying  view  of  the  Lion  (see  illustration)  the  per- 
sonages are  General  Lewis  A.  Grant,  Mrs.  Grant,  his  son.  Doctor 
Grant,  and  the  latter's  wife,  Mrs.  Avis  Winchell  Grant. 

When  General  U.  S.  Grant  came  from  the  western  armies  to 
take  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  the  "Old  Vermont 
Brigade"  was  one  of  the  strongest  and  most  dependable  contin- 
gents. In  the  Battle  of  the  Wilderness,  than  which  the  annals 
of  history  show  no  fiercer  nor  more  sanguinary  fighting,  the  Ver- 
monters  were  called  upon  to  occupy  one  of  the  most  important 
positions  on  the  entire  line,  and  for  many  hours  they  held  off 
the  attacks  of  two  entire  divisions  of  Hill's  Confederate  Army 
Corps. 


MAJOR-GENERAL  LEWIS  ADDISON  GRANT  517 

In  1864,  when  the  city  of  Washington  was  menaced  by  Early, 
a  call  came  to  the  commander-in-chief  to  send  some  of  his  most 
trustworthy  troops  to  the  defense  of  the  national  capital.  Among 
those  hurried  forward  was  the  "Old  Vermont  Brigade."  The 
same  brigade  was  among  the  picked  troops  which  Sheridan  took 
with  him  to  follow  Early  back  up  the  Shenandoah  Valley.  The 
fame  of  this  brigade  increased  with  the  passing  of  each  year  of 
the  war.  Not  the  least  record  of  the  many  proud  deeds  written 
in  its  history  was  the  part  it  took  in  October,  1864,  at  the  battle 
of  Cedar  Creek,  Virginia. 

For  the  important  and  conspicuous  part  taken  in  the  fighting 
at  Cedar  Creek,  when  Sheridan,  galloping  from  Winchester, 
twenty  miles  away,  turned  a  defeat  into  victory.  General  L.  A. 
Grant  was  commissioned  a  brevet  major-general  of  volunteers. 
It  was  his  "Old  Vermont  Brigade"  which  saved  that  day. 

During  the  draft  riots  in  New  York  towards  the  close  of  the 
war,  when  the  metropolis  was  facing  anarchy,  the  governor  of 
the  state  sent  a  hurry  call  to  Washington  for  troops  to  protect 
the  city  from  property  destruction  and  murder.  "I  want  men 
who  can  be  absolutely  trusted,"  was  the  word  that  went  forward. 
The  "Old  Vermont  Brigade"  was  sent  in  reply. 

The  Battle  of  Cedar  Creek,  or  Belle  Grove  as  it  was  known  in 
the  South,  was  one  of  the  famous  engagements  of  the  Civil  War. 
By  it  Early  was  silenced,  danger  of  rebel  raids  in  the  North  was 
eliminated,  Lee's  commissary  was  greatly  curtailed,  and  a  speedy 
end  of  the  war  was  brought  into  vision.  Although  it  was  often 
told  in  story  and  song,  and  was  voluminously  written  of  in  prose 
and  poetry,  the  battle  itself  was  never  very  well  understood,  par- 
ticularly in  the  North.  Stories  were  repeatedly  told  of  the 
stealthy  approach  of  the  Confederates  in  the  darkness  just  before 
dawn,  of  how  they  relieved  our  picket  lines  and  without  hinder- 
ance  walked  into  our  camp,  of  Sheridan's  magic  power  in  check- 
ing disaster  of  a  thoroughly  disorganized  army  and  in  leading 
it  back  to  victory.  Popular  conception  had  it  that  our  troops  had 
been  caught  asleep,  that  they  were  captured  in  their  tents,  or 
driven  from  camp  half  clad  and  that  Sheridan  rallied  them  into 
line,  marched  them  back  and  turned  the  tide  of  battle. 

Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  many  of  these  tales  are  untrue, 
when  well  told  they  prove  rather  fascinating.     Perhaps  there  is 


518  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

enough  imagery  in  them  to  warrant  poetic  license  and  undue 
exaggeration  to  be  indulged  in;  but  there  is  not  much  poetry  or 
fiction  about  the  battle  itself.  That  is  real  and  terrible.  Its  his- 
tory presents  an  instructvie  study  of  strategy,  valor  and  disci- 
pline. Stripped  of  all  its  embellishments  the  relation  of  the  events 
is  not  altogether  uninteresting.  General  L.  A.  Grant's  own  ver- 
sion throws  many  side  lights  upon  the  episode  that  have  not  yet 
appeared  in  the  histories.  It  gives  us  some  new  ideas  concern- 
ing this  decisive  action. 

It  is  recalled  that  Sheridan  had  pursued  Early  up  the  Shenan- 
doah Valley  and  that  his  army  was  encamped  on  Cedar  Creek, 
when  he  was  called  to  Washington.  During  his  absence  the  Con- 
federates were  not  idle.  Early's  condition  was  somewhat  des- 
perate. Since  the  destruction  of  his  supply  train  and  his  cattle 
and  forage  he  could  no  longer  subsist  at  Fisher  Hill  where  he 
then  was.  He  must  give  battle  or  fall  back.  He  decided  to 
fight.     This  attack  he  began  before  daylight. 

On  the  morning  of  the  battle  a  dense  fog  hung  over  the 
valleys  making  a  comprehensive  view  of  the  situation  impossible. 
In  the  obscurity  and  excitement  of  the  early  attack  there  was 
some  confusion  of  orders  and  movements  on  part  of  the  Union 
forces.  They  fell  back  and  continued  their  retreat  for  a  dis- 
tance of  four  or  five  miles.  It  was  there  that  Sheridan  found 
them  on  his  return  from  Winchester.  The  entire  Eighth  and 
Nineteenth  Corps  and  two  divisions  of  the  Sixth  Corps  were 
thus  effectually  disposed  of  and  were  out  of  the  fight. 

The  Second  Division  of  the  Sixth  Corps  was  the  only  force 
which  was  not  in  flight.  It  stood  its  ground.  On  it  fell  the  brunt 
of  the  day's  engagement.  This  unit  was  universally  known  as 
Getty's  division,  having  been  long  under  the  command  of  Gen- 
eral George  W.  Getty.  When  the  attack  commenced,  the  Sixth 
Corps  was  commanded  by  General  Ricketts.  General  Getty  was 
in  charge  of  the  Second  Division,  in  which  General  L.  A.  Grant 
commanded  the  Second,  or  Vermont,  Brigade.  Early  in  the  ac- 
tion Ricketts  was  wounded,  and  the  command  of  his  corps  de- 
volved upon  Getty,  while  the  command  of  the  latter's  division  fell 
upon  Grant,  they  being  respectively  the  next  officers  in  rank. 

On  the  night  before  the  battle  the  Second  Division  of  the  Sixth 
Corps  went  into  camp  on  the  right  and  rear  of  the  Union  infan- 


MAJOR-GENERAL  LEWIS  ADDISON  GRANT  519 

try  at  a  point  two  miles  from  the  place  of  first  attack.  This 
division  constituted  no  part  of  the  Union  lines  before  the  battle. 
No  other  infantry  fouglit  with  it  during  the  battle  in  the  morn- 
ing. Not  until  late  in  the  afternoon,  after  Sheridan  came  upon 
the  field,  was  it  supported.  This  division  was  separated  from, 
and  acted  independently  of,  all  other  infantry  during  the  opera- 
tions of  the  morning  and  independently  of  all  other  commands, 
except  a  division  of  cavalry  to  the  left  and  a  small  squad  of 
artillery  men  with  two  guns. 

The  Second  Division  was  under  arms  early  in  tlie  morning 
and  marched  promptly  to  the  left  to  a  position  near  Middletown 
in  the  direction  of  tlie  firing.  By  this  movement  the  division 
became  the  left  wing  of  tlie  infantry  of  the  army.  It  found 
itself  directly  in  front  of  the  advancing  Confederates.  The 
Vermont  Brigade  reached  this  position  first,  and,  immediately 
throwing  forward  a  strong  line  of  skirmishers,  it  advanced  to 
the  pike,  on  the  high  ground  south  of  the  village,  where  it 
checked  the  enemy's  progress  until  Pegram's  division,  coming 
fresh  upon  the  field,  attacked,  and  drove  it  back.  While  this  was 
going  on  General  Getty  moved  the  Second  Division  about  300 
yards  to  the  left  of  where  it  first  formed  and  somewhat  to  the 
rear,  to  an  elevation,  or  crest,  of  a  semicircular  hill. 

Curiously  enough  General  Early  thought  that  he  had  encoun- 
tered and  defeated  an  entire  Union  division.  In  his  account  of 
the  events  of  the  morning,  as  stated  in  his  "Last  Year  of  the 
War"  (page  106)  he  observes:  "Gordon  pushed  his  attack  with 
great  energy,  and  the  Nineteenth  and  Crook's  corps  were  in 
complete  rout,  and  their  camps,  with  a  number  of  pieces  of 
artillery  and  a  considerable  quantity  of  small  arms,  abandoned. 
The  Sixth  Corps  which  was  on  the  enemy's  right,  and  some  dis- 
tance from  the  point  attacked,  had  had  time  to  get  under  arms 
and  take  a  position  so  as  to  arrest  our  progress.  General  Gor- 
don briefly  informed  me  of  the  condition  of  things,  and  stated 
that  Pegram's  division,  which  had  not  been  previously  engaged, 
had  been  ordered  in.  He  then  rode  forward  to  take  command  of 
the  division  and  I  rode  forward  on  the  pike  to  ascertain  the  posi- 
tion of  the  enemy,  in  order  to  continue  the  attack.  There  was 
now  a  heavy  fog,  and  that,  with  the  smoke  from  the  artillery 
and  small  arms,  so  obscured  objects  that  the  enemy's  position 


620  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

could  not  be  seen ;  but  I  soon  came  to  Generals  Ramseur  and  Pe- 
gram,  who  informed  me  that  Pegram's  division  had  encountered 
a  division  of  the  Sixth  Corps  on  the  left  of  the  Valley  pike,  and, 
after  a  sharp  engagement,  had  driven  it  back  on  the  main  body 
of  that  corps,  which  was  in  their  front  in  a  strong  position." 

In  this  opinion  General  Early  was  badly  mistaken,  since  it 
now  turns  out  that  the  "division"  which  Pegram  encountered, 
and,  "after  a  sharp  engagement,  had  driven  back,"  was  simply 
the  skirmishers  from  the  Vermont  Brigade.  The  impression  which 
the  brigade  made  upon  the  enemy  so  that  it  was  magnified  into 
a  whole  division  amply  attests  its  activity  on  this  occasion.  It 
was  pushed  back,  but  in  the  process  it  brought  with  it  a  con- 
siderable number  of  Confederate  prisoners.  No  other  division  of 
the  Sixth  Corps  was  on  that  part  of  the  field. 

During  the  brief  space  of  time  when  the  Second  Division  was 
taking  its  new  position  on  the  crest  of  the  hill  and  the  enemy 
was  getting  ready  to  attack,  there  was  opportunity  to  obtain  a 
hasty  view  of  the  situation.  The  hill  crest  was  not  a  high  one, 
but  it  was  sufficiently  elevated  to  be  clear  of  the  fog  which 
existed  only  on  the  low  lands. 

It  is  not  necessary  here  to  dwell  upon  the  details  of  the  dis- 
orderly flight  of  the  bulk  of  the  Union  Army  on  the  occasion  of 
Cedar  Creek.  For  the  expected  attack  the  Second  Division, 
which  alone  stood  its  ground,  had  not  long  to  wait.  The  onrush 
came  with  the  vigor  and  persistence  of  an  army  flushed  with 
victory.  It  was  met  by  a  terrible  musketry  fire  along  the  entire 
line.  The  attacking  forces  were  completely  repulsed  and  thrown 
back  in  confusion.  They  reformed,  strengthened  their  line,  and 
again  advanced  to  the  attack.  They  were  again,  met  by  a  wall  of 
musketry  fire.  In  this  second  attack  they  were  even  stronger 
and  more  persistent  than  in  the  first.  They  seemed  determined 
to  possess  themselves  of  the  hill  crest.  Some  of  them  came  up 
through  a  little  cemetery  and  the  brush  adjacent,  within  a  few 
paces  of  the  Union  line,  and  there  met  death.  Again  were  they 
completely  repulsed,  and  their  lines  driven  back  in  confusion, 
leaving  the  Vermont  front  covered  with  dead  and  wounded.  In 
their  precipitous  withdrawal  they  were  closely  followed  by  a 
skirmish  line  from  the  Vermont  Brigade.     At  this  point  Early 


MAJOR-GENERAL  LEWIS  ADDISON  GRANT  521 

brought  his  artillery  into  action  and  opened  up  a  savage  fire. 
The  distance  being  short  and  the  range  quite  accurate  the  fire 
was  at  first  very  destructive.  General  Bidwell  and  other  officers 
were  killed  and  many  of  the  men  wounded.  Yet  the  Union  line 
was  not  broken  or  greatly  disturbed.  By  hugging  the  crest  most 
of  the  missiles  went  overhead.  Early  was  mistaken  in  suppos- 
ing that  his  artillery  drove  the  Union  forces  from  the  hill  crest. 
It  did  not.  The  attack  was  endured  for  fully  half  an  hour  when 
there  was  another  infantry  advance.  This  third  attack  was  not  so 
vigorous  nor  so  sustained  as  the  former  ones.  The  attacking 
line  was  much  longer  than  the  defending  line  and  extended  far 
to  the  latter's  right.  General  Getty  was  in  a  position  to  see 
that  the  extended  line  of  the  enemy  had  come  round  the  woods 
to  the  right  of  his  own  troops  and  was  threatening  the  rear.  He 
at  once  gave  orders  to  fall  back.  This  was  accomplished  de- 
liberately, and  a  skirmish  line  was  left  on  the  crest,  which  held 
the  position  until  long  after  Sheridan  arrived  on  the  ground,  and 
until  the  whole  Union  Army  moved  forward  to  an  attack  late  in 
the  afternoon.  The  Second  Division  formed  a  new  line  along  a 
fence  and  a  stone  wall,  with  its  left  resting  on  the  pike.  This  it 
continued  to  hold.  The  enemy  did  not  seem  inclined  to  disturb  it 
very  much.  The  Second's  skirmish  line  repulsed  all  attacks  or 
pretended  attacks.  It  was  on  this  line  that  Sheridan  found  the 
division.  It  was  from  this  line  that  the  general  attack  in  the 
afternoon  was  made,  which  resulted  in  driving  the  enemy  from  the 
field  and  in  the  capture  of  many  prisoners,  guns  and  ambulances 
and  large  quantities  of  ammunition  and  supplies.  The  line  which 
the  Second  Division  selected  for  the  final  stand  was  about  one 
mile  from  Middletown.  In  this  position  it  held  the  front  until 
Sheridan  came,  and  long  after.  In  his  "Memoirs"  (II,  pp.  82-83) 
Sheridan  states  that  when  he  arrived  at  the  front  "This  division 
and  the  cavalry  were  the  only  troops  in  the  presence  of  and  re- 
sisting the  enemy."  Sheridan  flashed  upon  the  field  like  a  me- 
teor athwart  the  sky.  Unheralded  and  unexpected,  he  dashed 
down  the  pike  at  the  full  speed  of  the  noble  animal  upon  which 
he  was  mounted.  Suddenly  wheeling  to  his  right,  he  galloped 
along  the  rear  of  the  line,  darted  through  an  opening  made  for 
him  in  the  Vermont  Brigade,  pulled  up  abruptly  in  its  front  and 
commanded,  "What  troops  are  these?"    "The  Vermont  Brigade," 


522  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

"The  Sixth  Corps,"  were  simultaneously  shouted  from  the  ranks. 
"We  are  all  right,"  replied  the  General.  Then  quickly  turning, 
he  rode  rapidly  off  to  the  right  amidst  the  tremendous  cheers  of 
officers  and  men. 

The  effect  was  indeed  electrical.  Sheridan's  presence  inspired 
all  with  courage  and  enthusiasm.  He  soon  appeared  upon  a  swell 
of  ground  in  the  rear.  With  him  was  General  Wright.  Corps, 
division  and  brigade  commanders  quickly  gathered  about  him. 
His  practiced  eye  and  keen  intellect  at  once  took  in  the  whole 
situation.  He  decided  to  assume  the  offensive.  Immediately  he 
sent  for  the  First  and  Third  Divisions  of  the  Sixth  Corps  and 
the  part  of  the  Nineteenth  Corps  which  he  had  passed  near 
Newton.  When  these  came  up  he  placed  them  on  the  right  and 
in  extension  of  the  line  formed  by  the  Second  Division.  He  also 
made  some  slight  changes  in  the  position  of  the  cavalry.  As 
they  came  up  he  sent  the  scattered  forces  of  Crook's  Corps  to 
the  left  of  the  pike.  Since  the  Nineteenth  Corps  and  the  First 
and  Third  Divisions  of  the  Sixth  Corps  had  three  or  four  miles  to 
march  from  the  rear  it  was  late  in  the  afternoon  before  every- 
thing was  ready  for  the  advance  movement. 

After  the  Second  Division  had  established  its  second  and  per- 
manent line,  part  of  the  Third  Division,  Sixth  Corps,  and  a  small 
force  from  the  Nineteenth  Corps,  apparently  parts  of  three  or 
four  regiments,  took  position  on  the  right  of  the  line,  and  re- 
pulsed a  demonstration,  or  feint,  made  on  its  front  in  the  after- 
noon. General  Hayes  also  reported  to  General  Getty  some  small 
detachments  from  regiments  of  the  Eighth  Corps  which  had  pre- 
served their  colors.  This  was  the  small  force  referred  to  by 
Sheridan  as  seeming  to  rise  up  out  of  the  ground.  From  whence 
these  small  detachments  came  into  line  no  one  can  say.  They 
were  not  on  the  hill  crest  in  the  morning. 

When  Sheridan  arrived  on  the  field  he  brought  with  him  one 
man,  and  one  only.  The  other  members  of  his  staff  and  escort 
were  strung  out  along  the  pike  in  the  rear  as  far  as  eye  could 
reach,  all  making  desperate  efforts  but  failing  to  keep  up.  One 
mounted  orderly,  with  a  horse  of  very  ordinary  appearance, 
kept  "closed  up."  When  the  General  halted  in  front  of  the 
Vermont  Brigade  this  man  swung  around  to  his  proper  post  in 


MAJOR-GENERAL  LEWIS  ADDISON  GRANT  523 

the  rear.  That  orderly  ought  to  be  known  that  he,  too,  and  his 
horse  might  be  immortalized.  General  Grant  relates  an  amus- 
ing anectode  how,  in  after  years,  he  endeavored  to  locate  this 
orderly  who  had  participated  in  Sheridan's  Ride.  In  the  final 
results  he  found  three  letters,  from  as  many  persons,  each  one 
claiming  the  honor.  Which  one  it  was,  if  any  one  of  them,  still 
remains  in  doubt. 

About  four  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  the  whole  Union  Army 
advanced  all  along  the  line.  The  enemy's  stand  was  assailed 
vigorously.  At  several  points  he  was  strongly  protected  by  stone 
walls,  causing  some  delay  and  considerable  severe  fighting. 
Nevertheless  he  was  finally  driven  from  these  strongholds.  Then 
there  was  another  general  advance.  There  was  but  one  more 
halt  and  that  was  of  short  duration.  The  Union  troops  rushed 
forward  and  drove  the  enemy  before  them.  Soon  the  Confed- 
erate Army  was  in  full  retreat,  which  presently  developed  into  a 
rout  and  a  stampede. 

The  northerners  pressed  forward  to  their  utmost  speed.  The 
advance  was  taken  by  the  strong  of  wind  and  fleet  of  limb.  Many 
Confederates  were  overtaken  and  captured;  the  rest  were  driven 
off  the  field  and  beyond  Cedar  Creek  where  the  cavalry  continued 
the  pursuit.  First  among  the  infantry  to  reach  the  creek  was 
the  advance  runners  of  the  Old  Second  Division.  Others  of  this 
unit  were  not  far  behind  and  they  came  forward  into  line  as  the 
front  began  to  slow  down.  It  was  now  quite  dark.  The  tired 
but  victorious  troops  then  marched  back  to  the  position  of  its 
morning  camp  and  went  into  bivouac  for  the  night. 

The  Confederates  succeeded  in  getting  away  with  most  of  the 
prisoners  which  they  had  captured  in  the  morning,  but  they  lost 
about  the  same  number  of  their  own  men  as  prisoners.  The 
Union  forces  recaptured  all  of  their  lost  guns,  and  took  all  of  the 
Confederate  artillery,  ambulances  and  supply  trains.  Early's 
army  was  practically  destroyed.  It  ceased  to  be  an  effective 
organization. 

It  now  seems  clear  that  it  was  Getty's  division  alone  which 
repulsed  and  held  back  Early's  army  on  that  October  morning 
and  that  it,  rather  than  the  Sixth  Corps,  is  entitled  to  full  credit. 
This  division  was  not  probably  superior  to  all  others.    It  chanced 


524  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

not  to  be  placed  in  so  unfortunate  positions  as  Thoburn's  divi- 
sion and  the  Nineteenth  Corps,  and  under  such  circumstances  it 
might  not  have  done  any  better  than  they  did.  As  a  matter  of 
fact  there  was  not  very  much  that  they  could  do.  With  the 
enemy  rapidly  advancing  in  their  front,  on  their  flanks  and  even 
on  the  rear,  they  had  to  get  out  of  their  bad  predicament  the 
best  way  they  could.  It  may  be,  also,  that  the  First  and  Third 
Divisions  of  the  Sixth  Corps  had  good  reason  to  fall  back  four 
miles.  The  Second  Division  was  lucky.  It  was  so  situated  that 
it  had  time  to  form  in  line,  to  select  position,  and  so  to  check 
the  enemy's  advance.  It  realized  its  opportunity  and  improved 
it.  Other  troops  might  have  done  quite  as  well.  None  could  have 
done  better. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  what  could  not  have  been  foreseen  at 
that  time,  that  in  the  Eighth  Corps  of  two  small  divisions  which 
had  been  so  panic-stricken  and  scattered  that  morning  there  were 
two  future  presidents  of  the  United  States,  General  Rutherford 
B.  Hayes  and  Major  William  McKinley. 

Immediately  after  the  Battle  of  Cedar  Creek  the  Vermont 
Brigade  returned  to  its  post  before  Petersburg,  Virginia,  and 
continued  to  take  part  in  the  siege  of  that  place  until  its  fall  and 
the  close  of  the  war. 

Concerning  General  Lewis  A.  Grant's  assault  on  the  Peters- 
burg fortifications  on  April  2,  1865,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Merritt 
Barber,*  assistant  adjutant-general  of  the  U.  S.  Army,  communi- 
cates the  principal  data  in  substantially  the  following  language: 

With  a  desire  to  add  a  few  facts  to  the  history  of  the  Old  Vermont 
Brigade  in  its  conduct  during  the  great  struggle  for  national  existence 
and  to  place  proper  credit  to  its  able  commander,  which  he  himself  ap- 
pears to  have  been  too  modest  to  assume,  it  is  my  purpose  to  put  on 
file  a  statement  in  regard  to  an  incident  in  General  Lewis  A.  Grant's 
command  of  the  brigade  of  which  I  am  probably  the  only  one,  except 
himself,  who  is  familiar  with  the  details.  It  is  in  connection  with  the 
assault  on  the  rebel  works  in  front  of  Petersburg  on  the  morning  of 
April  2,  1865,  in  which  the  brigade  led  the  attacking  columns  and  bore 
such  a  conspicuous  part.  The  incident  is  briefly  outlined  in  Benedict's 
"Vermont  in  the  Civil  War" ;  but  it  is  not  there  so  fully  stated  as  to  give 
the  brigade  commander  his  due  credit  for  the  splendid  achievements  of 
the  brigade  on  that  occasion. 

*Colonel  Barber  was  Gen.  L.  A.  Grant's  adjutant-general  in  the  Civil  War, 
and  was  an  eye-witness  of  the  attack. 


MAJOR-GENERAL  LEWIS  ADDISON  GRANT  525 

It  will  be  remembered  that  throughout  the  terrible  Wilderness  cam- 
paign of  1864  the  brigade  under  his  command  had  written  a  chapter  of 
renown  on  every  bloody  battlefield  from  Brandy  Station  to  Petersburg, 
had  hastened  to  Washington  in  July  to  repel  the  attack  of  Early's  rebel 
army  upon  the  national  capital,  had  continued  its  brilliant  record  in 
every  engagement  with  Sheridan  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley  and  had 
returned  to  its  place  in  the  Petersburg  lines  in  December.     During  the 


MAJOR-GENERAL  LEWIS  A.  GRANT 

absence  of  the  brigade  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley,  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac  had  made  repeated  but  unsuccessful  attacks  on  the  lines  cov- 
ering Petersburg  and  Richmond,  so  that  upon  the  return  of  the  Sixth 
Corps  to  that  army  the  feeling  seemed  to  prevail  that  those  lines  were 
impregnable.     Not  so  with  the  Sixth  Corps. 

Accustomed  to  victory  the  Sixth  Corps  could  not  conceive  defeat,  and 
it  looked  upon  the  massive  works  frowning  in  front  as  its  legitimate  and 
confident  prey.     At  this  juncture,  too,  it  was  evident  to  all  that  the- 


526  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

coming  event  would  be  the  final  struggle  of  the  war.  No  one  was  more 
fully  alive  to  this  anticipation  than  General  L.  A.  Grant.  To  prepare 
himself  to  take  the  part  in  that  event  which  the  Vermont  Brigade  had 
always  so  conspicuously  borne  in  the  achievements  of  the  Sixth  Corps,  he 
labored  incessantly  to  put  his  command  in  the  highest  state  of  effi- 
ciency and  to  familiarize  himself  with  the  enemy's  lines  in  order  to  dis- 
cover, if  possible,  some  weakness,  or  circumstance,  of  which  he  might 
be  able  to  take  advantage  in  the  impending  struggle.  For  this  purpose 
he  made  frequent  visits  to  the  picket  lines  and  minutely  scanned  the 
enemy's  works  not  only  in  front  of  his  own  command,  but  to  a  consid- 
erable distance  on  either  side  in  front  of  adjacent  troops. 

The  engagement  of  March  25,  in  which  as  usual  the  Vermont  Brigade 
took  a  foremost  part  with  its  customary  success,  was  rewarded  by  the 
capture  of  the  enemy's  skirmish  line  and  rifle  pits  which  were  occupied 
thereafter  by  our  own  skirmishers,  and  from  which,  in  closer  proximity, 
the  General  studied  the  works  more  advantageously.  At  length  he  dis- 
covered the  opportunity  of  which  the  brigade  under  his  direction  took 
advantage  so  successfully  on  the  morning  of  April  2.  This  was  a  space 
of  twenty-five  or  thirty  yards  in  the  enemy's  line,  which  was  unprotected 
by  earthworks,  ditches  or  abatis,  and  which  was  occasioned  by  a  shallow 
ravine  running  directly  through  the  works  and  occupied  by  the  channel 
of  a  little  brook  at  that  season  of  the  year  nearly,  if  not  quite,  dry.  On 
both  sides  of  the  brook  the  works  were  turned  a  short  distance  to  the 
rear  and  guns  were  planted  in  the  turning  angles  on  either  side. 

On  the  right  and  left  of  the  ravine  the  General  also  discovered  pas- 
sageways across  the  broad,  deep  ditch  in  front  of  the  works,  evidently 
prepared  for  the  crossing  of  skirmishers  and  such  other  services  as  were 
necessary  in  front  of  the  lines.  The  passageway  on  our  left  hand  ap- 
peared to  be  sufficiently  substantial  for  the  crossing  of  an  attacking 
column;  that  on  our  right  was  simply  a  number  of  stringpieces,  or 
small  logs,  not  covered  with  poles  and  brush,  as  was  that  on  the  left,  but 
could  be  used  to  some  advantage.  The  abatis  a  short  distance  in  front 
was  discovered  to  be  broken  in  many  places  and  not  to  present  any 
serious  obstacles  to  passage.  Carefully  noting  these  facts,  the  General 
concluded  that  it  was  feasible  to  carry  the  works  at  this  point.  He 
communicated  his  views  to  the  division  commander,  General  Getty,  who 
at  his  request  went  out  with  him  to  examine  the  place  himself.  Subse- 
quently, at  the  suggestion  of  General  Getty,  both  the  corps  commander, 
General  H.  G.  Wright,  and  the  army  commander.  General  Meade,  went 
down  with  General  Getty  to  examine  it,  and  in  company  with  General 
L.  A.  Grant  they  all  looked  over  the  ground  together.  General  Grant 
pointed  out  to  them  his  discoveries  and  the  opportunity  which,  in  his 
judgment,  the  situation  offered  for  successful  attack.  His  views  were 
adopted  by  the  commanding  generals  and  they  decided  that  the  attack 
should  be  made  at  that  place.  Following  quickly  this  decision  the  time 
for  action  came. 


MAJOR-GENERAL  LEWIS  ADDISON  GRANT  527 

Sometime  during  the  forenoon  of  April  1  General  L.  A.  Grant  was 
informed  that  at  four  o'clock  the  next  morning  the  attack  would  be 
made  by  the  corps  formed  en  echelon  of  brigades  massed  in  columns 
of  regiments.  The  Second  Division  was  selected  to  lead  the  corps  and 
the  Vermont  Brigade  was  chosen  to  head  the  division.  He  was  di- 
rected to  move  out  with  his  brigade  at  midnight  and  take  position,  being 
informed  at  the  same  time  that  the  other  two  brigades  of  the  division 
would  form  to  his  right  and  rear  and  two  additional  divisions  would 
form  on  the  right  and  left  and  to  the  rear  of  the  Second,  thus  giving 
the  point  or  entering  wedge  of  the  echelon,  as  the  post  of  honor,  to  the 
Vermont  Brigade  in  recognition  of  the  eminent  sagacity  and  judgment 
displayed  by  its  commander  in  discovering  and  seizing  the  proper  line 
of  action  for  this  great  undertaking. 

No  specific  orders  for  making  the  attack  were  given.  General  Grant 
was  to  select  his  own  ground  and  his  own  point  and  method  of  attack 
and  the  remainder  of  the  corps  were  to  be  guided  in  their  action  by  the 
movements  of  the  Vermont  Brigade.  During  that  afternoon  the  Gen- 
eral again  went  out  and  carefully  examined  the  ground  so  as  to  be  able 
to  take  his  position  in  the  night  time,  and,  returning  to  the  brigade,  he 
gave  instructions  on  the  formation  of  the  column.  The  arrangement  of 
regiments  from  front  to  rear  was  ordered  as  follows:  Fifth,  Second, 
Sixth,  Fourth,  Third,  Eleventh,  in  two  lines.  The  regimental  and  com- 
pany commanders  were  assembled  at  brigade  headquarters.  Instruc- 
tions were  given  to  them  by  General  Grant  personally  that  the  brigade 
would  be  placed  for  assault  directly  in  the  rear  of  the  skirmish  line 
with  its  left  in  the  direction  of  the  ravine,  that  when  the  signal  was 
given  the  charge  should  be  made  in  silence,  that  the  left  flanks  should 
closely  hug  the  ravine  throughout  the  entire  distance  to  the  works  and 
that  those  to  the  right  should  be  guided  thereby  was  emphasized  as  a 
feature  of  vital  importance.  The  crest  upon  which  the  rebel  General 
Heath's  headquarters  flag  could  be  seen  distinctly  was  pointed  out  as 
the  place  of  assembly  inside  the  enemy's  lines  and  for  re-formation 
there  in  the  order  of  original  formation  for  the  charge.  The  leading 
regiment,  the  Fifth,  was  to  press  directly  along  the  ravine,  through  the 
works  to  the  crest,  and  halt  there  in  line  as  a  rallying  point  for  the 
brigade;  the  next,  the  Second,  was  to  follow  the  Fifth  to  the  entrance 
of  the  lines,  turn  to  the  right,  capture  the  guns  and  clear  the  works  on 
that  side,  then  press  forward  to  the  crest  and  form  in  rear  of  the  Fifth; 
the  next,  the  Sixth,  was  to  follow  the  Second,  capture  the  guns  and 
clear  the  works  on  the  left  of  the  ravine,  then  continue  forward  to  the 
crest,  and  there  form  in  place;  the  Fourth  was  to  pass  the  abatis,  turn 
to  the  left,  and  cross  the  ditch  by  the  bridge  on  that  side,  scale  the  works 
in  front,  push  on  to  the  crest,  and  take  its  proper  place;  the  Third  was  to 
do  the  same  on  the  right,  and  the  two  battalions  of  the  Eleventh,  each 
a  separate  organization,  were  to  push  up  through  the  ravine,  give  as- 
sistance on  either  side  to  those  in  front  whenever  needed,  and  take 
their  places  with  the  columns  on  the  crest.     As  already  stated  these  in- 


528  ANNATES  OF  IOWA 

structions  were  given  to  all  the  regimental  and  company  commanders  . 
and  they  were  directed  to  communicate  them  to  their  noncommissioned 
ofl&cers  and  men,  so  that  at  the  moment  of  action  a  compact  body  of 
two  thousand  five  hundred  men  should  move  as  one,  and  that  one,  the 
veteran  "Vermont  Brigade."  Every  man  knew  just  where  he  and  his 
comrades  had  to  go  and  what  each  had  to  do,  and  with  that  knowledge 
they  had  the  disposition  to  do  it.  It  was  a  striking  application,  more 
than  thirty  years  ago,  of  the  modern  theory  of  the  independent,  or  in- 
dividual, system  for  fighting  the  battles  of  the  future. 

Execution  followed  the  instructions  given  as  closely  as  the  events  of 
battles  permit.  In  passing  through  the  darkness  over  the  rough  inter- 
vening ground  studded  with  stumps  and  clumps  of  alder  bushes,  intoxi- 
cated with  the  mad  rush  of  the  charge  and  inspired  by  the  cheers  of 
their  thousands  of  companions,  it  is  surprising  that  the  brigade  reached 
its  goal,  nearly  half  a  mile  distant,  with  any  formation  at  all.  It  would 
not  have  done  so  if  it  had  not  been  for  the  brigade  commander's  thor- 
ough knowledge  of  the  undertaking  and  his  detailed  instructions  to  the 
troops.  The  result  accomplished  was,  to  the  letter,  what  those  instruc- 
tions required,  and  if,  by  some  emergency,  any  organization  omitted  any 
part  of  that  which  it  was  charged  to  do,  its  neighbor,  who  had  oppor- 
tunity, took  it  up  and  did  it  instead,  as  each  was  familiar  with  and 
interested  in  the  tasks  of  its  comrades  as  well  as  its  own.  This  was  to 
the  personal  and  individual  credit  of  General  L.  A.  Grant  and  it  was 
the  very  touchstone  and  keynote  of  the  crowning  success  of  the  Ver- 
mont Brigade  on  this  glorious  occasion. 

As  the  sun  rose  on  that  April  morning  it  glistened  and  danced  upon 
the  burnished  muskets  of  those  twenty-five  hundred  Vermonters,  a  hedge 
of  steel  manned  by  intelligence,  standing  shoulder  to  shoulder,  seven 
lines  deep,  upon  the  hill  crest  which  had  been  an  hour  before  the  rebel 
General  Heath's  headquarters.  To  the  right  of  them  and  to  the  left  of 
them  the  cannon  roared  and  thundered  in  continuing  conflict,  glittering 
bayonets  formed  over  them  a  halo  of  glory  for  this  their  last  and  most 
brilliant  achievement  during  the  War  of  the  Rebellion. 

In  all  his  references  to  this  engagement  General  L.  A.  Grant  speaks 
of  not  having  participated  in  it.  To  be  sure  he  was  wounded  in  the 
head  when  by  my  side  near  the  picket  line  and  was  taken  to  the  rear  just 
a  few  minutes  before  the  charge  commenced;  but  the  foregoing  narra- 
tive of  facts  will  evidence  that  he  participated  actively  and  efficiently  in 
the  crowning  success  of  that  occasion,  and  is  entitled  to  the  full  credit 
of  the  success  of  the  operations,  at  least  up  to  the  time  when  the  brigade 
stood  in  full  array  upon  the  hill  crest  inside  the  enemy's  lines.  The  suc- 
ceeding events  of  that  day  were  in  connection  with  entire  corps,  and 
although  filled  with  daring  and  brilliant  incidents,  they  derived  no  in- 
spiration from  any  one  superior  commander.  Each  organization  promptly 
seized  the  opportunity  that  presented  itself  and  delivered  its  blows  with 
a  dash  and  individuality  that  the  situation  demanded.  But  the  prin- 
cipal event,  the  assault  and  penetration  of  the  Petersburg  lines,  was 


MAJOR-GENERAL  LEWIS  ADDISON  GRAJ^^T  529 

primarily  due  to  the  genius  of  General  L.  A.  Grant,  supported  by  the 
Vermont  Brigade. 

As  one  of  the  best  known  survivors  of  the  Civil  War  resident 
in  the  middle  west^  General  Grant  was  a  familiar  figure  in  his 
home  city  down  to  within  a  few  weeks  of  his  death.  As  the 
days  of  the  great  storm  receded  his  presence  was  more  and 
more  in  demand  at  the  veteran  camp  fires,  the  G.  A.  R.  gather- 
ings and  the  meetings  of  the  patriotic  orders.  For  years  the 
state  of  Vermont  honored  him  as  the  single  surviving  figure 
among  the  many  whose  names  are  linked  with  the  organization 
which  holds  the  proudest  post  in  the  records  of  the  old  New 
England  province. 

General  Grant's  last  visit  to  Vermont,  in  November,  1906,  was 
an  event  long  to  be  remembered  by  all  natives  of  tlie  Green 
Mountain  state.  Invited  to  the  capital  city  of  his  birth  state  as 
the  guest  of  the  commonwealth,  he  was  accorded  rare  and  dis- 
tinguished honor  by  its  citizens.  The  invitation  to  General 
Grant  came  through  both  bodies  of  the  legislature.  From  the 
date  of  his  arrival  at  the  state  boundaries  until  his  departure  he 
was  the  recipient  of  the  most  cordial  hospitality  extended  by 
officials  and  citizens  alike.  General  Grant  arrived  at  Essex 
Junction  on  the  Vermont  state  line  on  October  30,  1906.  He  was 
met  by  Colonels  Norton  and  Gibbon  of  Governor  Fletclier  D. 
Proctor's  staff,  and  by  Colonel  A.  C.  Brown,  of  Montpelier.  By 
them  and  others  General  Grant  was  escorted  to  the  capital  city 
where  he  was  received  by  Governor  Proctor  who,  on  behalf  of 
Proctor,  who  formerly  was  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  Second  Ver- 
the  people  of  Vermont,  welcomed  him  to  his  native  state. 

On  the  following  afternoon  a  joint  assembly  of  the  Vermont 
legislative  houses  was  held,  and  General  Grant  was  introduced 
as  Vermont's  most  illustrious  soldier.  The  resolutions  adopted 
by  both  houses  inviting  the  General  to  the  state  were  formally 
read.  An  address  of  welcome  was  delivered  by  Senator  Redfield 
Proctor,  who  formerly  was  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  Second  Ver- 
mont Regiment  of  which  General  Grant  was  colonel. 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  exercises  Governor  Proctor  held  a 
levee  for  the  purpose  of  introducing  the  General  personally  to 
each  member  of  the  assembly.     In  the  evening  a  public  reception 


530  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

was  held  which  was  attended  by  people  from  all  parts  of  the 
state.  Special  railroad  rates  were  made  for  the  occasion.  The 
reception  was  doubly  appreciated  by  General  Grant,  since  he 
had  opportunity  to  renew  old  acquaintances  and  friendships. 

Next  day  there  was  a  meeting  of  the  Vermont  Officers'  Asso- 
ciation at  which  General  Grant  was  unanimously  chosen  presi- 
dent of  the  organization,  which  consisted  of  more  than  three 
hundred  and  fifty  members,  all  officers  during  the  Civil  War. 
The  public  meeting  and  banquet  of  the  association  was  held  the 
same  evening  and  the  General  responded  to  a  toast. 

After  his  arrival  in  the  Green  Mountain  state  General  Grant 
was  fairly  deluged  with  invitations  to  visit  and  speak  in  different 
cities  and  towns.  Although  he  put  in  a  strenuous  two  weeks  he 
could  only  accept  a  small  number  of  the  invitations  received. 

General  Grant's  presence  at  the  periodic  gatherings  of  the 
patriotic  orders  became  more  and  more  in  demand  with  the  pass- 
ing of  the  years.  His  reception  on  his  last  visit  to  Des  Moines, 
on  November  12,  1907,  was  characteristic.  The  event  was  really 
a  notable  one  in  the  annals  of  the  city.  He  came  as  the  guest  of 
honor  and  principal  speaker  of  the  evening  at  the  annual  ban- 
quet of  the  Loyal  Legion  of  Iowa.  His  address  was  charming, 
illuminating  and  full  of  interest  to  the  army  members  present, 
and  dealt  mainly  with  affairs  during  the  period  of  civil  uncer- 
tainty. The  function  was  one  long  to  be  remembered.  Amidst 
the  profusion  of  cut  flowers  and  tropical  plants  with  which  the 
table  and  hall  were  decorated,  after  doing  ample  justice  to  a 
delightful  menu,  the  General  was  at  his  best.  Covers  were  laid 
for  one  hundred  and  fifty  persons. 

On  this  Loyal  Legion  visit  to  Des  Moines  General  and  Mrs. 
Grant  were  guests  at  our  home.  The  General  carried  his  200 
pounds  avoirdupois  with  wonderful  grace,  and  was  as  erect  in 
his  advanced  years  as  in  the  strenuous  days  of  the  Rebellion. 
He  retained  a  degree  of  vigor  and  a  keenness  of  eye  that  men 
of  half  his  age  might  well  have  been  envious.  After  dinner  he 
and  my  father,  Calvin  W.  Keyes,  who  was  ten  years  his  senior 
and  even  more  vivacious,  commenced  to  swap  stories  and  to  revive 
old  experiences  with  a  zest  and  care  free  abandon  of  school  boys, 
until  the  room  fairly  rang  with  mirth  and  hilarity  that  was  really 
shocking  to  the  staid  younger  generation  present. 


MAJOR-GENERAL  LEWIS  ADDISON  GRANT  531 

When  dwelling  upon  Civil  War  matters  the  General  always 
talked  unwillingly  of  his  own  military  distinction,  for  he  was  pre- 
eminently a  gentleman  of  the  old  school,  who  believed  in  deeds, 
not  words.  During  all  the  forty-odd  years  that  I  knew  him,  and 
heard  him  time  without  number,  relate  most  exciting  war  ex- 
periences it  was  so  modestly  and  impersonally  performed  that 
one  would  not  suspect  for  a  moment  that  he  was  through  all  an 
eye  witness  or  the  hero. 

The  last  time  that  I  saw  General  Grant  was  a  few  months 
before  his  demise.  Captain  Colfax  Grant  took  me  up  to  the 
office  to  see  his  father.  The  General  was  apparently  as  hale 
and  as  hearty  as  he  was  tliirty  years  previous,  when  he  left  Des 
Moines  to  reside  in  Minnesota.  He  was  fully  alive  to  the  great 
questions  of  the  day  and  to  the  trend  of  world  politics.  The 
fact  that  on  that  very  morning  he  had  walked  down  to  the  office 
from  his  home  three  miles  away  amply  attested  the  sustained 
vigor  of  the  typical  New  England  nonogenerian. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  World  War  General  Grant  expressed 
the  greatest  confidence  in  the  manhood  of  America.  "Will  the 
young  men  be  willing  to  see  the  war  through  even  if  it  means 
heavy  sacrifice?  We  old  soldiers  are  carefully  watching  these 
young  men.  We  believe  they  wull  do  their  duty  when  the  time 
comes."  How  well  the  old  warrior's  prophecy  was  substantiated 
is  only  too  conclusively  demonstrated  by  the  achievements  of  two 
millions  of  our  boys  in  France. 

When,  on  tlie  morning  of  March  20,  1918,  the  Angel  of  Light 
touched  for  a  moment  on  the  gate  at  138  Rustic  Lodge  Avenue,  in 
Minneapolis,  and  sounded  reveille  he  found  a  valiant,  Christian 
soldier,  ready,  fully  accoutered  and  eager  for  the  long,  last  forced 
march. 

On  the  following  Sunday  special  memorial  services  were  con- 
ducted in  the  Westminster  Presbyterian  church,  at  which  a  large 
assemblage  of  citizens  from  the  Twin  Cities  met  to  pay  homage 
to  the  name  and  fame  of  the  renowned  warrior.  The  exercises 
were  in  charge  of  those  who  bad  long  been  most  closely  asso- 
ciated with  the  General,  and  included  the  G.  A.  R.,  the  Loyal 
Legion,  and  other  patriotic  and  civic  bodies.  Judge  Eli  Tor- 
rance presided. 

Draped  on  the  rostrum  of  the  church  was  the  battle  torn  head- 
quarters flag  of  the  Second  Brigade,  Sixth  Army  Corps,  which 


532  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

General  Grant  commanded  at  the  battles  of  Cedar  Creek,  the 
Wilderness,  Petersburg,  and  other  notable  engagements  of  the 
Civil  War.  His  swords,  carried  in  these  battles,  were  placed 
upon  the  flag. 

Seated  on  the  platform  with  Judge  Torrance  was  General  C. 
C.  Andrews,  the  only  surviving  major-general  of  volunteers.  At 
the  close  of  the  war  there  were  several  hundred  officers  of  that 
rank  but  with  the  death  of  General  Grant  the  number  dwindled 
down  to  a  single  survivor.  General  Andrews  was  then  ninety 
years  old. 

Governor  J.  A.  A.  Burnquist  took  a  leading  part  in  the  me- 
morial exercises.  Dr.  Cyrus  Northrop,  president  emeritus  of 
the  University  of  Minnesota,  Judge  Torrance,  and  others  spoke 
at  length.  Details  of  sailors  from  Dunwoody  and  of  soldiers 
from  the  Thirty-sixth  Infantry  attended.  Members  of  the  va- 
rious patriotic  orders  marched  in  a  body. 


CEDAR  AND  IOWA  RIVERS 

These  streams  still  keep  up,  and  at  present  are  in  tolerably 
good  navigable  condition.  The  "Piasa"  and  "Hawkeye"  are 
making  trips  regularly  up  them  and  return  with  full  cargoes  of 
produce.  During  the  past  week  Iowa  City  on  the  Iowa  and 
Rochester  on  the  Cedar  have  been  visited  by  these  boats. — Mus- 
catine-Iowa Democratic  Enquirer,  June  23,  1849.  (In  the  news- 
paper collection  of  the  Historical  Department  of  Iowa.) 


LETTERS  OF  GENERAL  JOSEPH  M.  STREET  533 

LETTERS  OF  GENERAL  JOSEPH  M.  STREET  TO  DR. 

ALEXANDER  POSEY  ^ 

I 

Prairie  du  Chien,  December  11,  1827. 
Dear  Brother: — 

I  cannot  complain  of  your  silence,  tho'  I  have  not  heard  from  you, 
my  family,  or  any  friends  at  Shawanee  Town,  since  we  parted  at  the 
Saline; — yet  I  am  convinced  you  have  written  and  Marie  has  more  than 
once  written.  An  impenetrable  veil  seems  to  have  been  obtruded  between 
us,  and  as  it  relates  to  me,  has  cut  off  all  knowledge  of  the  treasures 
of  my  heart.  I  am  nevertheless  somewhat  consoled  by  the  reflection  that 
it  is  different  with  my  family  and  friends  in  your  quarter.  My  letters 
I  presume  from  their  mode  of  departure  have  long  since  been  received. 
In  regard  to  yourself,  I  only  lament  that  I  have  not  been  enabled  to 
collect  any  thing  more  interesting  to  justify  troubling  you. 

I  arrived  at  this  place,  well,  and  have  since  enjoyed  uninterrupted 
good  health — for  I  cannot  dignify  with  the  ijame  of  sickness,  moments 
of  mental  depression,  and  consequent  headache  from  thinking  too 
deeply  sometimes  of  the  absence  of  my  family,  and  my  entire  ignorance 
of  whether  they  are  living,  and  in  health,  or  pining  in  sickness,  or  sunk  in 
death. — I  am  not  apt  to  feed  the  mind  with  visionary  apprehensions, 
but  3  or  4  months  of  silence,  is — I  had  liked  to  have  said  intolerable. 
It  is  painful,  and  the  contemplation  difficult  to  stave  off. — Still  I  try 
to  be  resigned  to  the  superintending  will  of  God,  and  daily  look  for 
the  sweet  relief  of  a  letter.  My  letter  by  Mr.  Douseman,  you  have  no 
doubt  reed. — when  or  by  whom  this  will  go  I  know  not. 

This  place  is  not  very  desirable,  it  is  certainly  a  point  of  great 
importance  in  relation  to  Indian  affairs,  and  from  commanding  the 
only  navigable  pass  between  the  Upper-Mississippi  and  the  eastern 
States,  by  way  of  the  Lakes,  must  be  valuable  in  a  commercial  point  of 
view.  It  is  now  the  best,  and  much  the  must  preferable  rout  for 
bringing  merchandise  to  this  country.  Last  summer  two  merchants 
went  from  this  place  Eastward  for  goods.  One  returned  by  way  of  the 
Lakes,  Green  Bay  and  the  Wisconsin,  the  other  apprehensive  of  danger 
from  the  Winnebagoes  sent  his  goods  to  New  Orleans,  and  by  Steam 
Boat  to  St.  Louis.  The  Ice  took  him  and  he  is  now  150  miles  below 
this  encamped  and  has  built  a  cabin  and  stored  up  his  goods  until 
the  Ice  is  hard  enough  to  bring  them  up  on  the  River  in  Sleighs.  The 
one  who  came  by  the  Lakes  got  here  in  Sep.  and  has  nearly  sold  out, 
in  consequence  of  no  competition. 


iThis  is  a  letter  written  by  the  Indian  agent,  General  Joseph  M.  Street,  to  his 
brother-in-law,  Dr.  Alexander  Posey,  of  Shawneetown,  Illinois.  General  Street 
acquired  great  influence  with  the  Indians.  The  last  two  years  of  his  life,  1839-40, 
were  spent  at  the  Indian  agency  at  what  is  now  Agency  City,  Wapello  County, 
and  his  grave  and  that  of  Chief  Wapello,  at  Agency  City,  constitute  a  place  of 
historic   interest. 


634  ANNALS  OF  IOWA  . 

The  Wisconsin  is  a  fine  stream  with  no  obstructions  to  the  portage, 
about  160  miles  from  this — the  portage  is  only  li/^  miles  and  perfectly 
level.  A  man  has  settled  there  who  keeps  low  truck  wheels  and  oxen, 
and  Boats  are  taken  out  of  the  water  hoisted  on  4  or  6  wheels 
(according  to  "(the  size,  and)  hauled  across  the  portage  and  re-launched 

with  but  little  trouble.)     It  w'd mere  trifle  to  cut  across 

the  portage,  which  is  soft  and  sandy,  so  that  Boats  might  come  from 
BuflFaloe  to  this  place  without  any  portage. 

I  have  had  no  opportunity  to  examine  the  country  beyond  the  high 
Bluffs  that  line  this  River  from  the  Mouth  of  the  Missouri  to  this 
place.  There  are  small  bottoms  in  many  places  along  the  River  of 
very  rich  soil,  but  generally,  the  River  appears  to  be  washed  down  into 
a  deep  channel  of  bold  bare  rocks  surmounted  by  hills  nearly  and  some- 
times entirely  bare  of  timber.  These  hills  are  said  to  contain  inexhaust- 
ible stores  of  lead  mineral,  from  about  40  miles  below  Fever  River  to 
some  miles  north  of  this  place,  on  both  banks.  The  hills  back  of  this 
village  are  perfectly  bare,  except  a  few  cedar,  and  scrubby  oak  bushes. 
And  the  wnole  distance  a  ledge  of  Rocks  project  from  the  steep  sides 
of  the  Bluffs,  that  are  worn  as  by  the  operation  of  water,  acting 
horizontally,  upon  their  different  layers,  and  the  sub-stratum  appears 
generally  at  the  same  apparent  level  on  each  side  for  several  100 
miles  to  have  been  of  a  softer  texture  than  the  super  stratum,  and  has 
given  way  in  many  curious  and  fantastic  shapes,  leaving  the  upper 
ledge  projecting  a  considerable  distance,  and  forming  hollows,  caves  and 
singular  appertures  of  considerable  size.  At  this  place  you  can  see 
the  rocks  for  8  or  10  miles  on  each  side,  presenting  at  once  to  the 
imagination  from  the  similarity  of  appearance,  and  elevation,  the  Idea 
of  an  ancient  lake,  the  level  of  the  waters  of  which  was  once  those 
ledges  of  rock.  Their  height  is  about  140  feet  above  the  plain.  The 
Bluffs  are  generally  about  from  2  to  400  feet  high;  and  I  am  informed 
that  beyond  these  bluffs  the  country  makes  off  generally  level.  So  that 
the  greatest  hills,  and  almost  the  only  broken  country  is  on  the  great 
Estuary  of  the  country.  The  Wisconsin,  presents  a  similar  appearance 
untill  within  a  few  miles  of  the  portage,  and  at  the  portage  there  is  no 
bluff.  The  same  fact  occurs  200  miles  above  this  at  the  Falls  of  St. 
Anthony.  There  are  no  blufs  above  the  falls,  and  the  country  is  re- 
markably level,  the  ground  gradually  rising  in  a  gentle  slope  from  the 
banks  of  the  River. 

A  great  deal  of  money  is  now  made  at  the  lead  mines  of  Fever 
River  about  90  miles  below  this,  and  at  Turkey  River  about  20  or  25 
miles  below  this  place.  The  last  is  opposite  the  mouth  of  Turkey 
River  which  comes  in  from  the  West  side.  At  Fever  River,  there  are 
said  to  be  about  4  or  5000  persons.  This  is  certainly  too  high  a 
calculation — I  should  suppose  there  might  be  2  or  3000,  before  the 
Indian  disturbances.  At  Turkey  River  there  are  40  or  50.  I  am  con- 
fident there  is  a  great  opening  for  a  man  with  small  enterprise  to  make 


LETTERS  OF  GENERAL  JOSEPH  M.  STREET  535 

a  fortune  in  a  few  years  at  Turkey  River  or  F.  R.  tho'  I  think  Turkey 
R.  preferable.  It  is  only  about  one  days  ride  further  up  the  Missis- 
sippi, the  town  scite  immediately  on  the  Bank  of  the  M.  R.  in  a 
beautiful  plain  and  excellent  landing  and  the  mines  are  as  rich  and 
plenty  as  at  F.  R.  the  fact  is  the  whole  country  from  here  to  F.  R.  is 
full  of  lead  mineral.     At  F.  R.  there  is  no  highland  on  the  Mississippi, 

the  town  of  Galena  is  on  F.  R.  4  or  5  miles  from  the  M  R 

is  not  more  than  10  to  40  feet  wide,  and  an  immense  and  almost 

perpendicular  bluffs  rises  to  a  heighth  of  about  120  to  140  feet.  The 
houses  are  stuck  into  the  sides  of  this  bluff  for  about  half  a  mile,  one 
side  on  a  small  road  that  at  some  places  is  too  narrow  for  a  team  to 
turn  in,  and  the  back  sunk  in  the  side  of  the  bluff.  At  some  points  there 
is  room  for  a  building,  but  no  back  yard,  and  the  bluff  rises  over  the 
top  of  the  houses  a  long  way.  At  Turkey  R.  the  Bluffs  are  from  1/2  to 
a  mile  back  of  the  River  and  a  high  level  smooth  prairie  extends  to  the 
foot  of  the  Bluffs.  There  is  a  great  quantity  of  money  in  circulation 
at  the  mines;  but  labour  is  uncommonly  high.  You  cannot  get  a  hand 
even  to  cook  or  wait  about  your  house  for  less  than  $15.00  per  month  in 
silver.  Doct.  Fillier  (who  lives  at  F.  R.  and  says  he  got  acquainted 
with  you  at  Vandalia)  that  he  there  had  a  negro  man  hired  about 
his  house  at  $20.00  per  month,  and  if  he  offended  him  he  would  leave 
his  employment  and  could  get  the  same  from  perhaps  20  or  30  persons. 
The  Doct.  says  he  is  doing  well.  He  went  down  to  St.  Louis  in  the 
Boat  I  came  up  in  to  replenish  his  stock  of  medicines.  He  hardly  had 
a  dose  of  medicine  left,  after  the  summer  and  fall  practice.  Their 
exposure,  manner  of  living,  and  intemperance  cause  great  sickness. 

I  can  now  give  you  a  more  correct  view  of  our  relations  with  the 
Winnebago  Indians  and  trace  with  more  certainty,  the  causes  which 
lead  to  the  recent  aggressions  of  those  Indians  upon  our  people.  I  will 
suppose  you  have  a  good  map  of  this  country  before  you,  (McLean 
has  one.)  By  the  treaty  of  24  Aug.  1816  a  line  was  run  dividing  the 
Ottoways,  Chippewas  and  Pottowattomies  of  the  Illinois,  from  the 
Winnebagoes,  and  was  recognized  and  affirmed  by  the  Winnebagoes  by 
the  treaty  of  the  19  Aug.  1825.  This  line  commences  at  the  Winne- 
bago village  40  miles  up  Rock  River  from  its  mouth,  (see  your  map 
and  imagine  the  distance)  thence  northwardly  passing  to  the  east  of 
all  the  streams  above  Rock  River,  that  fall  into  the  Mississippi,  (on  a 
dividing  ridge)  to  the  Wisconsin  where  the  East  line  of  the  Prairie  du 
Chien  reserve  crosses  S.  River.  The  whole  country  Eastwardly  of 
S.  line  was  secured  to  the  Winnebagoes  without  reserve  or  priviledge. 
On  the  West  of  said  line  to  the  Mississippi  and  North  of  a  due  West 
line  from  the  southern  end  of  L.  Michigan  to  the  Mississippi,  up  to  the 
south  line  of  this  reserve  was  secured  to  the  Ottowas,  Chippewas  and 
Pottawattomies  of  the  Illinois,  with  a  reservation  of  "such  tract  or 
tracts  of  land,  on,  or  near  the  Mississippi  and  Wisconsin  Rivers  as  the 
President  may  see  cause  to  designate;  provided  said  tracts  of  land  shall 


536  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

not  in  all  exceed  the  quantity  contained  in  5  leagues  square."  This  condi- 
tion alone,  is  the  only  ground  of  a  claim,  and  under  this  the  lead  mines 
of  Fever  R.  and  Turkey  R.  are  worked.  The  President  makes  no 
specific  locations;  but  diggings  are  made  anywhere,  and  everywhere  the 
miner  chooses,  upon  obtaining  a  permit,  for  which  he  pays  nothing 
unless  he  gets  lead, — if  he  does  he  pays  every  tenth  pound  to  the  Agent 
for  the  U.  S.  From  casting  your  eye  over  the  above  designated  lines 
you  will  discover,  that  the  reservations  do  not  in  any  case  extend  into 
the  Winnebago  country.  Or  in  other  words,  the  Winnebago  side  of  the 
line,  we  do  not  pretend  to  claim  any  privileges  or  rights  on.  Our 
whole  reservations  are  on  the  Ottowato  side  of  the  above  line.  In  the 
rage  for  mining  which  seems  to  have  operated  so  strongly  upon  the 
whites  last  summer,  permits  were  obtained  and  diggings  commenced, 
and  pursued  with  great  success  without  any  regard  to  this  line.  And 
were  at  last  pushed  to  a  considerable  extent  on  the  East  side  of  S.  line 
in  the  acknowledged  country  of  the  Winnebagoes.  The  Indians  remon- 
strated, and  contended  against  the  miners,  who  repulsed  them  force  for 
force,  and  drove  them  oif  from  their  own  lands.  The  Indians  became 
much  aroused,  and  exhibited  great  symptoms  of  discontent,  and  behaved 
roughly  to  parties  crossing  Rock  River,  within  their  limits,  and  passing 
to  the  mines.  They  charged  and  enacted  heavy  toll,  and  in  some  cases, 
forced  property  from  passengers.  Whilst  the  Indians  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  mines  were  then  driven  from  the  mines,  and  spoiled  of  the 
valuable  product  of  the  mines  on  their  lands,  and  goaded  into  a  state  of 
high  excitment,  and  other  unfortunate  events  occurred  to  blow  into  an 
open  rupture  these  latent  seeds  of  discontent,  whilst  no  attempts  appear 
to  have  been  made  to  appease  and  satisfy  the  justly  (I  may  say) 
incited  feelings  of  the  Winnebagoes. 

An  ancient  grudge,  that  is  handed  down  by  tradition  (tho'  the 
cause  of  it  is  lost  from  the  tradition)  exists  between  the  Sioux  (Sues) 
and  the  Chippewas  on  Lake  Superior.  A  party  of  Chippeways,  had 
came  to  St.  Peters  on  a  visit  to  Mr.  Talliaferro,  the  Agent,  and  one 
night,  a. party  of  Sioux  came  on  their  camp  and  killed  several  Chip- 
peways. Col.  Snelling,  commdg.  at  the  Fort,  immediately  demanded  the 
murderers,  and  the  demand  not  being  instantly  complied  with,  he 
detached  a  strong  party  of  U.  S.  troops  to  move  secretly  upon  the  Sioux 
encampment  and  take  as  many  Sioux  as  there  had  been  Chippewas 
killed.  And  in  a  short  time  before  the  Sioux  were  aware  of  it  they 
were  completely  surrounded.  They  made  show  of  battle;  but  when  the 
Interpreter  informed  them  that  if  they  did  not  immediately  surrender 
the  murderers,  they  wd.  be  fired  upon,  they  gave  up  the  murderers 
present — one  they  said  was  absent — a  hostage  was  demanded  and  sur- 
rendered, making  as  many  Sioux  as  they  had  killed  of  Chippewas. 
These  were  marched  off  to  the  Fort,  and  deld.  to  the  Chippewas  who 
shot  them  all — the  hostage  along  with  the  murderers,  was  shot. — this 
gave  much  discontent.     Previously,  I  should  have  remarked  that  some 


LETTERS  OF  GENERAL  JOSEPH  M.  STREET  537 

Winnebagoes  had  murdered  some  whites  above  Prairie  du  Chien,  were 
surrendered  and  were  then  in  the  Fort  at  St.  Peters.  A  Sioux  Indian 
(Pine  Tops)  was  very  much  exasperated  at  the  Killing  of  the  Sioux, 
and  particularly  the  delivering  over  of  the  innocent  hostage,  by  Col. 
Snelling,  as  he  alledged.  He  came  down  the  Mississippi  to  a  Band  of 
Sioux  above  this  on  Upper  loway  R.  and  tried  to  incite  them  to 
war  against  the  Whites.  Wabasha  the  chief  of  that  band,  is  a  very 
sensible  man,  and  refused  to  move  in  the  business,  and  restrained  his 
warriors.  About  this  time  two  Winnebago  Indians  came  over,  with  a 
belt  of  wampum,  and  called  a  council  of  the  Sioux,  which  was  assembled 
by  Wabasha.  They  spoke  to  the  Sioux,  detailed  their  complaints 
against  the  Whites,  stated  the  injury  done  them  at  the  mines,  that  the 
2  prisoners  at  St.  Peters  had  been  killed  along  with  the  Sioux,  and 
that  they  wanted  the  Sioux  to  join  them  and  both  nations  take  their 
revenge.  For  the  Chippewas,  could  not  have  killed  the  Sioux  unless 
aided  by  the  Whites,  and  besides  an  innocent  Sioux  had  been  killed. 
Wabasha  and  his  band  all  refused  to  join.  Told  the  Winnebagoes  to 
be  quiet — that  they  were  fools — the  Whites  were  too  strong  for  them  and 
they  would  be  beaten  and  their  lands  taken.  That  if  they  wd.  remain 
at  peace,  their  F.  the  President  would  do  them  justice.  But  for  him- 
self and  his  tribe  they  would  not  bo  so  foolish  as  to  go  to  war  with 
the  whites  who  were  too  strong  for  them.  Pine  Tops  then  got  up,  took 
the  war  belt  from  the  Winnebagoes,  and  the  war  hatchet,  told  them  the 
Americans  have  killed  the  Sioux  at  St.  P.  one  an  innocent  man, 
and  they  have  killed  the  2  Winnebago  prisoners,  now  go  and  be 
revenged.  Kill  white  men.  Strike  a  stroke  at  Prairie  du  Chien  and 
on  the  Boats  on  the  river,  and  so  soon  as  war  is  commenced  the  Sioux 
will  join  you  in  presecuting  it. 

Joseph  Montfort  Street 

to  Dr.  Alexander  Posey. 
Dec.  11,  1827. 
(From  Joseph  M.  Street  Collection,  p.  7.) 

II 

Prairie  du  Chien,  Dec.  12,  1827. 
Dear  Brother: — 

I  am  yet  ignorant  of  the  welfare  of  my  family,  and  friends,  in  your 
quarter.  I  have  neither  received  a  line,  nor  heard  one  word  from  a 
passing  stranger  from  home,  since  we  parted  at  the  Saline.  This  death- 
like silence  is  extremely  painful  to  me  in  my  seeming  banishment.  To 
be  separated  from  my  family  so  long  is  of  itself  sufficiently  disagree- 
able; but  to  be  cut  off  from  all  knowledge  of  them  is  distressing.  No 
regular  mail  comes  here,  and  the  mail  goes  by  chance  opportunities. 
*Till  there  is  portage  enough  collected  to  send  a  special  messenger,  and 
then  the   money  is   thus   applied. 

My  health  continues  good,  and  were  my  mind  at  ease  in  relation 
to  my   family,   I   should   be  in   tolerable   spirits.     Sometimes   a  fit  of 


538  ANNALS  QF  IOWA 

thinking?  and  mental  pain  in  regard  to  my  family  causes  some  headache. 
Otherwise  I  have  not  had  a  days  sickness  since  we  parted. 

I  have  not  been  enabled  to  make  any  examination  of  this  portion  of 
country  yet  nor  do  I  expect  to  be  enabled  to  do  so  before  my  return  in 
the  Spring.  My  time  has  been  constantly  employed  in  my  room  since 
I  arrived  here.  I  found  the  Agency  in  a  miserable  condition  as  it 
relates  to  Indians  and  indeed  almost  everything  else.  And  I  have  been 
constantly  employed  in  presenting  its  situation  and  the  wide  field  of 
usefulness  which  I  think  should  open  from  it,  to  the  Government.  And, 
in   rendering   its   influence   upon   the    Indians  .beneficial   in   tending   to 

emilorate  their  condition its  present  state.     How  I  shall  succeed 

I  know  not  yet  when  our  relative  situation  with  the  Indian  Tribes 
who  inhabit  the  country  adjacent  to  our  settlements,  and  who  once 
occupied  the  fine  country  on  which  a  rapidly  increasing,  and  in- 
dustrious population  are  now  residing;  I  cannot  doubt  that  all  reason- 
able men  must  consider  these  unhappy  wanderers  of  the  wilds  have 
some  claim  upon  the  philanthrophy  of  the  nation  before  the  face  of 
whose  crowding  population  they  are  melting  like  the  snows  of  their  own 
region,  before  the  rays  of  the  mid-summmer  sun. 

What  I  have  seen  of  this  country  in  passing  up  the  River,  all 
persons  here  agree  in  stiling  the  worst  part  of  it.  The  River  lands  being 
generally  rocky,  broken,  and  much  inferior  for  the  purpose  of  cultivation 
to  the  lands  lying  off  the  River,  and  intersperced  with  numerous  small 
Rivulets,  Skirted  generally  with  excellent  timber.  The  Mississippi  and 
the  Wisconsin  are  the  great  Estuaries  of  this  portion  of  the  United 
States,  and  the  only  appearance  of  mountains,  or  very  broken  lands,  is 
their  immediate  shores.  The  Mississippi,  rises  nearly  due  West  of  the 
South  West  end  of  Lake  Superior,  and  the  Wisconsin,  not  far  south 
of  the  Middle  of  the  same  lake.  The  first  runs  nearly  South,  and  the 
latter,  first  south,  to  the  portage  and  then  nearly  West,  to  their  junction 
about  3  miles  below  this  place.  The  Mississippi  from  near  the  Mouth 
of  the  Missouri  to  the  falls  of  St.  Anthony  200  miles  above  this  runs 
in  a  deep  and  almost  perpendicular  channel  like  the  sides  of  a  great 
cannal,  of  about  ly^  miles  in  width.  The  River  and  its  "thousand 
Islands,"  which  are  never  out  of  sight,  is  about  One  Mile  wide,  and  the 
balance  is  generally  overflowed  bottoms,  the  river  running  frequently 
so  close  to  the  foot  of  the  immense  piles  of  rock  that  everywhere  forms 
the  fronts  of  the  high  Bluffs,  so  as  to  preclude  the  possibility  of  a  road 
near  its  margin.  The  River  changes  from  side  to  side  in  this  valley,  and 
sometimes  the  accession  of  a  stream  opens  out  a  beautiful  cove,  terminat- 
ing in  the  distance,  in  a  grand  and  romantic  amphitheatre.  The  sinuosi- 
ties in  the  stream  making  the  bluffs  completely  close,  to  the  view, 
present  the  appearance  of  a  handsome  plain  with  a  Rivulet  passing 
through  it,  the  large  Mississippi  on  one  hand,  and  encompassed  with  an 
immense  chain  of  perpendicular  rocks  on  three  sides.— Such  is  very 
much  the  appearance  of  this  place.     Only  the  plain  is  about  9  miles 


LETTERS  OF  GENERAL  JOSEPH  M.  STREET  539 

long  and  from  2  to  4  miles  wide.  The  Bluffs  are  generally  from  2  to 
400  feet  high,  and  in  many  places  projecting  ledges  of  bare  rocks  appear 
to  extend  over  their  sub-stratum  from  10  to  20  feet.  This  projecting 
ledge,  the  layers  on  which  it  rests,  being  generally  worn  away  as  if  by  the 
horizontal  operation  of  water  once  occupying  that  level,  are  constantly 
presented,  either  at  immediately  the  River,  or  back  on  the  plain,  at 
about  from  120  to  140  feet  from  the  present  water  level.  This  elevatioin 
gradually  deminishes  to  the  falls  of  St.  Anthony,  where  the  Bluffs 
striking  the  level  of  the  ledge  of  rocks  over  which  the  river  is 
precipitated,  ceases.  From  thence  to  its  source,  the  banks  are  tolerably 
high  and  the  country  gently  rises,  with  a  gradual  swell  from  the  top  of 
the  banks  and  extending  out  forms  a  gently  roling,  tho'  generally  rather 
flat  country  interspersed  with  many  small  ponds  and  lakes.  The  Wis- 
consin presents  similar  features,  until  within  a  few  miles  of  the  portage, 
(160  miles  above  this),  where  the  bluffs  cease,  and  there  is  a  portage  of 
1%  miles  to  Fox  River.  Boats  are  easily  taken  across  the  portage  and  to 
Fox  River  that  empties  into  Green  Bay,  of  L.  Michigan.  This  portage 
from  the  top  of  a  bank  of  ordinary  heighth  is  almost  entirely  level  from 
the  top  of  the  bank  of  the  Wisconsin  to  the  Fox  River.  Boats  are 
easily  taken  across  the  portage  and  relaunched.  A  man  now  resides  at 
the  portage,  keeps  oxen,  and  truck  wheels  and  passes  over  all  boats  for 
tol.  The  neck  of  land  is  free  from  rock  and  a  very  small  expense 
would  connect  the  two  Rivers.  It  is  not  the  heads  or  small  branches 
that  approach,  the  Wisconsin  is  as  large  at  the  portage  as  it  is  here, 
the  Fox  River  is  small  but  very  deep,  and  having  risen  some  distance 
to  the  south  of  the  portage,  and  the  W.(isconsin)  to  the  North,  they 
pass  each  other  in  the  way  I  have  mentioned. 

The  lead  mines,  or  mining  country,  (for  there  is  a  tract  of  country 
about  120  miles  by  60  miles)  extending  South  and  East  from  the 
junction  of  the  Mississippi  and  the  Wisconsin,  that  has  almost 

General  Joseph  M.  Street  to  Dr.  A.  Posey, 
December  12,  1827. 
(From  Street  Collection,  p.  8.) 


540  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

HOW  BOONESBORO  LOST  A  RAILROAD  STATION 
By  Alonzo  J.  Barkley 

In  May,  1856,  congress  passed  "The  Iowa  Land  Bill,"  grant- 
ing lands  to  the  state  of  Iowa,  to  aid  in  the  construction  of  four 
lines  of  railroad  across  the  state.  One  of  these  lines  was  to  run 
northwesterly  from  Lyons,  Iowa,  to  a  point  of  intersection  with 
the  Iowa  Central  Railway,  near  Maquoketa,  thence  running  as 
near  as  practicable  on  the  forty-second  parallel  to  the  Missouri 
River. 

The  Iowa  legislature,  by  an  act  approved  July  14,  1856, 
granted  the  land  inuring  to  the  state  for  the  construction  of  said 
line  of  railroad  to  the  Iowa  Central  Air  Line  Railroad  Company, 
upon  certain  conditions  named  in  the  act.  The  great  panic  of 
1857  put  this  company  entirely  out  of  business.  In  March, 
1860,  the  state  resumed  the  grant  and  made  it  over  to  the  Cedar 
Rapids  and  Missouri  River  Railroad  Company,  a  company  or- 
ganized June  14,  1859,  and  composed  largely  of  stockholders  in 
the  Chicago,  Iowa  and  Nebraska  Railroad  Company,  already  in 
operation  from  Clinton  to  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa.  The  Cedar 
River  was  bridged  at  Cedar  Rapids  and  the  railroad  built  west 
to  Otter  Creek  in  1860  and  1861,  to  Marshalltown  in  1862, 
to  State  Center  in  1863,  to  Nevada  by  July  4,  1864,  and  the 
track  laid  to  Boone  in  December,  1864,  but  the  road  was  not 
surfaced  up  and  completed  from  Nevada  to  Boone  until  1865. 

On  March  28,  1865,  the  town  plat  of  the  town  of  Boone  was 
filed  for  record  by  John  I.  Blair,  who  had  previously  purchased 
a  large  portion  of  the  land  where  the  city  of  Boone  is  now  lo- 
cated. 

The  railroad  was  built  from  Marshalltown  to  the  Missouri 
River,  under  the  management  of  John  I.  Blair,  and  W.  W. 
Walker^  was  his  chief  engineer. 

In  July,  1862,  the  Cedar  Rapids  and  Missouri  River  Railroad 
was  leased  in  perpetuity  to  the  Galena  and  Chicago  Union  Rail- 
road Company,  which  company  then  owned  the  line  from  Chicago 
west  to  the  Mississippi  River,  opposite  Clinton,  Iowa,  and  oper- 
ated  the  Chicago,  Iowa  and  Nebraska  Railroad  under  lease.     The 


HOW  BOONESBORO  LOST  A  RAILROAD  STATION      541 

lease  covered  not  only  the  portion  of  the  Cedar  Rapids  and  Mis- 
souri River  Railroad  then  built,  but  the  entire  line  to  the  Mis- 
souri River,  when  the  same  should  be  completed  to  some  point 
on  said  river. 

On  June  2,  1864,  the  Galena  and  Chicago  Union  Railroad  was 
consolidated  with  the  Chicago  and  North  Western  Railway  and 
from  that  time  the  operation  of  the  Cedar  Rapids  and  Missouri 
River  Railroad,  under  the  lease,  was  by  the  Chicago  and  North 
Western  Railway  Company. 

During  the  time  the  railroad  was  being  built  westward  from 
Cedar  Rapids  across  the  state,  it  was  uncertain  in  the  minds  of 
our  people  in  Boone  County  just  when  and  where  the  railroad 
would  be  built  across  the  west  half  of  the  state,  and  at  what 
point  it  would  touch  the  Missouri  River.  Owing  to  this  uncer- 
tainty its  promoters  were  enabled  to  secure  some  local  aid 
through  the  counties  which  it  finally  passed.  Our  people  wanted 
an  outlet  for  their  products  and  had  already  abandoned  all  hope 
of  ever  getting  transportation  by  way  of  the  Des  Moines  River, 
which  they  felt  could  never  be  made  navigable,  except  during 
the  high  water  stages  lasting  a  few  weeks  in  the  spring  and 
fall.  Their  anxiety  was  so  great  that  Mr.  Walker  induced  Boone 
County  to  donate  its  swamp  land  funds  and  its  unsold  swamp 
lands  to  the  Cedar  Rapids  and  Missouri  River  Railroad,  on  condi- 
tion that  it  build  its  road  through  this  county.  The  contract  was 
to  be  void  in  case  the  road  was  not  built  ten  miles  west  from  the 
east  line  of  the  county,  within  a  certain  fixed  time.  This  con- 
tract was  ratified  by  the  voters  of  Boone  County  at  a  special 
election  held  soon  after  for  that  purpose. 

Boonesboro  wanted  a  depot,  and  to  this  end  an  agreement 
was  made,  and  the  $10,000  bonus  asked  by  the  company  was 
finally  raised,  part  in  cash  and  part  in  notes.  Several  "railroad 
meetings"  had  been  held  in  Boonesboro  to  arouse  the  people  and 
secure  this  subscription.  Mr.  Walker  not  being  satisfied  with 
this  arrangement,  asked  that  the  notes  be  guaranteed  by  respon- 
sible parties,  which  for  some  reason  was  not  done  within  the 
time  specified. 

During  the  last  of  those  "railroad  meetings"  held  in  the  old 
courthouse  for  the  purpose  of  raising  the  subscription  to  secure 
the  depot,  a  little  incident  occurred  that  may  be  of  interest  to 


642  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

some  of  the  old  settlers,  who  looked  upon  the  location  of  a  depot 
in  Boonesboro  as  a  foregone  conclusion.  Mr.  Blair  and  Mr. 
Walker  were  in  attendance  at  that  meeting  and  Mr.  Walker  was 
called  upon  to  explain  certain  matters  under  discussion.  Hardly 
had  he  begun  to  talk  when  a  man,  who  had  been  largely  instru- 
mental in  calling  this  meeting,  was  seen  to  walk  quietly  out  of 
room.  Mr.  Walker,  glancing  at  his  overcoat  which  hung  across 
the  back  of  his  chair,  noticed  that  a  package  of  papers  had  been 
taken  from  its  pocket.  Cutting  his  remarks  short,  he  at  once 
picked  up  his  coat  and,  beckoning  Mr.  Blair,  they  walked  out  of 
the  building  and,  in  a  very  short  time,  drove  rapidly  away  to- 
ward Des  Moines.  Before  showing  up  again  they  purchased 
lands  a  mile  or  more  east  of  the  courthouse  and  subsequently 
located  the  depot  almost  a  mile  and  one-half  northeast  of  the 
public  square  in  Boonesboro,  and  located  the  town  of  Boone  on 
lands  purchased  for  that  purpose. 

About  three  years  later  the  man  who  carried  off  Mr.  Walker's 
papers  told  the  writer  of  this  article  that  he  went  directly  to 
the  office  of  Jackson  Orr,  a  prominent  citizen  of  the  county, 
where  together  they  examined  the  sequestered  papers  and  found 
them  to  be  plats  and  surveys,  showing  the  depot  located  about 
where  it  now  stands,  and  a  line  of  railroad  running  down  a  swale 
to  Honey  Creek,  thence  down  this  creek  to  the  Des  Moines  River, 
leaving  Boonesboro  entirely  to  one  side. 

The  finances  of  the  company  were  not  at  that  time  sufficient 
to  warrant  its  acceptance  of  the  donation  raised  and  the  build- 
ing of  its  road  through  Boonesboro,  crossing  the  Des  Moines 
River  over  such  an  expensive  viaduct  as  the  one  now  spanning 
the  river  on  the  main  line  of  the  Chicago  and  North  Western 
Railway  between  Boone  and  Ogden.  The  large  saving  in  the 
cost  of  building  down  Honey  Creek  and  crossing  the  river  at 
Moingona,  in  addition  to  the  large  profits  subsequently  realized 
from  the  sale  of  lots  in  the  new  town  of  Boone,  might  naturally 
lead  one  to  the  conclusion  that  at  no  time  had  the  company 
seriously  considered  locating  its  depot  in  Boonesboro. 

In  July,  1864,  congress  made  an  additional  land  grant  to  the 
Cedar  Rapids  and  Missouri  River  Railroad  and  authorized  it 
to  change  its  line  of  road  so  as  to  connect  with  the  proposed 


HOW  BOONESBORO  LOST  A  RAILROAD  STATION       543 

Union  Pacific  Railroad  at  Council  Bluffs.  The  construction  of 
the  line  west  of  Boone  began  late  in  1865  and  the  track  was  laid 
into  Council  Bluffs  in  January,  1867,  but  regular  service  from 
Woodbine  to  the  Bluffs  was  not  given  until  April,  1867. 

In  1881  the  Cedar  Rapids  and  Missouri  River  Railroad  was 
sold  to  the  Chicago  and  North  Western  Railway.  It  was,  in 
fact,  a  consolidation,  but  for  convenience  in  handling  it  was 
made  a  sale. 

The  Iowa  Railroad  Land  Company  was  organized  in  1869  by 
the  stockholders  of  the  Cedar  Rapids  and  Missouri  River  Rail- 
road. The  land  grant  of  tliat  railroad  company  was  conveyed  to 
the  Iowa  Railroad  Land  Company  September  15,  1869,  and  in 
1887  tlie  Iowa  Railroad  Land  Company  bought  from  the  Iowa 
Falls  and  Sioux  City  Railroad  Company  its  unsold  lands. 

The  building  of  the  Cedar  Rapids  and  Missouri  River  Rail- 
road Company  being  finislied  in  1867,  the  grant  was  thus  matured 
and  perfected.  However,  it  was  not  until  1902  that  this  grant 
was  fully  adjusted  so  that  all  tracts  granted  were  definitely 
known  and  the  companies  given  evidence  of  title  thereto. 

In  June,  1871,  the  Blair  Town  Lot  and  Land  Company  took 
over  the  unsold  town  lots  and  the  purchased  lands  along  the 
road.  It  was  consolidated  with  the  Iowa  Railroad  Land  Com- 
pany in  1888. 

The  Moingona  Coal  Company  was  organized  in  June,  1866, 
and  took  over  from  the  Cedar  Rapids  and  Missouri  River  Rail- 
road Company  certain  timber  and  coal  lands,  which  had  been 
acquired  by  that  company  in  and  near  Moingona,  and  coal  mines 
operated  there  for  about  twenty  years,  when  the  mines  closed, 
and  the  unsold  lands  of  this  company  were  conveyed  to  the 
Iowa  Railroad  Land  Company. 


ANNALS  OF  IOWA. 


EDITORIAL     DEPARTMENT 


THE  ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  HISTORICAL  DEPART- 
MENT OF  IOWA 

Biennially  for  ten  years,  in  the  interest  of  better  government, 
a  legislative  committee  has  sent  to  the  curator  of  the  Historical 
Department,  and  presumably  to  the  head  of  every  other  depart- 
ment of  state  government,  a  list  of  questions  of  which  the  fol- 
lowing is  a  specimen: 

Name  of  office  or  department? 

Under  what  law  do  you  operate  ? 

Under  what  department  head? 
•      Duties  of  office  or  department  and  functions? 

Number  of  employees? 

Salaries  of  employees? 

Is  help  adequate? 

Can  it  be  reduced? 

Office  space  occupied? 

Is  it  adequate? 

Is  office  equipment  adequate? 

Does  any  of  your  work  overlap  that  of  any  other  department? 

In  your  opinion  can  your  office  or  department  be  combined 
with  any  other  at  a  saving  to  the  state  and  without  lessening 
efficiency  ? 

Comments  and  recommendations. 

In  anticipation  of  these  inquiries  the  curator  of  the  Historical 
Department  has  biennially  taken  up  their  import  with  the  trus- 
tees of  the  department.  He  has  answered  the  questions  with 
their  approval  and  to  the  best  of  his  ability,  and,  following  leg- 
islative direction,  under  the  trustees  and  with  their  approval, 
has  then  mapped  out  his  program  for  the  ensuing  two  years. 

The  curator  has  usually  reduced  to  writing  and  diagramatic 
form  the  working  organization,  not  as  a  rule  or  law,  but  as  a 
guide.  The  diagram  has  been  so  arranged  that  all  the  working 
departments  can  be  separately  seen.  Either  of  these  could  be 
"lifted"  from  this  institution  and  set  over  to  some  other,  or  set 
off  to  itself.  But  so  setting  over  or  setting  off  would,  in  the 
opinion  of  the  present  curator,  tend  away  from,  and  not  toward, 
economy,  efficiency  and  the  aims  of  the  institution. 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  545 

Accomplishments  of  the  Historical  Department  result  from 
co-operative  thought  and  effort  of  the  curator  and  his  board  of 
trustees ;  of  the  curator  and  his  subordinates ;  of  the  support 
and  co-operation  of  the  legislative  branch  of  the  government 
through  appropriations ;  and  of  interested,  loyal  citizens  who 
are  devoted  to  the  educational,  historical  and  aesthetic  things  the 
department  stands  for. 

Among  the  functions  of  the  Historical  Department  is  that  of 
fixing  in  popular  thought  the  achievements  of  the  men  and 
women  wlio  so  well  laid  the  foundations  of  our  state,  and  of  tliose 
who  offered  themselves  in  defense  of  the  Union,  and  of  humanity 
in  the  more  recent  wars.  Carried  out  through  historical,  me- 
morial and  art  activities  made  or  directed  by  the  office  of  the 
.  curator,  this  has  led  to  the  priceless  collections  now  reposing, 
but  for  want  of  room  only  partially  displayed,  in  the  building. 
They  illustrate,  by  object  lesson  more  vividly  to  young  and  old, 
to  educated  and  uneducated,  than  could  be  done  in  any  other 
M^ay,  tlic  struggles  through  wliicli  tiie  people  have  emerged  from 
simple  and  crude  conditions  to  the  more  complex  and  modern 
society  of  today.  They  also  illustrate  in  the  same  vivid  May, 
so  far  as  may  be  done,  tlie  heroic  acts  of  our  soldiers  in  our 
different  wars.  Otlier  exhibits  give  the  student  a  glimpse  of 
geological  ages  of  tlie  eartli  and  of  the  prehistoric  times  of  man. 
Indian  life  and  history  are  exhibited,  and  wild  animals  and  birds, 
many  species  of  wliich  have  disappeared,  are  sliown  by  mounted 
specimens.  Nearly  every  object  striking  the  eye  of  curious 
youth  or  aged  person,  as  he  passes  through  our  great  collections, 
has  come  to  the  department  without  cost  to  the  state,  and  this, 
we  believe,  would  not  be  without  the  supervision  of  so  eminent 
a  board  of  trustees  who  are  the  governor,  secretary  of  state, 
the  state  superintendent  of  public  instruction  and  the  chief 
justice  and  the  entire  membership  of  the  Suj^reme  Court,  and 
the  tact  and  skill,  great  or  small,  of  the  curator,  assisted  of 
course,  by  the  public  spirit  and  patriotism  of  so  many  private 
citizens. 

We  may  mention  among  the  treasures  the  great  collection  of 
autographs  and  personal  letters  of  many  Iowa  leaders,  the  his- 
torical and  geneological  library,  the  unrivaled  collection  of  paint- 
ings chiefly  of  distinguished  Iowa  men  and  women,  and  the  pub- 


546  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

lie  archives  division,  where  over  five  million  documents  are  me- 
thodically filed  and  indexed,  while  some  three  million  in  storage 
await  case,  room  and  handling,  making  so  rich  a  field  for  his- 
torical rcsearcli,  and  tlie  tliousands  of  volumes  of  Iowa  news- 
papers, abounding  in  local,  state  and  national  history — all  ac- 
cessible to  the  public  three  hundred  and  sixty-five  days  in  the 
year,  and  no  less. 

The  policy  of  acquisition  through  the  free  gift  of  the  people 
to  such  a  large  degree,  encouraged  through  historical  department 
management,  is  a  factor  l)ut  little  known,  never  inventoried  nor 
appraised,  but  highly  valuable,  and  which  the  legislatuire  and  the 
public  might  properly  take  into  account.  Donors,  especially 
when  childless,  as  they  approach  the  place  where  they  consider 
joining  "the  great  caravan,"  often  leave  the  most  priceless  ob- 
jects with  the  Historical  Department  when  sympathetically 
shown  the  certainty  that  otherwise  their  treasures  are  bound  to 
pass  into  mercenary  channels. 

The  General  Assembly  properly  asks,  "Does  any  of  your  work 
overlap  that  of  any  other  department?"  If  by  this  is  meant  the 
doing  of  the  same  work  by  a  person  in  our  department  and  a 
person  in  a  different  department,  the  answer  is,  no.  If  it  is 
whether  a  person  in  our  department  does  his  work  in  the  way 
that  the  same  type  of  work  is  done  in  a  different  department, 
then  it  must  be  said  that  our  library  handles  local  history,  that 
is,  the  histories  of  our  counties,  towns,  families,  etc.,  the  way  the 
general  reference  division  of  our  great  state  library  handles  gen- 
eral history,  but  the  two  workers  do  not  come  into  the  same 
field  nor  deal  with  the  same  persons.  Whether  this  is  overlapping 
or  not,  it  illustrates  that  frictionless  contact,  not  wasteful,  not 
inarticulate,  nor  loose- jointed.  It  is  the  harmonious  arrange- 
ment, avoiding  friction  and  waste  of  every  kind,  particularly  that 
of  disjointed  or  open  jointed  administration. 

The  Historical  Department  materially  differs  from  the  usual 
administrative  department  in  that  its  purposes  are  in  no  sense 
mercenary  or  economic ;  it  is  educational  and  cultural  and  cannot 
properly  be  reduced  from  that  classification;  it  is  in  the  field 
with  schools,  churches  and  hospitals — operated  not  for  gain,  and 
not  alone  by  levies  against  the  tax  payer.     It  is  for  the  care  of 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  547 

our  traditions  and  our  history,  and  for  the  guidance  and  inspira- 
tion of  our  own  and  future  generations.  It  subsists  to  a  great 
degree  upon  gifts. 

Our  entire  supervisory  board  serves  witliout  pay,  its  liead 
serves  for  $."3,000.00  a  year  as  curator,  and  without  additional 
pay  serves  as  a  member  and  secretary  of  the  Board  of  Conserva- 
tion, establishing  state  parks. 

The  activities  of  the  department  cannot  be  added  to  any  other 
nor  can  its  functions  be  distributed  at  a  saving  of  money,  nor 
without  ffreat  loss  of  efficiency. 


A  NOTABLE  SPEECH  OF  BLACK  HAWK 

American  annals  contain  many  orations  by,  or  attributed  to, 
American  Indians.  Some  of  tlicse  efforts  are  among  the  most 
eloquent  utterances  of  any  time  or  tongue.  I  ew  readers  of 
American  history  have  not  read  and  been  moved  by  tlie  words  of 
Logan,  the  Mingo,  and  tliose  of  Keokuk,  tlie  Sac,  and  few  will  not 
accord  these  speeches  the  credit  of  having  moved  nations,  botli 
red  and  white,  to  or  from  war. 

A  speech  of  Black  Hawk  seldom  to  be  found  in  Iowa  Iiistori- 
cal  sources  is  presented  through  the  courtesy  of  Mr.  A.  N.  Har- 
bert  in  this  number  of  the  Annals  of  Iowa,  in  the  body  of  the 
reprinted  copy  of  "Galland's  Iowa  Emigrant,"  Black  Hawk  was 
a  Sac,  not  a  chieftain,  however,  nor  of  special  fame  except  for 
action  in  harmony  with  his  own  belief  of  tribal  right.  Yet, 
weighing  his  words  by  their  results  and  by  the  response  in  our 
own  natures  as  we  gather  their  import,  diminished  by  translation, 
the  utterances  of  Black  Hawk  here  presented  must  take  place 
among  the  best  of  Indian  efforts  that  have  come  down  to  us. 

Whether  Black  Hawk  ought  to  have  uttered  the  language  at- 
tributed to  him,  or  to  have  remained  silent,  and  whether  he  ought 
to  have  followed  them  up  with  war  or  have  followed  Keokuk's 
counsels  for  peace,  is  not  our  present  question.  But  even 
white  men  cannot  escape  conclusion  that  from  Indian  racial 
standpoint  Black  Hawk  was  consistent  in  utterance  and  heroic 
in  action,  nor  from  the  same  viewpoint  is  there  escape  from  con- 
clusion that  Keokuk  was  inconsistent  in  utterance  and  craven  in 
action.  From  the  white  man's  standpoint,  of  course,  one  con- 
demns  Black  Hawk  and  commends   Keokuk.     But   from  every 


548  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

consideration  Black  Hawk  in  this  speech  rivals  Keokuk  in  the 
fair  object  of  all  speech,  namely,  in  producing  results. 

The  moving  planes  of  racial  or  tribal  life  have  ever  produced 
heat  at  their  friction  edges.  The  Indian  life  is  ideally  typified 
in  the  life  and  words  of  Black  Hawk.  The  transition  from  sav- 
age toward  civilized  life  is  ideally  typified  in  the  life  of  Keokuk. 
The  contrast  and  conflict  in  the  two  lives,  if  not  in  their  respec- 
tive utterances,  present  the  ideal  setting  for  drama  in  aboriginal 
life,  for  they  reveal  the  elements  of  American  frontier  war. 

Black  Hawk,  the  loser,  was  defeated,  deposed,  driven  "forty 
miles  from  the  Mississippi,"  disgraced  and  denied  all  but  a  few 
friends  at  his  death  and  burial  at  lowaville.  His  grave  was  dese- 
crated, his  bones  dragged  forth  for  exhibition  about  the  country 
as  a  curiosity,  and  only  escaped  that  degradation  by  a  timely 
accidental  fire.  Keokuk,  blue-eyed,  mixed  blooded,  exalted  and 
bonused  throughout  the  era  of  sale  and  dispossession  from  their 
ancient  lands  of  his  race,  was  vouchsafed  the  honors  and  ease  of 
royalty  until  his  death  in  Kansas. 

Black  Hawk's  was  the  reward  of  loyalty  to  the  ideals  of  a 
declining  race;  Keokuk's  the  reward  of  attachment  to  the  ideals 
of  a  race  ascendant.  Black  Hawk's  speech,  as  set  out  by  Doctor 
Galland,  is  among  the  greatest  of  the  type  which,  in  face  of  a 
lost  cause,  induces  a  population  to  throw  its  all  upon  the  altar  of 
its  race. 


ABSTRACT  OF  THE  MINUTES  OF  THE  STATE  BOARD 
OF  CONSERVATION 

September  19,  1919 

Reports  by  the  Chairman.—That  progress  is  being  made  on  arrange- 
ments for  the  dedication  of  Backbone  Park  in  Delaware  County;  that 
gentlemen  from  Emmettsburg  desire  a  conference  with  the  Executive 
Council  and  this  Board  concerning  Medium  Lake;  that  citizens  have 
appointed  committees  to  further  the  project  of  securing  park  land  bor- 
dering on  Twin  Lakes,  Calhoun  County. 

Area  Visited.— The  Board,  In  company  with  a  committee  of  Fairfield 
gentlemen  visited  the  proposed  park  near  Fairfield  known  as  the  Chau- 
tauqua grounds  and  made  note  of  its  advantages  and  desirability. 
October  7,  1919 

Inspecting  Tours.— The  secretary  was  directed  to  prepare  specimen 
tours  based  on  travel  conveniences,  to  be  ready  for  the  1920  season 

Dedication  of  Parks.— The  dates  of  the  dedication  of  the  Keosauqua 
and  Farmmgton  parks  were  ordered  left  to  the  convenience  of  the 
people  in  those  localities. 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  549 

Caretakers  of  Park. — All  matters  relating  to  the  employment  of  care- 
takers for  the  parks  to  be  left  to  the  Committee  on  Rules  and  "rules" 
to  be  construed  to  embrace  the  governance  of  the  Board  as  well  as  the 
park  areas. 

Exhibit  Photos  of  Scenes. — Invitation  of  the  Mid-West  Horticultural 
Exposition  to  display  the  Board's  pictures  of  scenic  places  in  Iowa  at 
their  meeting  in  the  Coliseum  in  Des  Moines,  November  10-14,  was 
accepted. 

Action  on  Areas. — Eldora-Steamboat  Rock  area  is  declared  suitable 
to  be  considered  for  reservation  as  a  state  park;  Big  Boulder,  near 
Nashua,  certified  to  Executive  Council  with  the  request  that  it  be  ac- 
quired; Pisgah  area,  Harrison  County,  and  Grove  Township,  Shelby 
County,  referred  to  Harlan;  areas  in  Jackson  County  referred  to  Kelso 
for  investigation  and  report. 

October  17,  1919 

Van  Buren  County  Co-operation. — The  co-operation  of  Van  Buren 
County  citizens  in  helping  the  state  acquire  park  areas  is  approved  and 
recommended. 

Resolutions  on  Keosauqua  Area. — Recommended  to  Executive  Coun- 
cil to  acquire  G57  acres  more,  making  in  all  1,126  acres,  at  a  total  cost  of 
$46,110,  the  citizens  to  pay  $6,400. 

November  15,  1919 

System  of  Accounts. — That  Mr.  Ford  and  assistant  secretary  and  some 
one  from  the  Board  of  Audit,  or  Accountant  Paul,  be  requested  to  audit 
the  Board's  available  funds  and  make  a  system  of  account-keeping  for 
the  Board. 

Action  on  Areas. — The  matter  of  a  dam  at  Turtle  Lake  and  letter  re- 
lating to  Sunk  Grove  Lake,  referred  to  Pammel  and  Albert;  Stone 
House  area  on  Yellow  River,  referred  to  Harlan;  Harlan  directed  to 
get  in  touch  with  the  Muscatine  committee  concerning  Wild  Cat  Den 
area;  secretary  directed  to  write  P.  K.  Ware  that  when  deed  and  ab- 
stract of  Farmington  area  are  received,  the  Board  will  recommend  to 
Executive  Council  to  use  $500  in  constructing  dam  and  roads;  progress 
reported  on  Tama  area;  Pammel  to  go  to  Eldora  and  ask  all  interested 
there  to  unite  on  one  project;  Ledru  Willitts,  of  Mt.  Pleasant,  reports 
progress  on  Oakland  Mills  area. 

Acquisition  of  Books. — Executive  Council  is  requested  to  set  aside 
$100  for  acquisition  by  the  Board  of  books  and  authorities  on  parks  and 
conservation. 

December  6,   1919 

Action  on  Areas. — Recommended  to  Executive  Council  that  the  gift 
of  Irvin  Lepley  of  a  tract  of  land  near  Union,  Hardin  County,  be  ac- 
cepted and  an  additional  tract  connecting  it  with  the  Iowa  River  be 
acquired;  citizens  of  Mt.  Pleasant  present  proposition  concerning  the 
Oakland  Mills  area  and  it  is  recommended  it  be  accepted  in  accordance 
with  offer  of  the  Mt.  Pleasant  Commercial  Club  [Negotiations  on  behalf 
of  the  Board  were  in  the  main  carried  on  by  the  secretary.  A  general 
statement  of  intended  payment  in  part  by  local  citizens  was  made  to 
the  secretary  by  Mr.  L.  C.  Willitts,  A.  W.  Miller,  W.  T.  Wright,  and 

,  on  behalf  of  the  Mt.  Pleasant  Chamber  of  Commerce 

and  others.  The  secretary  endeavored  to  obtain  a  definite  amount  pro- 
posed, the  citizens  naming  at  one  time  four  thousand  dollars  and  at 
other  times  larger  amounts.  They,  however,  proceeded  to  complete  all 
their  negotiations  with  the  Executive  Council  in  the  absence  of  the  Board 
of  Conservation  and  on  April  6,  1920,  without  making  any  payment. 


550  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

obtained  warrants  for  the  payment  of  their  lands  in  the  amount  of 
$14,295.50.— E.  R.  H.]  ;  Mr.  Ford  reported  progress  on  Wild  Cat  Den 
area-  secretary  was  authorized  to  secure  legal  descriptions,  etc.,  of 
Farmington  area;  proposed  gift  of  C.  M.  Mather  of  a  tract  near  Greene, 

referred  to  Harlan.  ^    o..  ..     rr. 

Committee   to   Draft   Bi//.— Chairman   Pammel   and    State   Treasurer 
Hoyt,  of  the  Executive  Council,  were  appointed  to  draft  a  bill  to  be 
presented   to   the   next  General   Assembly   listing   desirable   options   of 
lake  and  park  lands,  carrying  a  direct  appropriation  therefor. 
December  13,  1919 

Lake  Areas  Suitable  to  be  included  in  General  Appropriation  Bill. — 
Chairman  Pammel  reported  that  the  Committee  on  Lakes  has  inspected 
the  following  lakes  and  that  they  recommend  that  areas  bordering  on 
them  be  included  in  a  general  appropriation  bill:  Medium  Lake,  Palo 
Alto  County;  Blue  Lake,  Monona  County;  Manawa  Lake,  Pottawattamie 
County;  Twin  Sisters',  Cornelia,  Elm  and  Wall  Lakes,  Wright  County; 
Rice  Lake,  Winnebago  County ;  Silver  Lake,  Worth  County ;  Clear  Lake, 
Cerro  Gordo  County;  Crystal,  Eagle  and  East  and  West  Twin  Lakes, 
Hancock  County ;  North  and  South  Twin  Lakes,  Calhoun  County ;  Storm 
Lake,  Buena  Vista  County;  Sunk  Grove  Lake,  Pocahontas  County; 
Okoboji,  Hottes,  Marble  and  Spirit  I>akes,  Dickinson  County;  Tuttle, 
Iowa,  West  Swan  and  High  Lakes,  Emmet  County;  Wall  Lake,  Sac 
County;  Little  Wall  Lake,  Hamilton  County. 

Other  Areas  Suitable  to  be  included  in  General  Appropriation  Bill. — 
Chairman  Pammel  also  reported  the  following  list  had  been  reported  to 
the  Executive  Council  as  desirable  to  be  included  in  a  general  appro- 
priation bill:  Ledges,  Boone  County;  Woodman's  Hollow  and  Bone- 
yard  Hollow,  Webster  County;  Steamboat  Rock,  Hardin  County;  Fall- 
ing Spring,  Fayette  County;  Devil's  Backbone,  Madison  County;  Ice 
Cave,  Dunning  Spring  and  Ft.  Atkinson,  Winneshiek  County;  Morehead 
Caves  and  Tete  des  Morts,  Jackson  County;  Wild  Cat  Den,  Muscatine 
County;  Stone  Park,  Woodbury  County;  Palisades,  Linn  County;  Red 
Rock  and  Big  Tree,  Marion  County;  Cedar  Bluffs,  Mahaska  County; 
Pictured  Rocks,  Jones  County;  Cedar  Valley  and  Rochester,  Cedar 
County;  Pisgah  and  Missouri  Valley,  Harrison  County;  Buckingham 
area,  Mills  County;  Hepburn  Park,  Page  County;  Monkey  Mountain  and 
Agency  House,  Wapello  County;  Myerholz  Lake  and  Toolsboro  Mounds, 
Louisa  County;  Yellow  River  and  Waterville,  Allamakee  County; 
Bixby  Park,  Clayton  County;  Oakland,  Pottawattamie  County;  Chero- 
kee, Cherokee  County;  Big  Boulder,  Floyd  County;  Waverly  Park, 
Bremer  County;  Hackberry  Grove,  Cerro  Gordo  County;  Tama  Indian 
Reservation,  Tama  County;  Keokuk  and  Montrose,  Lee  County;  Jasper 
Pool,  Lyon  County;  Peterson,  Clay  County;  Ocheydan  Mound,  Osceola 
County;  Davis  City,  Decatur  County;  Marble  Rock,  Floyd  County; 
Nashua,  Chickasaw  County;  Swiss  Hollow  and  Durango  Road,  Du- 
buque County;  Perry  and  Farlow  Ford,  Dallas  County;  Pilot  Mound, 
Hancock  County. 

To  Codify  Rules. — Mr.  Harlan  was  directed  to  codify  rules  and  regu- 
lations for  the  government  of  parks  and  that  the  Board  then  take  them 
up  with  the  Executive  Council. 

Reports  on  Areas.~Mv.  Ford  reported  that  the  committee  to  whom 
was  referred  the  Oakland  Mills  area  made  a  report  to  a  joint  meeting 
of  the  Executive  Council  and  the  Board  recommending  the  acquisition 
of  the  area,  and  that  the  report  was  adopted;  also  as  to  the  Bucking- 
ham Lake  area,  they  regarded  the  land  priced  too  high,  and  the  same 
as  to  lands  desired  to  be  acquired  adjacent  to  Oakland  Chautauqua 
Park,  Pottawattamie  County.  These  matters  were  again  referred  to 
Ford  and  Hoyt. 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  551 

NOTABLE  DEATHS 


William  Lytle  Carpenter  was  born  at  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  Octo- 
ber 5,  1841,  and  died  at  his  home  in  Des  Moines,  September  26,  1915.  He 
came  with  his  parents'  family  to  Dubuque,  Iowa,  in  1852,  and  a  few 
years  later  they  removed  to  a  farm  in  Black  Hawk  County.  He  enlisted 
in  the  Thirty-second  Iowa  Infantry  in  1861  and  served  four  years,  be- 
coming adjutant  of  the  regiment.  After  the  war  he  returned  to  farm- 
ing in  Black  Hawk  County,  but  in  1866  removed  to  Des  Moines.  For 
many  years  he  was  secretary  of  the  Iowa  State  Grange  and  as  secre- 
tary of  the  Farmers'  Protective  Association  lead  in  organizing  a  barb 
wire  manufacturing  company  in  Des  Moines  and  became  its  manager. 
The  famous  legal  battle  of  the  barb  wire  trust  against  the  independent 
manufacturers  was  fought  out  over  this  plant.  Mr.  Carpenter  had 
associated  with  him  in  this  contest  such  leaders  as  John  H.  Given, 
Henry  Wallace,  James  Wilson,  Col.  John  Scott,  L.  S.  Coffin,  M.  L. 
Devin,  G.  H.  Crosby,  B.  F.  Gue  and  others.  Hon.  A.  B.  Cummins, 
then  a  rising  young  lawyer,  was  their  attorney,  and  won  for  them  a 
signal  victory,  the  price  of  barb  wire  soon  declining  from  fourteen 
cents  to  three  cents  a  pound.  Mr.  Carpenter  became  prominent  in 
politics.  He  was  the  Democratic  candidate  for  congress  in  1886  against 
Maj.  Conger  in  the  Seventh  District,  was  elected  mayor  of  Des  Moines 
in  1888  and  served  one  term,  and  was  custodian  of  the  State  Capitol 
under  Governor  Boies  from  1890  to  1894.  He  lived  in  retirement  the 
last  few  years  of  his  life.  He  left  many  of  the  records  of  his  activities 
in  the  collections  of  the  Historical  Department  of  Iowa. 


Christopher  T.  Jones  was  born  in  Barren  County,  Kentucky,  Septem- 
ber 11,  1837,  and  died  at  his  home  in  Des  Moines,  September  14,  1915. 
He  came  with  his  parents  to  Iowa  in  1842,  settling  in  Louisa  County. 
The  following  year  he  was  left  an  orphan  in  the  care  of  friends,  but  at 
twelve  years  of  age  became  self-supporting.  In  1850  he  went  to  Wash- 
ington, attended  public  school  and  took  a  partial  course  in  Washington 
College,  which  was  broken  up  by  the  war.  He  studied  law  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  practice  in  1859.  When  the  war  broke  out  he  enlisted  in  Com- 
pany H,  Second  Iowa  Infantry.  In  the  fall  of  1861  he  was  discharged 
because  of  sickness  and  a  hurt  he  received  while  in  the  service,  and  from 
which  he  never  fully  recovered.  In  1865  he  was  elected  clerk  of  the 
courts  in  Washington  County  and  served  until  1875.  Then  for  a  few 
years  he  practiced  law,  but  because  of  poor  health  he  abandoned  it.  In 
1880  he  was  a  Republican  presidential  elector.  He  came  to  Des  Moines 
that  year  and  on  January  1,  1881,  went  into  the  office  of  the  clerk  of  the 
Supreme  Court  as  an  assistant,  remaining  for  two  years.  From  1883  to 
1895  he  was  deputy  clerk  under  G.  B,  Pray.  He  was  clerk  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  from  1895  to  1903.  For  some  years  after  that  he  assisted 
later  incumbents  of  that  office.    He  was  an  efficient  public  servant. 


552  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

George  W.  Ball  was  born  near  Fairfield,  Jefferson  County,  Iowa, 
June  7,  1847,  and  died  at  his  home  in  Iowa  City,  July  18,  1915.  He 
spent  his  youth  on  his  father's  farm  in  Jefferson  County,  attended  com- 
mon school,  and  Wesleyan  University,  Mt.  Pleasant,  graduating  in  1867. 
He  also  graduated  from  the  law  department  of  the  State  University  of 
Iowa  in  1869.  He  practiced  law  a  short  time  in  Des  Moines  and  in  Mt. 
Ayr,  Iowa,  and  then  in  Chicago,  but  in  November,  1874,  he  removed  to 
Iowa  City  and  formed  a  partnership  with  Charles  Baker,  which  con- 
tinued until  Mr.  Baker's  death  in  1910.  Then  he  formed  a  partnership 
with  his  son,  George  W.  Ball,  Jr.  In  1885  he  was  elected  representative 
and  served  in  the  Twenty-first  General  Assembly.  He  was  county  at- 
torney of  Johnson  County  for  four  years,  1893  to  1896.  In  1899  he 
was  elected  senator  and  served  in  the  Twenty-eighth  and  Twenty-ninth 
General  Assemblies  and  was  mayor  of  Iowa  City  from  1905  to  1909. 
He  was  vice  president  of  the  First  National  Bank  of  Iowa  City.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  board  of  curators  of  the  State  Historical  Society. 
He  was  prominent  in  the  different  branches  of  Masonry,  and  was  grand 
master  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Iowa  two  terms,  1895  and  1896. 


Lew  Wallace  Andersox  was  born  in  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa,  June  6, 
1867,  and  died  at  his  home  in  that  city,  September  21,  1915.  He  gradu- 
ated from  Cedar  Rapids  High  School  in  1884  and  for  a  year  was  on 
the  editorial  staff  of  the  Cedar  Rapids  Republican.  He  entered  the  in- 
surance business  with  his  father,  and  after  his  father's  death  in  1905, 
he  conducted  the  business  alone.  He  built  up  one  of  the  largest  insur- 
ance agencies  in  the  state.  From  1907  he  was  actively  engaged  in  real 
estate  developments  in  Cedar  Rapids.  He  was  the  leader  in  purchasing, 
landscaping  and  putting  on  the  market  Vernon  Heights,  and  other  fine 
residential  districts  of  the  city.  He  also  was  the  foremost  promoter  in 
building  the  Montrose  Hotel,  the  Killian  department  store  and  the  prin- 
cipal new  office  buildings  in  the  city.  He  was  alderman-at-large  in 
1906,  was  a  member  pf  the  public  library  board,  and  a  member  of  the 
River  Front  Improvement  Association.  Governor  Carroll  appointed 
him  on  the  Iowa  State  Waterways  Conservation  Commission.  He  was 
for  several  years  considered  the  leader  in  the  big  enterprises  that  marked 
his  city's  progress. 


John  A.  Greek  was  born  in  County  Roscommon,  Ireland,  December 
10,  1844,  and  died  at  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa,  February  25,  1920.  Burial 
was  in  Holy  Cross  Cemetery,  Anamosa.  He  emigrated  to  America  with 
his  parents  in  1852,  stopping  in  Boston,  where  he  attended  school.  He 
then  for  ten  years  worked  as  a  stonecutter  and  letterer.  He  came  to 
Joliet,  Illinois,  in  1865,  and  to  the  hills  west  of  Anamosa,  later  known 
as  Stone  City,  in  1868.  Here  he  opened  the  limestone  quarries  which 
in  a  few  years  developed  into  a  concern  employing  at  one  time  several 
hundred  men,  thriving  until  cement  came  into  general  use,  when  the 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  553 

quarries  declined.  Mr.  Green  also  successfully  conducted  farming  and 
fine  stock  raising.  He  was  progressive,  successful  and  generous,  and  was 
a  liberal  supporter  of  church  and  hospital  work.  He  was  a  leader  in  the 
Democratic  party  of  his  county  and  district.  In  1891  he  was  elected 
senator  from  the  Cedar- Jones  district,  and  served  in  the  Twenty-fourth 
and  Twenty-fifth  General  Assemblies.  In  1904  he  was  the  unsuccessful 
candidate  for  congress  in  the  Fifth  District. 


William  F.  Johnstox  was  born  in  Westmoreland  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, August  20,  1833,  and  died  at  Toledo,  Iowa,  August  8,  1914.  He 
came  to  Iowa  City,  Iowa,  in  1856  and  removed  to  Toledo  in  1858  and 
entered  the  mercantile  business,  continuing  until  1879.  He  was 
actively  interested  in  banking  and  railroad  building  and  became  the 
largest  individual  land  owner  in  Tama  county,  where  he  owned  some 
3,200  acres,  with  some  3,000  acres  elsewhere.  He  was  interested  in 
many  corporations.  When  I^eander  Clark  resigned  as  representative  in 
the  Ninth  General  Assembly  to  enter  the  Union  Army,  Mr.  Johnston 
was  elected  at  the  regular  election  of  1862  to  fill  the  vacancy,  but  as 
there  was  no  extra  session  called  after  that  election  and  before  the 
expiration  of  his  term,  he  never  sat  in  the  assembly.  For  forty-three 
years  he  was  a  member  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  Cornell  College, 
Mount  Vernon,  and  from  the  time  Leander  Clark  College  was  located  at 
Toledo,  or  for  over  thirty  years,  he  was  a  member  of  the  executive  com- 
mittee of  that  institution. 


Thomas  D.  Foster  was  born  in  Bradford,  Yorkshire,  England,  Novem- 
ber 25,  1847,  and  died  in  Ottumwa,  Iowa,  July  22,  1915.  He  removed 
with  his  parents  in  1858  to  County  Kilkenny,  Ireland.  There  he  at- 
tended public  school  until  sixteen  years  old  when  he  began  work  for 
John  Morrell  &  Company,  a  meat  packing  concern.  In  1865  he  was  by 
them  transferred  to  Liverpool,  in  1868  to  New  York  City,  and  in  1871 
to  Chicago.  In  1872  he  became  that  company's  general  manager  for  the 
United  States  and  Canada.  In  1878  he  removed  to  Ottumwa,  Iowa,  and 
established  the  packing  plant  there.  In  1893  he  was  elected  chairman 
of  John  Morrell  &  Company,  Ltd.,  which  position  he  held  at  the  time  of 
his  death.  Owing  to  failing  health  he  retired  in  1914.  For  many  years 
he  had  been  active  in  Y.  M.  C.  A.  work.  He  received  the  honorary  de- 
gree of  LL.  D.  from  Lenox  College  in  1900.  He  was  a  member  of  tlie 
board  of  trustees  of  Parsons  College  and  a  member  of  the  State  Board 
of  Education  from  1909  to  1911. 


ALEXA:NrDER  M.  Garrett  was  born  on  a  farm  near  Letts,  Iowa,  March 
81,  1857,  and  died  at  Letts,  August  15,  1915.  He  attended  common  school 
in  that  community,  became  an  extensive  farmer  and  stockman  and  also 
engaged  in  the  grain  business  at  Letts,  to  which  place  he  removed  in 
1900.  In  1910  he  was  elected  senator  and  served  in  the  Thirty-fourth 
and  Thirty-fifth  General  Assemblies.     He  was  a  Democrat  in  politics. 


554.  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

Thomas  B.  Hanley  was  iJorn  in  Ohio  December  11,  1853,  and 
died  at  his  home  in  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  September  22,  1919.  When 
a  small  boy  he  came  with  his  parents  to  LeClare,  Iowa.  Consider- 
able time  was  spent  in  his  boyhood  in  employment  on  the  Missis- 
sippi River.  After  attending  school  one  year  at  the  State  College 
at  Ames  he  followed  school  teaching  a  few  years  and  in  1880 
graduated  from  the  law  departmment  of  the  State  University  of 
Iowa.  He  commenced  practice  at  LeClare  but  in  1888  removed  to 
Tipton,  forming  a  partnership  with  William  P.  Wolf  as  Wolf  & 
Hanley,  which  continued  until  Mr.  Wolf  went  on  the  bench  in 
1895.  He  was  mayor  of  Tipton  two  years.  In  1894  he  was  the 
leader  in  organizing  the  Modern  Brotherhood  of  America,  a  frater- 
nal insurance  association,  and  became  its  first  president.  He 
continued  to  hold  that  office  until  his  death.  The  Modern  Brother- 
hood of  America  has  had  a  phenomenal  growth,  largely  due  to 
Mr.  Hanley's  leadership.  The  headquarters  were  removed  to  Mason 
City  where  the  order  erected  a  million  dollar  office  building  a 
few  years  ago.  He  removed  to  Des  Moines  in  1907  and  maintained 
his  office  there.     He  was  one  of  the  most  prominent  fraternal  as- 


CiioRGE  Carson  was  born  in  Jennings  County,  Indiana,  February 
6,  1841,  and  died  at  Council  Bluffs,  Iowa,  February  18,  1919.  In 
his  youth  he  attended  public  school  and  an  academy.  He  enlisted 
as  a  private  in  the  Union  Army  in  1861  and  was  discharged  in 
1865  as  a  first  lieutenant.  After  the  war  he  attended  Hartsville 
University  for  a  time  and  the  law  department  of  the  Michigan 
State  University,  graduating  from  the  latter  in  1868.  In  1869 
he  removed  to  Council  Bluffs  and  the  following  year  formed  a 
law  partnership  with  S.  Smith,  the  firm  being  Smith  &  Carson. 
In  1879  it  became  Smith,  Carson  &  Harl.  In  1877  he  was  elected 
representative,  and  re-elected  two  years  later,  serving  in  the  Seven- 
teenth and  Eighteenth  General  Assemblies.  In  1883  he  was  elected 
senator  and  served  in  the  Twentieth  and  Twenty-first  General  As- 
semblies. In  1886  he  was  elected  one  of  the  judges  of  the  Fifteenth 
Judicial  District  and  served  four  years.  In  1896  he  was  elected 
mayor  of  Council  Bluffs.  His  services  in  all  these  public  stations 
were  marked  by  a  high  sense  of  duty. 


Charles  McAllister  was  born  at  South  Lee,  Massachusetts,  Feb- 
ruary 1,  1840,  and  died  at  South  Lee,  July  20,  1913,  while  there 
making  his  annual  visit  to  the  old  family  homestead,  which  he 
still  owned.  His  interment  was  there.  After  obtaining  an  educa- 
tion in  the  common  branches,  he  taught  school  two  years,  then 
entered  Williams  College  and  graduated  in  1863.  He  graduated 
from  Berkshire  Medical  College  in  1865.     He  practiced  medicine  at 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  555 

Stockbridge,  Massachusetts,  five  years  and  at  Dixon,  Illinois,  two 
years.  He  came  to  Spencer,  Iowa,  in  1872  and  was  in  an  active 
and  extensive  practice  there  forty-one  years,  or  until  his  death.  He 
was  a  representative  in  the  Seventeenth  General  Assembly,  being 
elected  in  1877. 


A.  O.  Garlock  was  born  in  Otsego  County,  New  York,  December 
4,  1842  and  died  at  his  home  in  Escondido,  California,  April  5,  1913. 
He  emigrated  to  De  Kalb,  Illinois,  in  1859.  In  1861  he  enlisted  in 
Company  K,  Forty-second  Illinois  Infantry,  as  a  first  sergeant  and 
later  was  commissioned  a  lieutenant.  He  removed  to  Pocahontas 
County,  Iowa,  in  1869  and  became  the  first  permanent  settler  of 
Cedar  Township  of  that  county.  In  1871  he  was  elected  county  aud- 
itor and  served  eight  years.  In  1887  he  was  elected  state  senator 
and  served  in  the  Twenty-second  General  Assembly.  He  en- 
gaged in  banking  in  Pocahontas  County  but  removed  to  Des  Moines 
in  1890.    After  1902  he  spent  most  of  his  time  in  California. 


Thor  O.  Hanson  was  born  in  Dane  county,  Wisconsin,  June  15, 
1859;  he  died  at  his  home  near  Bode,  Iowa,  February  18,  1915.  He 
removed  with  his  parents  to  Emmet  county,  Iowa,  in  1869.  His 
early  education  was  received  in  the  rural  schools  and  in  1878  he 
engaged  in  teaching  in  Emmet,  Kossuth  and  Humboldt  counties 
for  about  ten  years.  From  1886  to  1892  he  was  in  the  general  mer- 
cantile and  real  estate  business  and  after  that  time  was  connected 
with  the  state  bank  of  Bode.  He  was  the  first  mayor  of  Bode  and 
a  member  of  the  school  board  for  fourteen  years.  He  served  as 
representative  from  Humboldt  county  in  the  Thirty-second,  Thirty- 
second  Extra  and  Thirty-third  General  Assemblies. 


Henry  M.  Eicher  was  born  in  Marion  township,  Washington 
County,  Iowa,  May  29,  1858,  and  died  at  Washington,  Iowa,  July  27, 
1919.  In  the  early  '80's  he  read  law  in  Washington  with  Dewey  & 
Templin.  In  1883  he  entered  a  partnership  with  A.  R.  Dewey  which 
continued  until  1891,  when  Mr.  Dewey  went  on  the  district  bench. 
He  then  formed  a  partnership  with  C.  J.  Wilson.  Later  he  was  of 
the  firm  of  Eicher,  Livingston  &  Eicher.  For  three  years  during 
President  Cleveland's  last  administration  he  was  Assistant  United 
States  Attorney  for  the  Southern  District  of  Iowa.  In  1912  Governor 
Carroll  appointed  him  a  member  of  the  State  Board  of  Education, 
where  he  served  until  his  death.  He  was  an  active  member  of  the 
Council  of  Defense  during  the  World  War. 


556  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

George  W.  Hanka  was  born  at  Waterloo,  Iowa,  June  3,  1850,  and 
died  at  Luverne,  Iowa,  January  16,  1918.  He  attended  common  school 
at  Waterloo  and  at  Goldfield,  Wright  County,  and  spent  some  time  at 
Upper  Iowa  University.  Early  in  life  he  taught  school  and  herded 
cattle.  When  the  Northwestern  railroad  was  constructed  through  Iowa 
to  Eagle  Grove,  and  north  of  there  in  1878,  he  and  a  partner  started  a 
store  at  what  is  now  Luverne.  He  has  been  considered  the  real  founder 
of  that  town.  He  was  postmaster  and  mayor  and  was  interested  in 
banking  there.  He  early  began  to  invest  in  land  and  at  the  time  of  his 
death  owned  6,000  acres  in  Luverne  township,  Kossuth  County,  as  well 
as  large  mining  interests  in  Mexico.  He  became  a  leader  in  politics  in 
his  part  of  the  state,  was  a  delegate  to  the  Republican  national  conven- 
tion in  1888,  and  was  elected  representative  in  1903,  and  served  in  the 
Thirtieth  and  Thirty-first  General  Assemblies. 

Edgar  S.  Garrisoj^^  was  born  at  Clarence,  Iowa,  January  10,  1873,  and 
died  at  Herconcitos,  Province  of  Cheriqui,  Republic  of  Panama,  July  16, 
1915.  He  removed  with  his  parents  to  Denison,  Iowa,  when  seven  years 
old,  attended  school  there,  spent  two  years  at  Notre  Dame  University, 
and  graduated  from  Iowa  State  University  in  1895.  He  then  entered 
the  law  office  of  his  father,  T.  J.  Garrison,  of  Denison,  but  later  re- 
moved to  Missouri  Valley,  forming  a  law  partnership  with  J.  S.  Dewell. 
In  1896  he  was  elected  clerk  of  the  district  court  of  Harrison  County, 
and  was  re-elected  the  two  succeeding  terms,  going  out  of  office  in  1903. 
Soon  thereafter  he  went  to  the  Panama  Canal  Zone  entering  the  office 
of  the  prosecuting  attorney  as  an  assistant.  In  1908  he  was  appointed 
district  judge  there  and  served  until  1914,  when  he  resigned,  traveled 
extensively  in  Venezuela  and  other  countries  and  entered  into  stock 
ranching  business  in  Panama.  He  met  his  death  through  a  prevalent 
tropical  disease. 

William:  Desmojstd  was  born  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  in  1850,  and 
died  in  Seattle,  Washington,  March  28,  1915.  His  parents  brought  him 
with  them,  in  1852,  when  they  removed  to  near  De  Witt,  Clinton  County, 
Iowa.  He  served  as  constable  and  marshal  of  De  Witt  from  1872  to 
1876,  as  deputy  sheriff  of  Clinton  County  from  1876  to  1882,  as  sheriff 
from  1882  to  1885,  as  United  States  marshal  for  the  Northern  District 
of  Iowa  from  1885  to  1889,  as  sheriff  again  from  1889  until  1894,  and 
again  as  United  States  marshal  from  1894  to  1898.  In  1909  he  removed 
to  Seattle  where  he  was  largely  interested  in  real  estate.  He  was  one 
of  the  best  and  most  popular  peace  officers  of  Iowa,  singularly  adapted 
physically,  intellectually  and  morally  for  such  responsibility.  He  was 
over  six  feet  tall,  weighed  two  hundred  pounds  and  was  a  terror  to  evil 
doers,  but  kind  to  others.  He  broke  up  the  famous  "Fan"  Burns  gang 
of  thieves  as  well  as  many  other  gangs.  It  is  said  President  Cleveland 
first  appointed  him  marshal  chiefly  because  he  looked  to  be  what  his 
friends  claimed  for  him,  "Iowa's  greatest  peace  officer." 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  557 

George  W.  Ball  was  born  in  Hancock  County,  Virginia  (now  West 
Virginia),  March  6,  1848,  and  died  at  Fairfield,  Iowa,  March  14,  1920. 
He  was  descended  from  the  family  of  Balls  to  which  belonged  Mary 
Ball,  the  mother  of  George  Washington.  He  came  with  his  parents  to 
Jefferson  County,  Iowa,  in  1854  where  he  attended  the  public  schools 
and  Fairfield  University.  He  engaged  in  farming,  banking  and  manu- 
facturing, was  a  director  in  the  Iowa  State  Savings  Bank,  the  Iowa 
Loan  and  Trust  Company  and  the  Fairfield  Gasoline  Engine  Company, 
all  of  Fairfield.  In  1887  he  was  elected  representative  and  re-elected  two 
years  later.  Again  elected  in  1914,  he  served  as  representative  in  the 
Twenty-second,  Twenty-third  and  Thirty-sixth  General  Assemblies.  In 
1916  he  was  elected  senator  from  the  Jefferson-Van  Buren  district,  and 
served  in  the  Thirty-seventh  and  Thirty-eighth  General  Assemblies.  He 
vigorously  proposed  repealing  the  law  for  extending  and  improving  the 
capitol  grounds.    He  was  a  prominent  citizen  and  a  useful  legislator. 


Louis  F.  Sprixger  was  born  in  Berks  County,  Pennsylvania,  in  1853, 
and  died  at  Reading,  Pennsylvania,  April  19,  1914.  He  graduated  from 
Lafayette  College,  Easton,  Penssylvania,  and  came  to  Independence, 
Iowa,  in  1880  and  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law.  In  1881  he  was 
elected  county  attorney  of  Buchanan  County  and  was  re-elected  two 
years  later,  serving  four  years.  In  1885  he  was  elected  mayor  of 
Independence  and  served  one  year.  He  was  clerk  of  the  district  court 
from  1891  to  1895.  In  1901  he  was  elected  representative  and  regularly 
re-elected  until  190(5,  serving  in  the  Twenty-ninth,  Thirtieth,  Thirty- 
first,  Thirty-second  and  Thirty-second  extra  General  Assemblies.  As 
this  was  a  Republican  county  and  he  was  a  Democrat,  his  career  at- 
tested to  the  confidence  his  constituents  reposed  in  him.  Owing  to  his 
declining  health  he  returned  to  and  remained  a  resident  of  his  old  home 
in   Pennsylvania   a  year   or   two   before   his   death. 


Albin  C.  Blackmore  was  born  in  Alleghany,  New  York,  August  19, 
1843,  and  died  at  Northwood,  Iowa,  August  29,  1915.  He  lived  on  a 
farm  with  his  parents  until  August,  1861,  when  he  enlisted  in  Company 
I,  Sixty-fourth  New  York  Volunteer  Infantry,  and  served  three  years, 
attaining  the  rank  of  first  lieutenant.  He  was  seriously  wounded  in 
battle  at  Spottsylvania  Court  House.  After  the  war  he  went  to  Fond 
du  Lac,  Wisconsin,  where  his  parents  had  removed.  He  came  to  Worth 
County,  Iowa,  in  1866  and  followed  farming  and  stock  raising.  He 
was  elected  township  clerk  and  then  county  supervisor.  In  1883  he 
was  elected  county  auditor  and  served  nine  years.  Following  that  he 
was  manager  of  the  Farmers'  Lumber  Company  at  Northwood.  In  1906 
he  was  elected  representative  and  re-elected  in  1908,  serving  in  the 
Thirty-second,  Thirty-second  extra  and  Thirty-third  General  Assemblies. 


558  ANN'ALS  of  IOWA 

Norman  Haskins  was  born  in  New  York  in  1825,  and  died  March  2, 
1914,  at  Denever,  Colorado.  Burial  was  at  Rockford,  Illinois.  He  came 
to  Des  Moines  in  1876  and  taught  school  for  some  time.  He  then 
engaged  in  the  operation  of  coal  mines  and  prospered  financially.  He 
withdrew  from  coal  mining  and  dealt  in  Des  Moines  real  estate, 
and  was  very  successful  in  that  business.  He  also  made  investments 
in  Colorado  land  which  proved  profitable  because  of  mineral  discoveries 
thereon.  He  was  a  great  friend  of  Drake  University,  was  a  trustee  and 
gave  liberally  to  it.  He  was  one  of  the  group  of  men  with  George  T. 
Carpenter,  the  first  president,  who  selected  the  site  of  the  main  building 
of  the  University.  He  gave  the  University  the  Drake  Stadium  as  a 
memorial  to  his  son,  Alvin  Haskins,  who  died  a  few  years  after  gradu- 
ating  from  Drake. 


Benjamin  Townsend  Nix  was  born  in  Butler  County,  Kentucky, 
September  15,  1840,  and  died  at  Afton,  Iowa,  March  18,  1914.  He 
obtained  his  education  in  the  common  schools  and  at  La  Grange, 
Kentucky.  In  1862  he  enlisted  in  the  Union  Army  in  a  Kentucky 
regiment,  was  made  captain  of  his  company  and  served  one  year,  when 
the  regiment  was  mustered  out.  He  then  re-enlisted  in  the  Fifty-third 
Mounted  Infantry  and  was  again  chosen  captain  of  his  company,  and 
served  until  the  end  of  the  war.  In  1868  he  removed  to  Des  Moines 
County,  Iowa,  in  1870  to  Clarke  County  and  in  1875  to  Union  County, 
following  farming  during  this  time.  In  1880  he  was  elected  clerk  of  the 
district  court  of  Union  County  and,  because  of  re-elections,  served 
eight  years.  In  1906  he  was  elected  representative  and  served  in  the 
Thirty-second  and  Thirty-second  Extra  General  Assemblies. 


Sabret  T.  Marshal  was  born  at  Keokuk,  Iowa,  November  20,  1869, 
and  died  there,  September  20,  1914.  He  attended  public  school  in 
Keokuk,  later  read  law  with  his  father.  Col.  Samuel  Taylor  Marshal, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1895.  Because  of  ill  health  he  spent 
a  few  of  the  following  years  in  Colorado  and  in  the  southwest.  He 
was  elected  representative  from  Lee  County  in  1899  and  re-elected  in 
1901,  serving  in  the  Twenty-eighth  and  Twenty-ninth  General  Assemblies. 


William  B.  Towner  was  born  at  Castleton,  Vermont,  December  25, 
1831,  and  died  at  Charles  City,  Iowa,  October  3,  1914.  He  came  to 
Floyd  County,  Iowa,  in  1864,  purchasing  land  in  Cedar  Township.  He 
served  as  school  director,  justice  of  the  peace  over  twenty  years,  town- 
ship trustee,  a  member  of  the  county  board  of  supervisors,  and  in  1897 
was  elected  representative,  and  re-elected  two  years  later,  serving  in 
the  Twenty-seventh  and  Twenty-eighth  General  Assemblies. 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  559 

Madison  Bartlett  Davis  was  born  at  Canaan,  New  Hampshire, 
November  12,  1838,  and  died  at  Sioux  City,  Iowa,  July  28,  1914.  He 
attended  school  at  Salisbury,  New  Hampshire.  He  enlisted  in  the 
First  New  England  Cavalry,  later  changed  to  the  First  New  Hampshire 
Cavalry,  and  came  out  at  the  close  of  the  war  as  an  orderly  sergeant. 
Soon  after  the  war  he  came  to  Denmark,  Lee  County,  Iowa.  He  read 
law  with  J.  M.  Casey,  of  Ft.  Madison,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
December,  1871.  In  June,  1874,  he  removed  to  Sioux  City  and  soon 
became  a  successful  and  noted  lawyer,  practicing  largely  in  the  federal 
courts.  He  was  attorney  for  the  settlers  in  the  Iowa  railroad  land 
grant  cases.  He  also  gained  prominence  as  a  real  estate  owner  and 
promoter.  He  was  department  commander  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic,  in   1900. 


William  Henry  Freeman  was  born  at  Rockford,  Illinois,  in  1844, 
and  died  at  Oakland,  Iowa,  January  23,  1914.  He  removed  with  his 
father  in  1855  to  Lafayette  County,  Wisconsin,  remaining  there  until 
he  was  twenty-one  years  old.  He  came  to  Big  Grove  (now  Oakland) 
in  1865  and  engaged  in  railroad  culvert  construction  a  few  years.  In 
1869  he  engaged  in  the  sawmill  business  and  then  the  mercantile  business 
at  Oakland.  In  1876  he  went  to  Green  County,  Wisconsin,  and  followed 
the  lumbering  business  until  1881  when  he  returned  to  Oakland  and 
engaged  in  banking.  He  was  elected  mayor  of  Oakland  in  1882  and 
also  served  as  justice  of  the  peace  and  on  the  school  board.  He  was 
first  elected  representative  in  1901  and  served  in  the  Twenty-ninth, 
Thirtieth  and  Thirty-first  General  Assemblies. 


Timothy  P.  Murphy  was  born  at  Boston,  Massachusetts,  September 
28,  1832,  and  died  at  Sioux  City,  Iowa,  September  4,  1914.  When  four 
years  old  he  came  with  his  parents  to  Waupon,  Wisconsin,  and  after- 
wards to  Iowa  City,  Iowa.  Here  he  attended  the  State  University  for 
a  time  and  then  read  law  with  his  brother,  Jeremiah  Murphy,  then  of 
Marengo,  later  of  Davenport,  and  who  was  congressman  from  that  dis- 
trict. He  removed  to  Sioux  City  in  1880  and  obtained  an  extensive  law 
practice.  He  was  appointed  L^nited  States  attorney  for  the  Northern 
District  of  Iowa  by  President  Cleveland  in  1885  and  served  until  1890. 
He  was  a  leader  of  the  Democratic  party  in  Woodbury  County.  At  the 
time  of  his  death  he  was  the  oldest  practicing  attorney  in  Sioux  City. 


William  W.  Hawk  was  born  in  Ohio  November  26,  1843,  and  died  at 
Newton,  Iowa,  September  15,  1914.  Interment  was  at  Colfax,  Iowa.  He 
came  with  his  parents  to  Keokuk  County,  Iowa,  when  a  boy  and  when 
the  war  came  on  enlisted  in  Company  E,  Thirty-third  Iowa  Infantry, 
and  served  three  years.  He  graduated  from  Keokuk  Medical  College 
in  1876  and  commenced  practice  at  Greencastle,  near  the  present  town 
of  Mingo,  Jasper  County,  where  he  attained  success  in  his  profession. 


560  ANNALS  OF  IOWA 

He  removed  to  Colfax  in  1890  and  thereafter  remained  a  resident  of 
that  place.  In  1899  he  was  elected  representative  and  was  re-elected 
two  years  later,  serving  in  the  Twenty-eighth  and  Twenty-ninth  General 
Assemblies.     He  was  postmaster  at  Colfax  from  1908  to  1913. 

Jon:s  A.  Cousins  was  born  in  what  is  now  Dubuque  County,  Iowa, 
but  which  was  then  Dubuque  County,  Wisconsin  Territory,  on  April  15, 
1837,  and  died  at  his  home  in  New  Hartford,  Butler  County,  Iowa, 
March  12,  1918.  He  attended  common  school  and,  later,  Epworth 
Seminary.  Farming  was  his  vocation  in  early  life.  In  1865  he  re- 
moved to  Grundy  County,  continuing  farming.  In  1873  he  removed  to 
New  Hartford  and  engaged  in  hardware,  lumber  and  implement  busi- 
ness, continuing  this  until  1900.  He  was  also  interested  in  banking 
at  New  Hartford  and  Plainfield.  In  1908  he  was  elected  representative 
and  re-elected  two  years  later,  serving  in  the  Thirty-third  and  Thirty- 
fourth   General   Assemblies. 


Edward  Kxott  was  born  in  London,  England,  March  4,  1842,  and  died 
at  Waverly,  Iowa,  August  16,  1914.  He  removed  with  his  parents  to 
Boone  County,  Illinois,  in  1855  and,  in  1863,  to  Bremer  County,  Iowa. 
He  did  farm  work,  then  bought  grain,  did  a  livery  business  and  also 
imported  horses  from  England  and  France.  In  1876  he  was  appointed 
postmaster  at  Waverly,  serving  until  1882.  In  1886  he  was  appointed 
United  States  marshal  for  the  Northern  District  of  Iowa,  and  held  the 
position  until  1891.  He  was  again  appointed  in  1897  and  served  until 
1914,  making  in  all  twenty-three  years'  service  in  that  offiice.  He  was 
an  active  and  influential  Republican. 


John  Schoenenberger  was  born  in  Fairfield  County,  Ohio,  June  5, 
1850,  and  died  at  his  home  near  East  Peru,  Madison  County,  Iowa,  April 
23,  1915.  He  came  with  his  parents  to  Madison  County  in  1855,  attended 
country  schools  and  eventually  became  a  very  successful  farmer  and 
stockman.  At  different  times  he  served  as  township  assessor,  clerk, 
trustee  and  school  treasurer.  Although  a  Democrat,  in  1906  he  was 
elected  representative  from  Madison  County,  which  was  strongly  Re- 
publican, and  served  in  the  Thirty-second  and  Thirty-second  extra  Gen- 
eral Assemblies.  In  1912  he  was  his  party's  candidate  for  senator  in  the 
Adair-Madison  District,  but  was  defeated. 


JoHK  Parker  was  born  in  Lincolnshire,  England,  December  18,  1837, 
and  died  at  his  home  at  Malvern,  Iowa,  April  7,  1915.  He  had  to  quit 
school  when  seven  years  old  and  work  to  help  support  the  family.  He 
emigrated  to  America  in  1857,  settling  in  Marion  County,  Ohio.  He 
came  to  Mills  County,  Iowa,  in  1867,  and  became  a  progressive  and 
successful  farmer.  He  was  elected  representative  in  1895  and  was  re- 
elected in  1897,  serving  in  the  Twenty-sixth,  Twenty-sixth  extra  and 
Twenty-seventh  General  Assemblies. 


b 


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Vol.  XII,  No,  8  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  April,  1921  3d  SERiEi 

SKETCHES  OF  THE  MORMON  ERA  IN  HANCOCK 

COUNTY,  ILLINOIS' 

From  Gregg's  Dollar  Monthly  and  Old  Settlers'  Memorial, 

Hamilton,  Illinois,  Vol.  I,  No.  5,  September,  1878 

That  Mormonism  could  originate  and  exist  in  the  nineteenth 
century,  is  a  disgrace  to  human  nature;  and  that  it  could  spring 
up  and  gain  a  foothold  among  a  people  so  enlightened  as  the 
people  of  the  United  States  claim  to  be,  is  an  anomaly  for  which 
the  future  historian  may  perhaps  be  able  to  account. 

We  refer  to  Mormonism,  not  as  a  creed  or  system  of  religion; 
like  all  human  creeds,  it  doubtless  has  its  good  and  its  bad; 
which  is  the  good  and  which  is  the  bad,  it  is  not  our  purpose  to 
inquire.  But  that  an  ignorant  and  worthless  young  man  could 
take  a  few  little  brass  plates  into  his  rusty  hat,  and  peering  at 
them  through  his  darkened  hands,  make  people  believe  that  he 
was  reading  therefrom  mysterious  revelations  from  heaven,  of 
vast  concern  to  the  human  race,  is  of  itself  a  mystery.  And 
having  made  some  as  worthless  as  himself  believe,  or  pretend  to 
believe;  that  he  could  have  gone  on,  emboldened  by  success,  and 
by  the  utterance  of  the  most  silly  twaddle  and  outrageous  blas- 
phemy, gathered  together  apparently  sensible  and  honest  peo- 
ple, who  looked  up  to  him  as  an  inspired  leader  and  prophet  of 
God,  is  also  a  fact  of  human  conduct  hard  to  explain. 

But  as  the  followers  increased  in  numbers,  and  the  pretended 
prophet  found  he  was  gaining  power,  men  of  brains  joined  them- 
selves to  his  fortunes,  and  systematic  efforts  to  establish  a  sect 
began,  and  a  creed  was  gradually  developed.  It  had  its  birth 
and  incipient  growth  in  New  York ;  it  gained  strength  in  northern 
Ohio;  it  increased  to  considerable  magnitude  in  western  Mis- 
souri. But  there  it  was  broken  and  weakened  in  its  conflict  with 
the  people  and  authorities ;  and  when  the  little  band  of  Latter-Day 
Saints  (as  they  now  called  themselves)  landed  in  Illinois  in  the 
winter  and  spring  of  1839,  they  were  poor  and  disheartened,  and 
many  of  them  objects  of  charity.     They  crossed  the  Mississippi 


^A  reprint. 


564  ANNALS    OF    TOWA 

at  Quiiuy,  where  they  received  much  sympathy  and  material  aid 
from  the  people ;  and  afterwards,  as  they  passed  on  into  Hancock, 
the  same  kindness  and  consideration  was  extended  to  them.  Their 
prophet  and  leader  was  in  durance  at  Liberty,  Missouri,  and 
their  chief  men  scattered  as  refugees.  Such  was  Mormonism 
when  it  first  became  a  reality  to  tlie  people  of  Hancock  County 
and  the  state  of  Illinois. 

It  will  not  be  our  purpose  in  these  sketches  to  give  a  connected 
liistory  of  the  Mormon  period  in  Hancock  County.  We  have  not 
tlie  documents  at  hand  to  enable  us  to  do  so,  and  the  trouble  of 
collecting  them  cannot  be  undertaken  now.  .  .    .  • 

In  the  beginning  of  tlie  year  1839,  when  the  Mormons  first 
made  their  appearance  in  the  county,  there  was  a  little  village  on 
tlie  river  shore,  where  Nauvoo  now  stands,  called  Commerce. 
Below  was  the  farm  of  Hugh  White,  a  river  pilot  and  an  old 
settler;  out  northeast  on  the  hill,  where  the  Temple  was  since 
built,  was  the  farm  of  Daniel  H.  Wells,  another  old  settler,  w^ho, 
after  feathering  his  nest  by  the  sale  of  lands  to  the  newcomers, 
joined  the  churcli,  and  finally  left  with  them  for  Salt  Lake,  and 
has  since  become  a  leader  liigh  in  authority  among  them. 

Alongside  the  village  of  Commerce  lay  the  lots  and  squares, 
and  streets  and  parks,  of  Commerce  City,  a  paper  town,  which 
a  year  or  two  before  had  been  ushered  into  existence  by  a  couple 
of  Yankees  from  Couneetieut.  This  was  the  handsomest  city  we 
have  seen  in  the  West- on  ])aper.  Beautiful  stores,  colleges  and 
universities,  and  broad  avenues  and  parks,  were  lithographed, 
and  shown  to  the  astonished  world  as  the  beginnings  of  the  future 
city. 

Opposite,  in  ^Viseonsin  Territory,  lay  the  barracks  of  the  old 
Fort  Des  Moines,  then  a  year  or  two  vacated  by  the  United  States 
Dragoons,  and  occupied  by  a  few  settlers.  Here  the  New  York 
Land  Company  had  its  office  and  its  agents. 

Such  was  the  state  of  affairs  when  the  Mormons  first  set  foot  in 
Hancock  County.  Their  object  in  coming  hither  was  to  settle  the 
Half-breed  lands,  to  which  their  Prophet's  attention  had  been 
directed.  But  for  some  reason  the  negotiation  failed,  and  they 
remained  in  Hancock.  The  Prophet,  Smith,  was  then  in  jail  at 
Liberty,  Missouri,  but  he  soon  appeared  among  them,  ajid  at  once 


SKETCHES  OF  THE  MORMON  ERA  565 

began  operations  for  plantino-  a  nevv  "stakf /'  and  gathering  his 
followers  around  him. 

In  September  th«  eity  of  Naiivoo  was  laid  out  and  named,  its 
proprietors  being  Joseph  Smith,  Hyrum  Smith,  Sidney  Rigdon 
and  George  W.  Robinson.  Afterwards,  to  May,  ISl^'J,  as  many  as 
fifteen  additions  were  made  to  it  by  different  parties,  ineluding 
that  of  D.  H,  Wells,  embraeing  part  of  his  farm.  The  whole  of 
the  two  farms  named,  with  mueh  additional  land,  was  finally 
ineluded  in  the  limits  of  the  eity. 

The  scattered  Saints  from  Missouri^  Ohio,  and  the  remnant 
baek  in  New  York,  were  .summoned  by  revelation,  and  Hoeked  to 
this  new  Land  of  Promise.  A  paper,  called  Tlie  Times  and 
Seasons,  was  started  by  Ebenezer  Robinson  and  Don  Carlos 
Smith,  a  younger  brother  of  the  Prophet,  witli  materials  saved 
from  the  wreck  in  Missouri.  Revelations,  under  the  sanction  of 
"Thus  saith  the  Eord,"  were  promulgated  in  profusion.  The 
church  was  reorganized;  tithes  levied  and  collected,  and  the  ap- 
pliances and  machinery  for  proselyting  actively  set  at  work. 


SKETCHES  OF  THE  MORMON  ERA,  NO.  2 
Vol.  I,  No  6,  October,  1873 

In  presenting  these  imperfect  and  disconnected  sketches  of 
the  Mormon  history  of  the  county,  we  shall  not  ])retend  to  claim 
tliat  all  the  wrong  was  jyerpetrated  by  the  Mormons,  and  that  the 
old  citizens  were  invariably  in  the  right.  Ear  from  it.  It  would 
be  futile  and  idle  to  attempt  this.  On  the  contrary,  it  is  well 
known  by  all  conversant  with  the  history  of  that  turbulent  period, 
that  there  was  much  wrong  committed  on  both  sides.  Many  of 
the  active  participants  in  those  troubles  are  yet  on  tlit-  stage  of 
action,  in  this  and  other  counties  and  they  can  still  bear  witness 
as  to  the  correctness  of  any  statement  we  might  make. 

The  IMormon  sojourn  in  Hancock  County  extended  over  a  i)e- 
riod  of  about  seven  years.  During  that  time  they  increased  its 
population  probably  over  15,000  souls;  though  here  as  elsewheri\, 
and  now  at  Salt  Lake,  their  numbers  were  always  overestimated. 
By  the  census  of  ISiO  the  population  of  the  county  was  10,025, 
of. wliieli  perhaps  1,000  were  Mormons;  by  the  return  of  1815 
it  is  shown  to  have  increased  to  22,559.     Of  this  number   11,03G 


566  ANNALS    OF    IOWA 

were  at  Nauvoo.  In  1846,  the  year  of  their  departure,  a  fair 
estimate  would  give  to  that  city  a  population  of  12,000  or  13,000, 
with  2,000  or  3,000  located  at  other  points  in  the  county,  making 
up  a  total  Mormon  population  of  about  15,000. 

The  first  great  wrong  perpetrated  by  the  old  citizens,  in  their 
intercourse  with  the  Mormon  Prophet,  was  participated  in  by 
members  of  both  the  great  political  parties  alike.  The  presi- 
dential election  of  1840,  with  Martin  Van  Buren  and  General 
Harrison  for  candidates,  was  one  of  the  most  exciting  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  country.  In  this  county  the  Whig  party  was  sup- 
posed to  be  in  the  ascendency.  As  quite  a  number  of  Mormons 
would  be  voters  at  the  approaching  election,  it  was  evident  that 
if  they  voted  under  the  dictation  of  their  leader,  they  held  the 
balance  of  power,  and  it  was  correctly  j  udged  that  he  would  thus 
instruct  them.  Hence  it  became  a  matter  of  great  moment  to 
the  opposing  candidates  that  the  favor  of  the  Prophet  should  be 
secured. 

Martin  Hopkins,  Esq.,  of  Fountain  Green,  was  the  Whig  can- 
didate for  representative,  aiid  Malcolm  McGregor,  Esq.,  of  War- 
saw, was  the  Democratic  candidate.  But  it  became  known  that 
for  some  reason  Mr.  Hopkins  was  objectionable  to  the  Prophet, 
and  such  was  the  sycophancy  of  the  times,  that  he  was  choked  off 
the  ticket  by  the  wireworkers  of  the  party,  and  Dr.  John  F. 
Charles,  of  Carthage,  a  gentleman  against  whom  the  Mormon 
leader  was  not  known  to  have  any  grudge,  substituted. 

Smith,  in  this  way  being  made  aware  of  his  power,  determined 
to  use  it  to  his  own  advantage.  So,  during  the  canvass,  in  his 
Sunday  orations  at  Nauvoo  (preaching  the  Gospel,  he  and  his 
friends  called  it)  he  would  dally  first  with  one  party  then  with 
the  other,  alternately  exciting  the  hopes  and  fears  of  the  syco- 
phants who  crowded  to  hear  him. 

The  election  came  and  the  Mormon  vote  was  thrown  mainly 
for  the  Whig  candidates,  electing  their  whole  county  ticket,  and 
giving  the  Whig  electoral  ticket  about  700  majority.  Mr.  Abra- 
ham Lincoln,  who  was  on  the  Whig  electoral  ticket  for  this  dis- 
trict, being  like  Hopkins,  in  some  way  distasteful  to  the  Prophet, 
was  scratched  by  about  200  voters,  and  Judge  Ralston,  the  Demo- 
cratic candidate,  substituted. 


SKETCHES  OF  THE  MORMON  ERA  567 

Thus  the  Prophet,  partly  through  the  subserviency  of  party 
leaders,  gradually  obtained  an  influence  which  finally  overleaped 
the  limits  of  the  county,  aiid  was  felt  in  the  councils  of  the  state. 
No  wonder  that  he  became  ambitious,  arrogant  and  dictatorial. 
No  wonder  that  he  used  his  power  to  his  own  aggrandizement 
and  that  of  his  people.  Disregarding  the  practical  lessons  taught 
him  in  Ohio,  and  more  recently  in  Missouri,  by  the  same  course 
of  conduct,  he  was  vain  enough  to  believe  he  could  make  his  own 
pleasure  the  law,  not  only  for  his  deluded  followers,  but  for  the 
Gentiles  around  him. 

The  next  winter  the  state  legislature  held  its  session,  and  the 
two  political  parties  vied  with  each  other  in  conferring  favors 
on  the  Mormons. 

Dr.  John  C.  Bennett,  a  physician  from  the  eastern  part  of 
the  state,  about  this  time  was  appointed  quartermaster-general 
of  the  state  by  Governor  Carlin.  Joining  the  new  church,  he 
came  and  settled  at  Nauvoo,  and  for  some  time  was  one  of  Smith's 
most  actvie,  ambitious  and  unscrupulous  confederates. 

On  the  3rd  of  February,  1841,  the  city  of  Nauvoo  was  organ- 
ized with  great  pomp  and  ceremony,  under  its  charter  obtained 
from  the  legislature.  Dr.  Bennett  was  its  first  mayor.  The 
Nauvoo  Legion,  a  military  company,  also  just  chartered  by  the 
legislature,  was  organized  about  the  same  time,  with  the  Prophet 
at  its  head,  as  lieutenant-general,  a  title  unknown  to  our  mili- 
tary system,  and  Dr.  Bennett  as  its  major-general. 

Thus  was  set  going  at  Nauvoo,  if  not  with  unusual  and  dan- 
gerous powers,  at  least  under  unusual  circumstances,  two  engines 
capable  of  wielding  a  powerful  influence,  an  influence  which  was 
subsequently  wielded  and  felt  throughout  the  county  and  state. 


BURNING  OF  THE  NAUVOO  TEMPLE 

Vol.  I,  No.  6,  October,  1873 

The  Nauvoo  Mormon  Temple,  if  not  one  of  the  wonders  of  the 
world,  was  a  great  wonder  to  the  surrounding  country,  and  to 
many  it  was  a  source  of  apprehension.  It  was  a  curiosity,  con- 
structed after  no  known  order  of  architecture.     It  resembled  no 


668 


ANNALS    OF    IOWA 


building  in  the  world,  and  least  of  all  did  it  resemble  a  Chris- 
tian cliiirch,  intended  for  Christian  worship.  Its  size,  although 
too  large,  was  not  immense,  being  120  feet  long  by  80  in  breadth, 
and  about  60  feet  in  height.  It  was  constructed  of  the  lime- 
stone of  the  country,  the.  outside  of  which  was  neatly  cut  and 
poHshed.  The  cost  of  the  building  was  said  by  the  Mormons  to 
be  $1,250,000,  really  a  startling  amount  for  poor  people  living  iri 
shanties  to  invest  in  one  place  of  worship.  Only  the  basement 
and  audience  room  had  been  finished.  There  was  nothing  gor- 
geous or  attractive  in  its  finish.  A  plain  country  church  would 
rival  it  in  that  respect.  When  the  Mormons  liad  determined  to 
leave  the  country,  they  found  the  Temple  to  be  a  very  heavy 
elepliant  on  their  hands.  In  it  was  invested  all  their  surplus 
labor  and  cash  for  years.  And  to  turn  the  same  into  cash  they 
found  to  be  a  most  difficult  task.  The  building  was  constructed 
for  the  sole  purpose  of  their  peculiar  worship;  and  if  adapted  to 
that  was  certainly  suited  to  nothing  else.  No  church  organiza- 
tion would  likely  invest  in  it  for  various  reasons;  one  important 
one  being  that  few  congregations  were  able  to  pay  the  sum  of 
$200,000,  the  price  asked,  for  a  place  of  worship,  whilst  a  more 
suitable  building  for  such  a  purpose  could  be  erected  for  a  sum 
comparatively  insignificant.  Who,  by  the  way,  would  want  a 
church  five  stories  high.^     Nobody,  certainly,  but  a  Mormon. 

It  was  no  better  adapted  for  the  purposes  of  a  college  or 
university.  To  remodel  the  anamolous  structure,  and  render  it 
suitable  for  sucli  a  purpose,  would  have  involved  a  greater  ex- 
penditure than  to  have  erected  a  new  building  designed  for  an 
educational  institution. 

The  consequence  was  that  no  person  or  society  wished  to  pur- 
chase a  building  whicli  could  not  be  successfully  used  afterwards, 
and  the  Temple  for  two  years  after  the  Mormon  hegira,  stood  as 
a  monument  to  the  insane  folly  and  fanaticism  of  the  oppressed 
and  ignorant  people  whose  labor  and  treasures  had  erected  it. 
In  the  meantime  a  great  many  unreflecting  people  began  to  think 
the  Mormons  were  not  acting  in  good'  faith ;  that  they  had  no 
intention  of  disposing  of  the  building;  that  the  Temple  was  to 
be  retained  as  a  sort  of  nucleus  around  which  the  Mormons  were 
to  be  again  gathered,  to  the  great  annoyance  of  the  surrounding 


SKETCHES  OF  THE  MORMON  ERA  569 

country,  whose  people  liad  already  concluded  they  had  seen 
enough  of  Mormoni.sni.  To  give  |)oint  to  tliese  apprehensions,  it 
was  alleged  tliat  some  ])rominent  and  most  obnoxious  Mormons, 
who  had  been  absent,  were  now  seen  prowling  around  Nauvoo. 
Amongst  others,  it  was  stated  that  William  Pickett,  the  most 
noisy  and  demonstrative  of  all  the  Mormons,  as  well  as  the  most 
capable  and  influential,  was  advancing  to  repossess  the  city. 
These  rumors  caused  much  excitement  and  alarm.  Public  meet- 
ings were  called  and  the  matter  fully  discussed  on  both  sides. 

It  must  be  observed  that  but  few  Mormon  families  remained 
in  Nauvoo,  and  these  few  were  in  charge  of  the  Mormon  pro])erty 
still  remaining  unsold.  At  the  time  of  whicli  we  speak,  all  tliis 
property  had  already  been  dis})osed  of  with  tlie  exception  of  the 
Temple,  which  we  have  seen,  was  not  by  any  means  a  property 
readily  sold.  Yet  that  effort  was  made  by  the  Mormon  agents 
to  dispose  of  the  same  is  undeniable.  In  fact  it  was  their  interest 
to  sell,  as  the  handling  of  the  money  and  their  commissions  would 
be  more  iniportant  to  them  than  any  fanatical  notion  which  might 
encourage  them  to  retain  possession. 

It  must  not  be  understood  that  citizens  of  Nauvoo  encour- 
aged the  idea  of  the  destruction  of  the  Temple  or  any  other 
property.  Tliat  building  was  a  conspicuous  ornament  and  a  great 
attraction  to  tlie  place,  and  they  hoped  it  miglit  be  useful  as  well 
as  ornamental  and  at  no  distant  day.  The  Mormons  were  neg- 
ligent in  guarding  the  Temple.  It  was  thought  that  by  securely 
locking  the  door,  the  building  was  safe  from  intrusion.  They 
appeared  to  have  never  had  any  appreliensiorls  from  fires,  had 
never  made  any  arrangement  for  its  extinguishment  if  fire  should 
break  out,  and  never  was  a  building  more  liable  to  fire.  The 
whole  finish  was  of  wood.  The  cupola,  or  spire,  was  an  immense 
wooden  structure  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  high. 

On  a  bright  and  beautiful  October  night,  about  two  o'clock, 
fire  was  discovered  in  the  highest  section  of  the  cupola.  When 
first  discovered,  the  flames  had  made  but  little  progress.  The 
alarm  was  given  and  a  large  crowd  speedily  collected  together, 
but  all  labor  was  useless.  In  an  incredibly  short  period,  the 
lofty  spire  was  enveloped  in  flame,  shooting  upward  to  a  most 
astonishing  height,  illuminating  a  wide  expanse  of  country  for 


570  ANNALS    OF    IOWA 

miles  around.  The  crowd  had  nothing  to  do  but  to  saunter 
around  the  blazing  edifice  in  groups  and  speculate  on  the  causes 
of  the  fire,  and  as  to  who  was  the  probable  incendiary.  The  few 
Mormons  were  much  excited.  They  did  not  bemoan  their  loss, 
as  did  the  ancient  Jews.  They  did  not  hang  their  harps  upon 
the  willows.  They  did  not  pray  for  the  restoration  of  Zion,  or 
cast  themselves  into  the  consuming  flame  as  many  of  the  Jews 
are  said  to  have  done  at  the  destruction  of  their  last  Temple. 
But  if  the  voice  of  prayer  was  low  and  feeble,  the  voice  of  curs- 
ing was  loud,  boisterous  and  extremely  pointed.  The  Gentile 
who  had  fired  their  Temple  of  Zion  received  his  full  share  of 
bitter  curses  and  fierce  denunciation,  and  with  good  reason,  too. 
The  progress  of  the  destructive  element  was  most  rapid.  Two 
hours  reduced  the  stately  edifice  to  ruins.  Only  the  walls,  de- 
faced with  smoke,  remained  of  a  building  which  the  Mormons 
claimed  was  erected  by  supernatural  wisdom.  Large  rewards 
were  offered  for  the  apprehension  of  the  incendiary,  but  without 
making  any  discovery.  It  was  claimed  a  year  or  two  ago  that  Joe 
Agnew,  of  Pontoosuc,  was  the  incendiary,  and  boldly  asserted 
and  published  that  he  was  the  identical  person  who  committed 
the  deed;  but  this  story  lacks  confirmation.  Joe  Agnew  was  a 
reckless  and  daring  man  and  perhaps  may  have  applied  the 
torch  to  the  Mormon  spire.  The  story  was  that  Joe  had  a  false 
key  to  the  front  door  of  the  Temple  and  unlocked  it  and  boldly 
ascended  the  stairs  and  applied  the  torch;  but  unfortunately  for 
the  truth  of  this  statement,  the  incendiary,  whoever  he  was,  did 
not  enter  the  Temple  by  the  door.  Every  one  present  during  the 
burning  of  the  building,  saw  that  the  sash  from  one  of  the  half 
circular  windows  of  the  basement  had  been  carefully  removed, 
affording  a  convenient  entrance  to  the  incendiary  right  at  the 
foot  of  the  stairs  which  led  from  the  basement  to  the  top  of  the 
cupola.  This  sash  was  no  doubt  removed  for  the  very  purpose  of 
accomplishing  an  entrance;  an  entrance  being  effected,  the  ac- 
complishment of  the  nefarious  purpose  was  easy.  Who  this  mis- 
creant was  is  as  much  a  mystery  now  as  it  was  on  the  night  of 
the  conflagration. 

The  Temple  was  burnt  October  9,  1848. 

— Obsbrter. 


SKETCHES  OF  THE  MORMON  ERA  671 

THE  MORMON  TEMPLE 
Vol.  I,  No.  6,  October,  1873 
We  give  on  another  page  an  interesting  account  of  the  de- 
struction of  the  Mormon  Temple  at  Nauvoo,  by  an  eyewitness. 
Though  the  event  occurred  about  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago,  it 
still  remains  a  mystery  who  tlie  incendiary  was.  The  writer  gives 
little  credence  to  the  story,  started  a  year  or  so  ago,  that  a  Mr. 
Agnew,  of  Pontoosuc,  was  the  man,  and  had  confessed  on  his 
death  bed.  If  he  made  such  confession  somebody  must  have 
known  it.  The  question  still  seems  to  be  an  open  one — "Who 
burnt  the  Mormon  Temple  ?" 


SKETCHES  OF  THE  MORMON  ERA,  NO.  4 
Vol.  II,  No.  4,  April,  1874 

The  last  number  of  these  sketches  gave  an  account  of  the  or- 
ganization of  the  Anti-Mormon  party  in  1841,  and  the  success  of 
its  candidates  in  the  election  of  that  year. 

That  was  its  first  and  final  triumph,  as  an  organized  party. 
The  next  year  (1842)  the  party  held  another  convention,  and  as 
before,  nominated  a  full  set  of  candidates,  from  both  political 
parties.  This  year  was  the  general  election  for  state  officers  also. 
The  Mormons  voted  the  Democratic  ticket  throughout,  electing 
all  their  candidates  by  overwhelming  majorities.  The  following 
is  the  official  vote,  those  marked  with  a  star  (^)  being  the  Anti- 
Mormon  nominees : 

Governor,  Thos.  Ford 1,748        Jos.  Duncan  711 

Lieut.  Gov.,  John  Moore 1,742        W.  H.  Henderson...    687 

Senator,  J.  C.  Davis 1,530      *W.  H.  Roosevelt 620 

R  ep  r  es  entatives — 

T.  H.  Owen 1,603      *Wesley  Williams  ....    602 

Wm.  Smith  1,459      *Edson  Whitney 646 

Sheriff,  W.  H.  Backenstos 1,493      *S.  H.  Tyler 789 

So.  Com.,  F.  J.  Bartlett 1,596      *W.  D.  Abernethy 805 

Co.  Com.,  J.  T.  Barnett 1,540      *Jno.  J.  Brent 567 

Coroner,  G.  W.  Stigall 1,595      *J.  A.   McCants 581 

A  large  number  of  the  Democrats  refused  to  support  the  con- 
vention candidates.  So  also  a  portion  of  the  Whig  party  adhered 
to  their  own  organization  and  supported  a  full  set  of  candidates. 


672 


ANNALS    OF    IOWA 


giving  them  an  average  of  something  near  200  votes. 

William  Smith,  elected  to  the  legislature  at  this  election,  was 
a  younger  brother  of  tiie  Prophet;  a  rattle-brained  man  of  no 
talent,  and  no  education,  and  with  very  little  character,  even 
among  his  own  people. 

The  Anti-Mormon  organization  was  kept  up  until  the  final 
expulsion  in  1846-7,  with  much  the  same  result  at  the  polls. 

The  W.  H.  Backeustos,  elected  sheriff,  was  one  of  two  brothers 
who  held  divers  offices  in  the  county  during  the  Mormon  era, 
always  by  Mormon  votes,  and  who  were  conspicuous  for  their  vio- 
lence and  hatred  of  the  Anti-Mormon  movement. 

The  election  in  1843  resulted  much  the  same  as  that  of  the 
previous  year,  excepting  that  the  Mormons  selected  their  candi- 
dates partly  from  each  of  the  political  parties.  For  Congress  the 
vote  stood: 

Joseph  P.  Hoge,  Democrat - 2,088 

Cyrus  Walker,  Whig 733 

showing  about  the  proportion  between  the   Mormon  and  Anti- 
Mormon  parties. 

At  the  election  of  1843,  James  Adams,  a  convert  to  Mor- 
monism,  and  a  citizen  of  Sangamon  County,  and  at  the  same 
time  holding  the  office  of  probate  judge  in  that  county,  was 
placed  on  the  Mormon  ticket,  and  elected  to  the  same  office  in 
this  county. 

In  1844,  Almon  W.  Babbitt  (Mormon)  and  Jacob  B.  Backen- 
8tos  were  elected  representatives  by  the  following  vote: 

Babbitt   1,773 

Backenstos 1,809 

O.  C.  Skinner,  Democrat... 1,080 

Joel  Catlin,  Whig 886 

For  Congress,  Hoge  received  2,251  votes,  and  Martin  P.  Sweet 
702 ;  the  Polk  electors  2,399  and  the  Clay  electors  747. 

In  1845,  county  commissioner,  school  commissioner  and  treas- 
urer, only  were  to  be  elected.  No  serious  opposition  was  made 
to  the  ticket  placed  in  the  field  by  the  Mormon  interest,  and  but 
few  of  the  old  citizens  attended  the  polls.  The  average  vote 
was  about  2,300  to  less  than  100  against. 


SKETCHES  OF  TFIE  MORMON  ERA  673 

About  two  weeks  after  the  general  election  in  1845,  a  special 
election  was  held  to  fill  the  vacancy  in  the  office  of  sheriff,  oc- 
casioned by  tlie  death  of  General  iNIinor  R.  Deming,  when  the 
before-named  J.  B.  Backenstos  was  elected  over  John  Scott 
(Anti-Mormon  Democrat)  by  a  vote  of  2,33  t  to  750. 

In  our  next  issue,  we  shall  recall  tlic  stirring  events  of  the 
summer  of  1813^  among  the  most  exciting  of  the  whole  Mormon 
period. 


SKETCHES  OF  THE  MORMON  ERA,  NO.  5 
Vol.  II,  No.  5,  May,  1874 

The  events  of  th(^  summer  of  181-3  were  higlily  exciting,  and 
produced  a  profound  s(  iisation  tliroughout  tlie  country. 

On  the  5t]i  day  of  June  in  that  year  an  indictment  for  trea- 
son was  found  against  tlie  Pro})]Kt,  Smith,  in  tlie  circuit  court  of 
Daviess  County,  Missouri,  the  scene  of  liis  former  operations. 
Wlietlier  tliis  indictment  was  j)roperly  secured,  or  was  necessary 
to  the  demands  of  justice,  is  doubtful.  The  fact  that  over  four 
years  liad  elapsed  since  the  alleged  treasonable  acts  were  com- 
mitted, is  of  itself  sufficient  to  cast  a  shade  of  suspicion  over  the 
transaction.  But  we  sliall  not  now  enter  upon  that  field  of 
inquiry. 

On  fiiuling  tlie  iudictmeut,  and  Smith  being  Avithin  tlu^  jurisdic- 
tion of  Illinois,  Oovc-rnor  Reynolds,  of  Missouri,  issued  a  requi- 
sition on  Governor  I'ord,  of  this  state,  demanding  the  arrest  and 
delivery  of  Smith.  Tiiis  requisition  was  sent  to  Springfield  in  the 
hands  of  the  Missouri  agent,  one  Joseph  H.  Reynolds.  Gov- 
ernor Ford,  in  eom])liapce  with  the  demand,  issued  a  writ  for  the 
Prophet's  arrest,  and  it  was  brought  to  this  county  by  the  agent 
to  be  put  in  the  hands  of  an  officer  for  execution. 

Harmon  T.  Wilson,  of  Carthage,  now  several  years  deceased, 
a  man  of  nerve  and  energy,  who  had  served  as  deputy  sheriff, 
was  selected  for  the  undertaking,  and  the  writ  was  placed  in  his 
hands. 

It  was  doubtful  whether  the  writ  could  be  served  in  Nauvoo, 
and  yet  more  dwibtful  whether,  in  case  of  service,  the  prisoner 
could  be  removed  from  the  city.  But  it  was  ascertained  that 
Smith  and  his  wife  were  on  a  visit  to  some  relatives  at  Palestine 


674  ANNALS    OF    IOWA 

Grove,  in  Lee  County,  Illinois,  not  far  from  Dixon,  and  more 
than  100  miles  from  Nauvoo. 

By  the  officers  this  was  regarded  as  a  fortunate  circumstance, 
and  they  quietly  repaired  to  Lee  County  to  make  the  arrest.  It 
was  planned  that  after  securing  the  prisoner  they  would  drive 
as  if  making  for  the  Illinois  River,  then  turn  and  make  their  best 
speed  to  Rock  Island,  where  they  would  take  steam  for  Missouri. 

Accordingly  the  arrest  was  made  at  the  house  of  Mr.  Wasson, 
the  Prophet's  relative,  and  the  three  men  started  on  their  way; 
but  they  committed  the  unaccountable  mistake  of  stopping  at 
Dixon.  This  was  fatal  to  the  success  of  their  enterprise.  It 
gave  Smith  an  opportunity  to  see  and  consult  lawyers,  which  he 
was  not  slow  to  do;  and  Messrs.  Southwick  and  Patrick,  two  at- 
torneys of  the  place,  were  at  once  engaged,  who  procured  a  writ 
of  habeas  corpus,  returnable  before  Judge  Caton,  of  Ottawa.  The 
day  following,  in  custody  of  the  sheriff  of  Lee  County,  they 
started  for  Ottawa;  but  after  traveling  some  thirty  miles,  they 
learned  that  Judge  Caton  was  absent  in  New  York,  and  the  party 
returned  to  Dixon.  Now  Smith  commenced  a  suit  against  his 
captors  for  false  imprisonment.  Another  writ  of  habeas  corpus 
was  obtained  in  behalf  of  Smith,  returnable  before  Judge  Young 
at  Quincy.  Reynolds  and  Wilson  also  obtained  a  similar  writ, 
returnable  at  the  same  place. 

Such  was  the  position  of  affairs  when  two  other  parties  ap- 
peared upon  the  scene.  The  election  campaign  was  in  progress, 
the  election  being  held  in  August.  This  congressional  district 
embraced  Hancock  and  all  the  western  counties  northward  to  the 
state  line,  including  Lee.  Hon.  Cyrus  Walker  of  Macomb,  was 
the  Whig  candidate,  and  Hon.  Joseph  P.  Hoge  of  Galena,  was 
the  Democratic  candidate  for  Congress.  They  were  able  and 
representative  men  of  their  parties,  Mr.  Walker  being  an  old 
lawyer  of  distinguished  legal  attainments  and  character. 

These  gentlemen,  at  the  time  of  the  arrest,  were  engaged  in 
stumping  the  district  in  the  vicinity  of  Dixon.  Walker,  having 
been  formerly  employed  by  Smith  as  counsel,  was  now  again 
engaged,  and  he  at  once  left  his  appointments,  and  remained  with 
the  party  until  the  final  discharge  of  Smith  at  Nauvoo. 

It  is  stated  that  Hoge  also  offered  his  services.  This  may  not  be 


SKETCHES  OF  THE  MORMON  ERA  675 

true;  but  we  have  the  testimony  of  Wilson  that  he  and  Reynolds 
asked  his  aid,  and  were  refused. 

On  Monday,  the  26th,  a  whole  cavalcade,  consisting  of  Smith, 
the  prisoner,  with  liis  three  attorneys,  Walker,  Southwick  and 
Patrick;  Smith's  relative  Wasson,  and  Walker's  son-in-law  and 
traveling  companion,  Montgomery;  Campbell,  sheriff  of  Lee, 
with  his  prisoners,  Reynolds  and  Wilson,  and  their  attorney 
Mason;  with  the  necessary  coaches,  wagons  and  drivers — in  all 
about  a  dozen  persons — started  southward,  ostensibly  for  Quincy. 
They  carried  with  them  two  writs  of  habeas  corpus  returnable  to 
Judge  Young,  involving  the  liberty  of  three  of  their  number. 

Who  was  chief  in  that  cavalcade  of  officers,  attorneys  and 
prisoners,  may  readily  be  guessed,  when  it  is  stated,  that  the  pro- 
cession, instead  of  going  to  Quincy,  made  directly  for  Nauvoo. 

In  the  meantime  there  was  intense  excitement  in  that  city. 
News  Iiad  reached  them  that  their  leader  was  in  danger.  But 
among  the  conflicting  rumors,  the  Mormon  people  knew  not  what 
course  to  take.  It  was  conjectured  that  their  prophet  would  be 
carried  down  the  Illinois  River,  and  so  a  little  steamer  owned  in 
the  city,  was  manned  and  equipped,  and  sent  down  the  Mis- 
sissippi, with  the  hope  of  intercepting  him  in  that  direction. 
Parties  on  horseback  started  across  the  country  in  the  direction 
of  Dixon.  These  met  the  cavalcade  of  lawyers  and  prisoners,  and 
officers  and  writs,  at  various  points,  and  before  Smith  reached 
Nauvoo  he  was  surrounded  and  escorted  by  probably  fifty  or  a 
hundred  of  his  devoted  and  faithful  followers.  A  correspondent 
of  the  Warsaw  Message,  stated  to  have  been  an  eyewitness,  says 
that  these  men  were  unarmed,  a  statement  which,  in  view  of  all 
the  circumstances,  is  extremely  improbable. 

Arrived  at  home.  Smith  was  very  magnanimous  and  courteous 
to  his  guests  and  prisoners.  He  took  them  to  his  mansion; 
pledged  his  honor  to  them  that  they  should  not  be  molested ;  took 
them  to  his  table  and  feasted  them,  introducing  Wilson  and 
Reynolds  to  his  family,  with  whom  the  former  was  acquainted 
before. 

The  reader  who  has  seen  in  the  party  papers,  after  an  election, 
the  likeness  of  the  defeated  rooster,  with  his  feathers  all  ruf- 
fled and  turned  the  wrong  way,  his  comb  torn  and  bleeding,  and 


576  ANNM.S    OF    TOWA 

with  a  wretchedly  woebegone  expression  of  eountenance-^any  one 
familiar  with  this  picture,  will  be  able  to  realize  how  those  two 
officers  felt  on  that  memorable  expedition  from  Dixon  to  Nauvoo, 
and  especially  after  their  arrival  in  the  latter  city. 

Of  course  nothing  now  remained  but  to  carry  out  the  pro- 
gramme determined  on  previously.  Accordingly  both  the  habeas 
corpus  writs  in  favor  of  Smitli  were  dropped,  and  a  new  one 
applied  for  and  issued  by  the  Municipal  Court  of  the  city,  citing 
Reynolds  to  appear  witli  liis  prisoner  before  that  tribunal.  This 
he  was  compelled  to  do,  thougli  refusing  to  acknowledge  its  juris- 
diction; Of  course  Smith  was  discharged.  It  was  said,  how 
truly  we  do  not  know,  that  Walker  made  a  speech  before 
tlie  court,  on  the  trial  of  tlie  writ,  in  which  he  avowed  his  belief 
that  it  had  ample  jurisdiction.  How  much  ground  existed  for 
the  opinion  the  reader  can  judge  by  an  examination  of  the  follow- 
ing clause  from  the  clmrter  of  tliat  city: 

"The  municipal  court  sliall  have  power  to  grant  writs  of 
■habeas  corpus  in  all  cases  arising  under  the  ordinances  of  the 
city  council/* 

In  our  next  we  sliall  give  tlie  finale  of  this  highly  dramatic  ad- 
venture, togetlier  witli  some  particulars  of  the  Prophet's  arrest, 
not  herein  before  mentioned. 


NOTES  OF  THE  MORMON  ERA,  NO.  6 

Vol.  2,  No.  7,  July,  1874- 

In  continuing  these  notes  of  the  events  of  1843,  connected  with 
the  arrest  of  Smith  on  tlie  requisition  from  Missouri,  but  little 
remains  to  Ix^  told.  The  discharge  of  Smith  by  the  Municipal 
Court  having  been  accomplished,  the  slieriff  of  Lee  County  al- 
lowed his  prisoners  to  proceed  to  Carthage,  where  Reynolds  pro- 
cured bail  in  the  false  imprisonment  case,  and  was  set  at  liberty. 

The  Missouri  agent,  however,  feeling  that  his  prisoner  had 
been  illegally  wrested  from  him,  proceeded  to  Springfield,  and 
asked  of  Governor  Ford  a  detachment  of  militia  to  assist  in  his 
recapture.  This  request  was  refused;  and  in  a  long  letter  to  the 
Governor  of  Missouri,  written  on  the  14th  of  August,  Governor 
Ford  states  his  reasons  for  the  refusal.  Among  other  reasoris, 
he  says : 


SKETCHES  OF  THE  MORMON  ERA  577 

"Now,  sir,  I  might  safely  rest  my  refusal  to  order  a  detachment 
of  militia  to  assist  in  retaking  Smith,  upon  the  ground  that  the 
laws  of  this  state  have  been  fully  executed  in  the  matter.  A  writ 
has  been  issued  for  his  apprehension;  Smith  was  apprehended, 
and  was  duly  delivered  by  the  officer  of  this  state  to  the  agent  of 
the  state  of  Missouri,  appointed  to  "receive  him.  No  ]jrocess, 
officer  or  authority  of  this  state  has  been  resisted  or  interfered 
with.  I  have  fully  executed  the  duty  which  the  laws  impose 
upon  me,  and  have  not  been  resisted  either  in  the  writ  issued  for 
the  arrest  of  Smitli,  or  in  the  person  of  the  officer  appointed  to 
apprehend  him.  If  there  has  been  any  resistance  to  any  one,  it 
has  been  to  the  officer  of  Missouri,  after  Smith  came  to  his  cus- 
tody, and  after  everything  had  been  done  on  my  part,  wliich  the 
law  warranted  me  in  doing." 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  Governor  excuses  liimself  on  the  ground 
that  tlie  laws  have  been  fully  complied  with ;  tluis  entirely  ignor- 
ing the  question  wlietiier  the  Municipal  Court  at  Nauvoo  had  jur- 
isdiction in  the  case. 

At  any  other  time  than  in  the  midst  of  a  heated  and  exciting 
political  campaign  the  result  might  have  been  different.  The 
Mormons  were  presumed  to  hold  the  balance  of  power  in  the 
district,  and  neither  party  wished  to  take  any  action  that  would 
offend  their  proj^liet  and  leader.  The  Governor,  in  ignoring  the 
question  of  jurisdiction,  only  pursued  the  same  policy  adopted  by 
his  Whig  opponents.  Probably  not  a  paper  in  tlie  district,  of 
either  party,  but  tliat  treated  tlie  question  as  one  of  much  doubt. 
And  yet  it  is  questionable  if  any  lawyer  could  now  be  found 
who  would  hesitate  a  moment  in  deciding  the  point. 

The  result  of  the  election  clearly  proved  the  feeling  of  the 
people  in  the  premises.  Walker,  a  good  lawyer  and  popular  man, 
possessing  high  qualifications  for  the  office,  in  a  district  in  which 
the  Whigs  had  a  large  majority,  was  badly  beaten;  though,  had 
he,  by  pursuing  a  different  course,  been  able  to  obtain  the  full 
Whig  vote  of  all  the  counties,  he  could  have  been  elected  with 
the  Mormon  strength  solid  against  him. 

Most  dramas  have  a  eomic  side  to  them ;  and  this  highly  dra- 
matic occurrence,  which  excited  the  people  of  the  whole  district 
to  a  high  pitch,  which  was  so  auspiciously  begun  and  so  ignomin- 


578  ANNALS    OF    IOWA 

ously  closed,  was  not  an  exception. 

Calling  at  the  residence  of  Mr.  Wasson,  enquiry  was  made  of 
members  of  the  family  for  Mr.  Smith.  The  answer  was  very 
unsatisfactory,  but  that  he  was  not  there.  They  took  seats,  how- 
ever, Reynolds  in  the  hall,  and  Wilson  on  or  about  the  door  step, 
and  entered  into  conversation.  While  thus  engaged,  Wilson, 
who  had  a  view  of  the  stairway,  saw  Emma,  the  Prophet's  wife, 
hastily  cross  the  head  of  the  stairs.  This  convinced  him  that 
they  were  on  the  right  track.  The  conversation  was  continued  a 
few  minutes  longer,  but  Wilson  was  excited  and  uneasy.  Rising 
from  his  seat  he  gave  a  step  or  two  to  the  corner  of  the  house  and 
cast  his  eye  along  the  side  of  the  building,  and  what  did  he  see  ? 
Off  in  an  open  field  several  hundred  yards  away,  he  espied  the 
Prophet  "making  for  tall  timber" — a  piece  of  woods  some  dis- 
tance away. 

With  a  yell  and  a  leap— and  without  bidding  good-bye  to  the 
household — he  started  in  pursuit,  leaving  Reynolds  to  bring  up 
the  rear.  The  pursuers,  being  lighter  in  weight  and  nimbler  of 
foot,  gained  upon  the  pursued.  So  he  resorted  to  strategy.  He 
was  nearing  an  old  building,  uninhabited,  but  at  the  side  of  which 
was  a  well,  and  near  by  a  lot  of  clothes  spread  upon  some  tall 
weeds  to  dry.  It  was  evident  that  Smith  had  been  making  for 
the  forest  beyond;  but  on  arriving  at  the  building,  Wilson  could 
nowhere  see  the  fugitive.  He  certainly  had  not  had  time  to 
reach  the  woods,  nor  could  he  be  seen  about  the  building.  Giving 
a  hurried  glance  at  the  surroundings,  taking  in  the  cabin,  the 
weeds,  the  drying  bed  clothes,  an  idea  struck  him,  and  the 
next  moment  he  saw  a  pair  of  boots  partly  protruding  from  be- 
neath a  blanket. 

By  this  time  Reynolds  was  close  at  hand;  but,  in  his  excite- 
ment, and  without  waiting  to  see  if  there  was  a  man  in  the  boots, 
or  who  that  man  might  be,  Wilson  sprang  upon  the  blanket,  and 
called  upon  Reynolds  to  come  on.  The  man  in  the  boots— in 
short,  the  Prophet  himself— soon  emerged  from  beneath  the 
blanket  and  stood  before  them  their  prisoner.  In  due  time  they 
placed  him  in  their  carriage  and  started  on  their  journey. 


SKETCHES  OF  THE  MORMON  ERA  579 

SKETCHES  OF  THE  MORMON  ERA,  NO.  7 
Vol  3,  No.  6,  June,  1876 

In  continuing  these  sketches  of  Mormon  history,  we  are 
brought  down  to  the  memorable  year  1844,  which  closed  the 
Prophet's  career. 

Emboldened  by  his  success  in  resisting  the  efforts  of  his  Mis- 
souri enemies,  he  became  more  arrogant  than  ever.  Seeing  what 
an  engine  of  defence  the  Municipal  Court  had  been,  in  its  use  of 
the  writ  of  habeas  corpus,  he  resolved  to  strengthen  it  still  further 
and  increase  its  efficacy.  During  the  winter  of  1843-4,  the 
City  Council  passed  an  ordinance  enacting  that  no  writ  issued 
elsewhere  for  the  arrest  of  any  person  in  the  city,  should  be  ex- 
ecuted until  it  first  had  the  approval  of  the  mayor. 

It  also  provided  a  punishment  of  imprisonment  for  life  against 
any  officer  who  attempted  the  execution  of  such  writ  without  the 
said  mayor's  endorsement,  and  took  from  the  governor  of  the 
state  the  power  of  pardoning  the  offender.  Such  was  the  char- 
acter of  the  legislation  of  the  City  Council,  and  the  practice  of 
the  officials  corresponded  generally  therewith. 

In  the  meantime  dissensions  were  growing  up  in  the  Mormon 
church.  Tyrannous  acts  of  various  kinds  over  his  followers  cre- 
ated a  spirit  of  opposition  which  finally  culminated  in  open  rebel- 
lion. Accordingly,  a  prospectus  was  issued  for  the  publication 
of  a  weekly  paper,  to  be  called  the  Nauvoo  Expositor,  of  which 
the  brothers  William  and  Wilson  Law,  the  latter  of  whom  was  at 
the  time  major-general  of  the  Nauvoo  Legion,  Charles  Ivins, 
Francis  M.  and  Chauncey  L.  Higbee,  Dr.  Robert  D,  and  Charles 
A.  Foster,  were  to  be  the  publishers,  and  Sylvester  Emmons, 
editor.  These  men  had  all  been,  with  perhaps  two  exceptions, 
active  and  leading  members  of  the  church.  The  avowed  purpose 
of  the  paper,  as  expressed  in  the  prospectus,  was  to  oppose  the 
despotic  action  of  the  Prophet,  and  especially  to  advocate  the 
repeal  of  the  Nauvoo  charter  under  which  so  many  flagrant  and 
illegal  acts  had  been  perpetrated. 

On  Friday,  June  7,  1844,  the  first  and  only  number  of  the 
paper  was  issued.  Although  its  editor  and  some  of  the  pub- 
lishers were  men  of  considerable  talent,  yet  the  paper  itself  was 


580  ANNALS    OF    IOWA 

lacking  in  force.  But  it  was  an  avowed  enemy  to  the  Prophet 
and  a  contemner  of  his  power — and  that  was  enough. 

At  the  instance  of  the  Prophet  a  meeting  of  the  Municipal 
Council  was  called,  the  press  was  declared  a  nuisance,  and  an 
order  made  authorizing  the  mayor  to  abate  it;  and  power  was 
given  him  to  call  to  his  assistance  the  Nauvoo  Legion,  if  neces- 
sary, to  aid  in  its  enforcement. 

Accordingly,  the  city  marshal,  under  the  instruction  of  the 
mayor,  collected  a  strong  force  from  the  Legion  and  repaired  to 
the  office,  the  doors  of  which  they  forced  open,  broke  the  press  to 
pieces,  and  scattered  the  fragments  and  the  types  and  other 
material  into  the  street.  In  the  report  of  these  high-handed  pro- 
ceedings published  in  the  Mormon  organ,  the  Nauvoo  Neighbor, 
a  full  justification  for  the  act  was  urged  on  the  plea  that  The 
Expositor  was  an  organ  of  dissension  in  the  church  and  among 
the  people,  that  it  was  a  traducer  of  the  Prophet  and  other  lead- 
ing men,  and  consequently  a  nuisance  in  the  community.  And  by 
its  report  it  appears  that  the  proceedings  were  entirely  ex-parte, 
that  no  one  connected  with  the  paper  was  cited  to  appear,  that  xio 
notice  of  the  proposed  action  was  given  them,  that  no  witnesses 
were  called  or  examined;  but  that  the  order  was  given  upon 
statements  made  by  the  mayor  and  one  and  another  of  the  coun- 
cilors. 

A  curious  and  ludicrous  proceeding,  truly,  was  this  action  of 
the  Nauvoo  City  Council,  and  one  to  which  it  would  be  hard  to 
find  a  parallel.  Certain  men  were  charged  with  offences  against 
law  and  morality — with  being  sinners  and  swindlers  generally. 
They  were  charged,  not  in  action  for  libel,  or  by  indictment  be- 
fore a  grand  jury,  but  by  statements  made  in  session  by  members 
of  a  common  council,  each  one  stating  what  he  knew,  or  was 
supposed  to  know,  about  them;  whereupon  it  was  voted  not  to 
punish  them  for  crimes  committed  and  proven,  but  to  destroy 
their  printing  press,  as  a  nuisance,  owned  in  part  by  men  who 
had  no  charges  brouglit  against  them. 

It  matters  little,  in  its  bearing  upon  the  proceedings  of  the 
City  Council,  whether  these  offences  were  real  or  imaginary, 
whether  they  were  of  great  magnitude  or  only  slight  and  trivial, 
whether  proven  or  not.  But  let  us  enquire  what  these  charges 
were.     In  The  Expositor,  a  copy  of  which  is  now  before  us,  is  a 


SKETCHES  OF  THE  MORMON  ERA  Ml 

long  statement  made  by  persons  claiming  to  be  dissenters  from 
the  Mormon  church,  in  which  they  charge  that  Smith  and  his 
adherents  have  introduced  new  doctrines  and  practices,  among 
which  is  that  of  polygamy.  These  charges  are  supported  by 
several  affidavits.  These,  with  several  severe  strictures  upon  the 
conduct  of  Smith  and  the  leaders,  constitute  the  offences,  as 
appearing  in  the  columns  of  the  paper. 

Of  course  these  proceedings  produced  great  excitement  both 
in  and  out  of  the  city.  The  dissenters,  fearful  of  danger  to  them- 
selves, left  at  once,  and  repairing  to  Carthage,  had  warrants  is- 
sued for  the  arrest  of  the  mayor  and  the  leading  participators,  on 
a  charge  of  riot.  Some  of  them  submitted  to  arrest ;  but  the  con- 
venient writ  oi  habeas  corpus  was  interposed,  as  in  the  former 
case  of  Smith,  and  they  were  set  at  liberty.  Upon  this  the  officer 
having  the  writs  in  charge^  called  the  posse  comitatus  to  assist 
ill  rearresting  them;  and  a  committee  was  sent  to  Springfield  to 
ask  from  Governor  Ford  an  order  for  the  military  to  aid  them. 
The  Governor  determined  to  visit  the  county  and  decide  for  him- 
self the  merits  of  the  case.  He  was  at  no  loss  in  ascertaining, 
after  hearing  the  evidence  of  both  parties,  that  the  proceedings 
at  Nauvoo,  both  of  the  Common  Council  and  the  Municipal  Court, 
were  grossly  wrong,  and  that  they  must  submit  to  arrest. 

But  the  Governor,  although  we  believe,  anxious  to  do  right  and 
maintain  the  laws,  lacked  decision  and  firmness,  and  his  vacillat- 
ing course  lost  him  the  confidence  of  the  people.  Both  sides 
were  at  once  under  arms.  The  Legion  was  assembled  and  placed 
under  arms,  by  order  of  the  Prophet,  as  its  commander.  All 
Mormons  capable  of  bearing  arms,  residing  in  the  country,  were 
ordered  into  the  city,  and  the  most  active  measures  taken  for 
defence.  Previous  to  the  Governor's  arrival,  the  militia  had 
been  called  out.  A  considerable  force  from  other  counties  had 
arrived  at  Carthage,  and  another  force  was  gathering  at  Warsaw. 
By  repeated  threats  and  promises,  the  Prophet  and  his  brother 
Hyrum,  and  the  other  persons  charged  in  the  writ,  were  induced 
to  give  themselves  up,  and  accordingly,  on  the  24th  of  June,  they 
appeared  at  Carthage  and  surrendered  to  the  constable,  and  were 
taken  before  a  magistrate,  and  bound  over  to  appear  at  court  on 
the  charge  of  riot.  The  two  Smiths  were  immediately  rearrested 
for  treason.  They  were  placed  in  jail  for  security^  neither  party 
being  ready  to  proceed  with  the  examination. 


582  ANNALS    OF    IOWA 

On  the  27th  of  June  the  Governor  ordered  the  militia  to  be 
disbanded,  excepting  three  companies,  two  to  guard  the  prisoners 
in  the  jail,  and  the  third  to  accompany  him  to  Nauvoo,  whither 
he  had  determined  to  go.  Captain  Dunn's  company,  from  Au- 
gusta, was  detailed  for  the  Governor's  escort,  and  the  Carthage 
Greys  and  another  company,  under  the  command  of  Captain 
Smith  of  the  Greys,  were  left  to  guard  the  jail.  The  militia, 
both  at  Carthage  and  Warsaw,  having  been  disbanded,  much 
against  their  inclination,  Carthage  was  full  of  armed  and  ex- 
asperated men.  Before  the  Governer  had  returned  at  night  the 
Mormon  Prophet  and  his  brother  and  ablest  and  most  devoted 
supporter  were  dead. 

The  Governor's  order  to  the  troops  to  disband,  given  previous 
to  his  departure  for  Nauvoo,  was,  to  say  the  least,  very  unwise. 
In  his  extreme  anxiety  to  prevent  violence  it  was  the  very  means 
of  bringing  about  such  a  catastrophe.  Instead  of  leaving  the 
troops  under  arms  and  under  the  control  of  their  officers,  they 
were  discharged  and  thus  left  free  to  act  their  own  pleasure. 
The  McDonough  and  Schuyler  men  being  very  anxious  to  return 
to  their  farms  mostly  left  at  once  for  home.  Those  under  Colonel 
Williams  at  Warsaw,  having  previously  been  ordered  to  march 
to  Golden's  Point,  on  the  way  to  Nauvoo  to  concentrate  with 
those  at  Carthage,  were  met  by  the  order  to  disband.  The  con- 
duct of  the  Governor  from  the  first  had  been  such  as  to  lose  him 
the  confidence  of  the  people,  especially  of  the  citizens  of  Hancock 
County,  who  believed  that  a  determined  and  energetic  course  was 
demanded.  It  had  been  voted  in  a  council  of  officers,  called  by 
him,  to  march  the  whole  force  to  the  Mormon  city,  and  there  to 
make  full  investigation  of  all  charges,  and  take  into  custody  the 
offenders.  But  his  fears  of  the  consequences  prevailed,  and  he 
decided  to  disband  the  troops  instead,  and  visit  the  city  himself 
without  military  display. 

During  the  day  all  was  confusion  at  Carthage,  though  nothing 
of  importance  occurred  till  in  the  afternoon.  The  Greys  were 
encamped  on  the  public  square,  with  a  detail  of  men  around  the 
jail.  Discharged  soldiers  and  citizens  filled  the  streets,  many  of 
them  exhibiting  much  anger  and  dissatisfaction  at  the  turn  af- 
fairs had  taken. 


SKETCHES  OF  THE  MORMON  ERA  683 

At  about  four  or  five  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  a  lot  of  men, 
armed  and  disguised,  collected  on  the  prairie  back  of  town,  made 
a  rush  upon  the  guards,  whom  they  overpowered  or  disarmed  and, 
scaling  the  enclosure,  made  a  furious  attack  upon  the  jail.  The 
door  to  the  hall  was  forced,  and  shots  fired  within  at  the  pris- 
oners, by  which  Hyrum  Smith  was  killed  and  John  Taylor 
wounded.  The  Prophet  undertook  to  jump  from  the  window  to 
the  ground,  but  was  shot  as  he  fell,  and  afterwards  upon  the 
ground.     The  assailants  immediately  fled. 

Consternation  now  took  place  of  all  other  emotions.  Governor 
Ford  had  not  carried  out  the  programme  he  intended  to  pursue 
in  the  morning.  Instead  of  remaining  at  Nauvoo  till  the  next 
day,  he  had  made  a  speech  to  the  Mormons  in  the  afternoon,  and 
left  a  little  before  night  to  return  to  Carthage.  A  short  dis- 
tance out  he  was  met  by  messengers  with  the  information  that  the 
Smiths  were  killed.  He  hastened  on  to  Carthage,  where  he  ar- 
rived in  the  night,  to  find  the  people  in  extreme  alarm.  The 
leaders  are  killed,  and  the  Mormons  will  surely  take  vengeance, 
was  the  feeling  in  every  body's  mind,  a  belief  in  which  the 
Governor  shared.  Halting  only  long  enough  to  address  some 
very  hard  words  to  the  Greys  and  such  of  the  citizens  as  he  met, 
he  hastened  on,  and  it  is  said  never  dismounted  till  he  reached 
Augusta.  Believing  the  Mormons  would  be  down  upon  them,  the 
people  of  Carthage  hurried  their  women  and  children  out  of 
town  as  fast  as  vehicles  could  be  obtained  to  carry  them,  many 
of  whom  traveled  the  greater  part  of  the  night  and  took  refuge 
among  the  farmers  on  the  roads  eastward. 

At  Warsaw  the  same  consternation  prevailed.  All  believed  the 
town  would  be  attacked.  Women  and  children  were  hurried  over 
to  Alexandria,  and  guards  were  placed  at  different  points  on 
the  road. 

At  Nauvoo  an  equal  panic  prevailed.  Vengeance  gave  place  to 
fear.  The  enraged  military  have  slain  our  chiefs,  and  they  will 
vent  their  vengeance  also  upon  up,  seemed  to  be  the  prevailing 
feeling  there,  and  large  numbers  of  them  fled  across  th  river. 

But  the  morning  dawned  and  no  butchery  had  been  perpe- 
trated, no  village  or  city  had  been  devoted  to  the  flames.  The 
dead  chiefs  and  their  wounded  comrade  lay  quietly  at  Mr.  Ham- 


684  ANNAJ.S    OF    IOWA 

ilton's  liotel,  whither  they  liad  been  conveyed  and  cared  for.  And 
as  the  day  waned^  most  of  the  refugees  on  all  sides  returned  to 
their  homes. 

The  night  of  the  27th  of  June,  1844,  will  long  be  remembered 
in  Hancock  County. 


SKETCHES  OF  THE  MORMON  ERA,  No.  8 
Vol.  Ill,  No.  8,  August,  1875 

Our  last  report  left  the  slain  Mormon  Prophet  and  his  brother, 
with  their  wounded  companion,  lying  at  the  residence  of  Mr. 
Artois  Hamilton  in  Carthage.  The  morning  of  the  28th  dawned 
fair  and  bright;  the  night  had  spread  its  pall  over  the  deeds  of 
the  day,  and  had  gone  again;  and  no  act  of  violence  was  known 
to  have  been  committed  by  either  side.  All  seemed  to  be  awed  by 
the  magnitude  of  the  crime  that  had  been  committed,  and  in 
doubt  and  apprehension  as  to  the  consequence.  None  cared  to 
assume  an  aggressive  attitude,  but  all  thought  only  of  defence 
and  personal  safety. 

During  the  day  of  the  28th  most  of  the  fugitives  from  the  sev- 
eral towns  returned  to  their  homes.  Upon  the  announcement  of 
the  murder  to  the  people  of  Nauvoo,  the  excitement  was  intense. 
Rage  and  grief  were  manifested  throughout  the  city.  The  bodies 
of  the  dead  chiefs,  having  been  decently  cared  for  by  Mr.  Hamil- 
ton, were  conveyed  to  the  city,  where  they  were  received  with 
every  demonstration  of  affection,  and  were  buried  with  great 
ceremony. 

Thus  ended  the  career  of  Joseph  Smith,  the  founder  of  Mor- 
monism,  and  the  so-called  "Prophet,  Seer  and  Revelator,"  at  the 
age  of  a  little  less  than  forty  years.  To  say  that  he  was  not  a 
remarkable  man  would  not  be  true;  yet  it  was  the  peculiar  cir- 
cumstances with  which  he  was  surrounded,  more  than  any  talent 
or  genius  of  his  own,  that  made  him  so.  By  those  ignorant  of 
his  character,  his  aims,  and  his  surroundings,  he  has  been  re- 
garded as  a  great  man.  But  he  was  not  a  great  man,  in  any  sense 
which  constitutes  greatness.  That  he  was  not  deficient  in  mental 
power  is  conceded.  He  had  a  faculty  for  governing  and  con- 
trolling men  not  generally  possessed;  and  he  had  a  certain  species 
of  low  cunning,  that  supplied  the  place  of  genius.     Many  men 


SKETCHES  OF  THE  MORMON  ERA  585 

who  never  attain  to  any  note  in  the  world,  to  be  found  frequent- 
ing the  grogsliops  of  the  land,  are  just  as  talented  and  just  as 
capable  of  being  manufactured  into  a  great  prophet  and  seer,  as 
was  Joseph  Smith.  They  only  lack  the  ambition  and  the  sur- 
roundings. 

The  distinguishing  feature  of  his  character  in  youth  was  indo- 
lence. Acting  on  the  belief  that  the  world  owed  him  a  living,  he 
determined  to  obtain  it  without  earning  it.  He  and  his  family 
connections  were  all  lowbred,  uneducated,  and  naturally  super- 
stitious. From  going  about  the  country  with  a  divining  rod  to  find 
water,  he  rose  by  an  easy  step  to  telling  fortunes  with  a  peep 
stone  in  a  hat.  His  peep  stone  in  time  gave  place  to  brass  plates 
with  hieroglyphics  written  in  "reformed  Egyptian,  in  the  lan- 
guage of  the  Jews,"  and  with  the  plates  came  the  idea  of  going 
a  step  further  and  claiming  supernatural  aid.  So,  "angels  from 
heaven"  were  brought  into  requisition,  and  "revelations"  ob- 
tained. These  angels,  judging  from  the  character  of  their  com- 
munications, were  about  as  smart  and  sensible  as  some  of  the 
"spirits"  that  nowadays  present  themselves  at  the  spiritual 
seances.  The  ignorant  neighbors  were  excited  over  some  of  these 
pretended  revelations,  and  the  idea  of  getting  up  a  system  of 
religion  and  becoming  a  religious  leader  was  gradually  developed. 

Smith,  at  that  time  ignorant  of  human  nature  and  the  depth  of 
human  credulity,  was  doubtless  as  much  astonished  as  ony  one  at 
the  success  of  his  schemes.  When  he  first  found  or  forged  the 
plates,  on  which  he  claimed  the  Mormon  bible  was  written,  at 
"Mount  Moriah,"  in  western  New  York — a  mountain,  by  the 
way,  which  never  had  existence — it  is  not  likely  he  had  any  well- 
definied  purpose  in  view.  But  men  of  means  as  well  as  brains  be- 
came involved  in  his  schemes,  and  they  gradually  developed  the 
system  to  which  they  gave  the  name  of  the  "Church  of  Jesus 
Christ  of  Latter  Day  Saints,"  a  name  by  which  it  has  become 
known  in  the  world  and  still  retains. 

It  might  have  been  supposed  that  the  death  of  their  leader 
would  have  been  fatal  to  the  success  of  the  Mormon  movement. 
But  such  was  not  the  case.  The  policy  had  been  for  years  to  cre- 
ate hostile  feelings  among  their  neighbors,  and  the  pressure  thus 
produced  from  without  tended  to  hold  his  adherents  more  closely 


ggg  ANNALS   OF    IOWA 

together.  It  was  soon  understood  that  the  cry  of  persecution 
was  an  effective  aid  to  propagandism,  and  this  theory  was  acted 
on  throughout.  Had  it  not  been  for  this  pressure  at  the  time  of 
his  death,  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  whole  structure  of 
Mormonism  would  have  tumbled  to  pieces.  It  contained  many 
elements  of  weakness,  and  more  than  one  of  its  chiefs  aspired  to 
the  leadership.  Sidney  Rigdon,  who  had  always  furnished  its 
best  brains  and  had  been  its  chief  architect,  had  already  become 
dissatisfied  and  left  and  others  were  prepared  to  follow.  But 
the  pressure  held  the  main  body  together  there,  and  from  that 
day  to  this  has  been  the  power  that  binds  the  heterogeneous  and 
discordant  materials  together. 


CADETS  OF  TEMPERANCE 

In  regard  to  the  history  of  the  Cadets,  we  can  give  no  more 
full  and  satisfactory  information  than  that  furnished  in  the  fol- 
lowing extract  from  a  letter  of  W.  A.  McKee,  the  present  G.  W. 
P.  of  the  Order,  addressed  to  a  gentleman  of  St.  Louis.     He  says : 

"Our  beloved  Order  is  still  spreading  rapidly.  *  *  *  I 
looked  upon  the  institution  as  second  only  to  the  Sabbath  School 
in  its  moral  effects,  if  carried  out  in  the  spirit  of  its  foundation 
principles;  having  for  many  years  been  connected  with  the  Sab- 
bath School  cause  here:  and  notwithstanding  all  its  efforts  and 
influences  for  good,  I  saw  multitudes  going  the  broad  road  to 
ruin — and  endeavored,  in  1845,  to  excite  the  Sons  of  Temper- 
ance to  take  up  the  subject;  which  efforts  reached  the  Grand 
Division,  and  there  went  to  sleep.  Subsequently  this  movement 
was  commenced — taking  as  its  foundation  the  constitution  and 
forms  drawn  up  and  published  by  W.  H.  Stokes,  of  Germantown. 
Bro.  Faust  and  myself  made  the  first  move  in  the  city  (Philadel- 
phia). Other  Sections  soon  sprung  up:  a  Grand  Section  was 
formed,  (on  the  22d  day  of  February,  1847),  with  Bro.  Stokes,  as 
the  founder,  for  Grand  Worthy  Patron,  and  Bro.  Faust  as  Grand 
Secretary." 

In  addition  to  the  above  we  may  state,  that  Grand  Sections 
of  the  Order  now  exist  in  the  states  of  Pennsylvania,  New  York 


CADETS  OF  TEMPERANCE  587 

and  Ohio,  and  the  Order  has  been  established  in  almost  every 
state  in  the  Union. 

We  have  no  reliable  information  as  to  tlie  exact  number  of 
Cadets,  but  we  are  led  to  believe,  from  all  that  we  can  learn,  that 
the  numbei*  is  not  far  short  of  fifty  thousand, — Bloomington  lotca 
Democrat  Enquirer,  Feb.  10,  1849.  (In  the  news])aper  collec- 
tion of  the  Historical  Department  of  Iowa.) 


CADETS  OF  TEMPERANCE 


We  are  much  gratified  to  learn  that  a  charter  has  been  obtained 
by  the  youth  of  this  place,  for  a  Section  of  the  juvenile  branch 
of  the  great  Temperance  family,  known  as  the  Cadets  of  Tem- 
perance. The  Cadets  of  Temperance  embrace  boys  from  twelve 
to  eighteen  years  of  age,  and  hold  to  the  same  sentiments  and 
observances  as  the  Sons.  Every  boy,  whose  parents  or  guardian 
will  consent,  should  become  a  Cadet.  Aside  from  the  important 
fact  that  it  will  throw  that  most  fearful  of  vices,  intemperance, 
and  elevate  his  nature  and  purify  his  heart  by  the  noblest  and 
most  exalted  moral  teachings  and  influences,  it  will  be  a  great 
advantage  in  an  intellectual  point  of  view.  Each  Section  of  Cadets 
elects  a  Minister  of  Affairs,  from  among  the  Sons,  who  assists 
in  conducting  affairs  and  preserving  order.  The  Section  will  be 
organized  next  week,  and  is  to  be  called,  we  learn,  Hawkeye 
Section,  No.  3,  of  Iowa. — Bloomington  Iowa  Democrat  Enquirer, 
Jan.  27,  1849.  (In  the  newspaper  collection  of  the  Historical 
Department  of  Iowa.) 


NOTICE 

The  public  school  of  Fort  Des  Moines  will  be  open  for  the  re- 
ception of  pupils  on  Monday  the  19th  inst.  By  order  of  the 
Board. 

Andrew  J.  Stevens,  Secretary,  Nov.  16,  1849. — Fort  Des 
Moines  Star,  November  23,  1849.  (In  the  newspaper  collection 
of  the  Historical  Department  of  Iowa.) 


JEHEIL  BURR  HURLBURT 


JEHIEL   BURR   HULBURT  589 


JEHIEL  BURR  HURLBURT 
By  Rollo  Franklin  Hurlburt,  Ph.D.,  DD.^ 

A  valuable  contribution  to  American  genealogy  is  "The  Hurl- 
but  Family/'  by  Henry  H.  Hurlbut.  We  learn  from  the  reading 
of  this  work  that  Thomas  Hurlbut,  the  earliest  known  source 
whence  have  come  the  various  and  numerous  descendants  bearing 
the  names  of  Hulbut,  Hulbert,  Hurlbutt,  Hurlbert  and  Hurlburt, 
came  across  the  Atlantic  from  England  in  1635.  He  was  a  sol- 
dier under  Lion  Gardner,  who  built  and  had  charge  of  the  fort  at 
Saybrook,  Connecticut. 

Lion  Gardner  was  an  Englishman,  by  profession  an  engineer, 
and  had  been  in  Holland  in  the  service  of  the  Prince  of  Holland. 
But  he  was  engaged  by  the  proprietors  of  the  Connecticut  patent, 
issued  by  Charles  II  to  Lord  Saye  and  Sele,  Lord  Brooke  and 
others,  granting  a  large  tract  of  territory  on  the  banks  of  the 
Connecticut  River,  to  erect  a  fortification  at  its  mouth.  Lion 
Gardner  embarked  at  London  for  America,  with  his  wife,  a  fe- 
male servant,  and  eleven  male  passengers,  August  11,  1635,  in  the 
Bachilor,  a  vessel  of  only  twenty-five  tons  burden.  After  a  long 
and  very  tempestuous  voyage  they  arrived  in  Boston  November 
28.     Thomas  Hurlbut  was  one  of  the  eleven  passengers. 

Lion  Gardner  in  a  Icttc  r  wliich  was  written  in  June,  1660,  and 
which  is  printed  in  Volume  III,  Tliird  Series,  of  the  "Massachus- 
etts Historical  Society  Collections,"  refers  to  a  battle  with  the 
Indians,  in  which  Tliomas  Hurlbut  received  a  severe  arrow  wound 
in  the  thigh.  Following  is  an  extract  from  this  letter:  "On  the 
22nd  of  February,  I  went  out  with  ten  men  and  three  dogs,  half  a 
mile  from  the  Fort,  to  burn  the  weeds,  leaves  and  reeds  upon 
the  neck  of  land,  because  we  had  felled  twenty  timber  trees,  which 
we  were  to  roll  to  the  waterside  to  bring  home,  every  man  car- 
rying a  length  of  match,  with  brimstone  matches  with  him  to 
kindle  the  fire  withal.  But  when  we  came  to  the  small  of  the 
neck,  the  weeds  burning,  I  having  before  this  set  two  sentinels  on 
the  small  of  the  neck,  I  called  to  the  men  that  were  burning  the 


iDr.  Hurlburt,  the  author  of  this  article,  is  district  superintendent  of  the 
Davenport  District,  Upper  Iowa  Conference,  Methodist  Episcopal  church,  with  his 
home  at  Mount  Vernon.    He  is  an  author,  writer,  traveler,  and  lecturer. 


590  ANNALS   OF    IOWA 

reeds  to  come  away,  but  they  would  not  until  they  had  burnt  up 
the  rest  of  their  matches.  Presently  there  start  up  four  Indians 
out  of  the  fiery  reeds,  but  they  ran  away,  I  calling  to  the  rest  of 
our  men  to  come  away  out  of  the  marsh.  Then  Robert  Chapman 
and  Thomas  Hurlbut,  being  sentinels,  called  to  me,  saying  there 
came  a  number  of  Indians  out  of  the  other  side  of  the  marsh. 
Then  I  went  to  stop  them,  that  they  should  not  get  to  the  wood- 
land ;  but  Thomas  Hurlbut  cried  out  to  me  that  some  of  the  men 
did  not  follow  me,  for  Thomas  Rumble  and  Arthur  Branch  threw 
down  their  two  guns  and  ran  away;  then  the  Indians  shot  two 
of  them  that  were  in  the  reeds,  and  sought  to  get  between  us  and 
home,  but  durst  not  come  before  us,  but  kept  us  in  a  half  moon, 
we  retreating  and  exchanging  many  a  shot,  so  that  Thomas 
Hurlbut  was  shot  almost  through  the  thigh,  John  Spencer  in  the 
back  into  his  kidneys,  myself  into  the  thigh,  two  more  shot  dead. 
But  in  our  retreat,  I  kept  Hurlbut  and  Spencer  still  before  us,  we 
defending  ourselves  with  our  naked  swords,  or  else  they  had  taken 
us  all  alive,  so  that  the  two  sore  wounded  men,  by  our  slow  re- 
treat, got  home  with  their  guns,  when  our  two  sound  men  ran 
away  and  left  their  guns  behind  them." 

Gardner  does  not  mention  his  estimate  of  the  number  of  Indian 
assailants  who  attacked  him  and  his  ten  men,  but  Underwood  in 
his  history  says  there  were  "a  hundred  or  more."  Thomas  Hurl- 
but was  by  trade  a  blacksmith,  and  after  the  war  with  the  Pequots 
he  located  and  established  himself  in  Wethersfield,  Connecticut. 
He  was  one  of  the  earliest  settlers  as  well  as  the  first  blacksmith 
in  this  place.  A  single  extract  from  the  "Colonial  Records"  would 
seem  to  indicate  that  he  was  a  good  workman,  and  that  he  charged 
a  good  price  for  his  work:  "March  2,  1642,  Thomas  Hurlbut 
was  fined  forty  shillings  for  encouraging  others  in  taking  exces- 
sive rates  for  work  and  ware." 

When  we  take  into  account  the  ridiculously  low  wage  that  was 
paid  at  that  time,  there  seems  to  have  been  valid  reason  for  this 
early  combination  of  labor  against  capital.  But  labor  seems  to 
have  failed  in  this  primitive  struggle  with  capital,  for  Thomas 
Hurlbut *s  fine  was  "respited"  February  5,  1643,  upon  Peter  Bas- 
saker's  "tryal"  to  make  "nayles"  with  less  loss  and  cheaper  rates. 

Thomas  Hurlbut  stood  in  high  repute  in  the  town  where  he 


JEHIEL   BURR   HULBURT  591 

spent  most  of  his  life.  He  was  clerk  of  the  Train  Band  in  1640, 
deputy  to  the  General  Court,  grand  juror  and  also  constable  in 
1644.  The  records  of  Wethersfield  show  that  he  received  various 
tracts  of  land  in  the  several  divisions  of  the  town,  which  were 
recorded  together  in  1647.  In  1660  the  town  of  Wethersfield 
granted  Thomas  Hurlbut  lot  39,  one  of  the  "four  score  acre  lots" 
in  Naubuc,  east  side  of  the  river,  which  he  afterward  sold  to 
Thomas  Hollister. 

For  his  services  in  tlie  Indian  wars  the  Assembly  of  Connecti- 
cut, October  12,  1671,  voted  him  a  grant  of  one  hundred  and 
twenty  acres  of  land.  But  he  never  availed  himself  of  this  bounty 
that  was  set  apart  by  the  commonwealth  in  which  he  lived  for  his 
distinguished  services  in  the  Indian  wars. 

We  may  sec  in  this  brief,  personal  history  of  the  earliest  known 
ancestor  of  the  Hurlbut  family  distinguishing  traits,  which  have 
marked  many  of  his  descendants — bravery,  energy,  industry, 
tlirift,  honesty,  independence  and  decision  of  character. 

Jehicl  Burr  Hurlburt,  the  subject  of  this  sketch  and  the  sev- 
enth in  line  from  Thomas  Hurlbut,  possessed  in  marked  degree 
these  leading  characteristics  of  his  forbear.  He  died  at  his 
home  in  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  1440  West  Twentieth  Street,  August 
20,  1914,  in  his  eighty-seventh  year,  and  was  the  last  of  the 
twelve  children  of  liis  parents,  Erastus  Grant  Hurlburt  and 
Clarissa  Goodwin. 

Jehiel  Burr  Hurlburt  was  a  member  of  the  society  of  Sons  of 
the  American  Revolution.  The  pension  records  that  are  kept  in 
the  War  Department  at  Washington,  D.  C,  show  that  his  grand- 
father, Thomas  Hurlbut  (a  change  in  the  spelling  of  the  name 
from  Hurlbut  to  Hurlburt  was  made  about  one  hundred  years 
ago)  enlisted  twice  as  a  soldier  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  and 
served  in  all  nearly  four  years,  first  as  a  private  and  then  as  a 
sergeant.  His  widow,  Eunice  Grant  Hurlbut,  applied  for  a  pen- 
sion as  the  widow  of  a  Revolutionary  soldier  in  1837  and  was 
granted  it. 

Following  is  the  genealogy  of  the  family  of  Jehiel  Burr  Hurl- 
burt: His  father,  Erastus  Grant  Hurlburt,  was  born  March  20, 
1787,  in  Winchester,  Connecticut,  and  died  September  4,  1845. 
His  mother,  Clarissa  Goodwin  Hurlburt,  was  born  March  21, 


592  ANNALS    OF    IOWA 

1791,  in  Winchester,  Connecticut,  and  died  December  15,  1856. 
The  marriage  of  his  father  and  mother  occurred  at  Winchester, 
Connecticut,  December  16,  1812. 

As  to  his  brothers  and  sisters,  Clarissa  Ann  Hurlburt  Norris, 
was  born  February  19,  1814,  and  died  December  30,  1879; 
Erastus  Belden  Hurlburt  was  born  June  5,  1815,  and  died  March 
14,  1818;  Elizabeth  Hurlburt  Hudson  was  born  February  4, 
1817,  and  died  March  12,  1855;  Louisa  Hurlburt  Freer  was 
born  August  5,  1818,  and  died  January  13,  1910;  Belden  Good- 
win Hurlburt  was  born  March  25,  1820,  and  died  February  16, 
1910;  Erastus  Dorr  Hurlburt  was  born  April  5,  1822,  and  died 
July  28,  1840;  Edward  Griffin  Hurlburt  was  born  March  12, 
1824,  and  died  June  2,  1897;  Russell  Higley  Hurlburt  was 
born  April  21,  1826,  and  died  April  14,  1883;  Henry  Clay  Hurl- 
burt was  born  August  19,  1830,  and  died  September  5,  1905; 
Ruth  Maria  Hurlburt  Seaton  was  born  July  1,  1832,  and  died 
March  2,  1901;  David  Elmore  Hurlburt  was  born  December  26, 
1^35,  and  died  December  20,  1913. 

Three  of  the  brothers  of  Jehiel  Burr  Hurlburt  were  men  of 
note  in  the  communities  where  they  lived.  Judge  Belden  Good- 
win Hurlburt  went  to  California  in  1852,  studied  law,  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar,  and  served  as  judge  of  the  courts  for  many 
years.  In  1884  he  was  elected  to  the  California  State  Senate. 
He  was  a  warm  personal  friend  of  Senator  Leland  Stanford,  the 
founder  of  the  Leland  Stanford  University  at  Palo  Alto,  Cali- 
fornia. He  made  one  of  the  nominating  speeches  upon  the  floor 
of  the  California  State  Senate  for  Senator  Leland  Stanford,  when 
the  latter  was  elected  as  United  States  senator. 

Edward  Griffin  Hurlburt  occupied  many  positions  of  honor  and 
trust  in  Ashtabula  County,  Ohio,  where  he  was  a  large  landowner, 
serving  many  years  as  a  state  commissioner  and  as  president  and 
director  in  various  agricultural  societies,  in  all  of  which  he  was 
an  inspiring  and  most  progressive  leader.  He  was  a  man  of 
discriminating  judgment,  of  invincible  purpose,  of  remarkable 
will  power  and  of  i'ncorruptible  integrity.  In  his  younger  life 
and  before  he  had  amassed  a  competence,  he  went  on  a  note  as 
security  for  several  thousand  dollars  for  a  friend,  who  afterward 
failed  in  business.     He  said  he  would  pay  every  dollar  of  that 


JEHIEL   BURR   HULBURT  593 

obligation,  although  it  was  pointed  out  to  him  that  he  miglit 
escape  it  all  tlirough  a  technical  point  in  the  law.  He  paid  every 
cent  of  that  for  which  he  had  gone  security.  He  was  exceedingly 
well  posted  on  current  events,  and  in  conversation  his  discussion 
of  the  great  political  issues  was  always  listened  to  witli  great 
interest. 

Russell  Higley  Hurlburt  was  a  minister  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal churcli,  a  member  of  tlie  Erie  Conference  of  that  denomi- 
nation, and  represented  liis  conference  four  times  in  succession 
as  a  delegate,  going  to  tlic  General  Conference  in  Philadelphia 
in  ISGi;  in  Chicago  in  1868;  in  New  York  in  1872  and  in  Balti- 
m-ore  in  1876.  He  served  some  of  the  most  prominent  churches 
in  his  conference  with  conspicuous  success.  He  was  warm- 
hearted, sympatlietic  and  brotherly  in  all  tlie  social  and  business 
relations  of  life.  He  made  hosts  of  friends  everywhere.  Indeed 
all  those  wliom  he  met  as  acquaintances  soon  became  liis  fast 
friends,  Altliough  not  in  any  sense  of  tlie  word  a  politician  for 
liimself,  yet  he  could  so  successfully  trace  out  the  trend  of  po- 
litical currents  that  prominent  politicians  often  came  to  him  for 
counsel  and  advice.  He  possessed  in  a  marked  degree  tlie  quali- 
ties of  high  leadership.  He  was  for  many  years  a  regular  con- 
tributor to  the  columns  of  tlie  Pittsburgh  Christian  Advocate, 
the  denominational  organ  of  that  section  of  Methodism,  where  he 
s})ent  the  most  of  his  ministerial  life.  And  these  numerous 
articles  that  came  from  his  facile  pen,  were  all  marked  with 
vigor  of  thought  and  beauty  of  expression,  as  well  as  deep  spir- 
itual insight.  He  was  a  graduate  in  medicine,  receiving  his 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  from  the  Homeopathic  Hos})ital 
College  of  Cleveland,  Ohio.  He  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Divinity  in  1874  from  the  Mount  Union-Scio  College. 

Hamline  Hurlburt  Freer,  a  nephew  of  Jeliiel  Burr  Hurlburt 
and  son  of  Louisa  Hurlburt  Freer,  occupied  for  many  years  the 
chair  of  Political  Economy  in  Cornell  College,  Mount  Vernon, 
Iowa,  and  was  the  dean  of  that  institution.  He  served  as  the 
president  of  the  Iowa  State  Teachers'  Association  and  had  a 
wide  reputation  as  a  remarkably  interesting  speaker  and  lec- 
turer upon  educational  topics.  He  was  known  not  only  through- 
out the  state  of  Iowa,  but  also  far  beyond  the  boundaries  of  the 


694  ANNA1.S    OF    IOWA 

Hawkeye  Commonwealth,  that  for  so  long  a  time  was  his  home. 
Jehiel  Burr  Hurlburt  covered  a  number  of  varied  activities  in 
his  long  and  busy  life  of  more  than  eighty-six  years.  He  was 
farmer,  teacher,  California  pioneer,  "forty-niner,"  citizen,  soldier 
and  civil  officer.  He  spent  his  boyhood  in  the  manner  common  to 
the  lads  of  the  rural  communities  of  his  times,  working  on  the 
farm  in  the  summer  and  attending  the  country  schools  in  the 
winter.  His  removal  from  Connecticut  to  Ohio  when  he  was 
fourteen  witnessed  a  continuance  of  the  same  yearly  program, 
farm  work  during  the  summer  months  and  attendance  upon  the 
rural  school  in  the  winter.  Thus  it  came  about  in  the  most 
natural  way  tliat  he  graduated  from  the  school  benches  to  the 
seat  of  the  teacher.  He  taught  for  seven  consecutive  winters  in 
Ohio  and  Illinois.  In  the  latter  state  he  taught  in  the  towns  of 
Bloomingdale  and  Nauvoo.  While  teaching  in  Nauvoo,  he  con- 
tracted the  prevailing  "gold  fever,"  and  laid  his  plans  during  the 
winter  of  1851-52  for  an  overland  trip  to  California.  He  and  his 
brother,  Belden  Goodwin  Hurlburt,  started  upon  their  journey 
in  the  early  spring  of  1852,  and  were  six  months  in  making  the 
overland  journey  to  the  Pacific  coast.  When  they  arrived  in 
the  territory  of  central  Iowa,  they  found  that  the  grass  had  not 
grown  sufficiently  for  their  oxen.  So  they  encamped  for  a  month 
on  what  is  now  the  site  of  Mitchellville,  a  few  miles  east  of  Des 
Moines,  until  the  grass  was  grown  sufficiently  to  furnish  good 
grazing  for  their  oxen.  This  period  of  rest  gave  abundant  op- 
portunity to  observe  the  richness  of  the  prairie  soil  of  Iowa  and 
doubtless  exerted  a  strong  influence  upon  him  in  determining  his 
future  location  in  Iowa. 

Nothing  of  an  unusual  nature  happened  to  his  party  in  this 
long,  weary  and  monotonous  journey.  They  found  much  of  the 
way  lined  with  the  wrecks  of  wagons,  oxbows,  discarded  boxes, 
the  bones  of  dead  cattle  and  sometimes  those  of  human  beings. 
They  at  last  arrived  at  the  longsought  Eldorado,  August  28,  1852. 
He  engaged  in  gold  mining  for  a  short  time,  but  meeting  with 
indifferent  success,  he  took  up  truck  farming  in  the  Sacramento 
valley,  forty  miles  north  of  the  city  of  the  same  name. 

He  followed  this  line  of  work  for  three  years,  returning  in  the 
early  part  of  1856  to  his  home  in  Ohio  by  way  of  Nicaragua 


JEHIEL  BURR  HULBURT  595 

Lake  and  New  York  City.  He  came  to  Iowa  in  1857  and  pur- 
chased a  farm  in  Worth  Township,  Boone  County.  After  he  had 
bought  his  Iowa  farm,  he  returned  to  Ohio  and  pursued  the  work 
of  farming  there  for  three  years.  November  10,  1860,  he  was 
united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Myra  Lloyd,  a  native  of  Lake  County, 
the  ceremony  taking  place  in  Ashtabula  County.  The  bride  had 
been  a  successful  school  teacher  prior  to  her  marriage  and  was  a 
daughter  of  Lester  Lloyd,  who  was  born  in  Massachusetts  and 
who  engaged  in  agriculture  after  his  removal  to  Ohio.  Sliortly 
after  their  marriage  Jehiel  Burr  Hurlburt  and  his  bride  came  out 
to  Iowa  and  took  up  their  residence  upon  the  farm  that  liad  been 
previously  acquired,  building  first  temporary  quarters,  breaking 
the  prairie  sod  and  in  the  course  of  time  establishing  themselves 
in  a  comfortable  farm  home.  In  1896  they  built  and  occupied 
for  a  time  a  pleasant  residence  in  Luther,  Boone  County,  later 
removing  to  Des  Moines,  wliere  lie  died. 

Seven  cliildren  blessed  tliis  union  only  three  of  wliom  are  now 
living,  Mrs.  C.  D.  Todhunter,  ^Irs.  Lillian  L.  Pratt  and  Jay  B. 
Hmrlburt,  all  of  whom  with  the  surviving  widow  live  in  Des 
Moines. 

Jehiel  Burr  Hurlburt  became  a  close  reader  of  the  New  York 
Semi-Weekly  Tribune  when  lie  was  only  thirteen  years  of  age, 
and  for  many  years  he  read  this  paper  with  the  closest  atten- 
tion, following  with  the  deepest  interest  the  great  editorials  of 
Horace  Greeley.  He  became  a  remarkably  well-posted  man  in 
the  political  history  of  our  country,  and  he  could  tell  on  a  mo- 
ment's notice  just  what  the  distinctive  issues  were  between  the 
two  great  political  parties  in  any  campaign  for  the  preceding 
quarter  of  a  century. 

He  could  not  be  indifferent  to  the  assaults  made  upon  the  na- 
tion's integrity  by  open  rebellion,  and  in  1862  he  responded  to 
the  call  for  troops  by  enlisting  August  11  in  the  ranks  of  Com- 
pany D,  Thirty-second  Iowa  Volunteer  Infantry,  commanded  by 
Colonel  John  Scott.  The  regiment  rendezvoused  at  Dubuque  for 
organization  and  equipment  and  was  promptly  sent  southward. 
It  was  divided  at  Cairo,  one  portion  going  into  garrison  duty  at 
New  Madrid  and  a  battalion  of  four  companies  under  command 
of  Major  Eberhart  being  detached  for  a  long  and  arduous  cam- 


596 


ANN'ALS    OF    IOWA 


paign.  The  plans  of  this  campaign  led  them  into  southern  Mis- 
souri and  then  southward  to  Little  Rock,  Arkansas,  which  these 
forces  succeeded  in  capturing  after  much  detouring  and  skir- 
mishing. 

Jehiel  Burr  Hurlburt  after  having  lain  ill  for  several  months 
in  the  hospital  at  Memphis  received  an  honorable  discharge  and 
returned  home  in  July,  186  k  To  have  been  a  member  of  such  a 
regiment  as  the  Thirty-second  Iowa  Volunteer  Infantry  was  in 
itself  an  honor.  Its  regimental  colors,  now  in  the  capitol  build- 
ing at  Des  Moines,  are  inscribed  witli  the  battles  of  Cape  Girar- 
deau, Bayou  Metaire,  Fort  DeRussy,  Pleasant  Hill,  where  the 
regiment  suffered  "the  greatest  loss  in  modern  battles,"  Marks- 
ville,  Yellow  Bayou,  Lake  Chicot,  Tupelo,  Old  Town  Creek, 
Nashville,  Brentwood  Hills  and  Fort  Blakely. 

Jehiel  Burr  Hurlburt  became  a  member  of  the  Republican  party 
at  the  time  of  its  organization,  voting  for  John  C.  Fremont,  its 
first  presidential  candidate.  He  remained  steadfast  to  the  Re- 
publican faith  until  his  deatli.  In  1865  he  was  chosen  by  the 
people  as  county  treasurer,  and  in  1873  he  was  elected  county 
sheriff.  In  both  these  positions  of  public  trust  his  fidelity  to 
duty  and  his  whole-souled  honesty  won  the  universal  approval  of 
his  constituents. 

While  he  was  county  treasurer  one  of  his  best  friends  and 
staunclicst  supporters  and  a  tlioroughly  trustwortliy  man  came 
to  liim  and  wislied  a  short  loan  of  a  sum  of  money  from  the 
county  funds.  His  reply  was,  "My  friend,  I  would  stake  my  life 
that  you  would  pay  the  loan  when  it  would  come  due,  but  as  a 
sworn  custodian,  I  cannot  and  will  not  make  any  loans  to  anyone 
from  the  county  funds."  This  man  whose  request  was  not 
granted,  far  from  being  angered,  went  away  esteeming  more 
highly  than  ever  the  steadfast  and  fearless  public  official,  who 
had  refused  him. 

He  at  all  times  took  an  intelligent  interest  in  promoting  the 
best  local  government,  and  it  was  often  his  privilege  to  see  his 
previsions  of  broader  national  policies  merge  into  tangible  reali- 
ties, and  to  see  some  of  his  less  discerning  neighbors  coming 
slowly  around  to  viewpoints,  which  he  had  taken  months  in  ad- 
vance of  them. 

Religiously  he  was  an  almost  lifelong  member  of  the  Methodist 


JRIITET.   BURR   HULBURT  597 

Episcopal  church,  in  tlie  welfare  of  which  he  at  all  times  took 
a  deep  and  abiding  interest.  Tlie  following  splendid  tribute 
comes  from  J.  W.  Page,  of  Luther,  Iowa:  "The  forty-four  years 
of  acquaintance  witli  .Tehiel  Burr  Hurlburt  had  brought  me  to 
regard  him  as  a  man  of  unusual  attainments.  Among  all  those 
with  whom  lie  was  associated,  he  was  known  and  recognized  as 
a  leader  in  all  things  pertaining  to  the  elevation  and  progress  of 
humanity.  He  has  left  several  monuments  to  his  memory  here 
in  Luther.  It  was  througli  his  work  and  untiring  efforts  that  this 
town  of  Luther  was  surveyed  and  established.  It  was  through 
him  that  our  articles  of  incorporation  were  obtained,  the  post 
office  was  secured  and  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  was  built. 
It  was  through  him  that  there  came  later  our  waterworks  and 
our  system  of  electric  lights.  If  it  had  not  been  for  him  the 
place  where  our  beautiful  little  town  now  stands  would  still  be 
only  a  cornfield." 

In  conclusion  there  is  given  a  heartfelt  estimate  and  token  of 
affection,  which  comes  from  A.  J.  Barkley,  of  Boone,  Iowa.  This 
tribute  begins  with  an  army  experience:  "In  camp  our  company 
formed  itself  into  five  messes,  selected  with  a  view  to  congeniality. 
Each  mess  had  its  own  cook,  whose  labors  excused  him  from 
guard  and  police  duties.  Every  soldier  was  given  a  daily  allow- 
ance or  ration,  which  was  valued  at  so  many  cents.  It  consisted 
of  hard-tack,  "sow  belly"  (fat  pork),  coffee,  beans,  sugar,  rice 
and  salt.  While  on  the  march  no  attention  was  paid  to  the  mess 
and  each  soldier  got  his  own  meal  as  best  he  could.  At  Little  Rock 
after  the  long  five-hundred  mile  march,  where  for  weeks  we  had 
been  confined  to  coffee,  hard-tack  and  fat  meat,  we  were  allowed 
once  more  our  full  rations.  Every  man  wanted  his  full  share, 
was  willing  to  fight  for  it  and  grumbled  continually.  Many 
thought  they  were  not  getting  their  full  rations.  Company  com- 
missary sergeants  were  selected  with  a  view  to  their  fitness  to 
oversee  the  proper  distribution  of  the  rations.  Because  of  hun- 
ger, through  jealousy  and  possibly  for  other  good  reasons,  a 
general  cry  went  up  for  the  selection  of  a  man,  whose  honesty 
could  not  be  questioned,  a  man  with  force,  courage  and  general 
good  judgment,  who  could  be  trusted  absolutely,  one  who  could 
calculate   quickly   and   accurately   the   exact   amount   each   mess 


698 


ANNALS   OF    IOWA 


was  entitled  to  receive.  Such  a  clioice  was  deemed  necessary  be- 
cause it  was  well  known  tliat  soldiers  in  other  regiments  had  been 
frequently  imposed  upon  and  sometimes  tricked  out  of  food, 
that  had  afterwards  been  sold  by  the  regimental  commissary  or 
quartermaster. 

"Many  times  good  men  who  had  been  selected  to  act  as  com- 
pany commissary  sergeants  were'  found  to  be  incompetent  and 
could  not  get  at  things  correctly  and  were  beaten  out  of  rations, 
which  they  should  have  drawn.  In  the  event  that  the  quarter- 
master or  regimental  commissary  was  short  on  certain  articles  of 
food,  their  value  could  be  taken  in  other  kinds,  so  the  different 
cooks  could  choose  more  of  one  kind  or  less  of  another,  and  yet 
get  their  full  allowance  or  money's  worth.  Some  companies  had 
more  men  on  duty  than  did  other  companies;  some  were  absent 
in  the  hospital  or  on  detached  service.  So  the  men  who  remained 
in  the  company  were  to  be  provided  for  according  to  their  num- 
bers. Taking  all  these  matters  into  account,  it  required  the 
services  of  an  unusually  careful  and  methodical  man,  who  could 
quickly  and  correctly  fill  the  bill  or  order  for  his  company. 

"These  are  the  reasons  why,  when  one  night  a  heated  discus- 
sion had  been  carried  on  until  long  after  midnight  and  when  a 
riot  was  brewing,  Jehiel  Burr  Hurlburt  was  called  out  and  was 
literally  forced  to  take  this  responsible  plaCe  without  extra  pay. 
He  was  the  unanimous  choice  of  his  company  for  the  position  of 
commissary  sergeant.  He  was  conspicuously  successful  in  this 
work.  His  judgment  seemed  to  be  infallible,  and  his  ability  to 
secure  and  then  to  distribute  to  each  mess  its  exact  portion  was 
remarkable.  His  honesty  was  unquestioned.  As  to  some  of  his 
more  outstanding  personal  characteristics,  I  never  knew  him  to 
make  an  indelicate  allusion,  or  do  a  questionable  thing.  He  never 
countenanced  evil,  yet  he  seldom  rebuked  an  offender.  He  was 
a  remarkably  well  informed  man,  and  in  certain  chosen  lines  his 
range  of  reading  was  very  wide.  At  home  for  many  years  he  read 
and  literally  devoured  Horace  Greeley's  New  York  Semi-Weekly 
Tribune.  In  his  reading,  he  remembered  everything  of  impor- 
tance. 

"For  years  back  he  could  upon  a  moment's  notice  relate  the 
distinctive  issues  that  were  at  stake  in  the  different  national 


JEHIEI.   BURR   HULBURT  599 

political  campaigns.  He  could  name  offhand  the  cabinet  mem- 
bers under  each  president.  He  could  name  with  equal  facility 
the  governors  of  the  different  states  of  tlie  Union  in  office^  all 
the  United  States  senators  and  all  the  more  prominent  members 
of  Congress  from  the  several  states.  He  had  accustomed  himself 
to  think  in  states  and  nations^  just  as  most  men  think  in  town- 
ships and  in  counties. 

"He  understood  all  about  such  things  as  Mason  and  Dixon-s 
line,  the  Missouri  Compromise,  the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill,  the 
Emancij^ation  Proclamation,  the  Fifteenth  Amendment,  the 
Greenback  issue,  the  Sixteen  to  one  silver  fad,  and  the  Santa 
Fe  trail.  He  could  go  minutely  into  the  liistory  of  any  one  of 
these  topics  and  could  discuss  them  and  a  large  number  of 
other  kindred  subjects  in  a  most  entertaining  and  instructive 
way  for  hours  at  a  time.  In  his  wide  range  of  reading,  he  pigeon- 
holed everything  that  was  worth  while  in  his  marvelous  memory. 
Everything  was  thus  carefully  catalogued  in  his  mind  and  filed 
away  for  ready  reference  in  the  future,  and  everytliing  that  he 
had  ever  read,  that  was  worth  remembering,  he  could  call  up  on 
a  moment's  notice.  Hence  he  was  an  authority  on  so  many  tilings 
covering  a  century  or  more  that  lawyers,  politicians,  historians 
and  editors  consulted  him  as  they  would  go  to  an  encyclopedia. 
He  was  a  loyal  soldier,  a  good  citizen  and  a  Christian  gentleman 
of  the  highest  type.  He  had  strong  convictions  and  courage. 
But  he  was  modest  and  not  offensive  in  either  declaring  or  de- 
fending his  principles.  He  was  a  close  observer,  a  student  of 
men  and  of  public  measures. 

"But  his  disposition  was  so  retiring  and  his  modesty  so  becom- 
ing that  he  was  never  before  tlie  footlights,  nor  did  he  ever  allow 
himself  to  become  conspicuous.  He  despised  a  tattler  and  simply 
tolerated  men  whose  ideas  never  rose  higher  than  the  bunghole 
in  a  beer  keg.  He  was  'air-tight,'  close-mouthed,  and  had  but 
few  confidants  or  intimate  friends,  but  numerous  acquaintances. 
He  had  a  keen,  analytical  mind,  and  was  an  independent, 
thoughtful  man,  who  loved  truth  and  despised  hypocrisy  and 
pretense.  I  knew  him  well,  better  and  more  intimately,  possibly, 
than  any  other  man  in  Boone  County.  I  loved  him  and  revered 
his  memory." 


600 


ANNALS    OF    IOWA 


THE  SABBATH  A  PHYSICAL  NECESSITY 
By  Hon.  Howaud  M.  Remley' 

Tlie  success  of  an  invention  brings  honor  to  the  inventor. 
Edison  holds  a  higli  ])lace  in  the  esteem  and  admiration  of  men, 
because  he  has  so  combined  tlic  various  laws  of  matter  as  to  in- 
crease the  power  of  mankind  over  nature,  and  add  to  the  comfort 
and  enjoyment  of  our  race.  Keely  has  spent  years  of  toil  and 
thousands  of  dollars  in  an  effort  to  solve  the  problem  of  per- 
petual motion.  Again  and  again  he  has  announced  that  he  had 
made  the  fortunate  discovery,  but  as  often  has  he  been  com- 
pelled to  disclose  liis  own  failure.  And  now  he  is  held  in  deri- 
sion as  one  whose  unbalanced  mind  is  chasing  a  phantasy. 

This  is  pre-eminently  true  in  military  and  political  life.  The 
general  whose  campaigns  terminate  successfully  is  lauded  and 
worshipped  as  a  hero,  but  he  who  fails  is  court-martialed  and 
disgraced.  The  politician  who  is  carried  into  office  upon  some 
tidal  wave  of  passion  or  prejudice  is  considered  a  wise  and 
sagacious  statesman,  while  he  who  is  defeated  sinks  out  of  sight. 
The  Creator  has  made  the  solar  system  and  controls  it  by  fixed 
laws.  He  has  made  man,  combining  matter  with  intelligence 
and  emotions,  and  subject  to  physical  laws  as  well  as  mental 
action  and  moral  obligation.  He,  doubtless,  intends  that  the 
human  race  should  increase  in  numbers,  gain  dominion  over  na- 
ture and  enjoy  the  full  fruition  of  health  and  happiness.  What- 
ever we  may  do  to  improve  the  condition  and  increase  the  enjoy- 
ment of  ourselves  and  those  around  us  is  aiding  thus  far  in  car- 
rying out  God's  plan,  and  we  become  to  that  extent  coworkers 
with  him.  The  highest  honor  that  men  can  give  to  the  Great 
Ruler  is  to  work  with  him  in  bringing  to  a  speedy  realizatioo  his 
benign  intentions  towards  the  human  race.  There  is  no  possible 
doubt  about  the  success  of  his  plans,  but  if  we  would  show  him 
highest  honor  we  must  be  found  working  with  him. 

iThe  author  of  this  article,  Hon.  H.  M.  Remley,  is  an  old  and  hiehlv  honored 
citizen  of  Anamosa,  Iowa,  having  had  a  long  and  successful  caree?  there  S  a 

meTo  19"oI  ' Thts^aAide'  -n'Vfl'f.  ""'Sh  EigMeenTS^udidarSistlct  f?om 
i»»o  to  i9qi.     inis  aiticle.     The  Sabbath  a  Phys  cal  Necessity"  wn«5  writtPn  nnH 

showinnTosX'oman'.nifr^  association  in' CedafRS  in^YssY^^Besid^es 
live^  "St?rest1^e  eHmn.pf  nf  '.#  i^'^^"^*]'  °^  X^^'  ^"^  ^  clearness  of  diction,  it 
Edftor  glimpses  of  affairs  and  conditions  a  third  of  a  century  ago.— 


THE  SABBATH  A  PHYSIC  AT.  NECESSITY  601 

For  our  good,  and  only  because  it  is  for  our  good,  God  lias 
given  certain  rules  to  govern  us  known  as  the  moral  code.  These 
rules  are  intendtd  to  ])revent  us  from  tlirowing  ourselves  under 
the  domain  of  the  inflexil)le  laws  of  nature  and  being  crushed 
by  them.  Ik'cause  murder,  drunkenness,  sensuality  and  other 
vices  tend  surely  to  disease,  death  and  extermination,  God  has 
commanded  us  to  refrain  from  these.  If  we  commit  these  acts 
our  course  and  influence  delay  the  fuliillment  of  God's  plan, 
and  we  thus  bring  dishonor  upon  him.  Theologians  say  such 
acts  are  sins,  because  they  are  forbidden.  We  would  rather  say 
they  are  forbidden  because  they  corrupt  and  degrade  mankind, 
hence  retard  God's  plans,  hence  dishonor  him.  The  commands 
"Thou  shalt"  and  "Thou  shall  not"  were  mercifully  given  to  aid 
us  in  knowing  and  avoiding  the  maelstrom  of  passion  and  appe- 
tite and  escaping  the  inexorable  consequences  of  violated  physi- 
cal law. 

To  those  wdio  recognize  the  right  of  the  Creator  to  declare  his 
laws,  and  his  munificence  in  so  doing,  and  the  duty  of  the  crea- 
ture to  obey — to  such  no  argument  is  necessary  to  establish  the 
obligation  to  remember  the  Sabbath  day  to  keep  it  holy.  But 
to  the  many  who  have  no  definite  conception  of  the  Deity  and 
their  relation  to  him — who  look  upon  God  as  antagonistic  to 
them,  a  material,  physical  argument  has  great  weight.  It  is  to 
such  and  from  this  standpoint  we  discuss  the  subject  before  us. 

Men  who  have  no  respect  for  the  Divine  character  and  re- 
gard for  his  word  frankly  admit  the  necessity  of  a  law  against 
murder,  theft,  robbery,  false  swearing,  because  the  immediate 
and  direct  result  of  these  crimes  is  to  make  insecure  person  and 
property.  Hence  they  join  with  the  most  devout  in  commending 
and  enforcing  the  laws  of  our  land  against  such  crime.  But 
because  the  effect  of  the  violation  of  the  fourth  commandment 
does  not  so  closely  follow  disobedience,  they  overlook  it.  They 
flatter  themselves  that  in  disregarding  this  commandment  they 
only  shock  the  sense  of  propriety  in  w^eak  women  and  sentimental 
men,  and  gain  the  more  time  for  their  worldly  plans  and  en- 
joyments. If  we  convince  them  that  the  Sabbath  was  made  for 
man,  that  a  faithful  and  honest  observance  of  that  day  is  as  es- 
sential to  their  success  as  security  of  property  is,  then  they  would 


602 


ANNALS   OF    IOWA 


be  as  ready  as  Christians  to  enforce  the  proper  observance  of  the 
Sabbath.  If  we  can  show  them  that  refraining  from  all  labor 
on  the  Sabbath  will  increase  their  wealth,  not/  diminish  it;  that 
by  resting  one  day  in  seven  the  number  of  working  days  in  their 
lives  will  be  greater  instead  of  less ;  that  by  denying  themselves 
amusement  and  excitement  on  that  day  their  lives  will  be  filled 
with  a  larger  measure  and  more  continuous  enjoyment — then  will 
these  worldly  men  march  hand  in  hand  with  those  who  acknowl- 
edge a  higher  allegiance  in:  fighting  valiantly  for  the  Sabbath. 

And  when  statesmen  are  convinced  that  the  quiet  and  rest  of 
the  Sabbath  is  the  governor  or  regulator  which  prevents  the 
wear  and  friction  of  busy,  bustling  life,  from  tearing  the  political 
machinery  to  pieces,  which  causes  the  national  pulse  to  beat 
healthily  and  steadily,  then  will  they  insist  that  the  Sabbath 
shall  be  a  day  on  which  shall  cease  all  commercial  and  national 
activity. 

As  education,  once  unappreciated  by  the  individual  and  neg- 
lected by  the  state,  is  now  prized  as  the  source  of  power,  and 
fostered  by  the  nation  as  the  very  foundation  of  free  government, 
so  will  the  time  come  when  the  people  and  the  nation  will  esteem 
the  Sabbath  as  its  choicest  treasure. 

God  never  did  hurry — never  will  hurry — never  can  hurry. 
Hurrying  is  the  result  of  faulty  plans,  of  bad  management.  By 
hurrying  we  try  to  make  up  for  delay,  for  accident,  for  neglect, 
for  mis  judgment,  for  ignorance.  But  God  knows  all,  governs 
all  and  does  not  need  to  counteract  and  guard  against  imperfec- 
tions in  himself  or  his  plans.  Hurry  produces  strain  upon  the 
muscles  and  the  mind,  causes  waste  of  nerve  power,  and  confu- 
sion of  thought  in  competition  in  business,  and  the  management 
of  vast  enterprises  in  these  days  of  steam  and  electricity  in- 
creases the  apparent  demand  for  speed  and  mental  strain.  Reg- 
ular, calm,  systematic  work  does  not  injure,  but  continuous  worry 
and  hurry  destroy.  We  need  not  the  Bible  to  prove  this.  Science 
teaches  it,  history  tells  it  and  experience  and  observation  con- 
firm it. 

What  softened  the  brain  and  caused  the  premature  death  of 
Crocker,  the  great  builder  of  the  Pacific  railroad.?  Did  he  gain 
wealth,  or  add  to  working  days  or  increase  his  earthly  enjoy- 
ment by  working  seven  days  in  seven?    What  sent  Robert  Gar- 


THE  SABBATH  A  PIIYSICATv  NECESSITY  603 

rett,  the  president  of  tlie  Baltimore  &  Ohio  railroad  sj^stem,  to 
the  madhouse  in  tlie  prime  of  life  and  surrounded  by  his  mil- 
lions ?  Why  did  Horace  Greeley^  with  all  his  mental  power  and 
tenacious  hold  upon  the  public  mind^  his  profound  desire  to 
educate  and  elevate  the  people — why  did  the  sun  of  his  life  set 
beclouded  in  reproach  and  imbecility?  He  hurried,  he  worried, 
he  worked  himself  to  death.  He  did  not  rest  every  seventh  day. 
Our  statesmen,  our  great  business  managers,  are  departing  by 
each  steamer  to  Europe,  driven  from  home  and  friends  and 
country,  to  prolonged  and  enforced  idleness  in  the  vain  pursuit 
of  rest  and  health.  All  because  they  had  not  time  to  rest  on  the 
Sabbath.  Blaine,  the  representative  American  as  he  is  called,  has 
just  returned  from  such  exile.  William  H.  Barnum,  the  manager 
of  the  Democratic  campaign  during  tlie  recent  presidential  con- 
test, is  lying  hopelessly  ill  at  his  home.  Flood,  the  California  mil- 
lionaire, is  on  his  death  bed  at  Heidelberg,  Germany.  Minis- 
ters in  their  zeal  to  proclaim  the  gospel,  permit  themselves  to 
come  within  the  demands  of  the  inexorable  law  of  rest,  and  nerves 
are  shattered,  tempers  ruined  and  years  of  usefulness  are  lost. 
The  hospital,  the  madhouse,  the  penitentiary,  the  grave,  cry 
aloud,  if  w^eary,  working,  worldly  men  would  but  heed,  "Re- 
member the  Sabbath  day."  And  Christians  by  faith  hear  a  sad, 
solemn  wail  rising  from  the  abode  of  the  lost,  "OIi,  that  I  had 
remembered  the  Sabbath  day." 

The  command  bears  evidence  within  itself  that  the  rest  en- 
joined is  a  physical  necessity.  It  includes  within  its  terms  that 
neither  thou  nor  thy  cattle  must  do  any  work  on  that  day.  As 
no  moral  responsibility  is  laid  upon  the  cattle  it  follows  that  the 
physical  law  requires  this  rest  for  them.  All  inanimate  nature, 
in  emphatic  tones,  demands  rest — their  Sabbath.  The  fields 
must  have  rest.  The  strung  bow  loses  its  elasticity.  The 
stirring,  pushing  railroad  men,  who  deny  themselves  any  rest, 
all  insist  that  their  engines  and  cars  shall  run  only  a  certain 
number  of  miles  without  rest.  They  say,  and  say  truly,  that  con- 
tinuous revolution  of  the  axle  disintegrates  the  iron,  causing  ac- 
cident, delay  and  loss  of  property. 

Nations  recognize  the  importance  of  the  Sabbath.  Constan- 
tine,  in  the  fourth  century,  enacted  a  law  requiring  the  observ- 


604  ANNALS. OF    IOWA 

ance  of  the  Sabbath.  Our  people  who  are  so  sensitive  that  each 
one  should  be  free  to  worship  God,  or  not  worship  him,  accord- 
ing to  the  dictates  of  his  own  conscience,  have  placed  in  our  laws 
this  requirement.  And  laws  are  the  conclusions  of  a  people 
drawn  from  the  experience  and  wisdom  of  the  preceding  ages. 
France  in  her  impulsive  haste  to  be  rid  of  tyrants  and  tyranny, 
lifted  her  puny  hands  to  resist  the  law  of  nature  and  of  nature's 
God  by  abolishing  the  Sabbath.  And  from  that  day  she  has  been 
vascillating  and  unreliable.  She  has  had  trouble  without  and  fac- 
tions within. 

If  we  would  read  carefully  and  keep  the  whole  commandment, 
most  of  us  would  have  no  excuse  for  working  on  the  Sabbath. 
It  reads  "Six  days  shalt  thou  labor  and  do  all  thy  work,"  not 
six  days  of  idleness  with  work  undone,  but  six  days  of  work  with 
work  all  done.  The  idleness  of  the  first  six  is  as  much  forbidden 
as  the  labor  of  the  seventh.  Then  the  seventh  is  for  well  earned 
rest,  welcome  rest,  rest  for  the  hammer  and  the  anvil,  rest  for 
the  engine  and  the  cars,  rest  for  the  horse  and  the  ox,  rest  for 
the  body  and  the  mind,  rest  and  a  calm  review  of  our  life  and 
its  fruits. 

The  laws  which  control  the  physical  world  and  the  eternal  prin- 
ciples of  right  which  rule  the  moral  forces  intertwine  so  closely 
and  work  in  such  perfect  harmony  that  we  cannot  separate  them. 
God  in  nature  and  God  in  revelation  do  not,  cannot  be  in  con- 
flict. Dr.  Chandlish,  of  Edinburgh,  in  his  work  on  "Conscience 
and  the  Bible,"  says : 

"All  things  proceed  according  to  law,  and  law  implies  intelli- 
gence and  design.  It  seems  but  another  step  in  the  same  direc- 
tion to  reduce  the  moral  world  also  with  the  same  rigid  uniformity 
of  rule  and  order  with  the  physical.  There,  too,  the  empire  of 
law  reigns.  There  are  laws  according  to  which  our  intellectual, 
our  active,  our  social  and  our  moral  faculties  are  respectively  reg- 
ulated in  their  exercise.  There  are  laws  of  association  governing 
the  intellect,  laws  of  motive  and  habit  guiding  the  active  powers ; 
laws  of  taste  and  feeling  controlling  the  social  propensities ;  and 
laws  of  truth,  righteousness  and  love  determining  the  moral  judg- 
ment. Thus  man  as  to  his  whole  nature  is  the  subject  of  law.  He 
thinks  and  acts,  he  likes  or  dislikes,  he  approves  or  condemns 


THE  SABBATH  A  PHYSICAL  NECESSITY  605 

according  to  law^  according  to  laws  proper  to  the  different  de- 
partments of  his  complex,  constitution.  The  violation  of  any  of 
these  is  his  misfortune  or  faulty  and  his  misery." 

If  you  do  not  recognize  the  right  and  authority  of  the  Great 
Ruler,  give  heed  to  the  teachings  of  science,  tlie  laws  of  nature 
and  the  lessons  of  experience  and  from  tliese  know  tliat  you  must 
remember  tlie  Sabbath  day  to  keep  it  holy.  And  tliosc  of  us  wlio 
know  in  some  faint  degree  the  glorious  cliaracter,,  tlie  mateliless 
love  and  infinite  mercy  of  our  Heavenly  Father,  wliose  every 
command  is  given  in  love,  who  afflicts  us  only  for  our  good,  shall 
not  we  so  walk  in  the  future  tliat  our  example  may  not  be  a 
stumbling  block  in  the  way  of  others  ? 

Anamosa,  Iowa,  Nov.  19,  1888. 


g06  ANNALS   OF    IOWA 


THE  GROUND  BEAN  AND   THE   BEAN   MOUSE   AND 

THEIR  ECONOMIC  RELATIONS 

By  Melvin  Randolph  Gilmore,  Ph.D., 

Curator  of  the  State  Historical  Society  of  North  Dakota 

There  is  a  native  wild  bean  found  growing  over  an  area  of 
wide  distribution  in  North  America.  The  botanical  name  of 
this  bean  is  Falcata  comosa.  In  the  Dakota  language  it  is  called 
maka  ta  omnicha,  which  means  "bean  of  the  earth";  in  the 
Pawnee  language  it  is  called  ati-kuraru,  which  means  "earth 
bean."  The  plant  grows  in  dense  masses  over  shrubbery  and 
other  vegetation  in  some  places,  especially  along  banks  and  at 
the  edge  of  timber. 

It  forms  two  kinds  of  branches,  bearing  two  forms  of  flower, 
producing  two  forms  of  fruit.  Leafy  branches  climb  up  over 
the  shrubbery,  but  under  these,  in  the  shade,  prostrate  on  the 
earth,  starting  out  from  the  base  of  the  main  stem,  are  leafless, 
colorless  branches,  forming  a  network  on  the  surface  of  the 
ground.  The  tiny,  inconspicuous  blossoms  borne  on  these  pros- 
trate branches  are  self-pollinated  and  push  into  the  leafmold 
and  soft  soil  and  there  each  produces  a  single  large  bean  closely 
clothed  by  a  thin,  filmy  pod  or  husk.  These  beans  which  are 
formed  in  the  earth  are  about  the  size  of  Lima  beans.  Upon 
the  upper,  leafy  branches  are  borne  showy,  purplish  flowers  ap- 
pearing like  small  bean  blossoms.  From  these  blossoms  are  pro- 
duced small  bean  pods  about  a  half  inch  to  an  ineh  in  length. 
These  pods  contain  each  from  three  to  four  or  five  small,  hard, 
mottled  beans  about  an  eighth  of  an  inch  long. 

The  large  beans  produced  in  the  ground  are  desirable  for 
food.  They  are  of  good  flavor  when  cooked.  The  small  beans 
of  the  upper  branches  are  also  good  for  food,  but  they  are  so 
small  and  difficult  to  harvest  that  not  much  use  is  made  of  them 
by  the  people.  The  large  beans  formed  in  the  earth  would 
also  be  hard  to  gather  but  for  the  help  of  certain  little  animals 
called  voles,  or  wood  mice,  or  bean  mice.  The  voles  dig  the 
large  beans  and  store  them  in  considerable  quantities  in  storage 
places  which  they  hollow  out  in  the  ground  and  which  they  cover 


THE  GROUND  BEAN  AND  THE  BEAN  MOUSE     607 

with  sticks  and  leaves  and  earth.  In  these  places  the  little  ani- 
mals put  away  sometimes  a  peck  or  a  half  bushel  of  beans.  The 
scientific  name  of  the  bean  mouse  is  Microtus  pennsylvanicus. 

Throughout  all  the  extensive  range  of  Falcata  comosa,  the 
ground  bean^  it  was  sought  by  the  people  of  the  various  Indian 
tribes  to  add  to  their  food  supply.  The  people  said  they  did 
not  take  away  all  the  beans  from  the  voles  as  it  would  be  wicked 
to  loot  the  animals'  food  stores  and  leave  the  animals  to  starve 
after  they  liad  worked  to  gather  tliem.  But  they  would  take  a 
part  of  the  store,  in  a  manner  making  themselves  beggars  to  the 
little  animals.  The  Omalias  liave  a  saying  that  "The  bean  mouse 
is  a  very  industrious  fellow,  he  even  helps  human  beings." 

But  in  all  accounts  I  have  had  from  the  people  of  the  Dakota 
nation  the  women  have  always  said  that  tliey  never  took  away 
any  beans  from  the  voles  without  making  some  payment  in  kind. 
They  said  it  would  be  wicked  and  unjust  to  take  the  beans  from 
the  animals  and  give  nothing  in  return.  So  they  said  they  always 
put  back  some  corn,  some  suet,  or  some  other  food  material  in 
exchange  for  the  beans  they  took  out.  In  tliat  way  they  said 
both  they  and  the  little  animals  obtained  a  variety  in  their  food 
supply.  They  said  they  thought  it  very  wrong  to  deprive  the 
animals  of  their  store  without  such  payment,  but  tliat  it  was  fair 
if  they  gave  a  fair  exchange. 

The  people  of  tlie  Dakota  nation  speak  of  the  wood  mice  or 
voles  by  the  designation  of  "Hintunka  people."  In  the  Dakota 
theory  of  the  universe  they  personify  tlie  maternal  power  and 
spirit  by  the  name  Hunka.  Hunka  is  the  mystic  All-Mother  in 
nature,  the  mother  of  all  living  beings,  plant  or  animal,  which, 
of  course,  includes  mankind.  For  they  do  not  think  of  mankind 
as  being  apart  from  nature  and  the  community  of  life  in  the 
world. 

The  Dakota  have  a  moral  story  which  is  told  as  follows : 

A  certain  woman  went  and  plundered  the  storehouse  of  some  Hin- 
tunka  people.  She  robbed  them  of  their  entire  food  supply  without  even 
giving  them  anything  at  all  in  return.  The  next  night  this  woman  who 
had  robbed  the  Hintunka  people  of  all  their  food  supply  heard  a  woman 
down  in  the  woods  crying  and  saying,  "Oh,  what  will  my  poor  children 
do?"  It  was  the  voice  of  one  of  the  Hintunka  women  crying  over  her 
hungry  children. 


gOg  ANNARS    OF    IOWA 

The  same  night  the  woman  who  had  done  the  wrong  had  a  dream.  In 
her  dream  Hunka  appeared  to  her  and  said,  "You  should  not  have  l^ken 
the  food  from  tlie  Hintunka  people.  Take  back  the  food  to  them,  or 
else  your  own  children  shall  cry  for  food." 

The  next  morning  the  woman  told  her  husband  what  Hunka  had  said 
to  her.  Her  husband  said,  "You  would  better  do  as  Hunka  tells  you 
to  do."  But  the  woman  was  hard-hearted  and  perverse  and  would  not 
restore  to  the  Hintunka  people  the  food  of  which  she  had  robbed  them, 
neither  would  she  give  them  anything  in  exchange. 

A  short  time  after  this  a  great  ])rairie  fire  came,  driven  by  a  strong 
wind,  and  swept  over  the  j)lace  where  this  unjust  woman  and  her  family 
were  camping.  The  fire  burned  up  her  tepee  and  everything  it  contained, 
and  they  barely  escaped  with  their  lives.  They  had  no  food  nor  shelter 
and  they  had  to  wander  en  the  prairie  destitute. 

The  bean  mouse  and  its  works  are  regarded  with  respect,  ad- 
miration and  reverence  by  the  people  of  the  various  Indian  tribes 
wliich  benefit  by  its  labor.  They  feel  very  resentful  towards  any 
seeming  tendency  to  meddle  unwarrantedly  with  the  winter  store- 
houses of  the  vole.  Upon  hearing  of  the  desire  of  a  white  man 
to  make  a  photograpli  of  such  a  storehouse  an  old  man  of  the 
Teton-Dakota  on  tlie  Standing  Rock  Reservation  expressed  bitter 
resentment  and  declared  himself  ready  to  fight  to  prevent  such 
a  thing  from  being  done.  He  said  "We  have  enough  misfortune 
already,  counting  the  war  and  the  epidemic  of  influenza,  without 
inviting  furtlier  disaster  by  such  sacrilege." 

In  the  montli  of  November,  after  the  voles  liaye  harvested 
their  beans  and  laid  them  u})  in  tlieir  storehouses  for  the  winter, 
the  people  often  go  out  alone  and  sit  near  some  such  storehouse 
in  silent  meditation  on  the  ways  of  Providence.  At  that  time  of 
year  missionaries  and  priests  are  often  pained  and  puzzled  be- 
cause of  the  absence  of  some  of  their  church  members  from 
Sunday  service  or  from  mass  on  Sunday  morning.  They  do  not 
know,  and  likely  would  not  appreciate  or  understand  the  feel- 
ing which  has  caused  these  people  to  go  out  at  such  a  time,  not 
to  the  church  but  out  to  the  quiet  place  under  the  open  heaven 
where  they  sit  upon  the  lap  of  Mother  Earth  to  reverently  and 
thankfully  meditate  upon  the  mysteries  of  nature  and  the  won- 
derful provisions  of  God  in  nature. 

At  such  times  they  like  to  bring  in  to  their  homes  or  to  their 
churches  some  object  connected  with  the  bean  mouse  and  his 
marvelous  ways  and  work.     If  they  find  some  beans  which  the 


THE  GROUND  BEAN  AND  THE  BEAN  MOUSE     609 

vole  has  spilled  in  transportation  to  his  storehouse,  or  a  tree  leaf 
which  the  bean  mouse  has  used  as  his  sled  for  carrying  his 
loads  from  field  to  storehouse,  they  will  bring  in  such  objects 
and  lay  them  up  reverently  in  the  home  or  in  the  church  with 
devout  regard  for  prayerful  meditation.  Indians  say  that  the 
vole  uses  a  leaf  of  the  boxelder  tree,  or  sometimes  another  kind 
of  a  leaf  of  suitable  shape,  as  a  sled  for  gathering  his  stores. 

At  one  time  an  old  blind  man  of  the  Teton-Dakota  on  the 
Standing  Rock  Reservation  on  the  upper  Missouri  River  went  out 
to  the  vicinity  of  a  vole's  storehouse  to  meditate  and  pray.  A 
man  saw  him  and  quietly  approached  within  hearing  distance.  As 
the  old  man  was  blind  he  did  not  perceive  the  approach  of  the 
observer.  Thinking  himself  alone  in  the  presence  of  the  powers 
of  nature,  this  devout  old  man,  gave  expression  to  his  religious 
feeling  in  the  following  prayer: 

"Thou  who  art  holy,  pity  me  and  help  mv  pray.  Tliou  art 
small,  but  thou  art  sufficiently  large  for  th}-  place  in  the  world. 
And  thou  art  sufficiently  strong  also  for  thy  work,  for  Holy 
Wakantanka  constantly  strengthens  thee.  Thou  art  wise,  for  the 
wisdom  of  holiness  is  with  thee  constantly.  May  I  be  wise  in  all 
my  heart  continually,  for  if  an  attitude  of  holy  wisdom  leads  me 
on,  then  this  shadow-troubled  life  shall  come  into  constant  light." 


glO  ANNAES   OF   IOWA 


F.  M.  MILLS  WRITES  OF  KASSON 
The  editor  of  the  Annals  recently  received  the  following  very 
interesting  communication  from  F.  M.  Mills,  who  acted  so  im- 
portant a  part  in  Des  Moines  and  Iowa  affairs  half  a  century 
ago.  Mr.  Mills  has  been  for  several  years  and  is  now  president 
and  general  manager  of  the  Sioux  Falls  Traction  System,  Sioux 
Falls,  South  Dakota.  He  writes  that  he  is  in  good  health  and 
is  on  his  job  every  day,  though  he  will  be  ninety  years  old 
April  4,  1921. 

Sioux  Falls,  S.  D.,  October  20,  1920. 
Hon.  Edgar  R.  Harlan, 
Des  Moines,  Iowa. 

Dear  Sir: — 

I  have  just  received  the  July  number  of  the  Annals  of  Iowa  and  am 
very  much  interested  in  the  contents,  so  much  so  that  I  have  read  it 
from  cover  to  cover. 

The  picture  of  Governor  Grimes  reminds  me  of  my  first  meeting  him. 
I  was  nominated  state  binder  at  the  same  Republican  legislative  caucus 
which  nominated  him  for  United  States  senator.  This  was  at  the  first 
session  of  the  legislature  held  at  Des  Moines.  There  was  a  story  cur- 
rent at  the  Demoine  House  where  he  stopped  that  a  passenger,  alighting 
at  the  hotel  from  a  stage  coach,  mistook  the  governor  for  the  porter  and 
gave  him  his  grip  to  carry  in  and  handed  him  a  quarter  for  a  tip,  which 
the  governor  courteously  accepted. 

The  account  of  the  Sac  and  Fox  Indian  councils  of  1841  and  1842  are 
most  interesting  and  well  worthy  being  printed  in  the  Annals. 

I  was  greatly  pleased  to  find  in  this  issue  the  "Autobiography  of  Hon. 
John  A.  Kasson."  It  is  a  pity  that  he  did  not  add  to  it  an  account  of 
the  last  fifteen  years  of  his  life  in  which  some  of  his  most  important 
official  services  to  the  country  occurred,  as  you  have  named  them  in  your 
editorial  note  attached  to  his  autobiography. 

Mr.  Kasson  came  to  Des  Moines  in  1857,  just  one  year  after  I  did, 
and  I  became  acquainted  with  him  soon  after  his  arrival  and  was  closely 
associated  with  him  for  most  of  the  time  he  lived  in  Des  Moines,  and 
afterward  had  considerable  correspondence  with  him.  He  was  the  at- 
torney of  our  company.  He  loaned  me  the  money  to  build  our  pub- 
lishing house  on  Court  Avenue.  He  prepared  many  of  the  blanks  which 
we  published  in  our  list  of  1,000  for  county  and  court  use.  He  compiled 
and  edited  the  first  law  book  we  published,  "The  Civil  Code  of  Iowa." 
I  believe  this  was  the  only  book  he  ever  was  the  author  of. 

I  was  in  the  Wigwam  when  Lincoln  was  nominated  and  heard  the 


F.  M.  MILLS  WRITES  OF  KASSON  611 

platform  read  which  was  adopted  and  which  was  mostly  prepared  by- 
Mr.  Kasson  and  credited  to  him  by  Horace  Greeley  in  The  Tribune. 

Mentioning  Horace  Greeley  reminds  me  of  a  controversy  I  overheard 
between  him  and  Thurlow  Weed  the  night  before  Lincoln  was  nominated, 
of  which  I  was  the  only  witness.  I  was  seated  in  the  big  parlor  or 
corridor  on  the  story  above  the  office  of  the  Tremont  Hotel  when  they 
made  their  appearance.  Weed,  the  manager  of  Seward's  campaign, 
editor  of  The  Albany  Journal,  had  managed  to  keep  Greeley  off  the 
New  York  delegation  because  he  was  opposed  to  Seward,  but  Greeley 
had  secured  a  proxy  and  represented  the  state  of  Oregon  in  the  con- 
vention. The  two  men  strode  up  and  down  the  length  of  the  room  in 
hot  controversy.  Greeley  was  as  urgent  for  Lincoln  as  Weed  was  for 
Seward.  This  lasted  for  over  half  an  hour  when  they  separated  in 
an  angry  mood.  I  was  the  only  person  present  during  the  whole  quarrel 
and  I  have  often  wished  I  could  have  had  a  stenographic  report  of  it. 

To  revert  to  Mr.  Kasson — his  efficient  services  as  chairman  of  the 
Iowa  State  Republican  Connuittee  and  during  the  campaign,  made  him 
the  most  prominent  Iowa  Republican.  His  speeclies  were  models  of 
political  oratory.  He  had  the  finest  choice  of  words  of  any  speaker  I 
ever  listened  to.  His  language,  both  written  or  spoken,  was  perfect. 
His  diction  was  elegant,  yet  plain  and  concise,  and  there  was  never  any 
doubt  as  to  what  he  meant.    Every  hearer  could  readily  understand  him. 

After  his  services  as  first  assistant  postmaster  general  he  became  a 
candidate  for  congress  in  a  hotly  contested  campaign.  In  this  first 
campaign  he  personally  gave  me  the  credit  for  his  nomination,  as  he 
did  several  years  later  for  his  nomination  in  his  last  campaign. 

In  his  first  candidacy  there  were  three  candidates,  Mr.  Kasson  from 
Polk  County,  Hon.  Thos.  H.  Benton  of  Council  Bluffs,  state  superin- 
tendent of  public  instructiorr,  and  a  third  whose  name  I  do  not  now 
recall.  At  the  county  convention  to  select  delegates  to  the  district  con- 
vention at  Winterset  I  was  not  present  but  was  put  on  as  one  of  the 
delegates,  supposing  that  as  I  was  publishing  the  lotca  School  Journal 
which  Mr.  Benton  edited,  that  of  course  I  would  be  for  him  for  con- 
gress. Mr.  Benton  was  a  prominent  Mason  and  had  many  friends  in 
Des  Moines  and  the  convention  had  been  worked  for  him.  When  I 
learned  I  had  been  put  on  the  delegation  I  promptly  announced  that  I 
was  for  Mr.  Kasson  and  insisted  that  I  be  left  off.  However,  as  all  the 
rest  of  the  delegation  were  for  Benton  they  refused  to  let  me  off  and 
insisted  I  should  go  to  the  convention.  I  warned  them  that  if  I  did  go 
I  would  do  my  best  to  nominate  Mr.  Kasson,  and  as  from  my  busi- 
ness I  had  many  friends  in  every  county  in  the  district,  t  thought  I 
could  do  something  for  my  candidate.  The  delegation  simply  laughed 
at  me  and  said  I  must  go  with  them. 

Arriving  at  Winterset  and  in  going  to  the  Methodist  Church  where 
the  convention  was  held  I  fell  in  with  Mr.  James  Jordan  and  we  walked 
up  together.    I  told  him  that  as  Mr.  Kasson  was  a  Des  Monies  man  and 


612  ANNAXS   OF    IOWA 

Mr.  Benton  was  from  Council  BluflFs  that  it  wouldn't  seem  right  if  we 
would  not  at  least  give  him  a  complimentary  vote.  He  said  he  was 
elected  as  a  Benton  man  and  would  have  to  vote  for  him.  In  going  to 
our  places  Mr.  Jordan  and  I  occupied  seats  just  behind  the  rest  of  the 
delegation.  As  soon  as  the  organization  of  the  convention  was  made,  I 
moved  we  proceed  to  an  informal  ballot,  which  carried.  I  then  insisted 
on  Mr.  Jordan  joining  me  in  a  complimentary  vote,  which  he  did,  as 
there  could  be  no  nomination  on  the  informal  ballot.  When  it  was  an- 
nounced the  other  members  turned  on  Mr.  Jordan  and  scolded  him, 
which  roiled  him  a  little.  On  the  first  formal  ballot  I  said  to  Mr.  Jor- 
dan, "there  being  three  candidates  there  can  be  no  nominationon  on  this, 
now  give  the  boys  a  scare  and  vote  this  time  for  Kasson  and  I  won't 
ask  you  again."  He  voted  with  me  and  then  the  other  boys,  some  of 
them,  cursed  him  and  it  made  him  mad  and  he  stuck  with  me  thereafter, 
and  we  managed  to  get  the  delegates  of  the  third  candidate,  and  so  se- 
cured the  nomination  of  Mr.  Kasson.  This  pleased  Polk  County  as  the 
people  generally  were  for  him.  Mr.  Jordan  became  one  of  Mr.  Kas- 
son's  strongest  friends,  an  intimacy  being  formed  which  lasted  all  their 
lives. 

Two  years  later  Mr.  Kasson  succeeded  himself  and  at  the  close  of  the 
term  he  was  again  a  candidate  but  was  defeated  by  General  Dodge  after 
seventy-four  ballots.  In  the  meantime  there  was  a  great  change  in  his 
following.  Those  who  fought  his  first  nomination  had  become  his  very 
warm  friends,  while  Mr.  Palmer  of  the  Register  and  Mr.  Thos.  Withrow 
and  Hub  Hoxie,  who  had  been  his  principal  backers,  turned  against  him 
on  account  of  the  divorce  suit  of  Mrs.  Kasson,  in  which  Mr,  Withrow 
was  her  attorney,  and  supported  General  Dodge.  In  1866  my  firm.  Mills 
&  Co.,  bought  the  State  Recjister  from  Mr.  Palmer,  who  made  it  a  con- 
dition that  he  should  retain  the  editorship  of  the  paper  for  a  year. 
Then  the  warm  Kasson  men,  who  had  been  his  enemies  in  the  first  place, 
because  we  didn't  displace  Palmer  at  once,  became  enemies  of  the 
Register,  and  at  my  second  candidacy  for  state  printer  turned  against 
me  and  fought  me,  and  in  connection  with  Judge  Wright's  candidacy 
for  the  U.  S.  Senate,  and  the  appropriation  campaign  for  the  new  Capi- 
tol, helped  defeat  me.  Mr.  Kasson  came  home  to  serve  in  the  legisla- 
ture to  help  secure  the  Capitol  appropriation  in  which  he  succeeded, 
but  he  was  influenced  to  vote  against  me.  Mr.  Palmer  became  a  can- 
didate for  congress  against  Mr.  Kasson  and  of  course  I  was  for 
Palmer  since  Mr.  Kasson  had  been  induced  to  break  with  me.  In  t^iat 
campaign  Mr.  Palmer  was  elected.  After  that  for  a  while  Mr.  Kasson 
and  I  did  not  speak  as  we  passed  by. 

In  the  meantime  we  had  sold  the  Register  to  the  Clarkson  company 
and  in  1874  when  Mr.  Kasson  was  announced  as  a  candidate  for  con- 
gress the  Register  had  brought  out  General  Williamson.  For  sufficient 
reasons,  the  smallest  of  which  was  that  General  Williamson  had  helped 
defeat  me,  I  did  my  best  to  nominate  Mr.  Kasson,  although  we  had  been 


F.  M.  MILLS  WRITES  OF  KASSON  613 

"fernenst"  each  other  for  a  few  years.  I  had  never  undertaken  to  influ- 
ence the  men  in  my  emph)y  to  vote  my  way,  but  in  this  case  I  told  the 
boys  the  situation  and  they  voted  for  Kasson.  They  gave  him  the 
twenty-two  necessary  votes  which  gave  him  the  townshij),  which  gave 
him  the  county  and  secured  the  district  for  him.  Mr.  Kasson  was  abroad 
during  this  campaign.  When  he  returned  home  he  came  to  see  me  and 
said  that  he  understood  his  indebtedness  to  me  and  thanked  me,  and 
intimated  he  would  like  to  renew  our  friendship  which  had  been  inter- 
rupted by  misunderstanding.  I  told  him  plainly  that  I  worked  for  him 
because  I  had  a  settlement  to  make  with  General  Williamson,  that  in  our 
previous  jolt  I  had  gotten  even  with  him  and  that  had  squared  us,  and  so 
there  was  nothing  in  the  way.  From  thence  on  he  and  I  were  the  best 
of  friends.  I  met  him  in  Vienna  where  he  was  very  nice  to  me  and  also 
in  Washington. 

Many  thought  Mr.  Kasson  was  of  a  cold  nature.  This  was  a  mistake. 
He  was  nice  and  rather  precise,  but  warm  hearted  and  of  lovely  man- 
ners, always  the  perfect  gentleman,  a  diplomat  in  private  life  as  he 
was  in  public  life.  Take  him  all  in  all  Iowa  has  never  produced  his 
superior. 

He  referred  in  his  autobiography  to  having  been  a  Free  Mason.  When 
the  Free  Masons  at  Des  Moines  decided  to  build  their  temple,  there  were 
two  locations  named,  on  which  the  membership  were  about  equally 
divided.  I  was  strongly  in  favor  of  the  location  at  the  corner  of 
Seventh  and  Walnut  and  the  other  location  was  on  Locust  Street.  I 
wrote  to  Mr.  Kasson  who  was  a  stockholder,  asking  him  to  vote  for  the 
Walnut  Street  lots,  which  he  did,  and  his  vote  decided  the  location.  He 
was  much  interested  in  Des  Moines  and  in  Iowa  to  the  last. 

The  Annals  of  Iowa  deserves  great  credit  for  publishing  this  record 
of  the  life  and  valuable  services  of  Iowa's  greatest  and  most  accom- 
plished statesman  and  publicist. 

Sincerely  yours, 

F.  M.  MILLS. 


WILLIAM  FLOYD 
After  whom  Floyd  County  was  named. 


FLOYD  COUNTY  NAMED  FOR  WILLIAM  FLOYD         CIS 


FLOYD  COUNTY  NAMED  FOR  WILLIAM  FLOYD 
By  William  H.  Fleming 

Hon.  Pliineas  M.  Casady  who  was  a  senator  of  this  state  in 
the  Third  and  Fourth  General  Assemblies^  was  a  member  of  the 
committee  that  put  on  the  map  the  lines  and  names  of  about  fifty 
counties  then  established,  and  was  authority  for  the  statement 
that  the  committee,  in  selecting  names  therefor,  determined  to 
name  a  number  of  the  new  creations  in  groups  of  three  each  in 
honor  of  characters  of  eminence,  and  an  additional  group  of 
names  of  battle  fields  in  the  war  with  the  neighboring  republic  of 
Mexico.  One  of  these  groups  was  composed  of  names  of  the 
signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence ;  one  of  men  noted  in 
science;  one  of  distinguished  Europeans;  one  of  men  noted  for 
zeal  for  Ireland  in  revolutionary  periods;  groups  of  Indian  cog- 
nomens, etc.  For  the  group  of  signers  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence  were  chosen  William  Floyd,  John  Hancock,  and 
Charles  Carroll.  The  writer,  who  prepared  the  compilation  for 
the  combined  census  figures  of  the  first  sixty  years  of  Iowa  his- 
tory, was  under  the  impression  that  the  county  of  Floyd  was 
named  in  honor  of  Sergeant  Floyd  of  the  Lewis  and  Clark  expe- 
dition, who  perished  during  that  expedition,  and  whose  memory 
is  perpetuated  in  a  monument  near  Sioux  City,  where  he  died. 
Judge  Casady,  afterwards  communicating  the  facts  as  to  the 
naming  of  the  new  counties  of  1851,  informed  the  writer  hereof 
that  Floyd  County  was  named  in  honor  of  William  Floyd  who 
was  the  first  from  New  York  to  sign  the  Declaration.  This 
being  the  case,  it  is  thought  well  to  give  to  the  public  the  facts 
in  respect  to  that  county *si  cognomen,  and  also  relate  something 
of  the  history  of  the  patriot  whose  name  the  county  bears. 

William  Floyd  was  born  in  Suffolk  County,  Long  Island,  New 
York,  December  17,  1734.  An  ancestor,  his  great-grandfather, 
coming  from  the  principality  of  Wales  eighty  years  before,  set- 
tled at  Setauket,  in  the  same  county.  There  William  Floyd 
lived  and  became  interested  in  the  colonial  efforts  for  freeing  the 
colonies  from  the  oppression  of  the  Imperial  Government.  In 
1776  he  was  elected  to  the  Continental  Congress,  where  he  re- 


616 


ANNAES   OF    IOWA 


mained  for  several  years,  being  out  of  that  body  only  about  one 
year  until  after  tlie  war  was  over.  The  provincial  congress  of 
New  York  was  slow  in  instructing  its  delegates  to  vote  for  in- 
dependence, and  Floyd  and  his  colleagues  were  rather  embar- 
rassed in  view  of  the  fact  that  if  they  did  not  vote  for  the  Decla- 
ration they  would  be  in  a  sort  of  opposition  to  the  Congress. 
But,  when  the  trying  time  came,  Mr.  Floyd  led  the  way  among 
the  New  York  delegates  as  signer. 

A  loyalist  legislature  had  held  to  power  in  New  York  for 
several  years ;  and  it  was  not  before  a  convention  was  chosen  by 
the  people,  in  defiance  of  royal  authority,  that  the  colony  de- 
clared for  independence.  New  York  was  tryingly  situated.  Her 
seaport  was  likely  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy,  a  British 
corps  was  already  in  possession  of  Staten  Island,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  great  harbor,  and  a  British  army  was  threatening  from 
Canada.  But  a  convention  chosen  by  freeholders,  who  felt 
they  were  in  danger  of  losing  their  possessions  should  the  re- 
bellion fail,  nevertheless  declared  for  independence,  and  on 
July  9  New  York  joined  the  other  colonies,  where  Floyd  led  the 
way  in  signing,  followed  by  Philip  Livingston,  Francis  Lewis, 
and  Lewis  Morris.  It  is  said  of  him  that  in  Congress,  while 
not  much  of  a  speechmaker,  he  was  a  valuable  member  of  the 
committee,  being  clear-headed  and  a  man  of  strong  character. 

When  the  British  made  their  first  raid  on  Long  Island  he 
headed  a  company  of  militia  and  drove  them  off,  but  in  the  year 
of  independence  he  and  his  family  were  driven  across  Long 
Island  Sound  and  for  several  years  he  did  not  see  the  property 
nor  derive  benefit  from  it.  His  house  was  used  for  cavalry 
barracks.  He  was  made  a  state  senator  by  the  Senate,  as  the 
locality  he  was  to  represent  was  occupied  by  the  enemy  so 
that  popular  elections  were  not  permitted,  but  he  was  afterward 
elected  to  the  Senate  by  the  regular  voters,  holding  that  position 
about  five  years.  In  1786  he  was  made  brigadier-general  of  the 
state  militia.  In  1787  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  Council 
of  Appointment,  an  organization  peculiar  to  the  state  of  New 
York  under  its  first  constitutions.  It  was  composed  of  four 
senators  chosen  from  as  many  districts  by  the  Assembly,  as  the 
other  house  is  designated  in  that  state.     He  was  a  representative 


FLOYD  COUNTY  NAMED  FOR  WILLIAM  FLOYD  017 

in  the  first  Congress  under  the  Constitution,  but  declined  a  re- 
election. 

In  1795  he  was  the  Republican  candidate  for  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor, but  was  defeated  by  a  Federalist,  Steplien  Van  Rensselaer. 
About  that  time  he  removed  to  Oneida  County.  Living  there, 
he  was  again  elected  to  the  State  Senate  from  the  western  dis- 
trict. In  1800_,  1804,  and  1820  he  was  presidential  elector,  vot- 
ing as  such  twice  for  Jefferson  and  once  for  Monroe. 

On  the  anniversary  of  Independence  Day  in  1821,  a  century 
ago  the  present  year,  the  people  of  Utica  presented  an  affec- 
tionate and  patriotic  address  to  him  to  which  he  made  this  ap- 
propriate reply; 

Gentlemen:  The  friendly  and  respectful  address  you  present  me  in 
behalf  of  a  number  of  my  fellow-citizens,  who  are  met  together  for  the 
purpose  of  celebrating  the  independence  of  America,  gives  me  pleasure, 
because  it  brings  to  my  mind,  that  the  measures  which  were  pursued, 
and  the  firmness  of  those  men  who  lived  and  were  active  in  the  Revolu- 
tion, laid  the  foundation  for  that  extensive  happiness  and  prosperity 
which  the  inhabitants  of  the  United  States  enjoy,  beyond  what  is  en- 
joyed by  the  people  of  any  other  country  in  the  world.  And  it  is  a  con- 
solation to  me  to  hope,  that  the  same  happiness  and  prosperity  may  be 
enjoyed  by  generations  yet  unborn.  I  am,  with  great  respect,  your 
obedient  servant. 

William  Floyd. 

One  month  later,  August  4,  1821,  General  Floyd  died  at  his 
home  in  Westernville,  Oneida  County,  in  the  eighty-seventh  year 
of  his  age.  Excepting  two  of  the  committee  that  drafted  the 
Declaration  whose  deaths  on  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  day 
afford  one  of  the  most  marvelous  coincidences  in  all  history^ 
and  Charles  Carroll,  he  was  the  last  survivor  of  the  signers  of 
the  great  instrument. 

An  obituary  notice  of  General  Floyd  said  of  him,  "The  char- 
acter and  conduct  of  the  deceased  were  in  conformity  with  the 
exalted  station  which  it  was  his  happiness  to  fill.  He  was  loved, 
respected  and  revered  by  all  who  knew  him.  His  conduct  in 
private  life  was  as  commendable  as  his  public  works  were 
glorious."  ' 


618  ANNALS   OF    IOWA 


HENRY  CLAY  DEAN'S  "CORRESPONDENCE^' 

WITH  HORACE  GREELEY 

By  Johnson  Brigham 

There  were  epithet-slingers  in  those  days.  As  great  and 
good  as  was  Horace  Greeley,  there  were  times  when  the  philoso- 
pher and  sage  of  the  Tribune  threw  reason  and  philosophy  to 
the  winds,  and  seizing  the  readiest  weapons  of  speech,  hurled 
them  at  the  opponents  of  his  views  with  a  scornful  petulance 
which  closed  debate.  Occasionally  he  found  his  match  in  in- 
vective— as  in  the  case  of  Henry  Clay  Dean,  of  Iowa. 

In  Dean's  "Crimes  of  the  Civil  War"^  was  a  chapter'  entitled 
"Correspondence  between  the  author  and  Horace  Greeley."  The 
unconscious  humor  in  the  chapter  heading  lies  in  the  fact  that 
Dean's  part  of  the  correspondence  covers  more  than  eleven  pages, 
while  Greeley's  part  is  only  a  brief  note  of  five  lines. 

In  October,  1867,  Dean  opened  the  one-sided  "correspondehce" 
by  calling  the  Tribune  editor  to  account  for  applying  to'  the 
Greenbackers  of  that  time  the  epithets  "swindler,"  "villain,"  etc., 
and  challenging  him  to  a  joint  discussion  of  the  question  of  pay- 
ing the  public  debt  in  greenbacks. 

Greeley  addressed  Dean,  then  at  Mount  Pleasant,  Iowa,  say- 
ing: "Should  I  ever  consent  to  argue  the  propriety  and  policy 
of  wholesale  swindling,  I  shall  take  your  proposal  into  consider- 
ation. I  do  not  know  where  the  cause  of  national  villainy  could 
find  a  fitter  advocate  than  yourself."  .  ^ 

Dean  replied  in  a  ten  page  letter,  in  which  he  indulged  in 
much  irony,  more  insinuations  and  a  torrent  of  abuse,  then  at 
some  length  defended  his  position  and  concluded  by  renewing 
his  challenge  to  a  joint  debate. 

He  acknowledged  the  "polite  note"  of  September  8;  was  not 
surprised  at  the  "courteous  tone";  ^oted  the  "jewels  of  litera- 
ture" hitherto  "confined  to  the  barroom  and  ball  alley,"  but  now 
"redeemed  from  their  vulgar  use,"  having  been  found  to  fit  the 
author's  thought  and  style. 

i"Crimes  of  the  Civil  War,  and  Curse  of  the  Funding  System,"  by  Henry  Qay 
Dean.  A  copy  of  this  scarce  book  is  in  the  Iowa  Authors  collection  of  the  His- 
torical Department. 

'Chapter  XI,  pp.  242-58. 


CI.AY'S  CORRESPONDENCE  WITH  GREELEY  C19 

Dean  then  proceeded  to  charge  Greeley  and  the  "freebooters 
and  highwaymen"  of  wlioni  he  is  presumably  the  leader  in  villainy, 
with  responsibility  for  "the  burning  of  cities,  the  overthrow  of 
states,  the  murder  of  the  innocents,"  the  despotism  of  capital 
and  "the  robbing  of  the  poor"  that  the  opulent  may  riot  in 
luxury.  Then  follows  an  extended  argument;  this  with  a  page 
of  abuse  in  which  he  charges  the  editor  with  many  crimes  and 
affairs  including  the  pocketing  of  "a  thousand  dollars  as  a  gift 
of  river  contractors,"  and  of  withholding  testimony  incriminat- 
ing himself.  He  did,  however,  credit  Greeley  with  giving  bail 
to  relieve  Jefferson  Davis.  He  concluded  with  a  renewal  of  his 
challenge. 

It  is  needless  to  add  that  the  veteran  journalist  had  too  much 
self-respect  to  respond  to  the  challenge  or  to  dignify  the  libels 
by  noticing  them. 


ANNALS  OF  IOWA. 


EDITORIAL     DEPARTMENT 


THE  GROUND  BEAN  AND  BEAN  MOUSE 

We  are  publishing  in  this  issue  an  unusually  interesting  article 
on  "The  Ground  Bean  and  the  Bean  Mouse,"  by  Dr.  Melvin 
Randolph  Gilmore,  of  the  State  Historical  Society  of  North 
Dakota.  It  relates  to  a  kind  of  vegetable  food  used  by  the 
Indians  before  the  coming  of  the  white  people,  to  their  manner 
of  procuring  the  food,  and  to  their  mystical  beliefs  concerning 
a  supreme  power  supplying  their  needs.  It  affords  a  glimpse 
into  conditions  here,  especially  along  our  wooded  streams,  in  what 
was  then  an  uncharted  region,  but  a  part  of  which  is  now  our 
own  Iowa.  In  a  letter  to  the  editor  of  the  Annals  Dr.  Gilmore 
says  "Strange  that  our  people  should  have  been  in  occupation 
of  America  for  300  years  and  never  tried  to  even  become  ac- 
quainted with  America,  but  on  the  contrary  tried  every  way  to 
thoroughly  eradicate  everything  American  until  just  recently, 
and  most  people  are  still  trying  to  do  that."  Dr.  Gilmore  is 
doing  much  to  help  the  new  America  to  become  better  acquainted 
with  the  real  America,  the  America  as  nature  had  fashioned  it 
when  it  was  found  by  our  race  a  few  short  generations  ago.  His 
work  on  "Uses  of  Plants  by  Indians  of  the  Missouri  River 
Region,"  published  in  the  Thirty-third  Annual  Report  of  the 
Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  is  a  distinct  contribution  to  that 
information. 

As  to  the  geographical  distribution  of  the  ground  bean  Dr. 
Gilmore  says,  "The  range  of  the  ground  bean,  and  of  its  use  for 
food  by  Indians,  is  from  New  Brunswick  to  Florida  at  the  east, 
and  from  Manitoba  to  Louisiana  on  the  west,"  and  again,  "the 
ground  bean  is  native  over  all  Iowa,  *  *  *  *  .  And  wherever 
the  plant  was  found  it  was  used  for  food;  so  it  was  used  over  all 
Iowa.  Every  tribe  having  access  to  the  ground  beans  used  them, 
and  that  would  be  all  the  tribes  in  the  plant's  range."  And  again, 
"I  think  that  the  ground  bean  ought  to  be  experimented  with 
to  find  what  possibilities  it  may  have  for  cultivation." 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  621 

Young  Bear  of  the  Musquakies,  of  Tama,  tells  us  he  is  ac- 
quainted with  the  bean  Doctor  Gilmore  describes,  with  the  uses 
he  imputes  to  it  and  with  the  practice  of  taking  the  beans  from 
the  winter  store  of  the  mice.  He  says  also  that  his  people  never 
failed  to  substitute  for  the  bean  something  to  maintain  mouse  life. 

Apropos  of  this  subject  we  quote  from  *'The  History  of  the 
Lewis  and  Clark  Expedition^"  by  Elliott  Coues,  Vol.  I,  page 
161,  as  follows:  "We  visited  both  the  villages,  and  sat  convers- 
ing with  the  chiefs  for  some  time,  during  which  they  presented 
us  with  a  bread  made  of  corn  and  beans,  also  corn  and  beans 
boiled;  and  a  large  rich  bean  which  they  take  from  the  mice  of 
the  prairie,  which  discover  and  collect  it."  This  is  in  the  lan- 
guage of  Lewis  and  Clark,  written  under  date  of  October  11, 
1801,  on  page  103  of  their  original  journal.  Their  camp  that 
day  was  on  the  east  side  of  the  Missouri  River,  about  twelve 
miles  above  where  the  Grand  River  empties  into  the  Missouri 
from  the  west,  or  in  the  southwest  part  of  what  is  now  Campbell 
County,  South  Dakota. 

J.  D.  EDMUNDSON  CALLS  ATTENTION  TO 
INACCURACIES 

Our  friend,  J.  D.  Edmundson,  has  called  our  attention  to  an 
apparent  error  in  the  .lanuary,  1921,  edition  of  tlie  Annals,  in 
connection  with  our  reprint  of  "Galland's  Iowa  Emigrant."  To- 
ward the  end  of  that  reprint  there  is  included  "An  Act  now  in 
force  in  Iowa,"  (the  date  of  publishing  the  Galland  book  was 
1840)  and  at  the  end  of  the  act  occur  the  words,  "Approved 
January  19,  1838."  Now  the  first  Territorial  Assembly  of  Iowa 
Territory  did  not  convene  until  November  12,  1838,  so  how  could 
the  act  have  been  approved  before  the  convening  of  the  assembly  ? 
On  investigation  we  find  this  particular  act  was  enacted  by  the 
Territorial  Legislature  of  Wisconsin,  Ibeing  cited  as  "Act  No. 
97,  of  the  Territorial  Legislature  of  1837-38,"  and  "received  the 
governor's  approval  January  19,  1838,"  What  afterward  be- 
came Iowa  was  then  a  part  of  Wisconsin  Territory,  so  that  act 
became  "in  force"  in  what  afterwards  was  Iowa,  When  Iowa 
Territory  was  formed  the  laws  of  Wisconsin  Territory  prevailed 
in  Iowa  so  far  as  applicable,  but  when  the  first  legislative  as- 


622  ANNADS   OF    IOWA 

sembly  of  Iowa  Territory  met  in  November,  1838,  it  proceeded, 
among  other  things,  to  re-enact  those  oi  the  Wisconsin  statutes 
it  desired,  and  among  others  it  re-enacted  this  particular  one 
which  is  set  out  in  Galland's  book,  and  it  received  the  governor's 
approval  on  January  25,  1839,  the  very  last  day  of  the  session. 
(See  Statutes  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  First  Session,  page  389.) 
Dr.  Galland  must  have  had  the  copy  of  the  Wisconsin  statute  with 
its  date  of  approval  before  him  when  he  wrote  the  copy  for  his 
book,  but  at  the  date  of  publication  which  the  book  bears,  1840, 
the  Iowa  statute  with  its  date  of  approval,  was  the  one  he  should 
have  used. 

Mr.  Edmundson  also  corrects  a  footnote  in  "Beginnings**  by 
Tacitus  Hussey,  where  at  page  32  Mr.  A.  D.  Jones  is  credited 
with  laying  out  the  city  of  Council  Bluffs.     We  set  out  below  a 
copy  of  an  affidavit  narrating  the  truth  with  respect  to  this : 
THOMAS  TOSTEVIN  (THOS)         AFFIDAVIT 

TO  Sworn  19  January,  1904 

THE  PUBLIC  Filed  with  Abstract  Company 

On  oath  states: — I  am  and  have  been  since  the  year  1854  a  resident 
of  the  City  of  Council  Bluffs,  Iowa;  my  profession  is  that  of  a  Civil 
Engineer  and  Surveyor;  that  I  am  familiar  with  the  location  of  the  land 
for  which  Franklin  Street,  as  County  Judge  of  Pottawattamie  County, 
Iowa,  received  Patent  from  the  United  States  Government,  which  are 
as  follows: — (among  other)  SEl^  Section  25,  Township  75,  Range  44. 

That  in  the  spring  of  1854  under  the  direction  of  Franklin  Street, 
County  Judge  as  aforesaid,  I  completed  a  survey  of  a  portion  of  said 
lands  which  survey  was  made  for  the  purpose  of  assisting  said  County 
Judge  in  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  the  Act  of  the  Legislative  Assem- 
bly of  the  State  of  Iowa,  relative  to  the  disposal  of  said  lands,  that  I 
surveyed  the  different  claims  of  the  various  occupants,  giving  each  a 
description  by  metes  and  bounds  and  numbered  each  and  all  of  said 
claims  as  lots,  which  from  that  time  were  and  still  are  designated  as 
Original  Plat  Lots  in  said  City ;  that  same  metes  and  bounds  descriptions 
are  of  record  in  the  office  of  the  Recorder  of  Pottawattamie  County, 
Iowa,  in  Book  K,  of  said  records. 

Sworn  19  January,  1904,  before  H.  F.  Rohling,  Notary  Public  (seal) 
Pottawattamie  County,  Iowa. 


GREGG'S  DOLLAR  MONTHLY. 

In  this  issue  we  are  publishing  several  articles  from  Gregg's 
Dollar  Monthly  and  Old-Settlers'  Memorial,  recently  acquired, 
which  was  published  at  Hamilton,  Illinois,  in   1873,  1874  and 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  623 

1875,  and  we  plan  to  continue  the  articles  from  time  to  time. 
The  articles  in  this  issue  relate  principally  to  the  history  of  the 
Mormons  at  Nauvoo.  They  are  written  by  the  editor,  Thomas 
Gregg,  who  was  familiar  with  the  events  he  relates,  having  been 
a  citizen  of  that  vicinity  at  the  time  the  Mormons  occupied  Nau- 
voo. He  was  an  actual  eyewitness  of  many  of  the  events  he  re- 
lates, and  had  a  personal  acquaintance  with  most  of  the  leading 
characters  of  that  locality  during  those  times.  Thus  the  history 
comes  to  us  with  the  directness  and  freshness  of  those  who  were 
in  a  measure  actual  participants  in  its  making.  Other  and  sub- 
sequent articles  that  we  shall  publish  from  the  Dollar  Monthly 
relate  to  events  and  conditions  in  very  early  Iowa  times.  Mr. 
Gregg  was  a  person  of  ability  and  experience  as  a  newspaper 
man  and  a  writer.  At  one  time  he  published  a  paper  at  Montrose 
and  he  served  for  a  time  as  justice  of  the  peace  for  Lee  County, 
Wisconsin  Territory,  by  virtue  of  appointment  by  Governor 
Henry  Dodge,  when  what  is  now  Iowa  was  a  part  of  Wisconsin 
Territory.  We  hope  at  an  early  date  to  give  a  biographical 
sketch  of  Mr.  Gregg. 


ABSTRACT  OF  THE  MINUTES  OF  THE  STATE  BOARD 
OF  CONSERVATION 

January  23,  1920 

Fort  Dodge  Area. — Board  held  joint  meeting  with  local  committee  of 
Fort  Dodge.  Received  proposition  to  acquire  13  acres  cast  of  Des 
Moines  River,  and  the  areas  known  as  Boneyard  Hollow  and  Wood- 
man's Hollow  on  the  west  side,  in  all  about  457  acres,  for  $38,500,  the 
committee  agreeing  to  secure  donations  of  lands  for  roads  leading  to 
these  areas,  and  a  donation  of  $10,000  either  in  money  or  additional  lands. 
Above  proposition  was  recommended  to  Executive  Council  for  accept- 
ance. 

February  6,  1920 

Bice  Lake. — Petitions  were  presented  asking  for  the  restoration  and 
improvement  of  Rice  Lake. 

Resolutions. — Resolutions  were  adopted  recommending  to  the  Execu- 
tive Council  as  follows:  That  certain  lands  adjacent  to  Backbone  Park, 
Delaware  County,  containing  a  mill,  dam,  and  pond,  owned  by  R.  H. 
Bowers,  be  acquired  if  a  satisfactory  price  can  be  agreed  upon;  that 
some  175  acres  adjacent  to  and  within  the  Keosauqua  Park,  which  were 
formerly  held  too  high,  but  are  now  priced  more  reasonably,  viz.,  some 


G24  ANNALS    OF    IOWA 

at  $100  per  acre  and  some  at  $40  per  acre,  be  acquired;  that  the  atten- 
tion of  the  Executive  Council  is  hereby  called  to  the  John  White  land, 
a  part  of  the  Keosauqua  Park  purchase,  as  it  may  not  contain  the 
amount  of  land  it  is  presumed  to  contain. 

February  7,  1920 

Requests  for  Parks.— Feoiple  of  Peterson  ask  for  establishment  of  a 
park  there,  of  which  they  send  map  and  photographs;  requests  were  re- 
ceived for  the  reservation  of  Goose  Lake,  which  were  referred  to  the 
State  Highway  Commission. 

Resolutions  and  Motions.— Hesolutions  and  motions  were  adopted 
covering  the  following  matters :  That  the  Executive  Council  be  re- 
quested to  appoint  a  committee  to  confer  with  this  Board  and  the  fish 
and  game  warden  to  make  rules  and  regulations  for  the  management  of 
parks;  that  the  Executive  Council  be  requested  to  proceed  to  acquire 
by  purchase  or  condemnation  the  necessary  ground  needed  to  complete 
the  park  at  Oakland,  Pottawattamie  County,  and  to  accept  the  title  by 
gift  of  the  remainder  of  the  area;  that  the  Executive  Council  be  re- 
quested to  publish  the  report  of  the  engineer  of  the  Fish  and  Game 
Department;  that  the  gift  of  C.  M.  Mather  of  some  fifteen  acres  of  land 
on  the  Shell  Rock  River  near  Greene,  and  of  land  for  a  driveway  thereto, 
be  recommended  to  the  Executive  Council  for  acceptance,  the  park  to 
be  named  Roosevelt  Park ;  that  the  Executive  Council  be  recommended  to 
acquire  some  twenty-five  acres  near  Waverly,  the  citizens  offering  to 
contribute  $2,500  to  apply  on  the  purchase,  and  to  assist  financially  in 
other  ways;  that  the  committee  of  the  Board  and  Executive  Council  be 
empowered  to  acquire  some  twenty  acres  adjoining  Lepley  Park  near 
Union,  Hardin  County,  which  would  connect  it  with  the  shores  of  the 
Iowa  River. 

Reports. — Reports  were  made  to  the  Board  by  the  chairman  as  fol- 
lows: That  Estherville  people  are  trying  to  get  options  on  a  desirable 
tract  near  there  to  preserve  it;  that  he  and  the  secretary  visited  the 
suggested  area  near  Keokuk,  and  that  conditions  there  are  in  abeyance; 
that  progress  is  being  made  on  Eldora-Steamboat  Rock  area. 

March  5,  1920 
Motions. — Motions  were  passed  covering  the  following  matters:  That 
the  secretary  take  up  with  the  document  editor  the  publication  of  an 
appendix  to  the  forthcoming  report,  to  include  matters  of  recent  date; 
that  the  secretary  be  directed  to  request  by  written  communication  to 
the  auditor  of  state  and  treasurer  of  state  that  they  furnish  the  Board 
with  a  transcript  of  the  entries  showing  the  charges  entered  against  the 
funds  provided  in  Sec.  3,  Chap.  368,  1919,  and  Sec.  14f,  Chap.  273,  1919; 
that  the  secretary  take  up  the  matter  of  securing  maps  of  areas  in  pro- 
cess of  acquisition;  that  the  matter  of  cultivation  of  areas  which  are  in 
a  state  of  cultivation  within  the  Keosauqua  Park  area,  be  referred  to 
Harlan,  he  to  report;  that  correspondence  and  matters  relating  to  the 
proposed  Theodore  F.  Clark  Park  in  Tama  County,  be  referred  to  Ford 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  625 

and  Pummel;  that  the  Toolsboro  Mounds  area  be  referred  to  Harlan; 
that  the  Storm  Lake  correspondence  be  referred  to  Pammel;  that  the 
correspondence  relating  to  Park  Place  Addition,  Muscatine,  be  referred 
to  the  attorney-general  for  an  ojDinion  as  to  whether  the  state  could 
acquire  legal  title  in  the  way  proposed. 

Reports.— Harlan  reported  progress  on  Tama  area  and  the  Keokuk 
project. 

Resolutions. — Resolutions  were  adopted  concerning  matters  as  follows: 
Recommending  to  the  Executive  Council  that  H.  E.  Rees  be  continued 
as  custodian  of  the  Keosauqua  Park,  that  it  be  determined  under  whose 
directions  custodians  shall  perform  their  duties  and  from  what  fund  they 
shall  be  paid;  requesting  that  Executive  Council  fix  a  date  for  the  dedi- 
cation of  Backbone  Park,  Delaware  County,  and  authorizing  the  Board  to 
arrange  for  its  dedication  and  for  dedication  of  other  areas  as  it  finds 
expedicrtt;  requesting  that  Odessa  Lake  area,  Louisa  County,  some  800 
acres  now  owned  by  the  state,  be  assigned  to  this  Board  as  a  park  area, 
if  power  exists,  and  if  there  is  no  authority  therefor,  that  proper  steps 
be  taken  to  hold  the  title  and  secure  title  through  legislative  enactment. 

March  19,  1920 
Resohitions. — Resolutions  were  adopted  covering  matters  as  follows: 
Requesting  Executive  Council  to  accept,  cost  free,  from  Mrs.  May  Clark 
McCornack  some  twenty-five  acres  of  land  in  Tama  County,  to  com- 
memorate the  life  of  her  father,  Theodore  F.  Clark,  and  to  be  known  as 
Theodore  F.  Clark  Park;  requesting  Executive  Council  to  purchase  some 
two  acres  adjacent  to  the  Farmington  Park,  the  same  to  complete  the 
area  of  some  100  acres  given  by  the  citizens  of  Farmington  to  the  state, 
and  that  right  of  way  from  existing  highway  to  park  be  secured  by  pur- 
chase or  condemnation;  that  the  Board  and  Executive  Council  accept  the 
proposal  of  citizens  of  Beaman,  Grundy  County,  to  contribute  $5,000 
toward  the  purchase  of  a  certain  sixty  acres  adjacent  to  the  town  of 
Beaman,  and  that  the  state  add  $7,000  to  the  amount  contributed  by 
tlie  citizens;  that  the  Executive  Coinicil  is  requested  to  provide  a  suitable 
form  of  diploma,  which  may  be  autographed  by  members  of  the  Board 
and  the  Executive  Council,  to  be  presented  to  those  public-spirited  pri- 
vate citizens  who  have  contributed  valuable  services,  property  or  land  to 
the  furtherance  of  the  state  park  policy;  that  upon  the  citizens  of 
Waverly  presenting  evidence  of  their  having  carried  out  their  proposal, 
that  the  Executive  Council  be  requested  to  appropriate  $3,500  to  pay 
the  balance  for  the  area,  and  that  if  the  land  cannot  be  purchased  for 
$6,500  that  condemnation  proceedings  be  commenced;  that  the  State 
Highway  Commission  be  requested  to  furnish  maps  of  the  areas  known 
as  the  Ledges,  Boneyard  Hollow  and  Woodman's  Hollow,  with  markers 
on  the  grounds  showing  the  boundaries;  requesting  Executive  Council 
to  purchase  sand  dune  lands,  not  to  exceed  300  acres,  adjacent  to  Blue 
Lake,  Monona  County,  and  25  acres  of  hardwood  land,  provided 
local   interests   share  in   the.  initial   cost   to   a   liberal   extent;    that   in 


626  ANNALS   OF    IOWA 


view 


of  its  historical  traditions,  when  the  same  be  given  a  name  it  shall 
be  one  relating  to  the  Lewis  and  Clarke  expedition;  that  the  Executive 
Council  be  requested  to  appropriate  not  to  exceed  $200  to  the  use  of 
the  Board  for  planting  parts  of  this  area  in  trees;  requesting  the  Execu- 
tive Council  to  use  whatever  power  it  may  have  to  turn  over  to  the  cus- 
tody of  the  Board  lands  within  the  meander  lines  of  Blue  Lake  and 
other  lakes  in  the  state,  which  lands  are  shown  in  the  following  list: 

Acres  of  excess  of 
Lake  and  County        . .  meandered  areas 

Pickerel,  Clay  and  Buena  Vista 5 

Tow  Head,  Calhoun ^^ 

North  Twin,  Calhoun 87 

South  Twin,  Calhoun * 

Silver,  Delaware 13 

Spirit,  Dickinson 24 

West  Okoboji,  Dickinson 151 

Center,  Dickinson  65 

Diamond,  Dickinson W 

Welch,  Dickinson 18 

Swan,  Dickinson 73 

Prairie,  Dickinson 81 

Pleasant,  Dickinson  35 

Jefferson  Slough,  Dickinson 20 

Grass,  Emmet   27 

Birge,  Emmet    28 

Four  Mile,  Emmet 34 

Mud,  Emmet 59 

High,   Emmet 16 

Twelve  Mile,  Emmet 79 

Little  Wall,  Hamilton. 43 

Eagle,  Hancock 69 

Wood,  Hancock 10 

East  Twin,  Hancock 9 

Round,   Harrison    72 

Odessa  (lower  end),  Louisa  (reported  by  Young) 800 

Blue,  Monona 681 

Rush,  Osceola 42 

Lost  Island,  Palo  Alto 184 

Clear,  Pocahontas  22 

Lizzard,  Pocahontas  17 

Wall,  Sac 34 

Silver,  Worth  8 

Cornelia,  Wright 23 

Elm,  Wright 34 

Twin  Sisters',  Wright 8 

Motions.— Motions   passed   covering  the   following:   That   the   Board 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  G2T 

place  an  exhibit  of  pictures  in  the  conservation  department  headquar- 
ters at  the  meeting  of  the  General  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs;  that 
Dr.  Shimek,  of  the  State  University,  be  allowed  to  select  certain  areas 
in  present  or  future  state  parks  for  the  pursuit  of  botanical  research. 

April  3,  1920 

Eldora-Steamhoat  Rock  Area. — Several  citizens  of  Eldora  presented  a 
plan  for  a  state  park  near  there  on  the  Iowa  River,  presenting  a  map, 
stating  certain  of  the  lands  were  being  donated  to  the  state,  and  repre- 
senting that  the  citizens  were  ready  to  pay  a  substantial  part  of  the 
purchase  price  of  the  remainder,  whereupon  the  Board  adopted  a  reso- 
lution approving  the  plan  and  recommending  to  the  Executive  Council 
that  as  soon  as  assurances  are  brought  that  said  citizens  have  complied 
with  their  part,  that  the  area  be  acquired;  but  as  to  the  building  of  a 
dam  and  making  of  a  lake  that  the  Board  requests  definite  information 
submitted  by  competent  engineers. 

Custodians. — Resolutions  were  passed  requesting  the  Executive  Coun- 
cil to  fix  the  compensation  of  H.  E.  Rees  as  custodian  of  Keosauqua 
Park  at  $125  per  month  in  accordance  with  Section  3,  Chapter  368,  Acts 
of  the  Thirty-eighth  General  Assembly,  and  that  as  to  custodians  at 
other  parks  that  the  Council  make  payment  as  certified  by  this  Board, 
payment  to  be  made  out  of  the  fund  provided  in  the  chapter  above 
named,  and  that  the  authority  of  all  temporary  custodians  be  under  this 
Board. 

Areas  Referred. — Communications  referring  to  3,300  acres  south  of 
Clear  Lake,  referred  to  Pammel  and  Albert;  communication  from  Com- 
mercial Club  of  Storm  Lake,  referred  to  Pammel  and  Albert,  with 
power  to  act. 

Resolutions. — Resolutions  were  adopted  relating  to  the  following: 
Recommending  Executive  Council  to  accept  the  gift  of  some  nine  acres 
near  Union,  Hardin  County,  and  to  co-operate  with  the  Community 
Club  of  Union  in  marking  and  improving  it,  and  to  proceed  in  con- 
demning some  seventeen  acres  connecting  the  tract  with  the  Iowa  River; 
that  Frank  N.  Jacks  be  appointed  temporary  custodian  of  the  Farm- 
ington  area;  that  the  matter  of  Park  Place  Addition  to  Muscatine  to- 
gether with  the  attorney-general's  report  on  the  title,  be  referred  to 
Pammel;  that  the  Board  recommend  to  the  Executive  Council  the  ac- 
quisition by  condemnation  of  some  twenty-five  acres  adjacent  to  Roose- 
velt Park,  Floyd  County;  that  as  Prof.  McDonald  of  the  Forestry  De- 
partment of  Iowa  State  College,  agrees  to  furnish  trees  free  of  cost,  to 
plant  on  the  sand  dunes  adjoining  Blue  Lake,  Monona  County,  as  an 
experiment  in  tree  planting,  the  Board  recommends  to  the  Executive 
Council  that  $200  be  set  aside  to  defray  the  expenses  of  planting  [addi- 
tional action  to  that  of  March  19] ;  that  as  there  is  a  series  of  resolu- 
tions requiring  immediate  action  by  the  Executive  Council,  the  secretary 
i^  directed  to  represent  the  Board  at  the  next  meeting  of  the  Council 
and  call  its  attention  to  each  of  these  resolutions  in  an  effort  to  con- 
clude all  the  business  up  to  the  present  date. 


^*-^ 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  029 


NOTABLE  DEATHS 


Horace  E.  Deemer  was  born  at  Bourbon,  Marshall  County,  Indiana, 
September  24,  1858,  and  died  at  Red  Oak,  Iowa,  February  26,  1917.  He 
was  of  Dutch  and  Scotch-Irish  descent,  the  grandparents  of  his  father 
having  emigrated  from  Holland  to  Pennsylvania  shortly  after  the  Thirty 
Years'  War,  and  his  mother,  whose  maiden  name  was  Elizabeth  Erwin,  of 
Columbus  City,  Ohio,  was  Scotch-Irish.  On  both  sides  his  ancestors 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  Colonists  in  1776  and  always  were'  opponents 
of  slavery.  The  blood  of  the  Teuton  and  Celt  mingled  in  his  veins  and 
his  fine  appreciation  of  the  rights  of  man  may  be  traced  to  the  sentiments 
of  rugged  pioneers,  who,  regardless  of  environments  believed  in  uni- 
versal freedom  and  equality.  His  father  was  a  lumberman,  but  later 
kept  a  furniture  store,  and  in  assisting  him,  Deemer  became  a  skilled 
carpenter.  In  1866  the  family  removed  to  West  Liberty,  Iowa,  where 
Horace,  then  eight  years  of  age,  attended  school,  being  a  member  of  the 
first  class  graduating  from  the  high  school  of  that  place.  After  attend- 
ing the  Academic  Department  of  the  State  University  of  Iowa  one  year 
he  entered  the  Law  Department  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  June, 
1879,  with  the  degree  of  LL.  B,,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  then 
passed  several  months  in  the  oflBces  of  a  firm  of  lawyers  in  Nebraska 
and,  not  being  content,  started  for  home.  He  had  written  J.  M.  Junkin, 
a  member  of  his  class,  who  had  settled  at  Red  Oak,  to  meet  him  at  the 
train.  Junkin  did  so  and  invited  Deemer  to  join  him  in  the  practice  of 
his  profession.  Deemer  abandoned  his  journey  and  after  looking  over 
the  field,  accepted  the  proposition  and  continued  a  member  of  the  firm 
until  his  elevation  to  the  bench.  They  were  successful  from  the  first. 
Junkin,  who  subsequently  served  as  state  senator  with  distinction,  de- 
parted this  life  several  years  ago.  The  circuit  court  was  abolished  early 
in  1886  and  the  number  of  districts  and  district  judges  increased.  Deemer 
with  A.  B.  Thornell  and  George  Carson,  recently  deceased,  were  elected 
judges  of  the  Fifteenth  Judicial  District  in  November  of  that  year.  The 
only  objection  urged  against  his  candidacy  was  his  youth  (he  was  then 
twenty-eight)  and  some  thought  skill  as  a  base  ball  player  (Deemer  was 
conceded  to  be  one  of  the  best  in  the  state)  was  not  commendatory  of 
him  for  the  position  of  judge.  He  served  the  people  and  bar  as  district 
judge  with  great  acceptability  for  more  than  seven  years.  He  was  a 
student  as  well  as  a  keen  observer.  His  readings  covered  a  wide  field 
and  his  studies  of  the  law  were  thorough  and  profound.  In  1894  the 
number  of  judges  of  the  supreme  court  was  increased  to  six.  Frank 
D.  Jackson  was  then  governor  of  the  state  and  upon  "the  endorse- 
ment by  the  bar  and  people  of  his  district  of  Deemer's  fitness,  and  his 
own  knowledge  of  his  qualifications  for  the  place,  the  Governor  appointed 
him  to  fill  the  vacancy  created.     Those  who  knew  Judge  Deemer  ap- 


630  ANNALS    OF    IOWA 

proved  of  his  selection,  for  at  the  age  of  thirty-five,  he  was  as  thoroughly 
equipped  for  the  office  as  any  lawyer  in  the  state.  His  opinions,  number- 
ing about  two  thousand,  filed  during  a  period  of  more  than  twenty-two 
years,  bear  conclusive  evidence  of  his  great  learning  as  a  lawyer,  scholas- 
tic attainments,  wide  knowledge  of  human  affairs,  keen  sense  of  justice, 
faultless  logic  and  powerful  reasoning  and  of  that  wisdom  peculiar  to  the 
judicial  temperament.  All  are  clothed  in  elegant  diction.  His  courage 
never  faltered.  He  was  as  immovable  as  a  mountain  after  having  be- 
come convinced,  save  on  showing  of  some  defect  in  reason,  logic,  or  the 
premises,  but  if  that  happened,  and  it  seldom  did,  he  was  quick  to  cor- 
rect and  eager  to  readjust  his  conclusion.  In  short,  he  was  absolutely 
honest  in  his  thinking.  There  is  a  boldness  in  his  opinions  which  only 
can  emanate  from  a  thorough  mastery  of  the  law  and  entire  familiarity 
with  the  facts  and  a  conviction  of  the  righteousness  of  the  judgment 
pronounced.  His  opinions  will  be  his  monument,  though  he  was  interested 
in  many  activities  and  a  member  of  many  societies.  He  belonged  to  the 
National  Guard  and  at  one  time  was  inspector  with  rank  of  major.  As 
member  of  the  Supreme  Court  he  was  ex-officio  trustee  of  the  State 
Library  and  Historical  Department,  and  from  1898  until  his  death  was 
chairman  of  the  book  committee,  passing  on  the  lists  of  books  submitted 
for  purchase  by  the  several  departments — always  taking  a,  deep  and 
intelligent  interest  in  the  building  of  a  great  reference  library  for  the 
people  of  the  state.  He  entertained  a  similar  interest  in  the  Law  Library 
and  the  collections  of  the  Historical  Department.  He  was  never  without 
the  necessary  time  for  consultation,  personally  or  by  correspondence,  with 
the  heads  of  the  several  departments — Mr.  Small,  in  charge  of  the  Law 
Library,  Mr.  Aldrich,  and  after  his  death,  Mr.  Harlan,  curator  of  the 
Historical  Department,  and  Mr.  Brigham,  the  state  librarian — and  he 
was  exceedingly  helpful  to  all,  for  he  kept  abreast  with  the  work  of 
each.  Judge  Deemer  was  lecturer  in  the  Law  Department  of  the  State 
University  from  1895  until  1904,  and  in  1900  was  tendered  the  position 
of  dean  of  that  department.  He  be;longed  to  many  societies  among  which 
may  be  mentioned  the  Iowa  Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis, 
State  Association  of  Charities  and  Corrections,  American  Forestry  Asso- 
ciation, State  and  American  Bar  Associations,  American  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science,  American  Political  and  Social  Science  Asso- 
ciation, National  Association  for  the  Promotion  of  Industrial  Education, 
and  many  others.  In  1912  he  published  his  work  on  "Pleading  and 
Practice,"  and  was  the  author  of  several  monographs  on  important  sub- 
jects and  delivered  addresses  on  a  wide  range  of  subjects,  only  a  partial 
list  of  which  appears  in  a  volume  entitled  "Iowa  Authors."  The  degree 
of  LL.  D.  was  conferred  on  him  by  the  Iowa  State  University  and  by 
Cornell  College  in  1904.  He  received  a  large  vote  in  the  General  Assem- 
bly in  1911  for  United  States  senator  to  succeed  Senator  Dolliver  and 
was  twice  candidate  for  appointment  as  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States.  Judge  Deemer  was  married  July  12,  1882,  to  Jean- 
nette  Gibson,  a  lady  of  culture  and  rare  graces  of  refined  womanhood. 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  631 

She  with  one  daughter  and  two  grandsons  survive  him.  In  a  sketch  like 
this  it  is  impossible  to  do  more  than  enumerate  the  leading  events  of  such 
a  life.  He  filled  the  measure  of  usefulness  and  efficiency  to  the  brim. 
His  character  and  achievements  are  worthy  of  highest  emulation. — 
S.  M.  Ladd. 


Captain  Edward  M.  Sheehan  was  born  at  Independence,  Iowa,  Sep- 
tember 27,  1880,  and  died  of  pneumonia,  in  the  base  hospital  at  Camp 
Cody,  Deming,  New  Mexico,  January  12,  1918.  He  spent  his  boyhood  in 
Independence,  attended  school  at  Seminary  Notre  Dame,  Independence, 
and  the  Independence  High  School,  attended  the  Medical  Department  of 
the  State  University  of  Iowa  for  two  years  and  finished  his  medical 
course  at  Northwestern  University,  Evanston,  Illinois,  in  1905.  He  was 
connected  for  a  time  with  St.  Joseph's  Hospital  at  Denver,  Colorado, 
later  practiced  medicine  two  years  at  Elkader,  Iowa,  also  a  short  time  at 
Lamont,  but  returned  to  his  former  home  at  Independence  in  1909  and 
entered  practice  there.  He  began  his  military  career  by  enlisting  in  Com- 
pany E,  Forty-ninth  Iowa  Infantry  on  February  5,  1900,  and  remained 
a  member  until  it  was  mustered  out  May  10,  1902.  On  June  16,  1902, 
he  enlisted  in  Company  L  of  the  Forty-ninth  Iowa  Infantry  and  was 
commissioned  second  lieutenant.  On  February  12,  1907,  he  was  honor- 
ably discharged,  owing  to  his  removal  from  the  home  station.  On  July 
11,  1907,  he  re-enlisted  and  was  commissioned  second  lieutenant  and  ap- 
pointed battalion  quartermaster  and  commissary  officer  of  the  Fifty-third 
Iowa  Infantry.  August  1,  1913,  he  was  transferred  to  the  medical  corps 
as  first  lieutenant.  When  relations  with  Mexico  became  strained  in 
1916  he  closed  his  office,  abandoning  a  good  practice,  and  joined  his  regi- 
ment at  Brownsville.  Returning  home  that  winter  he  resumed  his  prac- 
tice until  the  spring  of  1917  when  he  entered  service  again,  and  was 
promoted  to  captain.  He  was  put  in  charge  of  the  recruiting  station 
at  Fort  Dodge,  and  also  of  the  companies  who  were  guarding  bridges 
and  other  property  in  Iowa,  at  Boone,  Fort  Dodge,  Madrid  and  Jeffer- 
son. In  the  fall  of  1917  for  a  time  he  was  on  duty  in  the  base  hospital 
at  Camp  Dodge,  Des  Moines.  In  September,  1917,  he  went  with  his 
regiment  to  Camp  Cody,  being  on  duty  there  at  the  time  of  his  death. 


Hekry  Harrison  Rood  was  born  at  Greenwich,  Washington  County, 
New  York,  February  6,  1841,  and  died  at  State  Center,  Iowa,  October 
25,  1915.  Interment  was  at  Mount  Vernon.  His  parents  having  died 
he  came  to  Nevada,  Iowa,  when  fifteen  years  old.  He  worked  as  a  day 
laborer  and  taught  school  and  in  1860  went  from  Tama  to  Mt.  Vernon 
on  foot  and  entered  Cornell  College.  He  remained  there  until  in  Sep- 
tember, 1861,  he  enlisted  in  Company  A,  Thirteenth  Iowa  Infantry,  and 
was  commissioned  second  lieutenant.  He  soon  became  first  lieutenant 
and  later,  adjutant.    He  was  then  made  judge  advocate  of  the  Fourth 


632  ANNALS   OF    IOWA 

Division  of  the  Seventeenth  Army  Corps,  and  later  was  mustering 
officer  on  the  staflf  of  General  Frank  P.  Blair.  After  the  war  he  re- 
turned to  Mount  Vernon  and  engaged  in  general  merchandising,  later  re- 
stricting his  business  to  clothing  and  merchant  tailoring.  Because  of 
failing  health  in  1875  he  entered  the  employ  of  an  eastern  wholesale 
clothing  house  and  remained  a  traveling  salesman  until  his  death.  As  a 
salesman  he  was  very  successful  and  his  death  occurred  when  out  on 
one  of  his  regular  trips.  For  twenty-four  years  he  was  president  of 
Crocker's  Iowa  Brigade,  was  a  past  commander  of  the  Loyal  Legion, 
was  a  member  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  and  of  the  Sons  of 
the  American  Revolution.  He  had  been  a  trustee  of  Cornell  College  from 
1867  and  secretary  of  the  board  since  1868.  He  was  given  an  honorary 
degree  of  Master  of  Arts  by  Cornell  College.  He  aspired  but  little  to 
political  position,  but  was  a  delegate  to  the  Republican  National  Con- 
vention of  1888  and  was  a  presidential  elector  in  1900,  elected  on  the 
McKinley  ticket.  On  January  27,  1900,  Governor  Shaw  nominated  him 
for  member  of  the  Board  of  Control  to  succeed  ex-Governor  Larrabee, 
who  had  resigned,  but  the  Senate  failed  to  confirm.  This,  however,  was 
not  because  of  any  reflection  against  Colonel  Rood.  He  was  universally 
regarded  as  a  strong,  influential  and  high-minded  man. 


Charles  Clintox  Nourse  was  born  at  Sharpsburg,  Maryland,  April 
1,  1829,  and  died  at  his  winter  home  at  Sierra  Madre,  California,  De- 
cember 31,  1916.  He  removed  with  his  parents  to  Lancaster,  Ohio,  and 
in  1844  to  Lexington,  Kentucky.  There  he  taught  school  from  1845  to 
1848.  He  graduated  from  the  Law  Department  of  the  Transylvania  Uni- 
versity at  Lexington  in  1850  and  in  1851  came  to  Iowa  and  commenced 
practicing  law  at  Keosauqua.  In  1852  he  was  elected  prosecuting  at- 
torney of  Van  Buren  County.  In  1854  he  served  as  chief  clerk  of  the 
Iowa  House  of  Representatives,  and  in  1856  he  was  secretary  of  the  Iowa 
Senate.  Upon  the  dissolution  of  the  Whig  party  he  was  one  of  the 
organizers  of  the  Republican  party  of  Iowa,  and  was  a  delegate  to  the 
state  convention  which  met  in  1856  for  that  purpose.  In  1858  he  re- 
moved to  Des  Moines  and  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law.  In  1860  he 
was  a  delegate  to  the  Republican  national  convention  at  Chicago  which 
nominated  Abraham  Lincoln,  he  being  one  of  the  original  Lincoln  men, 
voting  for  Lincoln  from  first  to  last.  He  won  the  Republican  nomina- 
tion for  attorney-general  of  Iowa  in  1860,  his  opponent  being  John  A. 
Kasson,  and  was  elected,  and  re-elected  in  1862,  serving  four  years.  In 
1865  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  district  court,  but  resigned  after 
serving  one  year,  and  resumed  law  practice.  From  that  time  until  1906, 
forty  years,  he  continuously  practiced  his  profession  in  Des  Moines,  and 
with  eminent  success.  In  1867  he  was  chairman  of  the  Republican  state 
central  committee.  Although  taking  an  interest  in  public  matters,  he 
did  not  aspire  to  public  positions  during  his  more  mature  years.  At  the 
Centennial  Exposition  at  Philadelphia  in  1876  he  delivered,  on  behalf 


KDTTOIUAT.  DEPARTMENT  633 

of  the  state,  a  classic  address  u\)()n  the  history  and  growth  of  the  state. 
He  was  a  prominent  advocate  of  the  adoption  of  the  prohibitory  amend- 
ment to  the  state  constitution  in  1882.  As  a  public  speaker  and  orator 
he  has  had  few  equals  in  Iowa  history. 


L.  T.  Genung  was  born  at  Rapid  City,  Rock  Island  County,  Illinois, 
September  21,  1843,  and  died  at  his  home  in  Glenwood,  Iowa,  November 
15,  1915.  Interment  was  at  Hastings,  Iowa.  He  was  reared  on  a  farm 
and  received  only  a  limited  education.  On  June  1,  1861,  he  enlisted 
as  a  private  in  Company  H,  Fifty-first  Illinois  Infantry  and  later  became 
a  second  lieutenant.  He  was  bayonetted  and  captured  at  the  battle  of 
Franklin  in  the  fall  of  1861  and  for  several  months  thereafter  he  was 
immuj'ed  in  southern  prisons,  enduring  great  hardships  until  exchanged. 
Fo-r  four  years  after  the  war  he  followed  contract  railroad  work.  He 
settled  near  Hastings,  Iowa,  in  1870  and  located  on  a  farm  where  he 
remained  until  1876.  He  took  up  the  study  of  law  while  farming  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1875.  He  practiced  at  Hastings  until  1900, 
when  he  removed  to  Glenwood.  He  was  county  attorney  of  Mills  County 
during  1887  and  1888,  and  was  again  elected,  serving  in  1891  and  1892. 
He  was  the  Democratic  candidate  for  the  General  Assembly  once,  and 
in  1896  was  the  Democratic  candidate  for  Congress  in  the  Ninth  Iowa 
District,  but  was  defeated  by  A.  I>,  Hager.  At  diiferent  times  he  was 
a  delegate  to  national  Democratic  conventions.  He  was  a  man  of 
marked  individuality  and  great  originality,  had  deep  intuitive  knowledge 
of  human  nature,  rare  gifts  of  language,  a  keen  sense  of  humor,  and 
exercised  great  power  over  audiences  and  juries.  He  attained  a  high 
standing  at  the  bar. 


Captain  Lfo  Parrott  LkBron  was  born  in  Keokuk,  July  12,  1874,  and 
was  drowned  on  the  sinking  of  the  Tuscania  off  the  coast  of  Scotland, 
February  5,  1918.  He  bore  the  name  and  was  a  grandson,  on  his 
mother's  side,  of  the  late  General  James  C.  Parrott,  noted  as  a  frontiers- 
man, as  a  gallant  oflBcer  in  the  Civil  War  and  as  an  honored  citizen  of 
Lee  County  for  over  sixty  years.  When  a  boy  Captain  LeBron  attended 
public  school  in  Keokuk,  was  one  year  at  Kemper  Hall,  Davenport,  and 
later  studied  civil  engineering  at  Iowa  State  College,  Ames.  On  leaving 
school  he  followed  civil  engineering,  being  two  years  assistant  city  engi- 
neer at  Keokuk,  was  then  with  the  Santa  Fe  railway  when  it  was  build- 
ing through  New  Mexico,  was  with  the  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy 
for  a  time,  with  headquarters  at  Red  Oak,  but  in  1905  went  to  Guthrie, 
Oklahoma,  as  assistant  engineer  of  the  Fort  Smith  and  Western  Railroad. 
In  1915  he  was  transferred  to  Fort  Smith.  He  enlisted  in  August,  1917, 
at  Fort  Smith  and  was  commissioned  captain  in  the  Reserve  Engineer 
Corps  and  sent  to  Fort  Leavenworth  for  training,  and  later  to  Camp 
Grant,  Rockford,  Illinois.    He  was  then  ordered  overseas  and  sailed  in 


634  ANNAI.S    OF    IOWA 

January,  1918.  After  the  sinking  of  the  ship  the  body  washed  ashore 
on  Islay  Island,  Scotland,  and  was  interred  by  the  friendly  people  of 
the  coast.  In  August,  1920,  the  body  was  disinterred  and  brought  to 
Keokuk  and  laid  away  in  the  family  lot  in  Oakland  Cemetery,  on  Sep- 
tember 6,  with  military  honors. 


Charles  W.  Miller  was  born  in  Buchanan  County,  Iowa,  December 
11,  1861,  and  died  at  his  home  in  Waverly,  October  6,  1915.  When  a  small 
child  the  family  moved  to  Waverly,  and  thenceforth  that  was  his  home. 
He  attended  the  public  school  to  the  grammar  grade,  but  quit  and  com- 
menced work  in  a  printing  office  when  only  a  boy.  In  1886  he  bought 
an  interest  in  the  Waverly  Democrat  and  became  its  editor,  and  con- 
tinued as  such  until  1911  when  he  sold  the  paper.  He  was  postmaster  at 
Waverly  during  Cleveland's  second  administration.  In  1906  he  .was 
elected  representative  and  was  regularly  re-elected  at  each  subsequent 
election  up  to  and  including  1914,  thus  serving  in  the  Thirty-second  and 
the  four  following  general  assemblies.  In  the  Thirty-third  he  was  the 
Democratic  candidate  for  speaker,  and  thereafter  was  recognized  as  the 
Democratic  leader  of  the  house.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Retrench- 
ment and  Reform  Committee  and  advocated  changes  in  the  state  govern- 
ment in  the  way  of  economy.  In  1904  he  became  a  member  of  the 
Democratic  State  Committee  and  in  1906  was  its  chairman.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  National  League  for  Medical  Freedom,  was  active  in  its 
work,  spending  considerable  time  at  Washington,  D.  C,  in  the  interest 
of  legislation  the  members  of  the  league  desired.  He  became  president 
of  this  organization  and  acquired  a  national  reputation  in  that  field  of 
activity.  He  was  a  talented  newspaper  writer  and  a  forceful  man  in 
every  position  he  occupied. 


Brigadier-Gekeral  William  L.  Alexander  was  born  at  West  Point, 
Lee  County,  Iowa,  September  11,  1843,  and  died  at  Pasadena,  Califor- 
nia, December  1,  1915.  He  was  a  student  at  Iowa  Wesleyan  College, 
Mount  Pleasant,  when  the  Civil  War  commenced  and  enlisted  as  a  private 
in  Company  I,  Thirtieth  Iowa  Infantry.  In  September,  1863,  he  was 
promoted  to  first  lieutenant  and  soon  thereafter  to  captain,  was  aid-de- 
camp to  General  Dennis,  of  Illinois,  and  later  was  on  the  staff  of  Major- 
General  Woods,  of  Ohio.  After  the  war  he  removed  to  Chariton,  Iowa,  and 
engaged  in  mercantile  business.  On  September  1,  1878,  Governor  Gear 
appointed  him  adjutant-general  of  Iowa.  He  was  reappointed  by  Gov- 
ernor Sherman  and  also  by  Governor  Larrabee,  serving  until  October, 
1889,  when  he  resigned  to  accept  an  appointment  proffered  him  by 
President  Harrison  as  captain  in  the  commissary  department  of  the 
United  States  Army.  In  this  department  he  was  promoted  to  major 
on  June  10,  1896,  to  lieutenant-colonel  July  22,  1898,  and  to  colonel  in 
1899.     On  July  27,  1903,  he  was  made  assistant  commissiary  general 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  C35 

and  on  January  9,  1905,  was  promoted  to  brigadier-general  and  placed 
on  the  retired  list.  He  was  held  in  high  esteem  by  the  public  and  the 
governors  under  whoni  he  served  as  adjutant-genei-al.  The  United 
States  War  Department  regarded  him  as  a  military  man  of  excellent 
judgment  and  ability.  He  retained  his  legal  residence  at  Chariton  until 
a  few  years  before  his  death,  when  he  removed  to  Pasadena,  California. 


George  W.  Seevers  was  born  in  Coshocton  County,  Ohio,  in  1843,  and 
died  at  his  home  in  Oskaloosa,  Iowa,  December  30,  1916.  When  a  small 
boy  he  came  with  his  parents  to  a  farm  near  Oskaloosa.  There  he  at- 
tended public  school  and  graduated  from  Oskaloosa  College,  being  a 
member  of  the  first  graduating  class  of  that  institution.  He  then  took 
a  course  in  law  at  Ann  Arbor.  Michigan,  and  commenced  practice  in 
Oskaloosa.  Soon  thereafter  he  removed  to  Indianola  and  formed  a 
partnership  with  his  father-in-law,  P.  Gad  Bryan,  which  continued  until 
Colonel  Bryan  removed  to  Des  Moines.  He  then  became  a  partner  with 
E.  D.  Sampson.  He  later  removed  to  Des  Moines,  but  in  1885  poor 
health  caused  him  to  go  to  Wyoming,  where  he  remained  three  years. 
Returning  to  Iowa  he  again  located  in  Oskaloosa  and  formed  a  part- 
nership with  Judge  W.  H.  Seevers.  Soon  thereafter  he  became  general 
solicitor  for  the  Iowa  Central  Railway  Company  and  when  that  company 
consolidated  with  the  Minneapolis  &  St.  Louis  Railroad  Company  he 
became  general  counsel  for  the  combined  companies  with  headquarters 
at  Minneapolis.  After  twxnty-five  years  with  these  two  companies  he 
retired  and  lived  on  the  old  homestead  near  Oskaloosa,  but  w^as  reta^ined 
by  the  company  as  consulting  counsel.  He  was  a  very  successful  lawyer, 
standing  high  in  the  profession. 


James  H.  Wilsok  was  born  in  Kings  County,  .New  York,  in  1846,  and 
died  on  November  21,  1916,  at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  being 
there  temporarily  attending  a  convention  of  railroad  commissioners.  In- 
terment was  at  Menlo,  Iowa.  In  1862  he  enlisted  in  the  One  hundred  and 
twenty-seventh  New  York  Volunteers  Infantry,  and  was  later  trans- 
ferred to  the  Fifty-fourth  New  York  Volunteer  Infantry,  and  served 
until  1865.  In  1868  he  came  to  Iowa  and  engaged  in  farming  in  the  north 
part  of  Adair  County,  purchasing  a  farm  there.  He  was  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  Patrons  of  Husbandry  and  of  the  Farmers'  Alliance,  and  was 
devoted  to  farming  interests.  He  took  an  active  interest  in  politics,  his 
first  public  position  being  that  of  township  trustee  in  Adair  County. 
In  1894  he  was  a  doorkeeper  in  the  House  of  Representatives  at  Des 
Moines.  The  following  term,  in  1896,  he  was  sergeant-at-arms  of  the 
House  and  also  in  the  special  session  in  1897.  When  John  Herriott 
was  treasurer  of  state  from  1895  to  1901,  Mr.  Wilson  was  with  him 
much  of  the  time  as  an  assistant  in  the  office.  When  W.  B.  Martin 
became  secretary  of  state  in  1901  Mr.  Wilson  was  made  document  li- 
brarian, and  practically  built  up  that  department,  remaining  in  it 
throughout  the  administration  of  Mr.  Martin  and  of  W.  C.  Hay  ward. 


686  ANNM.S   OF    IOWA 

which  extended  to  January,  1913.  During  a  portion  of  that  time  he 
also  acted  as  private  secretary  to  Lieutenant-Governor  John  Herriott 
during  sessions  of  the  legislature.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Board 
of  Trustees  of  the  Iowa  State  College  at  Ames  from  1903  to  1908.  In 
November,  1914,  he  was  elected  railroad  commissioner,  and  was  holding 
that  position  at  the  time  of  his  death.  Mr.  Wilson  loved  politics,  had 
consummate  skill  as  a  politician,  was  perhaps  personally  acquainted 
with  more  Iowa  political  men  than  was  any  one  else  of  his  generation, 
and  was  a  trusted  political  adviser  of  many  successful  public  men  of 
Iowa. 


Lot  Abraham  was  born  in  Butler  County,  Ohio,  April  18,  1838,  and 
died  at  his  home  a  few  miles  south  of  Mount  Pleasant,  Iowa,  July  23, 
1920.  In  1841  he  was  brought  by  his  parents  to  Center  Township, 
Henry  County,  Iowa,  where  his  father  purchased  the  land  on  which 
Captain  Abraham  made  his  home  the  rest  of  his  life.  His  schooling  was 
obtained  in  the  country  schools  of  his  neighborhood,  but  his  education 
was  added  to  through  life  by  extensive  reading,  travel,  observation  and 
experience.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  enlisted  as  a  private 
in  Company  D,  Fourth  Iowa  Cavalry.  Within  six  months  he  was  pro- 
moted to  first  lieutenant  and  at  the  end  of  the  year  was  made  captain. 
His  military  career  was  in  every  way  creditable  and  he  received  his 
honorable  discharge  August  8,  1865.  On  returning  home  he  engaged  in 
farming  and  stock  raising.  In  1881  he  was  elected  senator  and  served 
in  the  Nineteenth  and  Twentieth  General  Assemblies  where  he  was 
active  in  legislation  pertaining  to  prohibition  and  agriculture.  At  that 
early  time  he  opposed  members  of  the  general  assembly  accepting  rail- 
road passes.  He  was  active  in  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  was 
commander  of  his  home  post,  was  frequently  a  delegate  to  state  and 
national  encampments,  and  in  1911  was  elected  commander  of  the  De- 
partment of  Iowa.  He  was  a  prominent  and  influential  leader  in  the 
Republican  party  in  his  county  and  district.  He  succeeded  as  a  farmer 
and  business  man,  was  an  extensive  traveler  in  the  United  States,  had 
visited  many  countries  in  Europe,  also  Egypt  and  the  Holy  Lands,  was 
an  active  member  of  his  church,  and  a  progressive  Christian  gentleman. 
He  was  endowed  with  fine  natural  musical  and  dramatic  talent  which  he 
used  to  the  benefit  of  the  Grand  Army  and  for  benevolent  purposes.  He 
gave  his  Civil  War  relics  to  the  Historical  Department  of  Iowa. 


Charms  Tjitmbull  Granger  was  born  in  Monroe  County,  New  York, 
October  9,  1836,  and  died  in  Long  Beach,  California,  October  26,  1915. 
Interment  was  at  Waukon,  lov/a.  His  boyhood  was  spent  in  Ohio  and 
Illinois.  He  came  to  Iowa  in  1854.  For  a  few  years  he  taught  school 
in  Allamakee  and  Mitchell  counties.  He  served  as  county  superin- 
tendent of  schools  of  Mitchell  County  for  a  short  time.    While  teaching 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  637 

in  the  town  of  Mitchell  in  1862  he  organized  Company  K,  Twenty- 
seventh  Iowa  Infantry,  became  its  captain  and  served  as  such  until  the 
close  of  the  war.  He  also  frequently  served  as  judge  advocate  while 
in  the  army.  While  teaching  he  had  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1860.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  came  to  Waukon  and  en- 
gaged in  law  practice,  forming  a  partnership  with  Judge  Hatch.  He 
served  as  district  attorney  of  his  district,  composed  of  six  counties, 
from  1869  to  1872.  He  was  then  elected  circuit  judge  and  served 
until  the  office  was  abolished  in  1886.  He  was  at  once  elected  district 
judge  and  in  1888  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Iowa.  He  served 
in  that  position  until  1900.  He  was  an  enthusiastic  Mason  and  became 
grand  master  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Iowa  in  1884  and  was  re-elected  in 
1885.  He  was  the  author  of  the  Code  of  Masonic  Law  of  Iowa.  He  was 
a  cultured  man  and  an  able  jurist. 


Samuel  Wakefield  Neal  was  born  in  Westmoreland  County,  Penn- 
sylvania, February  27,  1844,  and  died  at  Washington,  Iowa,  November 
16,  1916.  He  came  with  his  parents  to  Crawfordsville,  Washington 
County,  in  1845.  He  attended  common  school,  academy  at  Washington 
and  Iowa  Wesleyan  College  at  Mount  Pleasant.  While  still  in  college  he 
enlisted  in  August,  1862,  in  Company  I,  Twenty-fifth  Iowa  Infantry, 
and  served  until  the  close  of  the  war.  Returning  from  the  war  he  en- 
gaged in  farming  near  Crawfordsville,  and  continued  farming  there 
until  1888  when  he  was  elected  clerk  of  the  District  Court  of  Washington 
County.  He  was  re-elected  two  years  later,  holding  the  position  four 
years.  He  then  bought  an  interest  in  the  Washington  Gazette  and  con- 
tinued to  aid  in  publishing  it  for  thirteen  years,  or  until  1905.  He  served 
as  secretary  of  the  Iowa  Senate  in  1909.  In  1910  he  was  elected  senator 
from  the  Henry- Washington  district,  and  as  such  he  served  in  tlic 
Thirty-fourth  and  Thirty-fifth  General  Asseinblies.  He  was  a  Republi- 
can in  politics.  He  served  as  superintendent  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Sunday  School  at  W^ashington  for  ten  years  and  as  a  delegate  from 
Iowa  he  attended  the  World's  Sunday  School  Convention  at  Rome,  Italy, 
in  May,  1907.  At  the  close  of  the  convention  he  visited  the  Holy  Lands 
and   several   adjacent   countries. 


Charles  Monroe  Justkik  was  born  at  Fairfield,  Iowa,  May  18,  1855, 
and  died  in  his  native  town,  December  22,  1915.  He  was  the  oldest  child  of 
William  W.  and  Elizabeth  Patrick  Junkin.  His  education  was  obtained 
in  the  public  schools  of  Fairfield,  at  Denmark  Academy  and  Iowa  Col- 
lege, Grinnell.  He  began  his  life  work  on  the  Fairfield  Ledger  in  1865, 
his  first  work  being  to  set  the  type  of  the  article  telling  of  the  assassina- 
tion of  President  Lincoln.  After  serving  his  apprenticeship  under  his 
father,  he  further  fitted  himself  for  newspaper  work  in  various  states 
and  in  the  Government  Printing  Office  at  Washington,  D.  C.     On  May 


638  ANNALS    OF    IOWA 

26,  1878,  he  was  admitted  into  partnership  with  his  father,  this  partner- 
ship continuing  until  the  death  of  the  latter  in  1903,  after  which  time  he 
was  continuously  in  charge  of  the  Ledger  until  his  death.  Mr.  Junkin 
held  high  rank  among  the  newspaper  men  of  the  state.  A  man  of  strong 
opinions  and  pronounced  views,  he  gave  to  them  unhesitating  utterance. 
In  his  forty  years  of  active  political  life  he  formed  lasting  friendships 
and  his  uprightness  and  dependableness  were  admired  by  all.  He  was 
president  of  the  Fairfield  Commercial  Club  and  a  member  of  the  boards 
of  directors  of  various  manufacturing  corporations. 


Major  William  Dean  was  born  at  Tipton,  Iowa,  February  19,  1888, 
and  died  of  influenza,  at  Camp  Dodge,  October  30,  1918.  He  graduated 
from  the  Tipton  High  School  and  attended  the  State  University  of  Iowa 
a  short  time  when,  on  March  8,  1908,  he  entered  the  United  States  Mili- 
tary Academy  at  West  Point,  graduating  therefrom  in  1912.  He  was 
famous  as  a  football  player  and  an  athlete  and  is  said  to  have  held  the 
best  all-round  record  as  a  military  man  of  any  one  in  his  class.  After 
graduation  he  was  assigned  as  a  second  lieutenant  to  Fort  Benjamin 
Harrison,  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  and  in  1916  was  sent  to  Texas  City  at 
the  time  of  the  trouble  on  our  southern  border.  From  there  he  went 
to  the  Philippines  where  he  was  for  three  years,  and  where  he  was 
promoted  first  to  captain  and  then  to  major.  His  efficiency  in  machine 
gun  practice  was  such  that  on  returning  to  the  United  States  he  was 
made  instructor  in  that  branch  of  service  at  Camp  Custer,  Michigan, 
during  July,  1918,  then  at  Camp  Hancock,  Georgia,  where  he  remained 
until  his  assignment  to  Camp  Dodge,  where  he  was  divisional  instructor. 
He  was  an  ideal  soldier  and  gave  great  promise  of  a  notable  career. 


Joseph  Warrek  Ciiekey  was  born  in  Illinois,  November  28,  1845,  and 
died  at  Keosauqua,  Iowa,  December  22,  1916.  When  but  a  child  he  re- 
moved with  his  parents  to  Keosauqua,  attended  the  public  schools  and 
was  apprenticed  to  a  shoemaker  until  he  was  eighteen  years  old.  In 
March,  1864,  he  enlisted  in  Company  E,  Fifteenth  Iowa  Infantry,  and 
served  in  the  Crocker  Brigade  until  he  was  wounded  in  a  preliminary 
engagement  before  the  battle  of  Atlanta.  He  was  then  confined  in  the 
hospital  until  the  close  of  the  war.  He  returned  to  Keosauqua,  attended 
the  Iowa  Wesleyan  University  at  Mount  Pleasant  for  a  year,  taught 
school  and  entered  the  ministry  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in 
1869.  He  served  in  the  pastoral  relation  at  Farmington,  Fort  Madison, 
Troy  Circuit,  Birmingham  Circuit,  Bloomfield  and  West  Liberty.  In  1882, 
on  account  of  defective  hearing,  he  retired  from  the  ministry  to  a  farm 
in  Harrison  County,  Missouri,  where  he  lived  for  seventeen  years,  work- 
ing on  the  farm  and  acting  as  pastor  wherever  needed.  In  1899  he 
returned  to  Keosauqua  where  he  made  his  home,  serving  as  supply 
pastor  on  request  and  acting  as  church  treasurer  for  a  number  of  years. 


EDITORIAL  DEPARTMENT  639 

He  was  a  great  reader  and   student  and  contributed  many  valuable 
historical  articles  to  the  Aknals  of  Iowa  and  other  publications. 


Alexander  Mardis  was  born  in  Guernsey  County,  Ohio,  October  10, 
1852,  and  died  at  his  home  in  Corydon,  Iowa,  September  18,  1920.  He 
was  brought  by  his  parents  to  Clarke  Countj'-,  Iowa,  in  1857,  and  he 
grew  to  manhood  there.  He  lived  a  short  time  at  Princeton,  Missouri, 
but  removed  to  Corydon,  in  1879,  and  made  that  his  home  continuously 
thereafter.  He  was  extensively  and  successfully  engaged  in  contract- 
ing and  building.  He  was  a  member  of  the  local  school  board  at  Cory- 
don for  several  years,  was  auditor  of  "Wayne  County  for  four  years, 
1890-1893,  and  was  elected  state  senator  in  1900  and  served  in  the 
Twenty-eighth  and  Twenty-ninth  General  Assemblies.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  several  important  committees,  among  them  being  the  Committee 
on  Railroads,  and  he  took  an  active  part  in  framing  railroad  legislation. 
In  1908  he  was  elected  presidential  elector,  on  the  Republican  ticket.  He 
was  interested  in  banking  and  for  the  last  eight  years  of  his  life  was 
president  of  the  Wayne  County  State  Bank. 


Lawritz  M.  Enger  was  born  in  Norway,  November  3,  1856,  and  died 
at  his  home  in  Decorah,  Iowa,  August  2,  1920.  He  attended  school  in 
his  native  country,  but  at  fifteen  years  of  age  emigrated  to  America, 
coming  to  Winneshiek  County,  Iowa.  Here  he  worked  on  farms  in  sum- 
mer and  attended  country  school  in  winter.  Later  he  attended  De- 
corah Institute  for  three  years.  This  was  followed  by  several  years  in 
various  mercantile  pursuits  and  by  service  in  the  post  oflBce  as  an  assist- 
ant. For  sixteen  years  he  was  with  the  Decorah  Posten,  first  as  mailing 
clerk  and  later  as  a  business  manager  and  as  editor.  He  also  built  up 
an  extensive  insurance  business.  He  was  active  in  local  affairs,  being 
secretary  of  the  county  fair,  secretary  of  the  local  school  board  and 
treasurer  of  the  city  hospital.  In  1910  he  was  elected  to  the  lower 
house  of  the  Iowa  legislature  and  was  re-elected  in  1912,  serving  in 
the  Thirty-fourth  and  Thirty-fifth  General  Assemblies.  He  was  elected 
to  the  State  Senate  in  1914  and  served  in  the  Thirty-sixth  and  Thirty- 
seventh  General  Assemblies.  In  1918  he  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  the  Republican  nomination  for  Congress  in  the  Fourth  District, 
against  Hon.  G.  N.  Haugen. 


Mary  C.  Collins  was  born  at  Upper  Alton,  Illinois,  April  18,  1846, 
and  died  at  Keokuk,  Iowa,  May  25,  1920.  She  came  with  her  parents 
to  Keokuk  in  1848,  was  educated  in  public  and  private  schools  in  that 
city,  and  taught  a  few  years  in  the  public  schools  there.  In  Ocotber, 
1875,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Congregational  church  she  went,  as  a 
missionary  to  the  Sioux  Indians,  to  Dakota  Territory,  near  where  the 


640  ANNALS    OF    IOWA 

city  of  Pierre  now  stands.  She  worked  in  that  mission  until  1884  when 
she  went  to  Little  Eagle  station  on  Grand  River,  near  the  present  state 
line  between  the  two  Dakotas.  Here  for  twenty-five  years  she  labored 
among  Sitting  Bull's  people,  much  of  the  time  living  alone,  traveling  a 
great  deal  by  team  and  helping  many  Indians  to  change  from  a  wild 
life  to  that  of  civilization  with  homes,  schools  and  churches.  She  was 
ordained  a  minister  of  the  Congregational  church  in  1899.  About  1910, 
because  of  failing  strength,  she  was  obliged  to  quit  her  work  in  the 
field.  She  then  returned  to  Keokuk,  but  traveled  much,  speaking  for  the 
American  Missionary  Association  of  her  church,  urging  support  of  its 
work  among  the  Indians.  She  occupied  the  pulpit  of  the  Congregational 
Church  at  Keokuk  several  months  in  1919  as  a  supply. 


James  F.  Daugherty  was  born  at  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  September  16, 
1835,  and  died  at  Keokuk,  Iowa,  May  8,  1920.  He  came  by  wagon  with 
his  parents  to  Keokuk  in  1842.  He  attended  common  school  and  at 
the  age  of  fifteen  years  entered  a  retail  store  with  his  father.  Two  years 
later  the  father  died  and  young  Daugherty  took  over  the  business.  When 
the  Civil  War  came  on  he  recruited  a  company,  but  as  the  Iowa  regi- 
ments were  full  he  moved  the  company  to  St.  Louis  where  it  was  as- 
signed as  Company  H  to  the  Tenth  Missouri  Infantry.  He  was  com- 
missioned captain.  He  served  actively  in  many  campaigns  and  battles 
and  was  honorably  discharged  in  July,  1862.  Following  his  return  to 
Keokuk  he  operated  the  steamboats  Bridgeport  and  Imperior,  for  a  time 
and  then  turned  his  attention  to  the  wholesale  liquor  business,  so  con- 
tinuing until  within  a  few  years  of  his  death.  He  served  as  a  member 
of  the  city  council  a  number  of  years  and  in  1899  was  elected  mayor. 
For  nine  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  board  of  supervisors  of  Lee 
County.  In  1899  he  stood  third  on  the  ballot  in  the  Democratic  state 
convention  for  the  nomination  for  governor  of  Iowa. 


Homer  H.  Field  was  born  at  Atwater,  Ohio,  May  9,  1825,  and  died  at 
the  Old  Soldiers'  Home  near  Los  Angeles,  California,  April  17,  1920. 
He  went  to  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  in  1841  and  learned  the  thairmak- 
ing  trade.  In  1845  he  removed  to  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  He  served  in  the 
Mexican  War  as  a  member  of  Company  E,  First  Regiment  Ohio  Volun- 
teers. In  1850  he  removed  to  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  and  in  1856  to 
Council  Bluffs,  Iowa.  He  was  deputy  sheriff  and  deputy  provost  mar- 
shal from  1862  to  1865,  sheriff  of  Pottawattamie  County  from  1865  to 
1868,  a  member  of  the  city  council  of  Council  Bluffs  for  nine  years  be- 
tween 1863  and  1875,  chief  of  police  from  1881  to  1884,  a  member 
of  the  board  of  education  three  terms,  the  last  time  as  its  presi- 
dent, and  was  justice  of  the  peace  from  1893  to  1895  and  from  1905 
to  1907.  In  1907  he,  with  Hon.  Joseph  R.  Reed,  wrote  a  history  of 
Pottawattamie  County.  As  an  expert  violinist  trained  by  Joseph  Tasso, 
he  was  a  professional  musician  for  twenty-five  years  after  coming  to 
Council  Bluffs.  ^ 


INDEX 

VOLUMK  XII— THIRO  SKRll.S 


PKRSONS 


Abernethv,   Alon/.o.  .  .  lo'J,   176,    101 

Abernethv,  W.   D 571 

Able,  Henry  1 181 

Abrabain,    Lot ()3(J 

Adams,  Albert    Martin 7i) 

Adams,  Elmer    -:^'^ 

Adams,  Epbrlam     28) 

Adams,  Harvey 285,    288,    28!) 

Adanrs,  James 8,   9,  572 

Agassiz,  Louis    ^(i!) 

Agnew,  Joe 570.,  57 ! 

Ainswortb,   L.    1 178 

Akers,  Eli   D 1:^) 

Akev,  Ed 83,  87,  88.  8<),  <)3,  9  7 

Albert,  W.  E 1-71,  511),  f)27 

Albrigbt,  C.  F ;3;i5 

Albrook,  Cbarles  E 3!)i) 

Albrook  &  Lundy :3<)9 

Alden,   Ebenezer    28() 

Alden,  Jobn    283 

Alden,   Priseilla    283 

Aldrieb,  Cbarles.  ..  15,  61,  118,  229 

307,  383,   169,   181,  630 

Ale-mo-ne  qua  (Fox)    380 

Alexander,  rba])laiii 1-53 

Alexander  (Brig-Gen),  William 

1 631. 

Alger    Freeman    120 

Allen,  Professor    •J91,297 

Allen,   Ik'njamin   Franklin 17;*) 

Allen,  J...'. 380 

Alliscm,  William  Boyd 110,  160 

Allyn,   Frank    It 

Alverson,    Dr 131 

Alverson,    Ed 130 

An-au-e-wit     (Fox) 379 

Anderson,  Lieiitenant-Governor.237 

Anderson,  A.   0 217 

Anderson,  Irene ' 302 

Anderson,  J.   P 59 

Anderson,  James  M 396 

Anderson,  Lew  Wallace 552 

Anderson,  O.   A 228 

Anderson,  T.  T 396' 

Anderson,  W.  Warren 59 

Andrassy,  Count   353 


/nd  riws  (Cm),  Cbrislo])ber  C.532 

Andrews,   Henry   Franklin 397 

.\ndrews,  I.oren/.o   Frank 238 

Andrews,  W.   H 302 

Antoinette,   Marie    71 

.\ntri)l)us,  Augustus  M 228 

.\]>-j''a-ri()()se   (Sac  eliief)  .  .329,  379 

Arcbihald,    Kev 253 

Aristotle    136 

Arthur,  (Mu'ster  A 35i 

Ary.  I.<>st(i-  C 59 

.■\s-ke-])()-ka-\vtui  (Sac) 380 

I>abl)i(t,   Almeii    W 572 

r);!ckenst(:s,  -Incol)    ■> 572,  573 

liackenstos,  W.  II 571,  572 

Hailev,  Amos   11.9,  150 

P-niley,  ]:)avid    380 

Baily, 508 

Baker,  Charles    552 

]?;)ker,   Charles  Y, 131,  135,  -UV) 

]'>nker,  (^eorue    210 

P.aker,  Jobn    302 

Baker,  Joshua  W 506 

Baker    CMrs),    Nathaniel    B....    12 

Baker  &   Ball    135 

P.akkc,  A.  1 59 

Baldwin,  Charles 82,  291,  300 

Baldwin,  Cu-orge    291 

r)a!dwin,   Lavina  K 302 

I'aldwin,   \'ina.    300 

r.aldwin,  W.   W 291.,  301,  305 

P>all,  Carleton  Pov    59 

Ball,  Elmer  Darwin    226 

T?all,  George  W.   (Fairfield)  ..  .557 
Ball,  George  W.  (Iowa  Citv)..552 

Ball,  George  W.,  Jr ".  .  .  .552 

Ball,  Mary   557 

Ball,  Otho  Fisher    59 

Bancroft,  Cbarles    110 

Bancroft,  George 15 

I^anks,   (Gen),  Nathaniel  P....  157 
l^aptieste   (Winnebago  chief).. 282 

I'arbour,  Urvden   17 

Barbur  (Lieut-Col),  Merritt.  .  .521 

Barker,  Eugene  C 1 

Barker,  W.  T 228 


(542 


INDEX 


Barkley,  Alonzo  J 540,  597 

Barnes,  464 

Barnes,  A.  R 59 

Barnes  (Mrs),  Comfort 289 

Barnett,  J.  T 571 

Barnum,  William  H 603 

Barrett,  Richard  C 165-179 

Barrett  &  Bullis 477 

Barrows,  Willard 481 

Bartholomew,  Charles  L 228 

Bartlett,  Dr 431 

Bartlett,  F.  J 571 

Bartlett,  Maro   Loomis 394 

Basquin,  Olin  Hanson 228 

Bateman,   H 507 

Bates,  Edward 348,  460 

Battelle  (Mrs),  Grace  Ann.... 270 
Battelle,  Thomas  S.. .  .249,  253,  270 

Battin,  William 222,  480 

Bayless,  Frank  D 477 

Bayless,  Thornton 200 

Baylies,  Ripley  N 479 

Beach,  Allen  59 

Beach,  John  345,  380 

Beaupre, • 429 

Beauregard  (Gen),  P.  G.  T. .  .401 

Beckman,  J.  W 140 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward 57,  58 

Belknap,  William  W 60 

Bell  (Col),  Frank 300 

Bell,  J.  W 149 

Bell,  Jane 300 

Bell,  John    45G 

Bell,  John  D 507 

Bell,  Rice  H 240 

Benedict,  524 

Benjamin,  Judah  P 455 

Bennett,  E.  G 228 

Bennett  (Dr),  John  C .567 

Bennett,  Ray  149,  150 

Bennett  (Prof),  W.  P 114 

Benton,  Elbert  J 21'8 

Benton,  Harriet 299 

Benton,  Thomas  H...176,  611,  612 

Berger,  Rachel 302 

Berry,  Laura    72 

Berry  (Dr),  Lucien  H '.[   72 

Bessey,  Charles  Edwin   239 

Bessey,  Ernst  Athearn   228 

Bettendorf,  William   P 475 

getts,  J.  C 250,  251 

Bevins   (Capt),  Alva 405 

Biddle,  Nick  275 

Bidwell    (Gen),  DanieV  David- 
son    521 

Big  Bear  (Ouns-cot-a-ca) 

(Winnebago  chief)   258,  282 

Big  Canoe  499 


Biggs, 508 

Big  Head 499 

Billings,  Sanford 107,  112,  116 

Billings   (Mrs),  Sanford.  .115,  116 

Bird,  Joseph 110,  111 

Bismarck,  Prince   354,  356 

Bissel,  A.  M 380 

Black  Cloud  (Winnebago) 282 

Black  Dog  (Sioux) 282 

Black  Hawk  (Sac) . .  .259,  503,  647 

548. 

Blackmar,  E.  C 140 

Blackmar  (Mrs),  H.  W 140 

Blackmore,  Albin  C 557 

Blackstone  (Sir),  William.  .51,  468 

469. 

Blackwell,  435 

Blaine,  James  G 154,  358,  603 

Blair  (Gen),  Frank  P 632 

Blair    (Sen),   Henry  W 182 

Blair,  John  1 212,  540,  542 

Blair,  Montgomery 349,  350 

Blakehouse,  D.  C 149,  150 

Bliss,  Ralph  Kenneth 228 

Blondeau,  Morrice 489 

Bloomquist,  Charley  60 

Boget,  Thomas  A.  B 44 

Boies  (Gov),  Horace 158,  551 

Bolter,  Lemuel  L 393 

Bonnat, 78 

Bonner,  John    302 

Bonney,  Josiah  H 252 

Bonney,  Mary 302 

Boone,  Daniel  221 

Bordwell  (Rev),  D.  N 114 

Boreland,  248,  249,  251,  270 

Bosseron,  Francis   381 

Bosworth,  M.  N 507 

Bouguereau,  Guillaume 

Adolphe    318 

Bourne,  J.  D.  (Waw-pe-se-pin- 

e-ke)    503 

Bowers,  R.  H 623 

Bowers  (Mrs),  Rena 115 

Bowles,  Gilbert    228 

Boyd,  Major  500 

Boynton  (Rev),  L.  D.  W 115 

Brackenridge,  269 

Bradley,  Stephen 159 

Bradley,  Thomas  W 380 

Branch,  Arthur 590 

Branch,  J.  H 431 

Brandt,  Clara  L 314 

Brandt,  Emma  C .314 

Braybrook,    Rev 252 

Breckenridcre   (Gen),  John  C.  .418 

Brennan,  Hugh    478 

Brent,  John  J 571 


INDEX 


643 


Brett, 283 

Brewer,  Daniel 508 

Brewer  (Justice)  David  J.  185,  186 

Brewster,  Ellen   302 

Bridgman,  Arthur 380,  381 

Brierly,  Thomas 489 

Briga:s,  Jerome 302 

Briggs,  John  E 60,  140 

Brigham,  Arthur  A 228 

Brigham,  Johnson 618,  630 

Brigham  (Mrs),  Johnson 540 

Broad  Face  (Winnebago  chief)  282 

Brooke,  Lord 589 

Brooke  (Gen),  John  R 515 

Brooks,  William  M 140 

Brown    (lawyer)    248 

Brown,  Mrs 253 

Brown  (Col),  A.  C 529 

Brown,  Alex   299 

Brown  (Mrs),  Alpha.... 82,  83,  84 
87,  88,  89,  95,  96 

Brown,  Ann    248 

Brown,  Annie 299 

Brown,  B.  Gratz   348 

Brown,  Charles  E 228 

Brown,  Hugh   299 

Brown,  I.    L 75 

Brown,  John    367,  465 

Brown,  John    C 299 

Brown,  John  L 43,  77 

Brown,  Justice 186 

Brown,  Lizzie    300 

Brown,  Marv  Ann 300 

Brown,  Mollie 299 

Brown,  N.    B 211 

Brown,  Nancy 300 

Brown,  Robert    381 

Brown,  William  H 507 

Brown,  William  Wallace 300 

Brown   &   Dudley 393 

Browne,  J.  B 508 

Browning,  M.  D 117,  120,  121 

Bruns,  Armein   150 

Bruns  &  Son 149,  150 

Bryan,  P.  Gad 635 

Bryant,  David 391 

Bryant  &  Stratton   474 

Bryce,  James 126,  390 

Buchanan,  James 457 

Buchanan,  Robert  Earle 60 

Buckhart,  John    508 

Buckner,  Arthur   299 

Buckner  (Gen),  Simon  Bolivar. 300 

Buker,  193 

Buoy,  Lieutenant 247 

Burbank,  Luther  53 

Burdette,  Robert  Jones 79 

Burge,  William 228 


Burnquist  (Gov),  J.  A.  A 532 

Burns,  295 

Burns,  Elizabeth    300 

Burns,  Elmer  Ellsworth   60 

Burns,  "Fan"    556 

Burns,  John    301 

Burns,  John  L 100,  381 

Burns,  Mary  300 

Burns,  Miles   302 

Burnside  (Gen),  Ambrose  E. .  .357 
Burpee,  Lawrence  J.  11,  64,  65,  66 

67,  68,  230. 

Bushnell   (Mrs),  D.  W 235 

Bussey,  Cyrus 153 

Butler,  253 

Butler,  Jacob 195 

Byers,  Melvin  H 239 

Bvington,  Le  Grand  434 

Cabet,  Etienne   246 

Caesar,  Julius 56 

Caldwell,  Henry  Clay.  154,  296,  297 

299. 

Call,  A.  F 240 

Callender,  William 228 

Cameron,  Elizabeth 300 

Cameron,  Simon 460 

Cameron,  W.  C 380 

Campbell   (sheriflF)    575 

Campbell,  Glenn   H 60 

Campbell,   Scott   507 

Canaja,  Lou 302 

Canisius,  Theodore    447 

Cannon, 507 

Caramanee,  499 

Carlin  (Gov),  Thomas  567 

Carpenter,  Cyrus   C 140 

Carpenter,  George  T 558 

Carpenter,  William  Lytic   551 

Carr,  D.  M 60 

Carreno,  394 

Carroll  (Gov)  Beryl  F.  .  .  .389,  552, 

555 

Carroll,  Charles 615,  617 

Carson,  George 554,  629 

Carter,  B.  F 60 

Carter,  Charles  Frederick 60 

Carter,  Job 381 

Carter,  Hussey  &  Curl 388 

Carver,  Jonathan   258,  261 

Casady,  Phineas  M 615 

Casey,  J.  M 559 

Catlin,  Joel   572 

Caton,  Judge 574 

Cave,  94 

Cazeneau,  General  271,  281 

Cazeneau,  Jane  M 271,  281 

Cha-Ka-Ta-Ko-Si  60 

Cha-Ko-kow-a  (Fox)  380 


6U 


•  INDKX 


Cha-Ko-mart 33G ' 

Chambers,  John.  .211,  321,  32 1,  32G 

330,  331,  334,  33(5,  339,  340,  341 

342,  343,  344,  345,  375,  379,  381 

Chandler,  R.  W 481 

Chandlish,   Dr G04 

Chapin,  Dr 210 

Chapman,  Robert 590 

Chapman,  W.  W 508 

Chapman  Bros 482 

Charles  (Dr),  John  F 566 

Charles  II   (King  of  Eng.)....589 

Charlton,  Thomas 380 

Chase,  Salmon   P..  .  .  ;44G,  458,  400 

Che-Kaw-que  (Sac)    370 

Cheney,  Joseph  Warren 81,  283 

638 

Childers,  430 

Chittenden,  Cornelia  300 

Chittenden,  Marv    300 

Choate,  Rufus  . .' 347 

Choteau,  339 

Choteau,  Pierre,  Jr.  &  Co.. 380,  381 

Church,  Jerry 196,  197 

Churchman,  James 508 

Claflin,   Ellen    300 

Claflin,   Mary    302 

Claggett,  Thomas '. 228 

Clapp,  Edwin  Ruthven 126 

Clarendon,  Lord    130 

Clark, 49,  508 

Clark,    A 508 

Clark,  A.  G 373 

Clark,  J.  Fred 228 

Clark,  Leander 553 

Clark,  Lincoln    228 

Clark,  Olynthus  B 228 

Clark,  Sam  M 228,  302 

Clark,  T.   T 508 

Clark,  Theodore   F 624,  625 

Clark,    Townsend,    Wheelin ,-    &  " 

Co 236 

Clarke,  General    I97 

Clarke    (Mrs)    252,  253 

Clarke    (Gov),    George    W...'   144 

148,   165,   319,  398  ^ 

Clarke,  James   246,  50.'» 

Clarke,  R.  L.  B .....'.  461 

Clarke,  William  Penn.252,  253,  321 

460,  462 

Clarkson    (lawyer)    434 

Clarkson,  C.  F." "310 

Clarkson  Company    (publishers 

of  the  Register) 474,  612 

Clay,  Brutus  J I44 

Clay,  Henry 134,  465,"  572 

Clement,  Ernest  Wilson 60 


Cleveland,  Grovcr  .  .  .  .158,  160,  354 

355,  555,  556,   559,   634 

Cleveland,  William  Fiske 228 

Cliggitt,  John 160 

Cloud,  D.  C 195 

Coffin,  Lorenzo  S 75,  551 

Cdkenower,    James    W 60 

Cole,  Catherine  (Mrs  Tliomas).113 

Cole,  Thomas 113 

Coleman,  Judge   117 

Coleman,  James   800 

Colfax,  Schuyler 351 

Collins,  Mary  C 639 

Colton,  J.   H 481 

Combs,  Robert  60 

Comegys  (Miss),  Harriet  C 365 

Comegys,  Joseph  P 365 

Condra,  George  Evert 60 

Cone,  John 431 

Conger,  Edwin  H 551 

Cimkling,    WMlliam    W 228 

Connolly,  John  489 

Constant,  Benjamin 318 

Cook,  Ebenezer    118 

Cook,  Edward  E 118,  160 

Cook    (Mrs),    George    Cram...  45 

Cook,  Ira  118 

Cook,  John  P 117,  118,  120 

Cook,  Lyman    197 

Cook,   William    118 

Cook,  Musser  &  Co 319 

Coolbaugh, 197 

Coop,  508 

Cooper,  Nancy   272 

Cooper,  Peter 78,  475 

Copcland,  Katharine  Guild 228 

Corey,  S.  A 228 

Cosson,   George    60 

Cotton,  William  Wick 60 

Coues,  Elliott   621 

Cousins,  John  A 560 

Coverdale,  R.  E 149,  150 

Cox,  508 

Craig,  Austin   53 

Craig,  John  H !  .  .240 

Craig   (Dr),  William 299 

Cratte,  Oliver  507 

Crawford,  T.  Hartley 321,  322, 

327,  331 

Crocker,  Charles    602 

Crockett,  J.  B 348 

Cromwell,  Oliver   53 

Crook    (Gen),  George 522 

Crosby,  G.  H 551 

Crosby,  James  0 161 

Crossley,    Bruce   W 60 

Crossley,  G.  W 447 

Crow   ( Winnebago  chief) 282 


INDEX 


()45 


Crummy,  the  Misses 252,  25)1 

Crummy,  John   252 

Culbertson,  Miss 249 

Culbertson,  John   250 

Culpepper,  Lord SGO 

Cummins,   Albert   Baird..2l0,   393 

551 
Cunningham,  Ann  Pamela. 3G1,  362 
Curtis  (Gen),  Samuel  R...228,  403 

Curtiss,  Daniel  S 60 

Custis,  Martha  Dandrige   (Mrs. 

George   Washington) 360 

Cutting  &  Gordon 381 

Cyrus,    Thomas    139 

Daggett,    Samuel   Loeke ()0 

Dagiry,  Guv 149,  150 

Dandy, 499 

Daniels,  193 

Dante  (poet)   52 

Darling,  Jay  Norwood....    60,  147 

Darwin,  Charles 126 

Daugherty,   James    F 610 

Davenport,  George  L 381 

David  (King  of  Israel) 57 

David,   Mrs 270 

David,  John  S 381 

Davis,  '^Cal"    94 

Davis,   J.    C 571 

Davis,  Jefferson 424,  455,  619 

Davis,    John    Allen 60 

Davis,    ^Madison    Bartlett 559 

Davis,  Young    260 

Davison,   Arthur   II 15,61 

Dav,  Eliza   302 

Dav,  Timothy   144 

Dean,  Henry  Clay.  .  .  .199,  618,  619 

Dean,  Jannet 172 

Dean  (Maj),  William 638 

Deane,  Ruthven   228 

Decory,  499 

Deemer,   Horace    E...61,   468,    629 

630 

Deffinbaugh,  Henrv 'tSl 

De  Kay,  John  Wesley 60 

Deming,   Minor   R 573 

Denison,  T 216 

Dennis,  General   634 

Dennis,   William    398 

Denniston,  John 272 

Denton,  Samuel  F 507 

De  Puy,  Emerson    60 

Dermott,  Henry  Sage 148 

Deshler,  John  G 195 

Desmond,  William 556 

De  Stael,  Madame 411- 

Devin,  300 

Devin,  M.  L '. 551 

De  Voe,  Walter 60 


Dewart,  270 

Dewell,  J.  S 556 

Dewey,  A.  R 555 

Dewev    &    Templin 555 

De  Wolf,  Frank 60 

Dexter,   Walter   F 60 

Dey,    Peter    A 384 

Deyoe,  Albert  M 60,  165,  174 

Dickens,  Charles    412 

Dickey,  Thomas   507 

Dickson,   Leonard   Eugene 60 

Dillon,  John  F 364 

Dillon  (Mrs),  John  F 364,  365 

Dimon,  Rev 293 

Din)ond,  John  R 60 

Dinwiddle,  John ,  .431 

Distin,   William   L 79 

Dobson,  George  L 386 

Dodd,  Owen    '. 508 

Dodge,  Augustus  C 465,  506 

Dodge,  Grenville  M...446,  447,  448 

450,  467,  468,  612 
Dodge  (Gov),  Henry.  .323,  497,  623 

Dog  Chief 258 

Doggett,  Lawrence  Locke 60 

Dolliver,  James    60 

Dook,    Samuel    300 

Dorr,  Charles  Weslev 79 

Dotv,  James  Duane.  .321,  322,  323 

330,  331 
Doudas,  Stephen  A... 56,  129,  153 

457 

Douglass,  271 

Douseman,  533 

Doxsee,  J.  W 55 

Drees,  Clara   140 

Drew",  Gilman  Arthur 60 

Drips   (Capt),  Andrew  W 405 

Drouet,  Robert 60 

Drowning,   J,   B 228 

Druet,  Samuel 159 

Drum,  Thomas   254 

Dubee,  Basil   2-43 

Dubee,  I.  B 243 

Duffield,  George  C 299,  302 

Duncan,  Joseph   571 

Duncombe    (Mrs),   John    F 241 

Dunham,    Clark    451 

Dunn,  Captain 582 

Dunn,  L.  V 228 

Dunn,  Samuel  Ora,ce 60 

Durant,  H 60 

Dyer,  J.  J 211 

Each  case  43 

Earl,  Willard  Chauncy 479 

Early    (Gen),  Jubal   A... 517,   518 

519,  520,  521,  523,  525 
Easling,  Henry 302 


646 


INDEX 


Eastman,  S.  A 108,  111 

Eberhart,  Major 595 

Eckert,  Chariey   430 

Eckles,  Clarence   Henry 60 

Eddy,  Dr 431 

Eddy,  J.  P.  &  Co 380 

Edey,  E.  C 228 

Edison,  Thomas  A 600 

Edmundson,  James  D 365,  621 

622 

Effinger,  John  Robert 60 

Egan,  Maurice  Francis 130 

Eggert,  Carl  Edgar 60 

Eichelberger,  Frank  W 80 

Eicher,  Livingston  &  Eicher...555 

Elarton,  J.  W 140 

Elbert,  B.  F 301 

Eldrid^e,    D.    E 507 

Eliot,  Thomas  Dawes 347 

Elizabeth,  Princess  71 

Elliott,    Francis    Perry 140 

Elrod,  Morton  John 228 

Emerson    (Dr),    John 507 

Emmons,    Sylvester    579 

Enger,  Lawritz  M 639 

English,  L.  N ...508 

Ennis,  J 250,  251 

Ensign,  S.  J.  Russell 60 

Erwin,  Elizabeth  629 

Eshelman,  A.  B .445 

Espy  (Gen),  T.  S 121 

Ethell,  Henry  C 228 

Everest,  Frank  F 60,  138 

Everett,  Edward 237,  364,  456 

Ewing,  W.  G.  &  G.  W 380 

Eyrich,  Fred   430,  444 

Fails,  Joseph  T 253 

Fails  (Mrs),  Joseph  T 253 

Fairchild,  D.  S 140 

Fairlie,  Major 362 

Fairman,  J.  J 508 

Fales,   J.    F 508 

Fanning, 368 

Farnham,  Russell 489 

Faron  (Congress'm),  Martin  A.182 

Farragut,  Admiral   78 

Farribault,  Oliver  507 

Farwell,   Asa    [[   60 

Farwell,  Sewell    /.  .228 

Farwell  &  Company    320 

Faurot,  F.  W 60 

Faust,  ]'.!;586 

Faville,    F.    F 165 

Faville,  Oran 176 

Fawcett,  H.  S ""60 

Fawcett,  W.  T "149 

Fay,  E.  E ::::507 

Fay,  Edwin  Whitfield 60 


Feenan,  434,  435 

Fellows,  Stephen  299 

Fellows,  Susanna 302 

Fellows,  William   300 

Felter,  Victor 149,  150 

Ferrier,  318 

Field,    Homer    H 640 

Field,  Washington 220 

Fields,  John 60 

Fillier,  Dr 535 

Fillmore,  Millard 465 

Finch,  Dan 213 

Fisher  (Mrs),  Irving 115 

Fisher,  Maturin  L 176 

Fitch,  Elmer  Eli. 320 

Fitch,  George 320 

Fitch,  Rachael  (Helgesen) 320 

Fleenor, 508 

Fleming,  William  H 615 

Fletcher,  247 

Flood,  James  C 603 

Floyd    (Serg),  Charles 615 

Floyd,  William 615-617 

Folsom,  Moses   60 

Foot,  Francis 508 

Ford,  John  F...310,  472,  549,  550 

624 
Ford  (Gov),  Thomas.  .571,  573,  576 
581,  582,  583 

Forney,  Colonel  237 

Forrey,  Samuel 78 

Fosnot,  William 300 

Foster,  Charles  A 579 

Foster,  John   ■ 44 

Foster   (Mrs),  Judith  Ellen...  60 

Foster  (Dr),  Robert  D 579 

Foster,  Thomas  D 553 

Fox,  "Widow"    82 

Fox,  Dorus  M 60 

Fox,  Sallie   82,  87,  89,     9G 

Franklin,  Benjamin   50 

Eraser,  M 470 

Frazier, 55 

Freeman,  William  Henry 559 

Freer,  Hamline 228 

Freer,  Hamline  Hurlburt 593 

Freer,  Louisa  Hurlburt 592,  593 

Fremont,  John  C 596 

French,  456 

French,  Alice  (Octave  Thanet).476 

French,  George  W 476 

French,  Nathaniel 475,  476 

French  &  Hecht 476 

Friedrich  von  Homberg,  Prinz.224 

Friend, 251 

Fuller,  A.  C,  Jr 60 

Fuller,  Burton   60 

Fuller,  Margaret   407 


INDEX 


647 


Fuller,  William   E 47(5 

Fullerton,  David    507 

Fullerton,  William    507 

Funk,  Chloe  (Mrs  V  P  Twom- 

bly)    301 

Furney,  Richard    469 

Gabrielson,  Ira  N 60 

Gage,  Lyman  J 188 

Galland    (Dr),  Isaac. 60,  156,  481 

509,  547,  621,  622 

Galland,  Washington 156,  482 

Gallatin,  Albert  228 

Ganes,  John 489 

Ganes,  Lutie  302 

Gardner,  C.  V 445 

Gardner,  Lion 589,  690 

Gardner,    Simeon    507 

Garlock,  A.  0 555 

Garrett,  Alexander  M 553 

Garrett,  Robert  602 

Garrison,  Edgar  S 556 

Garrison,  T.  J 556 

Gatch   (Col),  Conduce  H 140 

Gayle,  Landlord 254 

Gayle,  William  H 254 

Gaylord,  ■   288 

Gear,  John  H 228,  451,  634 

Gehon,  Francis 506 

Geil,  Arthur   149 

Geiser,  Carl  Frederick 215 

Genung,   L.   T 633 

Getty  (Gen),  George  W...518,  519 

521,  522,  523,  526 

Geyer,  Henry  S 348 

Gibbon,  Colonel 529 

Gibson,  Jeannette  (Mrs.  Horace 

E.  Deemer)   630 

Gillaspy,  197 

Gillett,  Edward  Hooker 435 

Gillin,  John  Lewis 60 

Gilmore,  Melvin  Randolph 606 

620,  621 

Gilpin,    T.    C 60 

Gilruth,  James  Henry 45 

Gilson,  Roy  Rolfe 45 

Gist  (Dr),  W.  W 45,  116 

Given,  John  H 551 

Given,  Welker 45 

Gjerset,  Knut 228 

Gladson,  William  Nathan 60 

Glaspell,  Susan 45 

Glazier,  Simon 45 

Gluck,  Alma   394 

Godfrey,  George  Lute 155 

Golden,  James 247 

Golflie  (Mrs),  George  Pirie 45 

Goldthwait,  Henry   445 

Goldthwait,   N.    E 46 


Goodell,    Julia    Ann 381 

Goodwin,  Clarissa  (Mrs  E  R 

Hurlburt)    591 

Goodyear,  Lloyd  E 46 

Goodyear,  Samuel  Horatio.  .46,  217 

Gordon,  C.  Ira 60 

Gordon,  Charles   H 60 

Gordon,  Henry  Evarts 47,  60 

Gordon,  John   47 

Gordon  (Gen),  John  B 519 

Gorham,   Wallace  A 60 

Gorrell,  J.  R 60 

Gould,  Jay 450 

Gow,  J.  E 60 

Graham,  John 47 

Graham,  Margaret  Collier  (Mrs 

Donald  M) 47 

Graham,  Thomas  W 47 

Granger,  Charles  Trumbull 636 

Granger,  J.  T 60 

Grannis  (Mrs),  M.  A.  (Mrs  Wm 

S  Pitts)  102 

Grant,  Dr 431 

Grant,      Avis     Winchel      (Mrs 

Ulysses    Sherman)     515 

Grant,  Christopher   512 

Grant,  James 512 

Grant    (Judge),  James 253 

Grant   (Capt),  James  Colfax.. 512 

531 
Grant  (Gen),  Lewis  Addison,  .511- 

532 

Grant,  Mrs.  L.  A 515,  530 

Grant,  Miles   125 

Grant  (Dr),  Ulysses  Sherman.  .512 

515 
Grant,   Ulysses   Simpson.. 72,     78, 

384,  410,  417,  424,  448,  453,  515 

Graves  (Rev),  Alpheus 115 

Graves    (Rev),   Arthur 116 

Graves,  Calvin   212 

Graves,  Frances   R 212 

Grawe,   J.    F 115 

Gray    (Prof),   Asa 239 

Greeley,  Captain 280 

Greeley,  Horace.. 78,  349,  444,  595 

598,  603,  611,  618,  619 

Green,    Charles    R 47 

Green,  John  A 552 

Green,  Thomas  Edward 47 

Green,  W.  C 365 

Green,  William  R 393 

Greene,  Professor 294 

Greene  (Judge),  George.. 209,  210 

213,  246,  247,  368 

Greene,  Joseph 210 

Greene,  Robert 210 

Greene,  Wesley   48 


()4S 


INDEX 


Greene,  Willi.am 210 

Greene  &  Bentley 212 

Greene  cSc  Merritt 209 

Greenwood,    William    48 

Gre^g,  Asa   60 

Gregg,  Eva  L 4-8 

Gregg,  Thomas 563,  622,  623 

Gregory,  Charles  Noble 48 

Griffin,  Lee.. 83,  87,  88,  89,  93,     97 

Griffin,  Lucia  B 48 

Griffith,  Helen  Sherman 48 

Grimes,   James    W...197,   321,   331 

349,  375,  462,  610 

Grimes,  John  J 380 

Grinnell,  Josiah  Biishnell 49 

Griswold  (Mrs),  Alice  Steele..   49 

217 

Groff,  Mrs 429 

Groff,  Dicky   443 

Grow,  Loretta  M 60 

Grow,  Oscar   49 

Gue,  Benjamin  F 49,  551 

Gunning,  William  D 49 

Gurney,  C.  W 49 

Guthe,  Karl  Eugen 49 

Guthridge,  Walter 60 

Hadden, .  .287,  288,  289,  290 

Haddock,  William  J 140 

Hadley,  Judge   79 

Hadley,  Elbridge  Drees 60 

Hager,  Alva  L 633 

Haggard,   Alfred   Martin 60 

Haguewood,  Linnie 40,  474 

Haines,  Aaron  W 50 

Hale,    Charles    R 50 

Hale,  Edward  Everett,  Jr 50 

Hall,  508 

Hall,  Newton  Marshall 60 

Hallant   (Mrs),  Julia  Kirkland 

(Clark)     50 

Hallowell,  William  C 225 

Hamilton,  Artois 583,  584 

Hamilton,  Edward  John 51,    60 

Hamilton,  J.  D.  M 479 

Hamilton,  John  Judson 51 

Hamilton,   John   McLean 60 

Hammond,  William 286 

Hammond,  William  Gardiner.  .  51 

Hampton,  Wade •. .  .427 

Hancock,  Ellery  M 51 

Hancock,   F 381 

Hancock,   John    615 

Haney,  Lewis  Henry 51 

Hanley,  Thomas  B 554 

Hanna,  George  W 556 

Hanna,  James  W 51 

Hanny,  W 60 

Panson,  Thor  0 555 


Hnrbert,  Albert  N 481,  547 

Harbert,  Elizabeth  Morrison 

Boynton    51 

Harbour,  Jefferson   Lee 60 

Hard  Fish  (Winnebago  chief). 282 

Hardie,  General 420 

Harding,  Wilber  J 228 

Hardy,  Arthur  Sherburne 52 

Harl,  Charles  M 554 

Harlan,   Edgar   R...4,   11,  52,   148 

165,   178,  309,  467,  471,  472,  549 

550,  610,  624,  625,  630 
Harlan,  James..  140,  175,  176,  459 

465 

Harper,  Will 83,    97 

Harper,  William  C...294,  295,  302 

Harrah,   C.    C 52 

Harrington,  Kate    52 

Harris  (Rev),  John 250 

Harrison,  Benjamin,  .154,  355,  394 

511,  515,  634 

Harrison,  Elizabeth 52 

Harrison,  Lizzie 802 

Harrison,  Susie 302 

Harrison,  Viola   228 

Harrison,  William  Henry 566 

Harsh,  J.  B 60 

Hart   (Prof),  A.  B...446,  458,  460 

Hart,  Irving  H 53 

Hartley,  Joseph  228 

Hartshorn,  B.  F 399 

Hartsock,   E.   E 53 

Hartson,  Clarissa   302 

Hartwell,   S.   Agusta 512 

Llartzel,  Jonas   53 

Hartzell,  Amanda  300 

Hartaell,  Sarah    300 

Harvey,  James  F 397 

Harvey,  John  W 397 

Harwood,  William  Sumner 53 

Haskell,    E.    H 108 

Hasket,  E.  W 400 

Haskins,  Alvin   558 

Haskins,  Norman 558 

Hass,  Jake    430 

Hassel,  Susan  Whitcomb 53 

Hastings,  — 508 

Hastings,  "Bill"  430 

Hastings,  S.  C 193,  194,  195 

Hatch    (Judge),   L.   0 637 

Hatcher,  John  Bell 53 

Hatfield,  Clarence  E 53 

Hathaway,  Esse  V 53 

Haugen,  Gilbert  N 639 

Haun,  Billy  G 121 

Haupt,  Lewis  Muhlenberg 128 

Haven,  B.  F 431 

Hawk,  William  W 559 


TNDi:: 


filf) 


Hawkins,  J.  C 508 

Hawley    (Mrs),   Carrie   W 51- 

Hawortb,  Erasmus    GO 

Hayes,  D.  C 3(i5 

Haves,  Rutherford  15 353,  522 

524 

Havne  (Sen),  Robert  Y 400 

Haynes,   F.   E 00 

Hays,  Samuel  5 1 

Hays,  Willet  Martin 51 

Hayward,  W.   C 00 

Hayward,  William  C 035 

Hazen,    Edward    Hamlin 51 

Head,  Mahlon .ISO 

Heald,  James  Manlv 110 

Heald,  John ' 112 

Hearn,  Benjamin 302 

Hearn,    Samuel    302 

Heath,  General 527,  528 

Heath,  Daisy  A 51. 

Hebard,  Alfred   3S0,  381 

Hebard,  Grace  Raynnmd 00 

Hedge,  Manoah    .  .' 00 

Hedges,    Christian.  .  .131,    433,    431 

430,  437,  438,  440 

Hedrick,  Joseph  H 194 

Hedrick,  Ulysses  Prentiss 00 

Heidel,   William   Arthur 54 

Heinz,  Flora   54 

Heinz,  Martha 54 

Pleinz,   Sanborn    54 

Heming,  T.  W.  B 257 

Hempstead,  Junius  Tvackland..   54 

Hempstead,  Ste])hen   508 

Henderson,    David    B 155 

Henderson,  E.  A 55 

Henderson,  John  B 392 

Henderson,  M.  A 55 

Henderson,   W.   H 571 

Hendricks,    Joel    E 00 

Hendrixson,   AValter   S 55 

Henn,  Bernhart   00 

Henry, 295 

Henry,  Orra   302 

Henry,  Thomas    302 

Henshaw,  Helen  Hinman 55 

Hepner,  G 508 

Hepner,  George 119,  120 

Herr,   Horace   Dumont 55 

Herrick,  M.  W 55 

Herringshaw,    Thomas    William  55 

Plerriott,  Frank  1 55,  440 

Herrlott,  John 035,  030 

Herron,  Lieutenant-Colonel   .  . .  405 

Herron,   Georjre   Davis 50 

Hertzler,   Arthur   Emanuel.,..   60 
Hethershavv,  Fred 149,  151 


Hewett,   Dr 254 

Hexom,    Charles    Philip 57 

Hickcnlooper,   Frank    00 

Higbee,  Chauncey  !> 579 

Highee,   Francis  "  M 579 

Higgins,  H.  M 100 

Ilildreth,   Azro    Benjamin 

Franklin   '. 00 

Hill,  General 515 

Hill,  G.  W.  E 57 

Hill,  Gershom  H 57 

Hill,  James   J 280 

Hill,  James  Langdon    57 

Hillis    (Mrs),  Cora   Busscv 57 

Hillis,  Newell  DwiLdit ' 57 

Hillock,  A.  Eli/alie'th 00 

Hinds,  Peter  IVI 58 

Ilinkhousc,  J.  S 58 

Hinrichs,    Carl    Gustav 00 

Hinshaw,  William    58 

Hirschl,  Andrew  Jackson 58 

Hixson,  A.  W GO 

Hoar,  George  F 294 

Hobart    (Rev),    Xorris 290 

Ilobbs,  Alvin  1 132 

Hobson,  Alfred  N 478 

Hobson,  Jonathan  Todd 58 

Hobson,  Josc]ih    478 

Hodson,  E.   R 228 

Hoen,  A.  B 00 

Hoenshel,  Eli  J GO 

Hoeve,   J.    H -58 

Hofer,  Andrea    58 

Hofcr,  Ernst 58 

Hofer,  Mari  Ruef 00 

Hoffman,  Oskar  W 59 

Hoge,  J()se]ih  P 572,  574 

Hogue,    Samuel    303 

Holbrook,  John  C 228 

Holl)rook,  N.  B 442,  443 

Holden,  Perry  Greely 59 

Hole   in   the   day    (Chippaw^ 

chief)     '. 282 

Hollister,  Horace  Adelbert.OO,  140 

Hollister,  Thomas    591 

Holm,   Gus    431 

Holmes,   Calvin   Pratt 59 

Holmes,  Samuel   59 

Hoist,   Bernhart   Paul 59 

Holton, 499 

Holton,   John    507 

Holyoke,  Marie  Ballard 122 

Homer    (poet) 103 

Hood,  General 421,  424 

Hook,  W^allace  A 122 

Hooke,   E 507 

Hooker  (Gen),  Joseph  .  . .  .410,  418 
Hoover,  Herbert  Clark 14-0 


650 


INDEX 


Hoover,  Theodore  Jesse 140 

Hopkins,  Ed  4.44 

Hopkins,  Louise  Virginia  Mar- 
tin   1^^ 

Hopkins,  Martin   SGG 

Horace   (poet)    48 

Horack,  Frank  Edward. 122 

Horn,   Hosea   B 228 

Hornaday,  William  Temple. . .  .122 

Horr   (Dr),  Asa 161-164 

Horr,  Edward  W 164 

Hostetler,  Harvey 1^3 

Houchuly,  J 123 

Hough,  Emerson  123 

Houser,    Gilbert    Logan 140 

Howard,  Frank 140 

Howe,  Prof 291,297 

Howe,  Anna  Belknap 140 

Howe,  Samuel  Storrs 140 

Hoxie,  Herbert 450 

Hoxie,  Hub 612 

Hoxie,  Vinne  Ream 77,  140 

Hoy,  Oscar  H 124 

Hoyt,  Edwin  H 550 

Hrbek,  Jeffrey  Dolezal   124 

Hubbard,  E.  H ..240 

Hubbard,  Joseph  Welton 124 

Hubbard,  Nathaniel  M 488 

Hubbell,    Fred   M 473 

Hudson,  Elizabeth  Hurlburt. .  .592 

Hudson  (Rev),  J.  M 115 

Hudson,  Lillie  Row 124 

Hudspeth,  Rosa  140 

Huebinger,  Melchoir 124 

Hueston,  Ethel 228 

Huff,  Sanford 140 

Hughes,  Edwin  Holt 140 

Hughes,  Felix  T 301,  304 

Hughes,  J.  W 124 

Hughes,  L.   B 508 

Hughes,  Matthew  Simpson.  140,  478 

Hughes,  R.  P 124 

Hughes,  Rupert 124 

Hughes,  Thomas    228,  437 

Hughs,  George  Shelley 125 

Hull,   F.    M •  ..  41 

Hull,  Horace  H 441 

Hull,  John  A.  T 228 

Hull,  John  M 125 

Hull,  Mattie  E 125,  126 

Hull,  Moses   125,  126 

Hume,  Thomas  Milton 126 

Humeston,  Orrin  108 

Hunt,  Kittle 140 

Hunter,  Samuel  John 126 

Huntington,  Ida  M 126 

Hurd,  Marion  Kent 126 

Hurlburt,  Belden  Goodwin. 592,  594 


Hurlburt,  David   Elmore 592 

Hurlburt,  Edward  Griffin 592 

Hurlburt,  Erastus  Belden 592 

Hurlburt,  Erastus  Dorr 592 

Hurlburt,  Erastus  Grant 591 

Hurlburt,  Henry  Clay 592 

Hurlburt,  Jay  B 595 

Hurlburt,    Jehlel    Burr 589-599 

Hurlburt,  Rollo  Franklin 589 

Hurlburt,  Russell  Higley.592,  593 
Hurlbut,   Eunice  Grant   (Mrs 

Thomas)   691 

Hurlbut,  Henry  H 589 

Hurlbut,  Thomas  . . .  .589,  590,  591 

Hurst,   Alfred    157 

Hurst,  John  Fletcher 140 

Hussey,  Tacitus 126,  388,  622 

Huston,  Dr 431 

Hutchenson,   Bob    236 

Hutchinson,  Horace 285,  288 

Hutchinson,  Woods    126 

Hyde,  S.  C 140 

Hyer,  Tom 463 

Ide,  J.  C 101 

Imig,  Walter 149 

IngersoU  (war  historian)  .  .411,  418 

Ingersoll,    Lurton   Dunham 140 

IngersoU,   Robert  G 476 

Ingham,  A 508 

Ingham,  Dorcas  Helen 140 

Ingrahm,  Zadock  C 508 

Inman,  C.  W 365 

Inskip,  John  S 138 

lo-nah   (Sac) 380 

Isett,    S.    R i508 

Isett   (Col),  Thos 249,  251 

Ivins,  Charles  579 

Ivins  (Mrs),  Virginia  Wilcox.. 127 

Jacks,  Frank  N 627 

Jackson,  A.  W 228 

Jackson,  Andrew 321,  487 

Jackson,  Charles  Tenney 140 

Jackson,  Frank  D 629 

Jackson,  Harry  Albert 140 

Jackson,  W.  T 127 

Jacobi,  Putnam   140 

Jacobson,  Abraham    140 

James,  Edmund  Janes 127 

James,  Edwin 140,  148 

James,  Elijah 140 

James,  James  Alton 128 

Jarvis  (Mrs),  F.  M 128 

Jay,  Evan    117,   119 

Jefferson,  Thomas 388,  617 

Jenner,  Sawyer 193 

Jennings,  Berryman 156 

Jennis, 430 

Jeray, 193 


INDEX 


()51 


Jessup,   Walter   Albert 128 

Jewett,  Sarah  Orne 102 

Jim,  Capt.   (Winnebajro  chief). 282 

Johnson,  197 

Johnson,  Allen   129 

Johnson,    Allen    B 140 

Johnson,  Amandus 2 

Johnson,  B.  W 140 

Johnson,  C.  D 108 

Johnson,  Charles  W 460,  464 

Johnson,   Edward    508 

Johnson  (Rev),G.  J.. 251,  252,  253 

Johnson,    P.    A 115 

Johnston,   Albert  Jeiferson. .  .  .390 

Johnston,   Ben    301 

Johnston,    Ellen    C.    (McDon- 
ald)     390 

Johnston,  Howard  Agnew 129 

Johnston  (Gen),  Joseph  E 72 

416,  420,  421,  424 

Johnston,  William  E 390 

Johnston,  William  F 553 

Johnstone,   Ed    197 

Jones, 247 

Jones,  A.  D 622 

Jones,  Alice  Ilgenfritz 128 

Jones,    Christopher    Tompkins.  128 
651 

Jones,  Eliot 140 

Jones,  Ezra 82,  93,    96 

Jones  (Mrs),  Ezra 90,  93,    96 

Jones,  George  W 323 

Jones,  J.  W 128 

Jones  (Lieut),  Jacob 416 

Jones,  Lewis   437 

Jones,  Lynde 129 

Jones,   Marcus   Eugene 129 

Jones,  Margaret  Patterson 129 

Jones,  Richard  C 129 

Jones,  Samuel  Calvin    129 

Jones,  Wesley 43 

Jones,  William  C 483 

Jordan,  James 381,  611,  612 

Jordan,   Jefferson    381 

Jordan,   Jim    94 

Jordan,  Sally    302 

Joy,  William  L 240 

Judd,  Francis  Emerson 129 

Judd,  N.  P 350 

Judd,  Norman  B 447,  450,  451 

452,  460 

Judson,  57 

Judy,   Arthur  Markley 140 

Julien,    Aurelia    300 

Julien,  Stanslow 302 

Julien,  Victoria   300 

Junkin,  Charles  Monroe..  130,  637 


Junkin,  Elizabeth  Patrick  (Mrs, 

W.    W.)    637 

Junkin,  Joseph  M 629 

Junkin,  William  W 637 

Justice,  John 149,  150 

(Justinian  (lawgiver)   51 

Kagy, 432 

Kagy,  Amos  H 130 

Ka-ka-ke  (Fox)   379 

Ka-ka-ke-mo   (Fox)    379 

Ka-kon-we-na  (Sac)   380 

Kant,  127 

Ka-pe-ko-ma    (Sac)    380 

Ka-pon-e-ka  (Sac)    379 

Kasson,  Adam    346 

Kasson  (Col),  Archibald 346 

Kasson,  Charles  de   Forest 347 

Kasson,  Esther  Duncan 346 

Kasson,  Homour  Steele  346 

Kasson,  James   346 

Kasson,  Jane  Hall 346 

Kasson,  John  Adam.  .130,  346,  358 

610,  613,  632 

Kasson,  John  Steele 346 

Kasson,  Nancy  Blackman 346 

Kasson  Robert   346 

Kauffman,  B.  F 302 

Kauffman,  Christopher 302 

Kaufmann,  Charles  Beecher.  .  .140 

Kavanagh,  Marcus  A 130 

Kawakami^  Kiyoshi  Karl 140 

Kaw-Kaw-Ke  (Fox)   334 

Kay    (Prof),  George  F 140 

Kaye,  John  Brayshaw 130 

Kaye,    Percy   Lewis 130 

Keane,  John  Joseph 130 

Kearny,  Martha  Eleanor 130 

Keayes,    Hersilla    A.    Mitchell 

(Copp)   (Mrs  Charles  Henry) 

131 

Keelv,  John  W 600 

Keiirwin,  Albert  Elwin 228 

Keith,  246,  508 

Kellar,  Helen   474 

Keller,  Buda  228 

Kelley,  John  H 15,    61 

Kelley,  William  H 228 

Kellogg,  C.  F 140 

Kellogg,  Harriette  S 140 

Kelly,   Squire    438 

Kelsey,  Carl    131 

Kelsey    (Capt),    F.    M 416 

Kelso,  Joseph,  Jr 310,  471,  472 

549 

Kempker,  John  F 131 

Kendall,  Nathan  E 228 

Kennedy,  250,  251 

Kent,  C.  H 131 


(552 


•  INDEX 


Kenyon,  William   S 140,  390 

Kc-o-kuk  (Sac  chief).  .47,  32G,  327 

328,  337,  338,  341,  342,  344,  379 

547,  548 

Keo-kuk,  Jr.  (Sac) 379 

Kephart,  Cyrus  Jeffries 131 

Kepler,  Charles   W 398 

Kerby,  William  Joseph 228 

Kerr,'  Alvah  Milton 131 

Kerr,  Richard 506 

Kerr,  Ruth   506 

Kershaw,   W.   L 131 

Ketchura  (Mrs),  A.  C 131 

Ketchum,  J.  P 444 

Ketchum,  Nathaniel  S 78 

Ketchum,  Sam 415 

Ketchum,  W.  P 415 

Keve,  J.  S 140 

Keyes,  Calvin  W 530 

Keyes,  Charles  Rollin.  .98,  132,  369 

511 

Kilbournc,  Edward 381 

Kilbourne,  D.  W 508 

Kincade,  Lemuel 302 

Kincaid,  Frank  Hay  ward 132 

King,  Charlotte  M 140 

King,  Irving  132 

King,  Josiah  279 

King,  Lincoln  132 

King,  W.   W 132 

King,  William  Fletcher 132 

Kinkade,  J.  H 508 

Kinne,  La  Vega  George 132 

Kinnersly,  Augusta    302 

Kinney,  H.  A 133 

Kinney,  John  F 246,  247 

Kirbye,  J.  Edward 133 

Kirkpatrick,  Edwin  Asbury...l33 
Kirkwood,  Samuel  J... 78,  153,  228 

450,  451,  452,  459 
Kish-ka-naqua-hok    (Fox)    ....379 
Kis-Ke-Kosh  (Fox  chief)  .  .327,  328 

334,  338,  380 

Kissell,  Mary  Lois 228 

Kissick,  Robert   140 

Kitley,  James  209 

Kleckner,  Emma  Robinson 133 

Knapp  (Mrs),  Joseph  C.  .290,  297 
Knapp,  Mary  Clay   (Mrs  T  Y 

Kayne)    133 

Knapp  &  Wright 296,  297 

Knapp,    Wright    &    Caldwell.  .296 

297 

Kneeland,  Abner   133,  474 

Knight,  Nicholas   140 

Knott,  Edward   P 560 

Knox,  George  H 133 


Ko-ko-ctch  (Fox)    380 

Koontz,  John    381 

Koren,  John 134 

Kratz,  Henry  Elton 134 

Kreig,  Luther 300 

Kreig,  Mary   300 

Kretchmer,  E 140 

Kritzer  Bros 149,  151 

Kroeger,   Emil    150 

Ku1)clik, 394 

Kuntz,    Albert    140 

Laccy,  John  Fletcher.  .134,  179,  309 

389 

Ladd,  Scott  M 631 

Laer,  A.  J.  F.  van 2,    3 

Lake,  C.  S 431,  435,  433 

Lambert,  J.  R 134 

I^amson,    Ward    134 

Landers,  Frank  E 140 

Lane,  Bradford  B 395 

Lane,  Daniel 283-306,  474 

Lane  (Mrs),  Daniel  (Elizabeth 

Staples) 284,  286,  294,  295 

Langridge,  W.  B 228 

Langton  (Mrs),  Mary  Beach... 140 

Langworthy,  508 

Langworthy,  Lucius  H 140 

Lanphere  (Mrs),  L 134 

Laplant,  Louis    381 

Larrabee,  William.  .77,  134,  393-480 

632,  634 

Larson,  Laur 156 

Lash,  608 

Lathaam-Norton  (Mrs),  M.  F..140 

Lathrop,   A.    B 508 

Lathrop,   Henry   Warren 140 

La  Tourette,  Clara 135 

Latshaw,  Joseph   272 

Latshaw,  Mary 272 

Latshaw,  Rachel 272 

Latshaw   (Wm),  &  Welty 272 

Laure,  M.  J 140 

Law   (Gen),  E.  M 615 

Law,  William   579 

Law,  Wilson  579 

Laylander,  O.  J 228 

Lazell,  Frederick  John 135 

Lea,  Albert  M 140,  481 

Lea,  Ivcna    302 

Lea,  Rutledge 302 

Leach,  General  300 

Leach,  Charles 302 

Leach,  Margaret   300 

Learned,  M.  D 3 

LeBron   (Capt),  Leo  Parrott..633 

Le  Claire, 339 

Le  Claire,  Antoine 140,  380,  381 

Lee,  Captain  345 


NDKX 


653 


I.ec    (Mrs),   A.   W 510 

I.ee,  Franklin  Warner. 135 

Lee,  Henry  Washinirton )  1') 

Lee,  J.  W 135 

Lee  (Gen),  Ro])crt  E..511,  515,  517 

Lees,  James 1 10 

Lefevre,   Isaac   A 3S1 

Leffingwell,    C.    W 135 

Leffingwell,   William    ]>ruce.  .  .  .  135 

Leffler,  Isaac    19  i- 

LeflPler,  I>vdia  Ann  A'ale 110 

Leffler,  Shepherd    19  !,  50S 

Leib,  LIcnry !  1 5 

I>eib,  Newton 115 

Leland,  Samuel   Phelps 135 

Leland,    Waldo    G 2,     t 

Lemm,    H.    J 110 

Lenb.er,  Victor   '22H 

Leonard,  Arthur  G MO 

Leonard,   Davis    300 

I>cpley,   Irvin    519 

Letts' (Mrs),  Alhina  :\Iari!la 

(Brockway)     131 

Ivcuders,  Georire '^^j 

Leverett,    Frank    110 

Lewis, 50S 

Lewis,  Francis    (Hn 

Lewis,  George   11 135 

Lewis,  R.  R • 22S 

Lewis,  Warner    US,  308 

Lewis  &  Clark  (Ex])cd:li-n)  .  .(i{5 
621,  626 

Libbv  &  Martin 13(1 

Lidd'le,  Ben   lU 

Liddle,  William    129 

Lillibridjxe,  William  Olis ]3.T 

Lincoln,  Abraham  .  .5(>.  H^^.  77,  15.: 
221,  237,  323,  31.8,  319,  350,  351 
366,  381,  401,  408,  411,  i-7,  110 
447,  448,  449,  450,  451,  15:,  153 
454,  455,  457,  458,  459,  400,  161 
463,  464,  465,  566,  610,  (ill,  m-2 
()37 

Lincoln,  George  A 320 

Lincoln,  Robert  T 165 

Lincoln  (Mrs),  Robert  T 465 

Lincoln  &  Herndon '.  .221 

Ivittle  Dick  (Winnebairo) 282 

little   Hill    (Winnebago) 282 

Little  Owl   (Chippawa  chirf)..282 

Little    Priest     499 

Little  Soldier    499 

Livermore    (Rev),   D.    P 383 

Livei'inore,  Mary  A 383 

Livingston,  John   362 

Livingston,  Philip    61(1 

Lloyd,  Frederick   228 

Lloyd,    Lester «...  595 


Lloyd,    Myra    (Mrs  J    B    Hurl- 

burt)    595 

Lockhart.  Clin  Ion 136 

Loctscher,  Frederick   William.  .228 

Logan   ',  Mhigo)    547 

Logan,  John  A 3Q9 

Long,  Joseph   SchuyU'r 136 

Longstreet   (Gen),  James 515 

I.ongwcll,  Oliver  Il(>nry 140 

Lonsdale,  Elston  Ilolnies 140 

Loomis,    C.    H 228 

LooDiis   (Col),  Gusiavus 265 

Loos,  Charles  Loui:; 136 

Loos,  Isaac  Althaiis 136 

Lothrop,  Charles  H 136 

Lolhrop,  John  Stillman 394 

Louis,  John  J 228 

Louis  X\'I    (Kino-  of   France).   71 

Lovejov,  Elijah   P 486 

Lowe    (.Airs)'    253,  270 

Lowe   (Dr),  Enos....ll7,  118,  120 

252,  253,  270,  507 
Lowe    (Gov),    Ralph    P...195,   349 

363 

Lowell,  James  Russell 50 

Lucas,  C.  L 140 

Lucas,  D.  R 135 

Lucas  (Gov),  Robert.  .200,  490,  492 

-197,  506 

Lush,  Charles  K.. 140 

Lyncli,  Samuel  Adams 136 

Lynch,  Virginia   137 

Lyon,  Asher 414 

Lv(m,  Ben    44  !■ 

Lyon,    I.    M 444 

Lvon,  Jonathan    473 

Lyon,   Milford   Hall .228 

lA'on.  Tom Ill 

Lyons,  Hugh  Robert 400 

lA-(ms,  W.  F 150,  151 

Lvte,  Sir  Ilenrv 4 

McAllister,  Charles 551 

McArdle,  Fred   228 

IVIcArthur   (Ma]),  H.  C...140,  300 

McArthur,   Hattie    295,  302 

Mc Arthur,  Maggie 294 

McBride,  Captain 445 

McBride,  Matilda  B 137 

Macbride,  Thomas  Huston 137 

McBride,  William   302 

McCabe,  Oliver 137 

McCants,  J.   A 571 

McCarthy,  Dwicrht  G 137 

MacCaid'ev,  William    52 

McClain,  Emlin   137 

McClelland,  Adam 138 

McClelland,   George   B 78 

McCord,  James   Peter 138 


654 


INDEX 


McCormax!k,  John   394 

McCormick,  193 

McCormick  (Mrs)   270 

McCormick,  B.  F 365 

McCornack,    May    Clark    (Mrs 

FA)   625 

McCowan,  H.  S 13H 

McCown,  Alfred  B 138 

McCoy,  Robert 137 

McCrary,  A.  J 283,302,304 

McCrary,  George  W..  .228,  296,  297 

McCrary  Nelson 302 

McCreery,  J.  L 138 

McCrory,  Samuel  Henry 228 

McCulla,  Thomas 133 

M'Culloch,  Fred   149,  150,  151 

McCullough,  General 403 

McCullough,  Michael  F 393 

McDaniel,  Charles  Foster 135 

McDonald   (Prof),  G.  B 627 

McDonald,  W.  J 227 

McDonald,  William 138 

McDonough, 582 

M'Elery,  Fred    150 

McFall,   Dr 431 

McFarland,  W.  M 138 

McGee,  W.  J 139,  309,  370,  372 

McGovern,  Anna  E 139 

McGovern,  John 139 

McGregor,  Alexander 257 

McGregor,  Helen 257 

McGregor,  Malcolm 506 

McGregor,   Rob   Roy 257 

"Ma-che-na-ka-me-quat    (Fox)    .379 

Mcintosh, 486 

Mcintosh,  General 403 

Mclvor,   Nicholas  Williams. ..  .158 

McKean,  John 438,  439 

M'Kee,  Robert    279,  429 

McKee,  W.  A 586 

"Mackey,  Albert  Gallatin 222 

McKibbin,  Julia  Baldwin 139 

McKinley,   Charles   Ethelbert . .  139 

McKinley,  William 358,  448,  524 

632 
McKinnev,  Ida  Scott  (Taylor) 

(Mrs  William  E) '. 139 

McKnight,  Thomas   506 

McLean,  535 

MacLean,  George  Edwin 139 

McLean  (Justice),  John 460 

Maclean,  Paul    139 

McLennan,  Evan  139 

McLoney,  Ella  M 214 

McLuen,  William    214 

McMackin,  "Old" 414 

McManus,  Edward  P 397 

McManus  &  Tucker 397 


McMillen,  Listen   214 

MacMurray,  Arthur  214 

McNeill,  Isaac  C 136 

McNorton,  "Mike"    445 

Macombe,  Joseph  E 214 

Macomber,  J.  K 214 

McPhail,  James   261 

McPherson   (Gen),  James  B...410 
421,  422,  425 

McPherson,  Smith 77,  179,  193 

McRoberts,  Harriet  Skinner. .  .228 

McVey,  Frank  Le  Rond 214 

Macy,  Jesse 215,  390 

Macy  (Mrs),  Maud  Little.  .215,  224 

Macv,  S.  R 215 

Madison,  W.  C 215 

Magee,  J.  C 213 

Magtrard,  James  H 215 

Magoun  (Dr),  George  F..  .216,  228 
287,  293 

Magoun,  Herbert  William 216 

TVIahin,  John 384 

Mahin,  John  Lee 228 

Mahood,  John  Wilmot 216 

Mai-con-ne  (Fox)    380 

Main,  J.  H.  T 216 

Maioli, 78 

Mail,  Franklin  Paine 228 

Malone,  C.  E 149,  150,  151 

Malone,  Ray    150,  151 

Manatt,  James  Irving 155,  216 

Ma-ne-ni-sit  (Fox)    380 

Mangold,  George  Benjamin 216 

Manguin,  Ellen 300 

Manguin,  Josie 302 

Manning,  Anna 302 

Manning   (Mrs),  Carrie  C 216 

Manning,  Eli 320 

Manning,  Jessie  Wilson 216 

Manning,  Will   302 

Manninsr,  William  M 507 

Mansfield,  Robert  E 228 

Mardis,  Alexander 639 

Marescall,  William   469 

Markey,  Joseph  Ignacious 216 

Marple,  Alice.  .45,  49,  122,  214,  217 

Marshal,  Sabaret  T 558 

Marshal  (Col),  Samuel  Taylor. 558 

Marshall,  Carl  Coran 46,  217 

Marshall,  Elizabeth 303 

Marshall,  John 134 

Marston,  Anson  217 

Martin,  C.  C 217 

Martin,  H.  M 431,  432,  433 

Martin,  Louis  507 

Martin,  Nate 445 

Martin,  William  B 635 

Martin  &  Kagy 431 


INDEX 


655 


TVIartin  &  Murphy 432,  436 

Marvin,  Merze 217 

TVIason  (lawyer)   575 

Mason,  Charles 228,  506 

Mason,  William  Ernest 217 

Masqueray,  Emanuel  Louis.... 468 

Mather,  CM 313,  314,  550,  624 

Matheys,  Harvey 217 

Mathias,  Henry    300 

Matthews,  Washington    217 

Ma-why-why  (Fox)    337,  379 

Maxwell,  J.  M.  &  Son 150,  151 

Maxwell,  Sara  B 218 

Mayne,  Carrie 300 

Mayne,  Leroy  299 

Mavne,  Philander    300 

Mayne,  Winfield 297,  299,  300 

Mazzuchelli,  Samuel   218 

Meade   (Gen),  George  G 526 

Mean-ai-to-wa  (Sac)    380 

Mears,  Helen  Grinnell 57 

Medbury,  Charles  S 218 

Meeker  (Judge),  Bradley  B...264 

Meeker,  Ezra    218 

Meese,  William  Augustus 218 

Mehan,  J.  M 218 

Melba,  Nellie 394 

Mellinger  &  Forney 44 

Melting  Snow  (Chippewa 

Squaw)    282 

Meredith    (Mrs),   Maude    (Mrs 

Dwight  Smith)   219 

Merriam,  Charles  Edward. 218,  228 

Merrill,  S.  B 219 

Merrill,  Samuel    78 

Merritt,  Colonel   210 

Merritt,  Edward 209 

Merritt,  Harriet 210 

Messer,  Frank  F 159 

Metcalf,  Arthur 219 

Metcalf,  H.  J 219 

Metz,  Joseph 41 

Meyer,  Frederic  Louis 219 

Meyerholz,  Charles  H 219 

Michael,  William  H 228 

Miller,  A.  W 549 

Miller,  Adaline 366 

Miller,  Angeline 300 

Miner,  Charles  W 634 

Miller,  Daniel  F.,  Sr 219 

Miller,  David 300 

Miller,  Elizabeth 300 

Miller,  Emory  . 219 

Miller,  Flavius 302 

Miller,  Frances 302 

Miller,  Irving  J.  A 220 

Miller,  Jackson 300 


Miller,  John 430,  431,  436 

(Rogers)    220 

Miller  (Mrs),  Mary  Farrand 

Miller,  Orrin  319 

Miller,  Peter 507 

Miller,  Samuel  Freeman 48 

"Miller,  Sarah  Jane 300 

Miller,  Scott 302 

Miller,  Susan 302 

Miller  (Mrs),  Sylvia  Penn 220 

"Miller,  William  E 438,  439 

Miller,  William  Edward 220 

Miller,  Zarvia 300 

Mills,  Charles  Francis  Henry.  .220 

Mills,  Frank  Moodv 220,  610 

Mills,  William  Wirt 220 

Mills   (F.  M.)   &  Co 238,  612 

Mills,  N.  W.  &  Co 388 

Miner,  S.  E 220 

Miner,  William  Harvey 221 

Mintum,  Jacob   508 

Mitchell,  G.  C.  R 194,  381 

Mitchell,  S.  F 221 

Mitchler,  John  D 291 

Moffit,  Robert 508 

Moir,  W.  J 385,  399 

Monlux,  George   221 

Monroe,  James  617 

Montgomery,  575 

Montonve,  Francis 300 

Moon,   Henrv    299 

Moore,  Professor 291,  297 

Moore,  Al 221 

"Moore,  Henry  Clarke 221 

Moore,  Henry  Hoyt 228 

"Moore,  John    571 

Moore,  Lida 302 

Moore,  Mary 300 

Moore,  S.  A 221 

Moorhead,  Frank  Graham 221 

Morcombe.  Joseph  E 228 

Morffan,  E.  G 221 

Morley,  Margaret  Warner 221 

Morrell,  John,  &  Company 553 

Morris,  Lewis  616 

Morris,  R.  Anna 222 

Morris,  Robert 222 

Morris,    Sarah    302 

Morris,  Vina 302 

Morrison,  A.  J 431,  442 

Morrison,  David  S 190 

Morrison,    David   S.,    United 

States  vs 179 

Mo'rrison,  G.  B 507 

Morrison,  M.  V.  B 222 

Morton,  John  T 119 

Moscrip,  F.  A 222 


654 


INDEX 


McCormack,  John   394 

McCormick,  193 

McCormick  (Mrs)   270 

McCormick,  B.  F 365 

McCornack,    May    Clark    (Mrs 

F  A)   625 

McCowan,  H.  S 13H 

McCown,  Alfred  B 138 

McCoy,  Robert 137 

McCrary,  A.  J 283,302,304 

McCrary,  George  W..  .228,  296,  297 

McCrary  Nelson 302 

McCreery,  J.  L 138 

McCrory,  Samuel  Henry 228 

McCulla,  Thomas 133 

M'Culloch,  Fred   119,  150,  151 

McCullough,  General 403 

McCullough,  Michael  F 393 

McDaniel,  Charles  Foster 135 

McDonald   (Prof),  G.  B 627 

McDonald,   W.  J 227 

McDonald,  William 138 

McDonough, 582 

M'Elerv,  Fred    150 

McFalf,   Dr 431 

McFarland,  W.  M 138 

McGee,  W.  J 139,  309,  370,  372 

McGovern,  Anna  E 139 

McGovern,  John 139 

McGregor,  Alexander 257 

McGregor,  Helen 257 

McGregor,  Malcolm 566 

McGregor,   Rob   Roy 257 

"Ma-che-na-ka-me-quat   (Fox)    .379 

Mcintosh,  486 

Mcintosh,  General 403 

Mclvor,   Nicholas  Williams. ..  .158 

McKean,  John 438,  439 

M'Kee,  Robert    279,  429 

McKee,  W.  A 586 

IMackey,  Albert  Gallatin 222 

McKibbin,  Julia  Baldwin 139 

McKinley,   Charles   Ethelbert.  .139 
McKinley,  William. .  .  .358,  448,  524 

632 
McKinney,  Ida  Scott  (Tavlor) 

(Mrs  William  E) '. 139 

McKnight,  Thomas  506 

McLean,  535 

MacLean,  George  Edwin 139 

McLean  (Justice),  John 460 

Maclean,  Paul    139 

McLennan,  Evan  139 

McLoney,  Ella  M 214 

McLuen,  William    214 

McMackin,  "Old" 414 

McManus,  Edward  P 397 

McManus  &  Tucker 397 


McMillen,  Liston   214 

MacMurray,  Arthur  214 

McNeill,  Isaac  C 136 

McNorton,  "Mike"    445 

Macombe,  Joseph  E 214 

Macomber,  J.  K 214 

McPhail,  James   261 

McPherson   (Gen),  James  B...410 
421,  422,  425 

McPherson,  Smith 77,  179,  193 

McRoberts,  Harriet  Skinner. .  .228 

McVey,  Frank  Le  Rond 214 

Macy,  Jesse 215,  390 

Macy  (Mrs),  Maud  Little.  .215,  224 

Macv,  S.  R 215 

Madison,  W.  C 216 

Magee,  J.  C 213 

Magtrard,  James  H 215 

Maffoun  (Dr),  George  F..  .216,  228 
287,  293 

Magoun,  Herbert  William 216 

"Mahin,  John 384 

Mahin,  John  Lee 228 

Mahood,  John  Wilmot 216 

Mai-con-ne  (Fox)    880 

Main,  J.  H.  T 216 

Majoli, 78 

Mail,  Franklin  Paine 228 

Malone,  C.  E 149,  150,  151 

Malone,  Ray    150,  151 

Manatt,  James  Irving 155,  216 

Ma-ne-ni-sit  (Fox)    380 

Mangold,  George  Benjamin. .  .  .216 

Manguin,  Ellen 300 

Manguin,  Josie 302 

Manning,  Anna 302 

Manning   (Mrs),  Carrie  C 216 

Manning,  Eli 320 

Manning,  Jessie  Wilson 216 

Manning,  Will   302 

Mannimr,  William  M 507 

Mansfield,  Robert  E 228 

Mardis,  Alexander 639 

Marescall,  William   469 

Markey,  Joseph  Ignacious 216 

Marple,  Alice.  .45,  49,  122,  214,  217 

Marshal,  Sabaret  T 558 

Marshal  (Col),  Samuel  Taylor. 558 

Marshall,  Carl  Coran 46,  217 

Marshall,  Elizabeth 303 

Marshall,  John 134 

Marston,  Anson   217 

Martin,  C.  C 217 

Martin,  H.  M 431,  432,  433 

Martin,  Louis   507 

Martin,  Nate 445 

Martin,  William  B 635 

Martin  &  Kagy 431 


INDEX 


655 


TVIartin  &  Murphy 432,  436 

Marvin,  Merze 217 

TVIason  (lawyer)   575 

Mason,  Charles 228,  506 

Mason,  William  Ernest 217 

Masqueray,  Emanuel  Louis.... 468 

Mather,  CM 313,  314,  550,  624 

Matheys,  Harvey 217 

Mathias,  Henry    300 

Matthews,  Washington    217 

Ma-why-why  (Fox)    337,  379 

Maxwell,  J.  M.  &  Son 150,  151 

Maxwell,  Sara  B 218 

Mayne,  Carrie 300 

Mayne,  Leroy  299 

Mavne,  Philander    300 

Mayne,  Winfteld 297,  299,  300 

Mazzuchelli,  Samuel   218 

Meade   (Gen),  George  G 526 

Mean-ai-to-wa  (Sac)    380 

Mears,  Helen  Grinnell 57 

Medbury,  Charles  S 218 

Meeker  (Judge),  Bradley  B...264 

Meeker,  Ezra    218 

Meese,  William  Augustus 218 

Mehan,  J.  M 218 

Melba,  Nellie 394 

Mellinger  &  Forney 44 

Melting  Snow  (Chippewa 

Squaw)    282 

Meredith    (Mrs),   Maude    (Mrs 

Dwight  Smith)   219 

Merriam,  Charles  Edward. 218,  228 

Merrill,  S.  B 219 

Merrill,  Samuel    78 

Merritt,  Colonel   210 

Merritt,  Edward 209 

Merritt,  Harriet 210 

Messer,  Frank  F 159 

Metcalf,  Arthur 219 

Metcalf,  H.  J 219 

Metz,  Joseph 41 

Meyer,  Frederic  Louis 219 

Meyerholz,  Charles  H 219 

Michael,  William  H 228 

Miller,  A.  W 549 

Miller,  Adaline 366 

Miller,  Angeline 300 

Miner,  Charles  W 634 

Miller,  Daniel  F.,  Sr 219 

Miller,  David 300 

Miller,  Elizabeth 300 

Miller,  Emory  . 219 

Miller,  Flavins 302 

Miller,  Frances 302 

Miller,  Irving  J.  A 220 

Miller,  Jackson 300 


Miller,  John 430,  431,  436 

(Rogers)    220 

Miller  (Mrs),  Mary  Farrand 

Miller,  Orrin  319 

Miller,  Peter 507 

Miller,  Samuel  Freeman 48 

"Miller,  Sarah  Jane 300 

Miller,  Scott 302 

Miller,  Susan 302 

Miller  (Mrs),  Sylvia  Penn 220 

"Miller,  William  E 438,  439 

Miller,  William  Edward 220 

Miller,  Zarvia 300 

Mills,  Charles  Francis  Henry.. 220 

Mills,  Frank  Moody 220,  610 

Mills,  William  Wirt 220 

Mills   (F.  M.)   &  Co 238,  612 

Mills,  N.  W.  &  Co 388 

Miner,  S.  E 220 

Miner,  William  Harvey 221 

Mintum,  Jacob   508 

Mitchell,  G.  C.  R 194,  381 

Mitchell,  S.  F 221 

Mitchler,  John  D 291 

Moffit,  Robert 508 

Moir,  W.  J 385,  399 

Monlux,  George   221 

Monroe,  James  617 

Montgomery,  575 

Montonve,  Francis 300 

Moon,   Henry    299 

Moore,  Professor 291,  297 

Moore,  Al 221 

"Moore,  Henry  Clarke 221 

Moore,  Henry  Hoyt 228 

"Moore,  John    571 

Moore,  Lida 302 

Moore,  Mary 300 

Moore,  S.  A 221 

Moorhead,  Frank  Graham 221 

Morcombe.  Joseph  E 228 

Morgan,  E.  G 221 

Morley,  Margaret  Warner 221 

Morrell,  John,  &  Company 553 

Morris,  Lewis  616 

Morris,  R.  Anna 222 

Morris,  Robert 222 

Morris,    Sarah    302 

Morris,  Vina 302 

Morrison,  A.  J 431,  442 

Morrison,  David  S 190 

Morrison,    David   S.,    United 

States   vs    : 179 

MoVrison,  G.  B 507 

Morrison,  M.  V.  B 222 

Morton,  John  T 119 

Moscrip,  F.  A 222 


658 


•  INDEX 


Richards,  Seth  507 

Richman,  193 

Richman,  Scott    195 

Ricketts    (Gen),   James    Brew- 

erton    518 

Rickey  &  Allyn 145 

Rigdon,  Sidney 565,  586 

Riggs,  S.  R 498 

Rigney,  Mike   438 

Ring,  Herbert  C 62 

Ripley,  Erastus  285,  286 

Roark,  Ruric  Nevel 59 

Robbins,  Alden  B 285,  286,  288 

Roberts,  James 365 

Roberts,  Preston  507 

Robertson,  508 

Robinson,  Ebenezer    565 

Robinson,  George  W 565 

Robinson,  Ralph   383 

Rohling,  H.  F 622 

Rollinson,  Henry  151 

Rood,  Henry  Harrison. . .  .631,  632 

Roosevelt,  Theodore  309 

Roosevelt,  W.   H 571 

Root,  Moses 289 

Root    (Mrs),  Moses ...289 

Rose,   L.   J 81-96 

Rose  (Mrs),  L.  J 85,    95 

Ross,  William   R 508 

Rothert,  Henry  W 391,  392 

Rothrock,  James  H 438 

Rouser,  John    254 

Rousseau, 219 

Rowell,    Neal    W 396 

Rowland   (Dr),  Dunbar 4 

Rowland,  William  381 

Rowley,  Laura   302 

Rowles,  Oliver  P 396 

RuflF,  C.   F 380 

Rumble,  Thomas    590 

Rumple,  John  N.  W..  .431,  435,  436 

444 

Rumple  &  Lake 435,  436 

Ruscieo,  Oliver 507 

Rush,  J.  M 44,4 

Rustin    (Mrs),   Charles    (Mary 

E  Wilkins)...291,  297,  300,  303 

Rye,  Lewis 302 

Sage,  John  R 383 

St.  John,  Carlisle 300 

St.  John,  Jacob 300 

St.  John,  Mary 302 

St.  John,  Sarah 300 

Salisbury,  Lord   3,55 

Salter,  William 285,  287 

Sampson,    E.    D 635 

Sanborn,  T.  J 508 

Sanders,    A 508 


Sanford,  Major 339,  341 

Sanford,  Albert  Hart 128 

Sanford  (Dr),  J.  F 117 

Santamont,  Andrew 489 

Saunders  (Mrs)   284 

Saunders,  Alvin 451,  458,  459 

Saul  (King)    218 

Saye  and  Sele,  Lord 589 

Scanlon,  434 

Schermerhorn,    M.    L 399 

Scheurerman  Bros 430 

Schoenenberger,  John 560 

Schramm,  300 

Schulte,  Gerhard  Henry 160 

Schultz,  Dr 431 

Schumann-Heink,  Ernestine  . .  .394 

Schuyler,  582 

Scott,  C.  R 440,  441 

Scott,  Franklin  W 127 

Scott,  John    573 

Scott  (Col),  John 551,  595 

Scott,    Mary    S 44 

Scott,  William  Forse 72 

Scott,  Winfield  455 

Searles,  Orlando    412 

Seaton,  Ruth  Maria  Hurlburt.592 

Secor,  David  386 

Secor,  Eugene 386 

Seeley,  Thomas 459 

Seevers,  George  W 635 

Seevers  (Judge),  William  H...635 

Sehorn,  Jake  445 

Seignobos,  Charles 128 

Selby,  Martha 300 

Selman    (Dr),  John  J.... 117,   118 

Senat,  Mr 253 

Senat,  Mrs 253 

Seneca    (philosopher)     127 

Serrin,  John  R 431 

Settles,  William   380 

Seward,  William  H...50,  211,  446 

451,  455,  456,  457,  458,  460,  461 

463,  464,  465,  466,  611 
Shambaugh,   Benjamin  F...5,  6,  7 

15,  61 

Shane,  John 438,  439 

Shaw,  J.  S 445 

Shaw,  Leslie  Mortier.  .240,  318,  385 

389,  632 

Shaw,  W.  H 44 

Sheehan   (Capt),  Edward  M...631 

Sheller,  John  S 345 

Shelly,  Kate 40 

Shepherd,  Charles  W 300 

Shepherd,  Mary   299 

Sherf ey,  John   508 

Sheridan    (Gen),  Philip  H 511 

617,  518,  519,  521,  522,  523,  525 


INDEX 


659 


Sherman,  Burcn  R 479,  631 

Sherman,   John    78 

Sherman    (Gen),    William    Te- 
cumseh.  .72,  73,  155,  390,  410,  414 
415,  416,  417,  420,  421,  424,  425 
427,  448,  480 

Sherwin,  John  Collins    399 

Shetterly,  S.  A 149,  150,  151 

Shields,  James  Hannibal 392 

Shimek    (Prof),  Bohumil 627 

Short,    John    507 

Shoten,  Sanchu 150 

Sho-wa-ke  (Sac)    380 

Sibley,  H.  H 265 

Sickles  (Gen),  Daniel  E 515 

Sigourney  (Mrs),  Lydia 116 

Sinclair,  T.  M.,  &  Co 387 

Sitting   Bull    (Sioux  chief) 640 

Sivard,  Pat   437 

Six  (Sioux  chief) 282 

Skinner,   O.  C 572 

Sloan  (Judge),  Robert 299 

Small,  Arthur  J 179,  630 

Smart,  Joseph    506 

Smith,  96,  193 

Smith,  Captain 582 

Smith,  Calvin   398 

Smith,  Delazon 299,  300 

Smith,  Don  Carlos 565 

Smith,  Elmore   108,  112 

Smith,  Emma  (Mrs  Joe  Smith)  .578 

Smith,  F 151 

Smith,  F.  Carl 318 

Smith,    Frederick    318 

Smith,  Genrietta  (Chambers)  .  .398 

Smith,  Guernsey 398 

Smith,  Hyrum   565,  583 

Smith,   Isaac  W 345 

Smith,   Isabel  E 318 

Smith,  J.  E 108 

Smith,  James  Albert 393 

Smith,  Jeremiah 497,  507 

Smith,  Jeremiah,   Jr 381 

Smith,  Job  506 

Smith   (Capt),  John Ill,  112 

Smith,  John  C 302 

Smith  (Gen),  John  E 480 

Smith,  Joseph 482,  564-586 

Smith,  L.C 108 

Smith,  Leander 110 

Smith,  Louisa  318 

Smith,  Malcolm   387 

Smith  (Judge),  Milo  P.. .  .429,  444 

Smith,  S 554 

Smith,  Sampson  381 

Smith,  Samuel  497,  507 

Smith,  Seward   479 

Smith,  Volney    300 


Smith,  Walter 108,  112 

Smith,  William    ..98,  381,  571,  572 

Smith,  William  R 481 

Smith  &  Carson 554 

Smith,   Carson  &  Harl 554 

Smythe,  William 460 

Snake   (Chippawa)    282 

Snater,  Reicho 150,  151 

Suavely,  W.   A 444 

Snelling   (Col),  Josiah 536,  539 

Sorin,  Father   130 

Southwell,   W.   B 400 

Southwick  (lawyer)    574,  575 

Sprague,  D.  N 77 

Spaulding,  Benjamin  A 286 

Specs    (Dr),  J.   B 117 

Spencer,   John    590 

Springer,  Francis    117 

Springer,  John  C 430 

Springer,  Louis  F 557 

Springer,  W.  G 430 

Sproot,  James 117 

Stambaugh,  S.  C 507 

Stanford,  Leland  592 

Stannard,  Alphonso    299 

Stannard,  Edwin  299 

Stannard,  Felissa 300 

Stannard,  Melissa   302 

Stannard,  Zervia   299 

Staples,  Anna 306 

Staples,  David    284 

Staples,  Elizabeth  (Mrs  Daniel 

Lane)    284,  286 

Stearns,  Mrs.  Charles  G 164 

Steel,  Joseph  M 506 

Steele  (Gen),  Frederick   73 

Steele,  Joanna    300 

Steele,  John 346 

Steele,  Thomas  Jefferson 477 

Steepe,  W.  C 245,  246 

Stephen,  Jedediah  D 507 

Sterling,  Adaline  Wheelock 50 

Steuben,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  von. 

Baron    362 

Stevens,  Andrew  J 587 

Stevens,  Thaddeus 78 

Stewart,  A.  T.  &  Co 387 

Stidger,  Addie   302 

Stidger,  Billy 83,  87,  88,  97 

Stidger,  George   302 

Stidger,  William  C 302 

Stigall,   G.   W 571 

Stiles,  Cassius  C 7,  8,  9,  14,  61 

200 

Stillwell,  Moses    489 

Stine,   John   H 291 

Stockton,  197 


660 


INDEX 


StocktoH,  Rev 237 

Stokely,  Edith  Keely 126 

Stokes,  W.   H 586 

Stone  (Mrs),  George  W 512 

Stone,  William   M .460 

Stookey,  Marion  Floyd 4fOO 

Stoughton  &  Grant 512 

Stout  &  Israel 384 

Street,  Aaron   508 

Street,  Eliza  M.    (Mrs   Joseph 

M)    379 

Street,  Franklin 622 

Street  (Gen),  Joseph  M...341,  378 

497,  506,  533,  539 

Street,  William  B 381 

Struble,  George  R 438,  439 

Stuart, 193 

Stuntz,   George   R 345 

Sturdivant,  Harvey    606 

Sullivan,  J.  H 508 

Sullivant,  William  Sterling.  162, 163 

Summers,  Laurel  508 

Sumner,  Charles    412 

Sutton,  Jesse .381 

Swain,  George 300 

Swan  vs.  E.  M.  Bissell 44 

Swart,  Josiah  380 

Swazey, 508 

Sweet,  Martin  P 572 

Swing,  David 58,  224 

Sypher,  R.  W 473 

Talcott  (Capt),  Andrew 345 

Taliaferro  (Maj) 499,  507,  536 

Tallmadge,  N.  P 323 

Tarbell,  Ida  M 446,  449,  459 

Tarr  &  McMurray 129 

Tasso,  Joseph  640 

Taylor,  Benjamin  F 417 

Taylor,  John 683 

Temple,  Sir  William 66 

Templin,  434 

Templin  &  Feenan 431,  434 

Terrell  (Mrs)  402,  403 

Thatcher,  Amos 300 

Thatcher,  Isaac   300 

Thatcher,  J.  W 366,  368 

Thatcher,  Samuel 366,  368 

Thoburn,  General 624 

Thomas,  Cyrus  139 

Thomas,    S.    S 108 

Thompson,  John  W 476 

Thompson,  William  G 440 

Thornburg,  Thomas   303 

Thornell,    Andrew    B 629 

Tilden,  Samuel  J 353 

Tilton,  Theodore 414 

Todd,  John   113 

Todhunter  (Mrs),  C.  D 695 


Tolman,  J 381 

Tolman,  Louisa 300 

Tolman,  Sarah   300 

Torrance  (Judge),  Eli 531,  532 

Tostevin,  Thomas   622 

Towner,  Captain   406 

Towner,  Horace  M 359 

Towner  (Mrs),  Horace  M 359 

Towner,  William  B 558 

Trewin,  James  H 115 

Trobridge,  S.  A 150 

Tsountas  (Dr),  Chrestos . .  155,  216 

Tuk-quos    (Sac)    380 

Turner,  Asa 216,  287,  288,  305 

Turner,    Edwin   B 285 

Tweed,  "Boss"   439 

Twombly,  Voltaire  P 295,  301 

304,  366,  474 

Twombly   (Mrs  Voltaire  P), 

(Chloe  Funk) 305 

Two  Shillings   499 

Tylee,  Charlotte 300 

Tylee,  Russell 300 

Tyler,  Loren  S 75 

Tyler,  S.  H 1571 

Tyrell,    D.    W 402 

Tyrell,  Edward 402 

Tyrell    (Lieut),    Edward 416 

Tyrrel  (historian)   469 

Underwood  (historian)    590 

Utterback,  Will 151 

Vale,  Benjamin  Rex 389 

Valentine,  John 283,  289 

Valentine,  Lowell  283,  289 

Van,  Charles 473 

Van  Antwerp  (Mrs),  Jane  Ma- 
ria   362,  363,  364 

Van  Antwerp  (Gen),  Ver  Plank 
362,  506 

Van  Buren,  Martin 566 

Vandeventer,  W.   H 507 

Vandever,  Colonel 405 

Van  Dorn  (Gen),  Earl 403 

Van  Rensselaer,  Stephen 617 

Vernon,  Admiral 360 

Vineyard,   N.  B 430 

Virtue,  Ethel  B 1 

Voris,  A.  C 449,  458 

Wabasha   (Sioux  chief )...  282,  537 

Wa-ca-cha  (Sac)   379 

Wa-co-sha-she  (Fox)   379 

Wade,  Magy  Virginia 358 

Wade,  Martin  J 159 

Wah-con   (Winnebago)    499 

Wah-ke-mo-wa-ta-pa    (Fox)    .  .380 

Walker,  Dr 458 

Walker,  Adaline    300 


INDEX 


661 


Walker,  Amanda 300,  303 

Walker,  Clarence 303 

Walker,  Cyrus.. 572,  574,  575,  576 

577 

Walker,  W.  W 540,  541,  542 

Wallace, 249,  250 

Wallace,  Mrs 249 

Wallace,  B.  F 508 

Wallace,  Henry  551 

Wallace,  Lew   141 

Walton,   A 507 

Walworth,  508 

Wa-pa-sha-kon  (Fox)    380 

Wa-pe  (Sac)   379 

Wapello  (Chippawa  squaw) 282 

Wa-pel-lo     (Fox    chief).. 328,    341 

374,  378,  533 

Ward    (Capt),  B.  C 514 

Ward,  W.  W 246 

Ware,  P.  K 549 

Warren,  Ann  Eliza   (Mrs  W  S 

Pitts)    102 

Warren,  Asahel   102 

Warren,  Eliza  Ann  (Robinson) 

Mrs  Asahel)    102 

Warren,  Sarah   303 

Wa-sa-men  (Sac)    380 

Washburn,  Emory 347 

Washburn  (Capt),  F.  S 416 

Washinjjton,  Auj;ustine  360 

Washington  Bushrod 361 

Washington,  George.  .359,  360,  364 

365,  487,  557 

Washington,  Jane   360 

Washington,  John   360 

Washington,  John  A 360 

Washington,  John   Augustine.  .361 

Washington,  Lawrence 360 

Washington    (Mrs),   Martha... 364 

Wasson,  574,  575,  578 

Watson, 112 

Watts,  J.  H 302 

Watts,  Peter  302 

Wavland,  Jeremiah 381 

Wear,  J.  C 380 

Weare,  John   212 

Weaver  (Gen),  James  B 475 

Webb,   William    Henry 480 

Webber,  Jesse  B 380 

Weber,  Henry  Charles  Paul 225 

Webster,  Daniel 81,  406 

Webster,  Emily 300 

Weed,  Thurlow  .  .458,  463,  464,  611 

Weller,  Luman   H 476 

Wells,  Daniel  H 564,  565 

Wellslager,  Richard  T 157 

Wesley,  John 138 

Weston, 49 


Wheelan,  Mary 303 

Wheeler, 508 

Wheeler,   I.oring    117 

Whicher,   Ste])hen    195 

Whigam,  Wallace  Hugh 46 

Whipple,    Charles   A. 467 

Whirling  Thunder  (Sioux  chief) 

282,  499 

Whitaker,  253 

Whitcomb,  S.   L 49 

White  Cloud    (Winnebago) 282 

White,  Frederick  Edward 388 

White,  James    489 

White,  John    624 

Whitman,    P.    Spencer 152 

Whitney,  Edson  571 

Whittlesey,   C 508 

Wick,  B.  L 210 

Wickley,   Captain    241 

Wilbur    (Lieut),   Henry   P 416 

Wilbur,   Richard    ' 399 

Wilkins,  Mary  E.  (Mrs  Charles 

Rustin) 291,  292,  299 

Wilkinson,  John 44 

Wilkinson,    Tom 291 

Willetts,   A.   H 430 

Williams,  Colonel 582 

Williams,    Aurelia    (Milly) 300 

Williams,    G.    W 441 

Williams,  Jesse.  .252,  253,  270,  481 

506 
Williams,  Joseph.  .118,  195,  196,  197 

198,   199,  245,  246,  247,  248,  250 

251,  252,  253,  270,  271,  506 

Williams,  Mary  252,  270 

Williams,  Mason    253 

Williams  (Rev),  R.  J 115 

Williams,   Wesley    571 

Williams  (Maj),' William.  .241,  310 
Williams,  William  Jr.  .249,  250,  253 

Williams   &   Games 430 

Williamson,  449 

Williamson   (Gen),  James  A... 612 

613 
Williamson   (Rev),    (M  D),  T. 

S 498 

Willis,  Quincy  C 201 

Willitts,  Ledru  549 

Willoughby,  R.  B 380 

Wilson,  Boylston  300 

Wilson,  C.  J 555 

Wilson,  Clarence  S 238 

Wilson,  Harmon  T..  .573,  574,  575 

578 

Wilson,  Homer 431,  434,  436 

Wilson    (Capt),  J.  B 445 

Wilson,  James 551 

Wilson,  James  F 459 


662 


•  INDEX 


Wilson,   James   H 635 

Wilson  (Gen),  James  H 74 

Wilson,  Jean  Brighara 126 

Wilson,  John  L 393 

Wilson,  Lewis 429 

Wilson,  Lute    445 

Wilson,  Solon  303 

Wilson  (Judge),  Thomas  S....212 

606 

Windsor,  Ruth  64 

Wines,  Frederick  Howard 134 

Wineshiek  (Sioux  chief) 282 

Winnesheck  (Winnebago  chief) 

282 

Win-o-shiek  499 

Winslow,  Edward  F 72,  73,  74 

Winslow,  Kenelra 72 

Winter, 438 

Wis-co-sa  (Sac)  880 

Wisehart,  J 44 

Wish-e-co-mac-quet    (  H  ard- 

Fish,  Sac  chief) . . .  .327,  338,  380 

Wish-e-wah-ka   (Fox)    328 

Wis-ko-pe  (Sac)    380 

Withington,  C.  H 606 

Withington,  Francis ,.380 

Withrow,  Thomas  612 

Wittenmeyer,  Annie  403 

Wolf,  William  P 654 

Wolf  &  Hanley 654 

Woods  (Gen),  Charles  Robert. 634 

Woodward,  253 

Woodward,  W.  G 195,  197 


Wright,  Craig  L 240,  302 

Wright,  Dora  303 

Wright,  George  G 117-121,  153 

194-199,  240,   290,   291,  294,  296 

297,  301,  302,  612 
Wright,  Hannah  M.  (Dibble)  .  .240 
Wright    (Gen),   Horatio  Gouv- 

eneur 522,  626 

Wright,  Mary 303 

Wright,  Thomas  S 297,  301,  303 

Wright,  W.T 549 

Wright  &  Knapp 154 

Wright,  Gatch  &  Wright 153 

Wyclif,  John 219 

Wyman,  David    612 

Wyman,  Elizabeth    512 

Yates,  Robert 362 

Yates,  Robert  Van  Ness 362 

Yellow   Thunder    (Winnebago) 

282,  499 

Young, 87,  88,  626 

Young,  Judge 674,  676 

Young,    "Aunt    Becky" 403 

Young  Bear  (Musquakie) 621 

Young,  David  A 385 

Young  (Maj),  G.  L 397 

Young,  Juliette  (Toms) 386 

Young  (Rev),  William 386 

Zeller,  Ivan  160 

Zeller,  Willard    149,  160 

Zenophon,  Hellenica  216 

Zuza,  Adolph  179,  180 


ARTICLES 


Annals,     Suspension    and    Re- 
sumption of  the 307 

Archives,  Iowa,  Law  and   Ad- 
ministration    61 

Archives,  New  Iowa  Statute ...  63 
Archives,  Principles  of  Classifi- 
cation of 1 

Archives,  Public,  of  Iowa..  14,  200 
Archives,  Use  of  our  Public. . .  68 
Barrett,  Richard  C,  An  Appre- 
ciation of  165 

Barrett,   Richard  C,   In  Com- 
memoration of  166 

Bequest,  A  Notable 467 

Black  Hawk,  A  Notable  Speech 

of   647 

Blackstone  on  Preserving  His- 
torical Materials 468 

Boonesboro,    How    it    Lost    a 
Railroad  Station  540 


Chicago  Convention  of  1860, 
Memories  of  the 446 

Conservation,  Accomplishment 
of  State  Board  of,  to  April, 
1920   311 

Conservation,  Iowa  Board  of.  .309 
382 

Conservation,   State   Board   of, 

Abstract  of  Minutes  of 471 

648,  623 

Dean,  Henry  Clay,  Correspond- 
ence with  Horace  Greeley 618 

Documentary  Materials,  Care 
and  Use  of 64 

Edmundson,  J.  D.,  Calls  Atten- 
"tention  to  Inaccuracies 621 

Emigrant  Train,  Story  of 81 

Ferry  Across  the  Missouri 
River,  A  New 236 


INDEX 


663 


Floyd  County  Named  for  Wil- 
liam Floyd 615 

Galland's    Iowa    Emigrant 481 

Gettysburg  Speech  in  Iowa 
Newspapers  of  the  Time.... 237 

Grand  Army  Corridor,  Pro- 
posed   233 

Grant,  Major-General  Lewis 
Addison    511 

Great  States  the  Creatures  of 
Great  Men 178 

Greene,  Judge  George  G 210 

Gregg's  Dollar  Monthly 622 

Ground  Bean  and  the  Bean 
Mouse 606,  620 

Historical  Department,  Organi- 
zation of    544 

Historical  Materials,  Custody 
and  Use  of 230 

Historical  Materials,  Reciproc- 
ity in 11 

Historic  Sites,  Co-operation  in 
Acquiring  Historic  Grounds 
and  Marking 144 

Horr  (Dr),  Asa,  Scientific  Stu- 
dies of    161 

Hurlburt,  Jehiel  Burr 589 

Indian  Treaties  Touching  Iowa. 374 

Iowa  Authors  and  Their  Works  45 
122,  214 

Iowa  Historical,  Memorial  and 
Art  Building 1 

Kasson,  John  A.,  an  Autobiog- 
raphy   346 

Lane  (Rev),  Daniel,  and  his 
Keosauqua  Academy   283 

Little  Brown  Church  in  the 
Vale,  its  Author  and  its  In- 
spiration   101 

Marengo,  Recollections  of 429 

Mills,  F.  M.,  Writers  of  Kasson. 610 

"Mormon  Era,  Sketches  of  the.. 563 

Mormon   Trail   Monument,   Lo- 


cation of  a 235 

Motion  Picture  Films  as  His- 
torical Material   141 

Mott,  David  C,  Assistant  Edi- 
tor of  the  Annals 318 

Mount  Vernon  Ladies'  Associa- 
tion of  the  Union. 359 

Notable  Deaths.. 75,  152,  238,  319 
383,  473,  551,  629 

Notes 69,  146,235 

OflBcial    Seal,    Device    of    Our 

First    229 

Rock  Scheme  in  Iowa,  Evolution 

of  the  General 98 

Sabbath,  a  Physical  Necessity. 600 
Sac  and  Fox  Indian  Council  of 

1841    321 

Sac  and  Fox  Indian  Council  of 

1842    331 

Sac  and  Fox  Treaty  of  1842. . .  .375 
Shaw,  Governor,  Portrait  of . .  .318 
Soldier's  Life,  Incidents  of  an 

Iowa 401 

Southern    Confederacy,    Letter 

from  a  Citizen  of 366 

Span  of  the  Great  Ice  Age 369 

State  Superintendency  in  the 
State's  Development,  Dignity 

of  the    174 

Street,  Gen.  Joseph  M.,  Letters 

of,  to  Dr.  Alexander  Posey.. 533 
United  States  vs  Davis  S.  Mor- 
rison, Opinions  of  Hon.  Smith 
McPherson,    District    Judge, 

in  the  case  of 179 

Williams,  Major  William,  Jour- 
nal of  a  Trip  to  Iowa  in  1849.241 

Winslow,  Edward  F 72 

Wright,    George    G.,    Writings 

of    ^.194 

Wright,  George  G.,  Writings 
of  Associates  in  the  Legisla- 
ture     117 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


Abernethy,  Alonzo    401 

Akey,  Edward   97 

Archives     Division,     Historical 

Department  of  Iowa, 

Filing  Case  Open  and  Closed 

Filing  Room 

Floor  Plan 

OflBce  and  Cataloguing  Room 

Work  Room 


Archives,  Pioneers  in  Iowa  con- 
servation: 

Aldrich,  Charles 

Davison,  Arthur  H. 

Deemer,  Horace  E. 

Shambaugh,  Benjamin  F. 

Stiles,  Cassius  C 61 

Bradford  Congregational 

Church,    Bradford,    Iowa 106 


664 


INDEX 


Brown  (Mrs),  Alpha 84 

Deemer,  Horace  E 628 

Floyd,   William 614 

Fox,   Sallie    84 

Galland's  Map  of  Iowa 480 

Grant,  General  Lewis  A 510 

Grant,   General   Lewis   A.,   Be- 
fore the  "Vermont  Lion"  on 

the  Field  of  Gettysburg 516 

Grant,  Major-General  Lewis  A.525 
Gregg's   Dollar   Monthly,    Title 

Page  of    562 

Grimes,  James  W 321 

Horr,  Dr.  Asa 161 

Hurlburt,    Jehiel   Burr 588 

Jones,  Mrs.  Ezra 84 

Kasson,  John  A 346 

"Little    Brown    Church    in    the 
Vale,"  Autograph  copy    (fac 

simile)  103 

Monumental    Bridging    of    the 


Oldest  and  Youngest  Glacial 

Deposits  of  Iowa 369 

Motion  Picture  Film  as  Histori- 
cal Material 141 

Nourse,  Charles  Clinton 454 

Official  Seal  of  Historical  De- 
partment of  Iowa 229 

Pitts,  Dr.  W.  S 101 

Rock  Scheme  in  Iowa,  Evolu- 
tion of  the  General 99 

Rose,  L.  J 81 

Shaw,  Governor,  Portrait 241 

Smith,  Hon.  Milo  P 429 

Sons  of  Temperance,  C.  F. 
Clarkson's  Temperance  Trav- 
eling Card  310 

Stidger,  William  C 88 

Washington,    Home   of.    Mount 

Vernon   359 

Williams,  Major  William,  Por- 
trait of  264 


0 


BINDING  LIST    OCT  151942 


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616 

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