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The Annals 


OF 


Scottish Natural History 


A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE SHS 
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“Che Scottish Naturalist A oa 
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EDITED BY f) <y ez 
J. As HARVIE-BROWN, E-R-S:E., E-Z3S: a 


MEMBER OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION 
AMES) We Hi. TRAIL, M.A, MD: ERS; E.LS 
PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN 


WILLIAM EAGLE CLARKE, F.LS., F.R.S.E 


KEEPER OF THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT, THE ROYAL SCOTTISH MUSEUM, EDINBURGH 


1910 


EDINBURGH 
DAVID DOUGLAS, CASTLE STREET 


LONDON: R. H. PORTER, 7 PRINCES ST., CAVENDISH SQUARE 


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The Annals 


of 


Scottish Natural History 


No. 73] 1910 | [JANUARY 


WHALING IN SCOTLAND FOR 1909. 
By R. C. Hatpang, F.S.A. (Scot.). 


THE only return I have got this year is from Herr Carl 
Herlofsen of the Bunaveneader station, Harris. I am sorry 
to say that he writes that the Sperm cow-whale reported 
to have been caught in 1905 was a mistake; it should have 
been marked as a bull instead of a cow. This, to me, is 
disappointing, as it just leaves us where we were, that cow 
Sperms do not come to northern latitudes. Where do they 
stay, and why are the young bulls driven by some impulse 
to see the world? The bulls got off the Scottish coast are 
invariably small, seldom exceeding 58 feet in length, the 
largest being the Norrona bull of 68 feet got in 1903, and 
the Bunaveneader bull of the same size in 1906. Judging 
from what Beale says, I fancy the big bulls keep with the 
cows, and the young bulls travel for some reason of their 
own, and get into colder and more invigorating latitudes. 

The results of the whaling from Bunaveneader station 
are, as usual, very interesting from the variety of whales 
got there :— 


B. sibbaldi . . 17 bulls, averaging 72.9 feet. 
Do. : : I 3 COWS, x Go.20 
B. musculus . / 54 bulls; Bory as 
Do. : 59 cows, 53 BT Oo! 45 
753 B 


oa oe, or Oe | 


2 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


B. borealis . 44 bulls, averaging 43.25 feet. 
Do. : : 12 Cows, 3 43 - 

Megaptera  . é 4 bulls, sa AD 4; 
Do. I cow, » 4r 5, 

B. biscayensts . ; 9 bulls, 53 AA 3, 
Do. é : 13 COWS, ms ABLO v5 

P. macrocephalus . 7 bulls, - Ase is 


The &. szbbaldit included some enormous ones— bulls 
of 85, 85, and 82 feet long, and a cow of 81 feet. 

The largest Sperm Whale was 49 feet. 

The B. musculus had bulls 76, 74, 74, 72 feet, and 
cows 71,.70, 70, 70 feet. 

The two largest dzscayensts were of 51 feet each. 

In one of the Sperm Whales there was a small quantity 
of ambergris, which sold for over £200. 

The Shetland stations are unwilling to give information, 
partly on account of the trouble it causes, and partly on 
account of the annoyance they have had from those who 
have tried to get up agitation against them on behalf of 
the herring fishers by distorting facts or inventing libels. 

I did not hear of anything of great interest being 
brought ashore in Shetland except three MWegaptera at Olna 
station. The other three stations only got B. musculus and 
B. borealts. 

Whales do not seem to be decreasing in numbers, but 
are said to be shyer and not so easily approached. The 
cold and stormy season was against whaling and all other 
fishing. 


ON THE. OCCUKRENCE “OF (THE  EX6gE EN 
PIED CHAT (SAATCOLA, PLESCAARIa IN 
SCOTLAND—A NEW BRITISH BIRD. 


By Evetyn V. BaxTerR and LEONORA JEFFREY RINTOUL. 
PLATE I. 


ON October 19th, 1909, we were engaged in migration work 
on the Isle of May, and on that particular day we were 
rather inclined to be in a desponding frame of mind, as the 
wind which had been light off the East for one day before, 


P 
LATE 


bu 


OCCURRENCE OF THE EASTERN PIED CHAT IN SCOTLAND 3 


had gone back into the West again; and we had always 
found that the West wind brought us few treasures. How- 
ever we did our usual rounds without seeing anything 
unusual till noon, when, among the rocks on the East side, 
we put up a Chat, which we at once decided was not a 
Common Wheatear. It was considerably darker than 
S. enanthe, looked smaller, and seemed to show less white 
patch on the rump when it flew; it was restless and rather 
wild, flitting from one rock to another in a hurried manner. 
Then began a most exciting chase, up and down the steep de- 
clivities and among broken jagged rocks until, at last,a lucky 
shot laid the quarry low. On picking it up, we found that 
we had got a bird quite unknown to us; nor did Saunders’s 
“ Manual” and various other books help us, for we could find 
no description which corresponded with it. Full of high hopes 
we consigned it to Mr. Eagle Clarke at the Royal Scottish 
Museum, to whom it also presented difficulties (added to by 
the fact that the bird was a female in autumn plumage), 
and being uncertain of its identity owing to want of adequate 
material with which to compare it, he sent the bird to 
Dr. Hartert at Tring, and to our great satisfaction our 
capture was pronounced by him to be a bird new to the 
British List, being the Eastern Pied Chat, Sazzcola pleschanka 
(the S. orzo of some authors), but of the white-throated 
form usually considered a distinct species, the S. vzttata 
of Hemprich and Ehrenberg, now considered by Dr. Hartert 
to be merely a variety of S. pleschanka. The usual habitat 
of this species, according to Dresser, is Eastern Europe 
(Cyprus, Crimea, Lower Volga), east to Kashmir, S.E. Siberia, 
Tibet, Mongolia, and N. China ; wintering in India, Abyssinia, 
and Arabia. It has also occurred in Italy and Heligoland. 
Our specimen proved to be a female; it is 5.7 inches in 
length, wing 3.6 inches. Head dull greyish-brown with 
faint indications of darker streaks ; eye-streak buffish-white ; 
ear-coverts brownish-black, much streaked with greyish- 
brown; mantle black, each feather broadly margined with 
greyish-brown, lighter at the tips; rump and upper tail 
coverts white ; central pair of tail feathers black with basal 
third white, remaining tail feathers white broadly tipped 
with black, the outer ones more so than the inner ; primaries, 


4 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


secondaries, and wing-coverts blackish-brown with narrow 
pale brown margins; sides of the neck white tinged with 
buff; throat and centre of abdomen white; chest warm 
buff; flanks and under tail-coverts pale buff; axillaries 
black ; under wing-coverts black, with paler edges; eyes, 
bill, feet, and toes black. 


BIRD NOTES FROM THE ISLE OF MAY 
—AUTUMN 1909. 


By LEONORA JEFFREY RINTOUL AND EVELYN V. BAXTER. 


THIS autumn (1909) we again returned to the Isle of May, 
spending six weeks there from 13th September to 28th 
October. During our stay on the island we saw QI species 
of birds, in spite of the fact that for a large part of the 
time the weather conditions were very unfavourable for 
migration observations. The first fortnight was characterised 
by the prevalence of light easterly winds, and many 
interesting birds put in an appearance, though there were 
no great numbers of any one kind. 

We landed on the island about 2 p.m. on 13th September 
and at once set out to see what birds were present. We 
found few kinds, but among them was a Barred Warbler 
(S. mzsorta) $,a Blackcap (S. atrecapilla) 3, and a Scarlet 
Grosbeak (C. erythinus) 2. This was an encouraging 
beginning, and by next day a Whinchat (P. rudetra), a 
Bluethroat (C. swececa) a bird of the year, a Pied Flycatcher 
(MZ. atricapilla), and a White Wagtail (JZ. alba), had arrived. 
We also saw a Whimbrel (JV. pha@opus), which species we 
saw every day till 25th September, one to three birds at 
a time. 

The 15th was a very poor day, but on the 16th we saw 
several Lesser Whitethroats (S. curruca) and a Yellow- 
browed Warbler (P. superczlzosus), the latter in the lighthouse 
garden. It was an extremely restless little bird, flitting 
here and there and uttering its curious note, a loud ringing 
“pee,” audible a long way off; it was an extraordinarily 
strong note for so small a bird. In the afternoon a Great 


BIRD NOTES FROM THE ISLE OF MAY—AUTUMN 1909 5 


Spotted Woodpecker (D. major) appeared; it hopped and 
flapped clumsily from one grassy mound to another, feeding 
on the red ants which abound there. Next morning we 
put up a very wild Bluethroat in one of the gardens, 
saw several Redstarts (RX. phenicurus), a female Blackcap, 
several Garden Warblers (.S. salicaria), and a Lesser White- 
throat. The first Brambling (/. montfringilla) of the 
season was observed and several Pied Flycatchers had 
come in. 

On the 18th September there were more Blackcaps, 
all with the chestnut head, a Chiff-chaff (P. collybita), a 
Spotted Flycatcher (JZ. grisola), and a Pied Flycatcher. 
Quantities of Swallows (H. rustica) and House-martins 
(C. urbtca) were circling round above the island, or sitting 
in long rows on the telephone wires; this is the only time 
we have seen any great numbers of these birds on the 
island. By next morning almost all the Hirundine had 
left, and the only new species that had come in was a 
Stonechat (P. rubicola). The 20th brought nothing of 
special interest, except that we procured a specimen of the 
Greater Wheatear (S. wnanthe leucorrhoa) with a wing 
measurement of 105 millimetres. On the 21st a Missel- 
thrush (7. vzsccvorus) and a Grey Wagtail (1/7. melanope), 
occurred, and next day we recorded a Lesser Whitethroat, 
a nice little flock of eight Siskins (C. spzzus) and a Golden 
Plover (C. pluvialis). 

After a poor day on the 23rd we had a fine lot of birds 
on the 24th, the new arrivals including Redstarts, a lot of 
Whitethroats (S. czmerea), several Lesser Whitethroats, a 
Garden Warbler, a Goldcrest (2. crzstatus), another Yellow- 
browed Warbler, a good many Siskins, a Pied Flycatcher, 
a Brambling and several Tree Pipits (A. ¢rivzalzs). We 
were much puzzled by the mysterious way in which one 
particular bird baffled our attempts to solve its identity. 
We saw a Warbler in a small patch of nettles and proceeded 
to try to walk it up, with no result; we returned in half- 
an-hour or so and saw the bird again, but on trying to 
make its nearer acquaintance it again vanished; this 
happened several times, and we could not think where 
the bird had gone to, for if it had flown out of the patch 


6 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


of nettles we should have seen it. However, the mystery 
was soon solved; as we were standing quite silently just 
above a rabbit-hole, out of the burrow came a Common 
Whitethroat which, on seeing us, retreated far down the 
hole again, and we saw it several times afterwards taking 
covert in the same way. 

25th September was a day with light east wind and fog 
in the morning and evening; it was one of our red-letter 
days. On going out we found more Wheatears, Redstarts, 
and Garden Warblers, a Yellow-browed Warbler, the first 
Chaffinch (/. cv/ebs) of the season and many Bramblings 
and Siskins. A few Pied Flycatchers were also present, 
and down in Mr. Ross’s garden a Red-breasted Flycatcher 
(Mf. parva). This bird’s behaviour was very like that of 
the Pied Flycatcher, it flitted about in the same way, and, 
when it settled, ducked, jerking its wings. It was not very 
shy, and when procured was found to be a male. This is 
the first record of this bird in the Forth Area. We saw 
several White Wagtails and Tree Pipits, a Reed Bunting 
(E. scheniclus), and a Little Bunting (Z. puszlla) which we 
were fortunate enough to secure; this bird is another first 
record for “Forth.” It was not at all wild, and uttered 
a gentle little twittering song as it stood on the ground. 
Four Golden Plovers were running about on the high part 
of the island. 

Sunday 26th was another good day, Redwings (7. 
zlzacus) and Ring Ouzels (7. torguatus) had arrived, one of 
the latter being in beautiful summer plumage. We also 
observed the largest male Wheatear we have ever seen, 
evidently S. ewxanthe leucorrhoa, Redstarts, a Whitethroat, 
two Lesser Whitethroats, a good many Willow Warblers 
(P. trochilus), and two Yellow-browed Warblers. These 
last-named are self-assertive little birds ; one of them wanted 
to sit on a twig that had already been appropriated by a 
Lesser Whitethroat, and the impertinent mite hustled and 
bustled poor curruca till it had to quit, leaving supercz/iosus 
in possession. The Garden Warblers were feeding on 
large caterpillars, which looked very like those of J. 
brassita. Several times when we flushed one of these birds 
out of the cabbages, it rose holding a big larva in its beak, 


BIRD NOTES FROM THE ISLE OF MAY—AUTUMN 1909 7 


flew to the wall and there proceeded to demolish its prey. 
When put off the wall it still stuck to its caterpillar, carried 
it off and no doubt ate it elsewhere. There were a good 
many Siskins about and very tame, a Spotted Flycatcher, 
a Tree Pipit, two White Wagtails and a Little Bunting, 
—which when put up out of some thistles sat on a wall, 
erecting the feathers of its head and uttering repeatedly 
a peculiar single note,—several Swallows, a Carrion Crow 
(C. corone), and a Dunlin (7. a/pzna), the last-named feeding 
on the grass among a large flock of Starlings. 

On 27th September we saw only one Ring Ouzel, and 
the Warblers were much the same as yesterday except that 
we saw three Yellow-browed Warblers instead of two. A 
couple of Hedge Accentors (A. modularis) had arrived, 
White Wagtails and Tree Pipits were still on the island, 
and a small flock of Common Scoter (@. xzgva) were seen 
in the sea off the North Ness. 

The second fortnight of our stay opened in a promising 
manner, a light east wind blowing for the first two days, but 
after this the wind changed and we soon had a succession 
of fresh or strong southerly and westerly winds preventing 
much migration being seen on the island. 

There were a great many Turdine on 28th September. 
Blackbirds (7. meru/a) and Thrushes (7°. mwszcus) abounded. 
Redwings and Ring Ouzels were present in some numbers, 
while the scolding note of the Missel Thrush was heard and 
the bird was seen flying from one point of vantage to 
another. The Warblers seen included a Lesser Whitethroat, 
a good many Blackcaps and Garden Warblers, a Willow 
Warbler, a Chiff-chaff, and two Yellow-browed Warblers. 
There were still a good many Siskins, which species was 
much more plentiful on the Isle of May this autumn than in 
1907 or 1908. On the 29th there were still a lot of 
Thrushes and Blackbirds, the other three members of this 
family having left ; also a good many Robins (£4. rudecula), 
a few Redstarts, a Lesser Whitethroat, several Garden 
Warblers and Siskins, and two Wrens (7. parvulus), the 
first of the season. 30th September and Ist October were 
poor days; we saw the last Lesser Whitethroat of the year 
on the former day, and the last Redstart on the latter. On 


8 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


2nd October another Yellow-browed Warbler appeared ; we 
found it hopping about among the oat stooks in one of the 
gardens ; a good many Bramblings had come, and we saw 
the last of the Siskins. A Merganser (JZ. serrator) and a 
Jack-snipe (G. gal/inula) were also seen. 

On 4th October a flock of 38 Grey Geese passed over 
the island flying up the Firth, and next day we saw a 
Peregrine (/. peregrinus), and this fine falcon was also seen 
on the roth. The 7th was the last day on which we saw 
the Common Wheatear (S. @zanthe), and on the 8th some 
Tree-sparrows (P. montanus) appeared; the new-comers 
were in very beautiful plumage, decidedly brighter than 
those that we had seen throughout our stay. Razorbills 
(A. torda) passed in flocks going south, and some southward 
movement was seen almost every day after this till we left. 

We saw a Sandwich Tern (S. cantzaca) on the gth 
October, and a Purple Sandpiper (7. striata) came to the 
lantern that night; this species occurred in small numbers 
off and on throughout our stay, but this was the only time 
it came to the light. 

On 10th October the wind had fallen considerably, 
being now light off the south. Enormous flocks of Red- 
wings kept coming in all day, the island was swarming with 
them, and the air seemed full of them too. One heard 
their note everywhere and put the birds up from behind 
every rock and tuft of grass. When we first went out in 
the morning we saw only a few Bramblings, but flock after 
flock came in, till by mid-day there were large numbers in 
every part of the island, and by afternoon the flocks were 
huge ; there must have been thousands of these birds present. 

Next day Redwings and Bramblings were still numerous, 
and a Wigeon (JV. penelope) was swimming in one of the 
small pools. A Teal (A. crvecca) on the 12th finishes the 
list of interesting items for the second fortnight. 

The third fortnight of our visit began with high southerly 
and westerly winds and continued thus, with little inter- 
mission, till 23rd October, after which we had light northerly 
winds. On the 13th October a Tree Pipit and two Shore- 
larks (O. alpestris) were our chief records. We found the 
Shore-larks pretty shy, and very much given to rising and 


BIRD NOTES FROM THE ISLE OF MAY—AUTUMN 1909 9 


flying away when we were still some distance off, but each 
time they rose they uttered their peculiar call-note, a high 
wild “ Hi-yi-yi,” quite unlike any other bird-note we know. 
Next day there was still one on the island, and we saw the 
first Brent Goose (B. drenta) that we have seen at the May ; 
while the day after, the first Long-tailed Duck (1. glacialis) 3 , 
appeared close to the island, and we saw this species several 
times subsequently. On 16th October we again saw a 
Shore-lark and at 8.30 p.m. heard a great thud on the roof: 
on going up next morning to see what had struck, we found 
a Water-rail (2. aguatecus) lying dead on the leads. About 
4 am.on the morning of the 17th the first Fieldfares (7. 
pilaris) of the season came to the lantern, as did a Blackcap, 
a Garden Warbler, and a few Thrushes; and on going out 
next morning it was evident that there had been a big 
Thrush immigration, as the island was full of them. Several 
Tree Pipits had also arrived and a Merlin (/. @sa/on). 

On 18th October there were a very great many Red- 
wings, and we found that a good many had been killed at 
the light. We also saw a Ring Ouzel, a male Blackcap, a 
Willow-warbler and a Goldcrest. A Greenfinch (ZL. chloris) 
had put in an appearance, and an adult Common Gull (Z. 
canus) came to the lantern at 7.30 pm. 19th October 
provided the crowning hour of our life here, in the 
shape of an Eastern Pied Chat (S. pleschanka)—a new bird 
for Britain—as we have recorded in a separate article, g.v. 
A Blackcap ¢ and several Greenfinches are perhaps worth 
mentioning. The next two days we saw nothing noteworthy, 
but on the 22nd we got another Greater Wheatear, and next 
day a Mallard (A. doschas) and a Lesser Black-backed Gull 
(L. fuscus) were added to the list. 

On 24th October another Yellow-browed Warbler had 
arrived, and was seen flitting about the rocks. At the south 
end of the island, we saw an immature Glaucous Gull 
(L. glaucus) and a Grebe in winter plumage, probably 
P. auritus. The last species we added to our autumn list 
was the Black Guillemot (U. grylle), of which species we 
saw two birds in winter plumage in the sea close to the 
island on 27th October. When we arrived on the island 
there were very few Eider (S. mollisstma) to be seen, but 


ie) ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


their numbers increased steadily till a very large flock was 
present. There were not so many waders this year as on 
our two preceding visits, and we saw fewer Arctic Skuas 
(S. crepidatus) harassing the Kittiwakes. 

The frequent occurrence of Eastern species was very 
marked this year on the Isle of May, while many of our 
common species were present in very small numbers; for 
instance, we saw quite as many Yellow-browed Warblers as 
we did Willow-Warblers. The Eastern Pied Chat is an East- 
European, North-east African, and West and Central Asiatic 
species, the Yellow-browed Warbler has not been found 
breeding west of the Urals, the Red-breasted Flycatcher 
inhabits Central and Southern Europe, while the Scarlet 
Grosbeak and Little Bunting are North-east European and 
Asiatic species; and yet all these birds occurred on this 
small island so far to the west of their breeding-grounds ; 
in the case of the Yellow-browed Warbler we saw at least 
ten different birds, and among them were females, all those 
hitherto recorded from the Isle of May being males. 

With the exception of the Thrush, Redwing, Brambling, 
and Swallow, we saw no large number of any one kind of 
bird; Siskins were more plentiful than usual, but not in 
great quantities, and many birds, notably the commoner 
Warblers, were fewer in number than in other years. 
Common Whitethroats and Willow-Warblers were very scarce, 
Sedge-Warblers were conspicuous by their absence, and, to 
jump to another family, we saw no Snow Buntings at all. 

It is once more our pleasant duty to thank the Com- 
missioners of Northern Lights very heartily for having again 
accorded us the privilege of watching the autumn migration 
from this favourable station; to thank Mr. and Mrs. Mac- 
eachern, and Mr. and Miss Maccuish for their kindness and 
help while we were on the island, and also Mr. and Mrs. 
Ross and all our other kind friends for the help they gave 
us in allowing us to hunt their gardens and in many other 
ways. We greatly enjoyed our stay on the island, which 
was more successful ornithologically than either of our 
former visits. Special thanks are due to Mr. Eagle Clarke 
for his kindness in assisting us with the identification of our 
Chat, and for all the trouble he has taken to help us. 


THE COTTON-SPINNER II 


THE COTYTON-SPINNER (ZOLOTHURIA FOR- 
SKALT)—AN ECHINODERM NEW 10° THE 
PAUNA OE SCOLLAND: 


By James Ritcuigz, M.A., B.Sc. 


THERE was recently presented to the Royal Scottish 
Museum, by Mr. A. Johnston, Mallaig, a Sea-Cucumber 
discovered in a crab-creel off Mallaig, towards the southern 
end orstie) Sound of “Sleat. The’ soft character of ‘the 
creature, which was over 64 inches long, its colour—on the 
dorsal surface very dark sepia, relieved by yellow in the 
interstices between the papilla, the ground-work of the 
lower surface pale yellow, with sandy yellow to brown 
markings—and the arrangements of papillae and_ pedicels, 
all indicated Holothuria forskalt, Delle Chiaje. Examina- 
tion of the exceedingly minute spicules confirmed the 
identification. 

Flolothuria forskalt occurs in the Mediterranean and 
northwards. In British waters, which, under the name of 
Holothuria nigra, it was long thought exclusively to inhabit, 
it has been found on the south coast of England, and on the 
west to St. George’s Channel, while many records tell of its 
presence on the west coast of Ireland, even to Co. Donegal. 
Its presence in Scottish waters appears, however, to have 
escaped observation. 

In introducing the Cotton-Spinner to the fauna of 
Scotland, I quote from an early description by Peach,” to 
show in what appropriate manner its English epithet became 
attached to it. He says quaintly: “ This Holothuria is 
called by fishermen a ‘Nigger, and at times a ‘Cotton- 
Spinner’; it is held by them in great detestation, from its 
throwing out what they call ‘cotton,’ of which more by and 
by, and from its slimy nature, and also because where the 
‘ Niggers’ are numerous and get into the crab-pots, it is very 
rarely that either crabs or lobsters are caught, and therefore 
they kill all that come near with their knives, because they 


1 Nichols, ‘‘ Proc. Irish Acad.” (3) xxiv. B., p. 245. 
45@. W., Peach, ** Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.2xv, 1845, p. 07a 


12 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


do not like to touch them. This is not wonderful, for their 
appearance is anything but prepossessing. . . . 

“Tt is extremely irritable, and on being touched or dis- 
turbed, throws out a bunch of white tapered threads about an 
inch in length, and one-eighth in thickness, . . . they stick 
to everything they touch, and from these the animals are 
called ‘ Cotton-Spinners’ by the fishermen. This small bunch 
is drawn into a large mass of threads, so small that the finest 
sewing-cotton is not equal to it, and is no doubt one of the 
means of defence provided for its preservation ; for I have 
seen a crab so completely entangled in it as not to be able 
to move, and a fish only able to get away after a long 
struggle.” 

Prof. F. Jeffrey Bell notes that in the neighbourhood of 
Falmouth, Cotton-Spinners are known to the fishermen as 
“ Sea-Cows.” 


THE ROYAL SCOTTISH MUSEUM, EDINBURGH. 


THE OCCURRENCE OF “A> RARE CRAB 22cc- 
MOLA GUVIERT, IN SCOTTISH WAtEES 


By JAMEs Ritcuik, M.A.,. B.Sc. 


FOR many years there has existed in the collection of 
Crustaceans in the British Museum a fragmentary specimen, 
a “detached carapace, six inches in length, and the two 
chelipeds” of Paromola cuvteri (Risso), regarding which an 
accompanying portion of a letter tells that: “ The crab shell 
was found on the shore of Ensay, a farm on the west coast 
of Mull, belonging to Lord Compton.” Other than this 
scrappy note nothing is known of the specimen, and its 
occurrence remained unrecorded until Mr. J. N. Halbert 
mentioned it in discussing the first appearance of P. cuvzerz 
in Irish waters! Referring to the Mull specimen he says : 
“Possibly this occurrence has been regarded as somewhat 


1 « Proc. Zool. Soc.,” London, 1884, p. 563. 
2 See J. N. Halbert, ‘‘ Irish Naturalist,” xvii. 1908, pp. 129-132. 


OCCURRENCE OF A RARE CRAB IN SCOTTISH WATERS 13 


insufficient for definitely including the species in the Scottish 
fauna. In view of the recent captures, however, it is highly 
probable that the crab will eventually be found in deep 
water off the western coast of Scotland.” 

Recently a specimen has been received by the Royal 
Scottish Museum which fulfils Mr. Halbert’s prophecy, con- 
firms the earlier record, and gives Paromola cuviert a 
definite place among Scottish crustaceans. The specimen 
was forwarded to the Museum by Mr. L. G. Esson of 
Aberdeen, by whom it had been obtained from a trawl-boat 
which had captured it alive between the Flannan Islands 
and the Butt of Lewis, on 1oth October, 1909. It is a 
moderately sized male, the detailed measurements of which 
agree very closely with those of the specimen recorded by 
Halbert. 


Length of carapace (including rostral spine) 
Breadth of carapace 

Length of abdomen : ; 
Length of right cheliped ; ‘ : 2 
Length of legs 2, 3, and 4, about 

Length of fifth pair : 


‘— 


inches. 


© 


— me OG OV 


SI ST Bo Boose 


Yet even this great size is considerably short of that attained 
by mature specimens in the Mediterranean Sea, where 
carapaces eight inches long are not uncommon. 

The recent Scottish example is complete but for the 
absence of the second walking leg on the left side, and of 
the dactylopodite of the third walking leg on the right, 
the latter having evidently been lost for some time. Like 
the Cork example it is encrusted by many epizoites, most 
evident of which are small specimens of a delicate bivalve, 
Anomia, abundantly scattered over the carapace and legs, 
while a few twisted Serpula worm-tubes cling to the per- 
pendicular side of the carapace, and rare zoophytes— 
a polyzoon, Lzcellarza ciliata (L.), and two indeterminable 
species of Campanularian Hydroids, one of which is probably 
Clytia gohnstonz (Alder)—straggle in the neighbourhood of 
the rostrum or on the limbs. 

Since Mr. Esson forwarded the specimen to which 
reference has just been made, he writes to say that he is 
aware of the existence in Aberdeen of another specimen of 


14 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


Paromola cuviert, which also was captured off the west 
coast of Scotland. 

Paromola cuviert, \ike its near relatives, lives in 
moderately deep water, and for long was supposed to exist 
only in the Mediterranean Sea, and in the adjacent parts of 
the Atlantic Ocean, from the neighbourhood of the Canary 
Islands to the Coast of Portugal. In 1908, however, a 


PAROMOLA CUVIERI (RISSO), FROM BETWEEN FLANNAN ISLANDS AND 
Burt oF Lewis. (About + natural size). 


stray specimen was found alive in a shore pool on the south 
of Ireland, some distance to the west of Cork, and in re- 
cording this Halbert refers also to specimens dredged, during 
the investigations carried out by the Fisheries Branch of the 
Irish Department of Agriculture, 68 miles south-west of 
Ireland, in water from 627 to 728 fathoms deep. 

The occurrence of the present specimen off the Butt of 
Lewis widens considerably the northern boundary of the 
tract within which Paromola cuviert is known to live. 


THE RoyvAL ScoTTisH MusEum, EDINBURGH. 


SCOTTISH PHORIDA 15 


SCOTTISH, LHORIDZ:,, WITH TABERBS TOR AEE 
THE BRITISH SPECIES, AND  NOGES OF. 
EOCALEITIES 


By J. R. Mattocu. 


DURING the last ten years or so, considerable attention has 
been given to the study of this family, and, though a great 
deal remains to be done yet, the amount of knowledge we 
now possess is sufficient to justify me in placing before 
Dipterologists a brief outline of the genera and species, with 
notes of localities, so that should anyone have the necessary 
time and patience to pursue the study of these minute flies 
their labours may be lightened. In the generic divisions 
I have included those sub-genera which I created when 
I broke up the rather heterogeneous group Phora, Latr. 
(“ Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc.,” Glasgow, 1909). I do not intend 
to deal exhaustively with those species in the large section 
now known as Afphiocheta, Brues, as our knowledge of these 
is not such as to permit of very exact divisions being 
created, but it may be advisable to separate certain groups 
so that they may be reduced to a more workable size. 

The Phoride may be at once known from all other 
Diptera, except the 4zbzonid genus Scatapse perhaps, by 
their peculiar neuration. The costal vein extends in very 
few cases beyond the middle of the wing, is considerably 
thickened, and generally bears on its anterior surface a pro- 
jecting fringe of hairs. For the purposes of this paper, and 
to facilitate reference to Dr. Wood’s detailed descriptions of the 
species in the “ Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine,” the other 
thick veins which join the costal vein at different points in 
its course are referred to as the first, second, and third thick 
veins. The second, which looks like a fork of the third, 
is the radial vein, and in some genera it is absent. The 
thin veins, which are also of considerable importance in 
distinguishing species, cross the body of the wing, and are 
sometimes very inconspicuous. Various writers have tried 
to place the Phorzde in lists in their ‘natural’ position, and 
the general body of opinion seems to be that their place is 


16 


ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


between the Louchopterzde and the Platyptezide. The order 
in which the genera appears in this paper is not intended to 
indicate their rotation in the list. 


TABLE OF GENERA. 


(2.) Thick, flattened species, frons, legs, and costa without 
bristles, third vein unforked (=second vein absent). 
. Platyphora, Verr. 


. (1.) Body of the usual arched shape. 


. (4.) Footpads and empodium absent, fourth thin vein absent, 


four pairs of fronto-orbital bristles, very minute species. 
Metopina, Mcq. 


. (3.) Footpads and empodium present. 


5. (6.) Frons without bristles, vertical row present, costa fine 


10. 


1 a 


LZ 
13; 
14. 


ra 


16. 


wy. 
18. 


haired. Gymnophora, Mcq. 


. (5.) Frons with bristles, costal bristles present. 


. (8.) Post-antennal and lower frontal bristles absent, three pairs 


of fronto-orbital bristles, and one pair of upper frontal 
bristles present; second vein absent, mid-tibiz with 
row of outer bristles, eyes bare. Trineura, Mg. 


. (7.) Post-antennal bristles present, not more than two pairs of 


fronto-orbital bristles, eyes hairy. 


. (to.) Arista apical ; antennze with third joint slightly pointed in 


9, long and pear-shaped in 4, only the vertical and 
upper frontal horizontal rows in addition to the post- 
antennal bristles present, second vein absent. 

Conicera, Mg. 


(9.) Arista dorsal, head bristles in three horizontal rows of four 
each, post-antennal bristles present. 


(24.) Post-antennal bristles reclinate. 
(22.) Mid tibize with two strong bristles at base. 
(23.) Second vein present (third vein forked). 


(15.) Fourth thin vein abbreviated or indistinct, tibial armature 
weak. Trupheoneura, Mall. 


(14.) Fourth thin vein generally distinct and always reaching 
the margin of the wing, or else all thin veins abbreviated 
(Phora abbreviata). 


(17.) Third thick vein with short bristles. Chetoneura, Mall. 
(16.) Third thick vein bare. 
(21.) Scutellum with four bristles. 


SCOTTISH PHORIDA 17 


19. (20.) Sub-apical spine on mid tibize weak and small, situated on 
outer side near the tip, hind tibize with a row of small 
bristles on the outer hinder side in addition to any 
stronger bristles that may be present ; anal protuberance 
long and finger like; first thin vein almost straight at 
base. Phora, Latr. 


20. (19.) Mid tibize with sub-apical spine always well developed, and 
situated on the outer side at about one-third from the 
apex; hind marginal small bristles absent; first thin 
vein strongly bent at base. Spintphora, Mall. 


21. (18.) Scutellum with two bristles, one hind tibial bristle, sub- 
apical mid tibial bristle weak or absent ; frontal bristles 
strong. Stenophora, Mall. 


22. (12.) Mid tibize with one basal bristle ; frontal bristles weak. 
Larastenophora, nov. nom. 


23. (13.) Third thick vein unforked, second vein absent. 
fypocera, Brues. 
24. (11.) Post-antennal bristles not reclinate. 


25. (26.) Post-antennal bristles erect. Beckerina, nov. gen. 
26. (25.) Post-antennal bristles proclinate. Aphiocheta, Brues. 


PLATYPHORA, Verr. 


Lubbocki, Verr. easily distinguished from all other Phoride by 
its Platypteza-like shape, and the absence of bristles. The only 
specimens I have seen were from New Forest (King). 


GyMNoPHoRA, Mcq. 


arcuata, Mg. ‘The only species of the genus is easily recognised 
by the bare frons and legs. ‘The wings have the thick veins much 
thickened, and the whole insect including the wings is extremely 
dark. Very common among ferns and undergrowth. I have seen 
it from various parts of Scotland, and take it here commonly. 


Conicera, Je. 


1. (2.) Third antennal joint in ¢ about 24 times as long as its 


basal breadth. atra, Mg. 
2. (1.) Third antennal joint in d about rd times as long as its 
basal breadth. stimulis, Hal. 


Both species are about equally common, but owing to their 
somewhat similar appearance, they are not readily distinguished. 
I have taken both species at Bonhill and Cardross, and have seen 
atra from Cambridge, so that this species, at least, has a wide range. 


A} Cc 


18 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


TRINEURA, MWg. 
1. (4.) Hind tibize with only one outer bristle on the basal half. 


. (3.) Fore tarsi much dilated; mid tibiz with five to seven 
outer bristles in ¢ and three in 9, larger species. 

velutina, Mg. 

3. (2.) Fore tarsi hardly dilated ; mid tibize with about five outer 

bristles in ¢, and two or three in 9°. aterrima, F. 


tN 


4. (1.) Hind tibize with two outer bristles. Schineri, Beck. 


The species of this genus may always be known by their velvety 
black colour, even in the net. 


Velutina, Mg., is common almost everywhere, as is 
aterrima, F. I meet with them in almost every con- 
signment of Pkhoride that reaches me from corre- 
spondents, 

Schineri, Beck, is the scarcest of the three, but I have 
a good series taken near Bonhill, and I have seen it 
in the collection of Mr. Henderson, also from Clyde. 


Hypocera, rms. 


This genus is distinguished from the other genera with reclinate 
post-antennal bristles, and two horizontal rows of four frontal 
bristles by the absence of the second vein. There are several 
well-defined sections in the genus which, while lending themselves 
to easy divisions, seem to point to the fact that they are not con- 
generic. It is, however, not desirable to increase the number of 
sub-genera beyond the present number merely to separate one or 
two species, more particularly when the present genus is not ex- 
tremely bulky. 

Table of Species. 
1. (2.) Third thick vein with several large bristles at the base. 
mordellaria, Flu. 
2. (1.) Third thick vein without large bristles, or with a single 
bristle. 
3. (6.) Frons with a distinct ocellar tubercule. 
4. (5.) Fore tibize with from two to four bristles in a row. 
tncrassata, Mg. 
5. (4.) Fore tibize with only one bristle. carinifrons, Ztt. 
6. (3.) Frons without a tubercule. 
7. (8.) Hind legs very stout, no bristle at base of third thick vein. 
Jemorata, Mg. 
8. (7.) Hind legs long and slender, a large bristle at base of third 
thick vein. 


SCOTTISH PHORIDA 19 


g. (10.) Hind tibia bare (sometimes one weak bristle may be 
present about the middle). citretformis, Beck. 


to. (g.) Hind tibize with two bristles on the outer side. 
vitripennis, Mg. 
mordellaria, Flu., seems to be confined to England; the 
only specimens I have seen were from the New Forest. 
tncrassata, Mg., I have seen this from the north of 
Scotland and the south of England, but have not met 
with it myself. 

carinifrons, Ztt., seems to be generally common. I 
have met with it in abundance at Bonhill, and have 
seen it from the north of Scotland and also from 
England. 

Jemorata, Mg.—This seems to be scarce, but generally 
distributed. Dr. Wood has taken it at Tarrington, 
Hereford, and has seen it from the north of Scotland. 
I meet with it occasionally at Bonhill, having a series of 
about a dozen specimens. 

citreiformis, Beck., seems to be generally distributed. I 
generally obtain about half a dozen in a season at 
Bonhill off Umbelliferee, and Dr. Wood records it from 
Hereford. 

vitripennits, Mg.—I met with this species in abundance 
on an old moss-grown wall at Bonhill in June 1908. 
The insects were just emerging, and many were im- 
mature. Mr. J. E. Collin has bred it from bees’ nests. 


The European species of this genus are, besides the above, 
coronata, Beck., Bernuth, Egg., and agzlis, Mg. ‘The species agz/zs, 
Mg., may be more properly referable to Chetoneura as the second 
vein is sometimes present. I have not seen any of these three 
species, but they may be turned up yet in Britain. 


CHATONEURA, Jali. 


Generic description: Antennz normal; arista dorsal; frontal 
bristles in two horizontal rows of four each; postantennal bristles 
reclinate ; palpi normal; costa to beyond middle of wing, fringed ; 
third thick vein with short bristles, second vein present ; first thin 
vein distinctly bent at base; four thin veins present; the mid- 
tibial bristles are three in number, two basal and one sub-apical 
all sub-equal in size. Type: ¢horacica, Mg. 


Table of Species. 
I. (2.) Halteres black. i curvinervis, Beck, 


2. (1.) Halteres pale (yellow). 


20 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


3. (4.) Thorax sometimes pale; hind tibiz with four bristles, a 
pair in the upper third, one in the middle of the hind 
margin, and one close to the tip on outer side, costa 


thickened. thoracica, Mg. 
4. (3.) Thorax black, costa normal. 
5. (6.) Hind tibize with five or six bristles. urbana, Mg. 
6. (5.) Hind tibize with only two bristles. Jennica, Beck. 


curvinervis, Beck, a very common species under carrion, 
in the spring and early summer. Probably to be met 
with everywhere. 

thoracica, Mg., generally distributed, and sometimes 
common. I have bred it from moles’ nests. The 
darkening at the tip of wings is, I find in all my speci- 
mens, confined to the ? 9, the male showing a hardly 
perceptible yellower tinge. 

urbana, Mg. I bred this along with the last from moles’ 
nests. It is not a rare species. I meet with it every 
season in fair numbers while sweeping. 

jennica, Beck. The rarest of the genus. I have only 
met with 4 ¢ ¢ andr 9? at Bonhill. 


SPINIPHORA, JZad/. 


Generic description: Antennz normal, arista dorsal, frontal 
bristles as in Chezoneura, mid tibiz with three equally strong bristles 
situated, two on the basal third, and one on about the base of the 
apical third on the outer side, costa moderately long, second vein 
present, third thick vein bare, first thin vein bent at base, four thin 
veins present. Type: maculata, Mg. 


Table of Species. 


. (6.) Scutellar bristles, four in number, of equal size. 


lanl 


N 


. (3.) Wings with a spot at origin of the first thin vein ; mid tibize 
with two inside spurs. maculata, Mg. 

3. (2.) Wings unspotted ; mid tibize with only one spur. 

. (5.) Costa to about the middle of wing ; hind tibiz with four 
bristles. Bergenstammt, Mik. ( = domestica, W.). 


5. (4.) Costa to beyond the middle; hind tibie ¢ with three 
bristles. (The 9 has several extra bristles on the 


SS 


upper side.) dorsalis, Beck. 
6. (1.) The anterior scutellar bristles reduced to mere hairs ; hind 
tibize with two bristles. erythronata, Strobl. 


The species of this genus seem to be confined to England. I 
do not remember to have seen any Scotch specimens of any species. 


SCOTTISH PHORIDA 21 


I regret that I have to sink Dr. Wood’s species, domestica, as 
only a synonym of Bergenstammi, Mik. I do so because, in a lot 
of Phoride, sent me by Dr. Jenkinson of Cambridge, there is a pair 
taken in cop., which represents both species. Dr. Wood had some 
doubt about their being distinct species, but the evidence was so 
strong that such was the case that he decided to describe domestica 
as new. The ¢ has only one pair of dorso-central bristles, while 
the 9 has two pairs. In maculata, which I have only seen from 
Cambridge, I find that there are always two pairs of dorso-central 
bristles. 

(Zo be continued.) 


DALYELICS SCOTLISH AYDRACHNIDS: 
By Wm. WILLIAMSON. 


THE Hydrachnids have not contributed much in past years 
to the Natural History literature of Scotland. It was 
therefore with a hope that something worth might be in 
store that I turned to Dalyell’s “ Powers of the Creator,” 
which Mr. Wm. Evans kindly brought under my notice. 
In this I have been greatly disappointed, and, but for the 
record of localities and some species which can be recognised, 
it seems to me that Dalyell’s contribution is of little value. 
Notwithstanding that, at the date of publication (1851), 
Hydrachnide had been divided into genera, Dalyell, never- 
theless, preferred to revert to Miiller’s arrangement because 
he considered it more suited to the popular nature of his 
work. Had he followed out, instead of deprecating as he 
did, the minutiz which the writers later than Miiller gave 
attention to, we might possibly have had a contribution of 
some value. The only dates he gives for his observations 
are 1802 and 1809, and if, after the long interval between 
that and the date of publication, he depended on memory 
for his facts, then some of his statements may be accounted 
for. It would be interesting to know what caused the 
“fits” which he observed some hydrachnids to have taken, 
or how they managed to nibble the stems of equisetum 
(? limosum), or how many females contributed their quota 
of eggs to the mass which weighed down the leaves of a 
privet dipping in the water, and of which one twig with 


22 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


eggs accounted for close on ten thousand larve. Even the 
predatory habits of hydrachnids are magnified in an extra- 
ordinary degree. 

Only thirteen species are accounted for in the two plates 
accompanying the text, in which some of the species are 
not even mentioned. In addition to these Aydrachna 
papillator is mentioned, but not figured, in connection with 
some low temperature experiments. 


ffydrachna cruenta.—TVhis was established by Miller, but exactly 
what species he had before him has never been satisfactorily 
determined. In 1884 Krendrowsky redescribed the species. 
Dalyell records /. cruenta burrowing in the mud of a small 
pond at Canty Bay. His figure of the imago is insufficient to 
assist in determining the species, but he figures the larva hatched 
out from eggs laid by his 4. cruenta. This does not show 
the peculiarly characteristic form of ydrachna but rather that 
of the Hygrobatide. On the strength of this we may conclude 
that Dalyell’s species does not belong to the genus Aydrachna 
but to some other genus. A figure of one of the limbs is also 
given, but it is faulty as it does not show the segments, and its 
equipment of hairs is certainly drawn from imagination. 


ffydrachna extendens.—This also was established by Miller, and 
later it was taken by Latreille as the type of his genus Ly/azs. 
Dalyell’s figure is more informative than the previous one. The 
epimera bear some resemblance to those of Hy/azs extendens, 
but, what is more important to us, he shows distinctly the oral 
disc peculiar to Zy/azs. From one or two of his observations 
I believe this to be Ly/azs extendens (Miill.). 


Hydrachna crassipes—The figure of this species, with its posterior 
papillae, shows it, without doubt, to be Uxzonicola crassipes 
(Mill.). 

Lydrachna varia.—This must be added to the list of species which 
cannot be now identified. The name apparently is appropriate 
as the figure shows it to be at variance with all other hydrachnids, 
being figured with five pairs of legs. 

flydrachna ferox, H. sparsa, H. spinifer—These are only figured 
but not described. The figures afford no information beyond 
the colouring of the mites. 

fT, punctata, which is in a position similar to the three foregoing 
species, is recorded from the Braid Hills Pond. ‘The separate 
figure of the palpus does not show the segments. 

LfTydrachna placida is described by Dalyell as, “body, tending to 
globular, about half a line in diameter; eyes, two on the 


DALYELL’S SCOTTISH HYDRACHNIDS 23 


anterior surface, black, considerably apart; limbs with scanty 
hairs ; colour greyish-brown, lighter on the middle of the back. 
Taken in a small pond on Braid Hills.” The paucity of hairs 
on the limbs is suggestive of a species of //ygrodates. 


Hydrachna caudata and H. albator are undoubtedly Arrhenurz,— 
The figures show distinctly the generic subdivisions to which 
each species belongs, but the absence of one or two details 
does not allow of a closer verification of the specific names. 


Flydrachna geographica and HH. maculata may correspond, the first 
to Hydrachna geographica (Mill.), and the second to Lzmmnesta 
maculata (Herm.), though in the latter the colour is yellow 
instead of red. 


Summarising the foregoing, the result appears to be as 
follows :— 


DALYELL’S SPECIES. EQUIVALENT IN PRESENT DAy NOMENCLATURE. 
Hf. cruenta. . NON fydrachna cruenta (Mill.), Krend. 
fT, extendens . . Lylais extendens (Mill.). 

TL CHASSIPES . Onionicola crassipes (Mill.). 

fT. caudata. . ? Arrhenurus caudatus (Geer.). 
HT, papillator . . ? Arrhenurus papillator (Mull.). 
ff, albator . . ? Arrhenurus albator (Miill.). 

fl, geographica . ? Hydrachna geographica (Miill.). 
HT, maculata . . ?Limnesia maculata (Herm.). 
ff, varia. 

Veh Gane 

fT. sparsa. Species named by Dalyell, the identification of 
fT. spinifer. which is not possible. 

fT. punctata. 

HI, placida. 


4 MEADOWBANK TERRACE, EDINBURGH. 


THE FALSE-SCORPIONS 7Ob SCOTLAND: 


By RosertT GODFREY, M.A. 
(Concluded from p. 163, Vo. 71, July 1909.) 


Obisium musecorum, Leach, 1817. 

O. muscorum was first recorded for Scotland in 1817 by Leach, 
who adds to his original description of the species the remark,—‘ In 
montibus Caledoniae vulgatissime, in Anglia rarius.” Leach was in 


24 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


Edinburgh for a time, taking his M.D. degree in 1812, so that the 
mountains he refers to are probably the Pentland Hills. His 
type specimen, still preserved in the British Museum, is marked 
“Scotland.” 

At the present day this is without doubt the most abundant and 
generally distributed of all our False-scorpions, occurring from the 
edge of the tide to the inland moorlands and mountains, At the 
mouth of the Avon, between Stirling and West Lothian, it lives 
among the refuse at high-water mark; and in Mid and East 
Lothians tenanted nests of the species situated in similar positions 
have come under my notice in the autumn months. In woods 0. 
muscorum lives among the masses of dead leaves lying in damp 
situations, and on open ground it is obtained in abundance under 
stones. I have taken it among damp earth on the Castle Rock in 
Princes Street Gardens, Edinburgh, and on the slopes of the 
Pentlands at Dreghorn. Inland, its area of distribution ranges over 
the woodlands and even the open moors, but, so far as my observa- 
tions go, it stops short at the border of the true mosses. In the 
wild forest of Rothiemurchus it is quite common; and in some 
parts of Scotland it ascends to a considerable height, being numerous 
for example on the range that lies between Glen Ogle and Edenchip 
Glen in Perthshire to a height of 1500 feet at least, and on the 
slopes of Ben Cailleach in Skye. It occurs also under the bark of 
trees, both living and dead, and is the only species I have so far 
found in such situations in Scotland. 

Throughout the middle and the southern portions of Scotland 
its distribution will probably prove to be universal. Mr. James 
Waterston informs me that he has found the empty nest on the 
island of Arran, and I have examined tenanted nests on Island 
More, a small island in Loch Fyne, near Lochgilphead, and on the 
Maiden Island, Oban; I have also seen this species on the Rough 
Island, in the Solway Firth. Mr. Wm. Evans, in his notes, calls 
the species “ubiquitous.” Unless, however, the nest is known, the 
real abundance of the species will never be suspected; as an 
illustration of this I may mention that during a fortnight in Argyll 
in July rg9o01, although seventy-one nests—most of which were 
already empty—came under my notice, only one solitary individual 
was observed moving free. 

Obistum muscorum is abroad nearly the whole year round ; the 
only month in which I have not found it active is October, but 
this gap is most likely due to insufficient observation alone. Its 
habits, during a free state, do not present any features conspicuously 
different from those of its allies. It is more active than the blind 
species, but less so than Chthonius vayz. Its degree of activity 
depends greatly on the place of its abode, those under stones being 
much less active than those living among dead leaves and brackens. 


THE FALSE-SCORPIONS OF SCOTLAND 25 


In the former situation, after the stones have been turned up, it 
gives an observer abundant opportunity of watching it; when 
disturbed it draws back its pedipalps to the sides of its fore-body 
and runs backwards, and it may repeat this backward run several 
times before it loses fear of danger and begins its forward advance 
with outstretched pedipalps and open pincers. In _ the latter 
situation, however, it moves so rapidly that the observer is more 
eager to catch it than to watch its actions. 

The only prey which I have seen O. muscorum carrying has 
been two species of springtail. 

Its nest-building habits are by far the most interesting, and, 
being somewhat easily investigated, they prompt us to correct lines 
of observation in other species. ‘The nest of O. muscorum in its 
finished state resembles a blob cf earth or sand corresponding 
closely with the surface on which it rests. The favourite site is on 
the under side of a stone, but other localities—such as a piece of 
bark, the face of a rock covered with sheltering herbage, or a 
compact bed of moss growing on a tree stump—may be chosen. 
At Crieff I once found on the white inner surface of a piece of 
rotten fir-wood lying on the ground a nest formed of tiny granules 
of rotten wood harmonising most beautifully with its surroundings. 
But, wherever placed, the nest harmonises so well with the adjacent 
material that to the uninitiated it resembles merely a piece of dirt 
accidentally lying where it is. This wonderful harmony arises 
naturally from the method employed in the construction of the nest. 
When the female chooses the site of her future home, under a stone 
let us say, she forms on the surface of the stone a little domed arch 
—about four millimetres in diameter—out of the particles of earth 
and sand on which the stone is resting. She gathers the particles 
in a moist condition and attaches them together so carefully that 
even at this stage the nest is quite firm, and practically impervious ; 
the inner surface is also beautifully smooth. After some days she 
spins on the inner side of the dome and over the enclosed surface 
of the stone, a close firm lining of the finest silk, which renders the 
whole structure compact and durable, and probably keeps it dry. 
When on a stone the dome-shaped roof of the nest is complete and 
free from attachment to any other object; but in cases where the 
nest is placed between close-fitting flakes of bark on a tree it may 
be attached above as well as below, that is to say to the two flakes 
between which it is placed; in such cases the built part of the nest 
consists merely of a very narrow ring of earth and rotten wood, 
within which, as well as on the two surfaces of bark to which it is 
attached, is the white silk lining. 

Nest-building for the purposes of reproduction begins in February, 
but is not in full swing till March, and new nests rarely contain any 
traces of silk either on the inner surface of the dome or on the 


26 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


surface of the stone before the latter half of March. The earliest 
date on which I have found a female in her nest is February 14 in 
Dumbartonshire, but from March 1o onwards I have found them 
commonly. 

Inside this nest the female remains till her young are fully 
developed and ready to forage for themselves. The eggs, twenty to 
thirty in number, are produced normally about the middle of March, 
and appear at first as a small white mass attached to the genital 
aperture on the under side of the hind-body; this white spot 
gradually expands, till, after the middle of May, it envelops the 
whole hind-body with the exception of the upper surface, and the 
creature is then embedded in the swollen embryonic mass, which 
projects below, behind, and round the sides of the hind-body, and 
forms a margin equal in breadth to the cross diameter of the hind- 
body itself. At the beginning of June the tiny white youngsters 
attached to the female can be distinctly made out, and by the 
middle of June they are ready to give up that attachment to their 
parent which has been maintained throughout the entire develop- 
ment from the egg to the perfect False-scorpion, and to go forth 
from the nest on a free life. The earliest date on which I have 
seen the young moving free is May 25, at Castlecary. 

A note on the adult and young from my West Lothian note- 
book, June 25, 1901, may be of interest here. ‘‘ Nests of O. mus- 
corum were fairly common on a rocky patch by the wayside near 
Preston House, but they were for the most part empty and generally 
wasted, as if to indicate that they were no longer required. Even- 
tually one with an opening in it proved to contain young. The 
little creatures, a dozen or so in number, were venturing forth from 
their retreat, and as they wandered among the tiny cracks and 
crevices of the stone, they went through the antics of the adult 
perfectly. In moving about they held their pincers well forward, 
and kept opening and shutting them; and even when there was 
nothing to cause any suspicion, they would suddenly dart backwards 
in the manner so characteristic of this group of creatures, as if an 
enemy lurked in a part of the stone they had touched. ‘They ran 
backwards rapidly, and far too, considering their size. ‘They were 
very light in colour, with a greenish hue most pronounced on the 
carapace and with a pinkish tinge on the pincers. The adult was 
not to be seen, being probably out on a hunt for food. I found other 
nests closed, which contained the adult and her young. The young 
of one of these nests, on its being opened, soon shewed that they 
were ready for active life, as one after another came forth to enjoy 
its new freedom, and seemed to be intent on wandering away 
without any intention of returning. One brood consisted of twenty- 
four individuals.” 

At the beginning of July Odcs¢um muscorum is again laying, but 


THE FALSE-SCORPIONS OF SCOTLAND 27 


this late-laying group is probably quite a different set of creatures 
from the spring-laying group. So far as I have observed very 
few individuals take part in the autumn laying. August 12 is the 
date at which I have found this autumn brood able to begin a 
free lite: 

In the yearly cycle of O. muscorum’s history, autumn is marked 
off as the time for moulting. The presence of False-scorpions’ 
remains in nests in autumn and winter had been puzzling me a 
considerable time, and the explanation of moulting did not occur to 
me till I discovered the creatures in the act. While endeavour- 
ing to discover Chelifer latrez//it under the bark of trees at Aberlady 
on September 26, 1903, I came on the nests of O. muscorum under 
the bark and between different layers of the bark. Several were 
opened without result, but ere long occupied nests were discovered 
containing specimens of O. muscorum in process of casting their 
skins. One creature was caught in the act, and in another case the 
living #«scorum was resting in the nest beside its cast skin. In,the 
case of the half-moulted individual the liberated head was facing in 
the opposite direction from the discarded head skin, but the crea- 
ture was motionless and may have died in the process of moulting. 
In the cast-off moult found in the other nest there was no trace of 
the hind-body, but the fore-body remained nearly intact, with the 
basal joints of the legs and the position of the eyes prominently 
marked ; the pedipalps attached were perfect to the very tips of the 
pincers, and the skin of the cheliceree was observable inside the 
skin of the fore-body, having been drawn into that position during 
the animal’s retreat. As usually happens with all creatures after 
their moult, O. muscorum shows very little colour, with only a faint 
greenish tinge on the carapace, pedipalps, and legs, and a dirty 
brown abdomen ; it is also very tender and listless and not at all 
anxious to move. As soon as its skin hardens sufficiently, the 
creature leaves its nest and resumes its active life. 

The period of moulting is not constant. The normal period is 
August and September, but even as early as June 21 I have seen 
half-grown light-coloured individuals inside nests which, in my 
opinion, they were using for moulting purposes. 

One other question remained for solution, ‘‘ Does O. muscorum 
hibernate?” My opportunities of looking for these creatures in 
winter had been so meagre that I could not infer from the absence 
of any personal records in my note-books that they do not hibernate. 
I rather inclined to believe that they did, and during the winter of 
1903-4 in Ayrshire, when laid aside from active work, I set myself 
to solve this problem. I opened many nests of the species, only to 
find them either empty or containing the cast skins of last autumn’s 
moult, but at length on March 18, 1904, I obtained what I sought. 
On that day I found a very immature specimen inside its nest alive 


28 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


and active when disturbed, and as this was the only individual in 
such an immature condition that I had ever seen in winter, I had 
no difficulty in concluding that it was hibernating in the nest from 
which I took it. I did not find the adult in its nest in winter, 
unless when it had already retired to lay its eggs. On March 31, 
1904, however, I did find in a nest a specimen smaller than the 
average and quite unswollen, but I knew from the absence of silk 
in this particular nest that the creature was busy constructing it. 
In the following year I found an immature individual in a nest in 
West Lothian on March 1o. 

In Kirkcudbrightshire, however, in 1907 we obtained several 
immature individuals hibernating in their cocoons on January 5, 
and Alistair Urquhart found an adult hibernating in its cocoon on 
January 2. All my information goes to prove that only in rare 
instances does the adult O. muscorum hibernate ; even in midwinter 
the species can be obtained quite numerously by shaking the dead 
leaves that accumulate in the woodlands. 

The nests of O. muscorum resist wear and tear admirably, and 
remain attached to their original position long after they have been 
deserted ; in some cases they are tenanted by mites or other crea- 
tures, and repeatedly I have found a cake of minute black eggs in 
these nests, showing that some other animal has discovered how 
suitably the discarded False-scorpion’s nest serves its own purpose 
as well. 


Chthonius tetrachelatus (Preyss.), 1790. 


As a Scottish species Chthonius tetrachelatus was first made 
known by Mr. Wm. Evans, who took two specimens under a piece 
of wood in an old orchard at Culross on April 26, 1901, and six 
more on August 17 of the same year under stones at the foot of 
one of the pit-bings near Kinneil, Bo’ness. No further records 
were made till 1904, in which year I obtained the species in the 
counties of Ayr, Perth, Argyll, and Midlothian. Since then it has 
been detected in the counties of East Lothian, Fife, Ross, Renfrew, 
and Kirkcudbright; and our present knowledge indicates that 
Ch. tetrachelatus is, next to O. muscorum, the most abundant and 
widely-distributed of our Scottish species. 

Its haunts are mainly in natural ground, both on open hillsides 
and in woodlands. At Kilminning, in Fife, it swarms under stones 
lying on a fine pebbly sub-soil a few yards above high-water mark, 
as many as ten individuals occurring under one stone. At 
Portincross in Ayr, on the Maiden Island and at Shirvan in Argyll, 
and at Cambo in Fife, it was found in the neighbourhood of the 
sea, but not within the influence of the tide; in these localities it 
occurs under stones imbedded in the soil. 

Besides occupying haunts in the open, however, Cz. ¢etrachelatus 


THE FALSE-SCORPIONS OF SCOTLAND 29 


is a close attendant on man, and lives and flourishes commonly in 
hothouses, as well as more rarely about farm steadings. I first 
ascertained this fact in the orchid-house of Stronvar, Balquhidder, 
July 21, 1904; there the potted plants are set individually on the 
top of inverted flowerpots to be beyond the ravages of slugs, and 
the False-scorpions live inside the empty inverted pots. In the 
hothouses of the Edinburgh Botanic Gardens it occupies similar 
retreats and is found also under bricks and other objects lying on the 
ground and on the shelves; individuals of the pale yellow colour 
conform very remarkably to the similarly-coloured bricks and flower- 
pots on which they are resting and can with difficulty be detected 
unless they move. ‘This species, as well as CZ. rvayz, came under 
my notice on a log in the stackyard of Newhouse Farm, Dunbar, 
in May 1906. 

In moving slowly, Ch. ¢etrachelatus keeps its pedipalps forward, 
with the pincers expanded, and moves them very neatly as 
necessity requires to enable it to pass through narrow places. If it 
is interfered with, it retracts its pedipalps towards the sides of the 
fore-body and runs backwards in a series of short jerks. It shows 
the same tendency as Ch. vayz to turn round quickly and face an 
obstacle behind it, though specimens liberated from their nests are 
less active in doing so than those moving free. 

I have seen this species with prey on a single occasion only, 
near the town of Interlaken, Switzerland, in Sept. 1902; the 
creature was carrying the food in its chelicere. 

Chthontus tetrachelatus forms a nest for the various purposes of 
moulting, hibernating, and bringing forth its young. Externally 
the nest cannot certainly be distinguished from those of other 
Chthonizt and of O. muscorum, and even internally it often shows 
similar features. I have found the nest (Sept. 15) formed wholly 
of earth without any lining, and infer that this species, like 
O. muscorum, begins by making the earthen cell on the stone. 
Thereafter a beautiful white silk lining is added to the inner surface 
of the earthy dome and to the surface of the stone. In many nests 
this is the whole structure ; but in the perfect nest formed for the 
purposes of moulting and reproduction, a silk cocoon of exquisite 
texture, and quite separate from the first lining, is made inside the 
silk-lined nest, and the C2. ¢etrachelatus lies snugly hid within this 
inner cocoon. I have seen as many as twelve occupied nests 
under a single stone. On one occasion, Sept. 7, 1905, I found a 
Ch. tetrachelatus contenting itself with a narrow deep opening in a 
stone for its nest, the entrance of which it had covered over with a 
layer of silk alone. 

In September this species is commonly found moulting inside 
the double-lined nests ; the creature casts off the skin of fore-body, 
legs, and pedipalps in one piece, and after moulting is much 


30 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


lighter in colour; it leaves the cast skin in the nest and emerges 
again to resume its free life. 

Adults as well as young hibernate solitarily inside their nests. 
As early as mid-September and as late as mid-April solitary young 
may be found inside these hibernating nests; the adults do not 
seem to retire so early, but in midwinter and in spring they too are 
lying up in their nests. In hothouses this species may not find it 
necessary to hibernate, or at least to remain as long inside the nest; 
in the Edinburgh Botanic Garden hothouses I have found the 
creature free on February 28. But in the open it is certainly the 
rule for the species to hibernate, as no specimens living free have 
come under my notice in midwinter. In January 1907, at 
Kippford, Kirkcudbrightshire, Aird and Robert Whyte and I 
opened many nests containing the hibernating False-scorpions. In 
January and March 1904, I found three nests occupied in Ayrshire. 
In April 1906, at Oban, I took three immature individuals out of 
nests—one on April 11, and two on April 18—and an adult out of 
a nest on April ro. And also in the spring of 1905, on the island 
of Grand Bé, in Brittany, I found this species in nests on March 
31 and April ro. 

I admit, however, that I may have passed over free individuals 
in midwinter, as the nest is much more conspicuous than the 
creature itself, and often the creature when seen to emerge from 
the nest is barely distinguishable on the stone. On being released 
from its hibernating nest, the animal is active enough; sometimes 
it emerges slowly but at other times it darts off swiftly backwards. 
One under observation happened to be touched behind by a large 
mite, and it promptly turned round to face the cause of disturb- 
ance ; the same individual, while I watched it, cleaned its nippers 
in its cheliceree. 

So far I have discovered an autumn brood only in Cf’. Zetra- 
chelatus. At Shirvan, Lochgilphead, on Sept. 15, 1904, I detected 
two very immature specimens moving along a crack in a stone, and 
I kept a sharp lookout thereafter for the brood nest. At length on 
the 2oth, I opened a double-lined nest which contained a female 
and eight young within the inner cocoon, and on the following day 
I got another similar nest containing also a female and eight young. 
In 1905, at Kilminning in Fife, the young were abroad by Sept. 7. 
The young are white or colourless, with a faint pink tinge on the 
nippers. 


Chthonius orthodactylus (Leach), 1817. 


This rare species, about which nothing seems to be known in 
Britain beyond the records of its occurrence, has been taken in two 
localities in the “ Forth” area—at Morningside, Edinburgh, and at 
Aberlady, East Lothian—by Mr. Wm. Evans. 


THE FALSE-SCORPIONS OF SCOTLAND 31 


Chthonius rayi, L. Koch, 1873. 


The first Scottish record of Cz. vayz is from Oban, where Mr. 
Wm. Evans found a specimen in April 1894. Seven years later, 
April 27, 1901, he took the next Scottish specimens, six in number, 
at Kincardine-on-Forth under pieces of wood on the banks of a 
muddy ditch. One of these he gave me, in the hope that I might 
procure the species on the south side of the Forth at Bo’ness, where 
I was then stationed; and on June 24 I found a very immature 
specimen that had apparently just entered on a free life among 
some wet loose earth in a wood near Dykenook, Kinneil. I took 
my first adult specimens on May 16, 1tg02, under stones near 
Dalgety heronry in Fife, and since that date I have taken the 
creature quite commonly on the Fife shore. 

Our present knowledge indicates that on the east coast this 
species is widely distributed along both shores of the Forth, and 
is found also north of Fife Ness in the “Tay” area, and that on 
the west it has a great stronghold at Balmacara in Ross-shire—where 
about two hundred specimens were taken in the autumn of 1906— 
and haunts in Argyll and Kirkcudbright. 

Chthonius rayt, in my experience in Scotland, has mainly a 
maritime distribution, occurring under stones and on the sandy 
soil at high-water mark, as well as in the shore woodlands. The 
most likely spots in which to find it are on the under surfaces 
of stones which lie along the margin between the shore and the 
adjoining fields or plantations ; in such localities it is often found 
associated with Chernes dubius, and occasionally with O. muscorwm, 
and exceptionally with LZ. cambrid git. 

The only inland record I have in Scotland is that of one 
obtained near Dalbeattie by Aird Whyte. In this connection, 
however, Mr. Wallis Kew, who considers Cz. rayz the commonest 
False-scorpion in England, says that he has found it in suitable places 
wherever he has searched for it-—that is, in England—and he believes 
it to be as common inland as near the coast. That Ch. ray7 will 
yet be proved to be a common species inland in Scotland also is 
hinted at by its present occurrence in haunts that have no immediate 
connection with the sea. For, like its congener, Ch. ¢etrachelatus, 
it is an attendant on cultivation, and lives in conservatories and in 
farm steadings as well as in the open woodland or hillside. George 
Barbour and I have taken it in a tomato-frame and in a conservatory 
attached to Kirkmay House, Crail; Aird and Robert Whyte have 
procured it in the hothouses of the Edinburgh Botanic Garden, 
and I have obtained it in the stackyard of Newhouse Farm, 
Dunbar. 

In Scotland Ch. rayz has not been detected on trees, but in 
Brittany, where the species abounds everywhere, I found one under 


32 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


the thick bark of an ivy-clad willow, about five feet from the ground, 
on April 10, 1905. 

When moving, its normal line of progression is forward ; so long 
as it is undisturbed, it goes slowly, keeping its nippers expanded as 
it proceeds; but, on being disturbed, it runs rapidly in either a 
forward or a backward line. I have seen one, disturbed by a 
centipede, run rapidly forward, and when again overtaken, as it was 
in the course of the next second or so, repeat the rapid motion. 
On the other hand, when touched by a pin from behind, it may 
dart rapidly backwards over the obstruction. But its normal 
procedure, when interfered with from behind, is to give a sudden 
jerk round so as to face the object of annoyance, and at the same 
time make a hasty retreat of a quarter-inch or half an inch from the 
cause of the disturbance, and if still suspicious—which is not usually 
the case—to continue its backward run. By tormenting it with a 
pin from behind, I have caused the creature to display these sudden 
“right-about turns” repeatedly. In its backward run, it has the 
pedipalps retracted to the sides of the fore-body, but keeps its 
nippers directed outwards a little on either side from its head. 

Twice I have observed Ch, vayi with its prey, the victim on 
each occasion being a mite. On April 17, 1905, in Brittany, I 
watched one carrying a mite in its chelicere, and turning the 
mite about in both chelicere. Again on Sept. 29, 1905, I saw 
an immature Ch. vayz with a mite, near Kinkell, Fife; and as 
shortly before, during my examination of the same stone, I had 
noticed a mite come in contact with a young C#. rayz and escape 
again, I believe I just missed seeing the capture made. 

I had long suspected that the breeding habits of this species 
would be similar to those of O. muscorum, but it was not till Sep- 
tember 1903 that I discovered, in their stronghold at Fife, this most 
interesting part of their economy. I happened to turn up a stone on 
which there were three individuals ; one of these was extremely 
active, and, in its efforts to escape from me, it entered a cranny where 
another Cz. rayz was lying hid. Across this cranny there had origin- 
ally stretched a silk covering, but this had been ruptured and only 
its remains were now clinging to the edge of the cranny ; the creature 
within the cranny was a female with her embryonic mass attached to 
her under surface. She was living in the simple recess, but she prob- 
ably found that such a convenient cranny fitted her purposes as well 
as a nest formed on the flat surface of a stone would have done. I 
searched on, and after finding a young Cz. rayz newly emerged 
appearing merely as a white speck moving on a stone, and another 
Ch. rayt a little farther advanced, I turned up a stone containing 
three Cz. vay¢ and three Ch. dubius. On this stone there was a 
conspicuous nest of the same style as that of O. muscorum but double 
the size. On examination this proved to be two nests adjoining each 


THE FALSE-SCORPIONS OF SCOTLAND 33 


other ; inone of them was the empty cocoon of an Ichneumon with 
the remains of a Ch. vayi beside it, and in the other was a Ch. rayz 
with her embryonic mass attached. A third nest contained a female 
Ch. rayt, with eight young ones just beginning an active life and 
living free beside her. This nest measured four millimetres across 
by three millimetres high. 

On September 15, 1905, at Kilrenny, Fife, I again found 
Ch. rayi inside a nest with her embryonic mass attached, and in 
August 1906 I opened a nest at Balmacara, Ross-shire, which con- 
tained the adult and fourteen free young. In the latter district, on 
August 27, I saw ona stone a young Ch. vayi just beginning its 
free life. 

Externally the nests are formed of sand and earth particles and 
chance ornaments, and they are lined with white silk internally. 
They appear to me to be more conspicuous than those of O. 
muscorum, but otherwise they are quite similar to the nests of that 
species. 

My previous discovery of the newly-emerged youngster in June 
leads to the supposition of a spring brood also; the presence in 
Brittany of swollen individuals apparently on the point of laying, on 
April 17, 1905, seems to lead to the same conclusion, although I 
found no nest of this species in Brittany in spring. In 1907, Aird 
and Robert Whyte obtained occupied nests in Fife on March 23, 
and in Midlothian on April 2, but on the individuals in these nests 
the egg-mass was not apparent, and these nests may have been 
hibernating nests. 

Chthonius ray¢ makes a nest for the purposes of moulting and 
hibernation also. On September 28, 1903, at St. David’s, Fife, I 
took from a nest a half-grown individual which showed by its light 
colouring that it had recently moulted; and at Balmacara, on 
August 21, 1906, we opened a nest containing a newly-moulted Cz. 
rayt together with the discarded moult. 

Our observations on the hibernating habits are few, but satis- 
factory. On November 26, 1904, during a spell of frost which 
had lasted several days, I spent some time in their Fifeshire haunts, 
and found two nests with inmates. These creatures were almost 
inert, owing probably to the extreme cold, but, on being disturbed 
by me, they moved their great nippers a little. I was thus satisfied 
that Ch. ray? hibernates inside its nest, and, moreover, I failed to find 
any specimens moving freely that day. Aird Whyte confirmed 
this matter of hibernation, by finding an adult in its nest near Dal- 
beattie on January 3, 1907. 

The young C&. ray7, on leaving the nest, is almost colourless, of 
a light yellow hue, with a pink tinge on the two first pairs of 
appendages, most pronounced on the chelicere and on the fingers of 
the pedipalps. 


is) D 


34 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


THE HIGH ALPINE FLORA OR EE main: 


BEING A. LIST OF THE FLOWERING PEANDTS  oanND 
FERNS FOUND AT A THOUSAND METRES) AND 
UPWARDS ON THE. MOUNTAINS OF THE BRITISH 
ISLES, WITH AUTHENTIC REFERENCES AND CRITI- 
CAL NOTES. 


By FrEepDERIC N. WIL.IAMs, F.L.S. 
(Continued from p. 234, Wo. 72, Oct. 1909.) 


Fam. 31. GRAMINACE&—continued. 


138. Poa Balfourt, Parnell (1842).—On rocky ledges at high 
levels on the mountains of the Breadalbane district (“ Fl. Perthsh.” 
352). 

139. oa nemoralts, L.—From sea-level to considerable eleva- 
tions on the mountains of the Breadalbane district (“ Fl. Perthsh.” 
352). 

140. Deschampsia cespitosa, Beauv.—Ascends to 1130 m. in 
damp places on the mountains of the Breadalbane district (“ FI. 
Perthsh.” 344). Summit of Ben Avon (W. Gardiner, 1844, in 
Herb. Brit.). 

Var. pseudoalpina, Syme, ‘‘ Engl. Botany,” xi. (1872).—On the 
ridge of Ben Dearg, in Ross-shire, at tooo m. and higher (G. C. 
Druce in “ Ann»Scot. Nat: Hist-2 1903, 233): 


141. Deschampsia alpina, Roem. & Schult.—At tooo m. and 
more on wet rocks on the mountains of the Breadalbane district, 
and up to 1130 m. on Ben Alder (White), Ben Alder (Watson). 
Ascends to 1020 m. on Ben Nevis, between the upper end of the 
ravine and the spring (J. Sadler in “Trans. Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinb.” 
xiii. 54). Ascends to roro m. on Ben Dearg, in Ross-shire (G. C. 
Druce in “ Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.” 1903, 233). Ascends to 1130 m. 
on the table-top of Ben-na-Bourd (Watson, 1832). Up to the 
summit of Cairn Gorm (R. T. Mackay, ex Dickie, 202). On Carn 
Tual it ascends to 1028 m. (“Cyb. Hib.” ed. 2, 418). Descends 
to 640 m. in Mayo. 


142. Deschampsia flexuosa, Trin.—Ascends to 1130 m. on Ben 
Alder (White), and to 1150 m. on Loch-na-gar (White, in “Scot. 
Nat.” i. 123 [1871]), and to 1130 m. on Ben-na-Bourd (Watson, 
1832). Up to the summit of Carn Tual (‘ Cyb. Hib.” ed. 2, 419). 
Descends to sea-level in Londonderry. 


143. Agrostis tenuis, Sibth. (1794).—Up to the summit of Ben 


THE HIGH ALPINE FLORA OF BRITAIN 35 


Lawers (“Fl. Perthsh.” 342). Up to the summit of Carn Tual 
(‘‘Cyb. Hib.” ed. 2, 416). Descends to sea-level in Cork. 

Syn. A. vulgaris, With. (1796). 

144. Agrostis canina, L.—Up to the summit of Carn Tual 
(‘““Cyb. Hib.” ed. 2, 415). Descends to sea-level in Kerry. 


145. Alopecurus alpinus, Smith (1803).—Discovered by Don 
on the mountains about Loch-na-gar (“ Engl. Botany,” t. 1126). 
On the other hand, however, Smith states in “ Engl. Flora,” i. 80 
(1824), that Brown discovered it on the mountains about Loch-na- 
gar, ‘who informs me that he communicated it to Mr. G. Don.” 
This latter statement is also favoured by the label on Brown’s 
specimens in Herb. Brit., which states that the plant was discovered 
by him in 1794, and that it was communicated by him to Don. 
Don, however, appears to have suggested the name ; as on the original 
drawing in Herb. Mus. Brit., Smith remarks, ‘‘ a/pzmws, Don thinks 
a good specific name.” Smith also says (“‘Engl. Flora,” i. 80), 
“no foreign author appears to have noticed this species.” Ascends 
to 1190 m. on Braeriach (G. C. Druce in “Journ. Bot.” 1889, 
203), and to r100 m. in Aberdeenshire (Watson), by alpine springs 
and rills. 


146. Phleum alpinum, L.—Ascends to 1190 m. on Braeriach 
(G. C. Druce, 4c.), and to 1130 m. on Ben Lawers (“ Fl. Perthsh.” 
342), by alpine springs and rills. Ben Lawers (Don, fasc. i., 1804, 
mes): 

147. Anthoxanthum odoratum, L.—Ascends to 1030 m. on 
the Grampians of Inverness-shire and Aberdeenshire (Watson). 
Descends to sea-level in Cork. 


PTERIDOPHYTES. 


Fam. 32. SELAGINELLACE&. 


148. Selaginella selaginoides, Link (1841).—Ascends to 1067 m. 
in damp and marshy places on the mountains of the Breadalbane 
district (“ Fl. Perthsh.” 377). Descends to sea-level in Dublin. 


Fam. 33. LyCOPODIACEZ. 


149. Lycopodium alpinum, L.—Up to togo m. on Braeriach 
(Dr. J. W. H. Trail, t902). “It grows near the summits of almost 
all the high mountains of the Highlands and Hebrides abundantly ” 
(Lightfoot, “Fl. Scotica,” 690 [1777]). In dry places ascends to 
the summit of Schiehallion, and to 1122 m. on Ben Lawers and 
the mountains of the Breadalbane district (‘ Fl. Perthsh ” 376), and 
descends to 122 m. in the Carse of Gowrie. Descends to 427 m. 
in Donegal. 


I/O 
~/e we ® 


> “a\9 
\¢ 


36 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


Var. decipiens, Syme.—In the great corrie of Ben Avon, at 1000 
m. (Marshall and Shoolbred, in ‘Journ. Bot.” 1906, 161). Found 
also high up on Ben Lawers (G. C. Druce; J. Carroll, 1864, in 
Herb. Brit.). 

150. Lycopodium annotinum, L.—On the summit of Cairn Gorm 
(Hook. “Fl. Scotica,” 159). In the great corrie of Ben Avon, at 
1000 m. (Marshall and Shoolbred, /.c.). 


151. Lycopodium selago, L.—In dry places, on heathy moors, and 
frequently on rock ledges, it ascends to the summit of Schiehallion, 
and to 1122 m. on Ben Lawers and the mountains of the Breadalbane 
district (Fl. Perthsh.” 376). It also ascends to the summits of 
Loch-na-gar and Ben Macdhui (Dickie, 235). Summit of Ben 
Macdhui (Wm. Gardiner, 1845, in Herb. Brit.). Summit of Ben 
Ime.(J- R. Wee)” Up to 1220 m- on) Ben) Nevis (“Cyb, Brit” ai: 
296). Ascends to 1027 m. on Carn Tual (More). 


Fam. 34. OPHIOGLOSSACE. 


152. Botrychium lunaria, Swartz (1800).—Ascends to 1021 m. 
on mountain-ledges in the Breadalbane district (“ Fl. Perthsh.” 372). 
Descends to sea-level in Cork. 


Fam. 35. POLYPODIACEA. 


153. Cystopteris montana, Desv.—Wet rocks near the top of 
Ben Dothaidh (Marshall and Shoolbred in “Journ. Bot.” 1894, 
168), on mossy alpine rock ledges. Ascends to 1100 m. on the 
Grampians of Aberdeenshire (‘‘Cyb. Brit. Comp.” 409). 


154. Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh.—Ascends to 1075 m. on Ben 


Lawers (White). ‘“‘Omnium Filicum maxime boream versus pro- 
greditur” (Bernhardi). On damp rocks. Descends to sea-level in 
Kerry. 


Var. dentata, Hook “Sp. Filicum,” i. 198 (1846).—Stob Ben 
Ein at 1005 m. (E. S. Marshall, 1889, in Herb. Brit.). 


155. Lhegopteris polypodioides, Fée.— Ascends to tIogo m. 
among loose stones on the mountains of the Breadalbane district 
(Fl. Perthsh.” 370). Ascends to 1005 m. on the mountains in 
the west portion of Inverness (‘“‘Cyb. Brit.” ili. 254). Descends to 
150 m. in Kerry. 


156. Polystichum lonchitis, Roth.—Among large stones and in 
clefts of rocks it ascends to 1065 m.on the mountains of the 
Breadalbane district (‘‘ Fl. Perthsh.” 367). On the mountains of 
the Breadalbane district (Herb. Brit. ex herb. Mrs. Robinson, 1847). 
On a rock close under one of the high summits between Ben Lawers 
and Craig Chailleach, at 1005 m. (‘‘ Cyb. Brit.” iii. 260). Descends 
to 350 m. in Sligo. 


THE HIGH ALPINE FLORA OF BRITAIN 37 


157. Lastrea dilatata, Presl—Ascends to 1052 m. on rocks on 
the mountains of the Rannoch district (“ Fl. Perthsh.” 369). 

Var. alpina, T. Moore, “Ind. Filicum” (1857).—Ascends to 
1130 m. on the Grampians of Inverness-shire (Watson in herb. ; 
Hooker f “Stud. Fl. Brit. Isl.”); and to the summit of Ben Ime 
(J. R. Lee). 

158. Lastrea montana, T. Moore.-—A dwarf specimen on the 
extreme summit of Ben Ime, near the cairn (J. R. Lee in “Ann. 
Andersonian Nat. Soc.” iii. 124 [1908]). 


159. Athyrium alfestre, Rylands (1857).—Ascends to 1065 m. 
in damp shaded places on the mountains of Breadalbane district 
(“FI Perthsh.” 371); Ben Lawers (G. Don, 1794, in Herb. Brit., 
but no height given); Corrie Sneachda, on Cairn Gorm, at 1005 
m. (E. S. Marshall, 1898, n. 2190, in Herb. Brit.) ; Corrie-an- 
Lochan, on the north side of Braeriach, up to 1065 m. (E. S. Mar- 
shall, 1898, n. 2191, in Herb. Brit.). “In July 1841 I gathered 
two fronds of this fern in the great corrie of Ben Alder” (‘Cyb. 
Brit.” ili. 253); Ben Macdhui (A. Croall, Pl. of Braemar, 1854, n. 
68—in Herb. Brit. and Herb. Kew.). Among stones and on rocks 
in alpine districts, frequently on Highland mountains up 1220 m. in 
Inverness-shire (Watson). Ascends to 1065 m. on the mountains 
round Braemar (Crombie, “ Braemar,” p. 61). Most or probably 
all these records refer to the var. obtusatum, Syme, “ Engl. Botany,” 
ed. 3, xll. 114 (1886). This fern does not seem to develop sori so 
freely in Perthshire as it does in Aberdeenshire (Prof. Trail). 


160. Athyrium flextle, Syme (1886).—Ascends to r100 m. in 
damp shaded places on the mountains of the Breadalbane district 
(iCyb. But. Comp: 412): 

161. Asplenum septentrionale, G. F. Hoffm. (1795).—The earliest 
record of this fern as a British plant is by Lloyd in Gibson’s edition 
of Camden’s “ Britannia” (1695). He found it on the summit of 
Carnedd Llewelyn: and it certainly grows now near Llanrwst (J. E. 
Griffith, 1895). In support of this, we find in Hudson, “FI. 
Anglica,” ed. 1 (1762), p. 383, and ed. 2, p. 450—‘“ad cacumen 
montis Carndedh Lhewelyn prope Lhan-Lhechyd in agro Arvoni- 
ensi invenit D. Lhwyd.” Smith, “ English Flora,” iv. 295, merely 
repeats Lloyd’s record “‘on the mountains of Carnarvonshire.” 
Watson, ‘‘Cyb. Brit. Comp.” 414, says that the fern ascends there 
to 3000 feet. In Scotland it is not an alpine plant. The amended 
spelling of the generic name is adopted here as given by Ascherson 
and Graebner, who point out that “ Asplenium” is wrong and 
meaningless and for this reason preferred by nomenclaturists. 

162, Llechnum spicant, Smith in “ Mem. Acad. Roy. Sc. Turin.” 


Vv. 411 (1793).—This reference is three years earlier than the one 
attributed to Withering (1796) in all recent British plant-lists. 


38 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


Watson (‘‘Cyb. Brit.” ili. 284) says that this fern gets up to 1190 m. 
in East Highlands. As it does not seem to occur much above 
rooo m. in Aberdeenshire and Perthshire, there only remains 
Inverness-shire, and confirmatory evidence is desirable before accept- 
ing this altitude as correct. The fern, however, ascends to 1006 m. 
(near the summit) of Ben Ime (J. R. Lee in “ Ann. Andersonian 
Nat. Soc.” iii. 122 [1908]). Descends to sea-level in Cork. 


163. Cryptogramme crispa, Brown, ex. Hook., “ Gen. Filicum,” 
60, t. 115 B. (1842).—Ascends to the summit of Ben More, in 
Ross-shire (G.C. Druce, 1881, in Herb. Brit.). Mr. Druce has 
written on the label “summit of Scuir Ouran, at about 3700 ft.” 
The mountain referred to is evidently Scuir Fluouran, whose 
summit, however, rises only to 3505 ft., and is the Gaelic name for 
Ben More. Of the three recent Lists issued, the London Catalogue 
ed. x. is the only one which gives this plant correctly. Cryptogramma 
means “hidden words,” and would at least require a neuter specific 
name. Cvryptogramme means “ hidden lines,” and is Hooker’s 
amended spelling of the generic name, and is the Greek compound 
which Brown of course intended to write, as there were no “hidden 
words” concealed in the frond of the fern. Mr. G. C. Druce gives 
as the authority for the generic name “Br. in Flinders’ Voy. 767.” 
The work referred to is Franklin’s Voyage to the Polar Sea, not 
Flinders’ Voyage to Australia—two points of the compass which are 
literally poles apart. Brown’s type-species of the genus which he 
distinguished and defined was Cryp/ogramma acrostichoides, which is 
the Arctic American form of C. crispa of this country (= Osmunda 
crispa, L.). In his own annotated copy of the second edition of 
“Sp. Plant.” in the Linnean Library, Linnzeus has altered this name 
by a scratch of the pen to Preris crispa. It is the Adiantum album 
crispum alpinum of Ray’s “Synopsis.” On the mountains of the 
Breadalbane district it ascends to 1122 m. in exposed stony places, 
and on alpine rubbles on Ben Lawers, Ben More, Ben Ein, and 
Ben Heasgarmich (White), but does not get up to rooo m. in any 
of the other districts of Perthshire. The Parsley Fern is very 
common all wlong the Snowdon range among loose stones ; where, 
like Asplenum septentrionale, it was first recorded as a British fern 
by Lloyd in Gibson’s edition of Camden’s “ Britannia” (1695). 
According to the zonal distribution indicated by Watson (‘Cyb. 
Brit. Comp.” 408, n. 1378), it ascends to 1016 m. on Snowdon, 
Carnedd Llewelyn, and Carnedd Dafydd. In Ireland, where this 
fern is very rare, it descends to go m. above sea-level in Antrim 
(Rev. C, F. D’Arcy); but this low level is discounted by the fact that 
it occurred among fallen rocks below Fair Head (1897). 


Fam. 36. HyMENOPHYLLACEX. 


164. Hymenophyllum peltatum, Desvaux (1827 ).—Forms carpets 


SS oe A A rn, a nena 


THE HIGH ALPINE FLORA OF BRITAIN 39 


among the loose boulders on the summit of Beenkeragh (Hart, 1881, 
in “ Proc. Roy. Irish Acad.” 1882, p. 578). Descends to 92 m. in 
Antrim (Rev. C. F. D’Arcy). 

Syn. Zrichomanes peltatum, Poiret (1808) ; Hymenophyllum unt- 
laterale, Bory (1810); 4. Wilsonz, Hook., “ Brit. Fl.” (1830).— 
First recognised as a British fern specifically distinct from 4. Zun- 
bridgense by Wm. Wilson, who compared the two plants growing 
together near Killarney in 1829. Hooker says, in the work cited, 
‘““No one, I believe, was aware of their real differences, till Mr. W. 
Wilson found them both growing at the Lakes of Killarney, and 
distinguished them specifically.” Wilson himself contributes a note 
on the two plants in “Journ. Bot.” 1834, p. 317. Whether the 
plants known under the other three names exactly agree with the 
Irish fern I must leave fern-specialists to decide, but I give by con- 
trast the differences in the original descriptions. Desvaux says that 
the plant described by him is identical with those described by 
Poiret and Bory, but that does not dispose of the claims of the 
Irish fern. Z7richomanes peltatum was first found in Mauritius, and 
ff, untlaterale shortly afterwards in the island of Réunion. Further, 
Messrs. Groves query the identity of Bory’s fern with the Irish plant 
distinguished by Wilson (see Bab. “‘ Man.” ed. 9, 532). However, 
pending further inquiry, I have given the name which occurs in the 
three recent British Lists; though I think that Messrs. Groves have 
some grounds for inferring that the Mascarene fern may not be 
identical with that from Killarney. 

T. peltatum.—Rhizome fibrous ; fronds lanceolate ; pinnz pin- 
natifid ; pinnules dentate. 

ff. unilaterale.—Rhizome filiform; fronds linear-lanceolate ; 
pinne digitato-pinnatifid ; pinnules serrate. 

ff, Walsoni.—Rhizome capillary; fronds narrowly oblong ; 
pinne pinnatipartite ; pinnules spinously serrulate. 

As far as ferns vary, the last seems somewhat different. 


LVote-—The “ Herb. Brit.” frequently mentioned is the separate 
British Herbarium in the Botanical Department of the Natural 
History Museum, London, S.W. 


BeANTS OF SOME SOUTHERN (SCOTTISH 
COUNTIES: 


By G. CLariIpDGE Druce, M.A., F.L.S. 


IN August last I visited for a short time the interesting 
headland known as the Mull of Galloway in Wigtownshire, 


40 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


investigating the interesting coast, as well as exploring 
the extensive sandhills from Dunragit to Sandhead. The 
weather was magnificent, the air bracing, the scenery 
attractive, and I found good accommodation at Drummore. 

Among the interesting plants observed was a form of 
Vicca sylvatica, which occurred abundantly on the shingle 
north of Drummore for a mile or so, and is identical with 
the plant which I saw twenty-five years ago on the opposite 
coast near Port William, which I described in the “Naturalist” 
as var. condensata. It grows in compact tufts, one or two 
feet across; the leaves are smaller than the type, are firm, 
almost coriaceous in texture; the flowers are larger than 
the type, and are arranged in sub-capitate racemes, and 
the standard is darker coloured, often indeed suffused with 
brownish purple. I will try and raise plants from seeds 
to test the permanency of these characters in cultivation. 
Another interesting shingle plant was Scutellaria galericulata, 
L., also with larger flowers, of a purer blue, the corolla clothed 
with longer and more patent hairs, the under-surface of the 
leaves covered with a short canescent growth. On examining 
my herbarium I found the only specimens matching this 
came from the shingle of Jeantown, W. Ross-shire. I was 
about to describe it as var. /¢toralis, but the description by 
Bentham of var. pubescens in De Candolle’s “ Prodromus” will 
probably cover it. Bentham gives it for North America, 
“scarcely from Europe.” 

The locality at Stranraer which yielded many casuals 
twenty years ago still affords a considerable number, but 
Victa varia and V. lutea seem to have disappeared. 

A small rubbish heap at Drummore also yielded many 
adventitious species, noticeably Asperugo procumbens, Asperula 
arvensis, and Melilotus tndica. The abundance of Eryngium 
marittmum at Drummore, the plentiful occurrence of /xz/a 
crithmotdes at the Mull, of Pxreumaria maritima at Port 
Logan, of Axchusa sempervirens, which was quite naturalised 
in several places at Drummore, of the curious form of 
Teesdalea, which has the rosettes of leaves almost ball- 
shaped, growing in the hollows of Torrs sand dunes were 
also pleasing features. 

We made a short expedition into Dumfriesshire to see 


PLANTS OF SOME SOUTHERN SCOTTISH COUNTIES 41 


the solitary tuft of WVoodsza zlvenszs which still survives. May 
it long continue. 

We then went to Peebles to walk eastwards along 
the Tweed, and were rewarded by finding a grass (estuca 
heterophylla) new to Scotland, but unfortunately in a position 
which imperils its claim to indigenity, since planted shrubs 
are near. Several new county records were made, but 
probably these were mostly known to local botanists who 
have omitted to record them. 

Galashiels was next visited in order to examine the 
curious Australian and other casuals which Miss Ida 
Hayward has investigated with such commendable industry. 
These aliens necessarily vary from year to year, and the 
low temperature of this somewhat sunless summer has not 
been favourable to their growth. Thanks, however, to that 
lady’s kind hospitality, we were enabled to see the Australian 
Rumex Brownit and Senecio /autus, with numerous European 
species of Medicago and Erodium. In this neighbourhood I 
saw a plant hitherto unfound by me in Scotland, namely, 
Crategus oxyacanthoides, Thuill. which grew on the border 
of the Duke of Buccleuch’s policy of Bowhill. Here, of 
course, its indigenity is open to question, since it occurred 
with C. Oxyacantha in a planted hedge of considerable age 
and size. 

Dryburgh Abbey and its vicinity were also seen ; but a 
walk along the river near that place was summarily stopped 
by the owner, to whom we had paid three shillings to see 
the Abbey and its tomb of Scott. 

Ettrick Bridge End, with its interesting river bank and 
marsh, was explored, and a visit made to the Rhymer’s 
Glen, Cauldshield’s Loch, where a curious form of yperecum 
humifusum grows, and to Faldonside. The veteran (Mr. W. B. 
Boyd) botanist’s beautiful garden was a source of great joy. 
Never have I seen such splendid specimens of Sedges,— 
Carex Grahami, C. atrofusca, C. fusca, C. punctata, C. alpina, 
etc.,—all most luxuriant in growth, even in ordinary garden 
soil. Here, too, we saw Erica Craufordiz, which seems to 
be only a very double-flowered form of 4. Tetralix, and 
x E. Stuart, Linton, which can scarcely be a hybrid of 
E. Mackayi and E. mediterrea, as its namer suggests, since 


42 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


the flowering-times of the two supposed parents scarcely 
overlap. Dryopteris remota, discovered by Mr. Boyd on 
Lomondside, was flourishing well, and the curious Sagiza 
Boydit was also in good condition. One may put on record 
the fact that this plant was found in Mr. Boyd’s vasculum at 
Braemar after an expedition to Ben A’an; but the exact 
locality where Mr. Boyd gathered it has never been 
ascertained. That it was from the neighbourhood is not 
to be questioned. 

In the following list of localities an asterisk * signifies an 
addition to “ Topographical Botany,” 7 an introduction and 
xa hybrid. The numbers refer to the counties in “ Top. 
Bot.’—-72 Dumfries, 74 Wigtown, 77 Lanark, 78 Peebles, 
79 Selkirk, and 80 Roxburgh. 


*+Clematis Vitalba, Z.—Plentiful on Dryburgh Abbey, a seedling 
plant growing high up on the walls, *8o. 

Ranunculus Lenormandi, / Schuétz.—Ditches near Stonykirk 74. 

R. Steveni, Azdrz.—Near Galashiels *79. 

Caltha radicans, /orst.—Near Horsburgh Castle *78. 

Berberis vulgaris, Z.—Very common about Galashiels 79, 80; near 
Peebles 78. 


Papaver Rhoeas, Z.—A form with deep dark blotch at base of 
petals on shingle at Drummore, alien doubtless, 74. 


Fumaria Borzei, /ovd.—Moffat 72; Symington 77; Sandhead 74; 
Peebles *78 ; Galashiels *79 ; Dryburgh 80. 

Cheiranthus Cheiri, Z.—Dryburgh 8o. 

Radicula sylvestris, Drwce.—Common by the Tweed, Dryburgh, 80 ; 
also at Galashiels (Miss Hayward) *79. 


R. palustris, A/oench.—Tweedside *79. 

+Cochlearia Armoracia, Z.—Tweedside, 78, 79, 80. 

Brassica nigra, Koch.—Galashiels *79. 

Lepidium campestre, 47.—Tweedside, Peebles, *78. 

+ Vogelia paniculata, JZed.—Stranraer 74. 

Raphanus maritimus, S7.—Along the coast towards the Mull of 
Galloway 74. 

Viola sylvestris, Reichb.—Tweedside, opposite Abbotsford, *79. 

V. canina, Z.—Torr Sands 74. 


Polygala oxyptera, Reichb.—Correifron *72; near Torrs 74; Ettrick- 
side *79. 


PLANTS OF SOME SOUTHERN SCOTTISH COUNTIES 43 


P. serpyllacea, Wezhe.—KEttrick Bridge *79 ; near Fairydean 80. 

P. vulgaris, Z.—North of Galashiels 80; near Ettrick 79. 

+Saponaria Vaccaria, Z.—Stranraer 74. 

Silene Cucubalus, Wzd.—Peebles 78. 

S. maritima, W/7tz.—Plentiful on Correifron, 72, up to 1800 feet. 

Lychnis dioica, with pure white flowers, near Peebles 78; Dunragit 74. 

Cerastium tetrandrum, Czr/—Torrs Warren, Mull of Galloway, 74. 

Stellaria media, W7th., var. Borgwana (Jord.).—Peebles *78; 
Galashiels *79 ; Dryburgh *8o. 


(Zo be continued.) 


ELEN PICAINTS: 
By JAMES FRASER. 


THE following fifty Alien Plants were seen by Mr. M‘Andrew 
and myself during the year 1909. This list brings the 
number of such plants seen by us since 1903, and recorded 
in the “Annals of Scottish Natural History” yearly since 
1904, up to about nine hundred and twenty. 

A star in front of a name indicates a new British 


record. 
RANUNCULACE. 


Nigella arvensis, Z. Leith, several. 


CRUCIFERA., 


Goldbachia levigata, DC. Leith, several. 

Iberis intermedia, Gwersanz. Portobello, one. 

I. umbellata, Z. Portobello, two or three. 

*Isatis aleppica, Scof., var. pamphylica, Sozss. Leith, several ; 
Portobello, one. 

Moricandia arvensis, DC. Portobello, one. 


RESEDACE:. 


Reseda lutea, Z., var. laxa, Lange. Pettycur, one clump, with 
pendulous fruits and flat leaves, which seems to be this variety. 


CARYOPHYLLACE. 


* Arenaria stellarioides, W7//d. Leith, two. 


44 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


HYPERICACE. 


Hypericum Androsemum, Z. In a roadside hedge between 
Innellan and Dunoon, one plant. 


MALVACE. 


Lavatera arborea, Z. Ailsa (Craig), plentiful. At Elie, Fifeshire, 
it is now known to occur only behind some cottages in Earls- 
ferry, where it was pointed out to us by Mr. Rupert Smith, 
Edinburgh. 

GERANIACE:. 


Geranium columbinum, Z. Two plants at Morningside, Edinburgh, 
by Mr. M‘Andrew. Several at Ballantrae, Ayrshire. 


LEGUMINOSAE. 


Lathyrus odoratus, Z. At Pettycur, Fifeshire, and at Portobello, 
several. 

Lotus decumbens, Pozy. Leith, several. 

*Trigonella ccelisyriaca, Borss. Leith, two. 


ROSACE. 
Potentilla supina, Z. Leith, one. 


SAXIFRAGACE:. 
Ribes alpinum, Z. West of South Queensferry, in policies, plentiful. 


CRASSULACE. 


Sempervivum tectorum, Z. On roofs and on wall tops near Kirk- 
caldy, Fifeshire, several. 

Tillzea Vaillantii, W72/d. Galafoot, one plant, found by Miss Hay- 
ward, Galashiels. 


ONAGRARIZ. 
Clarkia pulchella, Pursh. Leith, two or three. 


CUCURBITACEZ.. 


Cucumis sativus, Z. Portobello, several, in flower and fruit. 


CORNACE:. 


Cornus stolonifera, WZzchx. Near Kirkliston, two or three ; west of 
South Queensferry, plentiful. 


ALIEN PLANTS 45 


CAPRIFOLIACE. 
Sambucus racemosa, W7//d. Arniston, Midlothian; and _ near 
Kirkliston, East Lothian, several. 
Symphoricarpus racemosus, JAZzchx. Near Kirkliston, several. 
RUBIACEA. 


Asperula taurina, Z. Abercorn, West Lothian, a large colony. 


VALERIANACE. 


Valerianella dentata, Po//ich. Portobello, several. 


COMPOSIT:. 


Ambrosia maritima, Z. Leith, two or three. 
*Erigeron linifolius, W7//d. Galafoot, several. 
Madia glomerata, HZook. Leith and Pettycur, two or three. 
Picris hieracioides, Z. A small colony at the Docks, Burntisland, 
by Mr. M‘Andrew. 
*Volutarella Lippii, Cass. Leith, a single plant. 
CAMPANULACE-. 


Specularia hybrida, 4. DC. Leith, several. 


HYDROPHYLLACE. 


Phacelia campanularia, 4. Gray. Leith, several. 


POLEMONIACE. 


Collomia linearis, M¢¢. Leith and Pettycur, one plant in each. 


CONVOLVULACE, 


Cuscuta racemosa, JZar¢. A dodder which seems to be this species 
was found in considerable quantity at Portobello, on JZedicago 
lupulina, and on a Polygonum (? Polygonum aviculare). 


BORAGINACE. 


Eritrichium australasicum, 4. 27. Galafoot, one plant, by Miss 
Hayward. 
Pulmonaria officinalis, Z., vav. alba. Near Kirkliston, several. 


SOLANACE. 


Solanum miniatum, J/ert. and Koch. Leith, several. 
S. triflorum, Vu/t. Leith, one plant. 


46 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


SCROPHULARIACEA. 


*Orthocarpus purpurascens, Gezth. Leith, several. 


VERBENACEZ. 
Verbena officinalis, Z. One fine plant at Burntisland Docks, by 
Mr. M‘Andrew. 
LABIATA., 


*Dracocephalum thymiflorum, Z. Leith, one plant. 
Melissa officinalis, Z. Leith, one. 

Salvia sylvestris, Z. Leith, several. 

Satureia hortensis, Z. Leith, one. 


CHENOPODIACE. 


Chenopodium Botrys, Z. Galafoot, one. 
Kochia scoparia, Schrader. Pettycur and Leith, one plant in each. 


LILIACE:. 


Ruscus aculeatus, Z. Hermitage, Edinburgh, several. 


GRAMINE. 


Agrostis lachnantha, /Vees. Galafoot, several. First found by Miss 
Hayward. 

Setaria verticillata, Beawv. Portobello, two. 

Sorghum vulgare, /ervs. Plentiful in the neighbourhood of Leith 
Docks, but did not flower. 


LEITH, December 1909. 


CRITICAL, REMARKS UPON THE OVe2ZRACEZ- 
CARICOIDEZE AS TREATED IN=SDAS PEEA N- 
ZENREICH” BY GEORGE KUKENTHAL|! 


By G. CiaripceE Druce, M.A., F.L.S. 


THIS very elaborate, accurate, and excellently printed 
monograph of the Genus Carex and its allies marks a 
substantial advance in our knowledge of this somewhat 
difficult group. The full and clear diagnoses are in Latin, 


1 May 18, 1909. 981 Species and 128 figures. Leipzig. Price 41.20 marks. 


CRITICAL REMARKS ON THE CYPERACEA-CARICOIDEZ: 47 


a fairly complete synonymy is given, and brief details of 
distribution. A clavis is given for each section. The 
figures and details are good, and at last we have under the 
covers of a single work a description of the Sedges of the 
world; a monument to the painstaking work and clear 
judgment of the author. The nomenclature of the species 
follows the Vienna Actes, and as a rule is in accord with 
that of the “British Plant List.” There are a few exceptions 
which we may note in passing, and the novelties to our 
published Floras may also be mentioned. 

The allied genus Kodresia is spelt Cobresza. The founder 
Willdenow spelt it with a K, and this is universally followed 
by British writers. Persoon (“ Syn.” ii. (1807) 534) altered 
it to Cobresta because it was named in honour of Pauli de 
Cobres. This spelling is used by Ascherson and Graebner, 
and is allowed, but wrongly allowed, I hold, by the Vienna 
Rules, which give great latitude for such changes, e.g. Bartsza 
may be altered to Lartschta because it was named after 
Bartsch. In the first instance the change is very trouble- 
some, because all the literature is practically indexed under 
K, not C; and we are glad to find that Dalla Torre, in the 
“Genera Siphonogamorum,” adheres to the original spelling ; 
a practice which has so much to be said in its favour. Our 
British species is called Codresta caricina, Willd., since 
Kiikenthal queries the identification of Carex dbzpartzta, 
Allioni, with it. But Ascherson and Graebner, Dalla Torre, 
and Britton and Browne all agree in so identifying it, and 
write Kobresza (or Cobresta) bipartita, Dalla Torre, as in my 
List. 

Carex vesicaria, L.: under this is put var. alpigena, 
Fries, from Ben More and Glen Lyon (Marshall). C. 
Grahami is also put as a variety from Clova (Boyd) and 
Ben More, Meall Ghaordie, Ben Cruichben (Marshall). 
Under C. veszcaria he also puts, as a sub-species, C. saxatzlis, 
L. It is satisfactory to find the Linnean name is retained 
for this plant, instead of the later C. pulla, Good. Var. 
dichroa, Anders., is treated as a form of C. savatzles. 

The name C. rostrata, Stokes, is used by Kiikenthal, but 
surely wrongly, since there is no doubt that C. zzffata, Huds., 
has priority. Hudson may have quoted wrong synonyms, 


48 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


but this will not invalidate the name, as there can be no 
doubt that his plant, of the second edition of “ Flora 
Anglica,” is this species. Under this Kiikenthal puts var. 
brunnescens (Anders.) from Scotland (Marshall and Druce) ; 
forma sparganzformis (Murr.), Scotland (Druce), and var. 
utriculata (Boott.), which is the plant wrongly called 
C. rhynchophysa in “TWond. |Cat.,” ed: ‘o, ‘ftom, Nreland: 
C. rostrata X vesicaria, Perth.!, Glen Callater (Marshall). 
Kiikenthal makes no allusion to Bennett’s variety graczlzs of. 
C. levigata (C. helodes, Link.). C. bénervis, Sm. :—Kiikenthal 
gives a vat. alpina, Drejer; “ Kev. Crit:y (1841), S64, ang 
under this both my Scottish xzgrescens, and Linton’s Sadler, 
originally described as C. frzgzcda, from Glen Callater, by 
Sadler, but which was not that continental species. My 
nigrescens is a less extreme alpine form than Sadler’s plant. 
Kikenthal cites for var. a/pzza my plants from Loch 
Ceannmor, 1214, Glen Callater, 23;000;,Perth, 500;s5 00 
also Callater, 2990 (Marshall). C. azstans, L.; with this 
C. neglecta, Dégl., the maritime form, is considered to be 
synonymous. C. B. Clarke believed the Linnean C. 
distans to be C. binervis, Sm., and has suggested the name 
C. Vekingenszs for our plant, but this view is wisely rejected 
by Kiikenthal. C. Hornschuchiana, Hoppe, is the name 
retained for the plant for which our recent British lists use 
C. fulva, Host., a combination not given in “ Pflanzenreich,” 
but possibly overlooked. It has priority over Hoppe’s 
name. 

C. flava, L., is kept distinct. Under jit theremis vayvar, 
pygme@a, Anders. Lange named a Scottish specimen of 
mine pumzla, Anders., a lapsus calamz unfortunately followed 
in my List. Kiikenthal also has a forma rectirostris, Peterm. ; 
this latter name was given by Fernald to my specimen of 
Townsend’s var. argzllacea. 

C. lepidocarpa is given full specific rank, since it keeps 
true in cultivation, and natural hybrids occur, of which I 
have sent Kiikenthal several of C. flava x lepidocarpa from 
Perth, Glen Callater, Forfar, etc. and Marshall has sent 
others of Jepidocarpa x Hornschuchtana from Caithness, 
Sutherland, and Orkney. 

C. Oedertz, Retz is also kept distinct ; but, while I have 


CRITICAL REMARKS ON THE CYPERACE4-CARICOIDEZ 49 


used the name in a restricted sense for the small-fruited 
plant, Kiikenthal includes C. Oederz, var. oedocarpa, Anders. 
(=flava, var. minor, Towns.) and var. argillacea, Towns., 
an arrangement more closely approximating to the last 
edition of the “Lond. Cat.” To my eyes C. jiava; var. 
minor, Towns., seems to be more closely related to either 
of the other two species than to the small-fruited plant, 
which I name C. Oederz, Retz, and that was Townsend’s idea ; 
but of course Kiikenthal speaks with far greater authority 
and knowledge than I possess. He gives as a “forma” C. 
subglobosa, Mielich., Lough Neagh (Druce), 509. 

C. extensa, Good.: a new variety of this to our British 
Lists is described, viz. Eck/onzz, Kiik., from Port Patrick, 
Wigtown (C. Bailey). But the older name for it appears 
to be C. ertensa, Good., var. Jatzfolia, Boeck., in “ Linnza,” 
Ixi. (1877), 289. C. pelulifera, L., the var. Leeszz, Ridley, 
is reduced to forma longzbracteata, Lange. 

C. glauca, Scop., is used instead of C. flacca, Schreb., 
but I think under the idea that C. glauca was established 
me Wurrays “ Stirp: Gotting.” (1770), p. 76. There it is; 
I believe, only an unnamed description; the earliest name is 
Schreber’s. Bennett’s var. acuminata receives no notice; 
and our other varieties are reduced to forms. 

Gy vaginata, Tausch, in “Flora,” iv. (1821) 557. Bor 
this, the oldest name, Kiikenthal, in defiance of the Vienna 
inconsistent Rules (which demand the use of the oldest 
specific, but not the oldest varietal name), writes C. sparsz- 
flora, “ Steud. Nom.,” 2nd ed. (1841), 296, because it was 
C. panicea, var. sparsifiora, Wahl. “Fl. Lapp.” (1812), 
236. The var. dorealis (Anders.) is treated as synonymous 
with the type, as is the var. ztermedza of C. panzcea ; while 
tumtdula and conferta are reduced to forms. ‘The var. 
plantfolia, Kohts, is put as synonymous with C. magellanica, 
Meteas’ a vat. of C, /zzosa, as in my List, DUhe Ben 
Heasgarnich locality is not given under C. atrofusca, 
Schkuhr. The name C. alpina, Sw., is retained (following 
Ascherson and Graebner) ; the identity of C. Hadlerz, Gunn., 
with it is queried: our three British Lists use C. Hallerz. 
C. Buxbaumit, Wahl. (also following A. and G.), is used 
despite the older C. polygama, Schkuhr, which is cited 


73 E 


50 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


without doubt as synonymous: the Arisaig locality is 
not given; nor is the fact that it represents C. canescens 
in the Herb. Linn. CC. Hudsonzz, Benn., is used instead 
of the earlier C. elata, All., on account of the uncertainty 
of Allioni’s plant; but is there justification for this? 
Under C. graczlzs an additional variety to my List is given, 
viz., var. spherocarpa (Uechtr.), from Sussex (Marshall), 2610. 
The hybrid C. gracilis x Hudsonii (super-Hudsonit) is given 
from Ranworth, Norfolk (C. E. Salmon). 

C. aquatilis, Wahl., a nova forma, angustata, Kiik., from 
Forfar (Somerville), and Easterness (Marshall), is described. 
Var. sphagnophila, Fr. from Clova (Boott.), S. Aberdeen 
(Druce) 1218, etc., is also given. The var. epzgezos (recorded 
by Bennett) is made synonymous with sfavs (Drej.) Boott., 
but is not cited for Scotland. Does it really occur there ? 

Hybrids of C. aquatilis x rigida and C. aquatilis x 
Goodenowz are from Scotland; C. aquatels x Hudsonzz, 
Ireland (R. W. Scully); C. aquatelis x salina, Wick 
(Marshall). C. c@spitosa, L., is given, on A. Bennett’s in- 
formation, from Shetland (Beeby), and Yorkshire (Perceval) ; 
but we still lack precise information of its occurrence as 
British. CC. Goodenoughiz, as the spelling is altered to 
here, has a var. vecta (Fleisch), A. and G., which is a 
common British form; var. junzcea (Fries) also frequent, 
var. strictiformis (L. H. Bailey), Altnaharra (Marshall) ; 
var. subcespitosa, Kiik., Rosslare, Ireland (Marshall), and 
stenocarpa, Kiik., based on my specimens from Glen Fiagh. 
The last is also found in many other Scottish localities. 
C. Goodenowz? hybridises with rzgzda, Forfar, Argyll 
(Marshall); and with graces; but no British localities 
are given, not even for x C. elytrozdes, Fr., which A. Bennett 
recorded from Anglesey; nor is the occurrence in Britain 
of C. trinervis, Dégl., also recorded by Mr. Bennett, alluded 
to; but doubts have been expressed as to the identity of 
this, and therefore it is bracketed in my List till confirmed. 
Neither is there any reference to C. hebridensis, A. Benn., 
which is put under C. sficulosa in “ Lond. Cat.” as a var. 
Kiikenthal considers C. sfzculosa itself only a hybrid of 
Goodenowt and salina = super-salina, Kiik., but he does not 
refer to a Scottish locality. Under C. vzgzda the var. znfer- 


CRITICAL REMARKS ON THE CYPERACE-CARICOIDEZ: 51 


alpina has been changed to concolor (Br.), Kiik.; but here 
again in opposition to the Vienna Rules, which do not 
insist on the permanence of the earliest varietal name—that 
is, the combination C. vzgzda, var. znfer-alpina, Laest., dates 
from 1839, C. rzg¢da, var. concolor, only from 1909. The 
name C. deporina, L., is wisely retained, but our varieties are 
reduced to forms. 

C. lagopina, Wahl., is used instead of C. Lachenalii 
Schkuhr. Of this he considers C. helvola to be a hybrid 
with canescens. He has seen it from Loch-na-gar (Syme) 
E22 ruce) 22006, (Marshall) “29709, 2980, ‘Clova 
(Balfour), Ben Lawers (Druce)!, the three counties as 
given in my List. C. stellulata, Good., is used, although 
Britten contends that C. echznata, Murr., is the proper name. 
The var. gvypos is retained, but no British station given. 

C. canescens, L., is correctly used by Kiikenthal for 
C. curta, Good.; the var. fallax, F. Kurtz, from the Scottish 
Highlands (Druce), the var. ¢ezuzs, Lang (first recorded by me 
in this Journal, 1897, p. 128, from Glen More), and the var. 
robustior, Blytt, Scotland (Marshall and Druce), are included, 
as are the hybrid with s¢e//ata from Canlochan (Ewing), and 
Ben Lawers (Druce), and super-canescens (my C: helvola, var.) 
from Ben Lawers(Druce). C. contzgua, Hoppe, is used instead 
of “6, muricata, 1, as in the“ Lond: ‘Cat.’ ; but I followed 
the British Museum Seed List in retaining the Linnean 
name, notwithstanding the specimen named C. murecaza in 
the Linnean herbarium, which is C. Pazrez: the description 
and references appear to support the use of the Linnzan 
name. I have put Leerszz as a var. under muricata; but 
Kiikenthal calls C. Pazre@z by the name C. echznata, Murr. ; 
under this he puts C. Leevszz as a var. The variety has 
been collected in England by Marshall, 3765, and the type 
by myself in Cornwall. Surely if there is a case where 
confusion would be created by the exchange of names this 
is one. If echtwata, Murray, is so ambiguous it would be 
well to drop it; but this shall be treated more fully else- 
where. 

C. divulsa, Good., the correct authority is Stokes in With. 
“Nat. Arr.,” of 1787. It will be observed that Kiikenthal 
has not supported the erroneous suggestion that C. azvulsa 


52 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


is the C. canescens of the Linn. Herb. The synonym 
C. canescens, Huds., is, however, not cited by Kiikenthal. 

C. dtandra, Schrank, var. major, Koch, = Ehrhartiana 
Hoppe ;—to this is also referred C. pseudo-paradoxa, Gibs. 
C. zntermedia, Good., is used instead of C. désticha, Huds., 
the undoubtedly earlier name, for the reason advanced by 
C. B. Clarke,“ Joura. domme Soc. xxxv. (1903): 261 -vbur 
despite one wrong figure cited, the reference to Ray shows 
that the above, not arenarza, is meant. 

C. ligertca, Gay (recorded by Mr. Bennett), is not given 
as British; and as the species awaits confirmation it is 
bracketed in my List. 

C. divisa, Huds, var. chetophylla, Daveau, recently dis- 
covered in South England, is not included as British. 

The hybrids C. panzculata x vulpina = pseudo-vulpina, 
Richter, from Surrey and Kent (Marshall), (I have also found 
C. muricata x remota in Bucks), C. remota x vulpina (= 
C. axillaris, Good.), and C. paniculata x remota (C. Boenning- 
hausentana) from Scotland, are also described. 

It may be remarked that the contention which I made 
in this Journal in reviewing the 9th edition of “ Lond. Cat.” 
that C. azluta, Bieb., was not = C. punctata, Gaud., and for 
which I was rather severely taken to task, is found to be 
correct. Kiikenthal keeps them distinct, putting two species 
between them. C. dzluta is confined to East Europe, 
C. punctata reaches the West of Ireland. 

C. fulva, Good., which has caused so much discussion, is 
referred to C. Hornschuchiana x Oederz. Three forms of this 
are given, viz. (a) nearer Horuschuchiana, being Good- 
enough’s plant, and (c) fulvaformzts, Zahn., Altnaharra and 
Orkney (Marshall), C. flava x Oederz, Glen Callater, Perth, 
(Druce), 549; and a form C. sudelatior from Copyhold, 
Sussex (Mrs. Davy), are also described. 


ZOOLOGICAL NOTES. 


The Noctule Bat in Morayshire.—During the past few years I 
had been told that large Bats were seen from time to time round 
Elgin and Lhanbryde, but only now, 1st October, have I been able 


ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 53 


to secure one. A fine large dark-coloured male Noctule ( Vesperwgo 
noctula) was sent to me from Duffus near Elgin. It measured 31 
inches head and body, and 2} inches forearm. ‘This is just the 
size of my English spirit specimen. It was fat, and weighed 124 
ounce. ‘This species may not be rare north of the Grampians, but 
this is the first example I have seen here. Other three species are 
fairly abundant in Morayshire, the Pipistrelle, Daubenton’s Bat, and 
the Long-eared Bat.—Wwm. ‘Taytor, Lhanbryde. 

[There are only a few known instances of this Bat being found in 
Scotland, and this is the most northerly record of its occurrence in 
the British Islands.—Ebs. | 


Black and Brown Water-Voles in the same Family. On 17th 
August last Mr. R. Ramsay, Fearnan, Loch Tay, sent me a family 
of four young (half-grown) Water-Voles (Avzvicola amphibius) which 
had been dug out of a hole in his hayfield. Three of them were 
of the black variety, while the fourth was of the typical brown form. 
They were sent as young “Black Rats,” with the remark that 
“strange to say one seems a drown rat, but they were all in the 
same nest.” It would have been interesting to know what the 
parents were like, but they were not captured, and no information 
regarding them is forthcoming.—WILLIAM Evans, Edinburgh. 


The Length and Weight of Otters.—Apropos of my article on 
‘The Length and Weight of Otters,’ which appeared in the ‘‘ Annals ” 
(July, 1909), I am informed by the master of the Crowhurst Otter 
Hounds that he killed a bitch Otter in September 1908 on the Rother 
near Midhurst, which weighed 22 lbs. with a total length of 454 
inches, and which is the heaviest bitch Otter I have ever heard of. 
His hounds also killed, on zoth April this year at Hartfield, on the 
Medway, a dog Otter of 284 lbs., which measured 51 inches in length. 
The Essex pack which killed the enormous 34 lbs. dog Otter on the 
tidal waters of the Deben in East Suffolk last year (1 908), as mentioned 
in my article, have beaten this record by killing on the same river 
near Kettleburgh, on zoth September this year, an extremely fat old 
dog Otter of 35 lbs. whose total length, as measured with a 2-feet rule, 
was 52 inches, whilst his carcase, minus pelt, mask, rudder, and pads, 
actually weighed 24 lbs., the normal weight of an adult dog Otter ! 
On 8th September this year the Arg gyleshire and East of Scotland 
Pack killed an exceptionally fine dog Otter in East Lothian, close to 
where the Humbie Burn joins the ie which easily pulled down 
the Salter’s Spring Balance to its limit of 29 lbs., and was undoubtedly 
heavier than thisx—H. W. Rosrnson, of Lancaster. 


Some Rare Birds in Unst, Shetland.—During several autumn 
visits to the island of Unst, I have, among other birds, obtained the 
following which, I trust, are worthy of record in the ‘‘ Annals.” 


GREENLAND REpDPOLL (Acanthis hornemannt).— One shot 


54 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


between gth and 19th October 1905, about the same time as Mr. 
Eagle Clarke obtained specimens in Fair Isle. It was a single bird, 
and I observed no others. 

GREATER REDPOLL (Acanthis rostrata).—Several specimens 
obtained from a flock during October and November 1907. Some 
of these birds were shot below high-water line on the shore. 

NORTHERN BULLFINCH (Pyrrhula pyrrhula).—I1 saw a male in 
splendid plumage in November 1905. 

TENGMALIN’S OWL (WVyctala tengmalmi).—On 8th January 1908, 
a female, apparently injured, was captured on a stone wall and for- 
warded to me. Its stomach contained the remains of a sparrow. 


Some of the other birds which came under my notice in 1907 
were, a Great Grey Shrike on 7th October ; Wood Pigeon on 2oth 
October and 4th November; Turtle Doves (two) on 21st October ; 
and Great Snipe on 6th October.—ERIcK HAMILTON, Liverpool. 


Some further Remarks on the Visitation of Crossbills.— 
During a visit to Fair Isle last autumn, I gathered the following 
additional information relating to the summer visits of Crossbills 
(Zoxia curvirostra) to the island. This I chiefly obtained from my 
bird-watcher there, Stewart Stout. The birds were seen in the 
greatest abundance on toth July when they were in large flocks. 
These flocks, however, appear to have at once broken up, for after 
this date, though plentiful, the visitors were in scattered parties, and 
were abundant down to 26th August. Later they became gradually 
scarcer ; in September only two or three were seen, and the last 
representative of the hundreds once present on the island was an 
immature male, which was seen on 2nd October, feeding on the head 
of a thistle. During their sojourn they frequented all parts of the 
island: the faces of the great cliffs, the cultivated land, the grassy 
slopes, and the high bleak, heathery ground. On the latter they fed 
on the unripe fruit of the crowberry ; elsewhere on seeds of grasses 
and other plants, and on the heads of thistles. Very many of these 
visitors, however, perished, for numerous dead or dying birds were 
found in the plots of potatoes. 

At the Flannan Islands the last of the invaders was observed 
on September 22nd. 

Some surprise has been expressed that comparatively few 
birds were recorded for the mainland of Scotland. It may be 
pointed out, however, that there are obvious reasons why this 
should be the case. Thus, almost immediately on their arrival from 
the north, most of the visitors would find themselves in a land 
entirely congenial to their requirements, namely, one abounding 
in extensive pine woods. Here they would fail to attract notice, for 
these same Highland forests are the home of great numbers of 
native Crossbills. 


ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 55 


Mr. Francis G. Gunnis has informed me that they were very 
plentiful at Gordonbush, in East Sutherland ; and adds the interest- 
ing remark that a lot of them were caught in the nets protecting 
strawberries. —Wm. EAGLE CLARKE. 


Occurrence of Yellow-browed Warblers in East Ross-shire.— 
On 23rd September I observed, and afterwards obtained a Yellow- 
browed Warbler (Phy/loscopus superciliosus). The bird in question 
was searching for insects among the currant bushes in a garden on 
the coast of East Ross-shire. It was fairly tame, and did not seem to 
mind my presence. ‘The bird proved to be a male. The weather 
at the time was fine, rather hazy, the wind being south, light. On 
27th September I saw another Yellow-browed Warbler in the same 
garden, but it was very wild and would not admit of approach, but 
flew over the garden wall and disappeared. In the afternoon I 
located it again in a field of turnips near by, and after a long 
chase the bird was procured. It turned out to be a female.— 
ANNIE C. JACKSON, Swordale. 

[These are the first records for the autumn of the occurrence of 
this interesting migrant on the mainland of Scotland.—Eps. | 


Migration of Redwings, ete.—On the early morning of 
18th October, between the hours of 12 p.m. and 4 a.M., there was a 
great rush of birds at Tarbatness Lighthouse, many killing them- 
selves against the lantern, and later in the morning 411 were picked 
up. The wind was east, light, and the night, or rather morning, was 
very wet, also hazy. 

The great majority of the birds were Redwings. The birds 
collected consisted of 367 Redwings; 1 Fieldfare; 6 Blackbirds ; 
3 Ring Ouzels ; 3 Goldcrests ; 9 Bramblings ; 20 Starlings ; 1 Jack- 
snipe.—ANNIE C. Jackson, Swordale. 


Grasshopper Warbler and Greater Wheatear at Mull of 
Galloway Light.—A male Grasshopper Warbler (Locustella nevia) 
was obtained at Mull of Galloway Lighthouse on 24th April, and 
on the r2th August a male of the Greater Wheatear (Saxzcola 
leucorrhoa). Both birds were sent to me by Mr. Henderson, 
lightkeeper.—ANNIE C. Jackson, Swordale. 


The Greater Wheatear (Saxzcola enanthe leucorrhoa, Gmel.) in 
Forth.—Mr. Eagle Clarke’s observations on this northern race of 
Wheatear at Fair Isle (“‘ Annals,’ 1908, p. 81) have caused me to 
re-examine a large wvanthe which I shot on the coast at Luffness 
Links, East Lothian, on 25th September 1885. It is a beautiful 
adult male having a wing measurement of 106 mm., and clearly 
belongs to the above race. I have noticed similar large Wheatears 
on this coast on several occasions in autumn.—WILLIAM EVANs, 
Edinburgh. 


56 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


Golden Oriole in Dumfriesshire.—On 3oth April 1909, Mr. 
Charles Vere caught an adult male of this species at Penton Lynns 
(Canonbie). After being caged it only lived one day, so it was 
sent to Mr. Raine, taxidermist, Carlisle, for preservation. I have 
personally seen the specimen, which is now in Mr. Vere’s possession. 
—Hucu S. GLADSTONE. 


Nesting of the Great Spotted Woodpecker in West Fife.—A 
pair of this species safely hatched off their young this spring on the 
estate of Brucefield, belonging to Lord Balfour of Burleigh, in the 
West of Fife. Two specimens of the Great Spotted Woodpecker 
have previously been obtained on the estate of Westgrange which 
adjoins Brucefield in the same district of Fife. One of these occur- 
rences, as recorded in the Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society, 
took place on 3rd April 1877, and the other, hitherto unrecorded, on 
25th January 1902.—J. J. DALGLEISH, Brankston Grange, Alloa. 


Quails in East Lothian.—Quails (Coturnix communis) were 
reported to have been heard in June in two spots not very far from 
Haddington, but though I visited the places I could not hear or see 
them. But several pairs did nest not far from Tranent in the corn- 
fields, where their sharp, penetrating cry was heard continually. On 
the evening of 3rd August I made a round of the places where they 
were, with Dr. Ritchie of Tranent. We located the cry in three if 
not in four different fields. They were heard almost daily from 
toth July till 23rd August. How much later they were there I 
cannot say, for I was unable to pay another visit myself to the 
locality. —H. N. Bonar, Saltoun, Pencaitland. 


“ Ringed”? Arctic Tern at Barns Ness Lighthouse (Forth), 
-—In September last I was asked to identify a Tern with a ring on its 
leg, which had been found unable to fly owing to an injured wing, at 
Barns Ness Lighthouse, near Dunbar, on the night of 23rd August. 
It was an immature Arctic Tern (Sterna macrura), and had on its 
left tarsus a metal ring inscribed ‘‘ Country Life, London, No. 516.” 
I communicated with “Country Life,” and ascertained that the bird 
was ringed at the Farne Islands by Mr. Riley Fortune on 17th July 
(cf. ‘Country Life” of 16th October 1909). Flocks of Terns, the 
light-keeper tells me, were observed flying round the dome of the 
lighthouse during the evening of 23rd August, the wind at the time 
blowing from the south-east. 

I may mention that there has been sent to me a Storm Petrel 
(Procellaria pelagica) which was found in a dying state at Barns 
Ness Lighthouse on the morning of 18th October.—WILLIAM 
Evans, Edinburgh. 


Beautiful Variety of the Black-headed Gull.—A gull was 
obtained here on the gth of December which was remarkable for 
the beautiful rosy pink colour pervading all the white portions of 


ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 57 


its plumage except the tail. This tint, which was deepest on 
the abdomen and flanks, included the entire shafts and webs of 
the two outer primaries, the basal portions of the shafts of the rest 
and of the secondaries, and the bases of the grey feathers of the 
mantle. I sent the bird to Mr. Eagle Clarke for his inspection and 
opinion on it. He tells me that the specimen, a female, was quite re- 
markable for the extent and depth of the rose-colour permeating its 
plumage. Mr. Howard Saunders, in describing a similar specimen 
obtained at Wells, Norfolk, in November, remarks (Cat. Birds, Brit. 
Mus., xxv. 212) that such instances must be considered unusual. | 
have since seen two others. —ALICE FOWLER, Inverbroom, Ross-shire. 

{I have also seen rosy-coloured Black-headed Gulls at Oban, as 
I have elsewhere made note of.—J. A. H.-B.] 


Porbeagle Shark in the Moray Firth.—A male Porbeagle 
shark (Zamna cornubica), 84 feet long, was caught at Nairn on 
30th October last. I went to examine it, and took the following 
measurements :—From point of snout to pectoral fin, 27 inches ; 
length of pectoral fin, 16 inches; greatest breadth of tail, 28 inches. 
It had the large, high anterior and very small posterior dorsal fin 
of the species. It was bluish grey above and dirty white below. 
It belongs to the variety with small teeth. I have also found the 
variety with large teeth in the Moray Firth. The difference in the 
teeth is certainly not a sexual character. Dr. Traquair was kind 
enough to demonstrate that for me in the Royal Scottish Museum 
some years ago.—Wm. TayLor, Lhanbryde. 


Barnacles on a Whale.—Mr. Carl F. Herlofsen, of Buna- 
veneader, Harris, recently presented to the Royal Scottish Museum 
a specimen of a parasitic Copepod, Pene//a species, extracted from 
the side of a whale caught off St. Kilda. Growing upon the 
Penella were two specimens of Stalked Barnacle, Conchoderma virgata 
(Spengler), a species which, though of world-wide distribution, has 
seldom been recorded from Scottish waters. The association of 
Conchoderma virgata with Penella has been noted on several 
occasions, even where the hosts of the Copepod have been so 
different as whale and sword-fish.—JAMeEs Rircui£, Royal Scottish 
Museum. 


Hydraehnids in Forth and Tay.—In the previous number of 
the “Annals” (1909, p. 249) I recorded Arrhenurus cylindratus, 
Piersig, from the Forth district, the record being based on half a 
dozen females from West Lothian, which were believed to belong to 
this species. The capture of two males and a female on 17th 
September last in a pool near Lasswade, Midlothian, removes any 
slight doubt there may have been as to the species being an 
inhabitant of the district. Along with these Lasswade examples of 
A. cylindratus 1 captured five males of another Avrhenurus which 


58 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


Mr. Soar says are referable to A. tudulator (Miill.), also, it would 
appear, an addition to the Scottish list. 

I take this opportunity of drawing attention to an early record 
—the earliest I have yet met with—of Water-Mites from Scotland. 
It occurs in Don’s List of Forfarshire Plants and Animals, published 
in 1813 in an Appendix to the “ Agriculture of Angus,” and is 
as follows :—‘‘ Hydrachna globator, grossipes, and some others.” 
Presumably these are what we now call Arrhenurus globator, and 
CUntionicola crassipes, or its near ally U. figuralis—WILL1AM Evans, 
Edinburgh. 


A Swan Parasite from Perthshire.—On an immature female 
Whooper Swan (C. muszcus) secured at Port-Allen-on-Tay, in January 
last, numerous parasites were detected by Mr. A. M. Rodger, Perth 
Museum. 

Four specimens, all adult males and females, were fortunately 
put into spirit, and on examination these proved to be Ornzthobius 
cygnt, L. ( = bucephalus, Giebel). Save that the males have segments 
2-6 with the black lateral spots, these specimens are typical 
examples. 

Piaget (“Jes Pediculines,” vol. i. p. 378) gives 3-6 as the 
normal, while Denny (Mon. Anop. Brit.,” p. 183) says “the first 
six segments. of the abdomen with a black spot.” Evidently 
the character is independable and varies.— JAMES WATERSTON, 
Edinburgh. 


BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEWS. 


Fungi from the Isle of May.—During two short visits to the 
Isle of May last September (9th and 16th), I gathered the following 
Fungi, which are not mentioned among those brought from the 
island by Misses Baxter and Rintoul in 1907, as recorded by Mr. 
Steele in the “Annals” for January 1908. Dr. Paul, who kindly 
looked over my specimens, made the remark that they were small, 
as one would expect in so exposed a locality. 


Agaricus campestris, L. (the true mushroom).—One specimen. 
A. arvensis, Scheeff.—Common. 

LVolanea pascua, Pers.—Two or three. 

Lflygrophorus conicus, Fr.—Several. 

Marasmius oreades, Fr.—A few. 

Lycoperdon gemmatum, Batsch.—A good many. 


Several of the already recorded species—/Vaucoria semtorbicularts, 
fygrophorus pratensis, H. virgineus, etc.—were also met with.— 
WILLIAM Evans, Edinburgh. 


BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEWS 59 


Seottish Pansies. — Of the twenty-three ‘‘species” in Mr. 
Drabble’s paper on ‘British Pansies” in the Journal of Botany 
Supplement, the following are named in the paper as seen by him 
from Scotland :—Group I. Arvenses, /. segefalis, Jordan, Selkirk 
(79), Kincardine (91), E. Sutherland (107), V. obtustfolia, Jordan, 
Elgin (95); V. wrali, Jordan, Dumfries (72), Berwick (81), Kin- 
cardine (91); V. derelicta, Jordan, Mid-Perth (88), Forfar (go), 
S. Aberdeen (92), Banff (94), Orkney (111); V. Léoydi, Jordan, 
Forfar (90), Kincardine (g1), S. Aberdeen (92), W. Ross (105), 
Caithness (109); V. adfestris, Jordan, Selkirk (79); V. /epida, 
Jordan, Roxburgh (80), Berwick (81), Kincardine (91), S. Aberdeen 
(92), Elgin (95), Easterness (96), Westerness (97), Argyle (98), 
East Ross (106); V7. dwtea, Huds. (including var. amana), Dumfries 
(72), Selkirk (79), Stirling (86), M. Perth (88), E. Perth (89), 
Forfar (90), S. Aberdeen (92), Westerness (97), Argyle (98), 
V. Curtisit, Forster (including Pesneauz and subulosa), S. Aberdeen 
(92), Clyde Isles (100), Mid Ebudes (103), W. Sutherland (108), 
Caithness (109). 


CURRENT LITERATURE. 


The Titles and Purport of Papers and Notes relating to Scottish Natural 
History which have appeared during the Quarter—October-December 1909. 


[The Editors desire assistance to enable them to make this Section as complete as 
possible. Contributions on the lines indicated will be most acceptable, and 
will bear the initials of the Contributor. The Editors will have access to the 
sources of information undermentioned. ] 


ZOOLOGY. 


NoTES ON THE SUMMER BIRDS OF SHISKIN, ARRAN, 1909. 
T. Thornton Mackeith. Zhe Glasgow Naturalist, vol. 11. No. 1 
(Nov. 1909), pp. 20-24. Eighty-eight species are recorded. 


THE Srock-Dove (CoLtumBA cNas, LINN.) IN THE CLYDE 
Area. Robert S. and Hugh W. Wilson. Z%e Glasgow Naturalist, 
vol. i, pt. iv. (Sept. 1909), pp. ror-110. Gives a summary of the 
distribution of this species in the various counties. 


Hoopor (Upupa Epops) IN LANARKSHIRE. Geo. W. Campbell. 
The Glasgow Naturalist, vol. i. pt. iv. (Sept. 1909), p. 145. Speci- 
men picked up near Leadhills on June 1, 1909. 


FULMAR (FULMARUS GLACIALIS) IN AYRSHIRE AND FIFE. John 
Paterson. Zhe Glasgow Naturalist, vol. i. pt. iv. (Sept. 1909), p. 145. 
Specimen picked up dead on July 4, 1909, on the shore between 
King’s Barns and Cambo. 


60 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


Quail (COTURNIX COMMUNIS) IN AYRSHIRE AND Fire. John 
Paterson. Zhe Glasgow Naturalist, vol. i. pt. iv. (Sept. 1909), p. 
145. A note on the occurrence of this species near Ayr and at Crail. 


RurFr, SPOTTED REDSHANK, AND BLACK-TAILED GODWIT IN 
East RENFREW. John Robertson. Zhe Glasgow Naturalist, vol. i. 
pt. iv. (Sept. 1909), p. 146. Notes on the occurrence of these 
species in August and September 1909. 


THE Bar-TaILeD Gopwirt (Limosa Lapponica) IN East REn- 
FREW. John Robertson. Zhe Glasgow Naturalist, vol. ii. No. 1 


(Nov. 1909). Specimen seen in September 1909 at Waulkmill 
Glen Dam. 


SHORT SUN-FISH (ORTHAGORISCUS MOLA) IN AYRSHIRE WATERS. 
John Paterson. Zhe Glasgow Naturalist, vol. ii. No. 1 (Noy. 1909), 
p. 30. A specimen, measuring 4 feet long by 5 feet 3 inches, 
captured in South Ayrshire waters in October 1909. 


NOTES FROM INVERNESS-SHIRE, 1909. R. Meldola. Lxtomologist, 
November 1909, pp. 283-284. Notes on twenty species of Lepi- 
doptera taken at Onich in August. 


A SPECIES OF THE NOCTUIDA NEW TO ScIENCE. Richard 
South. Lxtomologist, October 1909, p. 258. This species, supposed 
to be new, but as yet undescribed, was taken by Mr. Esson at sugar, 
on a fir-tree near Aberdeen. 


EVerrRiA (RETINIA) RESINELLA, L., CAPTURED IN THE IMAGINAL 
STATE. Eustace R. Bankes. xz. Mo. Mag., November 1909, 
p- 259. Records several specimens taken in Rothiemurchus Forest, 
Inverness-shire, June 1907 and 1908. 


THREE NEW BriTIsH COLEOPTERA. Norman H. Joy, M.R.CS., 
F.ES. £xt. Mo. Mag., December 1909, pp. 268 and 269. The 
species are Epipeda nigricans, Thoms., and Pityogenes trepanatus, 
Noerdl., taken at Blair Atholl, and Lathrobium dilutum, Erichs, from 
the side of Loch Ericht and the river Truim, at Dalwhinnie. 


SOME CRITICAL REMARKS ON THE GENUS RaBocERUS, MUL- 
SANT : WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES. By David Sharp, 
M.A., F.R.S. Zyxt. Mo. Mag., November 1909, pp. 245-247. R. 
bishopi described as a new species, from Grantown, Elginshire. 


A FirtH PRoTEINus In Britain. David Sharp, M.A., F.R.S. 
Lint. Mo. Mag., December 1909, pp. 267-268. PP. crenulatus, 
Pandellé, taken at Nethy Bridge in 1906 and 1907. 


MYRMECOPHILOUS NOTES FOR 1909. H. St. J. K. Donis- 
thorpe, F.Z.S.,'F.E.S. Ent. Record, Nov. 1909, p. 257. Nests of 
Formica rufa race pratensis, Forel, described from Nethy Bridge, with 
a list of their coleopterous inmates. 


CURRENT LITERATURE 61 


THREE SPECIES OF DIPTERA NEW TO THE BritTIsH List. 
J. R. Malloch. Zt. Mo. Mag., October 1909, p. 234. Records 
Cnemacantha muscaria, Fln., and Pegomyia seitenstettensis, Strobl, 


from Bonhill, Dumbartonshire, and Eccoptomera ornata, Ler., from 
Oxford. 


ON THE BRITISH SPECIES OF PHORA. John H. Wood, M.B. 
Ent. Mo. Mag., October and November 1909, pp. 240-244. P. 
brunneipennis, Costa, recorded from Logie, near Forres, and P. 
pulicaria, Fln., from the north of Scotland. 


A FEW INSECTS FROM BRAEMAR. W. J. Lucas. £xdomologist, 
November 1909, p. 282. Records seven species of Neuroptera 
and Trichoptera taken by Dr. David Sharp in June of the present 
year. 


RAPHIDIA MACULICOLLIS (NEUROPTERA). W. J. Lucas. xto- 
mologist, October 1909, p. 259. Records a female pupa taken by 
Dr. David Sharp at Braemar. 


ON THE GENUS PHOXOCEPHALUS. Alexander Patience. Zhe 
Glasgow Naturalist, vol. i. pt. iv. (Sept. 1909), pp. 116-134, pls. ili. 
and iv. and 6 figs. In this paper notes are given of Scottish 
localities. 


PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BRITISH AMPHIPOD, 
Is#A ELMHIRSTI, sP, Ww. Alexander Patience. Zhe Glasgow 


Naturalist, vol. i. pt. iv. (Sept. 1909), pp. 134-135. Described 
from a specimen taken in the Firth of Clyde. 


On A NEW BritisH MarINnE AmpuHipop. Alexander Patience. 
The Glasgow Naturalist, vol. 11. No. 1 (Nov. 1909), pp. 16-19, pls. 
i. and ii. A more detailed description of Iszea elmhirsti, of which a 
preliminary notice was given in the same journal (see preceding 
reference). It is also recorded here from off the coast of St. 
Andrews. 


A SPECIMEN OF LIGULA SIMPLICISSIMA, RUDOLPHI ; WITH NOTES 
ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF THE LIGULIN®. J. F. Gemmill, M.A., 
M.D. Zhe Glasgow Naturalist, vol. ii. No. 1 (Nov. 1909), 
pp. 6-12. The minnow, within which the Ligula was taken, was 
captured near Greenock on May 22, rgo9. 


THE FRESH-WATER POLYZOON CRISTATELLA MUCEDO FROM 
KitmaLcoLtmM. W. Cameron Davidson. Zhe Glasgow Naturalist, 
vol. ii. No. 1 (Nov. 1909), pp. 15-16. 


CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS A MONOGRAPH OF THE BRITISH AND 
IrRIsH OLIGOCHZTA. Rowland Southern. voc. Roy. Lrish Acad., 
vol. xxvii. Sect. B., No. 8 (April 1909). Records are given of a 
number of Scottish species, including two new to science, colle 
by Mr. W. Evans in the Forth Area. 


62 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


Some British EARrtTH-MITES. C. F. George. Zhe Naturalist, 
1909. Several new species of Zrombidude are described in these 
articles from specimens collected by Mr. W. Evans in the Forth 
Area. 


BOTANY. 


First RECORDS OF BRITISH FLOWERING PLants. By W. A. 
Clarke, F.L.S., Journ. Bot., 1909, pp. 413-416. A supplement to 
Author’s previous comprehensive work. The only Scottish species 
referred to are Cerastium alpinum, L. and Callitriche autumnalis, L. 


Tue BritisH Pansies. By E. Drabble, D.Sc., F.L.S. Supple- 
ment to Journ. Bot., Oct. and Dec. 1909, 32 pages, and plates 500- 
501. A full discussion of the forms in the group dZe/anzum, with 
descriptions of 23 British “ species” and “ varieties ” and 3 “hybrids,” 
and illustrations of these on 2 plates. The distribution in Britain 
of these forms is given as far as the author has seen specimens. 


THYMUS SPATHULATUS, Opiz., IN Britain. By G. Claridge 
Druce. Journ. Bot., pp. 384-385. Mentions distribution of the forms 
glaber, Mill., ovatus, Mill., and precox, Opiz., in Scotland as shown by 
specimens. 

TORTULA ACIPHYLLA IN Britain. By W. E. Nicholson. /ourn. 
Bot., 1909, Pp. 374-375, on boulders above Loch-na-chat, Ben 
Lawers. 


BOOK NOTICES. 


A TREATISE ON ZOOLOGY. Edited by Sir Ray Lankester, K.C.B., 
M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. Pt. ix. Vertebrata Craniata (Cyclostomes and 
Fishes). By ©. S. Goodrich, M.A., F.R.S. (London: A. & Cc, 
Black, 1909.) 

The present contribution to this important series treats of the 
two most primitive Classes of the Vertebrata, the Lampreys and 
their allies, and the true Fishes. As the first volume treating of 
Vertebrates, it opens with a definition and description of the lead- 
ing characters of these most important members of the animal 
kingdom. The remainder of the Part deals with, in their systematic 
sequence, the various Orders and their numerous component F amilies, 
recent and fossil, concerning which a great amount of information 
is afforded of a technical nature, on the essential characters and 
anatomical peculiarities of each of these major and minor groups. In 
addition to taxonomic definitions, information is furnished relating 
to their distribution in space and time, and some reference is made 
to life-histories. Like the predecessors of the series noticed in this 
Magazine, it is a learned and able exposition on its subject, and is 


BOOK NOTICES 63 


a most valuable addition to the library of the advanced student in 
natural science. The volume is profusely illustrated by excellent 
diagrams and figures, which cannot fail to be of considerable service 
to the reader. 


EcypTIAN Birps. Painted and described by Charles Whymper. 
(London: Published by A. & C. Black. Price 20s.) 

Among the painters of bird life, Mr. Whymper’s name has 
long been much appreciated, but never has he been in more charming 
combination as author and artist than in this volume on Egyptian 
birds. In the modest preface, it is intimated that this book is for 
the amateur and not the scientist, but every ornithologist will 
congratulate the author on a production which meets perfectly the 
wants of numbers of British visitors to Egypt who are interested in 
bird-life. To such the book will undoubtedly add a new interest 
to their tour, for the wealth of bird life in that mysterious land 
is both rich and varied. Hitherto there has been only one 
standard volume available, ‘‘A Handbook to the Birds of Egypt,” 
by Captain C. E. Shelley (1872), and as this is now ‘out of 
print” and somewhat costly, Mr. Whympers work comes 
as a boon to the wandering bird-lover. Not only is the 
traveller provided for, but also the naturalist who has perforce to 
stay at home, for the reader of Mr. Whymper’s “ Egyptian Birds” will 
be able to enter into every ramble the author describes so well, and 
may behold in his charming representations many of the birds 
depicted in their native haunts. Mr. Whymper proves himself to 
be a most careful and accurate observer, and his work abounds in 
details of the varied habits of each bird treated of. The numerous 
coloured illustrations are all singularly beautiful, and seeing that 
they all attain to a high degree of excellence it would perhaps be 
invidious to select any particular one for special praise. A word of 
praise is also due to the publishers for producing the book in such 
a suitable and pleasing form, a special feature being the lightness of 
the volume, which is unusual in a work illustrated with 51 coloured 
plates. 

In an appendix the author gives a useful annotated list of 356 
different Egyptian birds. This will prove most useful to ornithologists 
visiting the country. That it is up-to-date and accurate is vouched 
for by the fact that Mr. M. J. Nicol is mainly responsible for it, 
and there is no better authority. G. G.-M. 


A GUIDE TO THE NaTuURAL History OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT. 
Edited by Frank Morey, F.L.S. Pp. xx+560. The County 
Press, Newport, 1909. Price 8s. 6d. net. 

In this useful work, which contains a “series of contributions 
by specialists relating to the various branches of Natural History 
and kindred subjects,” Mr. Morey has made a painstaking and 


64 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


exceedingly valuable effort to show the present state of our know- 
ledge regarding the plant and animal inhabitants of the Isle of 
Wight. In addition to the lists of species, of which the book is 
necessarily in great part composed (several of which are illustrated 
by excellent photographic reproductions of the rarer animals), space 
has been found for interesting chapters on the Geology and on 
the Meteorology of the island, and on Discoveries of Paleolithic 
Implements. ‘That much good work has been done, this book, 
with its records of 6982 plants and animals, clearly shows. It must 
be invaluable to students of the natural history of the area with 
which it deals, and to workers interested in the distribution of 
British animals. For the encouragement of the former the meagre 
lists of several groups, particularly amongst the marine inverte- 
brates, make clear that much important work still remains to be 
accomplished. 


THE HOME-LIFE OF A GOLDEN EAGLE. Photographed and 
described by H. B. Macpherson. With 32 mounted plates. 
(London: Witherby & Co. Price 5s.) 

All who are interested in our native birds will read with interest 
Mr. H. B. Macpherson’s account of the domestic life of a Golden 
Eagle. The history of the young bird is given until the point when 
it leaves the nest and sallies forth on the wing in company with the 
elder birds. The author, who has noted every detail and depicted 
most of them, first visited the eyrie on 23rd April, on which date he 
found two eggs; these were hatched on 3rd May. From henceforth 
a careful and most instructive account is given of the habits and 
movements of the eaglet and its parents. The illustrations (32 in 
number) which supplement the observations are really a triumph in 
bird photography, and for excellence and clearness of detail they 
could not be surpassed. 

Such a record of the home-life of the most romantic of our 
British birds can only be got at the expense of immense personal 
labour and fatigue, and naturalists, knowing the wild nature of its 
Highland home, will fully appreciate the author’s heroic efforts and 
untiring patience, and congratulate him on his marvellous success. 

A word of credit is also due to the publisher, for though the 
price of this little volume is very modest, yet the general “‘get-up” 
leaves nothing to be desired. G. G.-M 


vg008 BSL, 
‘sf 2ea CY 
LIBRARY 
Z\ QO > 


The Annals base 
of 


Scottish Natural History 


No. 74] 1910 [ APRIL 


tie. BIRDS, OF FAIR ISLE—V.’ REPORT ON 
OBSERVATIONS MADE DURING THE 
VYRAR 1900: 


By Wm. EaGLeE Ciarke, F.R.S.E., F.L.S. 


As a full and particular account of Birds of Fair Isle, based 
upon all the data which have been amassed during the 
past five years, is about to be published, it is only necessary, 
following precedent, to do little more than allude to the 
species, few in number, which were added to the avifauna 
in the year 1909. 

As I have said the novelties are few in number, namely, 
six. But this is not surprising, for the ornis of this small 
island had reached the remarkable total of 185 species at 
the close of 1908, and it was not to be expected that this 
number could be materially increased as the result of a single 
year’s investigations. One of the new birds, however, the 
White-spotted Bluethroat, is a most interesting species to 
have obtained, apart from its great rarity as a British bird. 
A number of uncommon species, previously recorded, re- 
newed their visits in 1909, and in all 122 species were 
observed as migrants during the year; of these 91 species 
were observed during the spring movements, 96 during the 
autumn, and 70 were common to both seasons. 

These statistics, though quite remarkable and satisfactory, 


74 B 


66 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


show a slight falling off as compared with those for 1908. 
This is, no doubt, due to the fact that George Stout, my 
trusty observer, left the island in January. His younger 
brother, Stewart, took his place on the 1st April, and carried 
on the work successfully, and to my entire satisfaction, until his 
departure in October ; so that practically six months’ observa- 
tions (fortunately not at the height of the season) were lost 
during the year. I again spent several weeks on the island 
at both seasons, devoting all my time to the investigations, 
and during the autumn I had the aid of George Stout. 

The Duchess of Bedford visited the island in spring 
and again in autumn, spending some time and contributing 
materially to the records. I have to gratefully acknowledge 
Her Grace’s kindness in affording me facilities for reaching 
the island on the occasion of both my visits. 

A pleasant duty remains to be discharged. I have to 
express my sincere thanks to Robert Bruce, Esq., for the 
privilege which allowed me to visit all parts of the island, 
and to collect such specimens as were required for the in- 
vestigations ; to the Commissioners of Northern Lighthouses 
for permission to reside in the Lighthouses ; and to their 
secretary, C. Dick Peddie, Esq., for his kind co-operation. 
Nor must I forget the acknowledgments due to Mr. and 
Mrs. Wallace, and Mr. and Mrs. Campbell, who made me 
most comfortable during my residence in the Lighthouses. 
While to my many good friends among the Fair Islanders 
I have to express my indebtedness for allowing me to search 
their crofts—the best observing grounds in the isle. 

The following are the species added to the fauna during 
the year :— 


186. Common CrosssiLL, ZLoxia curvirostra.— As reference has 
already been made (“ Annals,” 1909, p. 215; and 1910, 
p. 54) to the remarkable visitation of this species to the 
island during the past summer, it is not necessary to repeat 
the statements here. They were, however, of considerable 
interest, and it may be remarked that more birds were seen 
on Fair Isle than in any other similar area in the British 
Islands. 

Since I wrote my previous notes, I have critically examined 
the Crossbills obtained at Fair Isle, Suleskerry, Unst, and 
Barra (Outer Hebrides) ; eleven specimens in all. Every one 


THE BIRDS OF FAIR ISLE 67 


of these is remarkable for the slenderness of its bill, when 
compared with Continental examples at my disposal. This 
marked peculiarity leads me to believe that these birds, which 
are of all ages, belong to a particular race; and the fact that 
at both Fair Isle and the Flannans adult males of the Two- 
Barred Crossbill were shot from the ranks of the invading 
birds, indicates, I think, that the two specics were travelling 
companions from acommon area. As the ‘l'wo-Barred species 
is confined to the far northern and north-eastern pine forests 
of Europe (and of Siberia), it is possible that this slender- 
billed race of the Common Crossbill may also be a native 
of those regions. 


187. WHITE-SPOTTED BLUETHROAT, Cyanecula cyanecula.— Fore- 


188. 


189. 


Igo. 


MO Ire 


most in interest among the captures of the year is that of 
an adult male in full plumage of this beautiful species. 
Not only is it new to the birds that have occurred at Fair 
Isle, but it is an addition to the Scottish Fauna, and is the 
fourth example known to have visited the British Islands. 
Fair Isle, too, marks the Ultima Thule of the known wander- 
ings of this Central European summer bird. 


PINK-FOOTED GoosE, Anser brachyrhynchus.—A nuamber of 


these birds appeared during the wild weather which pre- 
vailed from the 7th to the 18th of October. One of these 
was shot, and the identity of the wary visitors satisfactorily 
established. This bird would appear, strange to say, to be 
also an addition to the avifauna of Shetland, though it 
must be an annual bird of passage there. 


BERNACLE GoosE, Jernicla leucopsis.—Several single birds 


were seen at intervals during the first three months of the 
year, and two were shot ; the head of one of these I received 
for identification. 


BRENT Goose, Bernicla berniclan—An injured bird was 


captured in a voe on the east side of the island in October. 
This I had the satisfaction of examining. 


Grey PHALAROPE, Phalaropus fulicarius.—Single birds ap- 


peared on two occasions, during the earliest days of the 
year, and one of these was obtained and sent tome. These 
are interesting records, since they indicate that the species was 
spending the winter not very far away. 


In conclusion it may be remarked that a pair of White 


Wagtails reared their brood on the island during the past 
summer (the first time in Scotland, so far as I know) ; 
and that the Siskin was remarkable for the numbers in which 
it appeared in the autumn. 


68 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


SCOTTISH, HERONRIES, PAST AND VERSE Mae 


SUPPLEMENTARY TO LIST IN THE “ANNALS OF 
SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY,” OCTOBER 1908, 


Pps 2LS-2 3. 
By Hucu Boyp Watt, M.B.O.U. 


INFORMATION which has been received from correspondents 
and from the pages of the “ Annals,’ and other sources, 
enables the corrections and additions summarised below to 
be made in the list referred to. As was anticipated by the 
writer some further names should have been starred as 
extinct nesting-places, and these are marked * below. The 
large proportion of names now starred under “Tweed,” 
and also some of those under “ Forth,’ is due to an 
omission in marking certain names, which were obtained 
from Mr. Muirhead’s “Birds of Berwickshire” (vol. i. 
1895). 

The names of my informants are given with each item, 
and I again beg to express my thanks and obligations to 
them. 


CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS -1O.LIsrT. 


DEE. 


*Banchory Lodge, up to 1864, then removed to  Blackhall 
(‘‘Zoologist,” 1872, p. 3266)—[100 to 150 yards farther west. 
—J. A. H.-B.] 

*Binn Hill of Cairnie, near Huntly, tradition, 40 years ago.—Mr. 
A. M‘Donald, Durris. 

Pitfour House, 3 or 4 nests, when last seen over Io years ago.— 
Rev. Wm. Serle. 
Tay. 

*Lawers.—Mr. W. E. Frost. 

Loch Ba, Black Mount, 9 to 12 nests.—Mr. Chas. H. Alston. 

Loch Freuchie, Amulree, number of nests not known.—Mr. 
W. E. Frost. 

*Monzie, never more than one nest.—Mr. W. E. Frost. 


1 [In what kind of ground, or wood, do Herons nest at Loch Freuchie >— 
(eS ole ei) 


SCOTTISH HERONRIES, PAST AND PRESENT 69 


FortTHu. 


Information given by the Rey. William Serle and Mr. William 
Evans causes the majority of the names in this area to be starred, 
viz. :— 


* Alloa Woods. *Loch Leven. 

*Binning Wood (abandoned for *Menteith, Lake of (?). 
Tyninghame—see below). *Old Polmaise. 

* Callander. *Saltheugh. 

*Dalkeith Palace. *Siccar Point. 

* Dollar. SVester 

*Dunglass Dean. Tyninghame, about 20 pairs 

*Gartmorn Dam. nesting. 


*och Chon. 


On Mr. Evans’s (“ Annals,” 1909, p. 116) authority there are 
only four’ nesting-places now in this large central area, viz.: Blair 
Drummond, Donibristle, Tulliallan (Brucefield), and Tyninghame, a 
deplorable state of affairs. 


TWEED. 
*Calroust. *Marchmont, Polwarth, 
*Circle Plantation. *March Wood. 
*Clarabad Dam. * Nesbit. 
*Foulden. * Paxton. 


Mr. A. H. Evans corroborates most of the above as extinct. 


ARGYLL AND THE INNER HEBRIDES. 


Aros House, Mull (small)—Mr. D. M‘Donald, Tobermory. 

Burgh or Gribun (ought not to be marked as extinct).—Mr. D. 
M‘Donald, Tobermory. 

*(?) Islay House (near), (“ Zoologist, 
day information. 

[Iona, named in error as a nesting-place in the “ Zoologist,” 1872, 
p. 3268, by a misreading of an observation in Gray’s ‘“ Birds 
of the West of Scotland.” ] 

Killiechronan, Mull (small).—Mr. D. M‘Donald, Tobermory. 

*Rum, one nest, 1869.—Gray’s ‘ Birds of the West of Scotland.” 


” 


1872, p. 3268). No present- 


SOLWAY. 
*Mochrum Loch. 


In an undated “ Description of the Sheriffdom of Wigtoun by 
Sir Andrew Agnew of Lachnaw and David Dumbar of Baldoon” 
printed in Macfarlane’s ‘Geographical Collections Relating to Scot- 
land,” Vol. III. p. 129, 1908 (Scottish History Society), it is stated 


70 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


that ‘‘in the Loch of Mochrome, there are bred a number of herons 
and wild Geese with other Fowls.” This is the only reference to 
herons nesting in the three volumes of these ‘“‘ Geographical Collec- 
tions,” the contents of which cover a period of about 200 years 
beginning about the middle of the sixteenth century, and in which 
there are many curious natural history items. Judging by these 
records, in earlier days mermaids were of more frequent occurrence 
in Scotland than heronries. But perhaps it is more correct to con- 
sider the mermaids as supernatural. 


Pat AMERICAN BITTERN IN SCOTEAND, 
By Hue S. GLapsrone, M.A., E.Z.S., F.R.S.E, 


MR. J.. A. HARVIE-BROWN recently drew my attention to a 
record of the American Bittern (Lotaurus lentiginosus) in 
Ayrshire in 1848. In looking through a large quarto scrap- 
book entitled J7/cscellanea Zoologica, formerly belonging to 
the late Sir William Jardine, and now in his possession, 
Mr. J. A. Harvie-Brown came across a cutting from the 
Dumfries Herald of 24th February 1848, quoting the 
Ayr Observer as to the recent occurrence of this rare bird in 
that county. 

Reference to the newspaper files at the British Museum 
resulted in my finding the following in the issue of Tuesday, 
21st February (szc) 1848. (The real date should have been 
Tuesday, 22nd February, 1848.) 


THE AMERICAN BITTERN.—“ A very beautiful specimen 
of that rare bird the American Bittern has been brought to 
our office by Thomas Logan, gamekeeper to the Marquis of 
Ailsa. The bird, which is stuffed, and in fine preservation, 
was lately shot by the gamekeeper at Loch Martnaham. 
When killed, the stomach of the Bittern contained no less 
than NINE LARGE PERCH !—certainly a very good meal. 

“This kind of bird is very rare in Scotland; the only 
specimen known is one which was killed, in 1844 on the 
Moor near the residence of Sir William Jardine, in Dumfries- 
shire, and is preserved in his collection. This species, we 
find, is well known to American naturalists, and is found at 


THE AMERICAN BITTERN IN SCOTLAND 71 


different seasons of the year from Hudson’s Bay to Carolina. 
It has various names in different States; such as Indian 
Pullet, Indian Hen, and Dunkadoo ;—a word, says Wilson, 
probably imitative of its common note. In the markets of 
New Orleans, Audubon tells us, it is bought in autumn by 
the poorer classes to make gombo soup. 

“In its habits and in its voice, it bears considerable re- 
semblance to our common Bittern. It makes its nest in 
swamps, laying four cinereous green eggs, according to 
Hutchins, among the long grass. The young are said to be 
at first black. Audubon says the egg of this bird measures 
two inches in length, by one inch and a half, and is ofa 
broadly oval shape, rather pointed at the end, and of a 
uniform dull olivaceous tint. Wilson says also of the 
American Bittern, that when fat it is considered by many 
to be excellent eating. A gentleman who saw the bird at 
our office, and who once shot one of the same species in 
Ireland, confirms this statement of the eminent ornithologist. 
The stomach is usually filled with fish and frogs. Dr. 
Richardson says, ‘it is a common bird in the marshes and 
willow thickets of the far countries up to the 58th parallel. 
Its loud booming—exactly resembling that of the Common 
Bittern of Europe—may be heard every summer evening, 
and also during the day. When disturbed, it utters a hollow, 
croaking cry.’ 

“Comparing the specimen shot by the Marquis of Ailsa’s 
gamekeeper with the description given of the American Bit- 
tern, in Yarrell’s ‘ History of British Birds, there is a perfect 
identity of appearance. The whole length of the bird is 
about twenty-seven inches ; and from the carpal joint to the 
end of the wing, eleven inches and a half. The beak is 
brownish yellow ; from the forehead, before, over and behind 
the eye, a stretch of light yellow-brown ; wing-coverts, rich 
brown ; upper tail-coverts, buff, freckled with two shades of 
brown ;_ tail-feathers, almost uniform reddish brown ; chin 
and front of the neck, a mixture of white, buff, and dark 
brown in streaks; ear-coverts and a line descending there- 
from, yellow-brown ; between this and the throat in front, 
an elongated descending streak of black; breast and belly 
buff—each feather with an elongated brown central 


72 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


patch. The legs and toes are of a greenish brown 
colour. 

“ Altogether, it is a fine-looking bird, and decidediy 
nobler in appearance than the native breeds which haunt 
our fens and water-meadows. It has been, we understand, 
forwarded to Culzean Castle.” 

The Earl of Cassillis writes me from Culzean Castle 
(zz “itt. 19, xii. 1909) :—“ There are three Bitterns here, .. . 
one shotving1871 or 18725 another later; and the ‘third 
shot in Albania by my father. . . . There is nothing here 
of the American Bittern you wrote me about, as shot in 
1848.” 

This occurrence is not mentioned by Robert Gray in his 
“Birds of Ayrshire and Wigtownshire,” 1869, nor in his “Birds 
of the West of Scotland,’ 1871. Howard Saunders does not 
refer to it in his “ Manual of British Birds,’ 1899 ; nor does 
Mr. J. E. Harting in his “ Handbook of British Birds,” 1go1. 
It is possible, however, that this record may not have 
been unknown to these authorities; but may have been 
purposely disregarded by them for some good reason of 
which I am not aware. 

There can be no doubt that the American Bitterns which 
have visited Scotland have been aided in their passage 
across the Atlantic by vessels of some sort plying between 
America and Great Britain ; and the following list has been 
compiled of all recorded occurrences of this species in 
Scotland :— 


I 1844 | Mid October Dinwiddie, Killed on the Dinwiddie 
Dumfriesshire Moors near Jardine Hall. 
The specimen was in Sir 
William Jardine’s collec- 
tion, but I have been 
unable to trace its sub- 
sequent fate. It was 
certainly not included in 
the collection of British 
Birds sold to the Edin- 
burgh Museum in 1876; 
and I could not trace it 
in Messrs. Puttick and 
Simpson’s sale catalogue 
of Sir William’s birds 
on the 17th June, 1886. 


THE AMERICAN BITTERN IN SCOTLAND 


1847-8 Winter 


1854 November 


Loch Martnaham, 


Balgownie Links, 


73 


Ayrshire 


Shot by a _ gamekeeper. 


Cannot now be traced. 


Aberdeenshire 


Shot by Colonel William 


Now in the 


Museum, 


Fraser. 
University 
Aberdeen. 


1862 Autumn 


25th March (a 
remarkable 


1873 


date for the 
occurrence of 
this species in 
Great Britain) 


Latheron-wheel, 
Caithness 


Drumlanrig, 
Dumfriesshire 


Shot by Mr. F. S. Bentley 


Shot 


Innes. I have not been 
able to trace this speci- 
men. It certainly never 
was ‘‘In Mus. Roy. 
Phys. Soc., Edinburgh ?” 
(Harting, fandbook 
Brit. Birds, 1901, p. 
448). This Society has 
not a museum, and never 
has had one. 


by a Gamekeeper. 
Stuffed by William Hope ; 
Edinburgh. Now in the 
collection of Mr. J. H. 
Gurney of Keswick Hall, 
Norwich ; where I saw it 
in 1908. 


| 
1875 |End of October 


1888 About 


December 


Islay, Argyllshire 


Shot by a visitor to the 


Island. Stuffed by Mac- 
Culloch of Glasgow, ‘‘but 
has been quite lost sight 
of since” (‘* Vert. Fauna 
of Argyll,” etc., 1892, p. 
IIQ). 


Lochnabo, Pit- 
gavenny, Elgin 


A 


male, shot by an under- 
keeper. Identified by 
Capt. Dunbar - Brander, 
who writes :— ‘* The 
head - keeper at Innes 
(Dempster) got the bird 
stuffed. When he left 
it was sold at his sale, 
and bought by the 
Westerton keeper. The 
latter went to Ross-shire, 
and took the bird with 
him, and I tried to get 
it afterwards but failed.” 
(‘‘ Vert. Fauna of Moray 
Basin,” 1895, vol. ii. pp. 
99-100). 


74 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


The specimen recorded as having been shot about 
1861, in the Pentland Hills, Midlothian, which passed into 
the collection of Mr. Charles Cowan of Logan House 
(“ Field,” 4th March 1871), is stated by Mr. William Evans 
to be a Common Bittern (Sotaurus stellaris) (Howard 
Saunders, “ Man. Brit. Birds,” 1889, p. 734). 

Mr. Roderick Gillies, landlord of the Imperial Hotel, 
Oban, has in his possession a stuffed American Bittern 
which he bought from his predecessor, Mr. W. MacKenzie. 
This bird is said to have been caught about ten years ago 
at sea, aboard one of the North Atlantic liners, and cannot, 
therefore, be included in the list of the occurrences of this 
species in Scotland. 

For the compilation of the above facts, I have to thank 
not only Mr. J. A. Harvie-Brown, but also Mr. T. N. 
Johnston, Mr. A. Landsborough Thomson, the Earl of 
Cassillis, and Mr. Roderick Gillies. 


THE SUPPOSED EGGS OF THE WOOD-SAND- 
PIPER (TOTANUS GLAREOLA) TAKEN IN 
ELGINSHIRE IN 1853. 


By Wituiam Evans, F.R.S.E. 


WITH reference to my note in this magazine for 1899 
(p. 14), calling attention to Thurnall’s record of finding a 
nest of the Wood-Sandpiper (7otanus glareola) in Elginshire, 
on 23rd May 1853, I think it right to make known the 
following communications which I subsequently received 
from the late Professor Alfred Newton on the subject. 

On 6th July 1901, Professor Newton wrote me from 
Magdalene College, Cambridge, as follows :—‘“I have had 
occasion to look over some bundles of old letters, written to 
me by my late brother Edward while he was at this college, 
and among them I have found the enclosures I herewith 
send, which may have some interest for you in regard to 
the letters which passed between us some two years ago, 
concerning the supposed eggs of the Wood-Sandpiper alleged 


THE SUPPOSED EGGS OF THE WOOD-SANDPIPER 75 


to have been found in Scotland by the late Mr. Charles 
Thurnall. 

“T will only add that few, if any, men had a better eye 
for a bird’s egg than my brother, and that he was at the 
time perfectly familiar with eggs of the Wood-Sandpiper, 
for some dozens, not to say scores, of specimens obtained 
in Holland had passed through our hands, or been under 
our inspection, between 1848 and 1853—the year in which 
he wrote these letters.” 


Extracts from the enclosures referred to. 


I. From letter dated 7th Nov. 1853—‘“ Thurnall only 
told me about finding the nests of the two Dotterels and 
the Wood-Sandpiper ; the former were done by watching the 
old birds on, and the latter he happened to find when he was 
walking with some ladies on a Sunday. He saw the bird get 
up, and he was quite certain that it was not the Common 
Sandpiper ; he did not like to leave the eggs as there was a 
boy near; it was in a birch wood, by the side of a stream, 
and the nest was under a dead bough.” 


2. From letter dated 23rd Nov. 1853—‘“I had a most 
successful day yesterday, not that I got much out of 
Thurnall, but he was very jolly and good natured. He had 
given all his Grasshopper Warbler eggs away except one, 
which I did not like to ask for; he gave me four Goldfinch’s. 
He has three Dotterel’s and two Wood-Sandpiper’s: the 
former are very nice eggs, the latter I do not like at all, 
and between you, me, and the post are only yfoleucos, 
their only likeness to g/areola is in the shape and disposition 
of the blotches, but in colour and size they are “ypoleucos, 
and I have very little doubt that they are only the latter ; 
he says himself that he is not certain that the bird had a 
white rump, but what struck him was that the bird was 
spotted like g/areola.” 


In a further letter to me dated 19th July 1901, Professor 
Newton added—“ It is only a question of opinion against 
opinion ; but I have not a doubt that my brother’s was right, 
and that the bird seen by Thurnall was only 7. hypoleucus. 
If it had been, as he imagined, 7. g/areola he would hardly 


76 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


have failed to notice the white rump which is so very 
conspicuous a character, though he was evidently not aware 
Olnits 

These interesting letters certainly shake one’s confidence 
in the authenticity of the eggs in question, Bond’s belief in 
them notwithstanding. 

I should say that I had Professor Newton’s sanction to 
publish these extracts from his brother’s letters, but delayed 
doing so in the hope that he might have been induced to 
send them to the “ Annals” himself. 


DHE: AQUATIC COLEOPTERA OF -Tiik 
MID-EBUDES. 


By Frank Batrour-Browne, M.A. (Oxon.), F.R.S.E., F.Z.S. 


In the county and vice-county divisions of Great Britain 
adopted by the late H. C. Watson in his “ Cybele Britannica,” 
the western islands of Scotland are arranged into groups of 
which Mull, Coll, and Tiree and the Treshnish Islands 
constitute the Mid-Ebudes. 

So far almost no collecting seems to have been done in 
the division, and all the records which I have been able to 
obtain—which only refer to 14 species—are for the island 
of Mull. It is this scarcity of records which has led me to 
write this paper, which is only a preliminary one, since it is 
founded upon four days’ collecting in the island of Coll and 
two days in Mull in the Tobermory district last August. 

I understand that Tiree differs considerably from Coll 
as to its soil, and that, whereas Coll is largely shallow peat, 
there is little or no peat in Tiree which is largely covered 
with sand, and this difference alone will almost certainly 
mean a difference in the water-beetle fauna. 

Coll is a low treeless island lying about 7 miles west of 
Mull. It is about 13 miles long and 5 miles wide at its 
broadest part. It consists of innumerable hummocks of 
gneissic rock largely devoid of vegetation, and the highest 
point on the island is only 339 feet above sea-level. The 
island lies in a N.E. and S.W. direction, and Tiree, which 


THE AQUATIC COLEOPTERA OF THE MID-EBUDES 77 


has apparently at some time been joined to it, as the channel 
between the two is narrow and shallow, continues the line 
to the south-west. 

Along the side exposed to the N.W. are several patches 
of sand-dunes. The hollows between the hummocks of rock 
are apparently filled with boulder clay, and in parts, especially 
towards the south-western end where the ground has been 
drained, there is excellent grazing land, but the greater part 
of the island is covered with shallow* peat in which are 
innumerable small pools where Sphagnum and Eriophorum 
are the dominant plants. 

On the island, therefore, the “ peat-moss” or “oxylophil ” 
fauna is dominant, but some species of this group are 
absent owing to the absence of high ground. Other species 
of the group are absent or very rare owing to the majority 
of the peat pools being very shallow. For instance, //ydzus 
anescens, Thoms., was only found in a few deep holes near 
the road to the south end of Arinagour, holes which had 
been dug to provide ballast for the road. Dytescus punctulatus, 
F., only occurred in one or two deep holes, as did also 
Agabus chalconotus, Panz. The shallowness of the peat 
accounts for the absence of deep holes at the peat-cuttings, 
so that even the dominant group of the water-beetle fauna 
is not fully represented. 

One or two ditches and pools in the sandy regions 
produced members of the typical freshwater-marsh fauna, 
such as Hydroporus umbrosus, Gyll.; palustris, L.; Colymbetes 
fuscus, L., etc., while one or two small streams on the same 
ground produced Hydroporus discretus, Fairm.,' and Agabus 

1 T have several times been asked as to the characters by which I separate 
A. discretus, Fairm., from H. nigrita, F., on the one hand, and 77. pudescens, Gyll., 
on the other. From A. xzgrita it is at once separated by the sculpture of the 
elytra. In A. xégrita these are punctured, but the whole surface is dull owing 
to its being covered with fine reticulations. (It is described by Fowler and others 
as being finely coriaceous.) From the punctures arise fine short hairs, but these 
are so inconspicuous that the insect appears to be glabrous. In /. déscretus, the 
elytra are punctured, the punctures being set perhaps a little closer together than 
in H. nxégrita, but the general surface is smooth and shining. From the punctures, 
however, long hairs arise so that the insect is evidently pubescent. 

The form of H. discretus, which somewhat resembles that of 7. nzgrz¢a, is at 
least sufficient to make one look closely at a specimen before naming it //. pubescens, 
but there are better characters for distinguishing it from this latter species. In 


the first place in H. pebescens the prothorax is smooth between the punctures 
except towards the anterior border where it is marked with very fine reticulations ; 


78 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


paludosus, ¥. These latter species occurred in slowly flowing 
ditches thick with myosotis or nasturtium, etc.; but the 
typical running-water fauna, e.g. Lydroporus rivalis, Gyll., and 
septentrionalis, Gyll.; Agabus guttatus, Payk., etc., common 
enough in Mull, did not occur at all, perhaps owing to the 
smallness of the streams. Deronectes 12-pustulatus, Ol., was 
fairly common in one small stream near the south end of the 
island, but D. depressus, F., is apparently absent. This latter 
species is perhaps to be regarded as a lake species as well as 
a river species, in fact the lake and river faunas are not 
readily separable, such species as Hydroporus septentrionalis, 
Gyll., and Platambus maculatus, L., being equally common in 
rivers and gravelly lochs. 

With regard to this latter species, its absence from Coll 
is perhaps not altogether attributable to the poverty of the 
lake and river faunas. Its distribution as at present known 
is somewhat peculiar. It does not occur in Ireland; on 
the west of Scotland it has so far not occurred north of 
Dumbarton and Renfrew, while on the east it has been taken 
in Forfar, Aberdeen S., and Easterness. It has been recorded 
from most of the counties of England and Wales, and is 
perhaps to be regarded as an eastern species which is 
gradually extending its range. Its absence from Ireland 
suggests that it is one of what Dr. Scharff’ calls the 
“ Siberian” group, and the absence of records from the Isle 
of Man, Arran, Mull, and Coll suggests that it had not 
reached the western shores of England and Scotland at the 
time these islands were separated from the mainland. It 
must be admitted, however, that the lists of records for the 
Isle of Man, Arran, and Mull are at present very incomplete ! 

With regard to lake species, in spite of the number of 
small lochs, these seemed to be very scarce, Halzplus fulvus, F. 
and Deronectes asstmilis, Payk., being the only representatives 
I found. Loch Cliad, where there was plenty of what 


in 7. discretus this marking extends much farther over the prothorax, sometimes 
to the posterior border. In AZ. pubescens, again, the sternite of the last visible 
abdominal segment is smooth and shining between the punctures, while in 
fT. discretus it is reticulately marked. 

I may also add that in A, planus, F., the last abdominal sternite is marked 
as in, déscretus, so that is a good character for separating small specimens of 
H. planus from H. pubescens | 

1 ©The History of the European Fauna,’ ‘*‘ Contemp. Sci. Series,” 1899. 


THE AQUATIC COLEOPTERA OF THE MID-EBUDES 79 


seemed to be suitable ground, failed to produce either 
Ceclambus g-lineatus, Steph., or Deronectes depressus, F. 

The halophil fauna is apparently absent from Coll. In 
the brackish pools in the sea-turf at Aringour, Hydroporus 
fituratus, F.. and planus, F.; <Anacena globulus, Payk. ; 
FHelophorus aquaticus, L., and viredicollts, Steph., were the only 
species present, and these are all Zo/erant of salt but not 
dependent upon it. I have felt inclined on several occasions 
to treat (7. planus as a halophil, since in the Solway district 
and several other places it is very abundant in the brackish 
pools in company with such typical halophils as Agadus 
conspersus, Marsh; Helophorus dorsalis, Marsh ( = mulsantz, 
Rye) and Octhebius marinus, Payk., but the species occurs 
equally commonly in brick-clay holes, eg. in the Clyde area, 
often as the dominant species, from which it appears that 
the fine mud of the brackish pools rather than the salt is 
what attracts it to these. 

The species confined to the east coast of England and 
Scotland are, as is to be expected, absent from the Mid- 
Ebudes, but both the northern and southern groups are 
represented there. With regard to the northern group 
Deronectes griseo-striatus, De G., was taken by Dr. Power in 
Mull, and Dytescus lapponicus, Gyll.; Agabus arcticus, Payk. 
and congener, Payk., Hydroporus morto, Dej., etc., all occur on 
Mull, but, being mountain species, they are not found in Coll. 
llybius enescens, Thoms., and Hydroporus melanarius, Sturm., 
which are probably northern in origin, both occurred very 
sparingly on Coll. The southern group is represented by 
two interesting species: Paracymus nigroeneus, Sahlb., I 
found several times on Coll and Mull, and it also occurred 
in Argyll Main near Oban. Its distribution in England is 
southern and western, and in Ireland also it only occurs in 
the south and west. It is a peat-moss species occurring 
among Sphagnum in the peat holes. In Mull it occurred 
up to about 300 feet above sea-level, but in the west of 
Ireland I found it at rather higher altitudes although it could 
not be called a mountain species. So far, I have failed to 
find it in the Solway district, which is peculiar, especially as 
so many other southern species occur there.’ 

1 «Coleoptera of the Solway district,’ ‘* Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.” 1909. 


80 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


The other southern representative in the Mid-Ebudes is 
Octhebius lejolistz, Rey and Muls. I found it on Coll in the 
usual situation, small rock pools, but I did not look for it in Mull. 
I also found it in Argyll Main, near Oban, but in both 
places it was very much scarcer than in the Solway district 
or in Ireland, in fact, except for a few larve, I only found 
about five or six specimens altogether. This scarcity 
suggests that the Mid-Ebudes district is about the northern 
limit of its range. The known range of the species is from 
the Isle of Wight, where Donisthorpe has recently taken 
it, to Coll. In Ireland I have taken it at various places 
between Dublin and Mayo W. round the East, North and 
West coasts, and it probably occurs all round the island. 
There is at present no record of the species for the east of 
England or Scotland, but very few collectors have, I believe, 
so far found the species at all, so that it may yet occur 
along the North Sea border. 

I took 47 species on Coll and 36 on Mull, the total 
number of species being 56. Out of the additional 9 
species found in the latter island, 8 belong either to the 
mountain group or to the running-water group. I have 
considered Agabus congener, Payk., as a mountain species, 
although it often occurs at low altitudes, e.g. almost at sea- 
level in the Solway district, but in such cases it is usually 
in a mountainous district. There are, however, two 
specimens in the Chitty Collection at Oxford, one labelled 
“ Sunningdale” (Berks), and the other “Belvedere” (Kent 
W.), and until quite recently I have regarded these two 
specimens as having been wrongly labelled. Dr. Sharp 
has now discovered the species, actually in company with 
Agabus brunneus, F., which is a southern species, in the New 
Forest (Hants S.), so that the Berks and Kent W. records 
are probably correct. Except for these three records the 
species has apparently not occurred in England south of 
Yorks Mid W., although there are one or two records, 
e.g. Norfolk and Suffolk (Stephens), which have been 
supposed to be erroneous. 

Although I visited the crater tarn above Tobermory 
I failed to find either imago or larva of Dydescus lapponicus, 
Gyll., but this may have been due to the fact that a very 


THE AQUATIC COLEOPTERA OF THE MID-EBUDES 81 


strong wind was blowing which made it impossible to see 
the bottom. There seemed to be very little life of any kind 
in the loch, and even newts were scarce. 

During my two days at Tobermory I confined my 
attention entirely to peat moss pools, except for collections 
made in the Tobermory river and in one or two small streams. 
The mountain fauna was found at from 700-800 ft.—except- 
ing A. congener which was found also at lower levels—and no 
doubt this fauna covers all the high ground on the island. I 
have already referred to the occurrence of P. xzgroeneus, and 
otherwise I think the list of species calls for no comment. 

With regard to the previous records for Mull, I failed 
to find four of the fourteen species. I have already referred 
to D. griseo-striatus, and to D. lappontcus, which, although 
first found in Mull before 1867, has been taken com- 
paratively recently (Professor T. Hudson Beare, 1903), and 
no doubt still occurs in its cold and lonely habitat. /Hydrena 
nigrita, Germ., was taken on the island by Professor Hudson 
Beare in 1903, and this constitutes, I believe, the most 
northern of the west of Scotland records for that species. 

Andrew Murray! mentions, on the authority of Messrs. 
Hislop and Syme, Hydroporus halensis, ¥., as having been 
taken in Mull. Previous to 1863, this species had not 
been separated, at least by British Coleopterists, from 
Deronectes griseo-striatus, De G.,* so that this record perhaps 
refers to the latter species, especially as Mull is far beyond 
the normal distribution in Britain of A. halensts. There is, 
however, the record for Raehills, Dumfries (Rev. W. Little), 
also given by Andrew Murray, and the record “ Near Carlisle,” 
given by Stephens.? Unless the latter records are wrong 
and refer really to some other species, they are more likely 
to refer to H/. halensts than to D. griseo-striatus. HH. halensis 
has been taken in the Manchester district (a “ local” specimen 
is in the Reston Collection, Manchester Museum), whereas 


1 «© Cat. of the Coleoptera of Scotland.” 1853, p. 18. 
2=<oRnt. Annuals? 1863) p: 70. 

3“ Man. of Brit. Beetles,” 1839, p. 66.—Mr. F. H. Day informs me that the 
Cumberland record given in the Victoria County History as ‘‘ Carlisle, T. C. 
Heysham,” and to which I referred in the ‘‘ Coleoptera of the Solway District,” 
Z.c. p. 85, is really Stephens’ reference, and not a record of T. C. Heysham, 
whose name was inserted by mistake. 


74 € 


82 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


I can find no authentic’ modern record of D. griseo-striatus 
south of Mull and Easterness. 

Although it is more probable that the Mull record refers 
to the latter species—since that species does occur there— 
I am not inclined to dismiss the possibility of the record 
referring to H. halenszs. I have recently been inquiring into 
the question of “improbable” or “ectopic” records, and am 
now inclined to see some significance in them, although they 
are usually apt to be regarded as due to wrong identification. 

It is obvious that species are always striving to extend 
their range, and I have elsewhere endeavoured to show that 
the water-beetles do tend to spread during the summer and 
are again driven back to their old haunts in the winter.” It 
is to be expected that ectopic records will occur, and there 
are quite a number of such records for the water-beetles. 

In such a group as the halophil or maritime species for 
instance there are a number of species for which there are 


inland records which may be regarded as “ectopic” :— 
Number of 
Count 
and Vice- | Number of ° 
Species. Counties | Maritime | land, Coonty, oa Vice-County 
for which | Records. ecorge: 
there are 
Records. 
Cnemidotus tmpressus, F.. 16 itn Surrey, Middlesex, Herts, 
Hunts, Leicester. 
Calambus parallelogrammus, 21 16 Surrey, Herts, Bucks, 
Ahr. Leicester, Derby. 
Agabus conspersus, Marsh. . 21 PAS Tan a pty Sette 
Dytiscus circumflexus, F. . 13 10 Surrey, Middlesex, Leices- 
ter. 
Hydrobius oblongus, Herbst. 14 12 Hunts, Leicester. 
Philhydrus maritimus, Thoms. 22 235 isl ie een E totee: 
Helophorus intermedius, Muls. 12 2 4 ee ae tee 
a dorsalis, Marsh. 19 15 Surrey, Oxford, Stafford, 
(=mulsantz, Rye) Derby. 
Octhebius marinus, Payk. . 28 DSi s Ne mee ee ae, 
5 punctatus, Steph. . 18 17 Salop. 


1 Stephens (‘‘Illustr. Mand.” V. p. 391, and ‘‘ Manual,” p. 66) records 
HT, griseo-striatus, De G., from the north of England (‘* Carlisle,” in Manual), but 
‘Gemminger and Harold treat this as referring to H. halensis, ¥F. They consider 
Stephens’s HY. aveolatus to refer to Deronectes assimilis, Payk, although in the 
‘« Illustrations ” Stephens gives it as aveolatus of Duftschmidt—which is a synonym 
for H. halensts, F., and in the Manual Stephens gives both names for one species ! 

2 ©A Study of the Aquatic Coleoptera and their surroundings in the Norfolk 
Broads District.’ ‘‘ Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Nat. Soc.” vili. 1905 (Paper I.), 
1906 (Paper II.). 


THE AQUATIC COLEOPTERA OF THE MID-EBUDES 83 


In the above list, with the possible exception of Cz. 
zmpressus and D. ctrcumflexus, the species are true halophils, 
being found chiefly in brackish pools, and although some of 
the records may be erroneous, it is, at least, improbable that 
all the inland records in the list can be accounted for on 
that ground. Within the maritime counties, also, there are 
inland records for many of the species, and they are, I think, 
all to be accounted for by the natural tendency of species 
to extend their range. That there are limits to their powers 
of adaptation is evidenced by the fact that most of the inland 
records are for single individuals, and that there is seldom 
more than one record for a county or vice-county. 

(here are also a number of other “ectopic” records 
such as, Cawlambus versicolor, Schall, in Ireland and Scotland ; 
C. parallelogrammus, Ahr., and Hydroporus flavipes, Ol.' in Co. 
Down ; Hydroporus dorsalis, F., and Copelatus agilis, F., in 
Dumfries, and so on, and at least some of these probably 
indicate migratory movements of the species which, from 
the fact that there are no later records, have failed. 

The following list includes all the species so far recorded 
for the Mid-Ebudes :— 


Haliplus confinis, S¢e4/4.—Coll, several in a slow-flowing weedy burn 
at the south end. 


H. fulvus, “7—Coll and Mull, on several occasions. 
H. ruficollis, Ye G.—Coll, not common. 


H. lineatocollis, JZarsh.—Coll and Mull, rather more frequent than 
the last. 


Ccelambus inzequalis, “—Coll, about as common as HZ. “neatocollts. 
Deronectes assimilis, /ayk.—Coll, in some of the small lochs. 
D, depressus, #:—Mull, Tobermory river. 


D. 12-pustulatus, O/—Coll, one stream only; Mull, Tobermory 
river. 


D. griseo-striatus, De G.—Mull, in the Power Collection, British 
Museum. 

Hydroporus lepidus, O/.—Coll, not common. 

H. rivalis, Gy/7—Mull, Tobermory river. 

H. septentrionalis, Gy//-—Mull, Tobermory river. 

(H. halensis, “7—Mull (Andrew Murray, Cat. 1853)) ? 


! The specimen is in the Haliday Collection, Dublin Museum. 


84 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


. tristis, Payk.—Coll and Mull, fairly common. 


m i 


. umbrosus, Gy//.—Coll, one or two ponds only, but common 
there. 


. gyllenhalu, Scizod.—Coll and Mull, common. 

. morio, De7.—Mull (800 feet), common. 

. palustris, Z.—Coll (scarce) ; Mull, Tobermory river. 
. erythrocephalus, Z.—Coll and Mull, scarce. 


at tt oy 


melanarius, Stwzm.—Coll, one only; Mull, several on peat 
mosses. 


memnonius, /Vzc.—Coll, not on peat. 
. obscurus, Stuxm.—Coll and Mull, common. 
. nigrita, “~—Coll and Mull, not common. 


mo ft ft oo 


. discretus, Hazrm.—Coll, very local, but common where it occurred ; 
Mull, several in small trickling stream. 


H. pubescens, Gy//,—Coll and Mull, the commonest species; it 
occurred in 60 per cent of the collections on Coll! 


H. planus, /#:—Coll, a few in one or two brackish pools. 
H. lituratus, “—Coll, not common. 
Agabus guttatus, Payk.—Mull. 


A. paludosus, “-—Coll and Mull, in weedy slow-flowing streams, 
common in such situations. 


A. congener, Payk.—Mull, common at high and fairly low altitudes 
on the peat. 


A. arcticus, Payk.—Mull (700-800 feet), common. 


A. sturmii, Gy//—Coll, scarce ; Mull, two or three with A. arcticus, 
congener, etc., at 825 feet. 


A. chalconotus, Pazz.—Coll, scarce ; Mull, only in one collection. 
A. bipustulatus, Z.—Coll and Mull, common. 


Ilybius fuliginosus, ““—Coll, scarce ; Mull, a few, Tobermory river, 
etc. e 


I. cenescens, Zoms.—Coll, scarce ; Mull, once only, with 4. sturmiz, 
arcticus, congener, etc., at 825 feet. 


Coll and Mull, fairly common. 


Rhantus bistriatus, Berg. 
Colymbetes fuscus, Z.—Coll, only in one or two ponds. 

Dytiscus punctulatus, #:—Coll, not common. 

D. marginalis, Z.—Mull, one in a peat hole. 

D. lapponicus, Gy//.—Mull, taken by various collectors. 

Acilius sulcatus, Z.—Coll, in one deep peaty hole, several specimens. 


THE AQUATIC COLEOPTERA OF THE MID-EBUDES 85 


Gyrinus minutus, “—Coll, common on some of the small lochs ; 
Mull, Tobermory district (Prof. T. H. Beare). 


G. natator, Scop.—Coll and Mull, fairly common. 
G, marinus, Gy/7.—Mull, Tobermory district (Prof. T. H. Beare). 


x. opacus, Sak/b.—Coll, once or twice only; Mull, Tobermory 
district (Prof. T. H. Beare). 


Hydrobius fuscipes, var. picicrus, ZZoms.—Coll and Mull, I did not 
find any specimens of the “ fuscipes ” form. 


(on) 


Philhydrus melanocephalus, O/.—Coll and Mull, common in the 
peat pools. 

P. minutus, /-—Coll and Mull, in the peat holes, common where it 
occurred, but extremely local. 

Paracymus nigrozneus, Sa///.—Coll and Mull, sphagnum pools, 
several specimens on both islands. 

Anacena globulus, Payk.—Coll and Mull, next to H. pubescens, 
the commonest species. 


Laccobius alutaceus, Zoms.—Coll, very few specimens. 

L. minutus, Z.—Coll, very few specimens. 

Limnebius truncatellus, Zoms.—Coll and Mull, not common. 

Helophorus aquaticus, 7.—Coll, a few. 

H. viridicollis, Sef. (= ceneipennis, Zoms).—Coll and Mull, fairly 
common in the peat holes. 

H. brevipalpis, ede/—Coll, not common. 

Octhebius lejolisii, Aey and JZu/s.—Coll, apparently very scarce. 

Hydrena nigrita, Gervm.—Mull, Salen district (Prof. T. H. Beare). 


The above list of 59 species is certainly incomplete, and, 
apart from a number of common species which should be 
found in the district, it is probable that there are other 
southern species still to be discovered. For instance, the 
present-known distribution of Hlelochares punctatus, Sharp, 
is entirely western in Ireland and south-western in Scotland, 
except for two records, one for a single specimen taken in 
Midlothian by Mr. W. Evans, the other for a number’ of 
specimens taken on Moncrieff Hill, Perth (Perth Mid) by 
Dr. Sharp (Coleoptera of Scotland, 1871-8). It should 
surely occur among the western isles, as it is a peat-moss 
species, and in Ireland, at least, has much the same 
distribution as P. xzigroeneus. 

In some other groups the range of some of the southern 


86 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


species extends up the west of Scotland as far as the Outer 
Hebrides, and there is no apparent reason why that of some 
of the southern Water-beetles should not also do so. At 
any rate there is still a great deal to be learnt as to the 
distribution of the Water-beetles in Great Britain and Ireland. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


1. ‘A Catalogue of the Coleoptera of Scotland,’ A. Murray, Edinburgh, 1853. 
2. ‘Re-occurrence of D. lapponicus in Mull,’ J. E. Somerville in ‘“‘ EMM..,” iv. 
230, 1867. 
‘D. lapponicus in the Island of Mull,’ J. J. F. X. King in ‘‘ EMM.,” xxxii. 
(ser. 2. vili.), 1897. 
4. MS. List of Records of Water-beetles for Salen and Tobermory Districts, 
Professor T. H. Beare, 1903. 


vo 


SOME FURTHER. NOTES ON NOCIURW AL 
HYMENOPTERA. 


By P. CAMERON. 


IN the October Number of the “ Annals of Scottish Natural 
History” I gave some instances of nocturnal Hymenoptera, 
an essentially sun- and light-loving order of Insects. A few 
further examples of this habit may not be without interest, 
especially as they appear to follow the rule I gave, namely, 
that the night-haunting species were uniformly fulvous or 
brownish in colour, and that their compound eyes and ocelli 
were larger and more prominent than they are with diurnal 
species. In “ Nature,” 1886, p. 392, the Marquis G. Doria 
relates that the Italian traveller and natural history collector, 
Mr. Leonardo Fea, found in Burma an uniformly fulvous 
coloured Boméus collecting pollen or honey at night, during 
bright moonlight. This, however, is a habit found with 
Lombz in this country, especially during warm, bright summer 
nights. It may be that the species observed by Mr. Fea 
was not a Bombus, but Xylocopa rufescens, Sm., which is 
found in Burma and which is, I have reason to believe, 
more or less crepuscular in its mode of life. I have found 
recorded two examples of nocturnal habits among the 
Vespide, or social wasps. Vespa doryloides, Sauss., is a 
very different form from the normal species of the genus 


SOME FURTHER NOTES ON NOCTURNAL HYMENOPTERA 87 


Vespa; and, as its name implies, it has a great resemblance to 
the winged forms of the ant genus Dorylus. In the “ Journal 
of the Linnean Society,” 1859, p. 297, Dr. A. R. Wallace 
describes it as “a curious species of weak structure and 
nocturnal habits, since I only took it when attracted to the 
lamp at night.” According to Du Buysson this species lives 
in old, thickly planted forests, and appears to be greatly incon- 
venienced by sunlight, and is only active at night! From 
its form and colouration Vespa barthelemyi, Duy., has 
probably identical habits. The South American social 
wasp, Afozca, flies during the night collecting honey, and 
resting in its nest during the day, as observed by Fritz 
Miiller and Mr. Adolf Ducke. In its body form it is more 
elongated than usual and has very prominent ocelli. A 
comparison of Afozca verginea, F., Vespa dorylloides, and the 
ant Dorylus shows great resemblance in body form, pilosity, 
and colouration, showing, as I believe, that their general 
resemblance has been produced by the habit, common to 
them all, of being active at night, and not, like their 
congeners, during the day. Among the Mutclide the 
genus Photopsis is certainly crepuscular. This genus is 
well represented in the south and south-west of the United 
States and in Mexico, the males flying about at night. All 
the species are very hairy, brownish in colour and have 
prominent ocelli. 


SCOMISH LPAORIDZ. With TABLES OF ALL 
JESS BRITISH SEEGIES, AND NOTES OF 
LOCALITIES 


By J. R. Mattocu. 


(Continued from p. 21.) 


Puora, La?r. 


Generic description : Antennz sometimes enlarged, arista dorsal ; 
frontal bristles as in Spzxzphora ; mid tibize with two bristles at near 
the base, and a very small subapical bristle on the outer side ; hind 
tibize with an outer hind marginal row of small bristles in addition 


1 <¢ Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France,” 1904, p. 617. 


88 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


to the larger bristles which may be present ; costa to about the middle 
of wing ; second vein present ; first thin vein nearly straight at base ; 
anal protuberance long and finger-like. Type: concinna, Mg. 


Table of Species. 
1. (4.) Hind tibize with very short bristles. 


2. (3.) Antennz normal ; hind tibize with four small bristles on the 
front, or under side. Smaller species. concinna, Mg. 


3. (2.) Antenne in d¢ enlarged, in ? normal; hind tibie with 
three or four bristles on the outer side besides the four 
underneath. Larger and darker species. 

crassicornis, Mg. 
4. (1.) Hind tibize with the usual strong bristles. 


5. (6.) Thin veins end at margin of wing; halteres black ; hind 
tibize with two bristles. abdominalts, Flu. 


6. (5.) Thin veins abbreviated ; halteres pale ; hind tibiz with three 
bristles. abbreviata, v. Ros. 


concinna, Mg., and crassicornis, Mg., seem to be universally 
common. 

abdominalis, Fln., not uncommon about carrion at 
Bonhill. Occasionally met with by sweeping. Inch 
Connachin, Loch Lomond, 4th September 1909. The 
? has a red abdomen, but the d has the whole body 
black. 

abbreviata, v. Ros. has only been recorded from England 
so far. 


TRUPHEONEURA, Mall. 


Generic description: Antennze sometimes enlarged, arista dorsal ; 
frontal bristles in two horizontal rows of four each ; post-antennal 
bristles reclinate ; palpi and proboscis sometimes much enlarged ; 
costa to about middle of wing; second vein present; first thin 
vein bent at base; fourth thin vein sometimes abruptly broken off 
short of the margin of the wing, never distinctly reaching it like the 
others ; tibial armature weak, sometimes the hind tibize are without 
the bristles ; genital armature generally very prominent, chitinous, 
and furnished with lamelle. Type, ferennis, Mg. 


Table of Species. 
. (2.) (3.) Palpi very large, at least in d, curving round in front 
of head. palposa, Zett. 
. (3-) (2.) Palpi, narrow, straight and cylindrical. ¢rinervis, Beck. 
. (1.) (2.) Palpi broad and leaf like (normal). 
. (9.) (12.) Scutellum with only two bristles. 


i 


kW N 


SCOTTISH PHORIDA 89 


5. (8.) Legs long and slender, palpi dusky. 

6. (7.) Halteres pale ; first thin vein leaves at beyond the fork of 
thick vein. perennis, Mg. 

7. (6.) Halteres black ; first thin vein leaves at the fork (z.e. at base 
of second vein). vitrea, Wood. 


8. (5.) Legs of ordinary form, palpi yellow. /u¢e¢femorata, Wood. 

g. (4.) (12.) Scutellum with 4 bristles of equal size. 

to. (r1.) Fourth thin vein indistinct, but traceable to almost, if 
not quite, the margin of wing; genitalia of ¢ slightly 
shining and projecting, the lamellze seldom much 
exposed ; proboscis of 9 normal. lugubris, Mg. 

rr. (10.) Fourth thin vein broken off abruptly at about half way to 
margin of wing; genitalia of ¢ highly polished, much 
projecting, and with the lamella generally widely 
extended ; proboscis of 9 very large and projecting. 

opaca, Mg. 

12. (4.) (g.) Scutellum with two strong bristles, and the two 
anterior bristles much reduced in size. 

13. (14.) Costa thickened on the outer third; wings darkened, 


especially in the 9. intermedia, Mall. 
14. (13.) Costa not thickened on outer portion; wings clear in 
both sexes. sublugubris, Wood. 


palposa, Zett., is apparently very rare, and is only recorded 
from England, as are also ¢rinervis, Beck, perennis, Mg., 
and Juteifemorata, Wood. 

vitrea, Wood, I have taken three specimens of at Bonhill. 

lugubris, Mg., is not uncommon at Bonhill in June. 

opaca, Mg., I take every season at Bonhill, and I have 
seen it from Gorge of Avon (King). 

intermedia, Mall., is a very common species at Bonhill. 
I have also seen it from Cambridge (Jenkinson), and 
Dr. Wood has taken it at Hereford. 

sublugubris, Wood, I have about six specimens of from 
Bonhill. 


STENOPHORA, Vall. 


Generic description: Antenne sometimes enlarged, arista dorsal ; 
costa to about the middle of wing; second vein present; mid 
tibize with two bristles at about base, and the sub-apical bristle very 
weak or absent ; hind tibize with one outer hind marginal bristle ; the 
first thin vein is bent at base, and the fourth is always complete. 
Type: unispinosa, Zett. 

Table of Species. 
1. (2.) Mediastinal vein incomplete ; second broken at its junction 
with the third. pubericornis, Mall. 


go ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


Nv 


. (1.) Mediastinal vein complete. 


. (4.) Halteres black or blackish; third joint of antennz and 
palpi reddish or yellow. unispinosa, Zit. 


4. (3.) Halteres whitish or yellow. 


(SS) 


5. (6.) Small species (1-2 mm.) ¢ palpi very large and with a 
single long terminal bristle, @ smaller and with several 
terminal bristles; legs moderately stout; halteres whitish ; 
costa not thickened on outer third. xudzpalpis, Beck. 


jo) 


. (5.) Large species (3 mm. or more) palpi normal, pointed, and 
with a few short marginal bristles ; legs long and slender ; 
halteres yellow ; costa thickened on its outer third. 

autumnalis, Beck. 


pubericornts, Mall. I took a large number of this species 
in the autumn of 1907 at Bonhill. They were taken 
on the undersides of a species of Agaricus on fallen 
timber. Mr. J. E. Collin informed me that he has it 
from New Forest. 

unispinosa, Ztt., a very common species everywhere. 

nudipalpis, Beck, as common as the foregoing. 

autummnalts, Beck, so far only recorded from England. I 
have seen it from Cambridge. 


PARASTENOPHORA, noy. nom. 


I placed the single species of this genus in a genus I named 
Woodia in a previous paper, but since writing this I have been 
informed by Mr. Grimshaw that the name is preoccupied in Mol- 
lusca (Deshayes, 1860). I have thus had to alter the name to one 
which I have less liking for. 

Generic description: Antennze normal, arista dorsal; frontal 
bristles unusually weak and situated as in Stexophora ; costa to about 
middle of wing; second vein present, first thin vein bent at base, 
four thin veins present; mid tibiz with one bristle at base, hind 
tibize with no bristle on middle. 

gracilis, Wood, is the only species of the genus. It is a peculiar- 
looking insect, and shows an approach to the next genus in that 
sometimes the legs are entirely devoid of bristles. The third thick 
vein is incrassated in both sexes. I have met with it at Bonhill, 
and Dr. Wood has taken it at Hereford, from which place the 
specimens came that the original description was drawn from. 


BECKERINA, nov, gen. 


Generic description: Antennz moderately large, arista dorsal ; 
frontal bristles as in Pova, Latr.; post-antennal bristles erect ; costa 


SCOTTISH PHORIDA gI 


to middle of wing, second vein present ; first thin vein bent at base 
and reaching the margins considerably in front of the wing tip ; 
hind tibize bare. 

The only species is wmbrimargo, Beck. It cannot be placed in 
either Phora as defined by Brues, or in his Aphzocheta because of 
the peculiar direction of the post-antennal bristles. Thus although 
it is unfortunate that a single species should have a genus allotted 
to it, it is, I believe, necessary in this case. I have taken the 
species here not uncommonly, and expect that it may occur almost 
all over the country. The other localities I know of it having been 
recorded for are Durham and Hereford. 


APHIOCHETA, Lrues. 


I hope shortly to be able to deal with this group, but meantime 
must restrict myself to giving a list of those species that I know as 
occurring in Scotland. 


humeralts, Ztt., not uncommon at Bonhill. I know of no 
other British locality. Occurs among poplar trees. 

sordida, Ztt., Bonhill, common in the autumn. 

ciliata, Ztt., common everywhere ; hybernates in decaying 
fir trees, under the bark. 

Beckeri, Wood, Bonhill. 

flavicoxa, Ztt., Bonhill and Nethy Bridge (King). 

projecta, Beck, common everywhere. 

conformis, Wood, Bonhill. 

fuscinervis, Wood, Bonhill, possibly generally distributed. 

ruficornis, Mg., Bonhill, not rare. 

humilis, Wood, Bonhill, common. 

pleuralis, Wood, common everywhere. 

costalis, v. Ros., Bonhill, common. It is strange that so 
far I have not obtained a o. 

picta, Lehm, Bonhill and Logie (Jenkinson). 

vata, Collin, Bonhill, bred from old nests. 

albicans, Wood, Bonhill. 

parva, Wood, a common species at Bonhill. 

rufa, Wood, Bonhill. 

alticolella, Wood, Bonhill, common. 

campestris, WWood, Bonhill, Cardross, common. 

Mallochi, Wood, Bonhill, not common. I have seen this 
species from New Forest. 

glabrifrons, Wood, Bonhill. 

equalts, Wood, Bonhill, common. 

nigripes, Wood, Bonhill, common. 

subpleuralis, Wood, Bonhill, common. 

Collint, Wood, Bonhill, scarce. 


92 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


diversa, Wood, Bonhill. 

scutellaris, Wood, Bonhill. 

Jumata, Mall, Bonhill. 

variabilis, Wood, Bonhill, not uncommon. 
obscuripennis, Wood, Bonhill. 

rufipes, Mg., common everywhere. 
tumida, Wood, common at Bonhill. 
subtumida, Wood, Bonhill. 

Jusca, Wood, common at Bonhill. 
pulicaria, F\n., Bonhill. 

angusta, Wood, Bonhill. 

pumila, Mg., Bonhill. 

lutea, Mg., very common everywhere. 
fiava, F\n., Bonhill. 


Besides the foregoing, there are in my collection a large number 
of species that are still undetermined, and the probability is that 
several of them belong to species still undescribed. It is, however, 
necessary to have such small insects in fair series before one can 
venture upon introducing them as new, or even identifying them as 
belonging to species already described. 


Metopina, A/cq. 


The only species of this genus in our lists is ga/eafa, Hal. It 
is such a minute species that one rarely meets with it in collections. 
I have taken about a dozen specimens at Bonhill. 


I have to thank Mr. P. H. Grimshaw for his assistance 
in respect to matters pertaining to genera, without which 
doubtless some errors would have occurred. 


BONHILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE. 


ON THE SCOTTISH SPECIES OF OXYURA 
(PROCTOTR YVPID4)—PART IV? 


By PETER CAMERON. 


BELYTINZ 


MARSHALL in his Catalogue published by the Entomological 
Society of London, 1873, records 26 British species of 
Belyting, to which he adds 5 more in his paper in the 


1 Part iii. axdea, p. 230, 1908. 


ON THE SCOTTISH SPECIES OF OXYURA 93 


“Entomologist’s Annual,’ 1874, p. 146, all being species 
described (but briefly) by C. G. Thomson. Marshall, Zc., 
says that the group is small, but the difficulty of procuring 
specimens of any species is considerable. It may be that 
the species are more numerous in Scotland than in England, 
but my impression is that the number of English species 
might easily be doubled, and considerable additions made 
to our Scottish List. Nothing seems to be known regarding 
the habits of these insects, but as some of the species have 
been found in fungi it is very probable that they are parasitic 
on the Dipterous and Coleopterous larve found so frequently 
in “ Toadstools.” 

I have to record 52 Scottish species of the group. None 
of them appear to be common. Of the species listed by 
Marshall, I have only 3, but one of these, Belyta abrupta, is 
somewhat doubtful, and the other 4elyza is a distinct variety 
(depressa var. cursitans). The third known species is /smarus 
campanulatus, a species of wide distribution. 


IsMARUS, Hal. 


1. campanulatus, Schalf., Rannoch ; Shiel Glen ; Kingussie. 


DipHora, Foer. 
1. nigriceps, K., Bishopton. 
2. rufiventris, K., Canniesburn ; Cadder Wilderness. 


LEPTORHAPTUS, Foer. 


1. rufiventris, K., Mugdock Wood, Manuel. 
[Aeterocerus, K., Gloucester. ] 
2. egregius, K., Bonar Bridge ; Mugdock. 


BeELyta, Jur. 


1. depressa, Thoms. var. cursitans, K., Bishopton. I have the type 
form from the London district, but not from Scotland. 

. crassinervis, K., var. scotica, K., Dumfries. 

. costalis, K., Clober, Mugdock ; Cambuslang ; Rannoch. 

. tenutstilus, K. Kenmuir. 

. modesta, K., Dumfries. 

[marginalis, K., has been taken by Mr. C. G. Champion at 

Caterham. | 


wm & Ww N 


94 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


6. (Paraclista) pedestris, K., Clydesdale. A specimen from Clydes- 
dale was named adrupta, ‘Thoms., for me by the Rev. T. A. 
Marshall; but as it has now lost its abdomen Dr. Kieffer is 
not certain as to its identity. 

In the “Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. of Glasgow” i. (N.S.), I 
have described the undernoted species of BedyZa. 

7. lativentris, p. 301, Clydesdale. 

8. forticornis, p. 302, Cadder Wilderness. 

9. moniliata, p. 303, Mugdock Wood. 

10. mullensis, p. 304, Mull. 


OxyLaBIis, Foer. 
1. punctulatus, K., Cadder. 


CINETUS, Jur. 


I. zridipennis, K., var. prolongatus, K., Craigton Wood in fungus, 
another var. from Kingussie. 

2. Cameroni, K., Clydesdale ; Bonar Bridge. 

3. fuscipes, K., Cadder. 


XENOTOMA, Foer. 


1. cilipes, K., Dumfries. 

2. similis, K., Thornhill. 

3. gracilicornis, K., Bonar Bridge. 

4. castaneiventris, K., Clober; Galloway. This species was formerly 
named /antoclis Cameroni, var., castanetventris, K., cf. 
Brotéria, 1907, p. 39. 

5. scotica, K., Bonar Bridge; Kingussie. 

6. pleuralis, K., Cadder. 

7. nigrescens, K., Bonar Bridge. 

8. nigra, K., Cadder Lade. 

9. filicornis, K., Mugdock. 


PANTOCLIS, Foer. 
. flavipes, K., Dumfries. 
. soluta, K., Mugdock. 
. rufiventris, K., Bishopton ; Claddich, Loch Awe ; Bonar Bridge. 
. Cameront, K., near Stirling. 
. trisulcata, K., Mugdock ; Kenmuir. 
. prolongatus, K., Thornhill. 
. obliteratus, K., Dumfries. 


JOU pW N 


ANECTATA, Foer. 


1. neglecta, K., Kilmacolm. 


ON THE SCOTTISH SPECIES OF OX VURA 95 


ACLISTA, Foer. 


. macroneura, K., Dumfries ; Cadder. 
. flavipes, K., Mugdock. 

. microtoma, K., Galloway. 

. scotica, K., Bishopton. 

. mucrocera, K., Galloway. 

. Cameront, K., Bonar Bridge. 


Aun fwd 


ZYGOTA, Foer. 
1. excistpes, K., Mugdock. 
2. areolata, K., Manuel. 
3. dentatipes, K., Claddich. 
Zygota is treated by Dr. Kieffer as a subgenus of Acdzsta. 


PsILomMaA, Foer. 


I 


. dubia, K., Clydesdale. 
2. flavipes, K., Carruber Glen, Manuel. 
3. incerta, K., Clydesdale. 


ACANTHOSPILUS, Kief. 


1. dbrevinervis, K., Kingussie. 
2. nigra, K., Galloway. 
Carpiops, Kief. 


. rufiventris, K., Mugdock ; Manuel. 


_ 


ACROPIESTA, Foer. 
1. flavipes, K., Dumfries. 


PEANTS OF SOME SOUSHRERN’ SCO PTISH 
COUNTIES. 


By G. CLARIDGE Druce, M.A., F.L.S. 
(Continued from p. 43.) 


Arenaria leptoclados, Guss.—Moffat 72 ; Drummore 74; Symington 
*77; Peebles *78; Galashiels *79; Dryburgh *8o. 


A. peploides, Z.—Drummore 74. 

S. maritima, Dov, and as the var. densa (Jord.).—Mull of Galloway 74. 
S. subulata, es/.—Torrs, in some plenty, 74. 

Sagina nodosa, /enz/—Near the Tweed, Galashiels 79. 


Spergula sativa, Boenn.—Moffat 72; Symington *77; Peebles 78 ; 
Selkirk *79 ; and Dryburgh 80. 


96 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


Spergularia rupestris, Zede/——Abundant on rocks at the Mull 74; 
near Torrs *74. 


Montia lamprosperma, Cham. = MZ. fontana, L. Herb.—Moffat *72 ; 
Ettrick *79; Langton, Berwick, *81; near Strathpeffer 106 
(Wm. Davy); Loch Luichart (Lady Margaret Watney) 106. 


Hypericum acutum, A/oench.—Tweedside *78. 


Malva moschata, Z., var. alba.—Near Cadonfoot, with Miss 
Hayward, *79. 

Geranium sylvaticum, Z., *var. parviflorum, Blytt.—Tweedside 78 ; 
the type, Cadonside (personal authority), 79. 


G. Robertianum, Z., *var. modestum, Jord.—Shingle above Drum- 
more *74. 

Euonymus europzeus, Z.—Near Whitehill *74, perhaps planted 
near Galashiels *79. 


7 Linum usitatissimum, Z.—Stranraer 74. 

+Trigonella Foenum-grecum, Z.—At Stranraer, as in 1898, 74. 
+Medicago denticulata, W7//d.—Stranraer 74. 

t+ Melilotus indica, 4/77Z—-Drummore, Stranraer 74. 


Anthyllis Vulneraria, Z.—Near Waterburn *78, thus making the 
comital census complete. 


{Trifolium pratense, L., var. v7//oswm.—In some quantity near 
Stranraer with other casuals *74. 


7T. pratense, Z., var. americanum, Harz.—Peebles *78. 
7T. resupinatum, Z.—Stranraer, as in 1898, 74. 


T. arvense, Z.—Abundant on the railway between Peebles and 
Galashiels 78, 79. 
7T. hybridum, Z.—Peebles 78; Galashiels 79 ; St. Boswells 80. 


T. procumbens, Z., var. mazus, Koch.—Mull *74. 


Vicia sylvatica, Z.—Tweedside *78; var. condensata, Terally Bay, 
etc., *74; *Kirkcudbright coast 73. 


7V. villosa, Roth, approaching var. glabrescens, Koch.—Stranraer 74. 


V. angustifolia, Pezch., var. segetalis, Koch 74.—Near Galashiels 
*79; a plant from the Mull differs from our described forms. 


V. Cracca, Z., var. zvcana (Thuill).—Mull *74. 
7V. bithynica, Z.—Stranraer *74. 

+V. Faba, Z.—Stranraer *74. 

+Lathyrus Aphaca, Z.—Stranraer, as in 1898, 74. 
+L. hirsutus, Z.—Stranraer *74, 

+L. Cicera, Z.—Stranraer *74. 


PLANTS OF SOME SOUTHERN SCOTTISH COUNTIES 97 


7Pisum arvense, Z.—Stranraer 74. 

Rosa Eglanteria, Z.—Native, I believe, in Galloway 74; seen also 
in Peebles 78; Selkirk 79 ; and Roxburgh 80. 

Rosa glauca, V2//—Sandhill, etc., *74 ; Tweedside *78, 79, *80. 

R. sarmentacea, Woods (R. dumaiis, Bechst.).—Moffat 72; Symington 
a7 7 i Wweedsideus 719. 27.0.) * SO. 

R. villosa, Z. (2. mollis, Sm.).—Moffat 72; Peebles 78; Ettrick 
79; Dryburgh 8o. 


The more critical roses gathered this summer must await further 
study. 

Potentilla Anserina, Z., var. nuda, S. F. Gray.—Port Logan *74. 

P. procumbens, .Szé¢z.—Not uncommon in Galloway 74. 

+P. norvegica, Z.—Near the railway, Symington 77. 

Alchemilla vulgaris, Z., var. glabra, DC. ( = A. alpestris, Schmidt).— 
Corriefron 72; Peebles *78; Ettrick Bridge *79 ; Rhymer’s 
Glen, Dryburgh, 8o. 

var. pratensis, Schmidt.—Galashiels *79. 

Crateegus oxyacanthoides, Zzu//—In a large hedge bordering 
Bowhill *79. 

7Pyrus Aria, Hirh.—Planted at Ardwell *74. 

Saxifraga stellaris, Z.—Correifron 72; personal authority lacking 
in Zop. Lot. 

7 Ribes nigrum, Z.—Quite naturalised by the Tweed below Peebles 
478, 400) also by the Gala, “79. 

+R. rubrum, Z.—Tweedside *78. 

+R. Uva-crispa, Z.—Tweedside *78 ; var. Grossularia (L.), Tweed- 
side *78, 80; Hedges, Galashiels *79. The gooseberry and 
currants look quite wild by the Tweed. 

+R. alpinum, Z.—In a hedge near Dryburgh 8o. 

Sedum Telephium, Z., var. puzpureum, L.—Tweedside, Peebles 78 ; 
Galashiels *79; and on the opposite side of the river *8o. 
I cannot find the characters given in “ English Botany” are 
constant, that is, I find plants with leaves narrow at the base 


have flattened, furrowed fruits, and plants with leaves broad at 
the base have fruits neither furrowed nor flattened. 


S. album.—Quite native-looking on the rocky bank of the Tweed 
near Langlee *80 A. 

S. acre, Z.—Not uncommon, and native, about Galashiels *79. 

+Sedum in a flowerless state was abundant and quite naturalised on 
a wall by the river at Clovenford 79. Iam growing it to see 
which species it is. 
74 D 


98 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


Myriophyllum alterniflorum, DC.—Tweed 78, *79, 89. 

Epilobium alsinefolium, V2/7,—Correifron 72. 

Circzea lutetiana, Z.—*78. 

C. alpina, Z.—By the Tweed near Yair 79. 

Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Z.—Peebles *78; Ettrick Bridge 79; Fairy- 
dean *80; thus completing comital census. 

Conium maculatum, Z.—Near Peebles *78. 

+ Bupleurum rotundifolium, Z.—Stranraer, Drummore, *74. 

Anthriscus sylvestris, /ofm.—Dryburgh *8o. 

Oenanthe Lachenalii, Gme/.—Port Logan 74. 

Ligusticum scoticum, Z.—Mull 74. 

Caucalis nodosa, Scop.—On ballast at Stranraer and Drummore 74. 

;Symphoricarpos racemosus, J/ichx.—Peebles *78. 

Galium austriacum, Jacg. (G. sy/vestre).—Correifron 72. 

+G. tricorne, Stokes.—On shingle, Stranraer 74. 

+Asperula arvensis, Z.—Stranraer, Drummore, *74. 

Inula crithmoides, Z.—Locally plentiful on the Mull of Galloway 74. 

+Anthemis tinctoria, Z.—Stranraer *74. 

Matricaria inodora, Z., var. sa/ina, Bab.—Port Logan *74. 

Tanacetum vulgare.—Port Logan 74. 


Senecio viscosus, Z.—Symington, near the railway, 77 ; near Inner- 
leithen *78; Galashiels 79. 


Arctium Lappa, Z. (majus).—Sandhead *74; Peebles *78; Selkirk 
*79; Galashiels, but in *8o. 


Carduus acanthoides, Z. (crispus).—7 4. 

+ Mariana lactea, 4/7z/7,—Drummore 74. 

Centaurea Cyanus, Z.—Near Galashiels, doubtfully wild, *79. 
Picris Echioides, Z.—On rubbish, Stranraer *7 4. 

Crepis paludosa, Moench.—Moffat (personal), 72. 


The Hieracia await Mr. Ley’s opinion. 


Hypocheeris radicata, Z.—Dryburgh *80, completing comital 
distribution. 


Taraxacum paludosum, Sch/echt.—Ettrick Bridge *79. 
Statice maritima, 4/7//,—Port Logan 74. 

S. linearifolia, Za¢er.—Mull of Galloway, etc. 74. 
Lysimachia vulgaris, Z.—Drummore 74. 


7Steironema ciliatum, ARafz.—Quite naturalised by the Tweed near 
Horsburgh Castle *78. 


PLANTS OF SOME SOUTHERN SCOTTISH COUNTIES 99 


Anagallis arvensis, Z.—Peebles *78; Galashiels *79. 

7A. femina, 47/:/7.—Stranraer, 74. 

Ligustrum vulgare, Z.—Plentiful about Galashiels, but perhaps 
planted *79. 

Centaurium umbellatum, G7d., var. capitatum, Druce.—Mull of 
Galloway 74. 

+Symphytum peregrinum, Zedeb.—I doubtfully refer to this a dark 
violet-coloured plant seen in Galloway 74. 

S. tuberosum, Z.—By the Tweed near Peebles *78. 

;+Anchusa sempervirens, Z.—In some plenty at Drummore, Broad- 
well, etc., quite naturalised, 74. 

+Asperugo procumbens, Z.—In some plenty at Stranraer and 
Drummore *74. 

Pneumaria maritima, //7//7,—Port Logan, also sparingly at West 
Tarbert 74. 

Lithospermum arvense, Z.—Drummore on shingle, and at Stranraer 
% 

74- 

Volvulus sepium, JZedic.—Peebles *78; Galashiels *79. Possibly 
of garden origin. 

Convolvulus arvensis, Z.—Peebles *78, Galashiels *79. 

Solanum Dulcamara, Z.—By the Gala at Galashiels *79. 

Verbascum Thapsus, Z.—Galashiels (Miss Hayward) *79, possibly 
adventitious. 


;Mimulus guttatus, DC.—By the Tweed *79, *8o. 
var. concolor (M. /utews auct.).—Near Horsburgh Castle *78 ; 


Tweed *80. 
Veronica didyma, Ze. 
V. Tournefortii, Ge/—Drummore 74; Galashiels *79. 

Euphrasia curta, Wetést., var. glabrescens, Wettst.— Mull *74 ; 

Symington 77; Ettrick 79. 

E. brevipila, B. and G.—Ettrick *79. 

Bartsia Odontites, Z., var. verwa (Reichb.).—Drummore *74. 

Rhinanthus stenophyllus, Schw7.—Moffat *72; Symington *77 ; 
Peebles *78; Ettrick *79. 

R. monticola, Drvuce.-—Near Moffat *72. 

Mentha longifolia, Zwd@s.—Near Horsburgh Castle *78. 

M. alopecuroides, /7u//.—Near Sandhead 74. 

+M. spicata, Z.—Galaside *79. 

*M. rubra, S.—Tweedside, Peebles, in some plenty, *78; by the 

Gala) * 70; 


Galashiels *79. 


100 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


*M. piperita, Z.—Tweedside below Peebles *78 ; near West Tarbert 


74- 
*M. verticillata, Zwds.—Near Abbotsford *79. 


Thymus glaber, 4///.—Correifron *72. 

T. preecox, Of7z, Mull.—*74. 

*Stachys ambigua, Sv.—Near Peebles *78. 

Clinopodium vulgare, Z.—Tweedside *78 ; also by the Ettrick, etc. 


79: 
Nepeta hederacea, Zrev.—Near Peebles *78. 


*Scutellaria galericulata, Z., var. pubescens, Benth., in DC., “ Prod.” 
xli. 425, “‘caule, foliorum pagina inferiore, calycibus, corol- 
lisque pubescentibus.” On shingle at East Tarbert in great 
plenty *74, noticeable from its conspicuous pale blue flowers. 
Plant about 4 to 6 inches above shingle, flowers longer than 
bracts, very pubescent ; leaves on under side canescent with 
shaggy hairs. ‘The same form was observed on shingle at 
Jeantown, W. Ross, *1o5. 


Galeopsis Tetrahit, Z—In Wigton and Peebles I saw this in three 
distinct modifications : one, the plant known as dzfida, Boenn. ; 
second, a taller plant though not so coarse as our English type, 
with somewhat large, pale purplish-pink flowers, the tube not 
very elongate ; third, growing with this a plant with pure white 
flowers which were smaller (when looked at from the front) 
owing to the narrower corolla lobes, but with distinctly longer 
tube, so that viewed sideways the flowers of third looked longer 
and larger than those of second. Is this another instance of 
flower-dimorphism ? if so, it is curious it should be correlated 
with albinism. The relative length of the stamens and styles 
appeared to be the same in the few specimens I examined. 


Teucrium Scorodonia, Z.—Near Peebles 78. 


Ajuga reptans, Z.—Near Peebles *78, completing the comital 
distribution. 


7Plantago Lagopus, Z.—Stranraer 74, as in 1898. 


Littorella uniflora, 4scz.—Cauldshields (personal) 79. 
;+Chenopodium opulifolium, Schvad.—Galashiels 79. 
+C. murale, Z.—Stranraer *74. 

Atriplex patula, Z.—Moffat 72; Galashiels, etc. *79. 
A. hastata, Z.—Peebles *78 ; Galashiels *7o9. 


An Atriplex at Stranraer appears to be a distinct species; un- 
fortunately I was too early for fruit. 


Polygonum Lapathifolium, Z.—Galashiels *79. 


PLANTS OF SOME SOUTHERN SCOTTISH COUNTIES IOI 


P. tomentosum, Schrank (maculatum) “flore albo.’—With Miss 
Hayward, Galashiels *79. On the shingle at Stranraer *74. 

P. Hydropiper, Z.—Near Horsburgh Castle *78. 

+P. cuspidatum, Szed. e¢ Zucc.—Stranraer *7 4. 

Oxyria digyna, /Zz/7.—Correifron 72. 

+Humulus Lupulus, Z.—Galashiels *79. 

Betula alba, Z.—Ettrick side *79; Allan Water *8o. 

B. tomentosa, 2. and A.—Tweedside *79. 

Quercus Robur, Z.—Near Galashiels *79. 

Q. sessiliflora, Sa/¢sb.—Moffat *7 2. 

+Fagus sylvatica, Z.—Planted at Peebles 78 ; Galashiels, etc. 79. 

+Salix triandra, Z.—Near Drummore, probably planted, *74. 

7S. fragilis, Z.—Near Terally, probably planted, *74. 

S. phylicifolia, Z.—Tweedside *78 ; Ettrick *79. 

S. nigricans, S7.—Ettrick *79. 

*S. rubra, Huds.—By the Gala *79, probably planted. 

S. purpurea, Z.—Tweedside 78; Ettrick, looking native, 79. 

S. viminalis, Z.—Near Peebles *78. 

S. Smithiana, W7//d.—Tweedside, Peebles *78 ; Galashiels *79. 

+Populus deltoides, Marsh.—Moffat *72; near Stranraer *74 ; 
Peebles *78 ; Galashiels *79 ; Dryburgh *8o. 

7P. nigra, 7.—Wigton 74. 

7P. alba, Z.—Drummore 74. 

Empetrum nigrum, Z.—On cliffs at Port Logan 74. 

+Humulus Lupulus, Z.—Galashiels *79. 

+Elodea canadensis, M/cchx.—Galashiels *79. 


Orchis maculata, 7.—Near Stonykirk 74. 
var. praecox, Webster (ericetorwm), Moffat 72; near Torrs 
*74; Ettrick *79; Fairy Glen 80. 


Allium.—I think Scorodoprasum, Z., near Port Logan *74, in the 
vicinity of cottages. Jam cultivating in order to identify it. 


Butomus umbellatus, Z.—Faldonside *79, ? native. 

Potamogeton crispus, Z.—Tweed 79. 

P. angustifolius, Pres7—Tweed, Cauldshields 79. 

Sparganium neglectum, Aeesy.—Near Dunragit *74; Peebles *78. 

Carex extensa, Z., var. atzfolia, Boeck.—Port William (C. Bailey) 
74, also in Co. Down; see Kiikenthal’s “‘ Caricologia.” 

C. inflata, Zds.—Marsh by the Tweed *78. 

C. riparia, Curt.—By the Tweed *78. 


102 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


C. canescens, Z., var. /enuis, Lang.—Near Ettrick Bridge *79. 
Several sedges are awaiting Pfarrer Kiikenthal’s naming. 


+Phalaris canariensis, Z.—Stranraer, Drummore 74; Peebles *78. 

+P. paradoxa, Z.—Stranraer as in 1898, 74. 

7Alopecurus myosuroides, /7vds.—Stranraer *74. 

+Polypogon monspeliense, Desf—Stranraer as in 1898, 74. 

Agrostis alba, Z., var. prorepens, Koch.—Symington *77. 

A. tenuis, With., var. pumila (L.).—Mull 74; Ettrick Bridge *79 ; 
Cauldshields 80. 

Arrhenatherum tuberosum, Gz/b. — Moffat 72; Galloway 74; 
Peebles *78 ; Selkirk *79 ; Dryburgh *8o. 

Avena fatua, Z.—Peebles *78. 

Koeleria albescens, DC., var. glabra, DC.—Mull of Galloway *74. 

Glyceria plicata, #7.—Peebles *78. 

G. aquatica, Wah/.—I believe some flowerless plants by the Tweed 
near Dryburgh are this species, 80. 

Poa compressa, Z.—Walls and banks, Dryburgh (personal) 80. By 
the Gala *79. 

P. pratensis, Z., var. subcerulea (Sm.).—Mull 74. 

Festuca rubra, Z.—Peebles 78; Ettrick 79. 

var. pruinosa, Yack.—Mull *74. 

F. heterophylla, Zam.—By the Tweed about two miles from Peebles, 
growing in some quantity near planted shrubs, *78. 

Bromus sterilis, Z.—Peebles 78. 

B. commutatus, Schrad.—Galashiels 79. 

7B. arvensis, Z.—Stranraer 74. 

7B. tectorum, Z.—Stranraer 74. 

7Lolium temulentum, Z.—Stranraer *74. 

7 Lolium italicum, 47awn.—Galashiels 79. 

Hordeum marinum, /7wds.—At Stranraer as 1898, 74. 

7Secale cereale, 7.—Stranraer 74. 

Taxus baccata, Z.—Planted, I suppose, near Galashiels. 

Pinus sylvestris, Z.—A seedling plant on the rocks by the Ettrick 
79: 

7 Larix decidua, 4/7//-—Seedling plants by the Ettrick 79. 


Several plants await critical examination. 


I may add that I noted 362 native and about 70 alien 
species in Selkirk, in Peebles 350 species, and about the 
same number in Roxburgh. 


“ NEOLITHIC” MOSS REMAINS FROM FORT WILLIAM 103 


SOME, “NEOLITHIC! MOSS REMAINS] & ROM 
FORT WILLIAM. 


By HN. Dixon, MA.) FES: 


A SMALL quantity of material of moss remains was sent to 
me last spring by Mr. Clement Reid for identification, 
obtained by Messrs. Maufe and Wright of the Geological 
Survey, and labelled as from sandy peat under the 25-foot 
raised beach at Fort William. Although the bulk was not 
large—only the contents of a large pill-box—the material 
had been carefully washed out, and practically consisted 
entirely of fragments of mosses; and the condition of pre- 
servation was such that they were unusually—for the age 
of the deposit—capable of determination. It will be 
convenient to give first a list of all the species identified, 
before commenting upon the whole association. 


Sphagnum fimbriatum, Wils., or S. Girgensohnit, Russ.—A single 
well preserved branch-leaf of one of these species, which are, I 
believe, quite indistinguishable from one another by the branch- 
leaves alone. 


Andreea Rothit, W. and M.—A single fragment, consisting of a 
densely branched stem, with the leaves quite well preserved. 


Dichodontium pellucidum, B. and S.—Several fragments. 


Blindia acuta, var. trichodes, Braithw.—A fragment of a stem with 
a few leaves. The enlarged angular cells have been practically 
all eroded or destroyed, leaving only the alar spaces, which are 
perhaps not quite so large as one would expect in this species ; 
the form and areolation of the remainder of the leaves is, how- 
ever, quite in agreement with the plant to which I have referred 
it, a plant so characteristic that there can be little doubt as to 
its determination. Mr. W. E. Nicholson, to whom I submitted 
it, quite concurs. 


Dicranum Bonjeani, De Not.—A considerable number of char- 
acteristic fragments. 


D. Scottianum, Turn.—One or two scraps with the leaves well 
preserved. The areolation in this species, taken in connection 
with the entire leaves, is distinct, and its identification seems 
quite beyond question. The leaf of DY. Scotttanum shows in 
the upper part a layer of sZor¢ subquadrate cells covering the 


104 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


back of the smooth nerve (the “Aussenzellen” of German 
authors in describing the nerve-section) ; these are quite well 
shown in the Fort William plant. 


Fissidens osmundotdes, Hedw.—A well preserved fragment or two. 


Grimmia, sp.—Three or four fragments of a Grzmmia with narrow 
leaves, of the ¢richophylla type, but with the cells nearly all 
remaining incrassate and sinuose to the base. Mr. Nicholson 
suggests G. Miihlenbeckii, with which I think it might well be 
identified. I have, however, seen forms of what is probably 
Grimmia robusta, Ferg., with a similar areolation, and it is 
perhaps not quite safe to attempt a final determination. 


Rhacomitrium heterostichum, var. (= &. affine, Lindb.).—One of 
the forms with short upper areolation and very short, incon- 
spicuous hair-point. 

R. canescens, Brid.—Frequent small fragments. 


Bryum pseudo-triquetrum, Schwaeg.—Two small but well preserved 
fragments, one showing clearly an inflorescence which I was 
able to dissect and determine as 9°. 


Mnium hornum, L.—A single well preserved stem. 
Neckera pumila, Hedw.—Numerous small fragments. 


NV. complanata, Hiibn.—In various forms besides the typical one. 
The leaves in one were rather long and comparatively acute, 
with the margin often denticulate for some distance downwards. 
Another had the leaves often very tapering and acute or even 
acuminate, but quite entire, the cells rather narrow. Still 
another had the leaves very wide above and obtuse. 


Antitrichia curtipendula, Brid.—The bulk of the material consisted 
of this moss, often in large fragments, and perfectly well pre- 
served with the exception of being absolutely blackened. 


Thuidium tamariscinum, B. and S.—Several scraps, and one fairly 
complete and wonderfully preserved frond. 


T. delicatulum, Mitt.—A single stem, with stem-leaves and branch- 
leaves in good condition and quite characteristic. 


T. Philiberti, impr.—Several fragmentary stems. The form and 
arrangement of the branch-leaves was quite different from that 
of the preceding. That alone would not, of course, preclude 
the interpretation that they represented two forms of the same 
species ; but the form of the stem-leaves admits no doubt on 
the matter. The filiform apex of these leaves, as is only 
natural, was not to be found remaining ; but their outline was 
quite characteristic. In the smaller forms of Z: PAiliberti the 
stem leaves do not differ very markedly in outline from those 
of Z. delicatulum; but in the larger, better developed forms, 


‘NEOLITHIC ” MOSS REMAINS FROM FORT WILLIAM 105 


and especially in Z. pseudo-tamarisci, Limpr. (which I take to 
be only a luxuriant, tripinnate form of 7: P/zliberti), there is a 
very distinct difference. The stem leaves in 7. delicatulum 
are (constantly, I believe) comparatively small, from a wide and 
short base (almost as wide as the whole length of the leaf) 
abruptly contracted to a proportionally short, not very tapering 
acumen. In the more robust forms at least of Z. Philiberte 
these leaves are very much larger, gradually narrowed almost 
from the base into a very long, tapering acumen, terminated— 
in recent specimens—by the characteristic filiform point. This 
outline is well shown in the Fort William specimens, furnishing 
a complete contrast to the form of leaf in Z. delicatulum, and 
leaving no doubt at all as to the identification. 


Brachythectum rutabulum, B. and S.—Scanty. 


B. plumosum, B. and S.—In considerable quantity and showing 
some variation. 


Eurhynchium prelongum (L.), Hobk.—Several stems. 
E. striatum, B. and S.—A fragment only. 


E. myurum, Dixon.—Two forms, one the ordinary, another a larger 
one, with wide, obtuse and subobtuse leaves, which I should 
hesitate, however, to refer to var. vobustum, B. and S. 


£. myosuroides, Schp.—Frequent. 
E. rusciforme, Milde.—Several fragments. 
Hyocomium flagellare, B. and S.—In very small quantity. 


Plagiothecium undulatum, B. and S.—A scrap merely, but quite un- 
mistakable. 


Hypnum fluitans, L.—One or two small bits. 
Hi. uncinatum, Hedw.—A few branches. 


H. falcatum, Brid.—One or two fragments. One stem which was 
almost certainly this had nearly all the leaf-tissue eroded away, 
doubtless water-worn, and scarcely more than the stout falcate 
nerves left. 

HT. cupressiforme, L.—Very little. 


? H. palustre, L.—A scrap of a Limnobium was detected by Mr. 
Nicholson on a slide which I sent to him containing another 
plant. It is almost certainly /7. palustre. 


FT. cuspidatum, L. 


Hylocomium loreum, B. and S.—Next to Antitrichia the preponderat- 
ing plant. 


H1. brevirostre, B. and S.—In quantity. 
HT, squarrosum, B. and S. 


106 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


This collection, consisting of nearly forty distinct species, 
is of considerable interest from several points of view. In 
the first place it is decisively not a paludal or a peat-moss 
association. I have examined bryophytic remains from 
perhaps a dozen deposits of varying age, ranging from 
quite recent to early glacial or pre-glacial times, and I have 
seen reports of numerous others. In all these collections, 
with scarcely, if my memory serves me, an exception, not only 
has the paludal element been largely, indeed overwhelmingly, 
preponderant, but in nearly every case any other element 
was entirely absent, or if present it occurred in such minute 
proportion as to suggest an accidental introduction or a 
quite exceptional occurrence. The usual species comprise a 
large percentage of pleurocarpous mosses, such as Camzpto- 
thectum nitens, Hypna of the sections Harpidium, Calliergon, 
etc., with a sprinkling of Aulacomnium, Philonotis, Fontinalis, 
and similar aquatic and paludal Acrocarpi. This is of 
course what one would reasonably expect, since these com- 
paratively delicate, non-vascular plants would naturally re- 
quire the conserving influence of peat, or of some closely 
similar deposit, for their preservation. Mosses in other 
forms of deposit would have far less chance of being pre- 
served. 

The present collection comes as a somewhat welcome 
relief from such associations as the above, which not only 
repeat themselves with a monotonous frequency, but give 
one a conception, exaggerated no doubt, of a dull sameness 
in the configuration of these northern lands in the prehistoric 
pleistocene periods, of unvaried peat moss, and bleak moor- 
land and barren mountain-side. The Fort William mosses 
tell a very different tale. There are but few of them (Dzcra- 
num Bonjeant, Fissidens osmundoides, Bryum pseudotriquetrum, 
Hypnum uncinatum, H. fluitans, H. falcatum, and H. cuspt- 
datum) which could be considered in any way paludal 
mosses ; only the last three are distinctively, and not one of 
them is necessarily such. They are quite as frequently, 
and some of the rest are exclusively (Hyocomzum flagellare, 
Brachythecium plumosum, Hypnum palustre, Blindia acuta, var. 
trichodes), the inhabitants of wet rocks in and by mountain 
streams; and it is quite certain that these latter, at least, 


“NEOLITHIC ” MOSS REMAINS FROM FORT WILLIAM 107 


must have had such an origin. Many of the others are the 
ordinary plants of the drier boulders of mountainous or sub- 
alpine country through which such a stream commonly makes 
its way (eg. Hylocomium squarrosum, Antitrichia, Andreea, 
Rhacomitrium heterostichum); Andreea Rothit is a very 
typically rupestral moss, and AHyocomium and the Blindia 
are distinctively and exclusively mosses of waterfalls and 
swiftly running mountain becks. But in addition to this 
we must picture the stream as flowing through woods. For 
Plagiothectum undulatum, Hylocomtum brevirostre and H. 
loreum, Eurhynchium striatum, E. myosurotdes and E. 
myurum, Thucdium tamartscinum and 7. delicatulum, in- 
fallibly tell of woodland, and rocky, mountain woodland, 
while Weckera complanata, and especially NM. pumzla, must 
have been growing actually on the trees themselves. We 
may perhaps safely go a little further than this. T7huzdium 
Philiberti is especially a plant of wet rock ledges or dripping 
cliffs ; Sphagnum Girgensohnit (if our species be that) affects 
the same habitats; Zhucdium delicatulum prefers, at least, 
the margins of fair-sized streams. Out of about eighteen 
gatherings I have made of this species in Great Britain, 
fifteen were from the borders of fair-sized mountain streams 
and one from a lake shore. I believe we may therefore 
confidently reconstruct the conditions under which these 
mosses grew as indicating a stream of some magnitude— 
not a mere rivulet—tumbling over boulders, and flowing, 
at times at any rate, between wet rocky cliffs, down a 
wooded mountain side or valley. We should not have to 
go very far from the locality where they were deposited to 
find, at the present time, just such conditions. I have 
gathered in woods on the south shore of Loch Leven, 
above Ballachulish, and within a confined area, nearly every 
moss contained in this collection, except 7huzdium Philiberte. 
There, by a similar stream to the one pictured, Dzcranum 
Scotttanum was fruiting abundantly, /zss¢dens osmundotdes 
was loaded with capsules, and Thuzdium delicatulum showed 
its delicate fern-like fronds, while the Hylocomia and many 
of the other pleurocarpous mosses listed above formed the 
bulk of the Bryophytic vegetation of the woods. 

While, however, so much is certain, I believe, as to the 


108 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


origin of the mosses, it is not quite clear under what cir- 
cumstances they were deposited in the bed in which they 
now lie. I am indebted to Messrs. Maufe and Wright, of 
the Geological Survey, by whom the specimens were 
obtained, for the following notes on the present situation 
and conditions of the plant bed. 

“The plant-bed is exposed on the right bank of the 
river Lochy a mile and a half north of Fort William and 
1000 yards west of the Lochy Suspension Bridge. It lies 
just at high-water mark, being covered by one to two feet 
of water at high spring tides. It contains prostrate tree- 
trunks up to one foot in diameter, and is overlain by coarse 
stratified gravel and sand up to 15 feet in thickness. This 
gravel and sand belongs to the so-called ‘25 foot raised 
beach’ of Scotland. It reaches in this country its greatest 
development and altitude, but is traceable at lower levels 
into northern England and Ireland. In the latter country 
it has been proved to be throughout of Neolithic age, im- 
plements of an early Neolithic type having been obtained at 
considerable depths in its gravels. In many localities, both 
in Scotland and Ireland, implements of a later type, but 
still Neolithic, occur on its surface in such situations as to 
show that the elevation which brought the beach into its 
present position was, in part at least, accomplished during 
Neolithic times.” 

The presence of prostrate tree-trunks confirms the con- 
clusion to which the moss remains point, as to a woodland 
origin. On the other hand, the remains of Phanerogams, 
with which the mosses were associated, fail to confirm this 
conclusion in a rather noticeable way. Mr. Clement Reid 
has kindly sent me particulars as to the plant remains; he 
writes: “I am sorry to say that they do not throw much 
light on climatic conditions—they are common meadow 
plants of wide range and are mostly badly preserved.” And 
in a later letter he adds: “I do not quite know what to say 
as to the Fort William seeds. They are curiously badly 
preserved—much more so than the mosses. Perhaps the 
mosses grew on the spot, whilst the seeds came from a 
distance.” The plants determined by Mr. Reid for the 
most part indicate a slow-flowing stream through meadow- 


“NEOLITHIC” MOSS REMAINS FROM FORT WILLIAM _ 109 


land (Ranunculus Lingua, R. repens, Phragmites, Lychnis 
Flos-cucult, L. diurna, etc.), though Corylus and Oxalis would 
postulate a woodland origin for part of them. I believe 
that the only possible conclusion is that the bulk of the 
moss-remains had a different origin from that of most of 
the flowering plants ; and considering the unusually well-pre- 
served condition of the former, and the badly preserved state 
of the latter, it would appear that the phanerogams must 
have been brought down from a greater distance, and that 
the stream must have flowed through some upland meadow 
valley before coming to its rocky woodland course. Or 
perhaps more probably the stream or river by which they 
were deposited was formed by the union of two streams, 
one of which brought down the mosses, while the other, a 
larger and more slowly flowing stream traversing an alluvial 
meadow-land, brought the phanerogams. These conditions 
would almost be fulfilled at the present time if only the 
lower slopes of Ben Nevis on its northern or western side 
were wooded, when either of the streams rising on that 
mountain, and uniting and flowing into the Lochy at Lochy 
Bridge, would well afford the supposed requirements. It is, 
I think, out of the question that the moss-remains are 
derived from a large area, or brought from any great dis- 
tance ; in such a case they could hardly have presented the 
homogeneous association that they actually exhibit, while 
aquatic or paludal species could scarcely fail to have been 
in stronger evidence. 

As regards the climatic conditions prevailing when this 
plant association was growing, the general conclusion to be 
drawn would be that they were very similar to those now 
obtaining. The presence of Dicranum Scottianum especially 
has perhaps a particular interest, as probably indicating with 
some certainty that, at least, no appreciably greater degree 
of cold prevailed. The distribution of this species is notably 
an Atlantic one; it occurs in most of the groups of the 
Atlantic Islands, in Brittany and Normandy and the Pyrenees, 
in Denmark, and in Western Britain, but scarcely extends to 
any extent eastwards in continental Europe. (Paris indeed 
cites it as from Spitzbergen, but this must surely be a slip ; 
it is not mentioned in Berggren’s “ Musci Spetsbergenses,” or 


110 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


in any other work with which I am acquainted dealing with 
the arctic regions.) It is therefore indicative of a mild and 
equable climate, and I believe its presence may be taken 
as fairly conclusive that the climate of the period was at 
least in no degree more boreal than at the present time. 

A somewhat special interest attaches to the three species 
of Thuidium. 7. ¢amariscinum is, of course, one of our 
commonest and most widely-spread woodland mosses. But 
the case is quite different with the other two. Until 1874 
T. delicatulum was not recognised as a European moss, 
though abundant in North America. In that year Lindberg 
detected and recorded it from a single station in Finland. 
Six years later Philibert found it in France, and subsequently 
it has been discovered to be widely spread over the European 
continent, though apparently not very common, and chiefly 
in the lower montane regions. It was unrecognised as a 
British moss until 1885, when it was recorded by Holt from 
Tyn-y-groes, North Wales ; while in 1889, Binstead gathered 
it in fruit at Lodore. Since that time its recorded distribu- 
tion has been greatly extended, and it is entered in the 
“Census Catalogue of British Mosses” (1907) from 17 vice- 
counties in England, Wales, and Scotland (besides four 
doubtful records), and 6 in Ireland. Of the former, 7 are 
Scotch, 5 Welsh; and of the 5 English, 3 are on the west 
coast, the Isle of Wight and west Yorkshire being the 
remaining ones. It will be seen, therefore, that its distribu- 
tion with us is exclusively western and montane. It is, in 
fact, almost entirely a rupestral plant, though occurring 
occasionally on sandy debris by mountain stream and lake 
sides. I have only once found it elsewhere, in a bog at 
the foot of a Perthshire mountain, and then looking very 
unhappy and unlike itself. 

Thuidium Philiberta has a somewhat similar history, 
though it is a still more recently recognised member of our 
moss flora. It was described from France as a new species 
(T. intermedium) by: Philibert in 1893, but the name had 
already been preoccupied by Mitten, and Limpricht renamed 
it as Z. Philiberti in 1895. It was then known from several 
localities in Central Europe and North America. I had 
gathered it on Craig Chailleach, Perthshire, in 1893, but had 


“NEOLITHIC ” MOSS REMAINS FROM FORT WILLIAM. 111 


not distinguished it from 7. recoguztum ; and it was not till 
1897 that I recognised its identity with the continental and 
North American plant, and recorded it for the first time as 
British. It is recorded in the Census Catalogue from Mid- 
Perth and Argyll only ; and though it occurs on several of 
the Perthshire mountains, it is undoubtedly a rare moss, and 
(with us at least) confined to wet rocks in mountainous 
districts. 

It is not very likely that anyone would suggest that 
these two mosses are recent introductions into Britain. Still 
the increasing army of invading aliens among Phanerogams 
(and Splachnobryum and Hypopterygium may be cited among 
mosses) tends to throw a more and more suspicious colour 
upon all fresh discoveries, and every newly recorded British 
plant has to run the gauntlet of a fierce fire of criticism 
before it is allowed a place within the charmed circle of the 
“native.” It is, therefore, perhaps not unfortunate for the 
future reputation of 7huzdium delicatulum and T. Philtbertz, as 
indigenous British plants, that we can point to still existing 
specimens which were growing in the mountain woods of 
Western Scotland at the time when Neolithic man was 
ranging them with his weapons of polished flint in search of 
the bear, the wolf, the beaver, or the deer. 


NOTES ON THE REVIEW OF KUKENTHAL’S 
CAREX. 


By ARTHUR BENNETT. 


Kobresia caricina, Willd.—Carex bipartita, All.“ F 1. Ped.” n. 230, 
Tet OO, ks, 5. 

Kunth (whose work is in advance even now of later work) 
places this under ZZyna caricina, Mert. and Koch = K. caricina, 
Willd.!. Here it may be well to clear up another doubtful 
Carex, ze. C. simpliciuscula, Wahlb., Westmoreland. Dr. Alm- 
quist wrote me that the original specimen in “Heb. Vet. 
Skand.,” Stockholm, is lyxa caricina. This was founded on 
specimens gathered by Dawson Turner in Westmoreland.? 

1 Baker, ‘‘ Flora of the Lake District,” 218, 1885. 
2 Specimens of the Kobresia are in Balbi’s herbarium at Turin named Carex 
bipartita, All., Bailey, /.c. 


112 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


Carex binervis, Smith. 

Drejer’s var. a/pina is characterised “2 alpina humilior, 
spicis paullo brevioribus = C. veszcaria, B alpina, Lyngb.! in 
herb. Hornm., Ferd ad Quivig! Lyngbye.” The 56 (p. 48 
in January “ Annals”) must be a misprint, as the number is 
52, p. 474, in the original paper. Drejer remarks “ Hujus 
plantz modo 2 frustula mala conservata in herb. nostro deposuit 
Lyngb., quze tamen satis luculenter probant plantam hujus 
floree civem esse.” 


Carex flava, L. 

Anderson in ‘‘ Cyper. Scand.,” p. 25, 1849, describes his var. 
pygmea as “culmo unciali-digitali foliis multo breviori, spicis 
parvis subrotundatis confertis.” Ascherson and Graebner place 
this under subsp. @de7z, Ehrh. 

C. alpina, Siv. 

There is a difficulty to face with this name. C. a/pina, Schrk., 
var. in’ “Fl.” x; 299° (2980)=C. sempervirens, Vill. (1787). 
Then there is a/fzna, Hoppe = C. ferruginea, Scop. 

Carex Buxbaumii, Wahl. (1803). 

C. subulata, Schum., 1801 ; C. polygama, Schkr. (1801); C. 
fusca; All, “Fl. Ped.” ii. (1785), .260. .. There is a good 
specimen of Carex Buxbaumii in Allioni’s herbarium, seen by 
Mr. L. H. Bailey, who also saw Wahlenberg’s type, and 
Schkuhr’s ; so that the name according to priority is fusca.} 

C. elata, All.—The difficulty is that there is no specimen 
extant of Allioni’s plant; and correspondence with several 
Italian botanists leaves it doubtful as to whether acuta or stricta 
is his plant. 

Carex aquatilis, var. epigetos, Leest. 

Now in the “ Journal of Botany,” 1897, I notice two plants 
so named, one the plant of Lestadius (1822), and the other of 
Fries ‘‘ Bot. Not.” (1843), p. 105. That of 1822 was the plant 
from Perthshire which Dr. Almquist named as such; there I 
express doubt of its being so. The other is a form of sad/zna, 
which Richter, following Nyman, makes the C. dzcolor, Nyl.” 
Nylander? has no such name; it is no doubt a clerical error 
for discolor, which he has. I there say I have seen only three 
specimens of this epzgezos from Scotland ; 2z.e. in herb. Boswell, 
Kew, and my own collections. Anderson keeps up Nylander’s 
species; Almquist and Hjelt? make it a form of C. sadina, 
sub-sp. cuspidata ; and Fries puts it with the stirpes C. salzna. 


1 C. subulata, Michaux (1803), will have to bear the name C. Co//zzszz, Nutt. 
(1818). 


2 <«¢Spec. Fl. Fenn.” part iii. (1846) p. 12. 
3 <Consp. Fl. Fenn.” (1895), 281. 


NOTES ON THE REVIEW OF KUKENTHAL’S CAREX 113 


It is a plant of Russian Lapland (ZLapponta murmanica). The 
var. sphagnophila of aquatilis is very near epfigezos, Leest., differ- 
ing by its pale (not dark) scales! It may be noted that 
Nylander, pt. ii. (1844), 23, describes efzgezos, Leest., under that 
name. 

C. aqguatilis x salina ( = C. Grantit, mihi) was first found by 
Mr. Grant, not Mr. Marshall, who gathered it some years after. 
C. aquatilis x Hudsonit (= C. hibernica, mihi), C. Goodenoviti, 
Gay. Gay so spelt it, though it is not really the author’s name. 
No doubt Kiukenthal is right in making it jwzcea (Fr.), 1842, 
and not juncella (Fr.), 1857. The var. strictiformis, Bailey, 
Mem. Torrey Bot. Club, i. (1889), p. 74 (sub-vulgaris) is thus 
characterised: ‘Tall and lax (134 to 24 feet high), the leaves 
long and narrow ; staminate spike longer peduncled ; pistillate 
spike looser and often longer than in the species, the perigynia 
never being so densely packed and usually being browner: 
Canada, Maine south to Pennsylvania. The plant stands mid- 
way between C. vulgaris and C. stricta. From the latter it is 
distinguished by not growing in tufts, and by its narrower and 
smoother leaves, and very obtuse black or brown and white- 
nerved short scales.” 

The ‘ C. elytroides, Fries,” of my paper was an error, the speci- 
mens representing a peculiar form of Goodenovit. C. spiculosa, 
Fr., has been by the Scandinavian authors considered a hybrid 
—probably C. Goodenovit x salina in one of its many forms. 
My var. forma nova, febridense, mihi, Zc, I there give the 
date of Nylander’s part 1. as 1843, but I did not then possess 
it; the true date is June 1844. ‘There is no more difficult 
European Carex than sa/zna to limit. 

C. rigida, var. infer-alpina, Lest. (1839). 

If Kukenthal makes this the same as C. concolor, R. Brown, 
in “Supp. App. Parry’s Voyage” (1823), 218; then I think he 
is wrong, no doubt it is a 7ig¢da form; but zzfer-alpina is a 
much more robust form. 

Carex flava, L. 

It is curious that Bailey? has a var. rectcrostrata, from Van- 
couver’s Island (Macoun). He observes C. wiridula, Boott., 
“TIL,” t. 523, may possibly belong here, although the perigynia 
are rather those of @derz. 

C. pilulifera, L.—The identity of the vars. Zees¢? and longi- 
bracteata has been denied; but Fernauld (2c, 499-504) made 
a careful comparison of all European and American forms, and 
agrees they are the same. I have no doubt I have Lange’s 
plant. 


1 Fernald in “‘ Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sciences,” xxxvii. (1902), 497. 
2 «Bot. Gazette ” (1888), p. 84. 


74 E 


114 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


C. ligerica, Gay.—Named by Beeckeler; but his work was 
not good, as Mr. C. B. Clarke has often shown me. 

C. diluta, Bierb, and C. punctata, Gaud., the writer says 
“not the same.” If so, di/u¢a is wrongly named in some 
herbaria ! 

With regard to our Carices, the date 1897 is thirteen years ago. 
Much has been done since to make for a perfect enumeration, 
but all has not been done yet. In America, Prof. Bailey has 
discussed, described, visited Europe, and seen all the types he 
could ; yet Mr. Fernauld comes along in 1902, and reviews and 
readjusts many of his conclusions. Had Mr. C. B. Clarke 
lived, he would have reviewed the whole genus; the present 
author of the Carex Monograph, in the “ Pflanzenreich,” owes 
much to my late friend. 


ADDITIONS, HOR) mogs21909. 00) CENSUS OF 
SCOMISH” HEPATICGA:. 


By Symers M. Macvicar. 


THERE are 89 additions to be given since the last instalment 
was published in July 1908. Lophozta longidens has not 
been previously recorded for the west of Scotland. A melan- 
choly interest attaches to the record of Pvezssza quadrata 
from Shetland, owing to the death of the finder, Mr. W. H. 
Beeby. The death of this most accurate botanist is a great 
loss to Scottish botany, and an especial loss to those who 
had the privilege of being his correspondents. 


75. AMR: 
Lophozia bantriensis, /. J7‘Andrew. 
Kantia arguta, AZzss K. B. Macvicar. 

78. PEEBLES. 
Lunularia cruciata, /. J7‘Andrew in lit? 
Lophozia badensis, 1% Evans. 

79. SELKIRK. 

(S. M. Macvicar.) 


Marchantia polymorpha. Lepidozia setacea. 
Marsupella emarginata. Scapania gracilis. 


ADDITIONS TO CENSUS OF SCOTTISH HEPATIC 


80. ROXBURGH. 
Ptilidium ciliare ay 
Cephaloziella stellulifera j S. A. Macvicar. 
82. HADDINGTON. 


(J. M‘Andrew.) 


Lophozia excisa. Scapania purpurascens. 
L. barbata. Madotheca leevigata. 
Cephaloziella byssacea. Lejeunea cavifolia. 


83. EDINBURGH. 


Aplozia sphzerocarpa, /. JZ‘Andrew. 


84. LINLITHGOW. 
(J. M‘Andrew.) 


Preissia quadrata. Lophozia incisa. 
Lophozia badensis. Cephaloziella bifida. 
$5. EDEE, 


Riccia Lescuriana, G. West. 


86. STIRLING. 


Cephaloziella byssacea, S. JZ, Macvicar. 


87. WEST PERTH. 


Lophozia turbinata, IV. Zvans. 


88. Mip PERTH. 


Lophozia obtusa, D. A. Jones and H. H. Knight. 


89. East PERTH. 


Cephaloziella byssacea, /. Fergusson. 


94. BAnrr. 
Pallavicinia Blytti, 7, 4. Wheldon and A. Wilson. 


95. ELGIN. 
(Miss E. Armitage.) 
Aneura latifrons. Ptilidium ciliare. 


Mylia anomala. Scapania gracilis. 
Cephaloziella byssacea, AZzss A. 4. Macvicar. 


II5 


116 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


96. East INVERNESS. 
(J. A. Wheldon and A. Wilson.) 


Gymnomitrium crassifolium. Bazzania trilobata. 
Marsupella Pearsoni. Scapania uliginosa. 
Aplozia cordifolia. S. obliqua. 


97. WEST INVERNESS. 
(J. B. Duncan and H. H. Knight.) 
Pallavicinia Blyttii. Chandonanthus setiformis. 
Marsupella condensata. Lophozia longidens. 
Harpanthus Flotowianus. 
Anthoceros levis, S. AZ, Macvicar. 
98. ARGYLL. 
Lophozia longidens, 7. 7. Knight. Cephalozia reclusa, D. Kennedy. 


100. CLYDE ISLEs. 
(Miss K. B. Macvicar.) 


Pellia Neesiana. Madotheca Thuja. 
Sphenolobus exsectzeformis. 


(J. M‘Andrew.) 


Aplozia riparia. Sphenolobus minutus. 

A. atrovirens. Lophocolea heterophylla. 
A. crenulata. Scapania nemorosa. 
Lophozia inflata. Marchesinia Mackaii. 

L. Muelleri. 

Marchantia pol nem | 

Lophozia gracilis J. M‘Andrew in itt. 

L. Floerki 


Cephalozia curvifolia, P. Lwing. 


101. CANTYRE. 
(P. Ewing.) 


Aneura multifida. Bazzania triangularis. 
A. palmata. Scapania nemorosa. 
Mylia anomala. Microlejeunea ulicina. 
Cephalozia connivens. Jubula Hutchinsiz. 


Odontoschisma Sphagni. 


104. NORTH EBUDES. 
Cephaloziella byssacea, S. JZ, Macvicar. 


105. Wesr Ross. 
Cephaloziella byssacea, S. AZ. Macvicar. 


ADDITIONS TO CENSUS OF SCOTTISH HEPATIC D7, 


108. WEst SUTHERLAND. 


(D. Lille.) 
Aneura latifrons. Mylia anomala. 
Metzgeria furcata. Cephalozia fluitans. 
M. pubescens. Blepharostoma trichophyllum. 
Aplozia pumila. Scapania aspera. 
Lophozia atlantica. S. irrigua. 


110. OUTER HEBRIDES. 


Cephaloziella byssacea, W. lest. 


III. ORKNEY. 
Metzgeria hamata LD. Lillie Anthelia julacea | 


i Dy. rane. 
Nardia compressa J Herberta adunca J *“” Gran 


112. SHETLAND. 


Preissia quadrata, W. 7. Beeby. 


ZOOLOGICAL NOTES. 


Extraordinary Fecundity of a Whale (alenoptera musculus). 
—TI have in previous papers stated that Whales have very rarely more 
than one calf at a birth. Still they have, as pointed out by Mr. 
Harvie-Brown and others, been known to have twins, but such an 
event 1s most unusual. 

I have now to record a most singular instance, which was 
brought to my notice by Mr. T. E. Salvesen of Leith. Captain M. 
C. Bull, manager of some stations in Iceland, had a cow Common 
Rorqual (Balenoptera musculus) of 65 feet in length brought in. 
He was present when the whale was cut up, and to his astonishment 
it contained six foetuses. Of these three measured 34 inches each, 
one 20 inches, one 18 inches, and one 17 inches. 

Had the whale given birth to all six it is unlikely that more 
than two could have lived, the whale having only two teats. 

Captain Bull has great experience in whaling, probably more 
than any one else. This has caused the Norwegian papers to 
notice what is a most curious circumstance, and can admit of no 
doubt.—R. C, Hartpanr, Lochend, Shetland. 


Large Otter in “‘ Tay.”—An Otter is recorded as having been 
trapped on Fonab Water of the river Tummel by Mr. Jas. Cowie, 
which is given as ‘‘ 3 ft. 9 ins. in length from tip to tip,” and “ of the 
unusual weight of 25 lbs.” J. A. Harvir-Brown. 


118 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


Crossbills on the North-East Coast.—Mr. A. G. Gavin records 
that a number of Crossbills have been caught at Fraserburgh ; and 
fishermen have caught a number at sea. One fisherman reported 
that there were “hundreds” drowned, not being able to continue 
their flight to land. Mr. Gavin, with whom I have been in direct 
correspondence, informs me that these are the first that he has any 
knowledge of as having ever been seen upon this bleak north- 
eastern district of Aberdeenshire. Eight birds are reported as 
frequenting the gardens about Wick and feeding entirely upon 
green-fly (D. M‘Lean zz d¢., 22nd July 1909).—J. A. HARvIE- 
BROWN. 

Albino Reed Bunting in Solway Area.—I was shown a bird 
in December that almost proved a puzzle as to identity. It was 
absolutely pure white, except that there was one minute feather on 
the shoulder of one wing, brown. The bill was that of a Bunting, 
and so were the legs and feet, and also the wing formula. So, 
with a little comparison, it was seen to be a Reed Bunting (Lmberiza 
scheniclus). It is in the possession of the tenant of Brae of 
Lochrutton, and makes a very pretty and interesting specimen. It 
was described as having a novel and conspicuous appearance when 
seen flying amongst a great flock of other small birds in dark winter 
weather.— ROBERT SERVICE, Maxwelltown. 


Greater Wheatear at Mull of Galloway: a Correction.— I 
am sorry that a mistake has been made regarding the date of 
the occurrence of Saxzcola leucorrhoa recorded in the “ Annals ” 
for January (p. 55). The bird was obtained on r2th September, 
not 12th August as stated.— ANNIE C. Jackson, Swordale. 


Great Spotted Woodpecker near Penpont, Dumfriesshire.—I 
watched a bird of this species for fully fifteen minutes on 23rd 
December 1909. There were 4 inches of snow on the ground at 
the time.—Hvucu S. GLapsTone&, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire. 


Great Spotted Woodpecker in Forth and Dee.—On 12th March 
1909, a Great Spotted Woodpecker was .brought to Mr. Mowat, 
Teacher, Dunipace School, and was preserved by him for the 
School Museum. One was seen in Carron Glen on 18th July 
1909. 

In 1908, Mr. A. Macdonald wrote from The Public School, 
Durris, Aberdeen, to Mr. Lawson, Manager, Braemar, about a bird 
which appeared to be a Great Spotted Woodpecker. This now— 
r1g09—seems to have been correct, and this spring—1909—the 
bird continues, and it may be nesting.—J. A. HaRvIE-BRown. 


Greenland Faleons in Seotland.—During the past winter we 
have had quite a visitation of Greenland Falcons, Falco candicans. 
Not only have they been observed in Scotland, but Ireland has been 
similarly favoured by the visits of no less than six, and as in Scotland, 


ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 119 


more have in all probability escaped notice, and it is to be hoped 
the gun. The first Scottish visitor was shot at Barra on 15th 
December, and another was seen on Christmas Day; another was 
observed near Inverbroom, West Ross-shire, late in December ; an 
adult female was shot near Pitlochry on 4th January; an adult 
male was shot near Blairgowrie on 23rd January ; two were seen at 
the Flannan Islands, one in December, and the second on 25th 
January; another is said to have been shot on Schiehallion, “ early in 
the year,” and lastly one was seen in South Uist during most of 
January ; making nine birds in all. For the above information 
we are indebted to Lady Fowler, Mr. W. L. MacGillivray, Mr. T. G. 
Laidlaw, and Mr. Robert Anderson.—J. A. Harvir-Brown and 
Wm. EAGLE CLARKE. 


Bittern in Fife.—A very fine specimen of a male bittern 
(Botaurus stellaris) was taken near Cupar, Fife, on 11th January 
last. Mr. Adam Paterson, gamekeeper to Mr. Home-Rigg of Tarvit, 
was looking for duck on the bank of the Eden about half a mile 
below the town, between three and four in the afternoon, when a 
large bird rose suddenly. He fired and winged it. The bittern 
was most pugnacious, and struck out at the gamekeeper with its long, 
sharp bill, missing his eye by an inch. The specimen has been set 
up by Messrs. Small & Son, Edinburgh, who say it is the finest 
bittern they have had through their hands—Hernry H. Brown, 
Cupar. 


Long-tailed Duek near Gretna, Dumfriesshire.—An adult 
male was killed by a fisherman on znd November 1gog._ It is in 
remarkably full winter plumage, and is now in the Tullie House 
Museum, Carlisle, as I am informed by the curator, Mr. L. E. 
Hope.—Hucu S. GLapstrong, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire. 


Stock Dove in Dee.—Mr. A. Macdonald, Durris, informs me 
that the Stock Dove has nested now—19o0g—for two years, in 
the Parish of Banchory Ternan, and he himself has found the 
broken egg-shells in the hole in the rock where they breed.—J. A. 
HarvVIE-BRowN. 


Hybrid Blackeoek and Capereaillie in Kineardineshire.—In 
1906 a brood of these hybrids was reared close to Fasque, Laurence- 
kirk. The Capercaillie hen (the mother) was frequently seen with 
her progeny, which is confidently stated by the gamekeeper on the 
beat to have consisted of four cocks and three hens. These have 
since been accounted for as follows:—18th January 1907—One 
male was killed, and is now stuffed and in the possession of Sir 
John Gladstone at Fasque. roth December 1907—One male 
and one female were shot. The male is now in the possession of 
Lieut.-Col. C. J. Cotes, at Pitchford Hall, Shropshire. The female 
was unfortunately not preserved. One male was picked up dead 


120 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


in 1908, but was not in a fit condition to keep. 15th December 
rg09—One male was shot, and is now stuffed and in the posses- 
sion of the writer. One female was also shot, but being only 
winged was unfortunately not retrieved. The above notes are 
especially interesting in view of the fact that so experienced a 
naturalist as Mr. J. G. Millais, writes :—‘‘ Female examples of 
this hybrid are extremely rare, even on the continent, and I do 
not know of a British example” (“The Natural History of Game 
Birds,” 1909, p. 16). Itseems highly probable that female examples 
of this hybrid, when they occur, are much more liable to escape 
notice than their more conspicuous brethren: but even so, it is 
certainly very strange that they should be stated authoritatively to 
be so rare. In all justice to Mr. Millais, it remains to be pointed 
out that in the “life-history” (if it may be so called) of the seven 
Kincardineshire specimens above mentioned, there is to-day no 
ocular proof of the previous existence of a female bird. The four 
males of the brood are satisfactorily accounted for; two of the 
females are believed to have been shot and lost; the third female 
would still seem to await a fate which may yet be glorious, as gain- 
ing for it the title of the first recorded British specimen of a female 
hybrid resulting from the cross of a Blackcock and a Capercaillie 
hen.—Hucu S. GLADSTONE, Capenoch, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire. 

Capereaillie in East Lothian.—On 17th December, 1909, Mr. 
A. M. T. Fletcher of Saltounhall shot in his own woods a female 
Capercaillie (Zetrao urogallus), rather small and not very well 
nourished. Having heard that Mr. J. D. Hope, M.P., had liberated 
some Capercaillie a few years previously at Letham (which is only 
5 miles from Saltounhall woods as the crow flies) I went to him 
about it. He informs me that he reared two male birds from eggs 
sent to him, one of which he knows was afterwards shot. But as 
the Saltounhall Capercaillie was a female it was certainly not the 
other imported bird.—H. N. Bonar, Saltoun. 

Occurrence of Anarrhichas latifrons in the North Sea.— On 
5th February 1910, a “Jelly Cat,” Avarrhichas latifrons, was sent 
to the Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, by Mr. Eunson, fish merchant. 
It was in a fresh condition, having evidently been captured quite 
recently. It had not been gutted. The fish, it was reported, had 
been landed by one of the smaller Aberdeen trawlers, which work 
in the North Sea, and within a comparatively short distance off Aber- 
deen. It measured 3 feet 5 inches in length. A small pink-coloured 
Trematode, found in the stomach, was diagnosed by Dr. Wm. 
Nicoll, Lister Institute, London, as Zebouria tdonea, a form which 
is common in Anarrhichas lupus.—H. Cuas. WILLIAMSON, Marine 
Laboratory, Aberdeen. 

[This fish is the ‘‘ Blue Sea-Cat” of the Norwegians. It differs 
from its allies A. Zvpus and A. minor, as follows :—the vomerine row 


ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 121 


of teeth is shorter than the row on each of the palatine bones; the 
dorsal fin ends in an even curve down to the base of the caudal fin ; 
the top of the frontal bones behind the eyes is at least as broad 
as the interorbital space; colour dark greyish brown or a lighter 
chocolate colour, with indistinct round, or rounded quadrangular, 
black spots, partly arranged in slightly marked transverse bands 
across the back. It occurs on the coasts of Greenland and Iceland, 
as well as in Norwegian Finmark. It has not hitherto, we believe, 
been found in British Seas.—Ebs. | 

Occurrence of Velella spirans, /sc/scho/¢z, in Seottish Waters. 
—During the autumn of 1904 Mr. Wm. Eagle Clarke discovered, on 
the Flannan Isles, a solitary specimen of this tropical and sub- 
tropical Siphonophore, which he has since presented to the Royal 
Scottish Museum. The Ve/e/la was found, after a strong south- 
westerly gale, resting on a mass of spume with which it had been 
borne to the top of the cliffs almost a hundred feet in height by the 
force of the wind. It was perfectly fresh, of a brilliant blue colour, 
and examination shows that the specimen was mature, for large 
numbers of gonophores occur on the gonozooids or reproductive 
individuals. Vée/ella spirans is a casual visitor to the British Isles, 
where it is occasionally found on the western coast, but probably 
only after a gale from the Atlantic. It may have been the species 
recorded from Scottish waters so long ago as 1771; of which 
Fleming in his “History of British Animals” (Edinburgh, 1828), 
p. 500, says that ‘‘Dr. Walker, in his MS. ‘adversaria’ for 1771, 
states the JZedusa velella of Linnzeus as having been found at Ose 
in Sky; and Mr. Pennant in his ‘Caledonian Zoology,’ prefixed to 
Lightfoot’s ‘Flora Scotica,’ vol. i. 66, notices the same animal 
without any remark. It is impossible to determine with certainty to 
which of the modern species these references belong.” Prof. M‘Intosh 
also refers to its occurrence on the Scottish coast where, on the 
Outer Hebrides, ‘countless myriads of the little Ve/e//a are tossed 
in autumn on the sand” (“‘ Marine Invert. and Fishes of St. Andrews,” 
1875, p. 32). On the south-west of Ireland its occurrence, as one 
would expect, is more frequent ; for example, at Valentia Harbour, 
in the south-west of Kerry, there occurred in April 1899 a shoal 
of small specimens, in June 1900 a large shoal, and in July 1go1 
a solitary large specimen (M. and C. Delap, ‘Rep. Fisheries, 
Ireland,” for 1902-1903, pt. 2, App. I. [1905], p. 4), while others 
were stranded to the west of Cork Harbour on roth October 1903 
(H. A. Martin, “Irish Naturalist,” xiii, 1904, p. 27).—JAMES 
RircHigz, The Royal Scottish Museum. 

Ornithobius goniopleurus, Devxy, on the Bernacle Goose.— 
The hosts given by Denny, and quoted by Piaget, for this Mallo- 
phagous parasite are the Canada Goose and the Goosander ; and 
Giebel gives it from the Mute Swan. To these I can add the 


122 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


Bernacle goose (Bernicla leucopsis), having obtained two examples off 
a specimen of that bird shot at Cobbinshaw Reservoir, Midlothian, 
on oth October 1906, and one from a specimen killed at Barra, 
Outer Hebrides, in January 1910.—WI1L.L1aM Evans, Edinburgh. 


Priapulus eaudatus, Zam., on the Fife Coast.—On 5th March 
(1910) I dug a small example of this curious Gephyrean out of the 
mud between tide-marks in Dalgetty Bay, west of Aberdour, Fife. 
Its length, with the “introvert” extended, was about 2} inches. 
The previous records from the Firth of Forth are :—two found at 
Leith by Dr. Coldstream prior to 1828 (Fleming’s “ British Animals,” 
p. 492), one near Granton by Sir John Dalyell (‘‘ Powers of the 
Creator,” vol. ii. p. 253), and some taken by Dr. Thomas Scott 
from stomachs of fishes caught in the Forth (8th Report, 1889, 
Fish. Bd. Scot., pt. iii. p. 332).—WiILLiAM Evans, Edinburgh. 


Asearis osculata, Ruvd., from a Common Seal killed in the 
Inner Hebrides —In August 1908 I obtained about a dozen 
specimens of this large Nematode from the nasal cavity of a 
Common Seal (Phoca vitulina) shot at Coll, Inner Hebrides, that 
month. Some of the worms were shown to Mr. A. E. Shipley, who 
confirmed the identification WILLIAM Evans, Edinburgh. 


BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEWS. 


Saxifraga esespitosa, Z.—In my Notes on this plant? I 
omitted to refer to Dr. Craig’s notice in the Ladin. Bot. Soc. 
Trans. xvii. (1889) pp. 69-72. From his account there appears to 
be some discrepancy as to the date of the gathering of Dr. M. 
Barry’s specimens. On the label accompanying my specimens it is 
“ August 6 (not 3 as printed), 1830. This is one of Barry’s original 
specimens, see Syme, E.B.” F. M. Webb, zz Z#¢. Dr. Craig, speak- 
ing of Mr. W. M‘Nab’s gathering on Beinn A’Bhuird in August 1836, 
says :—‘ The following year (1831) Prof. Graham, Mr. W. M‘Nab, 
Dr. M. Barry and others, made a special search on Beinn A’Bhuird, 
but failed to find it. After the party returned, Mr. M‘Nab and Dr. 
Barry returned and again searched the mountain, but without 
success. Dr. Barry remained behind, and accompanied by Mr. J. 
Mackenzie, gardener at Invercauld, as his guide, examined the rocks 
on Ben Avon facing Beinn A’Bhuird, and they were successful. The 
first specimen was picked by Mr. Mackenzie, so that he, and not 
Dr. Barry, was the real discoverer of the Ben Avon station. Dr. 
Barry visited this station again in 1832, and picked the plant 
sparingly,” so it would seem that Mr. Watson’s specimens were 


1 <¢ Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.,” 174, 1909. 


BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEWS 123 


not of the first gathering. Dr. Craig goes on to say that “ Prof. 
Babington in a letter remarks, ‘Hooker, in 1821, seems to have 
had specimens gathered by Don (“ Scot. FI.,” pt. i. p. 32).’” Ido 
not agree with Prof. Babington in this; looking at Don’s descrip- 
tions! of this, comdensata, and denudata, and Smith’s remarks on 
them, they seem to me to come under Aypnordes and granlandi.a? 
and Hooker’s cesfitosa was evidently an aggregate species. Dr. 
Craig says, ‘In the herbarium of Dr. Gordon of Birnie, there is a 
specimen labelled ‘Ben Avon, Aug. 1831. W. A. Stables,’ with 
label in his handwriting.” 

In the first edition of the “Species Plantarum,” 1, 404, 1753, 
Linnzeus describes two Saxifrages— 

“No. 24. S. grenlandica. Habitat Greenlandia, forte etiam in 
Pyrenzis and Helveticis Alpibus. 

“No. 27. .S. cespitosa. Habitat in Alpibus Lapponicis, Helveticis, 
Tridentinis, Monspelii.” 

The Greenland, Iceland, and Scottish specimens (Dr. Barry and 
Mr. Evans) accord very well with the latter (No. 27), the Ben 
Lawers and Tul Dhu, Wales, may go to the former (No. 24). 

Hooker and Arnott (ed. 8, 1860) evidently have No. 27 in 
view, as has also Bentham (ed. 1, 1858). And although so well 
known to be what was called a ‘“‘lumper,” Bentham certainly refers 
to the Arctic cespitosa (No. 27), and not to the mixture of cesfztosa, 
decipiens, and grenlandica. 

It is difficult no doubt for anyone who has not seen the true 
cespitosa to see why the Irish, Welsh, and Ben Lawers specimens 
may not be so named. Of course if you make an aggregate species 
including all these the matter is easily settled, in fact authors differ 
ad lib. as to this section of the genus. 

In the second edition of the “Cybele Hibernica” (1898), 131, 
the authors remark, under SS. Aypnoides, L., var. granlandica (Eugl.), 
“To this, rather than to S. cespztosa, L., should probably be referred 
the plants gathered by Mackay and Mr. Linton on Brandon.” In 
this I quite agree with them. No doubt Prof. Babington put the 
Welsh and other specimens under his cesfz/osa, as he speaks of 
having gathered “‘.S. cesfitosa in Clogwyn-y-Garnedd” in “ Journ. of 
Life” (1897), p. 10. And of course others may say “you are 
simply dealing with a super-species here, made up of many sub- 
species; if so, which name should it bear, ‘gva@nlandica’ or 
‘ cespitosa’ ?”— A. BENNETT. 

Helleborine atroviridis, 1’. A. Zzz/on, in W. Sutherland.— 
Rey. E. F. Linton has called my attention to a specimen sent to: 
him as £pipactis latifolia from Ardskinid Point, Tongue Bay, July 
tgo0o, which I had noted as having green flowers, scarcely tinged 
with pink. He remarks that “it looks like ovads, but that with 


1 «Trans. Linn. Soc.,” V. xiii. 444-448. 


124 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


these flowers and gradually decreasing, narrowing leaves it should 
be atroviridis. Not datéfolia!” My own herbarium-specimen (No. 
1930) of August 3, 1907, from the same locality, fully bears out 
this opinion ; it is, in fact, quite like the Little Doward, Hereford- 
shire, Z. ovalis, Bab., which Rev. A. Ley and I recently found to 
be identical with authentic atroviridis (ovalis is for the most part a 
synonym of at¢rorubens). It follows that the hybrid found in 1900, 
and published as £. atrorubens x latifolia, is so only in an aggregate 
sense, and should be called Hed/eborine atrorubens x atroviridis, n. 
hybr.—EpwarpD S. MARSHALL. 


CURRENT LITERATURE. 


The Titles and Purport of Papers and Notes relating to Scottish Natural 
History which have appeared during the Quarter—January-March 1910. 


[The Editors desire assistance to enable them to make this Section as complete as 
possible. Contributions on the lines indicated will be most acceptable, and 
will bear the initials of the Contributor. The Editors will have access to the 
sources of information undermentioned. ] 


ZOOLOGY. 


THE WoLF IN SCOTLAND AND ELSEWHERE. J. R. M‘Clymont. 
The Zoologist, February, 1910, pp. 72, 73- 


On THE Birps oF THE GLascow District. John Paterson. 
The Glasgow Naturalist, vol. ii. No. 2 (February 1910), pp. 43-61. 
Notes on 179 species, 47 of which are not recorded in Gray’s 
list published in 1876. 


Some INTERESTING BritisH Insects (II.). G. C. Champion, 
F.Z.S., and R. W. Lloyd, F.G.S. £nt. Mo. Mag., January 1910, 
pp. 1-3, pl. i. Créocephalus rusticus, Dej. from Nethy Bridge, and 
Pachyta sexmaculata, L., from Aviemore and Nethy Bridge, are 
figured and described. 


METHVEN Moss As A COLLECTING GROUND FOR ENTOMOLOGY. 
William Wylie. Zvans. Perthshire Soc. Nat. Sct., vol. v. Ppt. Ig 
(1908-1909) pp. 1-5. Lists given of Macrolepidoptera, rare Dip- 
tera, and a few Dragonflies. 


MALACOSOMA NEUSTRIA, L., IN KINCARDINESHIRE. James 
Waterston. £xzomologist, January 1910, pp. 36-37. Notes ona 
case of accidental introduction of this species in the egg-state, the 
eggs being found on a rose-bush imported from Holland. 

CEMIOSTOMA SUSINELLA, H.-S., A TINEID NEW TO THE BRITISH 
List, Iv SCOTLAND. Eustace R. Bankes, M.A., F.ES. £ut. Mo. 


Mag., January 1910, pp. 8-9. Two specimens taken at Aviemore 
in June 1909. 


CURRENT LITERATURE 125, 


CRYPHALUS ABIETIS, RATZ., IN SCOTLAND. T. Hudson-Beare. 
Ent. Mo. Mag., February 1910, p. 32. Specimen taken at Gore- 
bridge on May 13, 1905. 

SoME HYMENOPTERA FROM THE HIGHLANDS. Claude Morley. 
Ent. Mo. Mag., February 1910, pp. 36-38. Records of 47 species 
(comprising Ichneumonide, Braconidz, Proctotrypide, Aculeata 
and Tenthredinidz). 

ACULEATE AND OTHER HYMENOPTERA IN Soay (SKYE). C. H. 
Mortimer. LZxt. Mo. Mag., February 1910, p. 39. Seven species 
recorded. 

Two New Species OF ANTHOMYIDA, IN THE GENUS FANNIA, 
R. D. (= Homatomyia, Boucns). J. R. Malloch. L£z¢. Mo. Mag., 
March 1910, pp. 67-68. Fannia nigra, n. sp., from Dumbartonshire 
and F. femorata, n. sp., from Aberfoyle. 


ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO THE BritisH List or Muscip& 
ACALYPTRAT&. J. E. Collin, F.E.S. £f. Mo. Mag., February 
1910, pp. 47-48. Cordylura atrata, Ztt., Amaurosoma brevifrons, 
Ztt., and Acanthocnema nigrimana, Ztt., are recorded as Scottish. 


LirE-HistoRyY OF DREPANEPTERYX PHALANOIDES, LINN. 
Kenneth J. Morton, F.E.S. nz. Mo. Mag., March 1910, pp. 54- 
62. In this interesting paper the known records (including the 
Scottish) of the species are summarised (pp. 55-56). 


List OF THE ‘‘CLYDE” COPEOGNATHA, OR Psocipa&. James 
J. F. X. King, FES. Zhe Glasgow Naturalist, vol. i. No. 2 
(February 1910), pp. 34-36. Twenty-one species enumerated as 
occurring in the Clyde valley, with localities. 


A METHOD FOR THE STUDY OF THE ANIMAL ECOLOGY OF THE 
SHORE, Ju. Aly LE.) Kung. sicAL, and! E. S. Russell, M.A. °270a 
Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., xvii. No. 6 (October 1909), pp. 225-253. 
Gives the results of a method employed at Millport in August 1908. 
The list of species obtained includes eleven not previously recorded 
for the Clyde. 

NorTes FROM MILLPoRT MARINE BIOLOGICAL STATION. Richard 
Elmhirst, F.L.S. Zhe Zoologist, February 1910, pp. 69-71. Notes 
on the Common Hermit-Crab, Eupagurus bernhardus (L.), associated 
with Suberites domuncula ; Moulting and Regeneration of Galathea 
strigosa, Fabr.; the Lobster ; ‘‘ Pull” of Solen siliqua ; and Spawn 
of Oscanius (Pleurobranchus) membranaceus. 

ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE THORNY LOBSTER (PALINURUS 
VULGARIS) IN BritisH WaTERS. James Ritchie, M.A., B.Sc. Proc. 
Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., vol. xviii. No. 1, pp. 68-71 (February 1910). 
A number of Scottish records are given in this paper. 

SomE MrEpus#& AND CTENOPHORES FROM THE FIRTH OF ForRTH. 
William Evans and J. H. Ashworth, D.Sc. Proc. Roy. Phys. 


126 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


Edin., xvii. No. 6. (October 1909), pp. 300-311. Records thirteen 
species, several of them new to the Forth, obtained at Dunbar and 
Burntisland in 1908. 

BOTANY. 


SUPPLEMENTARY RECORDS OF BRITISH Rupr. By Rev. W. Moyle 
Rogers (Journ. Bot., 1909, 340-346), completes lists begun in the 
previous month. 

THE BritisH RosEs (EXCLUDING Evu-canin&). By Major A. H. 
Wolley-Dod (Journ. Bot., 1910, Appendix, pp. 1-32). 

BRITISH SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF THyMus. By Rev. E. F. 
Linton (Journ. Bot., 1909, 346-348). A few additions to records 
from Scotland; a form new to Britain, Z: Ldvyanus Opiz, from 
Ireland, is described. 

BritisH Oaks. By C. E. Moss ( Journ. Bot., 1910, 1-8, 33-39, 
pl. 502). @Q. Rodur has reflexed auricles at base of leaf-blade and 
has not branched hairs; Q. sessz/zflora has branched hairs on lower 
surface of leaves but has no auricles; the hybrid odbur x 
sessiliflora has both auricles and branched hairs. (W. Perth, 
hb. B. M. and Dumbarton, hb. K.) 

New ReEcorDs IN SCOTTISH BrvopHyta. By _ Eleonora 
Armitage (Journ. Bot., 1910, 57-58). Seven mosses and four liver- 
worts from Elginshire (95), two mosses from Easterness (96), and 
one moss from Knockdolian Hills in Ayrshire (75). 

DicRANUM BERGERI, BLAND., IN CAITHNESS. By Cecil B. 
Crampton (Journ. Bot., 1910, 23). New to Scotland ; forms large 
fertile cushions near the Dubh Lochans on Kilimster Moss. 

SoME HIGHLAND Funci. By Harold J. Wheldon (/ourn. Bot., 
1909, 348-349). From Speyside, twenty-eight species named (with 
altitudes in most cases) of which seven seem to be new to Speyside 
records. 

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF DUMFRIESSHIRE FuNGI. By 
A. Lorrain-Smith (Zzans. and Journ. of Proc. Dumfr. and Gall. NV. 
HT, and Anti, Soc., 1909, XX. pp. 170-177). 

NOTE SUR UNE NOUVELLE ESPECE DE PSEUDOPHACIDIUM. By 
E. Boudier (Zrans. Brit. Myc. Soc., Season 1908, p. 81, 1 pl.). 
P. Smithianum, on Empetrum nigrum in various parts of Scotland. 


BOOK NOTICES. 


A History OF THE Birps oF Kent. By Norman F. Ticehurst, 
M.A., F.R.C.S., F.Z.S., etc. With Twenty-four Plates and a Map. 
London: Witherby & Co., 1909. 215s. net. 

Judged from the ornithological standpoint, there are few 


BOOK NOTICES 127 


counties in Great Britain that can equal Kent in the attractions it 
offers to feathered inhabitants, and none can surpass it for the 
observation of migratory visitors. It has a diversified surface 
offering suitable haunts to a great variety of species for the rearing 
of their broods; while its geographical position in relation to the 
Continent renders it unique for witnessing the comings and goings 
of hosts of seasonal migrants and casual visitors. That such a 
county should have produced many bird-men in the past is not 
surprising, but it has been left, we may say fortunately left, to Dr. 
Ticehurst to treat of its avifauna in a way that does full justice to its 
importance. As a history, the author has based his book upon an 
exhaustive examination of the abundant literature at his disposal. 
The nature of the edifice to be raised on such substantial founda- 
tions, however, entirely depends upon the author’s personal experi- 
ences, for these alone must determine its attractive qualities and its real 
worth. That Dr. Ticehurst possesses these essential qualifications 
to an eminent degree is manifest throughout the volume. In an 
excellent introduction the topography of the county is well described, 
the nature of its avifauna discussed, migration in all its varied 
aspects treated of, and the work of other authors alluded to, Then 
follows the systematic portion of 557 pages wherein the 312 
species (excluding doubtful ones), of Kentish birds are admirably 
reviewed. We have studied most of the books devoted to British 
topographical ornithology, and in our opinion the “ Birds of Kent ” is 
second to none of them. ‘The volume is well got up, the illustrations, 
which are mainly from photographs of bird haunts, are very 
appropriate, while an orographical map of the county affords a 
useful appendix to a volume which is in every way well worthy of 
the patronage of British ornithologists. 


BRITISH WARBLERS: A HISTORY, WITH PROBLEMS OF THEIR 
Lives. By H. Eliot Howard, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. Illustrated by 
Henrich Gronvold. Part IV. London, R. H. Porter. 21s. net. 

It has been our pleasure to speak in the highest terms of praise 
of the previous parts of this entirely original and beautiful work. 
The part before us fully maintains the high standard, as regards both 
letterpress and plates, of those previously issued. The species now 
treated of are the Common and Lesser Whitethroats, the Greenish 
Willow Warbler, and the Siberian Chiff Chaff, to whose portraits and 
actions ten plates are allocated, while another plate contains 
excellent figures of the eggs of a number of species. We are 
glad to see that Mr. Howard, following in the footsteps of Prof. 
Newton, Mr. Howard Saunders, and other leading authorities, is 
including the more uncommon species as British Warblers. The 
question of what is a British species has, in our opinion, long ago 
been determined by the findings of the authors of the standard works 
on British Birds, and Mr. Howard’s beautiful plates will help to 


128 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


make the rarer species more familiar and hence less liable to be 
overlooked.—G. G.-M. 


REPORT ON THE IMMIGRATION OF SUMMER RESIDENTS IN THE 
SPRING OF 1908: ALSO NOTES ON THE AUTUMN MOVEMENTS OF 
1907. By a Committee of the British Ornithologist’s Club. 
London: Witherby & Co., 1909. 6s. 

This Annual Report is written on the same lines as those which 
we have noticed favourably in past years, and hence it does not 
call for an extended notice. It is to be commended to all those 
Scottish naturalists who are interested in the subject, since it usefully 
links up the details relating to their own country with that of 
England. The report has grown in scope since its inception in 
1906, and now includes records of “ Unscheduled Species,” and 
“Notes on the Migratory Movements of the Autumn,” and runs to 
235 pages. 

THE BriTIsH FRESHWATER RHIZOPODA AND HELiozoa. By 
the late James Cash, assisted by John Hopkinson, F.L.S., ete. 
Vol. IJ. Rhizopoda, Part II. (London: Ray Society, 1909.) 

The first volume of this valuable monograph was published in 
1905 (vide “Annals” for 1906, p. 127), and now we have the 
second of the series of three in which it is being issued before us. 
Owing to the lamented death of Mr. Cash on February 20, 1909, 
shortly after he had finished writing out the descriptions of the 
species and notes on distribution, the task of completing the MS., 
and seeing the volume through the press, fell entirely on Mr. 
Hopkinson. A proof, it is interesting to observe, was read by Dr. 
Penard of Geneva, and Prof. G. S. West has contributed to the 
illustrations. 

The present volume, which takes us to the end of the Arcellida, 
deals with 14 genera (Dzflugia to Zonomyxa), and 81 species with 
varieties, 13 of the species being new to science. ‘These are fully 
described in 166 pages of letterpress, and illustrated by an ample 
series of excellent figures, mostly from Mr. Cash’s own drawings, on 
16 plates, 10 of which are coloured, with many text-figures besides. 
The synonymy and references to literature to end of 1908—entirely 
the work of Mr. Hopkinson—are very full. Under each species is 
given a general statement as to the nature of the habitat, followed 
by a fair number of localities in various parts of the British Isles, 
including Scotland, both north and south. In all respects the 
volume worthily upholds the high traditions of the Ray Society’s 
publications. W. E. 


a) ee. oe ee 


~~ ae 


The Annals 


of 
Scottish Natural History 


No. 75] 1910 [JULY 


OBITUARY MEMOIR OF 
WHEE PAVE TADDON> BEEBY.,~ Fas: 


By Rev. Epwarp S. MarsHaLL, M.A., F.L.S. 


READERS of the “Scottish Naturalist” and its present 
successor will hardly need to be told that the sudden death, 
on 4th January, of the subject of this memoir, aged sixty, is 
a very serious loss to British Botany generally, and more 
particularly to that of Scotland; as, for many years past, 
his annual summer holidays had been spent in a careful and 
systematic study of the Flora of Shetland, and the results 
have been, from time to time, published in these pages. To 
the present writer, who is indebted to him for much help, 
especially in earlier days, these appear to be models of such 
records, combining keen observation and the fruits of long 
experience with close attention to detail and the most 
scrupulous accuracy. 

Beeby made his mark while still a very young man ; 
and he continued to add to our plant-knowledge, even after 
failing health had befallen him. The earliest Shetland 
paper from his pen known to me appeared in 1887; his 
discoveries there included several “first notices” of plants 
as British, besides the species and varieties described by 
himself. So far as I am aware, his only collections on the 
Scottish mainland were made near Aberdeen; but he was 


75 B 


130 ANNALS ‘OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


keenly interested in the plants of North Britain, as well as 
of the Faeroes, Iceland, and Scandinavia, and he corresponded 
regularly with such students as Ostenfeld, Dahlstedt, etc. 
Many years ago he attended a botanical congress at (I 
think) Upsala; and the few excursions made on that 
occasion probably led up to his work in our “ Ultima 
Thule 

For a long time I was in regular correspondence with 
him about the projected “Flora of Surrey,” which his 
business engagements as a bank official and his other 
occupations unfortunately prevented him from completing ; 
and I know how thoroughly he explored even the least 
attractive parts of that county, making full lists of the 
commonest, as well as of the rarer and more interesting 
plants; so that in some cases he had noted up to 300 
occurrences of a single species! All doubtful specimens 
were examined under the microscope, in the use of which 
he was remarkably proficient; and this practice accounts 
for the fact that his matured opinion about any given form 
was very seldom wrong. Personally he was reserved in 
manner, and thus became less well known to his botanical 
confreres generally than any other man of equal ability with 
whom I have had acquaintance. In his prime he hardly 
knew the meaning of fatigue, and was not disheartened by 
the longest day’s tramp over barren ground, with little or 
nothing to repay his trouble. 

The new species and varieties from Shetland published 
by Beeby are as follows :—Caltha radicans, Forster, var. 
setlandica (this he afterwards rightly regarded as only a 
leaf-form); Heeraccum Schmidtiz, Tausch, var. fealense ; 
H. dovrense, Fr., var. Hethlandieé ; H. breve ; H. zetlandicum ; 
HI. demissum, Stromf., var. australius ; H. subtruncatum ; 
HI. strictum, Fr., var. humilius,; H. crocatum, Fr., vars. 
congestum and vinaceum; Taraxacum spectabile, Dahlst., 
subsp. Gezrhilde ; and Glyceria distans, Wahlb., var. prostrata. 
His other additions to the list for v.c. 112 (those which 
are starred being novelties for Britain, when first found) are 
mainly taken from Mr. Arthur Bennett’s Supplement to 
“Topographical Botany,” ed. 2, issued as an appendix to 
the “Journal of Botany,” vol. xliii. (1905) :—Ranunculus 


OBITUARY MEMOIR OF WILLIAM HADDON BEEBY, F.L.S. 131 


Baudotit, Godr.; Cochlearia mucacea, E. S. Marshall, and 
*C. granlandica, L. (vera); Subularia aquatica; Brassica 
alba, Boiss.; Vzola sylvestris, Kit., V. canina, Fr. (erecetorum, 
Schrad.), and V. lutea, Huds. (this is queried); Drosera 
anglica, Huds.; Elatine hexandra, DC.; Sagina saginordes, 
Dalla Torre (sazatelis, Wimm.); Sfergularia marginata, 
Kittel ; Avenaria rubella, Hook.; Hypericum pulchrum, L., 
forma *procumbens, Rostrup (this I believe to be only a 
dwarf, prostrate state, due to exposure); LRadzola linozdes, 
Roth; <Axthyllis Vulnerarta, L., var. Déllentz (Schultz) ; 
Geum rivale, L.; *Callitriche polymorpha, Lonnr., and C. 
autumnalis, L.; Szum erectum, Huds. (angustifolium, L.) ; 
Hreractum Schmidti, Tausch, var. crinigerum, Fr.; ZH. 
silvaticum, Gouan, var. micracladium, Dahlst. ; *H. truncatum, 
Lindeb.; A. auratum, Fr., var. *thulense, F. J. Hanb.; 
* Taraxacum spectabile, Dahlst., and var. *maculiferum, Dahlst. 
(to this form he thought that most of the Scottish mainland 
specimens were referable) ; Avctzum mnemorosum, Lej. (as 
A. intermedium, Lange?); Veronica polita, Fr.; V. Tourne- 
fortiz, C. Gmel. (Burbaumi, Ten.); Euphrasca boreal, 
Towns. ; £. scottica, Wettst.; E. curta, Wettst., and forma 
*piccola, Towns.; *F. foulaensis, Towns.; Utricularia inter- 
media, Drev. and Hayne; U. minor, L.; Atriplex patula, L. 
(‘erecta’); Polygonum viviparum, L., var. *alpinum, Wahl. ; 
Oxyria digyna, Hill; Rumex conspersus, Hartm. (domestecus X 
obtustfolius) ; R. acutus, L. (pratensis, Koch, crispus x obtust- 
Jolius); Orchis incarnata, L.; Potamogeton pectinatus, L. ; 
72. ‘vaginatus, “Vurem; P. prelongus, Wull.; PP.) nztens. 
Weber; Ruppia maritima, L. (speralis, Hartm.); 2. rostel- 
lata, Koch; Zannichellia polycarpa, Nolte; Sparganium 
minimum, Fr.; S. simplex, Huds.; Lusula sylvatica, Gaud., 
var. *gracilis, Rostrup; Eleocharis acicularis, Roem. & 
Schult.; 4. wzzglumzs, Schultes ; £. multecaults, Sm. ; Scirpus 
paucifiorus, Lightf.; S. jluztans, L.; Carex fulva, Host 
(Hornschuchiana, Hoppe); Deschampsia setacea, Richter (Azra 
uliginosa, Weihe); Festuca rubra, L.; Cystopteris fragilts, 
Bernh. ; and J/soetes lacustris, L. 

In conclusion, it may be added that Beeby was strongly 
convinced of the value of cultivation as a test of permanent 
distinctness ; he thus proved (to my satisfaction, at least) the 


132 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


specific difference between Valerzana officinalis, L. (Mikaniz, 
Syme) and V. sambucifolia, Mikan. His Shetland Cerastzum 
arcticum, Lange, var. Edmondstoniz (C. nigrescens, Bab., 
prius), which kept constant as long as it was grown in a pot 
of its native serpentine earth, reverted to type on being 
transplanted into ordinary garden soil. 


West Monkton REcToRY, TAUNTON, 
6th Apri! 1910. 


REO ON -SCOtPSE, ORNITHOLOGY 
IN 1909: 


By Evetyn V. BAXTER and LEONORA JEFFREY RINTOUL. 


As a foreword to the Report, we desire to thank very 
cordially all those who have rendered its preparation possible 
by sending schedules and notes. These contain much that 
is of interest, and every item is of value ; we hope that those 
who have helped in the past will continue to do so and that 
other observers may be induced to give their kindly aid. 
Our thanks are due to Lewis Dunbar, Thurso; John S. 
Tulloch, Lerwick ; Her Grace the Duchess of Bedford and 
William Eagle Clarke, Fair Isle; T. Henderson, junr., Spiggie; 
The Lightkeepers, Sule Skerry; John Bain, Pentland 
Skerries, all in the northern group of localities; to A. 
Harley, Kirkcaldy; William Evans, Edinburgh; S. E. 
Brock, Kirkliston ; William F. Little, West Calder; Rev. 
H. N. Bonar, Saltoun ; Annie C. Jackson, East Ross; John 
Maccuish and ourselves, Isle of May ; Lewis N. G. Ramsay, 
Aberdeen ; Arthur G. Davidson, Aberdeen ; and A. Landes- 
borough Thomson, Aberdeen, on the East ; and to John Muir, 
Skerryvore ; Robert Clyne, Butt of Lewis ; Robert Anderson, 
Flannan Islands; Peter Anderson, Tiree; James M‘Quarrie, 
Davaar Lighthouse; John Craig, Beith ; B. S. Macmichael, 
Craignish ; Lady Fowler, West Ross; Rev. J. D. W. Gibson, 
Carmichael ; James Bartholomew, Beattock ; D. Macdonald, 
Tobermory ; W. E. Frost, Monach Islands ; and Charles H. 
Alston, Loch Awe, on the West. We are indebted to the 


REPORT ON SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGY IN 1909 133 


Weather Report of the Meteorological Office for our 
meteorological] data. 


SPECIES NEW TO SCOTLAND. 


It is not by any means an easy matter to add a new 
species to the avifauna of a country as well worked by 
competent observers as Scotland. This year, however, two 
additions have been made, one in spring the other in 
autumn. Foremost among these is the Eastern Pied Chat 
(Saxicola pleschanka) a bird which is not only new to the 
fauna of Scotland but to that of the British Isles. A 
female of this remarkable visitor was procured on the 
Isle of May on the 19th October, and its occurrence 
recorded and the specimen figured in the Azzals for 
January of the current year. It was in the white-throated 
plumage described by Hemprich and Ehrenberg as S. v2¢ata. 
The second of these novelties is the White-spotted Blue-throat 
(Cyanecula cyanecula), a fine adult male having been obtained 
on the Fair Isle. This bird nests in Central Europe, has 
only occurred in England as a very rare straggler, and has 
not been recorded before from Scotland. In Heligoland, 
too, it has seldom been met with, except in 1877, when it 
occurred there in considerable numbers. 


BIRDS NEW TO FAUNAL AREAS, AND UNCOMMON 
VISITORS. 


Under this section we propose to take not only the 
birds which are uncommon visitors to Scotland, but any 
which are rare or previously unknown, in the faunal area from 
which they are reported. As will be seen, a large proportion 
of the birds which come under this heading, are recorded for 
the Fair Isle and Isle of May. The small size of these 
islands renders it possible to watch the new immigrants from 
day to day, while the absence of trees and shrubs limits the 
amount of covert in which the birds can conceal themselves. 
In the case of the Fair Isle we have had the advantage of 
the observations of a watcher, Stewart Stout, the year round. 

The work which has been accomplished during the last 
few years has greatly changed the status of some of our 


134 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


more uncommon visitors, and a number which were before 
considered rare stragglers have now proved to be regular 
spring or autumn migrants. On the whole the first dates 
of the appearance of these uncommon migrants have been 
earlier this year than heretofore. 

A Black Redstart (Ruticzlla titys) 2 is reported from the 
Fair Isle on the 14th October; -this bird was formerly 
considered rare in Scotland, and is always a good find, 
especially as far north as the Shetlands. There is only one 
record of the Red-spotted Blue-throat (Cyanecula suectca) in 
spring, namely, at Fair Isle ; in autumn two occurred on the 
Isle of May, on the 14th and 17th September, and an adult 
male at Fair Isle on the 22nd September. Among the 
uncommon visitors the Warblers take a prominent place. 
On 13th September a Barred Warbler (Sy/via nisoria) 6 
was procured on the Isle of May, while a ? is recorded 
from Fair Isle in autumn. What may be considered one of 
the features of the year is the number of Yellow-browed 
Warblers (Phylloscopus superciliosus) which occurred in 
Scotland. One was seen in Dumfriesshire on the 11th 
April by Mr. George Stout, whose familiarity with this 
interesting little bird on the Fair Isle, makes his identifica- 
tion of it certain. This is the first record of the occurrence 
of P. superciliosus in the British Isles in spring, and also the 
first record for the mainland of Scotland. In autumn, two are 
reported from East Ross, on the 23rd and 27th September 
(the first autumn occurrence for the mainland of Scotland 
and first record for Moray), four from Fair Isle between the 
28th September and 4th October, and at least ten from the 
Isle of May on dates ranging from 16th September to 
24th October, on one occasion (27th September) as many 
as three being seen at one time. A Siberian Chiff-chaff 
(Phylloscopus trist’s) was obtained from Fair Isle. A Reed- 
warbler (Acrocephalus streperus) is also reported, the fourth 
time this bird has been taken in Scotland, and this, as well 
as all previous records, comes from Fair Isle. 

The Fair Isle gives us spring and autumn records of the 
Grey-headed Wagtail (Motacilla borealis}, and a Richard’s 
Pipit (Axthus richard?) is reported from the same station. 

There are four records of the Golden Oriole (Orzolus 


REPORT ON SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGY IN 1909 135 


galbula): Mr. Hugh S. Gladstone reports that an adult 6 
was caught at Penton Lynns, Dumfriesshire, on the 30th 
April; a young d¢ was observed in a garden in Renfrew- 
shire during the first half of May; on roth May one was 
found dead at Port-Glasgow ; and a bird, seen at Fair Isle 
on the 26th May, “about the size of a Fieldfare and all over 
yellow colour,” was undoubtedly O. galbula. 

On 14th September a young Red-backed Shrike (Lanzus 
collurio) was found lying dead at the base of the lighthouse 
tower on the Flannan Islands. This is a very interesting 
occurrence, being the first record of this species for the Outer 
Hebrides. 

The only record of the Red-breasted Flycatcher (JZuscz- 
capa parva) is a young ¢ from the Isle of May on the 25th 
September ; this is the first authenticated occurrence of this 
bird in the Forth area. 

A Hawfinch (Coccothraustes vulgaris) occurred on the 
Fair Isle, the second on record for the island; while on 
18th May a specimen of the White-throated Sparrow 
(Zonotrichia albicollts) was shot on Eilean Mor, Flannan 
Islands. This American species has not been previously 
recorded from the West of Scotland. A Scarlet Grosbeak 
(Carpodacus erythinus) ° was obtained on the Isle of May 
on 13th September. Among the extraordinary number of 
Crossbills which visited Britain in the summer of 1909 
were two Two- Barred Crossbills (Loaza dbzfasciata), both 
adult males, one from Fair Isle, the other from the 
Flannans ; the latter is the first record of the occurrence of 
this bird for the Outer Hebrides. 

The Buntings occupy a large place among the un- 
common visitors this year, the Ortolan Bunting (Amderiza 
hortulana) occurred on Fair Isle both in spring and autumn, 
and a Rustic Bunting (Eméertza rustica) 3 was obtained on 
the same island ; this is the third record for Scotland. The 
Little Bunting (Emderiza pusilla) also occurred on Fair Isle, 
and two birds of this species are recorded from the Isle of 
May on the 25th and 26th September, this being the first 
record of this north-eastern species in the Forth area. We 
have only one spring report of the Lapland Bunting (Ca/- 
carius lapponicus), namely, from Fair Isle; an adult male 


136 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


was procured on the Flannan Islands on 3rd September and 
a female on Fair Isle at the end of the month. Two Shore- 
larks (Ofocorys alpestris) were seen on the Isle of May on 
13th October, and single birds are noted there up to 16th 
October. 

On 27th April a Hoopoe (Upupa epops) was taken at 
Waternish ; this is only the second time that this bird has 
been recorded in Skye; another was picked up dead near 
Leadhills on the Ist June. 

There are several records of Greenland Falcons (Falco 
candicans) in 1909; on the Ist, 2nd, and 14th December 
they visited the Flannans, one was shot at Barra on 
15th December, and another seen there ten days later, and 
a bird undoubtedly of this species was seen at Inverbroom 
(West Ross) on the 28th. A Greenland Falcon is reported 
from the Butt of Lewis on 4th December, and an Iceland 
Falcon (Falco zslandus) was seen at the Flannans on Ist 
December. 

The second known occurrence of the Little Bittern 
(Ardetta minuta) in Orkney is recorded, an adult male having 
been taken alive at Loch Stennis on 14th May. A number 
of Pink-footed Geese (Anser brachyrhynchus) visited Fair Isle 
during the stormy weather which prevailed from the 7th 
to the 18th October, and one was shot. This is an addition 
to the birds known to have occurred in Shetland. On the 
18th June an adult female Ruddy Shelduck (Zadorna 
casarca) was obtained at Sule Skerry. This is a first 
record of this species for the Northern Isles. 

A Little Crake (Porzana parva) was found in an ex- 
hausted condition in a fisherman’s boat in Girvan Harbour 
(Ayrshire) on the 29th March, and is the first record for 
Clyde. A Dotterel (Eudromias morinellus) was found dead 
at Bellshill, near Glasgow, in spring. A Great Snipe 
(Gallinago major) was procured on Fair Isle in September ; 
and two visits of the Green Sandpiper (Zotanus ochropus) 
were noted: one was shot on the banks of the Ae, Kirk- 
michael (Dumfriesshire), on 20th January, and the other at 
Fair Isle. A Dusky Redshank (Totanus fuscus) occurred 
at Balgray Dam (Clyde), with a small party of other Waders 
on 18th September. 


REPORT ON SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGY IN Igog 137 


From Lerwick comes the only record of Sabine’s Gull 
(Xema sabiniz), it was seen by Mr. Tulloch on the 25th 
July. 

An Eared Grebe (Podicipes nigricollis) is noted as 
having been seen at Bishop’s Loch near Glasgow in 1909. 


EXTENSION OF BREEDING RANGE. 


This is an important though difficult part of our Report, 
and under it we have to deal with five species. The White 
Wagtail (Wotacilla alba) is not uncommon with us on migra- 
tion, and has been known to nest occasionally in England. 
In 1909 it bred on the Fair Isle, this being the first time it 
has been proved to breed in Scotland, though its probable 
nesting at Spiggie (Shetland) in 1900, and at Killilan (N.W. 
Highlands) in 1908, has been recorded in the “ Annals of 
Scottish Natural History.” 

The Corn Bunting (Amberiza miliaria) is recorded by 
Mr. Macdonald as breeding in Mull in 1909; hitherto he 
has only observed it as a “sporadic spring migrant” in this 
locality. It is curious that it should not have been found 
nesting in this island before, as it nests in Iona. In the 
spring a pair of Great Spotted Woodpeckers (Dendrocopus 
major) safely hatched their young on the estate of Brucefield, 
West Fife. This bird breeds in various parts of the 
south-east and centre of Scotland (as may be seen in Mr. 
Harvie-Brown’s useful map in the “A.S.N.H.,” 1908, p. 209) 
and has probably spread from there into Fife, where it has 
not been previously reported as breeding, though it occurs 
as an occasional visitor. 

Early in June two nests of the Gadwall (Avzas strepera) 
containing seven and five eggs respectively were found beside 
a loch in the south-east of Scotland. The only previous re- 
cord of the breeding of this species in Northern Britain was in 
Peeblesshire in 1906. If unmolested there seems to be no 
reason why this duck should not extend its breeding range over 
Scotland, as several other of the Anatidz have done in the 
last few decades. The Sclavonian Grebe (Podzcipes aurztus) 
is recorded as breeding in Scotland in “ British Birds” (vol. 
iii. p. 380). In 1908 a bird of this species was seen in the 


138 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


beginning of June on a small loch in Inverness-shire, swim- 
ming restlessly about a nest of green reeds, but was un- 
fortunately shot. Mr. Warrand (who records the occurrence) 
writes: “I was cheered to learn the following year (1909) 
that one or two pairs had appeared on the same loch, but 
soon afterwards heard that the nests had been ruthlessly 
robbed by a private egg-collector.” This bird is occasionally 
recorded in Scotland in spring and summer in full breeding 
plumage, and has been suspected of nesting in Perthshire 
and Benbecula (Outer Hebrides). 


NESTING. 


The nesting season of 1909 seems to have been a very 
average one, in spite of spells of inclement weather. The 
earliest nest reported is that of a Long-eared Owl with 
two eggs at Kirkliston on 28th February. By 8th April 
Lapwings were laying in various localities; and the Little 
Grebe at Kirkliston on 27th April. On 4th May a pair of 
Blackbirds and a pair of Thrushes were found to be using 
the same nest near Paisley ; the hen-birds laid three eggs 
each on alternate days, and fought for the privilege of 
sitting. When the eggs hatched a great battle ensued, the 
Blackbirds winning ; the nest was harried when it contained 
five young. In May two Hawfinches’ nests with eggs are 
recorded in East Lothian; these probably belonged to the 
same pair of birds, for they were only about sixty yards 
apart, but unfortunately in both cases disaster overtook the 
eggs. This is the first time the nest and eggs of this bird 
have been found in “ Forth,’ though young Hawfinches 
newly out of the nest have several times been taken near 
Edinburgh. On 21st May two Tawny Owlets were found 
in East Ross in a nest in a rabbit-hole; while in the same 
locality, on the 28th, a Shelduck’s nest with thirteen eggs 
was discovered ; these may have been laid by two ducks, as 
they were in different stages of incubation. 

A Cuckoo’s egg in a Willow-warbler’s nest is recorded 
from East Ross; and at Beith one was found in a Hedge 
Accentor’s nest, “darker than most Meadow-pipits and 
smaller than usual”; at the same place a Cuckoo’s egg 


REPORT ON SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGY IN 1909 139 


was found in a Reed Bunting’s nest. Crested Tits are 
fledged in Strathspey by 3rd July, and flying about the 
trees, the parents feeding them. From East Ross, between 
the 7th August and 17th November, we have records of 
flocks of Crossbills, “the young being fed by their parents, 
though they could and did feed themselves.” On 25th 
September newly-hatched Skylarks were found in North 
Argyll, a very late date. On the 25th November a 
perfectly fresh Starling’s egg was found on the ground at 
Old Aberdeen. From various parts of the country records 
come of these birds having built flat open nests usually in 
conifers ; while in Orkney they nested among the rubble on 
the seashore and in rabbit burrows. 

Increase of the numbers of various species nesting in 
this country is reported, though in some cases the difference 
is merely local. In the Blantyre district of Clyde a great 
increase of Redshanks is noted, while the increase of 
Woodcock nesting in the Highlands is sustained, the birds 
often being double-brooded. The Black-headed Gull is 
reported as increasing at several of its breeding places, 
while more Great Crested Grebes are noted as nesting in 
various parts of Scotland. Quite a number of old Blackbirds’ 
nests were found near Lerwick (Shetland), several pairs of 
Quails nested in East Lothian, and about thirty pairs of 
Stock Doves built in ivy-covered cliffs in Arran. 

At Kirkliston several old nesting haunts of the Sedge- 
warbler, which were used prior to 1908, were still unoccupied 
this season, while here and there are records of a decrease 
in the numbers of breeding Terns. 


MIGRATION. 


January.—The beginning of the year gives us records of 
a considerable local movement caused by the severe snow- 
storm at the end of 1908. Fieldfares, Skylarks, Dunlins, 
and Lapwings are recorded in numbers from Fair Isle, and 
Skylarks from the Isle of May. On 15th January Fieldfares, 
Redwings, and Lapwings are reported from the Butt of Lewis, 
while next day these birds, along with considerable numbers 
of Skylarks and Snipe, are recorded at Fair Isle. The move- 


140 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


ment of the above-mentioned species continued spasmodically 
to the end of the month on both East and West Coast 
stations. 

February.—No important movement is recorded in the 
first half of February. On the 15th, 18th, and 24th small 
rushes took place at the lantern of the Isle of May, the birds 
seen included Thrushes, Blackbirds, Skylarks, Starlings, 
Lapwings, and Oyster-catchers, besides many birds in the 
rays which could not be identified. On the 25th from 
Lerwick we have the note of three Long-eared Owls (an 
unusual date) and a lot of Blackbirds, while great numbers 
of Thrushes are recorded along the shore at St. Monans 
(East Fife) on the same day. From our lighthouse reporters 
come notes of small movements of various species of Passeres 
and Waders throughout the month. 

March—From the 20th to the 31st the British Isles 
lay in a region of low pressure, during which south-easterly 
and north-easterly winds prevailed. In the beginning of 
the month little migration is reported, with the exception 
of an immigration of Skylarks at Fair Isle on the 2nd, and 
a few days later a rush of Snipe. On the 18th the first 
Wheatear of the season is recorded from Lendalfoot (Clyde), 
and on the 20th a small rush is reported from various 
stations, while White Wagtails arrived at Lamlash next 
day. By the 22nd the movement had increased in intensity : 
Rooks and Lapwings are recorded in great numbers at Fair 
Isle and the Isle of May, with Thrushes, Redwings, Skylarks, 
Starlings, and Golden Plover ; the first Stonechats occurred 
at Fair Isle, while Water-rails struck the lantern at the 
Mull of Galloway (Wigtown) and Tarbat Ness (E. Ross), and 
Dabchicks (a single bird each time) were killed by striking 
at Tarbat Ness and the Isle of May. This migratory move- 
ment was also noted at Sule Skerry, where flocks of Snow- 
buntings are recorded ; in addition to other species; and 
Lerwick, where large flocks of Rooks are noted. From 
the last-named place come several other records of large 
numbers of Rooks up to the end of the month, and a 
Redstart on the 28th. The migration continued in a lesser 
degree to the end of March. 

April—For the first ten days of April anticyclonic 


REPORT ON SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGY IN 1909 141 


conditions were the dominating factor over Western Europe. 
While England and East Scotland were wholly within their 
influence, the more western parts of the kingdom were 
affected by an ocean depression which occupied the northern 
half of the Atlantic. For the rest of the month cyclonic 
conditions mainly prevailed. 

For the first ten days of April a good deal of migration 
is recorded from Fair Isle and the West Coast, but not 
from the East. The arrivals included Wheatears, Chiffchaffs, 
Willow-warblers, Meadow and Tree-pipits, Swallows, and 
House-martins. On the 10th numbers of Wheatears arrived 
at Tiree and Fair Isle, and Sand-martins at Saltoun (EF. 
Lothian). Migrants continued to arrive on the West Coast 
and in smaller numbers on the East; on the 14th Yellow 
Wagtails and Common Sandpipers made their appearance 
on the West, and the latter two days later on the East Coast. 
On Tiree small parties of White Wagtails were seen travelling 
north from 15th April to 7th May. A decided immigration 
of Passeres over all Scotland took place from the 17th to 
the 19th increasing in intensity, and for the next ten days 
a veritable rush ensued. By the end of the month almost 
all the summer migrants had arrived, a very different state 
of affairs from what obtained at the corresponding date in 
1908. Swallows and Sandpipers are recorded from all 
parts on the 20th, and the Cuckoo appeared on the West 
next day. On the 22nd Whimbrel arrived at Tiree, and 
Whinchats, Common and Sandwich Terns in East Fife. 
Next day the rush increased, and on the 24th Cuckoos are 
recorded in numbers in various places on both East and 
West Coasts. Swifts arrived at Beith on the 25th and 
next day at Kirkliston, while Whitethroats and Blackcaps 
are reported from the East Coast and Sedge-warblers from 
the West. 

May.—The distribution of pressure during this month 
was mainly favourable to anticyclonic conditions over our 
islands. The rush continued till 9th May, slackening some- 
what after that date. Numbers of the Greater Wheatear 
are recorded from Fair Isle on the 3rd, and on the same 
day a flock of about 150 Fieldfares was seen at Yester, the 
last mainland record. On the 4th Wood-warblers arrived 


142 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


at Saltoun, and Swallows at the Butt of Lewis; on the 5th 
a Spotted Flycatcher is reported at Dalry, and Little Terns 
at St. Andrews. On the 7th a Pied Flycatcher arrived at 
Fair Isle with small numbers of other migrants, next day a 
Wryneck and a Hawfinch at the same place, and a Grass- 
hopper-warbler at Dalry (Clyde). Although the main rush 
was past migrants continued to arrive and spread over 
Scotland; by the 15th East Lothian and East Fife had 
received their full quota of Warblers; while from the 12th 
to the end of the month Arctic, Common, and Little Terns 
kept arriving at Tiree. Slight movement is recorded almost 
every day up to the 31st from various stations, but no rush 
of sufficient importance to merit special notice. 

June.— As we might expect there is little migration to 
record for June, but the month is signalised by an irruption 
from Europe of those gypsy migrants the Crossbills. The 
first was seen at Fair Isle on 23rd June, later many were 
recorded from our northern islands and various parts of the 
mainland. The birds reported from our shores only form 
part of a larger movement which included England, Ireland, 
and parts of the Continent in its range. 

July.— The immigration of Crossbills continued through- 
out July, the greatest number being seen in the north. 
Among them were a couple of Two-barred Crossbills. 
About the middle of the month decided traces of Wader- 
migration are recorded, and by the end various Limicole 
were moving freely. Greenshanks, Sandpipers, and flocks 
of Golden Plover, Sanderling, Turnstones, and Whimbrel 
were seen by the shore in East Fife, and records of most of 
these species come also from Fair Isle and East Ross. The 
first influx of Willow-warblers is recorded from the East 
Coast. 

August.—The first half of August was anticyclonic, the 
second half unsettled and cold. Pressure was high for the 
first fortnight, thereafter low. The first half of August 
shows a continuance of the Wader-migration, and by the 
1oth Passeres were also on the move, Wheatears being 
reported from the lanterns on the Flannan Islands and Isle 
of May. On the 14th and 15th Wheatears, Willow- 
warblers, Sedge-warblers, Whitethroats, Spotted Flycatchers, 


REPORT ON SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGY IN 1909 143 


and a young Cuckoo appeared at the lantern on the Isle of 
May. By this time most of the Swifts had left. After the 
middle of the month small numbers of migrants are recorded, 
on the 18th flock after flock of White Wagtails passed over 
Fair Isle, on the 21st this species is recorded from East 
Fife. Flocks of Terns were seen flying round Barnsness 
Lighthouse (Forth) during the evening of the 23rd, and 
next day Sandwich Terns, mostly adults, were seen in large 
numbers in Largo Bay. During the last week of August 
migration became more pronounced, records come from all 
over Scotland of the southward movement of various species 
of Waders, while Duck of different kinds began to return to 
their winter quarters. The commoner Warblers and other 
Passeres are recorded as on the move at Fair Isle, the 
Isle of May, the Flannans, Dunnet Head, and parts of the 
mainland. Crossbills lingered in places throughout August, 
but the greater number seem to have disappeared by the 
end of the month. 

September.—The first three weeks were anticyclonic on 
the whole ; the first week was unsettled and changeable, but 
the second and third were fine and dry. The last week was 
very unsettled, and on the 25th there was a severe magnetic 
storm of world-wide distribution. Little migration is noted 
during the first ten days, more being recorded from the 
Flannans than elsewhere. From this station a Lapland 
Bunting is reported on the 3rd, while White Wagtails were 
passing Tiree on the same day. From the 11th to the 14th 
greater activity ensued, numbers of Terns appeared at 
Lerwick as migrants on the night of the 11th, and on the 
12th, Greater Wheatears, Redstarts, and Whitethroats were 
passing the Mull of Galloway Lighthouse, specimens of 
each striking the lantern. On the 17th a movement of 
Wheatears is recorded from the West Coast at the Flannans 
and Butt of Lewis, and Warblers and other birds from the 
Fair Isle and Isle of May. From the 18th to the 20th 
large numbers of Swallows and House-martins were observed 
at the Isle of May, Meadow-pipits in great numbers at the 
Butt of Lewis and the Flannans; and on the 2oth, another 
wave of Wheatears at the last-named place and the Isle of 
May. On the 22nd, many arrivals are recorded—Siskins, 


144 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


Lesser Whitethroats, and Whimbrels at the Fair Isle and 
Isle of May; Whitethroats and a Grey Wagtail at the 
Flannans ; while from I to 3 A.M. on the 22nd and the next 
two nights, Terns passing in numbers were heard, or seen 
in the rays of the lantern at Fair Isle, Lerwick, and Isle of 
May. A big rush occurred on the 25th, numbers of Snipe 
arrived at Fair Isle and Lerwick, many Siskins at Fair Isle 
and Isle of May, and in both these places Tree-pipits, 
Bramblings, and Garden-warblers, along with many other 
common species and some rareties already mentioned. Red- 
wings arrived at Fair Isle, and next day at the Isle of May. 
The rush continued on the 26th and 27th, Wheatears were 
numerous at the Isle of May and Butt of Lewis, and at the 
latter place, large numbers of Skylarks and Meadow-pipits 
are reported. On the 28th a large immigration of Warblers 
took place at Fair Isle and the Isle of May, and with them 
many birds of other species. Next day brought fresh 
arrivals to Fair Isle, including large numbers of Greater 
Wheatears, Bramblings, Chaffinches, Siskins, and Snow- 
buntings, the stream slackening on the Isle of May. The 
30th shows a continuance of migration on the Fair Isle, 
little movement being reported elsewhere, with the exception 
of the arrival of great numbers of Red-throated Divers in 
St. Andrews Bay. Few Crossbills remain. In the latter 
half of September several reports of Great Spotted Wood- 
peckers are sent from Fair Isle and other parts of Shetland, 
the Butt of Lewis, and Isle of May. 

October—The general distribution of barometric pressure 
during this month was of a well-marked south-westerly type, 
but the gradient was nearly double the normal. At the 
telegraphic reporting stations there were only two days 
on which the wind did not exceed the force of a strong 
breeze, on twenty-one days the force of a gale was attained, 
and on twelve of these, it was a strong or whole gale at one 
or more stations. On every day of this month the weather 
was under the influence of one or more low-pressure systems, 
and observation at migration stations was greatly hampered 
by the strong westerly and southerly winds which pre- 
vailed. October opens with a fair amount of migration ; 
from the Ist to the 4th (when the weather was fine) there 


REPORT ON SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGY IN 1909 145 


are records of the arrival of flocks of Geese from the Ross of 
Mull, Beattock, Spiggie (Shetland), and the Isle of May. A 
gale put a stop to a great extent to the arrival of migrants 
between the 5th and gth, though a number of Snipe were 
seen on Fair Isle on the 7th, and a considerable influx of 
Blackbirds and Thrushes took place at Loch Awe during this 
period. The first big Redwing immigration occurred on the 
1oth, numbers arriving all day on the Isle of May, and at 
night at Lerwick and Fair Isle. A large arrival of Bram- 
blings also took place at the Isle of May, and many Rock- 
pipits are reported from the Butt of Lewis. From 12 to 3 
A.M. on the 11th a small rush to the lantern is recorded at 
Fair Isl—Redwings, Thrushes, a Ring-ouzel, Bramblings, 
Skylarks, and Starlings being killed, while Kedwings were 
numerous there and on the Isle of May during the day. 
Another arrival of Redwings accompanied by Blackbirds 
occurred on the 13th; both species are reported in numbers 
from Spiggie (Shetland), Fair Isle, and Isle of May; Red- 
wings are reported on the 16th from the Butt of Lewis and 
the Flannans. Early on the 17th a small rush took place 
to the lanterns of the Pentland Skerries and the Isle of 
May, while early next morning a big rush is recorded at the 
latter place, Butt of Lewis, Tarbatness, Lerwick, and Fair 
Isle. The great majority of birds killed were Redwings, 
but along with them were Blackbirds, Thrushes, Fieldfares, 
Ring-ouzels, Goldcrests, Bramblings, Meadow-pipits, Sky- 
larks, Starlings, and Jack-snipe. On the night of the 18th 
hundreds of Redwings, Fieldfares, and Starlings are recorded 
as flying round the lantern all night at the Flannans, and the 
same species were killed at the South Lighthouse on Fair 
Isle. On the 23rd, Redwings and Fieldfares are reported 
from the Flannans, crowds of the former at the lantern at 
Skerryvore, and large flocks of Snow-buntings at Tiree. 
Towards the end of the month hundreds of Snow-buntings 
and Barnacle Geese are recorded at the Flannans, and Snipe 
were numerous at Tiree ; these three species were also noted 
at Fair Isle. The last Crossbill is reported from Fair Isle 
during this month, and Great Spotted Woodpeckers from 
Lerwick, Fair Isle, and Dingwall. 

November.—November was still, cold, and dry, and 


75 C 


146 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


mainly anticyclonic. From the Ist to the 6th Redwings 
and Fieldfares in thousands are recorded from Inverbroom 
(West Ross). Redwings at the Butt of Lewis and Flannans, 
and Snow-buntings in numbers at the latter place and Fair 
Isle. Slight movements are recorded from the Pentland 
Skerries, Butt of Lewis, Flannans, and Loch Awe, mostly of 
Turdinae. Very little movement took place between the 
7th and 14th, but Snow-buntings are reported from various 
stations. Woodcock were numerous at Spiggie (Shetland) 
on the roth, and the same species is reported in numbers 
from Glenorchard on the 15th to 17th. Large numbers of 
Snipe arrived at the Butt of Lewis on the 14th, and this 
species and Jack-snipe are recorded from the Pentland 
Skerries and the Flannans. The hard weather experienced 
at this time caused a certain amount of movement; at 
Aberdeen on the 14th and 15th Skylarks, Starlings, and 
Lapwings passed south in numbers during a snowstorm. 
Reports come from the Pentland Skerries, Butt of Lewis, 
and East Ross of numbers of Fieldfares, Song-thrushes, and 
Golden Plover, while Redpolls were seen at the Skerries and 
Iceland Gulls at the Flannans. Slight movement took 
place from the 17th to the 22nd, mostly among Fieldfares, 
Blackbirds, and Lapwings; on the 25th a large flock of 
Lesser Redpolls and a few Siskins arrived at Loch Awe, and 
great numbers of Goldcrests at the same place on the 3oth. 
From the Flannans come reports of small numbers of birds, 
mostly Redwings, Blackbirds, Lapwings, and Snipe, from the 
22nd to the end of the month. Great Spotted Woodpeckers 
are recorded from Caithness, West Ross, and East Fife. 

December.—The closing month of the year was cold 
and unsettled. Small movements are recorded from the 
Flannans, Butt of Lewis, Pentland Skerries, and Fair Isle, 
probably caused by the severe frost on the mainland. The 
birds noticed were mainly Blackbirds, Redwings, Snow- 
buntings, Starlings, and Lapwings. 


WINTER. 


During this season in 1908-1909, our winter migrants 
were present in quantity. From ist January onwards we 


REPORT ON SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGY IN 1909 147 


have reports of large numbers of Fieldfares, Redwings, and 
Bramblings ; they are recorded as numerous in Mull, Fair 
Isle, the Isle of May, and East Fife, and in smaller numbers 
from various inland localities. A good many Blackbirds 
are reported from Lerwick, and Snow-buntings in their 
usual numbers at St. Andrews and Fair Isle. In January 
Swans are noted at Inverbroom (West Ross) and Fair Isle, 
and a Whooper at Morton Loch (East Fife). Barnacle 
Geese were in Solway in their usual numbers, but Mr. 
Service remarks on the absence of Grey Lags. Great flocks 
of the common winter duck are reported, and Pintail are 
recorded as being more than usually plentiful in Solway ; 
a flock of twenty to thirty Gadwall visited Morton Loch in 
January. Glaucous Gulls were frequent at Fair Isle, and 
Little Auks were seen there in enormous numbers from the 
Ist to the 5th February. Swans are reported from the Butt 
of Lewis in the middle of February, and large numbers of 
Red-throated Divers in Largo Bay. 

The end of the year 1909 was a contrast to the beginning. 
The numbers of Redwings and Fieldfares were much below 
the normal, notes of the scarcity of these birds coming from 
both the East and West of Scotland. Many of the former 
were killed by the November frosts. The absence of 
Bramblings is noted in various parts of the country. Great 
Spotted Woodpeckers were unusually numerous in the last 
quarter of the year, reports of these species coming from 
various parts of Scotland. On 17th November Merlins were 
numerous in Tiree, chasing flocks of Fieldfares, while an 
unusual number of Greenland Falcons appeared during the 
winter. 

Other winter birds appear to have been present in their 
usual numbers ; large flocks of Snow-buntings are recorded 
from the Flannans, Pentland Skerries, and Fair Isle. Brent 
Geese, Sheldrake, Wigeon, and Golden-eye were plentiful in 
our northern firths in November, flocks of White-fronted and 
Barnacle Geese and Golden-eye at Tiree, large flocks of 
Barnacles at the Flannans, huge flocks of Mallard in Largo 
Bay and at Crosswood Reservoir, while Gadwall were 
noticed in Elginshire and Tiree. Wigeon were late in 
returning to Solway and Craignish (Argyll), though the 


148 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


Wild Geese arrived at their usual time. The flocks of 
Waders were present in their usual numbers. Golden Plover 
were numerous on 16th November in East Ross and at the 
Pentland Skerries, and large numbers of Snipe are reported 
from various stations during the month. Glaucous Gulls 
are noted at Fair Isle and the Isle of May, and Little Auks 
in numbers at the former place in December. 


FOOD. 


During the great immigration of Crossbills into Scotland 
in 1909 many of these birds visited localities which could 
not afford their usual diet, and they were therefore obliged to 
resort to various makeshifts. At Lerwick they fed on the 
yellow centres of daisies; on Fair Isle they ate last year’s 
berries, the heads of thistles, flowers, the seeds of grasses 
and other plants; at the Flannans they fed on sea-pinks, 
and at Wick they scooped the Green-fly off the shoots of the 
roses. From Grantown-on-Spey they are reported as feeding 
on the larvae of the Pine Saw-fly, but as they are there in 
the midst of coniferous woods, this can hardly be attributed 
to a lack of their usual food, and it is suggested that the 
Crossbills’ menu may, in the ordinary course, include the 
Spruce-gall aphis, Green-flies, and Pine Saw-flies. Towards 
the end of autumn many greatly emaciated Crossbills were 
found on Fair Isle, having died of starvation. 


(Zo be continued.) 


ON THE OCCURRENCE OPV Hi @ Cle RU SE 
(MONTICOLA: SAZXA TTELTS\ aN ae oO KN ny, 
ISEANDS: 


By WILLIAM EAGLE CLARKE, F.R.S.E., F.L.S. 


I HAVE received, in the flesh, for the Royal Scottish 
Museum, a fine adult male of this brilliantly plumaged and 
extremely rare visitor to the British Islands. It was captured 


ROCK THRUSH IN THE ORKNEY ISLANDS 149 


on the 17th of May at one of the Orcadian light stations 
—the Pentland Skerries, a famous islet for the visits of 
migratory birds. 

Though this species is a summer visitor to the hill country 
of Western Central Europe, and has on several occasions 
occurred at Heligoland, yet only a single example has 
hitherto been captured in the British Isles, namely an adult 
male which was shot on the roth of May 1843 in Hert- 
fordshire. This specimen was seen in the flesh by the late 
William Yarrell, and described and figured by him in the 
first supplement to his “ British Birds” in 1845 ; other occur- 
rences have, it is true, been recorded, but both Prof. Newton 
and Mr. Howard Saunders have regarded them as _ un- 
authenticated. The bird also nests in localities of a rocky 
nature in Southern and South-Eastern Europe, Northern 
Africa, Asia Minor, Persia, Turkestan, Southern Siberia, and 
Northern China; and passes the winter in North-Eastern 
and North Tropical Africa, Southern Arabia, Northern 
India and Burma. 

Its occurrence in the Orkneys, like that of many other 
species in our Islands, is quite remarkable, and to be 
attributed to deviation from the usual course followed when 
journeying to its accustomed summer haunts. 


THE RoyYAL ScoTTisH MUSEUM, EDINBURGH. 


THE INSECT FAUNA’ OF GROUSE MOORS: 
By Percy H. GrimsHaw, F.R.S.E., F.E.S. 


AT the request of the Committee appointed to investigate 
Grouse Disease, I spent some time in the months of June 
and July 1908 on various grouse moors, principally for the 
purpose of investigating the nature of the food of grouse 
chicks. The contents of the crops and gizzards of several 
birds from a few hours to three weeks old were obtained, 
and in order to aid in the somewhat difficult task of identify- 
ing the insects and fragments of insects therein found, a 
sample of the entomological fauna of the moors was taken, 


150 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


especially in the marshy hollows where the chicks were 
accustomed to feed. This material, carefully examined, 
served its purpose, and it has been thought desirable to 
publish the list of species separately, inasmuch as it may 
have a certain amount of interest from a purely faunistic 
point of view. The Chairman of the Committee, Lord 
Lovat, has very kindly sanctioned the publication of the 
“List” in this Journal, and in order to retain its full bear- 
ing on the question of the food of grouse, as well as that of 
local distribution, notes have been appended referring to 
such species as have been picked up by the chicks in their 
search for nourishment. Such species (as well as the 
families to which they belong) are indicated in the list by 
an asterisk. 

The localities mentioned below are: Dunachton in 
Inverness-shire ; Tulchan in Elginshire; Ballindalloch in 
Banffshire ; and Burley-in-Wharfedale in Yorkshire. 


ORDER DIPTERA. 
*Family MYCETOPHILID (Fungus Gnats). 


*SCIARA, sff.—One male, Dunachton; two females, Burley-in- 
Wharfedale. A fragment of this genus found in one gizzard 
from Tulchan. 


BOLeETINA, s/.—One male, Burley-in-Wharfedale. 


*Family BIBIONIDZ. 


* BIBIO LACTEIPENNIS, Z/4,—One male and one female, Dunachton. 
A male found in a crop from Dunachton. Remains of four 
other Bibios were found in two crops and a gizzard from 
Dunachton, but the species was not determined. 


Family SIMULIID (Sand-Flies). 


SIMULIUM, sff.—Two males and two females of an undetermined 
species were taken at Dunachton, and two females of another 
species at Ballindalloch. 


*Family CHIRONOMID (Midges). 


(The members of this family were found in many of the crops 
and gizzards examined. The majority of them belonged to the 


THE INSECT FAUNA OF GROUSE MOORS 151 


genus Ceratopogon, one species (at least) of which was very common 
in the marshy spots frequented by the young chicks.) 


Cricoropus, sf.—Four males and four females belonging to this 
genus were taken at Ballindalloch, but I have not been able 
to assign them to any of the described species. 


ORTHOCLADIUS DOLENS, IW7k. (niveipennis, Ztt.).—Seven specimens 
of each sex, Burley-in-Wharfedale. * 


ORTHOCLADIUS, 5ff.—Two females (each of a separate species), 
Burley-in-Wharfedale. 


METRIOCNEMUS FUSCIPES, JZg.—One male, Burley-in-Wharfedale. 


DIAMESA OBSCURIMANUS, J7Zg.—One male, Dunachton; one male, 
Ballindalloch. 


TANYPUS CHOREUS, JZg. 


One male, Burley-in-Wharfedale. 


*CERATOPOGON FLAVIPES, J/g. — One _ female, Ballindalloch. 
Remains of this genus were found in many of the crops and 
gizzards, especially at Dunachton, and as the present species 
is common in the marshy areas where the chicks feed, it may 
be the one represented. 


CERATOPOGON, sf. — Near flavipes, but quite distinct, neuration 
different, hairs on antennal joints much longer, legs darker, 
and whole insect:smaller. Six males and eight females taken 
at Dunachton. 


CERATOPOGON FEMORATUS, /7Zg.—One female, Ballindalloch. 


CERATOPOGON, sf.—Near gracilifes, Winn.—One male, Dunachton. 


Family CULICID (Gnats). 


CULEX PIPIENS, Z.—Two males, Dunachton. 


*Family LIMNOBIIDZ. 


The Crane-flies belonging to this family form a large proportion 
of the insect food of the young grouse. ‘There isa tolerable variety 
of species in the marshy ground at the sources of the various 
rivulets, and being fairly large insects they are attractive to the eyes 
of the chicks. In some cases, as noted below, their crops were 
absolutely gorged with specimens of the small species known as 
Molophilus ater. 


LIMNOBIA PNITIDA, Ver7v.—A single male, presumably of this 
species, was taken in marshy ground on the moors above 
Carr Bridge. 


DICRANOMYIA MORIO, /aé.—Several males, Dunachton. 


152 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


GONIOMYIA TENELLA, JZg.—Common on the moors at Dunachton, 
Ballindalloch, and Carr Bridge. 


*“MOLOPHILUS ATER. J/g.—This was, to me, the most interesting 
insect met with on the moors. It is a small species compared 
with other members of the family, and remarkable for its 
stunted wings, which, I should imagine, are perfectly useless 
for flight. ‘The fly is very common in certain of the marshy 
areas around the sources of the rivulets, where, at the proper 
season, it is to be seen climbing up and down the leaves of 
grass and Juncus. Its white halteres are very conspicuous, 
while the insect itself is curiously spider-like in appearance. 
Hundreds of specimens were seen in one marsh at Dunachton 
(many of them pairing) and a large number collected and 
preserved both dry and in spirit. Of 26 chicks killed at 
Dunachton no fewer than 14 were found to have been feeding 
on this insect, and in 5 of these the crops contained over 100, 
56, 50, 34 and 11 specimens respectively. 


*“RHYPHOLOPHUS NODULOSUS, J/eg.—Several specimens taken at 
Dunachton. <A single male found in a crop from the same 
moor. 


ERIOPTERA TRIVIALIS, J7g.—A common inhabitant of the moors. 
Several examples taken at Dunachton, Ballindalloch, and Carr 
Bridge. 


IDIOPTERA TRIMACULATA, Z/¢,—Of this rare and interesting fly I 
took six males and one female at Dunachton. 


PCCILOSTOLA PUNCTATA, Schvk. — One example of each sex, 
Dunachton. 


LIMNOPHILA MEIGENI, Vev7y.—A common species ; many taken at 
Dunachton. 


LIMNOPHILA LINEOLELLA, Very.—Females taken at Ballindalloch 
and Carr Bridge. 

LIMNOPHILA BICOLOR, J7e.—Common ; taken in numbers and in 
both sexes at Dunachton and Ballindalloch. 


*DICRANOTA BIMACULATA, Schuwm.—One male of this rare species 
captured at Dunachton. A male also taken from a crop from 
the same locality. 


AMALOPIS IMMACULATA, JZg.—2 males and 1 female, Dunachton. 


Family TIPULID (Crane-Flies). 


DOLICHOPEZA SYLVICOLA, Curt—A few examples of this extremely 
beautiful fly were seen flying over a tiny stream at Dunachton, 
and afterwards captured. 


THE INSECT FAUNA OF GROUSE MOORS 153 


‘TIPULA VARIPENNIS, JZg.—Of this common species several examples 
were taken on the moor at Dunachton. 

TIPULA ? PRUINOSA, 1V.—Two males, which I believe belong to this 
species, were taken at Dunachton. 

TipULA MoNTIUM, £gg.—Two males taken at Dunachton. The 
occurrence of this species in Britain was first confirmed by 
Henderson (“ Ent. Mo. Mag.”) in 1901, who took it in the 
Clyde district. 

TIPULA OLERACEA, Z.—The commonest and best known of the 
Tipulidee, and popularly called “‘ Daddy Longlegs.” ‘Taken on 
the moors in Yorkshire, but not noticed on the northern hills, 
though doubtless it occurs in plenty. 


Family TABANID. 


THERIOPLECTES MONTANUS, JZg.—One female captured on the 


moors above Carr Bridge. 


Family LEPTID:. 
LEPTIS SCOLOPACEA, Z.—One male taken at Ballindalloch. 


PTIOLINA ATRA, Sfaeg.—One male, Dunachton. This species was 
only added to the British List in rgo04. 


Family THEREVIDA. 


THEREVA PLEBEIA, Z.—A single female taken on the moors above 
Carr Bridge. 
*Family EMPID/:. 

This family is represented on the moors by several species of 
common occurrence, especially in the sheltered and marshy hollows 
near the streams. Cyrtoma spuria, one of the smallest species, was 
found in many of the crops from Dunachton, and was also found, 
by sweeping, to be very plentiful. 


Hysos FEMORATUS, JZu//,.—Several taken at Ballindalloch and 
Carr Bridge. 

*CYRTOMA SPURIA, /7z.—Abundant on the moors at Dunachton, 
Ballindalloch, and Carr Bridge. Remains found in eight of the 
crops obtained at Dunachton and also in that from Glen 
Eunnich. 

*RHAMPHOMYIA SULCATA, /77.—A large, conspicuous, and abundant 
species, taken at Dunachton and Ballindalloch; fragments 
found in acrop from the former locality probably represent this 
species. 

RHAMPHOMYIA ALBOSEGMENTATA, Z/4—Also common and con- 
spicuous. Many examples obtained at Dunachton and one 
female at Ballindalloch. 


154 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


RHAMPHOMYIA, sf.—A single female of an undetermined species 
captured at Dunachton. 


EMPIS BOREALIS, Z.—One female of this well-marked fly, Dun- 
achton. 


EMPIS TRIGRAMMA, JZg.—One male, Dunachton. 
Empis Lucipa, Z/¢.—Seven specimens taken at Dunachton. 


*EMPIS, sf.—Several specimens of a small Zmprs with black legs 
and yellow halteres were taken at Dunachton, but I am unable 
to identify it with certainty. The remains of a small species 
were found in the crop and gizzard of a chick from Dunachton. 


HILARA, sff.—The members of this genus were common on all 
the moors visited, but I have not been able to ascertain the 
species. 

HEMERODROMIA MELANOCEPHALA, /Za/.—One of each sex taken at 
Ballindalloch. 

ARDOPTERA GuTTATA, //a/.—Three specimens of this peculiar little 
fly were taken by sweeping at Ballindalloch. 


TACHYDROMIA, 5f/.—Several specimens of this genus, which I can- 
not identify, were taken at Ballindalloch and Carr Bridge. 


Family DOLICHOPODID/.. 


The members of this family are commonly found in marshy 
ground, but I found no evidence of their having been eaten by the 
chicks. The following list, therefore, is of interest only from a 
faunistic point of view. 


DoLicHopus ATRATus, JZg.—Seven males and five females, Ballin- 
dalloch. 

DOLICHOPUS VITRIPENNIS, JZg. 
Burley-in- Wharfedale. 
DoLicHopus PLANITARSIS, /7z.—Two males of this rare species, 

Dunachton. 
DOLICHOPUS ? PUNCTICORNIS, Z/4.—Two males and one female taken 


at Ballindalloch seem to fit the description of this species, but I 
cannot feel quite certain about it. 


A few taken at Ballindalloch and 


RHAPHIUM LONGICORNE, //7z.—One male, Dunachton. 


PoRPHYROPS, sf.—Three males of an undetermined species, with 
yellow spine on the middle coxz, were taken at Dunachton. 
These certainly merit further investigation. 


HyYDROPHORUS BOREALIS, Zz¢.—One male, Dunachton. 


CAMPSICNEMUS LORIPES, //a/.—Two males and three females, Dun- 
achton. 


SYMPYCNUS CIRRHIPES, W/7k.—One male, Ballindalloch. 
’ ] 


THE INSECT FAUNA OF GROUSE MOORS 155 


*Family SYRPHID. 


The Syrphide are essentially lovers of the sunshine, and are 
often seen hovering in the air on bright days, and if disturbed, 
darting off like lightning to hover again a few feet away. They are 
difficult to catch in flight, and are most easily taken when feeding 
or resting on flowers. Their occurrence in the crops of grouse 
chicks I regard as of little or no importance. 

* PLATYCHIRUS MANICATUS, JZg.—One female, Burley-in-Wharfedale. 
An example (female) found in a crop from Tulchan. 


PLATYCHIRUS CLYPEATUS, JZg. 


One female, Burley-in-Wharfedale. 


MELANOSTOMA MELLINUM, Z.—Three males and four females, Dun- 
achton ; one female, Burley-in-Wharfedale ; one female, Ballin- 
dalloch. 


SYRPHUS TORVUS, O.-.S. 


One male and three females, Dunachton. 
SYRPHUS VITTIGER, Z//.—One male and four females, Dunachton. 


*SPHAROPHORIA pPicta, JZg.—One male, Burley-in-Wharfedale ; one 
female, Ballindalloch. A male found in a crop from Tulchan 
and another male in a crop from Dunachton. 


SERICOMYIA LAPPONA, Z.—One male taken on the moors at Dun- 
achton. 
Family TACHINIDA. 


MAcQuarRTIA ? TENEBRICOSA, JZg.—One example of what I take 
to be this species was captured at Dunachton. 


CyYNOMYIA MORTUORUM, Z.—One male and one female of this 
common, but handsome, ‘“ Flesh-fly ” were taken at Dunachton. 


OneEsIA coGNata, JZg.—One female, Burley-in-Wharfedale. 


Family MUSCID.¥. 
The “ House-Fly” family. Insects of rapid flight, apparently 
never eaten by the grouse. 
H2&MATOBIA STIMULANS, J7g.—One female, Dunachton. 


POLLENIA RUDIS, /“-—Commonly resting on stones at Ballindalloch. 
A common fly, of which six males were taken. 


MoRELLIA SIMPLEX, Zev.—One male, Dunachton; one male, 
Burley-in-W harfedale. 


*Family ANTHOMYIIDA. 


The remains of flies belonging to this family, but not deter- 
mined, were found in crops from Glen Eunnich and Dunachton. 


HYETODESIA LUCORUM, //z.-—Two males and one female, Dun- 
achton ; one female, Ballindalloch. 


156 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


HyYETODESIA OBSCURATA, J7Zg.—One male and one female, Ballin- 
dalloch. 


MybDA NIGRITELLA, Z/¢¢4,—One male, Ballindalloch. 
SPILOGASTER DUPLICATA, JZg.—Two males, Dunachton. 
LIMNOPHORA SOLITARIA, Zf4.—Two males, Dunachton. 
HyYDROTAA IRRITANS, /7z,.—One female, Dunachton. 


TRICHOPTICUS CUNCTANS, JZg.—One female, Dunachton. 


HYLEMYIA VARIATA, //z.—Fifteen males and five females, Dun- 
achton. 


*PHORBIA IGNOTA, Azd.—Seven males, Dunachton. A specimen 
probably belonging to this genus, but not specifically determined, 
was found in a crop from Tulchan. 

AZELIA ZETTERSTEDTI, Avd.—One male, Burley-in-Wharfedale. 

CARICEA TIGRINA, /aé.—One male, Ballindalloch. 

CARICEA INTERMEDIA, //7.—Six males and three females, Ballin- 
dalloch. 

C@NOSIA GENICULATA, /7Zz.—One male Dunachton; one male, 
Ballindalloch. 


Family CORDYLURID. 


Although the flies of the genus Scatophaga are so abundant and 
conspicuous in the marshy areas where the grouse chicks feed, yet 
I have not found their remains in any of the crops or gizzards 
examined. 


CoRDYLURA pPupIca, J/g.—One male, Dunachton. 
SCATOPHAGA SUILLA, /al.—Two males, Ballindalloch ; one female, 
Dunachton. 


SCATOPHAGA STERCORARIA, Z.—A very abundant fly on the moors. 
Numerous specimens were collected, and have been examined 
by Mr. Shipley and Mr. Bygrave for possible cysts of tape- 
worms, but without results. 


SCATOPHAGA SQUALIDA, J7Zg.—The commonest fly in the marshy 
places on the moors. A large number of specimens were 
collected and examined for cysts, but in vain. 


Family SCIOMYZID“. 


TETANOCERA LAVIFRONS, Zw.—One male, Ballindalloch. 


TETANOCERA UMBRARUM, Z.—One example of each sex taken at 
Dunachton. 
Family PSILIDZ. 


PsILA NIGRA, /7z.—Two specimens, Dunachton. 
LOXOCERA ARISTATA, ?z.—One female, Burley-in-Wharfedale. 


THE INSECT FAUNA OF GROUSE MOORS 157 


Family OPOMYZID. 


OPpoMYZA GERMINATIONIS, Z.—One female, Ballindalloch. 


Family SEPSID/:. 


SEPSIS VIOLACEA, J7e.—One female, Ballindalloch. 


SEPSIS CYNIPSEA, Z.— Three males and one female, Burley-in- 
Wharfedale. 


Family PIOPHILID. 


PIOPHILA AFFINIS, J7g¢.—One specimen, Dunachton. 


*Family GEOMYZID:. 
DIASTATA UNIPUNCTATA, Z/¢,—One specimen, Dunachton. 


*DIASTATA NEBULOSA, //z,—An example of this species was found 
in a crop from Dunachton. 


Family EPHYDRID. 


HYyDRELLIA GRISEOLA, /7z.—An abundant species, of which three 
examples were taken at Dunachton, three at Ballindalloch, and 
sixteen at Burley-in-Wharfedale. 


SCATELLA STAGNALIS, /Z77.—One specimen, Burley-in-Wharfedale. 


Family DROSOPHILID. 


SCAPTOMYZA GRAMINUM, /7z.—One specimen, Burley-in-Wharfedale. 


Family CHLOROPID. 


CuHLorops, sf.—An undetermined example, belonging to this genus, 
was taken at Ballindalloch. 


OscINIs FRIT, Z.—One specimen, Dunachton. 
ELACHYPTERA CORNUTA, /7z.—One female, Dunachton. 


Family AGROMYZID:. 


AGROMYZA, sf.—One male, Ballindalloch; one female, Burley-in- 
Wharfedale. 

CERATOMYZA DENTICORNIS, 7z.—One example, Ballindalloch. 

OCHTHIPHILA JUNCORUM, //7.—One specimen, Dunachton. 

OCHTHIPHILA GENICULATA, //a/.—One specimen, Dunachton. 


Family BORBORIDZ. 


BORBORUS GENICULATUS, J/cy.—Two specimens, Ballindalloch. 


BoreBorus, sf.—An undetermined species, one example of which 
was taken at Ballindalloch. 


158 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


SPHROCERA DENTICULATA, JZg.—A specimen was found among 
heather sent me from Colintraive in February 1909. 


*Family HIPPOBOSCIDA. 


*ORNITHOMYIA LAGOPODIS, Shavé.—This parasitic fly must be a 
source of much annoyance to the young grouse, since from 
six chicks I obtained more than roo specimens ! 


*ORDER COLEOPTERA (Beetles). 


Besides the Beetles enumerated below, the fragments of one 
were found in a crop from Ballindalloch, but were not identified. 


Family CARABID-~. 


ELAPHRUS ULIGINOSUS, /aé.—One specimen, Dunachton. 


*Family STAPHYLINID. 


Two species of this family, undetermined, occurred on the moors 
at Dunachton. The group was also represented in the crops of 
three chicks (two from Dunachton and one from Tulchan). 


*Family ELATERID (Click Beetles). 


SERICOSOMUS BRUNNEUS, Z.—One specimen, Dunachton. 


*CORYMBITES CUPREUS, Jad., var. RUGINOSUS, Fab. — Five 
specimens of this common beetle taken at Dunachton. 
Remains were found in three crops from Dunachton. 


Family DASCILLID. 


HELODES MARGINATA, /ab.—One, Dunachton ; one, Ballindalloch. 


Family TELEPHORID. 
TTELEPHORUS NIGRICANS, Mull. var. DISCOIDEUS, Steph. — One, 
Dunachton. 
‘TELEPHORUS OBSCURUS, Z.—Five, Dunachton. 
RHAGONYCHA LIMBATA, Zhoms.—One, Ballindalloch. 
RHAGONYCHA ELONGATA, //z.—Eight, Dunachton, 
MALTHODES FLAVOGUTTATUS, Azes.—One, Ballindalloch. 


Family CHRYSOMELIDA. 


DONACIA DISCOLOR, Panz.—Three, Dunachton. 


THE INSECT FAUNA OF GROUSE MOORS 159 


LOCHM#A SUTURALIS, Zoms.—One female, Dunachton. This is 
the so-called ‘Heather Beetle,” and although only one 
specimen was taken during my collecting trip, yet from other 
evidence (see my special Report on this insect) it is obvious 
that it is generally distributed in Scotland, and only too 
abundant on many of the moors. 


HALTICA ERICETI, AZ7—One, Dunachton. 


*Family CURCULIONID: (Weevils). 


“Remains of an undetermined Weevil occurred in a crop from 
Dunachton.” 


*STROPHOSOMUS LATERALIS, Payk.—Remains of this species were 
found in two crops from ‘Tulchan. 


* PHYLLOBIUS MACULICORNIS, (erv7.—One, Dunachton. 


LIMNOBARIS T-ALBUM, £.—One, Dunachton. 


*ORDER LEPIDOPTERA (Butterflies and Moths). 


The only Lepidopterous remains found in the crops I examined 
were those of an undetermined Tineid Moth. ‘The occurrence is 
apparently of no importance. 


Family NYMPHALIDA. 


ARGYNNIS EUPHROSYNE, Z.—This Fritillary is no doubt often seen 
flying over the heather in most parts of Scotland. One 
example was caught at Dunachton and others seen. 


C@NONYMPHA DAvus, /:—Also a common moor-loving species. 
One specimen taken at Ballindalloch. 


FIDONIA ATOMARIA, £.—The ‘“ Heath” Moth, very abundant on 
the moors, especially at Dunachton, where I obtained twenty- 
seven specimens. 


EuPITHECIA, s/.—Three specimens of a “ Pug” taken at Dunachton 
but too much rubbed for identification. 


PYRAUSTA OSTRINALIS, /76.—Four, Dunachton. 
CCNEPHASIA MUSCULANA, //é.—One, Dunachton. 


PHOXOPTERYX UNGUICELLA, £.—Nine, Dunachton; one, Ballin- 
dalloch. 


GELECHIA ERICETELLA, /7/.—Two, Dunachton. 


ARGYRESTHIA GCEDARTELLA, Z.—One on wall at Ballindalloch. 


160 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


*ORDER HEMIPTERA. 


HETEROPTERA. 


Family SALDID. 


SALDA SALTATORIA, Z.—One specimen, Dunachton. 


* HOMOPTERA. 


Fragments of Homoptera were found in two crops, from 
Dunachton and Ballindalloch respectively, but they were not 
determinable. 

Family DELPHACID. 


LIBURNIA, s/.—One specimen, species not determined, Dunachton. 


Family CERCOPID. 


PHIL&NUS spuMARIUS, Z.—Eight specimens, Burley-in-Wharfedale. 
This is an abundant insect everywhere, especially in dampish 
places. It is the well-known species known as the ‘‘ Cuckoo- 
Spit.” 

PHILANUS LINEATUS, Z.—Two, Burley-in-Wharfedale. 


*ORDER HYMENOPTERA. 
*Family TENTHREDINID (Saw-Flies). 


*DINEURA, sf.—One specimen, undetermined, Dunachton. An 
example, probably of the same species, was found in a crop 
from the same moor. 


PCCILOSOMA SUBMUTICUM, Zhoms.—One, Dunachton. 
DOLERUS PALUSTRIS, AZwg.—One, Dunachton. 

DoLerus Fissus, /7#g.—One, Dunachton ; one, Ballindalloch. 
TENTHREDO OLIVACEA, A/wg.—One, Dunachton. 


*Family CYNIPIDZ:. 


A small hymenopterous insect, apparently a Cynipid, was 
found in a crop from Ballindalloch—the occurrence was, perhaps, 


a casual one. 
*Family CHALCIDIDA. 


Undetermined specimens belonging to this large, interesting, 
but difficult group of insects, were found in two crops from 
Dunachton and one from Tulchan. A Chalcid was also captured 
in the net at Dunachton. 


THE INSECT FAUNA OF GROUSE MOORS 161 


Families ICHNEUMONID and BRACONID. 


A number of undetermined specimens were found in three crops 
from Dunachton and one from Tulchan. 


CryPTUS TARSOLEUCUS, Schv.—One female captured at Dunachton. 


Family APIDA! (Bees). 


BoMBUS TERRESTRIS, Z.—One, Dunachton. A number of Loméz 
were seen flying over the moors, but they are of no special 
interest in the inquiry regarding Grouse Disease. 


ORDER TRICHOPTERA (Caddis-Flies). 


Family SERICOSTOMATID&. 


SERICOSTOMA PERSONATUM, Sfevce.—One, Ballindalloch. 
SILO PALLIPES, “aé.—One, Ballindalloch. 


Family LEPTOCERID:. 


BER#A MAURUS, Curt.—Two, Ballindalloch. 


Family HYDROPSYCHID. 


PHILOPOTAMUS MONTANUS, on.—Very abundant along all the 
streams at Dunachton ; 19 examples taken. 


ORDER NEUROPTERA. 
Oponata (Dragon-Flies). 
PYRRHOSOMA NYMPHULA, .Suz/z.—One of each sex taken at 


Dunachton. 


*Family EPHEMERID#: (May-Flies). 
A fragment of a May-fly was found in a crop from Tulchan. 


LEPTOPHLEBIA SUBMARGINATA, S¢ep4.—Two males, Dunachton. 


RHITHROGENA SEMICOLORATA, Cw7t/s.—Eleven males, Dunachton. 


*Family PERLID (Stone-Flies). 


Fragments of undetermined /er/ide were found in two gizzards 
from Dunachton. 


CHLOROPERLA GRAMMATICA, oda. — Three, Dunachton; one, 
Ballindalloch. 


IsOPTERYX TRIPUNCTATA, .Scof.—One, Ballindalloch. 


Has D 


162 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


*NeMmouRA, sf.— Five, Dunachton; one, Burley-in-Wharfedale. 
Remains of this genus occurred in a crop from Dunachton. 


*LEuCTRA, s?.—Two, Dunachton; one, Ballindalloch ; one, Burley- 
in-Wharfedale. Fragments belonging to this genus were found 
in a crop from Dunachton. 


*Family PSOCID. 
GRAPHOPSOCUS CRUCIATUS, Z.—One, Ballindalloch. 


*CciLius, sf.—A specimen of this genus, undetermined, occurred 
in a crop from Tulchan. 


Family SIALID (Alder-Flies). 


SIALIS LUTARIA, Z.—Three specimens, Dunachton. 


Tue RoyAL ScoTTisH MUSEUM,- EDINBURGH. 


SCOTTISH DRAGONFLY RECORDS. 
By W. J. Lucas, B.A. F.ES. 


SINCE the publication in 1900 of my text-book on the 
British Dragonflies, a number of records for Scotland have 
come to hand. Our knowledge of the distribution of this 
interesting order of insects in the northern part of the United 
Kingdom is still, however, meagre in the extreme, and it is 
with the hope that entomologists generally may be good 
enough to try to add to our knowledge that the following 
list is submitted. A full account of the distribution of the 
Odonata in the Forth area was published in this magazine 
by Mr. W. Evans in 1905. There is, of course, no necessity 
to include the localities there recorded in the list that appears 
below. No doubt some published records have escaped my 
notice ; of such I shall be glad to hear. 


LEUCORRHINIA DUBIA.—Jnverness-shire: Nethy Bridge, 13th June 


1900 (Col. Yerbury). Aderdeenshive: scarce at Invercanny 
Moor (J. Mearns). 


SYMPETRUM sTRIOLATUM.—ZJs/e of Lewis: Stornoway, a striking 
variety figured in “‘ Entom.,” May 1900, p. 139 (H. S. Fremlin). 


SCOTTISH DRAGONFLY RECORDS 163 


Argyllshire: Tayrallich (1900), and Taynish Loch (A. M. 
Stewart). Bute: Cumbrae near Millport (A. M. Stewart). 
Renfrewshire: Wass-hill (A. M. Stewart). 


S. scoricum.—Sutherlandshire: 4th and 8th August, 1900, The 
Mound, and r4th August, Golspie (Col. Yerbury) ; 1901, Rogart 
and Lairg (J. M. Munro). <Aderdeenshire: abundant on most 
moors (J. Mearns). fe: Cumbrae near Millport (A. M. 
Stewart). Azgvllshire: Tayrallich (1900), and Taynish Loch 
(A. M. Stewart). Dumfriesshire: Common at Ellangowan 
(B. M‘Gowan). Atrkcudbrightshire: Colvend (Dr. B. White, 
““E.M.M.,” 1900, p. 109). Renfrewshire: Wass-hill (A. M. 
Stewart). 


LIBELLULA QUADRIMACULATA.—Js/le of Lewds:. Stornoway (H. S. 
Fremlin). JZverness-shire: 4th July, 1900, Nethy Bridge (Col. 
Yerbury). Aderdeenshire: Common at Scotston Moor and Ban- 
chory (J. Mearns). Banffshire: 13th July 1903, Crannoch Loch 
near Cullen (H. H. Brown, “Entom.,” 1903, p. 219). Az7gyll- 
shire: (J. Mackay). Arran: July 1901 (Mr. Dunsmore, sent 
to me by A. M. Stewart). Renfrewshire: Dargavel Moss 
(A. M. Stewart). Avrkcudbrightshire : Colvend (Dr. B. White, 
““ER.M.M.,” 1900, p. 109). Dumfriesshire: Ellangowan, three 
seen, one of them captured, June 1900 (B. M‘Gowan). 
Berwick-on-Tweed : migrants, 1900 (G. Bolam). 


ORTHETRUM CARULESCENS.—A?rkcudbrightshire: Colvend (Dr. B. 
White, ““E.M.M.,” 1900, p. 109). 

SOMATOCHLORA METALLICA.—/nverness-shire: Not uncommon in 
Strathglass, July 1899, but patience and devotion in the highest 
degree needed for their capture (C. A. Briggs, zz de¢/, 23rd 
November 1899). 


S. arcrica.—Lerthshire: Mr. K. J. Morton took the species in 
Black Wood, Rannoch, roth July 1905 ; and Mr. J. W. Cardew 
took it in the same locality, 2nd August 1908. 


CORDULEGASTER ANNULATUS. — Lnverness-shire: Strathglass, July 
1899, not uncommon and easy to catch (C. A. Briggs, zz “tz., 
23rd November 1899); Nethy Bridge, 13th June 1900 (Col. 
Yerbury). Sutherlandshire: 6th and 17th July 1900, Invershin 
(Col. Yerbury). Aderdeenshire: Common at Invercanny Moor 
(J. Mearns). <Azgyl/shire: Taynish (A. M. Stewart). 


AESCHNA CAERULEA.— Sutherlandshire: 15th July tgoo, Invershin 
(Col. Yerbury). Zrverness-shire: Rare and hard to catch in 
Strathglass, July 1899 (C. A. Briggs, zz /¢z., 23rd November 
1899). Ross-shire: 8th July 1890, at Loch Rosque near 
Loch Maree a @ (J. J. F. X. King, “E.M.M.,” 1900, p. 136). 
Perthshire: Learan, Rannoch, 14th July 1905 (K. J. Morton). 


164 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


AE, yuNcEA.—Jsle of Lewis : Stornoway, 1go01, three specimens (C. A. 
Briggs, collected by H. M‘Arthur). Sutherlandshire: 5th and 
14th August 1900, Golspie ; and roth and 24th August, The 
Mound (Col. Yerbury). J/xverness-shire: 4th July 1900, Nethy 
Bridge (Col. Yerbury). Banffshire: A newly emerged ¢ with 
its nymph-skin from half-way up Cairngorm on 5th July 1900 
(Col. Yerbury). Aderdeenshire: Common at Scotston Moor, 
Banchory, and Nigg (J. Mearns). Se/kirkshire: Galashiels 
(J. C. Haggart). Renfrewshire: Lawmarnock ; and in 1gor 
near Paisley (A. M. Stewart). Azrkcudbrightshire: Colvend 
(Dr. B. White, ““E.M.M.,” 1900, p. 109). 


JE. GRANDIS.— Dumfriesshire: Ellangowan (B. M‘Gowan). <Azrk- 
cudbrighishire: Colvend (Dr. B. White, ‘“E.M.M.,” 1900, 
p. 109). 

CALOPTERYX VIRGO.—Airkcudbrightshire: Colvend (Dr. B. White, 
“E.M.M.” 1900, p. 109): 


C. SPLENDENS.—Prof. Trail tells Mr. J. Mearns that C. splendens 
has occurred at Fyvie, Aberdeenshire, in abundance (E. N. 
Bloomfield, “‘E.M.M.,” 1900, p. 263). 


LESTES DRyAS.— Kirkcudbrightshire: Colvend (Dr. B. White, 
“E.M.M.,” rg00, p. 109; but M/‘Lachlan considered the 
record doubtful). 


L. sponsa.—Aderdeenshire: ‘One specimen sent me; others have 
been taken by Mr. J. Mearns” (E. N. Bloomfield). Renfrew- 
shire: near Paisley, 1901 (A. M. Stewart). <Azgyl/shire: Tay- 
nish Loch and Tayrallich (A. M. Stewart). 


PyRRHOSOMA NYMPHULA.—/Jsle of Lewis: Stornoway, r1got, a fine 
series, evidently common (C. A. Briggs; collected by H. 
M‘Arthur). Jnverness-shire: Aviemore, 28th June 1900, and 
Nethy Bridge, 13th and 27th June 1900 (Col. Yerbury). 
Banffshire: Crannoch Loch, near Cullen, 13th July 1903 (H. 
H. Brown, “ Entom.,” 1903, p. 219). Aberdeenshire: Common 
at Banchory and Whitestripes (J. Mearns). Perthshire (G. W. 
Kirkaldy). Renfrewshire: Wass-hill, and near Paisley 1901 
(A. M. Stewart). Dumfriesshire: Ellangowan (B. M‘Gowan). 
Kirkcudbrightshire: Colvend (Dr. B. White, “ E.M.M.,” 1900, 
p. 109. 

ISCHNURA ELEGANS.—Js/e of Lewis: Stornoway, ¢ 36 ¢ 9, rather 
small (C. A. Briggs, collected by H. M‘Arthur). Banffshire: 
Crannoch Loch, near Cullen, 13th July 1903 (H. H. Brown, 
*Entom.,” 1903, p. 219). Aberdeenshire: Common at Scot- 
ston and Invercanny (J. Mearns). Argyllshire: Taynish Loch 
(A. M. Stewart). Dumfriesshire: Ellangowan (B. M‘Gowan). 
Renfrewshire: near Paisley (A. M. Stewart). 


SCOTTISH DRAGONFLY RECORDS 165 


AGRION PULCHELLUM. — In Scotland according to de Selys 
(Co E.MEM..? 1900, p. 1009): 


A. PUELLA.—Indicated as Scotch, by De Selys (“E.M.M.,” 1900, 
p. 88). d@id-Lothian: One taken in June 1896, near Rosslyn 
(W. Evans, “E.M.M.,” 1900, p. 88). Renfrewshire: near 
Paisley, 1901 (A. M. Stewart). Dumfriesshire: a single male, 
June 1902, Ellangowan; probably others were present (B. 
M‘Gowan, 7 Zit7., 18th Feb. 1903). 

A. HASTULATUM.—Rediscovered,! 28th June 1900, by Col. Yerbury, 
who captured a male at Aviemore (/zverness-shire), which 
happened to be somewhat aberrant and resembled Lxallagma 
cyathigerum ; Mr. J. J. F. X. King took it again in Aviemore in 
1903. 

ENALLAGMA CYATHIGERUM. —Jsle of Lewis: Stornoway, 1901, 
twenty males and four females; specimens rather large; the 
spot on segment 2 usually large, in one or two cases somewhat 
similar to that figured in “‘ E.M.M.,” 1900, p. 110 (C. A. Briggs, 
collected by H. M‘Arthur). <Aderdeenshive: Common at 
Bishop’s Loch (J. Mearns). Banffshire: Crannoch Loch, 
near Cullen, 13th July 1903 (H. H. Brown, “ Entom.,” 1903, 
p. 219). Jnverness-shire: A male from Nethy Bridge, July 
1909 (D. Sharp). Perthshire (G. W. Kirkaldy). Argyllshire : 
Taynish Loch (A. M. Stewart). <Azrkcudbrightshire: Colvend 
(Dr. B. White, ‘“E.M.M.,” 1900, p. 109). Dumfriesshire: 
Ellangowan (B. M‘Gowan). Renfrewshire: near Paisley, 1901 
(A. M. Stewart). 


28 KNIGHT’S PARK, KINGSTON-ON-THAMES, 
June 1910. 


CONTRIBUTIONS TO A FLORA OF THE OUTER 
HEBRIDES. No. 4. 


By ARTHUR BENNETT, F.L.S. 


THE following records, etc. are partly new records, partly 

records omitted, notes, etc., that have come to my notice 
since No. 3 appeared in the “ Annals” of July 1905. 

I regret to say that my correspondent Mr. W. S. Duncan 

has since that date been seriously ill, and able to do scarcely 

1 Mr. C. W. Dale had in his collection (now in the Hope Museum in Oxford), 

specimens taken by R. Weaver in Swtherlandshire in 1842 (see Notes on the 


Dale Collection, in ‘“E.M.M.,” xix. p. 198; xx. p. 79, where references are also 
made to other Scottish dragonflies). 


166 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


any collecting and observing; but the following pages will 
show that while he could he has done good work. 

I shall be extremely glad if any one can add to these 
records, and will publish the additions, no matter how 
trivial they may seem. It is only by many units that we 
can build up a floral record of any county. 

Working through Messrs. Balfour and Babington’s 1841 
List,’ there is little to comment on, as a first-list notice was 
of course taken of species rather than of critical forms. 
The Cerastium atrovirens, Bab. is simply a state of C. 
tetrandrum, Curt. Potentilla Tormentilla is given as “ flourish- 
ing at a height of 3000 feet.” There is no hill in the Outer 
Hebrides that attains that altitude, Clisham in North Harris 
being the nearest to it (2622 feet); but at that date the 
altitudes were little known. Taraxacum officinale—“ Upon 
the upper part of Langa (2102 feet) we found a variety of 
this plant, approaching palustre, but with descending lobes 
to the leaves, and the outer scales of the involucrum lanceolate- 
attenuate.” Under Eriophorum they give both angustz- 
folium and polystachion; according to “ Babington’s Manual” 
(1843) their angusttfolium represents the type, and the other 
is “elatius, Koch.” Their Carex cespitosa is C. Goodenoviz, 
Gay. “ Molinia caerulea, 8 alpina, on the mountains of 
Lewis and Harris,” is not mentioned in the “ Manual,’ but 
according to Macreight? 8 alpina= WM. alpina (Don)= WM. 
depauperata, Lindley ; but Don’s name for it was “ Melica 
alpina.”* In the last edition of the “London Catalogue” 
we have two varieties named under J/olznza, but not this 
old one. Upon Langa they gathered “ Thalictrum alpinum, 
Arabis petrea, Silene acaulis, Saxifraga stellaris, Oayria 
reniformis, Luzula spicata, amongst rocks on the summit 
(2102 feet) Hymenophyllum Welsonz, and on moist micaceous 
rocks on the north-west side Saussurea alpina.” 

The above seems to be the only station yet recorded in 
the islands for Avadzs petrea. 


THALICTRUM Majus, Crantz.—Mr. Ewing records this, giving 
Babington as the authority ; but this record in ‘‘ Top. Botany,” 


1 «Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin.” i. (1844), pp. 145-154. 
2 «‘ Man. Brit. Botany,” 1837. 
3 « Notes from Roy. Bot. Gard. Edin.,” 1904, p. 134, Nos. 12 and 13. 
y P 3 


CONTRIBUTIONS TO A FLORA OF THE OUTER HEBRIDES 167 


ed. 2, 1883, was a record of an aggregate species ; there is no 
doubt that a second species occurs on the islands in addition 
to Z. dunense, Dum., but it is probably Z: coldinum, Wallr. 

ANEMONE NEMOROSA, Lizz.—Mr. Ewing gives this! as vouched 
for by Mr. A. Somerville, but I do not know where it was 
recorded. 

RANUNCULUS TRICHOPHYLLUS, var. DEMERSUS, JV. &. Arown.—Dr. 
Williams makes this the #. aguwatilis, var. evadicatus, Laest.? 
With this I cannot agree; I had a specimen of Laestadius’ 
plant, which is a very delicate form, not seen by me from else- 
where. He describes it as “ sub-aquaneus, caule bi-l-3-pollicari, 
filiformi ; floribus minutissimis, ante explicationem vix semine 
cannabis majoribus; foliis non  proprie capillaribus, sed 
abbreviatis ; radice filiformi, fibrosa. Hab. in stagnis vadosis, 
ex. gr. Karavuopis et Saxajerfvi ad Karesuando Lappon. 
Tornensis.” Fries included evadicatus in his Batrachium con- 
Jervotdes, ‘‘ Bot. Not.,” 1845, p. 141, and “Sum. Veg.,” 1846, 
p. 139; and C. P. Laestadius? also quotes L. L. Laestadius’ 
habitats for B. confervoides, Fr. Mr. N. E. Brown seems to 
think * that the evadicatus (quoted from Hiern) is something 
different from Fries’ plant. No doubt it is not the same, 
but it is a delicate form or variety of it. 

I have a series of the Perth plant, gathered by Mr. A. 
Sturrock. It does not seem to be mentioned in the “ Flora of 
Perth” (1898). A succulent form of Fries’ plant occurs in 
thirteen of the botanical provinces of Finland. It is JS. 
admixtum, W. Nylander. 

Hartmann® quotes “#. fpauctstamineus, Tausch, var. 
borealis, Beurling (‘‘ Bot. Not.,” 1852), as a synonym of Fries’ 
plant. 

Laestadius at the end of his paper remarks—“ FR. aguatilis 
eradicatus, a, subaguaneus. Hujus forma minima, p. exsiccata 
vix pollicaris ad ripas lacuum exsiccatas post defluxum aque 
florens caule filiformi depresso, foliis filiformibus, peltatis nullis, 
obvenit. circa Karesuando.” Specimens referable to Mr 
Brown’s plant I have from Harris, Duncan, sf. 


RANUNCULUS HEDERACEUS, Zizz.—Loch Boisdale in South Uist. 


TROLLIUS EUROP£US, Zz77.—In all floras species supposed to be 
absent are almost as interesting as recorded ones. ‘This is a 
case in point. Why does Zyo//us grow in West Sutherland, 


1 «Glasgow Cat. of Native Plants” (1899), p. I. 

2 In ‘‘Loca Parall. Plant,” written in 1831 and 1832, but not published 
until 1839. 

3 «Bid. till kan. Tornea Lappmark.”’ 1860, p. 39. 

# “Eng. Bot.” Suppl., 1892, p. 13. 

6 «Wand. Sk. Fl.,” ed. 10 (1879), p. 167. 


168 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


Caithness, West Ross and Skye, yet not in the Outer Hebrides ? 
Another similar case is that of Corydalis claviculata, 


ARABIS HIRSUTA, Scop. var. PROPINQUA (/ord.)—Coast sand-hills, 
Balranald, North Uist, 16/7/1898, Dr. Shoolbred. 

The Rey. E. F. Linton! refers these specimens to the 
above species of Jordan, as does the late Herr Freyn, who 
observes: ‘‘ A. hirsuta, Scop., var. agrees with var. propingua 
(Jord.) Rouy; but this is an alpine plant.” Certainly very 
different from the Glamorgan (Newton Nottage) specimens 
which Rev. E. S. Marshall tells me are referred to 4. Refziana, 
Beurling (Pl. Scand., 1859), var. Azspida, by M. Rouy. In 
this I concur ; it nearly corresponds with the Caithness plants I 
have referred to Aefztana, except that they are nearly glabrous. 
Lonnroth ? discusses many forms of /zrsuta. 


CocHLEARIA DANICA, Linn.—Coast near Scalpig, North Uist, 
Shoolbred, sf. 

POLYGALA OXYPTERA, feichb.—West side of South Uist, growing 
near to or with P. eu-vulgaris, A. Somerville, sf. 


STELLARIA Ho.ostEa, Zz7z2.—Wood in the Stornoway Castle 
grounds, where a few plants come up every year, W. J. Gibson. 


MonrTliA FONTANA, Z., sf., LAMPROSPERMA.—Chamisso.? Island of 
Barra, July 1884, A. Somerville, ss. Another specimen from 
South Uist (A. S.) has no fruit ripe enough to be certain of. 

RUBUS PULCHERRIMUS, /Vewman.—North Uist and Barra. Dr. 
Shoolbred. 

R. incurvatus, Bad. \ Rev. W. Moyle Rogers, ‘ Handbook of 

R. CORYLIFOLIUS, Sm.J British Rubi,” 1900, p. 100. 

FRAGARIA ESCA, Zzum.—Castle grounds at Stornoway, W. J. 
Gibson, sp., 1908. 

Rosa omissa, Deseg?.—Trail, ‘Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.,” 45, 1908, 
ex Rev. A. Ley, “Journ. Bot.,” May 1907. 

PEPLIS PORTULA, Z.—South Uist, A. Somerville. In part ii, 1892, 
this was listed as “Duncan Cat.” Mr. Duncan wrote 
(3/6/1896) that this was an error; and I omitted to note 
Mr. Somerville’s record in part i., 1895. 

EPILOBIUM TETRAGONUM, Zzuz (seg.).—Scarp, W. S. Gibson, sf. 

E, ANAGALLIDIFOLIUM, Zam.—Clisham (2622 feet), Dr. Shoolbred.: 


CRITHMUM MARITIMUM,* Zzz2.—Mangustra Cliffs, north of the 
island of Eileen Moloch, west coast of the Lewis. Beyond 


1 «Exch. Club Report for 1898,” p. 565. 
2 “Obs. Cnte Ply Suec ln ss4yipp: 8-12. 
3 Cf. Beeby in ‘‘ Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.,” 104, 1909. 
4 See ‘‘ Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.,” 1909, p. 54. 


CONTRIBUTIONS TO A FLORA OF THE OUTER HEBRIDES 169 


the distribution given, Zc, it occurs in Malta and on the 
coast of the Black Sea. But the plant, though succulent in its 
annual growth, becomes after some years almost woody at the 
base; and the roots penetrate some distance into the cliffs. 
At St. Margaret’s Bay, East Kent, there was a large plant that 
I knew for 15 years. It was nearly 2 feet long and quite 
woody. The sea has since swept it away. The Lewis 
specimens are almost typical, while the Colonsay ones are 
more drawn and taller, up to 16 inches high. 


SAUSSUREA ALPINA, DC.—In No. 3 I gave the height of its occur- 
rence on the Caithness Cliff at ‘about 4o feet.” But 20 feet 
is about the altitude. 


HIERACIUM OREADES, /7., var. SUBGLABRATUM, /: /. Hanb.—Cliffs, 
south side of Loch Maddy, North Uist, Shoolbred. 

H. ARGENTEUM, /7.—Clisham, North Harris. Cliffs near Tarbet, 
South Harris, Dr. Shoolbred. 

H. scoricum, & /. Hanb.—Crogay More, North Uist ;} Clisham, 
North Harris, Dr. Shoolbred. 


H. SILVATICUM, Gouan, sub-sp. CORDIGERUM, JVorrlin.—Scarp, 
W.S. Duncan, sf. A remarkable plant which I have not seen 
from elsewhere in Britain. The peculiar form of the leaves 
and the dense silky covering are very unusual. 


H. sacitratum, Lindeb., var. SUBHIRTUM, & /. “7.—Linton (“ Br. 
Tiers SOG. 052): 

H. sticropHyLtum, Dah/st.—Stornoway, Linton (‘“ Journ. Bot.,” 
1893, p. 198); near Tarbert, South Harris, Shoolbred, Zc. 

H. stricrum, /7., var. RETICULATUM (Zindeb.). Linton’s (“ Journ. 
Bot.,’ 1893; Pp: 201): 


VERONICA CHAMADRYS, £z7z.—Castle Grounds at Stornoway and 
in the neighbourhood, W. J. Gibson, sf. 


EUPHRASIA BOREALIS, MWet/s.—Bernera, Harris, Mrs. MacGillivray, 
July 1828, Trail (“‘ Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.,” 1901, p. 179). 

E. BREVIPILA, Burnat and Gremli.—Tarbert, W. A. Shoolbred 
(‘‘Journ. Bot.,” 1899, p. 480). 


E. FOULAENSIS, Zozww2s.—Baleshare Island and Ben Lee, North Uist, 
W. A. Shoolbred, Zc. 


E. scottica, Wettst_—Ben Lee, North Uist, W. A. Shoolbred, Zc. 


RHINANTHUS PUBESCENS, Wad/r.—East coast of Benbecula, W. A. 
Shoolbred (‘‘ Journ. Bot.,” 1895, p. 245). 


MELAMPYRUM SYLvaTicuM, Z.—“ 110, Macgillivray,” “Glas, Cat.” 
(1899, p. 99), much needs confirmation. 


170 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


UTRICULARIA VULGARIS, Zzzv.—110 Hebrides, ‘‘ Top. Bot.” ed. 2, 
1883. Recorded by Balfour and Babington in 1841, from N. 
Uist. As they went from Dunvegan to Loch Maddy in N. 
Uist, and as Dr. Shoolbred found U. neglecta near there, it is 
possible that they gathered the same plant, as U. neglecta was 
not then differentiated in Britain from U. vulgaris. 

As yet I have not seen specimens of U. vulgaris from the 
islands, and by the kindness of Messrs. Goode and Moss, I 
have ascertained there are no specimens of U?vicudaria from 
the Outer Hebrides in the late Prof. Babington’s herbarium. 
Dr. Bayley Balfour kindly allowed Mr. Jeffrey, the Curator of 
the Edinburgh Herbarium, to look if there were any specimens 
from the Outer Hebrides in it, and he reports “ there are none,” 
so that we cannot prove whether it was vu/garzs that was seen. 


(Zo be continued.) 


NOTES “ON CAREX 
By Rev. Epwarp S. Marsua.t, M.A., F.L.S. 


PERHAPS I may be allowed to supplement my friend Mr. 
Druce’s general review of Pfarrer G. Kiikenthal’s monograph 
(pp. 46-52) by some more detailed remarks. In the revised 
list which I drew up for the tenth edition of the “ London 
Catalogue” there are some errors and inadvertent omissions 
of varieties, the latter mainly due to my having taken over 
the work in an advanced stage, and too hastily assumed that 
most, if not all, recent additions had already been included 
in the rough draft. 


C. chetophylla, Steudel.—Specimens from Seaford, 14, East Sussex, 
were so named for Mr. H. S. Thompson in 1905 by Mr. C. B. 
Clarke. They look fairly distinct from our ordinary British 
C. divisa, having very slender filiform leaves and a smaller 
inflorescence. 


C. diandra, Schrank, var. £hrhartiana (Hoppe).—I cannot distinguish 
the English specimens so named from type; it is accordingly 
ignored in ‘‘ Lond. Cat.” 


C. contigua, Hoppe (muricafa, Koch, et auct. angl.).—This name 
is definite, and preferable to the earlier C. sfzcafa, Huds. ; the 
synonyms quoted by Hudson are very vague, and the habitat 


NOTES ON CAREX 171 


assigned (in aquosis et ad margines fossarum) is quite unusual 
for this normally dry-soil species. 


C. muricata, Linn. Herb. ! (Pazrez, F. Schultz).—The description in 
“Spec. Plant.” (capsulis acutis divergentibus spinosis) confirms 
the evidence of the specimen ; its patent fruit being one of the 
obvious characters which mark off Pazrez from contigua. Mr. 
W. A. Shoolbred and I found what we thought was a new 
British sedge on sandy hedge-banks near Pyle, 41, Glamorgan, 
so far back as 1902; Kikenthal at first named it Zeerszz, but 
subsequently identified it in herb. C. E. Salmon as Pazrez. 
Last year Rev. E. F. Linton collected this species in fine 
condition at Edmondsham, 9, Dorset. 


C. Leersit, F. Schultz.—Clearly very near the last, though authentic 
specimens at Brit. Mus. are considerably more robust, and have 
larger fruit, in addition to the longer and more interrupted 
spikes. Our British plants are usually weaker, but cannot be 
separated by any definite character. If treated as a mere 
variety, it should apparently be called C. muvricata, L., var. 
pseudo-divulsa, Syme. Mr. Druce’s C. muricata x remota has, 
I believe, contigua as one parent; I have hitherto seen no 
other British examples, though Focke calls it ‘‘ perhaps the 
most frequent Cavex-hybrid.” 


C. canescens, L.—Mr. Druce has shown good grounds for retaining 
this name, instead of C. curta, Good. 


C. cespitosa, 1..—Mr. Beeby some years ago informed me that he 
had given up the Shetland plant so determined by Dr. Lange 
(I saw his herbarium specimen at a Linnean Society Meeting, 
and could not make out how it differed from C. Goodenowiztz) ; 
but Mr. Bennett is satisfied that the Wensleydale cesfz¢osa 1s 
correct. 


C. gracilis, Curt., var. spherocarpa, Kik.—My Bignor, 13, West 
Sussex, plant (No. 2610) has brown, roundish fruit. I have 
not seen a description of this variety. 


C. aguatilis, Wahl., forma angustata, Kuk.— Speyside below 
Kingussie, 96, East Inverness (Nos. 2102-3). In 1898 
Kikenthal wrote that my specimens were analogous to C. 
gracilis, var, personata, Fr. Spikelets slender ; foliage narrow. 
I have the same thing, in a reduced form, from 2800 feet in 
Corrie Kander, 92, South Aberdeen (No. 2983). 

Var. sphagnophila, Fr.—Is an earlier name for the var. 
minor, Boott, so common on the Clova Mountains. 

Var. efigecos.—Kikenthal in 1898 named my specimens 
from the tableland above Glen Callater, coming from Canlochan, 
at over 3000 feet, as var. efigezos, Anders. ; whether that is the 


172 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


same as of Leestadius I am unable to say. They are about 18 
inches high. Male spikelet solitary ; female 2 or 3, appressed 
to the stem, short, fairly stout, with very dark, blunt glumes. 
Dr. Buchanan White’s alleged var. efzgecos from Methven was 
placed under Goodenowii (C. vulgaris y elatior, Lang, forma 
angustifolia) by Kiikenthal, and certainly cannot stand under 
aguatilts. 


C. elytroides, Fr.—Kiikenthal does not accept the Anglesey plant 
which has been so called. He remarked on my two sheets— 
which, by the way, are fertile—‘‘ Carex elytroides, Fr., ex orig. 
longe aliena, nempe hybrida Carex gracilis x vulgaris. Haec 
est nil nisi forma elatior C. vulgaris.” 


C. Goodenowti, Gray, var. strictiformis, Kiik.—I was glad to see 
this fine plant (Nos. 1936, 2378) at length decisively named. 
Mr. Shoolbred and I discovered it in a peaty ditch within fifty 
yards of C. chordorhiza, which we met with a few minutes later 
in its first British station. When growing it has quite the 
appearance of a distinct species, being considerably more robust, 
and having stouter spikelets than any other of our numerous 
Goodenow?i forms known to me. Kiikenthal at first confidently 
named it Goodenowii x gracilis; but it is quite fertile, and graceles 
is unknown in the north of Scotland. In 1901 he wrote that 
it came nearest to C. Gaudichaudiana, Kunth, from Australia 
and New Zealand. Rev. E. F. Linton’s unpublished C. 
Goodenowtt, var. subacuta, from Co. Westmeath, seems to be 
closely allied. Probably a subspecies, rather than an ordinary 
variety. 

Var. subcespitosa, Kiik.—Peaty marsh-dyke near Rosslare, 
Co. Wexford, June 1897 (No. 1969); forming dense hassocks up 
to 18 inches high, both czespitose and stoloniferous. Kukenthal 
remarked that it had much the aspect of a cespitosa x vulgaris. 
The spikelets are crowded in a head one to two inches long, 
subtended by a bract often twice its length. Var. jumcedla is 
sometimes densely tufted, but has its leaves more or less 
involute-filiform ; whereas in var. sudcespitosa they are flat, and 
occasionally 15 inches long. 


C. panicea, L., var. intermedia (Miégeville).—Still known as British 
only from a wet heath about a mile east of Fort William 
(No. 431), where I found it on June 23, 1888. It remained 
constant under cultivation, and exactly matches Bordére’s 
specimens at Kew, thus named, from the Pyrenees. Kuken- 
thal’s comment in 1898 was as follows :—‘‘ Carex intermedia, 
Miég., est mihi ignota (K. Richter ad C. vulgarem ducit !). 
Haec forma pulchra reducta Caricis panicez.” The station, 
only roo feet above sea-level, cannot account for its divergence 


NOTES ON CAREX 173 


from type, which seems to me quite varietal. I have always, 
however, regarded the so-called var. dovealis, And., of C. vaginata, 
which is frequent on the Cairngorms above 3000 feet, as merely 
an alpine séaée. 


C. binervis, Sm., var. Sad/eri (Linton).—Both this and var. nzgrescens, 
Druce, remain constant under cultivation; but the former, 
whether identical with var. a/fima, Drejer, or not, is at least a 
good subspecies, whereas var. zzgvescens, from Corrie Kander, 
differs from type only by its darker glumes, the fruit-character 
being normal. 


C. distans, 1..—My inland gatherings from the neighbourhood of 
Trowbridge and Devizes, North Wilts (No. 2718, etc.), where it 
is locally plentiful, have the beak of the fruit rather longer and 
more gradually narrowed from the base than in the coast-form 
referred by C. B. Clarke to C. neglecta, Degland; the utricles 
also appear to be less conspicuously punctate. 


C. flava, L.—The typical plant of Linn. Herb. seems to be most 
rare in Britain; I believe that I have observed it only once, 
near Fulbourne, Cambridgeshire, but alpine forms occur in 
the Breadalbanes which belong here, one of which (from about 
2000 feet on Ben More, 88, Mid-Perth), with very inflated, 
subglobose fruit, and stems 3 to 6 inches high, was named var. 
pygmea, And., by Kukenthal. C. /epidocarpa, Tausch, perhaps 
distinct enough to rank as a species, is most frequent in north 
Scotland, but occurs as far south as Dorset, and in Ireland. 


C. @deri, Retz., var. edocarpa, And. (flava, var. minor, ‘owns.).— 
By far our most common and generally distributed representa- 
tive of the f#ava-group in the three kingdoms. Much can be 
said in favour of keeping it under restricted C. fava, L. ; but 
it varies greatly (this is well shown on the plate in Alora Danica), 
being sometimes nearly two feet high, and sometimes only two 
or three inches, as at Fleet Pond, 12, North Hants, where it 
shades off almost imperceptibly into typical @der7. I think that 
Andersson’s name should be retained, both as being older, and 
as more in accordance with the features of the plant taken as 
awhole. Though the beak is usually (not always) much longer 
than in type-@?d¢er7 and the other varieties, it is straight, never 
in my experience abruptly deflexed, as in fava and Jepidocarpa; 
and occasionally the fruit itself is small. 


C. inflata, Huds., #72. Ang?., ed. 2, p. 412 (1778).—Mr. Beeby, the 
most accurate and careful botanist of my acquaintance, whose 
untimely death is an almost irreparable loss, demurred to the 
identification of this with C. rostrata, Stokes (ampullacea, Good.), 
on the ground of Hudson’s species being described as having a 
solitary male spikelet; but I cannot see that the expression, 


174 


ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


‘“‘mascula erecta lanceolata” need imply this, and the objection 
would be equally valid against C. vestcarza, L., the only possible 
alternative, which also has two to four male spikelets. 

Var. utriculata, Kiik.—Plants from near Cong, West Galway 
(No. 1478), and Lough Drin, Westmeath (No. 1426), which seem 
hardly separable from Mr. Lloyd-Praeger’s supposed C. rhyncho- 
physa, were named by Kukenthal C. rostrata, var. latifolia, 
Aschers (1864). An even stronger form, found by Mr. Shool- 
bred and myself in Glen Clova (No. 2764), was identified by 
Mr. Bennett with C. ampudllacea, var. robusta, Sonder (1851), 
an earlier synonym of var. e/atzor, Blytt (1861). I suspect that 
all the above-mentioned gatherings should rank as one variety, 
which in Lonzd. Cat. I have called C. znflata, var. robusta. 


C. Grahami, Boott.-—A careful study of wild specimens from Clova, 


as well as of living plants from that /ocws classicus, cultivated 
at Kew and Bournemouth, has quite convinced me that this is 
a variety or subspecies of C. vestcaria, L. The var. alfigena, 
Fr., as named for me by Kukenthal, has short, roundish female 
spikelets and a shorter beak, and agrees well with some 
specimens issued in Herb. ormatle, Fr., though not quite with 
all. This tends towards C. saxatilis, L. (pfulla, Good.) ; 
the transitions from which to Graham, e.g. in the bog below, 
the neck separating Ben More from Stobinian (also called 
Am Binnein and Ben Ein), are numerous, and may be due 
in part to hybridity. When growing by itself, C. saxatlis is 
very characteristic and quite constant; I regard it as being 
more distinct from veszcaria than is C. lepidocarpa from type- 


flava. 


West MONKTON RECTORY, TAUNTON, 


February 21, 1910. 


QN SOME SCODRISH VALPINESFORMS OP 
CAREX; 


By P. Ewine, F.L.S. 


I HAVE been asked to put on record, through the medium of 


the 


“ Annals,’ my opinions regarding some of the critical 


forms of our alpine Carices, and now that Georg Kiiken- 
thal’s able monograph of the genus has been published in the 
“ Pflanzenreich ” the work is much simplified. His arrange- 
ment, however much it may differ from the arrangement of 
former authors, is the one I prefer to follow in whatever 


ON SOME SCOTTISH ALPINE FORMS OF CAREX 175 


remarks I make, as it is more in accordance with my ideas 
concerning the relative position of the forms. The descrip- 
tions of these forms may not be comprehensive enough, but 
on the whole, so far as I have tested them, they seem to fit 
our British plants fairly well. 

The species I intend to discuss are well known, therefore 
I do not think it necessary to enter into their synonymy, 
which may be found in the above-mentioned work, and in 
various other sources at the command of most students. I 
may just be permitted to say in passing that this monograph 
from an authority of such generally recognised ability, has 
not come too soon, as the great discrepancies to be found in 
the descriptions of different authors must have been a source 
of great inconvenience to all students of the genus, and the 
want of a good standard book, more up-to-date than any we 
have, for reference on critical points, must have long been a 
felt want. 

The hill-forms of Carex are, in my opinion, more interest- 
ing than the low-country forms as they are much more varied, 
and taking note of these variations as one is quietly ascend- 
ing a mountain-side adds much to one’s knowledge, relieves 
the muscular exertion, and thereby makes toil a pleasure. 
Also by observing the effects on the same plant, growing in 
a wet bog or dry soil, or on rock ledges, at different altitudes, 
helps the student very materially to decide which form of 
the plant the author had before him when he was drawing 
out his description. 

Let me begin with :— 

Carex rostrata, Stokes. If we go to the muddy shores 
of Loch Dochart we find this plant with a stem longer than 
the leaves, and the leaves themselves comparatively flat ; but 
if we follow the streams and examine the marshes right up 
to the highest bog-land and note the changes in the pro- 
portion of stems to leaves; we see the stems getting shorter, 
and the leaves becoming longer, narrower, and more involute, 
till we ‘find it with leaves twice as long as the stems, and as 
a rule we find all the other organs proportionately changed 
in shape and colour. 

Under the type Kiikenthal describes five forms, of which 
I think we can lay claim to the following :— 


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~alift ier ar Sai: 


176 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


Forma 3. pendulina, Blytt. With us the peduncle is 
often over 6 cm. long, and the lower spikelet often has a 
small spikelet at its base. It is found at the same elevations 
as the var. drunnescens, but in deeper and more sheltered glens. 
There is a fine patch of this at the base of Beinn Chaluim. 

Forma 5. longzpalea, Neuman. This is the only other 
form, so far as I am aware, we have; it is found pretty well 
up on the hills in such places as the marsh on the saddle- 
back between Ben Lawers and Meall Garbh? I have never 
seen it with the fruit so well developed as to cause the 
spikelet to droop. 

Of the varieties described by this author, var. drunnes- 
cens, Anderss., is our common hill form, from about 250-750 
meters, easily distinguished by its narrow leaves which are 
much longer than the stem, and the brownish appearance of 
its spikelets, although the glumes are often for the most part 
white and membranous. 

Var. dorealis, Hartm., is not a rare variety with us, but 
it is very rare in fruit. It may have one or two spikelets, 
but they are always closely sessile. Although found at 
higher altitudes than the var. drusmnescens, the perigynia when 
present are always better developed than in that variety at a 
lower altitude. It is easily known, even when barren, by its 
long involute leaves, and is a plant of the saddle-backs from 
750 meters upwards, if water is constant. 

C. vestcaria, L. The so-called varieties of this plant 
have always been a mystery, and no two authors seem to 
agree about them. This is due, of course, to the want of 
field-experience of the variations. Begin at the shores of 
Loch Dochart and follow this plant up the mountains and 
you will see the following changes taking place. The type 
occurs on the exposed shore, the form e/atzor in the muddy 
bays, the dwarf form 30 cm. high, and smaller in all its parts, 
in the meadows ; then as we ascend the mountain we lose 
sight of it altogether, and not till we reach 750 meters do we 
come across it again from 30-60 cm. high, with very short 
erect spikelets, when it is known as C. Grahamz, Boott ; and 
associated with it we find another form 20-30 cm. high, with 
its lower spikelet hanging on a long hair-like peduncle. Now 
let us take these two last forms in their order. 


ON SOME SCOTTISH ALPINE FORMS OF CAREX 177 


Var. Grahami (Boott) Kiikenth. This plant has always. 
been a difficulty to botanists, and the reason is easily 
explained when one knows the plant. I have gathered it at 
all the stations recorded for it and a few others, and have 
long known that a correct description of the plant did not 
exist, from that of Dr. Boott to that in the last edition of 
Babington’s “ English Flora.” Kiikenthal puts it in its right 
place, and is the first, so far as I am aware, to place it, as a 
plant having three stigmas, under C. veszcarza. Had Boott 
done this, and described it as a plant of caspitose habit, it 
would have saved much confusion. Generally the female 
glumes are light brown, often with a green midrib ; the peri- 
synia are generally light green, often shaded with brown ; 
and both these organs are darker if there has been much 
sun in July. 

I have this from Sweden as C. veszcarza, var. alpigena, Vr. ; 
and I saw it this year in the Herbarium at the University of 
Christiania among C. saxatzlis, L., collected by O. A. Hoffstadi 
at Kirkebyfjeld, Meraker, N. Trondhjem Amt. 

Forma zutermedia, mihi. This form seems intermediate: 
between var. Grahami and C. saxatilzs, differing from the 
former in being 15-30 cm. high, not cespitose, and with 
flatter leaves ; from the latter it differs in having the female 
spikelets 1-3, the lower one at least hanging on a long hair- 
like peduncle when mature ; glumes as long as the perigynia, 
subulate, blackish-brown, with a light-coloured midrib and a 
white tip ; perigynia as in Grahamz, but always darker in, 
colour, in fact large plants of this in the young state may 
easily be confused with Grvahamz, as may be seen in the Royal 
Herbarium at Edinburgh, where they are mixed together, 

This is certainly not the form that Fries describes in 
Mant. iii. (1842), p. 142, as alpzgena, under C. vestcarza, as 
it sometimes has three male spikelets and always a rudi- 
mentary second spikelet ; female spikelets are never sessile, 
and the leaves are always flat. Then, if Kiikenthal is right 
(as I believe he is), in stating that C. vesecaria, var. dichroa, 
Anderss., is the same as C. Graham (Boott), Kiikenth., this 
plant is not that form, as may be easily seen by a reference 
to) the sisuresfin Andersson's “Cyper, Scand:4 x(1s4o. 
tines Velente Tob: 


AGS E 


178 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


There is a fair quantity of this on our hills; and it is no 
doubt often taken for the form a/pigena. On Beinn Laoigh 
it grows in the same marsh with Graham ; on Beinn Heas- 
garnich, where I have not seen Graham, it grows mixed 
with C. saxzatilis. I have no doubt var. Grahamz would soon 
become C. vestcaria if it were grown at a low elevation ; but 
I am not so sure about this form ; it looks so different when 
growing on the hill beside var. Graham. Yet I would not 
be surprised if, after a few years’ growth at a lowland lake- 
side the forms proved to be identical. 

Var. alpigena, Fries. This is another very doubtful form. 
My having got the vars. Graham and intermedia, and fairly 
typical C. saxvatilis, sent me from the Continent as this form, 
shows we are not much worse than our northern friends ; 
and I do not think we are much helped by the description 
given by Kiikenthal in this case. That a Carex may be 
found so commonly with both “3 and 2 stigmas” as to 
warrant this being entered as part of the description, rather 
upsets my ideas of specific differences. For my own part, I 
am inclined to so name a form which agrees very closely 
with that described by Kiikenthal in all but the three stigmas. 
This form is found at higher altitudes even than C. saxatz/zs, 
and as a rule on rock ledges, where, if growing fairly dry, 
the spikelets take on a very dark blackish shining appear- 
ance, the perigynia always remaining lighter at the base, not 
so abruptly tapering to the comparatively long neck as in 
C. saxatilis, but with a very evident bifid beak, very like the 
beak of C. rostrata. I have never seen this form with more 
than two stigmas. 

I have always looked on this as the a/pzgena of Fries ; 
and if it is not, then I am very doubtful if we have got such 
a plant on our hills; and as may be seen from what I have 
said above, it is very questionable if the form is at all well 
known on the Continent. I must, therefore, differ from 
Kiikenthal, and say that if he intends to recognise var. 
alpigena, Fries, as a good variety he must place it under 
C. saxatilis, it having two stigmas; otherwise there is no 
difference so far as I can see between his admitted vars. 
Grahami and alpigena. 

C. saxatil’s, L. I note that Kiikenthal reduces this to a 


ON SOME SCOTTISH ALPINE FORMS OF CAREX 179 


subsp. under C. veszcaria, L.; and quite possibly with his 
wide knowledge of the species, he has good reason for so 
doing. Speaking from my own knowledge of the British 
forms, I think it would be a pity if the authors of our floras 
were to do this. It is well worthy of specific rank. Quite 
independently of what the floras say, it is no more a plant 
of three stigmas than C. Goodenowz is; and I may say that 
this remark is borne out by the investigation of hundreds of 
spikelets which I have examined in various districts in 
Norway. No doubt it is rather a difficult plant to describe 
definitely. It seems to me what De Vries would call an 
ever-sporting species; yet the most essential features vary 
little, what variation there is being probably due to cross- 
ing and intercrossing, so that some of its forms when dried 
are hard to separate from some of the forms of C. rigida 
and C. Goodenowzt. It has very little in common with 
C. vesicarta until crossed with it, when the light-tipped 
glumes, lengthened, stout, tapering neck of the perigynia, 
and the deeply bifid beak shows this at once. It should be 
classified as a species having two stigmas, light to blackish- 
brown, seldom without a white tip, perigynia nerveless unless 
at the sides, light to blackish-brown, beak emarginate or 
erose. In the type the perigynium is suddenly contracted 
into a very short neck, the mouth in the flowering stage is so 
shallow in the fissure as scarcely to warrant the term bifid ; 
and it can best be separated from the var. a/figena by the 
perigynia of that form tapering to a much longer constricted 
neck, and always having a distinctly bifid beak. 

Forma 1. adchroa, Blytt. Through the kindness of Prof. 
Wille I had a few hours among the Carices in the Uni- 
versity Herbarium in Christiania this year, and turned up 
this form. In going carefully over all the sheets I found 
Blytt’s own description, “ med naesten straagule Frukter,” to 
fit them exactly. They are neither more nor less than the 
ordinary form of the type with almost straw-yellow perigynia. 
The almost is advisable here, for like our own there were 
some with a considerable part green, and some with a light 
brown tinge among them. 

This form is quite common on our hills. As a rule it is 
greenish when collected in July, but dries yellow, while in the 


180 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


end of August the yellow is quite apparent on the grow- 
ing plant. Here and there on our hills there is a form 
with curved stems, single male spikelets, and single sessile 
small ovate female spikelets, which always remains green 
when dried. I sent this to Kiikenthal; and he determined 
it as var. dichroa, Blytt, although Dr. B. White and I always 
looked on it as C. saxatzlis x C. flava. 

Var. compacta (R. Br.), Dew. This description suits a 
form growing in the eastern ravine of Ben Lawers, and on 
Carn nan Sac, Glenshee. Its perigynium is very broadly 
ovate and inflated, so much so that when the specimens are 
taken from the drying-press you find that the perigynia on 
either side have all been crushed in, the female spikelet being 
so compact that there is not room for them to flatten out 
with pressure. This form is always found in wet but well- 
drained situations, and has much darker and more shining 
perigynia than is usual with the type. 

Var. glomerata, mihi. I wish to mention another much 
more distinct form than any of the above, a form which it 
seems to me has been passed over as small plants of 
C. atrata, to which in facies it closely approaches, as may be 
seen from the following description :—Rootstock shortly 
creeping, with light brown and bright purple-coloured leafless 
sheaths at the base, the barren shoot and that of the follow- 
ing year’s curved upwards from the base, leaves narrow and 
shorter than the stem, strict, slightly keeled, margins revolute 
with angular points, edges rough, stems stout 15-25 cm. high, 
bluntly triangular, scarcely rough at the top (thus far it is 
practically C. saxzatilzs). Spikelets 3-4 bluntly ovate-oblong, 
upper spikelet very shortly stalked, next sessile near its 
base, next shortly stalked, lowest on a long stalk, so that 
they are all crowded ; terminal spikelet may be all male, or 
all female, or partly both, and stamens are often seen on the 
other spikelets ; lower bract leaf-like, not sheathing ; glumes 
lanceolate, acuminate, dark purple with a lighter tip and 
slender midrib, visible only on some of the glumes; peri- 
gynia yellowish at the base, purple above, broadly ovate, 
slightly inflated, veinless except at sides; neck and bifid 
beak distinct ; stigmas two. 

I have seen this form on Ben Lawers, Creag Mhor, 


ON SOME SCOTTISH ALPINE FORMS OF CAREX 181 


Glen Lochay, and Beinn Heasgarnich; and Mr. Young of 
Kirkcaldy has got the same form on Beinn Laoigh, where I 
must have overlooked it myself. 


ZOOLOGICAL NOTES. 


The Common Dolphin in Moray Firth.—About the first week 
of May a female Dolphin (Delphinus delphis) was stranded on the 
coast three miles east of Nairn Harbour. It lay on the shore for 
more than two weeks before I heard of the occurrence, and was 
somewhat damaged when I went to see it. I took the following 
measurements :—Total length (in straight line), 54 feet; snout to 
blow-hole, 12 inches; snout to dorsal fin, 284 inches; height of 
dorsal fin, 6 inches; length of flippers (anterior border), 9 inches ; 
breadth of tail flukes, ro inches. It was black above, and whitish 
grey along sides and belly. The line of demarcation was quite 
distinct. There were no separate stripes or lines through the light 
coloured parts. I secured the damaged skull. It measured 164 
inches in total length, and the upper and lower jaws were of equal 
length. Teeth only about 45 or 46 on each side of each jaw, which 
is fewer than usual, but I think it only shows that the example was 
not full-grown. I am not sure if the number of teeth differs in the 
two sexes. The skull of this species is easily distinguished from that 
of every other British Dolphin by the deep groove on each side of the 
bony palate. This species has rarely occurred in the Moray Firth ; 
and the late Mr. Sim never found it on the Aberdeenshire coast, the 
example, 8 feet long, which he recorded was really a White-beaked 
Dolphin, as he afterwards told me.—Wwm. TayLor, Lhanbryde. 


Crossbills in Perthshire.—Though I believe there are always 
Crossbills in the neighbourhood of Meikleour in the winter, and 
possibly a few breeding there, it is of interest to note, in view of the 
recent invasion of Great Britain by Crossbills, that there was a very 
marked increase in the number of them when I visited Meikleour 
in March and April. Small flocks were frequently seen, and their 
work amongst the fir cones was very much in evidence. Bramblings, 
Redpolls, and Goldfinches were also feeding on the seeds of the 
larch and Scotch fir, and threw down the cones in the same way as 
the Crossbills.—M. BEprorp, Woburn Abbey, Woburn. 


A Peeblesshire specimen of the Chough (Pyrrhocorax graculus). 
—I ought, perhaps, to put on record a specimen of the Chough from 
Peeblesshire which has been in my possession for the past twenty 
years. Mr. R. S. Anderson, Peebles, on seeing the specimen in a 
house in West Linton in 1889, and being assured that it had been 


182 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


got in the neighbourhood, kindly procured it for me. The account 
given of the bird was, that it was shot by a man named James 
Culloch on Leadlaw Hill, near Stoneypath Farm, a little to the north 
of West Linton, about the year 1872, and given to Mr. Porteous, late 
landlord of the Townhead Hotel there, who got it stuffed in Penicuik. 
These particulars Mr. Anderson had from Mr. Porteous and his 
sister. In the “ Proceedings” of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club 
for 1881 (vol. ix., p. 488), there is a record of a specimen of the 
Chough procured in the vicinity of The Glen, near Innerleithen.— 
Wituiam Evans, Edinburgh. 


Crossbills on the North-East Coast of Seotland.—In connection 
with Mr. A. G. Gavin’s remarks, ve Crossbills at Fraserburgh, I may 
state that I saw a party of seven in the Sinclair Hills, on Philorth 
estate, on 15th December 190g. I have shot this wood for many 
years, but have never seen Crossbills there before. I also saw a 
Great Spotted Woodpecker on the same day.— W. STEWART-MENZIES, 
Craig Ellachie. 


Golden Oriole in Fife.—On 16th May a fine adult male Golden 
Oriole (Oviolus galbula) was found dead, but in a perfectly fresh 
condition, in an old wooded quarry in the policies of Dhuloch House, 
Inverkeithing. The bird was sent to Dr. Hew Morrison, Edinburgh, 
who very appropriately presented the bird to the Royal Scottish 
Museum in the name of Miss Lauder, of Dhuloch, who had 
forwarded the specimen to him. It has made a beautiful mounted 
example.—Wmn. EAGLE CLARKE. 


Greater Wheatear in the Solway Area.—On the r8th of May 
I saw, during the greater part of the day, three individuals of Saxzcola 
lucorrhea in some fields close to Southerness on the Solway coast 
of Kirkcudbrightshire. I have seen this peculiar and quite 
distinguishable form of Wheatear in other springs, and also in 
autumn, and have always been greatly interested in its visits.— 
ROBERT SERVICE, Maxwelltown. 


Arctic Bluethroat in the Clyde Area.—On 14th May I had 
the great good fortune to come across an Arctic Blue-throated 
Warbler (Cyanecula suecica), while walking up the Clyde Valley with 
my friend, Mr. H. Duncan. It was skulking in fairly thick foliage 
in the close vicinity of the river, and when disturbed was very rest- 
less. Its identity was, however, established beyond any doubt, and 
as it flew off, we particularly noted the tail with its slight amount of 
red and conspicuously dark terminal band. It is a bird with which 
I am quite familiar, having seen quite a number of them during my 
residence on Fair Isle. It is, I believe, an addition to the birds of 
the Clyde area, and the second record for the Scottish Mainland 
in spring. This particular locality, near Carmyle, seems to have 
an attraction for birds on passage, for on the same day we noted 


ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 183 


the Garden Warbler, Common White-throat, Sand Martin, and Swift 
as new arrivals. It may also be worthy of mention that we saw 
a single Lesser Whitethroat on the early morning of the 2oth, near 
Rouken Glen.—G. Strout, Glasgow. 


Dipper in the Island of Barra.—A Dipper (Cénclus aquaticus), 
was seen at the Borve on the west side of the Barra, Outer Hebrides, 
on the 2nd February. Single birds have also been seen in previous 
years, but not for some time past.—Wm. L. MaccILiivray, Barra. 


Great Spotted Woodpecker in Perthshire.-—On 25th June, 
while bird-watching in a pine wood in the Dunkeld district, I had 
the pleasure of seeing an adult male Great Spotted Woodpecker 
(Dendrocopus major). As this handsome bird is fortunately spread- 
ing as a nesting species in Scotland, I venture to think your readers 
may be interested to know of its presence in this part of Perthshire 
in the summer season.— GLADYS GRAHAM MuRRAY, Stenton. 


Great Spotted Woodpecker in Sutherland.—It may be of in- 
terest to record the fact that a Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dezdro- 
copus major), has been seen here for nearly two months, namely, from 
the middle of March to well on into May, but not later. I only 
observed one bird, which I think was a male.-—FRaNcIS G. GUNNIS, 
Gordonbush, Brora. 


An Argylishire Heronry.—In the lists of Scottish Heronries 
which have been published recently in the “ Annals,” I find no 
mention of one in the woods adjacent to Ardgour House, Argyll- 
shire. This was certainly in existence as a going concern in 1887 
or 1888, and may be used still for all I know. As far as I 
remember it was only a small colony. I may have an opportunity 
during the ensuing summer of examining the place, and will make a 
point of doing so if possible-—W. I. Beaumont, Plymouth. 


Eider Ducks in Clyde Area.—From Loch Sweyn on the west side 
of Kintyre (Argyll) Eiders have, during the past few months, appeared 
for the first time across the peninsula and within ‘‘the Clyde Area.” 
Although known for some time to have frequented Loch Sweyn, 
by Col. Campbell of Inverneil, Ardrishaig, they have never been seen 
by him on the east side anywhere on Loch Fyne. But R. F. 
Graham, Esq., of Skipness, tells me he had seen them for the first 
time off Skipness shore, Loch Fyne, in November, when there 
were five—z males and 3 females. Since then he has seen them 
on three occasions, the last being on roth April 1910, when he 
saw seven — 3 males and 4 females, one male being immature. 
On the other two occasions, dates of which he cannot recall, 
once there was a pair, and the other time four or five birds; the 
immature male seen on the roth April is the only one not in mature 
plumage. These birds have always been in exactly the same spot, 


184 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


over the submerged rocks off Skipness Point. The above notes are 
of special interest to students who have watched the progress and 
processes of expansion and especially dispersal of a species whose 
movements in several directions have been already carefully re- 
corded for many years. 

The accompanying fact that Eiders are now known to frequent 
the islands of Cara and Gigha is also of importance in tracing the 
advance of the species southwards along the confines of ‘‘ Clyde,” or 
on the west side of the watershed between ‘‘ Argyll” and “ Clyde.” 
Apparently they have broken through the divide at its lowest ‘‘ neck,” 
‘“‘pass,” or “depression” between Loch Sweyn and the Skipness 
shore of Loch Fyne, about the closing months of the year 1909. 
Whether they have nested inside of Clyde area yet or not, these 
notes cannot fail to be of interest to ornithologists, and we may hope 
that Mr. R. F. Graham may carefully note down and record such 
an event and as soon as he can put the occurrence beyond doubt— 
perhaps in this summer of 1910.—J. A, HaRviE-BROwN. 


American Yellow-billed Cuekoo (Coccysws americanus) in 
Argyllshire.—I do not know if the following record of the occur- 
rence of this bird in Colonsay in 1904 has appeared in any ornitho- 
logical magazine, but I can find no mention of it in the ‘‘ Annals of 
Scottish Natural History.” 

Mr. Murdoch M‘Neill (author of ‘‘Colonsay, one of the Hebrides,” 
Edin. 1910) writes to me that an “unknown bird was found near 
the centre of the island, on 6th November 1904, by Lady Edith 
Adean and her son, and was sent for identification to the Natural 
History Museum, in South Kensington, and was there named the 
American Yellow-billed Cuckoo.” I am informed by my friend Mr. 
Pycraft that this interesting specimen is now in the Natural History 
Museum, Cromwell Road, London, S.W.—HucuH S. GLADSTONE, 
Capenoch, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire. 


Notes on Siphonaptera.— When examining a Black Water-vole 
(Arvicola amphibius, var. ater) from Fearnan, Loch Tay, last August, 
I observed a number of small yellow fleas running about in its fur. 
A few were secured; and they proved on examination to be 
Ctenophthalmus agyrtes (Heller). Many specimens of the same 
species, mistaken at the time for C4 gracilis, were also found in a 
mole’s nest at Dirleton, East Lothian, on 14th March, 1908. 

The accidental occurrence of Siphonaptera on other than their 
natural “host” is not uncommon. ‘Thus, in October 1905, I got a 
Pulex (Ctenocephalus) felis, 9 —determined by Mr. N. C. Roths- 
child—on a Tawny Owl from near Edinburgh ; and in April 1908 
Mr. Macvicar sent me a number of P. cunzculi, Dale, taken off the 
ears of a cat at Invermoidart, Argyllshire, after it had been in a 
rabbit’s burrow. Occasionally,ftoo, one finds them away from any 
host. In November 1900, for instance, I beat a P. zrritans off a 


ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 185 


hedge at Comiston, near Edinburgh; and in October 1896 a P. 
ertnacet was shaken from moss and leaves at Mortonhall. 

Perhaps the following observations on the Squirrel flea (Cera- 
tophyllus sciurorum) are worth mentioning. In the beginning of June 
1909 I had a squirrel’s nest, from near Dunbar, securely tied up in 
a stout paper bag. On opening the bag from time to time living 
fleas have always been encountered ; to-day, 18th March, ze. after the 
lapse of 94 months, five or six were seen on a hasty glance. From 
a hole in the bottom of the bag a number of dead ones have on 
several occasions been shaken out. ‘The bag, I may say, has lain 
all along in a dry place, and the nest has never been moistened. 
None of the imagos that were in the nest when it was obtained are 
likely, I should think, to have survived all this time, those latterly 
met with being, it may be presumed, a subsequent brood which have 
passed through their various stages in the interval. I have already 
recorded in the “ Annals” (1906, p. 163) the finding of C. s¢yx in 
plenty in Sand-Martins’ burrows, near Elie, on 13th April (not May 
as erroneously printed in the note) awaiting the return of the birds 
from their winter quarters in the south. How long Siphonaptera 
are able to live without access to a host, and whether such access is 
necessary for the repetition of the life-cycle, are questions of con 
siderable interest. —WILLIAM Evans, Edinburgh. 


British Orthoptera (Earwigs, Cockroaches, Grasshoppers, and 
Crickets)—Mr. W. J. Lucas (28 Knights’ Park, Kingston-on- 
Thames) would be glad to hear of records or captures of Scottish 
examples, especially of the commoner species, so that a better know- 
ledge may be obtained of the distribution of the members of this 
Natural Order in Britain, for a monograph which he has in hand. 


BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEWS. 


Andrea petrophila, “Arh., var. gracilis, B. and S.—J. A. 
Whaldon, in the “ Journal of Botany” (1910, p. 102), in a paper on 
‘Marrat’s Collection of British Mosses,’ has a note to the following 
effect :—‘‘I refer to this a slender reddish plant, labelled by Marrat, 
‘A. alpina, Hed., a curiosity found on Ben-na-Boord, Forfar. July, 
1844.’ It is new to V.C. go.” As this note may lead to the moss 
being erroneously recorded for Forfarshire, V.C. go, it seems well to 
state that ‘‘ Ben-na-Boord” is not in Forfarshire, but on the border 
of South Aberdeenshire, V.C. 92, and Banffshire, V.C. 94, being 
chiefly in 92. 

Lycopodium Selago, Z., in a strange habitat.—This Clubmoss 
has become scarce within some miles of Aberdeen, the peaty soils 
preferred by it having been much reduced by the exhaustion of 
many of the peat-mosses and the drainage and cultivation of moors. 


186 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


I rarely see the species near the city, hence I was the more surprised 
when, during a walk in May through the parish of Maryculter, a 
few miles up the valley of the Dee, I found a very healthy plant 
growing on the thatch of a cottage which had been left to decay. 
Both sporangia and separable buds were present in plenty, so the 
peculiar habitat seemed likely to be colonised by the Clubmoss.— 
James W. H. TRAIL. 


Sareoseypha protracta (/7.) Sacc.—In “Grevillea” (1899, p. 
83) this fungus was recorded as British, under the name Lachnea 
mirabilts, Borscz., aclump of the elegant small cups having been 
found by me in April 1890 on the bank of the Dee, near Ballater, 
in short turf, and reported as Axthopesiza Wintert, Wettst., under 
which name it was described and excellently figured in the 
“Verhandl. Zool. Bot. Gesellsch.,” Wien, 1886, p. 383, pl. 16, 
enabling me to identify it as new to Britain. I reported it in the 
“Scottish Naturalist” (Oct. 1890, p. 384) as Lachnea muirabilts, 
having been informed by Mr. Phillips of the identity of 4. Winterr 
with this; but in the “Scottish Naturalist” of Jan. 1891, pp. 34-35, 
I corrected this to the earlier specific name frotracta given by Fries. 
In Saccardo’s ‘Sylloge Fungorum” it is placed in the genus 
Sarcoscypha. 

My specimens are preserved in the botanical museum in the 
University of Aberdeen. I am not aware of its having been found 
again in the British Islands until April 1910, when Miss J. L. Legge, 
a student of advanced botany, after graduating B.Sc., picked up, 
during a short holiday at Ballater last winter, various plants, which 
were shown to me for assistance in their identification. Among 
them were two or three of the very characteristic cups of S. protracta, 
rediscovered after twenty years near the place where it was pre- 
viously found.—JAmeEs W. H. Trait. 


CURRENT LITERATURE. 


The Titles and Purport of Papers and Notes relating to Scottish Natural 
History which have appeared during the Quarter—April-June 1910. 


[The Editors desire assistance to enable them to make this Section as complete as 
possible. Contributions on the lines indicated will be most acceptable, and 
will bear the initials of the Contributor. The Editors will have access to the 
sources of information undermentioned. ] 


ZOOLOGY. 


NoTES ON THE MamMats oF Istay. J. A. Harvie-Brown, 
Zoologist, April 1910, p. 157.—Refers to the occurrence of the 
Common Shrew and the Lesser Shrew in Islay, and a White Otter 
in Jura. 


CURRENT LITERATURE 187 


SUMMER NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF GARELOCHHEAD. W. R. 
Baxter, Glas. Wat., May 1910, pp. 69-78.—Notes on seventy-eight 
species. 

ADDITIONS TO THE LisT OF CLYDE COLEOPTERA. Anderson 
Fergusson, Glas. Vat., May 1910, pp. 83-92.—First paper. 


List OF AQUATIC COLEOPTERA FROM THE MONKLANDS (LANARK- 
SHIRE). Mr. J. M‘Leod, G/as. Vat., May 1910, pp. 78-80. 


BISTON HIRTARIA IN INVERNESS-SHIRE. Robert Lawson, 
Entomologist, May 1910, p. 145.—Met with in April rgto. 

ENARMONIA ERICETANA, H.-S., A SPECIES OF TORTRICINA NEW 
TO THE BritisH LisT, IN SCOTLAND. Eustace P. Bankes, M.A., 
F.E.S., Zt. Mo. Mag., May 1910, pp. 110-114.—Specimens 
recorded from Aviemore. 


LESTEVA SICULA, ERICHS., AND LESTEVA PUNCTATA, ERICHS. 
T. Hudson Beare, Lunt. Jo. Mag., May 1910, pp. 117-118. L. 
sicula is recorded from Nethy Bridge, Aviemore, and Edinburgh. 


DIAGNOSES OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF GasBRius. David Sharp, 
M.A., F.R.S., xt. Mo. Mag., June i910, pp. 129-131.—G. 
pennatus, appendiculatus, and bishopi, spp. nn., are recorded from 
Scotland. | 

NOTES ON CORTICARIA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW 
Species. D. Sharp, M.D., M.A.; F.R.S., Zaz. Mo. Mag., May 
IQIO, pp. 105-108.—C. fowleriana, sp. n. described from specimens 
found at Braemar in June 1871. 


ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO THE BrRiTISH LIST OF 
Muscip# ACALYPTRATH. J. E. Collin, F.E.S., Axt Wo. Mag., 
May 1910, p. 124, and June rIgto, pp. 125-129.—Numerous 
Scottish records are included in this paper. 


BOTANY. 


Notes oN BritisH Etms. By Rev. Augustin Ley (Journ. Lot., 
IQ1I0, pp. 65-72, pl. 503). 

THE British Roses (continued). By Major A. H. Wolley- 
Dod (/ourn. Bot, 1910, Suppl. pp. 33-64).—A few entries for 
Scotland. 

Notes oN BritisH Carices. By G. Claridge Druce, F.L.S. 
(Journ. Bot., 1910, pp. 98-101).—Chiefly based on Kikenthal’s 
Cyperacee - Caricoidee, but containing some new records for 
Scotland. 

CALLITRICHE INTERMEDIA, HOFFM., VAR. TENUIFOLIA. By 
Edward S. Marshall (Journ. Bot., 1910, p. 111).—Refers to record 
of this variety in Exch, Cl. Rep. for 1908, p. 187, by Mr. A. Bennett, 
as from Inchnadamph (V.C. 108). 


188 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


INVERNESS AND BANFF CryptocAms. By J. A. Wheldon, 
F.L.S., and Albert Wilson, F.L.S. (Journ. Bot., 1910, pp. 123- 
129).—Enumerates mosses, liverworts, and lichens found, in July 
1909, during four days spent among the higher Cairngorms and on 
Craig Ellachie ; and contains numerous additions to county lists to 
records of altitudes. 


Ross-SHIRE PLANTS, 1909. By Rev. E. S. Marshall, F.L.S., 
and W. A. Shoolbred, F.L.S. (Journ. Bot., 1910, pp. 132-140).— 
Chiefly from E. Ross (106), with a few from W. Ross (105)— 
vascular plants, a good many being additions to county lists. 


NoTEs ON LAsTR#A REMOTA (Moore). By W. B. Boyd 
(Trans. Edinb. F. Nat. and Micr. Soc., 1909, vi., pp. 85-92).— 
Discusses its origin, as a hybrid between Z. d/atata and L. Filix 
mas probably, and records its occurrence between Ardlui and 
Tarbet (V.C. 99). 


MICROFUNGI OBSERVED AT TRAQUAIR AND RosLin. By D. A. 
Boyd (77. £. # NV. and M. S., 1909, vi., pp. 149-152).—A list of 
species, of which Marssonia Daphnes, Sacc., on Daphne Mezereon, is 
a new record for Britain. 


AN ACCOUNT OF THE EXCURSIONS DURING 1908, OF THE 
EDINBURGH FIELD NATURALISTS’ AND MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY. 
(Trt FF Nand M.S: 1909, vi, pps 172-176, and ple 14215) 
A number of flowering and flowerless plants are named as observed, 
several being new records for counties. 


BOOK NOTICES. 


DARWINISM AND HuMAN Lire. By J. Arthur Thomson, M.A. 
Pp. xii and 245. (Andrew Melrose, London, rgo9g.) Price 55. net. 

The volume contains a graceful and enthusiastic appreciation 
of Darwin, the ideal seeker after knowledge, “one of the great 
Immortals among men,” whose persistent, lifelong aim was the 
discovery of truth; and of Darwin’s work, the effect of which has 
been so far-reaching that “without exaggeration ... it may be 
said that no other man of science has influenced the framework of 
human‘thought as Darwin has done.” But it is much more than 
a mere eulogium of Darwin and his work, for while our debts to 
the great scientist are fully acknowledged, his contributions to the 
philosophy of natural science, and especially to the doctrine of 
organic descent, are examined in the light of the recent researches 
to which his work was the direct incentive. Thus there are chapters 
discussing the Web of Life, the Struggle for Existence, the Raw 
Materials of Progress, the Facts of Inheritance, and Selection ; and 


BOOK NOTICES 189 


in all these Professor Thomson places in our hands the results of 
the most apposite experiments, and inquires into their significance 
from the Darwinian standpoint. He insists on Darwin’s breadth of 
view, for example, as regards the “‘struggle for existence,” maintaining 
that the phrase, as originally used, had a wider application than 
some recent exponents of Darwinism are willing to allow. It 
connotes more than the ‘‘assumed competition for survival between 
individuals of the same species,” and occurs ‘wherever living 
creatures press up against limiting conditions.” Of great interest 
are the author’s efforts to show the importance of a full understanding 
of the principles of organic evolution to the well-being of mankind, 
and in especial to show how necessary it is that some mode of 
rational selection should be adopted in human society now that 
humanitarianism and the complex of inter-dependent labour have 
nullified the winnowing effects of natural selection. 

It is unnecessary to add that a work from Professor Thomson’s 
hand is delightfully written, and contains much stimulating suggestion. 
The type is clear, and the text is free from misprints, the only error 
detected occurring in Professor Cossar Ewart’s name on p. 147. 
A bibliography containing representative books on Darwinism is 
appended, but, while there is an extended list of contents, it is 
regrettable that an index, which would have facilitated reference to 
the numerous and frequently striking results of researches brought 
together in this volume, has not also been added. J.B. 


THE VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF CHESHIRE AND LIVERPOOL Bay. 
Edited by T. A. Coward, F.Z.S. With illustrations by Thomas 
Baddeley. In two volumes. London: Witherby & Co., rgto. 
26s. net. 

From its comprehensiveness and the excellent manner in which 
its varied subjects are treated this book is entitled to a place in the 
foremost rank of works of its kind. That such works devoted to 
the western counties of England are so remarkably few adds to its 
value and acceptability, as does also the fact that the volumes are 
results of the labours of well-known naturalists. Messrs. Coward 
and Oldham contribute an exhaustive and interesting account of 
the Mammals and Birds, which runs to 459 pages, al forms the 
bulk of Vol. I. ; the remaining pages, xxxii in number, are devoted 
to imeoeuctary. matter, and ‘include an account of the physical 
features of the area viewed from the zoological standpoint. That 
Cheshire is rich in members of the great and attractive classes of 
animals named is manifest from the fact that no less than 46 species 
of mammals and 231 of birds, excluding doubtful records, are 
members of its fauna. 

Volume II. treats of the Reptiles, Amphibians, and Fishes, and 
includes sections giving much information relating to the sea-area 
and its vertebrate life. Concerning the Reptiles Messrs. Coward 


190 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


and Oldham inform us that Cheshire is remarkable for its poverty, 
and that no single species is common. ‘This poverty, however, is 
not without interest to the student of geographical and ecological 
distribution. The amphibians are at full strength, and include the 
locally dispersed Natterjack. ‘The section on the fishes is contributed 
by Mr. James Johnstone. The number of forms treated of amounts 
to 107, regarding which much information of a varied and useful 
nature is given. An extensive bibliography forms the concluding 
portion of this volume. 

The volumes, which are admirably got up and abundantly 
illustrated by half-tone plates from photos devoted to depicting the 
topography of the area, form a welcome and authoritative contribution 
to the zoological survey of the British Islands. 


A History or Birps. By W. P. Pycraft. With an Introduction 
by Sir Ray Lankester, K.C.B., F.R.S. London: Methuen SCO; 
ros. 6d. net. 

In this volume, which forms the second of a series of an 
evolutionary history of animal life, we find Mr. Pycraft at his best 
as a writer of popular books. The aim of the series, we are told, 
is to provide, free from technicalities, a graphic history of all that 
pertains to animal life in relation to the external world, and we 
congratulate the author on having successfully accomplished his 
share of so difficult a task. He has brought together, and treated 
in a lucid and pleasant fashion, a number of factors having an 
important bearing on bird life which the student of that fascinating 
subject will not find elsewhere in a single volume. ‘These deal with, 
among others, the relation of birds to other animals, distribution, 
seasonal life, migration, relation to environment, inter-relations, social 
life, nidification, nestlings, plumage, variation, acquired characters, 
natural and sexual selection, structural adaptations, etc. The volume 
is excellently and abundantly illustrated, and forms an admirable 
introduction to the study of bird life. 


Lire-Hisrory AND Hasirs OF THE SALMON, SEA-TROUT, 
TROUT, AND OTHER FRESHWATER FisH. By P. D. Malloch. 
London: Adam and Charles Black, 1910. ros. 6d. net. 

Salmon problems, to the consideration of which much of this 
volume is devoted, are numerous and difficult, and anything which 
contributes to their elucidation is a most welcome addition to 
Ichthyological literature. Mr. Malloch has enjoyed exceptional 
opportunities of studying a number of these problems during many 
years, and in many waters, and it is probable that his experiences 
are quite unique. A book written by an author such as this is 
worthy of the perusal of all who are interested in a series of very 
complicated and vexed questions. On many of these Mr. Malloch 
throws much light, while on others his suggestive remarks will be of 


BOOK NOTICES IQ! 


great use for future investigators. ‘To those who are interested in the 
faunal aspect of such a work, the author’s account of the numerous 
forms of Salmonidze found in the various Scottish rivers and lochs 
is of exceptional interest, and, as far as trout are concerned, in- 
comparably of greater value than anything that has been hitherto 
made known. ‘The illustrations devoted to this aspect of Mr. 
Malloch’s work are particularly acceptable. Many other subjects 
are dealt with, such as the age of salmon as indicated by their scales, 
salmon disease, migration, and histories of a number of “coarse 
fish” (especially as Scottish species) are treated of. The book is 
remarkable for the number and beauty of its illustrations, of which 
there are 239. 


A NaturRAL History OF THE BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. Vol. X. 
By J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1908- 
tg0g. Price £1 net. 

With indomitable perseverance Mr. Tutt has completed another 
volume, the eighth in order of publication, of his exhaustive and 
masterly treatise on British Lepidoptera. Since only five species 
are dealt with in this volume, whose history and that of the tribes 
to which they belong occupies some 358 closely printed pages, it 
may readily be imagined that little remains to be done in the 
elucidation of the life-history, variation, and distribution of these 
attractive insects. Yet in the preface the author modestly states 
that, hard as he has striven to reach his ideal, he has “in many 
ways failed signally to do so.” Upon examining the result of the 
author’s labours we feel constrained to remark that the ideal aimed 
at must have been an exceptionally high one, for we are not 
acquainted with any single entomological work in any language 
which surpasses that now lying before us in thoroughness of detail 
and in the amount of conscientious labour which has been bestowed 
upon it. Planned as it is on the same lines as the previous volumes 
noticed it is unnecessary for us to describe the form of the book 
in detail. Part I. contains three chapters which complete the 
exhaustive account of the “Family Habits in Butterfly Larve” 
commenced in a previous volume. ‘The number of plates continues 
to increase, and we are here presented with no fewer than 53, which 
are beautifully executed, and which deal mainly with the eggs and 
larval skin (in the various instars) of the species treated of in the 
text. These are, Lveres argiades, Cupido minimus, Plebeius argus 
(e@gon), Cyantris semiargus, and Agriades thetis (bellargus). At one 
time they were all grouped under one generic name (Zycena), but 
times have changed, and so have most of the names of British 
Butterflies! The scientific study of structure, apart from mere 
superficial resemblance, and based upon the Butterflies of the whole 
world, has revealed characters which amply justify the separation of 
these forms into distinct genera, unfamiliar as these may be to the 


192 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


amateur collector. The 38 pages dealing with the variation of the 
puzzling Plebetus argus are a revelation to us, showing what can be 
done by carefully studying a large series of specimens taken in 
different localities and under different conditions. It will astonish 
not a few, indeed, to read that ‘‘the impress of these conditions 
is such as to lead us to recognise almost at sight the origin of 
individuals coming from lowland, highland, heath, and moorland 
districts.” Mr. Tutt’s volumes are verily a treasure-house of 
information, of which it is impossible to speak too highly. We can 
only wish him strength and length of days to continue, if not to 
complete, the herculean task, so much of which he has already 
admirably accomplished. Poi, 


COLONSAY, ONE OF THE HEBRIDES, ITS PLANTS, THEIR LOCAL 
NAMES AND UsES—LEGENDS, RUINS, AND PLACE-NAMES—GAELIC 
NAMES OF Birps, FISHES, ETC.—CLIMATE, GEOLOGICAL FORMATION, 
ETC. By Murdoch M‘Neill. Edinburgh: David Douglas, rgro. 
Sm. 8vo. Pp. x and 216. 

This little volume is a valuable contribution to the history, 
natural and civil, of the island of Colonsay. Unpretentious in 
form and in style, it is full of most interesting information of the 
nature detailed in the title-page. Introductory chapters, extending 
to 85 pages, deal with the past history and traditions of the island 
and its people, the Gaelic names of animals, the geological structure, 
and the more general matters relating to the habitats and characters 
of the flora, both native and introduced; but the greater part of 
the book (pp. 86-204) is devoted to a systematic account of the 
flowering plants and fern allies of the island. All the species 
and their varieties are named, and information is given as to 
frequency, the localities being added for most. The Gaelic names 
and local uses of all that could be determined are also given, as 
well as numerous notes from other works, the local being clearly 
distinguished from the more general information. The interest of 
many of the notes, gathered in the island, of folklore that is fast 
dying out, causes regret that so much has been already lost, and 
that so few attempts have been and are being made to preserve such 
records of the past. There are several additions to the species 
and varieties previously recorded from vice-county 102, of which 
Colonsay forms a part. 


The Annals 


of 


Scottish Natural History 


No. 76] oe @) [ OCTOBER 


ReLOkKL ON, SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGY 
IN 1909. 


By Evetyn V. Baxter and LEONORA JEFFREY RINTOUL. 


(Continued from p. 148.) 


WE are indebted to the “Annals of Scottish Natural 
History,” the “Glasgow Naturalist,” and “ British Birds” for 
several of the following records :— 


Turpbus viscivorus (Missel-Thrush).—Three arrived in Mull on 
2nd February, single birds occurred on the Isle of May on 
2oth March, and Fair Isle on 21st April. ‘The first migratory 
band going south passed Mull on 17th August; it consisted of 
about forty birds. One at the Isle of May, 21st September. 


Turbus musicus (Song-Thrush).—A few all night at the lantern 
on the Isle of May, roth March, and there and at Fair Isle on 
the 22nd. Many on the Isle of May on 17th October, and on 
Fair Isle next day. One was seen near Largo on roth 
September, “with a curious oblique light band across the tail, 
not far from the tip.” 


TurpDus 1Liacus (Redwing).—The last records of the spring 
departures are from the Butt of Lewis, 7th April ; Kirkliston, 
8th; East Ross, 13th; and Fair Isle, 21st. The first autumn 
record is at Fair Isle on 25th September, and several at the 
Isle of May next day ; the first mainland record is at Tyning- 
ham on 30th September. A great immigration at the Isle of 


70 B 


ae / 
/ 


a9/ 


194 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


May on toth October, and in numbers at the lantern on Fair 
Isle from 7 p.m. on the roth to 3 a.m. on the rith. A 
great rush, 367 being killed, at Tarbatness lantern between 12 
and 4 a.m. on the 18th; on the same day enormous numbers 
on the Isle of May, and at Fair Isle at the lantern and 
numerous on the island, and in hundreds all night at the 
lantern on the Flannans. At the Skerryvore lantern on the 
23rd, on which day they arrived in Mull. In thousands at 
Inverbroom (West Ross), from the 1st to the 6th November 
(sleet and snow). Reports come of scarcity of this species in 
the winter of 1909-10. 


TuRDuS PILARIS (Fieldfare).—Last seen in Mull, 5th April; very 
numerous on the Isle of May, 22nd and 23rd; and about 150 
seen at Newhall, near Yester,on 3rd May. Last noted at Fair 
Isle on 28th May. In autumn two or three are recorded at 
the lantern on the Isle of May in the early hours of 17th 
October, one was killed at Tarbatness early on the 18th, 
while next night numbers are reported on the lanterns of 
the Flannans, Sule Skerry, and Fair Isle. At Mull “a large 
flock seen, 30th October (N.N.E. light, snow), flying low over 
the crofts to the south, when they turned to E.S.E. and 
starting from sea-level ascended in a zig-zag until they 
disappeared at about 2000 ft., still rising, and would eventually 
over-top the Ardgour and South Lochaber Hills.” In 
thousands, Inverbroom (W. Ross), from the 1st to the 6th 
November, and a very large flock at the Butt of Lewis on 
18th November. In East Ross on roth April, a Fieldfare was 
seen “with an almost pure white head and nape, throat and 
breast white, flecked with grey.” 


TURDUS MERULA (Blackbird).—Not much movement is recorded in 
spring; a lot at Lerwick on 25th February, a few at the 
lanterns on the Isle of May and Fair Isle on 22nd March, and 
several at Sule Skerry on the 26th. A pair were found near 
Paisley laying in the same nest as a Thrush; last nest at 
Kirkliston, 26th July. A considerable influx of Blackbirds 
took place at Loch Awe on 8th October, numbers are reported 
from Dunrossness (Shetland) on the 13th, and Fair Isle on the 
14th, while a rush to the lantern is recorded on the 18th from 
Sule Skerry, Tarbatness, and Fair Isle. 


TURDUS TORQUATUS (Ring Ouzel).—First noted on the West in Mull 
(1d) on 7th April, Shutterflat Moor (Ayr) on the rith, and 
not till the 17th on the East, when one was seen in the Ochils. 
Arrived at Fair Isle on the 16th, and a few still on passage at 
the Isle of May on 2nd May. The return journey is noted at 
the Isle of May on 26th September, at the Flannans on 


REPORT ON SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGY IN 1909 195 


4th October, three were killed at the Butt of Lewis on the 
17th, and the same number at Tarbatness next night. On the 
same date several were seen at Fair Isle and Isle of May. 
Single birds at the Pentland Skerries on 4th November and 
Fair Isle on 18th December. 


SAXICOLA CENANTHE (Wheatear).—First recorded from the West at 
Lendalfoot (Clyde) on 18th March, the first East Coast record 
not being till the 31st at the Isle of May. A male at Tiree on 
rst April, and males are recorded on the 5th as reaching Mull 
and Fair Isle, the first female arriving at the latter place on the 
11th. Very numerous on Tiree and Fair Isle on the roth. The 
first return migration is noted at the Isle of May on 28th July, 
at the Flannans (1) on roth August, and at Sule Skerry (6) on 
the roth. Last seen on the Isle of May, 7th October ; at Kirk- 
liston, 8th ; Fair Isle, 12th ; Butt of Lewis, 17th ; and Flannans, 
31st. A semi-albino seen on Dumbarnie Links on 2oth July 
was dense white on the nape and sides of the neck, white 
shading off to brown on the back and crown, elsewhere the 
ordinary sandy-brown plumage. The larger race of this 
species, S. @nanthe leucorrhoa (the Greater-Wheatear), is 
recorded in spring from Fair Isle, a number being present on 
3rd May. Single birds were killed at Dunnethead on August 
30th (¢), the Mull of Galloway on 12th September, and at the 
Isle of May on 20th and 26th September and 22nd October. 
Observed on Fair Isle on thirteen dates between 28th September 
and 16th October. The wing measurements recorded range 
from 1oz2 to 10g millimetres. 


SAXICOLA PLESCHANKA (The Eastern Pied Chat).—-One 2 procured 
on the Isle of May on 19th October, the first record for Britain 
G2A8S NEES no no.1p. 2): 


PRATINCOLA RUBETRA (Whinchat).—First recorded from the East 
Coast at Balcomie (East Fife) a g on 22nd April and at Possil 
(Clyde) next day. Five males arrived in Mull on the 24th, 
and two females and a male are recorded on passage from Fair 
Isle on 6th May. On return migration in East Fife 18th 
August, and several at Fair Isle on the 25th. Last seen East 
Ross on 17th September, Kirkliston and Isle of May 18th, and 
Fair Isle 25th. 


RUTICILLA PHCENICURUS (Redstart).—Very early records of this 
species come from the Shetlands, single birds being seen at 
Fair Isle on 22nd March and at Lerwick on 28th March. 
The first mainland record is from Carmichael on roth April, 
and a pair at the Bass on the night of the 26th; first seen East 
Ross on the 28th. The first note of the return movement 
comes from Largo on 25th August, several at the Isle of May 


196 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


on the 28th. Last records are a male at the Flannans on 
23rd September ; Isle of May, rst October ; and a female at 
Fair Isle next day. 


R. titys (Black Redstart).—One @? at Fair Isle on 14th October. 


CYANECULA SUECICA (Red-spotted Blue-throat).—Is recorded from 
Fair Isle both in spring and autumn, and single birds from the 
Isle of May on 14th and 17th September. 


CYANECULA CYANECULA (White-spotted Bluethroat)—An adult 
male was procured on Fair Isle in spring, the first record for 
Scotland (‘‘A.S.N.H.,” 1910, p. 68). 


SYLVIA CINEREA (Whitethroat).—First noted on the East Coast at 
the lanterns of the Bass and Isle of May on the night of the 
26th-27th April. The first West Coast records are at Mull and 
Beith (Clyde) on 2nd May, Fair Isle, 4th. On autumn passage 
at the Isle of May on r5th August. Lots on the Isle of May, 
24th, last seen there 27th September. Last at Fair Isle, rst 
October. 

SYLVIA CURRUCA (Lesser Whitethroat).—Single birds at Fair Isle on 
23rd April and 4th May. In autumn one seen near Cathcart 
Cemetery (Clyde) in August (“ Glas. Nat.” vol. ii. p. 46). Small 
numbers are recorded from Fair Isle from 25th August to 2nd 
October, and from the Isle of May from the 16th to the 30th 
September ; a good many on the 24th. 


SYLVIA ATRICAPILLA (Blackcap).—The only spring record of this 
species comes from Kirkliston on 29th April. In autumn a 
few are noted at Fair Isle between 24th August and 4th 
October, and at the Isle of May between 13th September and 
t9th October. 

SYLVIA HORTENSIS (Garden Warbler).—Arrived on the West at 
Rouken (Clyde) on roth May, and on the East at Kirkliston 
next day. In autumn the first record of movement is at the 
Isle of May on 5th August ; several there and at Fair Isle, 29th 
September. Last seen Fair Isle, 11th October; and Isle of 
May, 17th October. 


SYLVIA NIsoRIA (Barred Warbler).—A female was procured on Fair 
Isle in autumn and a male on the Isle of May on 13th 
September. 

REGULUS cRISTATUS (Golden-crested Wren).—No large or wide- 
spread immigration is reported in 1909, though Goldcrests 
were numerous on Fair Isle on 28th September, and at Loch 
Awe on 30th November, extraordinarily tame at the latter 
place. 

PHYLLOSCOPUS SUPERCILIOSUS (Yellow-browed Warbler).—A bird of 
this species was seen at Lockerbie (Dumfriesshire) on the 11th 


REPORT ON SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGY IN 1909 197 


April, the first record for Britain in spring and first mainland 
record for Scotland (“ A.S.N.H.,” 1909, p. 182). In autumn 
on eight dates on the Isle of May between 16th September 
and 24th October, one to three at a time; at least ten birds 
were seen (“A.S.N H.,” 1910, pp. 4-9). Two are recorded 
from East Ross, a ¢ on 23rd September, and a ? on the 
27th. This is the. first autumn record for the mainland of 
Scotland and first record for Moray (“A.S.N.H.,” 1910, p. 55). 
Four are reported from Fair Isle between 28th September and 
4th October. 


PHyLLoscopus RUFUS (Chiff-chaff).— First recorded, at Dalry 


P: 


EE 


(Clyde) on 3rd April. A male was killed on 8th April at the 
Mull of Galloway Lighthouse ; the first record for Fair Isle is 
7th May. A pair nested in Mull (“‘A.S.N.H., ” 1909, p. 247). 
Autumn records come from East Fife and the Isle of May of 
small numbers between 21st July and 28th September. 


TRISTIS (Siberian Chiff-chaff)—One was procured on Fair 


Isle in autumn. 


TROCHILUS (Willow-Warbler).—Is first reported from the West 


at Beith and Loch Awe on 6th April, but the species was 
not common till a fortnight later. The first records for 
the East Coast are at Dreghorn and Kirkliston, both on roth 
April; next day it is noted at Fair Isle. In Mull during the 
first fortnight in August the local birds were withdrawing and 
migrants passing, some in song, for short periods. One was 
killed at the lantern on the Bass on 20th August and more 
seen there next day. Last seen at Kirkliston, 13th September ; 
Fair Isle, 2nd October ; Isle of May, 18th October. 


SIBILATRIX (Wood-Warbler).—First recorded from Saltoun 
(E. Lothian) on 3rd May, from Mull next day, and Fair 
Isle on the 5th; one killed at the Mull of Galloway Light- 
house, 17th May. 


ACROCEPHALUS STREPERUS (Reed-Warbler).—One bird of this species 


was procured on Fair Isle in autumn. 


ACROCEPHALUS PHRAGMITIS (Sedge-Warbler).—The first record 


comes from the West at Possil (Clyde) on 29th April.  E. 
Ross, 8th May; Fair Isle, 19th. The only autumn records are 
one on passage (E. Fife) on 8th August, and one at the lantern 
on the Isle of May on 15th August. 


LocusTELLA N#&vi1a (Grasshopper Warbler).—There are but few 


reports of this species in 1909. A male was killed at the Mull 
of Galloway Lighthouse on 24th April, and this species_i 
recorded at Dalry (Clyde) on 8th May. 


198 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


MoraciILLa ALBA (White Wagtail).—Arrived at Lamlash (Arran) on 
21st March. Small parties are recorded from Tiree travelling 
north from 15th April to 7th May; two at Fair Isle on the 
2oth April. A pair bred on Fair Isle, the second breeding record 
for Scotland. On autumn migration flock after flock flew over 
Fair Isle about 5 p.m. on 18th August, at least 200 birds being 
seen. On passage, East Fife, on 21st August; at Lerwick on 
the 29th; Tiree, 3rd September; and Flannans on the sth. 
Last seen on the Isle of May on the 28th September; last 
recorded at Whitberry Point, near Tyninghame (3), on 30th 
September. 


M. MELANOPE (Grey Wagtail).—Three were seen on passage at the 
Isle of May on 25th March, three at the Flannans on 7th 
August, one at the Isle of May on 21st September, and one at 
Lerwick on 8th December. 


M. BorEALIS (Grey-headed Wagtail).—Is reported from Fair Isle on 
both spring and autumn migration. 


M. rat (Yellow Wagtail).—First recorded from the West at Beith 
(Clyde) on 14th April. One at Fair Isle on the 23rd. 


ANTHUS TRIVIALIS (Tree Pipit).—Is first noted at Fair Isle on 6th 
April, several at Cadder (Clyde) on roth April. | Last seen at 
Kirkliston on 15th September; a few on the Isle of May on 
various dates between 24th September and 18th October; and 
on Fair Isle from 25th September to 16th October—numerous 
on 28th September. 


A. PRATENSIS (Meadow Pipit).—Arrives in Mull on 21st March, at 
Carmichael on the 28th, at Glenorchard (Stirling) on ist April, 
and Fair Isle on the 3rd. The autumnal passage began at 
Kirkliston on 26th August, in Mull large numbers were passing 
on 5th September, while at the Butt of Lewis on the 19th and 
at the Flannans on the 2oth there was a rush all day. Large 
numbers are recorded from the Butt of Lewis on 26th 
September and 18th October, many at the Fair Isle on 16th 
October, and several at the Butt of Lewis on 2nd November. 


A. RICHARD! (Richard’s Pipit).—One was observed in autumn on 
Fair Isle. 


A. opscurus (Rock Pipit)—Many on the Monachs in September 
with a very dark variety, quite distinct in shade from the 
normal birds. 


OrRIOLUS GALBULA (Golden Oriole)—An adult male at Penton 
Lynns (Dumfries) on 30th April, a young male flying about a 
garden in Renfrewshire the first half of May, another was found 
dead at Port-Glasgow on roth May, and a fourth was seen on 
Fair Isle on 26th May. 


REPORT ON SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGY IN 1909 199 


LANIUS EXCUBITOR (Great Grey Shrike).—One is recorded from Fair 
Isle on 18th October. 


L. COLLURIO (Red-backed Shrike).—A bird of the year was found 
dead on the Flannans on 14th September, the first record for 
the Outer Hebrides. 


MUSCICAPA ATRICAPILLA (Pied Flycatcher).—The only spring record 
is a male at Fair Isle on 7th May. A young bird was obtained 
at Dunrobin (Sutherland) on 20th June, one at the Fair Isle 
lantern on roth September, and a few on the Isle of May from 
the 14th to the 25th September. 


M. GrisoLta (Spotted Flycatcher).—The first arrival recorded is 
from the West, at Dalry (Clyde), on 5th May; on the East 
it is reported simultaneously from Kirkliston and East Ross 
on the 14th. Obtained at the lantern, Isle of May, on 14th 
August. Last seen in Mullon 5th September, at the Flannans 
on the 23rd, Isle of May, 26th, and Fair Isle, 4th October. 


M. parva (Red-breasted Flycatcher).—One young male was pro- 
cured on the Isle of May on 25th September, the first record 
for Forth. 


Hirunpbo Rustica (Swallow).—Is first recorded from the West in 
three localities in Clyde on 8th April, the first noted on the 
East being on the 13th at Edinburgh and Kirkliston. Is 
reported from Fair Isle on 17th April and Sule Skerry on gth 
May. Many (ad. et uv.) on the Isle of May on 18th September, 
last seen at Kirkliston, 12th October, and St. Andrews, 2nd 
November. 


CHELIDON uURBICA (House-Martin).—First noted on the West at 
Cardross (Clyde) on gth April, and on the East at Kirkliston 
on the 18th. ‘The local nesting birds” in Mull ‘‘did not 
begin to build till 21st May, a few pairs arriving as late as the 
first week in June, which is abnormal.” Many at the Isle of 
May on 18th September, last recorded at Kirkliston on the 
27th. An albino was seen at Cupar (Fife) on 24th July. 


CoTiLE RIPARIA (Sand-Martin).—Is first recorded on the East, near 
Dirleton, on oth April, the first record from the West being on 
the 16th at Loch Loskin (Clyde). Last seen at Kirkliston on 
8th September. 


COCCOTHRAUSTES VULGARIS (Hawfinch).—One seen at Tayfield 
(Fife) on 21st April, and one at Fair Isle on 8th May. A nest 
and five eggs was found in East Lothian on 9th May, the eggs 
being destroyed by some animal; another nest was found 60 
yards away on 23rd May, but these eggs also were destroyed 
(“A.S.N.H.,” 1909, p. 181). The first nest and eggs found 
in Forth. 


200 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


CARDUELIS ELEGANS (Goldfinch).—A bird of this species was seen 
near Largo (Fife) on 27th January and 2nd February, and two 
immature birds were seen in East Ross on 25th September. 


CHRYSOMITRIS SPINUS (Siskin).—Three are recorded from the Isle 
of May on 25th March, andtwo on Fair Isle on 23rd April. 
Remarkable numbers on Fair Isle between 22nd September 
and 18th October, and more than usual on the Isle of May 
from 22nd September to 2nd October. <A few are reported 
from Loch Awe with a very large flock of Lesser Redpolls on 
25th November—they were feeding on alders. There appears 
to be only one previous record of this species in Argyll. 


ZONOTRICHIA ALBICOLLIS (White-throated Sparrow).—One shot on 
Eilean Mor, Flannans, on 18th May (“A.S.N.H.,” 1909, p. 
246), 

FRINGILLA CELEBS (Chaffinch).—A few are reported from Fair Isle 
on 22nd March, and from the Isle of May on the 25th. 
Many are recorded from Fair Isle on 28th September and 18th 
October, and huge flocks arrived in Mull on 23rd and 27th 
October. In Tiree a small flock with Greenfinches on 14th 
November (both species uncommon there). An _ albinistic 
variety is noted in East Fife on 28th February, and a partially 
melanic specimen was procured on Fair Isle on 6th May. 


F. MONTIFRINGILLA (Brambling).—On 1st March a flock of 800 or 
goo is recorded from Solway, on the 23rd April about 12 at the 
Isle of May, while the last noted was at Fair Isle on 20th May. 
In autumn this species appeared on the Isle of May on 17th 
September, on Fair Isle on the 25th. On roth October there 
was a great immigration to the Isle of May, and to the lantern 
at Fair Isle, and on that island next day huge numbers were 
seen. A small flock arrived at the Pentland Skerries on the 
12th and stayed several days. 


CARPODACUS ERYTHINUS (Scarlet Grosbeak).—One female procured 
on the Isle of May on 13th September (“‘ A.S.N.H.,” 1910, p. 4). 


LoxIA CURVIROSTRA (Crossbill).—1909 was characterised by a great 
immigration of these birds. The first is recorded from Fair 
Isle on 23rd June; they kept on arriving till roth July, when 
as many as 300 were seen. After this date the birds diminished 
slowly ; last seen in numbers on Fair Isle on 26th August, and 
the last is recorded from there on 2nd October (¢ imm.) ; 
many were found lying dead, starved (‘A.S.N.H.,” 1909, 
p. 215, and 1910, p. 54). On 27th June, an adult male is 
recorded from Unst (Shetland), and next day Crossbills arrived 
at Lerwick,—where they are reported up to 21st August in 
small parties not more than a dozen strong,—at Sule Skerry, 


REPORT ON SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGY IN 1909 201 


where they remained about three weeks, the largest number 
seen being 42, and at the Butt of Lewis, whence 7 are reported, 
one being an adult male. They are also recorded from many 
other localities in Shetland (“ A.S.N.H.,” 1909, pp. 215 and 
216). Late in June many appeared on the Flannans and 
remained some time, the last being seen there on 22nd Sep- 
tember (“A.S.N.H.,” 1909, p. 216, and 1910, p. 54). Three 
immature birds were seen at Graemeshall, S.E. Mainland, from 
29th June to ist July (“ Brit. Birds,” vol. iii. p. 82), and 2 
are recorded from Lochmaddy, N. Uist (“A.S.N.H.,” 1909, 
p. 216). On gth July, a flock of about 20 alighted on a 
steamer off Bervie, Kincardineshire, and remained on board 
for several hours (“‘A.S.N.H.,” 1909, p. 216), while on the 
r2th one came on board the ‘Goldseeker’ when 95 miles E. 
by S.3S. of Auskerry Light (Orkney); it was dead tired and 
allowed itself to be caught (“‘A.S.N.H.,” 1909, p. 217), and 
hundreds are reported by the fishermen as drowned in the 
North Sea (‘‘ A.S.N.H.,” 1910, p. 118). Ten or twelve were 
seen at Creetown (Kirkcudbright) from 29th July to 3rd 
August (“ Brit. Birds,” vol. ili. p. 124). A male at Scrabster 
(Caithness) on 31st July, and many at Gordonbush (E. Suther- 
land), a lot being caught in the strawberry nets (“ A.S.N.H.,” 
Ig1o, p. 55). Hight visited a garden in Wick and stayed a 
fortnight, while others are recorded from Kirkwall and Sanday 
in Orkney, and from Hawick and Fraserburgh (“ A.S.N.H.,” 
1909, p. 216). Many were seen near Sumburgh Head, and 
numbers were taken on fishing-boats to the east of Shetland 
(‘“A.S.N.H.,” 1909, p. 216). One at Gifford (Haddington- 
shire) in August (“ Brit. Birds,” vol. ili. p. 227). Young birds 
and females predominated, but some old males were observed 
where the birds occurred in any numbers (“ A.S.N.H.,” 1909, 
p. 216). All obtained belonged to a slender-billed continental 
race (“A.S.N.H.,” 1910, pp. 66, 67). 


Loxia Birasciata (Two-barred Crossbill).—Adult males were pro- 
cured on Fair Isle and the Flannans, among the flocks of the 
common Crossbill (“A.S.N.H.,” 1909, p. 217). 


EMBERIZA MILIARIA (Corn Bunting).—A small flock is noted at 
Lerwick on gth May, and this species is recorded as fairly 
common in Mull, specially near Tobermory, where it nested 
this year for the first time (““A.S.N.H.,” 1909, p. 247). A flock 
at- Lathones (E. Fife) and one at the Flannans, both on 
18th December. 


E, CITRINELLA (Yellow-hammer).—Four at Fair Isle on 24th March, 
and a female at the Isle of May on 1st April. One at Tiree 
(where it is a rare straggler) on 13th November. 


202 


ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


. HORTULANA (Ortolan Bunting).—This species is recorded at 


Fair Isle on both spring and autumn passage. 


. Rustica (Rustic Bunting).—One male was procured in autumn 


on Fair Isle. 


. PUSILLA (Little Bunting).—A bird of this species is recorded 


from Fair Isle in autumn, and single birds from the Isle of 
May on 25th and 26th September, this being the first record 
for Forth (“AS:N-H.,” 1910, p. 6). 


. SCHEENICLUS (Reed Bunting).—Laying in Banffshire on 1st May. 


An albino was procured in Solway (see “ A.S.N.H.,” 1910, 
p. 118): 


PLECTROPHANES NIVALIS (Snow-Bunting).—Flocks at Sule Skerry 


on 26th March, and two at the Isle of May on the 31st. A 
small flock in Tiree travelling north on 17th April, one at the 
Butt of Lewis on the 25th, and last seen at Fair Isle on roth 
May. In autumn several were seen at Sule Skerry on 6th 
September, two at the Flannans on the 8th, first seen East 
Ross, 27th; many at Fair Isle on the 29th. Flocks are recorded 
from Tiree on 23rd October and Aberdeen on the 25th, about 
100 arrived on the Flannans on the 31st, and a large flock on 
Fair Isle on rst November, many more arriving at the two last- 
named places on the 2nd. 


CaLcaRIus Lapponicus (Lapland Bunting).—A single bird is re- 


corded from Fair Isle in spring and another in autumn, and 
one was procured on the Flannans on 3rd September. 


STURNUS vULGARIS (Starling).—A flock of arrivals is noted on Fair 


Isle on 18th March, and a few at the lantern on the Isle of 
May next night. Some numbers on these two places, and at 
both lanterns on the 22nd and 23rd. Laying at Kirkliston on 
21st April, in an open nest in the head of a Scots fir at that 
place on 15th May, while from Beith we have the note “nest 
with four eggs built in a tree, and other starlings carrying 
building materials to similar places. There seems to be a 
scarcity of nesting holes for the birds, and they have taken to 
building in trees.” Nesting in the cliffs at the Butt of Lewis, 
and among rubble on the sea-shore. At the Fair Isle lantern 
on 11th October, and numerous at the light there, and at the 
Flannans on the 18th. Numbers passed south in a snow- 
storm at Aberdeen on 15th November. 


Corvus FRUGILEGUS (Rook).—A good deal of movement is recorded 


in March. Large numbers at Lerwick on 20th March, 500 to 
600 at Fair Isle, and “swarming” on the Isle of May on the 
22nd, and at the lanterns of both places that night, while 200 
or more are noted at Lerwick on the 23rd and 27th. 


REPORT ON SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGY IN 1909 203 


ALAUDA ARVENSIS (Skylark).—A small rush to the lantern of the 
Isle of May is recorded on the nights of the r5th to the 17th 
February, and very large flocks are noted at Fair Isle on 2nd 
March ; on the 22nd a great many of these birds were on the 
Isle of May, and at the lantern there and at Fair Isle that night. 
In autumn large numbers at the Butt of Lewis on 26th 
September, numerous on Fair Isle on 18th October and killed 
at the lantern there that night. Numbers moving south in a 
snow-storm at Aberdeen on 14th and 15th November. 


A. ARBOREA (Wood-Lark).—Four reports of this species come from 
Fair Isle in January. 


OrocorYs ALPESTRIS.(Shore-Lark).—Two on the Isle of May on 
13th October and single birds there on the 14th and 16th. 


CypseLus apus (Swift).—Is first recorded at Beith (Clyde) on 25th 
April, three were seen at Kirkliston next day. One was 
killed at the Mull of Galloway Lighthouse on 11th August. 
Last seen Kirkliston, 26th August; Flannans, single birds on 
23rd and 28th September, and one at Fair Isle on 4th 
October. 


IyNx TORQUILLA (Wryneck).—Single birds on Fair Isle on 8th and 
12th May. 


DENDROCOPUS MAJOR (Great Spotted Woodpecker).—A single bird 
at Dunipace on 12th March. Bred in West Fife (“A.S.N.H.,” 
1910, p. 56) and several pairs nested in the Crieff district. 
One in Carron Glen on 18th July. As autumn immigrants, a 
bird of the year on the Isle of May on the 16th September, one 
at the Butt of Lewis on 23rd September, and single birds at 
four places in Shetland between the 24th and 28th September. 
On seven occasions on Fair Isle one to three birds at a time 
between 22nd September and 3rd October ; one dead at 
Lerwick on 1st October, and a ? near Dingwall that month. 
Two seen at Inverbroom (W. Ross) on 6th November, single 
birds at Ferse House and Langwell (Caithness) on the 22nd, 
and a @ at Colinsburgh (E. Fife) about the middle of the 
month. One near Penpont (Dumfries) on 23rd December. 


Upurpa Epops (Hoopoe).—One at Waternish (Skye) on 27th April, 
second record for Skye, and another was picked up dead at 
Leadhills on rst June. 


CucuLus canorus (Cuckoo).—The first two records are from the 
West, viz., at Dalry on 21st April (“ Glas. Nat.” vol. i. p. 72), 
and at Loch Awe on the 23rd. By the 24th it is recorded 
from Crosswood Reservoir (Midlothian). At Beith a 
Cuckoo’s egg was found in a Hedge Accentor’s nest, darker 
than most Meadow-pipit’s and smaller than most Cuckoo’s eggs 


204 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


found in the locality. On 31st May an egg of this species was 
found in a Willow-warbler’s nest in East Ross. On rst July a 
Meadow-pipit’s nest was found near Beith containing only one 
egg, and that a Cuckoo’s ; this egg hatched about the 12th, and 
the young bird was ready to leave the nest when about twenty- 
one days old. At Beith two young Cuckoos, one and two days 
old respectively, were put into a Meadow-pipit’s nest: the 
larger threw out the smaller, three eggs and three young 
Meadow-pipits, the last-named twice over, making ten in all. 
In the same locality a Reed Bunting’s nest was found with a 
Cuckoo’s egg in it, about the same size as a Skylark’s, but 
lighter brown. Return movements are noted on the Isle of 
May on 14th and 16th August, at Lahill (E. Fife) two adults 
were observed in the gooseberry nets on 22nd August, a young 
bird at Syre (Sutherland) on the 25th, and the last record for 
the year is a young bird near Largo (Fife) on gth September. 


Asio orus (Long-eared Owl).—Three are reported near Lerwick on 
25th February, this being an unusual date for their appearance 
in Shetland. On 28th February a nest and two eggs of this 
species was found at Kirkliston, the other birds not laying till 
the end of March ; incubation 28-31 days. 


A. ACCIPITRINUS (Short-eared Owl).—A male was killed at the 
Mull of Galloway Light on 3rd March. Single birds on the 
Isle of May on roth August, several on Fair Isle on various 
dates between 5th August and 18th October, one at Sule Skerry 
on 2nd November and one on the Pentland Skerries next day, 
while several are reported from Tiree on 20th November. 


ButTEo Lacopus (Rough-legged Buzzard)——A mature female was 
shot at Borrolol, Sutherland, on 30th March, and one was seen 
at Moorfoot (Forth) in November. 


FALcO CANDICANS (Greenland Falcon).—Single birds are reported 
from the Flannans on 1st, 2nd, and 14th December, from the 
Butt of Lewis on 4th December, Barra on 15th and 25th 
December (“ A.S.N.H..” “1916, -p: 119);-and “Inverbroom 
(W. Ross) on 28th December (“ A.S.N.H.,” 1910, p.-119). 

ARDETTA MINUTA (Little Bittern).—An adult male was caught alive at 
the opening of the Loch of Stennis into the sea on 14th May, 
the second record for Orkney (“A.S.N.H.” 1909, p. 183). 

ANSER ALBIFRONS (White-fronted Goose).—One is recorded at Wick 
on 26th January and on 26th April—this species was travelling 
from Tiree towards Barra. One shot at Lerwick on 26th 
October, and large flocks in Tiree on 9th November. 

A. BRACHYRHYNCHUS (Pink-footed Goose).—A female was shot 
in the Moray Firth on 26th April. A number are recorded 
from Fair Isle during wild weather from the 7th to the 18th 


REPORT ON SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGY IN 1909 205 


October, one being shot. This is the first record of this 
species for Shetland (*““A:S:N.H.”> ta19,;) p. 67): 


BERNICLA LEUCOPsIS (Barnacle Goose).—Several single birds were 
seen at Fair Isle during the first three months of the year, two 
being procured: this species is new to Fair Isle. In autumn, 
the first is recorded at Dunrossness (Shetland) on 23rd 
October, hundreds at the Flannans on several dates between 
26th October and 29th November, and a flock at Tiree on 
21st November. 


BERNICLA BRENTA (Brent Goose).—A flock of about 500 is 
recorded in the Cromarty Firth on 31st March, about t100 
there on gth April and 60 on 3rd May. Five returned to the 
Dornoch Firth on 21st September, one at Dunrossness 
(Shetland) on the 29th, and at Fair Isle on 16th October an 
injured Brent was captured—this was an addition to the Fair 
Isle fauna. A great many in the Dornoch Firth on 6th 
November. 


CyGnus musicus (Whooper Swan).—One was found dead at Morton 
Loch (N.E. Fife) on 18th January. Eight at Dunrossness 
(Shetland) on roth October, and unusual numbers in Tiree on 
8th November. 


C. BewIcK1 (Bewick’s Swan).—A few on Tiree on 3rd November ; 
very plentiful there later, throughout the winter. 


TADORNA CASARCA (Ruddy Sheldrake).—An adult female was 
obtained at Sule Skerry on 18th June, the first record for the 
Northern Isles (“ A.S.N.H.,” 1909, p. 247). 


ANAS STREPERA (Gadwall).—A pair are reported from Morton Loch 
(Fife) on 25th January, and on the 2oth a flock of 20-30 at 
the same place. A pair were seen on Bishop Loch near 
Glasgow on 25th April, and in June two nests containing five 
and seven eggs were found near a loch in S.E. Scotland 
(‘‘A.S.N.H.,” 1909, p. 184). A male was shot in Elginshire on 
2nd November, and this duck is recorded from Tiree on the 
toth. 

DarILa acuta (Pintail).—Rather plentiful in Solway waters in the 
winter of 1908-9, and a male shot at the Edenmouth on 12th 
January. Last seen in Solway at Southerness on 28th 
February. 


MARECA PENELOPE (Wigeon).—The main body left Mull on 12th 
April, three were seen there on the 24th, and on the 28th 
the last flock is recorded from the Cromarty Firth. Two 
nests in E. Scotland on 22nd May with six and nine eggs 
respectively. A bird marked when young at Loch Brora 
(EK. Sutherland) on 19th June, was captured in the province of 


200 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


Groningen (N.E. Holland) on 3rd September (‘ Brit. Birds,” 
vol. ili. p. 220). Reappeared on Linlithgow Loch on 26th 
August, and first seen on the Cromarty Firth two days later ; 
about a hundred there by 4th September. 


FULIGULA FERINA (Pochard).—Last seen at Kirkliston on 26th 
April. Returned to Kirkliston on 26th August. 


HARELDA GLACIALIS (Long-tailed Duck).—A good many at 
Balcomie (E. Fife) on 22nd April, two at Fair Isle on 1st 
May. In autumn one is reported as seen in East Ross on 
26th September, six off Fair Isle on 14th October; when 
diving they remained under water sixty-six and sixty-seven 
seconds, An adult male at the Isle of May on the 15th, and 
an adult male was shot inland near Gretna (Dumfriesshire) on 
2nd November (“A.S.N.H.,” 1910, p. 119). 


CoLuMBA NAS (Stock-Dove).—Laying at Kirkliston on 15th April, 
hatched about the 23rd in East Fife. About 30 pairs were 
nesting in ivy-covered cliffs at Shiskin (Arran). Unusual 
numbers in Largo Bay on gth August; and, 21st, “ parties 
everywhere.” 

TuRTUR comMMUNIS (Turtle-Dove).—A good many are reported, 
single birds being recorded from Kelso on 15th May, Fair 
Isle on 2zoth and 27th May, Syre (Sutherland) on rst July, 
Fair Isle on the 7th, Dunrossness (Shetland) and the Flannans 
on toth September. 


TETRAO TETRIX (Black Grouse).—A ¢ hybrid between a Blackcock 
and a Capercaillie hen was shot in Kincardineshire on 15th 
December (“‘ A.S.N.H.,” 1910, p. 120). 


CoTruRNIX COMMUNIS (Quail).—Heard in E. Fife at five places near 
Crail from 2nd to 4th July. Several pairs bred in East 
Lothian ; heard calling there in June and ioth July to 23rd 
August. 

CREX PRATENSIS (Corn-Crake).—Is first recorded from Beith in the 
West of Scotland on 18th April, and not till the 27th from the 
East Coast, when one was observed on the Isle of May ; at 
Fair Isle on the 4th May. On the return journey one was killed 
at the Mull of Galloway Lighthouse on 31st August, and the 
last record for the year comes from Fair Isle on 18th October. 


PoRZANA PARVA (Little Crake).—One was caught in a fishing-boat 
in Girvan Harbour on 29th March, the first record for Clyde 
(“A'S.N-H.,” £960, p..155): 

RaLLus aquaticus (Water-Rail).—Single birds are recorded from 
Fair Isle, 6th February, and as killed at the lantern, Tarbatness, 
on 22nd March, and at the Mull of Galloway that night and the 
next. By a small loch near the Butt of Lewis on 18th April, 


REPORT ON SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGY IN 1909 207 


and Sule Skerry 2oth June. In autumn several are noted at Fair 
Isle, one was killed at the lantern of the Isle of May on 16th 
October, and a single bird is noted from Tiree on the 24th. 


GALLINULA CHLOROPUS (Moorhen).—One was killed at the lantern 
of Davaar Lighthouse (Argyll) on 23rd February, and one 
is reported from the Isle of May just a month later. 


EUDROMIAS MORINELLUS (Dotterel).—One was found dead at Bells- 
hill (Lanarkshire) on 2oth April (“‘Glas. Nat.” vol. 1. p. 135). 


CHARADRIUS PLUVIALIS (Golden Plover).—On the hills at Beattock 
on 4th February. Small numbers at the Isle of May and Fair 
Isle on 22nd March, and 30 at the Butt of Lewis on 29th April. 
The return movement is first noted at Largo (Fife) on 8th 
July, a great many at the Cromarty Firth on 7th August, flocks 
arriving at Tiree on 17th September, and a number at Fair 
Isle on the 2oth. 


SQUATAROLA HELVETICA (Grey Plover).—One in’ winter dress on 
the Dornoch Firth, 3rd June ; fourteen at the Edenmouth on 
31st August, seven being in summer plumage. 


VANELLUS VULGARIS (Lapwing).—A considerable movement of this 
species took place in March, when it was numerous at the 
Isle of May on the 21st, and in uncountable numbers there 
and at Fair Isle next day; a rush to the lantern at these places 
being recorded the following night. At Lerwick and Isle of 
May great flocks on the 23rd, and several at Sule Skerry on 
the 25th. About one hundred on Fair Isle on 6th October, 
and this species participated in the movement at Aberdeen 
during a snowstorm on 14th and 15th November. <A Lapwing 
ringed at Glenorchard (Stirling) on 17th June was shot 20 
miles west of Pau, Basses Pyrenees, France, on 17th November 
(“ Brits Birds,” vol.siirp: 251): 

STREPSILAS INTERPRES (Turnstone).—Present in East Fife through- 
out the summer. 

HMATOPUS OSTRALEGUS (Oystercatcher).—Arrived at Sule Skerry 
on the 12th February, very numerous at Fair Isle on 8th March, 
and a small flock at the Butt of Lewis ont he 30th; by 3rd 
April it was on Loch Awe. On 5th June there were large 
flocks at the Edenmouth, and many hundreds there on 31st 
August, 

PHALAROPUS FULICARIUS (Grey Phalarope).—Is twice recorded from 
Fair Isle in January and once in October, two being procured. 
This species is new to Fair Isle. Phalaropes, probably this 
species, are recorded from Sule Skerry in January and September. 


SCOLOPAX RUSTICOLA (Woodcock ).—Notes of birds on spring migra- 
tion come from Fair Isle on 23rd March, Sule Skerry on the 


208 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


28th, and the Isle of May on the 31st. Several nests in 
Morayshire, last hatched 7th August (“ Brit. Birds,” vol. iii. 
p- 129). In autumn one is recorded from Dunrossness 
(Shetland) on 18th October, many there on roth November. 


GALLINAGO MAJoR (Great Snipe).—One was procured on Fair Isle 
in September. 

G. Ca:LESTIS (Snipe).—Is recorded as very numerous on Fair Isle 
on roth and 27th January, 1st February, and 1oth March. 
Scarce at Lerwick early in September, but plentiful by the 25th, 
on which day we have a note of arrivals at Fair Isle ‘flying 
round for quarters.” Numerous in Tiree on 30th October, 
large numbers at the Butt of Lewis on 14th November, and 
next day at the Pentland Skerries (frost and snow). Again 
numerous in Tiree on 23rd November, and on 21st December 
in Mull; severe weather drove numbers within the burgh of 
Tobermory. 

TRINGA MINUTA (Little Stint)—Two in Aberlady Bay on 4th 
September, and one at Fair Isle on the 3oth. 

T. suBaRQuATA (Curlew Sandpiper).—Two at the Edenmouth on 
31st August, and five or six in Aberlady Bay on 4th September. 

T. canutus (Knot).—Small numbers remained throughout the 
summer at the Cromarty Firth, Four at Balcomie (E. Fife) 
on 14th August. 

CALIDRIS ARENARIA (Sanderling).—Last seen in Largo Bay on 16th 
May, returned there 17th July. 

MACHETES PUGNAX (Ruff).—One seen at Waukmill Glen Dam 
(E. Renfrew) on 29th August and 12th September, and two 
at Balgray Dam on the latter date. 

ToTANUS HYPOLEUCUS (Common Sandpiper).—First seen on the 
West Coast at Dalry (Clyde) on 14th April, and two days later 
on the East beside the Tyne (E. Lothian), and Fair Isle 24th. 
First reported on autumn migration on 17th July in East Fife. 


T. ocHRopus (Green Sandpiper).—One was shot on the banks of 
the Ae in Dumfriesshire on zoth January, and one was seen 
on Fair Isle late in July. 

T. ruscus (Spotted Redshank).—One seen at Waukmill Glen Dam 
(E. Renfrew) on 29th August and 12th September (‘ Glas. 
Nat.” vol. i. p. 146). 

T. CANESCENS (Greenshank).—A pair is reported from Tiree on 
t1th June, one at Largo (E. Fife) on 22nd July, two beside 
the Spey on 5th August, and two or three at the Edenmouth 
on 31st August. Two in East Renfrew on 12th September. 
Records come from the Cromarty and Dornoch Firths in April 


REPORT ON SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGY IN Igo09g 209 


and June, and from August to the end of the year mostly 
single birds. 

Limosa LAPPONICA (Bar-tailed Godwit).—One was killed at the 
lantern at Tarbatness on 23rd March. A flock of about fifty 
at the Edenmouth on 5th June, and three in summer plumage 
in Largo Bay on 2oth July. Small numbers stayed by the 
Cromarty Firth throughout the summer; on 28th September 
one was seen there ‘‘ with creamy upper parts,” 


L. BeLGIcA (Black-tailed Godwit).—Single birds are reported from 
the Cromarty Firth on six dates between 23rd April and 16th 
September, July being the only month without a record. One 
at Luce Bay, Wigtownshire, on 13th August, and one shot at 
Morton Loch (Fife) on zoth August in interesting transition 
plumage, two at Tiree on the 27th, and one at Waukmill Glen 
Dam (E. Renfrew) on the 29th, and 12th September (“ Glas. 
Nat.” vol. i. p. 146). 

NuMENIUS PHAOPUS (Whimbrel).—A few in Tiree on 22nd April, 
becoming more numerous till the middle of May, several at 
the Butt of Lewis on 2nd May, and three at Fair Isle next day. 
In autumn about twelve at Balcomie (E. Fife) on 28th July. 
Last seen Isle of May on 25th September, several records from 
Fair Isle between 23rd July and 17th October, and four 
records from East Ross between 23rd September (3), and 
16th November (1). 

STERNA CANTIACA (Sandwich Tern).—First seen near Crail (Fife) 
on 22nd April. Quantities in Largo Bay on 24th August, and 
very many at the Edenmouth on the 31st. Last seen Isle of 
May on gth October. 

S. FLUVIATILIS (Common Tern).—First reported from Balcomie 
(E. Fife) on 22nd April, and next day from Largo Bay and 
the Cromarty Firth. In numbers in Aberdeenshire on the 
29th. Numerous at the Isle of May on 18th July, young on 
the shore in Aberdeenshire, still being fed by their parents on 
8th September, last seen there two days later. 

S. MAcRuURA (Arctic Tern).—First reported on 3rd May from the 
Cromarty Firth, arriving at Tiree from the r2th till the end of 
the month, at Lerwick on the 23rd. Last seen at the 
Cromarty Firth on 4th September, the breeding Terns last seen 
at the Butt of Lewis on the 5th. Great numbers of migrating 
Terns, probably this species, are recorded as passing Lerwick on 
the night of 11th September and again on the nights of the 
22nd to 24th; a number were round the lantern on the Isle 
of May early on 22nd September and at Fair Isle next night. 


S. minuTa (Little Tern).—First seen at St. Andrews (3) on 5th 
May, arriving at Tiree from the 12th to the end of the month. 
76 C 


210 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


XEMA SABINII (Sabine’s Gull).—An adult was seen at Lerwick on 
25th July and again a few days later (“A.S.N.H.,” 1909, 
p. 248). 

LARUS RIDIBUNDUS (Black-headed Gull).—On northern passage at 
Mull on 5th March and many passing over Aberdeen on the 
night of the 21st. Arrived in Mull on the return journey on 
7th July and next day hundreds appeared in Largo Bay, nearly 
all adults in full summer plumage. ‘Thousands are recorded 
from the Bass Rock in December during frost, the first seen 
on the Rock by Mr. Campbell. One with roseate plumage 
shot at Inverbroom (W. Ross) on 9th December and many 
more roseate birds seen there later. 


L. canus (Common Gull).—A number on Loch Awe on roth 
March. Many arrived at Fair Isle on 5th October, while on 
the 14th (before a gale) there were an unusual number on this 
island, several hundreds being recorded. 


L. Fruscus (Lesser Black-backed Gull).—One in Glasgow Harbour 
on 13th March. Several still at Fair Isle on 5th October, and 
one at the Isle of May on the 23rd and 27th. 


L. GLaucus (Glaucous Gull).—Occurred in small numbers, mostly 
immature birds on Fair Isle during the first and last quarters 
of the year. One immature bird at the Isle of May on 24th 
October. 


MEGALESTRIS CATARRHACTES (Great Skua).—Seen at Foula on rath 
April. One at Fair Isle on 4th May, last seen there 8th 
October. A young bird was killed at Borrolol (Sutherland) on 
19th October. 


MERGULUS ALLE (Little Auk).—Very numerous in the sea off Fair 
Isle on 2oth January and rst February, the numbers having 
decreased by the 5th, and single birds are recorded from Largo 
Bay on the 26th February and at St. Andrews on roth March. 
Again noted off Fair Isle on 18th November becoming more 
numerous, till at the close of the year a great many were 
present. 


FRATERCULA ARCTICA (Puffin)—A white Puffin was seen at Sule 
Skerry on 18th June. 


CoLyMBus arcticus (Black-throated Diver).—One young bird of 
this species was shot at Morton Loch (Fife) on 21st January, 
and one was seen off Gullane Ness on 27th December. 


C. SEPTENTRIONALIS (Red-throated Diver).—Great numbers in 
Largo Bay on 15th February. St. Andrews Bay full of them 
on 30th September and a great many in Largo Bay on 27th 
December. 


REPORT ON SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGY IN 1909 211 


PODICIPES CRISTATUS (Great Crested Grebe).—Three or four at St. 
Andrews on the 25th January, one on Duddingston Loch on 
14th March, the first seen there in six years. Single birds in 
the sea at St. Andrews on 2nd November and at Craignish 
(Argyll) on the 8th. 


P. auRIrus (Sclavonian Grebe).—In 1908 a pair tried to breed on 
an Inverness-shire loch, but one parent was shot ; in 1909 one 
or two pairs appeared on the same loch, but their nests were 
robbed by a private collector (‘ Brit. Birds,” vol. ili. p. 380). 
One at Fair Isle on 9th September and 6th October ; it stayed 
below water about half a minute when diving. 


P. NIGRICOLLIS (Eared Grebe).—One is reported as having been 
seen on Bishop’s Loch near Glasgow in 1909 (* Glas. Nat.” 
vol. il. p. 58). 


P. FLUviATILIS (Little Grebe).—Single birds were killed at the 
lantern at Tarbatness and the Isle of May on 22nd March. 


PROCELLARIA PELAGICA (Storm Petrel).—Several at Sule Skerry on 
18th June in holes and under stones. One at the Bass Rock 
found at 2 A.M. on r1th December lying exhausted on the 
pathway round the lantern. 


OCEANODROMA LEUCORRHOA (Fork-tailed Petrel).— Two were 
killed at the lantern at Sule Skerry on 26th August and one 
was driven ashore by the rollers in a dying condition at Mull 
on gth November. 


PUFFINUS ANGLORUM (Manx Shearwater).—Two seen in the Firth 
of Forth on roth June and about twenty on 5th August. 
Single birds were killed at the lantern on the Isle of May on 
15th and 17th August. 


FULMARUS GLACIALIS (Fulmar).—Arrived in the geos on Fair Isle 
on 23rd January. One was killed at the lantern at Sule Skerry 
on 2nd February. One found dead on shore at Kingsbarns, 
Fife, on 4th July (“ Glas. Nat.” i. p. 145). 


[The Editors desire to express to Mr. John Paterson their 
indebtedness for, and high appreciation of, the series of 
excellent Reports on Scottish Ornithology which he was 
good enough to prepare for the “Annals.” The Editors 
know from experience the labour involved in their prepara- 
tion, which is infinitely greater than would be supposed by 
those who have not been engaged on such work.—EDs.] 


ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


tN 
— 
N 


ON ‘VISITS: “PAID, TO, ,fHE ISLAND eer 
NP RON: 


By Her GRacE THE DucHESS OF BEDFORD. 


DURING the present summer I have on two occasions 
visited the Island of North Rona, viz. on 19th July and on 
25th August. As on a previous visit in 1907, I landed 
without difficulty. 

A cave running almost half-way across the narrow 
isthmus at the north-west end of the island affords an excellent 
landing-place on the western side. There is no anchorage 
on this side for a large vessel, and, as the sailing instructions 
vaguely inform one that “a low water rock lies two cables off 
the southern side of the island and others more than half a 
mile off,” North Rona is more interesting to me than my 
Captain. The yacht therefore has to stand some distance 
out at sea. 

The author of “The Fauna of the Outer Hebrides,” 
describing his visit to the island in 1887, says: “The sea- 
pink, which grows in continuous profusion over the whole 
surface, filled the air with delicious fragrance, faint but 
sweet.” The sea-pink was in bloom at the time of my visit, 
but by no stretch of the imagination could I have detected 
its fragrance amidst the all-pervading stench of the nesting- 
place of hundreds of Fulmars, Great and Lesser Black-backed 
Gulls and Herring Gulls, and his remark probably bears 
eloquent testimony to the great increase in these birds since 
that time, an increase which may possibly be due to the 
island being now entirely uninhabited. The Fulmars occupy 
not only the cliffs, but all the old ruins and even the sloping 
ledges of rock. The low peninsulas both at the south-west and 
northern ends of the island are thickly covered with the nests 
of the Lesser Black-backed Gull, and in smaller numbers 
the Greater Black-backed and Herring Gulls. The cliffs are 
tenanted by thousands of Puffins, Guillemots, Razorbills, 
Kittiwakes, and Shags. At the extreme south-western end 
is a large colony of Arctic Terns. Great numbers of Gannets 
were seen flying round the island, probably members of the 
colony nesting on Sulisgeir. . 


ON VISITS PAID TO THE ISLAND OF N. RONA 213 


I found several Petrel haunts, but those I pulled out 
were all Storm Petrels. As they nest in the same places as 
the Fulmars it is somewhat difficult to detect them, and as Iam 
still less able to discriminate between the odours of a Fork- 
tailed Petrel and the Storm Petrel I had to abandon the 
search for the former. 

Numbers of Eider Ducks frequented the bays, and Rock 
Pipits were numerous, as also Oystercatchers. 

The Fulmars are unpleasant people to deal with at close 
quarters. The adults allow one to approach within 4 or 5 
feet before leaving the nest, and the young are able to squirt 
the oil a distance of 2 to 3 feet out of their mouths. When the 
supply of oil is exhausted they disgorge the contents of their 
stomachs, after which they may be handled with impunity, but 
after the last operation one ceases to desire to interfere with 
them. They seem loath to leave the nest long after the 
condition of their plumage would lead one to suppose that 
they could fly, and I confess that having seen the capture of 
the young Fulmars on St. Kilda by the cliff climbers, I feel 
less sympathy for them than I did when I had only read 
about it. They are so intensely stupid, sitting still to have 
their necks wrung, that I feel sure that Providence must have 
designed them to be caught in order to limit the surplus 
population of a bird which can have few other enemies. 
The manner of their death is rapid and merciful, and if the 
young Fulmar has cause for complaint it can only be that of 
thousands of other young creatures in the world, “Since I 
am so quickly done for, I wonder what I was begun for?” 

I set my mouse-traps for several hours, but caught 
nothing. Itis strange that it pays any one to keep sheep on 
the island. I saw a great deal of fresh mutton lying about, 
as also carcases in every stage of decay, and there can be but 
few months in the year when the grass affords them a diet 
to grow fat on. The few that are there are extremely 
wild. 

At the time of my second visit in August, owing to 
there being rather more swell than on the previous occasion, 
an easier landing was effected by rowing to the extreme end 
of the cave. From here there is a curious gap sloping up 
from the sea to the grass-covered surface above. The 


214 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


opening being very narrow, daylight cannot be seen from 
below, and, bending almost double, one has to feel one’s way 
in comparative darkness for the first few yards. It is more- 
over extremely slippery, but the actual landing is less risky 
in a swell than jumping on to wet sea-weed at the mouth of 
the cave. 

A great change had taken place amongst the birds since 
my visit in July. The Guillemots, Razorbills, Eider Ducks, 
and Terns had all gone. A few Puffins remained and a good 
many Kittiwakes and Fulmars. Some of the young Fulmars 
had not yet left the nest. Great and Lesser Black-backed Gulls 
were still very numerous, Herring Gulls had increased, and a 
few pairs of Oystercatchers were still about. In place of 
the departed breeding birds there had been a great 
immigration of Wheatears, Meadow Pipits, White Wagtails, 
and Waders. I think that the Rock Pipits had also 
increased. There must have been hundreds of Meadow 
Pipits and Wheatears on the island, and as I suspected the 
latter of belonging to the larger race I shot one. The wing 
measured 99 mm. White Wagtails, though not so abundant, 
were there in great numbers. A large flock of Curlews 
(upwards of 50) arrived whilst I was on the island, and I also 
saw a flock of Starlings. Many of the little spray pools 
were tenanted by Ringed Plovers, Dunlin, Redshanks, and 
Turnstones, and a solitary Heron flapped slowly away as I 
landed. I also put up a Snipe. 

The Great Grey Seal was very much in evidence in the 
bays. Some of them appeared to be huge animals. It is 
a splendid place for watching them, as, when the boat has 
gone back to the yacht and all is quiet, they show up at 
the mouth of the cave only some forty feet directly below 
one in perfectly clear water. 

The horrible modern tombstone erected to the memory 
of the last two inhabitants who died there in 1887, and 
placed in the little chapel-yard amongst the old locally 
carved stone crosses, had been re-whitewashed. If ever I 
commit sacrilege it will be here. 

I had hoped to return to Rona the following day, but 
“the best laid schemes o’ mice and men gang aft agley,” and 
an easterly gale compelled me to go southwards instead. 


NYSSIA ZONARIA IN THE OUTER HEBRIDES 215 


NY SSIA: ZONARTA, SCHIFF, INV THE OUTER 
HEBRIDES. 


By Percy H. Grimsuaw, F.R.S.E., F.E.S. 
Natural History Department, the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh. 


THIS interesting and very local Moth, the so-called “ Belted 
Beauty,” has been known as a British species since the year 
1834, but until recent years it was only recorded from the 
sand-hills on that part of the English and Welsh coast which 
stretches from New Brighton to Conway, a distance of less 
than 40 miles. Within the last few years, however, the 
insect has been observed, either in the caterpillar or imago 
state, in a few isolated localities in other parts of the British 
Isles, but always in the West, on coasts exposed to either 
the Atlantic Ocean or Irish Sea. 

During an official collecting expedition in the month of 
June last I was fortunate in discovering what I believe to be 
an entirely new locality for the Moth, and one which con- 
siderably extends its distribution. I refer to the extensive 
range of sand-hills on the western shore of the island of South 
Uist, in the Outer Hebrides. For a distance of at least a 
mile and a half of the coast due west of Daliburgh, that is 
to say, on the Atlantic coast of the southern part of the 
island, the conspicuous and unmistakable caterpillar of Vyssza 
zonaria was seen in myriads crawling over rushes, Lotus 
corniculatus, and other low-growing plants which carpeted 
these interesting dunes. So numerous were they, indeed, 
that I found it necessary, before sitting down to rest, to look 
carefully lest I should crush numerous examples of this local, 
but here predominant, species. 

In this connection it is interesting to find that my 
experience confirms an old record which was published by 
Mr. J. B. Hodgkinson in the “ Zoologist” for 1844 and 1845 
—and one that has for many years been received with 
suspicion and distrust. In the two notes referred to the 
Moth is recorded for Skye, while the island of “ Bernarah” is 
also mentioned as a locality for the species. As these were 
the first (and until 1899 the only) records for Scotland it 


216 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


may be interesting to quote what is actually said. In the 
“ Zoologist ” for 1844, p. 686, Hodgkinson writes: “A friend 
of mine who lately visited the Isle of Skye observed a great 
number of the larve of a Geometra, very similar to those of 
Abraxas grossulariata: they were feeding on the burdock, 
on the summit of Ben Beckley, where he shot a rock dove 
(Columba livia), the crop of which was completely gorged with 
them. A few of these larva have since changed into pupe.” 
The following year (1845, p. 1006) the same naturalist 
communicated the following note: “Caterpillar of Myssza 
zonaria in Skye. I formerly made a communication respect- 
ing some larve which were found in the Isle of Skye, by my 
friend Mr. Cooper, of Preston (‘ Zool.’ 686). I saw him last 
week, and learned that a female Wyssta zonarza had come 
out this spring, from one of the chrysalides that was un- 
injured. I hinted to Mr. Henry Doubleday what I thought 
they were. Now it is a question whether WVyssza zonarza is 
indigenous to the Hebrides or not; and those which have 
been found at New Brighton, Cheshire, have been originally 
imported thither among wool, etc., or rushes that have been 
used to pack up fish with. My friend informs me that the 
larvee were in swarms upon the sand-hills of Bernarah, and 
several other islands which he visited.” 

It will be seen that some doubt is here thrown upon the 
question of the insect being a true native, especially in the 
Hebrides. In view of the fact that it has since been recorded 
from Tiree by Mr. William Evans (“ Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.,” 
1899, p. 239) and from several places in Ireland, I think 
there can be no doubt but that it is a truly British moth. 
When referring to the Tiree record in his “ Lepidoptera of 
the British Islands” (vol. vii. p. 152), Barrett makes the 
pertinent remark that “it seems possible that the creature 
belongs naturally to this more northern latitude, and that 
this may help to explain the failure of the species to 
establish itself more extensively upon the English coast, 
where suitable sand-hills are by no means wanting.” This 
opinion receives ample support from my experience of the 
caterpillar in such vast numbers on the extreme west of the 
Outer Hebrides, to which remote place its importation seems 
inconceivable. 


NYSSIA ZONARIA IN THE OUTER HEBRIDES 217 


A concise summary of the British distribution of Vyssza 
zonaria as now known may be useful : 


England and Wales—CHESHIRE AND NortTH WALES: Coast from 
New Brighton to Conway. 
LANCASHIRE: Coast from Liverpool to 
Blackpool. 


Scotland.—INNER HEBRIDES: Skye and Tiree. 
OuTER HeprRIDES: South Uist and (?) Bernerah. 


TIreland.—ANTRIM: Ballycastle. 
Mayo: Achill Island and Bingham Castle. 
GaLway: Slyne Head and Roundstone. 


OND Ene  SCOLTISH SPECIES OF (CX VURA 
(PROCTOTRYPIDA)—PART V? 


By PETER CAMERON. 


IN this part of the Catalogue of the Scottish Oxyura | 
have dealt with the Dzaprizne, and have recorded 47 species 
known to me from Scotland, namely, 14 of the tribe 
Spilomicrint and 33 of the tribe Dzaprzinz. Of these 35 
have been described by Dr. Kieffer as new species. I give 
also, within square brackets, the localities of 6 new species 
from England and 2 from Spain. Spzlomzcrus compressus, 
Thoms., is also an addition to the British Fauna. Marshall, 
in his Catalogue published by the Entomological Society 
of London, records 13 genera and 52 British species of 
Diapriine. Most of the species recorded in this Catalogue 
not taken by me, have been described by C. G. Thomson 
from Scandinavia and by Marshall himself from England. 
Not much appears to be known regarding the early stages 
of the Dzapriine. Some have been bred from gall-making 
Diptera. 
SPILOMICRINI. 


SPILOMICRUS, West. 


[annulicornis, K., Mickleham (C. G. Champion)]. 
1. minor, K., Dalry ; Bishopton; Boxhill (C. G. Champion.) 


1 Continued from p. 95. 


ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


. abnormis, Marshall, Ballantrae. 

. crassiclavis, K., Bishopton. 

. compressus, Thoms., Kenmuir Bank, near Glasgow. 

. basalyformis, Marshall, Bonar Bridge; Kingussie ; Claddich ; 


Loch Awe; Clober ; Aviemore (C. G. Champion) ; Dunham 
Park, Cheshire ; London District (C. G. Champion). 


6. integer, K., var. varicornis, K., Cambuslang. 


. S. hemipterus, Marsh., has been taken at Boxhill by Mr. 


C. G. Champion. 


Iprotypa, Foer. 


. nigriceps, K., Mugdock. 
. rufiventris, K., Eccles, Dumfriesshire. 


PARAMESIUS, West. — 


. Cameroni, K., Possil Marsh, near Glasgow. 
. adentatus, K., Mugdock. 
. nigricornis, K., New Galloway. 


ANEURYNCHUS, West. 


1. oviventris, Thoms., Dumfries ; Cheshire. 


rau BW N 


. ruficornis, Thoms., Clyde at Newton; Loch Awe; Boxhill 


(C. G. Champion). 


. obliquus, K., Cadder. 


DIAPRIINI. 


PLATYMISCHUS, West. 


. dilatatus, West. Frith of Clyde, near Cloch Lighthouse. 


Basatys, West. 


[collaris, K., York (F. G. Binnie).] 


. rujiscapus, K., Mull. 


Loxotropa, Foer. 


. macroptera, K., Loch Awe. 

. convexa, K., Cadder. 

. ciliata, K., Dumfries ; Clober; Lee (C. G. Champion). 
. Sscotica, K., Claddich ; Cambuslang ; Dumfries. 

. sulcata, K., Claddich. 

. atricrus, K., Clyde at Newton. 

. cursitans, K., Rannoch; Claddich; Lade at Cadder. 


An BW 


iS) 


ww 


Ww N 


WwW nN & 


ON THE SCOTTISH SPECIES OF OXYURA 219 


. longipennis, K., Mull; Manuel; London District (C. G. 


Champion) ; Peak of Derbyshire in house. 


. bifoveata, K., Cambuslang. 

. luctuosa, K., Dumfries. 

. untfoveata, K., Bonar Bridge. 

. dispar, Nees, Rannoch; Lade at Cadder. 


D1apRiA, Latr. 


“1. conica, Ltr., Cadder ; Gloucester. 


[¢etratoma, K., Gloucester. ] 


. oogastra, Thoms., Cambuslang. 


[nocticolor, K., York (F. G. Binnie). | 


. clavatipes, K., Bishopton. 

. aptcalis, K., Bishopton. 

. melanopa, K., Mugdock ; Ballantrae. 
. wnegualis, K., Cadder. 


[conotoma, K., Alsasua, Spain (D. Sharp). 


. petiolaris, K., Bishopton. 
. verticillata, Nees (Ltr.?), Eccles; Dunham Park, Cheshire ; 


Bexhill (Champion). 


. ciliaris, K., Clydesdale. 
. varipes, K., Cadder. 


PH#NopRIA, Ashmead. 


. Cameroni, Clyde at Newton ; Mickleham (Champion). 
. subimpressa, K. 1 have no definite locality for this 


species. 


. halterata, K., New Galloway. 


TricHopria, Ashmead. 


. tnermis, K., Thornhill. 
. atricornis, K., Glen Lyon, Clyde, near Newton. 
. fimbriata, K., Craigton in fungus. 


GALEsSUuS, Curt. 


[ Cameron, K., Caterham (C. G. Champion). ] 
[dispcnosus, K., Scarborough (D. Sharp). ] 


. parvulus, K., Clober. 
. atricornts, K., Clober. 
. cecutiens, Marsh., Edinburgh. 


mayett, K., var. hispanicus, K., and rufimanus, K., Gibraltar 
Ly ip 
(J. J. Walker, R.N.).] 


220 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


CONTRIBUTION TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE 
HYDROID FAUNA OF THE WEST OF vscor- 
LAND. 


BEING AN ACCOUNT OF COLLECTIONS MADE 
BY SIR JOHN Murray, K.C.B., ON S.Y. “MEDUSA.” 


By James Ritcuiz, M.A., B.Sc., 
The Royal Scottish Museum. 


THIS paper is an almost insignificant attempt to reduce our 
ignorance of the marine invertebrate fauna of the West Coast 
of Scotland. Apart from that relating to the Clyde Sea 
area, to which many skilled and painstaking naturalists have 
devoted their attention, little information can be gleaned of 
the natives of our western seas. This is the more to be 
wondered at since the Atlantic Coast has already shown 
itself to be worthy of close scrutiny. Not only the recent 
magnificent researches of the Irish Fishery Board on the 
west of Ireland, but even casual records from Scottish waters, 
foretell that the western coast of Scotland will yield to the 
investigator many kinds of animals at present regarded as 
members of a more southern fauna, and many kinds also, 
unknown on our eastern coasts, which will link the fauna of 
South-Western Europe with that of Norway. 

The material to which I had access consisted of collec- 
tions brought together by Sir John Murray and presented by 
him to the British Museum (Natural History) between the 
years 1887 and 1892. But in order to make the account 
of the work accomplished by the “ Medusa” as thorough as 
possible, I have included the references to Hydroids contained 
in the yacht’s log-books, and in various lists of species 
representing the content of collections examined by experts 
at Sir John Murray’s request. Such manuscript records are 
indicated by “(M.),” and although some of them have already 
been published in the British Association volume, “ Fauna, 
Flora, and Geology of the Clyde Area” (1901), the desire to 
make this a comprehensive list of the Hydroids collected by 
Sir John Murray in the West has induced me to repeat them 
here. 


THE HYDROID FAUNA OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND 221 


In addition I have included a few species collected by 
Dr. Oswald Fergus of Glasgow, Dr. J. N. Marshall of 
Rothesay, and myself, in the Kyles of Bute, off Tighna- 
bruaich and the Burnt Isles, amongst these being the boreal 
Thuiaria tenera, a species hitherto unknown to British lists. 

In these records there has been given, even in the case 
of common forms, every locality at which a species was 
obtained ; but for this seeming triviality there need be no 
apology in days when the necessity for the closer and more 
detailed intensive study of the distribution of marine animals 
has been recognised. In order to simplify reference, however, 
I have grouped the records ; those from the Clyde Sea area 
being arranged as in the scheme adopted in the British 
Association handbook mentioned above and shown on the 
map which accompanies that volume. In recording epizoic 
forms the name of the host species has invariably been 
stated where it was known, in the hope that accumulation of 
evidence may reveal some constancy of association between 
epizoon and host ; for in discussing the Hydroid fauna of the 
Mergui Archipelago, I have already shown that all Hydroid 
species are not equally subject to infestation by extraneous 
Hydroid growths. Synonyms have been inserted where the 
recognised name of a species has altered since Hincks wrote 
his classical “ History of the British Hydroid Zoophytes ” 
(1868), but it has been considered necessary to refer the 
reader only to the name made use of by Hincks. 

The collections made from the ‘“ Medusa” contained 
representatives of 75 species: 14 Gymnoblastea, 61 
Calyptoblastea. Three of the latter are worthy of special 
mention as being recent additions to the fauna of Britain. 
Parascyphus simplex (Lmx.), from between Sanda Island and 
Ailsa Craig, has not hitherto been’ found in the North 
Atlantic Ocean, and for this species I have found it expedient, 
on account of its Campanularian habit associated with its 
Sertularian hydranth, to institute a new genus. 7huzaria 
tenera (Sars) is not to be found in any British list, though, 
strange to say, a specimen from “Great Cumbray ” exists in 
the Vienna Natural History Museum, its presence there 
having been recorded by Marktanner-Turneretscher in 1890. 
The addition of Polyplumaria flabellata, Sars, to the British 


222 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


fauna by the two records here given, was anticipated by a 
few months through the discovery of Dr. Jaderholm that the 
collections of the Swedish National Museum contained some 
specimens from an indeterminable locality in the Shetland 
Islands, 

In conclusion it gives me pleasure to thank Mr. R. Kirk- 
patrick of the British Museum, but for the facilities given by 
whom this collection could not have been examined by me; 
Sir John Murray, K.C.B, and Mr. J. Chumley of the 
“Challenger” Expedition Office, the former especially for his 
generosity in granting me access to his log-books and 
manuscript lists; and Miss J. J. Elliot for assistance in the 
classification of localities. 


These symbols have been employed: (M.), record extracted from 
the log-books of the ‘‘ Medusa,” or from manuscript lists in the 
possession of Sir John Murray. Referring to the frequency of 
occurrence of specimens : c., common ; m.c., moderately common ; 
c.c., very common ; r., rare; m.r., moderately rare ; r.r., very rare. 


GYMNOBLASTEA. 
Family CLAVID. 


1. CLAvA sQUAMATA (Miller). 


CiyDE SEA AREA.—DUNOON BasIN, 20-40 fms.; W. shore (M.). 
Ky.Les oF ButeE—Burnt Islands, on Fucus at low water, c. 


Family BOUGAINVILLID. 
2, PERIGONIMUS REPENS (Wright). 


CLYDE SEA AREA.—BARRIER PLATEAU—between Sanda Is. and 
Ailsa Craig, 24-28 fms. 
LocuH ETIVE, 30-40 fms. 
LocH Carrow, 60 fms., on outside and inside of shell of Chrysodomus 
antiquus. 
3. DicoRYNE CONFERTA (Alder). 


CLyDE SEA AREA.—BARRIER PLATEAU—Sanda to Achinhoan, 19 
fms., r.r. (M.). 
4. BOUGAINVILLIA RAMOSA (van Beneden). 


The branching and habit in general, and the structures of the 
perisarc of the colonies, agree so closely with those of B. rvamosa, 


THE HYDROID FAUNA OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND) 223 


that, even although hydranths are absent in the specimens from both 
localities, there can be little doubt of the specific identity. 


MULL oF CANTYRE, 49 fms. 
FIRTH OF LORNE, 50-70 fms., 3 fine colonies, 5 cms. high. 


5. HYDRACTINIA ECHINATA (Fleming). 


CLypE SEA AREA.—GARELOCH (M.)—head to Shandon, 14-22 
fms. ; head to Stroul, to 23 fms., c.; W. side, 10-20 fms., c. ; 
centre above Narrows, mud, 20-30 fms., c. LocH Gort (M.) 
—shore, low water, m.c. ; head to Stuckbeg, 25-45 fms., m.c. ; 
E. side below pier, 30-35 fms.; Beach Point to Stuckbeg, 20 
fms. ; W. side, off Aird Madailh, soft mud, 20 fms.; off Ard- 
minean Farm, 10-12 fms. ; outside Barrier, 10-12 fms., m.c. 
Dunoon Basin (M.)—E. side, 6-20 fms., m.c. ; centre, 10-20 
fms., m.c.; W. side, 6-8 fms., r. LocH StriveNn (M.)—E. side, 
10-30 fms., c.c.; Berry’s Pier, 15-25 fms., r.; centre, 30-40 
fms., c.c.; W. side, 15-35 fms., m.c. UPPER Locu Fyne (M.) 
—E. side, 10-30 fms., m.c. ; below Strachur Pier, stones, gravel, 
and sand, to-15 fms., c.c.; Newton Bay, stones and sand, 
10-20 fms., c.c.; W. side, 10-15 fms., m.c.; off Crarae, 3-9 
fms. ; centre, 34-36 fms., m.c. ; Minard Narrows, 12-20 fms., c. 
ARRAN Basin (M.)—Kilbrennan Sound—Otterard to Carra- 
dale, 18-20 fms., r.; off Davarr Is., 20 fms., r. E. section— 
off Ardrossan, to fms., c.; off Pladda, 30-35 fms.,r. BARRIER 
PLaTEau (M.)—Sanda to Achinhoan, 19 fms., m.c. ; between 
Sanda and Ailsa Craig, 24 fms. 

MULL OF CANTYRE, 50 fms. 

Locu ETIVE, 30-40 fms., on Zvrochus. 

LocH SUNART, 45-50 fms., very fine specimens, with long tentaculo- 
zooids bordering margin of shell. 

SouND OF SLEAT, Knock Castle, mud, shells, 40 fms. (M.). 


Family EUDENDRIDZ:. 
6. EUDENDRIUM CAPILLARE, Alder. 


CLypE SEA AREA.—ARRAN Bastn—Kilbrennan Sound, 10-15 fms., 
on Thecocarpus myriophyllum. 

MULL OF CANTYRE, 50 fms. 

FIRTH OF LORNE, five records at depths varying from 30-110 fms., 
on Abtetinaria abietina and Tubularia indivisa. 


7. EUDENDRIUM RAMEUM (Pallas). 


CiypE SEA AREA (M.).—Upper LocH Fyne, centre. ARRAN 
Bastin—Kilbrennan Sound; off Largs, 20 fms.; Millport 


224 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


Bay, 6 fms. BARRIER PLATEAU—Sanda to Achinhoan, 22 
fnis..05. 
SanpaA Is., 35 fms. 


8. EUDENDRIUM RAMOSUM (Linn.). 


CiypE Sea Area (M.).—UppER Locu Fyne—off Dunerave Castle, 
30 fms.; centre, between Strachur and Inveraray, 70 fms. 
ARRAN Basin—Kilbrennan Sound. BarRIER PLATEAU— 
Achinhoan Head to Davarr Is., sand, 17-20 fms. 

FirtH OF LoRNE, two records at depths between 50-70 fms. 


EUDENDRIUM, sp. indet. 


CLYDE SEA AREA.—BARRIER PLATEAU—between Sanda Is. and 
Ailsa Craig, 24 fms. 


Family CORYNIDZ. 
9. CORYNE PUSILLA, Geertner. 


CLypE SEA AREA.—KyLes oF Bute—Burnt Islands, on rocks at 
low water, c. 


10. SYNCORYNE PULCHELLA, Allman. 


FirtH OF Lorne, 70-80 fms. (M.). 


Family PENNARID. 
11. STAURIDIUM PRODUCTUM, Wright. 


Only a single immature hydranth, which I imagine belonged to 
this species, was observed, growing on a specimen of Lafoéa dumosa. 
The hydranth was small, with four short capitate tentacles, and was 
divided into two portions, the lower stem-like portion being rather 
longer than the upper. Unfortunately the polyp was lost during an 
attempt to detach it for closer examination. 


FIRTH OF LORNE, 30-50 fms. 


Family TUBULARID. 


12. TUBULARIA coRronaTa, Abildgaard. 


CiypE SEA AREA (M.).—GareEeLocuH—head and E. side, 7-12 fms. ; 
head to Stroul, r. Dunoon Basin—E. side, 5-42 fms., r. 
LocH StTRIVEN—E. side, off Strome Pt., 10-15 fms., rr. 
ARRAN Basin—centre, off Saddell, 47 fms., r. 

FIRTH OF LORNE, 70-80 fms. 


THE HYDROID FAUNA OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND) 225 


13. TUBULARIA INDIVISA, Linn. 


CLYDE SEA AREA.—Dunoon Basin (M.), 20-40 fms. ; E. side, 
35-42 fms., m.r. ; centre, 10-40 fms., r. LocH STRIVEN (M.) 
—head, 10-15 fms., r.; E. side, 15-30 fms., r.; centre, 10-15 
fms., r.; W. side, 20-30 fms., rr. ARRAN Basin (M.)—Kil- 
brennan Sound, centre, off Saddell, 47 fms., c.c.; S. end 
of Bute, off Pladda, 30-35 fms., c. BARRIER PLATEAU (M.)— 
Sanda to Achinhoan, 19 fms., r.; between Sanda Is. and 
Ailsa Craig, 24 fms. 

MULL oF CANTYRE, 65 fms. 

FIRTH OF LORNE, 30-50 fms., in considerable quantities ; 70-80 fms. 

Upper Locu Torripon, mud, 30-40 fms. (M.). 


14. TUBULARIA LARYNX, Ellis and Solander, 


CLypDE Sea AREA (M.)—GareELocu—head to Stroul. LocH Gort 
—head to Stuckbeg, 20 fms., r.; W. side up from Aird 
Madailh. Dunoon Bastn—centre, 30-40 fms., r. 


(Zo be continued.) 


CONTRIBUTION TO A FLORA OF CAITHNESS. 
No. V. 


By ARTHUR BENNETT, F.L.S. 


FOLLOWING up the notes in the “ Annals,” Oct. 1904, the 
following records, corrections, etc., have accumulated. 


1.Mr. J. Greg Nicolson contributed to the “ Trans. 
Edinb. Bot. Society,” vol. xxii. (1905), pp. 41-45, 
‘Some rare Caithness Plants, with Notes.’ 

2. Rev. D. Lillie, ‘Hepatics of Caithness,’ “Journ. of 
Botany,” 1905, p. 124. 

By vin G, C. Druce, * Caithness Plants’ “Ann: Scot 
Nat. Hist.,” 1904, p. 168. 

4. Mr. G. C. Druce, ‘Plants of Sutherland and Caith- 
ness, Zc, 1908, pp. 39-106. 


Mr. J. A. Harvie-Brown of Larbert very kindly sent me 
a copy of R. Dick’s Catalogue, transcribed for him at Thurso, 
but unfortunately Iam not competent to judge of the value 
of the extracts. 
70 D 


226 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


It was marked thus: “Red C.”’—Caithness plants so 
marked by Dick. “ Black C.”——Do. wild plants not marked 
as such in Dick’s Herbarium, though several are virtually so, 
or referred to in Smiles’ “ Life of Dick.” 

7 Plants occasionally found wild in Caithness, but 
probably or evidently introduced. 

* Garden escapes, trees in plantations, weeds of cultiva- 
tion, casuals, aliens, etc. 

Ihave collated this with my own Catalogue and papers 
on the Flora, and additions are here given. Those marked 
as “ Garden escapes, etc.,” I have marked with the star. 


ANEMONE NEMOROSA, Z.—Marked by Mr. Nicolson in his catalogue 
for Caithness ; on record for 108 counties. 


Mr. Nicolson (/¢.) mentions that specimens of aquatic 
Ranunculus from Staxigeo “vary much, and on comparing 
them with the descriptions and figures in Sowerby’s ‘ Eng. 
Botany ” one seems to havea choice between calling them inter- 
mediate forms of 2. Drouetit, R. Baudotit vulgaris, and R. 
Paudotit confusus, or supposing the differences between them 
are imaginary.” 

Now there is no better defined species of the aquatic 
section than &. Baudotiz, and the differences from 2. Drouetzi, 
even when dried, and still more when living, are so definite 
that it suggests that his specimens may be hybrids, as I do 
not remember, in the thousands of specimens that have passed 
through my hands, 4audof ever being named Drowezii or vice 
versa. 


RANUNCULUS FLAMMULA, Z., var. RADICANS, /Vo//e-—Wick river, 
Grant, sf. 
R. acris, Z., var. TOMOPHYLLUS (_/ovdan).—Reay, etc., Grant, sf. 


R. acris, Z., subsp. STEVENI, Anzdrz.—Marshall and Shoolbred, “ J. 
bot. 1598, p. 167. 


CALTHA PALUSTRIS, Z., var. GUERANGERII (Lor.).—Reay, Dr. Ward. 
Neither name nor locality given at p. 249, 1892. 


*ERANTHIS HYEMALIS, Salisb. 
*DELPHINIUM Ajaclis, ZL. 


ARABIS HIRSUTA, Scofp.—A small (3” high) form of this with long 
transparent hairs on Yarrows hills, R. Bain, sf., 1909. 


CARDAMINE HiRsuTA, Z.—A nearly glabrous form from Yarrows, A. 
Sutherland, s/. 


* ALYSSUM MARITIMUM, Z. 


CONTRIBUTION TO A FLORA OF CAITHNESS 227 


*Brassica Napus, Z.,*B. Rutapaya, DC., and *B. Rapa, Z., SATIVA 

DRABA INCANA, Z., var. GRACILIS (D. gracilis, Led. “ Fl. Ross.” 
i. (1842), p. 152).—Gelert, in“ Bot. Tiddsk.,” 1898, p. 310, says: 
“This is a thin form of D. zzcana with only few leaves on the 
stem.” Such weak plants have often been called D. hzrta. 
Some Caithness specimens seem to agree with Ledebour’s 
description. 

CERASTIUM VULGATUM, Z., var. HOLOSTEOIDES, 47.—Reay Links, 
W. R. Linton, sf. 

C. SEMIDECANDRUM, Z.—Downreay, Holborn Head, Druce. 


ARENARIA PEPLOIDES, Z., var. DIFFUSA, /7Yornem.—Downreay, near 
Murkle Bay, Druce. 


SPERGULARIA MARGINATA, A7ftel. (S. halophila media, Marss). 
—Roadside near Wick, R. Bain, sf. 


MONTIA FONTANA, subsp. LAMPROSPERMA, Chamiisso in Linnea, 
1831; var. MAJOR, Bab. (= MM. fontana, var. rivularis, Syme, 
teste Beeby).—John O’Groat’s, Miss Geldart, 1899 ; shores of 
Yarrows lochs, J. Grant. 

HYPERICUM PULCHRUM, Z., var. PROCUMBENS, Lostrup.—Holborn 
Head, ‘“‘ Bot. Ex. Club Rep.” 1897 (1898). 

*GERANIUM PH#UM, Z. 

*ITLEX AQUIFOLIUM, Z. 

ACER CAMPESTRE, Z. 

RaDIOLA MILLEGRANA, Z.—Dunnet Hill, Miller, s/. 

PARNASSIA PALUSTRIS, Z.—Abundant on the banks of the Thurso 
river, Miller, s/. 

LoTUS CORNICULATUS, Z.—Near top of Morven, 2300 ft., J. Grant, 
Sp. 

LATHYRUS MONTANUS, Sernh., var. TENUIFOLIUS, Roti.—Among 
heath and juniper on river braes near Wick, R. Bain, sf. 


Rusus 1n£us, Z.—Among boulders at summit of Morven, J. Grant, 
Sp. 

*Pyrus Aria, Z., Brown, Campst., in “Tr. Bot. Soc. Edin.” 1860. 
—Planted about Castleton, Druce, Zc. 

EPILOBIUM PALUSTRE, Z., var. LAVANDULEFOLIUM, Lec. ef Lam.— 
Probably seen by Rev. E. 5. Marshall (‘‘J. Bot.” 1889, 146). 

PEPLIS PortTuLA, Z.—Bower, D. Doull, s/. 

CALLITRICHE PALUSTRIS, Z., (vernalis, Koch).—I have seen no 


specimen that could be referred to this segregate from Caith- 
ness. 


C. INTERMEDIA, //offm., var. TENUIFOLIA (Persoon, sf., 1805). 


228 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


C. HAMULATA, Awe?z, var. TENUIFOLIA, Zouur., 1854. 


C. HAMULATA, Kwetz, var. HOMOIOPHYLLA (Gr, et Godr. “Fl. Fr.” vol. 
i. (1848), 591, where they say, ‘‘ Variété souvent sterile.” This 
form seems to be far more plentiful in the north than in the 
south, and is often named “C. autumnalis, Z.”)—Halkirk, Dr. 
Davidson, sf. 

In Neuman’s “Sveriges Flora” (1901), p. 308, he seems 
to make for the idea of hybridity, and has a species C. dzcuspidata 
(C. hamulata, auct. ~.p.), which may be the product of C. 
polymorpha, Lonnr., and “ C. hamulata, auct.” What is here 
supposed to be “ C. hamud/ata, auct.” is not given for Sweden, 
though it is not explained what the author himself means by 
this Aamulata. Hoffman’s name zzfermedia is certainly older, 
and more appropriate, as the various states do shade off towards 
autumnalis on the one side, and towards verna/zs on the other. 
There is a C. zztermedia, Hoppe, but Hoffman’s name seems to 
be one year earlier. These plants must be in good fruit to be 
certain of the naming, except C. autumnalis, L., which is 
generally to be recognised by leafage alone. Fries, has a C. 
tenutfola (‘‘ Nov. fl. Suec.” ed. 1, 1814), which Hartmann puts 
to C. hamulata, Kitz, with a ?. 

SANICULA EUROPA, Z.—Braes above Wick river, with ivy, juniper, 
hazel, etc., half a dozen tufts, 1906, R. Bain, sf. 


GALIUM VERUM, Z., var. MARITIMUM, DC., 1805 (= “Zttorale, Breb., 
1836).—Dunnet Links, Grant, s/. 

ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM, Z., var. VILLOsA, //arvtm.—Coast near 
Scrabster, E. S. Marshall, sf. 

MATRICARIA INODORA, Z., var. PHAOCEPHALA, Aupr.—East Coast, 
Grant. 

PETASITES FRAGRANS, Pres/.—River-side at Thurso, J. Grant. 

TANACETUM VULGARE, Z.—On sea-cliffs near Clairdon Head, 
Druce. 

CARDUUS ARVENSIS, Curt. var. HORRIDUS (Wimm. and Grab., sub. 
Cirstum).—Gersa, Watten, A. Sutherland. 

CREPIS VIRENS, JZ., var. AGRESTIS (Wi2l/d).— Watten, A. 
Sutherland, s/. 

C. paLupbosa, MJoench.—Brae below Sibster, A. Sutherland, s/. 

Hreracium Ley, / /. Hanb.—Thurso, Rev. H. J. Riddelsdell. 

H. ricipum, AHartm., var. Friresu, Dahdst.—Berriedale cliffs, 
Linton, 1888. 

H. Scumiptil, Zauwsch.—Banks of the Isauld Burn, W. F. Miller!. 


H. proximum, & /. Hanb.—Between Thurso and Scrabster, E. S. 
Marshall, 1897. First found by Mr. J. Grant in 1883!. 


Fi, 


oo 


. CERINTHIFORME, Lack. 
. RUBICUNDUM, /. /. Hland., var. 8 Bosweiiu,. & J. A. (ZZ. 


CONTRIBUTION TO A FLORA OF CAITHNESS 229 


GRAVESTELLUM, Dahist. (rhomboides, Stenstr.).—Thurso, Rev. 
H. J. Riddelsdell. 


Thurso, Druce, Zc. 


Bosweliit, Linton),—Strath of Dunbeath, Linton. 


. SOMMERFELTII, Zinvdeb.—Berriedale, form with very hairy leaves, 


Linton. 


. SILVATICUM, Gowan, var. PHAXOTRICHUM, Dah/st.—Thurso, Rev. 


H. J. Riddelsdell. 
SARCOPHYLLUM, S/ensty., var. EXPALLIDIFORME, Da/i/st.—Reay, 
Emton’s “Brit. Hieracia,” p: 55. 


. SUBANFRACTUM, £. S. AZarsh.—Thurso, Rev. H. J. Riddelsdell. 
. VULGATUM, /7., var. SUBFASCICULARE, W. R. Linton.—Berriedale 


and Dunbeath, “ Brit. Hieracia,” p. 64. 
STRICTUM, /7., var. OPSIANTHUM, Dah/s¢t_—Thurso river and 
Wick river, “ Brit. Hieracia,” p. 86. 


(Zo be continued.) 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOs A FLORA OF THE OUTER 


U. 


U: 


HEBRIDES. » No: 4 
By ARTHUR BENNETT, F.L.S. 
(Continued from p. 170.) 


NEGLECTA, Lehm. (= U. major, Schmidel, ex Keller). The plant 
referred here, gathered by Dr. Shoolbred in “a small loch near 
Loch Maddy in North Uist,” I believe to be correctly named. 
This species seems to vary in size more than the others, I have 
specimens with flowering stems 20 inches long and pedicels 
14 inches long from ‘Staines, Middlesex, G. Nicholson.” 
These I refer to the U. neglecta, Lehm., “f. gigantea, Prahl,} 
mit 1.5 m. langem bliitenstand fand Prahl! .” 

Dr. Williams (“ Prod. Fl. Brit.” p. 6 (1909), p. 346) makes 
this the 8 major of U. vulgaris; and quotes Herr Meister as 
saying that he considers we/garis and neglecta are extreme states 
of one species. I cannot agree with this. U. neglecta is 
abundant in one spot in Surrey, and flowers freely, and both 
grow together under the same conditions. 


INTERMEDIA, Hayne. Scarp, W. 8. Duncan, sf. “Small lochs 
and ditches in N. Uist, Harris, and Taransay,” Dr. Shoolbred. 


1 In Prahl’s <“ Krit. Fl. Schl.-Holstein’” (1890), p: 173. 


230 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


U. minor and U. INTERMEDIA grow near together in Scarp, so that 
Dr. Neuman’s contention that UW. ochroleuca, Hartm., is a hybrid 
between these two species seems reasonable. 


U. minor, Linn.—Island of Scarp, by Harris, July 1893, ég., 
W. S. Duncan. 

If. rightly placed here, a very delicate form with fine fili- 
form leaves, very numerous bladders on pedicels } inch long, 
without leaves, as well as numerous bladders on the leaves ; 
evidently would have produced flowers, and already bore 
“ winter-buds,” the flowering stems from the axils of leaves with 
bladders. Iam inclined to think that where the flower-stems 
are produced late, if the flowers are not developed “winter 
buds” take their place? Dr. Williams (/c.) remarks that 
Zabel has described a land form of U. minor. Such I found 
on Woking Heath, Surrey, growing among moss and without 
any water at that date (July 17, 1880), with flowering stems 3 to 
5 inches high, and flowers expanded. I have a very delicate 
form of minor from Flinders Moss, near Stirling, A. Croall, 
1880. Mr. Croall was very successful in showing the flowers, 
his specimens of U. neglecta are beautifully dried. 


U. Bremu, Heer.A—“ Aug.-Sept. U. pulchella, C. B. Lehmann in 
itt. Simillima WU. mznor7, sed omnibus partibus paullo robustior, 
sepala subrotunda subreniformia apiculo minuto,” etc. 

To this I refer ‘‘ Utricularia, Loch-a-na-Suinahe, Broadford, 
Skye, July 1895, S. M. Macvicar,” and “ Utricularia, East Loch 
Fad, Isle of Colonsay (V.C. 102), 26/7/1908, M. M‘Neill;” 
and specimens gathered by Messrs. Marshall and Playfair at 
‘Moss of Inshoch near Nairn, and in another station about a 
mile distant (V.C. 96) on 13/8/1898 (ref. No. 2176),” are I 
believe Bremi?z. They agree well with the plate (drawn from 
an authentic specimen) by Mr. N. E. Brown for “‘ Eng. Bot. 
Supp.,” but unfortunately not published. I refer here also a 
plant from “Loch Urr, Kirkcudbright, July 1888, Mr. Coles.” 
A specimen from “ Moidart, 1891, S. M. Macvicar, I cannot 
place anywhere. It has the habit of ochvoleuca ; but branches 
given off from the main stem (2 ins. long) are almost leafless, 
with 25 to 40 bladders (the original specimens of ochroleuca 
have very few bladders), rather larger than those of mznor, but 
on branches each bearing three, and wonderfully simulating 
the drawings of Cladocera or Water-fleas.”_ I can only suggest 
such a combination as UW. neglecta x minor (U. major x minor). 
Focke, in “ Pflanzen-Mischlinge,” 1881, gives no hybrids of 
Utricularia. U. ochroleuca has been recorded also from Germany 


1 «Fl, d. Schweiz,” 1840, p. 984. 
2 R. Gurney, ‘Trans. Norf. and Nor. N. Soc.” viii. (1905), 44. 


CONTRIBUTIONS TO A FLORA OF THE OUTER HEBRIDES 231 


as U. brevicornis, Celak,! and from the Vosges under the name 
of U. intermedia. donot know what U. sfectadbilis, Madauss, 
may be; but it is placed under zeg/ecta by Boll,? and seems to 
differ but little from that plant. The history of U. Bremit as 
a Scottish plant is interesting. There is no doubt the Rev. 
J. B. Brichan was the first to gather it in 1833, in the Moss of 
Inshoch in Nairn; and there is a specimen in Kew Herbarium 
from him attached to a sheet of continental examples of U. 
intermedia.® In the “ Phytologist,” i. (1842) 259, he discusses 
whether the specimens belong to zzfermedia or to minor. In 
June 1836 the plant was gathered by Bremi by the Lake of 
Katzen near Regensdorf, Canton Zurich. ‘They were described 
by Heer, Zc. in 1839. It was first definitely included in the 
British Flora, by Mr. F. M. Webb in the “ Journal of Botany,” 
in 1876, p. 142. Prof. Babington, in the 3rd edition of his 
Manual” 155%, p: 257, remarks “0, remit (Heer) is 
probably a native”; but this seems to have arisen from some 
idea that it was a Fen plant. 


UTRICULARIA OCHROLEUCA, /lartmn. 


U. INTERMEDIA, Hayne x Minor, L., VV. Neuman.s—Two forms are 
reported, viz. f. subintermedia and f. subminor (= U. ochroleuca, 
Jf. mucroceras, J. Strandmark, zz exsic. from specimens sent by 
Dr. Neuman). I have also excellent specimens from “ Helsingel, 
Sweden,” July 1871, legit R. Hartmann, comm. Dr. Nordstedt, 
*“e loco classico.” 

Here I would doubtfully place Dr. Shoolbred’s plant from 
“small shallow loch and stream near Tarbert, Harris, July, 
21/7/1894,” named at that date U. minor by myself. 

Other specimens that I believe to belong here are—“ Harris, 
July 1889, Mrs. Duncan, comm. Mr. King.” 

For additional notes on U¢fricularia, see Linton in “ Trans. 
Ed. Bot. Soc.” 1894, p. 110, and “Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. 
Soc.” xv. (1894) p. 81. 


’ 


AJUGA PYRAMIDALIS, Zzmu.—Scarp, high bank of a stream near the 
coast, and on slopes near, some twenty specimens, commencing 
to flower early in May. 

South-west side of the hill of Maodal, Harris, at 100 feet. 
South-west slope of Ben Chaipaval, at about 300 feet, in rough 
ground among heather and short grass, and moderately dry, 
Duncan. 

North bank of the ravine at the mouth of the River Creed, 
on a high rocky cliff, now wooded. A limited number of 
plants come up every year, W. J. Gibson. 


1 « Osterr. Bot. Zeit.” 1886. 2 «Fl, Meckl. Suppl.” 1864, p. 125. 
3 Dr. Williams, /.c. p. 369. 4 <« Bot. Notiser,” 1900, p. 65. 


232 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


PLANTAGO MARITIMA, Zézv., var. PYGM#A, Lange.—St. Kilda, 
plentiful, R. M. Barrington (‘ Journ. Bot.,” 1886). 


ATRIPLEX BABINGTONII, Woods, var. VIRESCENS, ZLange.-—On the 
beach near Stornoway, Trail (Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., 1909, 
p. 250). 

EUPHORBIA DULCIS, Zzzz.—Sent from Lewis as wild, but no doubt 


a garden escape, Trail (“Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.,” 1906, 
p. 180). 


MERCURIALIS PERENNIS, Zzunv.—Near Stornoway, W. J. Gibson, 
5p. 


CoryLus AVELLANA, Zizn.—‘‘ A number of bushes on the rocky 
banks overhanging the sea near Lochboisdale in South Uist,” 
Somerville, ss. Undoubtedly native on cliffs in North Harris 
and South Harris, Shoolbred. Mr. Watson remarked, “In 
the Hebrides the Hazel has perhaps been introduced again, 
after having become extinct there.” This referred to Balfour 
and Babington’s station of “ Rhoddal in Lewis,”+ which was 
admitted to be a very doubtful one. But Mr. Watson ? remarks, 
“the question respecting its nativity in the Hebrides would 
seem to be satisfactorily answered in the affirmative; Mr. 
Macphail is said to have found some hazel-nuts in a large 
moss drain in the Lewis, at a depth of nine feet from the 
surface.” 3 


SALIX HERBACEA, Z.—In the ‘‘ Annals,” 1905, p. 171, I gave 
600 feet in St. Kilda (Barrington, s/.), as the lowest known 
British altitude; since then (“ Annals,” 1908, p. 107), Mr. 
Druce records it from “near coast level at Cape Wrath, 
A. M. Bell,” this is of course a very exposed position, but 
none the less a remarkably low altitude. 

It is given in the paper by Babington from the “top of 
Knockgava* at a lower level than before,” but he had no 
instruments for measuring heights. 


Pinus SYLVEsTRIs, Z.—Remains of this are found in post-glacial 
deposits in Lewis (Trail, 2% Z7¢#.) 


ALNUS-GLUTINOSA, Z. + ?—Stream-side, Rhoddill Glen, South Harris, 
Dr. Shoolbred. 


;+BETULA VERRUCOSA.—Rhoddill Glen, South Harris, planted, Dr. 
Shoolbred. 


1 «* Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin.,” 1 (1844), p. 151. 
2 <Cyb, Britt.,” iii, (1852) p. 507. 
3 «Bot. Soc. Edin.,” ex ‘* Phytologist,” iv. 523. 
4 «Journ. of Life” (1841), 105. 


CONTRIBUTIONS TO A FLORA OF THE OUTER HEBRIDES 233 


The following account of the Orchids of the Isle of 
Scarp by Mr. Duncan, is of interest, as showing the habitats 
much more fully than usual. 


Mataxis PaLupbosa, Sw. 


rt. Among grasses and sedges in very shallow slowly flowing 
water beside Loch Steoavat, on the south side of Strone 
Udemul at 430 feet altitude, but small. 

2. Among very short, damp sphagnum, in two other spots 
on the south side of the same hill, and at the same altitude. 

3. Inand beside a small pool of stagnant water on a natural 
terrace on the east side of the same hill, at 800 feet, here 
it is as large as it grows in North Harris in pure water, and 
among abundance of green sphagnum. 

4. On shallow disintegrated peat which is damp and often 
rather watery on the south-east, at 360 feet, near the pass called 
“dhe: Clowp.”7 

5. On ground which has been out of cultivation a good 
many years, on a narrow ridge covered with a dense coat of 
grass, with an open drain on either side, on the south-east side 
of the hill, at about 250 feet. Here it is very small. 


LisvERA ovata, 2. 47.—On a grassy knoll on the east side of the 
same hill, at roo feet alt. This is the rarest orchid of the island. 


L. corpata, &. &r.—Common in the northern part of the island, 
among or covered by heather, and in open ground in damp 
soil, at almost all elevations. It flowers as early as April. 


OrcCHIS MASCULA, Zzzuz.—Frequent on ledges of the coast-cliffs in 
the north, and extending a short way inland ; large, but with 
unspotted leaves. In North Harris, just across the Sound of 
Scarp, among grass it is poor. Also in South Harris on 
the heath, but south of Scarista it is as large as the Scarp 
specimens. 

O. LatiroLia, Zinvu.—Frequent in the east, occasional elsewhere. 
In deep, damp soil this and the next often grow together in 
great luxuriance. 


O. INCARNATA, L272., var. ANGUSTIFOLIA, 4a/.—Frequent. In 
parts where the coast is low it grows in the sand close to the 
stones rolled up by the sea, and a few paces inland among 
grass it is very large. Farther north the sand is often drifting, 
and then often the spikes only appear out of the sand, and 
look very odd. In this state it also occurs on the coast of 
the Harris mainland. 


O. macuLata, Zizn.—Almost at all elevations. The flowers are 
often slightly fragrant. 


o 


LIBRARY) = 


234 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


O. ERICETORUM, Lzn7Zon. 


HABENARIA VIRIDIS, &. 4&7.—Very abundant in the east on grassy 
knolls (upper glacial drift) at 180 feet. 


Var. BRACTEATA, A. Gray.—Coast sands, Newton, North 
Uist, Shoolbred, sf. 


H. sirouia, 2. Br.—Frequent from Amhuinnsuidh to Beitarsaig in 
North Harris, also between Lustkentyre and Borve in South 
Harris. 


H. cHLoROLEUCA, Aid/ey.—In South Harris, at the foot of a small 
heathery knoll, and on the coast of the Sound of Harris opposite. 
A plant of it growing in a cornfield showed that before the 
flower is quite expanded the backs of the sepals are of a bright 
green colour. 


Juncus GERARDI, Zo/s, var. SALSUGINOSUS, Rege/, ex Ledebour (“F. 
Ross,” iv. 1853, p. 230).—Much smaller than the type, 2 to 
7 inches high, long-creeping and rooting, sending up stems 
about every inch, perianth equalling the capsule. Sandy coast 
of Kirkibost island, 15/7/98, Dr. Shoolbred. 


RUPPIA ROSTELLATA, Koch.—Brackish pool at the head of the bay 
south-west of Harris, W. S. Duncan. 
Doubtless abundant in the many brackish waters, but Mr. 
Shoolbred’s specimens were too young to be sure of, and Messrs. 
Babington, Balfour, and Stirton name only the aggregate species. 


Scirpus FLuITaNs, Z.—Given by Balfour and Babington without 
locality. Mr. Shoolbred gives North Uist, Harris, and Taran- 
say, and Mr. Somerville adds South Uist, this latter being the 
floating form with fine leaves. A species that seems to have 
few varieties, var. ferrester, Meyer (“‘ Chl. Hann.” 1836, p. 600), 
being the only one given by Ascherson and Greebner.! This 
I have from Ditton Marsh, Surrey, gathered by Mr. H. C. 
Watson? in 1868, and in W. Gloster by Mr. W. White. I 
have a curious variety from Surrey in which the plant is 
elongated to 28 inches, with a reptant stem throwing up fascicles 
of leaves every ? inch. I can find no mention of such, and 
propose to call it f veftans, though this generally means 
“rooting as well.” 


CAREX BINERVIS, Sw., var. SADLERI, Zizfon.—North Vist, 1894, 
Dr. Shoolbred! = C. dcnervis, Sm., var. alpina, Dre}. 


C. OrpERI, Aefz.—Barra, A. Somerville!. 
AGROSTIS CANINA, Zzmz., var. PALLIDA, Schk.—South Uist, A. 
Somerville, sf. 


1 ««Syn. Mitteleurop. Flora” (1904), p. 306. 
2 « Rep. Bot. Exch. Club” for 1868 (1869), p. 16. 


CONTRIBUTIONS TO A FLORA OF THE OUTER HEBRIDES 235 


A. aLpa, Zinz., var. compacta, Bred.—Baleshare island, North Uist, 
Dr. Shoolbred, sf. 


AVENA FATUA, Zz. var. PILOSISSIMA, Gray.—About potato and 
cornfields in Scarp, W. S. Duncan, sf. 

Cataprosa aquatica, Beauv.—f uniflora, Gray, “Nat. Arr. Brit. 
Pl? 182i peers pnsucies, Look." Brit. il.) 4th@ed:, 
1835) Pp. 305) = 8 7707, ‘Bab., “Man! Brit. Bot.” rst ed, 
1843, p. 266. These represent the one-flowered form which 
occurs on the sandy coast at Huskinch in North Harris, W. S. 
Duncan, sf. y “ttoralis, Parn, “‘ Brit. Grass.” t. 102, 1842, y 
iittoralis, Kittel, “Tasch. deut. Fl.” ed. ill. (1844) p. 102, ex 
Hackel. 

This is 2-3 flowered, and occurs in sandy places by the sea. 

TRITICUM REPENS, Z7z7., 2 BARBATUM, Duval-Jouve. Barra, A. 
Somerville, sf. 

ASPLENIUM MARINUM, Z.—Above Sinclair Loch in West of Barra. 
T; Seott, “ Ann: Scot. Nat. Hist.” 1895, p. 64. 

LycopopiuM cLAvatuM, Z.—Moors near Stornoway, W. J. Gibson, 
sp., 1908. 

It is remarkable that this species should not have been before 
recorded for these islands. 

ISOETES LACUSTRIS, Z772.—Island of Scarp, W. S. Duncan. 

CHARA ASPERA, Wod/d.—South Uist, A. Somerville, sf. 


C. FRAGILIS, Desv., var. CAPILLACEA, Coss. et Germ.—Scarp, W. S. 
Duncan, sf. 


The following 13 species should occur in the islands. 
The appended numbers signify in how many vice-counties 
in Britain they occur, and the letters signify their existence 
in Caithness or Sutherland respectively. 


Stellaria gramineda, 109, S. Mentha arvensis, 111, C.S. 
Lotus pilosus, 100, C. Nepeta Glechoma, 103, C. 
Medicago lupulina, FOG, 9S: Lamium album, to2, C. 
Prunus communts, 108, C. S. Briza media: Tar, Cas: 
Geum urbanum, 107, C. S. Bromus sterilis, 108, C. 


Conopodium denudatum, 109,C.S.  Polystichum lobatum, 104, C. S. 
Senecio sylvaticus, 107, C. 


Isle of Scarp.—Mr. Duncan enumerates 247 species as 
occurring in that island, which is 3 miles long by 2+ miles 
wide, and attains the height of 1011 feet in one hill, Stro 


Romul. ys! Ve A 


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at LIBRAR 


ome \ a » a 


236 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


CAREX AQUATILIS, WAUHLEB.,, VAR: Nor. 
By ARTHUR BENNETT, F.L.S. 


RECENTLY, when trying to sort my numerous specimens 
of the above Carex from Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and 
England, I found specimens from Southern Scotland that 
were in many points different from any others. They were 
altogether stouter, in all parts more rigid, etc., and seemed 
worth a name. They correspond with nothing described 
in the Northern Floras by Fries, Almquist, Lzestadius, or 
Norman, etc. They certainly better deserve a name than 
some others lately named. 

I propose to call it var. v7g7da. The stems are about 
24 feet high, leaves broad and thick, with strong nerves ; the 
male spikes 2 to 3, stout, sessile, rigid ; and where there are 
3 the lower one, with female flowers, for 4. The female 
spikes generally 4, upper 3, sessile (lower 2 inches long, 
upper I inch), 6 mm. thick, the fruit densely compacted, 
not interrupted. Fruit subrotund, with a short entire beak, 
the glumes subequal, greenish, with a bright brown edge all 
round. 

The whole aspect of the plant is more like a salzna 
form, or C. fasciculata, Link., of Portugal, than C. 
aquatilis. 

Habitat. Banks of the Nith, Sanquhar, Dumfries, 1883, 
Dr. Davidson. Kenmore Holms, New Galloway, 1887, Jr. 
J. M Andrew. 

Another form gathered by Dr. Davidson has the glumes 
almost hidden by the fruit. Another from Kenmore Holms 
has the spikes slender, the glumes twice the length of the 
fruit, and cuspidate. This is closely allied to specimens 
from “The Thurso River, two miles above the town, 1875, 
G. Horn.” The Dumfries and Kirkcudbright specimens, 
when placed by the side of those from the Upper White 
Water, Glen Clova, A. Somerville, 1896, and others gathered 
in 1831 by Wight (with spikes 3 mm. thick), look quite 
like another species; “ Eng. Bot. Suppl.” t. 2758, very well 
represents this Clova form. The variability of the plant 


CAREX AQUATILIS, WAHLB. 237 


is great, even among examples growing near each other. 
Among specimens from the bank of the Spey at Aviemore 
(Co. 96), Messrs. Wilson and Wheldon, some answer very 
well to the var. virescens, Ands., with glumes subrotund 
and shorter than the fruit, while others have the glumes 
longer and almost cuspidate. The Welsh and _ Irish 
specimens do not vary so much; and Mr, Scully’s Kerry 
specimens are very like in habit, etc, to the White Water 
specimens. 

Wahlenberg in “Fl. Lapponica” (1812), 247, gives, 
“squamis plerumque longitudine capsulis aquantibus sed 
multum angustioribus.”. Those specimens named 72gzda 
differ from the other forms of the species in the shorter, 
thicker, and denser-fruited sessile female spikes, with rigid, 
thick, sessile, and more definitely arranged male spikes, 
broader leaves more strongly nerved. 

Nylander in “Sp. Pl. Fenn.” pt. 2 (1844), 23, has a var. 
planifolia, “culmo acutangulo, foliis siccitate planis” ; and 
this 77g?da has the stems much more angular, and leaves 
flatter than the usual forms; but he could not have over- 
looked the remarkable difference in spikes, which also 
suggest in habit C. acutzformis, Ehrh. (paludosa). 

The Boswell Herbarium contains some puzzling speci- 
mens from Lochnagar, which are mentioned by Syme in 
“Eng. Bot.” x. 112, and which are probably C. rzgzda 
x aquatilts. 

Babington in his “ Manual,” Ist ed., p. 340, mentions 
specimens given him by Dr. Greville from “ Tableland above 
Canness, Glen Isla,” which seem to be another form of this 
hybrid. Babington suggests C. daczca, Heuffl.; but that is 
put by Richter, and also by Nyman (though with a query) 
under C. cespitosa, L. Certainly the figure of daczca by 
Wierzbicki! is much more like 72g¢da than ce@spitosa, as it 
shows a creeping rhizome. 

Kiikenthall has named specimens gathered by Mr. 
Marshall at “2000 ft. below Corrie of Clova, 1904,” as 
C. aquatilis x rigida; the gatherer remarks, “growing with 
the parents.” 


399 


1 <¢ Linnea,” xxxi. 1863. 


238 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


NEW AND RARE MOSSES FROM DIFFERENT 
AND DISTANT PARTS OF SCOTLAND 


By Dr. JAmMEs Stirton, F.L.S. 


FROM a heterogeneous mass of plants, chiefly lichens, I 
picked out, the other day, a small parcel of mosses gathered 
on Ben Lawers in July 1855, on the occasion of my second 
visit to that famous mountain. Amongst them I detected 
Timmia Norvegica (Zett.). Several years afterwards, this 
moss formed the subject of a somewhat lengthened 
correspondence between Mr. W. Wilson, author of the “ Bry. 
Brit.’ and myself. He maintained throughout, his original 
opinion that this moss could not be otherwise reckoned than 
as a form of 7. megapolitana (Hedw.). Along with this grew 
another smaller 7z7zmza which, at the time, must have 
escaped observation. My curiosity aroused I renewed my 
researches amongst my later collections from the same 
mountain and secured several additional tufts of this smaller 
Timmia. After due comparison with different species of 
this peculiar genus, and more especially with those sent to 
me by the late Prof. Schimper of Strasbourg, I am con- 
strained to separate it from the others and to elevate it to 
the rank of a species. 

The peculiarity which mainly characterises species of 
this genus is the protrusion of the anterior cells of the pagina 
and nerve. From a little above the basal portion of the leaf 
to near its apex, these protrusions present themselves in 
the form of large, nearly semi-globose, hyaline bullae, much 
resembling those seen on the posterior surface of the broad 
nerve in several Campylofz. The height of these protrusions 
above the general surface varies in different species from .005 
to .017 mm. All the species that I have examined have 
such bullz with the exception of 7. Austriaca, but even in 
this, faint indications of their presence may be detected under 
a high power of the microscope, but for purposes of diagnosis 
these bulla may be reckoned awanting in that species. 

Timmia scotica——In small tufts varying in height from 
half an inch to nearly two. Stems generally simple (rarely 
dichotomously divided), upright ; leaves rather laxly disposed, 


NEW AND RARE MOSSES FROM SCOTLAND 239 


spreading rather widely while wet, incurved when dry, 
whereas the upper comal leaves remain nearly upright, are 
very long, slender and narrow, 4 by.15 to .2 mm.; in other 
words, the breadth of these uppermost leaves is that of the 
nerve alone in the other species, and length about 24 times 
their breadth, have a very slender nerve and cells considerably 
larger, shortly oblong, or .o1 3-.018 mm. in longer dimension. 
The lower leaves are much shorter and broader, linear- 
lanceolate, acute but not acuminate, the basal part slightly 
broader and clasping the stem in part, composed below of 
long narrow, attached cells, hyaline, ultimately of a deep 
wine-red colour, rendering the whole of the base opaque, the 
cells next nerve broader, .04 —.065 by .0og—.O12 mm., 
narrowing outwards and near margin only half the breadth 
of the others ; upper cells smaller than in any other species, 
close but distinct, quadrate, granular, .0co6—.009 mm. 
across; nerve narrower than in the others, .0o7—.I mm. 
tapering and vanishing just below apex or reaching it in the 
leaves with highly coloured bases. In this species the 
anterior surface of the nerve and pagina is covered by the 
hyaline bullz varying in height from .005 to .o1 mm. up to 
nearly the apex, subsiding somewhat in the lowest fourth, 
while the posterior surface of the base does not show any 
of the papilla seen in 7. Worvegzca, but the nerve has behind, 
in the same region, a row of minute pellucid cells which do 
not show any prominences beyond the general surface such 
as are seen very manifestly in 7. Morvegica; margin of leaf 
plane, serrated nearly throughout, although serratures are 
less pronounced in lowest part. Barren. 


From the same parcel of mosses secured in 1855, was 
picked out what appeared, at first sight, as a rather stunted 
form of Climacium dendroides, a moss which obtrudes itself 
here and there amongst other mosses and even flowering 
plants, so as to be a source of annoyance, and which, 
accordingly, is apt to be carelessly tossed aside. An 
examination of the leaves showed very manifest distinctions 
from the only European species of this genus, as well as 
characters which allied it much more closely to Chimacium 
americanum, Of this 1 have found only one plant which, 


240 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


however, may be reckoned complete, inasmuch as it has the 
usual horizontal rhizome, with its bundles of red radicles, 
continued upwards at right angles into the single stem 
so characteristic of the genus, with several short obtuse 
branches from its upper part, constituting a somewhat 
fastigiate fascicle, almost tree-like. 

Climacium epigeum—The leaves of the upright stem 
are nearly appressed, thinner and more translucent than 
those on the branches, with narrower apices, but still 
showing here and there the curious broadish apiculi; stems 
of the branches red, leaves thin, rather closely arranged, 
imbricated in a dry state, spreading only a little when 
moistened, very concave throughout, with two to four sulci 
in the lower half, broadly cordate at base, with the ale 
prolonged downwards in a semi-elliptical form, to a lower 
level than the point of attachment of nerve to stem, 
composed of broadly rhomboid cells, apart but close, with 
thickish, opaque walls, .03-.04 by .o14-.02 mm., a little 
narrower outwards ; between this wing and the nerve, three 
to five short perpendicular rows of oblong cells also with 
thick walls, the lower being red, .045-.06 by .o13-.018 mm. ; 
apices of leaves blunt and rounded, almost exactly as in 
Hypnum purum, with a broad, bluntish or rather narrowly 
triangular acumen, about I mm. long, and half this in 
breadth at its point of attachment to the apex of leaf, 
composed of narrowly oval, detached cells, .o16-.024 by 
.005-.007 mm., margin of leaf entire, plane but slightly 
incurved owing to the concavity of leaf, nerve at base, of a 
vivid red colour, lat. there .075-.1 mm., tapering rapidly, 
getting fainter in colour upwards to a pale yellow, reaching, 
in a slender form, almost to the base of the apiculus ; 
upper cells of leaf long, narrow, very generally sharp- 
pointed, .065-.09 by .004-.005 mm., shorter and blunter in 
upper fourth, broader near base. Leaves towards the blunt 
round extremities of the branches rather narrower as well 
as apices. 

This moss has evidently close affinities to CZ. americanum, 
and the question, which has often been pressed on my 
attention, is rendered of more significance since this dis- 
covery. Why should plants found on the higher altitudes 


NEW AND RARE MOSSES FROM SCOTLAND 241 


of Ben Lawers, and scarcely anywhere else in Great Britain, 
have such close relationships to those occurring on or near 
the eastern shores of the more northern parts of North 
America? Of such I recall three mosses, Mollia fragilis 
(Drum.), Hypnum hispidulum (Brid.), and Clhimacium epigeum, 
besides several lichens. 

I have still no clue to anything in the way of a feasible 
explanation, but I think it right to ventilate the question 
for the sake of others who may have a wider range of facts 
on which Zo frame, at least, a consistent theory. 

In July and August of 1908 at Onich, near Fort 
William, I came across a large congeries of the minuter 
Orthotricha growing, for much the greater part, in cracks of 
the bark of the older Elder bushes. Along with them grew 
almost invariably small tufts of the curious Zortula papillosa 
(Wils.), as well as, although less frequently, patches of 
Orthotrichum diaphanum (Schrad.), two rather anomalous 
species of mosses. All of these forms had several character- 
istics in common, viz., their minuteness, dark lurid-green 
colour, blunt and rounded apices to the leaves in varying 
degree, but generally as blunt as in O. obtuszfolium (Schrad.). 
The main character is the revolute margins of the leaves 
in their lower half or a little more, while they are more 
commonly merely reflexed upwards almost to the blunt 
apex. Meanwhile I shall describe one of these where the 
capsule is long and slender, longer indeed than that of 
O. tenellum (Bruch). 

Orthotrichum prasinellum.—In small, rather loosely 
aggregated tufts or patches ; stems upright, about a quarter 
of an inch long, rarely longer, simple, occasionally emitting 
a short branch; leaves closely arranged around stem, im- 
bricated and straight when dry, spreading a little when 
moist, narrowly elliptical with round blunt apices, either 
entire or slightly erose, or showing at times a broad very 
short square-topped protrusion about .o8 mm. broad and 
nearly as much in height, margin entire, revolute from a 
half to a whole round of the spiral but not more; pagina 
only very feebly papillose, often papillae scarcely perceptible ; 
nerve narrow and thin, lat. near base, .034-.04 mm., 
tapering a little and vanishing rather abruptly below apex ; 


76 E 


242 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


cells at central base oblong, attached, ultimately hyaline, 
.045-.07 by .009-.013 mm., outwards smaller and from 
4 to 6 perpendicular rows next margin quadrate, chloro- 
phyllose, length .o15-.022 mm., upper cells large, hexa- 
gonal, separate, .012-.018 mm. in longer diameter ; capsule 
on a short seta, emerging partly above leaves, pale then red, 
8-ribbed, long and slender, contracting a little below open 
mouth, then swelling gently and again contracting gradually 
to seta which thickens upwards to where it joins capsule 
and is there often slightly grooved; teeth 8, pale, broad, 
bigeminate, reflected when dry, cilia incurved slender and 
short, lid shortly rostrate, calyptra greenish yellow, naked, 
turning darker, smooth at first then closely grooved, regu- 
larly and widely campanulate, covering capsule, apex sharply 
acuminate, brown, occasionally showing one or two hairs. 

There is another Orthotrichum similar to the preceding 
as regards colour, areolation, size and place of growth, but 
differing in several important particulars. The margins of 
the leaves are strongly and closely revolute nearly through- 
out, to the extent, a little below the middle, of a complete 
spiral and a half or even a little more, viz., 13. The apex 
is very irregular in outline, bluntish with nerve vanishing 
below it, or apparently somewhat excurrent as a thickish 
stump, giving the impression that propagula had formed and 
fallen off or were about to form. Barren. 

This might meanwhile be named Orthotrichum prenu- 
bilume. 

Plagiothectum rufovirescens.—In large rather lax tufts of 
a yellowish-green colour above, pale below with here and 
there faint dashes of red, showing occasionally creeping 
rhizomes in the subsoil whence arise numerous upright stems 
of an inch or more in length, simple or emitting occasionally 
short lateral branches, as well as rather numerous stolons 
from the basal part of these stems, bearing slender, rather 
longly acuminated leaves; stem leaves arranged regularly, 
not complanately, much less bifariously, undulating on margin 
but nearly upright when dry, hollow and almost imbricated 
when moist, and then presenting a considerable resemblance 
to Hypuum purum (especially as the acumen is then some- 
what recurved), broadly ovate, slightly acuminate, or rather, 


NEW AND RARE MOSSES FROM SCOTLAND 243 


in most instances, apiculate, length .07-.085 mm,; margin 
entire, narrowly recurved from base to near apex, reflexed 
on an average, .O15 mm., more broadly so near base, nerve 
broad near base, quickly splitting into two diverging branches 
which extend up a third of the leaf; general cells above, 
large, elongato-hexagonal or merely fusiform, .o8-.11 by 
.O13-.017 mm., a little broader near base and at basal 
ale nearly quadrate, marginal cells, in 2 or 3 longitudinal 
rows, much narrower and even longer ; no primordial utricles 
seen in cells. Leaves often show, under a Codington lens, 
minute prominent points on the back ; inflorescence peculiar, 
seen in the axils of the lower smaller leaves of the stem, as 
very minute compact buds having bracts so short as often 
to allow the red archegonia to be seen, some buds showing 
archegonia mixed with pale antheridia, others only antheridia. 
According to Dr. Braithwaite the moss is polygamous as in 
Plag. succulentum (Wils.). Barren. 

On black soil, generally near or on the old stumps of 
trees in the original, very probably primeval, forest of 
Arisaig. 

I feel constrained to record here the description of a 
moss which has close affinities to Hypuum cupressiforme. 1 
have waited for several years in expectation of finding it in 
fruit, but hitherto without success. It presents peculiarities 
such as I have never seen in any of the species grouped 
around ZH. cupressiforme, much less in any of the numerous 
forms assumed by this moss. /7/. zucurvatum has perhaps a 
nearer relationship to it than any of the other allied species. 

Hypnum deflectens—In large broad flat sheets with a 
beautiful silky sheen—a sheen retained for years in the 
herbarium—of a dark or bluish-green colour; main stems 
below, brownish, slender, creeping, irregular, nearly bare, 
whence originate numerous closely arranged, nearly parallel 
branches, all pointing in nearly the same direction, all pro- 
strate but arcuate in a downward direction, curved from 
a third to nearly a half of a circle, each about an inch long 
and rather more than a millimetre in breadth throughout, 
with blunt slightly incurved extremities, forming nearly fiat, 
broad bundles, all such closely arranged as well as closely 
connected to the other bundles, so as to constitute a large 


244 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


almost continuous flat sheet ; leaves closely arranged around 
the stem, also arcuate in a downward direction, ovate 
lanceolate, longly and slenderly acuminate, acumen from 
.3 to .6 mm. in length, concave almost tubular in upper 
half including lower part of acumen, nerveless, margin plane, 
slightly serrulate above or nearly entire throughout; alar 
group of cells of medium size, well defined, composed of 
large separate oval or roundly oblong cells becoming yellow 
then red, minutely granular, .o13-.02 mm. in longer 
diameter ; general cells, in lower half or nearly so, long with 
blunt extremities, cylindrical, slightly undulating, .035- 
055 by .004-5 mm.; in upper half, cells longer, generally 
sharp-pointed, .05-.075 by .003-4 mm. No paraphyllia 
seen. On the bark of several large trees chiefly Ash, near 
Arisaig, August, 1904, etc. 


ZOOLOGICAL NOTES. 


Note on a Neck-bone of Balzena bisecayensis from the Post- 
Tertiary Clay of the Moray Firth Area.—Last year while a drain 
was being dug on a farm near Fort George, a large block of bone 
was discovered by the workmen. It was under a foot or two of 
moss and three feet of firm blue clay, about a mile from the present 
seashore and not more than twenty or thirty feet above sea-level. 
The bone was washed and cleaned and exhibited in the district for 
a year before I saw it. Nobody could make out what animal, nor 
even what part of an animal, the bone could have belonged to. 
Dr. Lindsay, of Ardersier, wrote to me about it, and said it was 
probably prehistoric, and in that I think he was right. I went to 
see it, but owing to its rolled and worn condition I could not, at 
first, make it out. I took it home with me and soon solved the 
mystery. I compared it with the united cervical bones of some 
cetaceans, and proved it to be the united seven cervicals of a whale, 
with all the neural spines and arches, and the transverse processes 
entirely worn away. It is the neck-bone of a La/ena, showing 
articulations for the condyles of the skull distinctly, and from 
prominences on the dorsal side seven vertebree can be counted. 
It measures twelve inches across the articulating surface now, but 
may have been an inch or two more before it was worn. The whole 
length of the seven united cervicals is only seven inches, and the 
bodies of the vertebrz show very little trace of their union. It is one 
compact block of bone. I have seen the neck-bone of 4alena 
mysticetus, which is much broader across the articulating surface than 


ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 245 


my bone, and the distance between the depressions for the condyles 
of the skull is also much greater in that species. I have no doubt 
now that the Fort George bone belongs to Lalena biscayensis, and, 
as far as I know, is the first record of that whale for the Moray 
Firth areaa—Wwn. TayLor, Lhanbryde. 


Wild Cat in Argyll.—A true Wild Cat is reported by 
Mr. Chas. Kirk, taxidermist, of Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow. It 
was shot one mile N.E. of Loch Garasdaile, Kintyre, and sent to 
Mr. Kirk in the flesh for preservation (Chas. Kirk zz “&¢.) by 
Mr. Hew Blair, Tayinloan. Measurements, Wild Cat 3 : weight, 
11 lbs.; small intestine measured 1 ft. 2 ins.; large intestine 
measured 3 ft. g ins. Mr. Kirk adds: “The tail was not quite 
so blunt (truncated) as in some of the more southern specimens 
I have had, but it was certainly not tapered in any way.”—J. A. 
HarVIE-BROWN. 


Wild Cat in Caithness.—The first occurrence of the Wild Cat 
in the county for 30 years is recorded here on the authority of 
Mr. Lewis Dunbar. It was trapped in the Duke of Portland’s deer 
forest, and Mr. Dunbar has received it for preservation. ‘This is an 
extension eastward of considerable importance and well worthy of note 
(Lewis Dunbar zz /7, 18th August 1910).—J. A. HARvig-BRown. 


Whooper Swans breeding in Shetland.—A pair of Wild Swans 
(Whoopers) are breeding with us this year, and have hatched out 
three young ones. ‘They are pinioned, of course. The Swans were 
wounded birds. One was got in the winter of 1905, and the other 
in 1907. ‘This is the first year they have nested. The nest was 
not disturbed. They got the migratory fever twice a year when the 
Wild Swans were passing, and are very restless for a few weeks, after 
which they settle down again and seem quite contented.—T. 
HENDERSON, Jun., Dunrossness, Shetland. 

[The above is a most interesting reintroduction of this species to 
an area which has been credited with the occupation of Wild Swans 
many years ago in the nesting season. ‘The Messrs. Henderson of 
Spiggie ought to receive the thanks of all true naturalists for this 
record of the circumstance; and they deserve recognition, and 
support in their future preservation of these kings and queens of 
wild fowl.—J. A. Harvie-Brown. | 


Another arrival of Crossbills in Seotland.—I have received 
information from various localities which indicates that an arrival of 
Crossbills (Zoxia curvirostra) from the Continent occurred on our 
shores during the past summer. ‘The first of these records relates to 
an adult male which was observed at Fair Isle on 25th June, where 
also during the first week of August a party of nine were seen. An 
adult male and female sent from this island were of the Continental 
type. For the next note I am indebted to Mr. Oliver G. Pike, who 


246 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


tells me that soon after landing at St. Kilda on 7th July he saw a 
small boy playing with a bird, which on examination he found to be 
a Crossbill. It was in a starved condition, and was too weak to use 
its wings properly. I have seen the skin of this specimen, and found 
it to be a female, and also a bird of Continental origin. Writing from 
the island of Barra, Mr. W. L. MacGillivray informs me that on 3rd 
August he saw a party of seven in a small plantation. Lastly, a 
bird in immature plumage was brought to Mr. Williams, Torphins, 
Deeside, on gth August, as Mr. Harvie-Brown informs me on the 
authority of Mr. A. Macdonald. It is probable that other records 
may follow, and be inserted in this number of the “ Annals.”— 
Wn. EAGLE CLARKE. 


Crossbills in Tay.—The gamekeeper on the estate of Kippen 
and shooting of part of Duncrub, Perthshire, has seen many 
Crossbills—a large flock the other day, and individuals throughout 
the whole year ; as reported to me from the Estate Office, 7 Zt, 19th 
September 1910.—J. A. HARVIE-BROWN. 


Albino Wheatear in Shetland.—On the sth of July I found on 
this island a Wheatear (Saxzcola enanthe) in nearly perfect albino 
plumage, and sent it to Mr. Eagle Clarke for the collections in the 
Royal Scottish Museum. The bird was at first sight difficult to 
name, but the white patch on the lower back was paler than the rest 
of the dorsal plumage, and helped me to solve the question of its 
identity—T. Epmonston Saxsy, Halligarth, Unst. 


Willow Wren nesting on Ivy-covered Wall.—On 16th July at 
dusk I flushed a small bird from a nest built among short ivy growing 
against a brick wall in my garden. It was a domed nest, but as I 
had never seen a Willow Wren’s (Phylloscopus trochilus) nest in this 
situation, I thought it was possibly a Chiff-Chaff’s. The eggs were 
rather darkly spotted, but not so dark as is usual in the Chiff-Chaff. 
I had no opportunity of identifying the bird till ten days later, when I 
saw it close to the nest and uttering the familiar note of the Willow 
Wren. Unfortunately the nest was not secure on its foundation and 
was partly supported by the twigs of a currant bush growing in front 
of the wall, so that after a stormy night I found the nest inverted 
and the eggs broken. What I take to be the same bird is still 
frequenting the garden, but I do not think she has built again. The 
nest was 3 ft. 6 in. from the ground.—Cuar Es Kirk, Glasgow. 


Greenland Falcons in the Northern Highlands.—A fine male 
Greenland Falcon (alco candicans) was shot at Rogart, Sutherland- 
shire, on 8th March 1910. A young female of the same species was 
caught in a trap on the Ardross moors, Ross-shire, on 9th March. 
Both birds were sent to Mr. Inglis, Dingwall, for preservation, and to 
him I am indebted for these particulars and also for a sight of the 
birds. ANNIE C. JAcKson, Swordale. 


ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 247 


Grey Hen with Two Broods.—A few days previous to roth 
August, the shepherd on one of the beats on our hill here told my 
head keeper that he knew of a Grey Hen (Zétrao tetrix) which had 
had two broods of birds this season and was rearing both. The 
keeper was not unnaturally sceptical, but accompanied the shepherd 
to the place where the Grey Hen was. ‘This turned out to be an 
enclosure of about three or four acres surrounded with a dry-stone 
dyke with only one gate, which is kept shut in order to keep out 
sheep. On going to the spot in this enclosure where the shepherd 
said he knew the bird had nested for a second time, there, sure 
enough, she was with two sets of chicks; the one set being well 
grown, and the other lot just two or three days old. ‘The shepherd 
said he knew the bird well, had been watching her all season, and 
could vouch for her having nested twice. The incident seemed to 
me unusual, but apparently so well ascertained that, at the suggestion 
of Mr. Harvie-Brown, I venture to send it for insertion in the 
‘“¢ Annals.” _JoHN P. WriGut, Cardrona, Traquair, Innerleithen. 

Woodcoecks nesting abundantly in Kirkeudbrightshire.— 
Captain G. Hutchison writes me from Balmaghie, Castle-Douglas, 
that this season his keeper has come across (without purposely 
looking for them) no less than 27 Woodcocks’ nests in the home 
coverts there. It will be remembered Kirkcudbrightshire is one of 
the three counties in Scotland where the Woodcock is “ protected,” 
under the Wild Birds Protection Act, from 1st February to rst 
October.—Hucu S. GLapstone, Capenoch, Thornhill, Dumfries- 
shire. 

Black-tailed Godwit in East Ross-shire.—On 30th March I 
had the pleasure of again seeing the Black-tailed Godwit (Zzmosa 
belgica) at the Cromarty Firth. The bird was in summer plumage, 
and was amongst a flock of Bar-tailed Godwits. On 8th April I had 
another excellent view of the bird, but by r4th April it had departed. 
Very probably this is the same bird which frequented the Cromarty 
Firth during the late spring and early summer of last year (1909), 
and reappeared during the autumn migration, in the end of August, 
remaining till the middle of September.—ANNIE C. JACKSON, 
Swordale. 

Malformation in a Young Curlew’s Bill.— Towards the end 
of July I captured a young curlew with a malformed bill. The 
upper mandible was half an inch shorter than the under; it 
was much thickened towards the base of the bill, and was further 
remarkable in that both nostrils were completely closed by a horny 
growth, so that the bird could only breathe through the mouth. 
Breathing was distinctly a laborious process, and became still more 
laboured when the upper and under mandible were held closely 
together, though, it may be remarked, by so doing the breathing was 
never completely arrested, owing to the misfitting mandibles. The 


248 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


bird, which was fully feathered, was in quite good condition, despite 
the fact that its feeding, one would think, must now necessarily be 
attended with some difficulty— ANNIE C. Jackson, Swordale. 


An unclaimed Marked Starling.—A starling bearing a foot- 
ring inscribed ‘‘U. S. Edinbg. 102” was got near Viborg, Denmark, 
about the beginning of April 1910, and was brought to Mr. Chr. 
C. Mortensen. The details of the marking of this bird are still 
unknown, although Edinburgh seems to be indicated in the ring’s 
inscription, Letters in ‘‘The Scotsman” and numerous private 
inquiries, first by Mr. Mortensen, and later by myself at his request, 
have been entirely without result, and it has even been suggested to 
me that the marking of the bird was in the nature of a hoax !— 
A. LANDSBOROUGH THOMSON, Aberdeen University Bird-Migration 
Inquiry. 

Nightjar in Argyll.—Mr. J. K. Tasker, solicitor here, has 
shown me a specimen of the egg of the Nightjar (Caprimulgus 
europaeus, Linn.) which he found on 6th August last on the slope of 
Torrmore near Tayvallich, Knapdale, Argyllshire. The egg is of 
the beautiful pale marbled variety. ‘The nest contained two eggs, 
and was placed on a piece of rough ground. ‘The eggs were freshly 
laid.mHenry H. Brown, Cupar-Fife. 

Forfeited Eggs of the Golden Eagle.—It may interest some of 
our readers to learn that six Scottish eggs of the Golden Eagle were 
found on sale, by an officer of the Royal Society for the Protection 
of Birds, in the shop of an Inverness gunmaker, and were duly 
forfeited to the Crown. By the instructions of the Secretary for 
Scotland, these eggs were sent to me, as Keeper of the Natural 
History Department of the Royal Scottish Museum, and three of 
them were retained for the National Collections, the others being 
returned to the Procurator Fiscal at Inverness for the Museum of 
that town.—Wmn. EAGLE CLARKE, Edinburgh. 

Capercaillies in Moray. — Capercaillies are stated by Mr. 
Donald Guthrie, late keeper in S. Uist, to be becoming plentiful 
at the above locality; but, so far, I have not ascertained when 
they were first observed, nor do I possess other particulars con- 
cerning their advent so far up Strathspey, or so far up the western 
slopes of Argyll—J. A. Harvire-Brown. 


Wrynecks in Tweed.—Mr. N. Wells-Mabon, of Jedburgh, 
writing to my friend Mr. J. Pedder, presently staying here — 
Dunipace House—in reply to inquiry, says: “ About the Wryneck 
I saw our local bird-stuffer. The bird was shot in the gardens 
behind the High Street by a man who thought he was aiming 
at ‘some sort of hawk,’ and it was brought to the bird-stuffer on a 
Saturday night. It was badly smashed about head and neck. It 


1 Vide ‘‘ Annals S.N.H.,” April 1903. 


ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 249 


was laid aside, and when taken up on the Monday the dead bird was 
crawling with ‘macks’ (ze. maggots). It was cleaned out and 
preservative applied, and the skin is in fairly good order. I am 
hopeful,” Mr. Wells-Mabon adds, “ that I may be able to obtain it and 
bring it with me to Dunipace when I go.”—J. A. Harviz-Brown. 


Great Sp. Woodpecker in Forth.—This bird continues to visit 
this part of central Scotland, and this season has been heard 
several times “tapping” in our woods at Dunipace; though the 
nesting-place has not been found—not, indeed, fully searched for. 
As it had not, however, been heard since this time last year, it may 
only be a migrant.—J. A. HAarviE-Brown. 


Nesting of the Gadwall and the Wigeon in ‘“ Forth.”— 
Two years ago I recorded in the “Annals” (1908, p. 254) 
that I had observed two pairs of Gadwall (Azas strepera) evidently 
breeding at a loch in this district. I have now proved that they do 
breed there, having this year found the nest of one pair containing 
ten eggs on 14th June. It was, I understand, at the same loch that 
the two nests reported in the “‘ Annals” last year, by Misses Rintoul 
and Baxter, were found. There were also at least half a dozen pairs 
of Wigeon (areca penelope) breeding on the loch this year, and I 
had the pleasure of seeing three of their nests—13th May, nine eggs ; 
21st May, nine eggs; and 12th June, eight eggs. In May 1904 I 
observed a pair of Wigeon on a loch in Midlothian, where they were 
evidently nesting.—WiILL1AM Evans, Edinburgh. 


Spotted Redshank in “ Dee.”—While scanning the tidal mud- 
banks at Donmouth, near Aberdeen, for ‘“ waders,” on the 3oth 
August last, my attention was attracted by a peculiar call, a loud 
“tyui,” and a bird like a Redshank flew round and alighted at the 
mouth of the Tile Burn. Turning the glass on it I found that it 
was a Spotted Redshank (Zotanus fuscus). ‘The call-note, which 
was repeated frequently, the absence of white in the wings during 
flight, and the lighter grey appearance, distinguished it at a glance 
from the Common Redshank, while the larger size, very long legs, 
white lower back, and the white mark on each side of the forehead 
—very striking in a front view—were also noticeable. From the 
absence of any brown tinge in the plumage (except in a patch on 
the sides of the neck), and the orange-red feet, the bird was 
probably an adult. It seemed restless, and finally rose and 
disappeared in the distance to the south. 

The Spotted Redshank has already occurred once in “ Dee,” a 
female having been shot in the Ythan Estuary on 13th September, 
1902 (G. Sim).—L. N. G. Ramsay, Aberdeen. 


Sea-Bream in the Solway.—This is a species so seldom met 
with in the Firth that an exact record may be of use. On 20th June 
I had a very fine specimen of the Sea-Bream (Page/lus centrodontus) 


250 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


sent me by Mr. Robert M‘Call, Carsethorn. It is a symmetrical and 
beautiful fish. The specimen weighed 14 lbs.; was in length 16 
inches, and greatest girth 13 inches. I have not seen a specimen 
since a small one was sent me by Mr. M‘Call several years since.— 
ROBERT SERVICE, Maxwelltown. 


Lamna spallanzanii in the Moray Firth—An explanation.— 
About ten years ago my attention was called to a fresh, but some- 
what damaged shark at Nairn. I examined it and secured the head, 
and came to the conclusion that it was a common Porbeagle, Zamna 
cornubica, and recorded it as such in the “ Annals.” Many examples 
of the true Zamna cornubica turned up on our coast within the next 
few years, and I at once saw that the identification of my first record 
might be wrong, or that there might be a considerable difference in 
the teeth of the male and female. Dr. Traquair kindly helped me 
in the matter, and I saw that the teeth in the two sexes did not 
differ. I noticed recently that the figured Zamna cornubica in the 
Cambridge Natural History and in the Oxford Natural History 
agreed with my original specimen from Nairn, and were not like 
the common species. I applied to Dr. Boulenger, F.R.S., of the 
British Museum, to assist me, as the rarer species was a short shark 
with long teeth, and the common species a long shark with short 
teeth. He said that it was clear that two species of Zamna had 
been confounded by some authors; that the long teeth agreed with 
the Zamna cornubica of Day, but should be called Lamna spallanzanit. 
The species with the short teeth is the true Zamna cornubtica, as Dr. 
Traquair told me. This is not an affair of variety, but of very 
distinct species. The distance from snout to pectoral fin in Lamna 
spallanzanit is about one-third the total length of the shark. In 
Lamna cornubica it is only about one-fourth the total length. Is 
Lamna spallanzanit a rare shark on the east coast of Scotland ? 
The late George Sim of Aberdeen, who examined hundreds of 
sharks, makes no mention in his book of two species of Zamna; I 
think the long teeth and very different proportions of this shark 
would have caught his experienced eye.—Wm. Taytor, Lhanbryde, 

Sea Lamprey in Skye.—A fine example of this fish was 
forwarded to the Royal Scottish Museum for identification by Mr. 
Donald Beaton. It had been captured in a loch at or near 
Swordale, Broadford, Skye, about the middle of July last. As this 
anadromous fish is not recorded for the west coast of Scotland in 
Day’s “ British and Irish Fishes,” and is probably uncommon there, 
this instance of the occurrence of Petromyzon marinus may be worthy 
of record.—Wmn. EAGLE CLARKE. 

The Worm Pipe-fish (erophis lumbriciformis) in ‘* Forth.”— 
An example of this little fish, 44 inches in length, was captured under 
a stone between tide-marks at North Berwick on 11th June last, and 
given to me the same day as the young of one of the larger species. 


ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 251 


The only other Forth record seems to be that of Mr. Eagle Clarke, 
who took a specimen also at North Berwick in August 1894 
(‘“‘ Annals,” rg00, p. 15). Three specimens of the Miiller’s Top- 
knot (Aombus punctatus, Bl.) taken off North Berwick during the 
past two years have come under my notice—the last was got in a 
crab-creel on 11th August 1910.—WILLIAM Evans, Edinburgh. 


Some terrestrial Invertebrates from Fair Isle.—Some time 
ago Mr. Eagle Clarke handed to me for identification a small 
miscellaneous collection of terrestrial Invertebrates obtained by him 
on Fair Isle, chiefly in September 1906. The following is a list of 
the species contained in it. Ail are common British animals. 

MOLLUSsCa. 
Vitrina pellucida (Miull.).—One example, May 1909. 
Fyalinia alliaria (Mill.).—One, May 1909. 
Limnea truncatula, Mull.—A dozen, September 1906 and 


M : 
eee) ARACHNIDA, 


Amaurobius fenestralis, Stroem.—Several. 

Tmeticus, sp.?—@, not in sufficiently good condition for 
determination. 

Phalangium opilio, L.—Several, September 1906, etc. 

Oligolophus agrestis (Meade).—Two specimens. 

O. morto (Fabr.).—Half a dozen, some with the spinous front 
tibize of var. alpznus. 

Lemastoma lugubris (Miull.).—One. 

Gamasus, sp.?—A mite belonging to this genus is immature. 


CRUSTACEA, 
Porcellto scaber (Latr.).—A good many. 
Ligia oceanica (L.).— Do. 


Orchestia littorea (Mont.).— Do. 
Gammarus pulex (1L.).—Several. 


MYRIAPODA. 


Lithobius forficatus (L.).—Half a dozen adults. 

L. melanops, Newp.—Two or three. 

Linotenta maritima (Leach).—Eight or nine. 

Lulus luscus, Mein. ( = éritannicus, Verh.).—Two females. 


INSECTA. 


Machilis maritima (Leach).—This Thysanuran is represented 
by a score of specimens. 

Agabus, sp. >—There 1s a larva of a Water-beetle belonging to 
this genus. 

Melophagus ovinus, L.—Of this common parasite of the sheep 
there are a number of specimens. 

Microlepidoptera.—A few, but in much too bad condition for 
determination.— WILLIAM Evans, Edinburgh. 


252 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEWS. 


Plants of a City Waste.—Behind the Royal Scottish Museum, 
in the heart of the city of Edinburgh, where the demolition of an old 
house has left a vacant space of 70 x 20 feet enclosed by walls, 
Nature for the last two years has been reclaiming this waste with 
plants. It is now colonised by seventeen species, all of which show 
luxuriant growth. ‘The relative abundance of each plant now 
established is a less fascinating point of study than the problem of 
how it originally came. ; 

Composite plants are the most conspicuous, and are well 
established in this waste. Carduus lanceolatus, Senecio vulgaris, 
Sonchus asper, and another, a garden escape, Zarvaxacum officinale, 
and Zussilago farfara, all of whose fruits are furnished with a pappus 
and well adapted to wind distribution, may easily have come here 
floating above the house-tops on a light wind. The presence also 
of Rumex obtustfolius with its winged fruit, Lpclobium montanum 
with its feathery seeds, and two species of Sa/ix (garden escapes), is 
probably due to the same means. 

Stellaria media, Capsella bursa-pastoris, and Sagina procumbens, 
which quickly take possession of any piece of rough soil in the heart 
of a city, are among other plants here which may have been brought 
by the wind. But as their seeds are not well adapted to dispersal it 
is doubtful whether wind alone can account for their presence in this 
colony. 

The seeds of grass Poa pratensis, P. annua, and Lolium perenne 
were most likely introduced here by the direct agency of man or bird. 
At all events the establishment of Avdes grossudaria in this enclosure 
was due to one of these causes.—A. B. STEELE, Edinburgh. 


Alisma Plantago, Z., in Caithness.—In the “ Annals,” 1907, p. 
103, I reported Butomus umbellatus for Caithness—the record sent 
me by a correspondent in that county. No specimen was sent, but 
last winter a promise was given that one should be forwarded. My 
astonishment was great, and vexation too, to receive a fine full- 
grown specimen of the AZsma as Butomus. Of course I ought not 
to have accepted the record without a voucher specimen. The only 
redeeming point is that the A/zsma is a new record for the county, 
and that being substituted the remarks as to Continental distribu- 
tion may stand as nearly the same. It is the form with lanceolate 
leaves, none being cordate.—A. BENNETT. 


Insect Visitors of Fumaria officinalis, Z.—This plant seems 
to be only irregularly visited by insects, and few species have been 
recorded. Miller in his “ Fertilisation of Flowers” gives only the 
honey-bee (Apis medlifica, L.). Warnstorf records a Bombus (species 
not mentioned), and Scott-Elliot in his ‘‘ Flora of Dumfriesshire” 


BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEWS 253 


mentions a butterfly (Pver7s brassice, L.). It may therefore be worth 
while recording that during the past summer (1910) I have on 
several occasions found the flowers being worked by species of 
humble-bees in search of nectar. Thus, on July 17—a dull and 
mild day—when walking up the ending of a potato-field in which 
Fumaria was in full bloom, I counted 16 9 ? of Bomébus agrorum, 
Fab., and two small ? 9 of 4. hortorum, L. Again, on July 28 
(dull and showery) several B. agrorum, Fab., were noted. Lastly, on 
August 16 (sunny and mild) I counted in the same place 8? 9 of 
B. agrorum, ¥ab., and a single 4. ¢errestris, L. (¢), the latter biting 
holes in the base of the corolla.—sS. E. Brock, Kirkliston, West 
Lothian. 

Secheuchzeria palustrison Rannoch Moor.—I found Scheuchzeria 
on Rannoch Moor on July 18th of this year. The plant was scattered 
in fair quantity over a very marshy part of the moor. It was associ- 
ated with Carex limosa, C. paucifiora, Drosera anglica, D. rotundifolia, 
and the other common plants of a peaty marsh, such as Scirpus 
cespitosus, Molinia cerulea, etc. 

This is a new locality for the plant, and is of interest, as 
Scheuchzeria seems to be one of our decreasing species. Its only 
other recorded station in Scotland is Methven Bog near Perth; but 
it is almost certainly extinct there, as the site where it grew has been 
flooded, and it has been sought in vain since 1874. In England it 
has been recorded from no less than nine localities, but Wybunbury 
’ Bog, Cheshire, seems to be the only one of these where it can now be 
found. In 1904 Mr. A. Bennett wrote: ‘Unless discovered in other 
stations Scheuchzerta would seem to be a doomed species in Britain.” 
It is gratifying to add one new locality where the plant still holds out 
in considerable numbers.—G. W. ScaRTH, 

Moneses uniflora, 4. Gray.—lIn the case of so local a species it 
may be of interest to state that I found this in August of this year, 
in fruit, near Loch Mallachie in the parish of Abernethy, East 
Inverness-shire. It has been known for a good many years in two 
or three localities some miles to the south, in Rothiemurchus, but 
I am not aware of its having been previously observed where I saw 
it—JamMEs W. H. TRAIL. 

Poppies by Railways near Aberdeen.—For a number of years 
I have kept watch for the poppies that occur near Aberdeen ; but 
the only species that I have observed as a field weed has been 
Papaver dubium, and even it is almost confined to a few fields, and 
is rarely frequent. . somnzferuwm appears occasionally as a casual 
on rubbish heaps or as an escape from gardens. PP. Rheas has been 
very scarce even as a casual, and P. Arvgemone I had not seen near 
Aberdeen before this year. 

But, curiously enough, in 1910 poppies have been frequent on 
ballast and other materials deposited from and near railways, to the 


254 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


south of Aberdeen in Nigg, and to the north within the city near 
Don Street Station, and at Parkhill six miles out. Of P. somniferum 
only a few have appeared. /. dudium has been plentiful and very 
variable in size; . Argemone has occurred in two or three places ; 
and P. Rheas has been rather common, a number of plants showing 
the red hairs on the flower-stalk distinctive of the variety Pryorzz, 
Druce. ‘This character seems to vary, some stems of the same in- 
dividual having the hairs markedly coloured, while others bore 
almost colourless hairs only.—JAmMEs W. H. TRAIL. 


CURRENT LITERATURE. 


The Titles and Purport of Papers and Notes relating to Scottish Natural 
History which have appeared during the Quarter—Juiy-September 1910. 


[The Editors desire assistance to enable them to make this Section as complete as 
possible. Contributions on the lines indicated will be most acceptable, and 
will bear the initials of the Contributor. The Editors will have access to the 
sources of information undermentioned. ] 


ZOOLOGY. 


ComMMON SHREW ON ScotcH IsLtanps. G. E. H. Barrett- 
Hamilton, Zoologist, June 1910, p. 267.—States that this Shrew is 
common on many of the Inner Hebrides, such as Islay and Jura, 
but absent from the Outer Hebrides and the Orkneys. 


A VARIETY OF THE GANNET (SULA BASSANA). R. Fortune, 
Zoologist, September 1910, p. 340.—Seen at the Bass Rock. 


ALBINO RINGED PLOVER IN ORKNEY. J. Gwyn Jeffreys, Zhe 
Field, Sept. 17, 1910, p. 551-—-Specimen obtained in August near 
Kirkwall. 

SoME INTERESTING BritisH Insects (III.). G. C. Champion 
and R. W. Lloyd, F.E.S., Zt. Mo. Mag., September 1910, pp, 203- 
205 and pl. iv.—Salpingus bishopi, Sharp, Eudectus whitei, Sharp, 
and Carida affinis, Payk., are figured and recorded from Scottish 
localities. 

COLEOPTERA AT NEWCASTLETON, ETC.,IN 1909. Lewis Barton, 
Ent. Mo. Mag., August 1910, pp. 189-190.—Sixteen species taken 
in June. 

A REVISION OF THE BRITISH SPECIES OF PTENIDIUM, ERICHSON. 
H. Britten, F.E.S., and E. A. Newbery, Zz. Jo. Mag., August 
1910, pp. 178-183.—P. intermedium, Wank., and fuscicorne, Erichs., 
are recorded as Scottish. 

PORPHYROPS NASUTA, FALL., AND P. ELEGANTULA, MG., IN 
PERTHSHIRE. A. E. J. Carter, Ext. Mo. Mag., August Igto, pp. 
193-194.—A single male of P. nasuta and several specimens of P. 
elegantula taken at Clunin Loch, near Blairgowrie, on 13th June 1910. 


CURRENT LITERATURE 255 


HeLp-NOTES TOWARDS THE DETERMINATION OF BRITISH 
TENTHREDINIDA, ETC., DOLERIDES. Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A., F.E.S., 
Ent. Mo. Mag., July 1910, pp. 154-159.—Dolerus ferrugatus, 
Lep., bimaculatus, Geoff, fumosus, Zadd., oblongus, C., and 
rugosulus, v. d. Torre, are mentioned as Scottish. 


ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO THE BritTisH LIST OF 
Muscip& ACALYPTRAT# (continued). J. E. Collin, F.E.S., Zz. 
Mo. Mag., July and August 1910, pp. 169-178.—Numerous Scottish 
records are included in this paper. 

ON soME Hapits AND Hosts oF BIRD CERATOPHYLLI TAKEN IN 
SCOTLAND IN I909; WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES (C. 
ROTHSCHILDI), AND RECORDS OF VARIOUS SIPHONAPTERA. James 
Waterston, B.D., B.Sc., Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb., vol. xviii. pp. 
73-91 (July 1910), figs. 1-6. 

NoTE ON “ LEPTUS PHALANGII” AND ‘‘ LEPTUS AUTUMNALIS” 
AND THEIR PARENT EARTH-MITES. William Evans, F.R.S.E., Proc. 
Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb., vol. xviil. pp. 100, 101.—Based on obser- 
vations made in the Forth area. 

THE OLIGOCH#TA (EARTHWORMS AND THEIR ALLIES) OF THE 
FortH AREA. William Evans, F.R.S.E., voc. Roy. Phys. Soc. 
E-dinb., vol. xviil. pp. 109-124.—The number of forms recorded is 
47, out of 55 which make up the Scottish list. 

A REVISION OF THE BRITISH SPECIES OF OSTRACOD CRUSTACEA 
BELONGING TO THE SUBFAMILIES CANDONIN® AND HERPETOCYPRI- 
DIN&. G. Stewardson Brady, M.D., etc., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 
IQ10, pp. 194-220, pls. ix.-xxx. (June 19g10).—Scottish records are 
given or summarized in this paper. 

NoTE ON EUNEPHTHYA GLOMERATA, VERRILL, FROM THE F#ROE 
CHANNEL. Professor J. Arthur Thomson, M.A., Proc. Roy. Phys. 
Soc. Edinb., vol. xviii. pp. 98-99 (July 1910).—Extension of range of 
a northern species of Alcyonarian. 


BOTANY. 


Tue British RoskEs, by Major A. H. Wolley-Dod (Journ. Bot., 
1910, suppl. pp. 8 1-112), continues the discussion of the forms included 
under v/los@ and rubigznose ; several are enumerated from localities 
in Scotland. 


BOOK NOTICES. 


LirFE oF WILLIAM MacGiLuivray, M.A., LI..D., F.R.S.E., 
Ornithologist, Professor of Natural History at Aberdeen University. 
Written by W. MacGillivray, W.S., with an appreciation by 
Professor J. Arthur Thomson. With illustrations. London: John 
Murray, 1910. Price ros. 6d. net. 


256 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


William MacGillivray, like many other great men, was not 
sufficiently appreciated during his lifetime. No biography has yet 
appeared till the present one, and his tomb long remained uninscribed 
with his name, whilst his monumental work, “The History of British 
Birds,” received only a mediocre welcome. Seeing all these things, it 
is very fit that the life of William MacGillivray should now appear, and 
we have to thank his venerable, highly esteemed namesake for giving 
us such a delightful and ably written little biography of one of our 
ablest British ornithologists. 

Professor MacGillivray was a naturalist in the truest sense of the 
word, one who loved to study animal life both in the fields and in 
the laboratory: he was a field naturalist as well as a master of 
anatomy, being equally at home in the museum or on the moor. 
His magnum opus was The History of British Birds,” written with such 
delightful enthusiasm ; the work treats of all our native birds, and affords 
practical lessons in their various structural peculiarities. The reader 
is taken on many an ornithological ramble, in which all the birds 
observed are fully discussed, imaginary questions being asked by the 
pupil and answered by the professor. ‘The work was absolutely 
original and the work of a master, consequently it is a book which 
will always live and maintain its pristine freshness, though at the date 
of publication it received but scanty appreciation, 

MacGillivray’s life was a strenuous one, and full of incident; con- 
sequently the biography is full of interesting matter, whilst it gives a 
detailed course of his life. 

Both the biographer and Professor Thomson have performed 
their labour of love in a manner worthy of all praise, and we cordially 
recommend this delightful volume to all naturalists. It contains many 
illustrations which are reproductions of MacGillivray’s drawings of 
birds, the originals of which are now in the British Museum. A 
further point to notice is the excellence of the paper and the 
consequent lightness of the volume in the hand. If one may be 
allowed to criticise, might one point out that the eminent 
ornithologist alluded to on p. 137 as having been in the mind of 
the late Professor Newton was assuredly John Wolley, not H. M. 
Turner. W. E. C. and G. E. G.-M. 


InsEcT WONDERLAND. By Constance M. Foot. With 
illustrations. London: Methuen & Co. Price 3s. 6d. net. 

This is a charming little volume, containing ten sketches, in 
story form and simple language, intended to convey to the youthful 
reader some elementary facts concerning the structure, habits, and 
life-history of some of our commoner insects. Some of the stories 
have been read aloud by us to a child under five years of age, to the 
undoubted enjoyment of the listener. ‘Told like fairy tales, these 
little chapters are admirably adapted for the instruction of boys and 
girls who show a taste for natural history. 


PND xX 


Aculeate and other Hymenoptera in 
Soay (Skye) (Curr. Lit.), 125 

Alien Plants, 43 

Alisma Plantago, L., in Caithness, 252 

Amphipod, On a New British marine 
(Curr. Lit.), 61 

Amphipod, Preliminary description of a 
New British, /s@a elmhirstz, sp. n. 
(Curr, Lit), 6r 

Anarrhichas latifrons, Occurrence of, 
in the North Sea, 120 

Andreea petrophila, 185 

Animal Ecology of the Shore, A method 
of study of (Curr. Lit.), 125 

Anthomyide, the genus Fannia, R.D. 
(= Homalomyia, Bouché), Two new 
species of (Curr. Lit.), 125 

Ascarts osculata, Rud., from a Common 
Seals 122 


Balena biscayensts, Neck-bone from 
Post-Tertiary Clay of Moray Firth 
Area, 244 

BALFOUR- BROWNE, FRANK, M.A. 
(Oxon); FRS|ES, BsZis., whe 
Aquatic Coleoptera of the Mid- 
Ebudes, 76 

Barnacles on a Whale, 57 

Bat, The Noctule, in Morayshire, 52 

BAXTER, EVELYN V., and RINTOUL, 
LEONORA JEFFREY, On_ the 
Occurrence of the Eastern Pied 
Chat (Saxtcola fpleschanka) in 
Scotland, 2; Bird Notes from the 
Isle of May, 4; Report on Scottish 
Ornithology in 1909, 132, 193 

Beaumont, W. J., An Argyllshire 
Heronry, 183 

BEDFORD, Her Grace the Duchess 
OMehe Sem Levis. ©... Cross- 
bills in Perthshire, 181 ; On Visits 
paid to the Island of N. Rona, 212 

BENNETT, ARTHUR, F.L.S., Notes on 
the Review of Kiikenthal’s Carex, 
Ill ; Saxtfraga cespitosa, L., 122 ; 
Contributions to a Flora of the 


7K) 


Outer Hebrides, No. 4, 165, 229; 
Contribution to a Flora of Caith- 
ness, No. V., 225; Carex aquatzlis, 
Wahlb., var. nov., 236; Alisma 
Plantago, L., in Caithness, 252 

Bird Notes from the Isle of May, 4 

Birds of Fair Isle, 65 

Birds of Garelochhead, Summer Notes 
on (Curr. Lit.), 187 

Birds of Glasgow District, On 
(Curr. Lit.), 124 

Birds of Shiskin, Arran, Notes on the 
Summer (Curr Lit.), 59 

Birds, Rare, in Unst, Shetland, 53 

Biston hirtaria in Inverness-shire 
(Curr. Lit.), 187 

Bittern in Fife, 119 

Bittern, The American, in Scotland, 70 

Blackcock and Capercaillie Hybrid in 
Kincardineshire, 119 

Bluethroat, Arctic, in Clyde Area, 182 

Bonar, Rev. H. N., F.Z.S., Quails in 
East Lothian, 56 ; Capercaillie in 
East Lothian, 120 

300k Notices :—A Treatise on Zoology, 
edited by Sir Ray Lankester, 
Ke CB MAG. Di haRGoe 
Part IX., Vertebrata craniata 
(Cyclostomes and Fishes), by E. S. 
Goodrich, M.A., F.R.S., 62; 
Egyptian Birds, by Charles Whym- 
per, 63; A Guide to the Natural 
History of the Isle of Wight, 
edited by Frank Money, F.L.S., 
63; The Home-life of the Golden 
Eagle, by H. B. Macpherson, 64 ; 
A History of the Birds of Kent, 
by Norman Bb. Ticehurst, M.A., 
BR C39-s eles ele nO} 
British Warblers, A History, with 
Problems of their Lives, by 
Eliot Howard, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., 
Part IV., 127; Report on the 
Immigration of Summer Residents 
in the Spring of 1908 ; also Notes 
on the Autumn Movements of 


F 


the 


1907, by a Committee of the 
British Ornithologists’ Club, 128 ; 
The British Freshwater Rhizopoda 
and Heliozoa, by the late James 
Cash, assisted by John Hopkinson, 
F.L.S., etc., Vol. II., Rhizopoda, 
Part II., 128; Darwinism and 
Human Life, by J. Arthur Thom- 
son, M.A., 188; The Vertebrate 
Fauna of Cheshire and Liverpool 
Bay, edited by T. A. Coward, 
F.Z.S., 189 ; A History of Birds, 
by W. P. Pycraft, with an Intro- 
duction by Sir Ray Lankester, 
1Gslbh5 WLIRSsb, Ei, Wee lites 
History and Habits of the Salmon, 
Sea-Trout, Trout, and other Fresh- 
water Fish, by P. D. Malloch, 190 ; 
A Natural History of the British 
Lepidoptera, Vol. X., by J. W. 
Tutt, F.E.S., 191 ; Colonsay, One 
of the Hebrides, its Plants, etc., by 


Murdoch M‘Neill, 192; Life of 
William MacGillivray, M.A., 
1D Ee ReSok en bye \Wanvlac- 


Gillivray, W.S., with an apprecia- 
tion by Professor J. Arthur Thom- 
son, 255; Insect Wonderland, by 
Constance M. Foot, 256 

Bream, Sea-, in the Solway, 249 

Brock, S. E., Insect Visitors of 
Fumaria officinalis, L., 252 

Brown, Henry H., Bittern in Fife, 
119; Nightjar in Argyll, 248 

Bryophyta, New Records in Scottish 
(Curr. Lit.), 126 

Bunting, Albino Reed, in Solway, 118 


Caithness, Contribution to a Flora of, 


No. V., 225 
Callitriche intermedia, Hoffm., var. 
tenutfolia (Curr. Lit.), 187 
CAMERON, PETER, Some further 


Notes on Nocturnal Hymenoptera, 
86; On the Scottish Species of 
Oxyura (Proctotrypide), Part IV., 
OZ rartVer 217 

Capercaillie in East Lothian, 120; in 
Moray, 248 

Carex aquatilzs, Wahlb., var. 20v., 236 

Carex, Notes on, 170 

Carex, Some Scottish Alpine Forms of, 
174 

Carices, Noteson British (Curr. Lit. ), 187 

Cat, Wild, in Argyll, 245; in Caith- 
ness, 245 

Cemitostoma sustnella, H.-S., a Tineid 
new to the British List, in Scotland 
(Gurr hits) a2 

Ceratophylli, Bird, Habits and Hosts 
of (Curr. Lit.), 255 

Chat, Eastern Pied (Saxzcoia files- 


ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


chanka), On the Occurrence of, in 
Scotland, 2 

Chough (/yrrhocorax graculus), A 
Peeblesshire specimen of the, 181 

CLARKE, WILLIAM EacGtE, F.L.S., 
F.R.S.E., etc., Some further Re- 
marks on the Visitation of Cross- 
bills, 54; The Birds of Fair Isle, 
Report on Observations made 
during 1909, 65; On the Occur- 
rence of the Rock Thrush (J/on¢z- 
cola saxatilis) in the Orkney 
Islands, 148; Golden Oriole in 
Fife, 182; Another Arrival of 
Crossbills in Scotland, 245; For- 
feited Eggs of the Golden Eagle, 
248 ; Sea Lamprey in Skye, 250 

CLARKE, WILLIAM EAGLE, F.L.S., 
HaReole sets, ands SLvAR WIE 
BROWN, J. AS ReRESehee 
F.Z.S., etc., Greenland Falcons 
in Scotland, 118 

Coleoptera, Additions to the List of 
Clyde (Curr. Lit.), 187 

Coleoptera at Newcastleton 
Lit.), 254 

Coleoptera, List of the Aquatic from 
the Monklands (Lanark) (Curr. 
Lit.), 187 

Coleoptera, The Aquatic of the Mid- 
Ebudes, 76 

Coleoptera, Three New British (Curr. 
Lit.), 60 

Copeognatha, or Psocidee, List of the 
Clyde (Curr. Lit.), 125 

Corticaria, Notes on, with Descriptions 
of two new Species (Curr. Lit.), 
187 

Cotton-Spinner, The, (olothuria for- 
skali)—an Echinoderm new to 
Scotland, 11 

Crab, On the Occurrence of a Rare, 


(Curr. 


Paromola cuvtert, in Scottish 
Waters, 12 
Cristatella muceod, The Freshwater 


Polyzoon from Kilmalcolm (Curr. 
Wits) On 
Crossbills, Another Arrival in Scotland, 


245 

Crossbills, Further Remarks on the 
Visitation of, 54 

Crossbills in Perthshire, 181 

Crossbills in Tay, 246 

Crossbills on the North-East Coast of 
Scotland, 118, 182 

Cryphalus abietis, Ratz, in Scotland 
(Curr. Lit.), 125 

Cryptogams, Inverness and Banff (Curr. 
Lit.), 188 

Cuckoo, American Yellow - billed 
(Coccyzus americanus), in Argyll- 
shire, 184. 


INDEX 259 


Curlew, Young, Malformation in Bill, 
247 

Cyperacee cartcotdee, Critical Remarks 
upon the, 46 


DALGLEISH, J. J., Nesting of the Great 
Spotted Woodpecker in West 
Fife, 56 

Dicranum Bergert, Bland, in Caithness 
(Curr. Lit.), 126 

Dipper in the Island of Barra, 183 

Diptera, Three Species of, new to 
British List (Curr. Lit.), 61 

Dixon, H. N., M.A., F.L.S., Some 
‘* Neolithic” Moss Remains from 
Fort William, 103 


Dolphin, The Common, in Moray 
Firth, 181 

Dove, Stock-, in Clyde Area (Curr. 
Lit.), 59 


Dove, Stock-, in Dee, 119 

Dragonfly, Scottish Records, 162 

Drepanepteryx phalenoides, Linn., Life- 
History of (Curr. Lit.), 125 

DrucE, G. CLARIDGE, M.A., F.L.S., 
Plants of some Southern Scottish 
Counties, 39, 95; Critical Re- 
marks upon the Cyperacee cart- 
cotdee as treated in ‘‘ Das Pflan- 
zenreich” by George Kiikenthal, 


46 
Duck, Eider, in Clyde Area, 183 
Duck, Long-tailed, near Gretna, Dum- 
friesshire, 119 


Eagle, Golden, Forfeited Eggs of, 248 
Earth Mites, Some British (Curr. Lit.), 


62 

Edinburgh Field Naturalists’ and 
Microscopical Society, An Account 
of the Excursions during 1908 
(Curr. Lit.), 188 

Elms, Notes on British (Curr. Lit.), 
187 

Enarmonia ericetana, H.-S., a Species 
of Tortricina new to the British 
ist; in) (Scotland (Curn Lits); 
187 

Entomology, Methven Moss as a col- 
lecting ground for (Curr. Lit.), 
124 

EvANS, WILLIAM, F.R.S.E., Black 
and Brown Water-Voles in the 
same Family, 53; Greater Wheat- 
ear in Forth, 55); ‘‘ Ringed” 
Arctic Tern at Barnsness Light- 
house, 56; Hydrachnids in Forth 
and Tay, 57; Fungi from the Isle 
of May, 58; The Supposed Eggs 
of the Wood Sandpiper ( Zo¢anus 
glareola) taken in Elginshire in 


1853, 743 Ornithobius goniopleurus, 
Denny, on the Bernacle Goose, 
121 ; Preapulus caudatus, Lam., on 
the Fife Coast, 122; Ascaris 
osculata, Rud., from a Common 
Seal, killed in the Inner Hebrides, 
122; A Peeblesshire specimen of 
the Chough (Pyrrhocorax graculus), 
181 ; Notes on Siphonaptera, 184 ; 
Nesting of the Gadwall and the 
Wigeon in ‘‘ Forth,” 249; the 
Worm Pipe-Fish in ‘‘ Forth,” 250 ; 
Some ‘Terrestrial Invertebrates 
from Fair Isle, 251 
Eunephthya glomerata from 
Channel (Curr. Lit.), 255 
Evetria resinelia, L., captured in the 
imaginal state (Curr. Lit.), 60 
EwING, P., F.L.S., On some Scottish 
Alpine Forms of Carex, 174 


Feeroe 


Fair Isle, Some Terrestrial Inverte- 
brates from, 251 

Falcons, Greenland, in Scotland, 118 ; 
in the Northern Highlands, 246 

False Scorpions of Scotland, the, 23 

Flora, High Alpine, of Britain, 34 

Flora of the Outer Hebrides, Con- 
tributions to a—No. 4, 165, 229 

FOWLER, Lady, Beautiful Variety of 
the Black-headed Gull, 56 

FRASER, JAMES, Alien Plants, 43 

Fulmar in Ayrshire and Fife (Curr. 
Lit.), 59 

Fungi, Contributions to the Study of 
Dumfriesshire (Curr. Lit.), 126 

Fungi from Isle of May, 58 

Fungi, Some Highland (Curr. Lit.), 
126 


Gabrius, Diagnoses of some New 
Species of (Curr. Lit.), 187 
Gadwall, Nesting of, in ‘‘ Forth,” 249 
Gannet, Variety of (Curr. Lit.), 254 
GLADSTONE, Hucu S., M.A., F.Z.S., 
F.R.S.E., Golden Oriole in Dum- 
friesshire, 56; The American 
Bittern in Scotland, 70; Great 
Spotted Woodpecker near Pen- 
pont, Dumfriesshire, 118; Long- 
tailed Duck near Gretna, Dum- 
friesshire, 119 3 Hybrid Blackcock 
and Capercaillie in Kincardine- 
shire, 119; American Yellow- 
billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus amert- 
canus) in Argyllshire, 184; 
Woodcocks nesting abundantly in 
Kirkcudbrightshire, 247 
GODFREY, ROBERT, M.A., The False 
Scorpions of Scotland (concluded), 


23 


260 


Godwit, Bar-tailed, in East Renfrew 
(Curr. Lit.), 60 

Godwit, Black-tailed, in East Ross- 
shire, 247 

GRAHAM MurRAyY, Hon. GLApys, 
Great Spotted Woodpecker in 
Perthshire, 183 


GRIMSHAW, Percy H., F.R.S.E., 
F.E.S., The Insect Fauna of 
Grouse Moors, 149; JVyssia 
sonaria, Schiff., in the Outer 


Hebrides, 215 

Gull, Black-headed, Beautiful Variety 
of, 56 

GUNNIS, FRANCIS G., Great Spotted 
Woodpecker in Sutherland, 183 


EVATEIDAINE Neen AGT (SCOL))s 
Whaling in Scotland for 1909, 1 ; 
Extraordinary Fecundity of a 
Whale, 117 

HAMILTON, ERICK, Some Rare Birds 
in Unst, Shetland, 53 

HARVIE-BRown, J. A., F.R.S.E., 
F.Z.S., etc., Large Otter in Tay, 
117 ; Crossbills on the North-East 
Coast, 118 ; Great Spotted Wood- 
peckers in Forth and Dee, 118; 
Stock-Dove in Dee, 119; Eider 
Ducks in Clyde Area, 183 ; Cross- 
bills in Tay, 246; Wild Cat in 
Argyll, 245; Wild Cat in Caith- 
ness, 245 ; Capercaillies in Moray, 
248; Wrynecks in Tweed, 248 ; 
Great Spotted Woodpecker in 
Forth, 249 

HARVIE-Brown, J. A., and CLARKE, 
WILLIAM EaGLe, Greenland Fal- 
cons in Scotland, 118 

Helleborine atroviridis, W. R. Linton, 
in West Sutherland, 123 

Hen, Grey, with Two Broods, 247 

HENDERSON, T., Junr., Whooper 
Swans breeding in Shetland, 245 

Heronries, Scottish, Past and Present, 


Heronry, An Argyllshire, 183 
Hoopoe in Lanarkshire (Curr. Lit.), 


59 
Hydrachnids, Dalyell’s Scottish, 21 
Hydrachnids in Forth and Tay, 57 
Hydroid Fauna of the West of Scot- 
land, 220 
Hymenoptera, Some from the High- 
lands (Curr. Lit.), 125 
Hymenoptera, Some further Notes on 
Nocturnal, 86 


Insect Fauna of Grouse Moors, 149 
Insects, A few from Braemar (Curr. 
Lit.), 61 


ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


Insects, Some Interesting British (II.) 
(Curr. Lit.), 124; (III.), 254 
Insect Visitors of Fumaria officinalis, 

e252 
Inverness-shire, Notes from (Curr. Lit.), 
60 


Jackson, ANNIE C., Occurrence of 
Yellow-browed Warblers in East 
Ross-shire, 55 ; Migrations of Red- 
wings, etc., 55; Grasshopper 
Warbler and Greater Wheatear at 
Mull of Galloway Light, 55; 
Greater Wheatear at Mull of Gal- 
loway : a Correction, 118; Green- 
land Falcons in the Northern 
Highlands, 246; Black-tailed God- 
wit in East Ross-shire, 247 ; Mal- 
formation in a Young Curlew’s 
Bill, 247 


Kirk, CHARLES, Willow Wren nesting 
on Ivy-covered Wall, 246 

Kiikenthal’s Carex, Notes on the Re- 
view of, III 


Lamna spallanzaniz in the Moray 
Firth—an Explanation, 250 

Lamprey, Sea, in Skye, 250 

Lastrea remota (Moore), 
(Curr. Lit.), 188 

Leptus phalang@i and autumnalis and 
their parent Earth- mites (Curr. 
Lit.), 255 

Lesteva sicula, Erichs, and Lesteva 
punctata, Erichs (Curr. Lit.), 187 

Ligula simplicissima, A Specimen of, 
with Notes on the Life-History of 
the Zzegudime (Curr. Lit.), 61 

Lobster, Thorny (Palinurus vulgarts), 
in British Waters, On the Distribu- 
tion of (Curr. Lit.), 125 

Lucas, W. J., B.A., F.E.S., Scottish 
Dragonfly Records, 162 

Lycopodium Selago, L., in a strange 
habitat, 185 


Notes on 


MACGILLIVRAY, WILLIAM L., Dipper 
in the Island of Barra, 183 

Macvicar, SyMeErs, M., Additions for 
1908 and 1909 to Census of Scot- 
tish Hepatice, 114 

Malacosoma neustria, I... in Kincar- 
dineshire (Curr. Lit.), 124 

MALLocH, J. R., Scottish Phoride, 
with Tables of all the British 
Species and Notes of Localities, 15, 
87 

Mammals of Islay, Notes on (Curr. 


Seite!) sar SO 
MARSHALL, Rev. E. S., M.A., F.L.S., 
Helleborine atroviridis, W. R. 


INDEX 261 


Linton, in W. Sutherland, 123; 
Obituary Memoir of William Had- 
don Beeby, F.L.S., 129 ; Notes on 
Carex, 170 

Medusze and Ctenophores, Some from 
the Firth of Forth (Curr. Lit.), 
125 

Microfungi observed at Traquair and 
Roslin (Curr. Lit.), 188 

Millport, Marine Biological Station, 
Notes from (Curr. Lit.), 125 

Moneses uniflora, A. Gray, 253 

Moss, Some ‘‘ Neolithic,” Remains 
from Fort William, 103 

Mosses, New and Rare, 238 

Muscide Acalyptrate, Additions and 
Corrections to the British List of 
(Curr. Lit.), 125, 187, 255 

Myrmecophilous Notes for 1909 (Curr. 
Lit.), 60 


Nightjar in Argyll, 248 

Noctuzde, A Species of, new to Science 
(Curr. Lit.), 60 

Nyssia zonaria, Schiff., in the Outer 
Hebrides, 215 


Oaks, British (Curr. Lit.), 126 

Obituary, Memoir of William Haddon 
Beeby, F.L.S-.,, 129 

Oligocheta, Contributions towards a 
Monograph of the British and Irish 
(Curr. Lit.), 61 

Oligocheta, of the Forth Area (Curr. 
Lit.), 255 

Oriole, Golden, in Dumfriesshire, 56 

Oriole, Golden, in Fife, 182 

Ornithobius goniopleurus, Denny, on 
the Bernacle Goose, 121 

Ornithology, Report on Scottish, in 
1909, 132, 193 

Orthopiera, British, 185 

Ostracod Crustacea, Revision of British 
Species (Curr. Lit.), 255 

Otter, Large, in Tay, 117 

Otters, The Length and Weight of, 53 

Oxyura (Proctotrypide), on the Scottish 
Species of, Part IV., 925) Part Vi; 
217 


Pansies, Scottish, 59 

Pansies, the British (Curr. Lit.), 62 

Parasite, A Swan, from Perthshire, 58 

Phora, On the British Species of (Curr. 
Lit.), 61 

Phoride, Scottish, 15, 87 

Phoxocephalus, on the Genus (Curr. 
Tit.) Or 

Pipe-Fish, Worm, in ‘‘ Forth,’ 250 

Plants, British Flowering, First Records 
of (Curr. Lit.), 62 

Plants of a City Waste, 252 


Plants of some Southern Scottish 
Counties, 39, 95 

Plants, Ross-shire (Curr. Lit.), 188 

Plover, Albino Ringed, in Orkney 
(Curr. Lit.), 254 

Poppies by Railways near Aberdeen, 
253 

Porphyrops nasuta and elegantula in 
Perthshire (Curr. Lit.), 254 

Priapulus caudatus, Lam., on the Fife 
Coast, 122 

Proteinus, A Fifth in Britain (Curr. 
Lit.), 60 

Pseudophacidium, Note sur une 
nouvelle espéce de (Curr. Lit.), 
126 

Ptenidium, Revision of British Species 
(Curry. Lit:); 254 


Quails in Ayrshire and Fife (Curr. Lit.), 
60 
Quails in East Lothian, 56 


Rabocerus, Some Critical Remarks on 
the Genus (Curr. Lit.), 60 

Ramsay, L. N. G., Spotted Redshank 
in ‘‘ Dee,” 249 

Raphidia maculicollis (Curr. Lit.), 61 

Redshank, Spotted, in ‘‘ Dee,” 249 

Redwings, Migration of, etc., 55 

RINTOUL, LEONORA JEFFREY, and 
BAXTER, EVELYN V., On the 
Occurrence of the Eastern Pied 
Chat (Saxzcola pleschanka) in Scot- 
land, 2; Bird Notes from the Isle 
of May, 4; Report on Scottish 
Ornithology in 1909, 132, 193 

RITCHIE, JAMES, M.A., B.Sc., The 
Cotton-Spinner (Holothuria for- 
skalt), An Echinoderm new to 
the Fauna of Scotland, 11; On the 
Occurrence of a Rare Crab, Paro- 
mola cuviert, in Scottish Waters, 
12; Barnacles on a Whale, 57; 
Occurrence of Velella spirans, 
Eschscholtz, in Scottish Waters, 
121; Contribution to our Know- 
ledge of the Hydroid Fauna of the 
West of Scotland, 220 

Ropinson, H. W., The Length and 
Weight of Otters, 53 

Rock Thrush (Monticola saxatilis), in 
the Orkney Islands, 148 

Rona, N., On Visits paid to the Island 
One212 

Roses, The British (excluding Eu- 
canine) (Curr. Lit.), 126, 187, 255 

Rubi, Supplementary Records of British 
(Curr. Lit.), 126 

Ruff, Spotted Redshank and Black- 
tailed Godwit in East Renfrew 
(Curr. Lit.), 60 


262 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY 


Sandpiper, Wood (Zotanus glareola), 
Supposed Eggs of, taken in Aber- 
deen in 1853, 74 

Sarcoscypha protracta, 186 

Saxsy, T. EpMonsTon, Albino Wheat- 
ear in Shetland, 246 

Saxtfraga cespitosa, L., 122 

SCARTH, G. W., Scheuchzeria palustris 
on Rannoch Moor, 253 

Scheuchzerta palustris on Rannoch 
Moor, 253 

Scottish Hefatice, Additions for 1908- 
1909 to Census of, 114 

SERVICE, RoBERT, M.B.O.U., Albino 
Reed, Bunting in the Solway Area, 
118; Greater Wheatear in the 
Solway Area, 182; Sea-Bream in 
the Solway, 249 

Shark, Porbeagle, in the Moray Firth, 57 

Shrew, Common, on Scotch Islands 
(Curr. Lit.), 254 

Stphonaptera, Notes on, 184 

Starling, An Unclaimed Marked, 248 

STEELE, A. B:, Plants ‘of a City 
Waste, 252 

STEWART-MENZIES, W., Crossbills on 
the North-East of Scotland, 182 

STIRTON, Dr. JAMEs, F.L.S., New 
and Rare Mosses from Different 
and Distant Parts of Scotland, 238 

STOUT, GEORGE, Arctic Bluethroat in 
the Clyde Area, 182 

Sun-Fish, Short, in Ayrshire Waters 
(Curr. Lit.), 60 

Swans, Whooper, Breeding in Shet- 
land, 245 


TAYLOR, WILLIAM, The Noctule Bat 
in Morayshire, 52; Porbeagle Shark 
in Moray Firth, 57 ; The Common 
Dolphin in Moray Firth, 181 ; 
Note on a Neckbone of Balena 
biscayensts from the Post-Tertiary 
Clay of the Moray Firth Area, 244; 
Lamna spallanzanii in the Moray 
Firth—an Explanation, 250 

Tenthredinide, Help- Notes towards 
Determination of British (Curr. 
Lit.), 248, 255 

Tern, Ringed Arctic, at Barnsness 
Lighthouse, 56 

THomson, A. LANDSBOROUGH, An 
unclaimed marked Starling, 248 

Thymus, British Species and Varieties 
of (Curr. Lit.), 126 

Thymus spathulatus, Opiz, in Britain 
(Curr. Lit.), 62 

Tortula Aciphylla in Britain (Curr. 
Lit.), 62 


TRAIL, JAMES W. H., A.M., M.D., 
F.R.S.,F.L.S., Lycopodium Selago 
in a Strange habitat, 185; Sarco- 
scypha protracta, Fr. Sacc., 186; 
Moneses untflora, A. Gray, 2533 
Poppies by Railways near Aber- 
deen, 253 


Velella sptvans,Eschscholtz, Occurrence 
of, in Scottish Waters, 121 

Voles, Water-, Black and Brown in same 
Family, 53 


Warbler, Grasshopper, at Mull of Gal- 
loway Light, 55 

Warblers, Yellow-browed, Occurrence 
of, in East Ross-shire, 55 

WATERSTON, JAMES, B.D., B.Sc, A 
Swan Parasite from Perthshire, 


58 

Watt, HucH Boyp, M.B.O.U., 
Scottish Heronries, Past and Pre- 
sent, 68 


Whale (Balenoptera musculus), Extra- 
ordinary Fecundity of a, 117 
Whaling in Scotland for 1909, 1 
Wheatear, Albino, in Shetland, 246 
Wheatear, Greater, at Mull of Gal- 
loway Light, 55, 118 
Wheatear, Greater, in Forth, 55 
Wheatear, Greater, in Solway Area, 182 
Wigeon, Nesting of, in ‘‘ Forth,” 249 
WILLIAMS, FREDERIC N., F.L.S., 
The High Alpine Flora of Britain, 


34 

WILLIAMSON, H. Cuas., D.Sc., Oc- 
currence of Anarrhichas latifrons 
in the North Sea, 120 

WILLIAMSON, WILLIAM, Dalyell’s Scot- 
tish Hydrachnids, 21 

Wolf, The, in Scotland and elsewhere 
(Curr. Lit.); 124 

Woodcocks nesting abundantly in Kirk- 
cudbrightshire, 247 

Woodpecker, Great Spotted, in Forth 
and Dee, 118; in Forth, 249 

Woodpecker, Great Spotted, in Perth- 
shire, 183 

Woodpecker, Great Spotted, in Suther- 
land, 183 

Woodpecker, Great Spotted, near Pen- 
pont, Dumfriesshire, 118 

Woodpecker, Great Spotted, Nesting 
of, in West Fife, 56 

Wren, Willow, Nesting on Ivy-covered 
Wall, 246 

WRIGHT, JOHN P., Grey Hen with Two 
Broods, 247 

Wrynecks in Tweed, 248 


END OF VOL. XIX. 


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EDINBURGH : DAVID DOUGLAS, 10 CASTLE STREET. 


CONTENTS 


Whaling in Scotland for 1909—A. C. Haldane, F.S.A. (Scot.) . 1 


On the Occurrence of the Eastern Pied Chat (Sazicola ples- 
chanka) in Scotland—A New British Bird. Plate I.— 


Evelyn V. Baxter and Leonora Jeffrey Rintoul . ; Ke 
Bird Notes from the Isle of May—Autumn 1909= “Leonarn 

Jeffrey Rintoul and Evelyn V. Baxter ; 5 4 
The Cotton-Spinner (Holothuria forskali)—An Ecltaotern new 

to the Fauna of Scotland—James Ritchie, M.A., BSc. . 1l 
The Occurrence of a Rare Crab, Paromola cuvieri, in Scottish 

Waters—James Ritchie, M.A., B.Sc. ; 12 
Scottish Phoride, with Tables of all the British Species, aa 

Notes of Localities —J. hk. Malloch : 15 
Dalyell’s Scottish Hydrachnids—Wm. Williamson... 21 
The False-Scorpions of Scotland (continued)—Robert Godfrey 3 

M.A. : 23 


The High iis Flora of ey Lee a ist of nie Blower: 
ing Plants and Ferns found at a Thousand Metres and 
upwards on the Mountains of the British Isles, with 
authentic References and Critical Notes Kcomtonaiett -— 


Frederic N. Williams, F.LS. . : 34 
Plants of some Southern Scottish Counties —6. Clar idge Peavy. 

M.A., PLS. : j : : ¥ 39 
Alien Pigubefainas Fraser ; 43 


Critical Remarks upon fies Cyperacece- anmenes as + tented in 
“Das Pflanzenreich” by oe Kiikenthal—G. Claridge 
Druce, Wel 5 PLB S ox ‘ : ; ‘ 46 


Zoological Notes ‘ 3 52 
The Noctule Bat in Mcgvakens = ye mM. Tan ylor ; Black eas Riou 
Water-Voles in the same Family— William Evans, F.R.S.E. ; The 
Length and Weight of Otters—H. W. Robinson ; Some Rare ‘Birds 
in Unst, Shetland—#rick Hamilton ; Some further Remarks on the 
Visitation of Crossbills—Wm. Eagle Clarke, F.L.S., F.R.S.E. ; 
Occurrence of Yellow-browed Warblers in East Ross - shire — 
Annie C. Jackson ; Migration of Redwings, etc.—Annie C. Jackson ; 
Grasshopper Warbler and Greater Wheatear at Mull of Galloway 
Light—Annie C. Jackson; The Greater Wheatear in Forth— 
William Evans, F.LRS.E. ; Golden Oriole in Dumfriesshire—Hugh 
S. Gladstone, M.A., F.Z. S.; Nesting of the Great Spotted Wood- 
pecker in West Fife—J. oh Daigleish ; Quails in East Lothian— 
Rev. H. N. Bonar, F.Z.S. ; “Ringed” Arctic Tern at Barns Ness 
Lighthouse (Forth)— William Evans, F.RS.L. ; Beautiful Variety 
of the Black-headed Gull—ZLady Fowler ; Porbeagle Shark in the 
Moray Hirth Wm. Taylor ; Barnacles on a Whale—James Ritchie, 
M.A., B.Sc. ; - Hydrachnids in Forth and Tay—William Evans, 
F. RSE. ; A Swan Parasite from Perthshire—James Weaterston, 


BD Bs Se. 
Botanical Notes and News . ; 58 
Fungi from the Isle of May— William hing. PRS. Ei. ; Scottish 
Pansies, 
Current Literature : : Pee .>, : 5 4 59 
Book Notices . : ; : : : ‘ : : 62 


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No. 74 ] 1910 [ APRIL 


The Annals 


of 


Scottish Natural History 


A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE 


WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED 


“The Scottish fraturalist 


LIBRARYis 
cz “i eS {> 
ie We 
d 
EDITED BY 


J. A. HARVIE-BROWN, F.R.S.E., F.Z.S. 


MEMBER OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION 


PANTES oWecia. > TRAIG,= Mi A. M.D, Fe Sa Ee 


PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN 


AND 


WILLIAM EAGLE CLARKE, F.R.S.E., F.LS, 


KEEPER OF THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT, THE ROYAL SCOTTISH MUSEUM, EDINBURGH 


EDINBURGH 


DAVID: DOUGLAS; CASTLE STRERT 
LONDON: R. H. PORTER, 7 PRINCES ST., CAVENDISH SQUARE 


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The Annals of Scottish Natural History 


All Articles and Communications intended for publication, 
and all Books, ete., for notice, should be sent to Mr. EAGLE 
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those relating to Botany, which should be addressed to PROF. 
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THE GAMEKEEPER’S MANUAL. By AtexanperR Porter, Chief 
Constable of the Counties of Roxburgh, Berwick, and Selkirk. Third 
Edition. Crown 8vo. 3s. net. 


“An excellent brief account of the law relating to game.” —Scotsman. 


‘© A very lucid and concise epitome of the game laws of England and Scotland.”—North British 
Agriculturist. 


HOW TO CATCH. TROUT. By THREE ANGLERS. Revised Edition. 
Illustrated. 1s. post free. 


‘«The advice given is always sound.”—Field. 


EDINBURGH: DAVID DOUGLAS, 10 CASTLE STREET. 


ee eel 


BOOKS ON NATURAL HISTORY. 


THE VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND. 
Edited by J. A. Harvir-Brown and T. E. Buckury. 


* 


“We receive few books thatare so grateful alike to the eye and senseas the sage-green octavos of Scot- 
tish zoological geography which come to us, one atter another, from Mr. Douglas. In welcoming this 
delightful Vertebrate Fauna of the Orkney Islands, we feel but one regret, the worlds which are left for 
Messrs. Buckley and Harvie-Brown to conquer are growing very few. ... We know not how to approach 
them. Are we to urge them on upon their splendid enterprise, or to hold them back, that our pleasure 
may be drawn out the longer? The same plan is pursued as in the previous volumes of this admirable 
series. A detailed physical geography of the islands precedes the catalogue raisonné of the species and 
habitats. Even to those, therefore, who have little zoological curiosity or knowledge, this book must 
be of unusual importance, if the readerhas an interest in the provinces described. "Saturday Review, 


VOLUMES ALREADY PUBLISHED— 
1. A VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SUTHERLAND, CAITHNESS, 
AND WEST CROMARTY. [Out of print. 


. A VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF THE OUTER HEBRIDES. 

[Out of print. 
3. THE BIRDS OF IONA AND MULL, 1852-1870. By the late 
Henry Davenport GraHam. With a Memoir of the Author. 
Illustrated from the Author’s Sketch Book. 21s, 


A VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF THE ORKNEY ISLANDS. 30s. 


. A VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF ARGYLL AND THE INNER 
HEBRIDES. 30s. 


and 7. A VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF THE MORAY BASIN. 
Two Vols. 60s. 


8. A VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SHETLAND. By T. E. Buckiry 
and A. H. Evans. 30s. 


9. A VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF THE NORTH-WEST HIGHLANDS 
AND SKYE. By J. A. Harviz-Brown and H. A. MacpHerson. 30s. 


10. A VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF THE TAY BASIN AND 
STRATHMORE. By J. A. Harvin-Brown. 30s. 


iS 


Oo 


(or) 


A VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF LAKELAND, including Cumberland 
and Westmorland, with Lancashire north of the Sands. By the 
Rey. H. A. MacpHerson, M.A. With Preface by R. S. Ferquson, 
F.S.A., Chancellor of Carlisle. Demy 8vo. Illustrated. 30s. 


HELIGOLAND AS AN ORNITHOLOGICAL OBSERVATORY. ‘The 
Result of Fifty Years’ Experience. By Heinrich GAvrKr. Trans- 
lated by RupoupH Rosewxsrock, M.A. Oxon. Royal 8vo. 30s. 


COLONSAY, ONE OF THE HEBRIDES. Its Plants: their Local 
Names and Uses—Legends, Ruins, and Place-Names—Gaelic Names 
of Birds, Fishes, etc.—Climate, Geological Formation, etc. By 
Murpocu M‘NerInt. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. net. 


THE BIRDS OF BERWICKSHIRE. By Georce Muiraeap. Two 
Vols. Demy 8vo. Illustrated. 30s. net. 


EDINBURGH: DAVID DOUGLAS, 10 CASTLE STREET. 


CONTENTS 


The Birds of Fair Isle—V. Report on Observations made 
during the Year 1909—Wm. Eagle Clarke, F.R.S.E., F_L.S. 


Scottish Heronries, Past and Present— Hugh Boyd Watt, 
M.B.O.U. 


The American Bittern in Scotland 77 ugh s Gladstone, M re 
F.ZS., FBS. : 


The Supposed Kegs of the Wood- Re vlsioer (Tetanus slorialas 
taken in Elginshire in 1853—William Evans, F.RS_E. 


The Aquatic Coleoptera of the Mid-Ebudes—Frank Balfour- 
Browne, M.A. (Oxon.), F.RS.E., P.ZS. 


Some Further Notes on Nocturnal Ppmbagpiere 56 Cotas on 


Scottish Phoride, with Tables of all the British Species, and 
Notes of Localities (continued)—J. R. Malloch . 


On the Scottish Species of Oxyura (Proctotrypide). Part iV 
Peter Cameron 


Plants of some ilies Secich ‘Goris (iam 
G. Cluridge Druce, M.A., F.L.S. 


Some “ Neolithic” Moss Remains from Fort William —H. N. 
Dixon, M.A., F.LS. 


Notes on the Review of Kiikenthal’s Gane Teronie Bennett, 
F.LAS. 


Additions for 1908- 1909 és Gatitas of Soeeich Hepatic — 
Symers M. Mucvicar ; : ; 


Zoological Notes 


Bee die Fecundity of a . Whale—Z. C. Folin PF S.A. (Scot. . 
Large Otter in “Tay ”—J. A. Harvie-Brown, E.R.S.E., Yee igs 
Crossbills on me North-East Coast—J. A. Harvie- Brown, 
LFRSE., F.Z8.; Albino Reed Bunting in Solway Area—Robert 
Service, MB. ii U.; Greater Wheatear at Mull of Galloway : 
a Correction—Annie C. Jackson ; Great Spotted Woodpecker near 
Penpont, Dumfriesshire — Hugh S. Gladstone, M.A., F.Z.S. ; 
Great Spotted Woodpecker in Forth and Dee—J. A. Har vie- Brown, 
F.R.S.E., F.Z.8. ; Greenland Falcons in Scotland—J. A. Harvie- 
Brown, ERS. E., PLS. and Wm. Eagle Clarke, F.L.S., F.R.S.E. ; 
Bittern in Fife—Henry H. Brown ; Long-tailed Duck near Gretna, 
Dumfriesshire—Hugh S. Gladstone, M.A., F.Z.S. ; Stock Dove in 
Dee—J. A. Harvie-Brown, F.R.S.E., F.Z.8. ; Hybrid Blackeock 
and Uapereatliie in Kincardineshire—Hugh S. Gladstone, M.A., 
F.Z.S, ; Capercaillie in East Lothian—Rev. H. N. Bonar, F.Z.S. 
Occurrence of ‘Anatrhichas latifrous in the North Sea—Z. Chas. 
Williamson, D. Sc. ; Occurrence of Velella spirans in Scottish Waters 
—James Ritchie, M. A., B.Sc. ; Ornithobius goniopleurus on the 
Bernacle Goose— William Evans, F.R.S.E.; Priapulus caudatus on 
the Fife Coast— William Hvans, F.R.S.E. ; ’ Ascaris osculata from a 
Common Seal killed in the Inner Hebrides—7’ illtiam Evans, F.RS.E. 


Botanical Notes and News . : ; 


Saxifraga cespitosa—A4rthur Bennett, F.L. ‘S; Helleborine atroviridis 
in W. Sutherland—Rev. Edward 8. Marshall, M.A., FDS. 


Current Literature 
Book Notices 


PAGE 


117 


124 
126 


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The Annals 


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A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE 


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EDITED BY 


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PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN 
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KEEPER OF THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT, THE ROYAL SCOTTISH MUSEUM, EDINBURGH 


EDINBURGH 


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THE GAMEKEEPER’S MANUAL. By Atexanper Porter, Chief 
Constable of the Counties of Roxburgh, Berwick, and Selkirk. Third 
Edition. Crown 8vo. 3s. net. 

‘« An excellent brief account of the law relating to game.”—Scotsman. 


“« A very lucid and concise epitome of the game laws of England and Scotland.’’—North British 
Agriculturist. 


HOW TO CATCH TROUT. By Turer Anctrrs. Revised Edition. 
Illustrated. 1s, post free. 


‘The advice given is always sound.”—Field. 


EDINBURGH: DAVID DOUGLAS, 10 CASTLE STREET. 


aa 


pee ee ee a 


fet ee liee 


BOOKS ON NATURAL HISTORY. 


THE VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND. 
Edited by J. A. Harvin-Brown and T. E. Buckury. 


‘“We receive few books that are so grateful alike to the eye and senseas the sage-green octavos of Scot- 
tish zoological geography which come to us, one after another, from Mr. Douglas. In welcoming this 
delightful Vertebrate Hawna of the Orkney Islands, we feel but one regret, the worlds which are left for 
Messrs. Buckley and Harvie-Brown to conquer are growing very few. ... We knownot howto approach 
them. Are we to urge them on upon their splendid enterprise, or to hold them back, that our pleasure 
may be drawn out the longer? The same plan is pursued as in the previous volumes of this admirable 
series. A detailed physical geography of the islands precedes the catalogue raisonné of the species and 
habitats. Even to those, therefore, who have little zoological curiosity or knowledge, this book must 
be of unusual importance, if the reader has an interest in the provinces described.” —Saturday Review. 


VOLUMES ALREADY PUBLISHED— 
1. A VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SUTHERLAND, CAITHNESS, 
AND WEST CROMARTY. [Out of print. 
2, A VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF THE OUTER HEBRIDES. 
[Out of print. 
3. THE BIRDS OF IONA AND MULL, 1852-1870. By the late 
Henry DAVENPORT GRAHAM. With a Memoir of the Author. 
Illustrated from the Author’s Sketch Book. 21s, 


. A VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF THE ORKNEY ISLANDS. 30s. 


5. A VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF ARGYLL AND THE INNER 
HEBRIDES. 30s. 


6 and 7. A VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF THE MORAY BASIN. 
Two Vols. 60s. 


8. A VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SHETLAND. By T. E. Buckury 
‘and A. H. Evans. 30s. 


9. A VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF THE NORTH-WEST HIGHLANDS 
AND SKYE. By J. A. Harvin-Brown and H.-A. MacpHErson. 30s. 


10. A VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF THE TAY BASIN AND 
STRATHMORE. By J. A. Harvin-Brown. 30s. 


aS 


A VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF LAKELAND, including Cumberland 
and Westmorland, with Lancashire north of the Sands. By the 
Rev. H. A. MacpHerson, M.A. With Preface by R. 8S. Ferauson, 
F.\S.A., Chancellor of Carlisle. Demy 8vo. Illustrated. 30s. 


HELIGOLAND AS AN ORNITHOLOGICAL OBSERVATORY. The 
Result of Fifty Years’ Experience. By HetnricH GATKE. Trans- 
lated by RupotepH Rosenstock, M.A. Oxon. Royal 8vo. 30s. 


COLONSAY, ONE OF THE HEBRIDES. Its Plants: their Local 
Names and Uses—Legends, Ruins, and Place-Names—Gaelic Names 
of Birds, Fishes, etc.—Climate, Geological Formation, etc. By 
Murpocu M‘Nerit. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. net. 


THE BIRDS OF BERWICKSHIRE. By Georce MurruEap, Two 
Vols. Demy 8vo. Illustrated. 30s. net. 


EDINBURGH : DAVID DOUGLAS, 10 CASTLE STREET. 


CONTENTS 


Obituary Memoir of William Haddon Beeby, F.L.S.—Rev. 
Edward S. Marshall, M.A., PLS. . : : 


Report on Scottish Ornithology in 1909—Hvelyn V. Butter 
and Leonora Jeffrey Rintoul 


On the Occurrence of the Rock Thrush 1 (Monticola sawatilis) in 
the Orkney Islands— William ge Clarke, F.RSE., 
F.LS. 


The Insect Fauna of Grouse Moors —Pary H. | Grins 
FRSE., FES. 


Scottish Dragonfly Records—W. J. Lucas, B.A., FES. . 


Contributions to a Flora of the Outer Hebrides. No. 4— 
Arthur Bennett, F. LS. . 


Notes on Carex—Fev. Edward S. Marshall, M.A., F.LS. 
On Some Scottish Alpine Forms of Carex—P. Ewing, F.L.S. 


Zoological Notes 


The Common Dolphin in Moray F Firth— Wim. es Crossbills in 
Perthshire—Her Grace the Duchess of Bedford, F.L.S., H.M.B.0.U.; 
A Peeblesshire specimen of the Chough— William Evans, F.R.S.L. ; 
Crossbills on the North-East Coast of Scotland—W. Stewart- 
Menzies ; Golden Oriole in Fife—Wm. Eagle Clarke, F.R.S.E£., 
F.LS.; Greater Wheatear in the Solway Area—Roberi Service ; 
Arctic Bluethroat in the Clyde Area—G. Stout; Dipper in the 
Island of Barra—Wm. L. Macgillivray ; Great Spotted Wood- 
pecker in Perthshire—Hon. Gladys Graham Murray ; Great Spotted 
Woodpecker in Sutherland— Francis G. Gunnis, F.Z.8.; An 
Argyllshire Heronry—W. I. Beawmont, F.Z.S., M.B.0.U. ; Hider 
Ducks in Clyde Area—J. A. Harvie-Brown, HR. She Lees 
American Yellow-billed Cuckoo in Argyllshire—Hugh S. Gladstone, 
MA., F.Z.S., F.RS.E. ; Notes on Siphonaptera— William Evans, 
FR.S. E. ; British Orthoptera. 


Botanical Notes and News 


Andreva petrophila ; Lycopodium Selago in a strange abit Bae 
James W. H. Trail, A.M., M.D., "EBS. F.L.S. ; Sarcoseypha 
protracta—Prof. James W. H. Trail, A.M., M.D. ,ER.S., FLAS, 


Current Literature 


Book Notices 


Darwinism and Human Life—Prof. J. Arthur ee M.A. ; The 
Vertebrate Fauna of Cheshire and Liverpool Bay—dited by 7. A. 
Coward, F.Z.8., with illustrations by Thomas Baddeley ; A History 
of Birds—W., P. Pycraft, A.L.S., F.Z.S., with an Introduction by 


Sir Ray Lankester, K.C.B., F.R&.S. ; Life-History and Habits of 


the Salmon, Sea-Trout, Trout, and other Freshwater Fish—P. D. 
Malloch ; A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera—/. W. 
Tutt, EE. S.; Colonsay, one of the Hebrides, its Plants, their 
local Names and Uses—Legends, Ruins, and Place- Names—Gaelic 
Names of Birds, Fishes, ete.—Climate, Geological Formation, ete. 
—Murdoch M‘Neill. 


COVERS FOR BINDING “THE ANNALS.”—Special Cloth Cases for binding 


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132 


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186 


188 


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Douglas, 10 Castle Street, Edinburgh. 


Printed by R. & R. CrarK, Limiten, Edinburgh. 


Ps eal Seer Cn ET a —, pore 


+ 


No. 76] ng Iglo [ OCTOBER 


eg ““< 
} 


ae The Annals 


of 


Scottish Natural History — 


A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE 


WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED 


‘Che Scottish sPaturalist 


EDITED BY 


J. A. HARVIE-BROWN, F.R.S.E., F-.Z.S. 


MEMBER OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION 


FAMERS. Wo bh a RATES MEAS MD RS cE LS: 


PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN 
AND 


WILLIAM EAGLE CLARKE, F.R.S.E., F.LS. 


KEEPER OF THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT, THE ROYAL SCOTTISH MUSEUM, EDINBURGH 


ay 
{RaTURAT\ 


~ 


EDINBURGH 


DAVID DOUGEAS, CASTEE sIT REEL 
LONDON: R. H. PORTER, 7 PRINCES ST., CAVENDISH SQUARE 


Price 2s.6d. Annual Subscription, payable in advance, 7s. 6d., Post free. 


—- Os. 


The Annals of Scottish Natural History. 


: 


All Articles and Communications intended for publication, 
and all Books, ete., for notice, should be sent to Mr. EAGLE 
CLARKE, RoyaAL SCOTTISH MUSEUM, EDINBURGH ; except 
those relating to Botany, which should be addressed to PROF. 
TRAIL, THE UNIVERSITY, ABERDEEN. 


Subscriptions and Advertisements should be addressed to 
the Publisher, Mr. DAVID DOUGLAS, 10 CASTLE STREET, 
EDINBURGH. 


Authors of General Articles will receive 25 Reprints (in 
covers) of their Contributions gratis. Additional copies, in 
covers, may be had from the Printers, at the undermentioned 
rates, provided such orders accompany the Manuscript. : 


25 Copies. 50 Copies. 100 Copies. | 

4 pages 3/6 4/6 de 

oy 4/6 5/6 8/6 
Were 6/— 7/- 11/— 
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feed and all latest improvements. The "Makers claim the “TORPEDO” Self-Filling Pen the 
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money will be returned or Pen exchanged till suited. Points can be had Fine, Medium, Broad, or 
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other pen so simple, reliable, or such a pleasure to use, Order at once. 


Makers—BLOOM & CO., Ltp., 37 CHEAPSIDE, LONDON, E.€. gents appointed. 


THE GAMEKEEPER’S MANUAL. By ALrexanper Porter, Late Chief 
Constable of the Counties of Roxburgh, Berwick, and Selkirk. Third 
Edition. Crown 8vo. 3s. net. 


“An excellent brief account of the law relating to game.”’—Scotsman. 


‘A very lucid and concise epitome of the game laws of England and Scotland.”—North British 
Agriculturist. 


HOW TO CATCH TROUT. By Taree Anatzrs. Revised Edition. 
Illustrated. ls, net. 


“The advice given is always sound.”—Field. 


EDINBURGH: DAVID DOUGLAS, 10 CASTLE STREET. 


BOOKS ON NATURAL HISTORY. 


THE VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND. 
Edited by J. A. Harvie-Brown and T. E. Buckiry. 


‘We receive few books that are so grateful alike to the eye and senseas the sage-green octavos of Scot- 
tish zoological geography which come tous, one after another, from Mr. Douglas. In welcoming this 
delightful Vertebrate Hawna of the Orkney Islands, we feel but one regret, the worlds which are left for 
Messrs. Buckley and Harvie-Brown to conquer are growing very few. ., .We know not howto approach 
them. Are we to urge them on upon their splendid enterprise, or to hold them back, that our pleasure 
may be drawn out the longer? The same plan is pursued asin the previous volumes of this admirable 
series. A detailed physical geography of theislands precedes the catalogue raisonné of the species and 
habitats. Even to those, therefore, who have little zoological curiosity or knowledge, this book must 
be of unusual importance, if the reader has an interest in the provinces deseribed.""—Saturday Review. 


VOLUMES ALREADY PUBLISHED— 

1. A VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SUTHERLAND, CAITHNESS, 
AND WEST CROMARTY. [Out of pront. 

2 VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF THE OUTER HEBRIDES, 
[Out of print. 
3. THE BIRDS OF IONA AND MULL, 1852-1870. By the late © 
Henry Davenport GrRaHAM. With a Memoir of the Author. 

Illustrated from the Author’s Sketch Book. 21s. net. 


. A VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF THE ORKNEY ISLANDS. 30s. 


5. A VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF ARGYLL AND THE INNER 
HEBRIDES. 30s. 


and 7, A VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF THE MORAY BASIN. 
Two Vols. 60s. 


bo 


i 


or) 


8. A VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SHETLAND. By T. E. Buckiey 
and A. H. Evans. 30s. 
9. AVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF THE NORTH-WEST HIGHLANDS 


AND SKYE. By J. A. Harvin-Brown and H, A. MAcPHERSON. 30s. 


10. A VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF THE TAY BASIN AND 
STRATHMORE. By J. A. Harvis-Brown. 30s. 

A VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF LAKELAND, including Cumberland 
and Westmorland, with Lancashire north of the Sands. By the 
Rev. H. A. MacpHrrson, M.A. With Pretace by R. S. Ferauson, 
F.S.A., Chancellor of Carlisle. Demy 8vo. Illustrated. 30s. 


HELIGOLAND AS AN ORNITHOLOGICAL OBSERVATORY. The 
Result of Fifty Years’ Experience. By Heinrich GATKE. Trans- 
lated by Ruponp# RosEnstock, M.A. Oxon. Royal 8vo. 30s. 


COLONSAY, ONE OF THE HEBRIDES. Its Plants: their Local 
Names and Uses—Legends, Ruins, and Place-Names—Gaelic Names 
of Birds, Fishes, etc.—Climate, Geological Formation, etc. By 
Murpocu M‘Neint. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. net. 


THE BIRDS OF BERWICKSHIRE. By Grorce Muirueap. Two 
Vols. Demy 8vo. Illustrated. 30s. net. 


EDINBURGH : DAVID DOUGLAS, 10 CASTLE STREET. 


CONTENTS 


Report on Scottish Ornithology in 1909 (continued)—Hvelyn V. 
Baxter and Leonora Jeffrey Rintoul . 


On Visits .aid to the Island of N. Roun Ha Rae the 
Duchess of Bedford, F.LS., H.M.B.0.U. 


Nyssia zonaria, Schiff., in the Outer Hebrides Bien Y H. 
Grimshaw, FR. SE, PES. . 

On the Scottish Species of Oxyura (Pi coctotry pide). Part V.— 
Peter Cameron 

Contribution to our Knowledge of the ‘Hydroid Fauna of the 
West of Scotland—Joies Ritchie, M.A., B.Sc. 


Contribution to a Flora of Caithness. No. v. —Arthur ‘Beaiats 
F.LS. ; ; : 

Contributions to a Flora of the Outer Hebrides. No. 4 
(continued)—Arthur Bennett, F.L.S. 


Carex aquatilis, Wahlb., var. nov.—Arthur Bennett, F. LS. 


New and Rare Mosses from Different and Distant Parts of 
Scotland—Dr. James Stirton, F.L.S. 


Zoological Notes 

Note on a Neck-bone of Balena biscayensis from the Post- -tertiary Clay 
of the Moray Firth Area—Wm. Taylor ; Wild Cat in Argyll— 
J. A. Harvie-Brown, F.R.S.E., F.Z.S.; Wild Cat in Caithness— 
J. A. Harvie-Brown, F.R.S.E., F.Z.8. ; Whooper Swans breeding 
in Shetland—7. Henderson, Juin, ; Another arrival of Crossbills in 
Scotland—Wm. Eagle Clarke, F.RS.£., FLAS, ; Crossbills in Tay 
—J. A, Harvie-Brown, F.R. 8. £., F.Z. Ses Albino Wheatear in 
Shetland—Dr. 7. Edmondston Saxby Ys Willow Wren nesting on 
Ivy - covered Wall— Charles Kirk; Greenland Falcons in the 
Northern Highlands—Annie C. Jacksons Grey Hen with Two 
Broods — John P. Wright; Woodcocks nesting abundantly in 
Kirkeudbrightshire—Hugh ‘S. Gladstone, M.A., FZS., FRSL. ; 
Black - tailed Godwit in East Ross-shire—Annie C. Jackson ; 
Malformation in a Young Curlew’s Bill—Annie C. Jackson; An 
unclaimed marked Starling—A. Landsborough Thomson ; Nightjar 
in Argyll—Henry H. Brown ; Forfeited Egg 3 of the Golden Eagle 
—Wm. Eagle Clarke, F.R.S. E., FLL.S, ; Capereaillies in Moray— 
J. A. Harvie-Brown, F.B.S.L., FZ. ae Wrynecks i in Tweed—J. A. 
Harvie-Brown, PRS. E., BZ. S.; Great Sp. Woodpecker in Forth 
—J. A. Harvie-Brown, F.RS.E., F.Z.S. ; Nesting of the Gadwall 
and the Wigeon in ‘‘ Forth’ __ William Evans, F.R.S.E, ; Spotted 
Redshank in ‘‘Dee”—JZ. WV. G. Ramsay; Sea- Bream in the 
Solway — Robert Service, M.B.O.U.; Lamna spallanzanii in the 
Moray Firth: an Explanation — m. Taylor; Sea Lamprey in 
Skye—Wm. Eagle Clarke, F.B.S.E., F.L.S, ; The Worm Pipe-Fish 
in “ Forth ”— William Evans, FR. S. E.; Some Terrestrial Inverte- 
brates from Fair Isle—William Evans, F. RSE. 


Botanical Notes and News . ; : ; ' 5 : 
Plants of a City Waste—A. B. Steele ; Alisma plantago in Caithness— 
Arthur Bennett, F.L.S.; Tnsect ‘Visitors of Fumaria officinalis— 
S. £. Brock ; Scheuchzeria palustris on Rannoch Moor—G. VW’. 
Scarth ; Moneses uniflora—Prof. James W. H. Trail, A.M., M.D., 
F.RS., F.L.S. ; Poppies by Railways near Aberdeen—P? ‘of. James 
W. H. Trail, AM, M.D., ERS; ELS. 


Current Literature 
Book Notices 
INDEX 


238 
244 


252 


254 
255 
257 


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