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£  8ii 

F<'l4    SatiiaE))  SfWnit;  fttlaol 


ANDOVER-HARVARD  THEOLOGICAL 
LIBRARY 

MDCCCCX 

CAMBRIDGE,  MASSACHUSETTS 


i^: 


ANNALS  OF  SALEM. 


VOL.    I. 


-^>y«« 


Cnmch 


ATSTNALS  OF  SALEM. 


JOSEPH    B.    FELT. 


•■•bL — Tmua  Jtirit, 


vol.  I. 


SECOND     BDITION. 


SALEM : 
PUBLISHED   BY   W.    &    8.    B.    IV 

BOSTON  :-JAME8  MONBOE  ft.  CQ*^^^^^ 
1845.  -^^^ 


£  'Syy 


:>" 


c  •  . 


Fr  H    Smtadi  StMnilr  Actool 


ANDOVER-HARVARD  THEOLOGICAL 

LIBRARY 

MDCCXX^X 

CAMBRIDGE,  MASSACHUSETTS 


I. 

1 


1 


\ 


ANNALS  OF  SALEM. 


VOL.    I. 


6  NAME. 

which  their  strongest  affections  were  entwined,  in 
which  centered  their  highest  earthly  hopes  and  their 
dearest  enjoyments,  and  for  which  they  were  ready  to 
endure  the  utmost  priiration  and  suffering. 

On  the  map  ^  of  Massachusetts  and  part  of  Maine,  as 
described  by  Captain  John  Smith,  in  1614,  and  as  hav- 
ing its  different  portions  subsequently  named  by  Prince 
Charles,  the  location  of  Salem  was  called  Bastable. 
It  is  not  unlikely  that  the  abundance  of  Bass,  former- 
ly in  our  waters,  was  the  origin  of  such  a  name. 
But  an  alteration  of  this  kind  had  little  influence  on 
the  natives  of  our  soil,  to  surrender  their  own  Naum- 
keag.  Not  until  after  the  arrival  of  Mr.  Higginson,  is 
any  attempt  known  to  have  been  made  by  the  Coun- 
cil, on  the  premises^  to  have  the  word  substituted  by 
another.  He  mentions,  in  his  communication  to 
friends  at  home,  that^  before  the  date  of  his  writing, 
which  was  July  24,  1629,  such  a  change  had  taken 
place,  and  that  the  settlement  was  then  called  Salem. 
While  thus  speaking  of  what  became  the  permanent 
appellation  of  our  city,  he  observes :  "  Here  is  plen- 
tie  of  marble  stone  in  such  store,  that  we  have  great 
rocks  of  it,  and  a  harbour  hard  by.  Our  plantation  is 
from  thence  called  Marble  harbour."  It  appears  from 
this,  that  a  term,  afterwards  applied  exclusively  to 
Marblehead,  was  used  to  designate  not  only  the  latter 
place,  but  also  the  whole  town  of  Salem,  to  which  it 
then  belonged. 

The  Planters'  Plea,^  in  adducing  proofs  that  the 
Indians  here  had  anciently  some  knowledge  of  the 

*  Smith*B  Palbway,  etc.,  Mass.        'Printed  in  London,  1C30,  and 
Hist.  Coll.,  s.  3,  ▼.  o,  pp.  20,  34.       supposed  to  have  been  written  by 

Rev.  John  White,  p.  14. 


NAME.  f 

Jews,  makes  the  ensuing  remark :  ^<  It  fals  out,  that 
the  name  of  the  place,  which  our  late  Colony  hath 
chosen  for  their  seat,  prooves  to  bee  perfect  Hebrew^ 
being  called  Nahum  Keike;  by  interpretation,  the 
bosom  of  consolation ;  which  it  were  pitty  that  thosoi 
which  observed  it  not,  should  change  into  the  name 
of  Salem,  though  upon  a  faire  ground,  in  remembrance 
of  a  peace  setled  upon  a  conference  at  a  general! 
meeting  betweene  them  and  their  neighbors,  after  ex« 
pectance  of  some  dangerous  jarre."  In  this  paragraph, 
there  appears  more  of  fancy  than  fact,  as  to  the  Indian 
name.  It  is  very  probable,  from  the  custom  of  our 
early  historians,  that  if  ten  persons  had  undertaken  to 
spell  such  a  word,  without  any  consultation  with  each 
other,  and  as  pronounced  by  the  natives,  they  would 
all  have  varied  some,  and  that  not  one  of  them  would 
have  made  the  exact  number  of  letters,  and  those  of 
the  same  kind,  contained  in  Nahum  Keike. 

On  the  same  subject,  Hubbard'  remarks:  <<In  this 
place,  soon  after  by  a  minister,  that  came  with  a  com- 
pany of  holiest  planters,  called  Salem,  from  that  in 
Psalms,  Ixxvi.  2,  was  laid  the  first  foundation,  on 
which  the  next  colonies  were  built."  The  minister 
here  referred  to,  was,  most  likely,  Rev.  Francis  Hig^ 
ginson. 

Cotton  Mather^  writes :  "  Of  which  place  I  have 
some  where  met  with  an  odd  observation,  that  the 
name  of  it  is  rather  Hebrew  than  Indian ;  for  Nahum 
signifies  comfort,  and  Keik  signifies  an  haven ;  and 
our  English  not  only  foimd  it  an  haven  of  comfort, 

>  Hubbard's  New  England,  p.        'Mather's  Magnalia,  edition  of 
10^  J820,  V.  1,  p.  63. 


8  SITUATION  AND  EXTENT. 

but  happened  also  to  pat  an  Hebrew  name  upon  it ; 
for  they  called  it  Salem,  for  the  peace,  which  they  had 
and  hoped  in  it." 

To  the  few  aborigines  whom  the  plague  had  spared, 
such  an  alteration  could  be  of  no  material  consequence. 
Still  it  was  fraught  with  the  depressing  knowledge, 
that  the  dominion  of  their  soil  had  passed  from  them 
and  fallen  to  the  hands  of  strangers. 

SITUATION  AND  EXTENT. 

As  a  Sagamoreship,  Naumkeag  had  limits  nearly 
like  the  following:  Its  northwardly  line  was  Salem  to 
Andover ;  and  its  southwardly,  Medford  to  Massachu- 
setts Bay.  As  occupied  and  denominated  by  our  an- 
cestors, it  originally  comprehended  Marblehead,  Bev- 
erly, Manchester,  Wenham,  Danvers,  part  of  Topsfield 
and  of  Middleton.  For  information  of  the  stranger, 
its  present  boundaries  are  given  ,•  northwardly  by  Bev- 
erly and  Danvers,  southwardly  and  westwardly  by 
Lynn  and  Lynnfield,  and  eastwardly  by  Marblehead 
and  the  aforesaid  Bay.  Its  territory,  including  Islands, 
contains  ^  5,429  acres.  As  calculated  at  the  Marine 
Hall,  its  latitude  is  42©  31'  18'Yi^  N;  longitude,  70^ 
63'  63"xj,y  W. 

INCORPORATION. 

With  regard  to  the  incorporation  of  places  in  the 
early  years  of  the  Colony,  there  was  no  settled  rule, 
no  such  formal  enactments,  as  have  existed  for  over  a 
century  and  a  half.  Respecting  some  towns,  there  is 
much  obscurity  as  to  the  time  and  mode  of  their  be- 

>  Rev.  Dr.  Bentley. 


INCORPORATION.  ( 

ing.so  constituted.  Of  this  class  is  our  own  city.  In 
looking  over  the  circumstances  connected  with  the 
date  at  which  its  incorporation  has  been  generally  set, 
the  writer  is  of  opinion  that  chronologists,  since  1700, 
intended  to  reckon  it  so  as  to  keep  in  remembrance 
the  arrival  of  Rev.  Francis  Higginson,  and  those  with 
him.  If  so,  they  seem  to  have  drawn  their  authority 
from  Mather's  Magnalia,  which  puts  it  on  the  24th  of 
June.  But  this  was  a  mistake,  probably  made,  like 
others,  by  the  publishers  in  England.  The  truth, 
however,  is,  that  Mr.  Higginson's  journal  records  it  as 
the  29th.  Hence,  in  this  view,  the  incorporation  of 
Salem  should  stand  the  29th,  and  not  24th  of  June, 
1629. 

In  another  aspect,  it  is  more  likely  that  if  the  origi- 
nal settlers  here  had  chosen  one  of  two  dates  for  cal* 
culating  such  a  privilege — namely,  either  at  the  said 
arrival,  or  change  of  the  Plantation's  name,  they 
would  have  preferred  the  latter.  A  reason  for  this 
conjecture  is,  that  the  Colony  records,  when  describ- 
ing certain  towns  as  having  their  Indian  names  ex- 
changed for  English  ones,  seem  to  regard  the  com- 
mencement of  their  corporate  capacity  as  more  at  such 
periods,  than  at  any  others  of  their  mentioning  them. 
It  is,  also,  observable,  that  a  large  portion  of  the  an- 
cient towns  have,  by  a  later  consent,  their  age  of 
incorporation  beginning  when  this  alteration  was 
made.  Had  the  manuscript  proceedings  of  the  ad- 
ministration here,  under  Governor  Endicott,  cotne 
down  to  us,  light  would  dawn  upon  our  search.  But 
they  are  gone,  and  it  is  feared  irrecoverably  so.  Still, 
Hubbard  was  a  neighbor  and  cotemporary  of  Conaoti 

2* 


10  INCORPORATION. 

and  other  founders  of  this  community,  and  he  wrote 
not  unadvisedly  on  matters  of  this  kind.  He  informs 
us,  that  Naumkeag  was  altered  to  Salem,  by  a  cler- 
gyman ^  soon  after  his  coming  hither,  and  circumstan- 
ces denote  that  this  divine  was  Mr.  Higginson,  more 
than  another.  These  considerations,  with  the  fact 
that  such  a  change  was  prior  to  July  24,  lead  us  to 
conclude  that  it  was  in  the  early  part  of  the  same 
month.  Thus  examined,  the  incorporation  of  Salem 
would  come  in  July  instead  of  June.  Still,  as  it  has 
been  so  long  placed  in  the  latter  month,  though  with- 
out £iny  other  known  authority  than  the  mere  fancy 
of  some  individuals  under  the  second  charter,  it  had 
better  stand,  with  the  24  substituted  by  29. 

There  is  no  intention,  in  what  has  been  said,  to  set 
lightly  by  the  occasion,  at  the  date  of  which  our  in- 
corporation has  been  usually  placed.  No.  It  was  one 
full  of  importance  to  this  infant  Commonwealth,  and 
richly  deserved  any  such  commemoration. 

In  the  preceding  observations,  we  have  one  of  not 
a  few  instances,  wherein  data  have  been  fancifully 
assumed,  and  thence  accounted  as  the  basis  of  indu- 
bitable truth.  Though,  in  some  cases,  the  remark, 
*<  where  ignorance  is  bliss,  'tis  folly  to  be  wise,"  may 
hold  correctly,  yet  it  does  not  possess  so  much  force 
as  to  deny  the  propriety  of  the  foregoing  explanation, 

INCORPORATION  AS  A  CITY. 

Before  closing  this  section,  we  are  called  from  its 
doubt  to  the  certainty  of  fact.     After  the  continuance 

*  Probably  he  proposed  it  to  the  Council,  of  which  he  was  a  member. 


INDIANS.  11 

of  Salem  nearly  210  years,  it  became  incorporated^  as 
a  City,  March  23,  1836.  During  such  a  period,  it  saw 
various  changes,  experienced  many  trials,  and  enjoyed 
numerous  blessings.  Its  course  of  existence,  having 
been  planned  and  commenced  on  the  noblest  princi- 
ples of  human  action,  was  kept  from  the  baneful  irregu- 
larities which  have  marked  the  way  of  all  commu- 
nities, begun  and  continued  in  motives  of  vicious 
ambition  and  debased  selfishness.  Could  the  judicious 
Conant  and  his  companions,  when  making  this  place, 
as  their  retreat  from  the  trials  of  unsuccessful  experi- 
ment, have  looked  down  through  the  prospect  of  ages 
and  directed  their  vision  to  such  a  change,  under  all 
its  hopeful  circumstances,  their  hearts  would  have 
risen  to  heaven  in  the  warmest  aspirations  of  gratitude. 
Could  they  commune  with  the  thousands  dwelling  on 
the  foundations  of  their  hands,  they  would  utter  the 
counsel  of  wisdom — See  to  it  that  you  cherish  the 
deepest  sentiments  of  dependence  on  the  divine  aid, 
which  has  preserved  your  inheritance.  "  Except  the 
Lord  keep  the  city,  the  watchman  waketh  but  in 


vain." 


INDIANS. 


Before  entering  on  the  full  nanation  of  events 
which  relate  to  our  city,  it  may  be  desirable  to  look  at 
the  natives,  who  anciently  owned  its  territory.  Great 
interest  has  long  been  taken  in  searchiog  out  the  abo- 
rigines of  various  parts  in  the  old  world.  Many  of 
the  most  inviting  chapters  in  American  history  bear 
upon  the  same  subject.     This  will  be  increasingly  so, 

*Tbe  seal  adopted  as  the  i^ult  of  this  act,  is  impressed  on  the  title 
page. 


12  INDIANS. 

as  our  country  advances  in  age.  It  is  not  then  a  busy, 
barren  idleness,  to  cull  the  facts  which  concern  the 
red  men,  who  formerly  planted  on  the  sites  of  our 
towns,  ranged  over  our  fields,  hunted  through  our  for- 
ests, gazed  from  our  mountains,  and  fished  in  our 
waters.  No.  There  may  be  intellectual  and  moral 
improvement  derived  from  the  relics  of  a  people,  once 
familiar  with  our  own  localities,  but  long  since  extinct. 

Among  the  principal  Indian  nations  ^  of  New  Eng- 
land, were  the  Massachusetts  and  Pawtuckets.  The 
former  held  sway  over  the  tribes  of  Weechagaskas, 
Neponsitt,  Punkapoag,  Nonantum,  Nashaway  and  some 
of  Nipmuck.  One  of  their  Sagamores,  who  lived  be* 
fore  the  plague,  had  Mount  Wollaston^  "cleared  for 
himselfe,"  and  it  was  called  "  Massachusetts  fields." 
The  Pawtucket  dominion  was  northwardly  from  Bos- 
ton, and  embraced  the  "Pennakooks,  Agawoames, 
Naamkeeks,  Pascataways,  Accomintas,"  and  others. 
Before  the  desolating  sickness,^  it  could  raise  3,000 
warriors,  but  after  that  only  a  few  hundreds.  When 
Captain  John  Smith  visited  our  coast  before  its  settle- 
ment by  Europeans,  he  found  that  the  Penobscots* 
were  at  war  with  their  neighbors,  the  Tarrentines ; 
that  the  former  were  in  alliance  with  various  tribes, 
among  whom  were  those  of  "  Augawoam  and  Naum- 
keek." 

While  comparing  these  two  places,  as  they  were  in 
1614,  he  observes :  "  Naiemkeek,  though  it  be  more 

^Gookin  in  Mats.  Hist.  Coll.,    HiffginMn,  1617:  Wood'i  N.  E.. 
a.  1,  ▼.  1.  pp.  147—149.  1619. 

•Wood's  N.  £.  Protpeet,  p.  96.        «  Smith  in  Moss.  Hist.  Coll.  a. 
*Gookin  sajs  1612  and  1613;    3,  y.  3,  p.  22.    Smith's  History  of 

Virginia,  t.  2,  p.  193. 


SQUAW  SACHEM  AND  SONS.  IS 

^^*^)cky  ground,  for  Augoan  is  sandy,  not  much  inferi* 
»ur  neither  for  the  harbour,  nor  any  thing  I  could  per* 
{eive,  but  the  fnultitude  of  peopW^  It  appears  from 
^his,  that  Naumkeag  had  then  less  inhabitants  than 
^Agawam ;  but,  as  the  latter  had  a  large  population, 
^he  former  may  be  calculated,  from  the  phraseology, 
-to  have  had  its  hundreds,  if  not  thousands. 

Speaking  of  the  allies  just  named.  Captain  Smith 
observes:  "All  these,  for  any  thing  I  could  perceive, 
differ  little  in  language  or  any  thing,  though  most  of 
them  be  Sagamos  and  Lords  of  themselves,  yet  they 
hold  the  Bashabes  of  Penobscot,  the  cheife  and  great* 
est  among  them." 

However,  in  the  years  of  their  strength,  the  Naum- 
keags  may  have  been  greatly  sought  to  unite  in  a 
common  league  against  the  inroads  of  a  powerful  foe, 
they  were  so  dwindled  away  by  fatal  disease,  when 
our  fathers  entered  upon  their  soil,  they  could  do  little 
for  turning  the  scale  of  victory  and  conquest  to  either 
side. 

Relative  to  such  of  them  as  survived  when  the 
Rev.  John  Higginson  came  hither,  his  testimony  ^  is  of 
the  subsequent  tenor :  "  To  y«  best  of  my  remem- 
brance when  I  came  ouer  with  my  father  to  this  place, 
being  then  about  thirteen  yeares  old,  there  was  in 
these  parts  a  widow  woman,  called  squaw  Sachem, 
who  had  three  sons.  Sagamore  John,  kept  at  Mistick, 
Sagamore  James,  at  Saugust,  and  Sagamore  George, 
here  at  Naumkeke.  Whether  he  was  actual  Sachem 
here,  I  cannot  say,  for  he  was  young  then  about  my 
age,  and  I  think  there  was  an  elder  man  y^  was  at 

*  Essex  Coanty  Records. 


14  TOWN.    NANEPASHEMET.    FORT. 

least  his  guardiau.  But  y*  Indian  towne  of  Wigwams 
was  on  y®  North  side  of  y®  North  river,  not  farre  from 
Simondes  and  y""  both  y*  North  and  South  side  of 
that  river  was  together  called  Naumkeke." 

The  squaw  here  named  was  the  relict  ^  of  Nanepa- 
shemet,  who  was  killed  about  1619,  and  left  five  chil- 
dren ;  of  these  were  James,  Abigail,  John,  and  George. 
He  was  probably  slain  by  the  Tarrentines.  It  is  most 
likely,  that  the  Indian  town,  from  its  adjacency  to  the 
river,  bearing  the  name  of  his  nation,  was  one  of  his 
principal  residences.  Mourt's  Relation  states,  that  the 
party  from  Plymouth  in  1621,  while  ranging  through 
some  of  his  territory,  met  with  two  of  his  forts. 
Wherever  these  fortifications  were  located,  it  is  certain 
that  there  was  one,^  like  them,  on  Marblehead  neck, 
near  Forest  River,  remaining  in  1658,  and  called  aa 
"old  Indian  fort." 

This  Sagamore's  jurisdiction  was  more  extensive 
than  generally  supposed.  By  the  deposition  of  John 
Devereux,^  the  three  sons  who  succeeded  him  claimed 
"  all  y®  lands  in  these  parts,  as  Salem,  Marblehead, 
Linn,  and  as  far  as  Mistick." 

For  a  second  husband,  the  squaw  Sachem  married^ 
Wappacowet  or  Webcowet,  a  priest.  With  him  she 
grants  land,  1639-40,  lying  against  Mistick  pond,  and 
reserved  by  her  from  Charlestown  and  Cambridge,  to 
Jotham  Gibbons,  son  of  Edward  Gibbons,  of  Boston, 
for  benefits  of  the  latter  towards  them.  The  land  so 
given  was  to  be  possessed  by  the  former  at  her  decease. 

"  Lewis*  Lynn,  p.  16.  in  1630,  and,  in  1604,  was  aged  80. 

»  Essex  Registry  Records.  «  Drake's  Book  of  Indians,  b.  H. 

3  Came  from  England  to  Salem    p.  40—42. 


SqUAW  SACHEM.    TOWN.  |5 

In  the  deed^  of  this  conveyance,  she  styles  herself 
s^oaw  Sachem  of  Mistick.  In  1644,  she  with  several 
.Sagamore^ submits^  to  the  government  of  the  Ck)lony, 
and  agrees  to  have  the  children  of  her  subjects  taught 
the  Bible.  If,  as  has  been  supposed,  she  ruled  over 
some  of  the  Nipmuk  Indians,  she  may  have  been  the 
Squaw,  who,  as  they  related,^  being  blind,  died  in 
consequence  of  ill  treatment  firom  a  party  of  Narragan- 
setts,  who  came,  as  enemies,  in  1667,  and  robbed  their 
fort. 

Speaking  of  the  questions  asked  by  his  Indian  hear- 
ers, the  apostle  Eliot  says,  in  1647,  that  Webcowet 
inquired  why  the  English  had  not  attempted  sooner  to 
make  sufficient  exertions  to  evangelize  the  natives  ? 

In  reference  to  the  town  beyond  North  River,  Mr. 
Dudley,  in  his  letter*  of  1631,  may  have  intended  it 
in  the  following  extract :  "  Neere  to  Salem  dwelleth 
two  or  three  families,  subiect  to  the  Sagamore  of  Aga- 
wam.  This  Sagamore  hath  but  few  subiects  and 
they  and  himself  tributory  to  Sagamore  James,  hav- 
ing beene  before  the  last  yeare,  in  James  his  minority, 
tributory  to  Sbicka  Talbott."^  If  he  meant  the 
Northfield  town,  he  did  not  think  it  contained  so  many 
people,  as  Mr.  Higginson^s  language,  more  likely  than 
his  to  be  correct,  seems  to  have  signified. 

The  James  just  mentioned,  was,  as  before  stated, 
one  of  the  Squaw  Sachem's  soqs,  was  named  Monto- 
wompate,  and  was  Sagamore  of  Lynn  and  Marble- 
head.     When  Mr.  Dudley  wrote,  it  appears  that  James 

'  Mass.  Archives)  Indian,  v.  1,        •  General  Court  Records. 
p.  1.     Her  mark  was  a  bow  with        ^  Mass.  Archives,  Indian,  v.  1, 
an  arrow  on  its  string,  aad   his,    p.  138. 

an  oblong  figure.  ^  To  the  Countess  of  Lincoln. 

'  The  sachem  of  Mass.  Indians. 


16       SAGAMORES  JAMES,  JOHN  AND  GEORGE. 

had  recently  assumed  his  jurisdiction,  and  held  author- 
ity  over  the  Indians  of  Salem  and  Ipswich,  as  tribu- 
taries. This  chief  thus  came  into  possession  of  part 
of  his  father's  territory,  formerly  under  the  Sagamore- 
ship  of  Naumkeag.  He  and  most  of  his  people  died  ^ 
of  the  small  pox  in  1633. 

His  elder  brother,  John  or  Wonohaquaham,  and 
most  of  his  subjects,  died  of  the  like  disease,  near  the 
same  date.  Mr.  Maverick  buried  above  thirty  of  them 
in  one  day.  He  is  spoken  of  on  Charlestown  records, 
as  giving  leave  for  the  emigrants  from  Salem  to  settle 
that  place,  calling  him  a  chief  "  of  gentle  and  good 
disposition."  He  "  desired  to  be  brought  among  the 
English,  and  promised,  if  he  recovered,  to  live  with 
the  English,  and  serve  their  God.  He  left  one  son, 
which  he  disposed  to  Mr.  Wilson,  the  pastor  of 
Boston,  to  be  brought  up  by  him.  He  gave  to  the 
Governor  a  good  quantity  of  Wampompeague,  and  to 
divers  others  of  the  English  he  gave  gifts,  and  took 
order  for  the  payment  of  his  own  debts,  and  his  men's. 
He  died  in  a  persuasion  that  he  should  go  to  the  Eng- 
lishmen's God."  His  will^  was,  that  all  the  wampum 
and  coats  left,  should  be  given  to  his  mother  ;  and  his 
land  about  Powder  Horn  hill  to  his  son,  and  in  case  of 
his  decease,  to  his  brother  George. 

Thus  was  George  left  as  the  only  survivor  of  his 
brethren.  It  is  likely  that  he  was  the  chief  men- 
tioned by  Mr.  Eliot,  in  his  letter ^  of  1649:  "Linn 
Indians  are  all  naught  save  one,  who  sometimes  Com- 
eth to  heare  the  word,  and  telleth  me  that  hee  prayeth 

»V^^inlhrop,  v.  1,  p.  119,  120,        «MaMi.  Archive«,  Indian,  v.  1, 
mentions  this  under  Dec.  5.  p.  19. 

3  Dated  Nov.  13,  in  Mass.  Hist.  Coll.  8.  3,  v.  4,  p.  88. 


SAGAMORE  GEORGB.  17 

to  God,  and  the  reason  why  they  are  bad  is  partly  and 
principally  because  their  sachim  is  naught,  and  careth 
not  to  pray  unto  God."  If  so,  he  had  failed  to  imi- 
tate the  commendable  example  of  his  mother  and  eld- 
est brother ;  that  it  was  thus,  seems  to  be  implied  by 
subsequent  events.  The  son  of  John  had  died  before 
May  11, 1651,  when  his  uncle  George  petitioned  Gen- 
eral Court,  that  he  might  possess  the  land,  conditioi]^ 
ally  left  him  by  his  brother.  The  inhabitants  of 
Chelsea,  then  Rumney  Marsh,  argued  against  his  claim ; 
said  it  would  disturb  the  right  to  their  township,  and 
likewise  that  to  Lynn.  By  this  time,  it  is  evident 
that  George  had  attained  to  all  the  remaining  rule  of 
the  Indians  from  Naumkeag  river  to  Mystic  river ;  and 
thus  supplied  the  place  of  his  father  as  to  territorial 
limits,  but  not  as  to  the  number  of  his  subjects. 
Though  nothing  is  left  us  on  record,  except  the  impli- 
cation of  Mr.  Higginson's  relation,  to  show  that  when 
he  came  of  age,  he  was  acknowledged  to  be  Saga- 
more of  the  few  Indians  about  Salem,  yet  there  can 
be  no  reasonable  doubt  but  that  such  was  the  fact 
George's  Indian  name  was  Winnapurkitt.  He  was 
also  called  George  Rumney  Marsh,  and  No  Nose. 
For  a  considerable  period,  little  is  known  of  his 
course.  But  he  still  held  fast  his  claim  to  the  fee  of 
all  his  father's  domain.  He  lived  to  survive  the  aw- 
ful conflict  between  Philip  and  New  England.  He 
appears  to  have  sided  with  the  foes  of  our  fathers. 
The  testimony  ^  of  two  Christian  Indians  shows,  that 
he  returned  from  Barbadoes.  No  probable  reason  can 
be  assigned  why  he  should  have  been  in  that  foreigQ 

*  Estsez  Coantj  Records,  in  1686. 

3 


It^  SAGAMORE  6£OR6£. 

port,  imless,  like  a  considerable  number  of  Indian  C9p 
lives,  he  was  transported  to  the  West  Indies,  and  sold 
«s  a  slave,  for  being  engaged  in  the  rebellion.  On 
coming  home,  he  lived  and  died  at  the  house  of  his 
Illative,  James  Rumney  Marsh,  of  Natick,  who  had 
been  very  active  and  seviceable  for  the  English  in 
Iheir  struggle  with  Philip.  His  decease  occurred 
1684,  when  he  was  68  years  old.  George  married  ^ 
7oane  or  Ahawayetsquaine,  the  daughter  of  Poquan- 
num,  or  Dark  Skin,  who  lived  on  Nahant.  He  left 
two  daughters,^  Cicely  Petaghuncksq  and  Sarah  Wut- 
taquatinnusk,  and  three  grand-children,  David  Nonnu- 
panohow  and  Sam  Wuttaanoh,  both  children  of  his 
son  Nonnumpannumhow,  and  John  Tontohqunne,  the 
son  of  Cicely. 

These  relatives,  in  1686,  lived  at  Chelmsford.  He 
had  other  connections,  who  resided  at  Natick  and  else- 
where. However  Sagamore  George  died  from  the 
home  of  his  fathers,  yet  he  never  surrendered  his 
claim  on  their  territory,  from  our  North  River  to  Mys- 
tick.  As  one  of  his  dying  injunctions,  he  left  all 
such  country  to  his  worthy  kinsman,  James  Rumney 
Marsh,  on  condition  that  he  would  use  exertions  to 
have  his  fee  in  it  acknowledged  and  a  consideration 
for  it  allowed.  A  leading  characteristic  of  the  Naum- 
keag  Sachem,  thus  called  to  sleep  with  his  ancestors 
from  the  feverish  scenes  of  life,  which  he  had  expe- 
rienced in  large  proportion,  was  his  indomitable  pur- 
pose. Had  he  turned  this  inclination  so  as  to  have 
had  it  under  Christian  influence,  his  passage  to  the 
grave  would  have  been  less  rough,  and  more  accom- 

' Lewis's  Lynn,  p.  18.  'Salem  Indian  Deed. 


NAUMKEAGS.  If 

3)anied  with  the  alleviations  of  usefulness.  His  ex* 
pectation  that  a  price  would  be  paid  to  his  relatives 
for  the  fee  of  his  Sagamoreship,  was  not  altogether 
ideaL  The  very  year  of  his  decease,  Marblehead  sat* 
isfied  such  a  demand  for  their  premises.  Two  yeact 
afterwards,  Salem  did  the  same. 

Thus  closed  all  further  presentations  of  demand  for 
the  domain,  once  populous  with  the  race  of  the  red 
man.  Thus  terminated  the  regal  sway  of  a  house, 
which,  if  it  could  speak,  or  its  annals  had  been  writ* 
ten  and  preserved,  would  probably  reveal  many  chan* 
ges  of  thrilling  interest ;  many  deeds  of  stale  for  tb# 
weal  or  wo  of  multitudes ,-  many  demonstrations  of 
policy,  approved  or  condemned  by  the  decisions  oi 
equity.  Here  is  one  of  the  numerous  responses  of 
experience  to  the  truth  of  a  master  orator,  <<  Whal 
shadows  we  are,  what  shadows  we  pursue.^' 

However  the  kings  of  Naumkeag  ceased  to  be  elect* 
ed  and  jNTOclaimed  as  lords  of  its  soil  and  subjeets^ 
still  it  continued  to  be  trodden  with  the  feet  of  waa» 
dering  natives.  Credible  tradition  relates,  that  dowa 
to  1725,  and  subsequently,  a  company  of  them  paid 
an  annual  visit  to  Salem,  and  encaniped  on  a  side  of 
Gallows  HiU.  It  is  very  likely  that  some,  if  not  all 
of  them,  were  descendants  of  those  who  once  ogci»p 
pied  the  territory  thus  frequented.  No  doidbt,  froot 
the  sympathies  of  human  nature,  these  pilgrims  walked 
among  the  sepulchres,  stood  upon  the  houseless  sites, 
gazed  on  the  mementoes,  mused  on  the  changes,  re* 
peated  the  traditions,  and  dwelt  on  the  ex^doits  of 
their  departed  ancestors.  So  occupied,  the  heaving 
sigh,  the  falling  tear,  the  expressive  countenance,  told 


4|§  INDIAN  TOWN. 

the  deep  workings  of  their  soul,  and  its  mysferioos 
imagery,  which  portrayed  the  fancied  glory  of  the 
past  in  contrast  with  the  melancholy  present  and  the 
hopeless  future.  When  returning  to  the  homes  of 
their  adoption,  though  unskilled  in  the  harp,  and  it 
hung  not  on  the  willow,  still  the  grief  of  Israel  was 
theirs,  and  they  had  little  heart  to  join  in  the  songs  of 
a  strange  land.  With  regard  to  the  Indian  Town  in 
North  Fields,  there  is  evidence  that  many  of  its  in- 
habitants were  buried  in  the  vicinity  of  its  location, 
from  the  quantity  of  human  bones  thrown  up,  as  the 
earth  there  has  been  disturbed  by  the  operations  of 
improvement. 

In  a  former  account  *  of  Salem  it  is  observed :  "  The 
natives  had  forsaken  the  spot  before  the  English 
reached  it.  On  the  soil  they  found  no  natives  of 
whom  we  have  any  record.  No  natives  ever  claimed 
it,  and  the  possession  was  uninterrupted."  This  pas- 
sage contains  a  mistake.  It  is  noticed  not  with  a 
spirit  of  pretended  infallibility,  for  in  nothing  more 
will  the  searcher  for  any  truth  find  such  a  spirit  se- 
verely rebuked,  than  in  his  own  liability  to  err.  It  is 
adduced  to  show  that,  notwithstanding  highly  respect- 
ed authority  to  the  contrary,  the  evidence  already  pre- 
sented substantiates  the  position,  that  there  was  a 
remnant  of  the  Naumkeags  still  lingering  around  this 
settlement  when  first  occupied  by  our  fathers. 

Relative  to  the  composition  of  the  Indian  claim  for 
the  territory  of  Salem  in  1686,  it  seems  to  denote  that 
this  matter  was  not  virtually  cancelled  before.  But 
there  are  various  facts  which  exhibit  a  different  view.. 

^Ma«i»  Hist.  Coil.^  1. 1,  t.  6. 


INDIAN  CLAIM.  1| 

William  Dizy,^  who  landed  here  in  1629,  testified^ 
"  When  we  came  to  dwell  heare,  the  Indians  bid  Yi 
welcome,  and  shewed  themselues  very  glad  that  we 
came  to  dwell  among  them,  and  I  vnderstand  tbef 
had  kindly  entertained  the  English  y^  came  hether 
before  wee  came,  and  the  English  and  the  Indians  had 
a  feild  in  common,  fenced  in  together,  and  the  Indians 
fled  to  shelter  themselves  vnder  the  English  oft  times^ 
saying  they  were  afraid  of  theire  enemy  Indians  in 
the  contry :  in  particular,  I  remember  sometime  after 
we  arrived,  the  Agawam  Indians  comfdained  to  Mr. 
Endecott,  that  they  weare  afraid  of  other  Indians^ 
called,  as  I  take  it,  Tarrateens ;  — Hugh  Browne  was 
sent  with  others  in  a  boate  to  Agawam  for  the  Idt 
dians'  releife,  and,  at  other  times,  wee  vgaue  our  neigh* 
bour  Indians  protection  from  their  enemy  Indians." 

To  the  same  import  was  the  evidence  of  Humphrey 
Woodbury,^  who  came  with  Dixy.  After  stating  that 
the  Naumkeags  welcomed  them  and  fled  to  them  for 
I^otection  against  the  Tarrantines,  he  remarks,  "  Wee 
had  theire  free  leaue  to  build  and  plant  where  we 
haue  taken  up  lands." 

Of  a  like  signification  is  the  following  passage  from 
the  Planters'  Plea,^  of  1630 :  "  In  times  past  the  Tar- 
entines  (who  dwell  from  those  of  Mattachusetts  bay, 
neere  which  our  men  are  seated,  about  fifty  or  sixty 
leagues  to  the  North-East,)  inhabiting  a  soile  unfit  to 
produce  that  countrey  graine,  being  the  more  hardy 
people,  were  accustomed  yearely,  at  harvest,  to  come 
down  in  their  canoes,  and  reape  their  fields,  and  carry 

*  Essex  Coantj  Records.     He        'His  age  was  72,  in  1680-1. 
WM  mged  73,  in  1680-1.  «  Page  27. 

o  • 


93  INDIAN   CLAIM. 

away  their  corne,  and  destroy  their  people,  which 
wonderfully  weakened  and  kept  them  low  in  times 
past.  From  this  evill  our  neighbourhood  hath  wholy 
freed  them,  and  consequently  secured  their  persons 
and  estates,  which  makes  the  natives  there  so  glad  of 
our  cofnpanyJ^ 

<•  Prom  writers  of  that  period  it  was  a  general  im- 
pression that  no  objection  should  be  arrayed  against 
the  right  of  our  ancestors'  occupying  this  settlement, 
because  the  natives  did  not  merely  consent,  but  were 
even  glad  to  have  them  do  so,  as  the  great  means  of 
preventing  their  own  extermination.  In  the  minds  of 
Indians,  situated  as  they  were,  there  could  have  been 
no  other  thoughts  than  that  it  was  much  for  their  ben- 
efit to  exchange  land  which  they  could  not  improve, 
for  a  protection  which  enabled  them  to  use  the  abun- 
dant surplus  with  feelings  of  security. 

Besides,  in  two  letters  from  the  Company's  Court, 
in  London,  to  Governor  Endicott,  they  were  particu- 
lar in  desiring  him  to  satisfy  every  just  claim  of  the 
natives,  made  to  the  territory  of  Naumkeag.  From 
his  known  promptitude  and  high  sense  of  equity, 
there  can  be  no  rational  doubt  but  that  he  fulfilled 
every  iota  of  such  instructions. 

Such  legislative  care  continued  in  various  modes 
and  instances.  At  a  session  of  General  Court,  Oct. 
19,  1662,  there  were  several  enactments^  concerning 
Indian  titles  to  land.  "  That  what  lands  any  of  the 
Indeahs,  within  this  jurisdiccon,  have  by  possession  or 
improvement,"  shall  be  theirs.  That  whenever  qual- 
ified and  disposed  to  live  among  the  English,  the  In- 

^  Colooj  Recordf,  t.  4,  p.  96-7. 


INDIAN  CLAIM.  88 

^ans  shall  have  grants  of  land,  or,  to  be  incorporated 
by  themselves,  they  shall  be  allowed  townships,  and 
participate  in  all  civil  rights,  as  the  English  do. 
While  security  is  thus  rendered  to  the  natives,  it  is 
not  withheld  from  the  Colonists.  <<  It  is  enacted,  that 
all  the  tract  of  land  within  this  jurisdiccon,  whether 
already  graunted  to  any  English  plantaccon  or  persons, 
or  to  be  graunted  by  this  Courte,  not  being  vnder  the 
qualification  of  right  to  the  Indeans,  is  and  shall  be 
accompted  the  just  right  of  such  English,  as  haue  or 
hereafter  shall  haue  grant  of  lands  from  this  Courte 
and  the  authorietye  thereof  from  that  of  Gennesis  1, 
28,  and  the  invitacon  of  the  Indeans."  These  pro- 
visions approve  themselves  to  every  candid  mind. 
They  give  no  indication  of  a  wish  to  lose  sight  of 
rectitude  in  the  application  of  power.  They  repeat 
the  argument  of  Indian  presentatioUi  as  though  it 
were  "  known  and  read  of  all  men." 

The  subsequent  demand  of  George,  the  Naumkeag 
Sachem,  may  have  been  based  on  some  incident  of 
this  kind ;  that,  being  a  minor  when  the  affair  was 
compromised  with  his  guardian,  it  did  not  receive  his 
mental  consent,  and,  therefore,  he  would  not  hold  to 
it  as  valid.  The  numerous  instances  of  thus  taking 
advantage  of  occasions,  even  among  highly  civilized 
communities,  indicates  that  such  policy  in  the  Ss^a- 
more  was  no  strange  event  in  the  circle  of  human 
conduct. 

There  is  one  fact  which  bears  on  this  point.  Ips- 
wich was  bought  by  John  Winthrop,  Jr.,  in  1638,  of 
Masconnomet,  for  £20.  In  1701,  Topsfield  paid  £3 
to  one  of  this  Sagamore's  heirs,  for  the  part  originally 
included  in  the  very  same  purchase  of  Mr.  Winthrop. 


94  INDIAN  CLAIM. 

This  AoiWSj  that  a  demand's  b^ing  brought  againgt 
Salem  for  its  territory  by  descendants  of  its  former 
Sachemi  does  not  decide  but  that  every  such  claim 
was,  at  first,  considered  by  both  parties  as  settled. 

Our  position  is  further  confirmed  by  the  worthy 
Higginson,  whose  word,  at  any  time,  was  as  good  as 
a  bond.  In  a  conirersation  ^  of  his  with  Sir  Edmund 
Andros  and  friends,  he  made  the  ensuing  remarks : 
<<I  did  certainly  know  that  from  the  beginning  of 
these  plantations,  our  fathers  entered  upon  the  land, 
partly  as  a  wilderness  and  Vacuum  Domicilium^  and 
partly  by  the  consent  of  the  Indians,  and  therefore 
care  was  taken  to  treat  with  them,  and  to  gain  their 
consent,  giving  them  such  a  valuable  consideration  as 
was  to  their  satisfaction ;  and  this  I  told  them  I  had 
the  more  certain  knowledge  of,  because  having  learned 
the  Indian  language  in  my  younger  time,  I  was  at  sev- 
eral times  made  use  of  by  the  government,  and  by 
divers  particular  plantations,  as  an  interpreter  in  treat- 
ing with  the  Indians  about  their  lands,  which  being 
done  and  agreed  on,  the  several  townships  and  propor- 
tions of  lands  of  particular  men  were  ordered  and  set- 
tled by  the  government  of  the  country." 

By  such  evidence,  the  question  whether  the  Naum- 
keags  had  full  satisfaction  for  the  soil  of  our  city — 
even  before  the  deed — ^is,  as  we  believe,  settled  in  the 
affirmative.  Still,  even  aside  from  the  political  mo- 
tives, which  then  urged  the  measure,  it  was  well  to 
deal  kindly  with  the  descendants  of  the  chiefs,  who 
were  once  able  to  maintain  their  authority  over  the 
soil,  from  our  own  North  River  to  the  Mystic,  and 

'  Revolation  in  N.  £.  juitified,  p.  19. 


DESCRIPTION  OP  THE  NAUMKEAG8  AND  OTHERS.  fU 

thus  obtain  a  quitclaim  from  them  so  as  to  silence  all 
subsequent  demands.  * 

Before  bidding  adieu  to  a  subject  which  is  one  of 
the  shades  that  '<  more  sweetly  recommends  the  light " 
of  historic  lore,  we  will  view  a  description^  of  the 
Naumkeags  and  their  neighboring  tribes,  from  the  elo- 
quent pen  of  our  patriarch  Higginson.  "  For  their 
governors,  they  have  kings,  which  they  call  Sagga* 
mores,  some  greater  and  some  lesser,  according  to  the 
number  of  their  subjects.  The  greater  Saggamores 
about  us  cannot  make  above  three  hundred  men,  and 
other  lesse  Saggamores  have  not  above  fifteen  subjects, 
and  others  neere  about  us  but  two.  Their  subjectS| 
above  twelve  years  since,^  were  swept  away  by  a 
great  and  grevious  plague,  that  was  amongst  them,  so 
that  their  are  verie  few  left  to  inhabite  the  country. 
The  Indians  are  not  able  to  make  use  of  the  one 
fourth  part  of  the  land,  neither  have  they  any  settled 
places,  as  townes  to  dwell  in,  nor  any  ground  as  they 
challenge  for  their  own  possession,  but  change  their 
habitation  from  place  to  place. 

'<  For  their  statures,  they  are  a  tall  and  strong  limmed 
people,  their  colours  are  tawney,  they  goe  naked,  save 
onely  they  are  in  part  covered  with  beasts'  skins  on 
one  of  their  shoulders,  and  weare  something  before 
their  privities  ;  their  haire  is  generally  blacke,  and  cut 
before,  like  our  gentele  women,  and  one  locke  longer 
than  the  rest,  much  like  to  our  gentelmen,  which 
fashion,  I  thinke,  came  from  hence  into  England. 

"  For  their  weapons,  they  have  bowes  and  arrowes, 

>  Mass.  Hist.  Coll.  s.  1,  t.  1,  pp.       '  1617.    Other  aathorities  speak 
122,  123.      .  of  like  ])estilence  at  dates  diflfereot 

from  this. 


S6  DESCHIPTION  OF  THE  NAUMKEAG9. 

some  of  them  headed  with  bone,  and  some  with 
brasse.  I  have  sent  you  some  of  them  for  an  exam- 
idie. 

"  The  men,  for  the  most,  Hve  idely ;  they  do  nothing 
but  hunt  and  fish.  Their  wives  set  their  corne  and 
do  all  their  other  work.  They  have  little  houshold 
stuffe,  as  a  kettle  and  some  other  vessels,  like  trayes, 
spoones,  dishes,  and  baskets.  Their  houses  are  very 
little  and  homely,  being  made  with  small  poles,  prick- 
ed into  the  ground,  and  so  bended  and  fastened  at  the 
tops  and  on  the  sides,  they  are  matted  with  boughs 
and  covered  on  the  roof  with  sedge  and  old  mats ;  and 
for  their  beds  that  they  take  their  rest  on,  they  have 
a  mat. 

"  They  doe  generally  professe  to  like  well  of  our  com- 
ing and  planting  here ;  partly  because  there  is  abun- 
dance of  ground,  that  they  cannot  possesse  nor  make 
Use  of,  and  partly  because  our  being  here  will  bee  a 
meanes  both  of  relief  to  them  when  they  want,  and, 
also,  a  defence  from  their  enemies,  wherewith  (I  say) 
before  this  plantation  began,  they  were  often  indan- 
gered. 

"  For  their  religion,  they  do  worship  two  Gods,  a 
good  and  an  evil  God.  The  good  God  they  call  Tan- 
tum,  and  their  evil  God,  whom  they  fear  will  doe 
them  hurt,  they  call  Squantum. 

'*  For  their  dealing  with  us,  we  neither  fear  them  nor 
trust  them,  for  fourtie  of  our  musketeeres  will  drive 
five  hundred  of  them  out  of  the  field.  We  use  them 
kindly ;  they  will  come  into  our  houses  sometimes  by 
half  a  dozen  or  half  a  score  at  a  time,  when  we  are 
at  victuals,  but  will  ask  or  take  nothing  but  what  we 
give  them. 


INDIAN  DEED.  S7 

"  We  purpose  to  learn  their  language  as  soon  as  we 
c^an,  which  will  be  a  means  to  do  them  good." 

In  connection  with  so  comprehensive  a  view  of  the 
aborigines,  Mr.  Higginson  states  that,  in  their  business 
concerns,  they  sold  beaver  to  the  English  for  com. 
But  we  are  admonished,  after  so  long  a  converse  with 
the  original  occupants  of  our  soil,  that  we  should  take 
our  leave  of  them.  Note  the  bright  streak,  curved  on 
the  sky  before  the  break  of  dawn.  Once  it  Was  full 
orbed.  Now  rapidly  fading  away.  Fit  emblem  of 
the  Naumkeags,  when  first  seen  by  the  Pilgrims. 
They  were  fast  in  the  wane.  As  a  nation,  they 
speedily  disappeared.  But  that  extinguished  curve  is 
to  be  re-illumined.  Not  so  with  them.  Their  only 
place  of  action  is  eternity.  There  they  move  amid 
the  fixed  laws  of  the  moral  universe.  There  we 
shall  shortly  behold  them.  That  the  sight  may  be 
blessed,  we  must  improve  the  lesson  of  their  adver- 
sity, so  as  to  prosper  in  the  attainments  of  spiritual 
elevation. 

INDIAN  DEED. 

Prom  circumstances  of  the  period,  it  is  evident  that 
there  was  one  particular  reason  among  others,  why 
the  succeeding  document  was  obtained.  It  was  the 
purpose  of  James  II.  to  enforce  his  claim  for  the  terri- 
tory of  our  Province,  on  the  plea  that  the  Charter  by 
which  it  had  been  held,  was  already  forfeited.  In 
connection  with  an  argument  of  this  kind,  our  ances- 
tors well  knew  that  diplomatic  practice  would  call  up 
every  incidental .  query  which  could  strengthen  the 
regal  pretension.  They  were  aware,  that  however 
satisfaction  had  been  rendered  to  the  natives,  at  first, 


28  INDIAN  DEED, 

for  their  right  to  the  soil,  yet,  in  all  cases,  wherein  no 
written  evidence  of  it  could  be  adduced,  there  would 
be  an  attempt,  by  agents  of  the  crown,  to  play  off 
such  an  omission  against  the  rightful  proprietors. 
Hence  the  need  of  Salem  and  other  like  corporations, 
to  procure  formal  conveyances  of  their  lands,  as  a 
safeguard  against  the  encroachments  of  the  Usurjw.- 
tion. 

To  all  people  to  whom  this  present  deed  of  sale  shall  come. 
David  Nonnuphanohow,  Sam  Wuttaannoh  and  John  Tontoh- 
qunne,  Cicely's  son,  grandchildren  of  George  Sagamore,  Cicely 
Petaghuncksq,    Sarah    Wuttaquatinnusk,    both    daughters    or 
George  Sagamore  aforesaid,  Thomas  Vkqueakussennum,  alias 
Capt.  Tom,  all  of  Waymessick,  alias  Chelmsford,  in  y«  County 
of  Middlesex,  within  His  Majesties  territory  and  dominion  or 
New  England  in  America.      James  Quanophkownatt,  alias 
James  Rumney  Marsh,  Israeli  Quanophkownatt,  son  of  said 
James,  Joanna  Quanophkownatt,  relict,  widow  of  old  John 
Quanophkownatt,  Yawataw,  relict,  widow  of  John  Oonsumog, 
Wuttawtinnusk,  wife   of  Peter  Ephraim,  all  of  Natick,   in 
y*  county  Middlesex  within  His  Majesties  Territory  and  Do- 
minion of  New  England  in  America  aforesaid,  send  greeting. 
Know  ye,  that  we,  y«  above  said,  David  Nonnuphanohow,  Sam 
Wuttaanoh,  Jn*  Tontohqunne,  Cicely's  son,  Cicely  Petaghuncksq, 
Sarah  Wuttaquatinnusk,  Thomas  Vkqueakussennum,  alias  Capt 
Tom,  James  Quanophkownatt,  alias  James  Rumney  Marsh, 
Israeli  Quanophkownatt,  Joane  Quanophkownatt,  Yawataw, 
Wattawtinnusk,  fbr  and  in  consideration  of  y*  full  and  just 
summe  of  twenty  pounds,  currant  money  of  New  England,  to 
them  in  hand  at  and  before  y*  ensealing  and  delivery  of  these 
presents, — By  Jn^  Ruck,  Jn*»  Higginson,  Samuel  Gardner,  Tim- 
othy Lindall,  William  Hirst,  Israel  Porter,  Selectmen  and  Trus- 
tees for  the  town  of  Salem,  in  y«  county  of  Essex,  within  His 
Majesties  territory  and  dominion  of  New  England,  in  America, 
well  and  truely  paid  the  receipt  whereof,  they  do  hereby  ac- 
knowledge, and  themselves  therewith  to  be  fully  satisfied  and 


INDIAN  DEED.  c|Q 

contented,  and  thereof  and  of  every  part  thereof^  doe  hereby 
acquitt,  exonerate  and  discbarge  y*  said  Jn'  Ruck,  Jn**  Higgin« 
son,  Samuel  Gardner,  Timothy  Lindall,  William  Hirst  and 
Israel  Porter,  as  trustees — above  said,  their  heirs,  exeeutors  and 
administrators,  as  also  all  y*  rest  of  y*  Purchasers  and  Proprie> 
tors  of  said  township  of  Salem,  and  each  and  every  of  them 
for  ever  by  these  presents,  have  given,  granted,  bargained,  sold, 
aliened,  enfeofifed,  and  confirmed,  and  by  these  presents  doe 
fully,  freely,  clearly,  and  absolutely,  giue,  grant,  bargain,  sell, 
aliene,  enfeoffe,  and  confirme  unto  them,  y*  said  Jno  %ick,  Jn« 
HigginsoD,  Samuel  Gardner,  Timothy  Lindall,  William  Hirst 
and  Israel  Porter,  as  trustees  abovesaid,  and  to  their  Heirs  and 
Assignes,  for  ever,  to  and  for  y*  sole  use,  benefitt  and  behoof  of 
the  Proprietors  in  and  purchasers  of  y*  township  of  Salem 
aforesaid — All  y*  said  township  of  Salem,  viz.  all  that  tract  and 
parcell  of  Land  lying  to  y*  westward  of  Neurakeage  river, 
alias  Bass  river,  whereupon  y"  town  of  Salem  is  built,  so  pro- 
ceeding along  to  y*  head  of  Neumkeage  river,  called  by  y"  Eng- 
lish, Bass  river,  so  comprehending  all  y^  land  belonging  to  the 
township  of  Salem,  according  as  it  is  butted  and  bounded  with, 
and  upon  y*  towns  of  Beverly,  Wenham,  Topsiield,  Redding, 
Lynne  and  Marblebead,  down  to  y"  sea,  which  said  land  is  a 
part  of  what  belonged  to  the  ancestors  of  y*  granters  and  m 
their  proper  inheritance ;  or  howsoever  y"  said  township  or  any 
part  or  parcell  thereof  is  butted  and  bounded  or  reputed  to  be 
bounded,  together  with  all  houses,  edifices,  buildings,  landa^ 
yards,  orchards,  gardens,  meadows,  marshes,  feedings,  grounds^ 
rocks,  stones,  beach,  flatts,  pastures,  fences,  commons,  commons 
of  pasture,  woods,  underwoods,  swamps,  waters,  watercourses, 
dams,  ponds,  head  wares,  fishings,  fowlings,  wayes,  easements, 
profitts,  priviledges,  rights,  commodityes,  emoluments,  royal- 
tyes,  hereditaments,  and  appurtenances  whatsoever — As  also 
all  mines,  mettalls,  mineralls,  with  all  islands,  and  priviledges 
of  Neumkeage  river,  alias  Bass  river,  which  the  ancestors  of 
said  Granters  heretofore  rightfully  possessed  with  all  and  singu- 
lar their  appurtenances — to  y"  said  township  of  Salem  and  other 
y*  premises,  belonging  or  in  any  wise  appertaining  or  therewith 
now  used,  occupied,  or  iojoyed  as  part,  parc^U  ox  hv^teXwx 

4 


80  INDIAN  DEED. 

thereof,  and  also  all  rents,  arrearages  of  i^nta,  qaitt  natB, 
rights  of  all  things  aboTe  named,  as  also  all  riTers^  creeks,  ecyres 
whatsoeuer,  with  all  their  priviledges  and  appurtenances  (noth^ 
ing  excepted  or  reserved)  and  also  all  deeds,  writings  and  evi^ 
dences  whatsoeuer,  touching  and  concerning  y*  premises,  or 
any  irnrt  or  parcell  thereof— To  have  and  to  hold  all  y*  said 
township  of  Salem,  butted  and  bounded  as  abovesaid,  with  all 
other  the  above  granted  premises,  with  their  and  every  of  their 
rights,  members  and  appurtenances,  and  every  part  and  pareeH 
thereof  li^reby  granted,  bargained  and  sold,  or  meant,  noen- 
tioned  or  intended  to  be  hereby  granted  and  sold  unto  y^  said 
Jn'  Ruck,  Jn'  Higginson,  Samuel  Gardner,  Timothy  Lindall, 
William  Hirst,  and  Israel  Porter,  as  trustees  above  said,  and  to 
their  heirs  and  assignee  for  ever,  to  and  for  y*  sole  vse,  benefitt 
and  behoof  of  y*  proprietors  in  and  purchasers  of  y«  said  towB* 
ship  of  Salem — ^And  y*  said  David  Nonnuphanohow,  Sam 
Wuttaanoh,  Jn<*  Tontohqunne,  Cicely  Petaghuncksq,  Sarah 
Wuttaquatinnusk,  Thomas  Vsqueakussennum,  alias  CapL  Tom, 
James  Quanophkownat,  alias  James  Rumney  Marsh,  Israeli 
Quanophkownatt,  Joane  Quanophkownatt,  Yawataw,  Wattaw- 
tinnusk,  for  themselves,  their  heirs,  executors,  administratons 
joyntly,  severally  and  respectively,  do  hereby  covenant,  promise 
and  grant  to  and  with  y*  said  Jn°  Ruck,  Jn°  Higginson,  Sam- 
uel Grardner,  Timothy  Lindall,  William  Hirst  and  Israel  Porter, 
as  trustees  above  said,  their  heirs  and  assignes  on  behalf  of  y* 
proprietors  and  purchasers  of  y*  said  town  of  Salem  in  manner 
and  form  following,  (that  is  to  say,)  that  at  y"  time  of  this  pres- 
ent bargaine  and  sale,  and  untill  y"  ensealing  and  delivery  of 
these  presents,  they  and  their  ancestors  were  y*  true,  sole  and 
lawfull  owners  of  all  y"  afore  bargained  premises,  and  were 
lawfully  seized  of  and  in  y*  same,  and  every  part  thereof  ia 
their  own  proper  right,  and  haue  in  themselves  full  power,  good 
right,  and  lawfull  authority  to  grant,  sell,  conveigh  and  assure 
y*  same  unto  y^  said  Ju°  Ruck,  Jn"^  Higginson,  Samuel  Gard- 
ner, Timothy  Lindall,  William  Hirst  and  Israel  Porter,  as  trus- 
tees abovesaid,  their  heirs  and  assignes  for  y*  vse  abovesaid, 
as  a  good,  perfect,  and  absolute  estate  of  Inheritance  in  fee 
simple,  without  any  manner  of  condition,  reversion,  or  limitar 


INDIAN  DE£D.  SI 

tioBy  whatsoever,  so  as  to  alter,  change,  defeat,  or  make  void 
y«  same,  and  y^  y  said  Jn'  Ruck,  Jn^  Higginson,  Samuel 
Gardner,  Timothy  Lindall,  William  Hirst  and  Israel  Porter,  at 
trustees  aboTesaid,  their  heirs  and  assignee,  for  y*  use  and  bene* 
fitt  of  the  purchasers  and  proprietors  of  y*  aforesaid  township 
of  Salem,  shall  and  may  by  force  and  virtue  of  these  presents^ 
from  time  to  time,  and  at  all  times  for  ever  hereafter,  lawfully, 
peacably  and  quietly  have,  hold,  use,  occupy,  possess  and  injc^ 
y«  above  granted  premises,  with  their  appurtenances  and  every 
part  and  parcell  thereof,  free  and  clear,  and  clearly  acquitted 
and  discharged  of  and  from  all  and  all  manner  of  former  and 
other  gifts,  grants,  bargains,  sales,  leases,  mortgages,  joynture% 
dowers,  judgements,  executions,  forfeitures,  and  of  and  from  all 
other  titles,  troubles,  charges,  and  incumbrances  whatsoever! 
had  made,  committed,  done,  or  suffered  to  be  done  by  y*  said 
David  Nonnuphanohow,  Sam  Wuttaanoh,  Jn**  Tontohqunne^ 
Cicely  Petaghuncksq,  Sarah  Wuttaquatinnusk,  Thomas  Vsque* 
akussennum,  alias  Capt  Tom,  James  Quanophkownat,  alias 
James  Rumney  Marsh,  Israeli  Quanophkownat,  Joane  Quanoph- 
kownatt,  Yawataw,  Wattautinnusk,  or  either,  or  any  of  them, 
their  or  either  or  any  of  their  heirs  or  assignee,  or  by  their  or 
either  or  any  of  their  ancestors,  at  any  time  or  times  before 
y*  ensealing  hereof— And  farther,  that  y*  said  David  Nonnu* 
phanohow,  Sam  Wuttaanoh,  Jn**  Tontohqunne,  Cicely  Petag- 
huncksq, Sarah  Wuttaquatinnusk,  Thomas  Vsqueakussennum, 
alias  Capt.  Tom,  James  Quanophkownatt,  alias  James  Rumney 
Marsh,  Israel  Quanaphkownatt,  Joane  Quanophkownatt,  Yaw- 
ataw, Wattawtinnusk,  their  heirs,  executors  and  administrators, 
joyntly  and  severally,  shall  and  will  from  time,  and  at  all  times 
for  ever  hereafter,  warrant  and  defend  y'  above  granted  prem- 
ises, with  their  appurtenances  and  every  part  and  parcell  thereof 
unto  y*  said  Jn'  Ruck,  Jn**  Higginson,  Samuel  Gardner,  Timo- 
thy Lindall,  William  Hirst,  Israeli  Porter,  trustees  as  above 
said,  and  to  their  heirs  and  assignee  for  ever,  to  and  for  y*  sole 
vse  and  benefitt  of  y*  proprietors  and  purchasers  in  and  of 
y*  said  township  of  Salem,  against  all  and  every  person  and 
persons  whatsoever  any  wayes  lawfully  claiming  or  demanding 
y*  same  or  any  part  parcell  thereof— And  lastly,  that  they  y*  said 
David  Nonnuphanohow,  Sam  Wuttaanoh,  Jn°   Tontohqunne, 


INDIAN  DEED. 

Cicely  Petagfauoeksqf  Sarah  Wultaquatioiiuak,  Tbouias  Ysque- 
akiiflsennum,  alias  Capt.  Tom,  Jarues  Quanophkownatt,  alias 
James  Ruroney  Marsh,  Israeli  Quanophkownatt,  Joane  QuaD- 
opbkownatt,  Yawataw,  Wattawtinnusk,  or  either  or  any  of 
them,  their  or  any  of  their  heirs,  executors  or  administrators, 
shall  and  will  from  time  to  time  and  at  all  times  hereafler  when 
thereunto  required  at  y*  cost  and  charges  of  y*  said  Jn*  Ruck, 
Jn®  Higginson,  Samuel  Gardner,  Timothy  Lindall,  William 
Hirst  and  Israel  Porter,  their  heirs  or  assignes,  or  y«  purchasers 
and  proprietors  of  y^  said  township  of  Salem,  do,  make,  ac- 
knowledge, execute,  and  suffer  all  and  every  such  farther  act 
and  acts,  thing  and  things,  assurances  and  conveighances  in 
y*  law  whatsoever  for  y*  further  and  better  surety  and  sure- 
making  of  y*  abovesaid  township  of  Salem,  with  y*  rights, 
liereditaments  and  appurtenances  above,  by  these  presents, 
mentioned  to  be  bargained  and  sold  vnto  y*  said  Jn^  Ruck, 
Jn*>  Higginson,  Samuel  (Gardner,  Timothy  Lindall,  William 
Hirst  and  Israel  Porter,  trustees  as  abovesaid,  and  to  their  heirs 
and  assignes  for  y*  vse  aforesaid,  as  by  y*  said  Jn**  Ruck,  Jn« 
Higginson,  Samuel  Gardner,  Timothy  Lindall,  William  Hirst 
and  Israel  Porter,  trustees  as  above  said,  their  heirs  or  as- 
•ignes  or  said  proprietors,  or  by  their  counsell,  learned  in 
y  law,  shall  be  reasonably  devised,  advised  or  required.  In 
witness  whereof,  the  said  David  Nonnuphanohow,  Sam  Wut- 
taanoh,  John  Tontohqunne,  Cicely  Petaghuncksq,  Sarah  Wut- 
taquatinnu^  Thomas  Vkqueakussennum,  alias  Capt  Tom, 
James  Quanophkownatt,  alias  James  Rumney  Marsh,  Israel 
Quanophkownatt,  Joane  Quanophkownatt,  Yawataw,  Wattaw- 
tinnusk, have  hereunto  set  their  hands  and  seals,  the  eleventh 
day  of  October,  anno  domini,  one  thousand  six  hundred  eighty 
and  six,  annoque  regni  regis  Jacobi  11.  Anglies,  Scotice,  Francio 
et  Hybemi»,  fidei  defensoris  secundo : 

The  mirk  of  TheiMrkeof        The  mirk  of  The  mark  of 

David  V^       8am' 


^       John  ^^       Cicely  #^    I ^M 


Komuphaoohow*        WaUaaoDoh,       ToBtohqaime.  Petaghoooki^. 


INOUlf  0EEO. 


88 


The  mark  of  The  mark  i  of 

ThomuMW  JamM 


^ 


4v«ry«W 


VfqoeakaiMnniim,        Qaanophkowiiat, 
alias  Capt  Tom*  aliaa  Romney  Marth. 


The  mark  of 


Iiraell 


QuanophkowaaL 


Tbomarkof 


Joano 


U 


doanoplikownat. 


Thamarkof 


o 


YawaUw. 


Tha 


4 


WaiUwtimiaBk. 


Signed,  sealed  and  delivered  by  David  Nonnupbanobow, 
Cicely  Petagbuncksq,  Tbomas  VsqueakiusennuiD,  alias 
Capt.  Tom,  James  Qaanophkownat,  alias  Rumney  Marsb, 
Israeli  Quanopbkownat,  Joane  Quanopbkownat,Yawataw, 
WaUawtiDDusk,  as  tbeir  act  and  deed  in  y  presence  of 
us,  after  y  same  was  read  to  them : 

ANDREW  ELLIOTT,  senior, 
THOMAS  WEST, 
JOHN  HILL,  senior, 
SAMUEL  HARDIE, 
WILLIAM  WOODBERY. 

I%is  instrument  teas  acknoule^ged  by  David  Mnmuphanohouff  Ciedf 
Peiaghuneksq,  27U>mas  Vsqueakussennum^  alias  Captain  Tom^  Jaimes 
(^uanopkkoumat,  aUas  Rumney  Marsh,  Israel  (^nophkownatf  Joana 
QjUiOnopkkovmat,  Yawatawt  Wattatotinnnsk  to  be  their  act  and  deed,  this 
deventh  day  of  October ,  1686,  before  me,  Bartholomew  Gedney^  one  of 
his  Majesties  eouncillfor  his  territory  and  dominions  of  AVio  England 
in  America,* 


^  It  18  80  on  the  deed,  bat  James 
evidently  wrote  his  name.  There 
is  want  of  nniformity  in  the  or- 
thography of  the  original  deed,  par- 
ticoiariy  as  to  the  Indian  names. 

'  Thouffh  Sam  Wuttaanoh  sign- 
ed this  deed,  he  is  not  named 
amon^r  those  who  acknowledged 
the  signing  of  it  before  B.  G^d- 

4* 


ney.  In  the  deed,  all  the  Indian 
signatnres  are  on  on&  horizontal 
line.  In  comparing  the  copy  of 
this  document  with  that  in  the 
Mass.  Hist.  Coll.  s.  1,  v.  6,  vari- 
ous discrepancies  will  appear.  But 
Seat  pains  have  been  used  to  have 
e  former  of  these  two  correct. 


84  SETTLEMENT — CAUSES. 


SETTLEMENT. 

Before  we  give  our  attention  to  particulars,  it  may 
be  well  to  look  at  the  general  causes  which  gave  rise 
to  this  community. 

Prior  to  the  elevation  of   Bishop  Abbot  in  1610, 
some  of  his  predecessors  in  office  had  turned  the  tor- 
rent of  their  influence  against  the  Puritan  conformists 
as  well  as  the  separatists  from  Episcopacy.     But  he 
suppressed  such  treatment  towards  the  former  denom- 
ination, because  they  were  more  exemplary  than  other 
members  of  the  national  church.     He  continued  to 
exercise  this  leniency  till  his  ejection  by  Charles  I.,  in 
1627.     Then  Laud  was  promoted  by  royal  favor.    He 
was  a  strenuous  advocate  for  the  tenets  of  Arminius, 
and  a  powerful  opposer  of  the  Puritans  whether  in  or 
out  of  the  established  pale.     Through  the  exertions 
of  him  and  his  supporters,  the   condition  of  such 
Christians  became    exceedingly  oppressive.      They 
prayed,  hoped,  and  looked  for  brighter  days ;  but  the 
prospect  gathered  darkness.     They  were  reduced  to 
the  hard  necessity  of  either  relinquishing  conscien- 
tious worship,  or  be  subjected  to  continual  disquietude 
in  person  and  estate,  or  else  expatriate  themselves  for 
rest  in  some  foreign  clime. 

So  situated,  the  leading  promoters  of  a  settlement 
here  felt  themselves  obligated  to  prepare  it  as  a  refuge 
for  all  of  kindred  faith  and  practice,  who  chose  to 
escape  hither.  Those  of  them  and  others,  who  first 
emigrated  to  our  shores,  had  been  brought  up  in  the 
Episcopal  order ;  not  did  the  most  of  them  secede 
from  it  till  after  their  arrival. 


WORTHY  ORIGIN.  35 

Hence,  we  perceive,  that  a  purpose  to  be  free  from 
the  sufferings  of  persecution  and  to  enjoy  an  undis-* 
turbed  attendance  on  sanctuary  duties,  led  our  ances- 
tors to  forsake  the  endearments  of  native  home,  and 
to  adopt  this  soil,  fraught  with  perils  and  afflictions, 
as  the  abode  of  themselves  and  their  descendants. 
While  such  was  the  leading  motive,  they  connected 
another  with  it  of  like  exalted  nature.  This  was  to 
endow  the  aborigines  around  them  with  the  teachings 
of  Revelation,  so  that  they  too  might  be  brought 
under  its  elevating,  improving  and  saving  efficacy. 

Hence  we  discern  that  few  communities  can  claim 
a  nobler  origin,  as  to  the  motives  and  character  of 
their  founders,  than  our  own  city.  Her  commence- 
ment was  not  in  giving  free  scope  to  the  baser  pas- 
sions of  man,  but  in  bringing  them  under  dutiful 
subjection,  and  overcoming  them  by  those  of  loftier 
aims  and  more  blessed  tendencies.  It  was  to  spread 
the  best  influences  of  education,  as  conducted  and 
controlled  by  the  gospel,  and  thus  to  lay  the  broad 
basis  of  philanthropy,  liberty  and  religion.  Let  other 
codes  of  morals,  other  nomenclatures  of  opinion,  cast 
reproach  on  such  a  beginning.  But  what  can  they 
avail  ?  They  are  nothing  more  than  the  figments  of 
diseased  fancy ;  than  the  offspring  of  perverted  con- 
science. They  are  doomed  to  degradation.  What- 
ever may  be  laid  to  her  charge,  Naumkeag,  compara- 
tively viewed,  has  no  cause  to  blush  at  her  infancy, 
childhood,  youth  and  maturity.  So  far  as  she  has 
departed  from  the  righteous  policy  of  her  ancestors, 
may  she  return  and  sit  undismayed  and  unharmed 
under  the  branches  which  were  nurtured  by  their 


36  PREPARATORY   STEPS. 

toils,  and  are  still  verdant  and  fruitful  through  the 
genial  influence  of  their  principles  and  examples. 

By  the  term  settlement,  it  is  intended  to  embrace 
various  occurrences  which  relate  to  Salem,  from 
its  beginning  until  the  removal  of  the  government, 
under  Mr.  Winthrop,  to  Charlestown. 

Salem  was  indebted,  for  its  first  settlement,  to  the 
failure  of  a  planting,  fishing  and  trading  enterprise  at 
Cape  Anne.^  For  this  place,^  the  company  in  Eng- 
land, for  New  Plymouth,  had  obtained  a  charter,  by 
the  date  of  January  24,  1624,  as  a  fit  location  for 
profitable  business.  From  them  leave  ^  appears  to 
have  been  soon  given  to  merchants  in  the  west  of 
England,  who  had  traded  in  and  about  the  same  terri- 
tory for  several  years,  to  employ  emigrants  there  for 
purposes  of  gain.  These  merchants  ^  and  others,  raised 
a  stock  of  more  than  £3,000,  as  an  earnest  of  some- 
thing to  be  done  in  this  quarter.  In  such  an  undertak- 
ing, they  were  zealously  and  efficiently  prompted  by  the 
Rev.  John  White  ^  of  Dorchester.  His  engagedness, 
in  this  matter,  arose  chiefly  from  his  benevolent  desire 
to  secure  a  retreat  for  his  countrymen,  who,  while 
still  adhering  to  the  government  of  the  national 
church,  could  not  approve  of  what  they  deemed  its 

^  Hubbard's  N.  £.  p.  105,  says,  the  Patriarch  of  Dorchester,  where 
that  Tragabizandi,  a  name  given  he  was  for  many  years  minister,' 
by  Capt.  John  Smith,  was  ez-  and  where  he  showed  an  excellent 
changed  by  Capt  Mason  for  Cape  faculty  in  the  clear  and  solid  in- 
Anne,  in  honor  of  the  consort  of  terpretation  of  the  Holy  Scrip- 
James  I.  tures.    He  was  a  man  of  great 

•  Hubbard's  N.  E.  105.  gravity,  presence  and   influence, 
^  Smith  quoted  by  Prince,  151.  in  his  party,  for  several  years,  and 

*  Planters'  Plea,  68-9.  one  of  the  Assembly  of  Divines, 
^  Echard's  History  of  England,  where  he  proved  himself  one  of 

p.  653.  **  Mr.  John  White,  a  fa-  the  most  learned  and  moderate 
mous  Puritan  divine,  usually  called    amongst  them." 


PREPARATORY  8TCP8.  97 

&ults,  and  were  consequently  subject  to  severe  trials. 
He  ^  had  learned  that  individuals  of  the  Plymouth 
plantation  were  gone  thence  with  their  families  and 
resided  at  Nantasket. 

The  occasion  of  such  a  separation  was  their  siding 
with  the  Rev.  Jno.  Lyford,^  who  was  ordered  to  quit 
the  former  settlement,  chiefly  for  endeavoring  to  pro- 
mote Episcopacy  among  its  inhabitants. 

Of  those  thus  seceded,  Roger  Conant  was  chosen 
Governor,  and  also  to  take  charge  of  the  planting  and 
fishing  instead  of  others ;  John  Oldham,  of  the  Indian 
trade,  which  he  declined  ,*  and  Mr.  Lyford,  of  the 
ministry, — at  the  Cape.  For  a  choice  of  this  kind  Mr. 
White  appears  to  have  been  favorable,  but  especially 
as  to  Mr.  Conant. 

Governor  Bradford  relates,^  that  such  was  the  con- 
cern which  the  proprietors  of  his  plantation,  who 
were  at  home,  had  in  this  election,  that  it  was  one 
occasion  of  dissolving  their  body  and  inducing  two 
thirds  of  them  to  forsake  him  and  his  friends,  under 
heavy  responsibilities.  The  party*  so  withdrawing, 
had  been  disaffected  more  than  two  years  with  the 
people  of  New  Plymouth.  They  had  approved  of 
Mr.  Lyford's  measures  while  he  was  in  that  colony. 
They  evidently  resolved  to  sustain  him  and  his  adher- 
ents at  the  Cape,  and  hoped  to  succeed  here  though 
they  had  failed  there.  But  they  were  soon  to  be  dis- 
appointed. 

In  about  a  year  from  the  going  of  Mr.  Conant  to 

^  Habbard,  02,  93, 102, 106, 107.  copal  church,  the  most  of  the  peo- 

'"  Master  Lajford  was,  at  the  pie  there  ejected  him.     New  Eng- 

merchants*  chardge,  sent  to  Pli-  lish  Canaan. 

mootli  Plantation  to  be  their  pas-  ^  Prince,  154. 

tor.'*     But  as  he  refused  to  pve  *  Prince,  153;  Hubbard,  dS. 

op  hii  conformitjr  with  the  I^is- 


33  NAUMKEAG  OCCUPIED. 

that  place,  and  two  and  a  half  years  ^  from  its  being 
occupied,  it  was  relinquished  by  its  proprietors  as  the 
place  of  a  disastrous  speculation.  Nearly  all  the  capi- 
tal, previously  mentioned,  was  sunk  before  the  settle- 
ment was  abandoned. 

1626.  The  people  ^  collected  at  Cape  Ann,  were  of 
divers  sentiments  and  from  various  places.  The  land 
men,^  except  a  few  of  good  character,  embarked  for 
home.  Others,  from  the  west  of  England,  resorted  to 
Naumkeag.  Such  an  event  seems  to  have  taken 
place  early  in  the  fall. 

The  location,^  so  chosen,  had  been  previously  re- 
garded by  Mr.  Conant  as  a  suitable  refuge  for  such 
as  desired  to  escape  from  religious  intolerance.  He 
had  accordingly  written  of  it  to  his  friends  in  Eng- 
land. 

Among  the  settlers  of  this  place,  besides  himself, 
were  Mr.  Lyford,  John  Woodbury,  John  Balch,  Peter 
Palfrey,  Richard  Norman^  and  son,  William  Allen 
and  Walter  Knight. 

In  the  mean  while,  Mr.  White,  "  being  grieved  in 
his  spirit "  for  the  relinquishment  of  the  Cape,  wrote  ® 
and  urged  Mr.  Conant  and  his  lay-associates,  not  to 
forsake  Naumkeag.  He  encouraged  them  to  expect  a 
patent  for  their  greater  protection,  additional  emi- 
grants, supplies  for  their  own  wants,  and  for  trade 
with  the  natives.  They  returned  him  answer,  that 
they  would  comply  with  his  proposals.  The  most  of 
them,  however,  became  discontented  with  their  new 
abode.     The  dread  of  Indian  hostilities  and  present 

1  Planter's  Plea,  73.  *  Prince,  157. 

*  Gorges  Description  of  New      «^  Deposition  of  Richard  Brack- 
England,  28.  enbary. 
•Planters'  Plea,  75.  •  Hubbard,  107. 


CONANT8  STATEMENT. 

necessities,  seriously  affected  them.  Besides,  they 
liad  an  invitation  to  accompany  their  pastor  to  Yir- 
jinia.  Being  partakers  of  his  trials  and  strongly 
ittached  to  him,  several  expressed  a  wish  to  go  with 
bim.  But  through  reasoning  and  persuasion  they 
were  induced  to  continue. 

On  this  subject  let  Mr.  Conant  speak  his  own  lan- 
guage :  ^  "  Being  one  of  the  first,  if  not  the  very  first, 
that  resolved  and  made  good  any  settlement,  under 
Qod,  in  matter  of  plantation,  with  my  family,  in  this 
Colony  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  and  haue  been  instru- 
mental both  for  the  founding  and  carrying  on  of  the 
same.  When  in  the  infancy  thereof,  it  was  in  great 
hassard  of  being  deserted.  I  was  a  meanes,  through 
grace  assisting  me,  to  stop  the  flight  of  those  few 
that  then  were  heere  with  me,  and  that,  by  my  vtter 
deniall  to  goe  away  with  them  who  would  haue  gone 
either  for  England  or  mostly  for  Virginia,  but  there- 
upon stayed  to  the  hassard  of  oin:  lives."  He  adds, 
that  the  first  house  of  the  settlement  was  his.  Thus 
successful  in  preventing  the  desertion  of  Naumkeag, 
Mr.  Conant  and  his  companions  were  left  by  their 
minister,  who  went  to  Virginia,  where  he  soon  died. 

The  plantation,  so  formed,  received  increasing 
attention  ^  and  sympathy  at  home.  Others  were  there 
besides  Mr.  White  and  his  friends,  who  earnestly 
seconded  his  views,  purposes  and  exertions. 

1627.  With  reference  to  the  patrons  thus  rising 
up.  Governor  Dudley  wrote  to  the  Countess  of  Lin- 
coln :  "  About  the  year  1627,  some  friends,  being 
together  in  Lincolnshire,  fell  into  discourse  about  New 

*  Masa.  Apchivea,  Towns,  voU.  *  Hubbard's  New  England,  p. 
page  217.  '     108. 


40  CHARTER. 

England  and  the  planting  of  the  gospel  there ;  and 
after  some  deliberation,  we  imparted  our  reascms  by 
letters  and  messengers  to  some  in  London  and  tbe 
west  country,  where  it  was  likewise  deliberately 
thought  upon,  and  at  length,  with  often  negotiations, 
so  ripened,  as  to  have  proposals  made  for  a  charter.'' 

While  light  was  thus  dawning  on  the  strangers  of 
Naumkeag,  they  thought  it  well  for  one  of  their  num- 
ber ^  to  cross  the  ocean  and  explain  their  condition  to 
those  interested  in  their  prosperity.  For  this  office, 
they  selected  John  Woodbury.  He  went  and  gave 
the  information,  sought  and  needed  by  proper  inquir- 
ers. His  visit  to  the  relations  and  scenes  of  his 
nativity,  being  for  six  months,  extended  to  the  former 
part  of  the  succeeding  year. 

1628.  Mr.  White  and  his  coadjutors  made  applica- 
tion for  State  license,  privilege  and  protection.  They 
obtained  a  grant  from  the  council  for  New  England. 
This  body,  by  a  written  document  of  March  19,  1628, 
new  style,  conveyed  the  soil,  then  denominated  Mas- 
sachusetts Bay,  to  Sir  Henry  Roswell,  Sir  John 
Young,  Knights,  Thomas  Southcoat,  John  Hum- 
phrey, John  Endicott^  and  Simon  Whetcombe,  gen- 
tlemen. 

These  grantees  were  from  and  about  Dorchester. 

The  bounds  of  their  colony,  so  granted,  were  "  be- 
tween three  miles  to  the  northward  of  Merrimack 
river  and  three  miles  to  the  southward  of  Charles 
river,  and  in  length,  within  the  described  breadth, 
from  the  Atlantic  ocean  to  the  South  Sea."     As  well 

I  Humphrey  Woodbury's  depo-    apelt  bis  surname  with  an  e  in  the 
sition.  second  syllable  instead  of  an  ». 

'  Governor  Endicott  invariably 


ACCESSION  OF  FRIENDS  TO  TUE  COLONY.       41 

known,  these  limits  wtere  so  indefinite,  as  to  become 
the  source  of  much  subsequent  litigation  and  cost,  on 
the  se\reral  frontiers. 

An  interest  ^  in  the  plantation,  so  tolerated  by  the 
sovereign,  spread  in  various  parts  of  his  kingdom.  It 
was  regarded  as  the  final  resort  of  Christians,  not  yet 
departed  from  the  pale  of  the  national  church,  but 
who  were  grieved  for  its  lack  of  purity,  and  oppressed 
for  non-compliance  with  its  abuses.  Mr.  White,  still 
acting  on  his  beneficent  rule  for  providing  good  for 
others,  though  not  permitted  to  share  in  it  himself, 
introduced  the  patentees  to  other  persons  of  and  about 
London,  who  possessed  respectability,  property  and 
piety.  He  was  well  aware  that  to  attempt  great  and 
durable  things  in  a  wilderness,  without  such  builders, 
was  indeed  a  Babel-like  enterprise.  Among  the  recent 
supporters  of  the  colony,  were  Messrs.  Winthrop, 
Saltonstall,  Johnson,  Dudley,  Cradock  and  Goffe. 

Soon  after  so  hopeful  a  junction  of  kindred  sym- 
pathies, purposes  and  motives,  Matthew  Cradock  was 
chosen  Governor,  Thomas  Goffe,  Deputy  Governor, 
and  others,  Assistants. 

While  the  prospect^  of  the  colonists  was  becoming 
brighter  in  their  native  land,  it  was  not  without  its 
clouds  in  their  immediate  view.  Like  the  rest  of 
well  disposed  settlers,  from  Piscataqua  to  Plymouth, 
they  were  much  alarmed  by  the  course  of  Thomas 
Morton  at  Mount  Wollaston.  He  and  his  associates, 
sold  arms  and  ammunition  to  the  Indians,  indulged 
themselves   in   dissipation,  and  otherwise   imperiled 

»  Hubbard's  N.  E  ,  108.  109.  chuseUa  Historical  Collection, Is. 

*  Bradtbrd's  letters   in    Massa-    3  v.  62,  3,  4,  (5. 

5 


4t  ENDICOTT  CHOBEN  GOVERNOR. 

the  peace  aod  welfare  of  New  England.  The  prin- 
cipal men  of  the  places  within  the  range  men* 
tioned,  requested  Plymouth  to  send  an  armed  force 
and  apprehend  Morton.  This  was  done.  The  cost 
of  the  enterprise  was  £12  7*  of  which  Naumkeag 
was  assessed  £1  10*.  The  chief  persons  of  these 
plantations  wrote  to  his  Majesty's  council,  June  9, 
and  specified  the  leading  charges  against  Morton, 
who  was  sent  home  for  trial,  under  the  care  of 
John  Oldham,  in  the  vessel  which  bore  the  letter. 
They  also  wrote  by  the  same  to  Sir  Ferdinando 
Gorges  on  the  like  topic.  In  both  epistles,  they  state 
their  fear  that  the  Indians,  being  supplied  with  fire 
arms  by  Morton  and  other  traders,  are  purposing  to 
attack  them ;  and  that  unless  such  English  offenders 
are  punished,  they  shall  be  forced  to  quit  America. 

To  prosecute  their  purpose  more  fully,  the  com- 
pany, however  having  reason  to  think  highly  of  Roger 
Conant's  integrity,  as  the  Governor  of  their  planta- 
tion, thought  best  to  select  one  of  their  own  number 
for  such  an  office.  They  accordingly  chose  John 
Endicott.  Governor  Bradford  called  him  "  a  worthy 
gentleman  ;"  and  the  author  of  the  Planters'  Plea  thus 
wrote  of  him,  "a  man  well  known  to  divers  per- 
sons of  good  note." 

Due  preparations  being  made  for  the  voyage,  it  was 
no  longer  deferred.  Mr.  Endicott,  with  his  wife  and 
company,  sailed  ^  in  the  ship  Abigail,  Henry  Gauden,* 
master,  from  Weymouth,  June  20,  for  their  contem- 

*  The  bills  of  lading  fop  this        *  This  name,   Gaiiden,  is  also 
vessel  were  signed  June  20,  which    spelt  Godden,  on   the   records  of 
haa  been  aapposed  to  be  the  date    the  company. 
of  her  sailing,  tboagh  it  may  have 
ifeen  later. 


GOV.  £NOICOTT*«  ARRIVAL.  49 

plated  home  in  a  new  world.  They  reached  their 
destination  the  sixth  of  September.  Striking  must 
have  been  the  scene  on  this  occasion.  The  islands 
and  main  shores  are  covered  with  woods,  thronged 
i^ith  their  wild  inhabitants.  The  harbor  abounds 
^ith  sportive  fish,  far  exceeding  the  wants  of  adja- 
cent settlers.  The  new  Governor,  with  his  wife  and 
friends  near  the  strand,  which  they  had  ardently 
wished  to  behold.  On  one  side,  the  old  planters,  with 
the  benevolent  Conant  at  their  head.  On  another, 
the  Indians,  with  their  minor  Sagamore  and  his  guar- 
dian before  them.  Those  on  the  land  gaze  intently 
on  the  new  comers  as  they  approach.  Every  one 
receives  a  silent  impression  of  the  stranger,  as  he 
looks  upon  his  face.  The  thoughts  and  feeUngs  of 
the  whole  company  are  out  of  the  common  course. 
The  doings  and  emotions  of  that  day  were  never 
effaced  from  their  memory.  It  was  no  ordinary  theme 
for  the  pencil  of  an  artist.  Its  well  drawn  sketch 
would  deserve  to  be  classed  with  that  of  the  pilgrims 
at  Plymouth  rock. 

Mr.  Endicott  wrote,  on  the  13th,  an  account  ^  of 
their  arrival,  to  Mr.  Cradock.  The  "  good  report  he 
sent  back  of  the  country,  gave  such  encouragement 
to  the  worke,  that  more  adventurers  joined  with  the 
first  vndertakers.  Uniting  his  own  men  with  thosey 
which  were  formerly  plemted  in  the  country,  into  one 
body,  they  made  up  in  all  not  much  above  fiftie  or 
sixtie  persons." 

Shortly  after  Mr.  Endicott  came  over,  he  visited 
the  residence  of  Morton,^  to  rectify  abuses  among  his 
remaining  associates.     He  caused  their  ^^tlkaL^-^vc\<^VA 

'HaM^d,  r.  i.  p.  356.  t  Morton'.  McmofViI, VSI  ,V2^ 


44  INDIAN  CONSPIRACY. 

be  cut  down  and  rebuked  them  for  their  profaneness, 
and  admonished  them  to  look  to  it  that  tiiey  walked 
better,  so  the  name  was  again  changed  and  called 
Mount  Dagon." 

Among  the  emigrants  who  came  in  the  Abigail,  were 
Richard  Brackenbnry,  Richard  Davenport,  Charles 
Gott,  Ralph,  Richard  and  William  Sprague,  and  Wil- 
liam Trask.  Their  motives  were  various.  Some 
were  mainly  actuated  by  desires  for  religious  liberty, 
and  othera  by  hopes  of  gain.  Still  the  prime  movers 
for  settling  the  colony  purposed,  as  already  signified, 
to  prepare  it  as  an  asylum  for  those  on  whom  the 
hand  of  prelacy  was  too  heavily  laid. 

Mr.  Endicott  brought  with  him  goods  of  the  com- 
pany in  order  to  traffic  with  the  natives  for  beaver, 
otter,  and  other  furs.  He  stated  to  the  planters  ^  who 
preceded  him,  that  he  and  his  associate  patentees  had 
purchased  all  the  property  and  privileges  of  the  Dor- 
ehester  partners,  which  were  here  and  at  Cape  Ann. 

Near  this  date  there  was  an  incident  of  no  common 
interest  to  the  colonists.  The  relation  of  it,  by  a 
credible  person,^  follows:  "About  y®  yeare  1628, 
when  those  few  y*  came  out  with  Collonel  Indecot 
and  began  to  settle  at  Nahumkeick,  now  called  Salem, 
and  in  a  manner  all  so  seek  of  y®  journey,  that  though 
they  had  both  small  and  great  guns,  and  powder  and 
bullets  for  y",  yet  had  not  strength  to  manage  y™  if 
suddenly  put  upon  it,  and  tidings  being  certainly 
brought  y"*  on  a  Lord's  day  morning  y'  a  thousand 

^  Richard  Brackenbury's  Depo-  that  he  had  it  from  an  old  mnn, 

sition.  named   Button,  who  died  at  Ha- 

'  Hey   ThnmaH  Cobhet  of  Ip-  verhili,  ll)7;2,  and  who  was  at  Sa- 

Bwich.  wrote  the  account  to  Rev.  lem,  lO^id,  when  the  event  took 

Jacreaae  Mox\ket  in  1077,  and  says,  place. 


GORGES'  TERRITORY.  45 

Indians  from  Sugust  were  coming  against  y"  to  cut 
y  off ;  they  had  much  adoe  amongst  y"*  all  to  charge 
two  or  three  of  y"  great  guns  and  traile  y"  to  a  place 
of  advantage  where  y*  Indians  must  pass  to  y"  and 
and  there  to  shoot  y"  off,  when  they  heard  their  noise 
they  made  in  y®  woods,  y*  y*  Indians  drew  near,  y* 
noise  of  which  great  artillery,  to  which  y*  Indians 
were  never  wonted  before,  did  occasionally  (by  y^ 
good  hand  of  God)  strike  such  dread  into  y",  y*  by 
some  lads,  which  lay  as  scouts  in  y«  woods,  they 
were  heard  reiterate  that  outcrie  (O  Obbomock)  and 
then  fled  confused  back  with  all  speed,  when  none 
pursued." 

After  Mr.  Endicott  arrived  at  Naumkeag,  he  com- 
missioned Messrs.  Ralph,  Richard  and  William  Sprague 
and  others,^  to  explore  the  country  about  Mishawum, 
now  Charlestown.  Here  they  met  with  a  tribe  of 
Indians,  called  Aberginiaus.  By  the  consent  of  these, 
they  commenced  a  plantation.  Th^y  were  followed 
by  other  respectable  colonists  the  next  year.  Mr. 
Endicott  was  glad  to  have  that  territory  so  occupied, 
in  order  to  prevent  its  coming  into  the  hands  of  others, 
who  should  disclaim  the  authority  of  the  Massachu- 
setts corporation.  While  he  was  on  his  voyage  hither, 
John  Oldham  was  on  his  for  London,  to  negotiate 
about  the  same  land.  This  was  part  of  a  large  grant^^ 
extending  from  the  east  of  Charles  river,  made  to 
Robert  Gorges  in  1622,  by  the  council  for  New  Eng- 
land. As  claimed  by  Oldham  and  John  Dorrell,^ 
(through  purchase  of  John  Gorges,  brother  to  said 

*  Char1e«town  Records.  '  Hazard,  v.  i.  p.  268. 

'  Mass.  Aich.  Laoda^v.  L  p.  1. 

6* 


46        DISCORD  BETWEEN  PLANTERS.    DISTRESS. 

Robert,  deceased,)  the  company,  by  the  April  next 
after  its  being  occupied  by  the  Messrs.  Spragues,  sent 
orders  to  Mr.  Endicott,  that  he  cause  it  to  be  inhabited, 
so  that  such  claimants  might  not  have  the  additional 
plea  of  pre-occupancy. 

As  would  naturally  be  anticipated  in  view  of  the 
circumstances,  there  was  not  perfect  harmony^  be- 
tween the  first  planters  of  Naumkeag  and  their  suc- 
cessors. A  principal  question  at  issue  between  them 
was,  that  the  former  wished  to  raise  tobacco,*-*  as  requi- 
site for  their  maintenance,  while  Mr.  Endicott  and 
council  deemed  such  a  production,  except  for  medi- 
cine, as  injurious  to  health  and  morals.  It  is  very 
likely  that  there  were  other  main  sources  of  alienation 
between  these  two  classes.  One,  the  sale  made  by 
the  Dorchester  proprietors  of  their  patent  of  the  colony 
to  the  Massachusetts  corporation.  Another,  the  com- 
munion, in  sentiment,  of  Mr.  Endicott  and  his  friends 
with  the  Plymouth  church,  and  thus  promoting  a 
separation  from  Episcopal  formularies. 

The  colonists  who  remained  at  Naumkeag,  were 
called  to  endure  severe  afflictions.^  Their  refuge  from 
civil  and  religious  oppression,  presented  a  scene  of  no 
common  calamities.  Some  had  scarcely  a  suitable 
place  to  lay  their  head  on,  or  food  to  satisfy  the  crav- 
ings of  their  hunger,  A  large  proportion  of  them 
died  with  the  scurvy  and  other  diseases.  As  an 
enhancement  of  their  distress,  while  sickness  was 
making  its  ravages  among  them,  they  were  destitute 
of  regular  medical  assistance.     To  supply  so  fearful 

1  Hubbard's  N  E..  109, 110.  ten  in  Mass.  His.  Coll,  s.  1,  t.  i. 

«  Hawird,  v.  i   p  ^58.  p.  UG.    Mr.  Dudley's  leUer. 

'  Hubbard,  110.  Bradford's  Let- 


EMIGRANTS.    SUPPLIES.    CARGO.  47 

and  dangerous  a  deficiency,  Dr.  Samuel  Fuller  of 
Plymouth,  like  a  good  Samaritan,  came  among  them. 
1629.  While  the  people  of  Naumkeag  were  called 
to  endure  the  sujQTerings  common  to  new  colonies,  they 
were  not  without  the  benevolent  remembrances  of 
their  countrymen. 

LETTER    FROM  THE  GOVERNOR  IN  LONDON. 

.  Feb.  16.  Matthew  Cradock  wrote  ^  to  Mr.  Endi- 
cott  in  the  most  friendly  and  encouraging  terms.  He 
expressed  much  satisfaction  as  to  his  motives  and 
conduct,  and  an  interest  in  the  welfare  of  his  wife,* 
who  was  in  ill  health  after  she  came  hither,  and  to 
whom  he  sustained  the  relation  of  cousin. 

He  mentioned,  that  the  company  had  been  enlarged 
recently,  and  purposed  to  send  over  two  or  three  hun- 
dred emigrants  with  two  ministers,  and  one  hundred 
head  of  cattle  ;  that  they  had  bought  one  ship  of  two 
hundred  tons,  and  hired  two  more,  each  of  two  hun- 
dred tons,  one  of  ten  and  the  other  of  nineteen  guns. 

He  desired  Mr.  Endicolt  to  prepare  houses  for  the 
passengers,  and  return  cargoes  for  the  vessels,  such  as 
fish,  two  or  three  hundred  firkins  of  sturgeon,  timber, 
sassafras,  sarsaparilla,  sumach,  silk  grass  and  beaver. 

With  regard  to  the  influence  of  the  colonists  on  the 
natives,  he  remarked  as  follows:  "Wee  trust  you 
will  not  be  vnmiudfuU  of  the  mayne  end  of  our  plan- 

>  Mass.    Colony  Records      Mr.  *  This  lady  had  probably  died  be- 

Cradock  did  not  receive  Mr.  En-  fore  the  episije  ot'  Governor  Cra- 

dicoit's    l»Hler,  dale«l    September  dock   reached    Naiimkeaif.      The 

1'.^  till    13th   of    nt-xt   February,  new    Knglish   Canaan   says,  that 

He  made  a  minute  at  the  bi>ttom  her  decease  took  place  in  one  of 

of  his   letter  as  follows:  "  From  Dr.  Fuller*s  visits  heie. 
my  hnwse  in  Swithens  lane,  neere 
London   stone,  this   16   of  ffebru- 
arye,  1(528.    Stilo  Anglie." 


48  MINISTERS.     CAUTION. 

tacon  by  indevoringe   to  bringe  y«  Indians  to  the 
knowledge  of  the  Gospell,  which  y*  it  may  be   y* 
speedier  and  better  eflFected,  y*  earnest  desire  of  our 
whole  company  is  y*  you  have  a  dilligent  and  watch- 
full  eye  ouer  our  owne  people ;   that  they  live  vn- 
blameable  and  without  reproofe,  and  demeane  them« 
selves  iustlye  and  curteous  towards  y®  Indians,  thereby 
to  drawe  them  to  affect  our  persons  and  consequentlye 
our  Religion,  as  alsoe  to  endevour  to  gett  some  of 
their  children  to  trayne  vp  to  readinge  and  conse- 
quentlye  to  religion  whilest  they  are  yonge  ;  herein  to 
"yonge  or  olde  to  omitt  noe  good  opportunity  y'  maye 
tend  to  bringe  them  out  of  y'  woefuU  state  and  con- 
dicon  they  nowe  are  in,  in  which  case  our  predeces- 
sors in  this  our  land  sometymes  were,  and  but  for  y* 
mercye  and  goodness  of  our  good  God,  might  have 
continued  to  this  daye.     But  God,  whoe  out  of  the 
boundless  ocean  of  his  mercye  hath  shewed  pittie  and 
compassion  to  our  land,  he  is  alsufficient   and  can 
bringe  this  to  passe,  which  wee  now  desire  in  y*  coun- 
trye  likewise,  onlie  let  vs  not  be  wantinge  on  our 
partes  nowe  wee  are  called  to  y"  worke  of  the  Lords, 
neither  havinge  put  our  handes  to  the  plowe  let  us 
looke  back." 

He  mentioned  that  Hugh  Peters,  then  in  Holland, 
had  been  expected  to  come  over,  but  had  not  returned, 
and  that  the  clergymen,  engaged  to  emigrate  hither, 
had  been  approved  by  the  Rev.  Messrs.  John  White 
and  John  Davenport.  He  advised  that  the  first  set- 
tlers be  allowed  a  short  time  longer  to  cultivate  to- 
bacco. He  cautioned  Mr.  Endicott  not  to  have  too 
great  conSdence  in  the  Indians,  \es\  tVv^Y  ^'^Q^^ld  act 
ihe  per&dious  and  bloody  scene  ol  Wt^voAa. 


DOINGS  OF  COURT.  4Q 

Mr.  Cradock  towards  the  close  of  his  letter  gave 
this  benediction :  <<  The  God  of  heaven  and  earth 
preserve  and  keepe  you  from  all  fforayne  and  inland 
enemies,  and  bless  and  prosper  this  plantacon  to  the 
enlai'ginge  of  the  kingdome  of  Jesus  Christ,  to  whose 
merciful!  proteccon  I  recommend  you  and  your  asso- 
ciates there,  knowne  or  vnknowne."  Fit  words  for 
the  author  and  occasion.  Not  only  in  its  adverse 
commencement,  but  also  in  its  prosperous  continu- 
ance, should  every  Commonwealth  feel  and  express 
its  dependence  on  the  arm  of  Infinite  goodness. 

PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE    COURT    OF    ASSISTANTS    IN 

LONDON. 

Desirous  to  strengthen  the  planters,  the  company 
devised  means  for  sending  to  them  a  reinforcement  of 
emisrrants,  cattle  and  stores.  From  the  tattered  relics 
of  their  journal  we  learn  various  particulars  of  their 
proceedings.  They  collect  for  exportation  the  subse- 
quent articles :  ^  2  loads  of  chalk,  10  m.  bricks,  6 
chaldron  of  sea  coal,  1  tun  of  iron,  2  fagots  of  Steele, 
1  fodder  of  lead,  nails  and  red  lead, — apparel  for  100 
men,  400  pair  of  shoes,  300  pair  of  stockings,  200 
of  which  to  be  Irish  at  13**  a  pair  in  Dublin,  and 
100  pair  of  knit  at  2/4.,  10  dozen  pair  of  Norwich 
garters  at  5/.  a  dozen,  400  shirts,  200  "  sates,  dublett 
and  hose,  of  leather  lyned  with  oiled  skin  leather,  y« 
hose  and  dublett  with  hooks  and  eyes  ;  100  sutes 
of  Norden  dussens  or  hampsheere  kersies  lyned,  the 
hose  with  skins,  the  dubletts  with  linen  of  gilford 
or  gedlyman ;  sergeyes  2/10  to  3/  a  yard,  4^  to  5 

>  This  was  about  February.    Mass.  Colon/  Records. 


M  SUPPLIES  FOR  THE  €X>L01IT,  ETC. 

yards  a  sute  ;  400  bands,  300  playne  falling  bands ; 
100  wastcoates  of  greene  cottou  bound  about  with  nS 
tape  ;  100  lether  girdles  ;  100  munmouth  capps,  about 
2'  a  peece  ;  100  black  halts,  lyned  in  the  browes  with 
lether ;  500  redd  knit  capps,  milled  about  5^  a  peeoe ; 
200  dussen  hookes  and  eyes,  and  small  hookes  and 
eyes  for  mandillions ;  16  dussen  of  gloues,  whrof  12 
dussen  calf^s  lether,  and  2  dussen  tand  sheep's 
lether,  and  2  dussen  kyd;  sheine  lynen  for  hand- 
kerchers ;  i  a  decker  ^  of  leather  of  the  best  bene 
lether ;  50  matts  to  lye  vnder  50  bedds  abooid 
sbtppe ;  50  ruggs;  50  peare  of  blanketts  of  Welsh 
cotton  ;  100  peare  of  sheetes ;  50  bed  tykes  and 
bolsters,  with  wool  to  put  them  in  ;  Sketch  ticking; 
lynnen  for  towels,  and  tableclothes,  and  napkins.  Sea 
chests ;  4  cwt.  hopps.  Agreed  ^  the  apparell  to  bee 
100  mandillions,  lyned  with  cotton,  12"^  a  yard; 
breeches  and  wastcotes;  and  100  lether  sutes  dub- 
let  ts  and  breeches  of  oyled  lether ;  100  pr.  breeches  of 
leather  drawers  to  serve  to  weare  with  boeth  there 
other  sutes."  Guns  and  gunpowder  and  cattle,  were 
enumerated  among  the  articles  for  the  emigrants. 

<<  Men  skylful  in  making  of  pitch  and  salt,  and  vyne 
planters,'*  were  to  be  sent  over.  The  Assistants  or- 
dered that  ministers,  a  patent  under  seal,  and  a  seal, 
be  provided  for  New  England. 

They  required  the  succeeding  items  to  be  obtained 
for  the  same  direction :  wheat,  rye,  barley,  a  hogshead  of 
each  in  the  ear,  beans,  peas,  stones  of  all  sorts  of  fruites, 
as  peaches,  plums,  filberts,  cherries,  pear,  apple,  quince 
kernels,  pomegranets,  woadseed,  saffron  heads,  liquor* 

*  Dicker  b  ten  hides.  '  Maroh  16. 


8UFPU£6  FOR  THE  COLONY.  51 

ice  seed,  madder  roots,  potatoes,  hop  roots,  hemp  seed, 
flax  seed,  conies,  currant  plants,  tame  turkies,  shoes, 
linen  cloth,  woollen  cloth,  pewter  bottles  of  a  pint 
and  quart,  brass  ladles,  and  spoons,  copper  kettles, 
oiled  skins  ^  of  leather  and  madder  seed. 

Feb.  23.  Continuing  their  judicious  preparations . 
for  the  colony,  the  same  court  ordered  ^  £100  to  be 
paid  in  part  for  the  charge  of  passage  and  diet  for 
Governor  Endicott,  his  wife  and  company,  and  goods 
on  freight,  being  46^  tuns,  from  Weymouth  to  Naum* 
keag. 

Feb.  26.  They  mentioned  various  articles  as  need* 
ful  for  the  plantation  :  5  pieces  of  ordnance  to  be 
placed  in  the  hands  of  Samuel  Sharpe,  who  was  to 
have  carriages  made  for  them ;  arms  for  100  men ; 
3  drums  to  each  2  pair  of  heads ;  2  ensigns ;  2  par- 
tizheus,  i.  e.  commander's  leading  staves  for  captain 
imd  lieutenant ;  3  halberts  for  3  Serjeants ;  80  bastard 
muskets  with  snaphauces,  4  feet  in  the  barrel  without 
rests ;  6  long  fowling  pieces  with  musket  bore,  6^  feet 
long ;  4  do.  with  bastard  musket  bore,  5^  feet  long ; 
10  full  muskets,  4  feet  barrels  with  match  cocks  and 
rests ;  90  bandeleers  for  the  muskets,  each  with  a 
bullet  bag  ;  10  horn  flasks  for  the  long  fowling  pieces 
to  hold  1  pound  a  piece ;  100  swords  and  belts ;  60 
corslets,  60  pikes,  20  half  pikes,  12  barrels  of  powder^ 
8  of  them  for  the  fort  and  4  for  small  shot,  I 
pound  of  shot  to  a  bandaleer ;  8  pieces  of  land  ord- 
nance for  the  fort  whereof  5  were  already  provided^ 
namely,  2  demy  culverings  30  cwt.  weight  apiece, 

*  In    the    company*fl   letter    of  lether  is  not  of  oyle  ^kinns,  for 

April    17ih,    ICi),   thi*y  leaiark:  wee  found  them  uver  deere." 
'*  Wee  haae  made  our  servantti*        '  Mass.  Colony  Records. 
appareU  of  cloth  and  lether,  which 


53  SUPPLIES  FOR  THE  COLONr. 

3  sackers,  each  weighing  25  cwt.,  and  3  to  be  pro* 
vided,  being  1  whole  culvering  '<as  long  as  may  be,'* 
and  2  small  pieces,  iron  drakes,  a  fit  proportion  of ' 
great  shot  for  the  ordnance. 

From  the  military  they  proceeded  to  enumerate 
other  things.  A  seine  to  catch  fish.  For  the  Talbot, 
if  having  100  passengers  and  35  mariners,  45  tuns  of 
beer,  "  whereof  6  tuns  4/.  and  39  tuns  6/. ;  "  Malaga 
and  Canary  casks  16/.  a  tun  ;  6  tuns  of  water  ;  12  m. 
of  bread  after  %  cwt.  to  a  man  ;  22  "  hhedsof  bieffe ; " 
40  bushels  of  peas,  a  peck  a  nian  for  the  voyage; 
20  bushels  of  oatmeal ;  4  cwt.  "  haherdyne,"  or  dried, 
salted  cod ;  8  dozen  pounds  of  candles ;  2  tierces  of 
beer  vinegar  ;  1 J  bushel  of  mustard  seed  ;  20  gallons 
of  oil  "gallipolis  or  mayorke  ; '*  2  firkins  of  soap; 
2  rundlets  of  Spanish  wine,  10  gallons  a  piece,  4000 
of  billets;  10  firkins  of  butter;  10  cwt.  of  cheesy 
and  20  gallons  aquavitae. 

An  agreement  was  made  with  John  Hewson,  to 
make  neat's  leather  shoes,  for  men,  some  at  2/1  and 
others  at  2/4. 

March  2.  Still  intent  on  business  for  advancing 
the  colony,  the  court  assembled.  They  were  the 
Governor,  Deputy,  Messrs  Wright,  Vassal,  Harwood, 
Cowlson,  Adams,  Nowel,  Whetcombe,  Perry  and 
Johnson.  They  agreed  to  employ  James  Edmonds, 
a  sailor,  being  a  cooper  and  fisher,  who  required  £10 
the  first  year,  £15  the  second,  and  £20  the  third 
year  ;  and  Sydrach  Miller,  a  cooper  and  cleaver,  with 
his  man,  for  £45  the  first  year,  and  i:50  the  second 
and  third  year,  *^  to  be  at  charges  with  all." 

**  Also  for  Mr.  John  Malbon  it  was  propounded,  be 
hauinge  skyll  in  Iron  works  and  willing  to  put  in 


IRON  AND  SALT  WORKS.    BOSTON  MEN.         SB 

C25  ^  in  stocke,  it  should  bee  accepted  as  £50,  and 
die  chains  to  bee  bore  out  and  borne  from  New  Eng- 
land and  vppon  his  returne,  and  report  what  may  bee 
done  about  Iron  works  consyderacon  to  be  had  of 
proceeding  therein  accordingly,  and  furder  recompence 
if  there  be  cause  to  intertayne  him." 

"  Towching  making  of  salt,  it  was  conseaued  fFytt 
that  commoddetty  should  be  reserued  for  the  generall 
stocks  benefitt,  yeet  with  this  prouiso,  that  euery  planter 
or  brother  of  the  comi>any  should  haue  as  much  as  he 
might  aney  way  haue  occasyon  to  make  vse  of,  at 
as  cheape  rate  as  themselues  cowld  make  it,  prouided 
if  the  company  bee  not  sufficiently  prouided  for  them- 
selffs,  then  particuler  men  may  haue  liberty  to  make 
for  there  owne  expence  and  vse  aney  way,  but  not  to 
transporte  nor  sell.'' 

The  Governor  was  empowered  to  confer  with  John 
CHdham,  so  that  the  company  be  not  injured. 

"  Also  it  beeing  propounded  by  Mr.  Coney  in  the 
behalfe  of  the  Boston  men,  whereof  dyuers  had  prom- 
ised, though  not  in  our  booke  vnderwritten,  to  adven- 
ture £400  in  the  joint  stock,  that  nowe  there  desire 
was,  that  ten  persons  of  them  might  vnderwrite,  £26 
a  man,  in  the  joint  stock ;  they  withall  promisinge 
with  theise  shippes  to  aduenture  in  there  particuler 
2d>oue  £250  more,  and  to  prouide  abell  men  to  send 
ouer  for  manadging  the  buissines,  which  though  it 
bee  preiudiciall  to  the  generall  stock  by  the  abate- 
ment of  so  much  money  thereout,  yeet  appearing 
realley  to  conduce  more  to  the  good  of  the  Plantacon, 
which  is  most  desired,  it  was  condisended  vnto." 

>  The  sign  to  25  is  like  s,  but  £  was  piobably  intended. 

6 


M  DIVISION  OF  LAND.    ENGINEER. 

March  3.  <<  It  was  debated  howe  some  good  coarse 
might  be  setteled  for  the  deuission  of  the  lands,  and 
that  all  men  intendinge  to  goe  in  person  or  to  send 
ouer,  might  vnderwrite  and  seale  some  instrument  to 
bee  made,  whereby  euery  man  to  bee  tyed  to  such 
orders  as  sbalbee  agreed  vppon  here ;  and  that  a  cop- 
|)ey  of  this  agreement  be  sent  to  Dorchester  fibr  all 
mea  to  vnderwrite  and  seale  that  intend  to  take  theire 
{xissage  in  the  Lyons  Whelpe,  or  ells  order  to  bee 
taken  that  the  shippe  procecde  without  them." 

A  contract  had  been  made  with  Samuel  Sharpe  for 
three  years,  at  £10  a  year,  '^  to  haue  the  ouersight  of 
the  ordnance  to  bee  planted  in  the  ffort  to  be  built 
vppon  the  plantacon,  and  what  ells  may  conceroe 
artillery  busines  to  geeue  his  advize  in.  But  fibr  all 
other  implyments  was  left  to  bee  intertayned  by  any 
particuler  brethren  of  the  companie,  who  for  other 
occasions  hath  intertayned  him  alreddy,  and  held  not 
fytt  to  bee  at  furder  chardge  in  that  kynde." 

CHARTER  CONFIRMED. 

1629.  March  4.  On  petition  of  those  who  re- 
•ceived  a  grant  of  Massachusetts  from  the  council  for 
New  England,  nearly  a  year  before,  King  Charles 
confirms^  the  same  to  them  and  other  associates. 
The  names  of  this  new  company  were  Sir  Henry 

*  As  proof  that  this  charter  was  Rnlph  Freerren,  upon  direction  of 

not    Burreptitiously    obtained,    as  tlie  lord  keeper  of  the  great  seal ; 

wltronff;\y  asserted  during  the  reign  subscribed  by  Mr.  Attorney  Gen- 

of  Charles  II.  we  have  the  sue-  eral ;    procured  by  the   lord   vis- 

ceeding  note,  from  a  dociiet  in  re-  count  Dorchester  j  February.  1628. 

lation  to  it,  and  among  the  New  Tlieir  charter   pnssed  4th  March 

England  papers  in  the  Privy  Seal  following."     Chalmer's     Political 

office  at   Whitehall:    *' His  Ma-  Anuais,  p.  147,  8. 
jesty'a  pleasure,  signified  by  Sir 


PRirmEGBS.    COURTS.  55 

Rosewell,^  Sir  John  Younge,,  Thomas  Southeott, 
John  Humfrey,  John  Endecott,  Simoiv  Whetcombe, 
Sir  Richard  Saltonstall,  Knight,  Isaac  Johnson,  Sam- 
uel Aldersey,  John  Yen,  Mathew  Craddock,  George 
Harwood,  Increase  Nowell,  Richard  Perry,  Richard 
Bellingham,  Nathaniel  Wright,  Samuel  Vassal,  The- 
ophilus  Eaton,  Thomas  Gojafe,  Thomas  Adams,  John 
Browne,  Samuel  Browne,  Thomas  Hutchins,  William 
Yassal,  William  Pinchion  and  George  Foxcrofte.  For 
these  and  all  such  as  should  be  admitted  to  the  free- 
dom of  their  association,  the  charter  made  various 
provisions,  with  part  of  which,  as  giving  a  cast  and 
complexion  to  our  colonial  policy,  it  is  deemed  advisa* 
ble  to  connect  some  passing  remarks. 

Among  the  privilges  granted  to  the  patentees  were 
the  following :  They  were  to  be  a  body  corporate  and 
politic,  called  the  Governor  and  Company  of  Massa* 
chusetts  Bay.  Their  Legislature  was  to  be  composed 
of  a  Governor,  Deputy,  and  eighteen  Assistants. 
These  officers  were  to  be  of  the  freemen,  and  elected 
every  Spring,  on  the  last  Wednesday  of  Easter  termi 
by  the  General  Assembly,  which  embraced  all  mem- 
bers of  the  company.  They  were  authorized  to  hold 
each  year,  "  four  great  and  general  courts  on  every 
last  Wednesday  in  Hilary,  Easter,  Trinity,  and  Mi* 
chas  terms,"  and  also  other  needed  courts. 

As  specified  in  the  charter,  his  Majesty  appointed 
the  ensuing  officers  of  the  corporation:  Mathew 
Craddock,    Governor,^  Thomas  Gofie,  Deputy,   Sir 

*  The  six  first  were  Dorchester  '  Mr.  Cradock  took  his  oath  of 

patentees,  to  whom  the  preceding  office  before  Charles  CsMar,  Mas- 

eharter  was  granted.     Their  sar-  ter  in  Chancery,  March  18, 1699. 

names  are  spelt  here  as  the  second  There  are  several  notices  of  him 

charter  has  them.  on  the  Colony  Records.    Onm  of 


56  FREEMEN.    LEGISLATURE. 

Richard  Saltonstall,  Isaac  Johnson,  Samuel  Aldersey, 
John  Yen,  John  Humfrey,  John  Endicott,  Simon 
Whetcombe,  Increase  Nowell,  Richard  Perry,  Na- 
thaniel Wright,  Samuel  Vassall,  Theophilus  Eaton, 
Thomas  Adams,  Thomas  Hutchins,  John  Brown, 
George  Foxcroft,  William  Vassall  and  William  Pyn- 
chon.  Assistants.  These  authorities  were  regally  em- 
powered to  appoint  rulers  and  make  laws,  consistent 
with  those  of  the  realm,  for  the  colony.  They  were 
permitted  to  admit  individuals  to  be  free  of  the  com- 
pany, who  were  deemed  fit  and  desired  the  privilege. 
From  these  particulars,  it  is  perceived,  that  the 
charter  gives  the  outlines  of  legislative  rule,  adopted 
by  the  company  in  London,  delegated  tojtir.  Endicott 
and  others  in  the  colony,  and  practiced  after  the  re- 
moval of  the  patent  to  Massachusetts.  It  is  also 
observed,  that  the  mode  of  admitting  freemen,  or 
members  of  such  a  corporation,  and  their  privilege  of 
voting  in  general  courts,  is  laid  down  in  the  same 
document.  Hence  it  was,  that  freemen,  denominated 
the  Generality  by  the  London  records,  and  Commons 
by  those  kept  here,  embracing  all  the  voters  for  legis- 
lative authorities,  constituted,  with  other  branches  of 
government,  the  "Great  and  General  Court'' or  As- 
sembly. This  they  did  till  1634,  when  deputies 
became  a  part  of  the  legislature,  and  it  was  ordered, 
that  the  whole  body  of  freemen  be  excused  from 
attending  the  four  annual  general  courts,  except  that 
for  election  of  the  Magistrates  in  May,  when  they 

them   dated    November  7,  1032,  dock,  was  subsequently  married  to 

runs  thus:   J* Mr.  Mathew  Cra-  Benjamin   Whitehont,  D.  D.    As 

^k>ck  fined  iiii  lb.  for  his  men  be-  the  liberal  promoter  of  the  colony's 

ing  absent  from  training  dyvers  interests,  he  lefl  a  claim  upon  it, 

timet."  His  widow,  Rebecca  Cra-  which  in  1648,  was  j6(>79  6».  4d. 


ELECTION  PAT.    COMMERCIAL  PRIVILEGES.       57 

continued  to  assemble  for  such  a  purpose.  This  prac* 
tice  remained  till  1663,  when  a  vote  passed,  that  the 
freemen  should  choose  a  part  of  their  number  to 
assemble  at  the  court  of  election  and  choose  a  gov* 
emor  and  other  magistrates.  But  this  change  was  so 
unpopular,  that  it  was  repealed  the  subsequent  year. 
The  people  were  apprehensive,  lest,  by  such  a  restric- 
tion, power  would  pass  from  the  many  to  the  few,  so 
as  to  endanger  their  political  heritage.  The  deputieSi 
with  other  departments  of  the  legislature,  have,  ex- 
cept in  the  usurpation  of  Dudley  and  Andros,  with 
unessential  variation,  been  called  the  General  Court. 

In  a  charter,  with  features  of  this  kind,  so  promo<» 
tive  of  rational  liberty,  when  allowed  its  own  legiti- 
mate guidance,  connected  with  the  influence  of  Con- 
gregational order  in  church,  and  untrammelled  by  the 
immediate  restraints  of  the  crown,  we  have  the  sub* 
stantial  pattern  of  our  long  continued  government. 
Were  the  whole  community,  in  the  exercise  of  their 
constitutional  franchise,  to  resolve  themselves  into 
one  great  generality  or  commons,  and  unite  with  the 
branches  of  legislation,  except  that  of  the  representar 
tives,  they  would  resemble,  in  principle,  an  assembly 
of  our  ancestors,  which  in  the  first  years  of  theiitf 
incorporation  were  seen  in  the  capital  of  England,  and 
in  ancient  towns  of  our  commonwealth.  But  it  was 
well,  that  our  fathers,  when  in  the  smallness  of  their 
population,  loaned,  for  short  periods,  their  power  to  a 
few,  and  vastly  better,  that  their  numerous  successors 
have  not  slighted  their  examine. 

As  well  known,  the  election  day,  appointed  by  the 
charter  and  so  precious  to  the  colonists  as  the  time  for 
maiotuning  their  privilege  of  liberty,  has  been  changed, 

6* 


58  COMMERCIAL  PRIVILEGES.    8EAL. 

after  long  continuance,  in  our  time,  and  is  thus  swept 
away  with  its  associations  of  the  past,  which  its  suc- 
cessor can  never  wholly  revive  nor  replace  in  "  the 
city  of  our  solemnities." 

Not  only  did  the  patent  thus  favor  the  corporation 
politically,  but  also  commercially.  It  permitted  the 
colonists  to  be  free  from  all  duties  to  the  national 
exchequer,  on  their  commerce,  for  seven  years,  and 
after  this  to  pay  only  five  per  cent,  on  importations 
into  England  for  twenty-one  years,  with  proper  re- 
strictions. However,  Charles  I.  freely  consented  to 
the  ecclesiastical  policy  of  his  bishops,  which  bore 
hard  on  the  emigrants  to  New  England ;  yet  truth 
requires  us  to  confess,  that  his  release  of  them,  for  a 
considerable  period,  from  taxation  and  customs  to  the 
national  treasury,  was  kind  as  well  as  liberal.  <<  Ren- 
der unto  Caesar  the  things  which  are  Caesar's." 

Another  provision,  made  by  the  charter  in  behalf 
of  the  company,  was,  that  they  should  possess  and 
use  a  common  seal.  This  seal  was  of  silver,  and  was 
sent  over  to  Governor  Endicott  in  1629.  It  was 
used  by  our  colonial  authorities  till  1686,  resumed 
1689,  and  suspended  from  1692  till  1780.  At  the 
last  date  it  was  partly  revived,  as  to  the  Indian, 
much  more  civilized  in  his  appearance  than  his  prede- 
cessor, and  with  the  adjuncts  of  an  English  Ameri- 
can's arm,^  brandishing  a  sword,  and  different  inscrip- 
tions. So  resuscitated,  it  has  continued  to  our  day, 
and  we  hope  will  be  preserved  as  long  as  the  liberty 
of  our  Commonwealth  shall  exist.  That  so  valuable 
fL  relic  of  what  once  denoted  the  sanction  of  State 

1  This  wfts  part  of  oar  Seal  from  1775  to  1780. 


SEAL.    PISHERT.  59 

policy,  as  under  coloaial  jurisdiction,  may  be  kept  iu 
lemembrance,  the  ensuing  likeness  of  it  is  here  pre- 
sented. 


Besides  the  privileges,  which  the  patent  conferred 
on  the  corporation,  it  made  certain  requaitions  of  them.' 
It  required  the  fifth  part  of  gold  and  silver,  which 
might  be  discovered  in  the  colony,  and  which  was 
demanded  of  the  council  for  New  England  by  King 
James,  as  well  as  by  this  body  in  the  first  Masschn- 
setts  patent,  to  be  reserved  for  the  crown.  But  these 
minerals,  so  located,  have  ever  since  proffered  their 
revenues  merely  in  fancied  prospect. 

Another  condition  of  the  new  charter  was,  that  the 
subjects  of  England  should  be  allowed  to  fish  on  our 
shores ;  to  set  up  wharves,  stages,  and  houses,  acd  use 
needed  wood  without  molestation.  This  was  in  con- 
fonnity  to  [werious  and  repeated  lesotutlons  of  the 


60  PUBLIC  R£SP£CT  FOR  RELIGION. 

House  of  Commons.  It  seems  that  such  a  condition 
was  acted  on  so  as  to  produce  complaint.  William 
Walton  and  other  inhabitants  of  Marblehead,  presented 
a  petition  ^  to  General  Court,  in  1646,  as  follows : 
**  Where  as  there  come  yeerly  into  our  plantation 
many  fishermen  y'  are  strangers,  and  haue  formerly 
don  vs  very  much  dammage  in  y*  consuming  of  our 
fire  wood,  stage  timber  and  flake  stuffe."  They  de- 
sired that  an  order  might  be  established  on  this  sub- 
ject. 

Thus  dealing  with  the  company,  upon  a  generous 
scale,  in  their  political  and  commercial  affairs,  the 
charter  rises  to  the  higher  and  nobler  concerns  of 
morality  and  religion.  It  enjoined  on  the  patentees, 
that  the  planters  should  be  so  controlled,  ^<as  their 
good  life  and  orderly  conversacon  male  wynn  and 
incite  the  natives  of  the  country  to  the  knowledge 
and  obedience  of  the  onlie  true  God  and  Sauior  of 
inankinde  and  the  Christian  fayth."  Continuing  to 
speak  by  the  mouth  of  kingly  authority,  it  adds, 
**  which  is  our  royall  intencon  and  the  adventurers' 
free  profession, — is  the  principall  end  of  this  Planta^ 
con."  Verily,  this  is  advice  worthy  of  the  palace  as 
well  as  the  cottage.  Whenever  man  correctly  appre* 
hends  and  appreciates  the  wisdom,  whigh  so  bears 
the  bright  and  broad  seal  of  divinity,  he  knows  and 
feels  the  relations  of  his  being  and  blessings  ,*  he  lives 
up  to  the  purpose  of  his  existence,  and  to  the  best 
interests  of  his  nature.  The  shame,  which  scouts 
appeals  to  the  precepts  and  principles  of  piety  from 
the  halls  of  justice  and  legislation,  from  the  domestic 

>  Date,  Majr  6,  foand  in  1  r.  of  Maritime,  35  p.  Maai.  Archiyef. 


ASSISTANT  AND  GENERAL  CX>URTS.  6| 

altar,  the  social  circle  and  the  intercourse  of  commu- 
nity, is  false,  and  betokens  a  moral  poison  in  the  soul, 
which  may  produce  temporary  exhilaration,  but  is 
followed  with  irretrievable  perdition.  It  is  but  a  poor 
compliment  which  any  community  or  nation  pay 
themselves,  in  view  of  what  experience  has  long 
taught  and  their  own  best  good  demands,  when  re- 
joicing that  they  are  so  far  delivered  from  the  tram- 
mels of  restraint,  as  to  omit,  in  their  State  documents 
and  proceedings,  much  of  the  reference  made  to  the 
Christian  religion  in  laying  the  foundations  of  New 
England. 

In  passing  from  the  charter,  there  will  be  fre- 
quent occasion  to  notice  transactions  of  the  Assis- 
tant and  General  Courts,  as  held  in  England  on  vari- 
ous concerns  of  the  colony.  Though  having  an  im- 
plied application  to  the  whole  soil  of  our  Common- 
wealth, yet  these  transactions  had  particular  reference 
to  Naumkeag.  As  giving  us,  in  a  business-like  style, 
details  of  the  basis  on  which  the  colony  began,  as  to 
several  of  its  important  relations,  they  deserve  to  be 
presented  with  more  than  a  stinted  meeisure.  Espe- 
cially with  regard  to  the  conditions  on  which  the 
landed  interests  of  the  emigrants  depended — ^to  the 
company's  commercial  investments,  and  the  transfer 
of  the  principal  patent  and  government  to  this  coun- 
try— they  will  not  be  too  sparingly  quoted.  Liberty 
of  this  kind  would  have  been  neither  desired  nor 
taken,  but  for  an  apprehension,  lest  a  further  abridge- 
ment of  them  would  mar  their  signification  and  make 
erroneous  impressions.  It  is  hoped  that  the  worth  of 
the  matter  in  question,  will  carry  its  own  recommen- 
dation, so  as  to  be  a  sufficient  apology  for  extending 


03  OLDHAM.    SIR  WILLIAM  BREUERTEN. 

our  subject  of  settlement  further,  than  would  other- 
wise have  been  needed  or  permitted. 

COURT   OF   ASSISTANTS  IN   LONDON. 

1629.  March  5.  Among  the  members  belonging 
to  the  Court  and  now  present,  were  Sir  Richard  Sal- 
tpnstall  and  Capt.  Ven.^  A  new  proposition  from 
John  Oldham  was  deferred.  The  nomination  of  John 
Washborne  for  Secretary  to  the  Company,  was  left 
undecided.  "A  proposicon  beeinge  made  by  Sir 
William  Breuerten  to  the  Gouernor,  of  a  Pattent 
graunted  him  of  lands  in  the  Massachusetts  bay,  by 
Mr.  John  Gorges,  and  that  if  this  companie  would 
make  him  a  promise  so  as  he  could  (come)  to  vnder* 
write  with  this  company,  it  might  not  bee  preiudiciall 
to  his  pattent,  it  was  resolued  this  answere  should  be 
geeuen  him,  namely,  that  if  he  pleased  to  vnderwrite 
with  vs  without  aney  condicons  whatsoeuer,  but  to 
come  in  as  all  other  adventurers  doe,  he  should  bee 
welcome  vppon  the  same  condicons  that  wee  haue." 

"A  proposicon  beeing  made  to  intertayne  a  sur- 
geon for  the  plantacon,  Mr.  (John)  Pratt  was  pro- 
pounded as  an  abell  man  vppon  theis  condicons, 
namely.  That  £40  should  bee  allowed  him,  viz' — ^for 
his  chist  £25,  the  rest  for  his  own  sallery  for  the  first 
yeere,  prouided  he  continue  3  yeeres,  the  Companie 
to  bee  at  charge  of  transporting  his  wiffe  and  (ser- 
vant), haue  £20  a  yeere  for  the  other  2  yeeres,  and 
to  build  him  a  howse  at  the  Companie's  chardge  and 
to  allott  him  100  acres  of  ground.  But  if  he  stay  but 
one  yeere,  then  the  Companie  to  bee  at  charge  of  his 

'  Colonj  Records. 


SURGEONS.  LANDS.  T.  GRAVES.       6S 

bringing  back  for  England  -  and  he  to  leaue  his  ser* 
uant  and  the  chist  for  the  Companie's  seruice." 

^'  Agreed  with  Robert  Morley,  seruant  to  Mr.  An- 
drewe  Mathewes,  late  barber  surgeon,  to  seme  the 
Companie  in  Newe  England  for  three  yeeres,  the  first 
yeere  to  haue  20  nobles,  the  second  yeere  ,  the 

third  yeere  20  markes,  to  serve  as  a  barber  and  a  sur- 
geon." 

March  6.  A  committee  of  the  Governor,  Deputy, 
and  several  Assistants,  who  were  to  advise  with  Messrs. 
Graves  and  Sharpe,  were  chosen  to  consider  the  sub- 
ject of  dividing  the  lands,  as  proposed  the  3d  instant, 
and  "  to  sett  downe  in  writinge  what  course  they 
conseaue  fytt  to  bee  held  herein,  whereby  an  equallety 
may  be  held  to  avoyd  all  contention  twixt  the  aduen- 
turers."  "  Mr.  Thomas  Graues  was  propounded  to 
goe  ouer  with  the  Shippes  nowe  bound  for  Newe 
England,  to  haue  his  charges  borne  out  and  home, 
aud  beeinge  a  man  experienced  in  Iron  Workes,  in 
salt  workes,  in  measuring  and  surveyinge  of  lands, 
and  in  fortificacons,  in  lead,  copper  and  allum  mynes, 
as  hauinge  a  chardge  of  wiffe,  5  children,  a  man  and 
maid  seruant,  after  some  conference  with  him,  he 
tcndring  his  implyment  to  goe  and  returne  with  one 
of  our  shippes  to  the  Companie's  discression  flfor  his 
sallery  in  that  time.  It  was  thought  fytt,  that  he 
should  consyder  twixt  this  and  to-morrow  what  to 
demand  in  ceise  he  doe  returne  presently  with  the 
shippe  he  should  take  his  passage  in,  and  what  his 
demands  would  bee  if  the  Compisinie  should  con- 
tyneue  him  there  and  be  at  chardges  of  the  transporta- 
con   of  his  wiffe  and  ffamely  thether  in  their   next 


M  ARMOUR.    SUPPLIES. 

ahippes,  if  he  take  lyking  to  contyneue  in  New  Eng- 
land." Mr.  John  Oldham  was  desired  to  consider 
what  further  he  had  to  olOTer  relative  to  his  proposition 
of  the  2d  instant. 

March  6.  "  Agreed  with  Mr.  Thomas  Steevens 
Armorer  in  Buttolph  lane  jSbr  20  armes,  viz^  corslett,^ 
brest,  back,  culet,  gorgett,  tasses  and  hed  peece  to  ech, 
varnished  all  black  with  lethers  and  buckles  at  17'  ech 
armour,  excepting  4,  which  are  to  bee  with  close  hed 
peeces  and  theis  4  armours  at  24'  a  peece."  An 
agreement  was  made  with  John  Weste,  shoemaker  in 
Marke  lane,  for  10  dozen  of  shoes,  8  and  9,  at  2/5 ; 
10,  11,  12  and  13,  at  2/7  a  pair. 

March  9.  John  Washborne  was  elected  Secretary 
of  the  Company  for  one  year.  A  contract  was  made 
with  John  Gace  of  London  for  40  bandeleers,^  "  neates 
lether,  broad  girdles  ech  with  12  charges,"  at  2/. 
apiece  ;  and  10  dozen  of  shovels  and  spades  at  IS/,  a 
dozen. 

Provision  specified  for  120  men,  120  flitches  of 
bacon,  120  gallons  of  sweet  oil,  150  quarters  of  meal, 
30  do.  of  peas  at  26/.,  15  do.  of  groats  at  4/.,  fully 
dried,  20  firkins  of  butter  at  17/.,  60  quarters  of 
malt  17/6,  30  cwt.  of  cheese. 

March  10.  Thomas  Graves,  gentleman,  who  was 
of  Gravesend,  in  the  county  of  Kent,  agreed  with 
the  company  on  what  terms  he  would  visit  Naumkeag 
and  exercise  his  scientific  qualifications  in  the  colony, 

*  Corslett,  to  defend  the  fore  der  and  hanging  down  under  the 
part  of  llw  body  ;  gorgett,  to  cover  left  arm,  for  sustaining  fire  arms 
ilie  throat  or  neck,  and  tasses  for  and  for  the  carriage  of  musket 
the  thighs.  charges,  which,  being  put  in  box- 

*  Bandileer,  '*  a  lar^  leathern    es,  were  hang  to  the  number  of 
belt,  thrown  over  the  right  shoal-    12  to  each  bandlleer." 


GRAVES;    SHARPE.  68 

as  circumstances  might  require.  As  additional  to  the 
services  which  he  might  render  and  which  were  speci- 
fied  on  the  5th,  he  was  acquainted  with  finding  lime 
stones,  planning  aqueducts,  drawing  maps,  and  archi- 
tecture. The  terms  on  which  he  engaged  to  exert 
his  utmost  ability  for  the  benefit  of  his  employers, 
were,  to  have  the  charges  of  his  outward  and  home- 
ward' passages  paid,  his  diet  and  £5  a  month  while 
employed  in  New  England,  if  for  six  or  eight  months ; 
but  in  case  he  should  be  engaged  there  three  years, 
^the  expense  of  transporting  his  family  thither,  their 
support  till  harvest  after  their  arrival,  a  house,  100 
acres  of  land,  £50  a  year,  and  a  proportion  of  such 
land  as  should  be  granted  to  families  who  were  to 
sail  with  him,  though  his  own  would  be  left  behind 
for  a  time — were  to  be  granted  him.  As  to  any  fur- 
ther compensation  he  left  it  to  the  discretion  of  the 
company.  As  a  renmant  of  his  own  hand-writing, 
the  subsequent  likeness  of  it,  in  his  name,  is  here 
given. 


cZ 


■-y 


A^ftf^C^i^ 


Samuel  Sharpe  was  allowed,  at  his  particular  re- 
quest, £20  to  provide  himself  with  clothes,  on  account 
of  his  salary,  as  engineer  for  three  years,  it  being  £10 
annually.  He  suggested,  that  in  case  of  his  decease 
before  the  close  of  the  period  for  which  money  might 
be  advanced  him,  the  sum  should  be  offset  by  the 
apparel  which  it  purchased.  The  question  as  to  divi- 
sion of  lands  in  the  colony^  was  left  to  tYie  dL^^chss^sn 

r 


4)6  JOHN  AND  SAMUEL  BROWN. 

of  a  committee.    A  further  sum  of  £20  was  paid  to 
John  Humphrey  towards  charges  for  the  patent. 

March  12.  As  persons  of  note,  on  account  of  their 
ecclesiastical  difficulties  in  the  short  period  they  abode 
at  Namukeag,  John  Brown,  a  lawyer,  seeming  to  be 
of  London,  and  Samuel  Brown  of  Roxwell,  in  Elssex 
County,  agreed  to  take  passage  for  this  country.  They 
were  to  have  lands,  as  if  subscribers  for  £50  each  in 
the  general  stock,  and  to  have  equal  privileges  with 
others.  As  some  memento  of  them,  fac  similes  ^  of 
their  names  are  subjoined. 


March  12.  Ricliard  Claydon  of  Bedfordshire,  aged 
about  34,  carpenter,  desirous  to  transport  himself,  wife, 
one  daughter,  his  sister,  aged  14,  brother  Bamaby, 
aged  23,  and  his  brother-in-law,  Thomas  Hanscombei 
for  the  colony,  makes  an  agreement  with  the  com- 
pany. He  is  able  to  pay  £40  towards  the  expense  of 
such  transportation,  and  the  company  are  to  supply 
the  rest  on  condition .  that  he  and  his  two  brothers, 
after  coming  hither,  shall  each  have  board  and  3/.  a 
day  until  the  debt  is  discharged,  and  in  this  time  he 
shall  learn  any  of  the  company's  servants  in  the  trade 
of  a  "  plow  Wright."  He  is  also  to  have  land  for  him- 
self, and  his  family,  as  usual  for  such  emigrants. 
Though  Mr.  Claydon  could  not  come  in  the  first  ves- 

^  Taken  from  the  Colony  jae^-    deficiency  is  lapplied  by  Uie  like 
eordg.      The  torinijiation  of  the    "whichptecedeB^except  the  final  t. 
murnameM  u  worn  away,  but  the 


SUPPLIES.    ESTIMATE  FOR  THE  TALBOT.         67 

sels  which  sailed  after  his  contract,  yet  he  did  in  one 
which  followed  them. 

March  16.  Messrs.  Durbridge  and  Harret  agreed 
to  furnish  14  dozen  pair  of  shoes,  from  10  to  13,  larger 
part  of  neat's  leather  at  2/7  a  pair.  Mr.  Maio  engaged 
to  furnish  20  bed  ticks  and  bolsters  of  Scotch  ticking, 
11  yards  for  a  bed  and  bolster,  at  10  J^  per  yard.  The 
following  estimate  was  recorded : 

**  100  men,  there  chardge  15  lbs.  a  man, £1,500 

Freight  of  the  Shippe  Talbut  5  monthes,  80  lb.  pr.  mo.  400 

Victualls  and  wages,  32  men,  70  lb.  a  monthe,      .    .    .  350 

The  Lyons  Whelpe  sett  to  sea, 500 

20  Cowes  and  Bulls,  4  lb.  a  peece, 80 

10  Mares  and  Horses,  6  lb.  a  peece, 60 

Charges  of  theis, 470 

iB3,360" 

March  17.  A  contract  was  made  for  100  swords 
at  4/6  each,  all  to  have  chapes  or  plates  at  the  points 
of  the  scabbards,  and  for  10  short  swords  at  2/6  eacbj 
and  Polonia  hilts  at  3/4.  Purchase  was  made  of  26 
more  swords.  Ralph  White  agreed  to  furnish  12 
gallons  of  aquavitae  at  2/6  a  gallon.  John  Gladwing 
delivered  12  sides  of  bacon,  being  74^  stone,  each 
stone  8  lbs.  at  2/5  a  stone.  It  was  ordered  that  pay- 
ment be  made  for  110  burrs  at  2/.  each  for  making 
millstones,  and  14  cwt.  of  plaster-of-Paris  at  18*  per  cwt. 

March  19.  Warrants  were  drawn  for  payment  of 
2  coppers,  £12  12',  and  1  bale  of  French  cloth  £18, 
both  for  the  Lyon's  Whelpe ;  and  30  quarters  of  malt 
to  go  in  the  ships,  £25  15'. 

March  23.     Information  was  given  by  leUeta  Iiotcl 
Isaac  Johnson,  "that  one  Mr.  Higgeson  oi  liesX^x^  vcl 


68  MR.  HIGGINSON.    CONTRACT. 

able  minister,  jHroffers  to  goe  to  our  plantation,  who 
being  approved  for  a  reverend,  grave  minister,  fitt  for 
our  present  occations,  it  was  thought  by  thes  present 
to  entreat  Mr.  John  Humfry  to  ride  presently  to  Lesi- 
ter,  and  if  Mr.  Higgeson  may  conveniently  be  had  to 
goe  this  present  viouge,  that  he  should  deale  with 
him.  First,  if  his  remooue  from  thence  may  be  with- 
out scandall  to  that  people,  and  approved  by  the  con* 
sent  of  some  of  the  best  affected  amonge  them,  with 
the  approbation  of  Mr.  Heldersham  of  Ashely,"  de  la 
Zouch  ;  seccmdly,  he  may  leave  his  wife  and  family 
till  Bartholmew,  so  that  they  may  be  better  accommo- 
dated with  a  passage,  or  not,  as  he  prefers ;  thirdly, 
relative  to  his  support,  the  items  of  which,  as  specified 
under  this  date,  are  lost ;  but  happily  they  are  con- 
tained more  at  large  in  the  subsequent  psuragraph. 

MR.  HIGGINSON^S  CONTRACT. 

April  8,  1629.  A  contract  ^  was  formed  between 
Rev.  Francis  Higginson  and  the  company.  He  was 
allowed  £30  to  buy  apparel  and  other  articles  for  the 
voyage,  and  £  10  more  for  books,  a  free  passage  for 
himself,  wife,  and  children,^  and  furniture.  His  salary 
for  each  of  three  years,  commencing  from  his  arrival 
at  Naumkeag,  was  to  be  £30,  a  house  and  land,  fire- 
wood and  diet.  The  dwelling  and  appurtenances 
were  to  be  a  parsonage  for  the  use  of  himself  and 
successors  in  the  ministry.  At  the  expiration  of  three 
years,  he  was  to  have  100  acres  of  land  assigned  to 
him,  and  of  seven  years,  100  acres  more.    Towards  the 

^  Hutohinson'*    Collectiong,  p.    mentioned,  yet   they    were    evi- 
^.  dently  implied,  as  included  in  tbe 

'  Tbaagh  but  Amlly  wen  not    uxnft  iptvTi\eg.e, 


REASONS  FOR  ENCOURAGINO  THE  COLONY.   69 

support  of  his  household,  he  was  to  have  the  milk  of 
two  cows,  and  half  the  increase  of  their  calves ;  the 
other  half,  with  the  cows,  the  company  were  to  re- 
ceive at  the  end  of  three  years.  In  case  of  his  de- 
cease, his  wife  while  remaining  his  widow,  and  his 
children,  if  the  former  and  the  latter  continued  in  the 
plantation,  were  to  be  supported  at  the  public  charge. 
Should  he  not  like  to  dwell  longer  here,  than  the 
period  agreed  on,  there  was  to  be  no  charge  for  a  pas- 
sage back  for  himself  and  family* 

Similar  contracts  ^  were  made  with  Rev.  Messrs. 
Skelton  and  Bright, 

REASONS    OF    MR.    HIGGINSON     FOR     ENCOURAGING 

THE  COLONY. 

About  the  time  that  Rev.  Mr.  Higginson  engaged 
to  embark  for  America,  he  published,  "  Qenerall  Con- 
siderations^ for  the  Plantation  in  New  England,  with 
an  Answer  to  several  objections."  Such  sound  judg- 
ment and  elevated  motives  aboimd  in  this  production, 
and  so  immediate  was  its  reference  to  Naumkeag,  that 
we  cannot  refrain  from  giving  its  thoughts  a  place 
among  the  memorials  of  our  city.  Mr.  Higginson's 
considerations  were  of  the  ensuing  tenor:  First,  it 
would  be  for  the  prosperity  of  the  church  in  general, 
to  have  the  gospel  planted  on  these  shores,  and  would 
"  raise  a  bulwarke  against  the  kingdom  of  Antichrist, 
which  the  Jesuits  labour  to  rear  up  in  all  places  of 

^  Hazard's  Collections,  y.  i,  p.  Similar   considerations   are  con*, 

256.  tained  in  the  Planter's  Plea,  print- 

*  Hatchinson's    Collections,  p.  ed  in  London,  1630,  and  in  Capt. 

27.  The  same  authority  decidedly  John  Smith's  Path- way  to  erect « 

declares  this  production  to  be  ^om  Plantation,  piiik\A<i  \2beitt  \^^.« 
the  pen  of  iir,  Higginaon,  p,  2i, 

7'# 


70     REASONS  FOR  ENCOURAGING  THE  COLONY. 

the  world.'*      Second,  the  churches  of  Europe  had 
been  desolated,  except  that  of   England,  and   there 
was  just  fear  lest  this  might  be  similariy judged; — and 
who  could  know  but  that   God  had  provided  the 
colony  as  "  a  refuge  for  many,  whom  he  meanes  to 
save  out  of  the  general  destruction."   Third,  England 
grew  weary  of  her  impoverished  population ;  and, 
sixth,  why  should  they  remain   and  starve,  when 
there  was  land  enough  and  to  spare,  in  the  plantation, 
for  their  sustenance.     Fourth,  "  Wee  are  growen  to 
that  excess  and  intemperance  in  all  excess  of  riot,  as 
no  meane  estate  almost  will  suffice  to  keepe  saile  with 
his  equals,  and  he  that  fayles  in  it,  must  live  in  sor- 
row and  contempt.     Hence  it  comes  to  passe,  that  all 
arts  and  trades  are  carried  in  that  deceitful  manner  and 
unrighteous  course,  as  it  is  almost  impossible  for  a  good 
upright  man  to  maintayne  his  chardge  and  live  comfort- 
ably in  any  of  them."     Fifth,  the  literary  and  theo- 
logical schools  were  inordinately  expensive  and  were 
"  perverted,  corrupted  and  utterly  overpowered  by  the 
multitude  of  evill  examples  and  licentious  governors 
of  those  seminaries."     Seventh,   "  What  can  bee  a 
better  worke  and  more  noble  and  worthy  a  Christian, 
than  to  helpe  to  raise  and  support  a  particuleir  church 
while  it  is  in  its  infancy,  and  to  join  our  forces  with 
such  a  company  of  faithfuU  people,  as  by  a  tymely 
assistance  may  grow  stronger  and  prosper,  and  for 
want  of  it  may  be  put  to  great  hazzard,  if  not  wholly 
ruined  ? "   Eighth,  "  If  any  such  as  are  known  to  bee 
godly,  and  live  in  wealth  and  prosperity  here,  shall 
forsake  all  this  to  joyn  themselves  with  this  church, 
and  runne  in  hazard  with  them  of  hard  and  meane 
condition,  it  will  be  an  example  oi  gteax  w^^Xio^fex 


OBJECTIONS  ANSWERED.  71 

the  removing  of  scandall  and  sinister  and  worldly 
respects,  to  give  more  lyfe  to  the  faith  of  God's  peo- 
ple in  their  prayers  for  the  plantation,  and  also  to 
encourage  others  to  joyne  the  more  willingly  in  it." 

From  these  premises,  Mr.  Higginson  proceeds  to 
state  objections  and  answer  them. 

First,  "  It  will  be  a  great  wrong  to  our  owne  church 
and  country  to  take  away  the  best  people ;  and  we  still 
lay  it  more  open  to  the  judgments  feared. — Reply. 
But  a  small  proportion  of  the  most  exemplary  will 
emigrate.  Many  of  them  will  have  greater  opportu- 
nities for  usefulness  in  a  new  settlement,  and  thus 
promote  the  welfare  of  the  church,  as  a  whole.  It  is 
the  purpose  of  God  to  have  all  nations  receive  Chris- 
tianity, and  whether  the  natives  in  the  colony  accept 
it  or  not,  all  who  proffer  it  to  them  discharge  their 
duty  and  glorify  him." 

Second.  Though  we  have  long  feared  judgments, 
yet  we  are  safe*  It  is  better  to  remain  till  they  come, 
and  then  we  may  flee,  or,  if  overtaken  by  them,  we 
should  "be  content  to  suffer  with  such  a  church  as 
ours." — Reply.  "  It  is  likely  that  this  consideration 
made  the  churches  beyond  the  seas,  as  the  Palatinate, 
Rochel,  etc.,  to  sit  still  at  home,  and  not  look  out  for 
shelter  while  they  might  have  found  it ;  but  the  wofuU 
spectacle  of  their  ruine  may  teach  us  more  wisdom  to 
avoid  the  plague  while  it  is  foreseene,  and  not  tarry  as 
they  did  till  it  overtooke  them.  If  they  were  now  at 
their  former  liberty,  wee  may  be  sure  they  would  take 
other  courses  for  their  safety.  And  though  most  of 
them  had  miscarried  in  their  escape,  yet  it  had  not 
been  halfe  so  miserable  to  themselves,  ox  ^^xidAiox^ 
to  religiim,  as  this  desperate  backsUdiiig  aoii  ^^\)x^si% 


72  OBJECTIONS  ANSWERED. 

the  truth,  which  many  of  the  antient  professors 
among  them,  and  the  whole  posterity  that  remayne 
are  plunged  into." 

Third.  "  Wee  have  here  a  fruitful!  land,  with 
peace  and  plenty  of  all  things." — Reply.  "  Wee  are 
like  to  have  as  good  conditions  there  in  tyme ;  but 
yet  we  must  leave  all  this  abundance,  if  it  bee  not 
taken  from  us.  When  we  are  in  our  graves,  it  will 
be  all  one  whether  we  have  lived  in  plenty  or  penury, 
whether  we  have  dyed  in  a  bed  of  downe  or  lockes  of 
straw.  Onely  this  is  the  advantage  of  the  meane 
condition,  that  it  is  a  more  freedom  to  dye.  And  the 
lesse  comfort  any  have  in  the  things  of  this  world,  the 
more  liberty  they  have  to  lay  up  treasure  in  heaven." 

Fourth.  "  Wee  may  perish  by  the  way  or  when 
we  come  there,  having  hunger  or  the  sword,  etc. ;  and 
how  uncomfortable  will  it  be  to  see  our  wives  and 
children  and  friends  come  to  such  miserie  by  our 
occasion  ? " — Reply.  "  Such  objections  savour  too 
much  of  the  flesh.  Who  can  secure  himselfe  or  his 
from  the  like  calamities  here  ?  If  this  course  be  war- 
rantable, we  may  trust  God's  providence  for  these 
things.  Either  he  will  keepe  those  evils  from  us,  or 
will  dispose  them  for  our  good  and  enable  us  to  beare 
them." 

Fifth.  "  But  what  warrant  have  we  to  take  that 
land,  which  is  and  hath  been  of  long  tyme  possessed 
of  others,  the  sons  of  Adam?" — Reply.  "That 
which  is  common  to  all  is  proper  to  none.  This  sav- 
age people  ruleth  over  many  lands  without  title  or 
property ;  for  they  inclose  no  ground,  neither  have 
they  cattell  to  maintayne  it,  but  remove  their  dwell- 
log's  as  they  have  occasion,  ox  as  tih^^  csn  ^gcsi^i^ 


INDIAN  CLAIMS.  73 

against  their  neighbours.  And  why  may  not  Chris- 
tians have  liberty  to  go  and  dwell  amongst  them  in 
their  waste  lands  and  woods,  leaving  them  such  places 
as  they  have  manured  for  their  corne,  as  lawfully  as 
Abraham  did  among  the  Sodomites  ?  For  God  hath 
given  to  the  sons  of  men  a  twofold  right  to  the  earth ; 
there  is  a  naturall  right  and  a  civil  right.  The  first 
right  was  naturall  when  men  held  the  earth  in  com* 
mon,  every  man  sowing  and  feeding  where  he  pleased. 
Then,  as  men  and  cattell  increased,  they  appropriated 
some  parcells  of  ground  by  enclosing  and  peculiar 
manurance,  and  this,  in  tyme,  got  them  a  civill  right. 
Such  was  the  right  which  Ephron,  the  Hittite,  had  to 
the  field  of  Machpelah,  wherein  Abraham  could  not 
bury  a  dead  corpse  without  leave,  though  for  the  outer 
parts  of  the  countrey,  which  lay  common,  he  dwelt 
upon  them  and  tooke  fruite  of  them  at  his  pleasure." 
There  is  more  land  than  is  sufficient  for  both  the 
Indians  and  colonists.  A  plague  has  swept  off  most 
of  the  natives.  The  survivors  of  them  welcome  set- 
tlers to  their  soil. — This  question  about  occupying  the 
land  of  the  aborigines  was  the  subsequent  occasion  of 
much  controversy,  through  Roger  Williams,  both  at 
Plymouth  and  Salem.  It  was  one  which  received 
much  deliberation  from  the  original  proprietors  and 
colonists  of  New  England.  Whatever  may  have 
been  thought,  said,  or  written  of  them,  on  this  sub- 
ject, they  were  evidently  disposed,  as  before  stated, 
and  even  anxious  to  satisfy  every  fair  claim  of  the 
Indians  for  the  territory  which  they  settled. 

Sixth.  "  We  should  send  our  young  ones  and  such 
as  can  best  be  spared;  and  not  the  best  o{  owi  m\:i\v 
ters  and  magistrates.  '^ — ^Keply.     "  Xt  is  a  gte^X  ^oifts^ 


74  PURPOSE  OF  EMIGRATING   HITHER. 

and  requires  more  skilful!  artificers  to  lay  the  founda- 
tion of  a  new  building,  than  to  uphold  and  repayre 
one  that  is  already  built.  If  great  things  be  attempted 
by  wcake  instruments,  the  effect  will  be  answerable." 

Seventh.  "  Wee  see  that  those  plantations,  that 
have  been  formerly  made,  succeeded  ill." — ^Reply. 
"  The  fruit  of  any  public  designe  is  not  to  be  dis- 
cerned by  the  immediate  success.  It  may  appear  in 
tyme,  that  they  were  all  to  good  use.  There  were 
great  fundamental  errours  in  others,  which  are  like  to 
be  avoided  in  this ; — for  their  mayne  end  and  purpose 
was  carnall  and  not  religious  ;  they  aymed  chiefly  at 
profitt  and  not  at  the  propagation  of  religion ;  they  used 
too  unfitt  instruments,  a  multitude  of  rude  and  ungov- 
erned  persons,  the  very  scums  of  the  land  ;  they  did 
not  stablish  a  right  forme  of  government."  This  clos- 
ing answer  is  one  of  the  clear  evidences,  which  prove, 
that  the  great  aim  in  peopling  Massachusetts,  was,  like 
that  as  to  Plymouth,  the  spread  of  "pure  religion." 

The  head  which  dictated  and  the  heart  that  felt 
the  preceding  opinions  and  sentiments,  were  of  no 
ordinary  texture.  Indeed,  for  the  occupancy  of  this 
soil,  Mr.  Higginson  gave  ingenious  and  forcible  rea- 
sons. It  required  great  physical  strength  to  cast  down 
the  pillars  of  Dagon's  temple ;  but  a  greater  moral 
energy  to  surmount  the  impediments  cast  in  the  way 
of  pur  pilgrim  ancestors,  when  tearing  themselves 
from  home  and  kindred,  to  embark  for  the  inhospita- 
ble coast  of  a  distant  and  unsubdued  wilderness. 

EMIGRANTS  AND  SUPPLIES. 

April  16.     According  to  the  Lord  Treasurer's  war- 
rantj  60  married  and  unmaitied  fem«\fe^^  ^^  OoMjwa 


FAVOR  TO  THE  COLONY.    CHARTER,  ETC.        75 

and  300  men  with  supplies  of  food,  arms,  clothing, 
tools  and  140  head  of  cattle,  are  permitted  to  be  em* 
barked  ^  for  Massachusetts  colony. 

LETTER  FROM  THE  COMPANY   TO  MR.   ENDICOTT. 

April  17.  A  letter,^  dated  at  Gravesend,  is  written 
by  the  Governor  and  Deputy  of  the  company  in  Eng- 
land to  Mr.  Endicott.  'It  relates  to  him  what  was 
like  glad  tidings  from  a  far  country,  that  there  was  an 
increased  purpose  to  sustain  the  plantation.  It  gives 
information  of  the  charter's  being  confirmed,  and  that 
a  duplicate  of  it,  with  the  royal  seal,  was  about  to  be 
sent  over  by  Mr.  Sharpe. 

The  writers  of  this  epistle  and  their  associates, 
were  fully  aware,  that  every  human  enterprise,  unin- 
fluenced by  religion,  would  soon  fall  to  the  ground. 
They  well  knew  that,  let  temporal  prosperity  be  ever 
so  great  for  a  season,  still,  if  destitute  of  divine  influ- 
ence, it  would  draw  in  its  train  abounding  corruptions 
and  become  an  instrument  of  ruin  to  its  possessors. 
Thus  properly  impressed,  they  sought  for  men  worthy 
to  bear  the  ark  of  God.  Their  choice  fell  on  the 
Rev.  Messrs.  Francis  Higginson,  of  Leicester;  Sam- 
uiel  Skelton,  of  Lincolnshire,  and  Francis  Bright. 
These  were  among  the  Calvinistic  clergymen  of  Eng- 
land, who  were  reduced  by  its  laws,  while  they  lived 
in  the  kingdom,  to  the  hard  alternative,  either  to  with- 
hold some  of  their  opinions  and  read  in  time  of  public 
worship  the  Book  of  Sports,  which  encouraged  an 
open  profanation  of  the  Sabbath ;  or  submit  to  prose- 
cutions, fines,  imprisonment,  and  deposition  ftoia  X\\& 

'  Prince's  New  Enghmd,  p.  183.         «  Suffolk  Deed«,  1A>«t  \. 


76  MINISTERS. 

ministry.  With  the  way  for  a  satisfactory  discharge 
of  their  duty  so  hedged  up,  and  with  a  sphere  of  use- 
fulness opened  for  them,  where  spiritual  freedom  was 
proffered,  they  felt  obligated  to  turn  from  the  one  and 
move  in  the  other.  In  reference  to  them,  the  preced- 
ing letter  holds  the  subsequent  language :  "  And  for 
that  the  propagating  of  the  Gosple,  is  the  Thing  wee 
doe  profess  aboue  all  to  bee  our  ayme  in  setling  this 
Plantacon.  Wee  haue  bin  carefull  to  make  plentyfull 
provision  of  godly  ministers,  by  whose  faithfull  preach- 
inge,  godly  conversacon  and  exemplary  lyfe,  wee 
trust  not  only  those  of  our  owne  nation  wilbe  built 
vp  in  the  knowledge  of  God,  but  also  the  Indians 
may,  in  God's  appointed  tyme,  bee  reduced  to  the 
obedyence  of  the  Gosple  of  Christ ;— one  of  them  is 
well  knowne  to  yourselfe,  viz :  Mr.  Skelton,  whom 
wee  haue  the  rather  desired  to  beare  a  part  in  this 
worke,  for  that  wee  are  informed  your  selfe  hath  for- 
merly received  much  good  by  his  ministory ;  he  com- 
eth  in  the  George  Bonaventure,  Mr.  Thomas  Cox. 
Another  is  Mr.  Higgeson,  a  graue  man,  and  of  worthy 
commendacons ;  hee  cometh  in  the  Talbot.  The 
third  is  Mr.  Bright,  sometymes  trained  vpp  vnder  Mr. 
Davenport,  who  cometh  in  the  Lyon's  Whelp.  We 
pray  you  accommodate  them  all  with  necessaryes  as 
well  as  you  may ;  and  in  convenyent  time  lett  there 
bee  houses  built  them  according  to  the  agreement  wee 
haue  made  with  them."  The  letter  proceeds  to  re- 
mark, that  there  is  prospect  of  harmony  among  these 
ministers,  which  will  be  promoted  by  impartiality 
towards  them  and  all  others  j  that  the  manner  of  their 
preaching  to  the  colonists  and  Indians,  is  left  to  their 


DISCONTENT  OF  OLD  PLANTERS.  77 

own  discretion  ;  and  that  for  their  labors  to  be  appre- 
ciated, they  must  be  duly  honored. 

It  informs  Mr.  Endicott,  that  a  government,  called 
"  the  ^  Council  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay,"  had  been 
appointed  to  reside  in  the  colony,  of  which  he  was 
the  head.  The  particulars  of  this  information  ^  are 
under  a  subsequent  record  of  General  Court,  in  Lon- 
don, the  30th  instant.  The  letter — having  ordered 
that,  if  Roger  Conant  and  his  associates  declined 
being  represented  ill  this  council,  this  body  might 
supply  their  own  vacancies,  so  caused — ^uses  expres- 
sions, which  denote  that  a  part  of  the  first  settlers 
here  considered  themselves  as  injured,  by  having  the 
colony  taken  from  their  immediate  control.  The 
language  on  this  topic  follows:  <<And  that  it  may 
appeare  as  well  to  all  the  worlde  as  to  the  old  planters 
themselues,  that  wee  seke  not  to  make  them  slaues, 
as  it  seems  by  your  letter  some  of  them  thinke  them- 
selues to  bee  become  by  meanes  of  our  patent,  wee 
are  content  they  shalbe  partakers  of  such  priviledges, 
as  wee,  from  his  Majesty's  espetiall  grace,  with  great 
cost,  fauor  of  personages  of  note,  and  much  labor, 
haue  obtained ;  and  that  they  shalbe  incorporated  into 
this  Socyetie,  and  enioy  not  only  those  lands,  which 
formerly  they  haue  manured,  but  such  a  further  pro- 
porcon "  as  the  civil  authorities  think  best.  "  Be- 
sides, it  is  still  our  purpose,  that  they  should  haue 
some  benefitt  by  the  common  stock,  as  was  by  your 
first  commission  directed,  with  this  addicon,  that  if  it 

*  This  title  is  more  brief  than  the  colony,  had  been  elected  be- 
the  one  under  April  30th.  fore  the  30th  of  AptvV,  «A.d.  %% 

*  It  leems  from  the  above  letter,  early  as  the  17lh.. 
that  the  Governor  and  Council  for 

8 


78       PRIVILEGES.    CULTIVATION  OF  TOBACCO. 

bee  held  too  much  to  take  30  per  cent,  and  the  fraight 
of  the  goods,  for  and  in  consideracon  of  our  adven- 
ture and  disbursement  of  our  moneyes,  to  bee  paid 
in  Bevor  at  6*  per  lb.,  that  you  moderate  the  said 
rate," — as  equity  requires.  <<  Our  further  order  is, 
that  none  bee  partakers  of  any  of  the  aforesaid  priui- 
ledges  and  profitts  but  such  as  bee  peaceable  men,  and 
of  honest  lyfe  and  conversacon,  and  desirous  to  hue 
amongst  ys,  and  cpnforme  themselues  to  good  order 
and  government."  Thus  careful  to  give  the  old 
planters  the  respect  and  favor  which  their  seniority, 
as  to  the  first  occupancy  of  the  soil,  seemed  to  re^ 
quire,  the  letter  desires  Mr.  Endicott  to  grant  them 
further  indulgence  in  the  cultivation  of  tobacco.  At 
the  same  time,  it  forbids  all  others  here  to  raise  this 
article ;  to  sell  or  use  it,  '<  vnless  vpon  vrgent  occa^ 
sion,  for  the  benefitt  of  health,  and  taken  privately." 
It  also  states  that  there  is  very  little  profit  to  be 
gained  by  the  exportation  of  such  a  commodity  to 
England.  As  much  excitement  had  been  sustained  in 
that  kingdom  for  a  series  of  years,  concerning  to- 
bacco, by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh's  first  introduction  of  it 
into  polite  circles,  and  especially  by  the  proclamations, 
excises  and  phillipics  of  King  James  against  it,  as 
contained  in  his  Counter  Blast,  there  is  no  great  mat- 
ter for  surprise,  that  the  company  should  feel  and  say 
so  much  on  such  a  subject.  VJTouId  it  not  be  well,  if 
more  antipathy  of  this  kind  had  come  down  to  our 
day,  and  infused  its  influence  into  every  walk  of  life  ? 
The  letter  informs  Mr.  Endicott,  that  John  Oldham 
had  made  various  proposals  to  be  connected  with  the 
company  in  speculations  of  tmde,  but  that  they 
avoided  an  acceptance  of  thercv,  aadi  \!tv^x\\A^^&  ^- 


GOROE8  TERRITORY.  RCV.  RALPH  SMITH.   79 

ting  out  a  vessel  to  come  and  take  possession  of  the 
territory  in  Massachusetts,  conveyed  to  him  by  John, 
brother  of  Robert  Gorges.  Of  this  claim,  the  author^ 
ities  in  London  say,  "  which  wee  are  well  satisfyed, 
by  good  Couucell,  is  voyde  in  lawe."  Still  they 
had  strong  apprehensions,  lest  he  should  draw  disaf* 
fected  colonists  to  his  side  and  form  a  settlement 
within  their  bounds,  independent  of  their  jurisdiction* 
Hence,  they  were  solicitous  that  Mr.  Endicott  should 
contract  with  Mr.  Conant  and  his  associates  to  have 
neither  part  nor  lot  in  the  projects  of  Oldham.  They 
proposed,  that,  if  nothing  less  than  severe  measures 
would  arrest  the  progress  of  this  individual,  they 
should  be  adopted  ;  though  anxious  to  avoid  any  col* 
lision  with  him,  <<  wishing  rather  there  might  be  such 
an  vnion  as  might  drawe  the  Heathen  by  our  good 
example  to  the  embracing  of  Christ  in  his  Gosple." 
They  desired  Mr.  Endicott,  that,  as  soon  as  emigrants, 
about  to  embark,  should  arrive  here,  he  would  dis* 
patch  forty  or  fifty  of  them  to  take  possession  of  the 
soil  on  which  Oldham  had  fixed  his  eye.  They  also 
requested  him  to  encourage  such  planters  as  were 
already  there,  so  that  they  might  wish  to  be  under 
his  authority ;  and  even,  if  requisite  for  this  end,  to 
allow  them  "  more  than  ordinarie  preuiledges  in  point 
of  trade." 

The  letter  notices  Ralph  Smith,  a  minister,  as  hav- 
ing engaged  a  passage  hither,  before  he  was  known 
to  differ  in  some  points  from  the  three  other  clergy- 
men in  the  same  fleet.  It  represents  him  as  honest  in 
his  creed,  and  hopes  that  he  will  be  no  occasion  of 
discord ;  but  if  he  should  be,  leave  may  Toe  %t«sv\.e^ 
Aim  to  depart.    From  what  is  here  suggesledi  oi  'Sfix. 


80     SALT.  VINEYARDS.  FORT.  CAPITAL. 

Smith,^  and  from  his  being  employed  by  the  Plymouth 
church  soon  aflter  his  coming  over,  he  appears  to  have 
been  more  Congregational  in  his  views  of  ec,clesiasti- 
cal  polity  than  Mr.  Cradock  and  other  members  of  the 
government  at  home,  and  this  was  probably  the 
source  of  their  objection  to  him. 

The  letter  alludes  to  a  request  made  by  Governor 
Endicott  for  the  assistance  of  Frenchmen  to  make 
salt  and  plant  vineyards.  It  says,  that,  however  none 
of  such  a  nation  could  be  obtained,  Mr.  Thomas 
Graves,^  amply  qualified  for  services  of  this  sort,  had 
been  engaged  to  reside  in  the  colony.  Besides  the 
scientific  attainments  of  Mr.  Graves,  as  specified  in 
his  contract,^  the  letter  observes  of  him  :  "  he  hath 
bin  a  traveller  in  divers  forraigne  parts  to  gain  his 
experience."  The  same  epistle  desires  Mr.  Endicott 
to  consult  this  gentlemen,  in  these  words :  "  Wee 
pray  you  take  his  advise  touching  the  premises,  and 
where  you  intend  to  sett  down  in,  to  forty  fie  and  build 
a  Towne,  that  it  may  bee  qualified  for  good  ayer  and 
water,  according  to  your  first  instruccons,  and  may  haue 
as  much  naturall  helpe  as  may  bee,  whereby  it  may 
with  the  less  labor  and  cost  bee  made  fitt  to  resist  an 
enemie."  This  passage,  taken  in  connection  with  the 
facts,  that  Governor  Endicott,  under  his  fii^t  commis- 
sion retained  the  emigrants  at  Naumkeag,  and  fortified 
it  under  his  second,  shows  that  it  was  the  purpose  of 
his  heart  to  make  this  place  the  capital  of  the  colony. 

*  After  preaching  at  Plymouth  Rcyncr.  He  died  in  Boston,  March 

several  years,  he  djd  the  same  at  1,  1('6*2. 

Manchester ;    was  at  the  former  ^  Groves  in   I.   6.   of    Suffolk 

place  in  J64]  ;  had  sold  his  house  Deeds. 

Mad   land    there  to  John    Dow,  '  Made  Yrilh.  the  Court  of  A8' 

be/bre  September  27,  l(i42,  when  aUVAUla. 
//  was   conveyed  to  Rev.  John 


GOV.  CRADOCK'S  BENEFICENCE.  81 

The  letter  promises,  that  an  account  of  names  and 
land  for  each  of  the  settlers  in  the  first  allotment,  should 
be  forwarded  to  him.  It  asks  him  to  accommodate 
servants  and  cattle,  about  to  sail,  either  at  <<  Nahum- 
keeke  or  in  the  Mattachusetts  Bay,  or  in  both  places." 
It  recommends  part  of  such  persons  and  stock  to  his 
care,  as  belonging  to  Sir  Richard  Saltonstall  and  Mr. 
Isaac  Johnson.  It  desires  attention  to  the  interests  of 
"Matthew  Cradock,  who  with  some  particuler  breth* 
ren  of  our  company,  haue  deepely  engaged  them- 
selues  in  their  private  adventures  in  these  shipps  and 
those  to  come  ;  and  as  wee  hold  these  men,  that  thus 
deepely  adventure  in  their  priveate  to  bee,  vnder  God, 
spetiall  instruments  for  the  advancing  and  strength- 
ning  of  our  Plantacon,  which  is  done  by  them  with- 
out any  charge  to  the  Company's  generall  stock, 
wherein  notwithstanding  they  are  as  deepe  or  deeper 
engs^ed  then  any  other,  soe  being  contented  to  bee 
debarred  from  all  priveate  trading  in  Furrs  for  3 
yeares." 

It  mentions,  that  the  common  seal  is  to  be  sent 
over  by  Mr.  Sharpe.  It  observes,  that  if  swine  are 
needed  in  the  plantation,  six  of  them  may  be  had  of 
New  Plymouth  for  £9,  towards  what  they  owe  Mr, 
Goffe  ;  and  that  42  goats  will  be  immediately  shipped 
for  Naumkeag. 

As  to  various  articles,  previously  ordered  by  the 
council  in  London,  the  letter  furnishes  the  ensuing  ex- 
tract :  "  Wee  haue  followed  your  advice  and  sent  most 
of  our  guns,  snaphance,  bastard  muskett  bore;  and 
wee  haue  also  sent  store  of  powder  and  shott  \  ^t^'ftL^ 
for  seede,  both  wheat,  barley  and  rye  in  \\ie  OckaSis 
e^    As  for  fruit  stones  and  kernells,  the  tytoft  ol  lito^ 

8* 


82  TRAINING.    FAMILY  DISCIPLINE. 

year  fitts  not  to  send  them  now,  soe  wee  purpose  to 
doe  it  per  our  next.  Tame  turkyes  shalbe  now  sent 
you  if  may  bee,  if  not,  per  other  shipps."  It  adds, 
"  Wee  are  disappointed  of  the  provisions  ordered  to 
haue  bin  sent  you  for  yourselfe  and  Mrs.  Endecott, 
but  God  willing,  they  shall  come  by  the  next." 

It  orders,  that  every  individual  who  sells  arms  and 
ammimition  to  the  Indians,  and  teaches  them  how  to 
use  these  things,  shall  be  sent  to  England  for  punish- 
ment according  to  the  regal  proclamation.  It  cau- 
tions Mr.  Endicott,  as  he  had  been  previously,  against 
excessive  reliance  on  the  good  faith  of  the  natives. 
It  proposes  to  him,  that,  as  a  defence  against  foreign 
and  domestic  foes,  the  colonists  have  set  days  for  mil- 
itary discipline,  and  that  he  may  expect  aid,  in  this 
concern,  from  Messrs.  Graves  and  Sharpe.  Of  the 
last,  it  remarks  :  "  Mr,  Sharpe  is  by  vs  entertained  to 
bee  Mr.  Gunner  of  our  ordnance,  in  which  service  he 
is  to  employ  soe  much  of  his  tyme  as  the  charge  of 
that  oflSce  doth  require  ;  and  in  the  rest,  hee  is  to 
follow  other  imployments  of  our  governors  and  others, 
for  whose  employment  hee  is  particularly  sent  over.'^ 
It  states,  that  a  memorandum  of  the  provisions, 
shipped  for  this  place,  and  of  the  emigrants'  names, 
employed  by  the  company,  would  be  forwarded  with 
them.  Of  the  people,  thus  coming  to  our  shores,  it 
speaks — '^  Amongest  which  wee  hope  you  will  fynde 
many  religious,  discreete  and  well-ordered  persons, 
which  you  must  sett  over  the  rest,  devyding  them 
fnto  famylies,  placing  some  with  the  ministers,  and 
others  vnder  such  as  beeing  honest  men,  and  of  their 
owne  calling  as  neere  as  may  bee^  maiY  haue  care  to 
see  item  well  educated  in  lYieii  ^netoXV  ^^vci^%^ 


TREATMENT  OF  INDIANS.    RELIGIOUS  DISPUTES.  83 

Christians,  and  particuler  according  to  their  severall 
trades,  or  fitness  in  disposicon  to  learne  a  trade."  It 
allows,  that  if  any  of  the  inhabitants  here  transgress, 
they  shall  be  punished ;  and  if  irreclaimable,  be  sent 
home,  with  certificates  of  their  mal-condiict,  as  a  terror 
to  others. 

It  gives  special  caution  against  injury's  being  done 
to  the  natives,  and  advises  Governor  Endicott  to  pub- 
lish a  proclamation  of  this  import,  with  the  common 
seal  impressed  on  it,  and  posted  up  <<  in  some  eminent 
place  for  all  to  take  notice."  To  avoid  mischief  by 
too  great  intimacy  with  the  Indians,  it  orders  "  that 
they  bee  not  permitted  to  come  to  your  Plantacon, 
but  at  certaine  tymes  and  places."  As  expressive  of 
honest  purpose  towards  these  natives,  it»observes :  "If 
any  of  the  Saluages  pretend  right  of  inheritence  to 
all  or  any  part  of  the  lands,  graunted  in  our  Pattent, 
wee  pray  you  endeavour  to  purchase  their  tytle,  that 
we  may  avoyde  the  least  scruple  of  intrusion." 

It  desires  the  council,  that  in  case  any  theological 
controversies  should  arise  here,  to  "  suppress  them, 
and  bee  carefull  to  maintain  peace  and  vnitie."  It 
proposes,  with  regai-d  to  having  either  Mr.  Bright,  or 
Higginson,  or  Skelton,  preach  at  Charlestown,  that,  if 
they  fail ,  to  agree  on  this  subject,  it  shall  be  decided 
by  lot,  and  whoever  is  selected  shall  dwell  there  with 
his  family. 

It  commissions  Messrs.  Skelton  and  Samuel  Sharpe, 
in  case  they  found  Governor  Endicott  dead,  on  their 
arrival  at  Naumkeag,  or  if  he  should  die  before  all  the 
vessels  reached  here,  to  take  the  lead  of  the  council 
and  rule  according  to  order. 
It  rwsammenda  several  of  the  emigtaiit&  Xo  \)afe  ^3^ 


84         MECHANICS.    CATfLE.    CARGO.    FISHERY. 

thorities  of  the  plantation.  Of  Lawrence  Leech  it 
says,  <<a  careful!  and  painfull  man,  lett  him  haue 
deserving  respect ; "  of  Richard  Waterman,  with  Uke 
approbation,  "  whose  chiefe  employment  wilbe  to 
gett  you  good  venison."  It  mentions  six  shipwrights, 
"of  whom  Robert  Molton  is  chiefe,"  to  be  paid  two 
thirds  by  the  general  company  and  one  third  by  Mr. 
Cradock,  and  employed  for  them  in  similar  propor- 
tions I  and  Richard  Ewstead,  a  wheelwright,  approved 
by  Mr.  Davenport  as  "  a  very  able  man,"  engaged  to 
the  same  parties  on  like  conditions;  and  William 
Ryall  and  Thomas  Brand,  coopers  and  cleavers  of 
timber,  to  be  compensated  one  half  by  each  of  these 
concerns,  and  to  labor  for  them  accordingly.  The 
last  mechanics  are  required  to  get  staves,  etc.,  in  read- 
iness for  part  of  return  cargoes.  One  Norton,  a  car- 
penter, is  named  among  these  emigrants,  for  a  kind 
reception. 

The  letter  specifies  horses,  mares,  cows,  bulls  and 
goats,  shipped  by  Mr.  Cradock,  and  to  be  divided  into 
two  equal  parts  after  their  arrival,  one  for  him  and  the 
other  for  the  company.  It  expresses  the  hope,  that 
Governor  Endicott  had  exchanged  the  goods  he  took 
out  with  him,  for  beaver,  otter,  and  other  furs,  and 
that  these,  with  other  suitable  lading,  may  be  dis- 
patched in  the  Talbot,  which  was  at  £160  charges  a 
month. 

It  requests  that  fishermen — of  whom  six,  from  Dor- 
chester, are  coming  over — may,  with  part  of  the  crews, 
take  fish,  and  that  this  be  cured  in  hogsheads  or  other* 
wise,  with  salt  on  board  of  the  Whelp  and  Talbot, 
and  sent  home  in  either  of  these  vessels*  It  permits 
iJbat  the  Whelp,  being^  owued  by  fti^  c,om\«aK^>\ta^i 


CHIRURGEON.    THE  SABBATH.  85 

be  detained  a  whiie,  if  she  can  be  profitably  employed. 
It  relates,  that  the  George  Bonaventure  is  to  land  her 
passengers  and  goods,  and  immediately  sail  for  New- 
foundland. 

The  letter  shows  the  care  of  the  authorities  in 
London,  that  the  colony  should  have  further  medical 
assistaijce.  It  gives  their  language  on  this  point : 
"  Wee  haue  entertained  Lambert  Wilson,  chirurgion, 
to  remaine  with  you  in  the  service  of  the  Plantacon, 
with  whom  wee  are  agreed,  that  hee  shall  serve  this 
companie  and  the  other  planters,  that  live  in  the  Plan- 
tacon  for  three  yeares,  and  in  that  tyme  apply  him- 
selfe  to  cure,  not  only  of  such  as  came  from  hence 
for  the  generall  and  particuler  accompts,  but  also  for 
the  Indians,  as  from  tyme  to  tyme  he  shall  be  direc- 
ted "  by  the  council.  "  Moreover,  he  is  to  educate 
and  to  instruct  in  his  art  one  or  more  youths,  such  as 
you  and  the  said  Councell  shall  appoint,  that  may  bee 
helpful!  to  him,  and  if  occasion  serve,  succeed  him 
in  the  Plantacon,  which  youth  or  youths  fitt  to  learne 
that  profession,  lett  bee  placed  with  him,  of  which 
Mr.  Huggeson's  sonne,  if  his  father  approue  thereof, 
may  bee  one,  the  rather  because  he  hath  bin  trayned 
vp  in  litterature ;  but  if  not  hee,  then  such  other  as 
you  shall  iudg  most  fitt." 

The  letter  manifests  that  the  company  were  fully 
aware,  that  the  great  interests  of  society  depended 
much  on  a  dutiful  observance  of  the  Lord's  day.  It 
thus  recites  their  words:  "To  the  end  the  Saboth 
may  bee  celebrated  in  a  religious  manner,  wee  appoint 
that  all  that  inhabite  the  Plantacon,  both  for  the  gen- 
erall and  particuler  imployments,  may  sutceas^  \X\a\t 
Mbor  every  Satterday  throughout  the  yeate,  aX  "i  ^i 


6^  CHARTER.    9EAL.    FAMILY  ORDER. 

the  clock  iu  the  afternoooe,  and  that  they  spend  the 
rest  of  that  day  in  catichising  and  preparacon  for  the 
Saboth,  as  the  ministers  shall  direct."  This  order 
furnishes  a  striking  and  ominous  contrast  to  the  pres- 
ent  general  practice. 

April  21.  To  the  letter  of  the  17th,  the  Governor 
and  Deputy  appended  another  to  Mr.  Endicott.  .  The 
former,  with  the  charter  and  the  company's  seal,  was 
committed  to  the  care  of  Samuel  Sharpe,  on  board  of 
the  George  Bonaventure,  which  was  supposed  to  be 
still  riding  at  anchor  for  a  fair  wind.  As  to  the  char- 
ter, there  is  a  very  good  likeness  of  it  in  the  collec- 
tions of  the  Salem  Athenaeum.  It  has  the  remains 
of  the  party-colored  cord,  which  once  held  the  royal 
seal.  It  has  no  record  of  Governor  Cradock's  official 
oath,  as  there  is  on  the  charter  in  our  State  archives. 
It  appears  to  have  been  the  document,  sent  over  to 
Mr.  Endicott  by  order  of  the  Company's  Court  in 
London.  It  now  reposes  in  the  very  settlement,  where 
it  was  once  the  magna  charta,  on  which  the  council 
of  Naumkeag  made  their  laws  and  grounded  their 
authority. 

The  last  communication  observes :  •*  Wee  haue 
devyded  the  servants,  belonging  to  the  company,  into 
seuerall  famylies,  as  wee  desire  and  intend  they 
should  line  togeather,  a  coppy  whereof  wee  send  you 
here  inclosed,  that  you  may  accordingly  appoint  each 
man  his  charge  and  dutie."  The  accomplishment  of 
this  order  was  left  to  the  discretion  of  Mr.  Endicott.  In 
this  connection,  it  is  perceived  how  deeply  the  com- 
pany were  impressed  with  the  established  truth,  that 
as  the  discipline  and  morals  of  families,  so  the  eleva- 
tj'oa  or  depression  of  the  comiauuix^,  svax^^  ot  \i1^^:\^w^ 


JOHN  AND  SAMUEL  BHOWN.  87 

which  they  constitute.  Their  language  follows  3 
<<  Our  earnest  desire  is,  that  you  take  spetiall  care  in 
settlinge  these  families,  that  the  chiefe  in  the  £uni* 
lie,  at  least  some  of  them,  bee  grounded  in  ReUgioni 
whereby  morning  and  evening  famylie  dutyes  may 
bee  duly  performed,  and  a  watchful!  eye  held  over  all 
in  each  familie,  by  one  or  more  in  each  famylie  to  bee 
appointed  thereto;  that  soe  disorders  may  bee  pre* 
vented,  and  ill  weeds  nipt  before  they  take  too  great 
a  head.  It  wilbe  a  business  worthy  your  best  en- 
deavors to  looke  vnto  this  in  the  beginninge." 

They  advise,  that  if  any  in  their  employment  are 
idle  and  disobedient,  they  must  be  chastised,  adding 
^<  that  correccon  is  ordained  for  the  fooles  back,  as 
necessary  as  food  and  rayment."  It  is  plain,  that 
they  were  among  the  class  of  ancient  disciplinarians, 
who  could  scarcely  be  convinced  that  reason  and 
persuasion  were  enough  for  the  reformation  of  the 
spoiled  and  dissolute.  They  duly  appreciated  the 
beneficial  effects  of  industry,  and  thus  urged  it  for 
the  colonists :  "  Wee  hartely  pray  you,  that  all  bee 
kept  to  labor,  as  the  only  meanes  to  reduce  them  to 
civill,  yea,  a  godly  life,  and  to  keepe  youth  from  fall- 
ing into  many  enormities,  which  by  nature  wee  are 
all  too  much  enclyned  vnto." 

Towards  the  close  of  their  epistle,  they  introduce 
John  and  Samuel  Brown,  of  the  emigrants,  as  "  breth- 
ren of  our  company,  who  though  they  bee  noe  adven- 
turers in  the  generall  stocke,  yett  are  they  men  wee 
doe  much  respect,  being  fully  perswaded  of  their  sin- 
cere affeccons  to  the  good  of  our  Plantacon  ;  the  one 
Mr.  John  Browne  is  sworne  an  assistant  Yieie,  «a\di  V} 
rs  chosen  one  of  the  CNOczQoell  theie — ^a  TDSua  e'x:Q06r 


88      GORGES  TERRITORY.    LETDEN  EMIGRANTS. 

enced  in  the  lawes  of  our  kingdom,  and  such  an  one 
as  wee  are  perswaded  will  worthylie  deserue  your 
favor  and  furtherance,  which  wee  desire  he  may  haue, 
and  that  in  the  first  devision  of  lands  there  may  be 
allotted  to  ether  of  them  200  acres."  Thus  these 
gentlemen  left  for  the  new  world,  under  favorable 
auspices.  But  discrepancy  of  views,  as  to  ecclesiasti- 
cal forms,  was  soon  to  cause  their  compulsory  return. 
The  bow  of  morning  often  terminates  in  the  storm  of 
evening. 

The  letter  is  closed  by  one,  probably  Governor 
Cradock,  with  particulars  of  Messi*s.  John  Oldham 
and  John  Dorrell's  patent  from  Mr.  Gorges.  He  re- 
lates, that  this  grant  extended  five  miles  up  Charles 
river,  N.  W.  from  the  border  of  Massachusetts  bay, 
and  three  miles  up  Abousett  river,  from  its  mouth,  and 
contained  all  between  such  lines  of  these  two  rivers, 
with  reserves  of  royal  mines  and  12**  on  every  100 
acres  of  occupied  land,  and  that  William  Blackstone 
and  William  Jeffries  were  empowered  to  granit  the 
premises  to  Mr.  Oldham  on  his  showing  them  the 
charter.  The  writer  again  authorizes  Mr.  Endicott 
to  take  possession  of  this  territory,  as  a  means  of  ex- 
cluding Oldham. 

Among  the  passengers  ^  in  the  Talbot,  were  some 
of  Mr.  Robinson's  people,  from  Leyden.  Their  emi- 
gration to  Plymouth,  had  been  prevented  by  former 
members  of  the  company,  in  England,  for  that  plan- 
tation. 

GENERAL  COURT  IN  LONDON. 

April  30.     They  order  ^  "  that  thirteene  of  such  as 
' SMrleyg  letien    Mass.  HU.  CdlV.i.l.^.m.^.^.    *C^,^^«», 


COUNCIL  FOR  THE  COLONY  APPOINTED.         89 

shalbe  reputed  the  most  wyse,  honest,  expert  and 
discreete  persons  resident  vpon  the  said  Plantacon 
shall  haue  the  sole  managing  and  ordering  of  the  gou- 
emment  and  our  affaires  there,  who  to  the  best  of  their 
judgments  are  to  endeavour  soe  to  settle  the  same,  as 
may  make  most  to  the  glory  of  God,  the  furtherance 
and  advancement  of  this  hopeful  Plantacon,  the  com- 
fort, encouragement  and  future  benefitt  of  vs  and 
others,  the  beginners  and  prosecutors  of  this,  soe 
laudable  a  worke.  The  said  thirteene  persons  soe 
appointed,  to  bee  entytled  by  the  name  of  the  Gou* 
emor  and  Councell  of  London's  Plantacon  in  the 
Mattachusetts  Bay  in  New  England.  And  having 
taken  into  due  consideracon  the  meritt,  worth  and 
good  desert  of  Capt.  John  Endecott,  and  others  lately 
gone  over  from  hence  with  purpose  to  resyde  and 
continue  there,  wee  haue  with  full  consent  and  au- 
thoritie  of  this  Court  and  by  ereccon  of  hands,  chosen 
and  elected  the  said  Capt.  John  Endecott  to  the  place 
of  present  Gouernor  in  our  said  Plantacon."  They 
also  chose  Francis  Higginson,  Samuel  Skelton,  Fran- 
cis Bright,  John  Brown,  Samuel  Brown,  Thomas 
Graves  and  Samuel  Sharpe,  for  seven  of  his  council. 
To  these,  power  was  delegated  to  choose  three  other 
counsellors,  and  to  the  old  planters  for  electing  two 
more.  On  this  subject  the  General  Court  remarked : 
"  That  the  former  Planters  there  may  haue  noe  iust 
occasion  of  excepcon,  as  being  excluded  out  of  the 
priueleges  of  the  Company,  this  Court  are  content 
and  doe  order  by  ereccon  of  hands,  that  such  of  the 
said  former  Planters,  as  are  willing  to  hue  within 
the  lymitts  of  our  Plantacon,  shalbe  enaiAedi  «iA 
hereby  authorized  to  make  choice  pf  %  such.,  ^ca  ^«1 

9 


00  COLONUL  GOVERNMENT. 

shall  thinke  fitt  to  supply  and  make  vpp  the  number 
of  12  of  the  said  Councell,  one  of  which  12  is^  by  the 
Gouemer  and  Councell,  or  the  maior  parte  of  them,  to 
bee  chosen  deputie  to  the  Gouemor  for  the  tyme 
beinge."  The  government  of  the  colony,  or  greater 
part  of  them,  were  authorized  to  choose  a  Secretary 
and  other  needful  officers.  Each  of  them  was  to  take 
an  oath  <<  in  a  publique  Court,  and  not  elsewhere/' 
for  being  faithful  in  his  station,  when  elected  or  ad- 
mitted to  office.  They  were  to  continue  a  year,  or 
till  others  were  appointed.  The  whole,  or  greater 
part  of  them,  were  empowered  to  fill  vacancies  in 
their  body,  occasioned  by  death,  incompetency,  or 
immorality.  The  Governor,  or,  in  his  absence,  the 
Deputy  might  call  courts  at  pleasure,  who,  or  a  ma- 
jority thereof,  among  whom  the  Governor  or  Deputy 
must  be  always  one,  had  power  to  enact  laws  not 
opposed  to  those  of  England,  and  punish  offenders 
according  to  their  deserts.  The  court  here  were  re- 
quired to  furnish  the  court  in  England  with  copies  of 
their  transactions.  Such  was  the  model  of  a  govern- 
ment which  was  located  at  Naumkeag,  and  which 
the  best  friends  of  this  place  earnestly  wished  might 
be  long  continued  within  its  limits. 

The  court  in  London  ordered  that  a  copy  of  their 
acts,  under  this  date,  in  relation  to  the  settling  of  gov- 
ernment in  Massachusetts,  with  an  impression  of  the 
Company's  seal  and  signed  by  the  Governor  and 
Deputy,  should  be  sent  hither  immediately.  Messrs. 
Walgrave,  Pelham,  Humphrey  and  Nowell,  were  de- 
sired to  draw  up  the  form  of  an  oath  for  Grovernor 
^ndicott,  his  Deputy  and  Assistants. 


OATHS.  91 

COURT  OF  ASSISTANTS  IN  LONDON. 

May  7.  Of  their  number,  at  this  session,  wat 
Thomas  Pulyston. 

.  The  forms  of  oaths  for  Governor  Endicott  and  his 
council,  were  ordered  to  be  sent  to  them.  These 
forms,  with  those  for  other  officers  of  the  government 
here,  made  the  ensuing  requisitions  for  substance. 
The  Governor's  oath, — that  he  should  be  loyal  to  the 
king,  faithful  to  the  company,  and  to  the  laws, 
"  made  by  y®  authority  of  y«  Assistants  and  Gener- 
alitye,"  and  punish  <<  transgressors  and  brekers  of  y* 
same  "  with  impartiality. 

The  Deputy's  was  similar,  with  the  addition  of 
pledging  aid  to  the  Governor. 

The  Assistants' — ^that  they  should  give  their  "  best 
advice  for  supportinge  y®  Common  Welthe," — ^allow 
none  "  to  be  admitted  into  y®  freedom  of  this  fellow- 
shippe  contrarye  to  the  true  meaninge  of  the  Charter.** 

The  Treasurer's — ^that  he  should  honestly  discharge 
the  evident  duties  of  his  trust. 

The  Secretary's — that  he  should  be  "obeydient, 
diligent  and  attendant  to  Mr.  Gouernor  and  y®  Depu- 
tye  and  Companye  ;  faithfully  set  doune,  wright  and 
register  in  the  Companye's  book  y®  acts,  ordinances 
and  constitutions  of  the  said  Fellowshippe  j  not  give 
out  any  coppie  of  the  same  actes  without  y®  consent 
of  a  Courte  of  Assistants ;  keepe  secret  all  matters, 
talke  or  conference,  the  disclosing  whereof  may  bee 
preiudiciall  to  the  Companye,"  and  give  notice  of  all 
he  knows,  who  attempt  to  injure  the  "  Fellowshippe." 

The  Beadle's — that  he  should  "  warne  t\ie  OotKgaxx^^ 
to  come  to  Courtes  and  Congregations  to  \>e  a^^^xiX^ 


93   HUGH  PETERS,    JOHN  OLDHAM.    DR.  FULLER. 

by  the  Goueraor  or  his  Deputye,  as  often  and  when 
willed  and  required  "  by  these  officers ;  "  suffer  no 
hurts  to  the  Company;  stand  or  be  within  the  hear- 
inge  of  y*  said  Companye  when  they  are  sett  at  any 
theire  Courtes,  nor  come  in  before  called  for  by  the 
Gouemor  or  his  Deputye." 

Letters  were  ordered  for  Governor  Endicott  about 
allotments  of  land  for  adventurers  in  the  common 
stock  ;  a  mill  for  Francis  Webb ;  and  punishing  such 
as  sold  guns. 

May  11.  At  a  Court  of  Assistants,  Hugh  Peters 
was  present.  "This  daye  Mr.  Ouldum  propounded 
vnto  Mr.  White,  that  he  would  have  his  Patten  ex- 
amined, and  its  agreed  by  the  Courte  not  to  haue  any 
treatye  with  him  about  it,  by  resone  its  thought,  he 
doth  it  not  out  of  loue  but  out  of  some  synister 
respect." 

A  Warrant  was  delivered  unto  Mr.  Scale  for  10 
dozen  and  2  hats,^  at  2/  pr  dozen. 

MR.  ENDICOTTS  LETTER  TO   MR.   BRADFORD. 

Having  medically  administered  to  the  wants  of  the 
colonists,  for  a  few  months.  Dr.  Fuller  returned  to 
Plymouth,  with  the  elevated  enjoyment  which  benev- 
olent action  always  affords. 

May  11.  By  him  Mr.  Endicott  wrote  to  Governor 
Bradford.  In  this  epistle,  the  former  exhibits  the  ex- 
panded views  and  feelings  ever  legitimately  flowing 
from  Christian  principle.  He  speaks  of  the  union  in 
sympathy,  motive  and  action,  which  should  be  cher- 
ished by  disciples  of  the  same  Divine  Master.     He 

^  Thoagb  tida  price  may  »eem  ULCied\VA»,HX>»  v^te^w^R^, 


JEALOUSY  OF  THE  PLYMOUTH  SETTLERS.       93 

mentions  the  necessity  of  this,  in  order  to  establish  a 
religious  commonwealth.  To  this  import  he  remarks, 
<<  bending  all  our  hearts  and  forces  in  furthering  a  work 
beyond  our  strength,  with  reverence  and  fear,  fastening 
our  eyes  always  on  Him,  that  is  only  able  to  direct  and 
prosper  all  our  ways."  He  expresses  gratitude  to  Mr. 
Bradford  for  promoting  the  visit  of  Dr.  Fuller  to 
Naumkeag.  He  touches,  with  prudence,  on  the  need- 
less jealousy  which  had  existed  between  the  respec-  ^ 
tive  friends  of  Plymouth  and  Massachusetts  colonies, 
in  reference  to  ecclesiastical  discipline.  Here,  it  may 
not  be  inapposite  to  observe,  that  the  latter  Associates 
suspected  the  people  of  Plymouth  as  leaning  too 
much  to  Brownism,  though  in  fact  they  had  learned| 
under  the  judicious  Robinson,  to  embrace  and  prac- 
tice Congregational  order.  Such  a  suspicion  explains 
why  Mr.  Lyford  and  his  followers,  when  expelled 
from  the  jurisdiction  of  Gov.  Bradford,  were  oflfered 
an  asylum  at  Cape  Ann  and  then  at  Naumkeag.  In 
the  same  letter,  Mr.  Endicott  also  refers  to  the  time  of 
his  own  religious  reformation.  The  instrument  of 
such  an  alteration — the  most  important  man  can  ever 
experience — ^was  the  Rev.  Samuel  Skelton,  to  whom 
he  was  ardently  attached,  and  whose  society  he  was 
soon  to  enjoy. 

GENERAL  COURT  IN  LONDON. 

May  13.  The  following  persons  were  chosen^ 
members  of  the  Court  in  London,  "  by  the  consent 
of  the  generallity  of  y®  Company : "  Matthew  Crar* 
dock.  Governor,  and  Thomas  Goffe,  Deputy.     Of  th© 

'  Colony  Records. 

9* 


94  PUNCTUAL  ATTENDANCE. 

18  Assistants  named  in  the  charter,  16  were  con- 
finned,  and  instead  of  the  other  two,  John  Endicott 
and  John  Brown,  "  beeinge  out  of  the  land,"  John 
Pocock  and  Christopher  Cowlson  were  elected.  Wil- 
liam Burges  was  chosen  Secretary,^  George  Harwood, 
Treasurer,  and  Humphrey  Scale,  Beadle. 

May  13.  "  Ordered,  that  whensoeuer  any  Court  of 
Assistants  shalbe  summoned,  whosoeuer  of  the  Assis- 
tants comes  not,  twixt  25  March  and  29  of  Septem- 
ber, before  eight  of  y®  clock  in  y®  morning,  and  from 
29  September  to  25  March,  before  9  of  y®  clock  in  y* 
morning,  shall  forfett  twelue  pence  for  euery  such 
offence ;  and  if  he  comes  not  within  towe  houers  after 
either  of  the  said  houers  respectyvely,  then  towe  shil- 
lings for  euery  default,  ech  man  to  flforffett  and  pay, 
and  for  want  of  payment  within  daies  after  de- 
mand made  by  the  officer,  to  the  Company,  the  fyne 
doble  to  bee  sett  vppon  his  accounte."  "  It  is  also 
agreed,^  that  for  aney  y*  shall  haue  pryuat  conference 
after  y*  Court  is  summoned  by  the  Gouemor  or  his 
Deputy,  knocking  of  the  hammer  thrice  on  the  table, 
to  sitt  downe  and  attend  y®  Court,  that  six  pence  by 
euery  person  for  euery  such  offence  shalbe  payd." 

COURT   OF  ASSISTANTS   IN   LONDON. 

May  18.  Messrs.  Humphrey  and  Adams  were  au- 
thorized to  obtain  supplies  for  being  forwarded  to  Mr. 
Endicott  and  his  family.  "The  names  of  all  the 
adventurers  to  bee  sent  over,  with  the  seuerall  somes 
by  them  vnderwritten."  "It  is  ordered,  that  the 
Gouernor  and  Councell  there  shall  haue  power  to 

'  The  Secretary's  falarj  wai  20       '  This  paragraph  is  obscure  ia 
mvk9,  the  oii|^ii«X  «B  ^«\\  «A\At«. 


DIVISION  AND  ALLOTMENTS  OF  LAND.  95 

allott  vnto  every  particuler  adventurer,  that  shall  de- 
sire the  same  by  himselfe  or  his  assigness,  200  acres 
of  land  vpon  the  some  of  £50  adventure  in  the  gen- 
erall  stock  in  the  first  divident,  and  proportionally  for 
more  or  less  according  to  their  severall  adventures." 

May  19.  Concerning  this  subject,  "  it  is  thought 
fitt  that  letters  bee  writt  to  the  Gouernor  to  sett  out 
and  allott  vnto  them  after  the  proporcon  of  200  acres 
of  land  ffor  £50  adventure,  and  after  y*  rate  for  more  or 
less ;  to  build  their  houses  and  to  improouc  there  labors 
thereon ;  and  if  within  10  dayes  after  their  arrivall 
and  demand  made,  the  same  be  not  soe  allotted,  that 
each  man  being  an  adventurer,  is  heereby  permitted 
flfree  liberty  to  build  in  aney  plase  where  himselfe 
shall  thinke  most  convenient,  with  reseruacon  not  to 
build  or  manure  that  alredy  built  on  or  manured, 
prouided  y'  if  the  plott  of  ground  whereon  the  Towne 
is  intended  to  bee  built  bee  sett  out,  y'  it  bee  pub- 
liqueley  knowne  to  bee  intended  for  that  purpose, 
(hat  then  noe  man  shall  presume  to  build  his  howse 
aney  where  else,  (vnless  it  bee  in  the  Massachusetts 
Bay,^  and  there  according  to  such  directions  as  shalbe 
thowght  meete  for  that  plase,)  but  in  case  his  allot- 
ment be  not  sett  out  within  the  Towne  where  he 
shall  build,  and  hauing  in  his  owne  name,  or  in  the 
behalfe  of  his  master,  made  request  to  the  Gouernor 
to  haue  the  same  assyned  to  him,  if  it  bee  not  done 
within  10  dales  after  his  arryuall,  it  shalbee  free  ffor 
aney  in  such  case,  beeing  an  adventurer  in  the  com- 
mon stock,  to  build  his  howse  within  the  foresaid 
jdott  of  ground,  sett  out  for  the  Towne  to  bee  built 

'  MaMftchuseliv  Ba/  was  then  accoanted  bo  m  not  V^  ViftXu^  \Kt- 
ritotjr  Miortbwmtdly  from  Boaton. 


96  ALLOTMENTS  OF  LAND.    OATHS. 

on,  and  to  impale  to  his  owne  vsse  proporconable  to 
hal£fe  an  acre  of  ground  for  £50  adventer  in  y"  com- 
mon stock,  vnless  a  greter  or  lesse  proporcon  be  for- 
merley  determyned  of  by  the  Gouernor  and  Counsell ; 
in  which  case  that  proporcon  is  to  bee  made  vse  of  and 
appropriated  to  ech  man  within  y®  liberties  of  y* 
plott,  sett  out  ffor  the  Towne  to  bee  built  on,  and  it  is 
ordered,  that  Conueyance  bee  made  in  the  Companies 
name,  with  the  common  seale  of  the  Companie  to  it,  to 
aney  y*  shall  desire  it,  for  ech  man's  peasable  inioying 
of  y*  land  he  holds,  at  the  chardge  of  the  Companie." 
'^  It  is  further  thought  fitt  and  ordered,  that  all  such 
persons  as  goe  over  at  their  owne  charge  and  are  ad- 
venturers in  the  common  stock,  shall  haue  lands 
allotted  to  them  for  themselues  and  their  families 
forthwith  50  acres  of  land  for  each  person ;  but  being 
noe  adventurers  in  the  common  stock,  shall  haue  50 
acres  of  land  for  the  Mr.  of  the  familie,  and  such  a 
proporcon  of  land  more,  if  there  bee  cause,  as  accord- 
ing  to  their  charge  and  qualitie,  the  Gouernor  and 
Councell  of  New  England  shall  thinke  necessary  for 
them,  wherby  their  charge  may  bee  fully  and  amply 
supported,  vnless  it  bee  to  any,  with  whom  the  Com- 
pany in  London  shall  make  any  other  particuler  agree- 
ment, to  which  relacon  is  to  bee  had  in  such  case. 
And  for  such  as  transport  servants,  land  shalbe  allotted 
for  each  servant,  50  acres  to  the  Mr.,  which  land  the 
Mr.  is  to  dispose  of  at  his  discresion ;  in  regard  the 
servant's  transportacon,  wages,  etc.,  are  at  the  Mr.'s 
charge." 

May  21.  A  committee  were  to  consult  "Mr.  White, 

the  Councellor  to   bee   satisfied  concerning  the  ad- 

winistering  of  othes  to  the  Go\ietuox  mw^  Cqvmws.^  yo^ 


LANDS.  CARE  FOR  THE  INDIAKS.      97 

New  England."  They  made  the  subsequent  addition 
to  the  order  of  the  18th  of  May,  about  allotment  of 
land:  ''If  within  10  dayes  after  arrivall  of  these 
shipps,  and  demand  made  by  any  person,  adventurer 
in  the  common  stock,  or  his  or  their  servant,  of  their 
allottment  of  land,  the  same  not  being  done,  that 
then  each  person  be  permitted  to  seate  himselfe  in  a 
convenyent  place,  not  formerly  built  nor  manured, 
and  build  his  house  and  inclose  the  same  to  his  or 
their  vse,  not  exceeding  the  one  halfe  of  that  propor- 
con,  which  by  the  former  order  of  this  Court  is 
allowed  and  when  the  devydent  is  made,  to  bee  free 
to  make  his  choice  within  the  said  allottment,  if  hee 
dislike  what  hee  had  formerly  chosen."  It  was  or- 
dered, that  the  Company's  seal  shall  be  kept  by  the 
Governor  of  the  plantation,  and,  in  his  absence,  by 
the  Deputy,  A  committee  were  empowered  to  pre- 
pare letters  and  the  orders  for  establishing  government 
and  allotting  lands  in  the  colony,  signed  by  the  Gov- 
ernor, Deputy,  and  six  Assistants,  with  the  Company's 
seal  affixed,  so  that  they  may  be  sent  over  in  the  ships, 
ready  to  depart. 

LETTER  FROM  THE  COMPANY  TO  GOV.  ENDICOTT. 

May  28.  Another  valuable  letter  ^  is  dated  in  Lon- 
don from  the  Company's  Court  to  Mr.  Endicott.  It 
repeats  the  desire  to  him,  that  an  edict,  with  penalty, 
might  be  passed  and  published,  in  manuscript,  here, 
against  injury  to  the  natives.  It  informs  him,  that  the 
election  of  himself,  as  Governor  of  the  plantation,  and 

>  Suffolk  Deeds,  Book  1,    Not    28th.    Its  Isisl  dale  *\e  3\ixi«  ^^%\. 
a  few  parts  of  this  letter  wefe    Gravesend.  ' 

writttn    eoatmooaaly  after    the 


M   COLONIAL  COUNCIL.  PAPBR8.  RBOiSTERS. 

of  his  council,  had,  since  the  Company's  last  ciommu- 
nication  to  him,  been  established  by  a  full  court ;  that 
forms  of  appropriate  oaths,  for  such  colonial  authori- 
ties, were  now  forwarded  to  them,  who  were  empow* 
ered  to  compose  suitable  oaths  for  their  Secretary  and 
other  officers.  It  mentions,  that  a  list  of  adventurers 
and  the  sums  of  their  subscription,  and  of  their  ser- 
vants, and  other  emigrants,  alreadly  sailed  at  their 
own  charge,  is  now  sent,  and  orders  that  lots  of  land 
be  allowed  to  them,  according  to  an  act  of  the  court 
at  home,  impressed  with  their  seal.  It  says,  that 
copies  of  agreements  with  servants  and^  others,  em- 
barked in  the  three  last  vessels,  accompany  the  pres- 
ent epistle,  and  desires  Governor  Endicott  to  keep  a 
register  of  all  persons,  who  have  or  may  come  to  the 
colony,  as  to  their  names,  quality  and  age.  Precious 
indeed  would  such  documents  as  this  be,  for  throw- 
ing light  on  the  biography  of  many  individuals,  who 
visited  our  goodly  city  in  its  earliest  being.  But  they 
have  long  since  disappeared  with  all  the  papers  of 
Governor  Endicott's  first  administration.  Unless  dis- 
covered in  the  plantation  office  of  London,  or  some 
such  depository  there,  scarce  a  possibility  exists  that 
they  will  ever  greet  the  vision  of  Naumkeag's  de- 
scendants. 

The  letter  proceeds  to  specify  the  ships,  on  the 
point  of  sailing  for  the  plantation  :  the  Mayflower,  of 
Yarmouth ;  the  Four  Sisters  and  the  Pilgrim,  both  of 
London — the  first  commanded  by  William  Pierce,  the 
second  by  Roger  Harman,  and  the  third  by  William 
Wolridge.  It  repeats  the  injunction  to  Mr.  Endicott, 
ihat  he,  with  advice  of  his  council,  make  a  fsdr  settle- 
went  with  the  natives  for  lYie\i  davoi  xv^xi  VJc^a  \kkv- 


REPORT.    HOUSE  OF  CORRECTION.  yg 

tory.  It  calls  for  semi-annual  reports  of  daily  labor 
performed  by  every  Individual  of  each  family.  As 
eziNressive  of  the  Company's  purpose  to  carry  out  their 
system  of  colonial  discipline,  it  remarks :  <<  For  the 
better  goueming  and  ordering  of  our  people,  espetiallie 
such  as  shalbe  negligent  and  remiss  in  performance  of 
their  dutyes,  or  otherwise  exorbitant,  our  desire  is, 
that  a  house  of  correccon  bee  erected  and  set  vpp, 
both  for  the  punishment  of  such  offenders,  and  to 
deterr  others  by  their  example  from  such  irregular 
courses." 

The  letter  commends  Richard  Claydon,*  wheel- 
-wxight,  Richard  Haward  and  Richard  Inkersall. 
These  two  had  families,  and  were  from  Bedfordshire, 
as  well  as  the  former.  Proposal  was  made  that  Mr. 
Claydon  teach  his  art  to  some  of  the  plantation,  and 
that  his  brother,  Barnaby,  work  for  Mr.  Sharpe,  as 
agent  of  Mr.  Cradock.  The  last  gentleman  had  en- 
gaged two  gardeners  to  come  over,  and  he  offered 
that  one  of  them  should  assist  the  colonists. 

The  letter  makes  request  for  the  Rev.  Mr.  White, 
that  attention  may  be  shown  to  a  number  of  passen- 
gers in  the  Lyon's  Whelp,  from  the  counties  of  Dor- 
set and  Somerset ;  that  William  Dodge,  a  skilful  hus- 
bandman, may  have  the  "  charge  of  a  team  of  horses ; " 
that  Hugh  Tillie  and  William  Eedes  may  serve  Sir 
Richard  Saltonstall ;  that  Francis  Webb  may  have 
encouragement  in  setting  up  a  mill ;  and  that  all  per- 
sons, sent  over  by  the  same  clergyman,  may  be  in  the 
employment  of  the  Company.  It  states,  that  the  ex- 
pense of  fitting  out  the  three  last  ships,  was  assessed, 

^  See  hiB  contract  of  March  12, 1629,  wheiein  be  was  deiioiavcA\ftdi 
a  carpenter. 


100     SHIPWRIGHTS.    MR.  CRA1>0CK.    CATTLE. 

one  half  on  the  general  stock  of  the  Companyi  and 
the  other  part  on  the  private  stock  of  Governor  Cra- 
dock  and  his  associates;  and  that  whatever  stores 
remained  after  the  discharge  of  these  vessels  at  Naum- 
keag,  they  were  to  be  accordingly  divided,  and  that 
the  proportion  of  the  private  stock  be  handed  over  to 
Mr.^  Sharpe  as  the  agent.  It  gives  information,  that 
two  thirds  of  articles  for  ship-building  in  the  planta- 
tion belonged  to  the  Company,  and  the  rest  to  Blr. 
Cradock  and  partners,  and  that  the  chaises  for  George 
Farr,  a  shipwright,  now  coming  over,  are  to  be  alike 
borne  by  the  same  concerns;  desires,  that  a  store- 
house may  be  erected  for  the  shipwrights,  of  whom 
Robert  Moulton  was  principal ;  that  they  may  be 
assisted  by  other  colonists;  that,  as  soon  as  three 
shallops  are  finished,  they  be  owned  by  the  preceding 
bodies,  be  equipped  and  perform  voyages  on  their 
account  in  the  proportions  just  specified.  It  says,  in 
the  language  of  the  Court,  "  as  our  Gouemor  ^  hath  en- 
gaged himselfe  beyond  all  expectacon  in  this  business, 
not  only  in  his  particuler,  but  by  great  sommes  dis- 
bursed for  the  generall,  to  supply  the  wants  thereof; 
soe  our  desire  is,  that  you  endeavor  to  giue  all  fur- 
therance and  friendly  accommodacon  to  his  agents 
and  servants."  Such  is  the  representation  of  one, 
who  stands  among  the  foremost  promoters  of  Naum- 
keag's  settlement  and  advancement. 

In  reference  to  cattle,^  now  and  previously  shipped, 
one  half  on  account  of  this  benefactor  and  the  other 
for  the  Company,  it  proposes  a  division  of  them  after 
their  arrival  by  Messrs.  Endicott  and  Sharpe,  but,  if 

'  Matthew  Cradock.    •  Inclading  lYie  Yione  na  "wftW  ^%\\q\\i<^^ VVoid. 


TOBACCO.    FISHERT.    COST  OF  SHIPS.         IQl 

the  latter  be  absent  or  sick,  Henry  Haughton  is  to 
take  his  place. 

The  same  communication  renews  the  topic  about 
tobacco.  "As  in  our  former,  soe  now  againe  wee 
espetially  desire  you  to  take  care,  that  noe  Tobacco 
bee  planted  by  any  of  the  new  planters  vnder  your 
government,  vnless  it  bee  some  small  quantitie  for 
meere  necessitie,  and  for  phisick  for  preseruacon  of 
their  healths,  and  that  the  same  bee  taken  privately 
by  auncient  men  and  none  other ;  and  to  make  a 
generall  restraint  thereof,  as  much  as  in  you  Is,  by 
perswading  the  old  planters  to  employ  themselues  in 
other  business,  according  to  our  example,  and  not  to 
permitt  that  any  Tobacco  bee  laden  there  vpon  our 
shipps."  Could  the  givers  of  this  injunction  have 
looked  down  to  our  day,  they  would  not  only  have 
been  greeted  by  cooperation,  but  also  perceived  that 
medical  practice,  for  the  most  part,  excluded  such  a 
vegetable  from  its  pharmacopoeia,  as  pernicious  rather 
than  beneficial  to  health. 

The  letter  mentions  that,  for  carrying  on  the  fishery, 
as  additional  to  the  six  on  board  the  Lyon's  Whelp, 
three  ^  more  are  now  sent  by  Mr.  Cradock  and  asso- 
ciates, who  are  answerable  for  a  third  of  their  charge 
and  are  to  receive  a  like  ratio  of  their  gains,  and,  the 
Company  the  remainder  of  their  cost  and  profit.  It 
estimates  the  expense  for  freight,  wages,  and  stores  of 
the  three  ships  ready  to  sail,  £2,400  ;  that  this  is  far 
greater  than  what  they  can  make  on  their  outward 
voyage,  and  asks  that,  to  lessen  such  difference,  due 

'  Two  of  Uiese  three  were  dismissed  before  sailing,  because  they 
were  discovered  to  be  immoral  men, 

10 


109  8HIF  BUILDING.    MECHANICS. 

care  may  be  taken  in  sending  back  fish  and  other 
articles,  with  all  possible  dispatch.  It  enumerates 
quantities  of  salt,  with  lines,  hooks,  knives,  boots  and 
barrels,  for  the  fishery,  as  shipped  in  these  vessels.  It 
leaves  the  fishermen  to  be  employed  either  <<  in  har- 
bour or  vpon  the  banke,"  as  may  seem  best,  and 
refers  to  Capt.  William  Pierce  for  advice  in  the  mat- 
ter, as  he  had  been  acquainted  with  the  places.  It 
adds,  "  if  you  send  the  shipps  to  fish  at  the  Banck^ 
and  expect  them  not  to  returne  again  to  the  Planta- 
con,  that  then  you  send  oiu  Barke,  that  is  already  built 
in  the  country,  to  bring  back  our  fishermen  and  such 
provisions  as  they  had  for  fishing."  We  perceive 
from  this,  that  a  vessel  had  been  built,  most  probably 
at  Naumkeag,  and  that  the  Desire,  afterwards  launched^ 
at  Marblehead,  was  not  the  first  vessel  built  in  the 
colony,  as  some  have  supposed.  It  is  very  likely  that 
Robert  Moulton  and  company  erected  many  a  ser- 
viceable craft  for  its  watery  element,  before  the  tim- 
ber of  the  one,  just  named,  was  even  levelled  in  the 
forest. 

The  letter  requests  Mr.  Endicott,  that  besides  the 
building  of  a  storehouse  for  the  shipwrights,  there 
may  be  another  for  the  fishermen.  It  commends  to 
him  Thomas  Beard,  a  shoemaker,  and  Isaac  Rickman, 
who  are  each  to  be  maintained  at  the  public  charge 
for  £10  a  year,  and  to  be  under  his  guidance  for  their 
place  of  employment.  It  states,  that  Beard  had  hides 
in  the  Mayflower  for  the  manufacture  of  bopts  and 
shoes,  and  was  to  pay,  for  the  freight  of  them,  in  the 
ratio  of  £4  a  ton.  It  goes  on  to  observe :  "  Wee  de- 
sire also  the  said  Thomas  Beard  may  have  60  acres 

^  In  1636. 


LANDS  HELD  BT  TENURE  Of  8EKVICE.       IM 

of  land  allotted  to  him,  as  one  that  transports  him- 
selfe  at  his  owne  charge,  but  as  well  (ot  him  as  all 
others,  that  shall  haue  land  allotted  to  them  in  that 
kinde,  and  are  noe  adventurers  in  the  common  stock| 
which  is  to  support  the  charge  of  fort3rficacons,  as 
also  for  the  ministrie  and  diners  other  affaires, — wee 
hold  it  fitt,  that  these  kinde  of  men,  as  also  such  as 
shall  come  to  inheritt  lands  by  their  seruice,  should 
by  way  of  acknowledgment  to  such,  from  whcxn  they 
receive  these  lands,  become  lyable  to  the  performance 
of  some  seruice  certaine  days  in  the  yeare,  and  by 
that  seruice  they  and  their  posteritie  after  them,  td 
hold  and  inherite  these  lands,  which  wilbe  a  good 
meanes  to  enioy  their  lands  from  being  held  in  capitOi 
and  to  support  the  Plantacon  in  generall  and  particu- 
ler."  How  long  this  order  was  complied  with,  is  not 
left  on  record.  Its  execution,  which  called  for  a 
part  of  the  colonists  to  be  employed  at  certain  times, 
as  the  tenure  of  holding  their  fields  and  farms,  which 
thus  showed,  that  they  were  not  of  the  number  who 
derived  their  landed  possessions  from  the  head,  or 
king,  by  a  law,  abolished  under  Charles  II.  must 
have  produced  distinctions  in  community,  which 
would  be  strange  to  our  observation  and  experience. 

Still  uttering  the  fulness  of  their  heart,  the  Court, 
at  home,  renew  their  caution  against  idleness  as  a 
bane  of  society.  "  Wee  may  not  omitt  out  of  zeal 
for  the  generall  good,  once  more  to  putt  you  in  mynde 
to  bee  uery  circumspect  in  the  infancie  of  the  Planta- 
con, to  settle  some  good  order,  whereby  all  persons, 
resident  vpon  our  Plantacon,  may  apply  themselues  to 
one  calling  or  other^  and  noe  idle  drone  ^je  ^^ettoiXXsAL 
to  Hue  among  vs;  which  if  you  take  cttte  uo^  ^^2aft 


104       PUNISHMENT.    FROFANENESS.    SERVANTS. 

first  to  establish,  wilbe  an  undoubted  meanes,  through 
God's  assistance,  to  prevent  a  world  of  disorders,  and 
many  greuious  sinns  and  sinners." 

While  solicitous  to  promote  industry,  they  were 
equally  so  to  have  justice  executed  upon  transgressors. 
On  this  subject  they  say :  "  Wee  hartely  pray  you  to 
admitt  of  all  complaints  that  shalbe  made  to  you,  or 
any  of  you,  that  are  of  the  Councell,  bee  the  com- 
plaint never  soe  meane,  and  pass  it  not  sleightly  over, 
but  seriously  examine  the  truth  of  the  business." 
Our  early  records  of  a  judicial  character,  closely  ad- 
hered to  such  advice.  Hence  the  charge,  not  unfre- 
quently  made  against  our  ancestors,  for  being  exces- 
sively particular.  Still,  however  they  had  faults  like 
the  worthiest  of  their  kind,  they  well  knew,  that 
omission  to  notice  small  offences,  leads  to  the  com- 
mission of  great  crimes ;  that,  as  the  barriers  againsi 
vice  are  lopped  away,  so  those  which  remain  are  more 
easily  borne  down. 

Intent  upon  having  the  plantation  rest  on  the  basis 
of  strict  moral  principles,  far  better  than  the  mines  of 
Potosi,  the  Company  proffer  another  request :  "  Wee 
pray  you  make  some  good  lawes  for  the  punishment 
of  swearers,  whervnto  it  is  to  bee  feared  too  many 
are  adicted  that  are  servants  sent  over  formerly  and 
now."  They  urge  compliance  with  this,  as  a  meaiK 
of  securing  the  divine  benediction.  As  evidence, 
that  they  sincerely  preferred  godliness  to  gain  in  the 
affairs  of  the  colony,  they  remark  :  "  Wee  haue  dis- 
charged diuers  servants  heere,  that  wee  had  entertained 
and  bin  at  great  charges  with  some  of  them ;  yett 
feahDg  their  ill  lyfe  might  bee  preiudiciall  to  the 
PlantacoB^  wee  rather  thought  &U  to  ^Ssxdos^  ^^Qas!^ 


STRONG  WATERS.  105 

and  loose  our  charges,  then  to  burden  the  Plantacon 
with  them."  While  careful  to  crush  the  first  risings 
of  iniquity  among  the  colonists,  the  Company  seem 
not  to  have  understood  the  true  method  to  prevent 
and  eradicate  intemperance.  They  went  with  the 
great  mass  of  the  world,  in  supposing,  that  strong 
drink  was  so  needed  to  sustain  man  in  his  toils  and 
cure  him  in  his  sickness,  it  might  innocently  be  dis- 
tributed among  any  portion  of  their  race.  Not  unlike 
a  person,  who  should  scatter  firebrands  amid  goodly 
habitations,  and  cautiously  surround  them  with  appa- 
ratus to  preserve  such  of  them  as  the  flames  had  not 
too  far  devoured.  On  this  point,  let  the  Company 
speak  for  themselves :  "  Wee  pray  you  endeaveri 
though  there  bee  much  strong  waters  sent  for  sale, 
yett  soe  to  order  it  as  that  the  saluages  may  not  for 
our  lucre  sake  bee  induced  to  excessive  vse,  or  rather 
abuse  of  it ;  and  at  any  hand  take  care  our  people 
giue  noe  ill  example ;  and  if  any  shall  exceede  in 
that  inordinate  kinde  of  drinking  as  to  become  drunck| 
wee  hope  you  will  take  care  his  punishment  bee  made 
exemplary  for  all  others.  Lett  the  lawes  be  first  pub- 
lished to  forbidd  these  disorders,  and  all  others  you 
feare  may  growe  vp,  whereby  they  may  not  pretend 
ignorance  of  the  one,  nor  priuiledg  to  offend,  and 
then  feare  not  to  putt  good  lawes,  made  vpon  good 
ground  and  warrant,  in  due  execucon."  The  spirit, 
which  dictated  this  passage,  would  probably  have 
induced  its  possessors,  if  living  at  this  day,  to  re« 
nounce  their  error  and  take  rank  among  the  foremost 
in  the  reform,  which  has  broken  asunder  many  bonds 
of  inebriation. 

10  • 


106      MR.  ENDICOTT  FIRST  GOVERNOR  OF  If  ASS. 

The  foregoing  commuDicatioa  was  directed  U> 
'<  Captain  Jo:  Endecott  Esquire,  Gouemor,"  and 
others  of  his  council.  This  address  is  thus  particu- 
ticularly  quoted  in  order  to  notice  an  error  of  rank. 
Various  authorities  have  placed  Mr.  Winthrop,  as  first 
in  the  series  of  chief  magistrates  for  our  common- 
mrealth.  But  the  same  body,  who  conferred  on  him 
this  station,  did  no  less  previously  for  Mr.  Endicott 
Besides,  the  latter  was  alike  empowered  by  the  Do^ 
Chester  patentees,  before  the  former  had  any  connec- 
tion with  the  settlement  of  this  soil.  The  rule,  which 
required  John  Carver  to  be  accounted  Governor  cf 
Plymouth  colony  prior  to  William  Bradford,  gives  Mr. 
Endicott  similar  precedency  to  Mr.  Winthrop.  The 
quotation  just  made  from  the  Company's  letter,  shows, 
that  they  who  elected  both  of  these  gentlemen,  had 
no  doubt  but  that  such  order  of  rank  should  be  ob- 
served. True,  these  worthies,  conversant  with  reaU- 
ties  far  above  those  of  earth,  cherish  no  anzious 
thoughts  on  this  question.^  Still,  mistakes  in  the 
record  of  their  temporal  honors  should  be  corrected 
and  stand  out  on  the  page  of  history. 

Of  the  emigrants,  on  board  the  Mayflower,  were  a 
number  of  the  Leyden  congregation,  formerly  under 
Mr.  Robinson,  bound  for  New  Plymouth.  They* 
had  been  delayed,  like  others  in  the  Talbot,  in  such  a 
voyage,  by  unfriendly  adventurers  in  London,  who 
controlled  the  affairs  of  that  colony. 

Before  taking  our  leave  of  the  Company's  two  let- 

^  As  Cape  Ann  is  in  what  haa  have  preceded  both  Messrs.  Endi- 

been  long  called   Massaehusetts»  cott  and  Winthrop  in  such  office 

and  Roger  Conant  was    Gover-  for  a  part  of  this  commonwealth, 

nor  for  the  Dorchester  merchants  '  Shirley's  letter.     Mass.  His.' 

there,  he  ja»y  he  trnlj  said  to  Coll.  «.  1.  t.  iii.'  p.  65. 


COMJPANT*S  DEBTS.    SUBSCRIPTIONS.    OaDERS.  107 

ters  of  April  17th  and  May  28th,  it  may  be  remarked, 
that  they  have  been  largely  drawn  on,  as  to  the  morals 
of  the  colony.  This  has  been  done,  in  part,  to  pre- 
sent the  foundation,  on  which  the  heritage  of  our 
pilgrim  fathers  rested.  If  the  survey  taken  of  it 
lead  their  descendants  to  examine  and  perform  the 
needful  repairs,  it  will  be  neither  unpleasant  nor  un- 
profitable to  them. 

GENERAL  COURT  IN  LONDON. 

June  11.  An  order  ^passed  that,  for  considering 
demands  against  the  Company,  the  whole  of  them 
'<  bee  summoned  by  ticketts  "  to  meet  the  17th  inst. 

June  17,  Wednesday,  at  the  Deputy's  house.  A 
note  was  returned  concerning  Leicester  men.  For 
the  purpose  of  raising  £  1,600  to  meet  demands  on  the 
Company,  continued  partly  by  the  slack  payment  of 
some  subscribers',  it  was  proposed  for  the  prompt  mem- 
bers to  increase  their  former  subscriptions,  and  for  the 
corporation  to  borrow  money  on  interest. 


"  Kamts  of  ikitse 

*<  Sir  R.  Saltonstall,  .  . 
Matthew  Cradock,  Gov. 
Thomas  Goffe,  Dep. 
Richard  Feme,  . 
Thomas  Addams, . 
Increase  Noell,  . 
George  Harwood,. 
Richard  Whyte,  . 
Samuel  Aldersey, 


in  Court  that  vndenoritt  to  lend," 


jClOO  Mr. Clarke,.  .  . 
.  150  Simon  Whetcomb, 
.    50    Thomas  Hutchins, 

Edward  Cooke,    . 

Daniel  Ballard,     . 

Edmund  Whyte, . 

Joseph  Carou,' 

Thomas  Andrewes, 


25 
50 
25 
50 
25 
50 


JS525 


£35 

.  25 

.  25 

.  50 

.  25 

.  20 

.  25 

.  25 

£220 
5^ 

£745  " 


*  Colon/  Beeonb. 


*  h  may  b«  Oueou. 


/ 


108  ORDERS.    MORTON  AT  NAUMKEAG. 

Auditors  of  accounts  were  appointed.  Among  a 
committee,  for  reducing  previous  orders  into  method, 
was  Mr.  Darby.  These  orders  were  "to  bee  entered 
into  a  faire  booke  to  bee  kept  for  that  purpose,  accord- 
ing to  the  Ysage  and  custome  of  other  companyes." 

MEETING  OF  PLANTERS  AT  SALEM. 

Soon  after  Mr.  Higginson's  arrival,  Governor  Endi- 
cott  issued  warrants  ^  to  all,  within  his  jurisdiction,  to 
appear  at  a  session  of  the  Council  in  Salem.  The 
object  was,  for  the  old  and  new  planters  to  sign  cer- 
tain laws  for  the  regulation  of  the  colony.  These 
rules  were  based  on  the  general  position,  that  all 
questions,  relative  to  political  or  ecclesiastical  order, 
should  be  decided  according  to  the  word  of  God. 
Thomas  Morton,  from  Mount  WoUaston,  says,  that 
he  was  present  and  refused  to  subscribe,  because  the 
Council  declined  to  adopt  his  proposal  of  obedience  to 
their  acts,  so  far  as  in  conformity  with  the  statutes  of 
England.  He  relates,  that,  on  the  same  occasion,  the 
colonists,  except  himself,  formed  a  company  for  the 
beaver  trade,  and  agreed  to  share  the  profits,  if  any, 
at  the  close  of  a  year,  according  to  what  each  adven- 
tured in  the  general  stock.  He  informs  us,  that  this 
speculation  was  not  profitable,  while  his  own  gain  in 
such  a  trade  was  "sixe  or  seaven  for  one."  Having 
thus  kept  himself  aloof  from  the  authorities,  it  was 
not  long  before  they  commissioned  some  persons  to 
visit  his  residence  and  endeavor  to  break  up  his  quar- 
ters there.  Hearing  of  their  approach  in  a  shallop, 
he  secjfeted  his  ammunition  and  other  articles  in  the 

>  New  Englif h  Canaan  in  Foroe'a  Tracta ,  t.  ii.  p.  105. 


MINISTERS  ELECTED.  100 

woods.  They  tooi  what  goods  were  left,  principalljv 
corn,  and  brought  them  to  Salem,  as  sequestered  pro- 
perty. Still  Morton  refused  submission.  But  no  dis- 
tant arrest  awaited  him.  He  supposed  himself  called 
to  contend  for  civil  and  religious  liberty,  and  was 
therefore  ready,  on  every  occasion,  to  run  a  tilt  with 
the  powers  of  Plymouth  and  Massachusetts.  Thus 
impressed,  he  cherished  an  insatiable  purpose  of  retri- 
bution upon  them.  But  his  experience,  like  that  of 
all  similarly  impelled,  taught  him,  when  too  late,  that 
such  a  spirit,  however  sweet  at  first  to  a  perverted 
taste,  turns  upon  itself  with  tenfold  evil. 

EMIGRATION  TO  CHARLESTOWN. 

Near  this  time  Mr.  Graves,^  and  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  the  late  emigrants,  go  to  strengthen  the  settle- 
ment of  Gharlestown,  and  thus  throw  greater  impedi- 
ments in  the  way  of  its  being  occupied  and  retained 
by  Mr.  Oldham.  Here  he  soon  had  call  for  his  talents 
as  an  architect  and  surveyor. 

July  20.  In  order  to  secure  a  primary  object  of 
their  emigration,  our  fathers  begem  to  take  measures 
for  the  regular  establishment  of  a  church  and  minis- 
try among  them.  Without  these,  though  an  Eden  of 
natural  advantages  might  have  smiled  on  them,  they 
would  have  felt  spiritually  impoverished  and  fearfully 
expected  a  blast  on  all  their  purposes  and  efforts.  At 
this  date,  Mr.  Skelton  was  chosen  pastor  and  Mr. 
Higginson  teacher,  and  they  were  consecrated  to  their 
respective  offices.  Brethren  were  also  nominated  for 
a  ruling  elder  and  deacons,  but  were  not  ordained* 

'  Charleatown  Records. 


J 10  PURPOSE  OF  THE  COLONY.    SHIPS. 

Of  such  services^  Mr.  Charles  Gott  gave  a  graphic 
description  to  Governor  Bradford. 

Having  perceived  that  Messrs.  Skelton  and  Higgin- 
son  did  not  **use  the  book  of  common  prayer,"  and 
were  otherwise  disposed  to  non-conformity,  Messrs. 
Browns  and  others,  about  this  time,  set  up  ^  an  Epis- 
copal church. 

HIGGINSON'S   JOURNAL. 

July  24.  The  Rev.  Francis  Higginson  dates  the 
journal  ^  of  his  passage  to  Naumkeag, — ^for  sending  it 
to  many  of  his  friends  in  England,  who  had  desired 
him  thus  to  gratify  their  wishes.  It  has  the  ensuing 
introduction  :  "  The  Company  of  New  England,  con- 
sisting of  many  worthy  gentlemen  in  the  city  of  Lon- 
don, Dorchester,  and  other  places,  ayming  at  the 
glory  of  God,  the  propagation  of  the  Gospell  of 
Christ,  the  conversion  of  the  Indians,  and  the  en* 
largement  of  the  King's  Majesty's  dominions  in 
America,  and  being  authorised  by  his  royal  letters 
patents  for  that  end,  at  their  very  great  costs  and 
charges,  furnished  6  ships  to  go  to  New  England,  for 
the  further  settling  of  the  English  plantation,  that 
they  had  already  begun  there."  Though  these  are 
ideas  before  presented,  yet,  as  containing  a  compend 
of  the  agents,  means  and  ends  in  the  promotion  of 
the  colony,  we  thought  them  worth  the  repetition. 

Mr.  Higginson  gives  an  account  of  the  ships.     The 
Talbot*  of  300  tons,  19  guns  and  30  men.     She 

1  For  a  more  particular  account  <Morton*8  Memorial,  p.  147. 

of  doings  now  and  on  Aug.  6,  see  'Hiitehinson'sCoIlectionsjp.SS. 

Ecclesiastical.    Bradford's  Letter  ^  Commanded  by  Thomas  Bee- 

Book.    MsLBs,  His.  Coll.  s.  1.  v.  chex. 
iii.  p.  67 f  8. 


DARBT  AND  ARBOR  LOT  FORTa      JH 

'<  carried  about  100  planters,  6  goates,  5  great  pieces 
of  ordinance,  with  meale,  oatemeale,  pease,  and  all 
manner  of  munition  of  provision  for  the  plantation 
for  a  twelve  monthe." 

The  cannon  on  freight  for  a  fort  here,  and  to  be 
under  the  care  of  Samuel  Sharpe,  as  engineer,  were 
very  probably  soon  placed  in  some  fortification.  Pa« 
pers  of  the  Lynde  family  mention  a  fort,  as  having 
been  in  "  Arbor  Lot,"  on  or  about  the  premises  of  the 
Methodist  meeting-house,^  and  built  nearly  as  far 
back  as  1633,  and  called  the  first  fort  of  Salem.  But, 
from  the  fact,  that  heavy  cannon  for  a  fort  and  a  can- 
noneer were  transported  hither  in  1629,  and  the  ex- 
pressed desire  of  the  Company  in  England  to  have 
the  plantation  well  defended  against  enemies,  both 
inland  and  foreign,  may  not  the  conclusion  be  fairly 
drawn,  that  the  fort,  on  "Arbor  Lot,"  unless  it  was 
there  before  1633,  was  not  the  first  built  by  the  colo- 
nists  ?  Wood's  New  England  Prospect  ^  seems  to 
settle  the  question.  He  sailed  for  England  August 
15,  1633.  Before  this  he  wrote  for  his  book,  that  the 
winter  harbor  of  Salem  "lyeth  within  Derbies  Port." 
Thus  he  mentioned  this  place  of  defence,  not  as  a 
thing  of  the  passing  year,  but  well  known  as  of 
longer  continuance.  It  is  very  likely,  that  one  was 
erected  as  soon  as  1639,  and  was  the  Daxby  ^  fort  on 
Marblehead  side,  a  part  of  Salem  till  1649,  though 
long  supposed  to  have  been  on  Beverly  shore.  Still 
from  the  cause,  which  the  colonists  had  to  fear  the 
Tarrentines,  as  well  as  other  Indians,  it  is  to  be  ration- 


^  On  Sewall  street.  the  Company's  records  as  one  of 

*  Page  43. 

'  A  Mr,  Darby  Ja  naentioned  in 


*  Page  43.  their  membeis,  in  l^'i^. 

\Mr.  ~    '     ' 


113  VESSELS.    GOROES'S  TERRITORT. 

ally  supposed,  that  Mr.  Conant  and  his  followers  built 
an  inland  fortification  on  their  first  occupation  of 
Naumkeag,  and  that  it  was  continued  by  Mr.  Endi- 
cott.  If  so,  such  a  place  of  defence  may  have  been, 
from  its  favorable  location  there,  the  identical  one  on 
Arbor  Lot,  and  that  instead  of  its  erection  being  set 
at  1633  it  should  have  been  about  1626. 

But  Mr.  Higginson's  narrative  calls  us  from  this 
digression.  It  mentions  the  other  vessels  in  the  fol- 
lowing course :  The  George,^  of  300  tons,  20  guns, 
and  about  30  men.  '<  Her  chiefe  carriage  were  cattell, 
12  mares,  30  kyne  and  some  goates,  52  planters  and 
other  provision."  The  Lyon's  Whelpe,^  of  120  tons, 
8  guns,  <' carrying  many  mariners  and  about  40  plan- 
ters, specially  from  Dorcester  and  places  thereabouts, 
with  provision -and  4  goats."  Four  Sisters,  of  about 
300  tons,  "  carried  many  cattell,  with  passengers  and 
provisions."  The  .Mayflower,  freighted  with  emi- 
grants and  supplies.  Mr.  Higginson  relates,  that  there 
was  specicJ  reason  for  the  George's  sailing  before  the 
rest.  It  is  not  unlikely,  that  this  reason  was,  in  part, 
to  notify  Mr.  Endicott  of  Oldham's  intention  to  oc- 
cupy a  section  of  Massachusetts,  and  advise  him  to 
make  immediate  settlement  of  the  tract  so  claimed. 

Mr.  Higginson  narrates,  that  the  Talbot  sailed  from 
Gravesend  26th  of  April,  and  had  reached  no  further 
than  Cowes  6th  of  May.  Here,  he  says,  "  I  and  my 
wifle  and  my  daughter  Mary,  and  2  maids  and 'some 
others  with  us,  obtained  of  the  master  of  the  ship  to 
go  a  shoare  and  refresh  us,  and  to  wash  our  linnens." 
On  the  6th,  "  betyme  in  the  morning,  the  shalope 

'  Called  ako  George  Bonaten-  '  Capt*  John  Gibbs. 

tare,  Capt,  Thomas  Cox. 


DEPARTURE  FROM  LAND'S  END.    SMALL  MlC.  H) 

was  sent  from  the  ship  to  fetch  us  to  Yarmouth,'? 
being  eight  miles  from  Cowes ;  "but  the  wat^ 
proved  rough,  and  our  women  desired  to  be  sett  on 
shoare  3  miles  short  of  Yarmouth,  and  so  went  on 
foote  by  land  and  lodged  at  Yarmouth  that  night." 
Here  they  were  detained.  On  the  10th,  being  Sab- 
bath, "  we  kept  the  ship,  where  I  {nreached  in  the 
morning  ^  and  in  the  aftemoone  was  intreated  to  preach 
at  Yarmouth,  where  Mr.  Meare  and  Captain  Borley 
entertained  us  very  kyndly,  and  earnestly  desired  to 
be  satisfied  of  our  safe  arrivall  in  New  England,  and  of 
the  state  of  the  country."  The  next  day,  the  Talbot, 
accompanied  by  the  Lyon's  Whelp,  sailed  with  a  fair 
wind.  On  the  12th,  "  we  came  as  farre  as  the  land's 
end,  and  so  left  our  deare  native  soyle  of  England 
behind  us."  Hard  must  have  been  the  parting.  But 
while  the  Pilgrim  epdures  the  pang  of  separation, — 
God  speed  thee — as  the  voice  of  his  faith — sooths 
his  heart  and  renews  his  hopes,  inimitably  higher 
than  the  topmost  wave  of  ocean,  than  the  loftiest 
mountain  of  earth. 

Having  had  worship  on  the  Sabbath  of  the  17tbj 
as  usual,  Mr.  Higginson  relates, — ^that  two  of  his 
children,  Samuel  and  Mary,  were  taken  sick  with  the 
"  small  pocks  and  purples  together,  which  was  brought 
into  the  ship  by  one  Mr.  Browne,  who  was  sicke  of 
the  same  at  Graves-end,  whom  it  pleased  God  to 
make  the  first  occasion  of  bringing  that  contagious 
sickness  among  us,  wherewith  many  were  after  af- 
flicted." On  the  19th,  his  daughter  Mary,  died,  an 
event  of  grief  to  her  parents,  and  "  terrour  to  all  the 
rest,  as  being  the  beginning  of  a  contagious  di§e»s«k 

11 


114     BfiA  FA8T8.    ilFP£AIlAKCE  OF  THE  COAST. 

and  mortality."  On  Thursday,  21st,  in  view  of  their 
afflictions,  a  season  of  fasting  and  humiliation  was 
observed.  Messrs.  Higginson  and  Smith  performed 
the  services.  The  former  notes,  <<  I  heard  some  of 
the  mariners  say,  they  thought  this  was  the  first  sea- 
£Bist  that  ever  was  kept,  and  that  they  never  heard  of 
the  like  perfourmed  at  sea  before."  Tuesday,  June 
fidj-^^aA  the  ship  was  delayed  by  contrary  winds, — 
some  of  the  men  sick  with  the  scurvy  and  others 
with  the  small  pox, — another  like  occasion  was 
solemnly  kept.  With  the  varied  interest,  ariinng 
from  first  impressions  of  ocean  scenes,  made  on  a 
mind  of  disciplined  taste,  Mr.  Higginson  notices  the 
appearance  of  hostile  vessels — the  whale,  and  other 
tenants  of  the  deep — storms — ^floating  ice — bank  f<^ 
^-Jeath  of  a  profane  sailor — of  another  child  as  well 
as  his  own — sea  funerals,  and  the  exhilarating  sight 
of  land.  He  remarks,  "  We  received  instruction  and 
delight  in  behoulding  the  wonders  of  the  Lord  in  the 
deepe  waters." 

On  the  26th,  he  writes :  —  "By  noon  we  were 
within  3  leagues  of  Capan,  and  as  we  sayled  along 
the  coasts,  we  saw  every  hill  and  dale  and  every 
island  full  of  gay  woods  and  high  trees.  The  nearer 
we  came  to  the  shoare,  the  more  flowers  in  abun- 
dance, sometymes  scattered  abroad,  sometymes  joyned 
in  sheets  9  or  10  yards  long,  which  we  supposed  to 
be  brought  from  the  low  meadowes  by  the  tyde* 
Now  what  with  fine  woods  and  greene  trees  by  land 
tad  these  yellow  flowers  paynting  the  sea,  made  us 
all  desirous  to  see  our  new  paradise  of  New  England, 
whence  we  saw  such  forerunning  signals  of  fertilitie 
afarre  off. "    Thus,  having  Yv\a  \ix^\x«.\;vwi  itt.  \i%bted 


BLOWN  FROM  THE  HARBOR.        US 

up  with  early  summer's  beautiful  sceneryi  he  and  his 
companions  were  to  experience  a  bitter,  though  short 
disappointment.     Having  neared  the  entrance  of  the 
harbor,  it  was  night,  and  they  tacked  for  sea  roonu 
About  4  o'clock,  next  afternoon,  they  reached  the 
place  which  they  left  the  evening  before,  and,  on  the 
point  of  entering  the  desired  haven,  a  squall,  accom- 
panied with  rain,  thunder  and  lightning,  drove  them 
back.     Fearing  to  try  the  passage  into  Naumkeag,  as 
night  drew  on,  they  put  into  Cape  Ann.     The  fol- 
lowing day,  being  the  28th,  and  the  Sabbath,  was 
religiously  kept  there.      As  Mr.    Endicott  saw  the 
colors  of  the  Talbot  on   Saturday,  he  then  sent  a 
shallop  with  two  men  to  pilot  her.    But  as  these  were 
blown  out  with  her,  they  attended  worship  at  the 
Cape.     By  their  aid,  Mr.  Higginson  observes,  and 
^<  God's  blessing,  we  passed  the  'curious  and  difficult 
entrance  into  the  lai^e  spacious  harbour  of  Naimkecke. 
And  as  we  passed  along,  it  was  wonderful  to  behould 
so  many  islands  replenished  with  thicke  wood  and 
high  trees  and  many  fayre  greene  pastures."     He 
states  that  the  George  arrived  seven  days  before  them. 
He  proceeds,—"  We  rested  that  night  with  glad  and 
thankful  hearts,  that  God  had  put  an  end  to  our  long 
and  tedious  journey.     The  next  morning,  30th,  the 
Govemour  came  aboard  and  bade  us  kindly  welcomCi 
and  invited  me  and  my  wiffe  to  come  on  shoare  and 
take  our  lodging  in  his  house,  which  we  did  accord* 
ingly." 

In  one  of  his  reflections  on  the  voyage,  he  gives 
this  paragraph : — <<  We  had  a  pious  and  Christian-like 
passage ;  for  I  suppose  passengers  shall  ^YdiOTKi  ivsA 
R  company  of  more  religious,  honest  and  kYndL  ^^xsv^xl 


110   SABBATH  KEPT  AT  CAPE  ANN.  ARRIVAL. 

than  we  had.  We  constantly  served  Grod  morning 
Und  evening  by  reading  and  expounding  a  chapter, 
itinging  and  prayer.  And  tlie  Sabbath  was  solemnly 
kept  by  adding  to  the  former,  preaching  twise  and 
catechising.  Besides,  the  ship  master  and  his  com- 
pany used  every  night  to  sett  their  8  and  12  o'clock 
watches  with  singing  a  psalme  and  prayer,  that  was 
not  read  out  of  a  booke." 

Thus  terminates  a  journal,  which  deserves  a  dis- 
tinguished rank  among  the  records,  that  perpetuate 
the  acts  of  our  primitive  clergy, — who,  like  Apostle^, 
made  great  sacrifices  to  spread  the  doctrines  and  ben- 
efits of  Christianity.  The  same  exhibitions  of  moral 
beauty  and  sublimity  in  the  character  of  Paul  and  his 
coadjutors,  are  manifested  in  the  principles  and  deeds 
of  those,  who  first  ministered  at  the  altars  of  New 
England.  When  alt  the  splendid  creations  of  per* 
verted  public  opinion  shall  have  passed  away,  the 
monuments  of  real  excellence,  erected  by  these  con-^ 
secrated  leaders  of  the  church,  shall  stand  with  inde- 
structible strength  and  abounding  brightness,  —as 
spectacles  of  admiration  to  the  moral  imiverse. ' 

HIGGINSONS  LETTER. 

Prom  a  letter  ^  of  Mr.  Higginson  to  his  friends  in 
Leicester,  we  have  the  following  items.  Notice  had 
been  sent  to  Governor  Endicott  by  sixty  families  in 
"  Dorcettershire,"  that  they  intended  to  sail  next 
spring,  with  their  ministers,  for  the  colony,  and  they 
desired  him  <'  to  appoint  them  places  of  habitations." 
'<  Many  families  are  expected  out  of  Lincolnshire  and 

'  Hatehinton'B  Collectiont,  p.  47 .    ^nl  a\><^x]\  ^xA^  ^^\^ft : 


EiaORAllTS.    CATTLE.    BUPPLUBS.  117 

a  minister  with  them,  and  a  great  company  of  godly 
Christians  out  of  London."     Those,  intending  to  coma 
from  Leicester,  are  advised  to  do  it  soon,  lest  they 
lose  the  opportunity  by  delay,  and  because  the  first 
comers   <<  speed    best    and    have   the    priviledge  of 
choosing  {daces  "  of  residence.     The  rich  would  do  a 
good  work  to  send  over  poor  families  to  the  plantation, 
'^  where  they  may  live  as  well  both  for  soule  and 
body  as  any  where  in  the  world."     <^Mr.  Johnson 
out  of  Lincolnshire  and  many  others  have  helped  our 
godly  Christians  hither  to  be  employed  in  their  worke 
for  a  while,  and  then  to  live  of  themselves."     There 
are  forty  goats,  as  many  cows,  six  or  seven  mareSi 
and  one  horse  in  the  place.    More  of  these  animals 
are  daily  expected.     They  who  emigrate  are  request- 
ed to  bring  as  many  of  them  and  also  of  sheep,  as 
possible.     Carpenters  are  much  needed.    As  trans- 
portation is  high,  being  £5  an  adult,  £10  a  horse, 
and  £i  a  ton  of  goods, — it  would  be  judicious  econr 
omy  for  the  richer  emigrants  to  purchase  a  ship  for 
the  accommodation  of  themselves  and  the  rest.     Some 
of  the  colonists  had  been  mistaken  in  supposing,  that 
when  they  put  money  into  the  common  stock,  they 
were  entitled  individually  to  a  house,  besides  a  portion 
of  land.     It  is  necessary  for  those,  who  purpose  to 
make  their  home  here,  to  come  with  provisions  for  a 
year, — "  till  they  can  gett  increase  of  come  by  their 
owne  labor."     Such  should  bring  "  woolen  and  linnen 
cloath,  and,  leather  for  shoes,  and  all  manner  of  car- 
penters tooles,  and  a  good  deale  of  iron  and  Steele,  to 
make  nailes,  and  lockes  for  houses  and  furniture,  for 
ploughs  and  carts^  and  glasse  for  windowea,  andL  xoaxi^ 


118  nSH  ABUNDANT.  MERIT.  HUMAN  D£PENDANC£. 

Other  things,  which  were  better  for  you  to  think  of 
there  than  to  want  them  here."  As  an  indication 
how  abundant  a  species  of  fish,  before  named,  were,— 
which  are  now  seldom  seen  in  our  waters, — Mr. 
Higginson  says,  <<  Whilst  I  was  writing  this  letter  my 
wiffe  brought  me  word,  that  the  fishers  had  caught 
1600  basse  at  one  draught,  which  if  they  weie  in 
England  were  worth  many  a  pound."  It  is  docu- 
ments, like  the  preceding,  which  exhibit  the  incipient 
character  of  society  in  some  of  its  most  impressive 
features.  They  give  us  no  ordinary  lessons  of  di- 
minished reliance  on  the  factitious  distinctions  ci 
prolonged  success  and  luxury,*— on  noble  birth  with- 
out desert,-— on  fortune  without  justice  and  generook 
ity,— -on  elevation  without  merit ;  and  of  enlarged 
confidence  in  the  sterner  energies, — the  higher  aspira- 
tions and  efforts, — and  the  more  exalted  virtues, — 
when  commimity  begins  its  career,  puts  forth  its  ut- 
most strength  to  sustain  its  tottering  interests,  and 
holds  its  course  onward  to  a  prosperous  issue.  They 
command  the  emphatic  responses  of  consent  to  the 
mutual  dependance  of  our  race, — ^to  the  folly  of  turn- 
ing away  with  scorn  from  any  useful  portion  of  them, 
and  to  the  sacred  obligation  of  imitating  the  benevo- 
lence of  Heaven,  as  emblazoned  on  the  face  of  nature 
and  on  the  pages  of  revelation, — ^in  all  our  deportment 
towards  the  human  family. 

HIGGINSON'S  NEW  ENGLAND  PLANTATION. 

As  another  contribution  of  friendship,  made  for  the 

information  and  pleasure  of  many  in  England,  deeply 

interested  in  the  welfare  of  him.  an^i  ol  x\va  ?\asitatiott^ 


BRICK  KILN.    SOIL.    VINES.    ANIMALS.         1|Q 

Mr.  Higginson  gives  them  an  account^  of  its  scmI, 
climate,  location,  prodactions,  natives,  and  conditim. 
While  he  describes  the  colony  in  terms,  correspondiag 
with  his  attachment  for  it,  as  the  home  of  his  adoptiMi 
and  the  object  of  his  ardent  hopes, — be  does  not  fidl 
to  be  impartial  in  the  confession  of  its  disadvantages. 
Though  some,  induced  by  his  representations,  to  on- 
igrate  hither,  complained,  that  they  could  not  find  so 
many  fieivorable  realities,  as  he  believed  that  he  had,— - 
still  the  integrity  of  his  reputation  forbids  the  suspi- 
cion, that  his  motives  were  in  the  least  deceitful.  On 
this  very  subject,  he  remarks,  <<  The  idle  proverbe  if, 
travellers  may  lye  by  authorite.  Yet  I  may  say  of 
my  selfe,  aa  once  Nehemiah  did  in  another  case,  shall 
such  a  man  a^  I  lye?  "  This  account  says,< — "  We 
are  setting  a  brick-kill  on  worke  to  make  brickes  and 
tiles  for  the  building  of  our  houses."  It  mentions, 
that  the  soil  is  exceedingly  fertile  and  produces  abun- 
dant crops  of  hay,  com,  vegetables,  and  fniits.  This 
is  as  would  be  expected  from  land,  that  had  not  been 
exhausted  by  agriculture,  but  continually  enriched  by 
the  decay  of  its  owa  growth.  The  account  relates, 
"  Excellent  vines  are  here  up  and  downe  in  the 
woods.  Our  Governour  hath  already  planted  a  Vine^ 
yard  with  great  hope  of  encrease."  Much  expectation 
of  profit  from  the  raising  of  our  grapes,  was  indulged 
both  here  and  in  England.  But  they  disappointed 
those,  who  made  an  experiment  upon  them.  The 
description,  after  designating  fruit  and  forest  trees, 
jMTOceeds.  ''For  beasts  there  are  some  beares,  and 
,  they  say  some  lyons ;  for  they  have  been  seen  at 

.    1  CdOed  New  Eagbmd'§  PlftnUtion,  printed  Vn  INliMu  lSu0U  Oj^ 
A  J,  r,  1,  p.  117,  '  '^  <    • 


ISO  LIONS.    F18H. 

CSape  Anne.  Here  are  several  sorts  of  deere.  Also 
wolves,  foxes,  beavers,  oUers,  martins,  great  wild  cats, 
and  a  great  beast,  called  a  molke,  as  bigge  as  an  oze." 
Mr.  Higginson  has  been  charged  with  excessive  cre- 
dulity for  supposing,  that  lions  had  been  discovered 
in  this  climate.  But  it  was  not  strange,  that  he,  re- 
cently come  to  the  country,  told  that  it  contained 
such  animals,  and  not  had  time  to  examine  for  him- 
self, should  place  a  degree  of  confidence  in  the  report 
It  is  by  no  means  improbable,  that  his  mind  was 
influenced  by  authorities,^  like  that  of  the  noted 
traveller,  Capt.  Smith, — ^who,  on  his  map,  representing 
Massachusetts,  as  he  knew  and  supposed  it  was  in 
1614,  gives  an  impression  of  the  same  creature.  It 
is  likely,  that  the  molke  is  what  is  commonly  called 
a  moose.  When  the  Zoologist  compares  the  animals 
designated  by  Mr.  Higginson,  with  those  of  the  pre- 
sent day  for  the  same  region,  he  readily  perceives, 
that  no  small  part  of  them  have  disappeared  before 
the  spread  of  population. 

The  account  goes  on, — <'  The  aboundance  of  aea 
fish  are  almost  beyond  beleeving.  I  saw  store  of 
whales,  and  crampusse,  and  such  aboundance  of 
mackerils,  that  it  would  astonish  one  to  behold,  like- 
.wise  codfish  in  aboundance  on  the  coast.  There  is  a 
fish  called  a  basse.  Of  this  fish  our  fishers  take  .many 
htmdreds  together.  Wee  take  plentie  of  scate  and 
thornbacks,  and  aboundance  of  lobsters,  herring,  tur- 
but,  sturgion,  cuskes,  hadocks,  mullets,  eeles,  crabbes, 
muskles,  and  oysters."  We  perceive  from  this  list, 
that  the  quantity  of  all  fish  in  our  waters,  has  coi^- 

'  Wood,  Jomelyn,  and  Johiiioa»  mtoSSoji  \2astA  «a  im»im<  ^te 
^aak  of  New  EngltLnd. 


WILDFOWL.    WOOD.    LIGHTS.    WINTERS.     131 

siderably  diminished,  as  would  be  naturally  supposed, 
and  that  some  species  of  them  are  very  scarce,  if  not 
entirely  disappeared.  Mr.  Higginson's  description 
states,  that  wild  turkies  and  geese  were  plentiful  as 
well  as  pigeons,  ducks,  and  other  fowl.  "A  great 
part  of  winter,  the  planters  have  eaten  nothing  but 
roast  meate  of  divers  fowles,  which  they  have  killed." 
Among  the  comforts  of  a  cold  winter,  it  specifies  a 
liberal  supply  of  wood  for  the  poor  as  well  as  rich. 
"  All  Europe  is  not  able  to  afford  to  make  so  great 
fires  as  New  England."  Speaking  of  lights,  it  re- 
marks,— "  Although  New  England  have  no  tallow  to 
make  candles  of,  yet  by  the  aboundance  of  the  fish 
thereof,  it  can  afford  oil  for  lamps.  Yea,  our  pine 
trees,  that  are  most  plentiful  1  of  all  wood,  doth  allow 
us  plenty  of  candles,  which  are  very  usefull  in  a 
house.  And  they  are  such  candles  as  the  Indians 
commonly  use,  having  no  other,  and  they  are  nothing 
else  but  the  wood  of  the  pine  tree  cloven  in  two  little 
isiices,  something  thin,  which  are  so  full  of  the  moys- 
ture  of  turpentine  and  pitch,  that  they  burne  as  cleere 
as  a  torch.  I  have  sent  you  some  of  them,  that  you 
may  see  the  experience  of  them."  Though  this 
present  was  undoubtedly  welcomed  as  a  memorial  of 
friendship,  and  a  curiosity  to  denote  the  custom  of  an 
uncivilized  people,  yet  neither  the  giver  nor  receivers 
imagined,  that  it  would  win  its  way  to  the  parlors  of 
wealth  and  taste,  and  extinguish  the  more  costly 
lights  of  fashion. 

Among  objections  to  an  abode  here,  the  narrative 
ipeaks  of  the  winters,  as  more  severe  than  in  En- 
gland,—of  the  troublesome  musquetoe,  lYv^  ^\sovi^\>.^ 
"nttlesnake^—^nd  the  want  of  more  em\^pca»Xa  oS.  ^s«^ 


12B      EMIGRANTS.    MR.  HIGGINSONS  HEALTH. 

character,  accompanied  with  horses,  kine,  and  sheep, 
to  improve  the  land.  With  regard  to  the  last  item,  it 
says, — "  Great  pitty  it  is  to  see  so  much  good  ground 
for  corne  and  for  grasse,  as  any  is  under  the  heavens, 
to  ly  altogether  unoccupied,  when  so  many  honest 
men  and  their  families  in  Old  England,  through  the 
populousnesse  thereof,  do  make  very  hard  shift  to  Uve 
one  by  the  other."  It  states,  that  the  health  of  Mr. 
Higginson — quite  infirm  before  he  came  hither — ^was 
much  improved.  Therefore,  it  recommends  the  tem^ 
perature  of  the  country ;  "for  a  sup  of  New  En- 
gland's aire  is  better  than  a  whole  draught  of  Old 
England's  ale." 

1629.  July  24  Relative  to  the  present  condition  ^ 
of  Salem,  the  same  production^  furnishes  the  succeed- 
ing quotations.  "  When  we  came  first  to  Naimkecke, 
now  called  Salem,  we  found  about  half  a  score  houses 
built ;  and  a  fayre  house  newly  built  for  the  goverxKHr, 
and  we  found  also  abundance  of  corne  planted  by 
them,  excellent  good  and  well  liking."  According  to 
the  deposition  of  Richard  Brackenbury,^  the  mansioUi 
here  spoken  of,  was  made  from  materials  of.  another, 
first  erected  at  Cape  Ann,  under  the  Dorchester,  Asso- 
ciates. It  probably  served  for  the  residence  of  Roger 
Conant,  while  Governor  of  that  Plantation.  Part  of 
its  timber  is  said  to  be  contained  in  the  dwelling, 
formerly  a  tavern,  on  the  corner  of  Court  and  Church 
streets.  The  account  continues, — "  We  brought  with 
us  about  200  passengers  and  planters  more,  which 
now  by  common  consent  of  all  the  ould  planters,  are 
all  now  combyned  together  into  one  body  politique 

'  Buppoged  to  he  aboat  July  84.       '  Of  Beverly^  iE.  80  in  1680-1. 
^Ak»  in  Hotcbinmmn'M  Co&leeUons,  p.  46. 


UNION  OP  OLD  AND  NEW  COLONISTS.  128 

nnder  the  same  governor."  Here  is  an  allusion  to  a 
schism,  which  threatened  to  arrest  the  progress  of  the 
Colony,  and  which  existed  between  the  Conant  and 
the  Endicott  settlers.  The  first  appear  to  have  dis* 
liked  subjection  to  the  Massachusetts  Company, 
though  several  patentees  of  this  body  had  belonged 
to  the  Dorchester  Corporation.  Hence,  when  Mr. 
Endicott  arrived,  there  was  want  of  harmony  in 
opinion  and  action  between  the  old  and  new  colonists. 
But  through  a  judicious  compliance  with  the  Com- 
pany's instructions,  he  was  enabled  to  restore  unar 
nimity.  One  great  inducement  for  effecting  this  re- 
conciliation, was  to  counteract  the  plan  of  Oldham, 
who  had  been  a  fellow  sufferer  with  Conant  at  New 
Plymouth. 

The  description  proceeds, — "  There  are  with  us  in 

all,  ould  and  new  planters   300,  whereof  200  are 

settled  at  Naimkecke,  and  the  rest  plant  themselves 

at  Massachusets  bay,  being  to  build  a  towne  there 

called  Charleston  or  Charlestowne.      We  that  are 

settled  at  Salem,  make  what  haste  we  can  to  build, 

so  that  within  a  short  tyme,  we  shall  have  a  fayre 

towne."     It  is  observable,  that  Mr.  Higginson  refers 

to  Charlestown  and  its  immediate  vicinity  as  within 

Massachusetts  Bay,  while  Salem  and  its  neighborhood 

were  excluded  from  such  a  circuit.     This  accorded 

with  former  views  and  conversation,  though  contrary 

to  subsequent  and  present  impressions.     Not  aware  of 

such  a  fact,  some  have  had  their  thoughts  occasionally 

confused  in  perusing  the  early  records  of  our  Com- 

lUonwealth.     The  narrative  adds, — "  We  haue  great 

©irdnance,  whereof  we  doubt  not  but  to  foiltfj^  oMt- 


134         RELIGIOUS  PRIVILEGES.    SHIP  EAGLB. 

selves  in  short  tyme,  to  keepe  out  a  potent  adver- 
sarye*" 

Rising  above  the  temporal  prospect  of  the  planters,— 
however  one,  on  which  he  loved  to  look, — the  writer 
pomes  to  his  still  more  favorite  theme  of  spiritual 
concerns.  '<  But  that  which  is  our  greatest  comfort 
and  means  of  defence  above  all  others,  is,  that  we 
have  here  the  true  religion  and  holy  ordinances  of 
Almighty  God  amongst  us.  Thanks  be  to  God,  we 
have  plenty  of  preaching  and  diligent  catechising, 
with  strict  and  carefull  exercise  of  good  and  com- 
mendable orders  to  bring  our  people  to  Christian  con- 
versation, which  whilst  we  do,  we  doubt  not  but  God 
will  be  with  us ;  and  so  Rom.  8,  31,  what  shall  we 
then  say  to  these  things ;  if  God  be  with  us,  who 
can  be  against  us  ? "  Such  a  conclusion  is  what  would 
be  expected  from  one,  who  had  drank  deeply  of 
*  Siloa's  Brook ' — who  had  well  scanned  the  immu- 
table conditions,  on  which  society  can  be  prospered 
and  immortality  be  blessed. 

GENERAL  COURT,  OF  THE  ASSISTANTS  AND  GENER- 
ALITY, AT  THE  DEPUTY'S  HOUSE  IN  LONDON. 

July  28.  Governor  Cradock  motioned^  that  the 
ship  Eagle,  of  400  tons  and  "  of  good  force,"  should  be 
purchased  for  the  use  of  the  Company.  As  the  funds 
of  the  Corporation  were  low,  individuals,  as  follow, 
agreed  to  take  the  most  of  her. 

Matthew  Cradock,  1-8  Mr.  Revell,  1-lG 

Thomas  Goffe,  1-16  Samuel  Aldersey,  1-16 

.    Thomas  Adams,  1-8  Mr.  Milburne,  1-8 

Nathaniel  Wright,  1-8  Thomas  Hewson,  1-16  ' 

Theophilas  Eaton,  1-16  The  Company,  1-8 

Symon  Whetcomb,  1-16 

*  Colony  Becoida. 


ILUCtT  TRADE  WITH  INDIANS.    PHYSICIAN.    12* 

The  Governor  also  proposed  that  the  Company 
employ  other  ships,  offered  by  their  members,  "of 
less  defence  for  transport  of  their  cattle  and  other 
commodities  soe  long  as  they  shalbe  willing  to  farnidl 
such  shippinge." 

«A  letter  of  the  27th  of  May  from  Mr.  John 
Endicott  was  now  read,  wherin,  amongst  othef 
things,  hee  complaines  of  the  prophane  and  diss(^ 
lute  living  of  divers  of  our  nation,  former  traders  t6 
those  parts,  and  of  their  irregular  trading  with  thcf 
Indians,  contrary  to  his  late  Majesty's  proclamacott, 
desiring  that  the  Company  would  take  the  same  into 
their  serious  consideracon,  and  to  vse  some  speedy 
iheans  here  for  reformacon  therof,  whervpon  the  Plro* 
clamacon,  made  in  anno  1622,  was  read,  and  it  i^ 
thought  fitt,  that  suite  bee  made  to  his  Majesty  or  the 
Lords  for  renewing  therof  with  addicon  of  such  ben- 
efitiall  clauses,  as  shalbe  needfull  for  reforming  sd 
great  and  vnsufferable  abuses,  and  Mr.  Gouemor,  Mr. 
Aldersey,  Mr.  Wright,  and  Mr.  Eaton  are  desired  to 
repaire  to  the  lo.  Keep  ^  and  Mr.  Secretary  Coke  to 
acquaint  their  Honors  herewith,  and  afterwards  a 
peticon  to  bee  presented  to  the  Councell  Board  ac- 
cordingly." John  Betts,  saying  that  "  hee  is  able  to 
discouer  divers  things  for  the  advancement  of  the 
Plantacon," — a  French  physician — '*well  qualified, 
of  godly  lyfe  and  conversacon,  who  is  desirous  to  goe 
ouer," — and  "one  Mr.  Gardner,  an  able  and  expert 
man  in  divers  facultyes," — were  named  as  candidates 
for  employment  in  the  Colony.  It  was  "ordered^ 
that  letters  bee  written  to  those  in  the  country  to  pay 

'  Prolmblf  means  Lord  Keeper  of  the  Gie«X  SetX. 

12 


\j 


139  TRANSFER  OF  THE  GOVERRHENT. 

in  what  they  are  behinde  vpon  their  subscripcons, 
and  that  some  tradesmen,  heere  in  London,  that  haue 
occasion  to  trauell  into  any  of  those  parts  bee  desired 
to  receive  the  money  on  the  Company's  behalfe." 

<'  Mr.  Gouernor  read  certaine  proposicons  conceived 
by  himself,  viz :  That  for  the  advancement  of  the 
Plantacon,  the  inducing  and  encouraging  persons  of 
worth  and  qualitie  to  transplant  themselues  and  famy- 
lyes  thether,  and  for  other  weighty  reasons  therin 
contained,  to  transfer  the  Gouemment  of  the  Planta- 
con  to  those,  that  shall  inhabit  there,  and  not  to  con- 
tinue the  same  in  subordinacon  to  the  Company 
heere,  as  now  it  is.  This  business  occasioned  some 
debate,  but  by  reason  of  the  many  great  and  consid- 
erable consiquences  therevpon  depending,  it  was  not 
now  resolued  vpon,  but  those  present  are  desired  pri- 
vately and  seriously  to  consider  hereof  and  to  sett 
downe  their  particuler  reasons  in  wryting  pro  and 
contra,  and  to  produce  the  same  'at  the  next  Generall 
Court,  where  they,  being^  reduced  to  heads  and  ma- 
turely considered  of,  the  Company  may  then  proceede 
to  a  fynall  resolucon  thereon,  and  in  the  meane  tyme 
they  are  desired  to  carry  this  business  secretly,  that 
the  same  bee  not  devulged." 

CHURCH  FORMED. 

1629.  Aug.  6.  According  to  appointment,  the  or- 
ganization of  the  church  was  finished.  Its  platform 
of  rule,  covenant,  and  articles  of  faith,  were  adopted. 
The  two  last  were  professed,^  for  substance,  at  the 
Savoy,  by  the  Congregational  churches  of  England 
in  1658. 

'  Boston  AtheneamTnAU,'&ooYl^. 


PLEDGE  FOR  PROMOTION  OF  THE  COLONY.  137 


COMPACT. 

1629.  Aug.  26.  As  an  important  step  for  the  ad- 
vancement of  the  Colony,  a  contract^  is  made  at 
Cambridge,  by  certain  members^  of  the  Ck>mpany. 
Its  premises  follow :  <<  Upon  due  consideration  of  the 
state  of  the  |dantation  now  in  hand  for  New  England, 
wherein  wee  have  engaged  ourselves;  and  having 
weighed  the  greatnes  of  the  worke  in  regard  of  the 
consequence,  God's  glory  and  the  churches  good ; — as 
also  in  regard  of  the  difficultyes  and  discouragements, 
which,  in  all  probabilityes,  must  be  forecast  upon  the 
execution  of  this  businesse ;  considering  with  all,  that 
this  whole  adventure  growes  upon  the  joynt  confi- 
dence we  have  in  each  others  fidelity  and  resolution 
herein,  so  as  no  man  of  us  would  have  adventured  it 
without  assurance  of  the  rest."  Then  comes  an 
engagement,  <<  in  the  word  of  a  Christian  and  in  the 
presence  of  God,"  on  the  part  of  the  subscribers,  that 
they  would  settle  their  affairs  so  as  to  be  ready  for  a 
voyage  hither  by  the  first  of  next  March.  This  was 
done  on  several  conditions.  One  was,  that  the  Gen- 
eral Court  should  vote  to  transfer  "  the  whole  govern- 
ment together  with  the  Patent,"  to  the  Plantation  and 
here  remain.  Another  was,  that  if  any  one  of  the 
contractors  should  be  prevented  from  compliance,  and 
such  prevention  was  deemed  sufficient  by  three- 
fourths  of  their  number,  he  should  be  excused  from 
embarking  so  long  as  his  impediment  continued.     It 

^  Hatehinson'f  Coll.  p.  25.  phrey,  Thomas  Sharp,  Increaie 

*  Richard  Saltonstall,  Thoma«  Nowell,  John  W\u\:htoVi'^*^^vi^'ak 

t}^\er,WUliMm  VaM*ll,Nicholaa  Pynchon,  KeWam  l&to^x«»^  isA. 

f¥e»i,  Ummc  JobttMon,  John  Hbm-  Willhun  Colbion. 


]28      TRANSFER  OF  THE  CHIEF  GOVERNMENT. 

was  also  agreed,  that  if  either  of  them  failed  to  be 
ready,  he  should  forfeit  £3  a  day  for  detaining  them. 
Various  have  been  the  covenants  formed  by  individ- 
uals of  different  nations  and  for  diverse  purposes.  But 
none  of  them  has  exceeded  this  of  our  fathers,  in 
purity  of  motive,  in  denial  of  selfishness,  iti  firmness 
of  purpose,  and  in  nobleness  of  end.  The  Achaean 
league,  long  celebrated,  sought  and  obtained  civil 
liberty.  But  its  nature  and  results  would  not  equally 
compare  with  those  of  this  and  other  compacts, 
formed  by  our  ancestors. 

GENERAL  COURT  AT  THE  DEPUTY'S  HOUSE  IN  LONDON. 

Aug.  28.  "Mr.  Deputie  acquainted^  this  Court, 
that  the  especiall  cause  of  their  meeting  was  to  giue 
answere  to  divers  gentlemen,  intending  to  goe  into 
New  England,  whether  or  noe  the  chiefe  Gouernment 
of  the  Plantacon,  togeather  with  the  Pattent,  should 
bee  settled  in  New  England  or  heere.  Wherevpon  it 
was  ordered,  that  this  aftenioone,  Mr.  Wright,  Mr. 
Eaton,  Mr.  Adams,  Mr.  Spurstowe,  and  such  others, 
as  they  should  thinke  fitt  to  call  vnto  them,  whether 
they  were  of  the  Company  or  not,  to  consider  of 
furguments  against  the  setling  of  the  cheife  Gouern- 
ment in  New  England.  And  on  the  other  syde.  Sir 
Richard  Saltonstall,  Mr.  Johnson,  Capt.  Venn,  and 
«uch  others  as  they  should  call  vnto  them,  to  prepare 
furguments  for  the  setling  of  the  said  Gouernment  in 
Jfew  England, — and  that  tomorrow  morning,  being 
the  29th  of  August,  at  7  of  the  Clock,  both  sydes 
should  meete  and  conferr  and  weigh  each  others 

1  MaM.  Colony  Bitcotdt. 


TJ&AN8PER  OF  PATENT  AND  GOVERNMENT.     ISO 

arguments,  and  afterwards,  at  9  of  the  Clock,  (which 
is  the  tyme  appointed  of  meeting  for  a  Generall 
Court,)  to  make  report  thereof  to  the  whole  Companyi 
who  then  will  determine  this  business." 

Aug.  29.  As  an  important  session,  the  names  ^  of 
members  present  are  given. 

**  Mr.  Thomas  Gofle,  Deputy.  Mr.  Geo.  Harwood,  Treagwrer, 

Sir  Richard  Sakonstall.  Mr.  Richard  Pernr. 

Mr.  Isaac  Johnson.  Mr.  Geo.  Fozcroll. 

Mr.  John  Davenport.  Mr.  Dauys. 

Mr.  Samuel  Aldene/.  Mr.  Ironsyde. 

Mr.  John  Hamfirey.  Mr.  William  Pinchon. 

Capt.  Waller.  Mr.  William  Vassal. 

Capt  John  Vena.  Mr.  Rowe. 

Mr.  Thomas  Adams.  Mr.  Dan.  Ballard. 

Mr.  Tkeophilus  Eaton.  Mr.  Ihcrease  Nowell. 

Mr.  Samuel  Vassal.  Mr.  Webb. 

Mr.  Nathaniel  Wright.  Mr.  Symond  Whetcomfoe. 

Mr.  Christopher  Colston.  Mi.  Colbrand." 
Mr.  John  Focock. 

"  This  day  the  Committees  which  were  appointed 
to  meete  yesterday  in  the  afternoone  to  consider  of 
arguments  pro  and  contra,  touching  the  setling  of  the 
Gouemment  of  the  Companyes  Plantacon  in  New 
England,  being  according  to  the  order  of  the  last 
Court,  mett  togeather^  debated  their  arguments  and 
reasons  on  both  sydes,  where  were  present  many  of 
the  Assistants  and  Generalitie,  and  after  a  long 
debate,  Mr.  Deputie  put  it  to  the  question  as  fol- 
io weth; — ^As  many  of  you  as  desire  to  haue  the 
Pattent  and  the  Gouernment  of  the  Plantacon  to  bee 
transferred  to  New  England,  soe  as  it  may  bee  done 
legally,  hold  vpp  your  hands.  Soe  many  as  will  not, 
hold  Vpp  your  hands.  Where  by  erecon  of  hands,  it 
appeared  by  the  generall  consent  of  the  Company, 

*  Surnames  spelt  as  recorded. 

i2* 


130  DIFFICULTY  OF  MESSRS.  BROWNS. 

that  the  Gouemodent  and  Pattent  should  bee  settled 
ia  New  England,  and  accordingly  an  order  to  bee 
drawne  vpp." 

Sept.  19.  "  At  this  Court  letters  were  read  from 
Capt.  Endicott  and  others  from  New  England,  and 
whereas  a  diflference  hath  falne  out,  betwixt  the 
Gouemor  there  and  Mr.  John  and  Samuel  Browne,  it 
was  agreed,  that  for  the  determinacon  of  those  dif- 
ferences, Mr.  John  and  Samuell  Browne  might  choose 
any  3  or  4  of  the  Company  on  their  behalfe  to  heare 
the  said  differences, — the  Company  choosing  as 
many."  The  Referees  were  accordingly  selected. 
Among  those  for  Messrs.  Browns  was  Mr.  William 
Pinchon,  and  those  for  the  Company  was  Mr.  John 
Winthrop.  Order  was  taken  as  to  unloading  the 
Lyon's  Whelp  and  Talbot,  arrived  from  Naumkeag. 
The  Court  agreed  to  take  advice  how  they  should  act 
relative  to  five  boys,  sent  back  in  the  Talbot,  for 
enormous  immorality. 

Sept.  29.  The  Court  say  as  to  the  transferring 
their  government  to  New  England, — "  That  business 
being  of  great  and  weighty  consiquence,  is  thought 
fitt  to  bee  deferred  for  determinacon  vntill  Sir  R. 
Saltonstall,  Mr.  Johnson  and  other  gentlemen  bee  come 
rpp  to  London."  "  It  was  propounded,  that  a  com- 
mittee should  bee  appointed  to  take  advice  of  learned 
Councell  whether  the  same  may  bee  legally  done  or 
noe ;  by  what  way  or  meanes  the  same  may  bee  done 
to  corispond  with  and  not  to  preiudice  the  Gouern- 
ment  heere ;  to  consider  of  the  tyme  when  it  wilbe 
fitt  to  doe  it; — to  resolue  on  whom  to  conferr  the 
gouemment  and  divers  other  circumstances."  "  The 
next  thinge  taken  into  considei^kcoti  -w^iS  \\\<ei  Letters 


LETTERS  FROM  MESSRS.  BROWNS.    SHIPS.     131 

from  Mr.  John  and  Samiiell  Browne,  to  divers  of  their 
priveate  freiuds  heere  in  England,  whether  the  same 
should  bee  deliuered  or  detained,  and  whether  they 
should  bee  opened  and  read  or  not,  and  for  that  it 
was  to  bee  doubted  by  probable  circumstances,  that 
they  had  defamed  the  Country  of  New  England  and 
the  Gouernor  and  Gouemment  there,  it  was  thought 
fitt  that  some  of  the  said  Letters  should  bee  opened 
and  publiquely  read,  which  was  don^  accordingly, 
and  the  rest  to  remaine  at  Mr.  Deputye's  house  and 
the  partyes,  to  whom  they  are  directed,  to  haue  notice, 
and  Mr.  Gouernor,  Mr.  Deputie,  Mr.  Treasurer  and  Mr. 
Wright,  or  any  two  of  them,  are  entreated  to  bee  at 
the  opening  Shd  reading  therof,  to  the  end  the  Gout' 
pany  may  haue  notice  if  ought  bee  incerted  therin, 
which  may  bee  preiudiciall  to  their  Gouemment  or 
Plantacon  in  New  England.  And  it  is  also  thought 
fitt,  that  none  of  the  Letters  from  Mr.  Samuel  Browne 
sbalbe  delivered,  but  kept  to  bee  made  vse  of  against 
him  as  occasion  shalbe  offred."  The  care  of  unlading 
the  two  ships,  lately  come  from  Naumkeag  arid  of 
paying  oflf  the  crews, — is  committed  to  the  Deputy 
Governor.  "  It  is  also  thought  fitt  and  ordered,  that 
the  Secretary  shall  wryte  out  a  coppy  of  the  former 
grant  to  the  Erie  of  Warwick  and  others,  which  was 
by  them  resigned  to  this  Company,  to  bee  presented 
to  his  Lordship  as  hee  having  desired  the  same." 
The  Court  concluded,  that  the  persons,  who  agreed, 
July  28,  to  buy  the  ship  Eagle  for  the  use  of  the 
Company, — might  do  so.  "  It  was  resolued  on,  that 
this  shipp,  being  of  good  force  and  bought  for  the 
safety  and  honor  and  benefitt  of  the  Planta^^oiY^  ^iifik 
niwayes  bee  prefered  in  thai  voyage  betote  ttiki  o^tit 


138       BEATER.    TRADE  WITH  INDIANS.    BOTS. 

shipp,  and  to  haue  some  consideracoa  in  her  fraight 
aboue  other  shipps  accordingly." 

Sept.  29.  The  Ck>urt  set  a  price  on  the  beaver 
skins,  recently  brought  from  Naumkeag,  of  20/  a 
pound.  They  appoint  Mr  Wright  to  sell  "  the  clap- 
board and  other  wood"  from  the  same  place.  Men- 
tion was  made  of  petitioning  the  Lords  of  the  Council 
at  the  request  of  Mr.  Endicott,  relative  to  an  illicit 
trade  with  Indians  in  his  jurisdiction ; — but  it  was 
deferred.  A  list  of  delinquent  subscribers  to  the 
common  stock,  was  ordered.  It  was  decided  that 
cows  and  calves,  mares  and  foals, — ^bought  for  im- 
portation to  the  Colony, — should  be  sold,-^because 
the  keeping  of  them  over  winter  '^ould  be  too 
expensive.  "  Concerning  the  fiue  boyes,  returned  in 
the  Talbot,  Mr.  Whetcombe  and  Mr.  Noell  are  desired 
to  acquaint  Sir  Henry  Martyn  with  their  misde- 
meanor, and  to  advise  what  punishment  may  bee 
inflicted  vpon  them,  and  how  the  Company  may  bee 
legally  discharged  of  them."  A  copy  of  accusations 
against  Messrs.  John  and  Samuel  Brown, — ^forwarded 
from  Naumkeag, — ^is  allowed  them,  so  that  they  may 
give  an  answer.  "  Letters  from  Robert  Moulton,  the 
shipwright,  and  from  the  cowpers  and  cleavers  of 
wood,  were  now  read."  To  these  persons,  being  in 
the  Plantation,  replies  were  to  be  sent  by  the  next 
ships. 

Oct.  15.  "  The  espetiall  and  only  occasion  of  this 
meeting  beinge  to  consider  and  resolue  of  the  setling 
the  trade  in  New  England  (now  vpon  transferring  the 
Gouerment  thither)  for  the  incouragment  as  well  of 
the  adventurers  in  the  ioynt  stock  heere,  as  of  thosOi 
who  already  are,  and  of  olYietS)  'w\io  \\i\je^\A  v<^  %<iq 


COLONIAL  TRADE.    FORTIFICATIONS.  183 

over  in  person  to  bee  planters  there,  and  for  their 
mutual  corispoundence  and  behoofe  and  the  advanc- 
ment  of  the  Plantacon  to  the  end,  which  was  at  first 
intended, — ^the  Court  tooke  the  same  into  due  and 
mature  consideracon.  And  after  a  long  debate  and 
sundry  opinions  given,  and  reasons  why  the  ioynt 
stock  (which  had  borne  the  brunt  of  the  charge 
hetherto  and  was  likely  to  beare  much  more)  should 
haue  certaine  comodityes  appropriate  thervnto  for  re- 
embursment  and  defrayment  therof,  and  divers  ob- 
iections  being  made  to  those  reasons,  all  which  was 
largely  discused  and  well  weighed.  The  Court  on 
conclusion  for  accommodacon  of  both  parts  fell  ypon 
a  moderacon  as  foUoweth,  viz :  That  the  Companye's 
joynt  stock  shall  haue  the  Trade  of  Beauer  and  all 
other  flfurrs  in  those  parts  soly  for  the  tearme  of  7 
yeares  from  this  day,  for  and  in  consideracon  of  the 
charge,  that  the  joynt  stock  hath  vndergone  already 
and  is  yett  annually  to  beare  for  the  advancment  of 
the  Plantacon.  That  for  the  charge  of  ffortyficacons, 
the  Companye's  ioynt  stock  to  beare  the  one-halfe, 
and  the  Planters  to  defray  the  other,  viz.  for  ordnance, 
munition,  powder,  etc.  but  for  laborers  in  building  of 
fiforts,  etc.  all  men  to  bee  employed  an  equall  pro- 
porcon  according  to  the  nomber  of  men  vpon  the 
Plantacon,  and  soe  to  continue  vntill  such  fitt  and 
necessari  works  bee  finished.  That  the  charge  of 
the  ministers,  now  there  or  that  shall  hereafter  goe  to 
resyde  there,  as  also  the  charge  of  building  conve- 
nyent  churches  and  all  publique  works  vpon  the 
Plantacon,  bee  in  like  manner  indiflferently  borne,  the 
dne-halfe  by  the  Companye's  ioynt  stock  iot  \\v^  ^\^ 
tearme  of  T  yeares,  and  the  other  halfe  \)Y  VY\ft  YVwxV 


1S4        GOVERNMENT.    THE  MESSRS.  BROWNS. 

en.  That  the  ordnance,  already  provyded  for  forty* 
ficacon,  bee  rated  as  they  cost,  as  also  all  {wwder  and 
munition  whatsoever  concerning  armes,  soe  as  the 
same  bee  deliuered  there  for  publique  vse,  and  this  to 
bee  accompted  as  part  of  the  ioynt  stock  of  the  Com- 
pany. All  which,  beeing  seuerall  tymes  read,  was 
by  Mr.  Gouemor  put  to  the  question  and  by  generall 
consent  by  erecon  of  hands,  was  agreed  and  concluded 
on  and  ordered  accordingly. 

''And  forasmuch  as  by  former  order  the  Pattent 
and  Gouernment  is  to  bee  transferred  to  New  England, 
a  committee  is  appointed,  part  of  the  Adventurers 
heere,  and  part  of  those  that  intend  to  goe  over,  viz : 

Mr.  Daaenport,  Sir  Ri :  Salstonstall, 

Mr.  Wright,  Mr.  Johnson, 

Mr.  Ferry,  Mr.  Winthrop, 

Capt.  Waller,  Mr.  Humfry, 

Capt  Venn,  Mr.  Dudley, 

Mr.  Adams,  Mr.  Vassal, 

Mr.  Whetcombe,  Mr.  Pinchon,  and 

Mr.  Young,  Mr.  Downing, 
Mr.  Spurstowe,  and 
Mr.  Resell. 

who  are  desired  to  meete  to-morrow  morning  to 
confer  of  and  drawe  fitt  and  convenyent  clauses  to 
bee  inserted  in  articles  of  agreement,  which  may  bee 
comodious  for  ether  part,  and  to  prepare  the  same  for 
a  Ck)urt  of  Assistants  appointed  that  afternoone  to 
determine  therof." 

A  LETTER  FROM  THE  ASSISTANTS  IN  LONDON  TO 
MESSRS.  SKELTON  AND  HIGGINSON. 

Oct.  16.  Anxious  as  to  the  result  of  John  and 
Samuel  Browns'  expulsion  frpm  Massachusetts,  th^ 
Company's  authorities  address  a  letter  ^  from  London 


THE  8TAT&  I35 

o  Messrs.  Higginson  and  Skelton.     They  mention 
^hat  the  Messrs.  Browns  had  recently  arrived,  being 
asent  home  by  Governor  Endicott,  who  chaiged  them 
"vrith  factious  conduct ; — ^that,  since  their  arrival,  they 
liad  <'  raised  rumors  of  divers  scandalous  and  intem* 
perate  speeches,"  as  uttered  by  one  or  both  of  Messrs. 
JEIigginson  and  Skelton  in  their  ^'publique  sermons  (Mr 
prayers,"  and  of  some  innovations  attempted  by  them. 
The  matters,  here  alleged,  probably  arose  from  the 
compliance,   made  by  the   Salem  church   with  the 
Ck)ngregational  discipline  of  Plymouth.     The  letter 
remarks, — "  Wee  have  reason  to  hope,  that  their  re- 
ports are  but  slanders ; "  and  then  cautions  the  cler- 
gymen here  to  be  careful  of  their  ministry, — and,  if 
having  said  or  done  aught  to  justify  the  censures 
passed  on  them,  to  correct  their  course ; — and  bear  in 
mind,  that  the  Company  in  England  would  tolerate 
no  such  severity,  as  was  laid  to  their  account.     It 
proceeds, — "  Wee  desire  that  this  only  may  testyfie 
to  you  and  others,  that  we  are  tender  of  the  least 
aspersion,  which  ether  directly  or  obliquely,  may  bee 
cast  vpon  the  State  heere,  to  whom  wee  owe  soe 
much  duty,  and  from  whom  wee  liaue  received  soe 
much  fauor  in  the  Plantacon  where  you  now  resyde." 
A  literal  adherence  to  every  part  of  this  advice  was 
hard  for  such  men  as  Higginson  and  Skelton.     In  a 
new  sphere,  where  they  were  unexposed  to  the  ap- 
prehension of  a  pursuivant  at   every   turn,  it  was 
natural  for  them  to  preach  and  pray  so  as  to  express 
their  disapprobation  of  crown-oppression  to  the  Pu- 
ritans, as  weir  as  their  gratitude  for  charter  privileges. 
They  felt  obligated  not  to  cover  up  the  lepwl^vi^xi^^ 
of  the  one  with   the  fair  mantle  of  lYie  oVYvex^  vcl 


136    DIFFICULTY  OF  MESSRS.  BROWNS.    THE  STATE. 

their  high  intercourse  with  the  Judge  of  the  universe, 
as  well  as  with  the  mortals  who  were  to  stand  before 
Him  for  retribution.  They  did  not  feel  justified  to 
deal  with  the  State  as  if  needing  no  i^ysician.  The 
same  conscientiousness,  which  led  them  to  brave  the 
inflictions  of  misdirected  power  at  home,  would  not 
suffer  them,  while  exiles  abroad  through  its  influence, 
to  speak  of  it  by  any  other  name  than  its  own. 
Thus  actuated,  they  knew,  that  they  were  watched 
by  those  who  honestly  differed  from  them,  and  who, 
driven  from  their  soil,  and  landed  upon  the  shores  of 
England,  would  as  honestly  proclaim  their  clerical 
course  in  no  measured  or  commendable  terms. 

A  LETTER  TO  MR.  ENDICOTT. 

Another  communication  ^  from  the  same  hands  and 
of  the  same  date  as  the  preceding,  is  forwarded  to 
Governor  Endicott,  on  a  similar  topic.  It  relates, 
that  Messrs.  Browns  had  spoken  against  him  and 
the  ministers,  "  concerning  some  rash  innovacons 
begun  and  practised  in  the  civill  and  ecclesiasticall 
gouernnient."  It  takes  for  granted,  that  their  resent- 
ment at  being  sent  home,  would  lead  them  to  make 
representations  in  very  strong  terms ;  but  still,  it  adds, 
there  is  a  possibility  "some  vndigested  councells  haue 
too  sodainly  bin  put  in  execuccon,  which  may  haue 
ill  construccon  with  the  State  heere,  and  make  vs 
obnoxious  to  any  adversary."  It  then  urges  on  Mr. 
Endicott  to  be  careful  about  introducing  any  laws, 
which  may  have  such  a  tendency, — and  to  watch 
over  social  and  religious  concerns  so  that  they  lead  to 


GOVERNMENT  IN  LONDON  AND  IN  THE  COLONT.  |St 

no  such  end.  This  magistrate  has  had  a  greater 
share  of  blame  for  excluding  Messrs.  Browns  from 
the  Plantation,  than  actually  belonged  to  him.  Others 
were  active  as  well  as  himself  to  ensure  their  depart- 
nre.  For  what  he  did  in  that  affair,  he  had  amj^ 
authority.  But  whether  it  was  expedient  to  exercise 
his  power,  as  he  did,  is  a  question  which  religious 
toleration,  as  generally  understood  in  his  day,  would 
answer  in  the  affirmative, — but,  as  understood  in 
ours,  would  answer  in  the  negative.  Men  should  be 
judged  according  to  the  light  of  the  age  in  which 
they  live, 

COURT  OF  ASSISTANTS  AT  THE  DEPUTY'S  HOUSE  IN 

LONDON. 

Oct.  16.  "  This  court  ^  was  appointed  to  treat  and 
resolue,  that  vpon  the  transferring  of  the  Gouernmenl 
to  New  England  what  Gouernment  shalbe  held  at  Lon* 
don,  whereby  the  future  charge  of  the  ioynt  stock  may 
bee  cherished  and  i»*eserved,  and  the  body  politique 
of  the  Company  remaine  and  increase.  What  persons 
shall  haue  the  charge  of  the  managing  of  the  ioynt 
stock  both  at  Liondon  and  in  New  England,  wherein  it 
is  conceved  fitt,  that  Capt.  Endecott  continue  the 
Gouernment  there  vnless  iust  cause  to  the  contraries 
These  and  other  things  were  largely  discussed,  and  it 
was  thought  fitt  and  naturall,  that  the  Gouernment  of 
persons  bee  held  there,  the  Gouernment  of  trade  and 
marchandize  to  bee  here.  That  the  ioynt  stock  being 
Utttuall  both  here  and  there^  that  some  fitt  persons 
bee  appointed  for  managing  therof  in  both  places*" 

'  Colony  Records. 
13 


lae    I>SBT.   REV.  MR.  WHITE.   CONTRACT.   OFFICERS. 

A  committee  were  designated  to  report  means  for 
papng  the  large  debt  due  from  the  joint  stock,  before 
the  transferring  of  the  Government  to  New  England. 
"  The  shipp  Eagle  is  to  bee  fraighted  from  Bristol!." 
Letters,  addressed  to  Messrs.  Endicott,  Skelton,  and 
Higginson,  were  read  and  signed. 

Oct.  19.  '^  A  meeting  at  Mr.  Deputies  house  on 
Monday."  Mr.  White,  the  preacher,  and  Mr.  White, 
the  counsellor,  were  there.  Articles  of  agreement^ 
between  the  Planters  and  Adventurers,  drawn  up  by 
Mr.  White,  the  counsellor,  were  approved. 

GENERAL  COURT  IN  LONDON. 

Oct.  20.  The  Contract  (received  19th)  was  placed 
in  the  hands  of  a  Committee,  for  particular  consider- 
ation. Of  this  Committee,  Sir  R.  Saltonstall,  Messrs. 
Winthrop,  Dudley,  Johnson,  and  Humphrey,  werfe  on 
behalf  of  the  Planters,  and  Messrs.  Cradock,  Aldersey, 
Wright,  Hutchins,  and  Capt.  Venn,  for  the  Adven- 
turers. Provided  they  or  a  majority  of  them  could 
not  agree,  Mr.  White,  the  lawyer,  and  Rev.  Messrs. 
White  and  Davenport,  were  to  act  as  umpires.  As 
the  government  was  to  be  transferred  to  New  Eng- 
land, Governor  Cradock  remarked,  that  new  oiBcers 
for  it  must  be  elected.  Accordingly,  of  four  put  in 
nomination,  namely,  Messrs.  Winthrop,  Saltonstall, 
Johnson,  and  Humphrey,  the  first  was  chosen  "with 
full  consent  by  ereccon  of  hands."  Of  him,  so  hon- 
ored, the  record  of  the  occasion  says, — "  having  re- 
ceived extraordinary  great  comendacons,  both  for  his 
integritie  and  sufficience,  as  being  one  very  well  fitted 
and  accomplished  for  the  place."  "  In  like  manner 
and  with  like  full  consent^  'Mi,  3oYai  Hwcoir}  ^%a 


DEBT.    MESSRS.  BROWNS.    CHIRURGEON.      IM 

ehosea  deputie  Groueraor,"  and  Sir  R.  SaltonstaU, 
Messrs.  Is.  Johnson,  Tho.  Dudley,  Jo.  Endicott,  In. 
Noell,  Wm.  Tassal,  Wm.  Pynchon,  Sam.  Sharpe, 
Edw.  Rositer,  Tho.  Sharpe,  John  Revell,  Mat.  Cra- 
dock,  Tho,  Goffe,  Sam.  Aldersey,  John  Venn,  Nath, 
Wright,  Theoph.  Eaton,  and  Tho.  Adams,  were 
chosen  to  be  Assistants.  The  most  of  these  officerS| 
being  present,  took  their  respective  oaths. 

COURT  OF  ASSISTANTS  IN  LONDON. 

Nov.  20.  A  representation  of  the  Company's  pe- 
cuniary concerns,  showed,  that  they  owed  upwards 
of  £1,200  for  seamen's  wages  and  freight  of  the  ships 
Talbot,  May  Flower,  and  Four  Sisters.  It  was  or- 
dered, that  this  demand  be  paid  before  other  debts. 
Mr.  Cradock  was  the  chief  agent  for  the  Company's 
commercial  interests.  Messrs.  John  and  Samuel 
Brown  petitioned,  that  as  some  of  their  goods  at 
Naumkeag  were  undervalued  and  others  not  appraised 
at  all,  they  may  have  relief.  It  was  concluded,  that 
if  they  could  prove  their  statement,  they  should  bo 
compensated  in  London, — ^but,  if  not,  Mr.  Winthrdp 
would  examine  their  case  after  he  reached  America. 
"  Mr.  Beecher,  Mr.  of  the  shipp  Talbot,  desired  to 
haue  in  a  bond,  which  he  entered  into,  to  Mr.  Pratt 
for  wages  or  allowance  to  a  chirurgion  to  the  Lyon's 
Whelpe,  who  was  to  haue  2/6  for  every  person  in 
the  shij^  according  to  an  agreement  made  with  them, 
the  nomber  of  the  persons  being  about  125,  of  which 
Mr.  Beecher  had  formerly  deliuered  a  particuler  note 
to  Mr.  Goffe.  The  Court  conceiving  the  said  allow- 
ance to  bee  exorbitant  and  more  than  is  vsvx^  Vw  \^t^ 
cases,  doe  desire  that  the  chirurgiou  bee  aipyovaXedi  Vi 


149     CAPT.  BEVELL.    CONTBACT.    MONET  NEEDED. 

bee  heere  the  next  Generall  Court  and  then  such 
conclusion  is  to  bee  made  with  him  as  shalbe  fitt." 
According  to  representation  of  Mr.  Smith,  the  ac- 
countant, some  of  the  subscribers  to  the  general  stock 
had  paid  nothing,  and  others  but  a  part.  It  was 
ordered,  that  <<  ticketts  should  bee  sent  vnto  them  to 
desire  them  to  send  in  the  somes  by  them  vnder-* 
written." 

GENERAL  COURT  IN  LONDON. 

Nov.  26.  This  was  a  quarterly  General  Court,  as 
appointed  by  Charter.  A  letter  of  5th  September 
*'from  Mr.  Endecott,  the  Gouernor,  and  others  in. New 
England,  was  now  read,  as  also,  Mr.  Gouernor  ac- 
quainted those  present  with  certaine  testymonyes  sent 
over  against  on  Wm.  Revell,  Mr.  of  a  shipp,  con- 
cerning some  insolent  and  misbeseeming  speeches 
vttered  by  him  in  contempt  of  the  Company's  priui- 
ledges  and  gouernment,  which  is  to  bee  taken  into 
further  consideracon,  and  hee  proceeded  against  when 
other  certyfiicates  are  come,  which  are  expected  con- 
cerning that  business."  Governor  Winthrop  stated, 
that  the  Committee  on  the  contract,  between  the 
Planters  and  Adventurers,  were  not  yet  prepared  to 
report,  <<  by  reason  of  the  greatness  of  the  business 
and  the  smalness  of  the  supplyes^" — that  they  had 
only  <<  reduced  it  to  certaine  proposicons  to  bee  repre- 
sented to  the  consideracon  of  the  Company  to  receive 
their  resolucon  therin."  The  accountant  produced 
an  estimate,  viz : 

"  The  ioynt  stock  appeares  to  bee  in  arreare  £3,000 
M)d  vpwards;  towards  which  £3,000,  ther  is  1,900 


BTOCK.    MAOA2INE.  141 

in  subscripcons  not  yett  brought  in,  and  aboat  8  or 
£900  vpon  fraight  of  shipps.     There  wilbe  a  neceti- 
sitie  for  supply  of  necessarysi — 
for  the  Companye's  servants  1,000 

for  marchandizes  for  trade  500 

for  munition  and  Artillery  for  ffortificacon  500 
soe  as  there  being  an  inevitable  necessitie  of  supply 
of  mony  ether  to  revyve  the  old  stock  or  to  raise  a 
new,  the  proposicons  were  now  expressed,  viz : — 
1.  That  all  the  former  adventurers  should  double 
their  former  subscripcons.  2.  That  the  servants, 
cattle,  and  all  marchandizes  or  provisions  belonging 
to  the  ioynt  stock  should  bee  sold,  and  the  vnder- 
wryters  bee  paid  their  proporcons  of  what  shall  accrew 
or  arise  therof.  3,  or  lastly.  That  the  old  stock  bee 
putt  over  to  certaine  vndertakers  vpon  such  conditions 
as  can  be  agreed  on,  and  they  to  goe  on  with  the 
worke  and  manage  the  business ;  to  beare  all  charges 
an4.to  stand  to  profitt  and  loss,  and  to  pay  the  vnder- 
wryters  their  principall  by  them  brought  at  the  end 
of  7  yeares,  and  this  to  bee  vnderstood  not  to  exclude 
any  who  haue  afTeccon  to  this  business,  but  that  they 
may  come  in  vnder  those  vndertakers  for  such  somes, 
as  they  shall  think  fitt  to  adventure,  but  that  for  the 
better  furtherance  and  facilitating  the  business,  the 
same  to  bee  managed  by  few  hands.  And  for  the 
incouragment  of-  such  vndertakers,  the  Committee 
haue  thought  of  certaine  inducements,  viz :  That 
they  shall  haue  the  one  halfe  of  the  beauer, — ^the  sole 
making  of  salt, — ^the  sole  transportation  of  passengers, 
servants,  and  goods,  to  bee  transported  at  resonable 
rate,— to  bee  allowed  a  resonable  profiU  n^tl  ^ 

13* 


142  CHAPLAINS.    CLERICAL  ADVICE. 

such  provisions,  as  they  shall  keepe  in  magazine 
there,  for  the  vse  and  reliefe  of  the  inhabitants."  To 
consider  these  premises,  '^a  spetisdl  Court  is  appointed 
on  Monday  next,  and  the  whole  Company  to  be  sum- 
moned by  tickets  to  bee  present."  <<  To  the  end  that 
this  business  might  bee  proceeded  in  with  the  first 
intencon,  which  was  cheifly  the  glory  of  God  and  to 
that  purpose,  that  their  meetings  might  bee  sanctyfied 
by  the  prayers  of  some  faithfull  ministers,  resident 
heere  in  London,  whose  advice  would  bee  likewise 
requisite  vpon  many  occasions,  the  Court  thought  fitt 
to  admitt  into  the  freedome  of  this  Company  Mr.  Jo. 
Archer  and  Mr.  Phillip  Nye,  ministers  heere  in  Lon- 
don, who,  being  heere  present,  kindly  accepted  therof. 
Also  Mr.  Whyte  did  recommend  vnto  them  Mr.  Na- 
thaniel Ward  of  Standon." 

Here  the  commendable  custom  of  having  legislative 
business  preceded  by  daily  intercession  for  the  divine 
blessing,  is  first  noted  by  the  Company's  records.  As 
ministers  previously  attended  their  sessions,  it  is  very 
likely,  that  they  had  performed  similar  service.  This 
is  one  of  the  ancient  usages,  not  yet  discarded  by  our 
political  authorities.  Recreant  indeed  to  the  memory 
of  its  founders  and  to  a  safeguard  of  its  public  in- 
tegrity, must  the  State  be,  if  ever  so  degraded  in 
moral  sentiment,  as  to  exclude  devotion  from  its 
councils. 

Here,  too,  is  a  purpose  of  the  Court  to  ask  the 
opinion  of  ministers  on  questions,  which  may  come 
before  them.  As  well  known,  this  was  continued 
mider  our  Colonial  Charter.  The  origin  of  it  was 
with  laymen,  which  implies  that  the  clergy  were  not 
so  officious  in  thrusting  themselves  into  civil  affairs, 


FREEMEN.   JOUIT  STOCK.   ADVENTURERS' LOSS.    Itf 

as  some  would  hare  us  believe.  Though  preachers 
of  the  gospel  have  enough  to  occupy  all  their  ener- 
gieSy  yet  New  England  is  greatly  indebted  to  their 
{Nredecessors  for  much  salutary  advice.  We  hope, 
that  she  may  never  have  less  disinterested  advisers, 
than  they,  as  a  class,  have  been. 

Here,  also,  we  perceive  the  reception  of  freemen. 
This  must  have  been  done  before,  as  specified  by  the 
Charter,  and  was  afterwards,  in  our  Colony,  for  a 
considerable  period. 

Nov.  30.  The  Governor,  Deputy,  Treasurer,  and 
eleven  Assistants,  and  twenty-five  of  the  Generality 
were  present.  The  Court  agreed  that  five  of  the 
Planters  and  five  of  the  Adventurers,  ^<  should  take 
the  ioynt  stock  at  the  true  value,  and  take  vpon  them 
the  engagements  and  other  charges,  for  which  there 
should  bee  appropriated  to  the  ioynt  stock  for  7 
yeares  " — the  privileges  specified  at  the  last  meeting. 
A  Committee  was  appointed  to  value  the  joint  stock ; 
among  them  was  Rev.  Mr.  White  of  Dorchester. 

Dec.  1.  This  Committee  reported,  "  That  wheras 
divers  somes  had  bin  disbursed  in  publique  charges 
as  transporting  of  ministers  and  their  families,  amu- 
nition,  etc.  which  were  not  now  to  bee  valued  to  the 
vndertakers,  as  being  to  remaine  alwayes  to  the  Plan- 
tacou,  and  wheras  many  of  the  servants  which  were 
transported  at  extraordinary  charge,  doe  not  prove  soe 
vsefuU  as  was  expected,  and  soe  will  not  yield  the 
vndertakers  any  such  benefitt  as  may  answere  their 
charge,  divers  of  the  cattle  and  provisions  likewise 
miscarryinge  through  want  of  experience  in  the  be* 
gininge  of  such  a  worke,  they  could  not  fynde  thi^ 
said  stock  to  remaine  cleere  and  good,  (^lYie  dLeb\:&  d^ 


144     LAND.    NEW  SUBSCRIPTIONS.    UNDERTAKfiRS. 

charged,)  aboue  one-third  part  of  the  whole  some, 
which  hath  bin  adventured  from  the  first  to  this  pre- 
sent day,  which  value  vpon  due  examinacon  and  long 
debate  was  allowed  by  all  the  Court  Wherevpon  it 
was  propounded  and  screed  by  the  whole  Court,  that 
the  old  adventurers,  in  lieu  of  this  abatement  of  two- 
thirds  of  their  adventures,  should  haue  an  addition  of 
a  double  proporcon  of  land  according  to  the  first  pro- 
porcon  of  200  acres  for  £50,  and  that  they  should 
haue  libertie  to  putt  in  what  somes  they  pleased  to 
bee  added  to  their  former  adventures,  soe  as  they 
subscribed  the  same  before  the  first  day  of  January 
now  next  following,  and  such  as  hue  in  the  country 
remote  from  the  cittie  of  London,  to  enter  their  sub- 
scripcons  before  the  second  of  February  next,  and 
that  any  of  the  said  adventurers  may  take  out  their 
adventures  after  the  aforesaid  rate.  And  further,  that 
it  should  bee  lawfull  for  all  other  persons,  with  con- 
sent of  any  three  of  the  vndertakers,  to  put  in  what 
somes  of  mony  they  please  to  bee  traded  in  the  ioynt 
stock, — ^vpon  such  allowance  to  the  comon  stock  for 
publique  vses,  in  regard  that  they  shall  beare  noe  part 
in  the  former  losses,  as  the  said  adventurers  or  three 
of  them  shall  agree  with  them  from  tyme  to  tyme, 
and  that  all  adventurers  shall  pay  in  their  adventures 
in  such  time  and  manner,  as  shalbe  agreed  between 
them  and  the  said  vndertakers  or  any  three  of  them. 
It  was  also  agreed  by  the  Court,  that  in  regard  the 
vndertakers  should  beare  the  greatest  charge  and 
burthen,  and  all  other  adventurers  should  haue  equall 
part  of  the  gaine,  if  any  did  proceede,  that  therefore, 
they  should  haue  £5  in  the  hundred  cleere  gaines  of 
the  said  ioynt  stock,  bolYi  in  and  omx^  ^  OcL^dx%<^ 


TERMS  OF  TRANSPORTATION.  145 

being  deducted.  And  that  the  ioynt  stock,  being 
thus  managed,  at  the  end  of  7  yeares,  to  bee  ac* 
compted  from  this  day,  as  well  the  said  stock,. as  the 
proceede  and  profitt  therof,  to  be  devyded  to  every 
man  proportionably,  according  to  his  adventure,  and 
all  the  said  preuiledges  then  to  cease,  and  all  persons 
to  bee  at  libertie  to  dispose  of  their  parts  in  the  ioynt 
stock  at  their  owne  pleasure.  Hereupon  the  Court 
thought  fitt  to  desire  the  gentlemen  here  vndernamed 
to  vndertake  the  ioynt  stock  vpon  the  tearmes  before 
propounded,  viz :  Mr.  John  Winthrop,  the  Gouernor, 
Sir  Richard  Saltonstall,  Kt.,  Isack  Johnson,  Esq.,  Mr. 
Thomas  Dudley,  Mr.  John  Revell,  Mr.  Matt.  Cradock, 
Mr.  Nathaniell  Wright,  Mr.  Theophilus  Eaton,  Mr. 
Thomas  Goff,  Mr.  James  Young<; — which  gentlemen, 
vpon  much  entreaty  of  the  Court,  did  accept  of  the 
said  charge  and  accordingly  were  chosen  to  bee 
vndertakers,  to  haue  the  sole  managing  of  the  ioynt 
stock,  with  all  things  incydent  for  the  space  of  7 
yeares,  as  is  aforesaid."  Mr.  Samuel  Aldersey  was 
chosen  Treasurer  for  this  company  of  undertakers. 
"  It  was  also  ordered  by  the  Court,  that  the  vnder* 
takers  should  provyde  a  sufficient  nomber  of  shipps 
of  good  force  for  transporting  of  passingers  at  the  rate 
of  £5  a  person,  and  £4  a  tonn  for  goods,  which 
shalbe  ready  to  sett  sail  from  London,  by  the  first  day 
of  March,  and  that  if  any  passingers  bee  to  take  shipp 
at  the  Isle  of  Wight,  the  shipps  shall  stopp  there  24 
howers,  and  that  all  such  as  intend  to  pass  over,  shall 
giue  in  their  names,  with  40/  towards  their  fraight,  to 
one  of  the  said  vndertakers  abyding  in  London,  on 
the  Michaes  tearme  before  the  20lh  of  Fe!\at.  io>\»^« 
Jngr,  and  shall  giue  securitie  for   the  xesX  ol  i^ii^ 


146  MAGAZINE.    TRADE. 

fraight,  as  they  can  agree  with  the  said  vndertakers, 
ether  for  mony  to  bee  paid  heere,  or  for  comoditie  to 
bee  deliuered  in  the  Plantacon:  ffurther,  it  was  agreed, 
that  for  the  transportacon  of  children,  this  rate  shalbe 
kept,  viz  :  sucking  children  not  to  bee  reckoned;  such 
as  vnder  4  yeares  of  age,  3  for  one ;  vnder  8,  2  for 
one,  vnder  12,  3  for  2.  And  that  a  shipp  of  200  tonn 
shall  not  carry  aboue  120  passengers  compleate,  and 
soe  of  other  shipps  after  the  same  proporcon.  And 
for  goods  homewards,  the  fraight  shalbe  for  beauer 
£3  per  tonn,  and  for  other  comodities  40/  per  tonn, 
and  such  as  will  haue  their  goods  assured  shall  pay 
£5  per  C.  Concerning  the  magazine,  it  is  likewise 
agreed,  that  the  vndertakers  should  furnish  the  Plan- 
tacon with  all  such  comodities,  as  they  shall  send  for, 
and  the  Planters  to  take  them  off  and  retaile  them  at 
their  pleasure,  allowing  the  vndertakers  £25  in  the 
hundred  aboue  all  charges,  and  the  Planters  to  haue 
liberty  to  dispose  of  their  part  of  the  beauer  at  their 
owne  will,  and  every  man  may  fetch  or  send  for  any 
comoditie  for  his  owne  vse,  where  or  how  hee  please, 
soe  as  hee  trade  not  with  interlopers,  soe  long  as  hee 
may  bee  furnished  suffitiently  by  the  adventurers  at 
the  rates  aforesaid."  As  to  other  regulations,  the 
Court  empower  the  undertakers  to  make  such,  as 
need  may  require,  which  are  to  continue  at  the  plea- 
sure of  the  former  body.  "  Provyded  alwayes,  that 
if  those,  that  intend  to  inhabite  vpon  the  Plantacon, 
shall,  before  the  first  of  January  next,  take  vpon  them 
all  the  said  engagments  and  other  charges  of  the 
ioynt  stock,  then  the  power  and  J)riueledges  of  the 
vndertakers  to  determine,  and  all  trade,  etc.,  to  bee 
free." 


JOINT  STOCK.    DISCUSSION.    REFEREES.        147 

Dec.  15.  "Mr.  Deputie  caused  to  bee  read  the 
acts  and  orders,  made  at  the  last  Generall  Court  of  the 
30th  of  November,  which  beinge  of  great  consiquence, 
as,  namely,  for  setling  the  joynt  stock  and  managing 
of  the  whole  business,  it  was  desired  the  same  should 
receive  confirmacon  by  this  Court ;  vpon  debate 
wherof,  some  excepcons  were  taken  by  those  who 
had  doubled  their  adventures,  conceiving  themselves 
to  bee  wronged  in  hauing  both  their  somes  drawne 
downe  to  soe  lowe  a  rate  as  one-third  part,  alleadinge 
that  the  second  some  was  paid  in  vpon  a  proposicon 
of  trade,  which  went  not  forward,  and  not  as  vnto 
the  ioynt  stock  for  the  Plantacon.  This  business 
received  a  large  discussion,  and  Capt.  Waller  and  Mr. 
Yassall  were  content  to  giue  the  first  £50  to  the 
Plantacon,  soe  as  their  other  £50  might  goe  on  wholy 
in  this  new  stock ;  but  forasmuch  as  this  concerned 
divers  others,  who  were  in  the  same  case,  and  that  it 
could  not  bee  done  without  alteracon  of  the  act  made 
the  30th  of  November,  which  was  done  by  a  Generall 
Court  vpon  mature  and  deliberate  consideracon,  and 
the  vndertakers  would  not  continue  their  said  vnder- 
taking  but  vpon  the  same  conditions,  which  were 
then  propounded  and  concluded  on, — this  Court  in 
conclusion,  put  it  to  the  question,  and  by  ereccon  of 
hands,  every  particuler  of  the  former  Court  was  raty- 
fied  and  confirmed.  And  the  matter  in  difference 
with  them,  who  had  doubled  their  adventures,  being 
noe  more  to  each  of  them  then  between  £50  and 
£33 :  6 :  8,  was  by  mutuall  consent  referred  to  the 
three  ministers  heere  present,  Mr.  Davenport,  Mr.  Nye, 
and  Mr.  Archer,  who  are  to  reconcile  the  sama  be- 
tweene  the  new  rndertakers  and  them.'* 


148       MORTALITY.    JOINT  AND  COMMON  STOCK. 

Though  the  colonists  here  had  reason  to  be  en- 
couraged by  movements  of  the  Company  at  home ; 
still  the  signs  among  themselves  were  cheerless  and 
depressing.  As  the  winter  approached,  disease  ^  and 
mortality  continued  their  dreadful  work.  Nearly 
one-half  of  their  number*  died.  Among  them  wai 
the  Ruling  Elder,  Henry  Haughton.  Such  a  re- 
peated event  was  enough  to  have  driven  ordinary 
adventurers  from  the  shores,  which  breathed  pestilence 
and  death.  But  the  afflicted  survivors  continued  firm 
and  hoped  for  better  days.  While  they  looked,  in 
imagination,  to  the  more  healthy  residences  of  Eng* 
land,  others  were  earnestly  engaged  in  preparing  to 
move  thence,  and  become  partakers  with  them  in  the 
trials  of  a  new  country.  Many  are  glad  in  the  heri- 
tage purchased  by  their  hardships.  Few  would  pay 
its  price. 

GENKRAL  COURT  AT  MR.  GOFFE'S  HOUSE  IN  LONDON. 

1630.  Feb.  10.  "  flforasmuch  as  the  furtherance 
of  the  Plantacou  will  necessarylie  require  a  great  and 
continuall  charge,  which  cannot  with  convenyence 
bee  defrayed  out  of  the  ioynt  stock  of  the  Company, 
which  is  ordained  for  the  maintenance  of  the  trade, 
without  endangering  the  same  to  bee  wasted  and 
exhausted,  it  was  therefore  propounded,  that  a  com- 
mon stock  should  bee  raysed  from  such  as  beare  good 
afiecon  to  the  Plantacon  and  the  propagacon  therof, 
and  the  same  to  bee  employed  only  in  defrayment  of 
publique  charges,  as  maintenance  of  ministers,  trans-' 

>  ThM  mekntm  appeari  to  have  beea  iir^pMrtpd  to  Um  inliabitantt^by 
ibe  passengers,  who  arrWed  in  the  summeT.    ^nnce^  ^.  193. 
'  Governor  Dadley^a  leileT  to  the  Couii\»n  ^  lAuockYci. 


LAND  FOR  MONET  SUBSCRIBED  AND  PAID.     140 

portacon  of  poore  famylyes,  bnildeing  of  churcbei 
and  ffortyfycaconsj  and  all  other  publique  and  necea* 
sary  occasions  of  the  Plantacon,  and  the  Court  doe 
thinke  fitt  and  order  200  acres  of  land  shalbe  allotted 
for  every  50  lb.  and  soe  proportionable  for  what  somet 
shalbe  brought  in  by  any  to  this  purpose.  And  Mr. 
(jreorge  Harwood  is  chosen  Treasurer  for  this  accom^ 
of  the  common  stock,  which  he  accepted  of,  who  is 
to  receive  all  such  money  as  shalbe  by  a&y  sent  in, 
and  to  issue  out  the  same  vpon  warrant  vnder  the 
hands  of  any  2  or  more  of  the  vndertakers.  And 
it  is  further  agreed  on  and  ordered,  that  an  order  bee 
drawne  vpp  and  published  vnder  the  scale  of  the 
Company,  to  signifie  and  declare  to  what  vses  all 
such  monyes,  as  are  giuen  to  the  common  stock  shalbe 
employed,  and  what  land  shalbe  allotted  to  each  man, 
that  giues  thervnto,  as  well  for  the  satisfaccon  as  the 
incouragment  of  others  to  soe  laudable  and  charitable 
a  worke,  and  it  was  further  taken  into  consideracon 
and  ordered,  that  this  allottment  or  devision  of  land 
shall  not  preiudice  the  right  of  any  the  adventurers, 
who  are  to  haue  ^  land  and  haue  not  yett  the  same 
allotted  out  vnto  them,  nor  vnto  those,  whose  land  is 
already  sett  out  according  to  the  former  order  and 
direccon  of  this  Court,  yett  nevertheless,  i*  is  further 
agreed,  that  if  for  good  and  weighty  reasons  and  fof 
the  benefitt  of  the  plantacon  in  generall,  there  i^albe 
occasion  to  alter  any  particuler  man's  allottment,  the 
said  party  is  to  haue  such  due  recompence  for  the 
same  as  in  the  wisdome  of  the  Gouernor  and  Com- 
pany there  resident,  shalbe  thought  reasonable  and 
expedient.     Mocon  was  made  on  the  behalfe  of  Sit 

14 


150  SIR  WILLIAM  BREWERTOBTS  CLAIlt 

William  Brewerton,  who  by  vertue  of  a  late  Pftttenf; 
pretends  right  and  tytle  to  some  part  of  the  land  with- 
in the  Companye's  priuiledges  and  Platitacon  in  New 
England,  yett  nevertheless  hee  intends  not  to  contest 
with  the  Company,  but  desires,  that  a  proportionable 
quantitie  of  land  might  bee  allotted  vnto  him  for  the 
accomodacon  of  his  people  and  servaifts  now  to  bee 
sent  over,  which  request  the  Court  taking  into  due 
consideracoh,  doe  not  thinke  fitt  to  enter  into  any 
particuler  cappitulacon  with  him  therin  nor  to  sett 
out  any  allottment  of  land  for  him  more  than  600 
acres,  hee  is  to  haue  by  vertue  of  his  adventure  in 
the  ioynt  stock,  nor  to  acknowledg  any  thing  due 
vnto  him  £is  of  right  by  vertue  of  his  said  Pattent  nor 
to  giue  any  consideracon  in  case  hee  should  relinquish 
his  pretended  right,  but  they  are  well  content  hee 
should  ioyne  with  them  in  the  prosecucon  of  this 
business  according  to  their  Charter  and  doe  promise 
in  the  meane  tyme  that  such  servants  as  hee  shall 
send  over  to  inhabite  vpon  the  Plantacon  shall  receive 
all  courteous  respect  and  bee  accomodated  with  land 
and  what  els  shalbe  necessary,  as  other  the  servants 
of  the  Company;  which  answere  was  deliuered  vnto 
those,  that  were  sent  from  him  and  the  Court  desired 
also  that  Capt.  Waller  and  Mr.  Eaton  would  signifie 
the  Companye's  affection  and  due  respect  vnto  him, 
hee  hauing  written  to  them  about  this  business." 
The  Court  agreed  to  the  settlement  of  Messrs.  John 
and   SamueP   Brown's  claim  for  damages  in  their 

>  In  the  foTmer  edition  of  this  work,  p.  38-9,  the  Messrs.  Browns 

were  supposed  to  have  come  back  and   lived  here.     One  reason  for 

tbt8  WBBf  that  a  John  Brown  resid*'d  in  Salem  a  few  jears  after  their 

difEculliea,    Bui  from  other  conrnderaxVonB,  \\.  \«  WVieV^}  ^Uiat  this  person 

wat  not  one  of  them  and  thai  they  did  noV  i«V.atu  ViwViftT, 


THE  ll£ADL£*8  SALARY.    SIR  BRIAN  JANSON.    151 

property  at  Naumkeag, — ^by  means  of  two  referees. 
<^  Mr.  Roger  Ludlow  was  now  chosen  and  sworn  an 
assistant  in  the  room  of  Mr.  Samuell  Sharpe,  who  by 
reason  of  his  absence  had  not  taken  the  oath.'' 
Twenty  Nobles  were  ordered  for  Humphry  SealOi 
the  Beadle,  as  his  salary  ending  at  Christmas,  to  be 
paid  from  the  joint  stock. 

COURT  OF  ASSISTANTS  AT  SOUTHAMPTON. 

March  18.  "  It  was  ordered  and  concluded  by 
ereccon  of  hands,  that  Sir  Brian  Janson,  Kt.,  Mr. 
William  Coddington  and  Mr.  Simon  Bradstreet,  gent., 
shalbe  chosen  in  the  roomes  and  places  of  Assistants 
of  Mr.  Nathaniell  Wright,  merchant,  Mr.  Theophilus 
Eaton  and  Mr.  Thomas  Goff,  of  London,  merchants." 
Sir  Brian  Janson  took  his  oath  before  the  Governor 
and  Mr.  Dudley  the  same  day,  and  Messrs.  Codding- 
ton and  Bradstreet  on  the  23d,  before  the  Governor, 
Mr.  Dudley  and  other  assistants. 

COURT  OF  ASSISTANTS  ON  BOARD  THE  ARBELLA. 

March  23.  "  Mr.  John  Humfrey  in  regard  hee 
was  to  stay  behinde  in  England,  was  discharged  of 
his  deputyshipp,  and  Mr.  Thomas  Dudley  chosen 
deputy  in  his  place." 

Here  close  our  records  of  Massachusetts  Company's 
Courts  ^  on  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic.  They 
have  been  adduced  to  throw  light  on  the  beginnings 
of  this  community.  Con  them.  They  bear  no  im- 
press of  peculation,  which  soiled  the  registers  of  the 

>  Aceording  to  the  deposition  of  Richard  BnLckenbuTy,\Vie«e  Cow(V%^ 
when  Mr.  EadicoU  was  about  to  embark  for  this  conuVrj « iv^t^  ^BM^% 
"/a  Cane  well  Streete  ia  London," 


in         REPORTS^DESIGN  OF  THE  COLONISTS. 

South  Sea  Corporation.  They  exhibit  more  attractir<? 
traits  of  humanity,  higher  aims  of  moral  obligation, 
and  a  further  reach  into  endless  realities,  than  the 
commercial  acts  of  the  far-famed  East  India  Associar 
tions  in  Europe.  They  contain  transactions,  which 
•-^however  wearing,  when  first  penned,  the  aspect  of 
uncertainty,  attendant  on  every  new  enterprise — have 
given  rise  to  results  of  momentous  relation  to  the 
temporal  and  eternal  interests  of  our  race.  Like  the 
VcroU  of  Israel's  covenant  to  them, — they  should  be 
precious  in  our  eyes. 

PARTING  ADDRESS. 

April  7.  An  address^  from  Governor  Winthrop 
and  others,*^  on  board  the  Arbella,  at  Yarmouth,  is 
made  to  their  brethren  in  the  Church  of  England. 
The  object  of  it  was  to  request  the  prayers  of  such 
Christians  for  a  divine  blessing  on  the  Colony,  and  to 
remove  suspicions  from  their  minds,  concerning  the 
motives  and  purposes  of  the  emigrants.  It  appears  to 
have  had  in  view  the  reports  of  Messrs.  Browns  and 
others,  as  though  the  design  of  the  Colonists  was  to 
counteract  the  civil  and  ecclesiastical  authorities  of 
England.  Its  language  is,  <<  howsoever  your  charitie 
may  have  met  with  some  occasion  of  discouragement 
through  the  misreport  of  our  intentions,  or  through 
the  disaffection,  or  indiscretion  of  some  of  us,  or 
rather  amongst  us;   for  wee  are  not  of  those,  that 

»  Habbard*8  New   England,  p.  Fines,  and  George  Phillips.—with 

126,  which  imputes  this  Address  two  etceteras  in  the  printed  ma- 

tothepen  of  the  Rev.  John  White,  count,  which  are  piobabljr  substi- 

*  Their  names  were  Richard  tutes  for  more  subscribers  to  the 

BUtonMiaJL  iaaigc  Johnson,  Thoa.  oh|rvuiV  ^^4i«w. 

Dadiey,  Wm.  Coddington,  Chas. 


APPEAL  TO  THE  CLERGY.  ]5S 

dreame  of  perfection  in  this  world ;  yet  wee  desire 
you  would  be  pleased  to  take  notice  of  the  principals 
and  body  of  our  Company,  as  those  who  esteeme  it 
our  honour  to  call  the  Church  of  England,  from 
whence  we  rise,  our  deare  mother,  and  cannot  part 
from  our  native  Countrie,  where  she  specially  resideth, 
without  much  sadness  of  heart  and  many  tears  in  our 
eyes."  This  is  the  expression  of  patriotic  and  Chris- 
tian affection,  which  adorns  character  in  any  period, 
clime  and  condition.  Though  the  consequent,  as 
well  as  previous  action  of  its  authors  was  made  the 
target  of  strenuous  conformists,  no  doubt  it  was  a 
sincere  oblation  on  the  common  altar  of  benevolence. 
The  address  appeals  to  the  Clergy ; — "  It  is  an  usuall 
and  laudable  exercise  of  your  charity,  to  commend 
to  the  prayers  of  your  Congregations  the  necessities 
and  straights  of  your  private  neighbours.  Doe  the 
like  for  a  Church  springing  out  of  your  owne 
bowells."  This  was  a  proper  request.  Hard  as  it  is 
for  human  selfishness  to  call  down  blessings  on  any 
body,  —  who  break  over  its  restrictions, — the  duty 
should  be  done  against  all  the  cabals  of  its  resisting 
propensities.  The  communication  engages,  that  its 
signers  will  do  for  their  brethren  in  England,  what 
they  so  ask  for  themselves,  when,  as  their  words 
are,  "  we  shall  be  in  our  poor  cottages  in  the  wilder- 
nesse,  overshadowed  with  the  spirit  of  supplication, 
through  the  manifold  necessities  and  tribulations, 
which  may  not  altogether  unexpectedly,  nor,  we  hope, 
unprofitably  befall  us."  These  thoughts  shadow 
forth  the  anticipation  of  exceeding  hardships  and  a 

noble  purpose   to  meet  them  in  the  onV^  nj^'^  ^1 

24  # 


104         CX)NSPiRACT.    DUTIES  OF  COLONISTS. 

duty-*-of  peace  and  benefit  to  the  soul— and  of  se- 
curing the  elevated  objects  of  the  enterprise. 

INDIAN  CONSPIRACY. 

April  and  May.  The  colonists,  here  and  elsewhere, 
are  alarmed  by  the  report,^  that  most  of  the  Indians, 
from  Narraganset  to  the  eastward,  had  laid  a  plan  to 
destroy  the  English.  John,  the  Sagamore  at  Mystic, 
exposed  their  design.  The  first  point  of  their  in- 
tended attack  was  upon  Plymouth.  Governor  Brad* 
ford  dispatched  a  boat  to  Salem  for  ammunition.  The 
people  of  Charlestown  built  a  fort  to  defend  them- 
selves. Their  records  say,  in  reference  to  the  un- 
friendly natives  of  this  quarter,  '^  the  people  at  Salem, 
shooting  off  their  great  guns  to  clear  them,  the  report 
BO  terrifies  the  Indians,  that  they  disperse  and  run 
away.     This  plot  obliges  us  to  be  in  continual  arms." 

GOV.  WINTHROP  ON  BENEVOLENCE. 

On  his  passage  to  Salem,  Governor  Winthrop  em- 
ployed his  thoughts  in  penning  an  excellent  treatise' 
on  Christiian  Charity.  His  chief  object  in  so  rational 
an  employment,  was  to  prepare  himself  and  associates 
for  the  duties  and  trials  of  their  pilgrimage.  Having 
discussed  the  properties  df  so  elevated  a  virtue,  he 
applies  it  to  the  enterprise  of  the  colonists.  Relative 
to  this  undertaking,  he  considers  the  persons,  work, 
end  and  means.  Of  the  first,  he  remarks, — "Wee 
are  a  company,  professing  ourselves  fellow  members 
of  Christ,  in  which  respect  onely,  though  wee  were 
absent  from  each  other  many  miles,  and  had  our  im- 

'  CbwhsiowB  Kecords.  *  ^wa.  B^ax.  C^\l,  ^  %,n  ^ . ^  ^. 


PRINCIPLES  OF  BENEVOLENCE^  ISS 

ployments  as  farre  distant,  yet  wee  ought  to  account 
ourselves  knitt  together  by  this  bond  of  loue,  and  Hue 
in  the  exercise  of  it,  if  wee  would  have  comforte  of 
our  being  in  Christ"  Of  the  second, — »<  It  is  by  a 
mutuall  consent,  through  a  speciail  overvaluing  ^ 
Providence,  and  a  more  than  ordinary  approbation  of 
the  churches  of  Christ,  to  seeke  out  a  place  of  co- 
habitation and  consorteshipp  under  a  due  form  of 
Grovernment  both  ciuill  and  ecclesiasticall.  In  such 
cases  as  this,  the  care  of  the  publique  must  oversway 
all  private  respects,  by  which,  not  only  consciencOi 
but  meare  civill  pollicy,  dothe  binde  us.  For  it  is  a 
true  rule,  that  particular  estates  cannot  subsist  in  the 
ruin  of  the  publique."  Of  the  third, — "  The  end  is 
to  improve  our  lives  to  doe  more  service  to  the  Lord ; 
the  comforte  and  encrease  of  the  body  of  Christe, 
whereof  we  are  members ;  that  ourselves  and  posterity 
may  be  the  better  preserued  from  the  common  cor- 
ruptions of  this  evill  world,  to  serve  the  Lord  and 
worke  out  our  salvation  under  the  power  and  purity 
of  his  holy  ordinances."  Of  the  fourth, — "  They 
are  two-fold,  a  conformity  with  the  worke  and  end 
wee  aime  at.  These  wee  see  are  extraordinary, 
therefore  wee  must  not  content  ourselves  with  usuall 
ordinary  meanes.  Whatsoever  wee  did,  or  ought  to 
have  done,  when  wee  liued  in  England,  the  same 
must  we  doe,  and  more  allsoe,  where  wee  goe.  That 
which  the  most  in  theire  churches  mainetaine  a^ 
truthe  in  profession  onely,  wee  must  bring  into  fa- 
miliar and  constant  practise."  Noble  sentiments; 
strictly  in  accordance  with  the  necessities,  obligations, 
and  interests  of  men !     When  will  the  whoW  oi  ova 

'  Probably  overruling  in  the  OT\g>iMiA. 


156        ARRIVAL  OF  THE  ARBELLA  AT  SALEM. 

race  imbibe  their  lofty  spirit — and  act  more  for 
heaven  than  earth !  The  principles,  so  inculcated, 
and  the  practice  of  its  author  upon  them,  deserve,  in 
the  eye  of  real  desert,  as  explained  by  OmnisciencOy 
a  richer  crown,  and  should  receive  a  higher  reward, 
than  all  other  temporal  greatness.  Common  consent 
may  array  the  deeds  of  unsanctified  genius,  and  the 
success  of  vicious  ambition,  with  its  brightest  robes, — 
but  the  hand  of  everlasting  truth  will  tear  them 
away,  and  expose  the  deformity  which  they  attempt 
to  cover. 

ARRIVAL  OF  EMIGRANTS. 

June  12.  After  a  long  passage,  from  the  29th  of 
March,  the  author  of  the  preceding  sentiments  saw 
Salem,^  as  the  port  of  destination,  and  reached  an 
anchorage  inside  of  Baker's  island.  He  came  in  the 
Arbella  *  of  360  tons,  62  seamen,  and  28  guns,  com- 
manded by  Peter  Milborne.  Three  ^  other  ships 
sailed  with  heV,  leaving  seven  ^  more  at  Hampton. 
While  at  anchor,  the  Arbella  was  visited  by  the  noted 
Captain,  William  Peirce,  of  the  ship  Lion,  then  in  the 
harbor.  The  call  of  this  Palinurus  of  our  colonial 
seas,  must  have  been  welcome  to  the  newly  arrived 
emigrants.  He  soon  came  ashore  and  carried  off 
Messrs.  Endecott,  Skelton  and  Levett,  to  take  part  in 
the  mutual  congratulations  of  the  occasion.  On  the 
return  of  these,  after  a  few  hours,  they  were  accom- 

'  Winthrop's  Joarnal,  v.  1,  p.  the    first    commanded    by    John 

25—27.  Lowe,  second  by  Nicholas  Hurls- 

*  Said  by  Johnson  to  have  been  ton,  and  third  by  Thos.  Beecher. 
the  Eagle,  and  named  in  lionor  of       *  Charles,  Mayflower,  William 

Jady  Arbella  Johnson.     Wonder  and    Francis,   Hopewell,   Whalei 

Workiag  Pror,  ch.  14,  p.  29.  Eacceaa,  «ku4  Tim. 
'Ambrose,  Jewel f  and  Talbot, 


EMIGRATION.    SOCIAL  FREEDOM.  157 

panied  by  some  of  the  passengers.  Speaking  of  this 
visit,  so  full  of  novel  impressions  and  kind  greetings, 
Governor  Winthrop  thus  expresses  himself :  "  We 
that  were  of  the  Assistants  and  some  other  gentlemen, 
and  some  of  the  women,  and  our  captain,  returned 
with  them  to  Nahumkeek,  where  we  supped  with  a 
good  venison  pasty  and  good  beer,  and  at  night  we 
returned  to  our  ship,  but  some  of  the  women  stayed 
behind."  He  adds, — "In  the  mean  time,  most  of 
our  people  went  on  shore  upon  the  land  of  Cape  Ann, 
which  lay  very  near  us,  and  gathered  store  of  fine 
strawberries.^'  Pleasant  introduction  to  a  new  coun- 
try. 

June  14.  After  the  solemnities  of  the  preceding 
Sabbath,  the  Arbella  was  warped  into  the  harbor. 
Most  of  the  emigrants  left  her  under  a  parting  salute 
of  five  cannon.  Happy  exchange  of  confined  ship* 
board  for  the  green  earth  and  true  welcome  of  coun- 
trymen. The  Jewel,  which  arrived  on  Sunday, 
added  her  appearance  with  that  of  her  busy  crew  and 
passengers,  to  render  the  scene  still  more  varied  and 
pleasing.  These  vessels  were  the  precursors  of 
others,  which  landed  passengers  at  different  places. 
It  was  not  long  ere  the  tide  of  emigration,  so  hope- 
fully setting  towards  our  shores,  received  a  check. 

Having  finished  his  voyage,  Mr.  Winthrop  entered 
on  his  duties,  as  chief  magistrate  of  the  colony. 
Though  the  civil  power  thus  came  to  his  hands,  yet 
the  principles  of  his  administration  were  like  those, 
which  had  directed  the  course  of  Mr.  Endicott.  The 
spirit  of  liberty,  contained  in  the  charter  brought  by 
the  former,  was  the  same,  which  breathed  m  \\^  Xi^sv* 
scnptj  previously  received  and  followed  by  X)aft\^VV«t, 


158         CAPITAL.    SICKNESS.    WANT  OF  FOOD. 

The  commencement  of  legislation,  which  was  to 
have  an  important  part  in  promoting  the  social  free- 
dom, that  has  spread  and  is  still  spreading  in  the 
world,  began  at  Naumkeag  under  Endicott,  and  was 
continued  by  his  worthy  successor. 

No  doubt,  on  the  arrival  of  the  new  government  at 
Salem,  there  was  a  strong  desire  of  its  inhabitants, 
that  it  might  be  continued  as  the  capital  of  the  colony. 
But  it  was  soon  evident,  that  they  would  be  disap- 
pointed. 

DISTRESS  OF  THE  COLONISTS. 

June  14  The  last  emigrants  ^  found  the  inhabi- 
tants here  in  a  wretched  condition.  They  saw  a 
large  number  of  them  weak  and  sick.  They  came 
in  season  to  relieve  them  from  the  horrors  of  ap- 
proaching famine.  Even  provisions,  by  such  a  sup- 
ply, was  far  from  being  abundant.  There  was  only 
enough  for  a  few  weeks.  Of  180  servants  in  the 
colony,  whom  the  Company  had  sent  over  two  years 
before,  at  great  cost,  the  remainder  came  to  those, 
recently  arrived,  and  entreated  for  food.  But,  how- 
ever so  affectingly  addressed,  the  latter  were  con- 
strained to  deny,  lest  their  own  stores  should  be 
consumed.  The  supplies,  put  up  for  these  suffering 
settlers,  had  been  left  behind.  The  authorities,  being 
unable  to  maintain  them,  were  under  the  necessity  of 
ordering,  that  they  have  their  liberty  and  provide  for 
themselves. 

The  settlers  who  came  last  to  Salem,  were  dissat- 
isfied with  it,  as  their  permanent  place  of  abode. 
They  consulted  accordingly.     A.  party  were  sent^  to 

'  Gorernot  Dudley's  Letter.  *  ^^^^  ^'^  • 


ANOTHER  CAPITAL  BOUGHT.  159 

discover  a  more  suitable  location.  On  their  return/ 
they  spoke  highly  of  a  situation  on  Mystic  river. 
There  was  a  dissent  from  this,  which  terminated  in 
the  decision  to  settle  on  Charles  river. 

LETTER  OF  DR.  FULLER. 

June  28.  In  a  communication^  of  Dr.  Samuel 
Puller  to  Mr.  Bradford,  he  remarks,  that  Governor 
Winthrop  and  others,  lately  arrived  at  Salem,  "  are 
resolved  to  sit  down  at  the  head  of  Charles  river." 
He  states,  that  some  individuals  are  unfriendly  to 
Plymouth.  His  language  denotes,  that  these  persons 
endeavored  to  prejudice  Mr.  Winthrop  against  the 
same  colony; — ^but  that  he  still  appeared  well  disposed 
towards  the  authorities  there.  The  cause  of  such 
alienation  was  probably  the  suspicion,  that  the  Ply- 
mouth church  had  too  much  of  Brownism  in  its  polity. 
Dr.  Fuller  represents  Mr.  Endicott  as  giving  no  coun- 
tenance to  management  of  this  kind.  He  calls  him, 
<<  my  dear  friend  and  a  friend  to  us  all ;  is  a  second 
Burrow  ;  the  Lord  establish  him  and  us  all  in  every 
good  way  of  truth."  Well  for  the  union  of  two 
religious  colonies,  destined  to  exert  a  great  and  salu- 
tary influence,  that  there  were  leading  men  in  both 
of  them,  who  calmed  the  fomentations  of  bigoted 
zeal,  and  promoted  the  course  of  truth  on  a  peaceful 
current. 

HENRY  WINTHROP  DROWNED. 

While  many  of  those  recently  arrived,  were  busy 
in  preparing  to  live  amid  new  scenes,  they  receive  a 

>  Jt  ne  19. 

'Bisdford'g  Letter  Book.    Mnw.  HUt.  CoU,  1. 1,  'f.  ^,^.1^. 


160        GOVERNOR  WINTHROP'S  SON  DROWNED. 

solemn  monition  ^  of  their  mortality,  in  the  soddea 
death  of  a  promising  young  man.  This  was  a  son  of 
Governor  Winthrop.  He  had  been  prevented  from 
coming  with  his  father.  But  as  soon  as  practicable, 
he  followed.  Among  the  objects  which  caused  his 
bitterest  sorrow  in  leaving  his  native  land,  was  the 
wife  of  his  ardent  affection.  Prompted  by  duty,  he 
forsook  the  dearest  attractions  of  home,  to  bcave  the 
perilj  of  distant,  savage  climes. 
.  He  reached  the  harbor  of  Salem,  July  1st,  in  the 
ship  Talbot.  Though  he  had  witnessed  the  sea* 
burial  of  fourteen  among  her  passengers,  yet  he  little 
thought,  that,  with  the  promised  enjoyments  of  land- 
ing and  living  on  the  soil  of  his  intended  residence 
just  within  his  grasp,  they  would  utterly  elude  his 
touch.  The  day  succeeding  his  arrival,  he  hastens  on 
shore.  His  eye  already  dances  with  delight,  as  it 
falls  on  the  gathering  to  welcome  his  approach.  But 
it  soon  closes,  in  a  watery  grave,  no  more  to  gaze  on 
human  or  earthly  concerns.  His  afflicted  parent,  in 
writing  to  his  wife  a  fortnight  after,  thus  gives  vent 
to  his  chastened  grief.  "  We  have  met  with  many 
sad  and  discomfortable  things,  as  thou  shalt  hear 
after  ;  and  the  Lord's  hand  hath  been  heavy  upon 
myself  in  some  very  near  to  me.  My  son,  Henry  I 
my  son,  Henry  !  ah  !  poor  child  !  Yet  it  grieves  me 
more  for  my  dear  daughter.  The  Lord  strengthen 
and  comfort  her  heart,  to  bear  this  cross  patiently.  I 
know  thou  will  not  be  wanting  to  her  in  this  distress. 
Yet  for  all  these  things  (I  praise  my  God)  I  am  not 
discouraged ;  nor  do  I  see  cause  to  repent  or  despair 


THANKSGIVING.    REMOVAL.    LADT  ARBELLA«    161 

of  those  good  days  here,  which  will  make  amends  for 
all." 

July  8.  In  view  of  relief,  afforded  by  the  last 
emigrants,  to  their  brethren  in  distress,  and  of  the 
preservation,  experienced  by  the  former  on  the  oceani 
a  day  ^  of  general  thanksgiving  is  observed.  To* 
gether  they  mingled  their  oblations  of  gratitude  to 
Him,  who  was  able  to  make  all  their  changes  termi- 
nate in  good. 

In  accordance  with  their  purpose  to  relinquish 
Salem,  as  the  seat  of  legislation,  Governor  Winthrop 
and  others  have  their  goods  reshipped  and  brought  * 
to  Charlestown.  Here  news  was  related,  that  the 
French  intended  to  attack  the  colonists.  Many  of 
the  emigrants  were  sick  with  fevers  and  scurvy  so 
that  the  ordnance  and  baggage  could  be  carried  no 
further.  These  considerations  led  to  a  change  of 
purpose,  and  to  a  dispersion  of  the  company,  who  had 
concluded  to  form  a  town  three  leagues  up  Charles 
river. 

While  things  remained  so  unsettled,  "the  lady 
Arbella  and  some  other  godly  women  aboad^  at 
Salem." 

REASONS  FOR  CHANGE  OF  CAPITAL. 

At  this  juncture,  varied  was  the  prospect  of  the 
colonists.  But  clouds,  far  more  than  a  clear  sky, 
hung  over  them.  Had  mere  earthly  aims  brought 
them  thus  far,  they  would  have  turned  back  and  for- 
saken the  coasts  of  toil,  difficulty,  peril  and  distress. 

*  Winthrop,  1  v.  p.  29.  '  Johnson,  part  1,  p.  37. 

*  This  was  before  July  16. 

16 


IHB  REASONS  FOR  CHANGE  OF  CAPITAL. 

But  iheir  vision  pierced  the  heavens  end  rested  on 

immutable  promise  and  divine  approbation.  Thus 
-they  were  each  enabled  to  gather  strength,  far  more 
essential  for  their  enterprise,  than  all  the  physical 
power  of  a  Hercules.  So  upheld,  they  looked  at  the 
question  of  relinquishing  Naumkeag,  as  the  capital,  with 
an  eye  of  conscientious  duty.  For  the  decision,  given 
to  it,  there  were  evident  reasons.  The  comparative  de- 
ficiencies of  this  settlement  in  high  and  airy  location ; 
in  soil  for  extensive  and  thrifty  agriculture  ;  in  water 
for  numerous  and  heavy  ships,  and  in  centrality  of  po- 
sition, were  of  such  a  class.  To  these  were  probably 
added,  the  desire  to  obtain  a  place  of  greater  capability 
'for  safe  fortification  and  one  nearer  the  disputed  terri- 
tory of  GK)rges,  so  that  it  might  be  retained  by  Massa- 
chusetts proprietors.  However  satisfactory  arguments 
of  this  kind  may  have  been  to  those  swayed  by  them. 
Still  the  separation,  in  view  of  its  results,  was  far  from 
being  pleasant  to  those,  who  remained  upon  the  pre- 
.  mises.  The  latter  emigrants  had  selected  their  quotas 
of  land  and  their  sites  for  domicils,  with  the  hope, 
that  this  spot  would  be  continued  as  the  metropolis  of 
the  colony.  The  recent  arrival  of  the  principal 
charter  and  many  passengers, — the  assurance,  that 
the  two  administrations  of  the  Company  were  amal- 
gamated, for  ought  they  knew,  would  give  a  powerful 
impulse  to  their  own  community.  But  their  expecta- 
tion was  disappointed,  and  their  accession  proved 
diminution. 

When  informed  that  those,  who  had  gone  out  from 
them,  were  disconcerted  in  their  plan  by  reports  of 
foreign  invaders,  the  thought  may  have  risen  in  their 
minds,  that  such  adversity  wo\j\^  xe^gaSa  VJaavt  \a8ft- 


FIRST  SETTLERS.  103 

But  the  dawn  of  a  better  experience,  was  evanescent. 
No  movement  was  made  to  readopt  this  town  as  the 
seat  of  legislation.  Hence  Conant  and  his  fellow- 
pioneers,  who  selected  it  as  highly  favorable  to  sustain 
such  a  relation,  and  Endicott  with  his  friends,  who 
alike  responded  to  its  being  so  constituted,  were  con* 
strained  to  give  up  their  fond  wishes,  that  it  might 
long  be  the  radiating  point  of  emigration — the  source 
of  trade,  wealth,  law  and  influence.  Still,  knowing 
that  obligation  demanded  individual  predilections  and 
interests  to  be  waved  for  the  greater  public  benefit| 
they  bowed  in  submission,  and  continued  their  efforts 
to  advance  the  common  weal.  They  needed  no 
Charistfan  festival  to  reconcile  them  with  dissenting 
countrymen.  Worthy  example  !  To  those  of  other 
aims,  it  gives  the  severe  rebuke — 

*'  What  wretched  ends  on  curst  ambition  wait." 

To   those   of   congenial  motives,   it   issues   the   in- 
junction— 

**  Ne'er  from  the  golden  mean  of  virtue  bend.'* 

May  the  like  manly  thought,  the  same  elevated  prin- 
ciples and  noble  purposes  of  our  pilgrim  fathers,  be 
equally  influential  over  every  successive  generation 
of  their  descendants. 

FIRST  SETTLERS. 

For  the  satisfaction  of  those  who  love  to  review 
the  names  of  such  emigrants  as  took  part  in  the  early 
concerns  of  Salem,  and  knew,  from  experience,  the 
difficulties  attendant  on  a  new  settlement — ^the  en- 
suing lists  are  presented.  Before,  however,  ^^  ^ton 
eeed  to  give  them,  it  may  not  be  amiss  lo  \ooVLiv»V>RKt 


164  ORIGIN  OF  NAMES.    DU  CANGE. 

back  on  some  facts  with  which  they  have  a  counec* 
tioD.  In  the  former  periods  of  the  world,  each  person 
had  but  one  name.  Subsequently,  as  occasion  seemed 
to  require,  this  number  was  increased.  In  nations, 
both  ancient  and  modem,  names  were  applied  to  in- 
dividuals, as  expressive  of  parental  good  wishes  for 
children ;  of  some  particular  event,  place,  office,  and 
trade ;  of  physical,  intellectual  and  moral  qualities. 
Names  were,  also,  thus  appropriated,  as  significant  of 
the  winds,  colors,  animals  and  other  things.  The 
Romans  and  other  nations  considered  a  person's  name 
as  having  much  influence  on  his  course  and  experi- 
ence of  life.  Hence  their  proverb,  "  a  good  name,  a 
good  omen."  The  Christian  name,  as  is  well  known, 
was  so  designated,  because  applied  to  children  when 
christened  or  baptized.  It  was  used  to  distinguish 
an  individual.  Surnames  began  to  be  adopted  in 
England  about  1050.  They  were  not  popular  among 
the  great  mass  of  the  inhabitants  there  till  about 
1307.  Tillet  maintained,  that  they  were  given  as 
sobriquets  or  nicknames.  But  Camden,  with  much 
more  argument,  held  that  they  were  applied  for  the 
reasons  just  mentioned.  Du  Cange  stated,  that  the 
term,  surname  (the  sur  meaning  over)  was  so  denom- 
inated, because,  when  first  used  in  Europe,  it  was 
placed  above  the  Christian  name.  Such  a  term  was 
employed  to  signify  families.  The  different  masters 
of  England — as  the  ancient  Britons,  who  used  per- 
sonal appellations  to  express  the  colors  of  the  paint, 
put  on  themselves  ;  the  Romans  ;  the  Anglo-Saxons, 
who  introduced  German  names ;  the  Danes,  and  the 
Normans,  who  increased  the  German  vocabulary, — 
left  their  respective  words  to  be  -jteseiN^  oix  w^x.^^ 


TITLES  OF  MR.  AND  GOODMAN.  165 

their  successors  preferred.  Soon  after  the  Norman 
conquest,  the  English,  for  the  most  part,  dispensed 
with  the  Roman  and  Danish  names,  and  incorporated, 
with  their  first  names  of  German  origin,  those  from 
the  Scriptures.  In  accordance  with  this  custom,  the 
settlers  of  Salem  had  their  Christian  names  chiefly 
derived,  and  their  surnames  mostly,  from  the  occasions 
previously  specified.  But  the  practice  of  assigning 
personal  appellations  was  observed  by  them,  in  gen- 
eral, as  by  their  descendants,  without  any  particular 
attention  to  the  causes  of  their  being  originally  em- 
ployed. The  lists  of  our  ancestors  show,  that  a  por- 
tion of  their  surnames  have  ceased  from  the  first 
bounds  of  Naumkeag,  while  many  others  have  suc- 
ceeded them.  They  also  furnish  the  fact,  that  no 
middle  names  had  yet  been  chosen  by  them.  Many 
of  the  ancient  surnames  have  undergone  no  small 
change  in  their  orthography. 

The  titles  of  Mr.  and  Goodman,  as  applied  by  our 
fathers,  call  for  a  passing  notice.  They  were  derived 
from  England.  A  writer  ^  makes  the  ensuing  obser- 
vations. "  As  for  gentlemen,  they  be  made  good- 
cheap  in  England ;  for  whosoever  studieth  the  laws 
of  the  realm,  who  studieth  in  the  universities,  who 
professeth  liberal  sciences,  and  to  be  short,  who  can 
live  idly  and  without  manual  labor,  and  will  bear  the 
port,  charge  and  countenance  of  a  gentleman,  he  shall 
be  called  Master,  for  that  is  the  title  which  men  give 
to  Esquires  and  other  gentlemen."  "Yeomen  are 
next  to  the  nobility,  knights  and  squires.     This  sort 

'  BniUi*!  Conu»oaw«iltk  of  EngjLuiA. 
15  ♦ 


166  ADMISSION  OF  INHABITANTS. 

of  people  are  not  gentlemen,  but  for  the  most  part 
farmers  to  gentlemen,  and  by  grazing,  frequenting 
markets,  etc.,  do  come  to  such  wealth,  that  they  are 
able  to  buy  the  lands  of  unthrifty  gentlemen,  and 
after  setting  their  sons  to  the  universities,  to  the  laws, 
etc.,  do  make  their  sons  gentlemen.     Yeomen  are  not 
called  masters,  but  to  their  simame,  men  add  good- 
man,"  and  in  law,  they  add  yeoman.     In  our  colony, 
the  title  of  Mr.  or  Master,  was  applied  to  captains,  and 
sometimes  mates  of  vessels  ;  to  military  captains ;  to 
eminent  merchants  ;  to  schoolmasters,  doctors,  magis- 
trates, and  clergymen ;  to  persons  who  had  received 
a  second  degree  at  college,  and  who  had  been  made 
freemen.     The  wives  and  daughters  of  masters,  were 
called  Mrs.     To  be  deprived  of  the  Mr.  was  considered 
a  grievous  loss  of  cast.      An  instance  of  this  kind 
occurred  in  1631,  when  the  Court  of  Assistants  took 
such  a  title  from  an  individual  for  immoral  conduct. 
Goodman  was  prefixed  to  the  surnames  of  such  as 
were  not  denominated  masters.     The  help>meets  of 
these  persons  were  called  good  wives.     Such  appella- 
tions  were    less  frequent    after    1650   than    before. 
Both  parties,  in*  order  that  their  example  and  titles_ 
might  harmonize,  must  have  felt  bound  to  walk  up- 
rightly. 

Another  item  lays  claim  to  our  attention.  It  refers 
to  the  admission  of  inhabitants.  Salem  authorities, 
like  those  of  other  ancient  towns,  were  more  strict, 
in  this  particular,  under  the  first  charter  than  subse- 
quently. Some  who  applied  for  residence  among 
them,  were  denied  and  warned  away.  Others  were 
accepted  on  trial,  on  condition  of  bringing  their  wives 
jOvm  abroad,  and  of  obtaining  «at\a&9iJ(:XoT^  ^x^di^atials 


FIRST  S£TTLERS. 


167 


as  to  their  membership  in  churches,  or  good  moral 
character.  Fines  were  not  unfrequently  obtained  of 
individuals,  more  hospitable  than  observant  of  legal 
restrictions,  for  entertaining  strangers  without  leave 
from  the  municipal  officers. 


ABBilEVIlTIONS. 

The  first  of  our  proposed  lists  will  contain  names  not  found 
on  the  church  records,  down  to  1651.  For  the  convenience  of 
noting  particulars  relative  to  individuals  mentioned  on  the  lists, 
— a  collection  far  more  laborious  than  entertaining  to  an  en- 
tirely romantic  taste, — some  abbreviations  will  be  employed. 
Namely,  a,  signifies  arrived  at  iSalein  ;  6.  resident  here  before 
the  year  given  ;  c.  c.  came  with  Roger  Conant ;  c.  e.  came  with 
Mr.  Endicott;  c,f.  came  in  the  fleet  of  1629 ;  d./,  desired  to  be 
freemen  in  1630 ;  g,  L  granted  land  by  Salem  authorities ;  g,  i,  c. 
grant  of  land  confirmed  ;'  m.  mentioned  as  of  this  place ;  m.  c. 
member  of  the  first  church ;  m.  /.  made  freeman  ;  mr,  made 
freemen  subsequent  to  the  years  standing  on  a  line  with  the 
names,  and  r.  i.  received  as  inhabitants.  The  numerical  years, 
to  the  right  of  the  persons  designated,  are  the  dates  when  they 
are  known,  or  appear  to  have  begun  their  abode  in  this  settle- 


ment    It  is  probable  that 
the  time  assigned  to  them 
records  given  details  of  na 
less  uncertainty  on  this  po 


lot  a  few  of  them  lived  here  before 
as  being  of  Salem.     Had  our  town 

nes  prior  to  1634,  there  would  be 
nt. 


Abby,  John  g.  I. 

Adams,  Richard  m. 

AdamSf  Robert  g.  I. 

Aimedoune,  Roger  g.  L 

Alfbrd,  Wm.  mr. 

Babson,  Isabel  g.  I. 

Baker,  Robert  g,  I. 

Barber,  Wra.  g.  I. 

Baitoll,  John  m. 

Baxter,  Daniel  g.  /. 

Bay  ley,  Guy  do  g.  I. 

Bayley,  Henry  g.  I. 
Beard,  Thomas,  Mr.      c.f. 

Beaumont,  John  m. 

Beere.  Philip  g.  Z.  c 

Belknap,  Joseph  m. 

Bemaii,  Wm.  m, 

Bennet,  Henry  m. 

Bennet,  John  nt. 

Bennet,  Rieliard  g:  I, 

Meabet,  Wm.  g,  /. 


637 
637 
6:te 
637 
635 
637 
637 
()39 
648 
639 
644 
638 
629 
640 
637 
644 
637 
630 
()33 
636 


m. 


9n. 


Berry,  Christopher 
Best,  John 

Bixby,  Thomas  m. 

Blancher,  (widow)  g,  Lc, 

Blomfield,  Henry  m. 

Boggiist,  John  m. 

Bourne,  John  g.  I. 

Bo wd itch,  Wm.  g,  I, 

Bo  wen,  Thomas  m. 

Brand,  Thomas  c.f. 

Brately,  John  m. 

Bridgeman,  John  m. 

Brittell,  John  g.  I, 

Brown,  Hugh  e.  e. 

Brown,  John  e.f. 

Brown,  Samuel  *   c.j, 

Bryan,  (widow)  g.  L 

Br  van  t,  Thomas  m. 

Baifum,  Roberl  m% 

Bullock,  Henry  _  g.  U 


Burdet,  Georgb^Be^  g.V. 


1640 
1()38 
1636 
1638 
lt>38 
1630 
1637 
1643 
1648 
1629 
1638 
1637 
1637 
1628 
1629 
1629 
1639 
1642 

\^^ 


Bafd»1).  Henrj 

«./. 

1638 

Dodg..  Willi.m.  Mr. 

«./. 

ISB 

Bnrro*!,  John 

g-l- 

lti37 

Downing,  ThPophilu 
Diantr.  Nicholas 

gi- 

i6e 

Bnntnw,  Anlbonj 

1637 

rt- 

1637 

Burton.  Jobn 

gA. 

1037 

DrcaBer.  Samuel 

M. 

1638 

Bur  wood,  Thomij 

1640 

Enstj,  J.ffiy 

gi- 

1637 

BoibiKll,  Jotan 

g.i. 

IIB? 

Eboine,  Samuel 

ft- 

leaB 

Bushnell.  Francii 

1639 

Kdea,  Wiliiaai 

cf. 

leuo 

Buxton,  Anlbony 

gA. 

lli37 

*■/■ 

ieS9 

Billion,  Tboniu 

](i39 

Edaon,  Sdmnel 

r-t- 

1639 

C.n«-rbnrj.  Willisra 
C»rr,Nicbnl« 

gt- 

1639 

Edn-arda,  Rice 

g-i- 

1643 

g.t. 

1637 

Eirord,  John 

m. 

1636 

Ctiidwell,  Thomu 

16:t7 

Eliton,  John 

1631 

Chirlei,  Wlllium 

g^' 

1637 

Kvitead,  Riehud 

e.J. 

)6!9 

ChicketinB.  Henry 

g.L 

I64U 

Fairfield,  Uioiel 

1649 

1648 

Fan,  George          «r 

'■/- 

lew 

China,  George 
Chnbt,  Thoin« 

t.l.e. 

1638 

FelloD,  Beiij.*       Mr 

g-t. 

1636 

163G 

Fi-rnia.  lieniunin 

1640 

Chuaiunre.  BLchird 

1^ 

Fi.k,  John               »u- 

g*^ 

1637 

Clark,  Arlbur 

«./. 

1640 

rintiiiBn.  TliomBi  t»r 

gt- 

1637 

Cliik,  Wlllmm       mr 

d/f. 

ItElO 

Fhnl.  William 

1615 

Cliydon.  BHrni.hu 

'/■ 

ma 

Fn>iie,  Pascha 

g-t- 

1637 

Clajdiin,  Bichara 

<,y. 

j(i3n 

Franklin,  goodoian 

1646 

Clud.  iiiHHlwire 

1647 

Freeman,                 mr.  m. 

1636 

Cwk,  Richard, 

m. 

1645 

Friend,  John          w 

gt. 

1637 

Cod  man,  Robert 

rt. 

1U37 

Fryir,  ThmMi 

i.l. 

]fi» 

Coitr  Jolin                  r- 1,  c. 

wa 

Fuller,  Robert          wr.  m. 

1S» 

Colbourno,  Samuel 

'4. 

]6:17 

Gaily,  John 

g-l- 

1637 

C<M,  Robert          «t 

IffilO 

Guilner,  John 

g.t 

1643 

Cole,  Thomu 

gi- 

)649 

Gardner,  Jowph 

g.i. 

1649 

Collin*,  John 

g.i. 

1613 

Gardner,  Richard 

g  I. 

1643 

Comjn.,  Wjlllom  «i- 

gi- 

1C37 

Gardner,  San.uel 

g  t- 

1649 

Con<dihr;  Johu 

e-^- 

1640 

Uatcliell.John 

1637 

Cnniint,  ftoser,  Jr.* 
Conyer..  Allen       mr 

gi- 

IG40 

Gilrhell,  Sanmet       g.  t.  c. 

1638 

'g.i. 

1639 

Gerry,  Ilpnry 

1648 

Cook,  Henry 

g.i. 

103^ 

Gd.l.milh.Thomaaa' 

I.  b. 

1643 

Corniih,  8>mufl 

gi- 

16:17 

Goodall.  Robert 

g-l- 

1637 

Corn«h,  Samuel,  Jr. 
Cornhill.  8«.nuel 

i6as 

m] 

l<i4l 

Grafton,  Jow-ph  ' 

g'i. 

1637 

Car  win.  Georre       n 

I6:<8 

GraClon,  Joihua 

1649 

Cory,  Oylei 

s  i 

1649 

GrnniMT,  llrvan 

1637 

Coti,  Robert 

m.f. 

HOS 

Orav.-a,  Richard 

g  i- 

1637 

Cfomwpll,  Philip 

1647 

Grave-..  Thoini.8l(i./."e./. 

1699 

Gurtia,  Zachcui 

g"t. 

1646 

Grfly,TI.»,.,aal 

lOH 

Curwilhen,  David 

]&M 

GrcenRrld,  Snmiiel 

gt. 

1(97 

D.lib»r,J™?ph 

«■  '- 

164tl 

Green  way.  Richard 
Growr,  Edward 

g.i. 

1637 

Daniels,  Alice,  Hn. 

gi- 

1637 

m. 

1«33 

Dam,  tuao 

m. 

1637 

<!oppy,  Robert 

1647 

Dael^  WniiBid 

gl- 

1639 

Hackn.rd.  William 

g-l- 

1637 

1630 

HaiireU.  Henrv 

H.ri7Jobn 

g.l 

1049 

D.ke,  Anthony 

m.f. 

ie:ii 

jwa 

Dike,  (widow) 

16.10 

Dili,  Geoicre 

g^l- 

1639 

•  eo~>rM...Gn«.PaiiM. 

J>iif,  Tbomaa 

g.L 

16S7 

tB<»aimttaChatlM<>*a. 

\  .  t.'^Tl«K*  «  ^  '■^ 

v«k«Vmf 

•  71*  AM  »on  oUU  ii  flataia. 


FIRST  SETTLERS. 


HtDMomhe,  Thomu 
Httbert,  Jobn 
Hardy,  John  i 

Hard/,  Jobn,  Jr. 
HuTii,  George 
Hami.  William 
Hukpll,  Roj 
HaughUi 


RoBi-r 
ID,  tfenryW-C 


Haywitd.  NLchola.  g.  I- 
Hpr*»n.  Chriitopher  g- 1- 
HewlfU,  Mr,  m 

Hi?Eiiisoii,F.,  Re».  1*  c.  ef. 
HireiQ«.ii,  J.  .nr.m  «.(./. 
HlgeiDS'  Alexand'r  fW-  gl- 
Hin;  John  g-l- 

HottiriiaD,  Ezrkiel  g.  i. 
Hollingworlli,  Richard  jT-  1. 

Hull,  JoKpIl 

HuUiDC,  Oba 
Hu.       


Lereh.John,  Jr.*  g.L 

Lrach,  Rnhtrt       mr.  g.  I. 
I^ccb,  RIchanI  g.  I. 

LMda,  Richard      mr.  g.  L 

Lrgge   J..l.n  m./. 

Liiiiev,  Cbrialophn         m. 

■■  ■  -    "— -1  g.l. 


Liilen,  NicI 


I,o»ell   Tlioma 
Lovcll,  John 
Luff,  John 
Lyfonl,  John,  Rer. 
Lyo<i,  John 
Malbon,  Jobn 


ir>ll,  NlcholB 


f.I. 


g.l. 
g.l. 


gl- 


Ingr noil,  Richard  c.f. 

Ingrraoll,  Genrge  ;■  I, 

InjtPraoll,  Jnbn  nt. 

lasrmll,  Nathaniel  vt. 

Inirraham,  Eilwaid  g.l. 

losbell,  R.ilwrt  g.l. 

Junea,  Eiaamua  g.  I, 

Jamei,  Elnsamand  g.l.  c. 
Jaroea,  William     d.f.  g.l. 

Jamei,  ThoQiaa  g  I. 

Jarred,  J-hn  m./. 

JpflVey,  William"  mr.  *. 

Jeggifa.  naniel  g.  t. 

Jeegka.  Thomu  m. 

Jahnson.  Richard  g.  I. 

Kerne,  William  g.  L  c. 
Kelham,  Austin     nr.  g.  I. 

Enighl,  Waller  t  c  e. 

Kniffhl.  Ez^klpl  g.  I. 

Knight,  William  g.  I. 

Lamliert,  Ricliaid  ; .  I. 

Langfiird,  John  m  /. 

I^alhrop,  Mark  g  I. 

Lravit,  CspL  ~ 
Leeefi,  Jobn 


g-l- 


Maraton,  Willii 

MaaoQ,  Enima  (widow)  g.  I. 

Maaon,  Eliea  g.l. 

Miller,  Sydrach  c.f. 


•  W[lll>n  JetTrBf  pmWhljr  ouopM 
Unf  Omt.  now  MtiTiiilHtUr,  btlun 
■  ■irivilDf  Mr  Cndle»li. 

I'sd'NinlHk^l  b;  "KS,f™  L'hictn- 


Moo 


,  Will 


Moull.in,Ri>l. 


r.i. 


J636 
I6W 

liar 

J637 
ICM 
163S 
1637 

]Gas 

1638 
169& 
I63t 
1636 
1638 
1637 
1637 
1649 

um 

1637 


t,  Willii 
tallhi-i 


Minn.  Mallhew  ( 

Noddle,  (William)  w 

Normnn,  Richard  . 

Norman,  Richard,  Jr.  i 

Noiinan.  John  i 
Norris,  Ed n aid,  Jr. 

Norton,  John  n 

Oifer,  Thomaa  4 

OIney,  Thomag      mr.  j 

Pttjre,  Robert           mr.  ; 

Parminier,  Benjamia  i 

Patch,  Edmund  i 

Patch,  Jamea  j 

Patlin,  Thomas  j 
Paiily,  Benjamin 

Paine,  Thomai       mr.  j 
Peach,  JoliQ 

P,'B»,  John  i 

Peaa,  Robert,  i 

Peirce,  Anthony  « 
Peiroe.  William,  Mt. 

Penny,  Robert  ^ 

Percie,  Marmadoke  i 
Perry,  rnnci* 


1639 
1639 
1630 


1637 
1637 
1637 
1637 
1637 


1637 
ll>30 

isr? 

1637 
16.34 
1630 
1638 
1C37 


FIRST  SETTLERS. 


Perry,  John 

M. 

](S7 

Smylh,  0«™([« 

g.L    \b 

pMter,  WillUini,  Mt. 

g'- 

)6:I7 

Smjlh!  Jam™ 

g.L    K 

Petrbrd,  ppier 

1U4I 

Smylh,  Malthew 

%.L    \t 

rhillip.,  (John)  R«T. 

m. 

leB 

Smyth,  (SamDel)mr 
Sinyth,  Thomas     tnr 

g.L    1 

Finkeiing,  John 
7wh(un.Thi>inu 

£■'■ 

1C37 

w.L    K 

ii- 

ll>3!) 

8|.r.Boe,  Ralph-  d.f.  'cf.    11 

Pick-orth,  Jolin 

gt 

1637 

Spragne,  R.cKard 

t.f.    a 

Pitnun,  NmhlDKl 

g.L 

iKS) 

Si.rai.-i.o.  W,ll,o,„ 

..?.   je 

PitR»n  Tham.1 

I6M 

Slaekhpu-;',  Kichaid 

g.Lc  le 

Plii-.  W.ll«ra" 

gi- 

1(>37 

Slary.  Hu..h 

g.L  I« 
g.L    K 

Polhrd,  Genrp- 

b. 

I6«i 

Slone,  John 

Poflrr   Nsthntiipl 

m.f. 

11.37 

Slrallon.  John       mr 

g.L    H 

1647 

8we«t,  John              n 

r.'«.    16 

FfiAe^'uhn'^ 

gi- 

1(!37 

Sweet,  (widow) 

g.L    l« 

Ftince.  Robptl 

ll. 

1649 

Talby.'johQ 
Taybn-,  Thomu 

"«.    \i 

Pryor,  Mmihew 

gt- 

163U 

r.i.    ie 

Kny,  DsnkI 

m.f. 

IKM 

Temple.  Abiahim 

g.L    It 

Riyraond,  Willmm 

IVAti 

Te.nple,  Hidiard 

fi.  le 

Reeve..  J«hn 

?"■ 

1B43 

Thalcher.  Anihgny 

m.    It 

RemoM.,  Henry 

f.t. 

IMS 

Th-mn..  Jiihn 

m.  n 

Rirkinan.  Inic 

c.f. 

lean 

Thomnc.  James 

g-L     1( 

Ringe,  Thomas 

1637 

r.*m.     U 

Robins,  Tlinniai 

g'l- 

ifiap 

Thmgmorlon,John 

m.    ]« 

RniLs,  JnahuH 

g  I- 

16W 

Thnnion,  Richard 

y.I.  u 
g.L    1« 

RouU.  Tliomu 

g.l. 

16.17 

Thuraton,  John 

Riipr*,  Georee 

!'■ 

1837 

Tidd,  Jo.d>» 

r..-.     IG 

RowLnd.  Ricbard 

1648 

T.liJe,  Hunh 

t./.    IC 

Roch.  John 

in.t9 

Tomkin*.  Jnhn       nr 

g-L    U 

R<iriball.  Daniel 

gi- 

1644 

Tnmpkina,  Kalph 

™./.   le 

HuMpil.Jnhn           mr.  m. 

1636 

Tomp.-nn,  (widow) 

1    I( 

»y»!l.  Witli,m 

"f 

16® 

Tom'on,  AtPhibald 

M.     It 

8>II.>WF>.  Miehnel 

gi- 

I6:i5 

T..wnde.  Williim 

b.    It 

16:t7 

TiBC  ,-,  Thoma. 

g.L    1 

B.m.,  Thom».           ff.  I.  e, 

iei8 

Trew,  Henry 

J.i.    It 

B*i>d»n.  Arthur 

g  1- 

IGfii 

1'uck,  Tbomaa 

g.L    U 

Sawyer,  Waiiam 

gi 

IfiJ:i 

Tuck.  Robert 

Le.  n 

1(35 

Tueker,  John 

L  ic 

Sesrlel,  Rnbert 

IfiK 

Turiand,  Ann,  Mtj.t 

g.  I.  u 
g.L    U 

Scudd^r,  Thomw 

g.L 

1648 

Turner,  Chaile. 

Sco-lder,  Williara 

g'- 

KiW 

Vand.Twood,  Jamei 

*«.    It 

Se.l*,  Edward 

IliSd  :  Vai.a],  William 

n.     16 

8*»rf«,  Richard         g-  I-  «- 

1638  1  Veiin,  Joshua 

g.l-    w 

Sh-plpy,  John 

g.L 

1637    Ver..,-.«-,(A[ire)wid' 

*J.I.    IC 

SH.ty.  Henry 

gl 

l(i39    Vleur;  Opor^e 

m.    If 

Bicn>on,  FniDcii 

1648    W  y... -William   Mr. 

r.  1.    16 

Binpl<.|.r,,R,ch«rdmr.r,.-. 

1637    W  fcrfield   J«hn         r.~l.  c.     J6 

Shellina,  Th..ma>. 

gl- 

1643    W  Font.  Widiam,  Mr 

«■-  L     16 

Mellon.  Samuel,  Rei 

.  «./. 

1629' W  IliPr,  Rlchiird 

li.    16 

Bk<-IU>n,  B-'njamtn 

l(i39 '  Waller,  Mallhew 

'■.i!! 

1(I4«    Waller,  William 

Smill,  John 

g.l. 

1643  1  Waller.  Chriitouher 

j.t    M 

Bmiih,  Ediih  (widow 

it. 

1637 

•CtOM  "aJit  Mr.  WllUam  PUlH,"  la  \ 


•  Tba  Umra.  BpH|iHa  iho  WMt  la 


FIRST  SETTLERS. 


171 


WaltoD,  Wm.,  Rev.  g,  I,  e. 
Ward,  John,  Mr.  g,  U 

Warren,  Abrahim  g.  L 
Warren,  Ralph  g,  I,  c. 

Waterman,  Richard  e.f. 
Waters,  Richard  «tr.  g.  I, 
Watkins,  John  a. 

Watson,  John  m./. 

Webb,  F.*anci8  e.f, 

Webb,  Henry  mr,  g.  L 
Webster,  John  g,  I, 

Weeks,  Thomas  r.  t. 

Wescot,  Stake  1/  m. 

West,  Thomas  g.  I. 

Weston,  Francis  m,f, 

Wheaden,  Robert  g.  I.  e, 
Wheeler,  Thomas  m.f. 
White,  James  m. 

White,  John  g,  L 


1638 

1641 

1637 

1638 

1629 

1637 

1641 

1633 

16*29 

1637 

1638 

1689 

1636 

1640 

1633 

1638 

1642 

1633 

1639 


Whitehaire,  Abraham     m.  1638 

Wickenden,  William       m.  1639 

Williams,  Roger,  Rey.    m.  1631 

Williams,  William        g.  l.  1637 

Wil.«on,  Lambert,  Dr.   e,f,  16S9 

Wilson,  £dward              m.  1647 

WincoU,  Thomas             m.  1631 

Wmthrop,  John,  Esq.   g.  I.  1630 

Winthrop,  Stephen,  Mr.  g.  l.  1638 

Wood,  William  *          g,  I.  1638 

Woodbury,  Nicholas     g.  l.  1638 

Wotes,  Richard             g.  L  1637 

Wright,  George            g.L  1637 

Young,  Christopher      g.  I,  1637 

Toung,  Joseph              g.  L  1639 

Toung,  John                 g,  L  1640 

*  William  Wood,  the  historian,  who 
first  came  over  in  1628,  maj  have  beea 
the  person  here  noted. 


In  further  showing  the  original  settlers  of  Salem, 
it  is  deemed  needful  to  adduce  the  members  of  the 
First  Church,  as  found  recorded,  to  1651,  though  this 
place  is  not  under  the  ecclesiastical  head.  Those  of 
them  who  remained  in  1636,  when  the  record  of  them 
only  was  made,  of  course  excluded  all  who  had  de* 
ceased  or  taken  up  their  connection  previously.  The 
names  of  these,  so  far  as  known,  are  on  the  preceding 
list  with  m,  c.  subjoined.  An  alphabetical  account  of 
the  members  in  1636,  will  be  given  under  that  date, 
and  so  of  others  who  united  with  them,  under  the 
successive  years  of  their  making  a  profession  of  re- 
ligion. The  years  pleiced  on  a  line  with  the  names, 
refer  to  some  particulars  denoted  by  abbreviations 
used  in  the  foregoing  list. 


1636. 

Alderman,  Jane 

Alford,  Mary 

Allen,  William     d,f.  e.  e.    1626 

Alien,  Elixabeth 

Areher,  Samuel  <L/.    1630 

Aoger,Wmuaa  mJf.    1631 


Balch,  John  d,f,  e.e,    1696 

Balch,  Margery 

Barney,  Jacob  m./.    1634 

Batter,  Edmund    mr.  g,  I.    1635 

Batter,  Sarah 

Bishop,  TownBend  m.f.   \^2& 

Black,  John  m.^.   V^ 

Blacklettch,  John         ^a./. 


178 

Bomd,  Williua    m 
BowDd,  Anno 

Brnclienbuiy  RicVi 
Br*ckenliuiy,  Blten 
Btijhl,  Mmigery 
Con«nt,  Roger 
Conatil,  Ssrsh 

Davi^npart,  Hie  hud  0 
DareDport,  Eliidbeth 
Di.y,  WilUini 
Dily,  Anne 
Ebof  n,  TLimriM 
Elkrd,  Gerlrudo 
Eadicolt,  John 
Endicolt,  EUwbetli 
Fellon,  Ellen 


Gara«"  Tlioma.  mr. 
G.le>   EdwnTd 
Herrick,  ll*nry     d./. 
Hetrick,  Eiinii 
Holgrave,  J<.hn 
Kalgn^i  Uliubetb 
Born,  John 

Hulcilinion,  Alice 
Inirerioll,  Anne 
Jofin»n.  FfBnoi. 
JohnKin,  Joanne 
Kendall,  Pieaoa 
King,  Willi.m      m 
lj.,lL.n,  Hntlh         ™ 
Lalhro; 


FIRST  SETTLERB. 


.  g.  I.    1637 

A/.'  leae 


Snunden,  John  "«./  Ig* 

Scruggi,  Thoma*  «r.    e.  ^  IBB 

Slwrpc,  Samuel      »r.   «,/.  IBB 
Sharpe,  Alice 

Sibly,  John  i^-   "■/•  '"£ 

Skwlet,  Anne  (widow)  y.i.  IW 

-   ■  —    -       Mr.  «,/.  1^ 


d.f. 


Leach.  Elizabeth 

Mmiey,  JetFrey       i 
Mauiie,  Roger 
Moore,  S»muel 
Moore,  John 
Moore,  Hannah 
Nofton,  George  t 
Falfray  Peter  d. 

Piirtay,  Kdilh 
Pope,  JoBcjh 

llayment,  Judilh 
Beade,  ThomiiB 
Booti,  Richard 

•R-Cooanttoilrod  li 


c.f. 

../.    1634 


m./    1633 
m.f.     1631 


g.l.  1637 
r.l.  1G36 
m/.     163J 


u 


'«!/.    1«3S 


irua,  WillisiD 
Veren,  Philip 
Veren,  Dorcu 

VVolle,  Martha 

Woodbory,  John  i.J.  e.  a    IW 

Woodbmr,  Agoea 

163T. 

Alderman,  John    mr.  g.  L  lOT 

es   Joan'  /-J-  163? 

a.'Lydiat  .„ 

Bailholomew.-.  Henry  mr.  a-  1635 

^"C;j'^gr'""''"'i/.  1638 

„.-,rningl''TI">-'"»-/-   f-'"  !«" 

Gedneyi  John     "./.  g-  '■  1® 

drh'^a11,7hom„     «./.  16M 

„ Ji.e"'^w1lliam""'mr.   f.  I.  163T 

"l^li'omr-^Villiam  mr.   ,.  L  1636 


llnluiave,  Joa 
ilnime,  Dtboi 
Huniplirey.J' 


Jcgnles,  Mi^r^ 

MumiiBll,  tdmund  IK./,  ;,l. 


I    Moulton,  Jauiea    ""■■  f  ■ '.    1637 

,  la  IMT,  tlw  Cenenl  Court  "itn 

!    £4(HoMri.AmM,lhe  wulow  orOoiiioc 

r  Aft..  I»?l^  .hwni  iwiii.lj-l»i.  TMWJ 

.     unrlvr  Iha   Rnv.  tl'r    Nfo,  of  LondiHI.    In 


PUIST  SETTLEItS. 


NonoQ,  Maty 
Telers,  Hugh,  Rev. 
RiiT,  Bethinh 


Barney,  Anna 


Slackieach,  Eliinlwth 
fuidsall,  Hrnry 
Donning.  Emsnudm/.;.!. 

t,  JoTIq 


Hart.  J 

HIn. 


g.i 

nr.  g.l. 


Jackann,  Margnre 
Marrir,  Triphena 
Moulton,  Mary 
Norman  Ainbella 
Pick  worth,  Ann 
Robinson,  Wm.     mr.  g.  t. 
ShsSin,  Michel    mr.  ;,  L 
Skerry,  Henry       mr.  g.  I. 
Spooner,  Thomas  mr.  g.  I. 
Spooner,  Amy 
SUodiah,  Sarah 
Symonds,  John      mr.  g.  I. 
Symondi,  Mary 
Veaner,  Thomaa*  mr.  g.  I, 

1  639. 

AnlTum, Tliomni  mr.  g.l. 

Bsrnatdislaar,  Catherine 
flalchelder,  John  mr.  g.  I. 

Balrhetdet,  Mary 
BcBchainp,  EJw'd  mr.  g.l. 
Biahnp,  Richard        mr.   m. 
Concklln.Ananiajmr.  g.l. 
Dliy,  Cahe.ine 
D union,  Elitabeth 
Ednatds 


mr.  i. 


Fairfield,  John  mr.  g.  I. 
Gardnei.Tho'i,  Jr.  mr.  g.L 
Gardner,  Marnret 
Garfhrd,  Jervns 
Oaaciyne,  Satih 
Goll,  WiUiani 
Green,  (widow) 
HarbErt.  Miiy 
HnmeH,  Sicitia 

FruDcis 


olyrdve,  Lydi 


,  Ob.id 


,  Calbeiine 

Ksiieal'iinF,l)urnlliy,Mri.m. 
Kilclierill,  Josepli  g.l. 

Lemon,  M.iry 

Mar^,  John  ;.  I. 

Moore, Thomaa*  mr.  g.l. 

and  hi«  wite  Martha  r.  i. 


1636 
1636 
1640 


163T 
1636 
1648 


1640 
1637 


•  Bon  at  vidow  Kgont 


174 


FIRST  SETTLERa 


BarUioloiiiew,Rich*d  mr^.L    1G38 

Beftcbam,  Mary 

Bowditch,  Sarah 

Bulfinch,  (John)  m.f,    1642 

Bjam,  George  m./.    1642 

Cook,  John*8  wife 

Cominff«  Samuel   mr,  g,  L    1638 

and  wife. 
Curwin,  Elizabeth 
Eastwick,  (widow) 
Esticky  goodwife 

G€«re,  William     mr.  g.  L     1639 
Glover,  Charles     mr.  g.  L     1G39 
Good,  Abigail 
Graves,  Richard *i  wife 
Hapcott,  Sarah 
Howard,  Rose 
Lawes,  Francis     mr,  g.  I,    1637 

and  wife. 
Marston,  John  m.f,    1641 

Marston,  Thomas     mr.  m.    1636 
Moody,  Deborah 

Moullon,  Robert,  Jr.     g.  I.    1638 
Peters,  Deliverance 
Porter,  Jonathan   mr.  g.  I,    1637 
Read,  Alice 

Reed,  Esdras         mr.  g.  L    1640 
Reeves,  Jane 
Rennolls,  William 
Ruck,  Thomas 

and  wife. 
Sanders,  Elizabeth 
**  i.  e.  Kitchen." 
Scudder,  Elizabeth 
Veren,  Jane 
Veren,  Jane 
Vermayes,  Abigail 
Ward,  Margaret 
Woodbury,  Ehzabtth 


m.f.    1640 


1641. 

Bacon, Rebeckah 
Blanchard,  William  mr,  m. 
Boyce,  Joseph  mr.  m. 

Bulfinge,  Ann 
Cleark,  Arthur  m.f. 

Concklin,  Susan 
Cook,  John  mr.  g.  I. 

Devinish,  Thomas  mr.  g.  L 
Devinish,  Mary 
Dickerson,  Philemon  mr.g'.Z. 
FairBeld,  Mr.'a  wife 
^etjD,  Deborah 
Fiak/Jtimen  m.f. 


16.37 
1639 

1640 

1637 
1639 


1638 


1641 
1637 


m.f,    1641 


Fisk,  Phineas         mr.  g.  I.    1641 

risk,  William         mr.  g,  I.    1637 

Gardner,  George  mr.  g.  l.    1637 

Glover,  Elizabeth 

Gutch,  Robert        mr.  g,  I, 

Harwood,  good  wife 

Hunt,  Mary 

Kelly,  Abel  m,f. 

Lemon,  Robert      mr,  g,  I, 

Maury,  Klizabeth 

Monsall,  Ruth 

Norcross,  Nathaniel      m.f.    1643 

Osborn,  Frezwith 

Pacy,  Catherine 

Perry,  Jane 

Pettingall,  Richard 

Putnam,  Priscilla 

Rabbe,  Catherine 

Read,  Sarah 

Shattuck,  (widow) 

Veren,  Philip,  Jr.  mr,   g.  I.    1637 

Ward,  Alee 

Waters,  Joyce 

Wathen,  Greorge 

Wright,  Elizabeth 

1642. 

Allen,  Robert  g,  I,  1637 

Barber,  John  g.  I.  1&37 

Brown,  William    mr.  g,  I.  1637 

Button,  Robert  c.  e.  1628 

Kenniston,  (Allen)  mr.  g.  I.  1638 

Moore,  Richard     mr,  g.  L  1638 

Price,  Waller  mr,  m,  1641 

and  wife  Elizabeth 

Prince,  Richard     mr.  g.  I.  1639 

Putnam,  Thomas  mr,  g,  I.  1641 
Ropes,  Mary 
Scarlett,  Margaret 
Shattuck,  Samuel 
Tomkins,  Catherine 

Vermayes,  Benjamin   m.f,  1642 


1643. 


Bacon,  (William) 
Bennet,  Jane 
Blanchard,  Ann 
Corwithen,  Grace 
Dixy,  Thomas's  wife 
Edwards,  Thomas  mr,  g.  I, 
EI  well,  Robert  m./. 

Goyte,  Mary 
HaineVl,  ^dyi  vtd^  g .  I, 


lit.     1640 


1637 
1640 

1699 


FIA8T  SETTUEB8. 


17S 


Hathorn,  John  g.  I. 

Kitchen,  John       mr,  g.  I. 

and  wife  Elizabeth 


Peas,  Robert 
Pntnam,  Eliza 
White,  John 


1644. 


Bourne,  John 
Dodge,  Richard 
Hathorn,  Sarah 
Porter,  Mar/ 


8  I' 


g.t. 


16  4  5. 


Bishop,  Edward 
Dodge,  Elizabeth 
Skerry,  Brid^t 
Vaile,  Catherine 


1646. 


g.L 


Grascoyne*  Edward 
Grover,  Margaret 
Harnett,  Edward ,  Jr.    g,  I, 
Hibbeid,  Robert 
and  wife  Joan 


1647. 


Allcrton,  Isaac 
Charles,  Sarah 
Downing,  Lucy,  Jr. 
Ellenwood,  Ralph         g,  I, 
Hutchinson,  Richard    g,  L 
Loofe,  Bridget 
Mason,  Jane 
Monta(!iie,  Abigail 
Neal,  Mary 
NeaTe,  (widow) 
Putnam,  John        mr.  g.  L 
Scudder,  John  g,  L 

and  wife. 
Smith,  Ralph 
Veren,  Mary 

164  8. 

Brpwn,  William  w./. 

and  wife  Sarah 
Dickeraon,  Mary 
Eborne,  Catharine 
Ellenwoody  good  wife 
Emory^  Qeorge,  Doct  g.  I, 

■\ 

^SomeUmea  exiled  GuketL 


1643 
1643 

1637 

1639 


1637 
1638 


m.    1639 


1637 
1639 


m.    1633 


1637 
1637 


1641 
1642 


1649 


1637 


m. 
g.  L 
g.l. 


Felton,  Nathaniel  e. 

Field,  Alexander   mr.  g,  I, 

and  wife. 
Giles,  Bridget 
Haines,  William 
Hardy,  Joseph 
Jeggles,  William 
Leech,  Sarah 
Leech,  Sarah 
Marsh,  Susannah 
Massey,  Ellen 
Pigkett,  John 
Porter,  Unice 
Prince,  Mary 
Putnam,  Elizabeth 
Putnam,  Nathaniel 
Rootes,  Josiah 
Stackhouse,  Susannah 
Towne,  goodwife 
Veron,  Hilliard 
Waller,  Sarah 
Weston,  John 
Wheeler,  Mary 
Woodbury,  Humphrey    m. 

1649. 

Concklin,  Elizabeth 
Corwithin,  David 
Gardner,  Hannah 
Haynes,  Sarah 
Pope,  G^ertrude 
Porter,  John 
Read,  Mary 
Scudder,  Rachel 


1633 
164S 


1644 
1644 
1637 


g.l    1648 


m.    1641 


1628 


m. 


1648 


mr,  m.    1643 


1650. 

Bridgman,  Elizabeth 

Chichester,  Mary 

Cole,  Ann 

Cooper,  Rebeokah 

Curtis,  Sarah 

Felmingham.  Francis    g,  L    1637 

Gray,  Elizabeth 

Hardy,  ffoodwife 

Lovett,  Mary 

Maskall,  Ellen 

Moore,  Christian 

Morgan,  Robert  g,  U    1637 

Pacy,  Nicholas  g,  I    1639 

Patch  *  Nicholas  g,L    1639 

Payne,  EUiabeih  g.U   \^^ 

*  A  Paioh  fkmlW  ^waa  Va  Bttesa  am  waiVi 
aaliBd. 


176 


COMMON  LANDS. 


Payne,  William 
Rix,  Thomas 
Smith,  Mary 
South  wick,  Mary 


m./.    1650 


Vincent,  William 

and  wife. 
Woodbury y  Hugh 


mr.  m.    1635 


COMMON  LANDS. 

Such  estate  of  any  communities,  in  their  early 
settlement,  as  well  as  in  later  periods,  holds  a  high 
place  among  their  chief  dependences.  As  cultivated 
on  the  sea-board,  or  in  its  vicinity,  it  is  the  right  arm 
of  fisheries,  commerce,  mannfactures,  education,  and 
arts.  So  thought  and  acted  the  wise  and  pious  coun- 
sellors, who,  in  troublous  times,  laid  the  foundations 
of  New  England.  As  a  prominent  part  of  this  wilder- 
ness domain,  once  denominated  North  Virginia,  the 
whole  soil  of  Massachusetts,  as  chartered  to  its  pa- 
tentees, was  accounted  their  common  propriety. 
Such  territory  was  adopted  by  this  Body,  as  a  prin- 
cipal constituent  of  the  basis,  on  which  they  made 
their  judicious  calculations,  though  not  wholly  real- 
ized, to  meet  the  charges  of  planting  our  shores  with 
a  population,  sifted  and  purified  by  the  trials  of  per- 
secution. For  the  proper  disposal  of  their  landed 
domain,  they  deliberately  and  prayerfully  passed  and 
published  several  ^  resolutions.  These  they  held  as 
essentially  binding  on  themselves  and  successors  9§ 
long  as  their  Patent  should  continue.  In  proof  of 
this  position,  various  applications  were  made  to  our 
Legislature,  prior  to  the  usurpation  of  James  II.,  for 
the  granting  of  lands  as  a  liquidation  of  sums^  ad- 
vanced in  England  to  promote  the  commencement  of 
our  Commonwealth.    A  number  of  them  was  allowed, 


'  See  them  on  paisea  9&— ^  of  \)b\%  n^oxV. 


PETITrON  OF  JOHNSON.    CONANT'S  ISLAND.    177 

while  others  were  rejected.  Of  the  latter  class  was 
one  from  Francis  Johnson,  an  early  and  respectable 
settler  of  Salem,  afterwards  of  Marblehead.'  In  1660, 
he  petitioned  that  for  £50,  ^daced  in  the  common 
stock  by  his  uncle,  Christopher  Coulson,  deceased,  he 
might  have  a  corresponding  quantity  of  land.  But 
as  he  had  only  a  verbal  order,  and  this  of  22  years 
standing,  his  request  was  disallowed. 

The  principles,  laid  down  by  the  Company  in 
London,  were  recognized  by  our  colonial  and  muni- 
cipal authorities,  in  relation  to  territory,  with  such 
variations,  as  the  necessity  of  subsequent  periods 
required.  Such  conformity  answers  the  inquiry,  why 
some  settlers  of  Salem  were  granted  two,  three,  four, 
and  even  five  hundred  acres — while  others  received 
less  quantities.  The  planters  under  Mr.  Conant  had 
certain  lots  for  cultivation.  So  did  the  emigrants 
under  Mr.  Endicott.  But  a  fuller  distribution  was 
afterwards  made  in  reference  to  these  two  classes,  and 
others,  who  came  to  share  in  the  perils  and  toils  of  a 
new  country. 

As  one  specimen  of  the  jurisdiction  that  our  govern- 
ment exercised  over  the  soil,  about  which  there  were 
C€»iflicting  claims,  the  following  is  presented.  The 
Court  of  Assistants  ordered,  July  5,  1631,  thfet  all 
islands  within  their  limits,  should  belong  to  the 
Colony.  Among  the  islands  named  on  this  occasion/ 
was  Conant's,  afterwards  Governor's  Island.  The 
former  name  denotes,  that  the  earliest  leader  of  the 
settlers  in  Salem,  may  have  been  its  previous  owner. 
The  order,  thus  cited,  is  also  adduced  to  show  the 
gioufid,  on  which  the  Legislature  sabfiequexiiEV^  vcA.^^ 


178    GRANTS  TO  ME8SR8.  KNDICOTT  ^  SKELTON. 

to  our  ancestors  their  principal  islands.  As  another 
sample  of  the  mode  in  which  our  colonial  authorities 
appUed  the  rules  of  the  Company,  we  have  the  ensu- 
ing items.  It  is,  also,  given  for  the  sake  of  keeping 
in  remembrance  some  Indian  names,  too  many  of 
which  have  been  suffered  to  sink  in  oblivion. 

"  1632.  July  3.  There  is  a  necke  of  land  lyeing 
aboute  3  myles  from  Salem,  cont.  about  300  ac.  of 
land  graunted  to  Capt.  Jo :  Endicott  to  euioy  to  him 
and  his  heires  foreuer  called  in  the  Indean  tonge 
Wahquamesehcok,  in  English  Birchwood,  bounded  on 
the  Southside  with  a  ryvere  call  in  the  Indean  tonge 
Soewampenessett,  comonly  called  the  Cowe  howse 
ryver,  bounded  on  the  North  side  with  a  ryver  called 
in  the  Indean  tongue  Conamabsqnooncant,  comonly 
called  the  Ducke  ryver,  bounded  on  the  East  with  a 
ryver  leadeing  vpp  to  the  2  former  ryvers,  which  is 
called  in  the  Indean  tongue  Orkhussunt,  otherwise 
knowen  by  the  name  of  Wooleston  ryver,  bounded 
on  the  West  with  the  maine  land." 

"  There  is  another  necke  of  land  lyeing  aboute  3 
myles  from  Salem  cont.  aboute  200  ac.  graunted  to 
to  Mr.  Sam"*  Skelton  to  enioy  to  him  and  his  heires 
for  euer,  called  by  the  Indeans  Wahquack^  bounded 
on  the  South  vpon  a  little  ryver,  called  by  the  Indeans 
Conamabsqnooncant,  vpon  the  North  abutting  on 
another  ryver  called  by  the  Indeans  Ponomenneuhcant, 
and  on  the  east  on  the  same  ryver." 

These  places,  so  assigned,  suggest  various  interest- 
ing reminiscences.  Particularly  is  it  so  with  the 
allottoient  to  Mr.  Endicott.  Among  his  hired  men 
was  Edward  Grover.  This  individual  testified  in 
1078^   that  the  farm  was  iotmeAY  ^i»S\^^  ^^Vosi* 


ENDICOTT  PEAR  TREE.  179 

So  signifies  an  extract  from  a  letter  of  its  owner  to 
Governor  Winthrop,  1643-4,  which  reads  thus : — 
"  The  maid  is  now  going  along  with  vs  to  Orchard, 
where  your  sonne  shall  be  heartilie  welcome."  It 
would  not  be  the  strangest  phantasy  to  suppose,  that 
there  was  more  than  common  sympathy  between  the 
affections  of  the  youthful  couple  so  introduced. 
Grover  further  deposed  relative  to  the  farm,  that,  in 
1633,  I  "did  helpe  to  cut  and  cleaue  about  7,000 
pallisadoies  and  was  the  first  that  made  improvements 
thereof  by  breaking  vp  of  ground  and  plantinge  of 
Indian  corne."  Such  evidence,  with  the  date  of  the 
grant,  goes  to  confirm  the  position,  that  the  soil  was 
not  cultivated  till  about  the  last  date.  This  indicates 
rather  than  otherwise,  that  no  fruit  trees  were  pre- 
viously planted  there.  Here,  then,  the  question 
occurs,  how  shall  we  meet  other  conflicting  testimony 
concerning  the  noted  Pear  Tree  ?  An  unbroken  tra- 
dition of  Governor  Endicott's  descendants  affirms, 
that  this  last  survivor  of  the  orchard,  planted  in  his 
day,  was  brought  over  with  his  dial  in  1630.  This 
is  not  unlikely.  So  imported  in  the  shoot,  and  not 
in  the  seed,  the  tree  may  have  found  a  place  on  the 
premises  of  his  town  residence.  But  there  is  another 
supposition,  that,  since  transported,  it  has  occupied' 
only  a  single  spot.  Against  the  probability  of  this, 
is  the  time  of  the  land's  being  granted  and  cultivated. 
That  so  venerable  a  relic  of  antiquity — ^which  is  fast 
yielding  to  the  pressure  of  years,  and  ere  long  must 
mingle  with  the  dust,  like  the  many,  who  have  looked 
on  its  verdure,  been  cooled  by  its  shade,  and  refreshed 
with  its  fruit — ^may  not  be  forgotten  as  to  il^  ^i^^tiX 
tppeamnce,  the  succeeding  impression  is  %Weix. 


ENDICOTT  FEAR  TUBE. 


Before  paying  our  cordial  and  parting  respects  to 
this  aged  inhabitant  of  our  soil,  regard  for  iofomiatioa 
of  the  stranger  requires  us  to  state,  that,  in  1767,  it 
became  a  tenant  of  Danvers,  then  set  off  from  us  and 
incorporated.  Whoever  hears,  as  well  as  "sees 
tongues  in  trees,"  may  derive  a  moral  from  the  steady 
compliance  of  this  representative  of  other  ages  with 
the  end  of  its  creation  and  continuance,  which  teaches 
him  so  to  discharge  his  obhgations,  that  reflection 
may  hang  the  rich  fruits  of  usefulness  aronnd  the 
autumn  of  his  life,  and  shed  its  peaceful  rays  on  his 
passage  to  the  tomb. 

In  passing,  with  regret,  from  so  attractive  a  point, 
we  come  to  one  use  of  the  common  soil.  This  was 
much  employod  for  grazing.  Nor  was  this  alone  so 
occupied  by  our  early  planters.  William  Tiask  de- 
posed, that  he,  John  Batch  and  others  had  leave,  in 
1633,  from  Thomas  Dexter,  one  of  the  purchasers  of 
Nahant  from  Black  William,  to  put  their  cattle  oa 
that  romantic  island. 

As  having  an  important  reference  to  the  estates  of 
Sa/em  and  other  towiw,  the  8a&c««(iw%  ot^en  «A  <Cte 


COURT  ORDERS  ABOUT  ESTATES.  Igf 

Assistant  Court,  April  1,  1634,  are  here  given.  <<  It 
is  ordered,  that  if  any  man,  that  hath  any  greate 
quantitie  of  land  graunted  him  and  doeth  not  build 
upon  it  or  improue  it  within  three  yeares,  it  shalbe 
free  for  the  Court  to  dispose  of  it  to  whome  they 
please ; "  that  the  constable  and  four  other  chief  in- 
habitants of  every  Town,  do  make  a  record  of  all 
houses  and  lands  improved,  enclosed  or  granted  by  the 
Court,  belonging  to  freemen,  and  a  transcript  thereof 
to  be  lodged  with  the  Court,  which  "  shalbe  a  suffi- 
cient assurance  to  euery  such  free  inhabitant,  his  and 
their  heires  and  assignes  of  such  estate  of  inheritance, 
or  as  they  haue  in  any  such  bowses,  lands,  or  franke 
tenements."  From  the  disposition  of  common  lands 
by  our  colonial  government,  we  turn  to  that  of  our 
town  authorities.  The  first  notice  of  so  absorbing  a 
subject  in  all  newly  settled  communities,  as  found  in 
our  records,  is  of  Jan.  9,  1635.  It  runs  thus  :  "  After 
discourse  about  deviding  of  10  acre  lotts,  its  ordered, 
that  the  least  family  shall  haue  10  acres,  but  great 
familyes  may  haue  more."  The  reason  of  this  as- 
signment is  obviously  just.  The  subsequent  regula- 
tion of  Aug.  22,  led  to  the  recording  of  each  man's 
grant  on  the  town  books.  ^'  It  is  ordered,  that  all  the 
inhabitants  of  this  towne  of  Salem  y*  haue  fearmes 
greater  or  lesse,  or  any  quantitye  of  land  granted  to 
them,  or  any  ten  acre  lott  medoes  or  marshes,  be  they 
more  or  lesse  in  quantity,  shall  repaire  to  the  men 
appoynted  to  lay  out  bounds,  and  by  the  last  of  y®  3 
mo.  to  haue  all  y'  ten  acre  lots  bounded,  and  all  other 
that  haue  fearmes,  or  meadoes,  or  marshes,  by  y**  first 
of  y*  9  mo.  next  ensueing,  and  a\\  ^^^  Xaxvdi  \ievek% 
hounded,  to  make  such  marks   or  \)owx\Oi»  ^\X\v«t  \2rj 


182  TOWN  GRANTS. 

staues  or  deepe  holes.  And  that  euerie  man's  bounds 
may  be  recorded  vpon  y*  penaltie  of  x»,  provided  that 
those  deputed  to  lay  out  bounds,  be  paid  for  y' 
paines."  For  the  labor  of  laying  out  lands,  the  price 
was  set,  Nov.  16,  at  4^  an  acre  for  small  lots,  and  10/ 
a  hundred  for  large  lots.  Among  the  most  interesting 
assignments  of  soil,  were  1,000  acres,  Jan.  25,  1635-6, 
to  John  Balch,  Roger  Conant,  Peter  Palfrey,  William 
Trask,  and  John  Woodbury.  This  land  lay  in  what 
afterwards  became  Beverly,  extended  from  the  head 
of  Bass  river,  and  ran  by  "  the  great  pond  "  mostly  in 
Wenham.  It  was  divided  among  the  grantees  in  farms 
of  200  acres  each.  It  was  an  additional  compensation 
to  a  portion  of  the  primitive  planters  here,  for  their 
large  share  of  toils  incident  to  the  founding  of  this 
community,  and  of  disappointment  in  having  the 
Dorchester  interest  transferred  to  the  Massachusetts 
Company.  It  was  a  tangible  earnest  of  the  benevo- 
lent concern  which  the  latter  body  professed  to  cherish 
for  them.  The  amount  of  grants  recorded  together 
1636-7,  was  8,930  acres.  A  condition  on  which 
various  appropriations  of  this  kind  were  made,  was, 
that  the  grantees,  if  about  to  dispose  of  them,  should 
make  the  first  proposals  of  sale  to  the  town.  The 
freemen  who  had  disposed  of  commons  by  vote  in 
general  session,  delegated  their  power,  in  this  respect, 
to  the  Selectmen,  who  continued  to  exercise  it  till 
1664-5,  when,  by  order  of  the.  former,  it  was  returned 
to  them.  In  accordance  with  a  trust  so  committed, 
the  Selectmen  adopted  the  ensuing  rule  of  Dec.  4, 
1637,  which  occasioned  a  valuable  account  of  every 
father  and  the  number  of  his  {arnvXy  ^  nyVvX^vu  tha  limits 
of  oar  settlemenU     "  It  is  agreed  xViaX  xYie  T&as^s^  «n\. 


DEACON'S  MARSH.    RAJL  ROAD.  133 

medow  lands  that  haue  formerly  laid  in  common  to 
the  towne,  shalbe  appropriated  to  the  inhabitants  of 
Salem,  proportioned  out  vnto  them  according  to  the 
heads  of  y'  families.     To  those  y*  haue  y«  greatest 
uomber,  an  acre  thereof;  and  to  those  that  haue  least, 
not  above  half  an  acre  thereof;  and  to  those  that  are 
betwene  both,  3  quarters  of  an  acre.     Alwayes  pro- 
vided and  it  is  soe  agreed,  that  none  shall  sell  away 
y*"  proportion  of  medow,  more  or  lesse,  nor  lease  them 
out  to  any  above  3  yeares,  vnless  they  sell  or  lease 
out  y'  bowses  with  theire  medow."     According  to 
this   agreement,   there   were   various    appropriations. 
Of  them,  five  acres  were  voted,  June  25,  1638,  to 
Charles  Gott  and  John  Home,  which  was  long  since 
called  the  Deacon's  Marsh.     Its  location  is  in  South 
Fields,  near  Castle  Hill.     Circumstances  have  thrown 
around  it  more  than  ordinary  interest,  while  many 
other  lots  of  even  greater  worth  have  been  forgotten. 
This  is  an  emblem  of  distinctions  and  neglects,  which 
have  often   betided  multitudes  of  our  race.     Such 
land  was  in  question  between  the  First  Church  and 
what  is  now   called   the   Tabernacle  Church,  from 
1735  to  1762.     An  amicable  adjustment  was  made 
by  paying  to  the  latter  £13 :  6 :  8,  for  their  proportion 
of  the  Deacon's  Marsh.     Thus   entirely  under  the 
control  of  the  First  Church,  it  was  steadily  improved 
till  the  rail-road  ran  through  it  and   occupied  two 
acres.     Compensation  of  $212,  clear  of  charges,  was 
allowed  for  such  damage.     In  all  probability,  it  will 
never  undergo  another  so  remarkable  a  change,  from 
being  a  sequestered  spot,  to  the  affording  of  a  way  for 
the  daily  developments  of  human  geuius  m  A\\^  ^x- 
penmeotts  of  steam  travelling. 


IS4  FIELDS.    NORTH  FIBLD. 


FIELDS. 


Among  the  divisions  of  our  once  common  territory, 
which  invite  a  casual  notice,  were  certain  Fields.  In 
1640,  there  were  ten  of  these  partitions.  They  were 
occupied  for  planting  and  grazing.  Each  of  them 
had  been  allotted  by  our  municipal  authorities,  to  in- 
dividuals in  different  sections  of  the  town,  who  had 
them  severally  enclosed.  By  the  same  authorities, 
surveyors  were  designated  to  have  the  fences  kept  in 
good  order,  and  thus  prevent  the  disturbance  of  peace- 
ful neighborhoods  by  intruding  animals.  As  there 
had  been  much  difficulty  among  the  owners  of  such 
territory  in  various  towns,  as  to  the  mode  of  im- 
proving it,  General  Court  ordered,  in  1643,  that  when 
they  could  not  agree  how  to  cultivate  and  have  it  for 
grazing,  the  Selectmen,  and,  if  none  of  these  officers, 
the  Freemen  should  decide.  Among  the  appropria- 
tions of  this  sort  in  Salem,  was  the  North  Field, 
found  so  denominated  in  1642.  As  well  known  to 
those  acquainted  with  our  localities,  it  is  situated  on 
the  north  side  of  Naumkeag  river.  It  contained  490 
acres.  It  embraces  what  has  long  been  termed  the 
Horse  Pasture,  of  much  less  area  than  its  namesake, 
formerly  of  the  Great  Pasture.  At  the  time  last 
mentioned,  as  the  deposition  of  Nathaniel  Felton  sig- 
nifies, the  proprietors  decided  to  have  it  protected  by 
a  four-rail  fence  from  the  head  of  Cowhouse  river  to 
the  head  of  North  river.  Six  or  seven  years  after- 
wards, they  agreed  to  have  the  fence  divided  to  each 
share  of  ten  acres,  containing  the  carved  initials  of 
the  ownefs  name.  Though  the  possessors  of  this 
I^ieJd  had  power  to  make  iegu\a\\oii^  fet  \\»  cxsi^k«cc\&^ 


BRITIBH  FORCES.    SOUTH  FIELD.  IgS 

yet,  by  a  town  vote  of  1683-4,  they  were  of  no  foice 
unless  sanctioned  by  the  Selectmen.  This  section 
adds  much  to  the  attractire  view  of  our  city.  Of  its 
rural  and  pleasant  resorts  in  the  season  of  verdure,  is 
the  part  called  Paradise.  It  is  remembered  as  the 
position  to  which  a  British  force  under  Col.  Leslie,  in 
1775,  directed  their  march  in  order  to  seize  some 
artillery.  While  they  were  held  in  check  at  the 
bridge,  then  belonging  to  owners  of  lots  on  the  Field 
side,  the  Colonel  protested  against  the  hindrance,  and 
asked  why  he  was  not  allowed  to  advance  in  the 
King's  highway.  A  Mr.  Barr  replied,  this  is  not  the 
King's  highway,  but  the  way  of  proprietors.  Though 
the  bridge,  on  this  stirring  occasion,  had  not  ceased 
to  be  a  propriety,  the  Field  to  which  it  led,  had  so 
ceased  about  a  quarter  of  a  century. 

Another  similar  division  was  South  Field.  Our 
records  mention  it  by  such  a  nsmie,  1643--4.  Lying 
between  Forest  and  South  rivers,  it  measures  600 
acres.  It  presents  some  of  the  most  attractive  scenery, 
and  affords  some  of  the  pleasantest  prospects  within 
the  bounds  of  Salem.  It  is  truly  a  very  desirable 
suburb.  Prior  to  1666,  there  was  a  gate-path  through 
it  from  Marblehead  to  this  place.  In  1673,  the  pro- 
prietors received  a  hill,  near  John  Holmes's,  from  the 
town,  as  compensation  for  the  widening  of  such  a 
way.  As  a  specimen  of  business  which  came  before 
them  at  their  meetings,  the  ensuing  vote  of  1702-3 
is  presented.  "On  the  14th  of  October  the  proprie- 
tors haue  liberty  to  put  into  the  Field,  that  is  to  say, 
6  cowes,  or  4  oxen,  or  3  horses,  or  12  yearlings,  or  24 
calues  to  ten  acres  of  land,  and  noe  pTOi^i\eXoT%  ^tcaSi 

17 


186  GLASS  HOUSE  FIELD. 

eut  there  Indien  com  stolks  after  they  gether  there 
com."  Not  only,  as  this  intimates,  were  creatures 
fed  there  in  the  fall,  but  a  portion  of  land  was  also 
used  for  them  in  the  grazing  season.  Their  gates, 
convenient  for  travellers,  were  kept  up,  one  towards 
Forest  river,  and  another  at  South  Mills,  after  1714 
Other  gates  were  continued  till  their  dissolution. 
They  closed  their  association  soon  after  1742,  when 
a  meeting  was  called  "  to  see  if  the  Proprietors  will 
dissolve  the  Body  as  a  propriety."  Thus  they  gave 
opportunity  for  individual  talent  and  industry  to  im- 
prove the  inheritance  derived  from  their  municipal 
ancestors.  Only  one  more  of  such  divisions  will  be 
particularly  designated.  This  is  the  Glass-bouse 
Field.  It  was  so  named  from  the  following  allot- 
ments. In  1639,  there  were  two  acres  set  off  for 
each  of  the  persons,  Ananias  Concklin,  Obadiah 
Holmes,  and  Lawrence  Southwick,  and  thus  were 
<^  granted  to  the  glassemen  seuerall  acres  of  ground 
adioyning  to  their  bowses."  The  next  year,  five 
acres  more,  bordering  on  these  lots,  were  appropriated 
to  John  Concklin,  of  the  same  occupation.  Such 
apportionments  made  up  the  section,  which,  on  our 
town  records  of  1661,  is  called  Glass-house  Field. 
Here  glass  was  manufactured  for  a  considerable  pe- 
riod. This  place  was  located  on  the  commons  con- 
nected with  the  Horse  Pasture,  and  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  what  is  now  termed  Aborn  street.  It  appears 
on  a  plan  of  Great  Pasture,  as  drafted  in  1723.  It 
has  passed  through  the  hands  of  various  individuals, 
as  private  property.  Once  regarded  as  a  situation  of 
consequence  for  aiding  to  promote  the  manufacturing 
interests  of  an  infant  Comm.oTrweB\X\v,  \\.  \aa  \aiv^ 


PRICE  OF  LAND.  PARTICULAR  GRANTS.   18» 

descended  to  a  level  with  its  adjoining  territory,  and 
its  title  only  remains  to  give  it  more  than  an  ordinary 
remembrance. 

Turning  to  the  track  of  the  common  soil,  we  notice 
a  vote  of  1641,  on  our  town  records,  relative  to  Mar* 
blehead.  It  allowed,  that  they  might  grant  lots  ad* 
joining  their  district  and  formerly  assigned  to  otherSi 
by  the  consent  of  one  of  the  Salem  Selectmen. 
With  regard  to  the  price  of  land,  it  was  sold,  in  1643| 
for  5/  an  acre,  in  the  principal  part  of  this  town  ;  and 
in  1645,  on  the  outskirts  and  being  unimproved,  for 
1/  an  acre  ;  and  a  farm  of  100  acres,  previously  of  the 
commons  and  adjacent  to  Spring  pond,  was  ex* 
changed,  in  1656,  by  William  Trask,  for  a  cow  val- 
ued, at  £5.  In  the  exercise  of  discretionary  power, 
as  justified  by  practice  of  the  colonial  authoritieSi 
Salem  granted  lots  of  different  measurement,  for  spe* 
cial  reasons.  Among  these  was  one  to  Mr.  William 
Hathorne,  1638,  "in  consideracon  of  his  many  im* 
ployments  for  towne  and  countrie."  Another  was  in 
1639-40,  to  a  son  of  Roger  Conant,  as  the  "  first 
borne  childe  in  Salem."  With  regard  to  modes  of 
conveying  landed  estate,  originally  of  the  commons, 
there  was  one,  which,  however  simple,  was  very 
interesting  from  its  being  a  relic  of  ancient  usage. 
In  1695,  John  Ruck,  one  of  our  respectable  inhabit 
tants,  in  granting  a  homestead  to  his  son,  Thomas, 
before  witnesses,  took  hold  of  a  twig  in  the  garden 
and  said,  "  Here,  son  Thomas,  I  do,  before  these  two 
men,  give  you  possession  of  this  land  by  turffe  and  ^ 
twigg."  Palgrave,  in  his  English  Commonwealthj 
remarks  on  such  a  custom,  "  Even  aClei  NttvXiva^  \»* 
came  kaown,  the  deed  or  record  was  ofleu  ox^^  c^ 


188    TORF  AND  TWIG  CONVEYANCE,    NEW  ULVT. 

latteral  to  the  form  and  ceremony.'^  To  illustrate 
this  observation,  he  relates  a  story  in  the  life  of  St. 
Birlanda.  '<  The  unkind  maiden  refused  to  consort 
with  her  leprous  father.  Oidelardus  revenged  him- 
self by  disinheriting  the  undutiful  child,  and  trans- 
ferred all  his  domains,  with  all  the  villains  thereupon, 
to  St.  Gertrude,  by  placing  all  the  symbols  of  property 
upon  her  shrine,  a  turf,  a  twig,  and  a  knife,  indicating 
that  all  his  estate  was  alienated  to  the  monastery." 
That  the  ceremony  of  Mr.  Ruck  was  no  strange 
thing  in  Essex  County,  we  have  the  fact  of  a  like 
conveyance,  made  at  Bradford  in  1700,  by  a  descend- 
ant of  the  Agawam  Sagamore. 

As  a  relief  to  this  and  other  of  our  oldest  towns 
who  were  apprehensive,  lest  they  should  have  a 
troublesome  excess  of  claimants  to  their  soil.  General 
Court  enacted,  1660,  that  no  cottage  or  dwelling 
house  should  be  admitted  to  the  privilege  of  com- 
monage, <'  but  such  as  already  are  in  being  or  here- 
after shall  be  erected  by  consent  of  the  town."  This 
law  was  confirmed  in  1692,  so  that  no  dwellings, 
except  those  before  1661,  could  have  any  such  claim, 
unless  they  had  been  or  might  be  allowed  it  by  mu- 
nicipal authority. 

In  1678,  the  commoners  began  to  break  away  from 
restraints  of  the  town,  as  to  the  regulation  of  their 
territory.  This,  like  every  such  innovation  upon 
common  practice,  raised  up  its  advocates  and  oppo- 
nents,— some  who  plead  for  it  on  principles  of  right 
and  liberty ;  others,  who  construed  it  as  a  dark  omen 
of  misrule,  contention  and  injury.  The  commoners 
instructed  Thomas  Oliver  to  notify  all  of  their  class 
sccordiDg  to  law  of  1660,  to  assem^A^  iot  >^i<^  \xvsa- 


EXTENSION  OF  COMMONAGE.  189 

action  of  business.  The  Selectmen  positively  forbid 
such  a  meeting  as  disorderly.  During  the  same  year 
of  such  difficulty,  an  application  being  made  to  this 
town  by  Beverly  and  Wenham,  for  an  enlargement  of 
their  bounds,  the  answer  was,  <^  Salem  has  already 
granted  away  so  much  land,  they  cannot  spare  any 
more  without  much  straitening  themselves."  Still, 
however  good  their  reasons  for  this  denial,  they  con* 
tinned  to  give  and  sell  lots  occasionally,  though  with 
much  less  frequency  than  prior  to  1664  In  the  year 
of  the  collision  above-mentioned,  fields  of  considerable 
extent  were  leased  to  companies,  part  of  whom  paid 
7d  an  acre  per  annum.  Perceiving  that  it  would  be 
for  their  greater  harmony  and  advancement  to  extend 
the  advantage  of  sharing  in  the  unappropriated  soil, 
our  fathers,  in  1702,  passed  the  ensuing  order.  "For 
y«  incouragement  and  growth  of  this  town,  that  all 
freeholders  of  this  town,  viz.  every  one  y*  hath  a 
dwelling  house  and  land  of  his  own  proper  estate  in 
fee  simple,  shall  have  and  is  hereby  admitted  unto  y® 
priviledge  of  commonage."  Conformably  to  this  and 
previous  rules  adopted  by  the  inhabitants  here,  they 
chose,  March  12,  1711,  a  committee  to  ascertain  the 
number  of  legal  commoners.  A  report  ^w^  made, 
which  they  rejected  the  next  October.  Notwith- 
standing impediments  of  this  kind,  the  conlmoners 
organized,  June  29,  1713,  and  admitted  Mesiirs;  Jo* 
seph  Green,  Benjamin  Prescott,  and  Samuel  Marble, 
as  members  of  their  body.  However  thus  assuming 
the  control  of  their  particular  affairs,  they  did  not 
ungratefully  forget  the  origin  of  their  existence,  nor 
the  means  of  exercising  tbeir  power.    TYiey  NcAfidi^ 

17^  .     . 


190  GRANTS  MADE  BT  THE  COMMONERS. 

the  succeeding  Nov.  16th,  that  the  highways,  burying 
places  and  common  lands  within  the  town  bridge  and 
the  block  houses,  at  neck  gate,  should  belong  forever 
to  the  town.     Still  disposed  to  exhibit  a  generous 
policy,  they  agreed,  Nov.  22,  1714,  that  every  dwell- 
ing house,  erected  from  1702  to  this  time,  should  be 
entitled  to  a  right  in  the  commons.     To  be  prepared 
for  incidental  claims,  they  reserved  400  acres  at  Dog 
Pond  rocks.      But  what  more   particularly  marked 
their    benevolent    intentions,   were  the    subsequent 
grants.     Five  acres  for  the  ministry  of  the  village ; 
the  same  for  the  middle  or  Brooksby  precinct ;  ten 
for  a  like  purpose  in  the  two  lower  parishes,  to  which 
five  more  in  1722-3  were  added,  so  that  the  First 
Church  might  have  ten ;  and  sixty  acres  for  the  poor 
and  others  who  were  not  commoners.     These  appro- 
priations were  located,  one  above  the  other,  on  the 
left  of  the  old  Boston  road,  as  you  go  to  Poole's 
bridge,  and  between  Glass-house  Field  and  the  Sheep 
Pasture.     The  East  Parish  lot  was  sold  in  1822  for 
$146.     That  of  the  First  Parish  was  disposed  of  in 
1819  for  $565.     This  sum  was  added  to  the  fund  for 
supporting  their  ministry,  except  enough  of  its  income 
to  purchase  twenty  bushels  of  potatoes  annually  for 
the  clergyman  then  their  pastor,  which  had  been  the 
amount  of  its  rent.     Thus  have  these  mementos  of 
the  old  parsonage  system  ceased,  and  afforded  another 
lesson  of  the  mutations  induced  upon  society  by  the 
change  of  opinions,  conveniences  and  practices.    With 
reference  to  the  charitable  land  of  sixty  acres,  it  was 
let  according  to  circumstaijces.     In  1732,  five  rights 
were  used  without  price,  and  the  rest  at  15/  each.    It 
was  sold  by  the  town  in  1854,  ioi  1^^^^.   'Y^me^ii^ 


NECK.    WINTER  ISLAND.    CUT.  |01 

a  justifiable  sale,  as  ample  and  judicious  provision  had 
been  made  to  support  the  impoverished,  for  whose  aid 
it  was  originally  intended.  When  the  commoners 
made  the  preceding  donations,  they  voted  that  the 
town  should  retain  the  Neck  for  pasturage,  and  Winter 
Island  for  fishery.  These  two  divisions  have  under- 
gone more  than  usual  alteration  in  the  uses  to  which 
they  have  been  applied.  The  Neck  was  occupied  by 
some  of  our  earliest  inhabitants  at  a  place  called 
Watertown,  on  the  point  of  rocks,  and  at  another  on 
Abbot's  Cove.  Their  chief  business  was  to  carry  on 
the  fishery.  Ornamented  with  a  natural  growth  of 
trees,  the  Neck  was  employed  for  grazing.  An  an- 
cient record  of  1635,  says,  "  Its  agreed  that  the 
townes  neck  of  land  shalbe  preserved  to  feed  the  catle 
on  the  Lords  dayes,  and  therefore  particular  men  shall 
not  feed  theire  goates  there  at  other  tymes,  but  bring 
them  to  the  (hill),  that  grasse  may  grow  against  the 
Lords  dayes."  Here,  lots  were  granted  to  individuals 
in  1637,  for  buildings  and  the  fishing  trade.  To 
prevent  the  depredation  of  animals,  it  was  voted, 
1644,  "that  the  doggs  at  Winter  Neck  shall  be  tyed 
vp  in  the  day  tyme,  and  if  any  doggs  there  spoile 
fish,  that  they  shall  either  be  sent  away  or  killed." 
This  place  appears  to  have  had  a  water  course  made 
through  it  for  expeditious  communication  with  Winter 
Island.  In  1667,  "  voated  that  the  passage  that  was 
cut  vppon  the  neck  to  goe  over  to  Winter  Hand,  is  to 
be  stopped,  and  a  sufficient  waye  to  be  made  over  to 
the  Hand."  Before  1677,  it  had  supplied  the  inhabi- 
tants with  clay,  when  only  the  hither  part  of  it  was 
ordered  to  be  for  such  accommodation.  A  voX^  ^gassfeft. 
1690,  that  the  lower  part  of  it,  "below  ILaxtf  EYvsrofe 


19S  EXCHANGE  FOR  ROACH£*S  POINT.  . 

coue,  may  be  planted  by  some  poor  persons."  In  the 
same  year,  the  land  formerly  belonging  to  Richard 
Hollingworth,  was  ordered  to  be  laid  out.  As  he 
was  a  noted  ship  carpenter,  it  is  likely  that  he  built 
and  launched  vessels  from  this  spot,  now  in  possession 
of  the  Hathorne  family.  It  was  voted,  1702,  '^  that 
no  sheep  shall  go  or  be  kept  on  y*  towns  neck  of  land 
beyond  or  to  y®  eastward  of  y*  block  housen,  on  y* 
penalty  of  6d  per  sheep  to  him  y^  takes  them  up  and 
impounds  them  for  each  time."  In  1728,  the  Neck 
contained  above  102  acres,  exclusive  of  Col.  John 
Higginson's  pasture  of  over  23  acres,  besides  about 
20  acres  of  other  land.  It  then  allowed  2i  acres  for 
a  cow,  and  4  acres  for  a  horse.  The  former  was 
assessed  20/,  and  the  latter  32/  a  season.  For  that 
year,  30  cows  and  12  horses  were  fed  there  and  in 
Higginson's,  or,  as  previously  called,  Abbot's  pasture. 
Benjamin  Ives,  having  recently  bought  the  latter 
property,  proposed,  in  1730,  to  hire  about  two  acres 
towards  Watch-house  Point.  His  request  was  allowed, 
the  next  year,  to  continue  a  century.  He  oflFered, 
in  1739,  to  exchange  Pignal's  or  Roache's  Point 
for  an  equivalent  at  the  Point  before  named.  The 
town  agreed  to  allow  him,  on  such  an  oflFer,  two 
acres  for  three.  On  Roache's  Point,  a  Pest-house  was 
ordered,  1747,  to  be  erected.  As  to  its  martial  ap- 
plications, the  Neck,  in  1758,  had  long  been  guarded 
by  two  block-houses,  at  the  gate,  and  another  at 
Watch-house  Point.  Besides  these  defences,  it  had  a 
Fort  on  its  heights,  called  new,  to  distinguish  it  from 
the  old  one  on  Winter  Island,  and  reconstructed  in 
ihe  last  war  with  England.  In  L765^  the  town 
TroMBurer  was  instructed  to  let  iYlVe  l^^axA  toA  ^^ 


FORTIFICATIONS.    ALMS  HOUSE.  ]98 

Neck  together,  as  they  had  been,  for  72  milch  cows 
at  10/8  each ;  but,  if  he  had  not  so  many  apjdied  for, 
to  admit  riding  horses  at  21/4  apiece.  A  lease  was 
granted,  in  1799,  for  a  Rope  Walk  on  the  upper  part 
of  the  Neck.  Like  a  patient  beast  of  burden,  subject 
to  varieties  of  carriage,  this  portion  of  our  public  soil 
was  ordered,  in  1805,  to  have  no  more  bricks  made 
within  its  limits.  The  same  year,  an  ineffectual  ex- 
ertion was  made  on  the  petition  of  John  Baker  and 
others,  to  sell  a  portion  of  its  western  soil  for  the 
purpose  of  erecting  houses.  Among  its  multifarious 
accommodations,  it  supplied  the  inhabitants  with 
large  quantities  of  rock  for  building,  and  so  continued 
till  enclosed  for  agriculture.  In  the  last  contest  with 
Great  Britain,  commencing  1812,  a  lot  on  the  hither 
end  was  appropriated  for  an  artillery  deposit  of  the 
United  States,  which  still  remains,  a  sad  proof  that 
human  benevolence  is  far  from  having  reached  the 
highest  point  of  its  destination.  But  while  there  was 
unhappy  occasion  for  such  care,  our  townsmen  gave 
evidence  that  there  was  a  redeeming  influence  among 
them,  which,  though  unable  to  sheathe  the  sword  of 
nations,  could  provide  a  more  convenient  and  hopeful 
abode  for  their  poor.  On  the  premises  of  the  old 
Pest-house,  where  lie  the  silent  remains  of  many  a 
respectable  tenant,  swept  away  by  contagious  disease, 
they  erected  an  Alms-house  in  1815,  and  connected 
with  it  the  larger  portion  of  the  Neck,  for  agricultural 
purposes.  The  former  estbalishment  had  been  discon- 
tinued, except  for  indigent  families,  and  another  pre- 
pared in  1799,  on  the  north-east  point.  A  small  pro- 
por,tion  of  the  Neck  is  still  employed  in  conioxixiiV^ 
with  its  ancient  use,   for  the  pasturage  oi   caVjXa. 


194         WINTER  ISLAND.    FTSHERT.    TAVERN. 

Thus  have  we  looked  at  some  details  of  a  donation 
from  the  commoners,  which  may  serve  to  aid  the 
mind  as  it  roves  back  and  compares  the  present  with 
the  past  aspect  of  our  suburbs.  From  the  Neck,  we 
pass  to  Winter  Island.  The  caption  of  a  request 
presented  a  century  and  nearly  a  half  since,  ran  thus : 
"  Whereas  Winter  Island  hath  been'  improved  for  y* 
making  of  fish  ever  since  y*^  first  settlement  of  this 
towne."  This  shows  us  again  the  great  purpose  as 
well  as  the  occupancy  of  the  place.  Another  use  of 
it,  as  tradition  relates,  was  ship-building.  In  1636 
and  the  succeeding  year,  lots  were  granted  there  for 
the  fiishery.  For  the  preventing  of  injury  to  the  fish, 
made  on  it,  an  order  passed,  1640,  for  its  enclosure, 
<'  vnless  such  as  haue  goats  doe  fence  in  the  flaks." 
In  1644,  Capt.  Thomas  Breadcake  was  permitted  by 
General  Court,  to  take  two  small  guns  from  "  Winter 
Island  by  Salem,"  for  his  cruise  against  Turkish 
pirates.  In  1645,  a  way  thither  was  ordered  to^  be 
made.  Its  income  was  applied  in  1655,  to  support 
the  Fort  there.  Permission  was  given,  1669,  to  have 
it  secured  "  from  all  cattell,  except  sheep  and  wen- 
linge  calfes,  which  shall  haue  liberty  to  goe  ther  at 
any  tyme."  So  many  were  the  people  here  in  1679, 
that  John  Clifford  was  licensed  to  keep  a  victualling 
house  for  their  convenience.  This  may  have  been 
the  origin  of  the  "  Old  Blue  Anchor  Tavern,"  famed 
in  traditionary  story.  In  1684,  several  merchants 
had  leave  to  build  wharves  on  its  flats.  The  ensuing 
year,  it  was  recorded,  "  The  Selectmen  to  decide  any 
difference  that  may  arise  between  aney  persons  con- 
cerned  at  Winter  Island  la  pitching  of  flackes,  setting 
of  presses,  houses,  etc.,  by  'wYdcVi  xaeoxi^  ^<c^  ^^^xvv!^ 


STREET.    ROOMS  FOR  FISHERY.    LEASE.        195 

each  other  in  their  fishing  concearns  there."  In 
1698-9,  the  Island  had  not  merely  its  paths,  but  even 
a  highway,  as  the  description  of  a  wharf  implied, 
"  adjoyning  to  y*  place  known  by  y*  name  of  Fish 
Street."  The  following  order  was  made  in  1701 : 
<<that  y®  shoremen  shall  have  liberty  to  fence  in 
Winter  Island,  keeping  a  sufficient  gate  for  passing  of 
men  and  carts,  and  to  keep  out  all  creatures  y^  may 
damnifie  y"  flakes  and  fish."  Conditions  of  its  being 
granted  by  the  commoners,  1714,  were,  that  each 
shoreman,  who  belonged  to  the  town  and  did  his 
business  there,  should  pay  5/  a  year  for  room  to  ac- 
commodate his  vessel  and  flakes,  and  every  person, 
not  an  inhabitant,  similarly  employed  there,  should 
be  charged  20/  for  the  same  privilege.  From  a  con- 
tract made  in  1731,  the  Island  had  convenient  places 
for  forty  vessels  and  their  fares  of  fish.  As  the  busi- 
ness previously  transacted  there  had  been  removed,  it 
was  let,  1739,  with  the  Neck,  for  the  pasturage  of 
horses  and  cows,*  the  former  at  40/  each,  and  the 
latter  at  25/.  A  part  of  it,  called  Obear,  or  Palmer's 
Head,  was  leased,  1755,  to  Richard  Derby,  for  1,000 
years,  at  1/  a  year.  Ona  object,  as  his  application  for 
this  relates,  was  not  merely  to  benefit  himself,  but 
also  to  improve  the  commerce  of  the  town.  While 
our  relations  to  France  were  threatened  with  a  rupture, 
a  vote  passed,  1794,  that  the  Selectmen  cede  to  the 
United  States  the  land  where  the  old  Fort  stood,  and 
as  much  more  on  the  Neck  and  Island  as  might  be 
needed  for  fortifications.  In  1799,  the  ship  Essex,  of 
32  guns,  built  by  order  of  Congress,  was  launched 
from  this  place,  and  then  first  floated  ou  the  QVex£k&\iX 
where  she  was  to  win  naval  renown.    TbA  Xeo^s^X^ 


196       CONCLUSION  OF  DERBY'S  LEASE.    MALL. 

Mr.  Derby  has  curiously  terminated.  Where  his 
wharf  and  warehouse  long  stood,  there  appears  an 
establishment  for  the  storing  of  powder.  This  was 
bought  by  Mr.  Oliver  M.  Whipple,  who  occupies  it 
with  the  proceeds  of  the  Chelmsford  Powder  Factory. 
Having  purchased  of  the  Derby  family,  their  right  in 
the  premises,  for  several  hundred  dollars,  a  few  years 
before,  he  in  1839,  paid  Salem  f  152  83^  being  an  an- 
nual rent  of  1/  for  the  period  remaining  of  the  1,000 
years.  Here  close  the  remembrances  of  an  Island 
which  has  witnessed  no  trivial  revolutions  in  hum^n 
purposes  and  pursuits.  Like  the  adjacent  Neck,  it 
has  long  ceased  to  be  traversed  by  the  busy  crews 
and  companies  who  cured  their  fish  upon  its  soil. 

A  few  days  after  their  last  gift,  the  commoners,  on 
16th  of  November,  1714,  voted,  that  the  spot  "  where 
the  trainings  are  generally  kept,  before  Nathaniel 
Higginson's  house,  shall  be  forever  as  a  training  field 
for  the  use  of  Salem."  The  measurement  of  this 
lot,  in  1784,  was  7f  acres.  As  this  was  less  by  three- 
quarters  of  an  acre,  than  its  present  estimate,  there  is 
a  probability  that  an  allowance  was  made  for  water 
in  its  hollows.  Down  to  1770,  portions  of  it  were 
leased  for  various  buildings.  Then  it  gave  room,  on 
its  northern  bounds,  for  a  new  Alms  and  Work-house. 
Liberty  was  granted,  in  1793,  for  land  connected  with 
the  east  part  of  the  common,  to  be  enclosed  with  the 
cove,  for  the  building  and  accommodation  of  a  wind- 
mill. During  the  same  year,  a  section  of  this  military 
field,  lying  south  of  a  street  laid  out  by  Nathaniel 
Richardson,  was  ordered  to  be  sold.  Its  surface  now 
wears  a  very  different  aspect  from  what  it  did  prior  to 
1801.     Then  it  had  qwUe  a  tuiA  a^^^eax»xit^^\^»?9V^^ 


IMPROVEMENTS  ON  THE  MALL.  197 

several  ponds  and  hillocks.  Among  the  former,  were 
Flag,  Cheever's,  and  Mason's  ponds.  Of  incum- 
brances on  the  mall,  were  buildings  for  a  public 
school,  a  fire  engine,  and  artillery.  Towards  the 
close  of  the  year,  last  mentioned,  a  number  of  our 
generously  disposed  inhabitants  applied  to  the  town 
for  leave  to  have  it  levelled  at  their  own  charge. 
The  request  was  allowed.  The  work  was  energeti- 
cally advanced  and  well  done  the  ensuing  Spring. 
It  was  under  the  superintendence  of  General  Elias 
Basket  Derby,  who  gave  his  services,  and  a  large 
portion  of  its  pecuniary  cost.  There  were  elevations, 
on  the  premises,  sufficient  to  fill  the  hollows.  The 
expense  of  evening  the  surface  was  about  $2,500. 
At  the  same  time  trees,  chiefly  poplar,  were  planted 
on  each  side  of  the  walks,  which  were  taken  up, 
18 17,  and  their  places  supplied  by  elms.  So  changed, 
the  common  was  called,  by  order  of  the  selectmen, 
1802,  Washington  Square.  In  1805,  contributions 
were  made  by  individuals  and  the  town,  for  the  erec- 
tion of  its  eastern  and  western  gates.  Being  de- 
signed, arched,  and  ornamented  by  Mr.  Samuel  Mcln- 
tire,  a  noted  architect,  they  do  much  to  honor  his 
taste.  A  contract  was  made,  1817,  for  a  substantial 
railing  to  succeed  the  one  which  had  enclosed  the 
mall.  Thus  altered,  this  portion  of  the  common 
lands  adds  much  to  the  worth  and  beauty  of  its  envi- 
rons. It  confers  an  obligation  on  this  community,  to 
remember  the  promoters  of  its  improvement  with 
sentiments  of  esteem. 

Returning  to  the  position  of  the  Commoners,  we 
6nd  them  disturbed  in  their  progress  by  demaxvdi^  oi 

18 


198    DISCORD  OF  COTTAGERS  AND  COMMONERS. 

the  old  cottagers.  This  class  of  our  population  based 
their  claim  on  the  rights  of  cottages  built  before  1661. 
They  considered  themselves  as  more  entitled  to  the 
undivided  territory  than  others,  who  erected  dwell- 
ings  here  after  that  time.'  Charges  were  paid  by  the 
commoners,  in  1714,  for  a  lawsuit  with  them,  on  ac- 
count of  such  discrepancy.  While  the  former  were 
80  troubled,  they  had  renewed  evidence,  that  all 
around  them  were  not  so  honest  as  they  should  be. 
They  order  prosecutions  for  the  cutting  and  carry- 
ing away  of  wood  and  timber  from  their  land.  As 
before,  so  afterwards,  such  measures  were  not  wholly 
effectual.  Besides,  the  commoners  were  often  called 
to  notice,  from  an  early  period,  that  individuals  made 
too  broad  a  distinction  between  mine  and  thine, 
A  singular  record  is  preserved,  to  this  import,  show- 
ing a  prevalent  fashion  as  well  as  a  public  vigilance. 
Aug.  21,  1637,  "John  Gatchell  is  fyned  teun  shil- 
lings for  bordering  vpon  the  Towne  ground  without 
leaue.  And,  in  case  he  shall  cutt  of  his  lonng  har  of 
his  head  into  a  seuill  frame  in  the  mean  time,  shall 
haue  abated  fine  shillings  of  his  fine.'' 

The  lack  of  harmony  between  the  commoners  and 
cottagers  continued  to  1716.  Each  party  had  its 
separate  meetings,  officers,  and  policy.  The  cotta- 
gers proposed.  May  23,  to  unite  with  the  town  for  the 
choice  of  referees,  who  belonged  to  the  county,  to 
settle  their  difficulties;  but  the  majority  of  voters, 
on  the  25th,  did  not  consent.  Thereupon  the  select- 
men, on  the  30th,  petitioned  General  Court  to  inter- 
pose and  prevent  the  alarming  evils  of  so  warm  a 
contest.  How  such  an  application  was  received,  is 
not  left  recorded.    The  couxxoveis^  ^o  fax  ^\i^i\^i^'5.^ 


DIVISION  OF  THE  COMMONS.    DWELLINGS.     |99 

that  the  commoners,  Oct.  30,  1721,  made  large  parti* 
tions  of  their  pasture.  With  regard  to  this,  as  situ- 
ated in  1640,  the  subsequent  action  was  taken  by  the 
freemen :  <<  Ordered,  that  none  of  the  land  within 
the  Catle's  range  shalbe  granted  henceforward  to  any 
man  for  any  particular  vse.  And  the  range  of  the 
Calle  at  the  Forrest  river  head  where  freshe  water 
fails  in  and  where  salt  water  floweth  at  high  water 
marke,  shalbe  a  lyne  sowthard  vp  to  Mr.  Hum- 
phryes  farme  and  from  thence  to  the  pond  and  soe 
about  to  Brooksbye."  Before  proceeding  to  divide 
such  territory,  part  of  which  had  been  located  for  the 
poor  and  the  ministry  among  the  parishes,  the  com* 
xnoners  prudently  made  other  reservations  to  meet 
claims  which  might  be  presented.  They  reserved 
300  acres,  clear  of  abatements,  between  Spring  and 
Heading  Ponds,  and  the  plains  on  the  north  side  of  a 
road  from  Butts  brook  to  Strong  Water-brook  bridge. 
So  prepared,  they  had  three  lots  set  oflf — one  for  the 
Village  and  Ryall  Side  or  north  precinct,  another  for 
the  middle  precinct,  and  a  third  for  the  two  lower 
parishes.  According  to  a  computation,  in  1723,  there 
were  284  cottagers  and  other  commoners  within  these 
limits.  Of  them,  214  belonged  to  the  two  lower 
parishes,  and  70  to  the  other  sections.  In  the  circuit 
of  all  such  commoners,  459  dwellings,  mostly  hutg 
or  cottages,  were  erected,  from  the  first  settlement  to 
the  close  of  1660.  Of  these,  226  were  built  before 
or  about  the  first  of  1638,  and  233  subsequently. 
There  were,  also,  583  houses,  from  1660  to  June  16, 
1702,  and,  from  this  date  to  November  22,  1714,  107 
houses  erected.  The  whole  number  l\\v\s  W\\\.^^^%^ 
J,J49.      The  coutents  of  appropriations,  ^TeN\o\x^l, 


200      LAND  FOR  CATTLE.  PASTURES. 

specified  and  clear  of  abatements,  were  as  follow: 
138  rights  for  the  Yillage  and  Ryall  Side,  equal  to 
460  acres ;  204  rights  for  the  middle  precinct,  equal 
to  680  acres ;  and  790  rights  to  the  two  lower  par- 
ishes, equal  to  2^630  acres.     Inclusive  uf  the  abate- 
ments, there  were  3,773  acres.     To  the   rights,  28 
more  were  afterwards  added.     These  partitions  have 
shifted  hands  and  undergone  various  modifications 
with   the   progress  of  time.     Particularly  the  great- 
est, as  retained  hy  residents  in  what  is  now  our  city, 
calls  for   a  relation   of  its   incidental    occurrences. 
Its  usual  denomination  has  long  been   that   of  the 
Great  Pasture.     The  general  manner  of  holding  ter- 
ritory as  this  has  been,  was  not  peculiar  to  our  colony 
or  country.     Palgrave  informs  us,  that  every  Anglo- 
Saxon  "Township contained  common  fields, of  which 
the  usufruct  was  shared  between  the  lord  and  the 
men  of  the  community."     Relative  to  the   pasture, 
rules  were  adopted,  1723-4,  as  follow  :  One  right  for 
a  cow,  or  3  calves,  or  2  yearlings,  or  3  sheep  and  3 
iambs ;  one  and  a  half  for  an  ox,  or  2  heifers  of  2 
years  old  or  steers,  or  6  sheep  and  5  lambs  ;  and  two 
rights  for  a  horse.     The  clerk  of  the  proprietors  was 
to  have  i"^  for  each  calf  or  sheep,  and  1*  for  the  other 
animals,  as  his  compensation.     This  body  have  al- 
lowed those  changes  which  the  increase   and   con- 
venience  of  our  population  and   the  improvements 
of  time  required.     For  the  accommodation  of  some 
among  them,  who  lived  above  the  town  bridge,  and 
others  wishing  to  unite  with  them,  they  agreed,  in 
1737-8,  that  about  one  third  of  their  commons,  being 
west  and  southwest  from  the  town^should  be  a  distinct 
propriety.    This  offset  compiuei  xYis  ^o\v\l  ^tA  ^^^^ 


PLANTING  OF  LOCUST  TREES.       201 

Pastures.  The  former  of  these,  containing  over  190 
acres,  became  a  separate  lot  in  1740.  It  has  been 
variously  transferred,  and  now  has  not  far  from  eight 
rights.  The  latter  was  appropriated  to  its  owners  ia 
1740-1,  and  then  had  an  area  of  730}  acres  or  194| 
rights,  each  at  3^  acres.  It  has  been  so  bought  and 
united  with  farms,  as  to  retain  only  16  rights.  As 
another  curtailment  of  the  Great  Pasture,  its  proprie- 
tors voted,  1741-2,  that  the  subscribers  for  the  Horse 
Pasture  should  have  3J  acres  for  each  of  their  rights. 
They  accepted  and  confirmed,  in  1749,  a  list  of  these 
associates.  An  old  map  describes  this  partition  as 
having  88  rights  and  340  acres.  The  difference  of 
calculation  here  may  be  owing  to  abatements  for 
quality  of  soil.  The  land,  thus  newly  named,  was 
subdivided  in  1784.  One  of  the  lots,  being  134 
acres  and  embracing  Gallows  Hill,  was  assigned  to 
Benjamin  Goodhue  and  others;  it  still  remains  en- 
tirely in  their  possession.  Two  other  lots,  then  made 
over,  have  mostly  passed  into  private  hands  for  culti- 
vation. Among  the  less  public  transactions  of  the 
commoners,  was  that  of  having  trees  planted.  Per- 
ceiving that  the  woods,  which  once  abounded  on 
their  premises,  were  not  enough  to  afford  sufficient 
shade  for  herds  on  the  highlands,  they  made  a  propo- 
sal in  1747-8.  It  was,  that  whoever  would  set  locust 
trees  there,  should  have  2/6  old  tenor  for  each  of 
them,  and,  if  it  lived  fifteen  months,  2/6  more.  Called 
again  to  give  up  another  large  section  of  their  terri- 
tory, the  commoners,  in  1749,  consented  to  the  loca- 
tion of  rights  so  as  to  constitute  Pickering's  Pasture 
of  274  acres.     This  land,  though  loii^  xi^di^  ^V^x 

18* 


203  REMAINS  OF  GREAT  PASTURE. 

being  so  allowed,  for  the  feed  of  cows,  has  been 
united  for  a  considerable  period,  with  farms  composed 
of  its  own  and  other  soil.  The  commoners  con- 
sented, in  1773,  that  four  rights  be  given  by  any  of 
their  company  to  accommodate  a  hospital.  They 
parted  with  125  acres,  1786,  for  the  Pickman  and 
Fitch  farms.  As  the  town  had  purchased  the  hos- 
pital, the  commoners,  1794,  granted  such  an  estab- 
lishment more  of  the  pasture.  Among  the  interrup- 
tions of  their  pastoral  concerns,  none  had  produced 
more  public  attention,  than  the  passage  of  the  turn- 
pike through  a  portion  of  their  limits.  In  1808,  they 
set  oflf  the  Great  Swamp  to  Samuel  Putnam,  Esq., 
and  40  acres  to  Benjamin  Pickman,  Esq.  Some  of 
these  rights  were  purchased  as  high  as  $100  a  piece. 
Such  are  now  sold  for  $50  each.  Then  the  com- 
moners had  only  520  acres  left ;  of  this  they  have 
since  relinquished  41J  acres  to  the  Ware  farm,  which 
leaves  but  478J  acres  in  the  possession  of  about 
twenty-two  proprietors.  Should  the  question  arise, 
On  what  conditions  did  they  permit  their  bounds  to 
be  so  much  reduced  ?  The  answer  is,  as  may  be 
gathered  from  their  transactions,  that  whenever  one 
or  more  individuals  petitioned  to  have  a  certain  num- 
ber of  rights,  either  inherited  or  purchased,  located 
together  on  acceptable  terms,  the  request  was  con- 
sidered and  soon  granted ;  or,  if  such  a  proposition 
required  an  order  of  court,  they  settled  it  in  that  way. 
The  territory,  so  diminished,  asks  for  a  glance  at  part 
of  its  present  rules.  It  admits  80  or  90  cows  annu- 
ally :  each  of  them  occupies  IJ  right,  and  is  assessed 
$1  50  fox  entrance,  which  includes  the  herdsman's 
pay.    Among  the  "  coming  eveu\»^^  -vYivOa.  ^^  c»&\  ^^vs! 


TERRITORY  SET  OFF.    WENHAM.  203 

shadows  before,"  may  we  not  place  the  one,  that 
this  chief  remnant  of  common  land,  this  memorial  of 
ancient  privilege  and  custom,  of  long  and  varied 
counsels  and  mutations,  will,  ere  the  lapse  of  many 
years,  cease  as  a  propriety  and  become  mingled  with 
the  private  estates  of  our  corporation  ?  Transitory  is 
the  nature  of  all  earthly  interests. 

It  is  well  known,  that  our  oldest  towns  were  liber- 
ally allowed  by  the  legislature  to  extend  their  bounds. 
Salem  was  numbered  among  them.  After  having 
protected  her  more  distant  uihabitants,  and  they  felt 
able  to  stand  alone,  she  received  applications  for  re- 
lease from  municipal  bonds.  The  general  reasons 
assigned  for  changes  of  this  kind,  were  the  incon- 
veniences of  attendance  on  town  meetings,  on  ser- 
vices of  worship,  and  on  privileges  of  education  for 
children.  As  our  corporation  advanced  in  populatioa  _ 
and  resources,  as  its  land  rose  in  value  and  its  charges 
increased,  such  separations  were  less  willingly  and 
expeditiously  granted. 

WENHAM. 

The  first  branch  of  the  parent  stock,  thus  parted 
with,  was  Wenham.  There  are  no  sufficient  data 
to  show  precisely  the  period  when  this  place  begaa 
to  be  inhabited.  Though  land  there  does  not  seem, 
from  Salem  records,  to  have  been  assigned  before 
1637,  still  some  of  it  may  have  been  improved  sooner. 
The  next  year,  Francis  Felmingham  was  allowed 
200  acres  at  Great  Pond,  which  designated  Wenham. 
Leave  was  given  by  the  General  Court,  1639,  for  the 
settling  of  a  village  near  Ipswich  rivet.  T\v\^  %\^\i\. 
was  urged  by  Tops£eld,  in  a  conttoveiSY  ol  \^^^ 


204  HUGH  PETERS.    PETERS'  HILL. 

with  what  is  now  North  Dan  vers,  as  being  exclu- 
sively intended  for  Weiiham.  The  reason  advanced 
for  it  was,  that,  on  the  margin  of  the  original  record, 
there  was  this  note,  ''  Lands  granted  to  Salem  Village, 
DOW  Wenham."  But  such  a  remark  was  written,  at 
least  four  years  after  the  order  was  passed,  and  per- 
haps many  more.  It  was  also  in  a  hand  differeut 
from  that  of  Increase  No  well,  who  entered  the  grant. 
The  renewed  permission  of  the  legislature,  in  1643, 
for  such  a  settlement,  evidently  shows,  that  in  both 
instances  they  intended  it  for  Topsfield,  and  not  for 
Wenham  in  either  of  them. 

Tradition  informs  us,  that,  in  the  first  occupancy 
of  the  latter  place,  Hugh  Peters  favored  the  inhabi- 
tants with  one  of  his  sermons.  The  spot,  then  se- 
lected for  his  stand,  was  the  top  of  a  hill,  near  what 
was  recently  the  stage-road  and  the  margin  of  the 
spacious  pond.  His  text,  according  to  his  frequent 
custom,  was  strikingly  suited  to  the  localities  of  the 
situation.  It  was,  "  At  Enon,  near  to  Salim,  because 
there  was  much  water  there."  The  eminence,  thus 
used  as  a  natural  pulpit,  still  bears  the  name  of  this 
noted  but  unfortunate  divine.  Like  most  mementos 
of  human  actions,  it  is  gradually  diminished  before 
the  inroads  of  inventive  convenience. 

This  town  weis  incorporated  May  10,  1643,  accord- 
ing to  the  simple  record  of  General  Court,  "  It  is 
ordered,  that  Enon  shalbe  called  Wenham." 

MANCHESTER. 

As  a  division  of  Naumkeag,  this  place  was  an- 

ciently  known  as  Jeffrey's  Gceek.     It  appears  to  have 

been  thus  called  from  WiWiam  3ettte>j,^\Mi\!ttt\«Mc^ 


MANCHESTER.    MARBLEHEAD.  205 

occupied  it,  as  well  as  a  neck  of  his  surname  in 
Ipswich,  for  trade  and  fishery,  not  later  than  1628. 
In  a  general  assignment  of  territory,  1636-7,  lands, 
located  there,  were  granted  by  Salem  to  some  of  its 
inhabitants.  General  Court,  at  their  session  of  May 
13,  1640,  allowed  a  company  of  seventeen  persons, 
chiefly  grantees  at  the  Creek,  to  erect  a  village  there 
with  suitable  enlargement,  under  the  direction  of 
Symon  Bradstreet  and  John  Winthrop,  Jr.  William 
Walton,  who  headed  the  petition  for  such  permissioDi 
expected  to  remove  thither,  but  he  continued  to 
preach  at  Marblehead.  The  legislature,  at  a  session 
of  May  14,  1645,  exchanged  the  name  of  Jeffrey's 
Creek  for  Manchester,  whence  the  town  dates  its 
incorporation,  though  the  act  was  in  July.  To  facili- 
tate intercourse  between  this  place  and  its  parent 
town,  the  same  legislative  body  order,  October  26  of 
the  next  year,  that  a  committee  *^  forthwith  lay  out  a 
way  between  the  ferry  at  Salem  and  the  head  of 
Jeffryes  Creeke,  and  that  it  be  such  a  way,  as  men 
may  travell  on  horse-back  or  drive  catle,  and  if  such 
a  way  may  not  be  found,  then  to  take  speedy  course 
to  sett  vp  a  foote  bridge  at  Mawkrell  Cove." 

MARBLEHEAD. 

This  settlement  was  so  denominated  from  its  abun- 
dance of  rocks,  anciently  called  marble,  and  from  its 
high  and  bold  projection  into  Salem  harbor.  Its 
bounds  included  Naugus'  Head,  which,  in  1629,  be- 
came the  site  of  the  noted  Darby  Fort.  It  was 
selected  about  this  time,  as  well  adapted  for  carrying 
on  the  fishery.  Mr.  Cradock,  the  first  ^o>ie\wot  ^^ 
the  Massachusetts  corporation,  had  one  oi  \v\s  <iOTK^ap 


206  MARBLEHEAD. 

nies  here  in  this  business,  not  later  than  1631.  Isaac 
Allerton,  and  Moses  Maverick,  his  son-in-law,  the  for- 
mer among  the  first  settlers  of  Plymouth,  were  here 
as  soon  as  1634,  with  their  servants  similarly  em- 
ployed. Wood  gives  the  ensuing  description  in  1633: 
<<  Marvil  Head  is  a  place,  which  lyeth  4  miles  full 
South  from  Salem  and  is  a  very  convenient  place  for 
a  Plantation,  especially  for  such  as  will  set  upon  the 
trade  of  fishing.  There  was  made  here  a  ship's 
loading  of  fish  the  last  year,  where  still  stand  the 
stages  and  drying  scaffolds."  At  their  session  of 
May  6,  1635,  the  Legislature  order,  that  "  there  shalbe 
a  Plantacon  att  Marblehead ; "  that  the  people  there 
<< plant  and  improue  such  ground"  as  they  need; 
and,  according  to  their  increase,  the  inhabitants  of 
Salem,  who  own  land  thereabouts  are  to  let  them 
have  it,  on  condition  of  <<  being  payd  for  their  labor 
and  cost."  John  Humphrey  was  allowed  to  im- 
prove "the  land  betwixte  the  Clifte  and  the  For- 
rest Ry  ver ;  "  but,  if  the  necessity  of  Marblehead 
population  required  it,  he  was  to  part  with  it  on 
terms  similar  to  those  last  named,  and  they  were  to 
retain  it  unless  proved  to  be  property  of  Salem.  None 
were  to  reside  at  Marblehead  without  leave  from  the 
Court  or  two  of  the  magistrates.  At  their  session  of 
March  3,  1635-6,  evidence  was  laid  before  the  Legis- 
lature, that  Marblehead  neck  belonged  to  Salem.  The 
same  authorities  order,  1643-4,  that,  "  in  regard  of 
the  defect  of  freemen  at  Marblehead,"  a  person,  not 
80  politically  qualified,  but  6t  for  a  constable  there, 
be  nominated  by  Salem  and  sworn  by  the  Deputy 
Governor.  They  vote,  that  "  Marblehead  hath  leave 
granted  to  fortify  itself  by  btea&x  ^oxAift  «t  cfQckfi!ir«SaKki, 


MR.  HUMPHRET.    TOPSFIELD.  207 

and  two  guns  to  bee  delivered  unto  them  with  con* 
venient  ammunition  suitable  thereto."  The  next 
May,  the  Legislature  require  them  to  choose  oue  of 
their  inhabitants  to  give  them  military  instruction,  so 
that  they  may  be  ready  for  "speciall  occations."  It 
was  agreed  by  Salem,  March  12,  1648-9,  that  "  Mar- 
blehead,  with  the  allowance  of  General  Court,  shall 
be  a  towne  and  the  bounds  to  be  the  utnnost  extent 
of  that  land,  which  was  Mr.  Humphries  farme  and 
solde  to  Marblehead,  and  so  all  the  neck  to  the  sea, 
reserving  the  disposing  of  the  ferry  and  appointing 
of  the  ferry  was  to  Salem."  Such  permission  wa3 
confirmed  by  the  Legislature,  at  their  convention  of 
the  2d  of  the  succeeding  May.  At  the  time  of  this 
separation,  Marblehead  contained  forty-four  families. 
Its  territory  was  claimed  by  the  Sagamore  George  as 
a  part  of  his  father's  inherited  domain.  As  stated 
previously,  the  heirs  of  the  former  disposed  of  their 
claim  to  the  soil  in  1684,  and  thus  quieted  a  demand 
perseveringly  made  by  their  deceased  relative. 

NEW  MEADOWS. 

This  place  was  assigned  by  General  Court,  at  their 
session  of  November  5,  1639,  to  the  inhabitants  of  Sa- 
lem for  a  village.  The  same  authorities  intended  that 
others  of  Ipswich,  who  made  like  application,  should 
share  in  the  privilege.  They  rectified  the  omission 
in  1643.  They  also  voted,  at  the  first  date,  farms 
for  Messrs.  Belli  ngham,  Bradstreet  and  Endicott,  in 
or  about  the  same  territory.  It  was  not  long  ere  a 
question  arose  whether  the  line  of  Salem,  contained 
in  such  land,  reached  Ipswich  rivet.  "SMYlvX^  ^Oons^ 
.Mubject  was  pending,  the  name  o£  ISew  'ilJLe^^Qrsn% 


208  BEVERLY.    PETITION. 

was  exchanged  for  that  of  Topsfield,  October  18, 
1650,  and  was  thus  incorporated.  This  accorded 
with  the  wish  of  some  proprietors,  while  others  peti- 
tioned that  it  might  be  called  "  Hempsteed."  The 
Legislature  decided,  in  1658,  that  Salem  should  ex- 
tend from  their  meeting-house  six  miles  "  into  the 
woods  "  towards  Topsfield,  and  that  the  latter  in- 
clude such  lands  as  were  beyond  this  limit  and 
granted  by  the  former,  but  to  be  owned  by  the  indi- 
vidual proprietors.  Still  a  severe  and  protracted  dis- 
cussion was  continued  between  parties  of  the  two 
places  till  1700,  when  it  was  closed.  The  appoint- 
ment and  report  of  surveyors,  employed  on  this  occa- 
sion, show  the  rareness  of  scientific  qualifications  for 
such  a  trust.  William  Bowditch  and  William  Ged- 
ney  were  chosen  by  two  justices  "to  be  y*  Artists 
for  y*  stating  and  selling  y*  West  line." 

BEVERLY. 

This  place  was  originally  called  Cape  Ann  Side 
and  Bass  River.  Its  early  associations  and  interests 
rendered  it  more  nearly  allied  to  Salem  than  any 
other  of  the  seceded  corporations.  Its  soil  was  occu- 
pied by  the  adventurous  colonists  about  1628.  To 
this  conclusion  is  the  deposition  of  Richard  Bracken- 
bury,  who  spake  from  personal  knowledge :  "  The 
same  yeare  wee  came  ouer,  it  was  that  wee  tooke  a 
farther  possession  on  the  north  side  of  Salem  ferrye, 
comonly  caled  Cape  An  Side,  by  cutting  thach  for  our 
houses,  and  soone  after  laid  out  lotts  for  tillage  land 
on  the  said  Cape  An  Side,  and  quickly  after  sundry 
houses  were  built  on  the  said  Ca^  An  Side."  Hav- 
jng  ^^  borne  the  burden  o£  tVie  da>j^^  VvCcl^^cti^^sA 


MASON'S  PATENT.    WILL  HILL.  S09 

been  released  from  ecclesiastical  engagements  to  them, 
the  people  of  Bass  River  petition  General  Court,  in 
1659,  to  be  made  a  separate  town.  Their  request 
was  suspended  till  1668,  when  it  was  allowed,  and 
they  received  the  appellation  of  Beverly.  But  this 
name  was  far  from  being  one  of  sweet  sounds  and 
sensations  to  Roger  Conant  and  his  neighbors.  They 
besought  the  Legislature  in  1671  to  save  them  from 
80  unpleasant  experience  by  permitting  them  to  be 
denominated  Budleigh.  They  had  two  reasons  for 
such  a  request :  one  was,  that  the  desired  name  was 
that  of  the  market  town  of  Devonshire  in  the  west 
of  England,  whence  he  and  his  fellow  planters  came ; 
another,  that  the  imposed  appellation  subjected  them 
to  the  nickname  of  beggarly.  Still  the  arguments 
failed  to  compass  the  object.  In  assuming  a  distinct 
municipality,  the  people  of  Beverly  subjected  them- 
selves to  a  claim  sustained  by  the  patent  of  John 
Mason.  On  this  account  they  were  disturbed  in 
1680,  and  many  years  passed  before  a  settlement 
was  effected.  A  further  demand  was  made  on  them 
by  descendants  of  the  Agawam  Sagamores,  for  a  title 
to  their  soil.  This  they  compromised  in  1700,  more 
as  a  matter  of  charity  than  of  justice. 

WILL  HILL. 

The  grant  of  a  farm  to  Richard  Bellingham,  in 
1639,  was  "on  the  head  of  Salem  to  the  N.  W., 
there  being  in  it  a  hill  with  an  Indian  plantation." 
The  eminence  here  mentioned  went  by  the  name  of 
Will  Hill,  which  was  also  applied  to  its  vicinity.  It 
was  probably  so  called  from  old  Yf\V\\ani)«XL\GkdcL«Xk« 

19 


210  RTALL  SIDE. 

This  individual  had  given  a  considerable  tract  of 
land  to  John,  son  of  Governor  Endicott,  before  1660, 
as  an  expression  of  gratitude  for  the  kindness  shown 
by  the  father  to  the  impoverished  natives.  From 
motives  of  policy  the  Legislature  did  not  confirm 
this  gift,  but  they  assigned  to  the  grantee,  in  its 
stead,  a  similar  one  of  the  colony.  Bray  Wilkins 
and  John  Gingle,  having  purchased  Mr.  Bellingham's 
farm,  petitioned  General  Court  in  1661,  that  it  might 
be  under  the  jurisdiction  of  Salem.  This  was  al- 
lowed. As  the  people  of  Will  Hill  were  more  ac- 
commodated to  worship  with  their  immediate  neigh- 
bors of  other  towns,  they  were  released,  1723,  from 
ecclesiastical  charges  at  Salem  village,  when  the  min- 
istry should  be  established  among  them.  After  sev- 
eral attempts  to  be  set  off,  they,  with  parts  of  An- 
dover,  Boxford  and  Topsfield,  were  incorporated, 
June  20,  1728,  by  the  name  of  Middleton* 

RYALL  SIDE. 

This  division  of  our  soil  has  been  spelt  variously. 
Some  have  written  it  Ryal,  supposed  to  be  from  the 
surname  of  William  Ryall,  who  came  over  in  1629  ; 
and  others.  Royal.  On  the  town  records  we  find,  in 
1646,  «  Royall  Side,"  and  in  1650,  «  Rial's  Neck." 
It  is  probable  that  both  of  these  nominal  adjectives 
refer  to  the  emigrant's  surname,  just  mentioned.  As 
the  exact  mode  of  spelling  this  name  is  not  known  to 
have  been  continued  in  New  England,  and  as  a  family 
of  Royals  resided  early  in  Maine,  it  is  supposed  that 
Ryall  was  changed  to  Royal.  Still  we  have  thought 
it  well  to  retain  what  is  likely  to  have  been  the 
original  appellation  of  the  a\Ae,  xVv^x  *y&  ^i^ai^*    \sx 


LEASKD  LANDS.  DANYERS.        211 

1679,  commons,  located  there,  were  let  to  indi- 
viduals and  were  denominated  <<  the  leased  lands." 
These  were  sold  to  the  lessees,  soon  after  the  final 
separation  of  the  premises  from  Salem,  for  £146  13*  4^. 
A  vote  was  passed  here,  1711-2,  that  the  inhabitants 
of  Ryall  Side  be  allowed,  with  some  of  the  village 
and  Beverly,  to  associate  as  a  religious  society,  some- 
times termed  the  Precinct.  The  consent  of  Salem 
having  been  obtained,  the  Legislature  enacted,  Sep- 
tember 11,  1753,  that  Ryall  Side  be  united  with 
Beverly. 

DANVERS. 

Settlers  were  here  as  early  as  1633.  They  annu- 
ally increased  and  spread.  Connected  with  a  large 
grant  of  land  made  by  the  Legislature,  in  1635,  to 
John  Humphrey,  was  "a  fresh  pond  with  a  little 
Ileland,  conteyning  aboute  two  acres."  This  spot 
lies  mostly  within  the  bounds  of  Dan  vers.  The  sub- 
sequent condition  was  annexed  to  its  being  possessed 
by  the  grantee  :  "  The  inhabitants  of  Saugus  and 
Salem  shall  have  liberty  to  build  stoore  howses  vpon 
the  said  Ileland,  and  to  lay  in  such  provisions,  as  they 
iudge  necessary  for  their  vse  in  tyme  of  neede."  As 
the  north-westerly  part  of  Salem  was  regarded  as  a 
suitable  place  for  considerable  population,  the  follow- 
ing movement  was  made,  December  31,  1638,  by  the 
people  of  this  town  :  "  Agreed  and  voted,  that  there 
should  be  a  village  graunted  to  Mr.  Phillips  and  his 
company  vppon  such  conditions  as  the  7  men  ap- 
pointed for  the  towne  affaires  should  agree  on."  This 
appears  to  have  been  the  origin  of  ^Yv8l\.  ^^a  Vyck% 
called  Salem  Village ;  sometinies  the  i^XaxxVaA^oxt  wcA 


213  WATCH-HOUSE.    DISTRICT. 

its  inhabitants  were  also  denominated  the  farmers. 
The  Mr.  Phillips,  before  named,  was  probably  John, 
who  preached  at  Dedham  and  elsewhere.  He  was 
received  here,  as  a  townsman,  January  21,  1640,  and 
assigned  land  on  condition  of  his  remaining  in  the 
country.  Not  long  after  this,  he  and  his  wife  united 
with  Dedham  church  and  returned  to  England  in 
1642.  The  people  of  the  village  were  released, 
1671-2,  from  parish  charges  to  the  first  congregation. 
As  usual  with  such  settlements,  they  very  probably 
kept  up  worship  among  themselves,  either  by  laymen 
or  preachers,  from  their  beginning.  As  a  protection 
against  the  devastations  of  Philip's  forces,  they  had, 
in  the  fore  part  of  1676,  garrisons  prepared,  by  order 
of  the  town's  military  committee,  and  manned  from 
among  themselves.  In  1696,  they  dismiss  from  their 
church  some  individuals,  who,  with  others  of  Ipswich, 
emigrate  to  South  Carolina.  They  long  had  a  place 
of  defence  on  "  Watch-house  hill,"  where  ihey  agreed, 
in  1700,  to  erect  their  second  meeting-house.  Their 
contest  with  Topsfield,  as  to  bounds,  has  been  spoken 
of,  and  their  still  severer  trials  of  witchcraft  and  other 
concerns  will  be  elsewhere  presented.  After  long 
continued  applications  of  the  village  to  become  a 
separate  town,  a  vote  is  passed  by  Salem,  October 
23,  1751,  that  they  and  the  Middle  Precinct,  with 
consent  of  the  Legislature,  be  thus  privileged.  When 
they  brought  their  petition,  for  such  an  object,  before 
the  General  Court,  this  body  so  modified  it  as  to  con- 
stitute them  a  district  instead  of  a  town.  The  act, 
thus  incorporating  them,  was  of  January  28,  1752, 
and  gave  them  the  name  of  Danvers.  There  was  a 
political  reason  for  such  AVsap^mVcaBtiV  '^"^A.v^r 


CAUSE  OF  THE  NAME,  DANVERS.  213 

structioDs  had  been  sent  to  the  governor  of  our  Prov- 
ince to  restrain  the  increase  of  representatives  by 
preventing  the  formation  of  towns.  The  party,  both 
here  and  in  England,  who  favored  the  Parliamentary 
taxation  of  our  colonies,  perceived  that  the  popular 
branch  of  our  government  gained  strength  to  resist 
such  adverse  policy.  Hence  they  were  sustained  by 
regal  prerogative,  to  circumvent  the  power  whose  ad- 
vance would  cause  their  retreat.  As  to  the  name  of 
Danvers,  it  was  so  called  through  the  influence  of 
Lieut.  Governor  Phips,  from  gratitude  to  one  of  his 
patrons.  While  this  district  was  connected  with  Sa- 
lem, it  had  one  of  the  representatives  to  the  Legisla- 
ture at  its  own  charge,  and  the  latter  had  another. 
So  soon  as  a  favorable  opportunity  presented,  the  sub- 
ject of  its  becoming  a  town  was  brought  before  the 
General  Court.  The  end  of  such  a  movement  was 
accomplished  June  16,  1757,  and  thus  one  means 
secured  to  enlarge  legislative  privilege  and  throw 
weight  in  the  scale  of  freedom.  On  this  occasion, 
however,  Mr.  Hutchinson  of  the  council  and  subse- 
quently governor,  entered  his  protest.  The  substance 
of  the  document  dated  the  9th,  is  of  the  ensuing 
tenor :  First.  Excessive  increase  of  representatives 
retards  business,  burdens  the  people,  and  gives  the 
House  undue  proportion  to  the  Board  in  joint  ballot. 
Second.  As  no  governor  nor  lieutenant  governor  is 
present,  so  important  a  matter  should  be  deferred. 
Third.  The  Board  by  passing  the  bill,  as  the  second 
branch  of  the  government,  immediately  bring  it  be- 
fore themselves,  for  consent  or  refusal,  as  the  first 
branch,  thus  directly  opposing  the  King's  oiAfei^  \a 
19* 


814  Pl^N  TO  OVERTHROW  CHARTERED  COLONIES. 

the  chief  magistrate,  in  a  case  unnecessary  for  the 
public  good.  The  failure  of  this  effort  indicated, 
that  the  political  views  of  its  author  were  less  accep- 
table to  the  greater  portion  of  the  community  than 
they  had  been. 

MASON'S  CLAIM. 

When  this  city  was  settled,  the  whole  portion  of 
it  beyond  the  North  River  was  claimed  by  John  Ma- 
son. This  gentleman  predicated  his  demand  on  two 
patents,  which  preceded  that  of  Massachusetts  Com- 
pany, but  were  destitute  of  legal  sanctions.  Still, 
these  were  adduced  at  various  periods,  with  another 
of  1635,  as  proof  of  his  propriety  in  the  soil  from 
said  river  to  the  Piscataqua.  In  the  year  last  men- 
tioned, it  was  the  purpose  of  the  anti-Puritan  party 
in  England,  to  make  him  governor  of  the  same  terri- 
tory, and  others  to  sustain  a  like  office  in  different 
divisions  of  our  colonies,  and  all  of  them  subject  to  a 
president.  But  the  project  failed,  and  with  it  the  en- 
forcement of  Mr.  Mason's  demand  was  suspended. 
At  his  decease,  in  the  same  year,  he  left  a  widow, 
Ann,  and  an  only  child,  Jane,  the  wife  of  John  Tuf- 
ton.  The  children  of  the  latter,  besides  two  daugh- 
ters, were  John  and  Robert.  These  sons,  on  coming 
of  age,  were  to  assume  the  surname  of  their  grand- 
father, as  a  condition  of  being  numbered  among  his 
principal  heirs.  The  first,  John,  seems  to  have  had 
part  of  his  bequest  within  the  present  Essex  county 
bounds.  How  long  he  lived  is  unknown  to  us.  He 
left  no  issue.  His  grandmother,  Ann,  through  her 
agent,  Joseph  Mason,  sent  a  transcript  of  her  hu&- 
band'a  wHl,  copied  1653,  to  lAafis»A\k\>fiRXV&  %3\\hori« 


ROTAL  CORRESPONDENCE.  21S 

ties,  as  an  indication  of  what  was  expected  from 
them.  His  brother,  Robert,  as  opportunities  pre- 
sented, urged  their  ancestor's  claim.  In  1660  he 
brought  it  before  the  lately  restored  monarch.  No- 
tice of  this  and  other  matters  was  communicated  to 
our  General  Court.  They  soon  forwarded  a  loyal 
address  to  the  King.  He  sent  them  a  friendly  an- 
swer of  February  16,  1660-1,  with  the  promise  of 
protection  to  our  people  in  all  their  charter  rights. 
Mr.  Mason  still  continued  the  agitation  of  his  landed 
inheritance  here.  In  1668,  William  Trask  agreed  to 
give  him  15/.  a  year  for  the  use  of  his  house  and 
land.  Payments  of  this  rent  were  to  be  "  on  the  day  of 
St.  John  Baptist's  nativity  and  on  the  feast-day  of  our 
Lord's  nativity."  Such  renewal  of  a  vexed  question, 
was  probably  encouraged  by  the  augmented  prejudice 
which  the  King  cherished  against  our  rulers,  for  their 
late  rejection  of  his  uncompromising  commissioners. 
While  our  fathers  were  almost  cnished  with  the  bur- 
den and  afBictions  of  the  Indian  war  in  1676,  a  com- 
mand came  from  his  majesty  for  them  to  dispatch 
agents  for  his  court  to  answer  the  complaints  of 
Gorges  and  Mason.  Accordingly  Messrs.  Stoughton 
and  Bulkley  were  sent  over.  They  were  heard, 
1677,  before  two  lords,  chief  justices.  These  de- 
cided, that  as  the  ter-tenants  of  the  soil,  from  Pis- 
cataqua  to  Naumkeag  river,  had  not  been  summoned 
to  prove  their  titles,  they  could  give  no  conclusive 
opinion  on  the  subject.  They  however  reported,  that 
Hampton,  Elxeter,  Dover,  and  Portsmouth,  embraced 
in  such  limits,  should  belong  to  New  Hampshire,  and 
the  rest,  making  ten  towns,  should  be  couXamedi  \\i 
Massacbasetts.     They  also  gave  their  judgtaeuX.)  \S[^aX 


216  MARIANA.    SIR  WILLIAM  JONES. 

Mr.  Mason  ought  not  to  be  allowed  the  right  of  gov- 
ernment over  either  of  these  two  divisions.  Relative 
to  the  latter  partition  of  territory,  this  gentleman  in- 
tended to  have  it  denominated  Mariana,  and  be  sub- 
ject to  the  jurisdiction  of  himself  and  descendants. 
Thus  it  was  his  purpose  to  revive  a  favorite  plan  of 
his  ancestor,  and  it  was  his  lot  to  experience  a  like 
disappointment.  The  decision  of  the  preceding  ju- 
rists received  the  Royal  confirmation.  Thus,  with 
respect  to  the  fee  of  their  lands,  the  inhabitants  of 
an  early  section  of  Salem,  as  well  as  of  other  places, 
were  left  in  anxious  suspense.  As  some  alleviation 
to  their  fears.  Sir  William  Jones,  in  1679,  gave  his 
opinion  that  such  a  demand  was  illegal.  Still,  Mr. 
Mason  was  active  at  home,  for  what  he  deemed  his 
just  inheritance  in  New  England.  He  so  gained  the 
ear  of  the  King  to  his  petitions,  that  a  letter  of  Sep- 
tember 30,  1680,  came  from  His  Majesty  to  our  rulers. 
It  ordered,  that  the  people  of  the  intended  Mariana 
transmit  proofs  of  their  real  estate,  with  colonial 
agents,  to  the  crown.  Individuals  were  elected  for 
such  an  embassy.  Among  the  instructions,  prepared 
for  them,  February  28,  1680-1,  our  civil  authorities 
made  the  ensuing  remark :  "  With  reference  to  Mr. 
Mason's  complaints  and  claime  on  the  South  side  of 
Merrimack  River,  you  shall  truly  enforme  his  Majes- 
tic of  our  ready  obedience  to  his  commands  in  pub- 
lishing his  letter  to  those  Ter-tenents,  who  will  make 
their  application  to  his  Majestic,  as  he  has  been 
pleased  to  direct."  The  persons  designated  for  this 
purpose  declmed,  and  the  agency  was  delayed,  much 
to  the  displeasure  of  the  King.  Such  an  occasion 
brought  out  valuable  depodtiona  Itota  ^^^tciL  ^1  %«e^ 


PETITION  OF  BEVERLY.  217 

lem's  primitive  planters,  and  thus  preserved  historical 
facts  which  otherwise  would  have  sUimbered  in  the 
grave  with  them.  It  also  produced  interesting  peti- 
tions from  towns  immediately  interested.  One  from 
Beverly,  of  February  22, 1680-1,  furnishes  the  subse- 
quent details:  We  have  our  juste  titles  to  the  soil; 
every  proprietor  expects  a  legal  trial ;  have  had  posses- 
sion above  60  years.  We  "entered  vpon  the  place 
with  good  likeing  of  the  Indians ;  haue  aduentured 
our  lines  and  estates  and  worne  out  much  time  and 
strength  in  the  subduing  a  wilderness  for  the  increas- 
ing his  Majesties  dominions  and  customs.  And  in 
the  late  warrs  with  the  heathen,  haue  carried  our 
lines  in  our  hands  to  defend  our  possessions  with  the 
loss  of  about  twelve  English  lines  of  our  town,  and 
expended  some  hundreds  of  pounds  to  maintain  our 
lands."  In  all  this  period,  Mr.  Mason  has  done  noth- 
ing for  the  defence  or  improvement  of  the  territory. 
We  hope  his  Majesty  does  not  mean,  that  we  shall 
send  our  original  deeds  and  evidences  3,000  miles  to 
rebut  his  plea,  and  that  the  case  may  be  heard  on  the 
contested  premises.  We  rely  on  his  Majesty's  prom- 
ise of  protection  to  the  colonists,  made  in  his  first 
letter  to  our  civil  authorities  after  being  restored  to 
the  throne,  and  that  he  will  intercede  for  them  if  the 
cause  of  Mason  be  brought  before  him  in  council. 
The  succeeding  June  2,  the  assistants  order  £100  to 
assist  the  defendants  of  the  several  towns  in  contro- 
versy ;  but  the  house  non-concurred.  Probably  the 
reason  for  this  dissent  was,  lest  it  should  commit  the 
Legislature  as  avowed  opponents  to  the  regal  plea- 
sure, already  bent  on  vacating  our  cbailex.  OtiXJoA 
3d  of  the  same  mouth,  both  branches  oi  X\xe  ^oN^ror 


218    TERTENANTS*  COMMITTEE  AND  ADDRESS. 

merit  make  a  remark  in  their  letter  to  the  King,  re- 
specting the  occupants  of  Mariana.  It  is,  "  We  are 
in  hope,  that  what  may  be  presented  to  his  Majesty 
on  behalf  of  said  inhabitants,  will  obviate  the  clamour 
^and  groundless  pretence  of  the  complainers."  Cer- 
tain expenses  of  Ipswich,  January  9,  1682,  denote 
that  a  committee  of  these  persons,  so  accused,  had 
assembled  to  consult  on  expedient  measures  for  re- 
lief. The  legislative*  authorities,  February  15,  peti- 
tion the  King  to  protect  the  same  individuals.  These, 
comprising  the  people  of  Gloucester,  in  their  address 
to  the  crown,  repeat  the  leading  arguments  of  the 
Beverly  document.  They  also  say,  We  were  con- 
firmed in  our  rights  by  law  of  1657,  for  settling  in- 
heritences.  They  mention  the  destitution  of  legal 
forms  in  the  first  patents  of  Mason.  They  pray, 
that  whatever  trial  may  be  had  in  the  case,  it  may 
be  in  courts  of  justice  within  the  disputed  circuit. 
In  order  for  due  attention  to  these  documents  in  Lon- 
don, a  bill  of  exchange  for  £10  was  sent  to  John 
Hall.  However  careful  to  make  such  provision,  yet 
the  last  appeals  to  the  throne  were  necessarily  de- 
layed. The  magistrates,  March  29,  propose  that  the 
occupants  of  Mariana  re-write  their  petition,  and  omit 
styling  themselves  "  tertenants,"  lest  their  use  of  the 
term'  should  be  implicit  evidence  against  their  cause. 
As  proof  how  much  the  possessors  of  the  land  in 
question  were  opposed  to  any  acknowledgment,  that 
their  titles  lacked  in  validity,  we  have  the  ensuing 
fact:  The  people  of  Ipswich,  at  a  town-meeting, 
November  27th,  say,  as  Thomas  Lovel,  a  selectman, 
has  been  to  Mr.  Mason  about  a  compliance,  and  advised 
others  that  it  would  be  \>eal  Xo  com^Vj^^^Xfc^^Vfea^ 


GOV.  BRADSTRECT.    SEC.  JENKINS.  219 

he  be  excluded  from  his  office.  The  General  Court, 
at  a  session  of  February  15,  1682-3,  appoint  magis- 
trates, unconcerned  in  the  property  so  contested,  to 
hold  a  Court  in  Essex  County,  for  hearing  its  respec- 
tive claimants.  Governor  Bradstreet  addresses  a  let- 
ter to  Secretary  Jenkins  in  London,  March  24th,  on 
this  topic,  which  was  embraced  by  the  advocates  for 
regal  prerogative,  as  a  call  for  the  nullification  of  our 
colonial  patent.  He  states,  that  the  King's  conununi- 
cation  of  June  23,  about  Mason's  demand,  did  not 
reach  him  till  the  end  of  November,  and  that,  on 
January  26,  he  had  another  from  this  claimant,  re- 
quiring that  he  should  be  put  in  possession  of  Ma- 
riana, according  to  the  royal  injunctions,  and  be  al- 
lowed to  prosecute  forthwith  the  holders  of  such 
territory.  He  also  writes,  that  he  communicated 
Mason's  request  to  the  Legislature,  and  that  they 
wished  this  person  to  be  informed,  •that  he  might 
have  been  accommodated  with  a  trial  here  long  before, 
and  may  still  be  so,  by  giving  a  month's  notice,  for 
the  purpose  of  selecting  impartial  judges  and  jurors. 
He  further  relates,  that  after  an  answer  was  forwarded 
to  Mr.  Mason  he  visited  Boston,  but  made  no  motion 
for  a  legal  investigation  of  his  case.  The  impracti- 
cability which  this  gentleman  had  experienced  in 
New  Hampshire,  to  obtain  a  verdict  against  the  re- 
tainers of  his  land  there,  and  the  fact,  that  similar 
and  even  greater  difficulty  would  attend  his  suit  in 
Essex  County,  was  probably  the  chief  cause  why  he 
delayed  to  commence  an  action.  The  following 
order  of  our  government,  at  their  session  of  May  16, 
very  likely  referred  to  the  same  subject-.  ^^\tv^xv^^«t 
to  the  petition  of  John  Wales  and  Oont^xit  1&as«a^ 


220  CLAIM  INCREASINGLT  REVIVED. 

bis  daughter,  relict  of  John  Mason,  humbly  desiring, 
that  the  like  power  of  making  sale  and  confirming 
deeds,  as  was  formerljr  by  y*  Court  granted  to  John 
Mason  and  no  otherwise,  may  be  by  this  Court 
granted  to  them,  being  administrators  of  the  said 
John  Mason's  estate.  The  Court  grants  their  request 
and  impowers  them  hereby  accordingly."  If  this 
has  the  application  supposed,  one  of  the  petitioners 
must  have  been  the  widow  of  John  Tufton  Mason, 
deceased,  and  grandson  of  the  patentee,  and  his 
brother,  Robert,  may  have  allowed  her,  as  a  party 
concerned,  to  secure,  by  private  compromise  with 
those  whom  he  considered  as  ter-tenants,  what  there 
was  no  prospect  of  his  obtaining  by  any  judicial  pro- 
cess. Still,  when  James  II.  came  to  the  throne  in 
1685,  and  increasingly  leaned  to  despotism  and  pa- 
pacy, and  thus  against  the  free  institutions  of  New 
England,  Mason  had  encouragement  to  expect,  that 
events  would  so  occur  as  to  accomplish  bis  long  de- 
ferred purpose.  So  revived  were  his  hopes,  that  some 
land  holders  deemed  it  advisable  to  comply  with  his 
requisitions  while  moderate,  lest,  with  the  enlai^e- 
ment  of  his  influence,  they  should  be  raised.  One 
of  our  most  respected  inhabitants.  Rev.  John  Higgin- 
8on,  by  May  28,  1686,  had  taken  a  lease  of  him  for 
700  acres  of  land,  granted  by  General  Court,  1661, 
and  bordering  on  Haverhill.  The  condition  was,  that 
Mason,  or  his  heirs,  should  have  2/.  for  every  house 
subsequently  erected  on  the  lot.  Being  of  Andros's 
Council  and  about  to  repeat  the  trial  of  his  demands 
in  Boston,  1688,  he  finished  his  varied  and  perplexed 
career.  His  was  an  inheritance  of  protracted  and 
continual  disappointmeats.    Bi&  x^o  «oi^  \i»A&»&.  b^ 


CLAIM  RELINQUISHED.    PENNICOOK.  221 

his  adverse  experience  and  sold  their  right  to  Samuel 
Allen  of  London.  The  same  was  confirmed,  1691, 
to  this  person,  by  our  province  charter.  After  sev- 
eral unsuccessful  efforts  to  enforce  his  demands  on 
the  individual  and  common  lands  of  towns  in  New 
Hampshire,  he  died  1705.  His  son,  Thomas  Allen, 
similarly  failed,  and  deceased  1715.  With  so  poor  a 
prospect  before  them,  his  heirs  gave  up  the  contest. 
A  descendant  of  Capt.  Mason  revived  his  claim,  1738, 
and  had  it  afterwards  allowed  in  England.  By  his 
sale  of  lands  in  Salisbury,  and  other  of  our  north 
towns,  to  Massachusetts,  about  the  year  just  specified, 
he  implicitly  relinquished  all  right  to  Mariana.  Thus, 
after  long  suspense,  the  inhabitants  of  this  contested 
section  were  freed  from  anj^  further  charge  as  intru- 
ders, and  left  to  the  undisturbed  use  of  their  soil. 
Though  the  euphony  of  the  name,  applied  by  Mason 
to  their  territory,  must  be  allowed,  yet,  from  its  asso- 
ciations of  perplexity  and  cost,  it  could  not  bring 
harmony  to  their  views  and  feelings. 

TOWNSHIPS  GRANTED. 

Among  the  multitudes  of  Salem,  gone  out  at  vari- 
ous periods,  to  people  other  territories,  are  some  who 
had  grants  of  townships  from  our  civil  authorities. 

PENNICOOK. 

This  was  an  Indian  name  for  a  large  tract  of  land 
on  the  Merrimack  River.  It  was  generally  applied 
to  the  bounds  of  Concord,  N.  H.  This  seems  to  be 
the  location,  or  nearly  so,  for  which  our  townsmen 
made  an  early  movement.    "  The  SeVectmsn  ^^t^  ft«r 

20 


3S2    CONDITION  OF  SETTLEMENT.    INDIAN  TRADE. 

rired,  September  27,  1662,  to  petition  the  General 
Court  for  Pennie  Cooke  as  a  Plantation,  and  to  ingage 
for  the  planting  of  the  same."  This  was  done  May 
28,  1663,  through  our  deputies.  The  reasons  pro- 
duced for  it  were,  that  the  town  had  parted  with  so 
much  of  their  soil  as  not  to  have  enough  for  the  com- 
fortable support  of  all  its  population ;  and  whoever 
of  them  should  have  a  new  settlement  allowed  them, 
would  be  more  "helpful  to  Church  and  Common- 
wealth." The  deputies  agree  to  the  request,  but  the 
magistrates  defer  the  subject.  Such  delay  may  have 
arisen  from  applications  made  by  Maiden  the  preced- 
ing June,  and  by  individuals  of  Newbury  and  else- 
where in  1659,  for  a  plantation  in  the  same  quarter. 
It  was,  however,  continued  no  longer  than  the  session 
of  October  20,  when  the  wish  of  our  townsmen  was 
gratified.  They  were  assigned  a  tract  of  six  miles 
square,  on  condition  of  having  it  occupied  with  not 
less  than  20  families  in  three  years.  The  record  of 
this  grant  states,  that  it  had  been  made  previously. 
In  the  same  vicinity,  Governor  Endicott,  in  1664, 
was  allotted  600  acres,  36  of  which  were  on  an 
island  in  the  river.  One  mile  square,  in  that  neigh- 
borhood, was  voted  for  William  Hathorne,  1673,  in- 
stead of  600  acres,  which  had  been  ordered  for  him 
elsewhere.  So  large  a  lot  was  probably  allowed  him, 
in  part,  to  encourage  a  post  for  Indian  trade,  set  up 
by  enterprising  individuals  of  Salem,  in  1674,  which 
must  have  been  interrupted,  as  to  its  object,  by  the 
disastrous  war  soon  after  waged  with  the  natives. 
It  appears  that  the  purpose  for  advancing  the  settle- 
ment  of  Pennicook  was  long  suspended.  In  1714, 
Salem  repeated  their  appWcalvou  \^  xSaa  \iK^\^tfaX\«a^ 


ARROUSICK  ISLAND.  N.  YARMOUTH.    223 

that  the  place  might  be  confirmed  to  them.  They 
remarked  as  if  it  was  first  appropriated  to  them 
in  1661.  Their  plea  for  being  renewedly  heard  was, 
that  the  wars  had  prevented  a  requisite  number  from 
emigrating  thither  according  to  contract ;  their  losses 
in  late  hostilities  ;  the  reduction  of  their  bounds,  and 
part  of  their  inhabitants  needed  land  for  support. 
There  is  no  record  that  the  General  Court  allowed 
this  petition.  The  territory  for  which  our  fathers 
thus  made  repeated  efforts,  had  become  occupied,  in 
1727,  by  emigrants  from  Ireland. 

SOUTHEND  OF  ARROUSICK  ISLAND. 

This  place  lies  in  Maine.  By  September  6,  1676, 
it  had  become  the  refuge  for  about  60  persons,  who 
were  driven  by  an  Indian  enemy  from  adjacent  settle- 
ments. Among  such  a  distressed  company  were  emi- 
grants from  Salem.  At  the  date  already  mentioned, 
they  were  privileged  to  become  a  town,  by  Edmund 
Andros,  then  governor  of  Sagadahoc,  which  had  come 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Duke  of  York.  la 
1689  the  settlement  was  called  Newtown,  and  subse- 
quently made  a  part  of  Georgetown. 

«*  SWEGUSTAGOE  "    PLANTATION. 

A  company,  mostly  from  Salem,  are  allowed  by 
General  Court,  at  the  session  of  May  19,  1680,  a 
plantation  at  the  bottom  of  Casco  Bay.  The  order 
contains  various  particulars.  It  says,  that  ''fine  miles 
square  to  be  allotted  out  for  a  Touneship  and  two  of 
the  Islands  adjacent ; "  that  a  comtavUee  ^^\>^  vcdl- 
powered  for  the  enterteyning  of  inhatoVlatkts  wA  ^j»x5X- 


S24       BEATER  &KINS  FOR  A  TITLE.    ENFIELD. 

ing  of  allottments,  and  laying  out  the  bounds  of  the 
sajd  Towne.  And  no  Indian  purchase,  formerly  or 
hereafter  to  be  made,  shall  give  interest  to  any  person 
in  sajd  land,  but  by  the  approbation  and  allowance  of 
the  sajd  committee,  refering  to  the  Gouernor  and 
Company  the  royalties  and  priuiledges,  due  by  Char- 
ter to  the  cheife  Lord  Proprietor,  and  a  farme  of  300 
acres,  in  any  place  where  the  President  of  the  sajd 
Province  shall  appoint  and  choose,  and  all  this  vpon 
condition  that  they  settle  20  or  30  familjes,  with  an 
able  minister,  within  two  yeares.  Also,  they  shall 
allow  as  an  acknowledgment  of  the  Gouernor  and 
Company  or  the  cheife  proprietors  by  his  Majestjes 
Charter,  after  the  first  seven  yeares  are  expired,  five 
Beauer  skins  per  ann."  Bartholomew  Gedney,  one  of 
our  distinguished  townsmen,  was  a  large  owner  of 
territory  in  this  quarter,  1674,  where  he  then  had  a 
saw-mill  erected.  He  was  appointed  on  a  committee 
to  superintend  the  settlement  of  the  foregoing  grant, 
and  the  erection  of  a  fort  for  its  defence.  This  loca- 
tion was  permitted  to  be  a  township,  1684,  and  was 
incorporated  1713,  as  North  Yarmouth. 

FRESH-WATER   BROOK. 

This  was  the  name  of  territory  which  anciently 
belonged  to  Springfield.  It  was  set  off  by  the  parent 
town  1681,  and  was  mostly  settled  by  emigrants  from 
Salem.  Among  these,  were  Capt.  John  Pease  and 
«on.  They  were  allowed  to  be  a  township  1683,  and 
were  then  called  Enfield.  The  inhabitants  of  the 
place  seceded  from  Massachusetts,  and,  in  1752,  be- 
came annexed  to  Connecticut. 


WINDHAM.    AMHERST.    NEW  SALEM.  225 


NEW  MARBLEHEAD. 

This  place,  being  in  Maine,  was  granted  in  1724, 
and  the  plan  of  it  accepted  by  the  Legislature,  1736, 
It  was  settled  by  individuals  from  Salem  as  well  as 
Marblehead.  It  subsequently  received  the  name  of 
Windham. 

SOUHEGAN   WEST. 

Among  the  survivors  of  the  battle  at  Narraganset 
in  1675,  or  their  heirs,  were  some  such  of  our  own 
town.  To  these  a  tract  of  land,  with  the  above  title 
as  one  of  its  names,  was  assigned  by  Massachusetts. 
A  plan  of  it  was  approved  in  1728,  when  it  was  de- 
nominated "  Salem  Narraganset,  No.  3."  It  after- 
wards fell  within  the  bounds  of  New  Hemipshire,  and 
has  been  long  known  as  Amherst. 

NEW  SALEM. 

This  place  was  assigned  to  Joseph  Andrews  and 
others  of  our  inhabitants  1729,  according  to  inci- 
dental evidence.  It  was  confirmed  to  them  and  re- 
corded, 1734,  among  the  proceedings  of  the  Legisla- 
ture. The  conditions  were  as  follow :  Sixty  homelots 
were  to  be  laid  out  in  a  defencible  manner.  One  of 
them  for  the  first  settled  minister,  another  for  the 
support  of  the  ministry,  and  the  third  for  the  use  of  a 
school.  Each  proprietor  was  to  pay  £5  on  admission 
for  surveys  and  other  public  purposes.  He  was  to 
give  a  bond  of  £25,  that  his  lot  should  have  a  house, 
7  feet  stud  and  18  feet  square  ;  7  acres  fit  for  cultivar 
tion  or  mowing'  of  English  grass  ;  "  settle  a  leeraaftL 

20* 


326   LTNDEBOROUGH.  TRADE  PLANTATION. 

and  orthodox  minister,  and  build  a  convenient  meet- 
ing-house," within  five  years.  Whoever  failed  to 
comply  with  the  terms,  lost  his  right  and  it  reverted 
to  the  Commonwealth.  These  were  the  common 
Stipulations  on  which  townships  were  granted.  The 
meetings  of  residents  and  non-residents,  were  held  in 
Salem  till  1753,  when  it  was  agreed  to  transfer  them 
to  the  premises  of  the  former. 

SALEM  CANADA. 

This  was  among  several  tracts,  assigned  by  our 
government  for  service  in  the  disastrous  expedition 
to  Canada  in  1690.  It  was  granted,  in  1736,  to 
Samuel  King  and  others  of  our  townsmen.  It  was 
afterwards  called  Lyndeborough  in  compliment  to 
Judge  Lynde,  one  of  its  chief  proprietors.  Like 
many  other  townships,  it  came,  by  Royal  decision  of 
1740,  under  the  jurisdiction  of  New  Hampshire. 

TRADING  PLANTATION. 

For  carrying  on  the  fur-trade,  which  other  compa- 
nies had  done,  several  of  our  inhabitants  became  asso- 
ciated. The  names  of  these  were  William  Hathorne, 
William  Brown,  George  Curwin,  and  Walter  Price, 
They,  with  seven  more,  lay  their  request,  1659,  be- 
fore the  Legislature.  They  ask  for  a  tract  of  ten 
miles  square,  40  or  60  miles  from  Springfield  to  the 
westward,  and  two  thirds  of  the  way  to  Awrania, 
afterwards  Albany,  on  condition  of  commencing  its 
settlement  in  18  months.  In  October  of  the  next 
year  they  were  allowed  xheu  desire^  if  a  house  be 
erected  and  ten  men  locale^,  ticiftt^  \xi  vo^^  ^^»ac^ 


FACE  OF  THE  TERRITORY.    HILLS.  227 

They  were  styled  the  Company  of  the  Western 
Plantation  for  trade.  They  were  permitted,  1662, 
two  years  longer  for  effecting  their  object.  Then  a 
report  of  their  concerns  stated,  that  they  had  expended 
£250  towards  running  the  southern  line  of  our  colony 
^^  in  meere  charges  on  seuerall  persons  in  a  jurney  by 
land  to  Forte  Auriania  and  one  voyage  to  y^  mana- 
tees by  sea.  In  prosecution  of  the  General  Court's 
orders,  besides  other  disbursments,  to  y*  vallue  of 
£160  and  upwarde  more  in  and  aboute  y®  same." 
The  object  of  such  an  enterprise  was  long  ago  relin- 
quished, as  the  forests  gave  place  to  our  settlements 
and  the  aborigines  disappeared  by  the  progress  of  our 
population. 

FACE  OF  THE  TERRITORY. 

As  Salem  has  advanced  in  years  and  extended  its 
improvements,  the  appearances  of  nature  have  given 
place  to  those  of  art.  Though  it  lacks  the  varied 
scenery  of  its  ancient  bounds,  still  it  possesses  inter- 
esting features.  While  its  main  body  lies  nearly 
level,  its  additional  portions  have  their  pleasant  emi- 
nences and  valleys,  with  other  original  traits. 

Hills, — Among  these  mute  survivors  of  numerous 
revolutions  around  them,  the  following  may  be  num- 
bered :  Bellyhac,  Lord's,  Monument,  Pickering,  Pine, 
Rail,  Spring,  Thistle  and  Timber.  These  are  all 
located  in  what  was  formerly  the  Great  Pasture. 
Lord^s,  is  so  denominated  from  its  ancient  proprietor. 
It  overtops  the  rest.  It  furnished  accommodation  for 
a  house  and  garden  of  its  owner.  Long  since  it& 
habitation  of  social  enjoyments  fell  in  \\i\xv&^  uxA  \Xs^ 
&uitfal  £eld  was  covered  with  the  wM  \iet\>«^^*  ^I!>dia 


S28    BEACON  AND  CASTLE  HILL.    INDIAN  CASTLE. 

height  nearest  to  the  turnpike,  soon  after  entering  on 
this  road,  at  the  right  as  you  go  to  Lynn,  was  called, 
1749,  Norman's  rocks.  Another,  Brown's,  is  located 
eastward  of  Marblehead  road.  Besides  these,  is 
Legg's  hill,  near  the  upper  bridge  of  Forest  River. 
It  seems  to  have  been  so  denominated  from  John 
Legg  of  Marblehead.  It  rises  119.4  feet  above  high- 
water  mark.  It  commands  a  fine  view  of  Massachu- 
setts bay  and  the  adjacent  country. — Beacon  Hill^ 
1698,  a  place  for  signals,  is  supposed  by  some  to 
have  been  the  height  of  land  on  the  neck. — Castle 
Hill,  This  is  so  called  on  our  records  in  1636-7. 
As  well  known,  it  forms  a  part  of  the  Derby  farm. 
It  was  anciently  owned  by  Erasmus  James,  who 
sold  it  to  William  Brown.  This  gentleman  be- 
queathed it,  1716,  to  his  daughter,  the  wife  of  Judge 
Lynde.  For  a  long  period,  it  had  an  elegant  sum- 
mer-house on  its  top.  This  building,  40  years  ago, 
was  suffered  to  decay.  Afterwards,  it  was  repaired 
and  raised  for  the  additional  purpose  of  an  obser- 
vatory. In  a  few  years  it  was  blown  down,  and 
its  ruins  cleared  away.  No  vestige  remains  to  tell 
where  once  the  admirers  of  nature  assembled  and 
discoursed  on  the  beauties  of  the  landscape  around 
them.  The  eminence  furnishes  an  interesting  specu- 
lation. Mourt,  in  1621,  visited  the  territory  of  the 
Naumkeag  chief.  While  here  he  saw  an  Indian  fort, 
apparently  the  one  on  Forrest  River,  and  said  of  a 
second,  "  About  a  mile  hence,  we  came  to  such  an- 
other, but  seated  on  the  top  of  a  hill.  Here  Nan- 
epashemet  was  killed,  none  dwelling  in  it  since  the 
time  of  his  death."  This  lemaxk.  probably  applies 
io  Castle  Hill,  whose  siluaiiou  ^«  fajvotsXAa  fet  ^^psr 


SWAMPS.    MARSHES.    CREEKS.  229 

venting  a  surprise  from  the  hostile  Tarrentines.  The 
early  name  of  the  height  also  denotes,  that  it  was  a 
place  of  defence,  which  our  first  planters  are  not 
known  to  have  occupied  for  any  such  purpose. — Gal- 
lows  Hill.  This  spot  is  well  known  as  located  in 
the  vicinity  of  town  bridge.  It  is  associated  with 
sad  remembrances.  It  is  the  site  where  the  victims 
of  witchcraft  delusion  made  their  exit. 

Swamps. — Of  these,  which  have  disappeared  and 
are  gradually  disappearing  from  our  soil,  we  may  num- 
ber Ash,  Blueberry,  Cotton,  Great,  Long,  Pine  and 
Round.  The  chief  of  them,  as  situated  in  our  south- 
west lands,  is  Great  Swamp.  This,  40  years  ago, 
contained  66  acres.  It  measured  a  half  mile,  nearly 
N.  and  S.  It  used  to  be  passed  at  Chip  bridge,  near 
Lynn  line,  and  empty  into  Forrest  river.  It  was  pur- 
chased by  Judge  Samuel  Putnam  in  1808,  and  cost 
him  from  $20  to  $25  an  acre.  He  soon  had  it  pre- 
pared for  grass.  It  has  since  proved  very  fertile  for 
hay  and  vegetables. 

Marshes. — Among  these,  which  have  become  much 
diminished,  the  Planters'  Marsh  has  long  been  noted. 
It  is  crossed  by  the  lower  part  of  Bridge  Street.  Its 
name  was  derived  from  several  of  our  primitive  set- 
tlers, to  whom  it  was  assigned.  It  continues  the 
memorial  of  departed  worth. 

Creeks. — There  were  not  many  such  places  in  the 
original  limits  of  Salem.  Within  its  present  bounds, 
there  was  a  principal  one  which  has  undergone  much 
change.  'Its  course  was  from  the  South  River,  below 
the  mills,  and  up  between  Norman  and  High  Streets. 
It  contained  a  place  called  Sweet's  eove,\ie\T\%  xi^'si 
the  bouse  of  John  Sweet.    In  the  ftrst  ^e«t^  oi  owx 


230     GREAT  CHANGES  IN  SOUTH  CREEK. 

settlement,  it  aflforded  accommodations  for  a  principal 
part  of  our  commerce.  When  it  was  allowed  to  be 
crossed  by  Mill  Street  Bridge,  1726,  the  subsequent 
provision  was  made :  "  That  the  passage  be  30  feet 
wide,  so  that  the  proprietors  of  the  lands  above  and 
others,  may  not  be  stopped  from  bringing  down  or 
carrying  up  any  vessels  or  rafts,  etc.,  that  they  may 
have  occasion  for."  The  privilege  of  thus  using  the 
creek  continued  for  a  long  period.  A  century  since, 
boys  would  go  in  boats  from  its  waters  to  a  swamp 
in  Crombie  Street,  and  collect  eggs  from  black  birds' 
nests.  After  this,  small  vessels  passed  up  to  the 
bottom  of  the  middle  of  Norman  Street.  Britton's 
hill,  running  from  Summer  Street,  formerly  had  a 
ship-yard,  whence  vessels  were  launched  into  the 
creek.  An  Octogenarian  vividly  remembers  a  brig 
of  150  tons,  which  was  built  on  a  margin  of  the 
same  waters.  It  has  been  a  common  tradition,  that 
the  name,  "Knocker's  Hole,"  applied  to  High  Street 
and  vicinity,  arose  from  the  noise  of  the  ship-carpen- 
ters at  work  on  different  parts  of  such  premises. 
Until  45  years  ago,  small  craft  went  through  the 
draw  and  lay  by  the  wharves  above.  You  look  now 
and  the  whole  creek  is  covered  with  earih.  All 
maritime  indications  have  passed  away. 

Coves, — The  ancient  indentations  of  our  shores 
formed  a  considerable  number  of  coves.^  Some  of 
them  will  be  noticed.  Great  Cove,  1637,  is  in  North 
River,  and  now  crossed  by  the  Eastern  Rail-road. 
Colli ns's  has  its  entrance  from  Beverly  harbor.     It  ex-- 

*  When  any  particular  year,  in  figures,  follows  these  and  succeeding 
features  in  the  face  of  our  so\\,  \i  deuoXeft  \!ide  d^Aa  when  their  pam^s 
nere  found  oa  our  town  record». 


COVES.    POINTS.    STAGE  SEQUESTERED.        231 

tends  from  Roache's  Point  to  the  Planters'  Marsh, 
near  Essex  Bridge,  and  includes  the  waters  within 
this  line.  Below  the  last  is  Rams-horn  Cove,  1690. 
The  causeway,  which  unites  the  Neck  and  Winter 
Island,  makes  two  such  inlets.  The  outer  is  named 
Abbot's  and  the  inner,  Cat  Cove,  1639,  which  had 
been  called  Winter  Harbor.  Hardy's,  1677,  or  Jog- 
gles', on  the  South  River,  was  noted  as  a  location 
for  ship-building.  More  remain,  much  lessened,  by 
the  intrusion  of  the  shores,  while  others,  known  and  ' 
named  by  our  fathers,  have  ceased  to  appear. 

Points, — Spooner's  on  the  upper  part.  One's  on 
the  north  side,  Horton's  and  Windmill  on  the  south 
side  of  North  River.  The  last  point  was  probably 
where  John  Horn  moved  his  windmill,  1639,  after 
having  a  lot  granted  him,  1637,  for  such  a  building 
on  or  near  the  burial  place.  It  had  a  mill  on  it  of 
this  kind,  for  grinding  corn,  in  1771.  There  was 
another  Orne's  point,  which  was  taken  for  the  south 
end  of  North  Bridge.  Symonds'  Point  was  opposite 
to  it,  and  was  used  for  the  other  end  of  the  same 
bridge.  Pignal's,  1739,  and  Bar  Points  on  the  N., 
Juniper  on  the  N.  E.,  and  Point  of  Rocks,  anciently 
Woodbury's  Point,  on  the  S.  of  the  Harbor  Neck, 
Butt's  Point  seems  to  have  been  about  the  lower  part 
of  Turner's  Lane.  Long  and  Pickering  Points  in 
South  Field.  Stage  Point,  1640,  in  the  same  quar- 
ter. It  was  owned  by  the  Brown  family.  William 
Brown  was  its  possessor  at  the  commencement  of  our 
Revolutionary  difficulties.  He  went  to  England  and 
such  property  was  confiscated.  The  town  purchased 
it  for  a  careening  location  and  ordered  it  to  \)^  \»\^ 
foj>  1781.     They  let  it,   1788,  for   £7  ipet  «rai\rai\ 


{^2         SCALE  OF  PRICES.    NECKS.    SPiUNGS. 

1797,  for  $30  ;  1802,  for  $36,  and  1837,  for  $40.  la 
1803,  the  following  prices  for  graving  and  sheathing 
vessels  on  this  point,  were  adopted : 

GKATIRO.  tBBATHina. 

Under  50     tons   25  cts.  a  ton.  10  cts.  a  ton  per  day. 


From  50  to  100 

««  100  "  150 

«  150  "  200 

•'  200  «  300 

«'  300  '« 400 


50   "  "   15    •* 
75   "  "   20    ** 


M        U 


$1  00   "  "   20 
1  10   "  "   25    "     " 
1  25   «  "   30    "     " 


Thus  occupied,  such  estate  was  sold  by  our  city  au- 
thorities, 1841,  for  $1,000. 

Necks, — Anciently  the  term  neck^  was  applied  to 
the  main  body  of  Salem,  as  lying  between  its  two 
principal  rivers.  This  has  led  to  a  mistake  of  some, 
who  have  supposed  that  our  earliest  and  chief  settle- 
ment was  made  on  what  is  now  commonly  designated 
the  neck.  The  latter,  on  our  eastern  bounds,  has 
already  been  noticed.  The  "Great  North,"  1637,  has 
been  assigned  to  Danvers.  South,  1669,  Darling's, 
adjacent  to  Licgg's  Hill,  Holmes's,  between  Claybrook 
and  Forrest  River,  are  still  with  us.  No  doubt,  many 
an  interesting  incident  connected  with  them,  is  buried 
in  oblivion. 

Springs. — ^In  the  first  occupation  of  the  town,  there 
were  various  springs  on  the  seaboard.  But  their  natu- 
ral situation  has  been  so  altered,  as  to  become  wells 
or  hidden  by  incumbent  earth.  Cold,  Conconut,  Flat- 
rock,  Lord's,  Monument,  Split-rock  and  Spring-hill, 
in  what  was  formerly  Great  Pasture.  Goodale's  in 
Northfield.  These  have  long  been  the  welcome  re- 
sorts  of  the  young,  released  ttom  ^Ylo^  «£l^  ^^axAAu? 


BROOKS.    RUNS.    PONDS.    DUCK  COY.  233 

sciously  contributing  to  their  sound  health,  in  pursuit 
of  berries  and  other  wild  productions. 

Brooks, — Acorn,  Clay,  Cold  Spring  and  Frost  Fish, 
1638,  flow  into  South  River.  Spring  Pond  Brook 
receives  the  name  of  But  Brook,  1639,  as  it  crosses 
the  Boston  road  and  empties  into  North  River. 

Runs. — AUister  and  Ash  Swamp  Runs,  in  the  pas- 
ture. It  is  thought  that  the  former  bears  the  name 
of  a  proprietor  long  deceased  and  forgotten. 

Ponds, — Coy,  Deep,  and  Silver,  near  Legg's  hill. 
They  are  of  the  hollows  in  the  same  premises,  which 
are  called  Dungeons.  This  term  has  long  been  one 
of  mysterious  speculation  with  boys,  before  they 
adventured  to  examine  them.  As  to  Coy  and  Deep 
Ponds,  we  have  the  ensuing  facts.  General  Court 
passed  the  subsequent  resolve,  1638.  "  Whereas 
Emanuell  Downing,  Esq.  hath  brought  over,  at  his* 
great  charges,  all  things  fitting  for  takeing  wild  foule 
by  way  of  Duck  Coy,  this  Court,  being  desires  to 
encourage  him  and  others  in  such  designs,  as  tend  to 
publike  good,  do  give  him  full  liberty  to  place  the 
same  Duck  Coy  in  some  convenient  place  within  the 
bounds  of  Salem,  as  the  towne  can  agree,  and  that  it 
shall  not  bee  lawfull  for  any  person  to  shoote  in  any 
gunn  within  a  halfe  a  mile  of  the  pond,  where  such 
Duck  Coy  shallbee  placed,  nor  shall  vse  any  other 
meanes  for  disturbance  of  the  Foule  there,"  on  pen- 
alty of  being  fined,  or,  if  such  an  oflender  be  im- 
known  to  the  servants  of  Mr.  Downing,  who  attend 
at  the  Coy,  "  it  shallbee  lawfull  for  them  to  make 
seisure  of  his  peece  and  detaine  the  same  till  the 
cause  be  heard  and  determined"  Iv  a^\«»x^Vj  ^ 
21 


234    RITERa    MASHABEQUASH  OR  FOREST  RIVER. 

record  under  the  same  date,  which  heads  the  fore- 
going order,  that  Mr.  Downing  bought  of  John 
Humphrey,  two  ponds  and  high  ground  about  them, 
sufficient  to  have  the  Duck  Coy  free  of  disturbance 
firom  "plowmen,  herdsmen,  or  any  others  passing 
that  way."  He  was  allowed  to  enclose  the  ground, 
if  not  more  than  50  acres  of  upland.  The  two 
ponds  which  he  purchased,  were  Coy  and  Deep  ponds. 
The  name  of  the  former  was  evidently  derived  from 
the  use  to  which  it  was  so  applied.  The  latter, 
though  of  small  compass,  is  about  28  feet  in  depth. 
The  origin  of  its  name  is  evident.  Silver  Pond 
is  dry  most  of  the  year.  It  may  have  been  so 
denominated  from  some  legend  of  piratical  plunder 
hidden  beneath  its  surface.  Besides  the  preceding, 
we  have  Long,  1639,  or  Spring  Pond,  in  the  S.  W. 
division  of  our  township.  It  is  not  far  from  the 
eastern  side  of  the  old  Boston  road.  It  measures 
above  60  acres  and  helps  supply  the  city  aqueduct. 
The  scenery  around  it  is  beautiful  and  romantic. 
Though  a  part  of  South  river,  the  water  above  the 
mills  on  this  stream,  has  been  called  Mill  Pond.  In 
1795,  it  contained  56  acres.  Its  being  divided  by 
the  rail  road,  greatly  changed  its  long  continued 
and  pleasant  aspect. 

Rivers. — Forest,  1639,  between  Salem  and  Mar- 
blehead,  was  denominated  Mashabequash  by  the 
Indians.  In  1795,  it  measured  29  acres.  Its  English 
title  is  likely  to  have  been  given  from  the  abundant 
woods  with  which  it  was  formerly  skirted.  North, 
1637,  was  originally  called  Naumkeag,  from  the 
aborlgiues  who  lived  about  it,  and  were,  as  a  tribe, 
so  named  themselves.    "NaihameV  Ye\\.o\i^^\tfi  ^^asi^ 


RIVERS  PASSED  IN  CANOEa  235 

hither  1633,  deposed  in  1705,  that  this  stream  began 
"  at  Bar  point  and  so  runing  to  the  Perry,  is  divided 
into  fine  seuerall  branches."  South,  1636,  has,  as  a 
cause  of  deep  regret,  lost  the  name,  by  which  it  was 
known  to  Nanepashemet  and  his  subjects.  Tradition 
relates,  that  the  cove  next  above  the  mill  bridge  on 
the  left,  and  opposite  Broad-field,  was  anciently  a 
common  wintering  place  for  vessels.  Relative  to  the 
two  last  streams.  Wood  notes  them,  1633,  in  his  New 
England  Prospect.  He  mentioned  the  manner  in 
which  our  fathers  passed  them  to  and  from  their 
farms  in  north  and  south  fields.  "  There  they  crosse 
these  rivers  with  small  Cannowes,  which  are  made  of 
"whole  pine  trees,  being  about  two  foot  and  a  half 
ouer,  and  20  foot  long."  He  adds,  "  In  these  like-  • 
wise  they  goe  a  fowling,  sometimes  two  leagues  to 
sea.  There  be  more  cannowes  in  this  town  than  in 
all  the  whole  Patent.  Every  houshould  having  a 
water  house  or  two."  With  respect  to  such  river 
vehicles,  there  was  an  order  issued,  1636,  by  the 
Quarterly  Court.  It  runs  as  follows  :  "  It  was  agreed, 
that  all  the  canooes  of  the  North  syde  of  the  Towne, 
shalbe  brought  the  next  2**  day,  being  the  4***  of  5'^ 
mo.  about  9  o'clock,  A.  M.,  unto  the  cove  of  the 
kommon  landing  place  of  the  North  River  by  George 
Harris  his  house.  And  that  all  the  canooes  of  the 
south  syde,  are  to  be  brought  before  the  port  house 
in  the  South  River,  att  the  same  tyme,  then  and 
there  to  be  viewed  by  J.  Halgrave,  P.  Palfrey,  R. 
Waterman,  R.  Conant,  P.  Veren,  or  the  greater  num- 
ber of  them.  And  that  there  shallbe  noe  canooe 
used,  upon  penalty  of  40/.  to  the  owuei  tYiet^o^,  >}casel 
sucb,  as  the  surveiois  shall  allowe  oi  auA.  s^\X  >}aaVt 


236  LOTTERY.    ROCKS.    ISLANDa 

mark  upon,  and  if  any  shall  refuse  or  neglect  to 
bring  their  canooes  to  the  said  places  att  the  tyme 
appointed,  they  shall  pay  for  said  faulte  10/."  The 
price  of  a  good  canoe  with  two  paddles  was  £3. 
But  bridges  succeeded  canoes,  as  a  better  method  to 
cross  our  waters.  The  town  voted,  1789,  that  the 
legislature  be  asked  for  a  Lottery  to  pay  the  cost  of 
clearing  out  the  North  and  South  Rivers.  It  was  not 
granted.  It  was  one  of  like  applications,  long  made 
from  different  quarters,  till  reform  of  the  right  sort 
gave  them  a  check. 

Passing  from  our  inland  streams,  we  come  to 
objects  of  remark  in  our  sea-board  waters.  Among 
the  spots  perilous  for  the  approaching  and  tempest 
beaten  mariners,  are  Johnson^s  Haste,  1697,  Black 
and  Grey  Rocks,  within,  and  Halfway  Rock,  without 
Baker's  Island. 

Islands. — It  is  likely,  that  an  injunction  of  our 
Assistant  Court,  1631,  that  all  Islands  within  the 
limits  of  our  Commonwealth,  should  be  public  pro- 
perty, was  a  precaution  to  quiet  various  conflicting 
claims  about  such  territory.  Our  legislative  authori- 
ties seem  not  to  have  noticed  the  smaller  Islands. 
These,  in  our  own  bounds,  first  call  for  attention. 
Oegles  is  above  the  harbor,  near  Forest  River  Mills. 
There  is  scarce  a  doubt,  but  that  Jeggles  is  its  proper 
orthography.  Another,  named  Jeggles,  was  situated 
in  the  South  River,  lying  "  before  the  door  of  Joseph 
Hardy,  Sen."  It  was  granted,  1684,  to  Thomas 
Gardner.  It  was  allowed  by  the  town,  1726-7,  to 
become  the  foundation  of  the  present  Union  Wharf. 
Winter  Island  has  been  pattvculaclY  noticed.  Coney, 
ia  1795 J  measured  110  po\es.    Ix  ^^  «A^  \.^  ^«^ 


INCOME  FROM  THE  ISLANDS.  237 

Stephen  Sewall,  1693-4,  for  £6,  with  a  reserve  to 
the  town  for  ballast  stones,  below  high  water  mark. 
Eagle,  of  100  poles,  has  a  productive  soil.  Whether 
so  denominated  from  one  of  the  Company's  large 
ships,  or  from  its  being  a  resort  for  '*  the  king  of 
birds,"  is  not  known.  Ram,  of  115  poles,  is  covered 
with  a  wild  growth,  and  is  crossed  by  the  line  be- 
tween Lynn  and  Salem.  Tinker,  of  two  acres  and 
seven^eighths,  has  some  good  ground.  Repeated 
motions  have  been  made  to  sell  these  two  spots,  but 
ineffectually.  They  let  together,  1775,  for  48/.  a 
year,  and,  1797,  for  ^4  50,  and  in  general  sincBi 
for  $6  a  year.  Not  aware  that  Salem  claimed  Tinker 
Island,  John  Prince,  of  Marblehead,  planted  trees 
there,  1806,  for  land  marks.  The  former  town,  ia 
connection  with  the  latter,  petitioned  the  legislature, 
1822,  to  grant  the  United  States  jurisdiction  over  two 
acres  on  the  S.  W.  part  of  the  same  Island,  and  also, 
over  Cat  Island  and  Marblehead  Rock,  to  preserve 
similar  guides  for  seamen.  Our  legislative  acts  show 
no  decision  on  this  subject.  The  Gooseberries,  are 
high  rocks  with  little  earth  on  their  summits.  One  is 
designated  as  the  Eastern,  another  the  Western,  and 
the  last  as  Pope's  Head.  However  sterile  as  to  vege- 
tation, they  afford  large  supplies  of  ballast  stones. 
On  this  account,  they  have  yielded  greater  rents  than 
any  Islands  which  have  belonged  to  Salem.  In  1832, 
they  .brought  |32  a  year  ;  1836-7,  $82  50 ;  1837--8, 
$175;  1838-9,  $212  50;  1839-40,  $250  ;  next  year 
the  same  ;  1841-2,  $125 ;  1842-3,  $135.  The  town 
voted,  1768,  to  sell  the  N.  W.  Gooseberry,  with 
Elagle,  Tinker,  and  Ram  Islands.  It  Nir^ft  v^^^Vst 
21  * 


238         COTTA  GRANTED  TO  GOV.  ENDICOTT. 

their  subsequent  profit,  that  their  purpose  did  not 
succeed.  All  of  the  various  isles,  dotting  their  mari- 
time waters,  which  still  remain  as  their  property,  are 
the  Gooseberries,  Ram,  and  Tinker.  Let  us  now 
survey  the  larger  Islands.  Cat  contains  over  9  acres, 
and  has  springs  at  its  S.  E.  termination.  It  was 
granted,  1655,  by  General  Court,  to  Gov.  Endicott 
and  his  heirs.  It  was  bequeathed,  16S4,  by  Z.  En- 
dicott to  his  daughters,  under  the  designation  of 
Gotta.  This  was  its  proper  name,  which  was  after- 
wards contracted  to  its  present  form.  Proprietors 
of  Marblehead  erected  a  hospital  here,  for  innocu- 
lating  with  the  small  pox,  which  was  burnt,  1774,  by 
a  mob.  This  outrage  led  to  other  threatening  dis- 
turbances. House,  is  so  denominated  from  a  rock  on 
it,  like  a  building.  It  measures  5  acres^  and  is  a  half 
mile  eastward  of  the  Miseries.  These  two,  and 
Baker's,  of  the  remaining  Islands,  are  the  principal 
ones.  There  can  be  little  doubt,  but  that  they  were 
improved,  more  or  less,  while  in  the  hands  of  the 
Colony.  Salem  appears  to  have  had  the  direction  of 
them.  They  instruct  the  selectmen,  1658-9,  to 
ascertain  if  payment  had  been  made  for  Moulton's 
Misery.  This  was  so  named  from  a  disastrous  ship- 
wreck. In  October  of  the  same  year,  several  of  our 
townsmen  petitioned  General  Court  for  leave  to  plant 
com  on  it,  where  they  had  already  set  up  a  fishing 
stage.     Their  request  was  not  allowed.     At  the  first 

^  session  of  the  legislature  in  1660,  Salem  applied  to 
them  for  a  grant  of  the  three  Islands.  Part  of  their 
application  ran  thus :  <<  Whereas  ther  are  certayne 
Hands  neare  our  towne,  eoiaonly  knowen  by  the 

namea  of  the  Misery  a  and  Ba\Letf^  Ti^sjcA^to.  \$st  %Asr 


ISLANDS  GRANTED  TO  SALfiM.  239 

inge  imployments,  a  great  part  of  our  imployment, 
our  humble  request  to  this  honored  Court  is,  that  they 
would  be  pleased  to  grant  the  propriety  of  those  Hands 
to  y*  towne  of  Salem,  and  you  shall  further  ingage 
your  pettioners  to  be  thankfull  to  you,  desiringe 
Almighty  God  to  inable  you  with  his  presence  and 
blessinge  in  all  your  waighty  occasions."  An  affirma- 
tive answer  was  delayed  till  the  next  session.  This 
was  thus  recorded :  "  Vpon  a  motion  made  in  the 
behalfe  of  the  inhabitants  of  Salem,  this  Court 
judgeth  it  meete  to  graunt  to  them  certaine  Islands, 
knowne  by  the  name  of  the  Miseries  and  Baker's 
Island,  lying  in  the  mouth  of  theire  harbor,  provided, 
that  it  shall  be  lawfull  for  any  fishermen  to  make  vse 
of  them  in  making  fish,  and  whatever  conduceth 
thereto,  as  building  houses,  stages,  etc.  as  also  wood 
and  fiaking  in  all  fishing  seasons."  Here  we  have 
another  instance  of  provision,  made  for  the  fishery, 
as  ordered  by  the  Charter.  As  to  the  Miseries,  the 
Great  one  contains  almost  64  acres,  and  the  Little 
between  3  and  4.  They  are  united  by  a  bar,  which, 
at  half  tide,  is  above  water.  John  Lambert  and 
others  petitioned  the  town,  1662-3,  that  they  might 
plant  there,  in  the  course  of  their  fishing  season. 
The  request  wsis  negatived.  Thomas  Tyler  of  Mar- 
tha's Vineyard,  son  of  Masconomet,  the  Ipswich 
Sagamore,  sold  his  claim  on  these  Islands,  1673—4,  to 
Bartholomew  Gale.  Salem,  who,  of  course,  dis- 
countenanced such  a  sale,  leased  the  same  property, 
1678,  to  George  Curwin,  for  1,000  years  and  1  day, 
at  £3  a  year.  This  sum  was  appropriated  for  the 
grammar  school  master.  A  condUiou  ol  >i!^^  ^'^^'^ 
was,  that  the  paving  stones  and  othet  \wJ^asX  wi  ^Mi 


240  MISERIES  LEASED  AND  SOLD. 

shores,  should  be  kept  for  our  inhabitants,  and  that 
they  should  have  the  refusal  of  the  wood  and  timber. 
In  1731,  Benjamin  Marston,  into  whose  possession 
the  lease  had  come,  agreed  to  purchase  the  town's 
fee  ia  such  Islands,  as  he  and  their  committee  should 
agree.  The  reservation  about  the  ballast,  below  high 
water  mark,  was  continued.  The  contract  was  made, 
but  the  price  not  found  on  our  records.  Mr.  Marston, 
at  his  decease,  1754,  left  part  of  the  income  from  the 
Islands,  to  a  proposed  Society  in  New  England  for 
Propagating  the  Gospel  among  Indians.  But,  in  a 
few  years  afterwards,  the  King  refused,  from  political 
motives,  to  sanction  the  act  for  this  association.  In 
1770,  the  Miseries  were  offered  for  sale  by  Benjamin 
Marston  of  Marblehead.  Then  they  had  a  good 
dwelling  house  and  barn,  a  well,  and  a  pond,  useful 
for  watering  the  land.  They  were  divided  into  six 
parts  by  strong  stone  wall.  These  Islands  have  been 
some  cultivated,  but  their  principal  use  has  been  for 
the  pasturage  of  sheep.  They  have  passed  through 
various  hands,  and  have  been  the  source  of  more 
benefit  than  their  name  indicates.  Relative  to  Baker's 
Island,  it  was  so  denominated  as  early  as  1630.  Its 
measurement  is  66  acres,  and  its  distance  from  Win- 
ter Island,  about  4  miles.  In  compliance  with  a 
petition  from  the  selectmen,  it  was  granted,  1660,  to 
Salem,  under  the  restrictions  on  which  the  Miseries 
were  at  the  same  date.  Still  covered  with  the  primi- 
tive forest,  complaints  were  repeatedly  made,  that  its 
woods  suffered  from  depredators.  As  a  ch^ck  to  such 
trespass,  our  municipal  authorities  issued,  1670,  the 
y^auing  order.  <'  Francis  CcUinse  haue  liberty  to  fell 
iM  trees  for  to  build  his  soni  SoVm^to^^nx^^YisraaA^vi^ 


BAK£R'S  ISLAND  LEAS£D  AND  80LD.  241 

himself  a  house,  vpon  Baker's  Hand,  and  ther  to  take 
what  he  wanteth,  and  is  apoynted  to  take  care,  that  not 
any  cutt  timber  or  wood  without  leave  of  Selectmen." 
The  same  evil  continued,  1673,  when  a  committee  was 
empowered  to  have  wood,  illegally  cut  down  there  and 
on  Moulton's  Misery,  brought  away,  and  to  use  suita- 
ble means  to  prevent  similar  intrusion.  So  perplexed, 
the  town  thought  best  to  lease  Baker's  Island  to  John 
Turner,  as  they  did  the  Miseries  to  George  Curwin. 
This  took  place  1678.  The  conditions,  as  to  pay- 
ment, time,  and  reservation,  being  the  same  in  both 
cases.  A  son  of  the  first  lessee,  purchased,  1731,  the 
fee  of  Salem  in  the  premises,  thus  let  to  him.  For 
this  right,  and  also  for  that  in  the  Miseries,  John 
Turner  and  Benjamin  Marston,  offered  £100,  which 
was  not  accepted,  and  the  price  was  left  to  further 
consideration.  In  1759,  a  son  of  the  former  gentle- 
man,  held,  as  tenant,  three-fonrths,  and  Timothy 
Fuller  of  Middleton,  one-fourth  of  the  Island.  A 
question  then  existed  between  them  whether  the  last 
put  on  more  cattle  than  he  ought.  It  was  laid 
before  the  legislature.  After  being  long  appropriated 
for  pasturage,  the  Island  was  selected,  1797,  as  the 
location  for  a  Lighthouse.  The  two  lights  of  so 
needful  an  edifice,  were  first  shown  January  3,  1798. 
Thus  applied  to  benefit  the  mariner  and  the  herdsman, 
the  soil  presents  an  aspect  very  different  from  what  it 
did  when  our  ancestors  first  descried  it  and  sailed  by 
its  shore  to  reach  the  wilds  of  Naumkeag. 

Harbors. — Of  these,  Wood  remarked  in  1633  :  Sa- 
lem "hath  two  good  Harbours,  the  one  being  called 
Winter  and  the  other  Summer  Harbour,  which  lyeth 
withia  Darbies  Fort."     The  former,  as  previously 


242        HARBORS.    WOOD'S  ACCOUNT  OF  SOIL. 

Stated,  is  what  has  long  been  called  Cat  Cove.  With 
reference  to  the  complicated  access  to  the  latter  and 
other  havens,  the  elder  Higginson  observed :  "  They 
are  the  better,  because  for  strangers  there  is  a  verie 
dilficult  and  dangerous  passage  into  them,  but  unto 
such  as  are  well  acquainted  with  them,  they  are  easie 
and  safe  enough."  Had  our  chief  harbor  proved 
suitably  commodious  for  modern  vessels  of  the  laigest 
burthen,  as  our  primitive  settlers  strongly  desired,  it 
would  have  converted  their  beloved  plantation  into 
an  emporium. 

SOIL. 

We  have  a  passage,  in  the  New  England  Prospect, 
of  more  than  two  centuries  old,  which  gives  us  the 
subsequent  description:  Salem  <' stands  on  the  middle 
necke  of  land  very  pleasantly,  having  a  South  river  on 
the  one  side  and  a  North  river  on  the  other  side.  Upon 
this  neck,  where  most  of  the  houses  stand,  is  very  bad 
and  sande  ground.  Yet,  for  seaven  yeares  together, 
it  hath  brought  forth  exceeding  good  corne,  by  being 
fished  but  every  third  yeare.  In  some  places  is  very 
good  ground  and  very  good  timber,  and  divers  springs 
hard  by  the  sea-side.  Although  their  land  be  none 
of  the  best,  yet  beyond  these  rivers  is  a  very  good 
soyle,  where  they  have  taken  farmes  and  get  their 
hay  and  plant  their  corne."  Though  this  descrip- 
tion accords  not  with  scientific  terms,  yet  it  gave  a 
correct  account  of  our  territory.  A  large  portion  of 
our  unsettled  land  on  the  south  and  west,  is  of  rocky 
ridges.  Such  of  these,  as  have  not  come  under  the 
band  of  cultivation,  ate  mostly  unproductive.  The 
V^U^s  between  them  axe  ca^^Y^  ol  \^\&%  Tfis^&s&i^ifi- 


PLOUGHING.    GEOLOGY.  243 

tile.  As  to  the  means  of  reviving  exhausted  soil  by 
fish,  as  above  mentioned,  it  was  a  common  practice 
in  all  our  plantations.  Captain  John  Smith  made  the 
ensuing  remark :  "  In  Virginia  they  never  manure 
their  overworn  fields,  which  are  very  few,  the  ground, 
for  the  most  part,  is  so  fertile  ;  but  in  New  England 
they  do,  striking  at  every  plant  of  corn  a  herring  or 
two,  which  Cometh  in  that  season  in  such  abundance, 
they  may  take  more  than  they  know  what  to  do 
with."  After  fish  became  scarce,  through  abundance 
taken  for  food  of  the  inhabitants  and  for  exportation 
to  foreign  ports,  the  supplies  of  the  barn-yard  and  of 
the  sea-shore,  were  of  course  more  depended  on  to 
strengthen  om:  lands.  Relative  to  the  breaking  up  of 
our  fields,  such  employment  seems  not  to  have  been 
generally  understood  by  our  land-holders.  The  fol- 
lowing vote  of  our  townsmen,  1637,  bears  upon  the 
opinion.  It  was  agreed,  that  if  Richard  Hutchin- 
son "  set  up  ploughing,"  he  should  have  20  acres  of 
land  added,  within  two  years,  to  his  previous  grant. 
Graham  observes,  that  there  were  but  thirty-seven 
ploughs  at  this  time  in  all  Massachusetts.  As  John 
Blackleach,  1638-9,  had  "not  sufficient  ground  to 
mayntaine  a  plough,"  on  his  farm  of  300  acres,  "  the 
towne  for  the  furthering  of  his  endeavours  in  plowing 
and  for  his  incouradgement  therein,"  allow  him  more 
land. 

With  reference  to  the  geological  properties  of  our 
bounds,  they  are  of  several  sorts.  Our  western  sec- 
tion is  mostly  of  greenstone,  with  some  bowlders  of 
granite.  Our  eastern  is  chiefly  of  sienite,  with  some 
porphyry  between  'Lynn  and  Marblehead.  'Pvofe^'swt 
Hitchcock,  in  bis  Geology  of  MassacYiuseUs,  a  -woiS^ 


244  GEOLOGY. 

which  will  long  direct  the  memory  to  the  period  of 
its  being  patronized  by  our  legislative  authorities,  as 
an  Augustan  age  of  our  Commonwealth,  describes 
two  noticeable  localities  within  our  limits.     He  says, 
"  It  is  in  Essex  county  that  we  find  the  most  abun- 
dant and  remarkable  examples  of  dikes  and   veins." 
He  then  instances  Johnson's  Haste  :  "  The  island  is 
only  a  few  rods  m  extent,  and  is  a  naked  rock   of 
sienite,  which  is  traversed  by  several  distinct  veins 
and  dikes  of  granite  and  greenstone.     Over  a  con- 
siderable part  of  the  surface,  it  seems  as  if  the  green- 
stone, in  fragments,  had  been  thrown  into  the  sienite 
while  in  a  soft  state,  and  then  the  whole  had  been 
consolidated.     We  have,  at  this  place,  rocks   of  at 
least  five,  and  perhaps  more  epochs."   He  then  speaks 
of   the  other   place :    "  By  far  the  most  remarkable 
case  of  dikes  and  veins  that  I  have  found,  occurs  in 
the   north  part  of  Salem,  on  the  left  hand  of  the 
bridge  that  passes  to  Beverly,  and  only  a  few  rods 
west  of  it."     He  proceeds  to  specify  the  varieties  of 
which  the  rock  is  composed,  as  greenstone,  reddish 
granite  and   feldspar.     He   continues,   "  The  whole 
space  represented  is  36  by  27  feet,  and  the  lower  part 
of  it  is  covered  by  the  ocean  at  high  tide,  and  the 
upper  part  by  soil.     I  have  spent  a  good  deal  of  time 
in  examining  this  complicated  and  very  interesting 
net  work  of  veins  and  dikes  ;  and  I  cannot  see  why 
we  have  not  evidence  here  of  the  extraordinary  fact- 
unique  so  far  as  I  know— of  eleven  successive  erup- 
tions of  granite  and  trap  rock." 


CORN.    PRICES.  245 


PRODUCTIONS. 


These,  of  the  animal  and  vegetable  kinds,  have 
been  raised  in  various  quantities,  according  to  the 
extent  of  our  soil  and  the  pursuits  of  our  population. 
We  shall  speak  of  them  mostly  in  familiar  language. 

Grain, — When  our  ancestors  first  reached  these 
shores,  they  discovered  corn  cultivated  by  the  natives, 
and  hence  they  called  it  Indian  Corn.  They  had  a 
field  of  it  in  comtnon  with  the  Naumkeags.  They 
correctly  appreciated  it  as  among  the  principal  com- 
mendations and  supports  of  the  settlement.  In  a 
letter  of  1631,  from  Gov.  Endicott  to  Gov.  Winthrop^ 
we  have  the  ensuing  passage  :  "  I  thought  further  to 
write  what  my  judgment  is  for  the  dismissing  of  the 
Court  till  corn  be  set.  It  will  hinder  us  that  are  afar 
off  exceedingly,  and  not  further  you  there.  Men's 
labour  is  precious  here  in  corn  setting  time,  the  Plain 
tation  being  yet  so  weak."  To  prevent  the  scarcity 
of  such  grain,  the  magistrates  order,  that  no  person 
should  feed  his  swine  on  it,  except  such  as  is  exam* 
ined  by  two  or  three  of  his  neighbors  and  by  them 
accounted  <<  unfit  for  man's  meat."  Its  price,  1634, 
was  4/6  a  bushel;  1636,  6/;  and  fell  to  2/6  before 
1643.  At  the  date  last  mentioned,  corn  became  so 
scarce,  that,  as  Winthrop  relates,  "  Many  families,  in 
most  towns,  had  none  to  eat,  but  were  forced  to  live 
of  clams,  cataos,  dry  fish,  etc."  Then,  as  in  all  such 
emergencies,  human  selfishness  was  on  the  alert  for 
gain,  and  benevolence  cast  into  the  back  ground. 
From  1643  to  1694,  corn  generally  averaged  from  2/3 
to  3/.  a  bushel.     In  that  period  its  VugVveeX  N^xwaX^ssfiL 

22 


246  SQUIRRELS  DESTROY  CORN.    GRAIN. 

for  colony  taxes  was  3/6  and  lowest  1/2.  Before 
the  farms,  so  called,  became  a  part  of  Danvers,  they 
furnished  liberal  supplies  of  so  valuable  an  article. 
There  and  in  other  divisions  of  our  township,  it  has 
suffered  occasionally  while  on  the  stock,  from  different 
animals.  An  instance  of  this  sort  is  told,  1711,  in  a 
diary  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Green :  "  Killed  grey  squirrels 
that  devour  the  corn  exceedingly.  They  have  eaten 
one  quarter  of  my  corn.  It  is  said  there  are  millions 
of  them  in  this  village."  Of  other  enemies,  with 
which  such  productions  have  had  to  contend  at  vari- 
ous periods,  there  are  divers  accounts.  Gov.  Win- 
throp  remarked,  July,  1646 :  "  Great  harm  was  done 
to  corn,  especially  wheat  and  barley,  in  this  month, 
by  a  caterpillar,  like  a  black  worm  about  one  and  a 
half  inch  long."  So  it  was  1666  and  1685.  In 
1770,  canker-worms,  having  spread  through  a  large 
section  of  New  England,  appeared  in  July  at  Salem. 
To  prevent  their  ravages,  some  of  our  farmers  dug 
trenches  round  their  corn-fields.  With  regard  to  bar- 
ley, rye  and  wheat,  it  is  very  likely  that  Mr.  Conant 
and  his  associates  endeavored  to  raise  them  on  our 
soil.  Such  an  experiment  had  been  successfully 
made,  before  1629,  at  Plymouth  colony.  At  this 
date,  fresh  seed  of  such  articles  was  imported  to 
Naumkeag  from  London.  Then  they  were  denomi- 
nated, by  our  emigrants,  English  corn — a  phrase  used 
to  the  present  day,  in  Great  Britain,  to  the  exclusion 
of  maize.  The  statement  of  Johnson,  1633,  that  "a 
small  gleane  of  rye  was  brought  to  the  Court,  as  the 
first  fruits  of  English  graine,"  seems  to  indicate  that 
previous  efforts  to  cultivate  such  grain  were  unsuc- 
cessfaL    But  this  indicalVon  \«  xiox  %\xs\»mv^^  Vj  ^^^\.i^. 


CARGO  OP  WHEAT-STAPLE.  247 

At  the  same  period,  Wood  says,  that  however  "  no 
great  try  all  "  had  been  made  to  raise  wheat,  still  it 
was  found  to  "  grow  well  in  gardens."  In  1630,  the 
Planters'  Plea,  having  spoken  highly  of  our  corn,  says, 
"  If  wee  like  not  that,  we  may  make  use  of  our  owne 
Graines,  (in  Massachusetts,)  which  agree  well  with 
that  soyle."  The  General  Court  order,  1641,  that  a 
deputy  from  Salem  and  other  towns,  inform  Captain 
Gibbons  how  much  wheat  may  be  ready  the  follow- 
ing March,  as  an  adventure  for  England,  and  to  be 
exchanged  there  for  needed  commodities.  In  con- 
nection with  this,  the  same  authorities  remark,  that 
wheat  is  likely  to  become  a  staple  commodity  of 
Massachusetts.  That  the  intended  ship-load  of  it 
might  not  fall  short,  they  forbid  all  persons  to  malt  it 
and  to  have  its  floiu:  baked  for  sale,  except  for  the 
use  of  vessels.  For  taxes,  at  the  colonial  treasury, 
1642,  wheat  and  barley  passed  at  4/.,  rye  and  peas  at 
3/4  a  bushel.  As  our  ancestors  drank  beer  instead  of 
other  beverages  common  since  their  day,  they  thus 
used  no  small  quantities  of  barley.  Peas  were  classed 
by  them  under  the  general  term  of  com.  One  of  our 
early  residents  described  beans  as  well  as  wheat,  un- 
der the  head  of  grain.  Both  peas  and  beans,  being 
indigenous,  were  raised  by  our  first  settlers.  As  these 
made  considerable  use  of  oat-meal,  it  is  likely  that 
they  began  to  cultivate  oats  not  long  after  their  arri- 
val. Among  the  productions,  paid  for  public  rates, 
1680,  were  oats  at  1/8  a  bushel.  Concerning  this 
sort  of  grain,  and  rye  and  wheat,  as  being  injured 
by  barberry  bushes,  Salem,  1747,  issue  an  order,  that 
these  shrubs  should  be  destroyed.     An  ^jcX  ^"^  ^^oa. 


248  HA^-    HA^  SCALES. 

Legislature  was  passed,  1758,  for  a  like  purpose. 
While  narrating  the  manner  in  which  the  proscribed 
plants  did  the  work  of  desolation,  it  uses  terms  hardly 
consonant  with  those  of  botanical  science  in  the  pres- 
ent age.  It  says,  "  By  the  steam's  flying  oflf  from 
them,  they  are  fomid  by  experience  to  blast."  From 
1642  to  1694,  wheat  was  generally  from  4/.  to  6/. ;  as 
low  as  2/9  one  year ;  barley  from  4/.  to  5/6 — its  least 
price  2/6 ;  rye,  3/4  to  5/. — once  2/. ;  peas  3/4.  to  5/. — 
lowest  estimation  3/.  a  bushel.  On  the  province  and 
state  valuations,  the  subsequent  returns  of  grain,  as 
raised  by  this  town,  are  given.  No  doubt,  peas  and 
beans  are  excluded  from  the  account,  however  our 
fathers  may  have  classed  them.  1768,  3,113  bushels 
of  grain;  1771,  1,820  bushels.  The  number  of  bush* 
els  is  not  given  in  the  three  next  returns;  but  they 
may  be  calculated  more  or  less  correctly.  In  1771, 
there  were  86J  acres  of  tillage.  Give  this  in  subse- 
quent years  as  the  ratio  to  1,820  bushels,  and  we  have 
not  far  from  the  fact.  In  1779,  we  had  500  acres  of 
tillage;  1781,  299,  and  1791,  323  acres.  In  1801, 
we  had  9,020  bushels  of  corn  ;  1811,  6,735  bushels; 
1821,  1,450;  1831,  7,035,  and  1840,  1,940  bushels. 
In  1821,  we  had  215  bushels  of  barley.  By  a  return 
to  Congress,  1840,  Salem  raised  in  a  year,  530  bush- 
els of  barley,  100  of  oats,  80  of  rye,  and  2,600  of 
buckwheat. 

Hay. — On  coming  hither,  our  settlers  found  abun- 
ance  of  grass  to  cut  and  dry.  They  soon  introduced 
the  English  grasses  from  their  "father  land."  As 
their  limits  were  restricted,  their  crops  of  such  fodder 
were  consequently  less.     In    1747,  Joseph   Buflfum 


SCARCITY  OF  HAY.    ITS  QUANTITY.  249 

-was  allowed  by  our  municipal  authorities,  to  "erect 
an  engine  for  weighing  hay,"  according  to  rules  from 
the  selectmen.      The  diary  of  Doctor  Holyoke  in- 
forms us,  that  in  1749,  the  crop  of  this  product  was 
less  than  usual  by  9-lOths  through  the  province,  and, 
1762,  that  it  was  very  scarce  and  was  sold  for  $20  a 
ton.     The  inhabitants  here  voted,  1768,  to  have  hay 
scales  built  near  the  first  alms-house,  and  the  income 
of   them  for  town  use.      The  charge  for  weighing 
such  an  article,  1772,  was  J^  a  cwt.  for  loads  of  above 
8  cwt.,  and  4^  for  each  load  of  a  less  quantity.     John 
Elson,  at  the  same  date,  was  allowed  all  fees  from 
the  public  scales  by  paying  £3  6»  8^  a  year  for  them. 
Having  been  moved  twice  to  locations  westward  of 
the  present  grammar   school,  they  were   exchanged 
1826,  for  patent  balances.     These  were  discontinued 
there  1831.     At  this  date  a  new  place  for  weighing 
hay  was  appointed   on  Forrester  road,  which,  to  ac- 
commodate the  new  court-house,  was  supplied,  1841, 
by  another,  on  the  same  way,  at  the  side  of  Howard 
street  burial  ground.     A  vote  passed,  1789,  to  have 
hay  scales  made  near  the  work-house,  by  the  com- 
mon.    They  were  finished  and  let  for  a  yearly  rent 
of  £13  19' ;  in   1797,  for  $30,  and   1799,  for  $102, 
and  afterwards  for  a  higher  price.     They  were  or- 
dered, 1826,  to  be  united  with  those  of  Broad  Street. 
The  one,  so  composed  of  two,  has  yielded  an  annual 
average  profit  of  $91,  for  the  last  eight  years.     For 
the  financial  year  just  closed,  it  has  cleared  $177  69. 
Amount  of  hay  weighed  at  the  city  scales  is  as  fol- 
lows:  From  1839  to  1840,  165  tons;  1840  to   1841, 
1,640  tons;  1841  to  1842,  1,330  tons-,  184^\.o\%<a^ 

22* 


250  VEGETABLES. 

1,502  tons.  In  the  province  and  state  valuation  lists, 
we  have  the  following  returns  as  to  this  commodity, 
raised  in  Salem : 

1768,  Eoglish, .  395}  tonn,        Meadow,  .  10        Salt,  .  60i 
1771,       *•         61di    «•  "  3  "        51 

The  two  ensuing  decades  give  us  only  the  acres  : 

1781,  English  and  upland,  434        Meadow,  37        Salt,  123 
1791,        "  "       192i  "         8  ««      44 

The  remaining  decades  show  the  tons  of  hay : 


1801,  English, 

.  2lPil  tons, 

Meadow, 

.  00 

Salt, 

.  18 

1811,       " 

77o|    " 

u 

5 

(( 

354 

18*21,       «' 

559      " 

K 

4 

<• 

46 

1831,       « 

877      « 

(C 

17 

c< 

70 

1841,       «' 

1,0G7      " 

(( 

17 

f( 

59 

It  is  observable,  from  the  preceding  and  other  data, 
that  while  an  acre  of  English  mowing  ground,  before 
1811,  yielded  but  little  above  a  half  ton  of  hay,  then 
and  since  it  has  averaged  over  a  whole  ton.  This 
shows  a  hopeful  advance  in  one  department  of  agri- 
culture. Though  the  meadow  lands  occasionally  ex- 
ceed the  marsh  in  crops,  yet  both  of  them  have  gen- 
erally yielded  from  a  half  to  a  ton  per  acre. 

Garden  Vegetables, — Besides  beans  and  peas,  men- 
tioned under  grain,  our  ancestors  had  nearly  all  the 
same  kinds  of  vegetables  which  we  have.  Mr.  Hig- 
ginson  wrote,  1629  :  **  This  country  aboundeth  natu- 
rally with  store  of  roots  of  great  varietie  and  good  to 
eat.  Our  turnips,  parsnips  and  carrots  are  here  both 
bigger  and  sweeter  than  is  ordinary  to  be  found  in 
England.    Here  are  store  of  pumpions,  cowcumben 


POTATOES— RAISED  IN  LONDONDERRY.        251 

and  other  things  of  that  nature."  He  adds  to  these 
leeks  and  onions.  Some  species  of  the  squash  were 
natured  to  the  soil.  Whatever  culinary  commodities 
were  not  found  here  by  the  emigrants,  or  if  found, 
were  degenerated,  were  soon  supplied  or  improved  by 
imported  seed.  As  among  their  common  sauce,  Jos- 
selyn,  on  his  second  visit  to  New  England,  1663, 
spoke  of  asparagus,  beets,  cabbages,  lettuce  and  rad- 
ishes. That  the  cultivation  of  all  such  things  might 
be  properly  and  profitably  understood,  Mr.  Cradock, 
as  before  stated,  had  sent  two  gardeners  for  this  place, 
ere  the  foregoing  extract  was  written.  The  company 
ordered,  1629,  that  potatoes  should  be  transported  to 
our  plantation  for  the  purpose  of  being  cultivated.  It 
is  very  likely  that  this  was  done.  In  1636,  Bermuda 
potatoes  sold  in  our  colony  for  2^  a  pound.  Whether 
our  fathers  cultivated  such  a  vegetable  at  first  or  not, 
they  seemed  to  prefer  turnips,  that  were  long  used 
with  all  the  freeness  with  which  we  now  use  pota- 
toes. Such  preference  began  to  give  way  about  1733, 
in  this  vicinity.  From  that  period,  potatoes,  deserv- 
edly called  by  Donaldson,  "the  bread-root  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,''  became  increasingly  popular, 
till  many  families  would  almost  as  soon  do  without 
meat  for  dinner  as  without  them.  It  has  been  re- 
peatedly stated,  that  the  Irish,  who  descended  from 
Scotch  Presbyterians,  and  settled  Londonderry,  1719, 
were  followed  by  their  friends  before  1722,  and  that 
these  last  introduced  the  potatoe,  "  till  then  unknown 
in  New  England."  This  statement  does  not  entirely 
agree  with  the  preceding  remarks.  Nor  does  it  fully 
harmonize  with  the  fact,  that  potatoes  wet^  ivi^V  ^^x- 
Tied  from  this  country  to  Ireland,  and  Ocieie  cxAVyn^x.^^ 


252  ^LAX  AND  HEMP. 

by  order  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh.  Tt  is  not  unlikely 
that  such  a  vegetable  was  known  to  the  Naumkeags 
and  to  our  primitive  settlers,  who  declined  to  raise  it 
abundantly,  because  another  was  more  acceptable  to 
their  taste.  A  report  to  Congress  of  1840,  makes  an 
annual  produce  of  potatoes  in  Salem,  11,200  bushels. 
It  also  gives  the  value  of  a  year's  produce  by  our 
market  gardeners,  at  $400.  Among  the  modern  in- 
troductions of  agriculture  to  our  fields,  we  have  the 
Swedish  turnip. 

Flax  and  Hemp, — Besides  hop-roots,  ordered  by 
the  company  for  this  plantation,  1629,  was  the  addi- 
tion of  flax  and  hemp  seed.  The  Planters'  Plea  ob- 
serves, the  soil  "  being  naturally  apt  for  hempe  and 
flax,  may  promise  us  linen  suflicient  with  our  labor." 
The  authorities  of  Salem  allowed  Samuel  Cornhill, 
1641,  an  acre  of  land  for  the  cultivation  of  the  for- 
mer. The  same  year  our  Legislature  required  mas- 
ters to  instruct  their  children  and  servants  to  work  on 
wild  hemp,  "  growing  all  over  the  country."  As 
evidence  of  continued  interest  about  these  products, 
our  townsmen  were  warned,  1645-6,  to  assemble  and 
consider  the  subject  of  sowing  hemp  and  flax  seed. 
To  encourage  the  raising  of  such  articles,  the  Legis- 
lature, 1731,  ofiered  liberal  premiums  for  five  years. 
This  was  renewed.  Among  our  municipal  oflicers 
of  1735,  were  surveyors  of  the  same  commodities. 
These  were  so  generally  cultivated  in  our  province, 
that  they  were  taken  at  the  public  treasury  for  taxes, 
1737 — flax  at  6**  and  hemp  at  4**  a  pound.  This  was 
done  for  several  years.  Messrs.  Joseph  Blaney  and 
Samuel  Barton,  Jr.,  in  a  letter  from  Salem,  dated 
January  J  1765  ^  to  Edmund  QL\xme,^^'Eias\j^^\3a\i5i  >jMax 


FRUITS.    DOMESTIC  AND  FOREIGN  GRAPES.     253 

experiment  in  raising  hemp.  They  say,  that  each  of 
the  ten  acres  of  land,  planted  by  them  for  this  pur- 
pose the  preceding  Spring,  yielded  from  7  to  10  cwt. 
They  remark,  that  such  a  plant  was  as  easily  culti- 
vated as  flax,  and  might  be  very  profitable.  They 
express  their  wonder  that  it  is  no  more  extensively 
produced. 

Fruits, — Of  these  Mr.  Higginson  related,  1629, 
"  Mulberries,  plums,  raspberries,  corrance,  chesnuts, 
filberds,  wa'nuts,  smalnuts,  hnrtleberries,  and  hawes 
of  white  thorne  neere  as  good  as  our  cherries  in  Eng- 
land, they  grow  in  plentie  here."  He  before  spoke 
of  wild  strawberries  as  abundant  in  the  plantation. 
Among  other  indigenous  fruits  were  black,  blue,  crane, 
goose  and  thimble  berries,  and  the  oil  nut.  About 
1663,  Indians  sold  chesnuts  for  1»  a  bushel.  Mea- 
sures were  taken  in  London,  1629,  to  supply  our 
colonists  with  stones  of  the  cherry  and  peach,  and 
with  seeds  of  the  apple,  pear  and  quince.  In  1648-9, 
William  Trask  exchanged  250  acres  of  land  with 
Governor  Endicott,  for  600  apple  trees  of  three  years 
growth.  In  the  valuations  of  Salem,  were  the  fol- 
lowing barrels  of  cider  returned,  with  the  year  pre- 
fixed: 1768,  140  barrels ;  1771,39;  1791,9;  1811, 
32,  and  1821,  31.  A  statement  of  the  judicial  mar- 
shal, 1840,  sets  the  value  of  our  orchard  products  for 
a  year,  at  $1,730.  Respecting  grapes,  as  the  descrip- 
tion of  Mr.  Higginson  states,  they  were  plentiful  and 
much  was  expected  from  them.  It  was  supposed 
that  they  would  furnish  wines  for  the  European  mar- 
ket. Means  were  used  to  raise  the  foreign  grape  here. 
Mr.  Herbert  Pelham,  1635,  sent  over  diffetewX  s\jfe^\ft% 
of  vines  to  Governor  Winthrop ;  but  l\xe  co\dA\^'a&  ^\ 


254    REGULATIONS  FOR  CUTTING  TREES. 

our  soil  appears  to  have  discouraged  the  long  cul- 
tivation of  them,  though  within  twenty  years,  parts 
of  the  same  territory  have  been  successfully  applied, 
to  a  considerable  degree,  for  such  a  purpose.  The 
unprofitableness  of  our  native  grapes  put  an  end  to 
the  vineyards  in  which  they  were  planted. 

Trees, — The  account  of  Mr.  Higginson,  1629,  re» 
marks  :  "  For  wood  there  is  no  better  in  the  worlde, 
I  thinke,  here  being  foure  sorts  of  oke.  There  is 
also  good  ash,  elme,  willow,  birch,  beech,  saxafras, 
juniper,  cipres,  cedar,  spruce,  pines  and  firre,  that  will 
yield  abundance  of  turpentine,  pitch,  tarre,  masts, 
and  other  materials  for  building  both  ships  and  houses. 
Also  here  are  store  of  sumacke  trees.  They  are  good 
for  dying  and  tanning  of  leather.  Likewise  such 
trees  yeeld  a  precious  gem  called  wine  benjamin,  that 
they  say  is  excellent  for  perfumes."  The  list,  here 
quoted,  may  be  enlarged  by  other  trees,  natural  to 
our  soil,  as  the  aspin,  bass,  locust  and  maple,  with 
such  as  bear  fruits,  specified  under  the  last  head. 
However  the  forests,  composed  of  the  preceding 
varieties,  once  spread  over  our  territory,  they  have 
scarcely  a  remnant  here  and  there.  Our  garden  fruit 
trees  are  of  foreign  origin.  With  regard  to  our  orna- 
mental trees,  they  were  chiefly  of  the  elm,  mulberry, 
pine,  spruce  and  willow  till  nearly  a  half  century  ago. 
Then  came  the  Lombardy  poplar,  which  was  in  great 
vogue,  till  suspected  of  breeding  a  poisonous  asp. 
This  with  its  liability  to  speedy  decay  and  its  injury 
to  the  soil  around  it,  proved  its  rejection  in  less  than 
twenty  years.  Like  descending  fame,  its  degradation 
was  speedier  than  its  elevation.  Weeping  willowSi 
regaiaing  their  fonnei  {avot)\ioi^ft-^«8Gix>x«si\\Sisyuie- 


SHIP  TIMBER.  255 

tain  ash  succeeded  the  poplar.     About  ten  years  since 
the  catalpa  was  introduced. 

While  the  forest  was  gradually  diminished  in  our 
borders,  frequent  rules  were  adopted  by  our  townsmen 
for  its  regulation.  In  1635-6,  "  Whosoever  hath  or 
shall  cutt  any  trees  and  leave  them  in  the  paths  about 
the  towne  to  the  disturbance  of  carts,  catle  or  pas- 
sengers, not  being  removed  within  fiftene  dayes, 
shall  forfeit  6/.  for  each  such  offence.  InformerS| 
with  evidence,  to  haue  halfe  of  the  fynes."  After 
several  months  an  additional  order  was  made.  It  was 
voted  that  if  any  tree  remained  in  the  way,  when  cut 
down  on  the  town  commons,  for  one  month,  any 
person  might  take  it  "  to  his  owne  proper  vse."  It 
was  ordered,  1640,  "  That  such  as  have  timber  trees 
within  twoe  miles  of  the  towne  of  Salem,  and  any 
timber  trees  within  one  mile  of  Marblehead,  that  are 
fitt  for  shippinge,  that  such  as  haue  felled  them,  shall 
be  paid  for  theer  labour,  either  for  theer  felling,  which 
is  done  already,  or  for  sawinge,  if  they  will  bestow 
that  labor  vppon  them  for  plank  for  shippinge,  to  be 
paid  by  such  ship  carpenters,  as  are  willing  to  imploy 
them  for  that  vse.  And  that  none  shall  cleaue  such 
trees  vp  to  clapboards  or  pipe  staues.  And  if  the  ship 
carpenters  shall  refuse  the  said  plank,  so  sawed,  at  the . 
rate  of  the  Countrie,  then  it  shall  be  lawfull  for  them 
to  sell  them  to  any  other."  Thus  careful,  that  our 
forest  trees,  fit  for  the  erection  of  vessels,  should  not 
be  employed  for  less  appreciated  purposes,  our  fathers 
again  endeavored,  1642,  to  arrest  an  increasing  prac- 
tice of  cutting  them  down,  on  our  commons,  without 
proper  liberty.  Their  injunction  ran  t\\\xa\  ^^^\v«» 
Bball  noe  more  trees  be  felled  by  any  laaa  VvxSD^xi^dDA 


S56  FUEL.    LUMBER. 

lymits  of  Salem,  vnless  it  be  in  men's  proprietfeSi 
vppon  the  payne  of  20/.  for  everie  such  tree  felled  by 
any  man,  whither  inhabitant  or  stranger,  and  that  this 
order  be  presently  published  and  notice  given  to  such 
as  sett  them  on  work,  provided,  that  this  order  extend 
not  to  any  that  shall  fell  any  tymber  for  his  owne 
building,  or  fencing,  or  building  of  ships  here,  within 
the  lymits  of  our  towne,  without  spetiall  lycence  from 
a  magistrate."  Admonitions  of  this  sort  came  long 
and  often  from  the  lips  of  our  authorities.  Then,  as 
ever,  conscience  was  generally  far  less  scrupulous 
about  public  injury,  than  private  detriment.  The 
temptation  which  so  tried  it,  has  passed  away.  With 
the  preceding  interdicts,  came  some  permissions. 
Leave  was  given,  1670,  to  cut  fire  wood  "  lying 
deepe  vppon  the  ground  in  swamps."  The  same 
year,  William  Lord  was  appointed  "corder  of  wood," 
and  to  have  3**  a  cord,  paid  by  the  purchaser.  The 
period  has  long  since  gone  by  when  our  own  soil 
furnished  us  with  abundant  fuel.  The  diary  of  Dr. 
Holyoke  informs  us,  that  in  February  of  1757,  it 
being  very  cold  with  much  snow,  wood  was  sold  here 
for  £4  to  £4  16'  per  cord.  The  only  specific  returns 
of  our  wood  land  to  General  Court,  as  found  on  their 
•  documents,  were  70  acres  in  1811,  and  14  in  1821. 
Our  dependence  for  fire  materials,  is  on  other  places. 
Besides  abundance  of  coal,  the  wood  and  bark  brought 
to  Salem  market  from  adjacent  towns,  were  1,860 
cords  from  1838  to  9  ;  l,792i— 1839  to  40  ;  1,819J 
—1840  to  1 ;  l,540i— 1841  to  2 ;  1,460—1842  to  3. 
This  is  but  a  small  proportion  of  what  is  annually 
imported  into  our  city  from  more  distant  parts,  chiefly 
from  Maine.     The  iud\c\9\  maxd[\sii  oi  Q\tt  ^^xioBAa- 


JOSSELTN  S  ACCOUNT  OF  PLANTS.  257 

wealth,  in  1840,  estimated  that  30,000  cords  were 
sold  in  Salem  during  a  year.  In  lieu  of  exporting 
lumber  and  timber  from  our  own  limits,  we  have  long 
had  it  brought  to  us,  principally  from  the  last  men- 
tioned State.  The  following  quantities,  which  came 
by  water,  were  landed  here  and  surveyed :  1840  to 
1841—538  10-40  tons  of  hewed  timber ;  4,102,686 
feet  of  pine,  spruce,  and  hemlock  lumber  and  timber ; 
45,983  feet  of  hard  wood  lumber,  board  measure,  and 
6,696  feet  of  scab,  ranging  timber.  1841  to  1842 — * 
577  3-40  tons  of  the  first  among  these  articles ; 
4,090,081  feet  of  the  second  ;  82,970  feet  of  hard 
wood  and  mahogany  timber,  board  measure.  1842 
to  1843—709  38-40  of  the  first ;  5,611,869  of  the 
second,  and  37,506  of  the  third,  except  mahogany, 
with  the  addition  of  lumber,  in  the  last  year. 

Before  leaving  the  productions  of  a  vegetable  kind, 
it  is  thought  advisable  to  give  a  general  outline  of 
the  plants,  not  previously  enumerated  and  anciently 
known  as  the  growth  of  our  soil.  In  his  Rarities  of 
New  England,  Mr.  Josselyn  described  the  plants 
which  were  natives  of  our  territory  and  still  common 
in  Old  England.  The  following  is  a  list  of  this  class 
in  his  own  orthography.  Alder's  tongue,  (probably 
adder's,)  autumn  bell  flower,  alexanders,  angelica,, 
arsmart,  avens,  brakes,  catmint,  chickweed,  cinkfoil, 
clivers,  clotbur,  columbines,  catstail,  daflfodill  yellow, 
dewgrass,  dogstones,  dovesfoot,  dragons,  earth  nut, 
egrimony,  fearn,  flower  de  luce  blue,  fuss  balls,  glass- 
wort,  hedghog  grass,  hellibore  white,  herb  Robert, 
knobby  cranes  bill,  lilly  convalie,  lilly  red,  lilly  water, 
liverwort,  matweed,  mouse  ear,  oak  of  G^.^5»fiLQcsa.^ 

23 


258  ANCIENT  BOTANT. 

oak  of  Hierusalem,  pellamount,  peimiroyal,  pimperneli 
purcelane,  rosepennywort,  rupterwort,  St.  Johnswort^ 
St.  Peterswort,  sea  plantane.  of  three  species,  small 
water  archer,  Solomon's  seal,  of  three  species,  sorrel, 
speedwell,  spurge  lawrel,  spurge  time,  stitchwort, 
tormenlile,  violets,  of  three  species,  watercresses,  wild 
mint,  woodbine,  woodwax,  and  yarrow.  The  same 
author  gives  an  account  of  plants  which  grew  here 
and  not  in  England.  Briony,  or  rather  scammony, 
hollow  leaved  lavender,  Homer's  molley,  live  forever, 
loosestrife,  maiden  hair,  marygold,  mountain  lillie, 
mustard.  New  England  daysie,  pirola,  of  two  species, 
pooke,  sarsaparilla,  of  two  varieties,  sea  tears,  solar 
plant,  sweet  fern,  sweet  flag,  true  love,  tree  primrose, 
and  wild  damask  roses.  Mr.  Josselyn  then  described 
several  of  our  native  plants,  as  having  no  name.  Of 
such  were  the  noli  me  tangere,  skunk  cabbage,  small 
sun  flower,  and  snake  head.  He  also  gave  a  list  of 
plants,  having  "  sprung  up  since  the  English  planted 
and  kept  cattle  in  New  England."  Some  of  this 
order  are  previously  mentioned.  Black  henbane, 
blood  root,  cheekweed,  clotbur,  compherie,  couch- 
grass,  dandelion,  groundsel,  knot  grass,  mallows, 
mayweed,  mullen,  nettles  stinging,  night  shade,  pa- 
tience, plaintain,  "  which  the  Indians  call  English 
man's  foot,  as  though  produced  by  their  treading," 
sharp  pointed  dock,  shepherd's  purse,  sow  thistle, 
wild  arrach,  and  wormwood.  As  his  final  head  on 
this  topic,  the  same  author  narrated  the  plants  of 
England  which  grew  well  in  our  territory.  Of  this 
class  are  the  following.  Annis,  bayes,  burnet,  cherval, 
coriander,  dill,  English  roses,  enula  campana,  fennel, 
fetherfeWj   gilly  ftoweis,  gtoxiu^  *vi^,  YkcXV^  hocks, 


VARIETIES  OF  FLOWERS  AND  FRUITS.  259 

hous  leek,  rauschata,  musk  mellon,  parsley,  pepper* 
wort,  purslain,  sage,  smaliedge,  spearmiut,  summer 
and  winter  savory,  sweet  briar  or  eglantine,  tansie, 
and  white  satten.  As  our  pasture  lands  hare  come 
under  cultivation,  so,  of  course,  accommodations  for 
our  wild  plants  have  diminished.  The  period  will 
soon  elapse,  when  the  quantity  and  number  of  them 
must  be  less  than  even  now.  The  most  of  those 
which  find  no  protection  in  our  gardens,  will,  ere 
long,  cease  to  appear  within  our  boundaries.  It  is 
readily  perceived,  that  the  foregoing  arrangement  and 
expression  of  Mr.  Josselyn,  differ  considerably  from 
the  mode  of  modern  botanists.  Still  it  contains  the 
substance  of  knowledge,  which  is  always  sciencej 
though  less  regularly  presented  than  subsequent  ex- 
perience would  dictate.  It  affords  an  opportunity  to 
institute  comparisons,  which  show  that  the  products 
of  our  territory  were  investigated  many  years  ago, 
and  that  there  is  cause  for  congratulation,  that  much 
progress  has  been  made  in  this  department  of  human 
study. 

In  some  respects,  marked  is  the  contrast  between 
our  ancient  and  modern  productions.  The  founders 
of  a  community  struggle  to  introduce  and  continue 
the  necessaries  of  subsistence,  and  leave  to  their 
posterity  the  advancement  which  results  from  well- 
applied  age,  wealth,  and  leisure.  The  annual  display 
of  flowers  and  fruits  in  our  own  city  and  other  places, 
discover  such  difference.  Many  of  our  yards  and 
gardens  give  similar  testimony.  Of  late  years,  much 
attention  has  been  paid,  by  a  portion  of  our  citizens, 
to  the  culture  of  the  dahlia,  geranium,  lo^^,  Xxs^v^^ 
verbena,  and  others  of  the  floral  otdex.    TiVi^ft  ^m^ 


260  TOMATO.    ANIMAL  PRODUCTIONS. 

year's  exhibition  of  the  Natural  History  Society, 
whose  exertions  deserve  high  praise,  presented  60 
varieties  of  the  geranium,  160  of  the  rose,  200  of  the 
dahlia,  and  so  liberally  of  other  kindred  specimens. 
A  like  enterprise  is  manifested  with  reference  to  fruits. 
The  same  Association  showed,  last  autumn,  300  va- 
rieties— 10  of  the  grape,  30  of  the  peach,  70  of  the 
apple,  150  of  the  pear,  and  the  rest  of  various  samples. 
As  a  newly  adopted  vegetable  among  us,  is  the  to- 
mato. Being  a  native  of  South  America,  it  was 
carried  to  Europe  and  raised  in  England  before  1600. 
Still,  for  a  long  period,  it  was  no  favorite  in  our 
northern  States.  For  twenty  years,  it  has  been  rising 
in  the  estimation  of  our  larger  towns  and  cities.  It 
is  now  extensively  used  by  the  people  of  Salem.  It 
bids  fair  to  hold  a  long  reign  among  the  fashions  of 
the  esculent  kingdom.  Like  the  potato,  slow  in  its 
rise,  it  is  likely  to  be  slow  in  its  fall. 

ANIMAL  PRODUCTIONS. 

These  have  been  generally  mentioned  on  pages  119, 
120,  121,  according  to  the  relation  of  Mr.  Higginson. 

Fowl — Of  these,  the  same  writer  remarked,  1629 : 
"  They  are  plentifull  here  and  of  all  sorts,  as  we  have 
in  England,  as  farre  as  I  can  learn,  and  a  great  many 
of  strange  fowls,  which  we  know  not."  With  regard 
to  one  kind  of  them,  Gov.  Dudley  speaks  in  a  letter 
of  1631,  to  the  Countess  of  Lincoln  :  **  Vpon  the  8 
of  March,  from  after  it  was  faire  day  light  untill 
about  8  of  the  clock  in  the  forenoon,  there  flew  over 
all  the  towns  in  our  plantacons  soe  many  flocks  of 
doues,  each  flock  conteyning  many  thousands,  and 
some  soe  many  that  tVie^  o\>^^\x\^^  \)cx^  ^^%^^V  that 


FOWLS.  261 

passeth  credit,  if  but  the  truth  should  bee  written." 
This  author,  not  having  before  witnessed  any  such 
sight,  thought  it  portended  some  great  event.  But 
Gov.  Winthrop  noticed,  1643  and  1648,  two  vast  flocks 
of  similar  birds,  which  aflforded  the  colonists  abund- 
ance of  acceptable  food.  Besides  the  wild  ducks, 
pigeons,  geese  and  turkies,  noted  by  Mr.  Higginson,  he 
also  spoke  of  the  partridge,  eagle  and  various  hawks. 
The  birds  of  diflerent  species,  which  the  plan  of  his 
description  did  not  edlow  him  to  designate,  have  still 
descendants  in  our  bounds.  Among  birds  of  prey, 
are  the  buzzard  and  owl.  Of  the  omnivorous,  are 
the  black-bird,  blue-jay,  bobolink,  cedar-bird,  chicha- 
dee,  crow,  hang-bird  and  lark.  Of  the  insectivorous, 
are  the  blue-bird,  cat-bird,  king  bird,  pewee,  phosbe, 
and  other  fly-catchers,  robin,  thrush,  yellow-bird,  war- 
bler and  wren.  Of  the  granivorous,  are  the  gold  and 
other  finches,  indigo-bird,  snow-bird,  snow-bunting 
and  sparrows.  Of  the  zygodactyli,  are  varieties  of  the 
woodpecker.  Of  slender-bills,  are  the  creeper  and 
humming-bird.  Of  the  halcyon,  is  the  king-fisher. 
Of  the  swallow  tribe,  are  several  species,  including 
the  martin  and  whippowill.  Of  wading-birds,  are 
the  bittern,  curlew,  godwit,  heron,  plovers,  sander- 
ling,  sandpipers,  snipes,  tattlers,  turnstone,  yellow 
shanks  and  woodcock.  Of  the  lobe-footed,  are  the 
coot  and  grebe.  Of  the  web-footed,  are  the  cormo- 
rant, divers,  gull,  coon,  puflBln,  razor-billed  auk,  shag, 
stormy  petrel  and  tern.  While  the  diminution  of  our 
woods  has  greatly  reduced  those  of  the  feathered 
tribe  which  love  not  to  come  around  our  habitations, 
others  of  them,  diflferently  incUned,  please  \laft  «^^ 

23^ 


262     ORDERS  AS  TO  ROBINS  AND  GEESE.    FISH. 

with  their  plumage  and  the  ear  with  their  songs. 
Who  ''  can  forbear  to  joiu  the  general  smile  of  na- 
ture,— ^while  ev'ry  grove  is  melody  ? " 

Salem,  not  having  been  so  agricultural  a  place  as 
others,  has  issued  less  orders  for  destroying  the  more 
injurious  among  this  class  of  animals.  They  voted, 
1818,  that  the  act  of  the  Legislature,  in  their  last 
session,  to  prevent  the  killing  of  useful  birds,  at  un- 
seasonable times,  be  so  far  suspended,  as  to  permit 
the  shooting  of  robins,  between  June  20  and  July  4 
of  the  same  year.  With  regard  to  our  domesticated 
pigeons,  ducks,  hens,  geese  and  turkies,  they  were 
early  brought  from  England.  Speaking,  1633,  of 
eggs,  probably  those  of  the  hen.  Wood  stated  the 
price  of  them  at  3"^  a  dozen.  It  seems  that  while 
the  poor  geese  thought  creation  made  for  them  as 
well  as  man,  they  became  the  objects  of  proscription. 
An  order  is  given  here,  1681-2,  that  such  creatures 
shall  be  kept  from  going  on  the  conunon  lands  after 
the  last  of  June,  and  **  y*  it  shall  bee  at  the  liberty  of 
any  man  to  kill  them,  if  found  vpon  y*  common  after 
y*  abouesayd  time." 

Fish. — ^As  additional  to  the  "  herring,  turbot,  stur- 
gion,  cuskes,  hadocks,  mullets  and  eeles,"  as  well  as 
'^  bass,  whales,  crampuse  and  mackerils,"  mentioned 
by  Mr.  Higginson,  we  have  others  in  our  waters.  The 
alewife,  which  is  the  aloof  of  the  Indians,  and  hard 
heads,  both  used  for  bait.  Those  in  general  use  are 
the  cod,  halibut,  perch  or  Conner,  plaice  and  smelt. 
Others,  less  plenty,  are  cat-fish,  coal-fish,  frost-fish, 
hake,  pollock  and  shad.  The  black-fish  is  a  new 
comer  to  our  shores.  Of  our  fresh  water  fish,  once 
abundant  but  now  seldoxa  takotv^  «i^  btoam^  perchj 


BASS.    COD.    PORPOISE.    SEA.8£RP£NT.        263 

pickerell,  pike,  pout  and  trout.  The  stickleback, 
sucker  and  tom-cod,  of  salt  water,  and  the  minnow 
of  the  brook,  are  of  little  account.  So  it  is  with  the 
bull-heads,  dog-fish  and  sculpin.  With  regard  to 
other  fish  which  swarmed  our  coast  when  our  fathers 
came  hither,  the  bass,  salmon,  and  sturgeon,  whose 
sounds  were  made  into  isinglass,  are  seldom  caught. 
In  reference  to  the  bass  and  cod,  the  Legislature, 
1639,  forbid  them  to  be  used  for  manure,  except  their 
heads  and  ofial.  As  an  indication  of  the  profit  which 
the  latter  kind  of  animal  has  been  to  our  State,  and 
also  of  its  abundance,  we  have  the  following  :  An 
indenture  for  a  new  draw  over  our  North  River,  1765, 
has  a  circular  stamp  on  its  top,  which  besides  II  pence 
at  the  bottom,  has  a  cod  in  the  middle,  and,  round 
the  fish,  "  Staple  of  the  Massachusetts."  The  last 
year  a  sturgeon  was  taken  here  and  excited  much 
curiosity.  Occasionally  an  adventurous  seal  enters 
our  harbor.  Varieties  of  the  porpoise  still  sport  in  our 
ofling.  The  ancients  assigned  them  more  intelli- 
gence than  the  moderns.  Pliny  the  elder,  relates, 
that  one  of  these  fish  bore  a  boy  on  its  back,  across  a 
sea,  to  and  from  school.  Having  never  witnessed 
such  a  scene,  we  must  withhold  credence  from  the 
philosopher's  story.  Among  the  monsters  of  the  deep, 
the  thresher  and  mackerel-shark,  are  not  unfrequently 
seen,  but  the  whale,  whose  plentifulness  once  gave 
employment  to  our  fishers,  rarely  shows  itself.  While 
on  this  topic  of  monsters,  we  are  reminded  of  one 
which  might  properly  be  classed  with  reptiles.  It  is 
the  sea  serpent,  which  for  a  considerable  period  has 
crossed  our  outer  waters  at  pleasure.  Of  this  ct^ar 
ture,  JoBselyn  gives  a  remarkable  acco\xtiX«    ISL^  ^^"i^ 


364  QUANTITIES  OF  HSH  CAUGHT. 

that  some  gentlemen,  who  called  on  him,  1639,  gare 
him  the  ensuing  relation :  "  They  told  me  of  a  sea 
serpent  or  snake,  that  lay  quoiled  up  like  a  cable  upon 
a  rock  at  Cape  Ann.  A  boat  passing  by  with  Eng- 
lish aboard  and  two  Indians,  they  would  have  shot 
the  serpent,  but  the  Indians  disswaded  them,  saying, 
that  if  he  were  not  killed  outrightj  they  would  be  all 
in  danger  of  their  lives." 

Respecting  mackerel,  2,394  barrels  of  them  were 
packed  1836,  having  been  taken  by  vessels  from  Bev- 
erly and  Salem.  It  is  to  be  regretted,  that  in  this 
and  many  other  instances,  the  exact  number  of  com- 
modities for  each  town,  has  not  been  given  from  the 
custom  house.  Perspicuous  and  satisfactory  statistics 
very  much  need  a  change  in  so  long  continued  a 
practice  of  putting  these  two  places  together,  in  our 
maritime  reports  to  the  public.  As  a  clearer  source 
of  information,  we  have  a  statement  of  our  assessors 
to  the  Secretary  of  Massachusetts.  It  is,  that  for  the 
year  from  April  1,  1836  to  1837,  there  were  6,464 
quintals  of  cod  and  2,569  barrels  of  mackerel,  caught 
by  our  fishermen.  In  returns  made  to  the  State 
department  of  Congress,  1840,  Salem  is  represented  as 
having  cured  in  one  year  7,500  quintals  and  pickled  10 
barrels  of  fish.  Relative  to  ale  wives,  they  have  been 
an  occasion  of  much  municipal  and  legislative  action. 
Coursing  up  the  streams  of  diflferent  communities, 
they  have  been  subjected  to  unsteady  rules.  For  a 
long  period,  this  city  have  chosen  a  committee  to 
look  after  these  fish.  Among  their  various  orders,  is 
one  of  1748,  which  requires  individuals  to  execute 
the  laws  <^  for  the  preservation  of  fish  called  alewives, 
to  appoiat  proper  places  fox  t\xe  XaVlvci^  ^  vo^dl  fish 


8HELL-FISH.    REPTILES.    INSECTS.  265 

in  scoop  nets,  and  to  limit '  the  particular  times  and 
days  for  taking  the  same  in  town,  for  the  ensuing 
year."  Concerning  other  kinds,  they  appointed,  1769, 
persons  to  superintend  <<  salmon,  shad  and  such  fish, 
as  usually  pass  up  into  the  natural  ponds  to  cast  their 
spawn."  Respecting  shell-fish,  we  have  no  small 
variety.  Of  the  crustaceous,  are  the  crab,  horse-shoe, 
lobster  and  shrimp.  Of  the  testaceous,  are  the  clam, 
muscle  and  quahaug.  As  to  one  of  these,  Salem 
adopted  an  order,  1724,  "  that  muscles  shall  not  be 
used  for  making  lime,  or  for  any  thing  else,  except 
for  food  and  bait  to  catch  fish."  Of  our  land  and 
water  shells,  about  150  species  have  been  collected. 

Reptiles. — Our  resorts  for  this  class  of  animals,  ex- 
cept that  of  the  house  adder,  are  continually  dimin- 
ishing. We  have  varieties  of  the  turtle,  frog,  newt 
and  toad  ;  of  the  chequered  and  water  adder,  black, 
brown,  green,  rattle  and  striped  snakes.  The  rattle 
snake,  anciently  adduced  in  England  against  emigra- 
tion hither,  has  always  been  dreaded  by  those  who 
have  known  and  crossed  its  haunts.  Its  number, 
as  a  kind  arrangement  of  Providence,  has  been  com- 
paratively small  and  is  continually  on  the  decrease. 

Insects. — Of  these,  constituting  a  large  proportion 
of  all  the  animal  race,  we  have  a  common  share. 
Neither  our  plan  nor  space  allows  an  enumeration  of 
them.  We  have  some  to  try  the  patience,  the  bee  to 
cater  for  the  taste,  and  the  glow-worm  to  please  the 
eye  with  its  nightly  illuminations.  The  musketoe, 
which  pays  no  respect  to  condition  or  character  in 
search  of  its  nourishment,  is  much  lessened  in  its 
numbers.  This  is  owing,  in  one  respect,  lo  \Jftfe  dvRaX'- 
ing  and  raising  of  our  low  lands* 


266  I^^*    MI<^£  AND  RATS.    BEAR.    DEER. 

WILD    QUADRUPEDS. 

Reverting  to  such  animals  as  dwelt  in  our  original 
forests,  we  perceive  that  some  of  their  species  still 
remain.     These  are  the  bat,  fox,  mink,  mole,  musk- 
rat,  rabbit  or  hare,  racoon,  skunk,  squirrel,   weasel 
and   woodchuck.     With  regard  to  sly   Renard,  he 
seems   to   have    been   detected   in  some    operations 
against  the  poultry  of  our  ancestors  and  suffered  the 
extremity  of  punishment.     In   1656,  our  town  au- 
thorities paid  10/.  for  the  killing  of  ten  foxes.     Simi- 
lar severity  was  exercised  before  this  and  afterwards. 
The  mice  and  rats,  which  give  our  good  housewives 
so  much  annoyance,  and  would  be  enough,  if  they 
were  to  entirely  disappear,  have  different  accounts  given 
of  their  origin.     Some  authors  have  represented  them 
as  brought  hither  from  Europe.     One  work  says,  that 
our  present  rats  came  over  about  the  commencement 
of  our  Revolutionary  war.     But  Josselyu,  on  his  re- 
visit to  us,  1663,  remarks,  <<  the  rat  hath  been  brought 
in  since  the  English  came,  but  the  mouse  is  a  native, 
of  which  there  are  several  kinds."     Of  those  which 
have  forsaken  our  borders,  are  the  bear,  beaver,  deer, 
moose,  otter,  ounce  or  wild-cat,  and  wolf     The  diary 
of  Rev.  Mr.  Green,  of   Salem  Village,  says,   1700, 
"  killed  a  wild-cat."     Our  Legislature  passed  an  act 
to  encourage  the  destruction  of  such  creatures,  1728, 
because  they  had  done  much  damage.     Of  this  dread- 
ed  animal,  we  occasionally  hear  as  in  our  vicinity. 
With  the  deer,  for  its  utility,  and  the  wolf,  for  its 
destructiveness,  our   fathers  had  much   to   do.     Be* 
fpr^  attending  particularly  to  these  two  animals,  we 
notice  the  bear.     Thie  ctealute)\\uraL^\tf2Xv^lLart* 


WOLVES.    WOLF-HOOKS.  267 

ful  to  our  flocks  as  the  wolf,  was  far  from  being  a 
safe  neighbor.  Like  the  other  ferocious  beasts,  its 
numbers  decreased  as  its  woody  habitation  became 
circumscribed  by  our  population.  In  September  of 
1699,  the  woods  were  much  infested  with  them. 
They  did  not  entirely  leave  our  outskirts  for  sixty 
years  after  this  abundemt  appearance.  With  regard 
to  the  deer,  it  lingered  long  on  our  borders.  For  the 
taking  of  them,  as  before  observed,  an  individual 
came  over,  1629,  who  was  acquainted  with  such  em- 
ployment. For  an  extended  period,  conmiittees  were 
chosen  annually  from  our  inhabitants  to  enforce  the 
province  law  for  their  preservation.  This  was  done 
as  far  down  as  1767.  Among  the  beasts  which  most 
tried  the  patience  and  called  forth  the  vigilance  of 
our  fathers,  was  the  wolf.  This  creature,  from  their 
first  landing  here,  made  frequent  contributions  on 
their  flocks.  Hence,  their  repeated  consultation,  orders 
and  efforts  to  hinder  such  perilous  devastation.  Win- 
throp  informs  us,  September  30,  1630,  that  Salem 
lost  six  calves  by  wolves,  and  killed  but  one  of  these 
destroyers.  Such  repeated  losses  led  the  Court  of  As- 
sistants, the  succeeding  November  9,  to  adopt  the  sub- 
sequent order  :  "  Every  Englishman  who  kills  a  wolf, 
within  this  Patent,  shall  have  1*^  for  every  beast  and 
horse  and  1  farthing  for  every  weaned  swine  and  goat 
in  every  plantation."  Such  a  requisition  showed  deep 
concern  for  the  safety  of  edible  animals  in  our  own 
and  the  other  few  infant  settlements.  Among  our 
early  sufferers  from  the  deadly  visits  of  the  wolf,  was 
Mr.  Skelton.  As  additional  means  of  combatting 
this  animal,  William  Pynchon,  colonial  treasutet^  da- 
livers  Salem,  1636,  twenty-five  wo\i  Yioo\ls»     Kx  ^^caa 


368     PREMIUMS  FOR  KILLING  WOLVES.    HOUNDS. 

date,  our  first  records  mention  "  the  great  Pen."  This 
was  probably  made  soon  after  the  arrival  of  our 
primitive  settlers.  It  was  the  resort  of  cattle,  morn- 
ing and  evening,  when  the  herdsmen  drove  them  to 
and  from  the  pastures.  It  seems  also  to  have  been 
intended  as  a  safeguard  for  such  creatures,  against 
the  wily  attacks  of  their  besetting  enemies,  while 
kept  waiting  for  their  drivers  and  owners.  Of  the 
repeated  rewards,  offered  by  our  authorities,  several 
will  be  given  as  specimens.  Their  public  notice  of 
1640  is,  "  that  if  any  man  within  the  towne  of  Sa- 
lem, shall  take  any  wolfe  within  the  precincts  of 
Salem,  and  bring  him  to  the  meeting-howse  alive, 
hee  shall  haue  for  euerie  such  wolfe  15/.  and  for 
euerie  wolfee  hee  kille,  hee  shall  haue  10/.  to  be  paid 
vnto  him  by  the  towne."  They  had  previously  of- 
fered a  higher  premium  for  the  heads  of  such  ani- 
mals. They  issue  another  proposal  in  1644 :  <<  It  is 
ordered,  that  whosoever  shall  take  any  wolfe  by 
trapes  or  falls,  within  the  lymits  of  Salem,  shall  haue 
for  euery  such  wolfe,  so  taken,  30/.,  and  for  euery 
wolfe  that  is  killed  by  gunnes  or  peeces,  there  shall 
be  15/.  paid  vnto  him  that  killes  any  wolfe  with  his 
peece."  To  increase  the  means  of  warring  success- 
fully against  such  depredators,  it  was  voted  by  our 
people,  1645,  that  a  "  halfe  a  dozen  or  4  braches  ^  or 
hounds,  shall  be  brought  out  of  England,  and  the 
chardge  borne  by  the  Towne."  Continually  did  our 
annual  accounts  show,  that  the  promise  to  wolf  him- 
ters  was  punctually  redeemed.  An  order  of  1660-1, 
indicates  a  liberal  advance  in  their  compensation.     It 

'  In  old  French,  Rack  means  Ihe  do«r.hoand,  and  Bracks,  the  A* 
ouUe.    Mr,  Winthrop,  1633,  leceWed  ftoiik  VAU&«DL%Qnft\nil^  f]EAy- 
houadt* 


CATS  AND  DOGS  IMPORTED.  260 

runs  thus:  Ordered,  that  all  that  have  killed  any 
wolves  formerly  are  to  haue  15/.  pr  wolue,  and  for 
the  yeare  ensuinge  2/10  pr  wolue."  The  succeeding 
year,  our  Legislature  co-operated  with  the  towns  in 
this  work.  The  price  was  reduced  to  40/.  in  1664-5, 
with  a  condition,  that  its  claimants  '<  bring  the  heads 
and  nayle  them  on  the  meeting-house."  Our  records 
notice  more  wolves,  for  which  recompense  was  le- 
gally asked,  for  ten  years  immediately  previous  to 
1670,  than  at  any  other  equal  period.  The  premium, 
in  1680,  for  each  of  these  creatures  was  30/.  In 
1710,  a  townsman  was  awarded  20/.  for  killing  a  full 
grown  wolf,  "  y®  head  of  which  being  presented  to 
one  of  the  constables  and  one  of  the  selectmen,  and 
the  ears  cut  off,  as  the  law  directs."  The  last  trans* 
action  of  this  kind,  seen  on  our  records,  was  eight 
years  afterwards.  For  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  cen- 
tury from  this  date,  our  precincts  were  not  entirely 
cleared  from  so  persecuting  a  foe  to  our  flocks,  which 
would  have  its  prey  in  despite  of  the  watchful  dog 
and  the  deadly  implements  of  the  husbandman. 

DOMESTICATED  QUADRUPEDS. 

Of  these,  kept  to  prevent  the  depredations  of  other 
animals,  are  the  cat  and  dog.  Our  ancestors  so  knew 
the  use  of  such  appendages  to  every  agricultural 
household,  as  not  to  refuse  them  a  passage  to  this 
country.  Wood,  relating  the  means,  which  our  plan- 
ters used  to  arrest  the  spoiling  of  their  grain  by  squir- 
rels, observed  1633,  "  they*  are  constrained  to  carry 
their  cats  into  the  corne'  fields."  Josselyn,  on  his 
second  visit  here,  says  :*^<'Catts  and  do^s  ^i^  ^&  c.^\£ir 

24f         .'-J.--:. 


270  CJATS  AND  DOGS  KILLED. 

mon  as  in  England ;  but  our  dogs  degenerate ;  the 
Indians  store  themselves  with  them,  being  much  bet- 
ter for  their  turn  than  their  breed  of  wild  dogs." 
With  all  the  favoritism  which  many  of  such  creatures 
have  had  with  their  kind  owners,  they  have  not  been 
without  the  sufferings  of  proscription.  In  1756,  a 
war  of  extermination  seems  to  have  been  carried  on 
here  against  the  race  of  poor  puss.  Then  an  indi- 
vidual was  appointed  to  bury  them  at  1/.  apiece. 
This  was  probably  done  to  hinder  the  spread  of  the 
small-pox.  If  gifted  with  sufficienjt  knowledge  and 
speech,  they  might  have  justly  said,  Oh  !  for  the 
days  of  Howel  the  Good,  who  had  our  lives  and 
liberties  protected  by  the  strong  arm  of  law.  Dogs 
have  been  subjected  to  much  greater  trial.  When 
they  guarded  the  flocks,  the  barn  and  the  house, 
against  the  intrusion  of  ferocious  beasts  and  the  vin- 
dictive savage,  their  value  was  much  greater.  Still 
the  misdeeds  of  some  brought  them  into  diflSculties. 
As  before  stated,  those  on  Winter  Neck  were  early 
doomed  to  have  each  a  leg  tied  up,  so  that  they 
should  get  no  taste  of  the  fish  laid  upon  the  adjacent 
flakes.  A  more  public  notice  was  taken  of  the  canine 
tribe,  though  not  more  agreeable  to  their  feelings. 
The  Legislature  ordered,  1648,  that  if  any  one  of 
them  should  kill  a  sheep,  it  should  be  hung  and  its 
master  be  fined.  At  the  time  when  the  cats  were 
ordered  to  be  buried,  so  were  the  dogs,  apparently  for 
the  same  cause.  A  similar  precaution  was  used  in 
the  reign  of  Charles  II.  Defoe's  account  of  the 
plague  in  London,  relates,  that  an  immense  number 
of  these  animals  were  killed  there,  lest  they  should 
spread  so  dreadful  a  pesuleuce.    ^\\^  &ia%i^V^\^  V^ve 


BY-LAW  FOR  DOGS.    SWINE.  271 

endured  several  hot  persecutions,  lest  their  maddened 
bile  should  prove  the  horrible  death  of  our  inhabi- 
tants. An  order  was  issued,  1831,  that  if  found  with- 
out collars  around  their  necks,  containing  the  names 
of  their  owners,  they  should  be  destroyed.  It  also 
required,  that  during  the  warm  months,  they  should 
appear  with  wire  muzzles,  which  was  repealed  in 
1833.  It  assessed  two  dollars  a  year  on  each  holder 
of  a  dog  for  keeping  it ;  specified  fines  for  neglect  of 
the  regulation,  and  made  provision  for  a  registrar  to 
keep  an  account  of  all  such  animals  as  should  be 
licensed.  To  enforce  the  by-law,  a  bounty  of  one 
dollar  was  appointed,  1840,  for  every  person  who 
should  kill  any  one  of  these  creatures,  found  in  the 
city,  destitute  of  the  prescribed  appendage  to  its  neck. 
Thus  our  canine  friends  are  necessarily  subjected  to 
hard  measure,  for  the  calamity  which  their  disease 
may  inflict  on  our  citizens. 

Among  the  edible  quadrupeds  brought  over  by  the 
settlers  of  this  community,  were  swine,  goats,  sheep 
and  cattle.  To  prevent  the  intrusion  of  these  crea- 
tures into  tilled  lands  and  the  consequent  evils  of  ani- 
mosity, the  ensuing  rule  was  adopted:  "It  is  deter- 
mined, 1637-8,  that  all  home  fences  for  coniefields 
and  gardens,  be  sufficiently  made  vp  by  the  15^^  of 
the  first  month  vpon  y®  penalty  of  tenn  shillings." 

Swine. — By  all  the  records  of  ancient  plantations, 
much  attention  seems  to  have  been  given  to  this 
class  of  animals.  To  keep  them  and  their  owners 
in  proper  order,  hog-reeves  were  long  chosen  among 
the  annual  officers.  In  modern  times,  individuals 
were  elected  to  such  a  trust,  sometimes  fo\  ^^^xX^ViNsX 
mow  often  to  gratify  private   pique.    "WYiA^  ^^«fe 


273         HOG-ORIYERS  TO  BLOW  THE  HORN. 

creatures  were  abundant  in  our  limits,  various  regula- 
tions were  made  and  practised.  In  1638,  "  it  is  or« 
dared,  that  all  swine  shall  goe  vnder  keepers  or  be 
kept  vp,  and  that  all  swine  taken  abroad  without  a 
keeper,  it  shall  be  lawfull  for  any  man  to  pound  them, 
and  to  haue  for  euery  swine  2/6  before  they  be  taken 
out  of  the  pehn,  and  all  damages.'^  Two  persons 
were  appointed  such  keepers,  1640  ;  were  to  have  6' 
for  each  one  they  drove,  and  continue  their  labor 
from  6th  of  April  to  15th  of  November.  Their  in- 
structions follow :  <<  They  are  to  blow  their  home 
and  the  townes  men  to  bring  their  swine  out  to  them, 
as  they  goe  alonge  by  their  homes.  They  are  to 
driue  them  out"  at  6  o'clock  in  the  morning  and 
back  at  sunset;  '^aud  every  one  is  to  receaue  his 
owne  swine  and  keepe  them  in  all  night.  And  the 
keeps  shalbe  (answerable)  for  any  swine  that  are  lost; 
but  for  such  swine  as  are  kiled  by  wilde  beasts  and 
they  bring  home  the"  remains,  they  shall  not  be 
responsible.  <<  That  the  Lord's  day  may  be  improued 
by  such  as  are  the  keeps,  it  is  ordered,  that  the  said 
keeps  shall  one,  one  Lord's  day,  and  the  other,  the 
other  Lord's  day,  by  turns,  keepe  them.  And  it  is 
agreed  that  euery  such  two  families,  as  are  named  by 
the  said  keeps,  shall  prouide  one  man  for  the  helping 
one  of  the  keeps  to  keep  swine  vppon  the  Lord's 
day."  This  was  care,  worthy  of  the  public  senti- 
ment which  tlien  honored  the  Sabbath.  It  was  re- 
quired, 1644,  that  every  hog,  above  ten  weeks  old, 
should  "  be  sufficientlie  ringed,"  or  its  owner  be  fined 
2/.  The  following  year  such  creatures  were  yoked. 
With  these  indications,  that  they  so  used  their  liberty 
A9  it  appeared  licentiovxsue«s  Xo  xYiq  vckV^\«^  ^axtfifiOK 


GOATS— THEIR  VALUE.  273 

the  swine  continued  along  till  some  of  them  did  more 
alarming  evil.  Then,  1681,  it  was  ordered,  that 
-whereas  while  loose  they  are  dangerous  to  the  hfe 
and  limb  of  young  children,  any  j)erson  may  kill 
them,  if  found  at  large,  from  the  bridge  to  the  point 
of  rocks,  and  have  one  half  of  the  body  and  the  other 
be  for  the  poor.  With  regard  to  such  restriction  of 
these  creatures,  there  was  here,  as  well  as  elsewhere, 
an  instability  of  purpose.  Some  years  it  was  voted, 
that  they  might  roam  abroad,  and  in  others  that  they 
should  be  closely  confined  to  their  pens.  Parties  on 
a  hog  question  could  be  rallied  as  fully  as  on  one  of 
political  importance.  This  shows  that  zeal  to  carry  a 
point,  is  not  a  sure  sign  that  its  motive  is  proportiona- 
bly  worthy.  Our  State  valuations  give  the  ensuing 
returns  of  swine  from  Salem  :  9  swine  in  1768 ;  77, 
1771;  93,  1781;  49,  1791;  118,  1801;  110,  1811; 
70,  1821 ;  109,  1831,  and  254,  1841. 

Goats, — These  animals  being  more  able  to  endure 
the  privations  of  a  passage  to  our  shores  than  the 
cow,  did  our  planters  good  service.  Josselyn  remarks, 
that  they  "were  the  first  small  cattle  they  had  in  the 
Countrey ;  he  was  counted  no  body,  that  had  not  a 
trip  or  flock  of  goats."  In  1629,  there  were  40  of 
these  in  Naumkeag.  Our  neck  weis  a  considerable 
resort  for  creatures  of  this  kind.  As  previously  stated, 
they  were  ordered  away  from  such  commons,  1635, 
so  that  the  grass  might  grow  six  days  and  then  be 
cropped  by  the  cattle  on  the  Sabbath,  and  thus  holy 
time  be  as  little  intruded  on  as  possible,  by  the  latter 
animals  requiring  less  attention  and  keepers  than  they 
did  at  other  times,  when  driven  to  the  gteaX  ^gasXxjct^, 
24* 


274  GOAT-HERDS.    SHEEP. 

The  goat-herd  was  allowed,  1637,  for  a  year's  attend- 
ance, 2/.  for  each  milch  goat.  There  were  two  per- 
sons who  held  this  trust,  1639.  Together  they  were 
to  have  £32  annually,  in  quarterly  payments.  Their 
instructions  say :  <^  The  goates  are  to  be  driuen  out 
an  hower  after  the  sun  is  vp,  and  brought  into  the 
pen  neer  the  pownd  an  hower  afore  sun  settinge. 
The  chardges  of  the  pen  to  be  borne  by  the  owners 
of  the  goates."  When  any  of  these  strayed  and  were 
impounded,  the  price  for  such  durance,  1644,  was  2^ 
a  head.  The  value  of  a  ewe  goat,  1633,  was  £3  to 
£4,  and  1638,  £5.  In  the  colonial  valuation  for 
taxe.s,  1646,  a  goat,  above  a  year  old,  was  estimated 
at  8/. ;  1694,  4/.  j  1727,  3/.  With  the  cessation  of 
the  need  for  such  creatures,  their  value  lessened  and 
the  pains  to  rear  them  discontinued.  It  is  long  since 
they  formed  a  prominent  part  of  our  farming  stock. 
Though  on  the  valuation  list  of  our  Commonwealth, 
1784,  Salem  has  a  return  under  the  long  standing 
column  of  sheep  and  goats,  yet  of  the  latter  there 
must  have  been  then  very  few,  if  any  at  all,  among 
our  agriculturists.  Like  many  other  possessions,  once 
highly  appreciated  for  their  utility,  they  have  gone 
down  and  disappeared  from  the  accounts  of  modern 
chattels.  The  sight  of  the  goat-herd,  pursuing  his 
beaten  track  with  his  well  known  flock,  to  our  wild 
highlands,  no  longer  enlivens  the  lover  of  rural  scenes, 
nor  throws  around  our  prospect  some  semblance  to 
the  pastoral  portions  of  Europe. 

Sheep. — Of  these  useful  animals  none  appear  to 

have  been  in  our  plantation,  1629,  when  Mr.  Higgin- 

8on  wrote  to  his  friends  in  England.     He  desired  that 

persons  intending  to  ei)Ci\2ta\.Q  \iv\Xv<^X)  ^oraid  bring 


SHEEP  NOT  TO  BE  EXPORTED— DISEASED.      275 

over  some  of  them.  Very  likely  this  request  was 
soon  granted.  In  1637,  when  a  contract  was  made 
with  the  goat-herd  of  Salem,  he  took  charge  of  sheep 
with  goats.  Then  might  be  seen  the  latter  animals 
taking  the  lead  of  the  drove  and  thus  keeping  the 
former  in  their  rear,  according  to  their  instinctive 
desire  and  habit.  Even  the  goat  knew^the  pains  as 
well  as  pleasures  of  ambition  to  be  at  the  head.  The 
goat-herd  agreed  to  take  care  of  each  wether  for  1/. ; 
of  every  ewe  Iamb,  after  weaned,  for  the  same  ;  and 
every  wether  lamb  for  6^,  the  year  round.  As  woollen 
cloth  was  scarce  on  account  of  the  European  wars, 
the  Legislature,  1645,  recommended  to  this  and  other 
towns  to  preserve  and  increase  their  sheep.  In  1654, 
the  same  authorities,  to  promote  a  supply  of  the  like 
commodity,  forbid  the  transportation  of  such  animals 
to  foreign  ports,  and  the  killing  of  any,  under  two 
years  old,  except  for  the  owner's  family.  The  ensu- 
ing votes,  of  1702,  were  passed  by  our  townsmen : 
"  That  no  shepherd  shall  take  or  keep  any  sheep  of 
any  person  who  is  not  an  inhabitant  of  this  town,  on 
Salem  common,  on  penalty  of  3/.  for  each  sheep  so 
kept,  one  half  to  y®  informer  or  prosecutor,  the  other 
half  to  y®  poor  ;  that  all  sheep  y'  go  on  y®  common, 
shall  be  kept  by  the  shepherds  between  a  line  running 
from  y®  Butts  to  y®  head  of  Forrest  River  and  Lynne 
line."  Vigilant  for  guarding  our  live  stock  against 
contagion,  the  General  Court,  1709,  inform  this  and 
other  towns,  "  that  the  sheep  on  the  islands  and  necks 
in  or  near  Boston,  have  an  infectious  disease,  called 
the  scab  J  lately  brought  from  beyond  sea."  As  com- 
merce extended  among  our  population,  and  our  agri- 
cultural precincts  were  separated  ftom  ws,  o\a  ei»x- 


276     PRICE  AND  RETURNS  OF  SHEEP.    CATTLE. 

meration  of  these  creatures  was  lessened.  Iq  public 
taxes,  those  of  a  year  or  more  old,  were  estimated  as 
follows:  1646,  £1  10';  1657,  £1  5- ;  1662,10/.; 
1687,  8/ ;  1694,  4/. ;  1727,  3/. ;  and  of  the  last  price 
down  to  1776.  In  accounts  to  the  Legislature,  sheep 
are  so  coupled  with  goats  that  we  cannot  ascertain 
how  many  there  were  of  each  sort.  No  public  statis- 
tics should  ever  thus  mix  up  distinct  items.  It  never 
satisfies  the  subsequent  searcher  for  specific  facts. 
The  probability  is,  that  when  such  accounts  were 
handed  in,  we  had  few  or  no  goats.  We  quote  the 
column  as  it  stands,  in  reference  to  this  place  :  1768, 
46  sheep  and  goats  of  a  year  old  and  upwards  ;  1771, 
44  ;  1781,  51  of  six  months  and  above.  The  return 
of  1840  to  Congress,  assigns  12  sheep  to  our  city, 
and  thus  can  furnish  but  very  slight  materials  to  the 
poet  for  a  pastoral.  A  considerable  period  prior  to 
1768,  the  fewness  of  such  animals  could  not  support 
a  distinct  keeper.  The  professional  occupation  of  a 
shepherd  among  us  was  discontinued.  The  crosier 
was  laid  aside,  the  watch-dog  dismissed,  and  the 
beaten  walks  grown  over  with  grass. 

Cattle, — As  the  emigrants  from  Cape  Ann  to  Naum- 
keag  had  such  stock  there,  they  very  probably  brought 
part  of  them  hither.  In  1629,  our  inhabitants  num- 
bered forty  cows.  With  reference  to  moose,  as  a 
substitute  for  oxen.  Wood  observed :  "  The  English 
have  some  thoughts  of  keeping  them  tame  and  to 
accustome  them  to  the  yoake,  which  will  be  a  great 
commoditie."  The  same  author  also  stated,  that  a 
wolf  would  attack  a  red  calf  sooner  than  a  black  one, 
because  the  former  looked  more  like  a  deer,  and  that, 
from  this,  a  red  cal£  was  cYiQa^t\\x^ii\\x^\^OiLXQAtfi. 


NEATHERDS.  277 

With  what  anxiety  the  expected  loss  of  kiue  was 
viewed  by  our  ancestors,  because  an  essential  means 
for  the  sustenance  of  community,  is  manifested  in  the 
subsequent  passage.  It  is  in  a  letter  of  1631,  from 
Gov.  Endicott  to  Gov.  Winthrop.  "There  are  at 
Mr.  Hewson's  plantation  five  or  six  kine  very  ill  and 
in  great  danger.  I  fear  they  will  hardly  escape  it, 
whereof  two  are  mine,  and  all  I  have,  which  are 
worse  than  any  of  the  rest.  I  left  mine  there  this 
winter  to  do  Mr.  Skelton  a  pleasure  to  keep  his  for 
him  here  at  Salem,  that  he  might  have  the  benefit  of 
their  milk."  This  article  was  sold,  1633,  at  1*  a 
quart.  Such  animals  being  so  valued,  there  were 
frequent  and  particular  rules  for  their  preservation. 
In  1637,  "its  agreed  that  Roger  Morie,  neatherd| 
shall  begin  the  keeping  of  all  the  Towne  cattle,  1»* 
day  of  2^  month  next,  and  to  con  tine  w  his  help  with 
the  help  of  another  suffitient  man,  during  the  space 
of  8  months  compleat.  And  that  euery  two  cattle 
shall  find  one  for  the  carefull  looking  vnto  them  oa 
the  Lord's  days.  And  that  the  neat  herd  shall  be 
ready  at  the  penn  gate  an  hower  after  sun-rise  each 
morning,  to  take  all  the  Towne  catle  to  feed,  and 
whoso  shall  not  haue  their  catle  ready  att  that  tyme, 
are  either  to  bring  them  after  the  heard,  (i.  e.)  to  the 
heard,  or  else  the  losse  y*  acrews  to  their  catle 
through  such  neglect,  to  lye  vpon  themselues,  and  in 
case  the  neatherds  faile  on  either  of  their  parts,  in 
not  taking  them  forth,  bringing  them  home,  or  care- 
fully looking  vnto  them,  that  y"  the  said  Roger  Morie 
is  liable  to  further  examinacon,  and  being  found  faul- 
tie,  to  the  sensure  of  the  Towne.  And  \u  V\^^  ^i 
their  service,  the  said  Roger  to  have  7 1 .  ^t  Yk^^  oi 


278  LIEUT.  DAVENPORT.    REGULATIONS. 

all,  excepting  bulls,  to  be  paid  them  by  fower  equall 
portions,  always  one  quarter  beforehand."  Lieut. 
Davenport  contracted,  1637-8,  to  perform  this  service 
for  £36  a  year  ;  <<  to  keep  his  man  constantly  about 
the  same  and  put  in  another  man,  such  as  the  Towne 
shall  approue  off."  The  cattle  to  be  driven  from  the 
pen  a  half  hour  after  sun-rise  and  returned  a  half  hour 
before  sun-set.  In  1638-9,  the  ensuing  regulations 
were  adopted :  <<  Ordered,  that  the  drie  catle  shalbe 
put  out  to  the  farmes  round  about,  and  that  none 
shall  goe  with  the  milch  cowes  in  the  common  this 
year.  Euerie  man  shall  prouide  for  their  owne  calues." 
The  seven  men  are  to  agree  with  <'  keeps  of  the 
milch  kine.  All  the  kine  that  are  kept  vppon  the 
cow  pastures  shalbe  paid  for  by  the  owners  of  them 
to  the  keeps  of  the  heard  ;  and  if  any  farmers  doe 
put  their  cowes  to  eat  vp  the  cow  pastures,  then  they 
also  shalbe  lyable  to  pay  for  their  kine  to  the  keep  of 
the  heard,  according  to  the  tyme  they  keepe  them 
there."  The  herdsmen,  1641,  had  charge  of  about  90 
cows,  besides  those  which  the  farmers  took  care  of 
themselves.  Cattle  for  being  impounded  were  fined, 
1644,  at  the  rate  of  2**  a  head.  Robert  Pease  was 
employed,  1655,  to  keep  100  cows,  being  a  part  of 
the  town  drove,  and  to  have  help  so  that  he  might 
attend  worship  every  third  Sabbath.  This  provision, 
that  the  neatherd  might  partly  cease  from  his  work  of 
necessity  to  enjoy  the  privileges  of  the  sanctuary, 
was  long  continued.  Thus  the  desire  of  employers 
for  gain  was  so  controlled,  as  not  to  debar  their  ser- 
vants from  the  bread  of  spiritual  life.  Better  founded 
would  be  the  hope  of  community,  had  such  a  prac- 
tice; ia  public  concerns,  ecyaAV}  ^i^'^w\fe^\»  ouc  day. 


HERDSMEN'S  PAT.  279 

It  was  ordered,   1665-6,  that  the  cows   "from  the 
bridge  and  so  downward,  and  one  the  great  neck,'' 
should  form  one  herd.     The  neatherd,  1656-7,  had 
X24  a  season,  providing  a  sufficient  man  or  boy  to 
assist  him.     He  had  his  pay,  one  quarter  in  butter, 
one  quarter  in  wheat,  and  the  rest  in  Indian  corn. 
In  1662,  all  who  would  not  put  their  kine  under  the 
driver  and  suffered  them  to  feed  on  the  common, 
were  required  to  pay  12**  a  cow  towards  his  compen- 
sation.    We  might  quote  further  from  the  oft  repeated 
contracts  with  the  herdsmen  ;  but  as  the  subject  pre- 
vents them  from  containing  variety  of  thought,  there 
is  little  need  of  a  fuller  reference  to  them.     In  that 
of  1695,  however,  we  have  the  mention  of  a  custom, 
which  was   welcome,  at  least  to  the  younger  part  of 
society,  and  not   altogether   without  interest  to  the 
worthy  housewife,  desirous  to  see  the  supi)lier  of  her 
dairy  well  off  in  the  morning,  and  especially  well 
back  at  night :  it  was,  that  the  cow  driver,  as  he 
called  for  his  charge  and  brought  them  home,  should 
"  sound  or  winde  a  home  at  the  end  of  each  cross 
street   in   the    Towne   according   to   former  vsage." 
From  1663  to  1700,  the  herdsman  received  for  each 
cow  of  his  drove  from  3/3  to  4/6.     Sometimes  the 
terms  of  his  compensation  were,  one  third  in  money 
or  butter,  and  the   remainder  in   pay,  such  as  grain 
and  goods.     As  no  long  period  after  this,  concerns  of 
the  preceding  sort  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  common* 
ers  or  owners  of  great  pasture,  other  like  particulars 
are  mentioned  under  the  description  of  that  propriety, 
and  of  the  Neck  and  Winter  Island.     Concerning  an 
incident  to  our  cattle,  Mr.  Green  of  the  village,  noted 
May  2, 1701,  that  many  are  lost  in  a  sloim  oi  mxi  «xA 


380  CATTLE— VALUE  AND  NUMBER* 

hail  of  three  days.  With  regard  to  the  price  of  cattlci 
they  were  formerly  much  higher  than  in  later  years. 
In  1633,  a  cow  was  worth  from  £20  to  £26 ;  1636, 
£25  to  £30 ;  a  pair  of  oxen,  £40,  and  1640,  a  cow, 
£6.  In  the  appraisal  of  such  stock  for  taxes  to  the 
Commonwealth,  we  have  the  following :  In  1646, 
oxen  of  4  years  old  and  above,  each  £6  ;  cows  and 
bulls  of  4  years  and  above,  £5  ;  heifers  and  steers, 
between  3  and  4  years,  £4 ;  between  2  and  3  years, 
£2  10»,  and  between  1  and  2  years,  £1  lO*;  1657, 
the  first  in  this  list  was  £5,  second,  £3,  third,  £2  10", 
fourth,  £2,  fifth,  £1 ;  1686-7,  the  same  price  for  all 
the  series  of  1657 ;  1694  to  1775,  first,  £2,  and  cows 
of  3  years  and  above,  £1  10'.  In  the  Province  and 
State  valuation  lists,  Salem  had  the  ensuing  nimibers 
of  cattle :  1768,  oxen,  42;  cows,  248.  1771,  oxen 
of  4  years  and  above,  61 ;  cows  of  3  years  and  above, 
247.  1781,  cattle  of  1  year  and  more,  82  ;  cows  of  4 
years  and  more,  325.  1791,  oxen  of  4  years  and 
above,  53  ;  cows  and  steers  of  3  years  and  above,  261. 
In  the  four  next  decades  of  years,  these  two  species  of 
animals  are  calculated,  as  of  the  same  age  and  order, 
as  in  the  last,  except  otherwise  expressed.  1801,  56; 
362.  1811,68;  373.  1821,  58;  360.  1831,  74; 
426  of  one  year  and  more.  1841,  44;  346,  with  the 
addition  of  37  of  one  year  and  above. 

Horse, — The  freight  of  such  animals  from  England 
to  our  shores,  was  so  high  as  to  prevent  large  impor- 
tations of  them  hither.  In  1629,  there  were  7  or  8 
of  them,  male  and  female,  belonging  to  this  place. 
Before  the  elapse  of  many  years,  they  were  sufficient 
to  answer  the  purposes  of  drawing  and  travelling. 
Though  carriages  weie  \lxio^\i  ^iA  xs^s^d  la  Europe 


TOWN.HORSE.    PRICE  AND  NUMBER.  281 

before  New  England  was  colonized,  yet  it  was  long 
ere  they  were  commonly  employed  by  our  settlers. 
Hence  journeying,  when  not  on  foot,  was  on  horse- 
back. Horses  w^ere  so  much  left  to  range  about,  that 
persons,  not  their  owners,  would  catch  and  use  them 
without  liberty.  The  Legislature,  1647,  passed  a 
law  against  this  practice.  As  the  most  of  these  ani- 
mals were  turned  out  in  the  winter  as  well  as  sum- 
mer, to  sustain  themselves,  they  were  much  reduced 
in  vahie.  They  were  taken  for  colonial  rates,  1647, 
^  being  of  4  years  old  and  above,  at  £7  each  ;  1653, 
at  £16,  and  afterwards  for  two  thirds  less.  There 
was  one  of  more  than  ordinary  interest  in  Salem, 
because  he  was  called  the  "town-horse."  Such  a 
station  probably  subjected  him,  not  only  to  compli- 
cated and  oppressive  service,  but  to  the  discordant 
criticisms  of  his  many  owners.  This  very  likely 
brought  him  under  the  hammer.  He  was  sold,  1655, 
to  John  Gedney  for  £10  14",  payable  in  barley  at 
4/6,  peas,  4/.,  wheat,  4/6,  pork  3^  lb.,  and  beef,  20/, 
cwt.  As  some  persons  were  in  the  habit  of  racing 
these  animals,  to  the  hazard  of  people's  lives,  and  of 
driving  them  fast  to  and  from  Sabbath  worship,  the 
quarterly  Court,  1672,  forbid  such  doings.  From 
returns  made  to  the  Legislature,  the  horses  of  this 
town  numbered,  as  in  the  subsequent  extract :  1768, 
130  horses;  1772,  of  three  years  old  and  above,  163; 
1781,  of  two  years  and  upward,  200  ;  1791,  of  tbree 
years  and  more,  175;  1801,374;  1811,449;  1821, 
368  ;  1831,  of  one  year  and  above,  531 ;  1841,  300. 
Since  carriage  by  steam-cars  began  among  us,  these 
animals  have  lessened  in  number,  value  and  demand. 

25 


883  BOG-ORC    COPPER  MINE. 

MliNERALS. 

None  of  these  has  been  so  far  discovered  in  our 
present  limits  as  to  be  manufactured  here.     Of  the 
bog  ore,  there  are  evident  indications  in  the  low  wet 
ground   of  our  great  pasture.     Formerly  several  of 
our  adjacent  towns  had  factories  for  working  up  this 
article.     John  Ruck  of  Salem  and  others  contracted, 
1674,  with  Nathaniel  and  Thomas  Leonard  to  carry 
on  this  business  at  Rowley  Village.     The  enterprise 
proved  unprofitable.      Governor  Winthrop  wrote  to  # 
his  son  John,  1648,  that  Mr.  Endicott  had   found  a 
copper  mine  on  his  own  land,  which  had  been  tested 
by  Mr.  Leader,  overseer  of  the  Iron  works  at  Lynn. 
Governor  Endicott,  in  a  petition  to  the  Legislature, 
1661,  says:    **  Your   petitioner   hath  been  at  some 
charges  already  for  the  finding  and  melting  of  copper 
ore,  and  is  still  in  prosecution  of  bringing  it  to  per- 
fection, by  sending  over  from  Sweden  and  Germany, 
workmen  that  are  skilful  in  that  art ;  and  that  the 
place  where  it  is  to  be  wrought,  is  not  sufficiently 
stored  with  wood  to  go  through  with  such  a  work, 
petitions  for  300  acres  of  woodland  near  where  he 
intends  to  set  up  the  works,  named  Blind  Hole,  near 
a  farm  formerly  granted  to   your   petitioner."     His 
request  was  allowed.     The  place,   here    designated, 
was  about  the  northernmost  bound  between  Danvers 
and  Topsficld.     The  mine  did  not  yield  enough  to 
meet  the  expectations  and  accomplish  the  plans  of  its 
proprietor.     Before    1700,  there   were   much   higher 
anticipations,  in  both  Old  and  New  England,  of  find- 
ing mines  of  various  ores,  in  territory  of  the  latteri 
than  so  bsequenlly .     A.  Comipttxv7  fex  ^q\>s\w%  ^^  xsivqaa 


THE  MAIN  AND   RIVER  ROADS.  283 

of  copper  and  other  minerals  "  here,  were  to  meet,  May 
1692,  in  London,  to  consult  on  carrying  out  their 
plans.  For  the  passing  time,  rich  minerals  are  ex- 
ceedingly desired  ;  but  they  have  universally  proved 
less  beneficial  to  communities  than  the  well  cultivated 
soil.  Before  we  leave  this  section,  the  remark  occurs: 
even  within  the  circumscribed  range  of  our  bounda* 
ries,  we  behold  enough  of  its  diversified  productions 
to  commune  in  spirit  with  the  proper  sentiment, 

*'  Of  skill  divine  what  shining  marks  appear. 
Creating  power  is  all  around  exprest." 

WAYS. 

Before  the  commencement  of  our  remaining  records, 
no  doubt  that  various  tracks,  most  needed  for  the 
intercourse  of  our  inhabitants  one  with  another  and 
with  the  adjacent  towns,  were  struck  out  and  used. 
These  passages  of  our  own  settlement,  like  similar 
ones  in  other  ancient  plantations,  were  made  more  for 
accommodation  at  the  time,  than  for  future  looks  and 
convenience.  Within  the  main  body  of  our  present 
limits,  there  were  three  primitive  courses  for  travel, 
eastwardly  and  westwardly.  The  chief  thorough- 
fare was  by  the  first  meeting-house,  which,  so  far  as 
it  went,  hadithe  general  direction  of  our  Essex  Street. 
It  was  called  Main  Street  prior  to  1727.  Its  western 
entrance  into  Salem,  was  originally  from  Boston  round 
Gallows  Hill,  where  it  passed  a  house  of  entertain- 
ment to  the  back  of  Norman's  rocks  and  eastward  of 
Pickering's  Pasture ;  continued  to  the  premises  near 
the  powder-house,  thence  down  through  Wood's  gate 
into  Broad  Street,  which  led  to  Essex  Street.  WitK 
I!e8pect  to  a  part  of  the  last  pass,  as  is  su^^^e^^  Vx  ^M 


284  THE  MAIN   AND  RIVER  ROADS. 

ordered  in  1635,  that  the  '<  lott  next  to  the  end  of 
Captain  Endicotts  lott  to  be  an  high  way."  At  the 
corner  of  ttiis  rout  ^^oiier  against  the  meeting-house 
on  the  north  side,"  Ilngh  Peters  had  land,  being  a 
quarter  of  an  acre,  which  his  agent,  1652,  sold  for 
40/.  to  John  Horn.  The  second  and  third  passages 
were  up  and  down  on  the  banks  of  our  north  and 
south  rivers.  A  confirmation  of  them,  as  well  as  of 
like  communications  on  the  other  sides  of  the  same 
streams,  is  in  the  following  order  of  1644—5 :  "  Or- 
dered, that  all  such  as  haue  liowses  and  lotts  next 
the  water  side  in  any  place  of  this  towne,  shall  mayo- 
tayne  a  good  way  both  for  horse  and  man  of  8  foote 
broade  at  least,  vpon  paine  of  presentment  and  such 
fyne,  as  the  towne  or  Court  shall  impose  on  such  as 
are  defective."  William  Allen  deposed  1664,  that  it 
had  been  a  resolve  of  our  inhabitants,  that  when  land 
was  granted  on  these  rivers,  a  reservation  should  be 
made  for  a  passage  between  the  top  of  the  banks  and 
the  water  side.  The  original  road  to  Marblehead 
was  a  continuation  of  the  one  which  entered  Salem 
through  Wood's  gate.  Its  direction  was  from  the 
neighborhood  of  the  powder-house,  up  to  Flint's, 
afterwards  MetcalPs  field,  over  Clay  Brook  and  to 
Forest  River  road.  From  the  preceding  ways,  in 
the  chief  part  of  the  town,  individuals  had  their 
cross  paths,  as  they  wished  and  the  authorities  al- 
lowed. With  regard  to  the  north  and  south  fields, 
when  their  lots  were  laid  out  and  cultivated,  they 
were  accommodated  with  necessary  openings  for  ac- 
cess. It  was  ordered,  1642,  that  "  an  high  way  be 
laid  out  through  Daniell  Ray  his  lott  and  he  to  haue 
the  old  way  laid  out  before  ovot  '\v\  \!ti^  \«ii  «5^\^  VoM 


REPAIRS.    CUT.    RUCKS  VILLAGE.  285 

on  the  North  field."  As  samples  of  early  practice  ia 
repairing  our  roads,  wc  have  the  ensuing  items.  A 
warrant  of  1637-8,  for  mending  highways,  requires 
^'euery  working  man  vpon  the  7'''  day  of  the  moneth" 
to  appear,  "vnder  the  pcnaltie  of  3/."  It  was  or- 
dered, 1647-8,  that  "  who  soever  shalbe  warned  to 
the  mending  of  any  bridge  or  high  way  and  make 
default,  shall  allow  the  surveyors  3/.  a  day  to  procure 
another  in  his  place  and  take  the  3/.  by  distresse." 

In  1645,  a  way  was  laid  out  to  Winter  Island. 
Relative  to  this  section,  a  vote  passed,  1667,  that  the 
"  cntt  vppon  the  neck  to  goe  over  to  Winter  Hand  is 
to  be  stopped  and  a  sulficient  waye  to  be  made  over 
to  the  Hand."  *•  Mordecay-s  Cut "  was  mentioned 
on  our  records,  1673.  The  consistency  of  these  par- 
ticulars could  be  better  explained  formerly,  than  at 
present.  In  1651,  a  highway  is  spoken  of  as  between 
the  lots  of  Thomas  Oliver  and  Thomas  Watson. 

The  ensuing  rule  was  adopted,  1660,  that  timber, 
wood  and  other  lumber  be  cleared  from  all  the  town 
ways,  "  that  there  may  be  sufficient  passage  for  carts 
and  foote  and  horse."  A  report  was  made,  1663,  for 
a  road  to  the  cove  by  the  house  of  John  Ruck,  and, 
1664,  for  another  from  the  one  near  Bartholomew 
Gedney's  to  the  new  mill  over  South  River.  JeflVey 
Massey  deposed,  1664,  that  there  had  been  and  was 
a  way  between  Mr.  Ruck's  house  and  the  river, 
which  led  over  stepping  stones  across  Sweet's  cove, 
to  the  south  fields.  There  was  a  cluster  of  dwellings 
near  the  one  just  named,  in  1678,  which  was  called 
Ruck's  Village.  It  was  agreed  by  Salem  and  Mar- 
blehead,  1666,  to  have  a  highway  between  tV\ft\i 
26* 


286        POTTER'S  LANE.  CAUSEY. 

bounds,  "as  the  common  cart  waye  now  lyetb,"  and 
to  enter  this  place  by  the  mill  last  mentioned.  The 
same  year,  it  was  agreed  to  have  a  road  come  to  us 
from  Will's  Hill.  In  1669,  a  way  was  opened  from 
Ebenezer  Hathorne's  house  to  the  burying  place; 
one,  1673,  by  the  widow  Cook's  through  commons 
and  other  ways  in  North  fields:  another,  1678, 
through  lots  in  South  fields  to  Stage  point.  Potter's 
Lane  is  mentioned  on  our  records,  1680.  It  led  to 
Potter's  field,  from  which  its  name  was  derived.  It 
seems  to  have  been  made  many  years  before  the  year 
last  named.  After  having  been  let  from  5/.  to  10/. 
a  year,  it  was  sold  to  William  Brown,  1739,  for  £20. 
An  opening  of  12  feet  wide  was  made,  1686,  from 
that  which  led  from  Doctor  Emory's  or  Tawley's 
house  towards  John  Norman's,  and  thence  over  the 
mouth  of  the  Creek  to  the  south  mill,  and  another 
from  Ingersol's  Lane  to  the  house  of  Francis  Morey. 
A  lane  from  Samuel  Beadle's  to  Rev.  Mr.  Higginson's 
and  the  common,  was  ordered,  1698,  to  be  surveyed. 
In  this  connection.  Prison  Lane  was  mentioned.  After 
several  attempts  for  having  a  new  avenue  to  Beverly 
Ferry,  one  was  made  1701,  from  the  entrance  on 
Francis  Skerry's  land  through  the  premises  of  John 
Smith,  to,  near  and  by  the  north-west  corner  of  John 
Massey's  house.  This  was  called  Ferry  Lane,  prior 
to  1754.  On  petition  of  James  Symonds  and  his 
Northfield  neighbors,  a  Causey  is  allowed,  1705,  at 
their  own  charge,  from  Symond's  Point,  not  to  be 
higher  than  dead  low  water,  for  horses  and  carts. 
This  was  about  the  track  of  the  subsequent  North 
River  bridge.  A  highway  by  land  of  Philip  English 
to  Point  of  Rocks,  is  «3\o^^^  m  Vl\^»    C*^xck?^lgint 


SURVEYING.    BLOWING  ROCKS.  287 

w^as  entered  to  the  selectmen  of  obstructions  in  the 
"  ancient  and  usual  high  way  for  carts,  horses  and 
men,  between  Joseph  Allins,  Philip  Hills  and  Mi- 
chaell  Bacon  and  the  wharfe,  and  so  along  by  Mr. 
Sanders'  ware  house  and  Mr.  Bartholomew's  ware 
house,  now  Mrs.  LindalPs  and  to  the  pitch  of  y* 
Burying  Point."  Mr.  Bacon  had  a  ship  on  the  stocks 
too  near  the  warehouses,  which  he  was  to  launch 
and  then  build  no  more  in  that  spot.  Benjamin 
Ashby  had  two  vessels  on  the  stocks  at  the  pitch  of 
the  Burying  Point.  A  committee  were  instructed  to 
have  the  passage  one  rod  wide.  There  was  the  re- 
turn of  another  street,  1711,  to  the  Burying  Point. 

The  manner,  in  which  the  following  entry,  before 
noted,  is  made,  1713,  on  our  records,  confirms  our 
opinion,  that  the  knowledge  of  surveying  by  a  com- 
pass was  anciently  much  more  appreciated  than  at 
present : 

"  We,  the  subscribers,  being  appointed  by  Benja- 
min Browne,  Esq.,  and  John  Higginson,  Esq.,  and 
y«  selectmen  of  Salem,  to  be  artists  for  y*  stating 
and  settling  y®  West  line  formerly  granted  by  y* 
Towne  of  Salem  to  y®  village,  we  having  tried  by 
art  what  is  y°  variation  of  y®  compass  in  this  Lati- 
tude, do  find  it  to  be,  at  least,  ten  degrees,  and  hav- 
ing set  a  due  west  course  at  y®  bridge  by  Mr.  Phillips, 
allowing  ten  degrees  variation,  have  stated  a  west 
line,"  etc. 

Signed  by  William  Bowditch  and  William  Gedney. 

As  the  specimen  of  a  perilous  practice,  we  find  a 
charge  of  1724,  thus  expressed  :  "  For  blowing  up 
y*  rock  for  y*  bettering  y®  way  by  Threshers,"  la 
1727,  a  way  w^as  laid  out  from  tVi©  "NLivcL  ^vt^^x  \» 


28S        DISCONTINUANCE  OF  EIGHT  FEET  WAY. 

Union  Wliarf,  which  the  next  year  was  denominated 
Union  Street.  Town-house  Street  is  mentioned, 
1729.  Residents  in  Love  Street,  leading  from  Cur- 
win's  Lane  to  Town-house  Street,  have  leave,  1735, 
pursuant  to  a  vote  of  1723,  to  set  up  posts  before 
their  fences  and  houses.  AVe  meet,  1742,  with  Robin's 
Lane,  to  be  leased,  and  1749,  with  School-house 
Lane.  Hohnes  Lane,  near  the  farm  of  Benjamin 
Pickman,  Esq.,  is  spoken  of,  1754,  and  also  Beckford's 
Lane,  in  1758.  A  way  of  two  poles  wide  is  allowed, 
1762,  from  Daniel's  Lane  to  Becket's  Lane.  After 
various  trials  for  a  road  from  Curwin's  Lane  to  the 
street  leading  from  Buffum's  corner  to  Town  Bridge, 
and  up  through  the  lots  between  Main  Street  and 
North  River,  one,  1766,  was  accordingly  laid  out, 
accepted  and  called  Federal  Street.  This  name  ap- 
pears to  have  been  selected  as  a  sign  of  the  union  of 
feeling  for  such  a  p£issage,  between  the  parties  for 
and  against  the  discontinuance  of  the  eight  feet  way 
on  the  bank  of  North  River.  With  regard  to  this 
ancient  line  of  communication,  it  was,  as  already  in- 
timated, the  occasion  of  much  protracted  division 
among  our  inhabitants.  In  1755  an  attempt  was 
made  to  have  it  closed,  which  seems  to  have  suc- 
ceeded by  the  next  year.  The  advocates  for  its  being 
reopened,  tried  their  strength  again,  1758,  but  failed. 
While  the  matter  was  thus  in  suspense,  the  old  men 
were  called  to  state  what  they  knew  of  its  history. 
Miles  Ward,  rot.  87,  deposed,  1761,  that  he  had  been 
one  of  its  travellers  for  more  than  70  years.  la  1765, 
the  people,  living  above  Curwin's  Lane,  were  greatly 
dissatisfied,  that  the  River  Path  was  shut  up,  and 
ibey  had  no  convemeul  aN^nvx^  \.c^  x\v^  vxorth  feny* 


PAVING.    LOTTERY  DESIRED.  289 

Under  these  circumstances,  they  proposed  to  have  a 
-way  in  which  all  might  harmonize.  This  seems  to 
have  resulted  in  the  conclusion  to  make  Federal 
Street,  and,  in  1767,  to  a  final  disuse  of  the  eight-feet 
track.  In  the  Isist  year,  we  find  that  a  street  from 
the  house  of  Robert  Allen  to  the  Burying-point  Lane, 
was  opened.  A  way  was  laid  out,  1768,  from  a  distil- 
house  to  the  homestead  of  Dudley  Woodbridge,  and 
we  meet,  1769,  with  Ives  and  Gerrish's  lanes.  A 
road  was  opened,  1772,  from  Main  Street  to  the  one 
from  the  ahns-house  to  the  great  pasture,  through 
land  of  John  Dean  and  others.  Subsequent  to  sev- 
eral efforts  of  public  spirited  individuals  for  paving 
the  Main  Street  from  West's  to  Britton's  Corner,  they 
succeeded  1773.  They  tried  for  it  1731,  and,  with 
their  subscriptions  and  the  town's  appropriation,  they 
nearly  attained  it  1754.  The  selectmen  were  in- 
structed, 1768,  to  petition  General  Court  for  a  lottery 
to  do  the  work.  Not  allowed  this  application  for 
what  has  long  been  contrary  to  public  sentiment,  but 
then  a  popular  and  oft  tried  measure,  our  townsmen 
very  properly  relied  on  their  own  resources.  They 
soon  found,  that  the  chief  difficulty  in  this,  as  well 
as  in  most  public  improvements,  was  more  the  want 
of  a  disposition  than  the  means.  A  committee  re- 
port, that  there  were  2,250  yards  to  be  paved,  at  1/.  a 
yard,  which,  with  other  charges,  would  make  a  total 
of  £192  3'  4*^.  They  state,  that  it  is  supposed  that 
the  manure  saved  on  the  pavements  at  Charleslown 
and  elsewhere,  is  equal  to  the  interest  on  the  cost  of 
them  ;  that  King's  Street  here  is  so  narrow,  it  cannot 
be  kept  in  repair  otherwise  than  by  pavemeat  \  iVv^sX 
many  of  the  market  productions,  wYucVi  go  \o^^^£t\^ 


290  REPORT  OF  NAM£S  FOR  STREKTS. 

head  in  a  wet  season,  would  come  to  the  centre  of 
Salem,  if  this  street  were  in  good  condition.  As 
£80  had  been  subscribed  for  this  enterprise,  the  town 
voted  £100  more.  The  distance  paved  was  740  feet 
in  length. 

Having  gone  over  so  many  courses,  hy  no  means  a 
romantic  excursion,  we  now  reach  a  breathing  pause. 
It  is  plain,  that  there  must  have  been  some  streets, 
made  and  used,  of  which  there  are  left  no  particular 
data.  That  we  may  have  a  condensed  view  of  what 
has  been  adduced  on,  and  what  relates  to  this  sub- 
ject, we  present  the  substance  of  a  report  from  a 
committee  for  naming  the  streets,  offered,  1773,  to 
our  inhabitants.  They  applied  the  term,  street,  in  all 
the  instances,  except  where  lane  stands  in  the  sub- 
joined list : 

Assembly  Courts  from  Pike's  corner  to  Assembly  Hall." 

BtckttCa  LanCf  **  Lambert*s  corner  in  Bow  St.  to  South  River. 

JBoWf    '  **  east  end  of  King  St.  to  Neck  Gate. 

Broad f  "  West's  comer  to  Alms-house.* 

Brown's  Lane,  "  Geo.  Peal's  corner  to  Water  St 

Burying-point  Lane,**  Lynde's  corner  to  Water  St. 

Bush  Lane,  «'  Capt.  John  Hodges  in  Bow  St.  to  Derby  St 

Church,  **  Saint  Peter's  Church  to  the  Elms. 

Deans  Lane,  **  Dean's  corner  to  North  River. 

Derby,  "  east  enji  of  Winter  St.  to  Rope-walks. 

Englishes  Lane,  "  Touzel's  corner  to  South  River. 

Epes  Lane,  **  Centre  School  St.  to  Saint  Peter^s  chuick. 

Essex f  "  Town-house  ^  to  Norman  St. 

Fish,  I  "Mill  St.  to  Norman  St. 

Flint's  Lane,  «*  Metcalfs  corner  to  South  St. 

Front,  «<  Fish  Street  to  Woodbridge  corner. 

'  On   the    premises    of  South         ^  Then  Incnted  on  a  comer  of 
meetinif-houee.  the  present  Essex  Street. 

•  Where    the    building,  lately 
occupied  for  the  Registry  ofi^ce, 


ACCEPTANCE  OF  REPORT  DEFERRED.    291 


Hanover, 
Hardy  Lane, 
Haskett's  Lane, 

Lynde^ 

Middle^ 

Mill, 

Gorman, 

J^orthf 

Jforih  Bridge^ 

Pope  8  Lane, 

Prison^ 

Queent 

School, 

South, 

Spring, 

Town  Bridge, 

Turner's  Lane, 

Union, 

Ward's  Lane, 

Water, 

Winter, 


from  King's  Arms*  to  South  River. 

Phippen's  corner  in  Bow  St.  to  Derby  St. 

John  White,  Jr.'s,  in  Bow  St.  to  Derby  St 

Town-house  to  Capt.  Jonathan  Gardner's. 

North  Church  to  School  St. 

BufTum's  corner  to  West's  corner. 

Alms-house  to  the  Mills. 

Broad  Street  to  Essex  St. 

Friend  Hacker's  to  Sprapfoe's  distillery. 

Clark's  corner  to  North  Bridge. 

East  Church  to  South  River. 

Osgood's  corner  to  North  River. 

West's  corner  to  Britton's  corner. 

Town-house  to  North  River. 

South  gale  to  Alms-house. 

Daniel's  corner  in  Bow  St.  to  South  River. 

Dan  vers  to  Buffum's  corner. 

Murray's  corner  in  Bow  St.  to  South  River 

Mr.  Watson's  corner  to  Long  Wharf.' 

Lowder's  coi  ner  to  Water  St. 

Bottom  of  Hanover  round  the  wharves  to 
Long  Wharf. 

Cole's  corner  to  North  River. 


C( 

it 
« 
It 
u 
n 
«< 

(C 

« 
u 
u 

« 
«( 
(( 
u 
u 


n 


However  needful  for  imparting  a  correct  knowledge 
of  our  municipal  topography,  the  foregoing  report 
was,  still  its  acceptance  was  deferred.  Whether  there 
was  a  desire  to  suspend  the  formal  confirmation  of 
Royal  names,  in  the  preceding  list,  until  there  should 
be  more  certainty,  as  to  our  connection  with  Great 
Britain,  and  thus  a  decision  was  made  to  put  oflF  the 
whole  matter,  is  not  known.  The  Court  of  Sessions 
order,  1774,  that  a  road  be  opened,  "  near  the  way 
by  South  River  between  the  bottom  of  Hanover 
Street  and  by  a  high  way  leading  from  the  court- 
house'to  Marblehead."  A  street  was  accepted,  1776, 
from  one  by  Miles  Ward's,  to  another  which  went  from 


*  A  pnblte  house. 

'Bad  been  called  FederaUat 


*  Union  Yf  Visitt. 


292  OBJECTION  TO  ESSEX   BRIDGE  WAY. 

the  town-house  to  Cabot's  Wharf.  The  same  year  a 
way  was  laid  out,  called  Front  Street.  A  passage 
was  opened,  1785,  from  School  to  North  Street, 
though  not  accepted  till  several  years  afterwards,  and 
Quaker  Liane,  from  Henry  Rust's  house  to  the  jail, 
was  mentioned.  In  1786,  a  road  by  George  Ervin's 
to  the  mill  granary,  was  allowed.  Another,  opened 
this  year,  from  D.  Woodbridge's  to  Long  Wharf, 
was  accepted  1789.  In  1787,  a  passage  between  Mr. 
Prince's  meeting-house  and  Rust's  store  is  mentioned. 
It  was  ordered,  1789,  that  there  be  a  road  on  the 
east  side  of  Essex  bridge,  for  landing  and  taking 
away  goods,  and  that  the  new  one,  laid  out  by  an 
injunction  of  the  Court  of  Sessions,  to  Essex  bridge, 
be  put  in  good  repair.  Against  the  latter's  being 
surveyed  by  county  commissioners,  the  year  before, 
our  selectmen  protested  in  the  name  of  the  town ; 
because  the  common  way  had  served  for  more  than 
80  years,  and  Salem  had  lately  put  down  costly  ferry 
ways,  which  the  bridge  would  render  useless.  A 
street  through  Kitchen's  field  is  allowed,  1790. 
There  was  an  appropriation  by  the  town,  1792,  for 
£300,  including  pave-stones  behind  the  court-house, 
to  pave  Main  Street  from  the  corner  of  Henry  Rust 
to  that  of  Mr.  Andrews,  and  as  much  further  east- 
wardly,  as  this  sum,  with  subscriptions,  would  sus- 
tain. The  work  was  done  the  same  year.  A  com- 
mittee were  appointed,  1794,  to  name  the  streets 
and  have  boards  with  each  name,  put  up  in  some 
conspicuous  .place.  The  same  year  a  way  was  ac- 
cepted from  South  meeting-house  to  the  hay-market, 
and  another  from  such  new  way  eastwardly  to  the 
south-east  corner  of  Benjamin  Dalaud's  land.    An 


STREETS  PAVED  AND  NAMED.  293 

opening  by  the  store  of  William  Marston,  to  land  of 
Joseph  Henfield,  was  accepted.  This  is  now  included 
in  the  road  by  the  railway.  A  way  from  .North 
Bridge  road  to  Cluaker  Pasture  and  to  Danven 
through  land  of  Thomas  Mason  and  others,  was  pre- 
sented;  1794,  for  acceptance,  but  it  was  not  then  le^ 
ceired.  In  1796,  a  street  through  land  of  Retiah 
Becket  and  others  was  reported,  and  in  1796,  one, 
afterwards  called  Chesnut  Street,  from  Cambridge 
Street  to  Flint  Street,  was  accepted.  Three  more 
were  accepted,  1797,  first  from  north  part  of  Pleasanl 
Street  to  Bridge  Street ;  second,  through  land  of 
Henry  Williams  to  North  River,  and  third,  Webb 
Street,  near  south-east  corner  of  Clifford  Crowninr 
shield's  land.  Two  were  allowed,  one,  1798,  in 
North  field  by  Capt.  Dennis's  to  Danvers  line ;  an^ 
other,  1799,  from  High  Street  to  Gedney  Court  la 
1799,  Neptune  and  Liberty  Streets  were  paved.  The 
same  year  IngersoU  Street  was  accepted.  Land,  far 
widening  Chesnut  Street,  1801,  was  valued  at  ^12  a 
pole.  Various  ways  are  recorded  1801,  viz.,  from 
Chesnut  Street  to  Broad  Street ;  from  Chesnut  to 
Essex  Street ;  from  Federal  to  Essex  Street ;  from 
Neptune  to  Water  Street;  and,  1802,  from  North 
Bridge  to  the  iron  factory.  The  last  was  laid  out  by 
county  commissioners.  The  town  thought  that  the 
old  road  would  do  with  suitable  alterations.  The 
following  streets  are  first  mentioned,  Bath,  1802| 
south  of  the  mall ;  and,  1803,  from  English  to  Dan^ 
iels'  Streets ;  from  Essex  to  Chesnut  between  Flint 
and  Cambridge  Streets ;  from  Mill  through  Creek 
Court  to  Summer,  and  Green  from  Flint  to  Picker- 

26 


294  STREET  LAMPS.    LAND  VALUED. 

ing  Court.  Some  of  our  inhabitants,  who  were  far 
from  feeling  that  benefactions  for  public  good  were 
like  treasure  cast  into  the  sea,  set  up  street  lamps, 
1803,  and  offered  them  to  the  town.  Their  present 
was  accepted  on  condition,  that  the  cost  of  lighting 
and  keeping  the  lamps  should  not  exceed  $1,500  a 
year.  Such  aids  to  prevent  midnight  crime,  have 
had  their  periods  of  not  being  used,  because  supposed 
to  be  of  less  utility  than  the  burden  of  maintaining 
them.  In  1835,  they  were  ordered  to  be  relighted, 
and  to  the  50  then  up,  5  more  were  added.  It  was 
estimated  that  each  lamp  with  its  fixtures  cost  $5  75, 
and  for  being  lighted,  $14  a  year.  An  appropriation, 
1838,  for  lighting  the  lamps,  was  $500.  The  ensu- 
ing roads  were  accepted — from  Marblehead  road  to 
South  River,  at  the  charges  of  Ezekiel  H.  Derby, 
1805,  called  Lafayette,  1825,  in  honor  of  General 
Lafayette,  who  came  over  it  the  preceding  year  on 
his  visit  to  Salem  ;  Warren  and  Pine,  from  the  west 
end  of  Essex  to  Warren  Street,  1806 ;  and  one  from 
Mill  Street  to  Palmer's  Hill,  1807.  Land,  taken  to 
widen  Broad  Street,  1808,  estimated  at  $25  a  pole. 
A  street'  from  Essex  to  Lynde  Street,  was  allowed, 
1810.  1820,  the  following  streets  were  named — from 
Essex  to  Federal,  Munroe ;  from  Chesnut  to  Broad, 
Pickering  ;  from  Essex  to  Chesnut  through  Wallis' 
land,  Hamilton ;  from  main  road  in  North  fields  to 
Fry's  Mills,  Mason  ;  from  Bridge  Street  to  North 
River,  Saunders;  from  Brown  to  North  River,  by 
new  burying  ground.  Branch;  and  Market  Street 
changed  to  Central  Street.  1820,  Peabody,  Northey 
and  Andover  Streets  reported.  1822,  Harbor  ;  1824, 
Pickmaa ;  1825,  South  aud  CtomV>\ft  Su^ts,  accepted. 


LIST  OF  STREETS.  295 

The  town  voted,  1825,  to  furnish  edge  stones  for 
inhabitants,  who  will  have  a  brick  walk  in  front  of 
their  land.  1827,  a  way  in  South  Salem  from  Mill 
Hill,  running  southwardly,  reported,  and  confirmed| 
1829.  Mall  Street  accepted,  1829.  County  commis- 
sioners allow  the  road  by  North  River,  if  made  by 
1831.  This  was  done,  and,  1832,  was  called  For- 
rester Street.  1832,  Lynn  Street  accepted.  1833| 
Oliver  Street  reported,  and  Front  Street  ordered  to  be 
paved.  1834,  March  Street  reported  ;  1836,  Ash ; 
1837,  Briggs;  1840,  Porter,  Cherry  and  Cedar;  1841, 
Dearborn  and  Halhorne  ;  and,  1842,  Everett  Streets, 
vrere  accepted.  Thus  we  reach  the  end  of  miscella- 
neous particulars  about  our  city  streets.  Such  a  ter- 
mination is  far  from  being  unwelcome. 

For  a  full  list  of  our  present  ways,  being  134,  the 
valuable  Directory  of  Salem  may  be  consulted.  The 
preceding  account  may  catch  the  glance  of  some,  and 
from  their  habit  of  viewing  such  objects,  may  start 
the  question.  Why  not  omit  and  leave  its  items  to  the 
vicissitudes  of  time  ?  But  the  future  inquirer  will 
have  valid  claims,  in  this  respect,  that  there  should 
be  a  garnering  up  and  not  a  scattering  to  the  winds. 
Various  views  and  inclinations  must  be  met  in  diver- 
sified forms.  Taste  can  resul,  with  patience  and  plea- 
sure, a  description  of  ways  in  ancient  cities,  on  which 
the  lines  of  desolation  have  been  long  and  deeply 
drawn.  Shall  it  cherish  neither  thought  nor  wish  for 
the  registry  of  those  passages  in  its  own  community, 
"which  furnish  the  means  of  easy  intercourse  to  its 
living  population,  as  they  pass  on  different  purposes 
of  exercise  and  diversion,  business  and  worship? 


296  TURNPIKE. 


INCORPORATED  ROADS. 


Turnpike. — ^When  turnpike  speculation  prevailed, 
much  for  public  convenience,  but  generally  to  private 
loss,  many  of  Salem  and  vicinity  partook  of  its  influ- 
ence. Willi  their  usual  forecast,  however,  they  de- 
vised and  acted  judiciously.  And  still  would  their 
investment  have  yielded  good  dividends,  had  not 
steam  travel,  then  scarcely  suspected  as  likely  so  soon 
almost  to  supersede  toll  roads,  become  extensively 
successful.  A  petition  was  presented,  January  26, 
1801,  by  Dr.  R  A.  Holyoke,  and  52  others,  for  leave 
of  Salem  to  have  a  turnpike  made  through  their 
limits.  The  town  approved  this  undertaking,  June  1, 
and  desired  their  representatives  in  the  Legislature,  to 
assist  in  having  it  allowed.  Before  this  was  accom- 
plished, individuals  of  Newburyport  and  elsewhere, 
moved  for  a  turnpike  from  that  place.  Our  inhabi- 
tants, February  3,  1803,  instructed  their  representar 
tives  to  oppose  this  project  as  unnecessary  and  injuri- 
ous to  their  own.  On  the  26th  of  the  same  month, 
General  Court  granted  an  act  of  incorporation  for  a 
turnpike  from  Salem  to  Charles  River  Bridge,  being 
a  distance  of  12  miles  and  256  poles.  When  the 
work  on  this  avenue  began,  and  while  continued, 
being  a  novel  sight  in  the  vicinity,  it  was  visited  by 
multitudes  of  different  ages  and  residences.  It  was 
opened  for  travel,  the  22d  of  September  in  the  year  of 
its  becoming  chartered.  Its  stock  consisted  of  1,200 
shares,  each  of  which  cost  about  $200.  For  six 
years  previous  to  the  opening  of  the  railroad,  the 
dividend  was  from  $9  50  to  $12  25  a  year  per  share. 
For  four  years  since,  \i  Yiaa  \^^^\i  itQrav%4t.Q  ^4  50. 


EASTERN   RAILROAD.  297 

A  single  share  now  sells  for  about  $40  to  $45.  This 
is  one  of  the  depreciations  in  concerns,  once  exten- 
sively popular  and  useful,  which  have  continued  to 
occur  through  the  alterations  of  public  improvement. 
While  regretted  in  behalf  of  those  who  suffer,  it  is 
not  divested  of  all  alleviation,  in  the  thought,  that 
what  has  brought  disaster  on  some,  will  confer  ad- 
vantage on  many  more. 

Railroad, — The  inhabitants  of  Salem  desire,  Feb- 
ruary 15,  1836,  that  their  selectmen,  representatives! 
and  the  Essex  senators,  would  advocate  a  petition  to 
General  Court  for  the  Eastern  Railroad.  The  com- 
pany, for  this  enterprise,  were  incorporated  the  14th  of 
April,  to  carry  their  way  as  far  as  the  New  Hampshire 
line.  They  also  proposed  to  have  it  reach,  under 
other  authority,  to  Portsmouth.  They  received  an  ad* 
ditional  act,  April  12, 1837,  to  alter  the  course  of  their 
survey  so  that  the  road  might  run,  as  it  now  does.  At 
this  juncture,  the  Commonwealth  extended  the  hand 
of  seasonable  aid.  This  was  enlightened  and  noble 
policy.  The  public  treasury  will  be  no  poorer  for  it, 
and  the  people  at  large  will  be  increasingly  and  greatly 
benefited.  On  the  18th  of  the  last  mentioned  month, 
the  State  Treasurer  was  authorized  to  loan  the  Eas- 
tern Railroad  proprietors  $500,000  in  State  scrip,  at  5 
per  cent.,  payable  in  sums  of  $100,000,  as  their  work 
advanced.  The  track  from  Boston  to  Salem  was 
opened  August  27,  1838,  when  stockholders  and  in- 
vited guests  tried  the  speed  of  its  cars.  It  was  a  day 
of  unusual  interest  to  thousands  who  wished  well  to 
the  enterprise.  The  proprietors  resolved,  September 
22,  to  proceed  with  the  road  further  ei^tward.     Oa 

26* 


298    INCOME.    TUNNEL.    MARBLEHEAD  BRANCH. 

the  part,  from  this  place  to  the  metropolis,  there  was 
an  income  of  $37,422  36,  and  expenses  of  $17,818  19, 
for  108  running  days,  to  February  1,  1839,  Sundays 
being  excepted.  It  would  have  been  well  for  the 
repute  and  the  profit  of  the  whole  concern,  had  so 
commendable  an  exception  never  been  violated.  Thus 
grasping  after  riches  over  the  down-cast  pillars  of 
community's  highest  good,  always  tends  more  to  loss 
than  gain.  This  is  an  established  law  of  Omnipo- 
tence. Neither  human  sophistry  can  destroy  its  na- 
ture, nor  human  wishes  and  efforts  prevent  its  efficacy. 
At  the  date,  last  mentioned,  the  merchandize  cars 
iKigan  to  run.  Such  a  two  fold  mode  of  transporting 
passengers  and  goods,  was  at  first  daily  gazed  on  by 
throngs,  as  one  of  the  greatest  triumphs  of  mechani- 
cal genius,  ever  witnessed  in  this  quarter.  Nor,  even 
after  the  lapse  of  years,  has  curiosity,  though  much 
satisfied,  closed  its  eyes  on  the  sight.  Every  princi- 
pal train  still  attracts  its  company  of  spectators.  la 
1839,  a  work  of  uncommon  skill,  labor  and  cost,  was 
finished  in  furtherance  of  the  company's  plan.  It  was 
the  tunnel  of  650  feet  long  under  Washington  Street, 
accompanied  with  walled  excavations  at  both  ends, 
which,  together,  extended  about  the  same  distance. 
This  was  done  in  a  style,  ornamental  to  the  city,  and 
honorable  to  the  corporation.  Besides,  a  pile  bridge 
of  1,800  feet  was  made  across  North  River  to  Beverly. 
On  December  10,  a  branch  railroad  was  opened  from 
Salem  to  Marblehead.  This  passed  Forest  River, 
by  a  pile  bridge  of  350  feet  long.  On  the  18th  of 
the  same  month,  the  cars  commenced  their  course  to 
Ipswich  depot.  They  ran  to  Newburyport,  June  19, 
I840f  south  of  High  ^IteeX  \  \a  xYv^  ^\.Vi«t  de^t  theroi 


DIVIDENDS.    PASSENGERS.    FERRIES.  299 

August  28 ;  to  New  Hampshire  line,  November  9  ; 
and  then  continued  on  the  railroad  of  that  State  to 
Portsmouth.  Thus  a  rout  of  53  miles  was  termi- 
nated and  an  enterprise,  chiefly  promoted,  at  the  be- 
ginning, in  this  city,  was  successfully  accomplished. 
This  is  an  achievement  which  demonstrates  the  oft 
proved  fact,  that,  while  individual  strength  can  do 
comparatively  little,  the  combined  energies  of  the 
many  may  perform  wonders.  The  cost  of  the  whole 
way  from  Boston  to  Portsmouth,  has  been  computed 
at  $2,289,286.  The  income  before  July,  1840,  was 
taken  to  meet  assessments.  Since,  the  whole  number 
of  shares,  being  20,000,  and  each  at  $100,  have  paid 
.6  per  cent,  a  year  in  semi-annual  payments.  In 
1842,  431,260  passengers  were  carried  on  the  main 
road,  who  paid  $232,342  83,  and  37,443  on  Marble- 
head  branch,  estimated  at  $4,680  39.  There  was 
also  an  income,  from  the  carrying  of  merchandizOi 
$16,082  98,  and  from  that  of  the  mail,  $11,040  43. 
Thus,  in  a  short  period,  from  small  and  doubtful  be- 
ginnings, have  arisen  large  revenues,  a  hopeful  system 
of  reasonable  income,  and  a  source  of  wide-spread 
convenience  and  benefit. 

FERRIES. 

Being  easy  to  commence  and  of  little  cost,  ferries 
are  among  the  first  means  of  intercourse  between  in- 
habitants, separated  by  rivers  and  harbors.  Our  town 
records  furnish  us  with  several  extracts  concerning 
them.  1636,  December  26,  <<  It  is  agreed,  that  John 
Stone  shall  keepe  a  ferry,  to  begin  this  day,  betwixt 
his  house  on  the  neck  vpon  the  north  point  and  Cape 
▲no  side,  and  shall  giue  dilligent  atteiuiUBLTic^  >)b^^^ 


300       BEVERLY  AND  MARBLEHEAD  FERRIES. 

durcing  the  space  of  three  yeares,  vnless  he  shall 
giue  iiist  occation  to  the  contrary,  and  in  consideracon 
thereof,  he  is  to  haue  two  pence  for  a  stranger  and  one 
penny  from  an  inhabitant.  Moreouer,  the  said  John 
Stone  doth  promise  to  provide  a  convenient  boat  for 
the  said  purpose,  betwixt  this  and  the  first  month 
next  coming  after  the  date  hearof."  This  is  the  first 
notice  which  we  have  of  Beverly  ferry.  1636-7, 
January  12,  Richard  InkersoU  is  to  have  1^  for  every 
person  he  may  carry  over  the  North  Perry,  during  the 
town's  pleasure.  1637,  September  25,  George  Wright 
is  granted  half  an  acre  of  land  on  the  neck  for  a 
house ;  five  acres  at  <<  the  Forrest  side  to  plant  on 
and  to  keepe  a  ferry  between  Butt  point  and  Darby 
fort."  This  is  the  first  mention  of  Marblehead 
Ferry.  The  point  designated,  appears  to  have  been 
at  the  bottom  of  Turner's  Lane.  The  fort  was  on 
Naugus'  Head.  In  1639,  William  Dixy  succeeds 
John  Stone,  and  takes  a  lease  of  Beverly  Ferry  for 
the  same  period  he  did.  He  <'  is  to  keep  an  horse 
boate  ,*  to  haue  for  strangers'  passadge  2^  a  peice ;  for 
towne  dwellers  1*  a  peice ;  for  mares,  horses,  and 
other  great  beasts,  6*  apeice ;  and  for  goats,  calves 
and  swyne,  2*  apeice."  When  Marblehead  was  in- 
corporated, 1649,  Salem  reserved  to  themselves  the 
right  of  the  ferry  and  the  appointment  of  the  ferry- 
men. For  the  relief  of  Richard  Stackhouse's  family, 
he  was  allowed,  1653,  the  profit  of  the  ferry  "  towards 
Ipswich,"  if  he  should  find  boat  and  men.  This 
was  the  Beverly  Ferry,  which  was  variously  desig- 
nated. The  individual  last  named,  continued  in  the 
same  station  till  the  fore  part  of  1686.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded this  year  by  JoVixl  lAaasi^^^  \\i<^  oldest  town 


FERRIAGE.    ANNUAL  INCOME.  301 

born  child  then  residing  in  Salem.  The  Beverly 
Ferry,  like  that  of  Marblehead,  was  retained  by  our 
municipal  authorities,  with  all  its  privileges.  They 
let  the  former  for  a  yearly  rent  of  £2,  1678 ;  £3, 
1679;  £5,  1682;  £6,  1694;  £7,  1705;  £10,  1708; 
£3,*  1749,  and  £10,  1769.  They  leased  the  latter 
at  the  annual  price  of  5',  1678;  18%  1699;  £3,  1704; 
£5,  1714  to  1734.  The  income  from  both  of  these 
sources  was  applied  towards  the  support  of  the  gram- 
mar school  master.  In  1690,  Massey  conducted  the  ' 
Beverly  Ferry  on  the  south  side,  and  Roger  Haskins 
on  the  north  side,  where  he  resided.  The  latter  was 
followed,  1694,  by  Edmund  Gale,  one  of  his  towns- 
men, for  seven  years,  when  his  own  widow  assumed 
the  charge.  They  agree  to  have  two  good  boats 
afloat  constantly,  one  on  each  side.  In  the  year  of 
1701,  while  Mrs.  Ruth  Haskins  entered  on  her  duties, 
John,  the  son  of  Mr.  Massey,  did  the  like  for  the 
Salem  department.  Her  son  Roger,  united  with  the 
last  person,  1708,  and  they  took  a  lease  of  the  whole 
ferry  for  20  years.  In  1742,  the  rates  for  passengers, 
in  old  tenor,  between  this  place  and  Beverly,  were  3* 
for  a  person ;  9**  for  a  horse ;  and  3*  for  a  chair  or 
chaise.  The  next  year,  Beverly  remonstrated  against 
the  rules  concerning  fares.  Salem  justified  them- 
selves and  claimed  the  right  to  lessen  the  ferriage  for 
strangers,  as  they  had  done,  or  even  to  charge  them 
nothing,  and  at  the  same  time  to  take  1^  of  Salem 
and  Beverly  passengers,  according  to  an  agreement  of 
1639.  By  vote  of  our  inhabitants,  the  selectmen 
raise  the  fares  of  North  Ferry,  1748,  computed  in  old 

*  Sterling  in  this  one  insUnc^. 


302      COMPLAINTS.    LESSEES  OF  THE  FERRIES. 

tenor,  to  8*  a  person  ;  10*  a  horse  ;  3*  a  chaise  or  two 
wheel  carriage;  and  6"  a  four  wheel  "chaise  or 
chair."  The  same  year,  a  complaint  was  made  to 
the  Legislature  by  gentlemen  of  the  county,  that  this 
mode  of  conveyance  was  not  fitly  conducted  j  that 
the  lessees  of  it  said  their  rent  was  so  high,  they 
could  not  keep  suitable  boats  and  assistants;  that 
carriages  and  goods  had,  by  carelessness,  fallen  into 
the  water ;  and  that  the  ferrymen  helped  to  lighten 
vessels  in  the  river  and  thus  occasioned  vexatious 
delay  to  travellers.  In  1749,  Robert  Hale,  of  Beverly, 
hired  the  ferry,  at  £3  sterling  annually,  as  aforesaid, 
for  seven  years.  A  reason  why  he  had  it  at  a  lower 
price  than  usual  for  the  period,  was,  that  he  agreed 
to  repair  the  ways  and  landing  there,  and  leave  them 
in  good  order.  The  fares  in  1756,  were  1*  a  person; 
"  two  English  half-pence  for  a  horse ;  4  English  half- 
pence for  a  man  and  horse ;  5*  for  a  chair ;  7*  for 
a  two  wheeled  chaise  ;  9*  for  a  four  wheel  chaise." 
Benjamin  Waters,  of  Salem,  and  Ebenezer  Ellin  wood, 
of  Beverly,  1769,  hired  the  ferry  for  three  years,  at  a 
yearly  rent  of  £10.  This  way  of  passing  to  and 
from  our  community,  continued,  as  is  well  known,  to 
the  opening  of  Essex  Bridge.  Then,  after  having 
fulfilled  a  long  and  useful  service,  it  gave  place  to  a 
safer  and  more  convenient  substitute. 

Relative  to  the  South  Ferry,  it  was  hired,  1699, 
by  Philip  English  for  three  years.  After  him,  Capt 
John  Galley,  of  Marblehead,  had  it  for  ten  years.  His 
successor  and  townsman  was  John  Dixey,  who  took  a 
lease  of  it,  1714,  for  the  same  period  as  the  last.  For 
Salem  people  he  was  to  have  2^  each,  and  for  others 
what  the  Court  of  Se8sioxi&  E\io\]\dL  v^^mi*    His  boat 


CLOSE  OF  THB  FERRIES.  303 

"Was  to  be  sufficient  for  horses  and  carriages.  Timothy 
Day,  of  Gloucester,  contracted,  1725,  to  find  mate- 
rials, except  iron,  and  make  a  causey  for  the  passen- 
gers, "  on  y*  flatts  by  Coll.  Turners,"  for  £40.  John 
Dixey,  who  was  still  ferryman,  said,  1726,  that  un- 
less more  was  done  for  the  causey,  he  could  not  sus- 
tain himself.  The  selectmen  inform  him,  that  when 
a  greater  outlay  is  made  for  such  a  purpose,  they  must 
advance  his  rent,  and  he  must  increase  the  ferriage. 
As  the  causey  by  Col.  Turner's  was  out  of  order  and 
allowed  passengers  to  land  with  not  less  than  half 
tide,  it  proposed,  1730,  to  move  the  ferry  to  English's 
flats  south  of  the  neck.  This  plan  seems  not  to  have 
been  executed.  The  small-pox  prevailing  in  Marble- 
head  the  latter  part  of  1730,  the  ferry  thither  was 
stopped  for  a  few  months.  In  1734,  it  was  leased, 
for  seven  years,  to  Joseph  Willard,  who  requested, 
before  the  period  was  out,  to  be  discharged  from  his 
obligation.  The  lower  road  to  Marblehead  must 
have  taken  away  many  of  his  passengers.  It  seems  to 
have  interrupted  the  ferry  so  that  leases  were  not  made 
as  previously.  Another  subsequent  reason  for  similar 
interruption,  was  that,  in  1774,  there  was  a  coach 
ready  to  convey  passengers  from  our  School  Street  to 
Marblehead.  We  are  informed  by  those,  living  at  the 
time,  that  the  ferry  was  much  used  during  the  Revo- 
lutionary war  and  the  first  year  of  the  ensuing  peace, 
but  ceased  to  be  so  employed  altogether  about  1786. 
Thus  in  one  direction,  as  well  as  in  another,  the  for- 
mer scenes  which  presented  travellers,  with  hasty 
Bteps,  approaching  the  boatmen's  range,  "  and  press 
for  passage  with  extended  hands,"  have  vanished 
from  the  view  of  curious  and  amused  s^^cXdtocu. 


304  TOWN   AND  TOWNSEND  BRIDGES. 

BRIDGES. 

These  were  made  soon  after  our  settlement  began. 
In  that  period  of  doubtful,  though  determined  ex- 
periment, the  most  consulted  in  reference  to  them 
was  use  and  economy.  Our  records  do  not  imme- 
diately speak  of  them,  though  when  they  do,  it  is  of 
several  as  already  decayed.  In  1644,  one  of  our 
most  skilful  mechanics  agrees  to  keep  "  the  bridge  " 
in  repair  for  16  years,  at  20/.  per  annum,  the  town  to 
find  materials.  This  appears  to  have  been  what  was 
long  denominated  town  bridge,  which  was  often  cited 
as  a  noted  boundary.  Its  erection  has  been  thought 
not  to  have  been  earlier  than  1647  ;  but  this  is  likely 
to  be  a  mistake.  An  order  passed,  1645—6,  that  the 
bridge  at  "  Townesend "  be  pulled  down,  "or  so 
much  of  it  as  shalbe  needfull  when  the  causeway  is 
begun  to  be  made,  and  shall  serue  to  pile  and  plank, 
as  farr  as  it  will  goe,  the  causeway  next  to  the  sea." 
Overseers  of  this  work  were  designated.  They  had 
power  to  select  individuals  for  doing  it,  each  of 
whom,  if  refusing,  was  to  pay  3/.  for  a  day.  The 
same  fine  was  imposed  on  any  person,  who  would  not 
let  his  "  beast "  be  employed  in  this  labor.  The 
bridge,  so  named,  seems  to  have  been  one,  which 
united  the  Neck  and  Winter  Island.  A  new  bridge 
is  mentioned,  1648,  but  not  its  location.  It  has 
been  supposed  to  have  passed  over  Forest  River.  As 
there  were  three,  out  of  our  present  bounds,  ordered 
the  previous  year,  to  be  finished,  one  of  these  may 
have  been  the  same.  Besides,  "  the  old  bridge,"  at 
the  head  of  that  river,  was  standing  the  year  after. 
Mr.  William  Brown  waa  ^p^tnaW^ftL^  \^Q^^  to  have  a 


HUMPHREY,  MILL,  CREEK  AND  NORTH  ^RIDGES.  305 

lock  bridge  erected  at  or  near  the  head  of  Forest  river, 
where  Mr.  Humphrey's  bridge  stood,  and  to  support 
the  same  for  foot  passengers.  The  Quarterly  Court 
ordered,  1661,  ''that  the  bridge,  or  causeway  at  the 
Western  end  of  Salem,  be  suj£ciently  repaired  and  a 
stone  walk  to  be  built  against  the  side  thereof  upon 
the  County's  charge."  The  Mill  bridge,  over  South 
river,  was  finished  about  1664  Leave  was  granted, 
1713,  to  John  Trask  and  Joseph  Boyce,  Jr.,  to  move 
their  mill,  on  the  upper  part  of  North  river,,  down  to  • 
Spooner's  point,  if,  within  three  years,  they  made  and 
supported  a  way  across  the  same  stream.  This,  of 
course,  included  a  bridge  for  men  and  teams.  Per- 
mission was  given  to  Lt.  Daniel  Bacon  and  others, 
1726,  to  build  a  bridge,  at  their  own  charge,  near 
"the  stepping  stones  where  it  hath  been  usual  to  go 
over  the  Creek  in  South  river."  It  was  to  be  "  a 
swing  or  draw  bridge,"  to  have  30  feet  passage  under 
it,  so  that  vessels  and  rafts  might  be  conducted  to  and 
from  several  places  above.  As  the  land,  in  process  of 
years,  intruded  on  the  waters  of  the  Creek,  the  bridge 
became  less  used  for  vessels.  In  1821,  its  wooden 
materials  were  exchanged  for  stones,  leaving  merely 
a  drain  where  once  the  proceeds  of  fishery  and  com- 
merce had  a  free  course.  Liberty  was  allowed,  1735, 
for  John  Gardner  and  Jeremiah  Gatchell,  to  construct 
a  mill  bridge,  fit  for  carts,  over  Forest  river,  on  the 
lower  road  to  Marblehead.  Being  found  too  narrow, 
it  was  widened  1798. 

In  the  history  of  our  bridges,  we  are  called  to  no- 
tice one,  which  was  considered  a  great  undertaking 
at  the  period  of  its  commencement.     James  Lindall, 

27 


306  NORTH  BRIDGE  FORFEITED. 

and  other  proprietors  of  the  North  Fields,  petitioned 
the  town,  May  17,  1742,  for  leave  to  build  a  bridge, 
at  their  own  charge,  over  North  river,  from  Ome'i  ' 
point  to  Symonds's  point  Their  request  was  grant- 
ed the  14th  of  June.  A  ];m>posal  was  made  for  the 
same  object,  1696,  but  it  was  deferred  by  vote  of  the 
inhabitants.  The  bridge,  so  permitted,  was  to  be,  at 
least,  18  feet  wide,  and  its  draw  18  feet  long.  It  was 
required  to  be  kept  in  good  order  by  the  proprietors, 
or  else  forfeited  to  the  Town.  Our  inhabitants  were 
to  have  free  passage  over  and  under  it,  and  their  ves- 
sels to  lay  at  the  bridge  and  land  goods  without  any 
expense.  It  was  finished  prior  to  March  12,  1744, 
though  two  years  were  granted  for  its  completion.  It 
was  afterwards  styled,  "  the  great  bridge."  The  en- 
tire length  of  the  causeway  and  bridge  was  860  feet. 
Thus  made,  on  conditions  which  were  to  meet  con- 
flicting interests  in  the  same  community,  the  concern 
could  not  promise  long  continued  harmony.  Soon 
objections  arose  and  were  repeated  at  different  peri- 
ods, that  the  bridge  came  short  of  what  it  should  be. 
At  length,  the  proprietors  thought  the  public  demands 
too  extravagant  and  ceased  the  necessary  outlays. 
The  Town  declared  the  bridge  forfeited,  and,  in 
1755,  conveyed  it  to  others,  except  the  draw  and  two 
adjoining  piers.  The  new  company  took  the  rest 
with  the  flats,  on  the  specifications,  that  they  would 
keep  it  in  order  for  travelling,  or,  if  they  did  not,  to 
surrender  the  whole  back  to  the  Town  with  the 
wharves,  warehouses  and  other  buildings,  erected  on 
the  premises.  But  this  new  plan  did  not  proceed 
without  its  perplexities.     On  the  subject  of  repairs, 


ESSEX  BRIDGE  PROPOSED.  307 

the  owners  did  not  look  with  the  same  eyes  as  others. 
Several  withdrew  from  the  partnership  and  their 
shares  were  sold,  1768,  by  order  of  the  Town.  Still 
difficulty  did  not  cease.  At  last,  the  Town  agreed| 
1789,  to  widen  and  repair  the  south  part  of  the  bridgOi 
if  the  remaining  proprietors  would  do  likewise,  as  to 
the  north  part,  on  the  condition,  that,  after  doing  this, 
the  latter  be  entirely  excused  from  any  other  such 
demands.  This  contract  was  fulfilled,  and  so  the 
bridge  became  the  public  property  of  Salem.  Thus 
closed  an  experiment,  with  a  result,  always  likely  to 
accrue  from  every  similar  concern.  It  demands  too 
much  of  individuals  and  too  little  of  community. 

With  the  progress  and  necessities  of  population, 
enterprise,  for  the  performance  of  greater  projects, 
made  an  advance.  A  question  was  agitated  in  Salem, 
1787,  whether  it  was  best  for  a  'bridge  to  be  erected 
over  North  ferry.  The  principal  mover  of  it  was 
George  Cabot,  an  eminent  merchant  of  Beverly.  It 
was  debated  in  our  public  meetings.  A  small  majori- 
ty opposed  its  adoption.  It  enlisted  divers  interests 
and  prejudices.  It  gave  rise  to  strong  party  feeling 
and  much  excitement.  Mr.  Blyth,  a  Umner,  who 
was  noted  for  his  ingenious  play  on  words,  said,  on 
the  occasion,  that  he  never  knew  a  bridge  built  with- 
out railing  on  both  sides.  When  a  petition  for  it  was 
presented  to  General  Court,  a  vote  passed  here,  that  a 
committee  and  the  representatives  from  Salem  oppose 
its  allowance,  and  that  adjacent  towns  be  invited  to 
unite  in  such  resistance.  In  case  the  petitioners  gain- 
ed their  object  for  a  new  bridge  either  from  Orne's 
point  or  the  Ferry  ways,  the  holders  of  estate,  on  tha 


308    LEBfUEL  COX,  ARCHITECT.    ESSEX  BRIDGE. 

North  Fields  route,  determiDed  to  apply  for  being  in- 
corporated, 80  that  they  might  have  a  toll  bridge  from 
the  same  point  to  EUenwood's  head.  Among  the 
reasons  assigned,  why  Mr.  Cabot  and  others  should 
not  have  their  petition  granted,  was,  that  the  naviga- 
tion of  North  river  would  be  destroyed,  where  there 
were  40  vessels  of  different  tonnage.  But  the  oppo- 
sition, though  various  and  energetic,  did  not  prevail 
An  act  passed,  Nov.  17th,  authorizing  the  plan  to  be 
executed.  The  bridge  began  to  be  travelled  over 
Sept.  24,  1788,  an  event,  which  many  assembled  to 
witness.  The  chief  architect  of  the  work  was  Lem- 
uel Oox,^  afterwards  similarly  employed  in  England 
and  Ireland  with  distinguished  success.  It  rested  on 
93  piers,  was  32  feet  wide,  1,484  feet  long,  all  of 
wood.  Considered  by  its  friends  as  particularly  bene- 
ficial to  most  of  the  County,  it  was  called  ESssex 
bridge.  Its  cost  was  about  $16,000,  to  be  remuner- 
ated by  tolls,  for  70  years  from  its  being  first  opened 
for  passengers.  This  sum  was  divided  into  200  shares, 
which,  prior  to  1830,  were  worth  five  times  their  orig- 
inal value.  Such  stock,  however  still  yielding  divi- 
dends, is  continually  on  the  decline.  This  deprecia- 
tion, though  caused  considerably  by  the  rail  road  just 
above  the  bridge,  is  mainly  owing  to  the  obvious  rea- 

*  One  of  hif  name,  a  wheel wrigrht,  of  Boston ,  and  snppoMcl  to  be 
the  same  indiTidual,  was  in  Ipswich  prison,  Dec.  29, 1775,  for  his  at- 
lachment  to  the  British  goTernment.  Iii  1796,  he  had  a  grant  of  1,000 
Acres  of  land  in  Maine  from  our  legislature,  for  being  the  first  inventor 
of  a  machine  to  cut  Card  wire,  the  6rst  projector  of  a  Powder  Mill  in 
Massachusetts,  the  first  soggestor  of  employing  prisoners  on  Castle 
Island  to  make  nails,  and  for  Tarioas  other  discoTeriea  in  mechanical 
•rta. 


SOUTH  BRIDGE.  809 

son,  that  the  property  will,  ere  long,  revert  to  the 
Commonwealth.  The  owners  have  paid  Salem  an 
annuity  of  £40  and  another  of  £10  to  Dan  vers,  for 
injury  to  their  navigation  of  North  river.  So  inter- 
ested in  the  appearance  of  this  bridge  was  General 
Washington,  on  his  tour  of  1789,  that,  when  he  had 
passed  it,  he  dismounted  and  returned  to  the  draw, 
which  was  hoisted  for  the  purpose,  so  that  he  might 
examine  its  structure.  Notwithstanding  the  violence 
of  party  motives,  counsels  and  exertions,  which  ralli- 
ed against  the  execution  of  this  work,  experience  has 
long  ago  shown,  that  it  was  one  of  those  enterprises, 
which  should  commend  themselves  to  general  appro- 
bation. When  its  opponents  saw,  that  their  resist- 
ance to  its  erection  was  ineffectual,  they  had  another 
built  over  Frost  fish  river,  which  has  been  commonly 
denominated  "  Spite  bridge."  Though  this  spirit  of 
retaliation  fell  far  short  of  its  design,  yet  it  has  result- 
ed in  the  long  accommodation  of  the  public. 

As  promotive  of  convenience  to  many  of  our  popu- 
lation and  for  easier  communication  with  Lynn  and 
Marblehead,  a  bridge  was  built  over  South  river, 
1805,  in  a  line  with  Central  and  Lafayette  streets. 
The  plea  for  this  improvement,  was  like  that  for  its 
predecessor,  allowed  to  be  made  above,  on  a  branch  of 
the  same  stream,  seventy-nine  years  before.  As  usual 
with  such  works,  the  South  bridge,  so  named,  has 
greatly  diminished  the  maritime  business  of  the  wa- 
ters, which  it  encloses.  It  was  done  at  the  expense 
of  Ezekiel  H.  Derby  and  others.  It  was  accepted  by 
the  Town,  1810,  and  rebuilt,  1821,  at  their  charge. 
However  the  several  free  bridges,  over  our  North  and 
27* 


giO  FOOT  BRIDGE. 

South  rivers,  were  erected  by  individuals  for  their 
own  accommodation,  still,  while  thus  acting  for  them- 
selves, they  conferred  benefit  on  our  community.  As 
we  pass  the  avenues,  opened  by  the  hand  of  their  en- 
terprise, and  consider  the  facilities  of  intercourse, 
which  they  have  promoted,  such  deeds  should  come 
to  our  grateful  recollection. 

Before  closing  this  section,  we  notice  a  Foot  bridge 
of  about  6  feet  wide,  over  North  river,  from  Dean 
street  to  Quaker  pasture,  so  called.  It  was  chartered, 
March  23,  1843,  for  Jonathan  T.  Carlton,  an  enter- 
prising carpenter,  as  its  sole  proprietor.  He  made  it 
to  accommodate  a  village  of  fifteen  houses,  built  by 
himself,  within  a  few  years,  on  land  of  the  aforesaid 
pasture. 

Looking  back  on  the  various  bridges  of  our  corpo- 
ration, some  of  which  have  disappeared  by  the  intru- 
sion of  land  upon  their  waters,  we  perceive,  that  they 
all  have  been  of  the  simpler  architecture.  Still  the 
two  principal  ones,  over  our  North  river,  were  consid- 
ered as  works  of  much  magnitude,  when  undertaken. 
In  1696,  when  the  legislature  decided,  that  the 
bridge,  which  crossed  Charles  river,  near  the.CoUege, 
should  be  repaired  at  the  chaise  of  the  Province,  they 
styled  it  "  The  Great  Bridge."  But  140  years  ago,  the 
project  of  erecting  such  a  stnicture  over  the  Perry  of 
Charles  river,  was  publicly  ridiculed,  as  the  oflEspring 
of  distempered  fancy  and  ruinous  extravagance.  The 
progress  of  the  arts,  however,  have  proved,  that  this 
opposition  rose  from  mistaken  views  and  inexperienc- 
ed efibrts,  and  that  mechanical  genius  is  capable  of 
far  greater  achievements.    Hence,  a  change  has  been 


PKIMITIVE  MODE  OF  JOURNETINa.  311 


wrought  in  the  public  mind  so  that  what  it  once 
garded  among  our  river  passages,  as  specimens  of 
superiority,  it  now  ranks  as  of  the  common  order. 
Thus  it  is,  that  improved  inventions  throw  their  pre* 
decessors  into  the  shade,  and  administer  to  the  gratifi* 
cations  of  our  intellectual  nature,  whose  bent  is  ever 
onward. 

TRAVELLING. 

Neither  the  wish,  nor  the  means  of  our  primitive 
settlers,  as  a  body,  allowed  them  to  indulge  in  costly 
modes  of  journeying.  At  the  commencement  of  their 
pilgrimage  here,  they  had  few  horses  and  none  of 
them  to  spare  from  domestic  work.  Hence,  they 
were  under  the  necessity  of  visiting  adjacent  planta- 
tions either  on  foot  or  in  boats.  Some  instances  of 
this  plain  custom,  in  the  practice  of  our  principal  char** 
acters,  are  handed  down  to  us.  In  a  letter  of  1631, 
Mr.  Endicott  wrote  to  Mr.  Winthrop  as  follows.  "  I 
did  expect  to  have  been  with  you  in  person  at  the 
Court,  and,  to  that  end,  I  put  to  sea  yesterday  and 
was  driven  back  again,  the  wind  being  stiff  against 
us.  And  there  being  no  canoe  or  boat  at  Saugus,  I 
must  have  been  constrained  to  go  to  Mystic  and  thence 
about  to  Charlestown,  which,  at  that  time,  durst  not 
be  so  bold,  my  body  being  at  present  in  an  ill  condi- 
tion to  wade  or  take  cold,  and,  therefore,  I  desire  you 
to  pardon  me."  The  excuse,  so  given,  in  view  of 
the  difficulties  then  attendant  on  the  route  from  Sa- 
lem to  Boston,  was  amply  sufficient.  This  being  in 
April,  the  Governor,  with  several  officers,  on  the  suc- 
ceeding Oct  25th,  came  <<  on  foot  to  Saugus  and  tba 


313  U0E  OF  PILUONS  ON  BOESBBAGK. 

next  day  to  Salem,  where  they  were  bountifully  en- 
tertained by  Capt  Endicott,  etc.  and,  the  28th,  they 
returned  to  Boston  by  the  ford  at  Saugus  river  and  so 
over  at  Mistick."  However  strange  it  may  strike  us, 
at  first  thought,  that  so  much  time  was  taken  to  go 
from  our  settlement  to  the  metropolis,  yet  a  second 
thought  teaches  us,  that  all  the  hours  mentioned, 
must  have  been  spent  in  diligent  progress,  because 
their  course  was  through  streams  unbridged,  and 
through  forests  infested  with  voracious  beasts,  and 
explored  only  by  rough  and  devious  paths.  A  tradi- 
tion has  been  long  accredited,  that,  soon  after  Boston 
was  settled,  a  few  persons  from  Salem  visited  it ;  that 
they  were  four  days  in  going  and  coming ;  that  their 
perils  and  hardships,  on  the  journey,  were  deemed  so 
great,  they  put  up  a  note  of  thanks,  in  our  first  church, 
the  next  Sabbath  after  their  safe  return. 

In  1637,  Governor  Winthrop  passed  through  Salem 
to  and  from  Ipswich.  The  next  year  he  visited  our 
people  by  water  and  returned  by  land.  In  both  of 
these  excursions,  he  was  escorted  by  some  of  our 
townsmen,  out  of  respect  for  him,  as  well  as  for  the 
protection  of  his  person.  It  appears,  that  he  and  his 
attendants  were  all  on  foot.  The  rates  of  our  ferriage 
mention  only  persons  till  1639,  when  they  begin  to 
include  the  transportation  of  horses.  From  this  pe- 
riod, the  mode  of  travelling  on  horseback,  gradually 
increased.  The  animal  so  used,  often  carried  two 
persons.  Most  usually,  they  were  of  both  sexes.  A 
saddle  served  for  the  gentleman  and  a  pillion  for  the 
lady.  The  latter,  when  riding  alone,  had  a  side  sad- 
dle.   As  a  sample  of  the  fashion,  we  have  a  passage 


SLOWNESS  OF  TRAVELLING. 

firom  Dunton's  journal  of  1686.  It  refers  to  his  de- 
parture from  this  Town,  after  a  hospitable  reception 
by  his  friends  here.  It  says,  that,  his  landlord's 
daughter  of  Boston,  having  taken  a  seat  behind  him 
to  visit  her  relatives  at  Ipswich,  <<I  rid  to  the  river 
that  parts  Boston  from  Ipswich,  which  though  it  be 
often  and  usually  crossed  in  a  canoe,  yet  I  rather  chose 
to  cross  it  in  a  ferry,  having  my  horse  with  me." 
Such  a  custom  continued  for  a  long  period,  in  our  inr 
land  towns.  The  writer  recollects  a  good  old  deacon, 
who,  till  25  years  ago,  took  his  '<  Sabbath  day's  jour- 
ney "  to  the  house  of  worship,  in  this  manner,  with 
the  no  less  worthy  companion  of  his  youth  and  age. 
Some  of  our  country  villages  still  show  the  large,  flat 
and  elevated  stones,  close  by  their  sanctuaries,  where 
the  couples  alighted  and  again  took  their  seats  on  the 
horse.  Such  a  use  of  the  pillion  by  ladies,  can  be 
traced  far  back.  Queen  Elizabeth,  in  the  beginning 
of  her  reign,  was  thus  carried  to  the  House  of  Peers. 
As  a  specimen  of  the  comparative  slowness  in  trav- 
elling here  and  elsewhere,  a  considerable  period  after 
our  first  settlement  was  made,  we  have  the  extract 
firom  a  letter  of  Jonathan  Dickenson  to  William  Smith, 
dated  Philadelphia,  Feb.  1697.  It  runs  thus,  <<  If  any 
occasion  presents,  write  me  by  way  of  New  England. 
We  have  the  Post  go  there.  In  14  days,  we  have  an 
answer  from  Boston ;  once  a  week  from  New  York ; 
once  in  three  weeks  from  Maryland,  and  once  in  a 
month  from  Virginia."  From  20  to  25  miles  a  day, 
was  accounted  good  travelling.  A  principal  cause  of 
•uch  slowness  was  the  want  of  bridges  and  good  roads. 
The  people  from  this  quarter,  made  repeated  com- 


314  CARRIAGES. 

plaints,  that  they  were  delayed  in  their  access  to  Bos- 
ton. The  ferrymen  were  empowered  not  to  cross 
when  they  thought  there  was  danger  from  wind  or 
ice.  Some  of  our  principal  men  were  engaged  in  a 
petition  to  the  Legislature,  1710,  on  this  subject. 
They  desired,  that  a  bridge  <<  be  built  over  to  Noddle's 
Island  to  the  main,  at  northeast  side,"  or  that  <<  there 
be  three  boats  kept  plying  betwixt  Winisimet  and 
Boston,  that  the  dueen's  subjects  may  not  be  so  long 
detained  to  their  great  detriment  and  hindrance,  as 
now  too  often  they  are."  With  regard  to  their  more 
distant  travelling,  a  statement  was  laid  before  the 
General  Court,  1700,  which  said,  that  the  road  to 
Connecticut,  especially  between  Worcester  and  Brook- 
field,  was  <<  much  incumbered  with  trees  fallen  and 
many  rocky  swamps  and  other  impassable  obstruc- 
tions to  travellers,  drovers  and  others,  and  hazarding 
hfe  or  limb  of  both  men  and  horses  and  other  crear 
tures,  to  great  losses  and  damages." 

Brelative  to  what  was  considered,  in  Essex  County, 
a  great  degree  of  travel,  a  representation  was  made, 
in  1663,  when  a  question  was  agitated  in  Newbury 
about  a  new  way  there,  so  as  to  improve  the  great 
Eastern  road.  The  document  remarked,  "  in  winter 
time,  betwixt  a  dozen  and  twenty  horsemen  besides 
foot,  come  over  the  bridge  in  a  day,  and  twenty  or 
thirty  cattell  in  a  day,  in  one  company." 

One  of  the  earliest  notices,  which  we  have  of  a 
carriage,  belonging  to  Salem,  was  in  1701.  This 
was  called  a  calash  and  was  owned  by  Henry  Sharp, 
an  innholder.  He  let  it  for  carrying  a  Mr.  Bulkley 
home,  who  had  just  arrived  here  sick,  but  who  was 


LADY  ANDROS.    SNOW  SHOES.  815 

unable  to  proceed  any  further  than  Lynn.  The  driv- 
er  came  back  with  the  calash  on  the  Sabbath.  This, 
was  deemed  a  violation  of  holy  time.  Mr.  Sharp  was 
called  to  answer  the  charge,  but  was  cleared  on  the 
plea  of  necessity.  However  carriages  of  various  sorts, 
were  used  in  England  before  the  settlement  of  onr 
cowitry,  but  few,  even  of  the  simpler  forms,  appear  to 
have  been  owned  either  in  Salem  or  other  towns,  ex* 
cept  Boston  and  probably  Dorchester,  at  the  time  of 
the  above  case.  When  Lady  Andros  arrived  at  the 
metropolis,  in  .1687,  she  and  her  husband,  the  Gov* 
emor,  rode  in  a  coach.  It  seems  to  have  been  the 
policy  of  our  legislators  to  discourage  the  use  of  car- 
nages, as  well  as  foreign  fashions  of  costly  dress,  lest 
they  should  bring  luxurious  habits  on  the  people  and 
so  prevent  the  advancement  of  our  Colonial  interests. 
Still,  at  the  date  last  mentioned,  such  vehicles  were 
making  their  way  to  popular  favor,  and  thus  proper- 
tionably  reduced  the  practice  of  journeying  on  horse- 
back. How  they  had  increased  by  1732,  is  indicated 
by  the  remark,  then  made,  that,  at  the  funeral  of  Lt. 
Governor  William  Tailer,  "  a  great  number  of  gentry 
attended  in  their  coaches  and  chaises,  etc."  As  car- 
riages came  into  vogue  for  the  milder  seasons,  so,  of 
course,  would  sleighs  be  adopted  for  winter.  One  of 
the  latter  was  advertised,  1724,  for  sale,  in  Boston. 

When  the  snow  blocked  up  our  roads,  it  was  com- 
mon for  persons,  whom  necessity  called  abroad,  to  use 
snow  shoes  or  rackets.  A  newspaper  of  the  metrop- 
olis, in  1705,  says,  '<  there  is  no  travelling  with  horses, 
especially  beyond  Newbury,  but  with  snow  shoes." 
Dr.  Holyoke's  diary  of  1748,  notices  a  similar  fact. 


316        TAX  ON  CARRIAGES.    THBIR  1I9MBER. 

In  order  to  derive  benefit  from  the  increase  of  car- 
riages, the  General  Court,  in  1737,  laid  a  tax  on  them. 
A  coach  was  assessed  at  50/,  a  chaise  of  four  wheels 
30/,  and  every  other  chaise,  calash  or  chair  20/.  For 
the  purchase  of  land  and  the  erection  of  an  edifice  in 
Boston,  where  linen  might  be  manufactured,  the  leg- 
islature, in  1753,  adopted  a  similar  measure.  They 
allowed  every  town  to  send,  at  least,  one  person  for 
the  purpose  of  learning  such  an  art  free  of  expense. 
The  charge  on  each  coach  was  10/,  chariot  6/,  chaise 
3/,  calash  2/,  and  chair  2/.  This  excise  was  collected 
for  five  years.  It  was  assessed  the  first  year,  on  6 
coaches,  18  chariots,  339  chaises  and  992  chairs  and 
calashes,  being  all  of  the  Province.  At  the  same 
time,  Salem  had  10  chaises  and  40  chairs,  apparently 
including  calashes.  Here  we  have  a  definite  idea  of 
this  town's  journeying  accommodations,  by  means  of 
carriages,  for  that  period. 

The  first  notice  we  have  of  a  vehicle,  for  the  carry- 
ing of  passengers,  our  way,  was  in  1761.  Then  <<a 
large  stage  chair  "  or  curricle,  drawn  by  two  horses, 
came  from  Portsmouth  through  Salem  on  its  route  to 
Boston,  and  returned,  once  a  week.  In  this  respect, 
our  fathers  were  much  behind  the  people  of  Boston. 
These,  as  early  as  1716,  had  a  carriage,  for  the  like 
purpose,  go  and  come  from  Newport,  R.  I.,  once  a 
fortnight  '<  while  the  ways  were  passable."  Benjamin 
Goats  of  Salem  began  to  run  a  stage,  in  1766,  be- 
tween this  town  and  Boston.  Such  conveyance  from 
the  eastward  was  greatly  hindered,  1768,  by  the 
horses  having  an  '^epidemical  distemper."  Two  years 
afterwards,  Mr.  Goats  advertised,  that  he  had  purchased 


STAGES  THROUGH  AND  FROM  SALEM.    817 

^<a  new  itage  chaise,"  which  would  be  placed  on 
the  line  from  Salem  to  Boston,  April  29,  <<8o  that  be 
will  then,  with  the  one  now  improved  in  that  basincMi 
he  able  to  carry  and  bring  passengers,  bundles,  etc.," 
every  day,  except  Sunday.  He  also  stated,  that  he 
had  five  fall  back  chaises,  one  fall  back  curricle,  six 
standing  top  chairs  and  three  sulkies  to  let.  He  had 
a  noted  sleigh,  called  the  Vengeance,  and  remembered 
by  the  aged  of  our  day,  which  was  drawn  by  four 
horses.  Mr.  Coats  notified  his  customers,  Feb.  1774| 
that  he  intended  to  reside  in  Boston.  The  next  April, 
Ezra  Lunt,  of  Newburyport,  informed  the  public,  that 
he  ran  a  four  horse  coach  firom  that  place  to  the  me* 
tropolis  through  Salem,  on  Monday,  and  had  it  return 
on  Thursday.  The  ensuing  July,  Joseph  Hovey,  al 
the  sign  of  the  King's  head  in  Danvers,  on  the  Bostoii 
xoad,  kept  by  William  Jones,  gave  notice  to  our  in- 
habitants, that  he  had  a  coach  to  carry  passengers  t^ 
Winisimet  ferry  for  3/  a-piece.  He,  also,  proposed,  if 
suitably  encouraged,  to  carry  them  daily  firom  our 
£hip  Tavern  in  School  street,  to  Marblehead,  at  1/4  for 
each  person.  The  following  August,  an  individual| 
supposed  to  be  a  Mr.  Very,  who  is  said  to  have  sujCp 
ceeded  Mr.  Coats^  advertised  a  post  chaise  to  ply  be* 
tween  Salem  and  Boston,  to  goon  Wednesday  and  rer 
tarn  on  Thursday,  for  passengers,  letters  and  bundlei^ 
His  price  was  3/4  a  seat  to  Winisimet  ferry.  It  must 
be  confessed,  that  there  was  occasion  for  the  curiosity 
of  our  observing  people  to  dwell  some  on  these  ua» 
common  changes  of  travelling,  as  well  as  much  on 
jthose  of  the  political  world  around  them.  We  are 
told  by  several,  who  lived  in  those  perilous  ^mes,  that 
28 


tig  NUMBER  OF  HORSSa 

there  was  an  occasional  suspension  in  the  mnning  of 
our  carriages,  while  the  Revolutionary  war  continued. 
The  number  of  horses  in  Salem,  employed  here,  was, 
as  previously  stated,  130  to  196,  from  1768  to  178L 
Ezra  Burrill  of  this  place,  gave  notice  in  1782,  that 
by  the  middle  of  April,  he  should  begin  to  run  a  stage 
coach  to  Boston.  The  same  year,  as  an  article  of  un- 
common sale  in  this  community,  the  widow  of  Judge 
Lynde  advertised,  that  an  elegant  family  chariot  might 
be  purchased  at  her  house  in  Liberty  lane.  In  1784, 
Thomas  Newhall  published,  that,  on  13th  of  Decem- 
ber, he  should  have  a  stage  pass  from  Salem  to 
Charlestown  one  day  and  return  the  next.  On  the 
14th  of  the  same  month,  Mr.  Burrill  stated,  that  he 
had  made  an  alteration  in  his  line  so  that  one  of  his 
coaches  would  go  every  alternate  day  through  Med- 
ford  to  Charlestown,  and  another  thus  come  from  Bos- 
ton by  Winisimet  route,  and,  in  this  manner,  till  the 
ferry  closed,  when  both  of  the  carriages  would  follow 
the  Charlestown  course.  Whoever  went  and  came, 
]>aid  6/  each  way ;  but  if  taking  one  passage,  he  was 
charged  7/6.  In  1789,  Mr.  Burrill,  as  a  means  of  re- 
viving patronage  to  his  line,  lowers  the  fare,  so  that 
passengers  both  ways,  should  each  pay  4/10  to,  and 
the  same  from  Charlestown,  through  Medford ;  but,  if 
they  only  went  or  returned,  it  was  6/  a  seat.  By  an 
excise  act  of  our  Legislature  in  1790,  which  continu- 
ed several  years,  carriages  were  taxed  as  follows. 
Every  coach,  chariot  and  post-chaise,  £6 ;  phaeton 
and  four-wheeled  chaise,  £3 ;  fall  back  chaise,  10/, 
and  other  chaise  6/ ;  sulkey  and  riding  chair  4/  a  year. 
^    Though  a  stage  was  driven  by  Benjamin  Teyler 


MARBLEHEAD  AND  GLOUOESTBR  STAGEa     319 

from  Marblehead  to  Boston,  as  far  back  as  1768,  and 
one  passed  occasionally  from  Salem  to  the  former 
town  in  1774,  yet  it  was  not  till  1794,  that  such  a  v^ 
hide  was  run  from  Marblebecul  to  our  own  city. 
Michael  Basset  was  the  proprietor  of  the  last  carriage* 
He  came  twice  a  day  for  three  times  a  week,  and,  ii)L 
1797,  he  came  daily  at  1/6  a  seat.  So  convenient  aa 
arrangement  was  continued  in  different  hands  and 
with  partial,  interruptions,  for  a  considerable  perio<|. 
In  1817,  the. fare  was  raised  from  25  cents  to  31 ;  but 
the  change  met  with  so  decided  a  rebuff  from  the 
public,  that  it  was  reduced  in  a  few  months  to  the 
old  price.  This  was  so  in  1828.  About  this  date, 
another  concern  ran  a  coach  at  12^  cents  a  passenger. 
Subject  to  such  vicissitudes,  a  line  was  sustained  till  a 
short  period  after  the  cars,  in  1839,  became  its  too  pow- 
erful competitors.  When  the  Mashabequash  was  thus 
passed  by  means,  so  strange  to  its  waters,  it  was  not 
likely  to  be  again  crossed  by  a  regular  stage.  But  in 
the  course  of  1843,  Lot  Peach  removed  the  improbar 
bility  by  running  one  at  12^  cents  a  seat. 

For  securing  an  easier  communication  on  the  rough 
route  between  Salem  and  Gloucester,  Jonathan  Low 
began  to  run  a  coach  on  it  in  1796,  thrice  a  week,  for 
the  summer  season.  There  had  been  a  <<  Stage  Wag- 
gon" from  and  before  1792,  on  the  same  course.  Mr. 
Low  gave  notice,  1806,  that  his  carriage  would  make 
its  passage  daily.  This  line  has  been  continued  by 
different  proprietors.     In  1843,  it  ran  twice  a  day. 

Besides  the  stages  run  at  different  periods,  beginr 
ning  1796|  from  Beverly  through  our  city  to  the  me«- 
tropoUsy  a  daily  commenced,  1828|  between  Salem 


SM  HACKNET  COACHB8. 

md  the  first  town.  A  similar  eonvenieiice  vras  afford- 
ed, 1833,  at  12^  cents  a  seat  These  accommodatioot 
were  bat  temporary. 

As  an  unusual  event  among  our  community,  more 
accustomed  to  carry  themselves  than  to  be  carried, 
John  Femald,  in  1806,  took  his  stand  with  a  hackney 
coach  near  Stearns's  building.  An  accommodation 
of  this  kind,  has  slowly  gained  on  the  patronage  of 
the  public.  The  location,  assigned  the  next  year  by 
the  town  authorities,  for  such  coaches,  and  also  sleighs, 
was  south  of  the  Court  house. 

A  stage,  from  Salem  to  Haverhill,  was  commenced, 
1810,  by  Morse  and  Fox,  once  a  week,  through  Tops- 
field,  Boxford  and  Bradford.  Soon  it  went  twice  a 
Week.  Previously,  travellers  were  only  accommodate 
ed,  on  this  route,  by  carriers  who  had  a  spare  seat  or 
two  in  their  chairs.  Robert  Davis  was  in  this  service 
as  far  back  as  1774  Of  the  preceding  firm,  Richard 
Morse,  in  1811,  took  a  new  direction  to  Haverhill 
through  Andover.  To  the  latter  town  his  charge  was 
1^1, 12 J^,  and  to  the  former  $1,25.  The  Post-^rhaise 
Was  succeeded,  1819,  by  a  mail  coach,  which  ran  three 
times  a  week,  the  fare  being  $1.  This  new  establish- 
ment belonged  to  one  of  the  Manning  companies,  who 
contined  it  as  far  down  as  1839.  It  appears  to  have 
tan  daily  for  several  years.  Ephraim  Corlis,  Jr.,  gave 
notice,  in  1823,  that  he  should  run  a  coach  three  times 
A  week,  from  Haverhill  to  Salem.  During  the  year 
last  named,  another  stage  was  driven  from  this  jdace 
through  Haverhill  to  Concord,  N.  H.  In  1828,  an 
opposition  company  set  up  a  coach  here  for  Haverhill 
at  a  fare  of  76  cents.    The  two  last  enterprises  were 


ANDOV£R,  LOW£LL  AND  DANVEB8  STAGES.    821 

not  of  long  continuance.  A  line  thither  has  been  sus- 
tained amid  clashing  interests  and  change  of  proprie- 
tors. The  present  one,  which  goes  thrice  a  week,  is 
conducted  by  Isaac  Pinkham,  at  $1  a  passenger. 

In  1819,  a  coach  began  to  run  twice  a  week,  for 
the  South  Parish  of  Andover.  It  continued  several 
months.  The  next  year,  another  was  set  up  on  the 
same  route,  but  it  was  not  permanent. 

The  manufacturing  interests  of  Lowell,  had  risen 
so  much  as  to  justify  the  enterprise  of  extending  its 
conveniences  of  travel  to  our  own  town.  In  1826,  a 
coach  came  thence  every  other  day.  The  fare  was 
^1,25.  The  succeeding  year,  Samuel  Manning  set 
up  a  mail  stage,  which  went  thither  the  like  number 
of  times,  at  $1,50  a  seat.  This  line  is  continued  by 
Thomas  Adams.  It  seems  to  have  been  a  daily  for 
several  years.  In  1842,  Simon  Pindar  began  to  drive 
a  coach  to  Wilmington,  every  alternate  day,  so  that 
his  passengers  might  take  the  cars  for  Lowell.  Should 
this  Manchester  of  New  England  be  fostered  by  the 
protective  policy  of  the  General  Government,  its  in- 
tercourse with  our  citizens  will  be  proportionably 
increased. 

To  facilitate  conmiunication  with  our  neighbors  of 
Danvers,  a  coach,  in  1828,  began  running  thence  to 
Salem,  twice  a  day,  at  12^  cts.  a  passenger.  Its  route 
included  the  north  part  of  that  town.  An  opposition 
coach  commenced  soon  afterwards,  but  it  was  not  per- 
manent. The  line,  in  1836,  extended  to  Beverly. 
Not  long  after,  it  was  restricted  to  its  original  bounds. 
At  present,  it  passes  twice  a  day,  on  each  course. 
Morse  &  Steele,  in  1838,  put  an  Omnibus  on  the  road 

28* 


^  IPSWICH,  ESSEX,  LTlfN  AND  BOSTON  STAGES. 

ftom  South  DaoTers.  It  was  called  the  Transport 
This  carriage,  so  pertinently  named,  appeared  in  our 
fttreets  soon  after  another  of  similar  construction, 
which  plied  on  the  way  to  Boston.  Like  its  compeer, 
it  failed  not,  as  a  huge  novelty,  to  attract  many  eyes 
Und  occasion  many  remarks.  In  1841,  it  ran  hourly 
and  so  continues.  Then  a  new  line  commenced  here, 
to  compete  with  the  other,  but  it  continued  only  a  few 
weeks. 

About  1833,  a  coach  came  daily  from  Ipswich  to 
this  place.  It  was  under  the  direction  of  Frederic 
Mitchel.  It  continued  after  1836.  But  the  Railroad 
dispensed  with  the  need  of  such  accommodation. 

Thomas  Nurse,  in  1833,  commenced  a  stage  from 
Essex  to  Salem.     It  ceased  in  several  months. 

A  coach  has  run  from  Lynn  to  this  city  since  1832, 
over  Forest  river  road.  At  present,  Benjamin  Pierce 
continues  one  in  the  same  direction.    Fare  26  cts. 

Having  attended  to  the  public  conveyances  for 
passengers  on  several  of  the  avenues  to  Salem,  we 
will  resume  those  between  it  and  the  metropolis.  In 
1798,  Badger  S&  Blake  set  up  a  stage  there  for  this 
route.  William  Manning  and  Joseph  Cross  commenc- 
ed here,  in  1801,  a  similar  enterprise.  These  two 
persons  became  noted  for  their  activity  in  so  useful 
an  employment.  Particularly  has  the  first,  in  con- 
nection with  his  brothers,  secured  such  repute  by  ex- 
tending the  facilities  of  travel,  more  than  any  other 
individual  of  Essex  County.  The  fare,  on  the  Boston 
line,  was  $1,25  in  1817,  and,  in  1821,  it  was  reduced 
to  $1.  In  1819,  Robert  Manning  and  company  be- 
gan to  nm  a  stage  through  Danvers.    In  1827  and 


OAMIBUSES.  $3!i 

1828,  several  new  coaches  were  driven  at  50  and  75 
cts.  a  seat.  Simon  Pindar  run  one,  1831,  over  For* 
est  river  road.  He  commenced  with  the  last  price, 
bat,  in  several  months,  came  down  to  the  first.  There 
was  a  varying  from  one  of  these  rates  to  the  other  un- 
til the  Railroad  was  opened  for  travel.  Since,  a  half 
dollar  has  been  the  fixed  price. 

As  a  matter  of  much  attraction  and  speculation, 
efiforts  were  made,  with  an  apparent  prospect  of  suc- 
cess, in  1832  and  3,  to  form  a  company  for  running 
Bteam  carriages  on  the  Turnpike,  from  Salem  to  Bos- 
ton. This  project  was  encouraged  by  experiments, 
which  had  been  made  in  England.  But  the  conclu- 
eion  subsided  finally  in  the  more  practical  method  of 
running  cars  on  the  Railroad.  Unable  to  compete 
with  this  new  mode  of  travelling,  the  Eastern  Stage 
Company,  Feb.  12,  1838,  advertised  all  their  joint 
istock  for  sale.  Their  enterprise  was  well  conducted. 
It  greatly  accommodated  our  own  and  other  commu- 
nities. When  undertaken,  it  bid  fair  to  have  a  long 
mad  profitable  continuance.  But  it  was  met  by  an 
overwhelming  trial,  disastrous  to  them,  though  bene- 
ficial to  the  public.  Such  is  the  frequent  experience 
in  human  calculations.  Among  the  difierent  vehicles, 
conducted  on  the  ways  to  Boston,  an  Omnibus  appear- 
-ed,  in  the  year  last  named,  as  an  object  of  much  curi- 
osity. It  was  driven  by  Adrian  Low  for  two  years. 
It  reminded  us,  as  to  room  for  passengers,  of  the 
wagons  called  caravans,  in  Old  England,  1565,  and 
named  on  our  colony  records,  1645,  each  of  which,  as 
fiushionable  conveyances,  would  hold  26  persons. 

With  regard  to  the  amount  of  tcavelkt^  fsA\SL  t^sai 


S24     AMOUNT  OF  TRAVELLERa  FARES. 

city  to  the  metropolis,  we  may  form  an  idea  by  a  gen- 
eral statement  of  the  coaches  at  different  periods. — 
These  carriages,  of  course,  do  not  include  many  oth* 
ers,  which  passed  the  same  course  through  our  streets 
for  the  eastward.  Nor  do  they  embrace  extras,  which 
were  neither  few  nor  unfrequent.  From  1802  to 
1823,  there  were  four  and  five ;  from  the  last  year  to 
1834,  there  were  six  and  seven ;  from  this  to  1836, 
eleven  and  twelve.  In  1837  there  were  eight ;  for  a 
portion  of  1838,  twelve,  and  the  other  portion,  six. — 
In  1839  there  was  one  carriage,  and  this  number  has 
continued  at  a  fare  of  50  cts.  to  tally  with  that  of  the 
cars.  We  have  a  particular  account,  which  bears  on 
the  point  before  us.  On  Dec.  6th  of  1831,  the  Salem 
and  Boston  Stage  Companies  had  19  coaches  run  hith- 
er with  219  passengers.  For  a  week,  ending  the  3d 
of  the  same  month,  their  carriages  brought  us  1,031 
persons.  In  view  of  our  Stage  history,  we  may  say, 
seldom  are  the  instances,  in  which  so  sudden  and  ex- 
tensive a  change  occurs,  as  it  now  lays  before  us. 
The  many  have  at  once  become  few.  Such  alterna- 
tions are  likely  to  take  place  in  all  great  thoroughfares, 
wherever  a  Railroad  is  established.  This,  in  point  ci 
absorption,  is  the  rod  that  swallows  up  the  rest. 

As  the  roads  to  the  metropolis  were  altered,  so,  of 
course,  were  distances  varied.  Formerly  the  direc- 
tion was  over  Charlestown  ferry,  through  Medford, 
-Maiden,  Lynn  and  Danvers,  making  about  20  .miles. 
Then,  over  the  new  road,  including  Maiden  bridge,  it 
was  17  miles,  and  afterwards,  over  the  Turnpike,  15 
miles.     This  is  one  of  the  many  varieties,  in  which 


HORSE  WAGONS.    CABS.  KM 

human  inclination  always  leans  to  the  saving  of  time 
and  toil. 

Though  it  b  high  time  that  we  had  done  with 
travelliiig,  still  there  is  one  or  two  more  of  its  con- 
cerns, which  will  not  suffer  us  to  quit  the  track,  till 
they  appear  in  the  review.  The  wagon,  though  more 
homely  than  the  coach,  is  no  less  useful.  .  The  kind 
carried  by  a  single  horse,  appeared  about  1810,  and 
gradually  increased.  Most  of  our  townsmen,  engag- 
ed in  laborious  occupations  and  owning  horses,  ceased 
to  ride  these  animals  on  the  back  and  used  them  in 
such  vehicles.  Wagons  of  this  sort  have  been  em- 
ployed to  bring  produce  to  our  market,  which  had 
been  borne  hither  either  in  carts,  or  in  wallets  and 
panniers,  thrown  across  the  backs  of  horses. 

The  last  call  we  have  here,  is  from  the  Cab. 
Though  this  handy,  but  not  easy  article,  has  been 
long  used  in  Europe,  yet  many  years  have  not  passed 
since  its  appearance  in  our  cities.  The  first  notice 
we  have  of  them  in  Salem,  was  in  the  spring  of  1842. 
Then  William  Lovejoy  and  Joseph  Smith  advertised, 
that  each  of  them  had  provided  one  to  accommodate 
the  public  at  the  rate  of  12^  cts.  a  seat.  However 
such  carriages  have  been  multiplied  in  other  places, 
yet  they  have  not  so  won  upon  the  liking  of  our  citi- 
sens  as  to  be  increased  among  them.  Though  a  third 
was  subsequently  set  up,  it  did  not  long  survive. 
The  present  name  of  this  conveyance  is  undoubtedly 
the  first  syllable  of  the  French  Cabriolet  The  last 
word  is  from  Cabriole,  which  signifies  a  goat-leap,  by 
no  means  an  inapposite  expression  of  the  motion  of 
the  carriage. 


336  POST  MASTERS  AND  POST  RIDERS. 

MAILS  AND  POST  OFFICES. 

However  letters  from  a  fieur  country^  may  be  partio 
ularly  acceptable  to  the  scattered  settlers  of  a  new 
world,  yet  years  must  elapse  before  the  progress  of  so- 
ciety there  will  be  enough  for  the  regular  establish- 
ment of  mails  and  post  offices.  Such  was  the  expe- 
rience of  our  ancestors.  Not  till  1639,  did  our  Gene- 
ral Court,  according  to  their  records,  take  any  steps  in 
a  matter  of  this  sort.  Then  they  ordered,  that  all 
who  chose,  should  deposit  letters,  ''  brought  from  be- 
yond seas,"  with  Richard  Fairbanks  of  Boston.  He 
was  to  dispatch  them  according  to  their  direction. 
For  his  care,  he  was  allowed  1^  a  letter.  In  1674^ 
the  same  authorities  required,  that  post-men,  on  pub- 
lic service,  should  have  3"^  a  mile,  as  their  full  com- 
pensation, and  that  no  innholder  should  charge  them 
more  than  2/  a  bushel  for  oats,  and  4^  for  hay,  during 
day  and  night.  A  petition  was  laid  before  them, 
1677,  by  a  number  of  merchants,  that,  as  letters  of 
importance  had  been  frequently  lost,  because  '^  thrown 
upon  the  exchange'.'  in  Boston,  they  would  pass  a  rale, 
for  the  prevention  of  so  great  an  evil  and  for  the  rates 
of  postage.  Accordingly,  they  designated  John  Hay- 
ward,  the  scrivener,  for  such  an  office  in  the  metropolis. 
With  the  repeal  of  our  Colonial  charter,  the  immedi- 
ate power  to  control  these  concerns,  was  taken  from 
the  Massachusetts  legislature.  They  passed  a  law,  in 
1693,  which  complied  with  the  appointment  of  Thom- 
as Neal,  as  post  master  general  of  British  America, 
and  Andrew  Hamilton,  as  his  deputy,  by  the  King  in 
Council.    The  same  act  allowed,  that,  for  Magsacha" 


THE  LETTER  CASE  CARRIED  BT  JOHN  MOBLE.    S37 

aettSi  a  <' general  letter  office"  should  be  located  in 
Boston,  and  its  keeper  be  designated  by  the  latter  of 
the  two  last  named  gentlemen.  It  set  the  postage  of 
a  single  letter^  from  the  capital  to  Salem,  at  4^.  It 
confined  the  carriage  of  letters  for  hire,  to  the  regular 
post  men.  These  facts,  with  the  situation  and  size 
of  Salem,  indicate,  that  a  post  office  had  then  been 
established  here. 

In  1704,  the  carrier  of  the  mail  had  his  route  from 
Boston  to  the  eastward,  through  this  town.  There  was 
particular  mention  made,  in  17 1 1,  of  a  po3t  office  among 
our  population.  Tradition  affirms,  that  Jonathan  Pal* 
mer,  who  died  at  Newbury,  1726,  in  his  59th  year,  was 
post  man,  for  many  years,  on  the  course  last  specified. 
The  earliest  name  Of  our  post  masters,  which  has 
come  to  the  knowledge  of  the  writer,  was  Edward 
Norris,  in  1768.  Among  the  most  noted  carriers  of 
the  mail,  with  whom  he  had  to  do,  was  John  Noble, 
In  the  discharge  of  his  duties,  the  last  person  rode 
between  Boston  and  Portsmouth.  Benjamin  Hart, 
engaged  in  similar  employment,  advertised,  1770,  that 
he  had  left  riding  the  post  horse,  and  taken  "  the  same 
post  stage,  lately  improved  by  John  Noble."  This 
indicates,  that  Mr.  Noble  had  relinquished  his  charge 
of  the  mail  by  the  year  last  expressed.  The  article, 
in  which  he  used  to  carry  letters,  is  deposited  in  the 
Portsmouth  Athenaeum.  <<  It  is  made  of  tin,  and  is 
only  four  inches  wide,  four  inches  high  and  ten  inches 
long;  about  double  the  size  of  a  common  cartridge 
box."  A  contrast  indeed,  when  compared  with  the 
large  bags  of  the  eastern  mail,  in  our  day,  which  are 
transported  six  times  oftener,  than  so  interesting  a 


S38  RB-B8TABLISH1IENT  OF  MAILB. 

relic  of  former  years.  A  comnranieatioD,  of  March 
28,  1774,  from  the  Boston  committee  of  correBpond- 
ence,  is  received  by  a  similar  committee  here,  on  the 
snbject  of  establishing  post  offices  and  post  riders,  in- 
dependent of  the  Crown.  When  the  struggle  for 
freedom  had  commenced,  our  Provincial  Congrea 
took  the  concern,  within  their  jurisdiction,  into  their 
own  hands.  Among  the  post  masters,  whom  they 
appointed,  May  13,  1775,  was  Mr.  Norris,  who  thus 
received  a  confirmation  of  the  trust,  previously  con- 
ferred on  him.  They  raised  the  postage  of  a  single 
letter,  from  4^  to  5^^,  for  not  above  60  miles,  and  so 
in  proportion.  Then  there  were  only  three  other 
post  offices  in  Eissex  County,  besides  our  own,  which 
was  kept  in  the  shop,^  now  No.  43,  Washington  street 
The  succeeding  July,  our  National  Government  as- 
sumed the  control  of  this  business  for  all  the  States, 
and  elected  Benjamin  Franklin,  post  master  general 
They  allowed  his  deputies  20  per  cent  of  what  they 
paid  to  him,  not  exceeding  $1,000,  but  on  what  was 
above  this  sum,  only  10  per  cent.  Thus  a  concern, 
which  had  been  regulated,  under  the  second  charter, 
by  officers  of  the  Crown,  was  broken  from  such  a  re- 
lation and  incorporated  among  our  free  institutions. 

Congress  required,  Aug.  30,  1776,  that  <<  there  be 
employed,  on  the  public  post-roads,  a  rider  for  every 
26  or  30  miles,  whose  business  it  shall  be  to  proceed 
through  his  stage  three  times  in  every  week."  In 
1779,  Muscoll  Williams  was  the  keeper  of  our  post 
office,  in  a  shop,  now  No.  290,  Essex  street.  He 
seems  to  have  succeeded  Mr.  Norris.    He  gave  notice 

'  Letter  from  Caleb  Foot,  Eec^.,  on  Salem  poet  office. 


LOCATIONS  or  POST  OrPtce.    NtTMB£R  OF  MAILS.    830 

in  178S,  that  from  May  1,  to  Nov.  1,  the  eastern  and' 
1f(>^srtem  mails  would  come  three  times  a  week.  At 
the  other  portion  of  the  year,  their  arrival  was  one 
third  Ies9  frequents  By  1792,  there  were  carried  in 
tile  eodrse  of  a  week,  two  mails  to  Gloucester^  four  to 
MarUehead,  and  one  daily  to  Boston.  The  last  waflf 
transported  by  "Burrill's  Stage  Wagon."  The  Mar- 
blehead  mail  was  then  carried  by  Mr.  Fabens,  on  foot, 
who  had  lost  one  of  his  arms.  Besides  such  convey- 
ances, there  still  continued  to  be  a  carrier  of  letters 
and  other  things  to  Haverhill  weekly. 

Having  succeeded  Mr.  Williams,  after  Aug.  21, 
1792,  John  Dabney  kept  the  office  at  the  corner  of* 
Essex  and  Washington  streets.  In  1800,  he  was  at 
the  corner  of  Essex  and  Central  streets.  In  the  spring 
of  that  year,  he  moved  to  a  new  building  at  the  foot 
of  the  Market  street,  called  Concert  square.  His  last 
location  was  on  the  premises  occupied  by  Bowker 
Place.  Three  mail  stages,  from  Boston  on  the  east* 
em  route,  in  1802,  arrived  daily  at  Salem*  The  en- 
ding year,  the  mail  was  carried  twice  a  day  to  Mar* 
blehead,  by  the  stage.  In  1805  it  was  sent  thrice  a 
week  to  Gloucester.  Joseph  E.  Sprague  succeeded 
Mr.  Dabney,  1819.  He  moved  to  Franklin  building  5 
to  the  corner  of  Court  and  Essex  streets  in  1817 ;  to 
the  comer  of  Essex  and  St.  Peter's  streets  in  1818) 
Where  he  remained  while  in  such  official  capacity* 
tn  1826,  there  were  six  daily  mails,  three  thrice  a 
Week  and  one  weekly  arrived  at  our  Post  Office,  and, 
68  many  of  like  order  departed.  Two  years  after,  th© 
dJAiKes  had  increased  one  and  the  tri-weekly  one* 
After  the  accession  of  Andrew  Jackson  to  the  ?t«»^ 

90 


880  ^AY  OF  POST  MA8TfiR£k 

dency,  Mr.  Sprague  was  succeeded,  1829,  by  Eben« 
ezer  Putnam.  The  latter  gentleman  remained  a  while 
in  the  apartment  hired  by  his  predecessor,  and  then 
moved  to  the  East  India  Marine  Buildings,  where 
the  office  has  continued.  As  a  novel  event  in  corres^ 
pondence  by  letters,  Mr.  Putnam,  after  the  Banks  had 
stopped  specie  payments,  received  an  order  from  the 
General  Post  Master  and  published  it  May  30,  1837, 
not  to  take  any  other  money  than  hard,  for  postage. 
This  measure,  enforced  through  the  country,  was  very 
unpopular  and  did  not  remain  long.  In  1841,  there 
were  ten  daily  mails,  and  two  tri-weekly,  which  arriv- 
ed here,  and,  1843,  eleven  of  the  former  and  four  of 
the  latter.  This,  in  comparison  with  ancient  data, 
shows  a  great  increase  of  correspondence.  The 
amount  of  such  intercourse  is  more  than  twenty  times 
greater  than  it  was  68  years  ago,  without  taking  into 
the  account  the  proportionate  addition  of  offices  incur 
vicinity.  With  regard  to  the  compensation  of  the 
Post  Masters,  within  a  half  century,  it  has  been  vari- 
ous. Mr.  Dabney's  commissions  ranged  from  ^200  to 
$1,000 a  year;  Mr.  Sprague's  from  $1,000  to  $1,600 
and  over.  The  last  sum  has  not  varied  much  since. 
Though  there  has  been  an  enlargement  of  correspond- 
ence, yet  the  new  offices  of  the  neighborhood  have 
been  enough  to  prevent  an  increase  of  postage  in  this 
city. 

The  question  whether  there  may  be  private  convey- 
ances  of  letters  on  regular  post  routes,  has  been  some- 
times discussed  in  our  community.  The  practice  has 
long  existed  here  in  a  greater  or  less  degree,  and  has 
occasionally  been  checked  by  our  Post  Office  authori- 


CARRIERS.  831 

ties.  Still  it  has  never  assumed  the  open  attitude 
here,  which  it  has  recently  in  our  largest  cities.  The 
matter  is  before  our  highest  judicial  tribunal.  All 
must  confess  the  need  of  national  Post  Offices,  and 
that  whatever  plainly  jeopardizes  their  continuance, 
should  be  suppressed.  Few  privileges,  secured  by 
public  supervision,  exceed  well  regulated  mails.  These 
have  a  large  share  in  the  promotion  of  intellectual  in- 
tercourse, in  the  advancement  of  literature  and  the 
cultivation  of  social  affections.  These  are  among  the 
most  efficient  means  that 

*'  Speed  the  soft  intercourse  from  soul  to  soul, 
And  waft  a  sigh  from  Indus  to  the  Pole." 

CARRIERS. 

Prior  to  the  facilities  of  intercourse  between  differ- 
ent portions  of  our  country,  by  means  of  established 
post  roads,  and  of  stages  sustained  by  private  enter- 
inrise,  necessity  required  that  there  should  be  carriers  of 
letters  and  packages.  Hence,  the  ancient  practice 
of  our  Colonial  authorities  in  employing  expresses. 
Their  example  was  undoubtedly  followed  by  individ- 
uals, as  they  had  occasion.  But  the  lack  of  news- 
papers,  in  our  community,  till  modem  years,  prevents 
our  knowing  much  of  such  business.  In  1774,  Robert 
Davis  set  off  every  Tuesday,  at  9  o'clock,  in  his  chairi 
from  the  printing  office  of  Messrs.  Halls,  with  their 
Gazettes,  and  also,  with  letters,  packets  and  bundleSi 
on  his  way  to  Haverhill.  The  manifest  welcome  of 
many  to  his  arrival,  in  the  several  towns  of  his  course, 
80  that  their  desire  for  news  and  family  supplies  might 
be  satisBedi  must  have  continually  imparted  a  lively 
interest  to  his  employment. 


^  VilRIOUS  LIMES  OF  WAGOH8. 

In  1781,  Joha  Rea  of  Dauvers  was  wnilarijr  en- 
ji;aged  by  our  inhabitants  on  the  way  from  Salem  to 
Boston.  The  next  yeari  Benjamin  Diamoni  one  of 
pur  townsmen,  is  found  concerned  in  the  like  busi- 
ness. He  went,  three  times  a  week,  from  this  place 
to  the  metropolis.  He  yet  vividly  lives  in  the  re- 
membrance of  our  aged  citizens,  who  have  associated 
him  with  the  pleasant  scenes  of  their  childhood.  On 
the  Eastern  Route,  Mr.  Akerman,  as  successor  of  No- 
ble and  Hart,  appears,  1785,  occupied  in  so  conven- 
ient a  calling.  As  stages  rose  and  their  drivers  a^ 
sumed  the  duties  of  such  carriers,  so  did  the  latter, 
for  the  greater  part,  disappear.  Since  the  steam  cars 
have  run,  the  class  last  named,  have  gradually  increas- 
ed, so  that  there  are  several  now  on  the  track  from 
this  city  to  the  capital.  The  carrier,  in  the  like  di- 
rection, on  the  Turnpike,  is  Adrian  Low.  He  began, 
1840,  to  run  a  light  wagon,  with  one  horse,  for  the 
transportation  of  various  articles.  This  concern  is 
called  <<  the  Package  Line,"  and  has  proved  itself  wo^ 
thy  of  public  patronage. 

BAGGAGE  WAGONS. 

Among  the  diversified  inventions  to  meet  the  calls 
of  our  business  community,  are  the  carriages,  specified 
at  the  head  of  this  article.  We  meet  with,  one,  ad- 
vertised, 1804,  by  John  L.  Matthews  of  this  place. 
He  ran  it  twice  a  week  to  Boston  and  then  back,  for 
the  purpose  of  transporting  goods.  It  appeared  in  his 
jiame  till  after  the  fore  part  of  180S.  The  use  he 
applied  it  to,  shows,  that  it  resembled  a  baggagu  wag- 
^.    But  he  oaUed  it  a  '<  stage  wagon."    If  this  name 


MR.  FULLER,  A  WAGONER,  KILLED.  83S 

really  8igni6ed  baggage  wagon,  then  one  was  employ- 
ed^ on  the  same  route,  as  early  as  1792,  by  Mr.  Burrill 
of  Salemj  and  another  by  Mr.  Lowe,  before  1792,  from 
Gloucester  to  this  town.  James  Young  notified, 
1805,  that  he  had  commenced  running  a  baggage 
wagon  from  Salem  to  Boston.  But  dying  before  the 
year  closed,  his  concern  was  taken  by  George  Wig^ 
gin.  Philip  Wells  stated,  1808,  that  having  been  in 
this  business  for  several  years,  on  the  same  routes,  he 
still  proposed  to  have  it  continued.  The  following 
year,  his  charge  for  the  carriage  of  one  hundred,  was 
75  cts.,  and,  for  a  less  weight,  1  ct.  a  pound.  John 
Todd  established,  in  1815,  a  daily  wagon  in  the  like 
direction.  The  next  year,  Jesse  Fuller  gave  noticei 
that,  having  been  similarly  employed,  for  several 
years,  from  this  place  to  the  metropolis,  he  should  ex- 
tend his  line  to  Newbury  port.  In  1818,  H.  and  D. 
Merritt  &  Co.  ran  a  wagon  to  the  last  town,  through 
ours,  from  Marblehead,  where  they  were  then  located. 
Merritt  and  Ashby,  in  1822,  had  a  daily  from  Salem 
to  Boston.  During  the  saipe  year,  as  Mr.  Fuller  was 
killed  by  the  overturning  of  his  wagon,  in  the  upper 
part  of  Essex  street,  Stephen  Towne,  who  had  been 
in  his  employ,  succeeded  as  proprietor  of  the  line. 
Short  of  two  years  afterwards,  this  concern  came  into 
the  hands  of  Peter  Edgerly  and  others.  In  1831,  H. 
Noyes  was  engaged  in  such  employment.  David 
Merritt,  having  taken  an  office  in  Boston,  1833,  still 
had  tines  continued  from  Salem  to  that  city  and  to 
Cambridge  and  Newburyport.  In  1839,  he  gave  no- 
tice, that  he  should  keep  up  his  wagon  to  our  city 
ever  the  Turnpike,  while  he  transported  goods  hither 

29* 


1184  AqUQQUQT. 

by  the  Railroad  cars.  Exp^riencei  9f  tp  boainfnis  a( 
fhis  kind,  has  shown  it  to  b^  of  much  toil  swd  c^  no 
great  profit, 

AQUEDUCT. 

It  was  perceived  by  thosej  provident  for  others  ben- 
efit as  well  as  their  own,  that  there  was  increasing 
peed  for  our  population  to  have  a  greater  supply  of 
wholesome  water.  A  movement  was  accordingly 
made  in  1796.  The  next  year,  March  9,  subscriberv 
to  the  objecti  were  incorporated,  under  the  title  of 
<<  The  Proprietors  of  the  Salem  and  Danvers  Aque* 
duct."  Spring  Pond  was  used  as  the  head  source  for 
furnishing  the  fountains.  The  stock  consisted  of  100 
shares  at  $600  each.  It  yielded  6j  per  cent,  for  s 
considerable  period.  At  length,  so  mwy  of  the  iih* 
Jiabitants  were  dissatisfied  with  the  aqnual  chaise  of 
the  corporation,  that  a  new  company  associated,  seve^ 
ral  years  since,  and  proceeded  to  the  purchase  of  iroa 
pipes.  But  a  compromise  was  made  by  a  lai^e  reduc- 
tion of  the  price,  apd  thejrival  concern  was  dropped 
9uch  a  diminution  and  a  Urge  outlay  oq  the  workSf 
)uM,  for  some  years,  allowed  but.  small  incomei  and, 
for  others,  not  any.  A  share  now  is  worth  about 
$400.  The  terms  are  $4  for  a  family  of  thr^  metn* 
hers,  and  50  cts.  for  every  additional  one.  Among 
various  obstructions  in  the  pipes,  one  has  been  foundi 
not  originally  anticipated.  It  is  from  the  roots  of  trees, 
which,  while  mere  filaments  of  a  hair's  size,  have  en- 
tered the  logs  and  filled  the  bores.  Near  the  Danvert 
burying  ground,  it  was  observed,  that  two  trees,  of 
•imilar  size  when  planted,  grew  with  differwt  degree 


TOWN  OOVfiRNMENT  AND  OFFICERS.  tMf 

f^  rapidity.  Ooe  lifted  and  spread  its  branches  much 
nu>re  tbaii  the  other,  without  any  visible  cause.  At 
lepgth,  1^  part  of  the  adjacent  aqueduct  refused  to  per- 
fprm  its  ^ffi^e.  An  examination  was  made  and,  lo,  a 
iroot  of  the  luxuriant  tree  was  found  to  have  perforated 
a  log  and  entirely  occupied  its  passage.  The  secret 
.was  explained.  The  craving  tree  was  left  to  the 
natural  resources  of  its  more  honest  neighbor. 

MUNICIPAL  AFFAIRS. 

The  government  of  towns  in  New  England,  like 
that  of  her  Congregational  churches,  promoted  Re- 
publican liberty  before  fully  secured,  and  has  done 
much  for  its  continuance  since  it  was  gained.  The 
honor  and  happiness  of  every  community  depend  on 
the  righteous  administration  of  its  concerns.  For  the 
Accomplishment  of  so  desirable  an  end,  rulers  of  in- 
telligence and  integrity  must  be  elected.  This  was 
(dspecially  so  in  the  first  establishment  of  our  ancient 
plantations. 

Town  government, — ^The  General  Court  allow  in 
1636,  that  the  freemen  of  every  plantation,  shall  not 
only  be  empowered  to  grant  lands  within  their  bounds, 
but  also,  to  adopt  rules  for  their  government,  not  op- 
posed to  those  of  the  colony ;  to  assess  and  collect 
fines  for  offences  not  above  20"  and  appoint  their  seve- 
ral officers. 

Toum  officers. — ^The  different  classes  of  these,  as 
)>elonging  to  Salem,  will  be  named  at  the  first  dates, 
when  seen  by  the  writer,  or  known  to  have  been  jr^ 
qjuired  by  laws  of  the  Commonwealth.  As  the  records 
of  th£p  cprporatiouy  How  extant,  are  several  years  later 


8M  CONSTABLEB.    WATCHMEN. 

than  its  beginning,  some  of  such  trusts,  in  the  gift  of 
its  freemen,  must  have  existed  prior  to  the  years 
placed  before  them.  Until  the  removtd  of  the  colo- 
nial government  from  Naumkeag,  in  1630,  the  mem- 
bers of  it  probably  did  for  this  location,  all,  which  was 
necessary,  so  that  the  choice  of  others,  for  the  same 
purpose,  was  inexpedient.  From  such  a  change,  mu- 
nicipal authorities  were  needed. 

1630.  Constables. — John  Woodbury  was  appoint- 
ed, as  one  of  these  officers  for  Salem,  by  the  Court  of 
Assistants.  Our  records  of  1646,  read,  <'  Its  agreed  y^ 
two  black  staues  of  6  feet  long  or  thereabout  be  pro- 
vided for  y*  Constables  and  Edmund  Batter  is  to 
speak  to  Francis  Perry  to  have  them  made."  A  few 
months  afterwards,  the  legislature  required  such  staves 
to  be  tipped  on  the  upper  end  with  five  or  six  inches 
of  brass.  As  a  like  order  had  existed  in  England,  it 
appears  to  have  been  the  origin  of  the  expression,  ''tip 
staff,"  as  applied  to  Constables.  The  same  year,  such 
an  order  was  adopted,  by  our  Oeneral  Court.  They 
impowered  Constables,  where  no  magistrate  wa§,  "  to 
signe  and  put  forth  persuites,  or  Hue  andCryes,"  after 
certain  offenders.  In  1687,  there  was  a  vote  of  our 
inhabitants,  "  that  Timothy  Lindall  should  write  to 
Capt.  Gerrish  at  Boston,  to  gett  this  town  six  Consta- 
bles' staves." 

1634.  Watchmen. — Two  of  these  were  ordered 
by  the  Assistants,  to  guard  each  plantation  every  night. 
It  is  likely,  that  such  nightly  protectors  were  chosen 
from  the  first  settlement  of  Naumkeag.  In  1636,  the 
Cluarterly  Court  order,  that  the  watchmen,  warned  to 
serve,  shall  appear  half  an  hour  after  sunset,  to  receive 


BELLMAN.  Sfy 

instructions  and  not  return  home  in  the  morning  with- 
out permission.  The  legislature  requirOi  that  every 
town  shall  provide  accommodations  for  watchmeik 
Two  classes  of  these  were  spoken  of  in  1640 ;  one 
named  the  Constables'  watch,  because  regulated  by 
such  police  officers,  and  the  other,  military,  because 
appointed  by  military  officers.  They  were  composed 
of  males,  aside  from  exempts,  who  were  above  16 
years  of  age,  and  who  were  notified  to  take  their  turns. 
The  succeeding  contract  was  made  Nov.  10,  1676. 
''  Agreed  with  Arthur  Hughes  to  bee  bellman  for  y* 
towne  from  this  present  time  to  y®  first  of  May  next, 
viz.,  that  y®  said  Hughes  shall  begin  to  take  his  walk 
about  10  o'clock  att  night  from  y®  bridge  to  Henry 
JAoises  his  house,  passing  through  all  y^  streets  and 
jianes  within  the  circumference  of  y®  towne,  to  give 
inotice  of  y®  time  of  night,  what  weather,  etc.  acconit- 
ing  to  custome,  and  take  special  care  to  prevent  fire 
and  any  disorder  in  y*'  night  by  giving  timely  notice 
thereof  and  to  continue  y®  said  perambulation  until 
Jl>reak  of  day.  In  consideration  whereof  y®  selectmen 
liave  agreed  to  pay  y^  said  Hughes  £5  out  of  y* 
iowne  rate  and,  in  case  he  noanage  y*^  business  to  sat^ 
isfaction,  it  is  left  to  y^  selectmen  to  give  him  more 
iDOt  exceeding  20*."  Tradition  used  to  tell  wonder- 
ful sights,  said  to  have  been  seen  by  our  ancient  bell- 
men. It  related,  that  one  of  them,  while  passing  his 
eoUtary  rounds,  was  surprised  at  the  appearance  of  a 
iimefal  procession,  in  all  its  solemnities,  passing-  from 
.the  door  of  a  particular  bouse.  Of  course,  this  spec- 
tral scene  was  extensively  inter{»reted  as  the  omen  of 
jyaedy  affliction.  - 


S38  BELLMfiR. 

1678.  Ifay  1.  <<  Agreed  the  Constables'  watch 
shall  be  sett  of  six  men  every  night  with  arms  and 
ammunition  according  to  law,  and  that  they  begin  at 
Deacon  Prince's  comer  and  goedowne  eastward."  It 
appears  that  such  a  watch  was  kept  till  the  fall,  when 
the  bellmen  did  their  service  till  the  spring,  when  it 
was  resumed  by  them.  In  October,  Hughes  began 
his  duty  at  the  small  compensation  of  12^  a  night,  in 
"  Town  pay"  or  produce. 

1679.  Notice  was  given  to  one  of  our  Constables, 
as  follows :  <<  You  are  hereby  required  in  his  majes- 
ty's name  to  warne  13  men  euery  night  to  watch  and 
bee  exact  to  see  the  full  number  appeares  and  attends; 
the  one  halfe,  att  least,  to  bee  sober  honest  men  and 
householders,  to  one  of  which  you  shall  commit  the 
charge  and  care  of  the  watch,  and  warne  them  to  bee 
very  carefuU  to  examine  any  night  walkers,  strangers 
or  others,  who  are  abroad  att  unreasonable  hours  and 
to  secure  any  suspitious  persons,  that  cannot  giue  a 
good  account  of  theire  business  and  to  the  vtermost 
of  theire  endeaver  to  bee  careful  to  prevent  fires  be- 
ing made  or  sett  unto  the  towne  by  evil  instruments, 
that  may  seek  our  ruin."  As  successor  to  the  last 
bellman  named,  Walter  Skinner  agreed  in  1680,  to 
serve  from  Oct.  to  May,  when  the  Constables'  watch 
began,  for  £7  and  "  carsey  sufficient  to  make  him  a 
coate." 

Walter  Skinner  having  faithfully  done  the  duty  of 
a  bellman,  was  followed  by  John  Simpson,  who,  in 
Nov.  of  1699,  contracted,  for  36/  a  month,  <<  to  walk 
y*  towne"  from  10  o.c.  "  till  break  of  day  and  to  doe 
bis  endeavor  to  prevent  fire,  or  mischiefe  any  otfaiC 


BELLMEN.  880 

way,  and  to  preuent  any  disorders  in  y*  towne.''  As 
■n  object  of  great  attraction  to  the  younger  part  of 
oommunity,  and  as  significant  of  its  use,  the  watch- 
house  was  surmounted  with  the  image  of  a  watch- 
man, which,  in  1725,  received  a  coat  of  paint,  a  rare 
coTering  for  that  age.  The  location  of  this  specimen 
of  our  sculpture  was  in  '^  school  house  lane.''  By 
1727,  a  bellman  was  the  only  watch  for  the  year 
round.  John  Meachem  then  served,  and,  for  this  pe- 
riod, had  jC30,  probably  the  depreciated  currency. 
Two  years  afterwards,  several  men  were  hired  to 
watch  with  the  beUman  on  election  week.  The  rea- 
•on  was,  "  to  prevent  all  disorders,  that  may  arise  from 
•o  great  a  concourse  of  people,  as  usually  there  are 
on  such  publick  occasions." 

After  the  employment  of  a  bellman,  and  the  sus- 
pension of  the  "  Constables'  watch"  for  a  long  pe- 
riod, the  latter  was  revived,  1774,  and  consisted  of  10 
persons.  This  number  was  drawn,  as  usual,  from 
lists  of  taxable  inhabitants,  who  took  their  respective 
turns  each  night.  The  same  year,  a  new  watch-house 
was  erected  on  land,  southward  of  Joseph  Henfield's 
warehouse.  The  great  fire  occasioned  these  changes* 
The  customary  arms  of  the  watch  were  specified, 
1784,  as  being  a  spear  and  hook.  Having  dispensed 
several  years  with  such  nightly  guards,  and  with  even 
the  lone  bellman,  whose  office  seems  to  become  ex- 
tinct prior  to  1774,  a  vote  passed,  1790,  to  hire  watch- 
men at  48'  a  month,  for  each  of  them.  A  temporary 
prevision  of  this  kind  had  been  recently  made  to  al- 
lay the  fear  of  our  inhabitants  because  of  frequent 
thefts  in  town.    Such  a  mode  of  providing  foe  ihA 


a40       WATCHMAN'S  CRT  AND  COMPENSATION. 

nfely  of  oaf  population  and  of  their  property,  has' 
continued  as  a  substitute  for  its  predecessors.  Among 
the  reminiscences  of  this  senrice,  least  likely  to  be 
forgotten,  vas  the  watchman's  voice,  which  broke 
the  stillness  of  midnight,  and  often  disturbed  slnmber 
while  it  relieved  the  weariness  of  the  wakeful,  pro- 
claiming the  "  all's  well,"  the  hour  and  the  weather. 
This  custom,  which  seems  to  have  begun  with  our 
early  settlement,  was  required,  1795,  among  the  du- 
ties of  the  watchmen.  About  22  years  after  this 
date,  it  was  laid  aside.  Though  its  omission  may  be 
better  than  its  observance,  for  the  detection  of  nightly 
transgressors,  yet  there  is  regret  to  leave  it  among  the 
past  realities,  which  no  longer  mark  their  pleasant 
traces  on  the  memory  of  childhood,  as  they  once  did 
on  that  of  other  days*  As  a  safeguard  to  our  commu- 
nity, a  number  of  its  public  spirited  members  formed 
Uiemselves,  1811,  into  a  voluntary  watch.  This  has 
been  done  several  times.  On  one  occasion,  like  these, 
some  of  the  young  men,  attached  to  the  watch,  wonld 
frequently  pass  Dr.  Bentley's  door,  and  in  tones  not 
altogether  unlike  those  of  Stentor,  would  give  the 
watchman's  cry.  He,  perceiving  that  this  was  done 
more  for  their  merriment,  than  his  comfort,  came  out 
in  a  newspaper  and  inquired,  <<  if  it  would  not  be  bet- 
ter to  cry  out  when  all  was  not  well  and  let  well 
enough  alone." 

The  charge  for  Watchmen,  1830,  Was  1 1,700,  tod 
1843,  ^,234  Their  wages,  in  1836,  was  75  cts.  a 
night  for  each  of  them,  except  their  captain,  who  had 
87^  cts.  They  are  the  same  now.  This,  however 
mnch  greater  than  in  ancient  timeS)  is  no  extravl^^ant 


THIRTEEN  MEN.  .gl^ 

compeosation,  thoagh  when  viewed  in  the  BggtegaHief 
it  sometimes  brings  oyer  the  public  mind  such  an 
earnestness  for  retrenclHaent,  that  it  is  zealous  to  vote 
down  the  whole  concern  as  of  little  or  no  value.    But ' 
a  well  regulated  watch,  in  a  series  of  years,  besides  ittf ' 
prevention  of  disorder  and  immorality,  which  is  bettef 
than  money,  it  {ureserves  far  more  property  than  all  its 
charges. 

1635.  <<  Overseers  and  Layers  out  of  Letts  of 
ground." 

1636.  The  Thirteen  fnen,  called,  on  our  recordsj 
the  **  Towne  Representatives."  This  phrase  has  led 
to  the  mistake  of  supposing,  that  such  individuals 
were  members  of  the  General  Court,  instead  of  having- 
only  the  oversight  of  our  town  affairs.  Their  number 
was  equal  to  that  of  the  colonial  government  here 
prior  to  the  arrival  of  Governor  Winthrop.  It  is  like- 
ly, that  they  were  elected  soon  after  the  Court  of  As- 
sistants left  Naumkeag,  and  that  they  were  as  many 
from  that  time  to  the  year  which  heads' this  paragraph. 
Such  authorities  were  twelve  and  seven,  sometimes- 
called  "the  Townsmen,"  "the  select  Townsmen," 
and,  at  otheis,  "  twelve  men,"  and  "  the  seven  men," 
from  the  former  part  of  1637  to  1649.  From  the  last 
year  to  1654,  they  were,  for  part  of  that  period,  de- 
nominated selectmen  and  afterwards  entirely  so  styled. 
During  a  long  series  of  years,  they  discharged  the 
duties  of  Assessors  and  Overseers  of  the  Poor.  In' 
1643,  the  selectmen  agreed  to  meet  punctually  once  a- 
month  "  vpon  the  penal  tie  of  10/,  to  be  levied  on  the* 
whole,  or  vpon  such  of  them,  as  are  absent  without' 

30 


Sift  TOWN  CLERK.    TRfiABURER. 

fofficient  ground."    Each  of  them,  was  allowedi  1722| 
for  doing  the  work  of  an  Assessor,  2*  a  day. 

1636.  Town  Clerk.  —  There  can  be  but  little 
doubt,  that  the  varied  calls  of  the  selectmen,  required 
a  acribe  to  record  them  so  soon  as  snch  authorities 
were  chosen.  Still,  the  words.  Town  Clerk,  were 
■eldom  used  in  our  early  records,  nor  do  we  meet  with 
them  till  1666.  From  this  date,  such  an  officer,  was 
called,  interchangeably,  Recorder  and  Clerk,  for  some 
years  ;  but  since,  the  last  term  only  has  been  applied 
to  him.  His  salary,  in  1695,  was  £4  and  <<  benefit  of 
the  records,"  and,  in  1795,  £9. 

1636.  Hog  Reeves. — One  ordered  for  every  plan- 
tation, and  to  be  <'  a  discreet  man." 

1637. — Auditors  of  accounts. 

Trecisurer. — Ralph  Fogg  is  mentioned,  this  year, 
in  such  a  capacity.  The  Treasurer,  1695,  had  1*^  on 
£1  of  all  the  town's  money,  which  passed  through 
his  hands,  as  compensation  for  his  service.  In  1711, 
he  had  £8  a  year ;  1748,  £60  depreciated  currency ; 
1800  $35,  and  1808,  $100.  A  vote  passed,  1806,  to 
allow  $100  salary  to  Benjamin  Pickman,  sen.,  then 
holdiug  the  trust,  but  he  declined  to  take  more  than 
♦30. 

Keepers  of  Cattle  or  Neat  herds.  Goat  Herds. 
Shepherds.    Surveyors  of  high  ways.    Fence  Viewers. 

1639.  Receiver  of  things  lost. — Our  freemen  voted 
<<  that  Ralph  Fogg  receive  such  goods  as  none  doe 
owne  and  send  a  note  of  them  to  the  marshall  att 
Boston."  A  trust  of  this  kind  was  assigned,  by  the 
legislature,  1647,  to  Constables,  who  were  obliged  to 
keep  a  written  account  of  what  was  committed  to 


\ 


OFFICERS.    MARRIAGISS.  84S 

their  charge  and  to  cry  them  at  the  next  Lecture,  or 
general  town  meeting  on  three  successive  days.  If 
an  animal  was  fonnd,  the  finder  was  required  to  put 
about  its  neck,  as  a  sign,  "  a  wyth  or  wreath."  It 
would  be  well  for  many  a  loser,  if  such  a  custom  was 
more  fully  observed  in  all  our  towns  and  cities.  It  is 
one  of  the  "good  old  ways,"  whose  neglect  does  not 
indicate  the  wisdom  of  the  present  age. 

1640.  Swine  keepers. 

1641.  Gagers  and  Packers.     Clerk  of  Writs. 

1642.  Town  Crier. — He  had  2*  for  every  article 
he  cried.     Leather  Searchers. 

1642.  Clerk  of  the  Market. — "  Jeffery  Massey  is 
chosen  clarke  of  the  market."  As  we  had  a  market 
1634,  a  clerk  of  it  was  probably  then  elected. 

1644.  Pound  Keeper. — The  legislature  passed  a 
law  1635,  that  there  shall  be  a  pound  in  every  planta* 
tion. 

1647.  Cofn/nvissioner,  called  the  eighth  man,  to 
join  with  the  selectmen  in  assessing  taxes.  He  was 
to  look  out  for  the  interest  of  the  Commonwealth. 
Such  an  office  was  long  continued.  The  legislature 
would  occasionally  appoint  a  committee  in  each  towDi 
as  in  1639,  to  value  its  {property. 

1646.  Fish  Viewers. 

1647.  Sealer  of  weights  and  measures. 

1648.  Measurer  of  Salt. 

1655.  Commissioners  for  small  causes  in  compli* 
ance  with  law  of  1647. 

Commissioner  for  marriages. — ^William  Hathome 
was  elected  by  the  town  to  officiate  on  such  occasions. 
'The  choice  was  not  valid  till  confirmed  by  General 


j044  OFFICERS. 

XjoxuU  Such  a  trust  accorded  with  a  law  of  1646, 
which  was  contrary  to  the  law  of  Eoglaiid  and  sanc- 
tioned a  prior  and  similar  custom  here  of  none  bitf 
Jiaymen's  performing  a  service  of  this  kind.  Lechford, 
who  left  our  Colony,  1641,  said  of  it,  "  marriages  are 
solemnized  by  magistrates  and  not  by  ministers." 
The  duty  was  confined  to  laymen  till  1686,  when  it 
was  extended  to  clergymen,  who  were  impowered  by 
act  of  1692,  to  continue  its  performance. 

1658.  Commissioners  to  carry  votes  to  the  Conn- 
-ty  Commissioners,  for  nomination  of  magistrates. — 
This  accorded  with  an  act  of  1647.  - 

1670.     Injector  of  strangers. 

Corder. — ''  Thomas  Oliver  is  chosen  corder  of  the 
wood,  that  is  sold  in  the  towne."  Persons  of  his  sta- 
tion were  called  <<  measurers  of  wood,"  in  1783,  when 
.they  had  "  three  coppers  a  cord."  Now  they  have  6 
cts.  a  load  for  wood  or  bark. 

1677.  Tythingmen. — Twenty-five  Tythingmen 
were  chosen  to  supervise  the  families,  supposed  to  be 
.ten,  assigned  to  each  of  them  respectively.  Such  an 
■appointment  was,  in  that  period,  a  strong  check  on 
.social  irregularities.  It  was  an  imitation  of  English 
custom,  introduced  as  long  ago  as  the  reign  of  Alfred. 

1683.     Cullers  of  Fish. 

1685.     Valuers  of  Wheat  for  Bakers. 

1687.     Inspectors  of  I&icks. 

1693.  Collectors  of  Twes,— MGIonstables  bad  dis- 
charged their  duties. 

1694  Field  Drivers.^ — ^Their  serviee  bad  long 
.been  dona  by  individuals  und^r  other  nanies. 

1713.  SekwA  Comm4iteB.—&^lectmw  had  served 
in  micb  a  capacity. 


omcERs.  34S 

1718.     MeasurerB  and  Surveyors  of  Lumber. 

1727.     Executors  of  Bye-laws. 

1731.  Committee  to  prevent  the  destruction  of 
Alewives. — ^Their  care  was  afterwards  extended  to 
other  River  fisli. 

1736.     Surveyors  of  hemp  and  flax. 

1740.  Deer  Reeves. — ^To  see  the  law  for  the  pre- 
servation of  I>eery  enforced. 

1747.     Viewers  and  Cullers  of  staves. 

1760.  Overseers  of  Poor,  whose  duties  had  been 
discharged  by  the  selectmen. 

1763.  Fire  Wardens. — Five  chosen  according  to 
law  of  1744  Their  place  had  been  supplied  by  the 
selectmen  and  others  united  with  them. 

1766.  Warclens. — They  were  to  see  that  the  Sab- 
bath was  properly  kept.  The  wards  were  then  six, 
which  had  one  warden  for  each  of  them.  In  1766, 
there  were  four  wards. 

1790.     Inspector  of  the  Police. 

Board  of  Healthy  whose  duties  had  been  performed 
by  selectmen. 

1793.     Inspectors  of  Tobacco. 

Thus  have  we  looked  over  the  various  officeS| 
which  arose  and  continued  in  this  place,  before  the 
close  of  its  long  existence  as  a  town.  They  denote 
interesting  changes  of  society,  and  manifest  how  in- 
cidental exigences  call  for  like  alterations.  Whatever 
motives  may  h^ve  actuated  the  occupants  of  any 
among  them,  these  persons,  for  the  most  part,  have 
been  summoned  from  all  earthly  scenes  and  influen- 
ces. The  rupture  of  the  tenor,  by  which  such  trusts 
were  formerly  held  in  their  respective  lives,  neither 

30* 


(46  Cmr  GOVKENMENT  ADOVTED. 

wakei  their  reposing  dutt  nor  disturbs  their  waiting 
spirits.  But  while  so  inoperatiTe  on  those,  who  hsYe 
passed  away,  it  was  properly  a  subject  of  attention 
and  action  with  their  surviving  successors.  It  came 
before  the  population  of  Salem  as  far  back  as  1806, 
when  it  was  dismissed.  Having  gained  on  their  fa- 
Tor,  it  was  approved  by  them  February  15,  1836,  and 
an  act  of  the  legislature  was  obtained  for  its  execu- 
tion, the  next  March  23d.  Thus  broken  from  long 
continued  associations,  connecting  the  deeds  of  the 
fieithers  with  their  children,  our  inhabitants  subj^ted 
themselves  to  the  authority  of  a  city  government. 
This  was  organized,  May  9,  in  the  Tabernacle  church. 
The  ancient  practice  of  prayer  at  our  Spring  meetings, 
was  continued,  on  the  occasion,  by  Rev.  John  Brazer. 
The  official  oath  of  Mayor  to  Leverett  Saltonstall, 
was  administered  by  David  Cummings,  Esq.  Mr. 
Saltonstall  then  did  the  like  service  for  the  Aldermen 
and  Common  Council.  He,  also,  delivered  an  elo- 
quent and  pertinent  Address.  Similar  proceedings 
have  been  annually  observed. 

As  a  matter,  more  for  the  information  of  those,  who 
shall  come  after  us  to  take  their  part  in  life's  drama, 
than  of  our  cotemporaries,  the  succeeding  items  ars 
stated.  The  several  branches  of  our  present  govern- 
ment, consist  of  a  Mayor,  six  on  the  Board  of  Aiders 
men  and  twenty-four  in  the  Common  Council.  The 
eharter  divided  the  city  into  six  wards,  which  were 
diminished  to  four  in  less  than  a  year.  In  these  di- 
▼isions,  each  of  which  makes  an  annual  choice  of  a 
warden,  clerk,  and  two  assistants,  the  Mayor,  Aldei^ 
JBden  and  Council  are  as  often  elected    Of  the  last 


cirr  OFFICERS.  S4y 

body,  every  ward  chooses  an  equal  proportion.  The 
Mayor  and  Aldermen  have  power  to  appoint  police 
officers,  as  the  Marshal  and  C/onstables.  The  three 
branches,  in  convention,  being  called,  in  this  coUeo- 
five  capacity,  City  Council,  elect,  by  joint  ballot, 
Overseers  of  the  Poor,  School  Committee,  Treasurer 
and  Collector,  Fire  Wards,  City  Clerk,  Assessors  and 
their  Assistants,  Commissioner  of  Streets,  and  other 
officers.  As  men  cannot  live  by  promotion  alone,  it 
is  needful  and  just,  that  they  be  compensated  for  their 
labors.  Among  the  different  salaries  of  our  present 
officers,  we  give  the  following.  Mayor  $800,  Treas^ 
urer  $600,  City  Clerk  $500,  Commissioner  of  Streets 
4^300,  Marshal  $200,  and  Assessors  each  $200.  Be- 
sides the  above  trusts  in  our  city,  are  those  of  the 
Clerk  of  the  Common  Council,  Messenger,  Board  of 
Health,  Visiting  Physician,  Sealers  of  Weights  and 
Measures,  Superintendent  of  Burials,  Fish  Committee, 
Fence  Viewers,  Surveyor  General  of  Lumber,  Meas- 
urers of  Wood  and  Bark,  Culler  of  Hoops,  Culler  of 
Fish,  Pound  Keepers,  Tythingmen,  Field  Drivers 
and  Keeper  of  the  Powder  House.  In  running  the 
eye  along  the  several  offices  of  this  corporation,  it 
beholds  some,  which  our  fathers  would  hail  as  old 
acquaintances,  however  clad  in  a  more  formal  livery, 
than  was  seen  in  their  age.  Though  the  ancient 
voice  was  for  a  simple  mode  of  government,  yet  the 
modem  has  rightly  decided,  that  the  population  and 
interests  of  our  community  should  be  controlled  by  its 
present  system  of  authority. 


348  <^ITT  SEAL.    TOWN  MKETING8. 

CITT  SEAL. 

Though  Salem  was  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1836, 
yet  their  seal  was  not  adopted  till  March  11,  1839. 
To  meet  inquiries,  which  may  naturally  arise  about 
the  signification  of  the  symbols,  presented  on  the  face 
of  this  instrument,  which  is  intended  to  seal  the  pub- 
lic documents  of  our  corporation,  so  long  as  it  shall 
stand, — we  have  the  following  items.  Within  the 
shield  is  the  view  of  a  coast,  located  in  the  East  In- 
dies, with  the  figure  of  an  inhabitant  there  in  the 
dress  common  to  the  Asiatics  ;  of  trees  indigenous  to 
the  soil  of  that  country,  and  of  a  ship,  firom  our  own 
port,  entering  one  of  its  bays.  The  whole  was  de- 
vised to  represent  this  city  as  a  place,  distinguished 
for  its  commerce  with  the  most  distant,  as  well  as  the 
nearer  portions  of  the  globe.  The  dove,  drawn  above 
the  shield,  with  an  olive  branch  in  her  mouth,  is  typi- 
cal of  peace,  which  is  the  original  signification  of 
Salem. 

TOWN  MEETINGS. 

The  conventions  of  our  towns  and  cities  carry  much 
of  their  likeness  and  influence  into  our  State  and 
Congressional  Ck>uncil8.  Much  of  weal  or  woe,  de- 
pends on  the  mode  of  their  being  conducted.  As  an 
efficient  means  to  keep  our  liberties  from  perversion 
and  our  public  conscience  from  hardness  and  debase- 
ment, constant  care  should  be  exercised  to  preserve 
such  assemblies  from  the  outburst  of  political  ani- 
mosities, and  to  have  them  regulated  by  justice  to  the 


PLACE  OF  MEETlNOa  g49 

lights  of  the  minority,  to  the  claims  of  the  general 
{;ood,  and  to  the  demands  of  Christian  rectitude. 

These  meetings,  on  a  small  scale,  probably  conn 
menced  in  the  year  of  Oonant  and  his  company's  r^ 
moval  to  Naumkeag.  Mrs.  Pynchon  used  to  relate, 
that  the  first  General  Court  of  the  Freemen  was  under 
a  tree  of  the  field,  which  was  afterwards  owned  by 
major  Stephen  Sewall,  her  grandfather,  near  the  Aqu^ 
duct  reservoir,  on  the  height  of  land  in  Sewall  street 
Tradition,  also,  informs  us,  that  Governor  Endicott 
and  his  Council  met  in  a  fort  on  the  same  premises. 
It  is  likely  that  their  first  town  meetings  were  held 
there. 

Before  165t5,  there  had  been  a  building  erected  for 
^hem.  When  such  places  of  accommodation  were 
under  repairs,  or  pulled  down  to  be  supplied  with  new 
x>nes,  the  people  usually  resorted  for  their  public  busi- 
ness, to  the  house  of  worship.  For  nearly  four  years, 
from  1774  to  1778,  they  convened  in  the  meeting 
house  of  the  first  congregation,  where  many  of  their 
most  interesting  resolves,  on  the  subject  of  the  Revo- 
lution, were  discussed  and  passed.  Afterwards  they 
returned  to  the  court  house.  When  this  was  taken 
away,  1785,  they  met  sometimes  at  Jeffry's  Insurance 
Office,  but  generally  at  Joshua  Ward's  brick  store,  till 
1787.  Having  been  rebuilt,  it  was  occupied  by  them, 
iill  the  Town  Hall  was  prepared,  1817,  which  they 
used  to  1836.  At  this  date,  the  different  wards  began 
to  assemble  in  their  respective  ward  rooms  and  they 
have  so  continued.  The  City  Council  met  at  the 
Court  house  till  1838,  when  the  City  Hall  became 
the  place  of  their  convention  and  has  thus  remained. 


S50       MODE  OF  CALLING  IIEBTINGS.    BTTLE. 

From  the  religious  character  of  onr  priiniti?e  set- 
tlers, we  haye  no  cause  to  doubt  but  that  all  such  as- 
semblies were  opened  with  prayer.  So  reasonable  a 
service  was,  in  all  probability,  continued  from  that 
period,  thoagh  the  writer  has  not  seen  it,  on  our  re- 
cords, till  1756,  when  it  was  incidentally  noticed. 
Since  that  year,  the  same  duty  appears  often  on  the 
pages  of  such  authority  and  the  practice  has  been  an- 
nual, at  our  spring  meetings,  to  the  present  day.  Af- 
ter this  service,  at  different  periods,  acts  of  the  legis- 
lature, against  prevailing  immoralities,  were  read  to 
those  convened. 

The  style,  applied  to  our  inhabitants  in  their  col- 
lective capacity  for  public  business,  was  expressed 
variously.  It  was,  in  1636,  "  granted  by  the  Free- 
men," and  <<at  a  generall  Court  or  towne  meeting." 
In  1656,  ''  at  a  generall  towne  meeting  of  all  the  free- 
men." 

Particulars  as  to  the  manner  of  calling  the  inhabi- 
tants together,  may  be  worth  the  recital.  In  1644, 
Goodman  Auger  was  allowed  9*  for  twice  warning 
the  freemen  from  house  to  house,  which  took  him 
four  days  and  a  half.  "  Ordered  and  agreed,  1646, 
that  all  the  towne's  men  and  freemen  shall  meet  eue- 
rie  second  day  for  four  weeks  together,  now  follow- 
ing, to  consider  of  the  public  good  of  the  towne." 
Ordered,  1650,  "  that  for  all  publique  meetings,  that 
concerne  the  towne  in  generall,  or  the  freemen  of  the 
towne,  warning  being  given  on  a  lecture  day,  by  the 
Constable,  of  the  day  and  tyme,  shall  be  a  legall  warn- 
ing." The  inhabitants  voted,  1719,  that  "the  town 
meeting  be  always  warned  on  the  lecture  dajrs  whilst 


NOnCE  OF  TOWN  MJSETINQB.  351 

aod  when  there  is  a  lecture,  by  a  public  reading  of 
the  warrant  in  the  meeting  house,  immediately  after 
the  lecture  is  ended,  according  to  the  ancient  custome 
of  this  town."  In  1732,  the  voters  within  the  Bridge 
were  to  be  notified  of  a  town  meeting,  from  <<  house 
to  house,"  and  those  beyond,  by  written  notices  on 
the  Precinct  and  Village  houses  of  worship  and  on  the 
dwelling  of  Willieun  Porter.  So  great  a  degree  of  in- 
fluence did  such  assemblies  of  the  towns  in  Massar. 
chusetts,  exert  against  the  royal  cause,  they  were  for- 
bidden, from  August  1,  1774,  by  act  of  Parliament| 
to  be  summoned,  except  for  the  bare  election  of  offi- 
cers and  representatives  to  the  legislature,  without  the 
permission  of  the  Governor,  then  General  Gage. 
Earlier,  in  the  same  year,  than  the  last  date,  this  offi- 
cer ineffectually  endeavored  to  prevent  a  political 
meeting  of  our  inhabitants,  by  the  parade  of  an  armed 

« 

force. 

The  regal  mode  of  heading  warrants  for  such  con- 
ventions, as  well  as  of  all  public  commissions,  was 
abolished  June  1,  1776,  in  our  Commonwealth.  In- 
stead of  being,  as  they  were  under  the  second  char- 
ter, "  in  the  name  of  his  majesty,"  they  were,  "  in 
the  name  of  the  government  and  people  of  Massachu- 
setts," and,  of  being,  as  to  date,  <<  in  the  reign  of  any 
king  or  queen,"  they  were,  "  in  the  year  of  our  Lord." 
By  our  State  Constitution,  adopted  1780,  such  docu- 
ments were  issued  '<  in  the  name  of  the  Common- 
wealth of  Massachusetts,"  which  has  been  used  to 
this  time. 

In  1787,  notice  of  town  meetings  was  given  by 
Constables  to  persons  of  their  respective  wards,  and 


TIliB  or  A88SMBUES.    VOTING. 

waS|  also,  posted  up  in  these  sections.  The  latter 
pvt  of  this  service  is  now  practiced  with  a  publica- 
tion of  the  same,  by  the  city  clerk,  in  all  the  news- 
papers of  Salem. 

Among  the  rales,  for  conventions  of  this  sort,  we 
have  the  following.  In  1639,  over  six  freemen  made 
a  quorum,  after  they  had  waited  an  hour  for  the  rest 
to  come.  In  1654,  whoever  did  not  seasonably  at- 
tend, on  such  occasions,  either  in  person  or  by  proxy, 
after  due  notice,  was  fined  18^. 

THme  of  annual  assemblies. — Before  Oct  19, 1653, 
Aese  meetings  appear  to  have  been  in  the  last  week 
of  March.  Then  the  legislature  ordered  them  to  be 
the  second  week  of  the  last  named  month,  in  order  to 
have  votes  for  magistrates  and  associates  of  County 
Courts,  which  had  been  laid  over  from  Nov.  to  the 
annual  meeting  of  towns,  sooner  confirmed.  In  1738, 
our  inhabitants  voted,  that  "  the  second  Monday  in 
March  be  the  time  for  this  town's  yearly  meeting." 
The  rule,  so  adopted,  was  long  in  operation.  The 
city  charter  appoints  the  date,  for  such  a  convention, 
"  the  Tuesday  next  preceding  the  second  Monday  in 
March."  Though  the  <<  old  things  "  of  our  municipal 
polity  have  passed  away,  they  discover  an  inventive 
mind  judiciously  scrutinizing  the  exigences  of  com- 
munity, as  they  rose  to  view,  and  putting  them  under 
the  checks  of  experience  and  wisdom. 

Voting. — ^The  ballot  box,  under  the  control  of  intel- 
ligence and  virtue,  is  a  more  efficacious  auxiliary  for 
the  overthrow  of  oppression  and  the  continuance  of 
freedom,  than  all  the  fortresses,  navies  and  armies  of 
the  most  mighty  nation.    It  was  dearly  prized  by  our 


QUAUnCATiONS  FOR  VOTING.  353 

fathers.  They  watched  it  with  untiring  vigilance. 
They. threw  around  it  all  the  safeguards,  which  dis- 
cerning minds,  patriotic  hearts  and  strong  hands  could 
provide. 

Qttalificatians — For  a  considerable  period  from  our 
first  existence  as  a  town,  none,  in  conformity  with 
usage  and  law  of  the  colony,  was  permitted  to  sustain 
any  public  trust,  unless  he  was  a  freeman.  Every 
such  individual  was  required,  by  order  of  1631,  to  be 
the  member  of  a  church  till  1664  Then,  to  comply 
with  an  order  of  Charles  II.  given  in  1662,  the  Gene- 
ral Court  enacted,  that  others  "  orthodox  in  religion 
and  not  vicious  in  their  lives,"  who  were  24  years 
old  and  paid  a  tax  of  10/,  in  a  single  country  rate, 
should  be  alike  privileged.  No  inhabitant  was  allow- 
ed, under  the  first  charter,  to  vote  in  military  and  civil 
concerns,  if  not  freemen,  with  the  following  excep- 
tions. In  1636,  it  was  ordered  by  the  legislature,  that 
individuals,  attached  to  a  train  band  and  who  had  taken 
the  oath  of  fidelity,  though  not  freemen,  might  vote  for 
their  ofiicers.  In  1647,  the  same  class  were  allowed 
to  be  chosen  on  juries  and  vote  for  selectmen,  if  a 
majority  of  the  latter  were  freemen.  They  were 
privileged,  1670,  not  only  to  vote  for  the  board  of 
selectmen,  but,  also,  to  be  members  of  it,  if  there  was 
a  similar  majority  and  they  were  24  years  old  and 
rated  for  £80.  In  1673,  as  an  essential  qualification 
for  their  voting,  eight  persons  presented  themselves  at 
Salem  town  meeting,  and  took  the  oath  of  fidelity. 
Voters,  under  the  first  charter,  paid  1/8  a  poll,  1*  on 
£1  of  property,  to  the  Commonwealth.  Such  a  rule 
ajqpears  to  have  been  continued  under  the  Usurpation 

31 


S54  VARIETY  OF  VOTES. 

and  afterwards  to  the  second  charter.  This  docu- 
ment, which  greatly  abridged  the  liberty  of  the  peo- 
pie  and  permitted  them  to  have  a  voice  in  their  gov- 
emment  only  by  choosing  Representatives,  required^ 
as  a  condition  of  this  privilege,  that  they  should  have 
a  yearly  income  of  40*,  or  estate  of  £4Q  sterling. 
With  regard  to  voting  in  town  affairs,  this  rule  was 
altered  in  1742.  Then  whoever  paid  a  poll  tax  and 
owned  £20  where  he  lived,  was  thus  privileged.  As 
one  of  the  most  welcome  and  important  changes  in 
ballot  qualifications,  our  State  Constitution  of  1780, 
provided,  that  all  might  vote  for  concerns  of  Town, 
Commonwealth  and  Nation,  who  paid  their  County 
and  State  taxes.  The  like  privilege  was  confirmed 
by  the  Revised  Statutes  of  1836.  But,  according  to 
their  charter,  Salem  now  requires,  that  for  a  man  to 
be  such  a  voter,  he  must  pay  his  City  as  well  as  Coun- 
ty and  State  taxes  whenever  assessed.  The  forego- 
ing items  furnish  us  with  views,  both  ecclesiastical 
and  political,  which  are  prominent  features  in  the  as- 
pect of  our  history. 

Different  sorts  of  Votes. — The  term  vote,  is  from 
the  latin  votum,  and  signifies  the  wish  of  electors  for 
particular  persons  to  be  chosen  for  places  of  trust.  It 
is  called  suffrage,  a  word  used  by  Justinian  to  signify 
money.  It  is  denominated  ballot,  from  the  French 
ballotte,  a  small  ball  cast  in  the  election  of  men  to 
office.  As  well  known,  the  practice  of  voting  by 
black  and  white  balls  is  very  ancient.  With  these 
significations  before  them,  our  fathers  did  not  confine 
themselves  to  one  mode  or  material  for  the  expression 
of  their  desire  as  to  candidates  for  official  promotion. 


VOTING  BY  PROXY.  355 

It  is  CYident  that  they,  at  first,  were  in  the  habit  of 
raising  the  hand  as  significant  of  approval.  In  I630| 
a  question  was  brought  before  the  commons,  from  the 
several  plantations,  assembled  in  Boston,  whether  they 
diould  choose  the  assistants  and  these  elect  the  Oov* 
ernor  and  his  deputy,  and  the  whole  body  so  chosen 
should  make  the  laws  and  have  them  executed.  The 
legislative  record  of  this  matter  says,  <<this  was  fully 
assented  vnto  by  the  generall  vote  of  the  people  and 
ereccon  of  hands."  There  was  another  practice,  call- 
ed in  our  time  "  polling  the  house/'  or  having  voters 
for  opposite  candidates  collected  by  themselves.  A 
General  Court,  of  1631,  agreed,  that  when  the  free- 
men proposed  assistants,  and  <<  it  be  doubtfull  whether 
it  be  the  greater  parte  of  the  commons  or  not,  it  shall 
be  putt  to  the  poll."  As  attacks  were  apprehended 
from  unfriendly  Indians,  the  General  Court  of  1636| 
ordered,  that  part  of  the  freemen,  in  towns  at  some 
distance,  should  be  excused  from  coming  to  the  seat 
of  government  and  taking  part  there  in  the  choice  of 
magistrates.  That  those  who  should  so  stay  at  home 
to  protect  their  settlements,  might  not  lose  their  share 
of  influence  in  the  higher  branches  of  the  legislaturei, 
they  were  permitted  to  exercise  it  by  proxy.  They 
met  in  Salem,  as  well  as  elsewhere,  gave  in  their 
votes,  which  the  deputies  had  sealed  up,  carried  to 
the  legislature  and  there  counted.  In  1643,  the  ma- 
terial, with  which  they  so  expressed  their  opinioDi 
was  denoted  in  what  follows.  It  was  ordered  by 
General  Court,  that  <<  if  any  freeman  shall  put  in  more 
than  one  paper  or  beane,  for  the  choyce  of  any  officerj 
bee  shall  forfeit  JSIO  for  every  offence."    This  phrase* 


356  VOTING  BT  BEANS  AND  CX>RN. 

ology  intimates,  that  the  ballots,  here  meationed,  had 
been  in  common  use.  In  1647,  it  was  required  hj 
the  legislature,  that  the  Governor,  his  Deputy,  Treas- 
urer, Secretary  and  Commissioners  of  the  United  Col- 
onies, should  be  voted  for  by  electors,  who  staid  at 
home,  with  papers,  and  the  assistants,  with  <'  beanes, 
onely  the  white  to  be  for  election."  The  last  clause 
suggests,  that  colored  beans  were  cast  for  the  negative. 
Our  Colonial  authorities,  in  1680,  made  a  law,  that 
while  the  former  class  of  officers  were  to  be  chosen 
as  before,  the  latter  should  be  with  ^<  Indian  corn." 
The  language  of  such  enactment  utters  not  a  syllable 
about  beans,  and  thus  implies  that  they  had  been  dis- 
pensed with  in  the  election  of  assistants.  These  facts 
distinctly  show,  that  the  latter  magistrates  were  set 
apart  to  their  station  at  one  period  with  bean  votes 
and  at  another  subsequently  by  those  of  com.  When 
however  we  depart  from  the  original  records  and  con- 
sult our  printed  laws  of  former  ages,  we  there  read  a 
different  version.  Such  enactments  inform  us,  that 
in  all  three  of  the  last  years  named,  corn  and  beans 
were  thrown  as  proxies,  the  former  affirmative  and 
the  latter  negative.  How  such  discrepancy  took  place, 
is  difficult  to  be  explained  at  this  late  day.  In  a  di- 
lemma of  this  kind,  the  judgment  naturally  leans  on 
the  manuscript  evidence,  as  the  stronger  authority. 
It  is  likely  that  corn  proxies  for  assistants  were  used 
to  the  Usurpation  of  1686.  While  our  townsmen 
gave  them  for  such  a  purpose,  and  paper  ones  for  an* 
other,  as  previously  described,  it  is  probable  that  they 
used  the  latter  sort  as  well  as  raised  the  hand,  or,  on 
occasions  of  excitement,  polled  the  assembly,  in  mil 


ORDERS  ABOUT  VOTING.         357 

Other  voting  respects.  As  one  exception  to  this,  they 
resolved,  1776,  when  great  care  was  needed  in  the 
selection  of  Representatives  to  the  General  Court,  to 
have  them  chosen  with  differently  colored  balls.  It 
seems  that  there  was  a  speedy  reversion  to  the  old 
forms.  These,  however  liable  to  abuse  like  every** 
thing  human,  have  come  down  to  our  times,  approved 
by  experience  as  the  most  convenient  for  large  assem* 
blies. 

Orders  about  Voting. — These  were  adopted  by  our 
legislative  authorities.  One  of  1670,  ran  thus:  <'If 
any  man  shall  behave  himself  offensively  at  any  town 
meeting,  the  rest  then  present,  shall  have  power  to 
sentence  him  for  such  offence  so  as  the  penalty  ex* 
ceed  not  20*."  Another  of  1680,  that,  as  a  resident 
of  Salem  had  manifested  a  factious  and  litigous  spirit, 
he  should  be  debarred  from  giving  his  vote  in  town 
affairs,  as  well  as  from  holding  any  ofBice,  and  from 
bringing  any  case  before  judicial  tribunals. 

MUNICIPAL  REGULATIONS. 

Strangers. — Perceiving  that  this  Colony  was  ia 
peril,  as  to  its  social  and  religious  interests,  by  the 
intrusion  of  troublesome  strangers,  the  General  Court 
ordered,  in  1637,  that  none  from  abroad  should  be 
allowed  to  reside  in  any  town,  except  by  leave  from 
«*one  of  the  counsell  or  of  two  of  the  magistrates." 
The  fine  of  disobedience  to  this  law,  was  ^£100.  Oiur 
Selectmen  cautioned  the  people  here,  1657,  to  comply 
with  such  an  act,  on  the  penalty  of  20*  a  week,  during 
its  violation.  With  respect  to  this  subject,  as  one  of 
long  standing.  Palsgrave  gives  us  the  subsequent  in* 

31* 


358       FINES  FOR  ENTERTAINING  STRANGERS. 

formation.  Among  the  Salick  Franks,  ''  a  villa  was 
entirely  the  property  of  the  inhabitsmts,  and  no  stranger 
could  settle  within  its  boundaries  unless  with  the 
consent  of  the  whole  corporation.  If  a  stranger  re- 
mained in  the  township  without  challenge,  during 
twelve  months,  he  was  thenceforth  allowed  to  dwell 
in  peace  and  security,  like  the  other  neighbors  of  the 
community.''  These  two  principles  of  habitance 
were  recognized  in  the  polity  of  our  New  England 
towns,  and  were  more  strictly  observed  in  ancient 
times,  than  they  have  been  since.  The  authorities 
of  Salem  were  called  to  act  on  them  at  different  pe- 
riods. Benjamin  Batch  and  Henry  Herrick  were  fined 
here,  in  1660,  for  entertaining  a  stranger.  Nicholas 
Dreckan,  who  was  the  occasion  of  such  forfeit  to  the 
latter,  was  immediately  after  received  as  an  inhabitant. 
Samuel  Robinson  and  Samuel  Shadocke  were  amer- 
ced, 1669,  20*  apiece,  for  "  entertayninge  of  Thomas 
Maule."  The  last  person,  being  a  Quaker,  was 
warned  to  depart.  But  he  persevered  then  and  sub- 
sequently, amid  much  opposition,  in .  retaining  an 
abode  here.  William  Trask  was  required  to  send 
John  Turland  out  of  town,  and  give  security  that  he 
be  no  charge  to  our  corporation.  For  enforcing  the 
law  on  this  subject,  Thomas  Oliver  was  instructed, 
1670,  <<  to  goe  from  house  to  house  aboute  the  towne, 
once  a  moneth,  to  inquire  what  strangers  are  come,  or 
baue  priuily  thrust  themselues  into  towne  and  to  giue 
notice  to  the  Selectmen  in  beinge,  from  tyme  to  tyme, 
and  he  shall  haue  the  fines  for  his  paynes  or  such 
reasonable  satisfaction  as  is  meet."  Francis  Skerry 
and  William  Lake  were  fined  for  non-compliance  with 
such  an  order. 


FRENCH  WOMEN.    EMlOaANTS.  dfif 

General  Court,  in  1673,  require  that  the  inhabitaoti 
of  Salem  as  well  as  of  Boston,  Cbarlestown  and  Portat 
mouth,  shall  not  entertain  strangers,  except  by  leave 
of  the  Governor  or  his  Deputy,  or  two  magistrates. 
The  same  year,  our  town  records  have  the  following 
entry.     "  Expenses  for  the  French  women  brought 
into  town  by  Mr.  Pipon  in  his  ship."     The  femalej 
named  in  the  subsequent  extract  from  the  same  bookj 
was  probably  one  of  these  strangers.     "  Samuel  Wil- 
liams doth  acknowledge  Rebecca  Outen  to  be  his 
servant  for  one  whole  yeare,  and  the  Selectmen  doe 
settle  her  with  him,  as  a  servant  for  that  time,  and 
hee  to  find  her  with  things  needfuU  for  such  a  ser^ 
vant."     Owing  to  the  perils  of  war  in  Maine,  a  num- 
ber of  families  who  had  lived  there,  fled  hither.     Oar 
record  of  1676,  concerning  them,  says,  they  "  being 
driven  from  their  habitations  by  the  barbarous  heatheiTi 
are  added  as  inhabitants  of  the  town,  most  of  them 
affirming  they   have    provision  for   themselves  and 
families  a  year."     In  1679,  the  ship  Hannah  and 
Elizabeth,   Capt.   Lot    Gouding,   arrived  here   from 
Dartmouth  with  47  passengers,  among  whom  was 
Doctor  Barton.     Several  of  our  people  were  siunmon* 
ed,  this  year,  to  answer  the  charge  for  permitting  non* 
residents  to  abide  in  their  houses.     Henry  West,  sen. 
and  John  Mascoll,  Jr.,  were  empowered,  1693,  to  in- 
spect the  families  of  Salem  and  <*  take  an  account  of 
all  inmate^  or  strangers,  that  are  now  in  or  may  here- 
after come  into  the  towne  and  returne  their  names  to 
the  selectmen  every  moneth,  and,  if  need  be,  to  wame 
them  to  depart."     In  1695,  Clement  Goady,  a  jersy- 
man,  who  had  served  six  years  in  this  place,  but  had 


f60  NON-4USSIDENT8  WARNED  AWAT. 

been  gone  over  the  two  last  years,  was  warned  away. 
Such  notices  were  frequent  for  25  years  from  this 
time.  It  was  ordered,. in  1721,  that  as  <<  there  are 
many  families  of  the  Irish  people,  that  were  alSrighted 
from  their  new  settlements  in  the  Eastern  parts,  come 
into  this  town,  that  their  circumstances  be  inquired 
into  and  how  many  persons  of  them  there  are  and 
whether  they  intend  to  remove  hence  or  not."  In 
1729,  Capt.  William  Cash  brought  into  this  port,  from 
Ireland,  161  passengers.  According  to  law,  he  fur- 
nished the  Selectmen  with  a  list  of  their  names  and 
circumstances.  An  order,  relative  to  them,  says, 
"  many  of  them,  being  men  with  their  wives  and 
children  and  under  good  circumstances  and  others  of 
them,  able  bodied  men  and  women  and  indented  ser- 
vants and  of  good  report,  and  because  there  is  one  or 
two  on  board  sick,  the  well  have  liberty  to  go  on 
shore  at  Winter  Island  and  the  Fort  and  cleanse 
themselves."  Capt.  Cash  and  Robert  Boyce,  the 
merchant,  gave  bonds  of  £600  to  our  Town  Treasu- 
rer, for  any  charges,  which  might  arise  from  19  of  the 
passengers,  who  were  not  exempts  by  law.  Similar 
precaution  was  continued.  As  in  1790  and  1791, 
there  were  several  hundreds  of  people  in  Salem,  both 
white  and  colored,  not  regular  inhabitants,  they  were 
warned  to  depart.  However  such  messages  may  have 
appeared  to  wear  a  deep  scowl,  and  sometimes  affront- 
ed a  new  comer  of  honest  purpose  and  thrifty  habits, 
but  not  acquainted  with  their  design,  yet  their  neces- 
sity to  prevent  an  undue  imposition  of  expense  in  the 
support  of  paupers,  needs  no  explanation.  Being  a 
matter,  which  not  merely  affects  our  monied  relations, 


ORDERS.  861 

but,  also,  our  political  and  moral  institutions,  it  has 
received  diversified  attention  from  our  legislative 
authorities.  To  conform  with  their  act  of  1837,  two 
of  our  Aldermen  were  then  appointed  to  see  that  its 
provisions  were  not  violated. 

1635.  Orders. — "All  orders,  as  the  towne  shall 
think  meet  to  be  published,  shalbe  published  one  the 
next  lecture  day  after  the  towne  meeting." 

1637.  "  Ordered  that  all  the  land  along  the  shore 
on  Darby's  fort  side  vp  to  the  hog-sties,  and  to  run 
20  poles  into  the  land,  shall  be  reserved  for  the  com- 
mon of  the  towne  to  serve  for  wood  and  timber." 

"  Whereas  diuers  orders  are  made  and  agreed  on  by 
the  inhabitants  of  the  towne  of  Salem,  for  the  better 
fulfilment  of  resolves  and  for  want  of  a  print  howse^ 
or  some  other  meanes  whereby  to  publish  them,  not 
only  to  the  present  inhabitants  but  to  others,  that  may 
hereafter  set  downe  amongst  vs, — these  are  therefore 
to  certifie  all,  whom  it  may  concerne,  and  for  his 
avoyding  of  the  breach  of  any  of  the  said  orders  and 
consequently  the  penalties  of  them,  that  they  repaire 
to  Mr.  Ralph  Fogg,  who  keepes  the  records  of  said 
orders,  where  they  may  satisfie  themseliies  in  every 
particular  order  as  aforesaid."  This  shows  a  great 
diflTerence  between  the  means  then  and  since  we  have 
had  our  "  print  bowses,"  of  acquaintance  with  such 
bye  laws. 

Mr.  Fogg  is  to  have  for  entering  grants  of  land,  9* 
for  20,  12^  for  30,  15'*  for  40,  and  18^  for  50  acres  and 
upwards.  He  is  to  have  2^  for  each  warrant  to  lay 
out  land. 

1647.     Ordered,  « that  William  Auger  shall  take 


feS  SPORTS.    CONTESTS  BETWEEN  BOT8. 

notice  of  births  and  deaths  and  marradges."  This 
oonformed  with  the  law  of  1639. 

1666.  Required  that  ail  wellsi  between  Thomas 
CSromwell  and  Richard  Gardner's  to  the  head  of  Mr. 
Brown's  cove,  be  repaired  and  secured  against  danger, 
by  raising  them  2^  or  3  feet  above  ground  with  curbs 
or  hogsheads,  or  else  be  filled  up. 

1762.  Bat  and  foot  ball,  throwing  snow  balls  and 
stones,  in  public  places,  are  forbidden.  Such  injunc- 
tions have  been  repeated  at  various  periods.  Every  vio- 
lation of  them,  as  to  casting  snow  balls  in  anger,  brick 
bats  and  stones,  was,  in  1824,  to  be  fined  $1.  This  is 
wholesome  policy.  For  a  long  series  of  years,  boys, 
in  different  divisions  of  the  town^  and  particularly 
those  of  the  east  and  west,  had  arrayed  themselves, 
in  winter,  against  each  other  and  frequently  with  dan- 
gerous missiles  and  exasperated  feeling.  Bach  of  the 
•ides  engaged  in  these  perilous  affrays  for  no  higher 
prize,  than  to  have  it  thought  and  said,  that  they 
gained  the  mastery.  Seldom  could  a  boy,  who  had 
distinguished  himself  on  such  occasions,  venture  into 
the  lines  of  his  opponents,  without  receiving  abuse 
and  blows.  Thus  early  alienation  was  cherished  be- 
tween '*  up-in-towners  and  down-towners,"  which,  for 
the  most  part,  was  continued  in  manhood.  In  this 
manner,  a  wound  was  inflicted  on  the  spirit  of  harmo* 
ny,  which  should  be  constantly  encouraged  among 
the  young  as  well  as  old,  of  the  whole  community. 
Whatever  boys  think  of  such  restriction  on  what  they 
wrongly  call  liberty,  men  judge  aright  and  come  up 
to  the  claims  of  society  upon  them^  when  they  put  • 
•top  to  all  these  breaches  of  the  peace,  these  fiicilitias 


PASTIMES.  368 

of  indulging  the  passions  of  hatred,  craelty  and  dis* 
cord.  However  collisions  of  this  kind  may  be  said 
to  discipline  the  lad  for  bold  daring  and  brave  exploits 
against  invading  foes,  traits,  which  may  be  cultivated 
in  other  proper  exercises,  still  their  damage  to  pure 
morals  and  social  welfare,  far  outweighs  all  their  im-» 
aginary  benefit. 

The  three  first  pastimes,  which  stand  at  the  head 
of  the  preceding  paragraph,  remind  us  of  additional 
ones  with  hand  and  foot  balls,  as  well  as  of  otherS| 
which  have  been  practiced,  in  ancient  and  modem 
times,  by  our  Salem  boys.     It  may  be  for  the  satis- 
faction  of  our  juvenile  friends  hereafter,  to  have  a 
passing  notice  of  most  among  the  latter  class.     For 
them  and  all  else,  whom  it  may  please,  the  succeed- 
ing brief  is  given.     Beating  the  hoop,  blind  man's 
buff,  bow  and  arrow,  cricket,  dropping  the  handker* 
chief,  duck,  flying  the  kite,  French  and  English,  hide 
and  seek,  hop  frog,  hunting  the  slipper,  king  of  the 
castle,  jumping,  jumping  the  rope,  leaping,  leap  frogj 
and  marbles.     With  regard  to  the  last,  though  the  ad- 
vice has  been  given  so  often  as  to  seem  needless,  boys 
should  be  cautioned  against  playing  with  them  in 
order  to  win  from  each  other.     If  they  indulge  in  thiil 
lighter  species  of  gaming,  they  are  likely  to  do  the 
same  with  "props"  or  "paw-paws,"   "coppers"  or 
cents,  dice  and  cards.     A  small  leak,  unchecked,  may 
prove  a  large  one  and  sink  many  a  valuable  ship.     Ai 
to  the  two  last  implements  of  diversion,  our  Court  of 
Assistants,  in  1631,  ordered  them  to  be  destroyed| 
and,  1645,  ordered  the  keeper  of  a  tavern  to  be  fined 
for  having  a  shuffle  or  shovel  board.     In  resuminf^ 


854  VARIOUS  ORDERS. 

our  list,  we  come  to  puss  in  the  comer,  quoits,  sliding 
with  sleds,  skating,  sling,  thieves  and  robbers,  swim- 
ming, spinning  top,  threading  the  needle,  touch  or 
tag,  walking  on  stilts  and  wrestling.  As  for  the  rest 
of  such  amusements,  too  great  care  should  be  taken 
not  to  engage  in  any  of  them,  like  that  of  ponds  or 
forfeits  as  generally  played,  which  tend  to  debase 
moral  feeling  and  yield  naught  but  discontent  in  re- 
flection. With  regard  to  in>door  amusements,  as 
checkers,  fox  and  geese,  morrice  and  back  gammon, 
they  are  useful  to  quicken  the  memory  and  invention 
while  kept  from  the  abuse  of  staking  on  the  issue.  A 
habit  of  such  perversion  cannot  be  too  soou  resisted. 

1793.  Truckmen  and  bakers  were  forbidden  to 
drive  rapidly  through  the  streets.  By  authority  of 
the  Quarterly  Court,  as  long  ago  as  1672,  horse  racing 
and  riding  fast  to  and  from  worship,  were  prohibited. 

1801.  The  long  repeated  nuisance  of  comparative- 
ly few  persons  and  particularly  youngsters,  standing 
at  corners  of  streets,  sitting  on  steps  of  houses,  gath- 
ering at  places  of  worship  on  Sabbath  evening,  whose 
appearance,  speech  and  action  are  an  outrage  on  de- 
cency,— was  renewedly  interdicted.  Scarcely  a  habit 
among  the  class,  who  thus  debase  themselves  in  their 
own  consciousness  and  in  the  eyes  of  all,  who  observe 
them,  tends  more  to  weaken  the  common  respect  for 
good  manners,  and  to  cast  reproach  on  the  society, 
which  shields  their  rights  and  interests.  Public  vigi- 
lance cannot  be  too  prompt  and  active  in  staying  every 
such  spot  of  leprosy  on  the  body  politic. 

1819.  In  imitation  of  former  and  repeated  exam- 
jHe,  the  constables  were  ordered  to  patrole  the  streets 


ORDERS.    FIRST  ENGINES  KNOWN  HERE.        26lt 

on  the  Sabbath,  from  9  A.  M.  to  9  P.  M.  Their  spe- 
cial duty  then,  was  to  hinder  assemblages  of  boys  and 
young  men  at  corners  of  streets  and  other  places ;  their 
sea  bathing  and  other  accounted  disorders. 

1839.  Passing  from  what  affects  character,  we 
come  to  a  matter  of  public  comfort.  It  was  ordered, 
that  the  machine  for  watering  the  streets  be  under  the 
direction  of  the  street  committee.  This  item  is  ad- 
duced, partly,  as  a  specimen,  that  economy  now  al« 
lows  conveniences,  to  which  it  would  once  have  given 
no  quarter. 

FIRE  DEPARTMENT. 

A  comparative  view  of  this  department,  shows  that 
its  improvement  has  kept  pace  with  the  progress  of 
social  arts.  As  a  means  of  extinguishing  fire,  it  was 
ordered,  1644,  that  each  of  our  inhabitants  be  supplied 
with  a  ladder  on  penalty  of  5». 

1663.  Ghimnies  were  ordered  to  be  swept  once  a 
month  from  October  to  April,  and  once  in  two  months 
the  rest  of  the  year,  on  penalty  of  12"*  for  each  neg- 
lect. If  a  chimney  should  burn  out  of  the  top^ 
through  an  omission  of  the  rule,  10"  were  to  be  paid« 
John  Milke  was  appointed  the  sweeper.  He  was  to 
have  4^  a  chimney,  if  in  money,  wheat  or  butter,  but 
if  in  other  pay,  6*.  Any  might  clean  their  own 
chimnies,  or  hire  it  done  by  whom  they  pleased. 

1679.  The  selectmen  and  two  others  were  author- 
ized to  take  the  command  at  fires,  to  blow  up  and 
pull  down  buildings,  as  need  may  require.  This  ap* 
pears  to  have  been  much  more  common  before  the  use 
of  fire  engines  than  subsequently.    Hooks  and  other 

32 


SM 


A  HRE  CLUB. 


instruments  for  such  a  purpose,  with  two  or  three 
dozen  cedar  buckets  were  to  be  purchased. 

1689.  Smiths'  shops,  inside  of  towa  bridge,  and 
dwelling  houses,  within  ten  poles  of  each  other,  are 
to  have  chimnies  of  sufficient  material  and  height. 

1729.  Besides  buckets,  hooks  and  poles,  two  lad* 
ders  were  kept  in  the  town  house. 

1744  A  fire  club  was  formed  here.  Its  number 
was  28  and  not  to  exceed  30.  One  of  its  articles  was, 
<'we  will  have  a  watchword,  whereby  to  know  one 
another ;  every  member  to  whisper  it  to  the  Clerk  at 
each  quarterly  meeting,  and  to  any  other  member, 
when  challenged,  on  penalty  of  1*  o.  t."  A  law  was 
passed  by  General  Court  empowering  towns  to  choose 
firewardens.  Each  of  them  was  to  have  <<  for  a  dis- 
tinguishing badge  of  office,  a  staff  of  five  feet  long, 
painted  red  and  headed  with  a  bright  brass  spire,  six 
inches  long." 

1749.  On  petition  of  Capt.  Richard  Derby  and 
others,  they  were  to  be  excused  from  all  town  offices 
as  soon  as  they  should  purchase  a  good  fire  engine. 
If  any  of  the  members  should  move  away  or  die,  and 
leave  sons,  these  might  be  their  successors  in  the 
company.  The  engine  was  approved  by  the  select- 
men next  year.  It  still  remained  the  property  of  its 
purchasers.  Its  shares  were  sometimes  sold.  Though 
almost  a  centenarian  and  laid  aside  for  newer  ones,  it 
is  still  carefully  preserved,  and  highly  appreciated,  as 
an  old  servant,  which  has  done  much  good  in  its  day. 
Whether  our  townsmen  had  any  engine,  on  a  simpler 
model,  than  this,  first  mentioned  on  our  records,  is 
miknown.  There  were  two  of  the  former  kind  in 
Boston  prior  to  1711. 


THIRD  ENGINE.  357 

1751.  Another  engine,  having  been  bought  by 
Benjamin  Lynde  and  others,  was  accepted.  It  wai 
larger  than  the  preceding.  As  two  novel  objects  of 
public  attention,  they  went  by  the  names  of  *<  the 
small "  and  <<  the  great "  engines. 

1753.  There  were  five  fire  wardens.  Their  duty 
had  been  done  by  the  selectmen  and  others  united 
with  them. 

1754  The  engine  men  had  an  additional  privilege 
of  being  excused  from  juries. 

1767.  The  town  sent  to  London,  through  Benja- 
min Pickman,  for  an  engine,  which  cost  them  £73 
4*  4*.  The  company,  approved  for  it,  were  Clark, 
Gay  ton,  Pickman  and  fifteen  others.  It  was  voted  to 
have  buildings  made  for  the  engines.  One  by  the 
Court  house,  another  near  Nathaniel  Andrews*,  and  a 
third  on  land  of  Edward  Kitchen,  deceased. 

1771.  Among  the  requests  of  the  firewards  was 
that  women  and  young  children  would  stay  at  home, 
when  there  was  a  fire.  Sympathy  for  the  distressed 
as  well  as  curiosity  to  witness  a  scene,  uncommon  for 
small  towns,  must  have  been  the  occasion  for  so  plain, 
but  still  expedient  advice. 

1772.  After  several  efibrts  to  have  cisterns  made 
at  the  public  charge,  one  was  finished  in  School 
street. 

1773.  As  a  preventive  of  fires,  Benjamin  Peirce 
Beech  was  appointed  sweejier  of  chimnies.  His  fees 
were  1/2  for  a  chimney  in  each  house  of  three  stories, 
crowned  roof,  aud  1"  for  it  in  the  same  with  flat  roof; 
10^  for  it  of  two  stories,  crowned  roof,  and  8*  flat  roof, 
and  for  chimnies  of  other  houses,  8^  apiece.     In  1813, 


gee    EXERCI8R  OF  ENGINES  AND  THEIR  LOCATION. 

the  price  for  such  work  was  50  ctt.  for  three,  40  for 
two  and  30  for  one  story  chimnies. 

1774.  An  order  to  pay  for  axe  helves  and  fire  fork 
handles.  A  vote  passed  to  procure  another  engine. 
Among  several  things  recommended  by  a  committee 
soon  after  a  great  fire,  we  have  the  following.  <<  Bach 
engine  be  furnished  with  a  framed  canvas  screen  in 
three  or  four  leaves  about  eight  feet  high  and  a  handy 
mop  to  each  screen."  Evrery  owner  of  a  house  should 
provide  himself  with  one  or  more  leather  buckets. 
On  cry  of  fire,  in  cloudy  nights,  the  people  should  put 
lights  in  their  windows.  Boys  should  be  so  placed  in 
lanes  by  the  fire  wards,  as  to  hand  only  empty  buck- 
ets. ''  That  the  inhabitants  ought  to  attend,  as  often 
as  possible,  at  the  monthly  working  the  engines  with 
their  buckets,  to  learn  to  form  lanes  and  work  the  en« 
gines."  The  time  for  this  <'  to  be  at  the  breaking  up 
the  schools."  These  suggestions  were  accepted. 
The  most  of  them  were  long  continued.  The  exer- 
cise of  an  engine  company  in  former  years,  drew  to- 
gether a  great  concourse  of  people.  Of  these  a  large 
and  the  merrier  part  were  boys,  released  from  their 
afternoon  instruction.  The  idea,  that  the  exhibition 
waited  for  them  by  public  authority,  aided  to  render 
them  very  punctual  and  happy  attendants. 

1786.  The  selectmen  were  authorized  to  purchase 
an  engine.  The  managers  of  fire  hooks,  axes  and 
buckets  to  be  exempted,  from  civil  duties,  like  engine- 
men.  A  committee  were  appointed  to  sink  needed 
cisterns. 

1788.  One  of  the  engines  was  named  the  Gioaces- 
ter  and  another  No.  1030. 


SMOKING  TOBACCO  FORBIDDEN.  369 

1789.  An  agreement  wsus  made  with  William 
Stearns  and  others,  that  they  pay  for  half  the  cost  of 
a  new  well  and  pump,  near  George  Osborn's  fence. 

1793.  A  cistern  was  made  on  the  south  western 
part  of  the  Mall. 

1794  The  selectmen  were  empowered  to  buy  a 
new  engine. 

1797.  Benjamin  Goodhue,  a  member  of  Congress, 
purchased  one  in  Philadelphia,  for  Salem.  Timothy 
Pickering  superintended  its  erection.  The  manufac- 
turer of  it  was  Samuel  Briggs,  a  Cluaker.  It  was  so 
injured,  on  its  passage  hither,  that  it  would  not  work. 
The  maker  sent  on  an  agent  to  see  it  repaired.  Names 
and  locations  of  engines  in  this  town,  were  as  follow. 
The  Union,  of  small  size,  N.  of  the  Court  house  ;  Sa- 
lem,  on  the  Common  ;  Reliance,  made  in  Philadelphia, 
near  head  of  Long  Wharf;  Friend,  near  Bulfum's 
corner  ;  Essex,  N.  of  Court  house ;  Federal,  near  the 
Episcopal  church ;  Exchange,  new,  in  Essex  street, 
near  Mrs.  Rebecca  Cabot's ;  the  four  last  were  import- 
ed from  London ;  and  the  Alert,  old,  in  Washington 
Btreet,  near  Mr.  John  Daland's  store.  To  prevent 
one  occasion  of  fires,  the  selectmen  forbade  the  smok- 
ing of  segars  in  the  streets.  A  similar  prohibition  was 
issued,  in  1812,  setting  the  fine,  for  each  ofience,  at 
^3.  Some  of  our  earliest  colonial  laws  were  against 
the  use  of  tobacco  in  any  place  or  manner.  It  has 
long  triumphed  over  the  natural  repugnance  of  human 
taste,  over  many  resolutions  to  deny  its  created  appe- 
tite, over  the  frequent  protestations  of  cleanliness,  over 
the  strong  appeals  of  injured  health,  and  over  the 
positive  laws  of  community.     It  has  imposed  an  iron 

32* 


flO  CI8TEB1I8.    BUILDING  WITH  BAlClLfL 

isnritude  on  multitudes,  who  would  suffer  no  man  to 
deprive  them  of  liberty.  Without  interfering  with 
its  private  use,  the  authorities  of  this  and  other  places, 
ue  often  constrained  to  raise  their  voice  against  its 
being  smoked  in  our  streets,  lest  it  kindle  a  conflagra- 
tion to  sweep  away  the  habitations  of  our  citizens. 
What  more  reasonable  requisition !  No  one  should 
be  so  reckless  as  to  "  take  an  enemy  into  his  mouth  to 
Steal  away  "  his  reputation  for  order,  and  rob  others  of 
their  property. 

A  condition  of  the  town's  permission  for  an  Aque- 
duct, was,  that  a  conductor  should  run  from  it  to  the 
ektern  at  Buffum's  corner,  to  be  used  if  needed  in  6res. 

1798.  Contracts  were  proposed  to  sink  eight  cis- 
terns. The  places  reported  for  them,  were  Court,  Es- 
sex, Derby,  Neptune,  Market,  Mill,  Boston  and  Fede- 
ral streets.  It  was  ordered,  that  if  an  engine  did  not 
appear  at  a  fire,  its  company  should  be  fined  ^. 

1800.  A  question  came  before  the  town  for  having 
houses  and  stores  built  with  brick,  as  a  preventive  of 
fires.  It  was  decided  in  the  negative.  Time  will 
show,  though  we  earnestly  wish  that  the  demonstra- 
tion by  flame  may  never  come,  whether  this  decis- 
ion should  not  have  been  entirely  the  reverse. 

1804.  The  report  for  a  cistern  in  High  street,  was 
accepted ;  1806,  $400  were  allowed  for  another  on 
Mill  hill ;  1817,  voted  to  have  one  near  the  corner  of 
Liberty  street,  and,  1823,  another  in  North  Salem. 

1824.  Voted  to  supply  the  section,  last  named, 
with  an  engine,  and,  1825,  to  buy  another  instead  of 
the  ancient  Alert.  Thus  an  old  acquaintance  of  many 
a  school  boy,  whose  daily  track  was  along  by  its 


OLD  TOWN  PUMP  REUNQU16BED.  871 

lodgement,  who  once  delighted  to  see  it  equipped  for 
trial,  and  to  race  through  its  monthly  sprinklings,  and 
whose  bright  locks  had  grown  grey  in  the  period  of 
its  services,  was  laid  aside,  as  no  longer  fit  to  arrest 
the  threatening  conflagration. 

1826.  The  first  congregation  were  granted  the 
use  of  the  land,  on  which  the  tenement  of  the  Alert 
stood,  if  they  allowed  room,  for  similar  occupancy,  in 
the  west  porch  of  their  new  meeting  house.  This 
place,  being  inconveniently  small,  was  relinquished  in 
a  year  or  two,  and  another  substituted. 

1833.  A  cistern,  with  two  pumps,  was  ordered  for 
English  street. 

1835.  An  engine  to  be  made  for  No.  9  company, 
and  located  in  Bridge  street. 

1836.  Toted  to  have  a  well  in  Creek  street. 

1837.  The  town  agreed  to  have  the  Daland  well, 
in  the  rear  of  house  No.  2,  Chestnut  street,  cleared 
out  and  furnished  with  two  pumps,  if  its  owners  give 
up  all  control  over  them. 

1838.  It  was  ordered,  that  a  cistern,  partly  dug  in 
Broad  street,  be  filled,  and  a  substitute  for  it  made  at 
the  junction  of  Green  and  Pickering  streets. 

1839.  It  was  agreed  tp  have  a  cistern  prepared  for 
Marlborough  street,  in  the  place  of  one  relinquished  to 
accommodate  the  railroad.  Little  was  it  expected 
when  this  fountain  was  opened  and  fitted  for  use,  that 
locomotives,  like  some  monstrous  leviathan,  would 
sweep  over  the  bed  of  its  waters,  and  pour  out  fire 
and  smoke,  instead  of  the  element  designed  to  subdue 
them.  A  cistern  was  ordered  for  Park  street  in  South 
Salem,  and  another  near  the  first  churchi  in  lieu  of 


^3  EXPENSES  OF  FIRE  DEPARTMENT. 

<<  the  old  town  pump,"  which  Mr.  Hawthorn,  one  of 
our  city's  gifted  sous,  has  given  a  prominent  place 
among  his  eloquent  and  impressive  tales. 

1841.  It  was  voted,  that  Forrester  street  should 
be  supplied  with  a  cistern. 

1842.  The  fire  clubs  here  were  as  follow :  Active, 
Adroit,  Boston  street,  Enterprise,  Naumkeag,  Relief 
and  Social. 

After  thus  coursing  over  diversified  facts  of  our  Fire 
Department,  we  perceive  a  marked  difference  between 
its  present  and  ancient  condition.  In  1843,  there 
were  20  public  cisterns  with  two  pumps,  and  8,  with 
one  pump;  nine  operative  engines,  with  as  many 
houses  and  suitable  apparatus ;  and  350  men,  attach- 
ed to  the  hose,  hook  and  ladder,  engine,  and  three 
sail  companies.  These  associations  do  not  include 
axemen,  as  a  distinct  body  and  as  they  formerly  did. 
Still  two  axes  are  attached  to  each  engine  to  be  used 
by  any  of  its  company  when  needed,  and,  the  hook 
and  ladder  company,  also,  have  axes.  With  regard 
to  the  sails,  used  at  fires  here,  they  have  been  found, 
by  our  inhabitants,  for  a  long  period,  to  be  excellent 
means,  when  thoroughly  wet,  to  prevent  the  spread 
of  flames.  It  is  singular,  that  there  is  no  company, 
in  the  metropolis,  to  carry  them  to  their  fires,  nor  in 
any  other  place,  known  to  the  writer.  The  expenses 
of  the  fire  department,  for  a  year,  to  the  spring  of 
1843,  were  $1,481  38,  a  sum  judiciously  appropriated 
and  economically  expended.  This  accords  with  the 
truth,  more  allowed,  in  various  respects,  than  prac- 
tised, that  it  is  better  wisdom  to  prevent  evil,  than  to 
amend  it,  with  increased  charge,  after  its  occurrence. 


CRADOCK'S  HOUSE.  373 

riRES. 

Among  the  calamities,  which  forcibly  teach  the  iib> 
security  of  earthly  possessions,  and  which  strike  terror 
through  the  heart  of  man,  are  the  conflagrations,  that 
often  threaten  communities  and  sometimes  spread 
desolation  through  them.  This  is  far  more  so  in 
chose  sections  of  the  world,  where  the  training  of 
firemen  and  the  improvements  of  their  machinery  are 
much  in  the  rear  of  such  advancement,  as  many  of 
our  principal  places  may  justly  claim.  Our  means  of 
information  on  the  subject  of  fires  in  this  city,  prior 
to  our  regular  files  of  newspapers,  preserved  by  a  few 
careful  hands,  who  thus  conferred  great  benefit  on 
Iheir  successors,  are  very  limited.  A  list  of  these 
events,  so  far  as  known,  here  follows.  It  may  be  un- 
derstood, that  where  naught  is  said  to  the  contrary, 
the  buildings  were  entirely  consumed. 

1634.  Mr.  Cradock's  house  at  Marblehead  about 
midnight.  Mr.  AUerton  and  many  fishermen,  whom 
he  employed,  were  in  it,  but  were  saved  with  most  of 
his  goods.  A  taylor,  who  worked  late  that  night, 
looked  out  and  saw  the  building  on  fire  <<  above  the 
oven  in  the  thatch." 

1636,  Oct.  John  Jackson's  house  with  considera- 
ble propel^. 

1641.  <<  Mr.  Humphrey  suffered  much  by  fire  at 
Salem." 

1645,  April.  A  farm  house  of  Emanuel  Downing, 
then  in  England.     Loss  £200. 

1647,  June.  A  barn  with  corn  and  hay.  It  was 
caught  by  lightning.  This  <*  fell  upon  the  thatch  in 
the  breadth  of  a  sheet." 


374  "THB  GREAT  FIRE. 

1666,  Sept.  10.  A  house,  owned  by  Capt.  Thomas 
Savage.  A  woman,  who  set  fire  to  it,  was  sent  to 
Boston  jail  for  trial. 

1698,  June  28.  At  9  P.  M.,  a  fire  was  discovered. 
A  ware  house  of  Mr.  Lindall.  The  dwellings  of 
majors  Pilgrim,  Hurst,  William  Brown  and  Mr.  Sam- 
uel Prince.  One  of  Eli  Hatborne  was  blown  up  to 
arrest  the  flames.  Damages  £5,000,  of  which  major 
Brown  owned  £3,000.  The  premises  of  these  build- 
ings, were  partly  covered  by  Essex  Coffee  house. 
This  was  called  the  great  fire  till  that  in  1774. 

1714  Among  claims  for  common  land,  this  year, 
Thomas  Maul  presented  one  for  a  place,  where  his 
two  shops  were  burnt. 

1737,  Sept.  3.  At  5  in  the  morning,  fire  in  Brit- 
ton's  hatter  shop.  Most  of  the  hats  and  furs  saved. 
Loss  about  £100. 

1774,  Aug.  24.  Alarm  2  A.  M.,  five  shops  and  a 
ware  house  below  the  town  house,  then  on  Essex 
street.     Loss  7  or  £800. 

1774,  Oct.  6.  Rev.  Dr.  Whitaker's  meeting  house, 
custom  house,  eight  dwellings,  fourteen  stores,  shops 
and  barns,  besides  sheds  and  other  out  houses.  The 
town  house  caught  but  was  saved.  An  aged  lady, 
mother  of  Mr.  Samuel  Field,  while  attempting  to  es- 
cape from  her  residence,  struck  her  head,  fell  and  was 
burnt  to  death.  This  was  the  greatest  fire,  with 
which  Salem  was  ever  before  afflicted.  As  usual  with 
communities,  suspension  from  such  a  trial,  had  in- 
duced our  townsmen  to  be  slack  in  disci  {dine  and  de- 
ficient in  implements,  required  for  the  emergency. 
Its  occurrence  waked  their  vigilance,  consultation  and 


THANKS  TO  MARBLEHEAD.  2Tf& 

action.  It  led  them  to  adopt  rules  and  make  provis- 
ion, so  that  they  might  be  better  prepared  to  encoun- 
ter a  like  event.  Grateful  for  the  seasonable  aid,  af«« 
forded  them  by  adjacent  inhabitants,  they  voted,  lOth, 
that  their  thanks  ''be  given  to  our  brethren  from  the 
neighbouring  towns  for  their  kind  assistance  at  the 
late  distressing  fire ;  and  that  the  most  grateful  returns 
are  due  to  our  brethren  from  Marblehead,  by  whose 
timely  arrival  with  their  engine  and  vigorous  exer- 
tions a  great  part  of  this  town  was  rescued  from  de- 
vouring flames."  The  following  minute,  from  our 
records,  shows,  that  while  hospitality  was  extended 
to  benefactors,  the  lessons  of  temperance  were  little 
studied.  "  Allowed  Jonathan  Webb  an  order  for 
£3  19-  4*,  for  132  breakfasts,  3  gallons  of  W.  I.  Rum 
and  3  gallons  of  Gin,  for  the  Marblehead  people,  who 
assisted  us  at  the  great  fire." 

1795,  March  30.  Early  in  the  morning,  Mr.  Dun- 
lap's  barn  in  Hardy  street. 

The  Gazette  of  Tuesday,  Sept.  8,  says,  "  last  Mon^ 
day  "  there  were  repeated  alarms.  At  3  A.  M.,  one 
in  the  hay  loft  of  the  Sun  Tavern,  not  much  damage. 
At  night,  a  barn  of  Thomas  Brooks,  on  Palfray's 
wharf,  with  four  horses  consumed.  The  same  paper 
mentions  a  fire,  which  broke  out  lately  in  the  barn  of 
Capt.  John  Derby,  "  near  the  barn  burnt  last  week." 

1795,  Sept.  18.  In  the  night,  an  attempt  to  burn 
a  building  of  Mr.  J.  Dunlap,  who  had  recently  suffer-^ 
ed  firom  a  like  cause.  A  malicious  lad  was  suspected 
of  it  and  committed  to  the  Alms  house.  The  fires  of 
this  year  were  supposed  to  have  been  the  work  of  in« 
cendiaries. 


S76  SCHOOL  HOUS£.    MAN  BURNT. 

1798,  Jan.  31.  Afternoon,  the  Grammar  school  cham- 
ber in  centre  school  house,  was  destroyed.  Much  dam- 
age done  to  the  books  of  the  library,  kept  in  an  adjoin- 
ing room.  The  cause  of  it  was  the  anxiety  of  a  boy, 
who  was  sweeping  the  floor,  to  destroy  a  rat,  which 
he  saw  run  to  its  hole,  by  throwing  a  live  coal  down 
its  hiding  place.  No  doubt,  this  was  undivided  at* 
tention  to  one  object  without  a  thought  for  conse- 
quences. 

Feb.  5.  Monday  morning,  the  ship  Aurora  was 
seen  on  fire.  She  was  owned  by  William  Gray,  an- 
chored in  the  harbor  and  partly  laden  with  valuable 
merchandize  for  Europe.  A  considerable  company  of 
men  put  off  in  boats,  accompanied  with  an  engine, 
and  saved  her  without  much  loss.  Mr.  Duncan,  a 
ship  keeper,  who  had  lost  an  arm,  was  burnt  to  death 
in  the  cabin,  where  the  fire  commenced. 

April  4  In  the  morning,  Nehemiah  Adams'  cabi- 
net shop,  with  all  its  stock  and  tools,  in  Newbury 
street. 

May  10.  At  6  P.  M.,  an  apartment  connected  with 
Mrs.  Elizabeth  Orne^s  house,  Essex  street,  was  dis- 
covered to  be  on  fire,  but  soon  extinguished. 

1799,  July  13.  In  the  morning,  an  alarm,  that  the 
warehouse  of  Elias  H.  Derby,  on  his  wharf,  was  afire. 
No  great  injury  was  done  to  it  or  its  contents.  Sup 
posed  to  have  been  caught  by  a  lighted  segar. 

Oct.  2.  At  9  evening,  shop  of  Mr.  Jefferds,  brass 
founder,  was  seen  in  flames.     It  was  partially  saved. 

Nov.  4  About  dark,  Capt.  Peter  Lander's  bam 
and  Mr.  Chadwick's  barn,  filled  with  hay,  and  near 
each  other,  on  Essex  street. 


FIRST  FIRE  INSURANCE  COMPANY.  $Tf 

1800,  Sept.  27.  A  sehocmer  at  Union  wharf^  Capt 
Silver,  ready  to  sail  for  Alexandria,  took  firCr  Caused 
bf  the  unheading  of  a  barrel  of  rum  and  itii  running 
on  some  cdsks  of  lime,  which  ignited.  Cargo  macb 
injured. 

1801,  Jan.  24  A  part  of  William  Carlton's  honse/ 
occupied  for  printing,  caught  fire,  but  was  extinguish- 
ed with  little  damage.  The  next  night  an  attempt 
was  made  to  burn  the  shop  of  Jonathan  Archer,  which 
succeeded  only  to  a  small  extent. 

1802,  March  27.  In  the  evening,  a  smith's  shop, 
opposite  Creek  Court,  was  discovered  on  fire ;  but  it 
was  soon  put  out.  While  the  people  were  returning 
from  this,  there  was  an  alarm  from  the  Alms  house; 
Two  buildings  which  were  connected  with  this  estab- 
lishment, and  contained  oakum  and  grain,  were  coih 
sumed.  The  fire  was  kindled  by  a  colored  boy 
about  11  years  old. 

April  13.  In  the  evening,  a  house,  inhabited  by 
colored  people,  at  the  bottom  of  St.  Peter's  street.  M 
woman  perished  in  the  flames. 

15th.  About  10  A.  M.,  Josiah  Woodbury's  house, 
in  River  street,  caught  fire,  but  was  extinguished,  with 
considerable  damage. 

1804,  June  13.  In  the  afternoon,  a  shop  in  Water 
street,  owned  by  Mr.  Dow  and  occupied  by  Mr.  Hook, 
a  cabinet  maker.  The  stock  and  tools  of  the  latter 
destroyed. 

During  this  year,  the  first  ofiice  in  Salem,  for  insoi^ 
ance  against  fire,  was  established  here. 

1805,  Sept.  8.  On  Sunday  night,  a  Twine  Factor* 
ry,  carried  on  by  Mr.  Fisher,  owned  by  the  widow  of 

33 


S78  FIR£S. 

Capt.  Daniel  Rust,  and  situated  back  from  Oouoty 
•treet.     The  deed  of  an  incendiary. 

1806,  Jan.  16.  In  the  evening,  three  houses  of  Jo« 
seph  Edwards,  Mr.  Chaplin  and  Deacon  Lamson,  in 
Carpenter  street.  They  were  all  three  stories  high. 
Caught,  in  the  first,  among  shavings. 

28th.  Early  in  the  morning,  a  building,  occupied 
by  Messrs.  Cushings,  for  a  book  bindery  and  printing* 
office,  on  Essex  street. 

March  10.  While  the  workmen  were  at  dinner,  a 
cabinet  maker's  shop  of  Nehemiah  Adams,  near  the 
Mall,  took  fire  and  was  much  injured. 

1809,  Oct.  6.  A  shop  of  the  same  person  just 
named,  was  nearly  consumed. 

1811,  June  21.  Near  midnight,  Foye  &  Tuttle's 
rope  walk,  in  eastern  part  of  the  town,  with  a  large 
amount  of  stock. 

1812,  May  26.  In  the  morning,  the  corn  mill  on 
South  river.  The  family  there  scarcely  escaped  with 
their  lives. 

1813,  Jan.  26.  In  the  evening,  the  tobacconist 
shop  of  Niles  Tilden,  English  goods  store  of  Mr.  Con- 
vers,  a  grocery  of  Mr.  Goodhue,  and  a  barber's  shop 
of  Mr.  Mottey. 

1813,  July  24.  Near  midnight,  Thomas  R.  Wil- 
liams' cabinet  maker's  shop,  in  Williams  street. 

Dec.  1.  At  10  P.  M.,  a  currier's  shop  of  Benjamin 
Cheever,  Boston  street,  with  its  contents.  Loss  above 
$4,000. 

1814,  Sept.  24.  About  3  A.  M.,  a  barn  in  Mill 
street.     Supposed  by  design. 

1816,  Aug,  6.     On  Sunday,  A.  M.,  divine  service 


BENEFIT  OF  BRICK  WALLS.  S79 

was  interrupted  by  an  alarm,  because  Jerathmel 
Peirce's  house  in  Federal  street  and  two  others  near 
it  had  their  rdofs  on  fire  from  a  chimney  in  the  first 
one.  Though  the  peril  was  great  from  a  high  wind^ 
the  flames  were  extinguished  with  but  little  damage.  - 
-  Dec.  20.  About  midnight,  a  brick  store  occupied 
by.  Hinman  &  Stodder  for  the  sale  of  crockery  and 
dry  goods,  next  door  east  of  Essex  Coffee  house,  was 
consumed,  except  the  walls,  with  its  contents.  Loss 
about  $8,000.  Other  stores  in  the  same  block,  sepa- 
rated by  brick  walls,  were  not  injured  by  the  firOj 
though  the  owners  of  goods,  taken  out  for  safety,  suf- 
fered by  theft.  Such  preservation  proved  the  superi- 
ority of  brick  ovier  wood,  especially  in  buildings  for 
merchandize.  •' 

V  1816,  Aug.  22.  At  4  A.  M.,  a  fire  broke  out  at  the 
corner  of  Liberty  and  Water  streets.  Eleven  build- 
ings were  destroyed  on  the  east  side  of  the  former 
street,  as  follow.  One  dwelling  house,  three  storieSi 
of  the  Salem  Bank;  one  of  E.  &  J.  NorriSj  with  a 
Distill  house  and  store  of  theirs,  containing  much  pro-^ 
perty ;  two  of  Mr.  Ball,  one  used,  in  part,  for  a  bake- 
ry, with  a  barn  and  store,  which,  also,  belonged  to 
him  ;  one  of  Nathan  Peirce  ;  one  tenanted  by  a  Stan-" 
ley  family,  and  a  bam  of  Stephen  Philips.  Another 
barn  of  William  Procter,  was  pulled  down.  Two 
houses  of  Samuel  Buffum,  on  the  same  side,  were 
greatly  injured.  On  the  west  side  of  Liberty  street| 
four- buildings  were  destroyed.  Namely,  a  dwelling, 
house  and  lAopof  Messrs.  Sauls  &  Martin ;  one  b^ 
Josiah  Parsons,  part  of  which  was  a  store,  and  a  shop 


10^  LARGS  FUL£«. 

pwned  by  him  and  Jonathan  Neal,  the  chambers  oo- 
eupied  as  a  rigging  loft  by  Thomas  Farlesa  and  tbt 
e^llar  with  several  hundred  barrels  of  tar,  which  mads 
a  great  flame.  On  Y ioe  street,  a  shoe  noaker's  shop  of 
Samuel  Gray  was  pulled  down  and  a  dry  goods  stem 
^  John  Scobie  nearly  so.  Thus  were  sixteen  build- 
ings destroyed  and  three  much  damaged.  This  was 
the  greatest  conflagration,  except  that  of  1774^  erer 
experienced  by  the  people  of  Salem.  It  still  leaves 
that  to  be  chronicled^  in  our  calamitous  history,  ss 
'<  the  great  fire."  May  no  sad  reality  ever  give  occa** 
sion  for  the  change  of  such  a  comparison. 

1817,  Jan,  29.  In  the  forenoon,  the.npper  part  of 
%  school  house,  near  the  first  Baptist  meeting  houiP, 
was  considerably  injured.  The  next  evening,  a  me^ 
9banic's  shop,  at  the  bottom  of  Market  (^reet,  was 
some  damaged. 

April  11.  At  noon,  the  house  of  Dr.  B.  L.  Oliver, 
^  the  corner  of  Essex  and  Liberty  streets,  received 
Ipme  iqjury.  The  next  evening.  Col.  Hawthorne's 
barn  in  North  field  was  consumed.  It  took  fire  from 
buruing  wood  wax. 

1818,  Feb.  2.  In  the  morning,  through  a  defect  in 
the  chimney.  Rev.  Thomas  Carlisle's  house,  in  Barton 
Square,  was  some  damaged  and  his  furniture,  by  be« 
ing  moved,  much  more  so. 

1819,  JnQ,  3.  Sabbath  morning,  a  house  at  the 
corner  of  Summer  and  Essex  streets,  was  some  in* 
juj^  ^  Caught  from  ashes  in  a  wooden  vessel.  Near* 
ly  at  the  same  hour,  a  currier's  shop  of  Gapt.  Hawes^ 
w  Sk>9iQU  street,  was  slightly  burnt. 


STORE  CAUGHT  BY  UGHTNING.  381. 

-  2Sth.  The  South  mills  were  set  oh  fire,  by  a  col- 
ored boy,  but  were  soon  ejrtinguished. 

'  Juue  30.  A  small  building,  back  of  the  court  housci 
occupied  by  colored  people,  much  burnt.  ' 

1820,  Feb.  1.  In  the  night,  a  brewery  of  Jamer 
Steams,  in  the  rear  of  Boston  street,  received  some 
damage. 

1821,  Jan.  21.  Afternoon,  a  store,  kept  by  Mr. 
Norris,  at  head  of  Union  wharf,  was  some  burnt. 

28th.  In  evening,  the  chair  maker's  shop  of  Mr. 
Ames,  Essex  street,  caught  fire,  but  was  speedily  put 
out. 

June  23.  A  parcel  of  lumber,  owned  by  Messrs. 
Burrill  &  Robbins,  in  Water  street,  was  kindled  by  a 
cigar's  being  thrown  there,  but  was  soon  extinguished. 

Oct.  4.  Afternoon,  house  of  widow  Whittemore, 
in  Bridge  street,  took  fire,  but  it  was  soon  put  out. ' 

1822,  Jan.  16.  Between  1  and  2  A.  M.,  a  flame 
burst  through  the  side  of  Nathaniel  West's  house.  It 
was  speedily  extinguished. 

1823,  March  12.  The  cooper's  shop  of  Mr.  West, 
on  Winn  &  Whittredge's  wharf,  was  damaged,  in  the 
afternoon,  by  sparks  from  a  chimney. 

April  6.  At  11  A.  M.,  a  dwelling  house  of  Mrs. 
Hilliard  was  much  injured. 

24th.  At  8  P.  M.,  another,  owned  by  John  How- 
ard, in  Brown  street,  was  some  damaged. 

1824,  Aug.  10.  In  the  morning,  a  store  on  Derby 
wharf,  supposed  by  lightning.*  Much  of  the  mer- 
chandize in  it,  was  saved. 

1825,  Jan.  18.  About  midnight,  a  dwelling  house 
of  James  Bott,  Essex  street,  was  badly  burned. 

33* 


.  March  2&    A  store  of  Robert  Oogswelli  in  EVtnk* 
lin  building,  some  damagecL 

Not.  22.  Cooper's  shop^  occupied  by  Bsujamin 
Gardner,  on  Orne's  wharfi  owned  by  Sayary  6c  Ray* 
iBond.    Loss  $600. 

1826»  June  14  At  half  past  1  P.  M.^  a  building  at 
the  lead  factory  in  South  Fields. 

1827,  Jan.  14.  About  11  A.  IL,  a  house  of  Thomas 
Hunt,  on  the  old  Boston  road,  was  considerably  iur 
jiued. 

Nov.  29.  At  7  P.  M.,  the  houae  of  Ezekiel  Say- 
age  in  Broad  street,  received  some  damage. 

1828,  Feb.  8.  Late  in  the  evening,  a  house,  at 
ike  head  of  Crowninshield's  wharf,  nearly  consumed* 

1828,  Feb.  28.  Between  1  and  2  A.  M.,  Horatio 
Pitrry's  shop,  at  the  head  of  the  same  whar^  was 
some  injured. 

April  15.  Soon  after  midnight  two  buildings  in 
tear  of  the  custom  house.  Supposed  work  of  incen* 
diaries. 

1829,  April  15.  At  half  past  12,  in  the  night,  a 
store  house  of  the  United  States. 

20th.  A  sloop  at  Derby  wharf.  A  building  portly 
burnt. 

June  28.  A  barn  of  Elijah  Sanderson's  estate  in 
Federal  street. 

1830,  March  5.  A  bam  of  Joseph  Frothingham^ 
vpper  end  of  Boston  street,  by  an  incendiary. 

1831,  Oct.  11.  An  eastern  schooner  laden  with 
lime  at  Pickering's  Point. 

1832,  March  28.  Afternoon,  house  of  Ephraim 
Emerton,  some  damaged. 


idBI  AQED  WOMAN  BUART.  888 

JuD6  18.  SioaU  house,  near  the  Tompike,  nearly 
destroyed. 

July  8.  la  the  evening,  a  twine  factory,  owned  by 
Joseph  Fisher,  and  occupied  by  Thomas  W.  Gwinn^ 
with  a  house  of  the  former,  another  house  of  Dixey. 
Morgan,  and  a  bam,  adjacent  to  the  Pratt  house. 
Several  other  buildings  were  much  injured.  Loss 
about  $4,000.  The  usual  disposition  of  some  ani* 
mals,  on  such  occasions,  was  exhibited.  A  horse  tak* 
en  from  the  burning  bam,  was  kept  from  going  in 
again  by  main  force.  A  hog,  driven  out,  mshed  back 
and  perished.     No  insurance. 

Ck;t.  28.  A  building,  attached  to  Jose^^  Lovejoy's 
stable,  in  St.  Peter's  street,  while  in  flames,  was  pulled 
down. 

Dec.  7.  Interior  of  a  brick  building,  occupied  by 
soap  and  candle  makers,  Rugg  &>  Hildreth,  in  Boston 
street,  was  destroyed  in  the  forenoon.  Much  of  the 
stock  and  tools  was  lost.     Insured. 

13th.  Oflice  and  stable  of  Mr.  McMullen  on  Hawkes* 
wharf.  The  fire  communicated  to  lumber  of  Mr* 
Gushing,  which  was  partly  destroyed.  This  year  had 
an  unusual  number  of  fires. 

1833,  Feb.  7.  In  the  forenoon,  store  of  Isaac  New- 
hall,  Essex  street,  was  some  injured. 

13th.  At  half  past  3  in  the  morning,  a  one  story 
house,  near  Collins'  cove,  owned  by  James  Dalrymple. 
Mrs.  Nichols,  an  old  lady,  the  only  resident  in  the 
building,  of  88  years,  perished  in  the  flames. 

June  6.    In  the  evening,  a  twine  factory  of  Thomas 
Owinn,  in  March  street. 

1834,  March  12.    The  chamber  of  a  house,  in  Waf*> 


384    BENEFIT  OF  BELONGING  TO  A  FIJtS  GOMPANT. 

ter  street,  owned  by  Samuel  Brooks,  was  slightljr 
burnt. 

Dec.  28.  Afternoon,  a  building  attached  to  the 
chemical  labaratory  in  North  Salem.  Another  there 
partly  burnt.     Loss  about  $600. 

1835,  Sept.  4.  About  2  in  the  morning,  a  three 
story  dwelling  house,  owned  by  Joshua  Loring,  in 
Marlborough  street.  Another,  near  it  and  belonging 
to  Jonathan  Holman,  was  nearly  destroyed,  and  the 
rear  of  David  Pulsifer's  house  was  burnt.  The  first 
was  partly  insured,  and  so  with  the  others.  The  loss 
was  not  above  $7,000,  though  the  most  destructive 
fire  here,  for  19  years.  An  instance  of  the  benefit 
derived  from  membership  in  fire  companies,  was  man- 
ifested on  this  occasion.  The  house  of  Mr.  Perkins, 
80  associated,  was  in  danger.  His  brethren  of  a  com- 
pany, entered  his  dwelling,  carefully  moved  his  furni- 
ture, and,  when  the  peril  had  passed,  safely  replaced 
it,  even  to  a  bowl  of  milk,  with  a  silver  spoon  in  it, 
left  there  the  evening  before.  This  was,  indeed,  the 
verification  of  benevolent  pledges. 

1836,  March  6.  An  engine  house.  No.  7,  in  Boston 
street,  was  some  burnt. 

July  6.  On  Wednesday  night,  a  barn  of  Joshua 
Pope  in  Boston  street,  with  hay,  leather  and  other 
commodities.  His  house  was  nearly  consumed.  Sus- 
pected to  have  been  done  on  purpose. 

Sept,  24.  Nearly  11  o'clock,  Sunday  night,  three 
houses  of  Israel  Woodbury,  and  one  of  Joseph  Noble, 
in  Northey  street.  Another  building  of  the  former 
was  injured.  Loss  $3,900.  Insurance  $2,700.  Sails 
of  the  sail  company  were  very  serviceable  in  prevent- 
ing the  spread  of  the  flames. 


FIRES  CAUSEB  QY  INCENDIARIES.  Sgft 

1837,  Feb.  4  After  10  Saturday  night,  a  barn  of 
Solomon  Yamey  and  another  of  William  F,  Nicholi, 
in  Boston  street. 

17th.  At  4  P.  M.|  rope  walk  and  spinning  house 
of  William  Stickney,  and  a  rope  walk  of  Joshua  Saf- 
ford.  Loss  towards  $30,000.  About  half  insured. 
Thought  to  be  the  deed  of  an  incendiary*  ^ 

.  June  3.  In  the  i^ight,  a  building,  at  the  head  of 
Charles' Parker's  wharf,  took  fire  from  lightning,  but 
was  not  much  burnt. 

Aug.  29.  At  half  past  9  P.  M.,  an  uninhabited 
liouse  in  South  Fields,  of  Mrs.  Wyman. 

31st.  At  half  past  10  P.  M.,  two  brewery  buildings 
of  Mrs.  Stearns,  in  May  street. 

Sept.  5.  A  barn  with  hay,  near  the  upper  part  of 
Broad  street,  which  belonged  to  the  lady,  last  named. 
.  Dec.  22L  In  the  morning,  distillery  of  John  Norrisi 
in  Water  street,  took  fire  by  the  bursting  of  a  stilt 
Some  damaged. 

;  26th.  Shortly  before  2  in  the  morning,  oil  audi 
QWdle  manufibctory  of  Caleb  Smith,  at  the  end  of 
Harbor  street    Ix>ss  $6,000.    Partly  instired. 

28th.  A  shed,  at  the  corner  of  Federal  and  Beck« 
ford  streets,  was  caught  by  a  segar,  but  soon  extin* 
guisbed. 

1838,  Jan.  31.    In  the  night,  a  bam  in  North  Salem. 
April  23.     A  tenement  in  Church  street,  partially 

burnt.  _ 

1839,  May  9.    A  house,  in  County  street,  injured. 
June  16.    At  10  A.  M.,  a  house  of  Mr.  McCloy  was 

^atly  injured,  and  a  shop  of  William  Peele,  and 
Aaron  Perkins,  was  destroyed  on  Union  wharf.  Loss 
about  $700. 


386  F1RE8IL 

July  20.  At  2  A.  M.,  the  brass  foundry  of  John 
Waters  on  North  street,  estimated  at  $800. 

Oct.  18.  At  9  P.  M.,  a  barn  with  hay,  belonging 
to  the  estate  of  J.  H.  Andrew,  on  Flint  street.  Loss 
about  $500. 

1841,  Oct.  3.  An  eastern  schooner,  at  Derby  wharf, 
slightly  damaged. 

1842,  Oct.  19.  In  the  evening,  the  East  India  Ma- 
rine building  took  fire  from  the  bursting  of  a  camphine 
lamp,  but  was  soon  put  out. 

Dec  8.  At  2  A.  M.,  a  large  building,  near  Frye's 
mills,  attached  to  the  tannery  of  Elijah  A.  Hanson. 
Loss  $2,600.^ 

Thus  we  have  run  through  with  a  detail  of  fires  so 
far  as  they  are  known  to  the  writer.  There  were  a 
few  alarms  in  1843,  and  many  in  some  of  the  preced- 
ing years.  It  is  remarkable,  that  our  city,  with  so 
large  a  proportion  of  wooden  buildings,  has  been  no 
more  visited  with  destructive  fires,  especially  since  the 
crime  of  arson  has  fearfully  prevailed  through  our 
country.  But  past  exemption  should  neither  lead  us 
to  forget  the  source  of  our  protection,  nor  slack  in  the 
accustomed  vigilance  of  this  community.  The  max- 
im, <<  fore- warned,  fore-armed,"  is  always  applicable. 

'  Though  thif  work  proceeds  no  fwUier  than  1843,  ytt  it  maj  be 
well  to  notice  a  fire  of  Dec.  18, 1844,  beginning  shorUy  before  11  at 
night.  Building!  totally  destroyed,  were  seven  on  Front,  four  bn  La- 
fayette, ineloding  a  long  block  of  wood  tenements,  and  nine  on  Fish 
streets.  Over  90  oatpbuiidings  were  pulled  down.  Loss  $100/NXl  A 
greater  sum  than  ever  beibre  known  to  be  lost  here  on  aodlsastfons  aa 
occasion.  * 


t 


■  1   V  i  . 


B£LL  BOLD  TO  HARVARD  COLLEOX.  38T 

•  _  -  • 

TOWN  BELLS  AND  CLOCKS. 

Before  our  fathers  obtained  a  "  church  going  biell/? 
they  were  probably  summoned  together  by  the  sound 
of  a  horn,  as  was  anciently  the  custom.  It  seem8|> 
however,  that  they  were  not  long  without  the  former, 
means  of  notice.  It  was  agreed,  1638,  that  Nathaniel 
Porter  '<  shall  haue  for  the  sweepinge  of  the  meeting 
howse  and  ringing  of  the  bell,  fiftie  shillings  per  an^ 
num."  The  town  were  rated,  1667,  for  "  a  new  bell 
and  hanging,"  £18.  This,  of  course,  must  have  been^ 
of  moderate  size.  The  bell  was  rung,  1673,  from 
spring  to  fall,  at  5  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  9  o'clock 
in  the  evening,  as  an  admonition  to  improve  the  light 
of  day  and  keep  good  hours  at  night.  Such  an  order 
has  been  repeated  down  to  our  time.  In  1685,  a  new 
bell  is  mentioned  on  our  records. 

It  was  ordered,  1695,  that  one  be  purchased  for  the 
town  house. 

In  1772,  David  Nohhey  agreed  to  take  care  of  the 
town  clock,  in  the  tower  of  the  first  church,  for  £3 
10*  8^  a  year. 

During  the  same  year,  Capt.  Stephen  Higginson 
brought  home  a  bell  of  about  900  lbs.  for  the  North 
church  and  another  of  590  lbs.  for  the  East  church. 
The  latter  sold  their  old  bell  of  2 17 J  lbs.  to  Harvard 
College  at  1/6  lb.  and  it  was  transported  thither. 
;  The  next  year,  a  clock,  made  by  Samuel  Luscomb, 
was  put  in  the  tower  of  the  East  meeting  house,  and 
it  was  kept  in  repair  by  the  town.  The  bells  of  the 
North  and  East  churches,  1774,  were  to  be  rung  at  1 
o'clock  and  9  o'clock  P.  M.     For  this  service  each  of 


Sgg        TOWN  HOUSE.    KINO'S  ARMS  THUS. 

the  two  sextons,  in  1793,  had  £5  8*  a  year.  The 
clock  in  the  tower  of  the  first  church  was  transferred, 
1826,  to  the  tower  of  the  North  church.  The  loca- 
tion of  the  dial,  in  this  new  place,  as  it  was  not  gifted 
eren  so  much  as  Janus  with  two  faces  and  thus  could 
not  show  its  hands  to  the  four  winds,  was  much  fault- 
ed by  some,  from  whom  it  was  compelled  to  look 
away.  Ten  years  afterwards,  the  clock  was  put  ia 
the  tower  of  the  South  church,  where  it  remains. 

It  will  be  seen  that  this  notice  of  our  time  tellers  is 
confined  only  to  those,  in  which  our  corporation  had 
some  immediate  concern.  Others  of  them  have  been 
placed  in  our  sanctuaries  as  they  have  arisen  from  one 
period  to  another. 

PUBLIC  BUILDINOS. 

As  the  style  and  condition  of  a  community's  public 
edifices,  so  is  their  taste  appreciated  by  strangers,  who 
pass  through  their  streets.  So  far  as  practicable,  in 
this  respect,  the  general  concern  should  be  the  private 
care,  that  the  name  of  the  whole  do  not  suffer.  Some 
of  the  buildings,  now  in  view,  will  be  noticed  herCi 
and  others  under  sections,  which  relate  to  their  special 
purpose  and  use. 

TOWN  HOUSES. 

These  have  accorded  with  the  models,  prevalent  in 
the  periods  of  their  erection.  When  the  first  of  them 
was  built  here,  is  unknown.  It  was  probably  where 
the  Cluarterly  Courts  began  to  hold  their  sessions  at 
Salem,  in  1636.  If  so,  the  king's  arms,  as  the  insig* 
nia  of  royal  authority  over  the  commonwealth,  were 


TOWN  HOUSES.  '  39^ 

t 

^  ordered  by  our  legislature,  to  be  placed  there,  in  the 
same  year,  above  the  seat  of  justice.  It  is  something 
more  than  mere  imagination  to  have  a  reflective  view* 
of  this  edifice,  as  presenting  an  exterior  generally  sim- 
ilar, in  style  of  architecture,  to  the  Curwen  and  Brad- 
street  mansions.  Though  uncertainty  rests  on  thef 
commencement  of  such  a  building,  yet  fact  shows, 
that  it  needed  repairs  in  1655.  Its  location  appears  to 
have  been  on  the  west  side  of  Washington  street,- 
several  rods  south  of  Essex  street.  Prom  the  follow-* 
ing  of  1674,  a  new  one  seems  to  have  been  proposed.* 
"  Agreed  that  the  town  house  shall  be  set  up  by  thtf 
prison."  Thus  was  the  old  place  of  municipal  and 
judicial  assemblages  dispensed  with,  as  worn  out  with' 
diversified  service.  Within  its  walls,  cases  were  tried, 
common  in  that  age,  but  singular  in  ours.  Here  were 
Baptists  and  duakers  summoned  to  answer  for  absence 
from  worship  in  the  Congregational  meeting  house. 
Here  wearers  of  long  hair,  great  boots,  large  sleeves,' 
lace,  silk  and  tiffany  were  arraigned.  Here  scolds  and 
railers  were  sentenced  to  wear  their  tongues  in  cleft 
sticks,  liable  to  be  gagged  or  have  a  threefold  ducking; 
and  other  transgressors  to  be  fastened  in  a  cage  as 
public  spectacles.  Here,  too,  lovers,  for  shewing  signs 
of  the  tender  passion  without  precaution  in  consulting 
parental  authority,  were  fined  according  to  their  ad- 
judged trespasses. 

In  June  of  1677,  it  was  ordered,  that  the  town 
house  be  moved  near  about  John  Ropes'  dwelling.  As 
Joshua  Buffum  contracted  to  raise  the  materials  of  the 
former,  it  must  have  been  taken  apart  for  its  situation 
to  be  so  altered.     Then  Daniel  Andrews  was  engaged 

34 


100  QUEEN  ANNE'S  ARMS. 

to  build  its  chimnies,  one  below  and  another  in  the 
chamber,  fill  its  walls  and  lath  them  and  lay  the  un- 
derpinning. John  SneUing  was  to  shingle  and  <<  cla- 
board "  it  and  make  the  floors,  windows  and  stairs. 
The  latter  had  £20,  one  third  in  money  and  two 
thirds  in  provisions,  for  doing  the  carpenter's  work. 
The  building,  so  transferred,  stood  in  the  middle  of 
Washington,  anciently  School  street,  and  in  front  of 
the  late  John  Derby's  mansion,  now  owned  by  Robert 
Brookhouse,  having  its  front  towards  Essex  street. 
Its  upper  part  was  to  be  fitted  up,  1679,  for  the  ac- 
commodation of  the  Court.  The  delay  about  it,  from 
the  time  it  was  begun  to  the  last  date,  was,  no  doubt, 
chiefly  occasioned  by  the  Indian  war  and  its  results 
by  way  of  exceedingly  heavy  taxes.  A  vote  passed, 
1695,  that  a  turret  be  made  on  the  town  house  and 
a  bell  purchased  and  put  therein.  The  year  after,  in 
compliance  with  a  petition  of  our  selectmen,  the  court 
of  sessions  decided,  that  one  half  of  <<  y"  reparation  of 
•aid  house  be  discharged  from  time  to  time  by  y* 
county,"  and  the  other  by  Salem.  The  rule,  so  adopt- 
ed, continued  in  force  over  a  century.  In  1702,  it 
was  ordered  that  the  court  chamber  be  repaired  <'  plais- 
tered  over  head  and  white  washed,  and  the  Queen's 
arms  to  be  procured  and  handsomely  placed  over  the 
seat  of  justice."  Thus  was  Anne  honored  by  our 
fathers  as  her  royal  predecessors  were  before  her  reign. 
As  the  chamber  of  the  second  town  house  was  too 
small  for  the  court,  our  people  voted,  Feb.  9,  1718-19, 
to  have  a  new  one,  20  feet  stud,  30  broad  and  40 
long,  the  second  story  to  be  for  judicial  and  the  lower 
for  municipal  concerns.     Its  cost  was  £622  6%  which 


IMPRESSIVE  SCENES.  89l 

•was  discharged  by  the  two  parties.  It  was  situated 
on  Essex  istreet,  next  to  and  westward  of  the  first 
ohurch.  From  a  subsequent  reference,  it  appears  to 
hsLYe  been  painted,  a  care,  so  seldom  bestowed  in  that 
period,  as  must  have  attracted  no  small  degree  of  no» 
tke. 

Thus  again  we  are  called,  in  thought,  to  part  with 
an  object,  deeply  engraved  on  the  mind  of  those,  wh6 
beheld  it  and  were  sharers  in  its  transactions.  Her^ 
was  anxiously  agitated  the  question  of  submission  to 
the  Commissioners  of  Charles  II. ;  of  relinquishing  out 
revered  charter  to  the  presidents  of  his  successor  ;  of 
concerting  measures  to  meet  the  contingencies  of  the 
consequent  revolution  and  of  forming  a  (Hrovisionarjr 
government  till  the  arrival  of  another  charter.  Here, 
too,  was  the  tragic  scene,  exhibiting  innocent  victims 
of  delusion,  from  the  child  to  the  aged  adult,  charged 
with  the  crime  of  witchcraft,  and  a  number  of  them 
doomed  to  suffer  the  extremities  of  the  law.  SeldottL 
can  descriptions,  either  of  political  or  judicial  charac- 
ter, be  drawn  in  bolder  relief  of  truth,  than  those, 
which  veritably  apply  to  this  ancient,  but  departed 
edifice. 

Credible  tradition  relates  that  the  building,  connect^ 
ed  with  such  prominent  events,  stood  over  20  years 
after  its  successor  was  erected.  The  lower  part  of  it 
served  for  a  school,  while  the  floor  of  the  old  court 
room  above  was  mostly  taken  up,  except  where  thd 
seats  of  the  judges  and  juries  were  located.  Here  the 
boys  would  sometimes  collect,  before  master  cani6| 
and  play  over  the  scene,  once  acted  there  id  dread  reK 
slity,  of  trying  witches.    Mr.  Northey,  afterwards  ft 


p9S  8CEN£8  IN  THE  TOWN  HOUSES. 

teacher  here  and  long  since  deceased,  was  a  pupil 
there  at  that  time.  He  used  to  state,  that,  in  one  in- 
stance, while  the  boys  were  in  grave,  judicial  con- 
clave, and  examining  a  poor  wigbt,  of  their  compan- 
ions, who  consented  to  personate  a  wizard,  their  teach- 
er, not  in  his  '<  most  blessed  humor,"  appeared  sudden- 
ly among  them,  laid  on  his  right  and  left,  exclaiming 
to  the  affrighted  group,  '^  I'll  teach  you  how  to  try 
witches." 

The  new  town  and  county  house  continued,  for  a 
considerable  period,  to  answer  its  purposed  design. 
Like  its  predecessor,  it  had  part  of  its  lower  story  for 
a  sort  of  exchange,  where  men  might  collect  and 
transact  business.  It  had  a  long  bench  in  front,  which 
seldom  wanted  occupants  when  people  were  abroad. 
Here  news  was  related,  questions  discussed  and,  not 
unlikely,  scandal  retailed.  In  1773,  Henry  Standley 
had  the  use  of  the  fodder  on  the  burying  point,  val- 
ued at  48'  a  year,  for  taking  care  of  the  house  and 
jinging  its  bell  for  the  same  period.  The  next  year 
this  building  had  a  very  narrow  escape  in  the  great 
fire.  After  various  counter  motions  and  resolves^  a 
final  vote  was  taken,  1786,  to  have  it  relinquished  and 
supplied  by  another. 

Could  the  building,  thus  laid  aside,  but  relate  the 
scenes,  which  it  witnessed,  its  story  would  be  of  the 
most  thrilling  interest.  Could  its  walls  present  the 
eloquence,  whose  sound  reverberated  against  them,  it 
.would  appear  in  characters  of  living  light.  Here  was 
the  Stamp  Act,  in  1765,  held  up  with  all  its  train  of 
impending  evils.  Here  was  justified,  in  1766,  the  ad- 
dressi  issued  by  the  Massachusetts  house  of  repreaeib 


SCENES  IN  THE  TOWN  HOUSES.  SM 

latives  to  all  the  colonies  so  that  they  might  rally  their 
energies  and  stand  in  the  breach  against  parliamentary 
taxation.  Here,  in  1769,  was  the  wresting  away  c^ 
our  trial  by  jury  in  the  admiralty  court,  and  the  impo» 
sition  of  foreign  troops  on  the  inhabitants  of  Boston^ 
manfully  discussed  as  omens  of  still  greater  eviUb 
Here,  in  1770,  did  our  townsmen  resolve,  with  patri*^ 
otic  self-denial,  neither  to  import  nor  purchase  the 
goods,  subjected  to  crown  duties.  Here,  in  1774, 
did  the  house  of  representatives  appoint  the  first  Con- 
tinental Congress,  and  designate  our  proportion  of  its 
delegates  for  the  most  efficient  resistance  to  British 
encroachments.  Here  did  they  eloquently  portray  the 
wrong  of  closing  the  port  of  Boston  and  the  need  of 
sympathetic  aid  for  the  relief  of  its  oppressed  popula- 
tion. Here,  in  order  to  finish  their  present  strike  for 
liberty,  did  they  keep  their  chamber  door  locked 
against  the  Secretary,  who  was  ordered  by  governs 
Gage  to  declare  their  dissolution,  and  who,  unable  to 
gain  access,  delivered  his  message  in  the  entry.  Here, 
contrary  to  the  proclamation  of  the  chief  magistrate, 
did  they  form  themselves  into  a  Provincial  Congress  to 
regulate  the  heaving  elements  of  our  disorganized 
Commonwealth,  and  then  adjourned  to  Concord,  where 
they  won  imperishable  renown* 

The  location  of  the  last  town  and  county  house  was 
altered  from  that  of  the  preceding.  For  such  a  change, 
Elias  H.  Derby  engaged  to  give  the  town  £100.  It 
was  placed  on  the  premises  of  an  old  brick  school 
house.  For  information  of  those,  who  come  after  us, 
we  would  state,  that  it  stood  in  the  middle  of  Washr 
ington  street,  with  its  west  side  facing  the  TabemacUi 

34* 


8Q4     DESCRIPTION  OF  TOWN  AND  COURT  HOUSE. 

church,  and  its  front  towards  Essex  street..  It  was 
planned  by  Samuel  Mclntire,  and  built  under  the  di- 
rection of  Daniel  Bancroft,  two  ingenious  architects. 
It  was  two  stories  high,  62  feet  long,  and  36|  feet 
broad.  It  was  finished  in  1786.  Its  cost  was  $7,145, 
paid,  one  moiety  by  the  town  and  the  other  by  the 
county.  Its  walls  were  of  brick  and  its  roof  surmount- 
ed by  a  cupola.  On  the  front  or  southern  end  of  it, 
was  a  balustrade,  opening  into  the  second  story,  sup- 
ported by  a  row  of  Tuscan  pillars.  Under  the  balus- 
trade were  wide  stone  steps,  which  could  accommo- 
date a  large  number  of  persons  and  which  led  into  a 
-door  of  the  lower  hall.  On  the  east  side  of  this  hall 
were  several  offices  and  the  rest  was  left  open  for  pub- 
lic assemblies  and  the  exercise  of  military  companies. 
The  part,  thus  occupied  for  the  last  purposes,  was  too 
often  appropriated  by  unruly  boys  to  their  boisterous 
sports  and  destructive  propensities,  until  loud  bulls  of 
authority  sounded  in  their  ears  and  drove  them  from 
the  premises.  A  sketch  and  description  of  the  build- 
ing may  be  found  in  the  Massathusetts  Magazine  of 
1790.  This  work  remarks,  "  The  Court  hall  is  said 
to  be  the  best  constructed  room,  for  the  holding  of 
courts,  of  any  in  the  Commonwealth.  In  the  ceiling 
is  a  handsome  ventilator.  Back  of  the  judge's  seat  is 
a  venitian  blind,  highly  finished  in  the  Ionic  order." 
Its  architecture  was  prevailingly  Grecian ;  its  model 
and  execution  were  much  admired. 

Salem,  having  provided  other  accommodations  in 
Derby  square,  disposed  of  their  share  in  this  court 
house  to  the  county,  in  1817,  for  $1,823  10,  who  ex- 
pended on  it,  the  same  year,  $6,071  28,  to  make  the 


PRESENTATION  OF  WASHINGTON.  895 

lower  story  fire  proof  for  the  preservation  of  judicial 
papers,  and  the  court  room  above  more  commodious* 
This  was  a  judicious  improvement,  which  had  been 
contemplated  for  several  years.  For  the  demolition 
of  such  an  edifice  and  the  laud  it  occupied,  the  rail- 
road corporation  allowed  $3,300  to  the  county. 

Before  we  take  our  leave  of  this  edifice,  around  which 
many  agreeable  remembrances  yet  linger,  we  present 
a  view  of  it  and  of  the  street,  at  whose  head  it  stood; 
as  they  appeared  in  1839. 

So  passed  from  the  immediate  concern  of  our  cor« 
poration,  the  court  house  still  stood,  as  the  safe  deposit 
of  the  county's  evidences  of  its  real  estate  and  judi- 
cial history,  until  its  subversion,  in  1839,  to  afford 
rck)m  for  the  railroad.  Thus  did  justice,  with  her  bal- 
ance, quit  the  position,  which  she  had  long  retained 
and  give  place  to  the  experiments  of  science  and  pru- 
dent speculation.  Before,  however,  we  once  more 
tenant  her,  it  may  be  well  to  state  one  reminiscencci 
for  which  the  edifice,  so  dispensed  with,  was  remark- 
able. This  was  the  presentation  of  Washington  on 
its  balustrade  to  a  congregated  mass  in  front,  when  he 
made  his  northern  tour.  Here  many  a  kindling  eye 
first  caught  the  glance  of  his  form,  which  enshrined 
those  noble  excellencies  of  head  and  heart,  that  large- 
ly contributed  to  free  our  soil  from  mighty  invaders 
and  lay  the  foundation  of  our  national  freedom  and 
fame.  To  this  point  were  directed  the  acclamations 
of  thousands,  bidding  the  father  of  his  country  the 
most  grateful  welcome  and  bearing  above  the  devout- 
est  aspirations  for  his  highest  welfare.  Sculpture 
might  group,  painting  draw  and  eloquence  rehearse 


S96  ^EW  COURT  HOUSE. 

the  scene,  but  it  would  fall  far  below  the  real  impres* 
sion,  made  on  the  memory  of  that  great  multitude  on 
80  sublime  an  occasion. 

Though  the  substitute  for  the  edifice,  thus  render- 
ed memorable,  all  belongs  to  the  county,  yet,  as  a  ten- 
ant of  our  soil,  it  here  calls  for  a  passing  notice.  This, 
of  course,  is  not  needed  for  those,  who  have  seen  it, 
but  for  others,  who  may  be  as  glad  to  receive  particu- 
lars of  us,  as  we  are  from  any  of  our  predecessors. 
The  edifice,  in  view,  is  made  of  well  wrought  granite. 
Its  dimensions  are  55  feet  broad,  and  105  long  and 
two  stories  high.  Its  four  columns,  two  at  each  end, 
are  a  species  of  the  Corinthian  order.  Their  flutes 
and  capitals  are  mostly  copied  from  those  in  the  Tower 
of  Winds,  at  Athens.  Each  of  them  is  3  feet  10 
inches  in  diameter,  and  32  feet  high,  including  the 
base  and  capital.  The  land  was  provided  by  our  city 
and  cost  them  $4,000.  The  first  breaking  of  ground 
for  the  work,  began  July  8,  1839.  The  building  was 
erected  in  1840  and  1841.  The  cost  of  it  to  the  coun- 
ty was  $80,000.  It  was  first  opened  for  public  use, 
March  21,  1842,  when  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas 
convened  there  and  commenced  a  session.  Its  archi- 
tectural correctness  and  beauty  being  chiefly  Grecian, 
may  be  ranked  with  those  of  the  best  edifices  in  our 
country.  It  would  have  been  a  worthy  specimen  of 
taste  even  in  the  age  and  city  of  Pericles.  May  its 
career  of  usefulness,  in  sustaining  the  rights  of  the 
people,  the  purity  of  law,  morality  and  religion,  "  un- 
awed  by  influence  and  unbribed  by  gain,"  be  as  suc- 
cessful, as  its  design  was  liberal,  its  model  excellent 
and  its  appearance  an  honor  to  our  own  corporation 
and  county. 


TOWN  HALL.  397 

TOWN  HALL  AND  MARKET  HOUSE. 

Having  paid  our  tribute  of  respect  to  the  pale  of  the 
judiciary,  which  had  long  been  connected  with  our 
municipal  concerns,  we  once  more  return  to  the  line 
of  our  town  houses.  True,  what  is  about  to  be  spoken 
of,  is  only,  in  part,  of  such  a  class.  Still  as  no  better 
position  for  it  can  be  found,  it  may  be  presented  here. 
When  the  separation,  just  alluded  to,  was  contemplat- 
ed, our  public  spirited  inhabitants  looked  around  so 
that  the  peo{de  should  not  be  destitute  of  a  resort  for 
the  transaction  of  their  general  business.  Among  our 
liberal  devisers,  on  this  occasion,  were  Benjamin  Pick* 
man  Jr.,  and  John  Derby.  They  had  recently  pur* 
chased  of  their  brother,  general  Elias  Hasket  Derby, 
the  estate,  which  had  been  owned  by  his  father,  the 
noted  merchant.  One  of  their  propositions  in  1816 
was,  that  if  the  town  would  erect  a  suitable  building 
on  such  premises,  in  the  centre  of  the  spot,  which,  in 
the  same  year,  those  two  gentlemen  called  Derby 
square,  they  would  convey  to  them  the  fee  of  suffi* 
cient  land.  This  was  accepted  June  4,  and  a  commit- 
tee appointed  to  carry  out  the  plan.  Operations  began 
on  the  site  at  the  end  of  the  same  month.  An  incident 
of  a  sympathetic  kind  occurred  while  the  earth  was 
removing  for  the  foundation.  About  six  feet  from  the 
top,  a  gold  mourning  ring  was  found.  On  the  inner 
surface,  it  contained  the  following  inscription.  "  W. 
B.  Esq.  ob :  23  Feb.  M  77."  This  referred  to  the 
former  owner  of  the  soil,  William  Brown  of  noted  and 
•worthy  memory. 


ne  <^nT  HALL. 

The  lower  part  of  the  building  was  opened  as  a 
Market,  Nov.  26. 

The  town  ball  was  first  used  fear  the  introduction  of 
President  Monroe  to  our  principal  men,  July  8,  1817| 
and,  in  the  evening,  to  a  crowded  assembly  of  ladies. 
On  this  occasion  it  was  tastefully  decorated.  At  the 
'<  north  end  was  a  chair  from  Mount  Vernon,  with  the 
name  of  Washington  inscribed  on  it,"  for  the  use  of 
the  President,  surrounded  with  beautiful  designs. 
Portraits  of  our  distinguished  countrymen  were  hung 
on  the  walls,  lighted  by  a  profusion  of  lamps  of  vari* 
ous  hues.  Out  of  respect  to  this  distinguished  guest, 
some  proposed  to  have  it  called  Monroe  hall,  but  a 
preference  for  the  name  it  bears,  prevailed.  It  was 
made  of  brick,  two  stories  high,  40  feet  broad  and  100 
feet  long.  Its  cost  was  about  $12,000.  Though 
utility  was  consulted  in  its  construction,  yet  its  model 
is  regular  and  its  appearance  very  respectable.  It  was 
improved  for  the  exercise  of  military  companies  and 
public  meetings  of  the  inhabitants,  till  the  organixa* 
tion  of  the  city  government.  Since,  it  has  been  simi* 
larly  occupied,  except  that  the  first  ward  convene 
there,  on  municipal  afiairs,  instead  of  all  the  citizens. 
Being  the  last  hall,  provided  under  our  town  adminis* 
tration,  may  its  uses  be  so  regulated,  that  it  may  be  a 
pleasant  remembrancer  of  the  past  and  an  acceptable 
monitor  for  the  present. 

CITY  HALL. 

It  having  become  the  prevalent  impression  of  oar 
population,  that  the  city  authorities  needed  acoommo- 
dations  in  their  several  departments,  steps  were  accord* 


CITY  HALL.  399 

ingly  taken.  Having  been  less  than  a  year  in  being 
erected,  the  Hall  was  occupied,  in  the  evening  of  May 
31,  1838,  for  the  first  time,  by  the  City  Council.  Ad- 
cording  to  the  wise  example  of  our  ancestors,  the  edi- 
fice was  dedicated  by  prayer  and  an  address  was  de- 
livered on  the  occasion.  Its  front  is  granite,  whose 
general  style  is  Grecian.  Its  other  walls  are  of  brick. 
Its  height  is  about  32,  breadth  45,  and  its  length  68 
feet.  Its  cost  was  $25,000.  This  sum  was  the  great- 
er portion  of  the  surplus  revenue,  derived  from  the 
national  treasury,  as  the  average  of  Salem.  Such 
windfalls  are  not  likely  to  be  realized  again.  Should 
they  occur,  they  may  be  well  applied  to  repair  the 
breaches  of  our  public  credit,  as  caused  by  the  repudi- 
ating States.  The  whole  appearance  of  the  building 
exhibits  economy  combined  with  strength,  and  con- 
renience  with  chasteness  of  architectural  taste.  As 
a  precaution  of  wisdom,  an  order  passed,  Aug.  27^ 
1837,  that  it  be  insured  for  $15,000.  Situated  on  the 
east  side  of  Washington  street  and  immediately  to  the 
north  of  Stearns'  block,  may  its  continuance  and  util- 
ity be  so  prolonged,  that  none  shall  hereafter  have 
occasion  to  search  for  its  foundations  and  ask  for  the 
place  it  occupied.  Whatever  other  changes  may  come 
over  it,  imagination  can  furnish  no  probable  advance 
in  human  inventions,  which  may  demand  the  spoiling 
of  its  fair  proportions  and  the  subversion  of  its  sturdy 
materials. 

REGISTRY. 

Among  the  proper  devices  for  good,  was  that  ta 
have  an  edifice,  a  part  of  which  should  be  fire  grooC 


400  REQISTRT. 

for  the  depositing  of  county  papers.  That  it  might 
not  rest  in  mere  fancy  and  desire,  our  townsmen  voted, 
Aug.  22,  1806,  that  such  a  project  should  be  accom- 
plished. The  succeeding  March  10th,  a  committee 
were  designated  to  proceed  with  the  work.  It  was 
then,  also,  concluded,  that  the  occupant  should  pay  a 
rent  of  about  $200.  This  was  subsequently  lowered. 
On  the  23d,  $4,000  were  voted  for  the  object.  It 
was  placed  on  land,  at  the  corner  of  Broad  and  Sum- 
mer streets,  which  formerly  belonged  to  the  first  Alms 
house.  Thus  the  soil,  which  once  aided  the  poor, 
became  the  situation  of  better  security  to  the  rich. 
It  is  made  of  brick,  and  two  stories  high.  Its  struct- 
ure,  though  built  at  a  price,  not  allowing  it  to  be  very 
permanent,  was  adapted  to  its  purpose.  It  was  among 
the  hopeful  signs,  that  communities  were  not  content- 
ed with  committing  the  documentary  evidence  of  their 
estates  to  repositories,  whose  chief  barrier  against  de- 
vouring fiiame,  were  wooden  materials,  on  which  it 
most  readily  fastens.  The  registry  department  was 
moved  to  the  present  court  house,  Oct.  1842.  The 
whole  has  been  lately  leased  at  a  low  rent. 

DWELLINGS. 

Civil  architecture,  in  an  improved  state,  is  not  only 
the  result  of  civilization,  but,  also,  a  great  contribu- 
tor to  its  advancement.  The  materials,  which  it  em- 
ployed in  ancient  nations,  are  used  in  modern,  accord- 
ing to  their  locations  and  productions.  When  our 
fathers  came  to  Naumkeag,  they  adopted  it  here  in 
general,  as  they  left  it  in  England.  The  first  house, 
erected  on  the  soil  of  Salem,  belonged  to  Roger  Co- 


COTTAGES.  THATCHED  ROOFS.       4M 

nant.  Up  to  1660,  the  greater  part  of  our  dwellingB 
were  cottages.  These,  as  would  be  expected,  were  of 
iliffeffeiit  value.  Some  had  thatched  roofs,  wooden  or 
catted  chimnies.  It  was  usual  for  aucient  towns  to 
Jhave  certain  lots,  between  the  salt  marsh  and  low  watar 
mark,  where  thatch  grew,  assigned  for  the  purpose  of 
supplying  roofs  to  their  humbler  abodes.  One  of  the 
places  where  this  article  was  cut,  1628,  for  our  set- 
tlers, lay  in  what  afterwards  became  Beverly.  The 
chimnies,  spoken  of,  were  no  very .  safe  accommoda- 
tions. They,  of  course,  had  their  fire  places  of  stone 
or  brick,  but  above  was  wood,  or  catted,  being  sticks 
with  ends  over  one  another  at  right  angles,  and  plais- 
tered  with  clay.  One  of  them  is  spoken  of^  1656,  as 
follows.  George  Norton  took  a  lease  of  Emanuel 
Downing's  farm,  near  Mr.  Endicott's,  where  he  was 
to  build  a  house  like  Mr.  Treadwell's  of  Ipswich,  ex- 
cept <<  brick  chimneys,  instead  whereof  he  is  to  make 
sufficient  catted  chimneys."  They  were  among  the 
expedients,  which  prevalent  practice  often  imposes  on 
new  communities,  when  a  little  resolution  to  look  at 
customs,  as  they  are, — to  relinquish  the  dangerous 
and  adopt  the  safe,  would  be  far  better  for  present  and 
future  benefit. 

With  reference  to  the  combustible  materials  trf 
dwellings,  which  have  been  mentioned,  Governor 
Dudley,  while  speaking  of  late  fires,  in  1631,  wrote 
the  subjoined  passage.  "For  the  prevention  whereof 
in  our  new  towne,  intended  this  somer  to  bee  builded, 
wee  haue  ordered  that  noe  man  there  shall  build  his 
chimney  with  wood,  nor  cover  his  house  with  thatchi 
which  was  readily  assented  vnto,  for  that  diverse  other 

36 


402  BETTER  SORT  OF  fiOUSES. 

howses  haue  beene  burned  since  our  arrivall  (the  fire 
allwaies  begininge  in  the  woodden  chimneys)  and 
some  English  wigwams,  which  haue  taken  fire  in  the 
roofes  covered  with  thatch  or  boughs."  Abodes  of 
this  kind,  though  diminished  with  the  progress  of  our 
plantation,  continued  over  a  half  century.  With  such 
perils,  our  fathers  needed  their  restrictions  and  provis- 
ion of  the  nightly  bellman,  which,  like  the  curfew  of 
their  native  country,  might  prevent  the  devastations 
of  a  devouring  element. 

We  will  now  look  at  the  better  dwellings  of  our 
ancestors.  They  did  not  build  their  habitations  with 
bricks,  as  we  apply  the  phrase.  Still  they  had  these 
for  chimnies  in  their  better  houses,  and,  also,  placed 
one  over  another,  on  their  narrow  sides,  plaistered 
with  clay  inside  and  out ;  between  the  timbers  and 
joists,  and  then  covered  externally  with  clayboards,  as 
sometimes  pertinently  written,  and,  at  others,  clap- 
boards. Such  buildings  were  not  at  all  lacking  in  the 
best  of  white  oak  for  their  frames.  Their  proportion 
of  it  would  be  made  to  go  three  times  further  in  our 
day. 

The  different  apartments  had  a  large  portion  of  the 
beams  in  them,  projected  so  as  to  be  seen.  They 
were  usually  of  two  stories.  The  upper  jutted,  out- 
side, a  foot  or  two  over  the  lower  and  the  attic  over 
the  second  story.  Such  extension,  as  the  fabulous 
would  sometimes  have  us  believe,  was  contrived  to 
afford  apertures  for  guns  to  be  discharged  on  hostile 
Indians.  It  may  have  been  accommodated  for  such  a 
purpose,  but  it  was  originated  long  before  the  settle- 
ment of  our  country.     In  the  native  land  of  our  primi- 


APPENDAGES  OF  DWELLINGS.  40S 

live  emigrants,  it  was  carried  so  far  as  to  shelter  ladies- 
from  the  rain  before  the  introduction  of  umbrellas. 
Some  have  supposed,  that  such  projection  was  first 
intended  there  partly  to  protect  the  outside  of  housef- 
then  usually  plaistered,  from  the  weather.  The  roofsj- 
being  of  the  gable  or  triangular  form  and  shingled^j 
were  high  and  steep  to  throw  off  the  rain  rapidly. 
A  part  of  them  may  have  been  covered  with  tiles,  as 
these  were  made  here  in  1629.  They  were  relieved 
by  dormer  or  luthern  windows,  each  of  which  had 
another  roof  to  correspond  with  the  main  roof.  The 
{daces  for  these  lights,  on  each  side  of  a  house,  con- 
tained sleeping  rooms  with  peaked  fronts. 

Windows, — While  oiled  paper  lighted  the  cottage, 
glass  did  the  same  for  more  convenient  abodes.  The 
latter  material  was  named,  1629,  as  needed  for  this 
place.  It  was  cut  in  diamond  form,  set  in  lead  lines/ 
from  three  to  four  inches  long.  The  windows,  con- 
taining it,  were  from  2^  to  3  feet  in  length,  and  1^  to 
2,  in  width.  Sometimes  they  were  made  in  halves*  - 
They  opened  either  outwardly,  or  inwardly,  on  hinges. 
They  were  fashionable  over  a  century.  Such  formed 
and  sized  glass  was  succeeded  by  those  of  4  by  6 
inches  measurement,  these  by  5  and  7,  these  by  6  and 
8,  these  by  7  and  9,  these  by  8  and  10,  set  with  putty 
in  wood  sashes.  When,  fifty  years  ago,  the  10  and 
12,  12  and  14  squares  came  into  vogue,  they  were 
viewed  by  many  persons  of  the  old  school,  as  an  ex- 
travagant advance  on  the  dimensions  of  former  timesi* 
and  almost  likely  to  make  our  habitations  literally 
glass  houses  of  peril  and  expense.  The  passion  for 
such  brittle  enlargement,  is  far  from  being  satisfied. 


4M  CHIM1IIE8.    FIRE  fLACEt. 

Of  the  varioos  articles,  exceedingly  scarce  in  the  Re¥« 
olulioo,  was  glass.  A  petition  from  Groton  to  the 
Council  of  Massachusetts,  1779,  stated,  that  the  win- 
dows of  their  school  and  meeting  houses  were  much 
hroken,  and  they  could  find  no  glass  to  purchase  at 
private  stores,  and,  therefore,  prayed  to  pay  for  some 
out  of  the  public  depository. 

Ckimnies. — ^There  was  one,  and  sometimes  two 
brick  chimnies  in  each  eligible  house.  They  were  of 
much  greater  size  than  in  modern  times.  Their  tops, 
aboYe  the  roof,'  were  nicely  worked.  As  an  appen- 
dage to  chimnies,  unknown  to  our  ancestors,  is  the 
lightning  rod,  invented  by  Franklin  about  1747.  Af- 
ter this  came  into  use,  but  comparatively  few  houses 
had  it  either  here  or  elsewhere.  A  large  portion  of 
community  considered  it  as  opposition  to  Providence. 
Prior  to  40  years  ago,  aside  from  its  appearance  on 
some  of  our  public  buildings,  it  only  raised  its  forky 
head  above  the  chimnies  of  our  more  wealthy  abodes. 
Since,  they  have  come  more  into  vogue,  and,  particu- 
larly within  a  dozen,  years,  have  they  bristled  with 
a  greater  number  of  points  than  formerly,  along  the 
rod  from  its  top  downward. 

Fire  Places, — These  were  of  larger  dimensiom 
anciently  than  in  our  day.  Those  of  the  front  rooms 
Urould  be  sometimes  ornamented  with  Dutch  tiles, 
presenting  scriptural  sketches.  Those  of  the  kitchena 
took  up  much  space.  In  cold  seasons,  they  were  weU 
Qceupied  with  great  logs  and  other  fueL  Two  large 
seats,  one  in  each  comer,  would  accommodate  no  inr 
coasidarable  iamily.  As  evidence,  that  our  fttheit 
did  not  altogether  depend  on  their  £re  pbces,  ia  wiiK 


FRONT  DOOR.    ROOM  WALLS.  405 

ter  time,  for  comfort,  we  have  the  succeeding  extract 
of  1652,  from  our  legislative  records.  Mr.  John 
Clark's  "  invention  for  saving  of  fire  wood  and  warm- 
ing of  rooms  with  little  cost."  He  was  allowed  an 
exclusive  patent  of  it  for  three  years.  Whatever 
family  used  it  were  to  allow  him  10*. 

Front  Door, — This  was  deeply  recessed  and  had 
an  arched  weather  board  above.  It  was  sometimes 
marked  with  lines  so  that  the  figures,  thus  made, 
might  agree  with  the  form  and  size  of  the  diamond 
lights  for  the  windows.  It  had  brass  nails  driven  in 
at  the  points  where  the  lines  intersected.  It  was  sup- 
plied with  a  knocker  outside,  generally  of  iron,  to 
warn  the  inmates,  that  a  caller  wished  admittance. 
This  was  instead  of  the  knob,  attached  to  a  bell  for 
like  use  and  of  recent  introduction  in  our  community. 
The  door  often  had  a  large  porch  before  it,  with  a 
seat  on  each  side  for  the  accommodation  of  the  family 
and  social  visitors.  In  1655,  Edward  Wharton  had 
leave  to  put  up  an  addition  of  this  kind. 

Room  Walls. — These,  in  the  common  sort  of 
dwellings,  were  made  of  clay  mixt  with  straw.  But, 
in  others  of  greater  cost,  they  were  of  lime,  manu- 
factured  from  shells,  and  mixt  with  cattle's  hair,  sand 
and  chalk.  With  regard  to  walls  made  of  other  lime, 
the  succeeding  items  are  given.  Among  various  par- 
ticulars, which  Thomas  Graves,  who  came  to  our 
colony  in  1629,  was  commissioned  to  do,  was  one 
^<  in  fynding  out  sorts  of  lyme  stone  and  materials  for 
building."  On  the  scarcity  of  lime,  in  New  England, 
Josselyn  wrote,  1663,  as  though  no  stones  had  been 
found,  that  would  <<  run  to  lime,  of  which  they  have 
35* 


PAP£R  lUNQiHOS.    FLOOR  GOVEiUNGS. 

great  want."  But,  as  prior  to  168 1,  this  aubstanee 
had  been  discovered  abundantly  in  Pennsylvania,  our 
vessels  could  bring  it  thence,  if  our  own  peojde  did 
not  meet  with  it,  in  this  quarter,  soon  after  1663, 
Whenever  thus  supplied,  our  ancestors  could  more 
easily  and  economically  set  o£f  their  rooms  with  lime 
walls  and  give  them  occasional  coats  of  white  wash. 
This  was  used,  for  a  long  series  of  years,  in  the  most 
of  our  chief  mansions.  Still,  from  the  subsequent 
order  of  1724,  there  was  then  a  continuance  of  using 
■hell  lime.  ''  Ordered  that  muscles  shall  not  be  used 
for  making  lime  or  any  thing  else,  except  for  food  and 
bait  to  catch  fish." 

Such  was  the  policy  of  our  rulers,  under  the  first 
charter,  to  exclude  luxuries  from  their  jurisdiction,  it 
is  not  probable,  that  the  tapestry  or  paper,  hung  up  as 
ornaments  to  the  rooms  of  houses  in  England,  had 
much  encouragement  here  for  that  period.  Aftsr  the 
government  was  wrested  from  their  hands  in  1686^  it 
is  likely  that  such  articles  began  to  make  a  less  con- 
fined appearance.  Among  the  earliest  notices,  which 
we  have  of  them  in  newspapers,  is  one  of  1737. .  Some 
were  sold,  1761,  in  Boston,  for  a  house  at  Roxbnry 
from  4/9i  to  6/  a  roll.  They  have  long  been  called 
paper  hangings,  though  pasted  on  the  walls,  evidently 
from  the  ancient  custom  of  hanging  up  such  kind  ol 
appendages  so  as  to  take  them  down  at  pleasure.  A 
quantity  of  them,  from  India,  captured  by  one  of  our 
privateers,  was  advertized  in  a  Salem  Gazette  of  1781. 
Still  they  were  not  generally  seen  in  our  dwellings 
till  after  1800. 

Floor  Caverifigs. — ^Though  in  the  first  occupation 


SANDED  FLOORS.    PAINTING  PROSCRIBED.     407 

of  our  soil,  a  few  of  the  more  distinguished  brought  a 
stinted  store  of  carpets  with  them,  these  articles  were 
not  seen  iu  the  far  greater  portion  of  our  better  houses. 
£)own  to  even  1800,  but  a  small  part  of  our  common 
li?ers  had  their  parlors  ornamented  with  them. 

Every  Monday,  after  washing,  the  floors  would  be 
scoured  as  white,  as  pine  would  allow  them,  in  aU 
regular  establishments,  and  then  the  light  blue  sand, 
firom  the  beaches  of  Gloucester  and  Ipswich,  would 
be  thrown  on,  in  handfuUs,  so  as  to  make  circular  and 
spotted  figures.  James  Burr  notiOes  our  population, 
1770,  that  he  should  like  to  supply  them  with  such  a 
commodity.  The  building  where  this  article  was 
stored  and  whence  a  horse  cart  daily  departed  with 
its  loads,  stood,  having  the  boards  inside  of  the  £rame, 
on  a  wharf  S.  E.  of  North  bridge.  Among  the 
charges  of  William  Baker,  paid  by  the  State,  1777,, 
was  sweeping  and  sanding  the  Council  chamber, 
*'  against  General  Court  came  to  town.''  When  oixr 
tidy  house-wives  had  so  prepared  their  floors,  they 
were  lothfuUy  crossed,  for  a  day  or  two  by  orderly 
ohildren,  who  hated  to  erase  the  handy  work  of  their 
mothers.  Especially,  if  their  little  heads  got  inside 
of  the  front  room  door,  did  the  whole  appearance  seem 
to  salute  them, — *  kept  for  show, — ^keep  off", — make  na 
tracks  here.' 

Pmnting.'-^This  was  an  art  scarcely  practiced 
among  our  early  inhabitants.  They  had  so  much  ej>^ 
ertion  to  make  for  the  essential,  they  could  do  little 
for  the  ornamental.  Rev.  Thomas  Allen  of  Gharlet* 
town  was  called  in  question,  1639,  about  a  concern  of 
mm  kind.    A  minute  of  the  Assistant  Court  saya^  hft 


408  PAINTERS*  COLORS. 

"  appearing  was  discharged  the  painting,  being  before 
his  time  and  disliked  of  him."  With  the  face  of  chief 
authority,  so  set  against  paint  for  buildings,  it  could 
hardly  become  popular.  In  a  list  of  mechanics,  1670, 
as  given  by  our  General  Court,  no  painter  was  desig- 
nated. But  such  persons  as  the  latter  were  in  Phila- 
delphia 1681.  Among  the  most  ancient  notices  of 
painting,  as  an  ornament  for  any  edifice  in  our  limits, 
was  one  of  1705,  when  Queen  Anne's  coat  of  arms 
was  ordered  to  receive  a  colored  covering  in  the  Court 
house  chamber.  Painters'  colors  were  for  sale  in  Bos« 
ton  1714  Down  to  the  Revolution  of  1775,  the  ad- 
vance in  using  such  materials  was  slow.  As  confirm- 
atory of  this,  we  have  an  instance  not  long  prior  to 
the  year  last  mentioned.  A  thriving  cooper,  who 
wished  to  excel  his  neighbors  in  the  appearance  of  his 
house,  painted  one  of  its  rooms.  The  report  of  it  soon 
spread.  Several  acquaintances,  being  met  on  a  wharf, 
one  told  the  news  to  the  rest,  in  the  following  singu- 
lar style,  <<  Well,  Archer  has  set  a  fine  example  for  as, 
he  has  laid  one  of  his  rooms  in  oil."  From  the  con- 
sequent peace,  the  progress  of  painting  was  much 
more  rapid.  Now  many  of  our  wooden  dwellings  are 
painted  inside  and  out  and  thus  give  an  aspect  of  at* 
traction  to  the  city. 

Having  attended  to  the  minutiae  of  ancient  habita- 
tions, we  now  take  a  general  view  of  some  among 
them,  which  yet  continue  to  afford  us  visible  speci- 
mens of  style,  strikingly  different  from  that  of  the 
more  modern  ones,  which  are  fast  crowding  the  former 
*  out  of  sight  and  out  of  mind.' 

After  Roger  Conant  and  others  had  houses  erected 


ENDICOTT  AND  CUR  WIN'S  AiAIVSIONS.  409 

at  Naumkeag,  Governor  Endicott  ordered  the  materi- 
als of  another,  at  Cape  Ann,  to  be  brought  hitheri 
1628,  and  rebuilded  for  his  own  abode.  This  man- 
sion, so  transferred,  was  prevailingly  of  the  model,  in 
England,  first  called  Tudor,  and,  afterwards,  the 
Elizabethean,  which  was  essentially  Gothic.  It  was 
two  stories  high  and  generally  resembled  the  cuts, 
which  will  be  presented  in  this  connection.  Portions 
are  still  contained  in  the  building  at  the  comer  of 
Court  and  Church  streets.  It  has  undergone  different 
alterations  and  passed  through  hands  of  various  occu- 
pations. 

Among  the  most  tasteful  of  such  edifices  was  that 
of  Geoi^e  Curwin.  He  had  it  built  in  1642.  From 
him  it  fell  to  his  son,  Jonathan.  This  person  was  a 
judge  and  had  several  examinations  of  individuals, 
charged  with  witchcraft,  in  one  of  its  apartments.  It 
was  the  premises  of  a  noted  robbery,  in  1684,  which 
resulted,  as  to  its  perpetrators,  in  the  bitter  experience 
that  iniquity,  not  only  in  the  lashes  of  conscience,  but, 
also,  of  the  body,  brought  its  own  punishment. 
Though  it  has  gone  through  several  transformations, 
still  a  part  of  it  looks  like  the  production  of  a  bye- 
gone  age.  That  we  may  have  a  correct  impression  of 
its  original  appearance,  on  the  spot,  now  known  as  the 
west  comer  of  Essex  and  North  streets,  its  likeness  is 
presented  on  the  next  page. 

Our  attention  is  next  turned  to  the  French  house, 
so  called,  because,  at  one  period,  it  was  tenanted  by 
French  families.  It  stood  on  the  corner  of  two  lanes, 
known  as  Gedney  court,  which  leads  from  High  street 
to  Summer  street.     It  was  of  the  form,  which  char- 


410        -^  THE  CUBWIH  HAHBION. 


ANCIENT  HOUSES.  411 

acterized  the  preceding.  It  was  built,  1645,  by  Rich* 
ard  Claydon,  and  was  occupied  34  years,  as  a  Custom 
house,  when  commerce  centered  principally  on  the 
upper  part  of  South  river.  It  was  razed  about  eight 
years  ago  and  the  position,  which  it  long  held,  tells 
not  that  it  ever  had  being.  Another  of  similarly  con- 
structed mansions,  which  invites  our  passing  notice,  is 
the  Henfield  house.  This  was  situated  on  the  east 
ffide  of  Washington  street,  near  to  and  southward  of 
the  first  church.  It  was  formerly  the  residence  of 
Billiard  Yeren  and  is  supposed  to  have  been  built  in 
1650.  A  part  of  its  first  proportions  and  much  of  its 
oak  frame  remained  till  its  subversion,  in  1839,  to  ac- 
commodate the  Railroad.  Under  the  like  class,  we 
have  the  dwelling,  situated  in  Broad  street,  opposite 
to  the  western  end  of  the  burying  hill.  It  occupies 
the  pleasant  premises,  which  once  belonged  to  Eman- 
uel Downing.  It  was  built  about  1650,  by  John 
Pickering,  who  was  its  owner,  and  whose  descendants 
have  ever  since  retained  it  in  their  possession.  Its 
present  proprietor,  who  bears  his  name,  has,  within  a 
few  years,  restored  two  of  the  three  peaks,  which 
formerly  belonged  to  its  front. 

We  might  speak  particularly  of  others,  as  that  of 
William  Pickering  at  Wood's  gate ;  another  of  the 
Pickering  family,  facing  Pine  street ;  of  Metcalf  at 
the  corner  of  Flint  and  Essex  streets ;  of  Deacon  Hol- 
man,  formerly  Thomas  Maule's  ;  of  the  Clark  family, 
erected  by  Deliverance  Parkman,  on  the  corner  of 
North  and  Essex  streets  and  opposite  the  Curwin 
house ;  of  Dea.  Hunt,  on  the  corner  of  Lynde  and 
Court  streets ;  of  William  Brown,  razed  so  that  its  lo- 


41S  BRADSTRBET  UAHSIOir. 

cation  with  the  lai^  garden  might  accommodate  the 
Lafayette  Coffee  bouse,  aod  of  Philip  English  at  the 
comer  of  Webb  and  English  streets,  built  168fi,  and 
lorn  dovn  in  1833 ;  but  we  must  leave  them  with  tht 
cursory  notice,  just  taken  of  them.  A  few  words  an 
lequired  for  the  Bradstreet  mansion.  This  appears  to 
have  been  owned  by  Joseph  Gardner,  who  fell  in  de> 
fence  of  the  Colony,  when  threatened  with  extermin- 
ation. Ailer  his  widow  married  Goremor  Bradstreet, 
it  was  called  by  the  name  of  the  latter.  It  was  pulled 
down  about  1750.  It  occupied  the  site  of  the  house, 
erected  by  the  late  Joseph  Augustus  Peabody.  Im 
proportions  and  appearance  are  exhibited  by  the  sub- 
sequent drawii^. 


Afl  OUT  eye  runs  over  such  representatioDS,  we  per- 
ceive their  resemblance  to  the  many  "  cottages  ornate," 
which  are  making  their  appearance  in  the  vicinity  of 
our  metropolis  and  thus  reviving  a  style  of  architec^ 


HOUSES  OF  A  NEW  MODEL.  413 

ure,  which  has  been  long  disused  in  our  communities. 
When  we  catch  a  glance  of  the  remnants,  which  be- 
longed to  edifices,  thus  portrayed,  we  are  carried  back 
to  the  scene,  when  they  began  to  peer  above  the  cot- 
tages around  them,  attract  the  gaze  of  the  untutored 
Indian,  and  renew,  more  impressively,  the  emigrant's 
associations  of  domestic  art  in  the  land  of  his  fathers. 
After  the  fashion  of  dwellings,  like  those  of  Cur- 
win's,  began  to  wane,  another,  of  course,  was  in  the 
ascendant.     The  new  form  was  adopted  in  the  man- 
sion, owned  by  Benjamin  Pickman,  recently  deceased. 
It  was  particularly  manifested  in  the  roof,  called  man- 
sard from  the  name  of  its  projector  in  France,  who 
died  1666,  and  commonly  denominated  gambrel.     It 
was,  also,  noticeable  for  dropping  the  lattice-like  win- 
dows and  the  jutting  upper  stories  of  its  predecessor. 
This  house  was  erected  under  the  superintendence  of 
an  English  carpenter,  1743,  who,  also,  directed  in 
the  building  of  the  Cabot  house  on  the  same  street 
up  in  town.     Like  specimens  of  model  were  exhibit- 
ed in  the  dwelling,  said  to  have  been  made  for  Timo- 
thy Lindall  and  now  owned  by  heirs  of  John  H.  An- 
drews, deceased  ;  in  that  of  master  John  Ford  and  at 
present  of  Rev.  Dr.   Emerson,  and  of  others,  whose 
names  we  should  like  to  specify,  if  space  would  per- 
mit.    A  form  different  from  the  preceding  was,  also, 
used.     It  was  applied   to  the  house,  erected  for  Bil- 
lings Bradish,  now  owned  by  William  Dean.     In  this 
building,  the  roof  presented  four  sides,  rather  steep, 
without  any  gable  ends.     On  our  houses,  made  some 
over  a  half  century,  such  roofs  have  had  less  angles  of 

36 


414  BRICK  BUILDUfGS. 

descent,  and  thus  conform  with  the  Grecian  modeL 
So  modified,  the  four  sided  roofs  predominate  in  Salem. 

With  regard  to  the  height  of  our  houses,  there  were 
few  of  them  three  stories  prior  to  the  close  of  our 
Revolutionary  war.  Down  to  1800,  these  gradually 
increased.  Since,  their  ratio  of  advance  has  been 
much  greater. 

AoioDg  the  most  superb  mansions  of  Salem,  was 
that  of  Elias  Hasket  Derby.  It  was  finished  in  1799, 
was  of  wood  and  three  stories  high.  Its  cost  was 
^80,000.  Its  location  had  been  occupied  by  a  three 
story,  mansard  roof  house  of  Col.  Samuel  Brown.  Its 
worthy  proprietor  lived  but  a  few  years  to  enjoy  so 
fine  a  specimen  of  architecture.  It  came  to  his  son, 
Hasket,  and  finally  was  taken  away  before  the  erec* 
tion  of  the  Market  and  Town  Hall,  which  occupy  its 
premises. 

As  to  the  materials  of  structure,  down  to  1774,  our 
dwellings,  with  very  few  exceptions,  were  all  of  wood. 
This  fact  applied,  in  almost  as  great  an  extent,  to 
other  buildings.  Of  the  first  brick  houses,  known  in 
Salem,  was  Benjamin  Marston's,  mentioned  1707,  as 
having  been  made  by  George  Cabot,  a  mason,  of  Bos- 
ton. Its  location  is  occupied  by  the  Lee  house,  at 
the  corner  of  Crombie  and  Essex  streets. .  It  was  an 
elegant  edifice  for  its  day.  It  had  free  stone  capitals 
for  its  front  corners,  which  were  subsequently  placed 
on  posts,  before  the  Kitchen  mansion  at  the  comer  of 
Essex  and  Beckford  streets.  ^Tradition  relates,  that 
the  wife  of  Mr.  Marston  persuaded  him  to  have  the 
house  pulled  down,  because  she  supposed  it  was  damp 
and  injurious  to  health,  and  that  this  circumstance 


NUMBER  OF  BRICK  BUILDINGS.  tl$ 

created  a  strong  prejudice  here  against  brick  dwellings* 
Tha^neJit  in  order  of  age,  so  far  as  known,  are  several 
in  Essex  street.  These  follow.  The  Haraden  housei 
erected  for  Francis  Cabot,  1768 ;  the  Lawrence  housOi 
built  for  Doctor  Prince  by  the  order  of  his  wife's  fa- 
ther, Richard  Derby ;  the  Appleton  house,  built  1772; 
the  Hathorn  house  built  for  David  Cheever,  and  the 
Rust  house,  built  for  David  Britton,  and  the  one, 
nearly  opposite  the  market,  built  by  order  of  Timo« 
tby  Pickering  for  his  son  Gardner.  Then  another 
in-  Summer  street,  erected  for  Matthew  Mansfield| 
aa  a  store,  1768,  and,  since  1800,  raised  a  third  story 
and. much  altered.  In  Washington  street,  near  the 
Railroad  depot,  is  the  two  story  house,  formerly 
belonging  to  Joshua  Ward  and  made  before  the 
Revolution,  and  the  Rea  house  to  the  north  of  Esseit 
street,  was  built  for  Samuel  Field  soon  after  the  fire 
of  1774  In  Derby  street  is  the  house  of  Henry 
Ropes.  It  was  built  about  1761  for  Elias  H.  Derby 
by  order  of  his  father,  Richard  Derby.  Among  othei^ 
brick  buildings  of  this  class,  was  the  school  house  in 
Washington  street,  made  1760,  and  taken  down  many 
years  ago.  Very  probably  our  forts,  built  over  two 
eentjories  since,  were  of  brick.  With  reference  to  the 
number  of  buildings,  made  of  such  materials,  and 
staiiding  in  1805,  it  was  as  follows.  Those  entirely 
brick  were  25  houses  and  14  stores,  and  there  were 
10  others  for  additional  purposes.  Besides  these  there 
were  12  more  composed  of  brick  and  wood.  Since 
the  year  last  designated,  there  has  been  a  considerable 
addition  to  our  brick  edifices,  though  far  less  thaoi 
comparative  safety  demands.     If  our  granite  be  not 


416  PUBLIC  HOUSES. 

fine  or  popular  enough,  brick  kilbs  should,  at  least, 
have  more  frequent  and  heavier  draughts  on  them  for 
our  habitations,  stores  and  warehouses. 

TAVERNS. 

As  a  distinct  class  of  buildings,  public  houses,  of 
different  sorts,  may  claim  our  observance  at  this 
Stage  of  our  progress.  By  introducing  them,  however, 
persons  and  particulars,  with  which  they  are  associat- 
ed, ask  for  a  like  attention.  That  both  may  be  con- 
nectedly presented,  the  succeeding  method  is  adopted. 

Such  establishments  were  anciently  called  ordina- 
ries and  inns.  Several  requisitions  were  made  of  them 
by  our  early  laws,  of  the  ensuing  tenor.  They  who 
kept  them,  were  obliged  to  get  licenses,  and  have 
*'  some  inoffensive  sign  obvious  for  direction  to  stran- 
gers." They  were  not  to  suffer  "  any  to  be  drunke," 
nor  to  tipple  "  after  nine  of  the  clock  at  night."  They 
were  required  to  clear  their  houses,  <<  where  week  day 
lectures^  are  kept,"  of  all  persons  able  to  attend  meet- 
ing. 

1633.  <<  Noe  person  that  keepes  an  ordinary  shall 
take  above  &^  a  meale  for  a  person  and  not  above  1^ 
for  an  ale  quart  for  beare  out  of  meale  time  vnder 

*  In  (he  first  edition  of  this  work,  page  61,  taverns  are  mid  to  hxn 
been  places  for  lectures  in  1633.  This  is  a  mistake,  occasioned  as  lol*^ 
lows.  The  legislative  records,  in  the  State  Library,  speak  of  such  ser- 
Tioes,  as  performed  at  ''  Ordinary  Houses."  This  phrase  coaM  mean 
nothing  else  bat  taverns,  in  its  most  obvious  sense,  according  to  aoeh 
authority,  which  was  all  the  writer  then  had  to  consult.  But  the  orig- 
inal records  have  the  words,  *'  att  the  ordinary  howres/'  which  eri* 
dently  mean  time  and  not  houses.    The  last  authority  is  deeisive. 


GAKE  AND  BUNS.  417 

penalty  of  10*  for  eury  such  offence,  either  of  dyet  ot 
bcare." 

1637.  John  Holgrave,  at  the  earnest  request  of  the 
town,  <'  hath  vndertaken  to  keepe  an  ordinary  for  the 
entertaynement  of  strangers."  Relative  to  persons  of 
hij»  calling,  as  well  as  others,  the  subsequent  order 
was  passed  by  the  General  Court.  "  No  person  shall 
sell  any  cakes  or  buns  either  in  the  markets  or  victu- 
alling houses  or  elsewhere  vpon  paine  of  10'  fine,  pro- 
vided, that  this  order  shall  not  extend  to  such  cakes 
as  shalbe  made  for  an^  buriall  or  marriage,  or  such 
like  speciall  occation." 

1639.  John  Gedney  succeeds  Mr.  Holgrave,  but 
they  reversed  the  change  the  next  year. 

1645.  William  Clarke  is  chosen  for  a  similar  em- 
ployment. His  widow,  Catherine,  with  a  family  of 
children,  takes  his  place  the  ensuing  year.  She  was 
granted  a  license  for  £10  per  annum,  if  <<  she  provide 
a  fitt  man,  that  is  godly,  to  manage  the  businesse." 

1646.  John  Bourne  is  allowed  to  keep  a  cook  shop. 
His  petition  craved  to  <'sell  such  meate,  as  shall  be 
by  him  provided  and  also  beeare  both  in  his  own  house 
and  also  abroade." 

1648.  As  Mr.  Downing's  farm,  on  the  road  be- 
tween Lynn  and  Ipswich  and  next  to  the  Endicott 
farm,  was  convenient  for  an  ordinary,  a  servant  of  the 
former  was  allowed  to  keep  one  there. 

1651.     The  legislature  forbid  dancing  at  taverns. 

1653.  Elias  Stileman  had  kept  a  house  of  enter- 
tainment in  Salem,  but,  finding  it  nnprofitable,  he  de- 
sired to  sell  wine. 

1661.  A  house  was  erefcted  for  John  Massey,  which 
36* 


418  FKRRT  TAVERN. 

became  noted,  as  a  taverD,  on  this  side  of  Beverly 
Ferry.  It  was  thus  employed  till  the  erection  of  a 
bridge  there  and  was  torn  down  in  1819.  It  was 
long  called  "  The  old  Ferry  Tavern."  As  founded 
on  the  soil,  connected  with  lots  of  our  primitive  plant- 
ers, as  erected  for  one  among  their  first  born,  as  the 
retreat  of  travellers  over  a  century,  it  is  associated  in 
our  memories  with  incidents  pleasant,  sad  and  moni- 
tory. Both  it  and  its  former  possessors  are  passed 
away  and  its  premises  are  trodden  by  the  feet  of 
strangers. 

1663.  John  Ruck  is  allowed  to  be  a  taverner  and 
next  year,  a  vintner. 

1668.  Richard  Waters  has  leave  to  sell  beer  and 
ale. 

1670.  Anthony  Ashby  has  like  liberty  with  the 
addition  of  cider.  Beer,  of  the  best  kind,  was  1^^  a 
quart.  A  horse's  fodder  for  a  day  and  night,  was  4** 
in  summer  and  6^  in  winter. 

1671.  Joseph  Gardner  is  elected  to  keep  an  ordi- 
nary and  sell  wine. 

1673.  "  Nathaniel  Ingerson  is  allowed  to  sell  bear 
and  syder  by  the  quart  for  the  tyme  whyle  the  farm- 
ers are  a  building  of  their  meeting  house  and  on  Lord's 
days  afterwards." 

1674.  As  Capt.  More  is  reduced,  he  is  permitted 
to  keep  "  a  publick ,  howse  of  entertaynment  for  y* 
selling  of  beer,  wine  and  syder."  Two  years  after, 
Daniel  King  has  the  same  privilege,  George  Dorland 
and  William  Lake,  also,  with  reference  to  beer  and 
cyder. 

1678.     The  selectmen  return  to  the  County.  Court, 


BLU£  ANCHOR  TAVERN.  419 

as  fit  persons  to  be  licensed  for  keepers  of  public 
houses,  John  Gedney,  Daniel  King,  Capt.  More,  Wil- 
liam  Lake,  Mrs.  Eleanor  Hollingworth  and  Richard 
Croade.  It  is  likely,  that  the  lady,  on  the  list  of 
those,  so  recommended,  may  have  kept  the  Blue 
Anchor  tavern,  near  the  situation  of  the  English  man- 
sion. Such  a  public  house  was  formed  like  our  best 
ancient  dwellings,  with  its  steep  peaks  and  other  cor- 
responding appendages.  It  was  a  noted  resort  for 
Marblehead  parties,  who  came  over  the  South  Ferry, 
It  was  torn  down  about  1751. 

1679.  As  previously  stated,  John  Cliflford  has  leave 
to  open  a  victualling  house^  at  Winter  Island. 

1681.  The  widow  Ann  Lake  and  John  Bullock 
are  approved  for  similar  business,  in  which  the  latter 
was  previously  engaged.  He  undertook  it  the  year 
before,  because  crippled  in  the  late  Indian  war.  Of 
five  individuals,  including  Mrs.  Hollingworth  and  Mrs. 
Lake,  thus  occupied,  each  of  them  is  to  "  provide  for 
the  accommodation  of  the  Courts  and  jurors,  likewise 
all  other  matters  of  a  publicke  concerne  proper  for 
them.^'  Richard  Croade  was  added  to  them  in  course 
of  the  same  month  and  Nathaniel  Ingersol  for  the 
village. 

1683.  Samuel  Beadle,  who  lost  his  health  in  the 
Narraganset  expedition,  is  allowed  to  take  the  place  of 
Mr.  Stephens,  as  an  innkeeper. 

1685.  Samuel  Shattuck  is  recommended  to  succeed 
Daniel  King,  who  had  resigned  his  ordinary. 

1689.     Daniel  Weeb  and  Thomas  Beadle  are  alike 

'  This  does  not  seem  to  have  been  (he  origin  of  the  Blue  Anchor 
TaTera,  at  toggetted  on  page  194. 


420  8H^^  TAVERN. 

approved,  and  Walter  Phillips,  sen.,  for  the  village. 
The  next  year,  Gilbert  Tapley  and  William  Trask  are 
recommended. 

1692.  John  Stacy  was  occupying  the  Ship  Tav- 
ern, as  a  successor  to  John  Gedney,  who  had  been  its 
proprietor  and  keeper,  and  who  had  died  a  few  years 
before.  The  establishment  had,  very  probably,  long 
retained  such  a  name.  This  year,  twelve  persons 
were  approved  as  innholders  and  seven  to  dispose  of 
liquors  out  doors. 

1693.  Francis  Ellis  is  allowed  to  take  the  Ship 
Tavern  and  Mrs.  Ann  Stevens,  Joshua  Rea  and  Thom- 
as Haines  to  engage  in  similar  business. 

1697.  Widow  Collins  has  leave  to  keep  a  public 
house. 

1700.  Henry  Sharp,  from  Boston,  is  permitted  to 
take  the  establishment  of  Francis  Ellis. 

1701.  A  late  act,  \v*hich  required  the  venders  of 
liquor,  to  take  oath  how  much  of  it  they  bought  so 
as  to  pay  excise  on  it,  occasioned  great  discontent. 
Among  the  innkeepers  from  Essex  County  and  else- 
where, who  applied  to  General  Court  to  have  the  law 
altered,  were  Walter  Phillips  and  Nathaniel  Ingersol. 

1707.  Thomas  Waters  is  approved  to  keep  a 
house  of  entertainment,  which  belonged  to  Philip 
English,  and  which  Mr.  Ellis  had  recently  vacated. 
This  building  was  probably  the  Blue  Anchor,  which 
has  been  supposed  as  kept  by  Mrs.  HoUingwortb,  the 
mother-in-law  of  Mr.  English. 

1713.  Samuel  Goldthwaite  is  appointed  as  a  tav- 
ernerp  The  name  of  Mr.  Pratt  first  appears  among 
our  innholders,  though  he  had  evidently  been  coo* 


GLOBE  TAVERN.  421 

nected  with  them  before.  Tradition  informs  us  that 
he  long  tenanted  the  Ship  Tavern. 
^  1713.  Mrs.  Mary  Gedney  has  permission  for  the 
like  calling,  and,  also,  Elisha  Odlin  from  Boston. 
The  next  year,  Samuel  Goldthwaite  Jr.,  Benjamin 
Houlton  and  Joseph  Tapley  are  similarly  allowed. 

1716.  Benjamin  Ropes;  1716,  Lemon  Beadle; 
1719,  Jonathan  Nurse  and  Adoniram  Collins ;  1720, 
widow  Ruth  Fowls;  1721,  Benjamin  Pamel,  and, 
1722,  widow  Elizabeth  Lindsey  are  approved  as  keep- 
ers of  public  houses. 

1727.  The  Globe  Tavern  is  first  met  with  by  the 
writer.  As  we  proceed  from  this  date  to  the  time  of 
our  first  newspapers,  we  have  less  means  of  informa- 
tion as  to  such  establishments.  Among  our  innhold* 
ers,  1742,  we  find  Abigail  Elkins. 

1748.  Asa  Putnam  petitions  to  keep  a  tavern  on 
the  upper  road  from  Boston  to  Ipswich,  where  James 
Phillips  kept  till  two  or  three  years  past,  and,  for  a 
great  number  of  years,  John  Porter,  now  dropsical, 
was  of  like  employment  in  his  own  house. 

Several  months  after,  Walter  Smith  petitions  to 
open  a  public  house  at  the  village. 

1749.  William  Becket,  John  and  Edward  Britton 
are  allowed  to  follow  such  employment. 

1760.  Mr.  Pratt  moved  to  a  large  house,  which 
lesembled  the  Bradstreet  mansion,  and  was  located  on 
the  east  conier  of  Washington  and  Essex  streets,  where 
the  Stearns  building  is  situated.  There  he  continued 
if}  entertain  travellers  and  others,  as  usual. 

In  1752,  Benjamin  Waters,  being  connected  with 


489  Kma*8  ARMS  TAVERN. 

the  Bererl7  ferry,  obtains  a  license  to  entertain  ttar* 
ellers  in  the  Massey  house. 

1759.  The  Governor  forbids  any  taverner  lo  sell 
spirituous  liqors,  wines,  coffee,  tea,  ale,  beer  and  cider 
on  the  Sabbath. 

1768.  The  King's  Arms  tavern  is  mentioned.  It 
was  of  the  ancient  form  and  the  residence  of  Col. 
Benjamin  Brown  a  century  since.  Subsequently 
William  Goodhue  occupied  it  for  a  public  house. 
When  the  Revolution  began,  its  toyul  name  was  dis- 
pensed  with  and  exchanged  for  that  of  Sun. 

1773.  Jonathan  Webb  states,  that  there  is  only 
one  public  house,  near  the  centre  of  Salem  and  de- 
sires, that  he  may  open  another,  which  is  granted. 
His  advertisement  says,  that  he  had  taken  the  house 
on  the  corner  of  what  are  now  Washington  and 
Church  streets.  It  remarks,  that  this  location  was 
formerly  the  noted  tavern  of  Mr.  Somerville  and  af- 
terwards tenanted  by  Benjamin  Coats.  It  further 
informs  us,  that  the  house  had  received  the  name  of 
Ship,  which,  as  will  be  remembered,  had  been  long 
applied  to  the  Gedney  establishment. 

Abraham  Safford  gives  notice,  that  he  had  opened  a 
tavern  in  the  upper  part  of  the  town,  with  an  elegant 
sign  of  King  George  the  third,  on  what  is  now  Fede- 
fal  street. 

The  London  Coffee  House  is  opened  by  Epbraim 
Ingalls  in  what  is  now  Central  street.  He  eogagetf 
that  "  English  magazines  and  a  variety  of  newspapers 
will  be  procured  for  the  amusement  of  his  respectable 
eustomers." 

1774.  Salem  Coffee  House  is  commenced  by  Da« 


EAGLE  TAVERN.  49S 

▼id  Ropes,  Jr.,  near  the  Episcopal  church.  William 
Goodhue  kept  the  Sua  Tavern. 

1782.  The  latter  offers  to  let  his  situation.  It 
was  located  at  the  head  of  Central  street.  His  suc- 
cessor was  Samuel  Robinson. 

David  Masury  notifies,  that  he  has  opened  the  Es- 
sex Coffee  House,  next  to  the  Ship  tavern. 

1792.  Zadoc  Buffintoa  had  begun  to  occupy  the 
last  of  these  two  establishments.  He  had  recently 
married  Deborah  Saltmarsh,  who  had  been  an  assistant 
in  the  family  of  Benjamin  Webb,  had  bought  the  estate 
for  £300  and,  for  a  while,  had  been  its  landlady. 

1794.  Jacob  Bacon  kept  a  public  house  with  the 
sign  of  an  Eagle,  on  the  south  side  of  Essex  street, 
not  far  below  the  head  of  Beckford  street. 

Before  William  Gray  had  the  Sun  tavern  torn 
down,  about  1800,  to  accommodate  his  brick  house, 
it  was  occupied  by  Jonathan  Webb,  son  to  a  former 
keeper  of  the  Ship  tavern.  After  Mr.  Gray  moved 
to  his  new  mansion,  his  old  one  was  tenanted  by  Mr. 
Webb,  who  continued  to  have  his  usual  sign. 

The  dwelling  thus  changed  from  one  of  our  most 
noted  private  abodes,  was  erected  for  Samuel  Brown. 
He  left  it  to  his  son  William,  who  advertised  it  to  be 
let,  in  1760.  Then  it  had  brick, ends  and  sides,  "ruff 
cast,"  or  plaistered  with  lime  and  glass  and  gravel 
thrown  upon  them  so  as  to  adhere.  As  Mr.  BroWn 
was  a  loyalist,  this  estate  was  sequestered.  After  be- 
ing made  a  tavern,  it  so  continued,  till  taken  down  to 
accommodate  the  Manning  building,  but  now  Bowker 
Place. 


424  LAFAYETTE  TAVEllN. 

1800.  There  were  two  public  houses  in  town,  the 
Sun,  just  mentioned,  and  the  Ship. 

1803.  Benjamin  Crombie  opens  the  Lee  house  as 
a  tavern  and  adopts  the  sign  of  a  ship,  being,  at  least, 
the  third  by  such  a  name.  The  ship  did  not  appear 
long,  and  in  its  place,  is  now  seen  nothing  more  than 
City  Hotel,  in  large  letters,  being  the  present  name  of 
the  concern. 

1807.  Thomas  A.  Breed  advertises,  that  he  has 
commenced  a  public  house  where  Mrs.  Buffinton 
formerly  kept,  which  was  the  second  Ship  tavern. 

1808.  John  Grant  o|iened  a  public  house,  with  the 
sign  of  an  anchor,  at  the  west  corner  of  Essex  and 
Beckford  streets.     It  did  not  continue  long. 

1814.  Prince  Stetson  occupies  the  elegant  man- 
sion of  William  Gray,  and  has  it  called  the  Essex 
Coffee  House.  The  sign  is  a  well  drawn  likeness  of 
the  edifice.  When  Lafayette  made  his  last  visit  here, 
the  name  was  changed  to  that  of  this  noble  friend  to 
our  country,  which  continued  till  within  a  year  or 
two,  and  thence  it  has  been  Essex  house.  Its  first 
name  was  the  second  of  the  kind,  which  has  been 
applied  to  Salem  hotels. 

1833.  The  dwelling  of  Nathaniel  West  is  leased 
for  a  tavern  and  called  the  "  Mansion  House."  Its 
sign  is  a  drawing  of  itself.  It  occupies  the  situation 
of  the  first  Ship  tavern.  Soon  after  this  was  torn 
down,  about  90  years  ago,  that  was  erected  for  John 
Turner.  Thus  its  premises,  after  being  long  retained 
by  some  of  our  most  respectable  families,  have  revert- 
ed to  their  ancient  use. 

Besides  several  victualling  concerns  and  restorators, 


INCREASE  OF  HOUSES.  42K 

Salem  has  only  three  public  places  of  entertaintnient^t 
These  are  the  Essex  house,  the  Mansion  house  and 
City  hotel.  As  well  known,  the  term  hotelf  is  of  recent 
application  to  such  establishments.  •> 

The  persevering  exertions,  which  are  made  to  haver 
such  resorts  under  the  control  of  temperance  and  puri*i 
ty,  are  worthy  of  real  benevolence  and  of  the  best  re-, 
gard  for  public  and  private  welfare.  These  houses 
should  never  be  otherwise  than  judicious  legislation 
would  have  them,  resting  places  for  the  sick  and  wea* 
ry,  affording  comfort  to  every  rational  want  of  the 
traveller  and  boarder,  and  never  placing  before  them 
the  stimulants  of  passion,  as  a  stratagem  to  draw  from^ 
their  purses,  all  that  avarice  can  grasp.  Gain  from' 
the  depravation  of  another,  is  recompensed  to  the: 
gainer  with  moral  debasement  and  pangs  of  guilt. 

NUMBER  OF  HOUSES. 

Before  leaving  the  subject  of  dwellings,  it  may  be 
well  to  glance  at  various  enumerations  of  them.  For- 
an  estimate  of  cottages  and  houseS;  erected  in  Salem/ 
within  the  first  century  of  its  settlement,  reference 
may  be  made  to  page  199.  In  that  period  an  isolated- 
account  is  given,  which,  unless  explained,  leaves  at 
vague  impression.  It  is,  that'  in  1678,  when  our  tep< 
ritory  was  much  more  extensive  than  now,  there  were 
only  86  houses  for  a  population,  whose  polls  number- 
ed 300.  The  fact  is,  that  cottages  were  more  numer- 
ous than  what  were  called,  by  way  of  distinction^ 
houses,  so  as  to  conform  with  laws,  respecting  the  di^ 
vision  of  common  lan-'s.  Probably,  at  that  date^ 
there  were  not  less  than  300  cottages  in  addition*  to 

37 


436  HUMBER  OF  HOUSC8. 

the  houseB,  for  the  accommodation  of  our  inhabitants. 
More  than  once  has  the  writer  seen  such  bare  state* 
ments,  with  regard  to  the  latter  abodes,  which  imine- 
diately,  on  being  seen,  excite  the  inquiry,  were  the 
people  so  few  as  the  limited  number  of  their  residences 
imply,  or,  if  more,  did  they  crowd  these  habitations 
excessively  ? 

A  list,  showing  the  number  of  dwellings  in  Salem, 
inclusive  of  both  small  and  great,  after  the  first  item, 
with  the  year  prefixed,  is  as  follows  : 

1629,  11  besides  cottages  ;  1732,  620 ;  1764,  372; 
1762,  473 ;  1771,  466 ;  1781,  646  ;  1791,  726;  1801, 
1,017 ;  1811, 1,313 ;  1821, 1,328  ;  1831, 1,494 ;  1840, 
1,637.  The  difference  between  the  numbers,  suffixed 
to  1732  and  1764,  arose  from  the  incorporation  of 
Danvers,  as  a  district,  between  such  periods. 

Thus  we  have  surveyed  the  habitations  of  Salem, 
firom  its  being  first  occupied  by  Pilgrims,  in  search  of 
a  quiet  home,  to  its*  present  ample  accommodations  for 
their  numerous  descendants.  Such  ancestors  sought 
not  only  for. habitations  of  earth,  but  fiu  more  foi:  man- 
aioDS,  '*  not  made  with  hands,  eternal  in  the  heavena'' 
Constant  imitation  of  their  example  will  render  us 
kappier  tenants  here  and  partakers  with  them  of  an 
imperishable  heritage. 

EDUCATION. 

>  • 

From  the  views,  habits  and  relations  of  oui:  primi- 
tive settlers,  they  must  have  been  careful,  that  the 
younger  part  of  their  families  should  not  be  destitute 
of  instruction.  As  Oovernor  Cradock  recommended 
lo  Mr.  Endicott,  in  1628,  that  he  train  np  some  of  the 


PROPOSED  COLLEGE.  4ST 

Indian  children  to  reading  and  religkmj  no  less  atten- 
tion could  hare  been  given  to  the  children  of  the  col- 
onists. It  would  be  very  gratifying  to  hare  the  first 
proceedings  of  our  ancestors,  on  this  subject,  in  a  fair 
hand,  before  us.  But  such  as  they  were,  they  are 
loet 

Among  the  early  objects  of  education  in  this  place, 
there  was  one  of  high  reach,  though  unobtained* 
1636,  May  2.  An  application  of  Mr.  John  Hum* 
phrey  for  land,  in  the  limits  of  Salem,  was  introduced 
by  Mr.  Endicott.  Among  the  arguments,  on  the  oc 
casion,  in  the  negative,  was  this,  **  least  y'  should  hin« 
der  the  building  of  a  Colledge,*which  would  be  maine 
men's^  losse."  The  question  was  referred  to  .a  com* 
mittee.  William  Trask  gave  up  his  farm  to  Thomas 
Scruggs,  who  took  it  for  his  beyond  Forest  river,,  so 
that  Mr.  Humphrey  might  be  accommodated.  Thiil 
was  the  spirit  of  kindness  for  a  noble  purpose.  It 
seems  to  have  left  the  lot  desired,  unincumbered  and 
thus  ready  for  the  erection  of  a  college.  The  loca« 
tion,  so  worthily  intended,  was  a  beautiful  plain,  usu- 
ally denominated  Marblehead  farms. 

Of  our  first  school  masters,  whose  names  have  como 
down  to  us,  was  the  Rev.  John  Fisk,  who  appears  to 
have  commenced  his  duties  here  in  1637.  Besides 
teaching,  he  assisted  Mr.  Peters  in  the  pulpit,  and  so 
continued  over  two  years.  1640,  Jan.  <<  A  generall 
towne  meeting, — yong  Mr.  Norris  chose  by  this  aah 
sembly  to  teach  schoole." 

1641,  March  3a  At  the  duarterly  Court,  <<  OoU 
Endecot  moued  about  the  fiiences  and  about  a  fired 

^  A  chanoter  is  used  here,  which  probably  rignifies  men. 


428  ^^^^  SCHOOLS. 

ikoole  and  therefore  wished  a  whole  towne' meeting 
about  it ;  therefore,  that  goodman  Auger  warue  a 
towne  meeting  the  second  day  of  the  week."  This 
applied  to  Salem.  It  is  the  first  written  intimatioHi 
that  we  have  of  instruction,  without  price,  among  our 
settlers.  Still,  the  nature  of  the  case  requires  us  to 
conclude,  that  whatever  children  could  not  be  taught 
without  the  aid  of  the  plantation,  they  were  thus  pre- 
viously assisted.  How  the  measure,  so  proposed,  was 
carried  into  effect,  may  be  learned  from  the  succeed* 
ing  quotation.  1644,  Sept.  30.  <<  Ordered  that  a 
note  be  published  one  the  next  lecture  day,  that  such 
as  have  children  to  be  kept  at  schoole,  would  bring  in 
their  names  and  what  they  will  giue  for  one  whole 
yeare  and,  also,  that  if  any  poore  body  hath  children 
or  a  childe,  to  be  put  to  schoole  and  not  able  to  pay 
for  their  schooling,  that  the  towne  will  pay  it  by  .a 
rate."  The  latter  clause  shows  what  our  ancestors 
understood  substantially  by  a  free  school.  It  was  not 
to  have  the  teacher  paid  entirely  by  tax  on  the  inhabi- 
tants, but  to  be  so  compensated  only  for  such  of  his 
pupils,  as  could  not  otherwise  attend  on  his  instruc- 
tions. This  continued  more  or  less  so,  among  our 
population  till  1768.  Such  was  the  practice,  to  a  lim- 
ited degree,  in  the  metropolis,  and,  to  a  considerable 
degree,  in  other  places  of  the  Commonwealth.  So  it 
still  is  in  such  States,  as  Connecticut  and  New  York. 
Though  the  laws  of  Massachusetts,  from  its  infancy, 
required,  that  schools  should  be  sustained  among  its 
inhabitants,  yet,  until  the  year  last  named,  they  left 
them  free  as  to  the  mode  of  paying  for  the  tuition. 
Then  they  began  to  assume  a  more  imperative  style 


FREE  SCHOOLS.  420 

as  to  such  compensations  being  raised  by  assessments 
on  property.  From  that  period,  the  idea  of  a  free 
school,  in  Massachusetts,  seems  to  have  been  general- 
ly, that  its  teacher  was  entirely  paid  by  a  town  tax 
where  no  funds  existed,  and,  not  as  before,  partly  by 
tax  and  partly  by  the  pupils.  Hence,  the  ancient 
signification  of  free  school  was  not  so  extensive  as  in 
modem  years. 

Passing  over  the  first  free  school  in  our  Republic^ 
founded  1621  and  located  in  Virginia,  we  notice  thd 
order  of  such  institutions  in  three  of  our  towns.  The 
first  notice  of  one,  among  the  regular  entries  of  Boston 
records,  is  in  1642.  But  on  the  last  leaf  of  the  6rst 
▼olume,  is  a  list,  dated  1636,  of  subscribers  and  their 
donations  towards  a  school  of  this  kind.  Had  that 
leaf  been  lost,  not  long  after  it  was  written  on,  Boston 
would  have  been  deprived  of  its  best  evidence  to  prove 
the  honor  of  having  preceded  every  settlement  of  our 
Colony  in  so  honorable  an  enterprise.  Such  a  fact 
intimates,  that  other  towns  may  have  made  similar 
provision  years  before  it  appears  on  their  common 
records.  According  to  these,  however,  so  far  as  they 
have  come  to  the  writer's  knowledge,  Salem  takes  the 
second  stand,  1641,  in  so  commendable  a  work,  and 
Ipswich,  the  third,  in  1642.  If  each  of  seven  illustri- 
ous cities  contended,  that  it  was  the  birth  place  of 
Homer,  no  less  might  these  three  ancient  corporationSy 
if  the  subject  were  clad  with  obscurity,  vie  with  one 
another  for  the  name  of  having  given  life  to  the  first 
free  school  of  our  Commonwealth. 

That  the  purpose  of  instructicm  might  be  applied  to 
all  suitable  subjects  in  this  and  other  places  of  their 

37* 


430  SCHOOLS  BT  CONTRIBUTION. 

jurisdiction,  the  General  Court,  in  1642,  passed  a  law* 
This  follows :  '<  Forasmuch  as  the  good  education  of 
children  is  of  singular  behoof  and  benefit  to  any  (com- 
monwealth and  whereas  many  parents  and  masters 
are  too  indulgent ;  It  is  ordered  that  the  selectmen  of 
every  town  shall  have  a  vigilant  eye  over  their  brethren 
and  neighbors,  to  see,  first,  that  none  of  them  shall 
suffer  so  much  barbarism  in  any  of  their  families  as 
not  to  endeavor  to  teach,  by  themselves  or  others, 
their  children  and  apprentices  so  much  learning,  as 
may  enable  them  perfectly  to  read  the  English  tongue 
and  knowledge  of  the  capital  laws.  Also,  all  masters 
of  families  do  once  a  week,  at  the  least,  catechise  their 
children  and  servants  in  the  grounds  and  principles  of 
religion.  And,  if  any  be  unable  to  do  so  much,  that 
then,  at  the  least,  they  procure  such  children  and  ap- 
prentices to  learn  some  short  orthodox  catechism  with- 
out book,  that  they  may  be  able  to  answer  unto  ques- 
tions, that  shall  be  propounded  to  them  out  of  such 
catechism,  by  their  parents  or  masters,  or  any  of  the 
selectmen,  when  they  shall  call  them  to  a  trial  of 
what  they  have  learned  in  that  kind." 

To  elucidate  the  progress  of  education  among  our 
fathers,  we  may  attend  to  the  following  items  in  detail. 

1645.  <<  Ordered  and  agreed,  that  all  such  as  God 
stirres  vp  their  hearts  to  contribute  to  the  aduance- 
ment  of  learning,  for  the  maintayninge  of  poore  skol- 
lers  at  the  Colledge,  at  Cambridge,  that  they  brlnge 
into  Mr.  Price,  within  one  moneth,  what  they  please 
to  giue,  and  to  enter  their  names  with  Mr.  Fogge  and 
what  they  giue  or  contribute."  On  a  subscription 
paper,  supposied  of  the  same  year,  in  the  State  Archives, 


IMPORTANCE  OF  THE  BIBLE.  '  431 

for  this  purpose,  Salem,  among  other  towns,  say  they 
will  **  answer  in  two  months." 

At  this  point  we  are  reminded  of  another  legislative 
order,  passed  1647,  which  was  intended  to  have  the 
Bible  more  fully  taught  among  pupils  so  that  they 
might  exercise  greater  vigilance  against  the  influence 
of  Papacy  and  be  led  to  a  fuller  practice  of  Protest- 
antism. It  runs  thus :  <<  It  being  one  chiefe  proiect 
of  y*  ould  deludor,  Satan,  to  keepe  men  from  the 
knowledge  of  y®  Scriptures,  as  in  former  times  by 
keeping  y"  in  an  unknown  tongue,  so  in  these  latter 
times,  by  persuading  from  y®  use  of  tongues,  y'  so  at 
least  y®  true  sence  and  meaning  of  y''  originall  might 
be  clouded  by  false  glosses  of  saint  seeming  deceivers, 
y*  learning  may  not  be  buried  in  y®  grave  of  our 
fathers  in  y®  church  and  Commonwealth,  y®  Lord  as- 
sisting our  indeavors :  It  is  therefore  ordered  y'  every 
towneship  in  this  jurisdiction  after  y®  Lord  hath  in- 
creased y"  to  y®  number  of  50  housholders  shall  then 
forthwith  appoint  one  within  their  towne  to  teach  all 
such  children,  as  shall  resort  to  him  to  write  and  reade, 
whose  wages  shall  be  paid  either  by  y®  parents  or 
masters  of  such  children,  or  by  y®  inhabitants  in  gene- 
rail  by  way  of  supply,  as  y®  maior  part  of  those  y*  or- 
der y®  prudentials  of  y®  towne  shall  appoint,  provided 
those  y*  send  their  children  be  not  oppressed  by  pay- 
ing much  more  y*  they  can  have  y"*  taught  for  in 
other  townes.  And  it  is  further  ordered  y*  where  any 
towne  shall  increase  to  y®  number  of  100  families,  or 
househoulders,  they  shall  set  up  a  grammer  schoole, 
y®  master  thereof  being  able  to  instruct  youth  so  fare 
as  they  may  be  fited  for  y*'  university,  provided  y^  if 


489  GRAyMAR  SCHOOL.    COLLEGE. 

any  towne  neglect  y*  performance  hereof  above  one 
yeare,  y**  every  such  towne  shall  pay  £5  to  y*  next 
schoole  till  they  shall  performe  this  order.'' 

We  will  now  resume  the  series  of  facts  on  the  suIh 
ject  before  us. 

1654.  Our  legislature  forbid  persons  of  unsound 
doctrine  and  immoral  conduct  to  instruct  scholars. 

1655.  Our  school  was  kept  in  the  town  house. 

1656.  A  committee  are  empowered  to  have  "  the 
schoolehouse  repayred." 

1657.  '<  A  bill  came  to  hand  to  make  a  rate  for  the 
Coledge"  for  £5  6.     1663.    Tax  for  the  same,  £6  12. 

1668.  Voted  £3  to  Edward  Norris  so  that  he  may 
have  a  chimney  built  in  his  school  house,  and  £6 
"  for  his  incouragment  for  teaching  of  children  for  the 
yeare  ensuinge."     £8  to  the  College. 

1669.  Business  to  be  done  <<  about  a  school  for  the 
towne." 

1670.  Feb.  21.  A  meeting  of  inhabitants  ordered 
in  March,  to  consider  <<  of  a  grammer  scoole  maister." 

April  5.  <<  The  selectmen  shall  take  care  to  prouide 
a  Grammer  scool  maister  and  agree  with  him  for  his 
mayntenance." 

July  5.  A  committee  are  to  agree  with  Daniel 
Epes,  Jr.  18th.  He  was  to  have  £20  a  year  from 
the  town  '<  in  such  pay  as  may  be  sutable  for  him ; 
to  haue,  besides,  halfe  pay  for  all  scollers  of  the  towne 
and  whole  pay  from  strangers."    His  salary  was  £60. 

1671.  "CoUedge  money"  £6.  The  expressioni 
''where  the  scoolhouse  formerly  stood,"  was  used  in 
an  account.  «  Yoated  that  the  selectmen  shall  take 
care  to  provide  a  house  for  Mr.  Epps  to  keep  skoole 


SERM05  ON  EDUCATIOR.  433 

io.''  «  Edward  Nonce  shall  haoe  £10  allowed  him 
for  the  year  ensueing,  towards  bis  maintainance  and 
this  to  be  paid  out  of  the  towne  rate/' 

1672,  Jan.  16.  Bill  granted  by  selectmen  to  pay 
Daniel  Andrews  <<  for  keeping  skoole  in  his  house  and 
mending  the  skoole  bouse,  that  now  is."     £1  18. 

That  we  may  have  a  general  view  of  education,  at 
this  time,  in  Massachusetts,  and^  thus  have  some  idea 
of  what  it  then  was  in  Salem,  the  subsequent  extract 
is  given  from  the  election  sermon  of  Rev.  Thomas 
Shepard,  delivered  in  the  same  year.  <<0  that  infe- 
rior schools  were  every  where  so  settled  and  encour- 
aged, as  that  the  College  (which  the  Lord  hath  made 
to  be  a  spring  of  blessing  to  the  land)  might  not  now 
languish  for  want  of  a  sufficient  supply  of  young  ones 
firom  them  !  There  is  a  great  decay  in  inferior  schools, 
it  were  well  if  that,  also,  were  examined  and  the 
cause  thereof  removed,  and  foundations  laid  for  Free 
schools,  where  poor  scholers  might  be  then  educated 
by  some  public  stock." 

1673,  Jan.  4.  The  town  records  show,  that  Mr. 
Norris  resumed  the  Grammar  school,  the  preceding 
July  17,  for  one  year,  and  ^that  a  rate  of  £10  is  now 
ordered  for  him  accordingly.  They,  also,  speak  of 
bills,  due  Mr.  Bppes  for  similar  service  <<  till  he  went 
out  of  towne."  This  implies,  that  the  latter  had  left 
his  employment  here  and  gone  elsewhere.  How  long 
he  staid,  is  unknown.  It  will  be  seen,  under  1677, 
that  he  was  invited  to  take  the  school,  and  in  so  formal 
a  manner,  as  to  indicate,  that  he  may  then  have  been 
about  to  return.    If  so,  Mr.  Norris  may  have  superiu^ 


4S4  tSCHOOLS.    OOLLfiOS. 

tended  the  school,  daring  his  absence,  though  such 
was  the  distressed  condition  of  the  whole  Colony,  on 
account  of  the  Indian  war,  that  it  is  likely  there  was 
not  so  great  a  call,  as  usual,  for  such  service  for  about 
two  years. 

In  Nov.  of  1676,  the  town  allowed  Mr.  Norris  £3 
for  the  use  of  his  house,  15  months,  which  time,  it  is 
likely,  he  spent  in  teaching  the  Grammar  scholars. 

1673,  Dec.  As  five  men  neglected  to  have  their 
children  instructed  and  brought  up  to  some  useful 
calling,  our  selectmen  advertised  that  such  children 
would  be  put  out  to  service. 

1675.  At  the  May  session,  Greneral  Court  ordered 
letters  for  all  town  clerks,  in  which  the  ministers  were 
desired  to  promote  the  payment  of  contributions,  due 
for  the  new  College  building,  and  the  subscription  of 
more  for  its  completion. 

1677,  April  7.  "  Voted  by  y*  towne  y*  Mr.  Daniell 
Epps  is  called  to  bee  a  grammar  schoole  master  for  y* 
towne,  soe  long  as  hee  shall  continue  and  performe  y* 
said  place  in  y^  towne,  prouided  hee  may  haue  w^ 
shall  bee  anually  allowed  him,  not  by  a  towne  rate, 
butt  in  some  other  suteable  way.'' 

June  28th.  The  selectmen  <'  agreed  with  Mr.  Eppes 
to  teach  all  such  scholars,  as  shall  be  sent  to  him  from 
persons  in  town  in  y®  English,  Latin  and  Greek  tongue 
soe  as  to  fit  them  for  y®  Yniuersity,  if  desired  and  they 
are  capable ;  alsoe,  to  teach  them  good  manners  and 
instruct  them  in  y*  principles  of  Christian  Religion." 
He  is  to  receive  for  each  scholar  20/  a  year,  and  if 
this  is  not  enough  to  make  £60,  the  selectmen  will 


BGHOOLS.   COLLEGE.  43S 

make  up  this  $um ;  or,  if  more  than  enough,  to  ha¥% 
it  and  the  price  of  tuition  for  scholars  out  of  towa 
and  a  right  to  commonage,  and  be  free  from  all  taxea^ 
trainingSi  watchings  and.wardings. 

1678,  Feb.  17.  Mr.  Eppes  had  receiyed  from  hia 
scholars,  towards  a  half  year's  salary  £17  19  10. 
The  balance  he  was  to  have  from  rent  of  certain  com'« 
mons,  of  Baker's  and  Misery  Islands,  as  the  proportion 
from  the  town. 

May  9.  Joseph  Brown,  son  of  William,  who  had 
preached  several  years  at  Charlestown,  left  £50  to- 
wards paying  for  education  at  the  Salem  Grammac 
school. 

1680,  April  5.  A  return  is  made  from  Salem  to  the 
committee  in  Boston,  ''  concerning  y®  coUedge  money 
and  Lt.  John  Pickering  chosen  and  sent  for  that  end." 
For  .this  edifice  our  townsmen  gave  £130  9  3,  of 
which  Rev.  John  Higginson  gave  £5,  Messrs.  Ed-- 
mund  Batter  £20,  and  William  Brown,  Jr.  £40. 

1682,  Dec.  18.  £25  5  3,  a  donation^  for  the 
Grammar  school,  by  William  Brown,  sen.,  was  loan* 
ed  on  interest. 

1684,  March  8.  Having  appropriated  annually  from 
£10  to  £15,  for  the  use  of  Mr.  Edward  Novris,  froia 
the  first  and  last  resignation  of  his  office  in  £givor  of 
Mr.  Eppes  till  the  present,  the  town  once  more  voted 
him  the  latter  sum,  which  was  the  last  of  the  kind 
he  lived  to  receive  and  enjoy.  Thus  to  smooth  the 
passage  of  so  worthy  a  man  to  the  grave,  was  an.  act 
of  justice,  as  well  as  of  kindness  to  him,  who  had 

>  A  report  on  tha  Khools,  in  1835,  lays,  £21  5  3. 


4M  ANCIENT  SCHOOL  BOOKS. 

expended  the  vigor  of  his  life  and  intellect  to  enlight- 
en this  community  with  useful  instruction*  Such 
expressions  are  among  the  redeeming  traits  of  fallen 
humanity  and  lead  us  to  feel,  that  there  is  some  flesh 
in  mortal  hearts. 

1687,  Feb.  7.  We  hear  again  from  the  family  of 
noble  views  and  liberal  hands.  William  Brown,  sen., 
gave  to  the  Grammar  school  the  remainder  of  a  farm 
which  had  been  granted  to  him  by  Salem,  but  not 
surveyed. 

1688,  Jan.  20.  Breathing  his  last  amid  the  influ- 
ences, which  crowned  his  life,  the  same  benefactor, 
besides  his  other  literary  bequests,  left  £50  to  the 
same  school.  This  donation  was  made  to  lessen  the 
charge  of  tuition. 

1691.  An  interesting  notice  is  contained  in  a  Bos- 
ton Almanack.  It  relates  to  the  New  England  Primer 
of  a  second  edition  then  in  press.  The  purpose  of 
this  little  book  in  our  schools  is  denoted  by  its  name. 
It  is  represented  as  being  enlarged  with  more  directions 
for  spelling,  the  prayer  of  Edward  VI.,  and  the  verses 
said  to  have  been  written  by  John  Rogers,  the  martyr. 
One  edition  of  it,  issued  at  Providence,  1774,  has  a 
likeness  of  George  III.,  another  at  Hartford,  Conn., 
1777,  has  the  portrait  of  Samuel  Adams,  and  a  third, 
at  Boston,  of  the  same  year,  has  a  profile  of  John 
Hancock.  As  well  known,  such  a  work,  of  far  more 
utility  than  size,  contained  the  catechisms  of  John 
Cotton,  printed  1656,  and  of  the  Westminster  Assem- 
bly. How  far  it  resembled  the  Primer  of  Great  Brit- 
ain, which  existed  before  our  fathers  cam'e  to  America, 
is  not  known  to  the  writer;     Locke,  the  philosopher, 


AltetB^  SCHOOL  BOOMw  437 

mentions  a  book  of  this  name,  in  his  writihgs.  One 
tailed  the  Royal  Primer  was  common  here  in  1759. 
In  one  form  or  another,  it  was  probably  used  in  the 
primary jsciiools  of  New  England  from  its  first  settle* 
ment  till  within  a  half  century. 

Here  we  are  reminded  of  other  books,  once  consid- 
ered indispensable,  but  long  since  laid  aside.  The 
Horn  book  seems  to  have  been  of  a  simpler  plan  than 
the  Primer.  It  was  so  called  because  of  its  horn 
covers.  Shakespeare  spake  of-  it  as  the  teacher  of 
boys  in  his  day.  It  was  employed,  for  a  like  purpose, 
in  Massachusetts,  90  years  ago.  It  gave  rise  to  au 
ancient  remark,  as  expressive  of  ignorance,  <<  he  does 
'  not  know  his  horn  book."  This  is  equivalent  to  a 
more  modem  saying,  "he  does  not  know  his  letters." 

Another  book,  easily  imported,  was  "the  English 
Schoole  Master,"  a  15th  edition  of  which  was  printed 
in  London,  1624.  Its  main  object  was  to  teach  cor- 
rect reading.  The  Psalter  was  long  employed  for  a 
similar  purpose.  Under  different  modifications,  it  was 
known  in  Europe  prior  to  the  colonization  of  our  ter* 
ritory.  One,  styled  the  New  England  Psalter  of  1784, 
has  the  psalms  of  David,  the  proverbs  of  Solomon, 
the  sermon  of  Christ  on  the  Mount  and  the  Nicene 
creed.  It  was  advertised  in  Salem,  1771.  It  was 
read,  in  some  Massachusetts  schools,  to  1793.  The 
T.estament  and  Bible  appear  to  have  been  read  in  our 
schools,  for  the  most  part,  from  their  first  formation. 
A  bare  hint  to  exclude  them  from  this  use  would 
have  alarmed  our  fathers,  as  treason,  to  say  the  least, 
against  the  claims  of  Protestantism. 

Among  our  earliest  Arithmetics  was  James  Hod- 

38 


488  AlfCifiNT  SCHOOL  BOOlCg. 

der'8.  A  28th  edition  of  his  was  printed  in  London, 
1719.  Of  the  aids  to  study  Geography  were  th^ 
works  of  O.  Meriton,  printed  in  London,  1679,  of 
Laurence  Eachard,  issued  there  in  a  third  impression^ 
1693,  and  other  authors. 

Of  our  ancient  English  Dictionaries  was  E. 
Coles's,  published  in  London,  1692,  and  another  of 
John  BoUoker,  the  ninth  edition  of  which  was  printed 
in  London,  1695. 

For  the  Latin  language,  there  was  John  Brinsley's 
Accidence,  by  question  and  answer,  first  issued  16 1 1-12. 
Another  called,  <<  Directions  for  young  Latinists,"  print- 
ed  in  Lotidon,  1639.  An  American  publication  by 
Ezekiel  Cheever,  called  the  Accidence,  and  printed 
about  1650,  was  long  noted  for  such  a  study.  Hoole's 
Accidence,  1681.  For  the  Greek,  there  was  the  West- 
minster Grammar  of  1671,  and  other  like  works.  In 
the  Hebrew,  was  the  grammar  of  William  Schickard, 
issued  1623,  and  of  Buxtorf,  printed  before  1629. 
With  this  view  of  some  books  for  different  branches  of 
education  within  the  first  century  of  our  Common- 
wealth, we  pass  on  to  a  later  period. 

1694.  Each  able  scholar  of  the  town  paid  15/  a 
year  at  the  Grammar  school ;  1697,  paid  12/  in  mo- 
ney, and,  1698,  paid  IS/. 

1698,  March  15.  The  village  ask  aid  in  support  of 
their  school. 

1699,  March  1.  Samuel  Whitman,  who  came  from 
Hull,  succeeded  Mr.  Eppes  in  the  Grammar  school. 

May  9.  The  town  in  their  communication  to  the 
selectmen,  said,   <<  you .  shall  giue  y*"  Gramer  school- 


IHCOME  FOR  SCHOOLS.  430 

master  such  instructions  and  directions,  as  you  sha)! 

thinit  needfnil  for  regulation  of  y*  schoole." 

June  26.     The  selectmen  ordered  that  Mr.  Whit^ 

hian  have  £60  salary  in  money,  each  scholar  to  pay 

12^  a  month,  and  what  this  lacked  should  be  made  up 

to  him  out  of  the  funds  "  sett  apart  for  y*  Grammer 

school." 

Aug^  25.     They  concluded  to  call  John  Emerson 

of  Gharlestown  as  successor  to  Mr.  Whitman  ;    to 

teach  Greek  and  Latin,  writing,  cyphering  and  <'  to 

perfect  such  in  reading,  as  can  read  a  chapter  compear 

tently  well."     They  were  to  give  him  £50  salary  out 

of  the  funds,  and  what  these  fell  short,  was  to  be 

**  proportioned  on  y*  scholars  by  y*  selectmen."     A 

contract  was  made  with  Mr.  Emerson,  Sept.  23. 

1700,  Feb.  9.     As  a  sample  of  the  income  for  this 

school  at  the  date  here  given,  the  subsequent  items 

are  presented. 

RjrallSide £29  5  6 

Baker*s  Island 3 

Miserj  Islands 3 

BcTorly  Ferry      .     .   .     •  .        .        ,  6 

Interest  on  Wm.  Brown's  legacy  of  £50  3  . 

I  nterest  on  Joseph  Brown's  legacy  of  £50  3 

Marblehead  Ferry        ....  18 

Amount,  £41  3  6 

The  school  bell  was  to  be  rung  at  7  A.  M.,  and  5 
P.  M.  from  March  1  to  Nov.  1,  at  8  A.  M.  and  4  Fi 
M.  from  Nov.  1  to  March  1,  and  "  y«  school  to  begin 
and  end  accordingly.^'  The  selectmen,  in  order,  to 
proportion  the  balance,  due  Mr.  Emerson,  gave  the 
ensuing  hcis.    He  had  20  scholars.     For  the  first 


440       LEGACT  TOR  THE  BENEFIT  QT:  SCHOOLS. 

Quarter  of  his  tuition,  each  schokr  was  to  pay  3/,  aody 
in  future,  when  the  pupils  are  20  and  ander,  3/,  when 
as,  2/6,  when  30,  2/,  and  when  40  and  more,  1/6. 
if  any  surplus,  from  this  source,  it  should  be  for  the 
use  of  the  school. 

1700,  May  20.  Voted  that  the  inhabitants,  without 
the  bridge,  have  £15  annually,  for  three  years,  to- 
wards "  learning  their  children  to  read,  write  and 
cipher."  Grants,  in  this  direction,  as  comprising 
Ryall  Side,  Middle  Precinct  and  the  Village,  were 
continually  made.  John  Cromwell,  who  died  this 
year,  indicated  his  judicious  and  benevolent  regard  for 
our  community,  in  a  bequest  of  £20  in  money,  for  a 
writing  and  cyphering  school.  He  ordered  this  sum 
to  be  laid  out  in  land  and  increased  until  such  a  school 
should  be  set  up. 

'-    1701,  May  30.     The  village  had  chosen  a  commit- 
tee to  hire  a  school  master  for  their  children. 

1708.  Among  the  several  gifts  of  Benjamin  Brown, 
who  closed  a  useful  life  this  year,  was  £60,  the  in- 
come of  which  was  to  pay  for  indigent  boys  at  the 
Grammar  school.  This  money  was  estimated  at  8' 
for  an  ounce  of  silver. 

1712,  March  10.  As  Mr.  Emerson  had  died,  a  com- 
mittee are  chosen  ''  to  procure  a  suitable  Grammar 
school  master  for  y*  instructing  of  youth  in  Grammar 
teaming  and  to  fitt  them  fbr  y**  CoUedge  and  iJso  to 
Ibam  them  to  Write. and  cipher  and  to  perfect  them  in 
xeadiiig."  Thus  we  have  notice  of  the  first  Board, 
who  were  kept  distinct  from  our  selectmen,  to  super* 
intend  the  concerns  of  education.  Then  commenced 
the  separate  records  of  such  a  new  organization.    It 


RESOURCES  FOR  THE  SUPPORT  OF  SCHOOLS.    44l 

was  composed  of  Samuel  Browne,  Josiah  Walcot, 
Stephen  Sewall,  John  Higginson,  Jun.,  and  Walter 
Price.  Their  duties  are  among  the  highest  of  society 
and,  properly  discharged,  contribute  to  some  of  its 
best  interests.  The  election  of  a  similar  body  had 
been  "  some  time  practiced  "  in  Boston,  ''  agreeably 
to  usage  in  England." 

June  16.  It  was  voted,  that  the  old  watch  house 
should  be  used  for  a  writing  school. 

25th.  John  Barnard  of  Boston  began  to  keep  the 
Grammar  school  at  £50  a  year. 

Sept.  1.  Nathaniel  Higginson  conmienced  the 
school  for  reading,  writing  and  cyphering  "  in  the 
north  end  of  the  town,"  at  £30  a  year.  Boy^,  in  each 
of  the  schools,  except  those  unable,  paid  8'  apiece  for 
a  year's  instruction.  In  looking  over  a  list  of  them, 
we  are  reminded,  that  a  larger  proportion  of  the  indi- 
gent scholars  became  distinguished  than  of  the  others. 

24th.  Under  this  date,  we  have  an  account  of  our 
resources  towards  the  support  of  the  two  schools  with- 
in the  town  bridge. 

Latin  School. 

Rent  of  Ryall  tide £22    5  6 

Dixey's  Ferry          ....  3 

Massey*8  *' 10 

Baker's  Island          ....  3 

Phippen  &  Pickeringr  for  land  at  Baryingr 

Point 8 

Money  at  Interest,  £259,  at  6  per  cent     .  15  10  9} 

Rent  of  Miseries 3 

£57  4  3i 
38* 


44S  <  •^    '         TEACHER'S  SAIAaT..  ^ 

WRirnro  SctrooL: 

Rent  of  70  acres  to  Felton                  .  JSl  15  3 

**    Land  adjoiningr  to  it    .        .                 .  14 

"    of  Mr.  Hurat  for  Thrasher*!  houae      .  5 

«    «  Joseph  Southwich   ....  2 

«    «  Gamaliel  Hodges  for  land       .        .  5 

•*    *'  Thomas  BeU 2  6 

•*    •<  Mihili  Bacon  for  Burying  Point      .  1     8 
•<    "  Tarbell  and  Patnam's  land  by  Phelps's         12 

John  Cromwell's  money,  £56,  at  interest  at  . 

6  per  cent 3    6 


£8  19  9 


It  will  be  perceived,  that  the  Cromwell  bequest  had  been  considera- 
bly enlarged. 

Dec.  16.  The  people  at  the  village,  voted  £5  to 
<<  widow  Catherine  Dealland,"  for  teaching  school 
among  them,  and  invited  her  to  do  the  same  service, 
another  year,  for  the  like  siun.     She  accepted. 

1713,  March  9.  The  committee,  perceiving  that 
2'  a  quarter  for  each  boy  of  the  Latin  and  English 
schools,  in  the  body  of  the  town,  was  insufficient, 
agreed  that  it  should  be  2/6  in  money,  payable  at  the 
commencement  of  the  term.  Every  "scholar  that 
goes  in  the  winter,  to  find  three  feet  of  wood,  or  to 
pay  to  their  masters  4/6  in  money,  to  purchase  wood 
withal." 

Sept.  25.  Obadiah  Ayres  succeeded  Mr.  Barnard 
in  the  Grammar  school  at  the  same  compensation. 
The  latter  took  another  school  in  Boston. 

1714,  Nov.  8.  Samuel  Andrews  gave  a  receipt  as 
an  instructer  at  the  village. 

Dec.  23.  Francis  Drake  was  approved  by  the 
selectmen  "  for  teaching  y®  mathematics,  writing,  etc." 
ID  Salem. 


SUPPORT  OF  SCHOOLS.  44$ 

1716,  Feb.  14  Departing  this  life,  William  Brown 
left  £100  to  the  Grammar  school.  The  interest  of  this 
Slim  was  to  be  used  for  lessening  the  price  of  tiution 
there. 

1716,  March  12.  Allowed  £4,  for  the  year,  to- 
wards the  support  of  a  reading,  writing  and  cyphering 
school  at  Will  Hill,  now  in  Middleton. 

April  2.  John  Swinnerton  began,  25th  ult.  to  keep 
the  English  school  by  the  town  house,  at  the  usutd 
compensation. 

June  25.  Samuel  Andrews  commenced  teaching 
the  Grammar  school,  on  the  terms  of  his  predecessor. 

1717,  Feb.  6.  To  accommodate  the  former  school 
with  a  stove,  the  town  paid  £8  2  1. 

1718,  July.  As  the  Grammar  school  was  destitute 
of  an  instructor,  and  the  town  liable  to  prosecution 
therefor,  they  sent  off  Mr.  Pratt,  on  horse  back,  to  Cam- 
bridge, so  that  their  deficiency  might  be  supplied. 
On  this  emergency,  Col.  Samuel  Brown,  of  the  kin- 
dred whose  benevolence  always  throbbed  quick  and 
strong  for  the  honor  of  Naumkeag,  lent  18'  to  meet 
the  expenses. 

23d.  The  result  of  this  flurry  in  the  concerns  of 
our  education,  was,  that  John  Nutting  took  the  place 
of  Mr.  Andrews.  At  this  time,  there  were  54  pupils 
under  Mr.  Swinnerton.  * 

1719,  April  14.  John  Brown  deceased  and  left 
£25  for  the  Grammar  school. 

June  16.  The  will  of  William  Pauldon  was  proved 
and  designated  £5  for  the  same  object. 

1724,  Jan.  10.  The  village  school  master  was  to 
instruct,  one  month  at  a  time,  in  four  different  places. 


444  SCHOOL  TEAOHSRflL 

namely,  at  Will  Hill  and  three  positions  <<in  the  plan- 
tation." 

April  18.  Receipt  of  John  Gerrish  for  teaching 
three  months  at  the  village,  £6. 

May  18.  Daniel  Wilkins  paid  for  a  month's  simi- 
lar duty  at  Will  Hill,  £2. 

June  9.  Order  for  John  Maul  to  pay  £8,  which  his 
father  left  as  a  bequest  to  the  town,  £3  of  which  were 
specified  for  the  writing  school. 

1725,  March  15.  John  Gerrish  succeeds  Mr.  Swin* 
nerton  in  the  English  school.  A  grant  was  made  to 
the  latter  of  £10  annually,  for  three  years,  from  the 
school  funds. 

1727,  Nov.  6.  Ordered  by  the  selectmen,  that 
£17  10,  be  granted  to  Mr.  Gerrish  for  two  years,  end- 
ing March  15  of  this  year.  These  sums  were  paid 
him  besides  his  stipulated  salary. 

1729,  March  13.  Mr.  Nutting  had  an  addition  of 
£20  annually  made  to  his  compensation  for  five  years 
to  come.  This  with  the  £70,  which  he  previously 
had,  made  his  salary  £90.  The  average  number  of 
his  pupils,  for  a  year,  was  39^.  The  town  meeting, 
on  this  day,  was  unusually  propitious  to  the  cause  of 
education  in  Salem.  The  influence,  which  chiefly 
presided  over  those  convened,  emanated  from  a  mem- 
ber of  the  family,  who  had  often  shed  pleasure  through 
the  hearts  of  their  townsmen,  by  generous  words  and 
deeds.  Samuel  Brown  was  the  moderator.  He  pre- 
sented the  several  articles  for  discussion,  with  the 
consciousness  and  mein  of  a  man,  whose  purposes  and 
actions  are  of  an  elevated  order.  When  he  reached 
the  line  of  his  docket,  where  his  eye  caught  the  topic 


:  DONATION  FOR  THE  USB  <»r  MCBOOLM. 

of  schools,  a  cfaoiad  was  touched  in  his  sonl,  which 
discoursed  in  tones,  that  harmonized  with  the  best 
sympathies  of  himself  and  audience.     He  spoke  of 
the  duty,  incumbent  on  the  inhabitants  to  make  ready 
and  cheerful  provision  for  the  instruction  of  their  chil« 
dren  and  of  what  the  good  laws  of  the  Province  en- 
joined on  them  for  such  a  purpose.     Then,  as  a  mani- 
festation of  his  own  views  and  wishes  on  the  subject, 
he  desired  the  town  to  accept  of  £240  for  three  spe* 
cific  objects.     These  were  particularized  by  his  in« 
strument  of  gift,  in  the  following  terms.     "  Samuel 
Brown  grants  unto  the  Grammar  school  in  Salem,  to 
be  kept  in  or  near  the  town  house  street,  £120  passa- 
ble money, ^  to  make  the  same  a  free  school,  or  to- 
wards the  educating  of  eight  or  ten  poor  scholars, 
yearly^  i in  the  Grammar  learning  or  the  mathematics^ 
viz :  the  mariner's  art ;  the  interest  thereof  to  be  im- 
proved only  for  .that  end  forever,  as  a  committee,  cho&* 
en. by  the  town  of  Salem,  for  the  taking  care  of  said 
school  may  direct,  with  the  advice  of  the  minister  or 
ministers  of  the  first  church  and  myself  or  children  or 
two  of  the  chief  of  their  posterity.*'     Mr.  Brown  then 
stated,  that  he  gave  £60  to  the  English  school  so  that 
its  income  might  be  applied  '^  towards  making  the 
same  a  free  school,  or  for  learning  six  poor  scholars  ;'' 
and  a  like  sum  <<  to  a  woman's  school,  the  interest 
thereof  to  be  yearly  improved  for  the  learning  of  six 
very  poor  children  their  letters  and  to  spell  and  read, 
who  may  be  sent  to  said  school  six  or  seven  months 
in  the  year."     He  required,  that  the  two  last  dona- 

1  As  passable  money  is  supposed  to  mean  carrent  bills,  it  was  the^ 
worth  18*.  'fatl<m>oi  silver. 


446       IK^NATIOliS  FOR  THfi  USE  Or  SCHOOLS. 

f  ioD8  should  be  managed  by  the  same  trustees  as  the 
first.  When  Mr.  Brown  bad  announced  bis  intention, 
the  selectmen,  for  themselves  and  the  town,  "  did  im- 
mediately signifie  their  grateful!  acceptance  and  hear- 
ty thanks  for  so  generous  and  honorable  a  gift." 
Judge  Lynde  expressed  his  obligations  and  asked 
V  liberty  to  call  for  a  vote  of  thanks  from  the  whole 
assembly,  which  accordingly  was  done,  by  a  very 
cheerful  lifting  up  of  hands,  none  excepted." 

In  keeping  with  the  part,  so  agreeably  performed, 
Benjamin  Lynde,  Jr.,  gave  substantial  proof  of  his 
good  will  to  the  place  of  his  residence.  Having  been 
voted  £12  for  a  year's  service,  as  Town  Treasurer, 
he  returned  this  with  the  addition  of  £8,  so  that  the 
interest  might  help  sustain  the  Grammar  school. 
Such  an  act  was  met  with  the  return  of  grateful  feel- 
ings and  expressions.  No  one,  as  he  retired  to  bis 
home  from  such  transactions  and  pillowed  his  head 
for  the  repose  of  night,  could  be  disturbed  with  the 
reflection,  "  I  have  lost  a  day."  The  doings  of  that 
annual  assembly,  were  worthy  of  .a  Ufe's  recollection* 

1731,  March  15.  It  was  voted,  that  whatever 
Messrs.  Curwin  and  Turner  should  pay  for  the  town's 
fee  in  Baker's  and  Misery  Islands,  should  be  for  the 
use  of  the  Grammar  school.  For .  such  a  considera* 
tion,  each  of  these  persons  paid  £  130  in  bills  of  credit, 
then  at  19"  for  an  oz.  of  silver. 

May  16.  Mr.  Brown,  living  but  a  few  years  after 
his  last  gift  to.  our  schools,  now  closed  his  days*  Still 
he  kindly  remembered  these  nurseries  of  knowledge 
among  other  objects  of  his  beneficent  regard.  He 
bequeathed  £150  to  them,  on  the  qonditione  of  his 


MCHIST  RAISED  BY  TAX.  i|4t 

fveceding  donationtu  This  sum  was  appropriated,  as 
Ibliows :  ^iSO  for  the  Latin,  £60  for  the  English  and 
£50  for  the  woman's  school. 

.  1733,  Jan.  24.     The  Grammar  school  had  36  and 
the  English  school  30  scholars. 

March  19.  The  avails  of  land,  leased  to  John  Tar* 
bell  and  now  aold  to  Joseph  Ome,  were  set  apart  for 
the  u$e  of:  the  writing  school. 

1734,  March  18.  A  principal  reason,  assigned  hf 
the  village  for  their  frequent  proposal  to  be  set  off 
from  Salem,  was  their  ''  want  of  power  to  raise  mo^ 
ney  for  keeping  a  school "  among  them.  A  report 
was  made,  ''  that  the  town  raise  by  a  tax  so  much 
with  the  annual  income,  appropriated  to  the  Grammar 
and  Writing  schools,  as  shall  amount  to  £250  in  Pro-» 
yince  Bills  of  the  present  value,  exclusive  of  the  be- 
quests of  particular  gentlemen,''  and  that  the  middle 
Prcicinct,  Ryalt  Side  and  the  Village  shall  draw  from 
this  sum  according  to  their  Province  tax.  These  par* 
ticulars  were  accepted.  The  value  of  the  paper-mo* 
ney,  here  mentioned,  was  in  the  ratio  of  24"  for  an 
oz.  of  silver. 

1738,  Feb.  13.  Of  £250,  raised  on  such  terms, 
Ryall  Side'  had  £12  9,  Yills^e  X36  15,  and  Middle 
Precinct  £44  18,  and  the  two  schools,  within  the 
bridge,  £155  18. 

1743,  May  II.  Voted  that  the  Latin  and  English 
schools  be  uuited  under  a  master  and  usher,  which 
was  revoked  in  three  years.  Each  Latin  scholar  paid 
5*  a  quarter  and  each  English  scholar  2/6  a  quarter. 

>  The  partiealar  floma  vary  from  Uiose  of  another  account. 


448  8GHO0L  TETACHERS. 

1746,  May  24  Mr.  Nutting  had  £140,  paper  cur- 
rency and  Mr.  Gerrish  £40  a  quarter.  Such  money 
then  passed  at  37'  for  an.oz.  of  silver. 
,  1747,  Sept.  27.  Peter  Frye  succeeds  John  Nut- 
ting in  the  Grammar  school,  at  a  salary  of  £75,  law- 
ful money. 

1748,  March  25.  John  Gerrish  is  succeeded  in  the 
English  school  by  William  Galew  When  the  former 
left,  his  salary  was  about  £80  lawful  money. 

Aug.  Mr.  Leavit's  church  had  lately  contributed 
money  towards  the  tuition  of  our  poor  children. 

1751,  June  24.  Jonathan  Sewall  takes  the  place 
of  Peter  Frye  in  the  Grammar  school. 

July  26.  Mr.  Gale  had  57  scholars  under  his  care, 
and  Mr.  Frye,  the  preceding  Feb.  11,  had  56. 

1752,  March  9.  After  the  first  of  May,  all  boys, 
who  go  to  the  Grammar  school  must  study  Latin  as 
well  as  read,  write  and  cypher.  Each  of  them  was 
to  pay  6/  a  quarter.  Abijah  Hart  chosen  to  assist  Mr. 
Gale  and  begin  May  4,  at  £40  salary. 

1753,  Aug.  12.  Mr.  Gale  leaves  his  place.  Mr. 
Hart  succeeds  him,  and,  28th,  William  Jeffry  becomes 
his  assistant,  for  £26  3  4,  a  year. 

1755,  Aug.  9.  Mr.  Jeffry  resigns,  and,  Sept.  16,  is 
succeeded  by  Nehemiah  Northey. 

1756,  July  12.  Mr.  Sewall  relinquishes  the  Gram- 
mar school,  and,  19,  his  situation  is  taken  by  William 
Walter. 

1757,  April  30.  Mr.  Northey  declines  longer  ser^ 
vice,  and.  May  9,  is  succeeded  by  James  Ford,  at 
£53  6  8  salary,  who,  next  day,  receives  Ebenezer 
Bowditch,  Jr.,  to  help  him,  for  £40  a  year. 


SCHOOL  T£ACH£RS.  449 

1768,  Sept.  6.  Mr.  Walter  gives  up  his  station, 
which,  Oct.  8,  is  supplied  by  Daniel  Eppes. 

1759,  Sept.  7.  The  latter  retires  and  has  his  place 
filled  by  Nathan  Goodale. 

1760,  Feb.  21.  Mr.  Ford's  pay  is  enlarged  to 
£66  13  4  for  twelve  months. 

May  19.  A  school  house  is  to  be  erected,  not  on 
the  same  spot  of  the  old  one,  in  "  school  house  lane." 
This  new  building  stood  where  the  late  Court  house 
did,  and  was  made  of  brick. 

1761,  Nov.  10.  Mr.  Bowditch  leaves  the  English 
school. 

1762,  Aug.  28.  He  is  followed  there  by  Ames 
Cheever  at  £  10  a  quarter. 

1763,  Jan.  27.     Mr.  Cheever  relinquishes  teaching. 
June  20.     His  place  is  filled  by  Samuel  Gale. 

1764,  May  16.  Order  for  $50  to  be  drawn  from 
the  Treasury  to  pay  for  learning  the  poorest  children 
to  read  at  women's  schools. 

1767,  March  9.  A  committee  of  the  English 
school  are  empowered  to  expend  the  same  sum  for  a 
like  purpose.  Persons  are  appointed  to  inquire  how 
many  such  children  have  been  instructed  by  female 
teachers,  within  three  years,  with  an  expectation  of 
being  paid  by  the  town.  Mr.  Goodale  is  to  have 
;£13  6  8  quarterly  from  the  town  and  6"  from  each  of 
his  scholars. 

May  18.  By  this  date,  Samuel  Gale,  as  usher  of 
the  English  school,  had  left,  and  Edward  Norris,  Jr., 
appears  to  have  become  his  successor.  Messrs.  Ford 
and  Norris  petition,  the  next  year,  for  an  increase  of 
their  compensation. 

39 


468  '^^^^  ^^^  COMMENCING  SCHOOLS. 

1770,  Jan.  1.  Daniel  Hopkins,  afterwards  settled 
here  in  the  ministry,  has  leave  to  open  a  private  school 
|br  reading,  writing  and  arithmetic.  A  teacher  in  one 
of  the  public  schools,  recently  taught  in  the  evening 
on  his  own  accoimt. 

Dec.  6.  Town  schools  to  begin  in  the  morning  at 
7  o'clock  in  summer,  and  8  o'clock  in  winter ;  at  I 
o'clock  all  the  year  round,  and  leave  off  at  5  o'clock 
in  summer  and  4  in  winter.  Vacations  at  general 
election,  commencement  day  and  rest  of  that  week, 
fjaLSis,  thanksgivings,  trainings,  Wednesday  and  Satur- 
day afternoons.  Among  the  regulations  of  the  town 
ibr  their  instructors,  is  one  on  the  subject  of  punishing 
scholars,  which  has  always  perplexed  teachers,  com- 
mittees and  parents.  It  judiciously  observes  of  each 
master  and  his  pupils,  'Uhat  when  he  is  obliged  to 
correct  them,  he  do  it  calmly  and  endeavor  to  make 
such  correction  dreaded  more  on  account  of  the  shame, 
than  the  pain  attending  it." 

7th.  Mr.  Goodale,  having  resigned  the  Grammar 
school  yesterday,  is  succeeded  by  James  Diman,  Jr. 
The  former  of  these  two  individuals,  is  represented, 
in  a  letter  of  Deacon  Timothy  Pickering,  1765,  as  a 
talented  man  and  an  ingenious  preacher. 

1771,  Feb.  12.  Widow  Abigail  Fowler,  a  noted 
"  school  dame,"  finished  her  earthly  labors.  She  was 
in  her  68th  year  and  began  to  teach  children  before 
she  was  18,  and  continued  so  to  do  till  her  decease, 
with  the  exception  of  a  few  years  after  she  was  mar- 
ried. Though  humble  her  calling,  yet  its  effects  on 
the  numerous  minds  committed  to  her  care,  must  have 
been  incalculable. 


BRANCHES  TAUGHT  IN  BCnOOU.  <t5| 

17Y2,  July.  Cbarles  Shimmin  advertises  to  instruct 
children  and  youth  in  the  rudiments  of  Engliish,  "vrith 
book-keeping,  geography,  astronomy,  et6.  The  next 
December,  besides  his  proposal  to  keep  an  evening 
school,  he  offers  the  free  instruction  of  geometry,  fot 
an  hour  each  day,  to  all  who  will  punctually  attend| 
*<  demonstrating  the  propositions  with  the  greatest 
perspicuity,  chiefly  by  a  new  and  easy  method  of  rea- 
soning by  proportional  quantities."  This  gentlemaA 
died  in  Boston,  1789,  set.  40,  eminent  as  a  teacher. 

Oct.  19.  Antipas  Steward,  from  Harvard  College, 
follows  Mr.  Diman  in  having  charge  of  the  Grammar 
school,  at  £66  13  4  a  year. 

1773,  March  8.  One  or  more  stoves  to  be  obtained 
for  the  town  schools. 

2Gth.  Mrs.  Mary  Gill  is  the  keeper  of  the  girl*! 
school. 

April  5.  John  Watson  notifies,  that  he  shall  open 
school,  in  a  few  days,  where  he  will  teach  reading, 
writing  and  cyphering. 

20th.  Mr.  Norris,  one  of  the  town  instructors,  ad* 
vertises  to  commence  a  school  for  young  ladies,  be»- 
ginning  at  the  hours  of  11  and  5  o'clock,  where  the^ 
will  learn  to  write  and  cypher. 

27th.  Elizabeth  Gaudin  opened  a  school  yesterday 
in  Derby  street,  to  instruct  young  ladies  in  plain  sew* 
ing,  marking  tent  and  Irish  stitch.  She  also  {iroposes 
to  take  some  misses  as  boarders. 

27th.  Notice  is  given,  that  applications  will  be 
received  for  the  instruction  of  nine  poor  boys  by 
the  income  of  the  Brown  fund. 

June  7.    The  boys,  of  indigent  families,  who  attend 


45'i  PRIVATE  AND  PUBLIC  TfiACHERS. 

the  masters'  schools,  but  are  not  fitted,  are  to  be  placed 
under  the  care  of  female  teachers,  with  other  children 
of  like  condition,  so  that  the  whole  expense  of  them 
shall  not  exceed  £30.  This  is  a  small  sum  indeed 
compared  with  what  our  community  now  generously 
and  wisely  pays  for  its  primary  schools. 

1773,  Dec.  18.  Mr.  Steward  will  teach,  at  the 
Grammar  school  house,  from  the  next  Jan.  1,  to  April 
1,  six  poor  youth  the  »*  mariner's  art,"  and  as  many 
indigent  lads  to  write  and  cypher,  every  Monday, 
Wednesday  and  Friday  evenings.  His  compensa- 
tion to  come  from  the  Brown  donations.  Such  pa- 
rents, as  desire  their  children  to  improve  the  privilege, 
are  requested  to  call  on  the  «chool  committee. 

1774,  July  18.  Samuel  BIythe  proposes  to  keep 
a  boarding  school  for  females,  near  the  Episco()al 
church,  where  will  be  taught  the  branches,  which 
had  been  common,  with  French  and  dancing. 

1775,  Oct.  14.  The  town,  depressed  by  adversi- 
ties of  the  Revolution,  had  voted,  that  the  amount  of 
the  school  masters'  salaries  should  be  reduced  to 
£133  6  8  L.  M.  Mr.  Steward's  portion  £48  9  4, 
Mr.  Ford's  the  same,  and  Mr.  Norris's  £36  8  4. 

1781,  Dec.  12.  Timothy  Dawson  teaches  one  of 
the  Euglish  schools.  He  app)ears  to  have  taken  the 
place  of  Mr.  Ford,  who  died  the  preceding  June  27. 

1782,  June  17.  Belcher  Noyes  succeeds  Mr. 
Steward  in  the  Grammar  school.  John  Gray  is  em- 
ployed by  the  town  as  an  English  teacher. 

Oct.  3.  Mr.  Bartlett  states  that  he  shall  instruct 
young  ladies  in  spelling,  reading,  writing,  arithmetic, 
composition  and  history. 


NEW  SCHOOL  HOUSE.  453 

Nov.  4.  John  Nutting,  Jr.,  intends  to  begin  a 
mathematical  school. 

1783,  June  12.  Nathan  Reed  has  commenced  a 
school  near  the  town  house,  for  young  ladies,  for  read- 
ing, writing,  arithmetic,  English  grammar,  elocution, 
composition  and  geography.  This  gentleman  became 
noted  for  his  mechanical  science  and  inventions.  He 
is  still  living  in  Maine.  When  he  resigned  his  school, 
it  went  into  the  hands  of  the  late  Judge  Jeremiah 
Smith  of  Exeter,  N.  H.,  while  a  student  at  law  under 
Mr.  Pynchon. 

1784,  Sept.  17.  David  Walch  is  an  instructor  iti 
one  of  our  public  schools  for  English.^ 

1785,  March  14.  The  inhabitants  voted,  that  the 
Centre  school  house  should  be  24  by  36  feet,  and  that 
the  members  of  the  Library  pay  for  such  a  proportion 
of  its  cost,  as  they  shall  occupy  room. 

July  22.  The  school  committee  are  empowered  to 
hire  places  for  the  Grammar  school,  and  for  the  Eng- 
lish schools  at  the  centre,  east  and  west  sections  of 
the  town.  They  are,  also,  authorized  to  have  the 
brick  school  house  taken  down  to  accommodate  the 
new  Court  house. 

Nov.  18.  Edward  Norris  is  continued  over  the 
centre,  John  Watson  is  appointed  for  the  eastern  and 
Isaac  Hacker  for  the  western  schools.  Mr.  Watson 
accepted,  but  continued  for  a  short  time.  His  associ- 
ations had  been  long  with  a  private  school  and  he 


*  As  the  former  book  of  records  kept  by  the  school  committee  are 
again  missing,  the  writer  is  unable  to  have  the  benefit  of  them  from 
1784  to  1803,  if  they  proceed  so  far. 

39* 


454  MEANS  INADEQUATE  FOR  SCHOOLS. 

found,  that  his  predilections  for  it  were  so  strong,  as 
to  render  the  oversight  of  his  new  one  very  irksome. 
Mr.  Snelling,  who  was  an  apprentice  in  a  store,  was 
employed  as  his  assistant.  This  gentleman  has  long 
been  noted  as  the  writing  master  in  the  Latin  school 
of  Boston.  For  several  months  after  Mr.  Watson  re- 
turned to  his  private  school,  Mr.  Snelling  and  Rev. 
William  Bentley  had  charge  of  the  east  school.  The 
latter  person,  with  his  accustomed  benevolence  and 
regard  for  the  general  welfare,  offered  his  services^  un- 
til  another  principal  could  be  obtained.  The  fore  part 
of  next  year,  Edward  Lang,  who  had  established 
himself  as  a  silversmith,  took  his  station. 

1786,  Jan.  9.  John  Gray  advertises,  that  he  has 
begun  a  school  for  reading,  writing  and  arithmetic, 
near  Mr.  Prince's  meeting  house. 

1788,  Feb.  15.  Messrs.  Noyes,  Norris,  Lang  and 
Hacker  address  a  petition  to  the  town.  It  says,  ''  the 
exhausted  state  of  the  Treasury,  for  these  three  years 
past,  has  reduced  us  to  the  necessity  of  selling  our 
orders  from  10  to  15  and,  sometimes,  from  20  to  25 
per  cent  below  par."  They  remark,  that,  as  a  conse- 
quence, their  salaries  are  insufficient  to  support  them, 
and  desire  allowance  for  such  depreciation.  The  low 
credit  of  our  municipal  scrip,  was  chiefly  occasioned 
by  the  taxes,  imposed  on  this  and  every  community 
of  the  nation,  to  help  reduce  an  immense  debt  for  the 
Revolutionary  struggle.  Men  of  all  avocations  in  life 
were  called  to  endure  heavy  burdens. 

An  anecdote  of  about  this  date  illustrates  the  scar- 
city of  money.  A  noted  school  mistress  seldom  re- 
ceived aught  for  her  trying  labors  but  family  stores 


COMMON  SCHOOLS.  455 

usually  called  truck.  Hence,  when  purchasing  coun- 
try provisions,  she  was  obliged  to  offer  what  she  had 
in  exchange.  For  Ihis  object,  she  placed  one  of  her 
pupils,  being  females,  at  the  window,  every  Saturday 
forenoon,  to  look  out  for  the  market  people,  and  ask 
them  if  they  would  take  truck  for  their  produce.  One 
of  the  scholars  told  her  mates,  that  she  would  no 
longer  serve  in  this  manner  after  her  next  turn. 
They  questioned  her,  but  she  said  time  will  show. 
Accordingly  she  was  located  at  the  window  with  ex- 
press orders,  to  put  the  usual  inquiry.  Soon  a  farm- 
er, on  horseback,  with  paniers  of  articles  to  sell,  hove 
in  sight.  The  miss  hailed  him  and  asked,  have  you 
any  butter,  mister  i  Yes,  was  his  answer.  Then, 
instead  of  conformity  w  ith  the  Dame's  command,  she 
said,  do  you  take  cash  7  Oh,  yes,  he  quickly  rejoin- 
ed. On  hearing  this  strange  colloquy,  the  mistress, 
with  no  measured  step,  hastened  and  pulled  the  of- 
fending pupil  from  her  station  of  honor,  and  declared, 
that  she  should  no  more  be  intrusted  with  such  a 
commission. 

June  9.  James  Scollay  begins  to  instruct  boys  and 
girls  in  arithmetic  and  book-keeping. 

Dec.  2.  Samuel  Bingham  intends  to  commence  a 
school  for  both  sexes,  at  9*  a  quarter. 

1791,  Jan.  18.  I.  Fraser  proposes  to  begin  a  school 
for  common  branches  of  education,  and,  also,  to  teach 
these  in  private  families,  with  book-keeping,  naviga- 
tion, geography,  mathematics,  Latin  and  Greek  lan- 
guages. 

Dec.  6.     William  Gray  notifies  the  public,  that  he 


456        PROGRBSS  OF  EDUCATION. 

will  teach  both  sexes,  reading,  writing  and  arithmetic 
in  Mr.  Blaney's  chamber. 

1792,  July  3.  Butler  Fogerty  had  recently  given 
up  a  school  to  become  clerk  of  Essex  Bank;  but 
March  25,  1794,  he  gives  notice,  that  he  shall  resume 
the  business  of  instruction  in  the  common  branches 
and,  also,  book-keeping. 

1793,  March  11.  The  inhabitants  authorize  the 
school  committee  to  provide  at  the  writing  schools  or 
elsewhere,  for  the  tuition  of  girls  in  reading,  writing 
and  cyphering.  This  appears  to  be  the  beginning  of 
the  additional  service,  useful  but  onerous,  long  requir- 
ed of  our  English  masters. 

April  16.  Mr.  Frye  has  begun  a  school  for  misses 
in  Court  street,  to  instruct  them  in  writing,  arithme- 
tic, English  grammar  and  geography. 

1794,  April  8.  A  merchant  has  offered  to  pay  for 
teaching  sixty  young  seamen  of  Salem,  the  art  of 
navigation,  while  the  embargo  lasts.  Three  well 
qualified  instructors  have  been  selected  for  this  pur- 
pose. Such  charity  bespoke  a  heart,  that  felt  its  ob- 
ligations to  a  class,  too  much  neglected,  and  a  mind, 
that  had  clear  views  of  commercial  interests. 

May  20.    Price  of  teaching  French,  is  $5  a  quarter. 

1796,  March  14.  Voted  that  each  English  master 
have  a  salary  of  £150  and  find  ink,  and,  April  4tb, 
that  the  Grammar  master  have  £130. 

July  19.  A  notice  of  the  town  schools  having 
been  examined,  speaks  of  John  Gray  as  master  of  the 
centre  school  and  of  Nathaniel  Rogers  as  master  of 
the  Grammar  school,  who  had  succeeded  Thomas 
Bancroft.     As  if  more  than  a  usual  outlay  for  the  free 


PROGRESS  OF  EDUCATION.         457 

instruction  oi  females  had  been  recently  made  by  the 
town,  it  states  that  schools  for  young  girls  have  been 
opened. 

1797,  Feb.  14.  Mr.  Rogers  advertises,  that  he  will 
open  a  private  school,  in  Liberty  street,  for  the  Eng- 
lish, French,  Latin,  and  Greek  languages,  etc.  at  18* 
a  quarter.  His  place  in  the  Grammar  school,  was 
supplied  by  David  Kendall,  who  resigned  1798,  and 
Daniel  Parker  was  his  successor. 

June  23.  William  Biglow  proposes  to  open  a 
school  here.  On  the  list  of  studies,  under  him,  were 
grammar  and  geography.  He  was  long  distinguished 
for  his  able  and  successful  labors  as  a  teacher  in  this 
community. 

1798,  March  27.  Mr.  Jackson  notifies,  that  he 
shall  have  a  morning  school,  from  6  to  8  o'clock,  for 
young  ladies,  in  the  common  and  higher  studies. 

Thus  far,  notices  of  the  various  sorts  of  schools, 
have  been  particularly  given,  so  that  an  idea  might 
be  formed  as  to  the  progress  of  education  in  this  com- 
munity. Collectively  viewed,  they  show,  that,  even 
down  to  this  period,  what  was  once  untaught  among 
our  predecessors,  had  become  common.  Relative  to 
the  modes  of  instructing  the  young,  whether  full  as 
the  pecuniary  condition  of  our  fathers  might  have  al- 
lowed, whether  suited  to  the  intellectual  and  moral 
wants  of  the  teachable  class  or  not,  the  facts  will  en- 
able each  person  to  judge  for  himself.  The  subse- 
quent remarks  on  private  and  public  schools,  in  seve- 
ral respects,  must  be  more  general. 

1800,  July  11.  Among  the  appendages  of  Mr.  Big- 
low's  school,  was  a  military  company,  who  now  ap- 


458  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS. 

pear,  called  the  Trojan  Band,  whose  uniform  was 
nankeen  and  whose  discipline  was  superior.  This 
was  a  very  popular  concern  with  all  the  boys  in  town. 

1801,  April  13.  Notice  is  published,  that  writ  ng, 
arithmetic,  English  grammar,  composition  and  geog- 
raphy are  to  be  taught  in  the  Grammar  school,  besides 
Latin  and  Greek.  A  similar  improvement  was  adopt- 
ed in  1796  under  Mr.  Rogers. 

May  2.  The  inhabitants  are  informed,  that  three 
public  schools,  for  children  of  both  sexes  and  not  less 
than  five  years  old,  are  opened.  The  alphabet,  spell- 
ing and  reading  are  taught  in  them.  Mrs.  Holman 
has  one  in  Lynn  street,  Mrs.  Lamperel,  another  in 
Church  street,  and  Miss  Carlton,  a  third  in  the  East 
school  house.  A  fourth  mistress  appears  to  have  been 
employed.     This  was  a  needful  and  wise  advance. 

Sept.  17.  Mrs.  Brown  from  London,  intends  to 
open  a  Female  Academy  for  the  common  and  higher 
studies. 

1802,  March  30.  Mrs.  Abigail  Rogers  proposes  to 
establish  a  similar  institution.  Her  enterprise  was 
eminently  successful. 

Desirous  to  afford  their  sons  the  privileges  of  a 
school  with  few  pupils,  under  a  teacher  of  high  char- 
acter and  attainments  and  subject  to  their  immediate 
control,  and  willing  to  pay  for  so  valuable  an  object, 
William  Gray,  Benjamin  Pickman  and  others  con- 
cluded to  have  such  an  establishment.  Accordingly 
it  was  opened,*  January  1,  1803,  under  Jacob  Knaj^ 
He  taught  first  in  a  chamber  of  Joshua  Ward's  brick 
store.     Early  next  summer  a  school  house  was  built 

^  Letter  from  Jacob  Knapp,  Eiq. 


PJ11VAT£  SCHOOI4S.  459 

for  him,  placed  on  Mrs.  Buffinton's  garden,  Church 
street,  and,  about  four  years  after,  was  moved  to  a 
spot,  neai*  the  Mall,  now  occupied  by  the  mansion  of 
John  Andrew,  deceased.  The  concern,  so  commence* 
ed,  continued,  with  much  success,  till  Mr.  Knapp's  de-* 
pairture  in  1811.  The  number  of  scholars  was  limited 
to  30.  For  the  three  6rst  years,  his  salary  was  $1,200 
and,  afterwards,  $2,000.  This  enterprise  might  seem 
too  exclusive  for  our  Republican  institutions.  Still, 
while  it  made  greater  room  in  the  public  schools,  and, 
consequently  rendered  them  more  useful,  it  promoted 
the  cause  of  education  and  required  no  more  for  its 
undertakers,  through  their  children,  than  they  had  a 
right  to  obtain  with  their  own  property.  According 
to  the  gifts  of  Providence,  so  are  we  bound  to  make 
the  best  use  of  them  in  all  our  relations.  Want  of 
wealth  should  never  render  us  unwilling,  that  its  pos- 
sessors should  make  a  good  investment  of  it  in  the 
furtherance  of  instruction.  The  school,  thus  consid- 
ered, was  the  forerunner  of  similar  ones,  which  have 
terminated  by  revolutions  in  our  system  of  public  ed- 
ucation. 

1803,  April  15.  Each  of  the  four  school  mistresses, 
employed  by  the  town,  to  instruct  children,  is  to  have 
a  salary  of  $100  and  4  cords  of  wood. 

Aug.  29.  Boys,  in  the  public  schools,  taught  by 
masters,  number  213. 

1804,  March  14.  The  Latin  master's  salary  is 
placed  at  ^700,  though  settled  for  at  $685  49,  and 
that  of  each  English  master  at  $650.  Their  pay  for 
a  year,  and  $400  for  the  four  mistresses  was  $2,285  49. 
A  comparison  of  their  compensation  with  that  of  the 


460  PRIVATE  SCHOOLS. 

clergy  in  towD,  made  the  latter  individually,  receive 
on  an  average,  $685  49  a  year. 

Aug.  26.  The  school  committee  decide,  that  four 
of  the  best  scholars  in  each  public  school  for  boys, 
shall  have  some  token  of  approbation.  This  was  car- 
ried into  effect  a  few  years.  The  number  in  these 
schools  was  228,  who  were  examined  together  in  the 
Court  house. 

1806,  Aug.  28.  In  connection  with  some  remarks 
on  an  examination  of  such  schools,  it  is  stated,  that 
"the  number  of  private  schools  greatly  exceeds  that 
of  the  public  schools.'*  With  regard  to  private  Eng- 
lish schools,  aside  from  those  for  singing,  French,  etc. 
which  were  advertised,  for  several  years,  as  about  to 
commence,  they  were  as  follow.  Not  less  than  two 
male  and  one  female  in  1801,  three  and  one  1802, 
two  and  two  1803,  three  and  two  1804,  three  and 
three  1805,  and  five  and  three  1806.  Though  a  large 
part  of  these  were  temporary,  yet  with  the  permanent 
ones,  previously  established,  they  confirm  the  state- 
ment just  quoted. 

1807,  March  23.  A  report  is  made  for  a  school 
house  in  North  Fields. 

May  12.  William  B.  Dodge,  who  opened  a  private 
school  three  years  before  among  us,  is  chosen  master 
for  this  section  of  the  town.  Such  a  division  of  our 
city  had  seen  various  changes,  since  the  da3''s  of  its 
being  a  propriety,  but  none  more  promising  for  their 
children,  than  the  planting  of  public  instruction  on 
their  premises. 

A  committee  are  appointed  to  confer  with  Rev. 
Joshua  Spaulding  about  commencing  a  school  for  col- 


PRIVATE  SCHOOLS.  46 1 

ored  children.     So  just  a  provision  was  made  and 
Chloe  Minns  was  long  the  teacher. 

That  the  western  section  of  the  town  might  com* 
mand  privileges  for  the  tuition  of  boys,  whose  parents 
could  meet  the  cost,  equal  to  those  in  the  eastern,  <a 
school,  named  the  Salem  Private  Grammar  School,  on 
the  plan  of  Mr.  Knapp's,  began  October  7,  1807,  under 
Benjamin  Tappan.  His  salary  was  $900  the  first 
year  and  $1,050  the  next.  The  scholars  ranged  from 
25  to  30.  The  school  house  was  two  stories  and 
pleasantly  located  mid-way  between  Chesnut  and 
Green  streets,  on  a  lot,  now  in  the  garden  of  Stephen 
C.  Phillips.  It  had  a  library  and  some  philosophical 
apparatus.  Its  other  preceptors,  in  succession,  were 
Josiah  W.  Gibbs,  Abiel  Chandler,  John  B.  Davis, 
Samuel  B.  Walcott,  Walter  R.  Johnson  and  John 
Balch.  Their  compensation,  generally,  was  $1,000. 
Mr.  Chandler  taught  from  1811  to  1817,  a  longer  pe- 
riod than  the  rest.  His  compensation  was  $1,200  the 
first  year,  and  $1,600  annually  for  the  rest  of  his  time. 
The  school,  after  sustaining  a  high  reputation  for  its 
usefcrfness,  was  closed  March  22,  1822.  Such  a  ter- 
mination was  caused  chiefly  by  the  excellence  of  the 
public  Latin  school. 

Besides  these  two  schools,  there  were  several  others 
on  a  similar  plan.  The  eldest  of  them  had  different 
locations  near  the  Mall  and  was  instructed  by  Messrs. 
Robert  Rogers  and  Benjamin  Tappan,  Abiel  Chand- 
ler, Samuel  Adams,  Joseph  E.  Worcester,  Joseph  B. 
Felt  and  Richard  Gardner.  The  rise  of  our  public 
education  was  their  decline  and  close. 

A  further  notice  of  all  the  private  schools,  as  they 
40 


463  PRlVATfi  SCHOOLS. 

iippear  in  our  public  prints,  would  be  well,  if  our 
space  allowed.  But  it  must  be  omitted,  with  the  re* 
gret,  that  leave  is  not  asked  for  their  commencement 
of  our  city  authorities,  as  formerly,  so  that  a  record  of 
them  might  stand  on  our  public  books. 

1808,  March  8.  The  amount  paid  for  the  town's 
teachers,  one  year,  is  $3,^62  11. 

June  6.  As  more  than  common  advantages  had 
been  secured  for  boys  in  private  schools  in  town,  this 
led  to  the  conclusion  that  similar  provision  should  be 
made  for  the  other  sex.  Accordingly,  an  institution 
for  young  ladies,  was  opened  in  Marlborough  street, 
under  the  charge  of  Thomas  Cole.  Its  particular 
name  was,  "The  Salem  Female  School."  It  was 
under  the  direction  of  proprietors,  who  limited  its 
number  of  pupils  to  twenty-five.  So  superior  was 
the  furniture  of  its  building,  and  of  so  high  an  order 
were  its  studies,  that  it  was  the  subject  of  general 
conversation  and  by  some,  who  regarded  it  as  too 
aristocratic,  it  was  called  "  The  Girl's  College."  The 
jsalary  of  the  preceptor,  at  first,  was  $1,000  and  after- 
wards, $1,200  permanently.  Several  months  after  he 
took  this  school,  in  1834,  on  his  own  account,  his 
health  being  much  enfeebled,  he  transferred  it  to  the 
present  General  Oliver.  This  was  a  laudable  experi- 
ment, never  before  equalled  in  Salem,  for  the  advance 
of  female  education.  The  high  promise,  which  it 
gave,  was  long  realized. 

1810,  Aug.  2.  Mr.  Lang  resigns  the  EJast  school, 
which  he  had  taught  over  23  years.  His  place  is 
supplied  by  Dr.  Daniel  Berry. 


PRIVATE  SCHOOLS.  40^ 

22d.  In  the  five  masters'  schools  of  the  town  there 
are  359  boys. 

Dec.  6.  Moses  Stevens  is  elected  to  instruct  th6 
Grammar  school,  relinquished  by  Daniel  Parker. 
The  latter  gentleman  soon  began  a  private  school  in 
town. 

1812,  June  11.  In  the  four  public  schools  for  Eng^* 
lish,  there  are  466  boys,  and  296  girls.  The  lattet 
attended,  as  usual,  an  hour  at  noon  and  another  in  th< 
afternoon.  The  Grammar  school  has  40  pupils.  The 
ancient  custom  of  having  prayers  and  an  address  from 
clergymen,  at  the  annual  examination  of  the  towtl 
schools,  is  still  continued.  A  practice  most  likely  t6 
promote  education  by  motives  of  duty  in  teacher  and 
taught.  There  appear  to  have  been  seven  women'ii 
schools  supported  by  the  town. 

1813,  Dec.  10.  The  decease  of  Mrs.  Mary  HoU 
man,  set.  71,  is  contained  in  one  of  our  newspapers. 
She  had  spent  many  years  as  a  school  mistress.  Use^ 
fulness  was  her  merited  fame. 

1814,  June.  Salem  Female  Charitable  school  in 
set  up  by  an  association  of  young  women.  It  wasJ 
open  for  girls  from  all  the  religious  societies. 

Aug.  28.  As  Mr.  Hacker  was  out  of  health,  and 
wished  to  relinquish  his  employment,  the  school  com-* 
mittee  speak  highly  of  his  instruction,  in  the  west  of 
the  town,  for  the  long  period  of  29  years.  He  had 
ample  opportunity  to  test  the  remark,  that  the  care  of 
scholars  either  lessens  or  increases  a  man's  patience; 
The  result  was  favorable  to  his  reputation.  Edward 
Sawyer  is  elected  to  sustain  the  trust,  which  he  so 
creditably  laid  down. 


464        GREATER  REQUIREMENTS  IN  SCHOOLS. 

1815,  July.  Another  Charity  school  is  formed  by 
females  of  the  first  and  north  parishes.  Its  privileges 
were  equally  wide  as  those  of  its  predecessor. 

1816,  April  18.  As  an  addition  to  the  spelling, 
reading,  writing  and  arithmetic  of  the  English  schools, 
under  masters,  employed  by  the  town,  grammar  and 
geography  are  required  to  be  taught.  This  was  an 
improvement,  highly  beneficial  to  many  boys,  who 
were  to  come  forward,  exert  much  influence,  and  have 
a  large  share  of  the  management  in  our  municipal  af- 
fairs. It  bespoke  a  wise  oversight  in  the  gentlemen, 
intrusted  with  our  public  instruction.  Before  an  ad- 
vance of  this  sort,  the  larger  portion  of  our  prominent 
townsmen,  educated  in  the  public  schools,  betrayed, 
in  their  speech  and  composition,  a  want  of  grammati- 
cal acquaintance  with  their  native  tongue.  This  was 
more  their  regret,  than  of  those,  who  perceived  such 
deficiency.  It  did  not  induce  them  to  confine  the 
younger  portion  of  community  in  the  same  bounds, 
to  which  they  had  been  accustomed,  but  to  throw 
open  the  gates  of  knowledge  wider,  so  that  the  mind 
of  their  posterity  might  be  more  enlightened. 

A  deBciency  of  this  kind  had  existed,  to  a  great 
extent,  in  the  free  schools  of  New  England.  Since  it 
has  begun  to  be  supplied,  the  wonder  is,  that  it  was 
ever  suffered  to  exist.  Next  to  the  acquisition  of  read- 
ing, should  be  that  of  grammatical  acquaintance  with 
our  vernacular  tongue.  As  prior  to  such  reform,  the 
English  language  was  allowed,  on  all  hands,  to  have 
been  spoken  and  written  with  greater  purity  in  New 
England,  than  in  any  other  division  of  our  RepubliCi 


TEACHER'S  SALARY.  4^5 

we  may  well  hope,  that,  since  it  has  takea  place,  this 
complirnent  will  be  full  as  much  deserved. 

1817,  Aug.  26.  In  the  public  schools  for  boys, 
there  are  406  scholars. 

Sept.  1.  Amory  Felton  takes  the  place  of  John 
Gray  in  the  Centre  school.  The  latter  gentleman 
had  held  this  station  over  twenty  years.  In  this  pe- 
riod, he  faithfully  performed  much  service  for  the 
benefit  of  hundreds  under  his  tuition.  He  soon  open- 
ed a  private  school. 

1818,  March  24.  Mr.  Stevens  being  about  to  leave 
the  Latin  school,  advertises  that  he  shall  open  another 
the  next  month,  on  his  own  account.  His  station,  in 
the  former,  was  filled  by  James  Day,  at  $1,000  a  year. 

April  25.  It  is  ordered  that  each  of  the  mistresses, 
to  be  chosen  for  the  two  vacant  schools,  have  $150 
salary.  James  S.  Gerrish  is  selected  to  supply  the 
{dace  of  Samuel  Preston  in  East  school. 

June  16.  Voted  to  erect  a  school  house  in  Broad 
street  on  land  of  the  former  Alms  house. 

29th.  Agreed  to  purchase  the  Duck  Factory,  on 
the  spot  needed  for  this  building,  and  the  remaining 
lease  of  its  premises. 

July  1.  Regulations  for  the  public  schools  allow 
vacations  as  follow  ;  one  week  at  Election,  another  at 
Commencement,  and  a  third  at  Thanksgiving,  a  day 
at  Regimental  muster,  one  at  Christmas  and  another 
on  Independent  day,  besides  the  customary  Wednes- 
day and  Saturday  afternoons.  This  was  a  very  liberal 
allowance  to  the  scholars,  compared  with  what  their 
predecessors  had  enjoyed.  It  must  have  been  a  memora- 
ble change  with  the  boys  who  passed  into  its  liberties. 
40* 


469  INT£RMEDIAT£  SCHOOLS. 

July  28.  As  Mr.  Sawyer  wished  to  retire  from  the 
West  school,  Frederick  Emerson  is  chosen  in  his  stead. 

Aug.  22.  At  an  examination  of  the  public  school 
for  boys  in  the  Town  Hall,  the  Latin  had  39,  East 
149 ;  Centre,  120 ;  West,  90,  and  North,  92 ;  equal 
to  490. 

1819,  April  19.  The  Latin  school,  transferred  to 
the  building  prepared  for  it  in  Broad  street,  com- 
mences there  under  James  Day,  as  principal,  and 
Moses  Clark,  as  usher.  Its  whole  appearance  indicated 
a  more  favorable  era  for  education  in  our  community. 

The  edifice,  so  appropriated,  is  of  brick,  33^  feet 
broad  and  50  long.  It  cost  $10,000.  Its  model  is 
pleasant  to  the  eye  of  taste,  and  its  purpose  cheering 
to  the  heart  of  philanthropy. 

April  30.  An  order  passed  for  a  school  house 
to  be  erected  in  South  Fields. 

May  8.  Scholars  in  the  Latin  school  86,  in  the 
West,  132 ;  North,  100 ;  Central,  160 ;  and  East,  165; 
equal  to  643. 

June  3.  As  Mr.  Clark  had  desired  to  be  released, 
Thomas  Henry  Oliver'  succeeds  him  at  $600  salary. 

2 1st.  Daniel  Parker  is  chosen  as  an  additional  as- 
sistant to  Mr.  Day.  A  remonstrance  of  the  English 
masters  on  the  subject  of  intermediate  schools  for  girls 
is  presented.  With  such  a  burden,  there  is  no  won- 
der that  they  prayed  for  its  removal.  They  had  a 
task  with  their  many  male  pupils,  enough  to  wear 
down  iron  constitutions.  Not  that  the  females  should 
have  less  of  such  tuition  but  more,  though  in  a  differ- 
ent mode. 

'  Changed  by  act  of  Legiglatare  in  1821,  to  Henry  Kemble  OliTer. 


LAJKCASTERIAN  METHOD.  467 

July  23.  Joseph  .  Lancaster^  delivers  a  lecture  in 
the  evening,  at  the  Tabernacle,  to  a  large  and  grati- 
fied audience,  on  his  system  of  instruction.  He  lect« 
ured  a  few  times  more,  not  all  in  immediate  succes- 
sion, on  the  same  topic,  which  he  greatly  appreciated 
for  its  benefit  in  imparting  a  knowledge  of  elementary 
instruction  to  many,  at  small  expense. 

Aug.  23.  William  Carnes,  who  had  taught  a  pri- 
vate school,  is  elected  instructor  of  the  South  school. 
Thus  a  section  of  our  city,  once  appropriated  to  agri- 
culture and  pasturage,  had  so  altered  its  condition,  as 
to  afford  population  enough  for  a  large  collection  of 
scholars.  Instead  of  bars  and  gates,  it  presents  a 
building  to  accommodate  many  buds  of  intellect,  save 
them  from  the  blasts  of  ignorance  and  aid  them  to 
bear  fruits  of  useful  knowledge.  This  is  a  change 
worthy  to  be  welcomed,  especially  where  talent,  vir- 
tuously cultivated  and  employed,  leads  to  eminence. 

23d.  At  the  annual  exhibition  of  the  public  schools, 
the  West  had  part  of  its  exercises  on  the  Lancasterian 
plan,  which  are  to  be  continued. 

Nov.  6.  James  Gale  is  appointed  successor  to  Dan- 
iel Parker,  in  the  English  department  of  the  Latin 
school,  at  $500  a  year,  and  Edwin  Jocelyn  for  Centre 
school,  which  Mr.  Felton  resigns,  at  $650. 

1820,  March  27.  As  the  effort  to  advance  our  sys- 
tem of  instruction,  was  viewed  by  some,  as  likely  to 
embarrass  the  town  finances,  a  reaction  is  produced. 
Our  debt  was  brought  forward  to  prove  the  peril. 
Movements  of  this  sort,  being  addressed  to  the  more 

^  Mr.  Lancaster  was  run  over  and  killed  in  the  city  of  New  York, 
Oct.  22,  1838. 


468  LANGASTERIAN  MKTHOD, 

selfish  feelings,  most  generally  prevail.  Sometimes 
the  consequence  is  beneficial,  but  oftener  detrimental, 
because  it  proceeds  more  frequently  from  a  mistaken 
judgment  of  what  is  general  good,  or  from  sinister 
motives,  than  from  any  real  necessity  of  curtailment. 
Accordingly,  the  vote,  which  had  been  passed  to  have 
a  new  West  school  house  erected,  for  the  accommo- 
dation of  250  pupils  on  one  fioor,  after  the  plan  of 
Lancaster,  is  revoked  and  another  taken  for  the  old 
one  to  be  repaired.  This  change  seems  to  have  been 
made  more  from  doubt  of  the  proposed  form  of  in- 
struction than  from  other  causes.  The  school  com- 
mittee are  desired  to  inquire  about  the  expediency  of 
introducing  the  Lancasterian  method. 

30th.  A  vote  is  passed  for  retrenchment  among 
the  public  teachers.  From  each  of  the  masters  in  the 
English  schools,  $50  is  to  be  taken,  making  j^700 
for  the  East  and  $600  for  the  rest.  From  the  $150 
of  every  mistress,  $20  are  cut  oflf,  which  ought  to 
have  been  spared.  The  charge  for  public  instruction 
the  past  year,  is  about  $6,600. 

May  4.  A  committee  on  the  Lancasterian  mode, 
report,  that  it  will  do  for  spelling,  reading,  writing  and 
the  first  rules  of  arithmetic,  but  they  can  recommend 
it  no  further.  An  account  of  scholars  gives  the  Latin 
school  113;  the  Centre,  120;  West,  130;  North, 
100 ;  South,  130  ;  East,  160,  equal  to  753,  of  whom 
638  regularly  attended.  Seven  primary  schools  are 
kept  by  women.  Their  scholars  are  of  both  sexes 
from  four  years  old  and  number  490,  of  which  160 
are  boys.  The  globes  are  used  in  one  of  the  Eng- 
lish schools.     There  are  2,750  children  in  Salem  from 


PRIVATE  SCHOOLS.  469 

4  to  15  years  old.  If  taking  half  of  them  to  be  boys, 
there  are  788  of  these  who  usually  attend  public 
schools,  leaving  587  who  do  not.  Of  the  last  number 
472  do  not  claim  to  belong  to  any  of  these  schools, 
of  whom  probably  226  are  members  of  private  schools* 
This  makes  250,  who  are  not  sent  to  school.  There 
has  been  an  increase  of  one  third  in  the  attendants  at 
our  public  schools  within  a  few  years.  This  speaks 
distinctly  in  favor  of  the  improvements,  which  were 
made  at  the  beginning  of  such  a  period. 

About  1820,  black  boards  were  used  in  our  com- 
mon schools,  for  arithmetical  calculations.  Manu- 
scripts of  sums,  set  for  the  pupils  by  their  masters, 
which  had  been  continued  for  a  long  period,  began  to 
be  laid  aside.  Thus  instructors  were  relieved  from  a 
burden,  almost  useless  after  printed  books  abounded 
among  us,  and  their  scholars  put  on  a  course  of  ac- 
quiring a  more  thorough  knowledge  of  figures. 

Sept.  7.  James  Gale  becomes  the  successor  of  Mr. 
Carnes  in  the  South  school. 

21st.  A  new  school  house  for  the  west  district  is 
to  be  built  at  a  cost  not  above  $3,000. 

Oct.  18.  Daniel  A.  Poor  is  chosen  as  an  assistant 
in  the  Latin  school. 

To  the  close  of  1820  from  1806,  there  were  not 
less  than  75  advertisements  for  private  English  schools. 
Of  these  40  were  by  masters,  a  few  of  whona  taught 
girls,  35  by  mistresses.  In  18 16,  the  year  when  the 
studies  of  the  public  schools  for  English,  were  enlarg- 
ed by  geography  and  grammar,  there  were  seven  mas- 
ters, who  set  up  private  schools,  but  there  were  only 
eight  of  such  for  the  next  four  years,  while  there  were 


470  PRIVATE  SCHOOLS. 

•leven  begun  by  mistresses  in  the  same  period.  This 
indicfUes,  that  the  town  schools,  so  improved,  had  ren- 
dered private  ones  for  boys,  far  less  in  demand  than 
they  had  been.  It  has  indeed  been  so  ever  since  in 
an  observable  degree.  The  fact  is  thus  established, 
that,  notwithstanding  the  high  schools  for  larger  girls, 
the  most  of  our  families  of  easy  condition,  while  dis- 
posed to  have  their  sons  instructed  at  the  public 
schools,  send  their  daughters  to  private  schools.  This 
preference  rests  in  a  great  degree,  on  the  probability 
that  where  there  is  a  smaller  number  of  pupils,  as 
under  private  instructors,  there  will  be  less  contact 
with  faults  in  principle  and  deportment.  For  the  sake 
of  such  expected  benefit,  the  privilege  of  free  educa- 
tion as  to  daughters,  is  thus  properly  foregone. 

1821,  Aug.  23.  A  return  of  pupils  in  all  the  pub- 
lic schools,  being  14,  eight  of  them  taught  by  mis- 
tresses, and  the  rest  by  masters,  estimates  them  at 
1,395,  of  whom  1,144  are  regular  attendants.  Of  the 
former  teachers  was  Mrs.  Lawrence,  who  was  colored 
and  had  long  instructed  the  African  school.  She  had 
been  married.  Her  former  name  was  Minns.  She 
had  40  pupils. 

Sept.  12.  The  town  vote  to  have  a  new  school 
house  for  the  east  district. 

1822,  Jan.  12.  Samuel  Burrill  is  elected  to  instruct 
in  this  building.  Mr.  Gerrish  of  the  other  school,  in 
the  east  ward,  proposes  to  resign  the  15th  of  March. 
He  soon  opened  a  private  school  for  boys. 

March  7.  The  new  town  school,  in  Williams 
street,  is  opened  under  Mr.  Burrill.     Thus  another 


AF&ICAN  SCHOOL.  47| 

auxiliary  is  impressed  into  the  service  against  tho 
power  of  ignorance. 

July  22.  The  successor  of  Mr.  Gerrish  being  Mr. 
Peirson,  leaves  and  is  followed  by  Jacob  Hood. 

Sept.  22.  Mr.  Oliver,  assistant  in  the  Latin  school, 
has  $150  added  to  his  salary  from  1st  of  next  month. 

Oct.  1.  Mr.  Poor  who  had  been  usher  of  the  same 
school,  opens  a  private  one  on  his  own  account. 

Nov.  22.  Each  of  the  mistresses,  who  teach  inter- 
mediate schools,  has  $33  33,  additional  compensatioUi 
for  the  term  to  1st  of  April. 

1823,  April  26.  Theodore  Eames  succeeds  Mr* 
Day  in  the  Latin  school. 

Aug.  9.  Mr.  Emerson,  having  resigned  the  West 
school,  Oliver  C.  Felton  takes  his  place. 

Nov.  29.  The  African  school  to  be  discontinued 
after  the  close  of  the  current  year.  This  appears  to 
have  been  the  one,  long  kept  by  a  colored  mistress. 

Dec.  13.  Mr.  Hood  is  allowed  $75  for  an  evening 
school,  to  instruct  young  men  above  15  years  old, 
whose  education  has  been  neglected.  This  is  one  of 
the  cares  for  bettering  the  condition  of  society,  that 
are  out  of  the  common  course  and  thus  the  more  de- 
noting a  benevolent  vigilance  and  a  wise  application 
of  the  public  money. 

1824,  March  26.  Ira  Cheever  is  elected  to  take 
charge  of  the  South  school,  which  Mr.  Gale  had  relin- 
quished. Mr.  Cheever  began  a  school  here  for  young 
ladies  April  15,  1822. 

June  4.     The  salary  of  Mr.  Eames  to  be  $1,200 
and  of  Mr.  Oliver  $900. 
.    1826,  March  4     Mr.  Hood  leaves  one  of  the  east 


479  PUNISHMENT. 

•chools  and  takes  the  place  of  Mr.  Cheever,  who  was 

about  to  engage  in  a  private  school. 

15th.  Alfred  Greenleaf  is  appointed  to  occupy  the 
station  of  Mr.  Hood. 

18th.  Richard  Gardner  is  chosen  to  supply  the 
place  of  Mr.  Burrill,  who  was  in  a  consumption. 

April  8.  A  committee  are  to  inquire  about  the  abo- 
lition of  corporal  punishment  in  the  Latin  school. 
This  has  always  been  a  perplexing  subject.  Most 
teachers,  having  charge  of  boys,  inconsiderable  num- 
bers, some  of  whom  are  habitually  disobedient,  and 
refuse  to  mind  at  home  without  the  rod  there,  know, 
that  when  once  the  latter  are  assured,  that  no  such 
penalty  abides  their  misconduct  in  school,  its  strict 
order  is  soon  impaired.  Still  it  is  very  desirable,  that 
an  evil  of  this  kind,  often  more  repulsive  to  the  mas- 
ter than  to  the  scholar,  might  cease  wherever  it  can 
consistently  with  proper  discipline.  If  it  cannot  be 
laid  aside  entirely,  discretion,  learned  from  patient  ob- 
servation and  experience,  should  direct  its  application. 

A  vote  passes  to  have  a  master's  school  for  colored 
children. 

May  2.  To  remedy  a  great  inconvenience  in  the 
toils  of  public  instruction,  which  had  long  existed 
here  and  elsewhere,  in  the  want  of  books,  suitable  for 
the  several  classes,  notice  is  given,  that  a  deposit  is 
open  where  the  scholars  who  needed,  must  be  sup- 
plied with  them  at  the  prime  cost,  with  a  provision, 
that  those,  unable  to  purchase,  may  be  furnished  at 
the  expense  of  the  town.  This  was  in  compliance 
with  an  act,  lately  passed  by  our  General  Court. 

July  18.     A  report  of  the  schools  in  Salem,  fur^ 


NUMBER  ANO  EXPENSE  OF  SCHOOLS.  473 

iiishes  ns  with  the  ensuing  facts.  There  are  17  publie 
-schools.  One  of  these  is  called  the  Latin  or  Grrammar 
school,  and  seven  of  them  are  usually  denominated 
^writing  schools ;  one  of  which,  containing  40  colored 
boys  and  girls,  is  kept  by  a  colored  man.  They  have 
639  pupils.  There  are  seven  primary  schools,  taught 
by  mistresses,  composed  of  children  from  five  years 
and  upward,  who  number  457.  Two  other  such 
schools,  under  females,  are  instructed  the  principal 
part  of  the  year,  one  beyond  Tapley's  brook  on  the 
old  Boston  road,  and  the  other  in  the  upper  part  of 
Boston  street.  The  cost  of  teaching  our  public  schools 
is  $S,692  89  a  year.  The  number  of  our  private 
schools  is  69  and  the  scholars  in  them  are  1,686. 
The  amount  of  tuition  for  the  latter,  is  $18,836  a  year. 
One  fifth  of  this  sum  is  paid  for  boys  and  four  fifths 
for  girls  and  small  children  of  both  sexes.  While  in 
Boston  three  fifths  of  the  money,  laid  out  for  instruc- 
tion, is  for  that  of  public  schools,  less  than  one  third  of 
the  sum  paid  in  Salemona^similar  account,  is  expend- 
ed for  schools  of  this  sort.  The  report  states  the  need 
of  a  classical  school  for  boys  and  a  high  school  for  girls. 
It  mentions,  that  one  of  the  former  sort  had  been  con- 
nected with  the  Latin  school,  but  had  failed  after  two 
or  three  years'  trial. 

Aug.  10.  Agreed  that  $30  shall  be  distributed,  for 
prizes  to  scholars  of  the  Latin  school,  and  the  like 
amount  for  those  of  the  English  schools,  kept  by  mas- 
ters. Similar  encouragement  was  given  the  last  year. 
It  was  of  short  duration. 

Nov.  25.  A  Gymnasium  had  been  lately  establish- 
ed on  the  premises  of  the  Latin  school,  for  the  exer- 

41 


474  GYMNASIUM. 

cise  of  its  members.  Such  a  mode  of  amusement 
was  adopted  by  high  schools  and  colleges  far  and  near. 
It  soon  went  down,  and  its  disordered  machinery  was 
seen,  for  a  time,  here  and  there,  exposed  to  the  wast- 
ing effects  of  the  elements. 

1827,  March  3.  As  Mr.  Greanleaf  had  resigned, 
Herman  Bourne  of  Watertown  is  to  serve  in  his  stead. 
The  former  begins  a  private  school  the  2d  of  April. 

May  12.  As  the  primary  school  for  colored  chil- 
dren had  been  terminated,  and  efforts  were  made  for 
its  restoration,  a  committee  report,  that  it  should  not 
be  revived. 

26th.  Mr.  Hood,  having  resigned  and  intended  to 
commence  a  private  school  for  young  ladies,  is  to  be 
succeeded  by  Jonathan  Fox  Worcester.  As  the  town 
had  sanctioned  the  formation  of  two  high  schools  for 
females  and  one  for  males,  accommodation,  for  the  lat- 
ter, is  to  be  prepared  in  the  Latin  school  house.  Such 
an  addition  to  our  privileges  of  instruction  was  im- 
portant. Already  has  it  raised  the  standard  of  thought 
and  conversation  among  those,  who  have  come  under 
its  influence.  Such  provision  for  the  young  is  among 
the  richest  gifts,  which  a  community  can  confer  upon 
them. 

June  16.  Mr.  Oliver  is  appointed  principal  of  the 
boys'  high  school  at  a  salary  of  $  1,000.  The  studies  un- 
der him  were  reading,  grammar,  geography,  Colburn's 
sequel,  algebra,  history,  declamation,  rhetoric  and  com- 
position. 

July  7.  Henry  I.  Hamilton  is  elected  to  keep  the 
West  High  School  for  girls,  in  Beckford  street,  and 
Rufus  Putnam,  Jr.,  of  Beverly,  the  East  for  the  same 


HIGH  SCHOOLS  FOR  GIRLS.  47|^ 

sex,  in  Bath  street.  Each  of  their  salaries,  $600,  to 
begin  1st  of  October.  The  buildings  for  these  schools, 
are  estimated  at  $1,475  apiece.  Thus  two  of  the  first 
high  schools,  ever  established  here  for  females,  com- 
mence their  operation.  Were  justice  rendered  to  the 
"better  half"  of  our  community ;  did  the  succession 
of  persons,  whose  influence  controls  our  municipal 
course,  comply  with  a  correct  view  of  the  power,  ex- 
erted over  every  age  by  the  position  and  example  of 
females,  there  would  be,  this  moment,  as  many  public 
schools  and  of  as  high  an  order,  among  us,  for  girls  as 
for  boys.  When  the  day  comes  for  such  an  amend- 
ment of  past  mistake,  there  will  be  as  much  wonder 
that  it  was  left  so  long  unrectified,  as  there  is  now, 
that  what  has  been  done  towards  the  reform,  was  not 
done  before. 

At  this  time,  the  tuition  of  females  for  an  hour  each 
day,  during  part  of  the  year,  at  the  masters'  schools, 
seems  to  have  been  relinquished.  Such  an  omission 
was  well  for  those  teachers  and  better  for  the  girls,  as 
it  was  accompanied  with  the  substitution  of  schools 
for  them  all  the  year  round. 

1828,  Aug.  16.  Abner  Brooks  of  Medford  is  elect- 
ed to  supply  the  place  of  Mr.  Bourne. 

26th.  The  first  public  examination  of  the  Female 
high  schools.  It  gave  proof,  that  however  our  sistera 
are  the  weaker  vessels  physically,  they  are  not  so 
much  so  intellectually  as  some  would  have  us  believe. 

1829,  March  11.  Corporal  punishment  to  be  dis- 
continued in  the  Latin  and  English  high  schools. 
The  cost  of  the  public  schools  for  tb^  past  year,  if 
$10,000. 


47d  CX>LOIl£D  CHIU>&EN. 

Sept  19.  Jacob  Hood  is  to  succeed  Mr.  Worce»- 
tec,  who  engaged  in  private  instruction. 

Oct.  31.  Voted  that  Col.  Rodriquez  instruct  the 
pupils,  under  Mr.  Oliver,  in  French  and  Spanish. 
This  he  did  for  six  months. 

1830,  April  1.  Mr.  Eames  closes  his  connection 
with  the  Latin  school.  He  did  not  think,  as  the 
committee  did,  about  the  order  for  the  exclusion  of 
corporal  punishment. 

3d.     George  Nichols  takes  his  place  for  one  month. 

May  15.  The  Latin  school  to  be  discontinued  till 
a  teacher  can  be  obtained.  After  waiting,  the  com- 
mittee employ  Amos  D.  Wheeler  to  fill  the  vacancy. 

July  9.  Mr.  Oliver  resigns  the  English  high  school. 
He  engaged  in  a  school  Sept.  1st,  on  his  own  account, 
which  he  taught  with  great  repute  to  himself  and 
much  benefit  to  his  scholars. 

10th.  On  the  question  of  admitting  a  colored  fe- 
male to  the  high  school  for  girls,  it  was  decided  affirm- 
atively. 

Aug.  21.  Elisha  Mack  is  chosen  to  take  the  place 
of  Mr.  Oliver  in  the  English  high  school,  at  $1,000  a 
year. 

Oct.  19.  His  health  not  being  sufficient,  he  relin- 
quishes the  station,  to  which  William  H.  Brooks  is 
appointed  at  the  same  rate. 

1831,  March  28.  An  effort  is  made  to  abolish  the 
high  school  for  boys,  because  of  its  expense.  Bot  a 
majority  prevail  to  have  it  continued. 

May  7.  So  sensitive  was  the  mind  of  most  in  Sa- 
lem on  the  admission  of  colored  children  with  the 
whites  to  our  public  schools,  and  as  there  was  a  doubt 


ENCOURAGEMENT  OF  SCHOOLS.       477 

of  its  legality,  the  school  committee  designate  some  of 
their  body  to  obtaia  counsel  relative  to  the  subject. 
This  was  done,  and  the  advice  was  fully  in  favor  of 
granting  such  permission. 

1833,  Jan.  14.  Mr.  Hamilton's  connection  with 
West  school  for  females,  ceases. 

March  26.  John  E.  Dearborn,  who  had  taught  one 
of  our  public  schools,  two  years,  will  succeed  Mr. 
Fairfield  in  his  private  school. 

July  27.  Oliver  Carlton  is  elected  to  succeed  Mr. 
Wheeler  in  the  Latin  school. 

1834,  March  31.  For  the  encouragement  of  edu- 
cation, our  Legislature  pass  an  act  of  the  subsequent 
tenor.  "  Be  it  enacted,  that  from  the  first  day  of  Jan- 
uary next,  all  monies  in  the  treasury  derived  from  the 
sale  of  lands  in  the  State  of  Maine,  and  from  the 
claim  of  the  State  on  the  government  of  the  United 
States  for  military  services,  and  not  otherwise  appro- 
priated, together  with  fifty  per  centum  of  all  monies 
thereafter  to  be  received  from  the  sale  of  lands  in 
Maine,  shall  be  appropriated  to  constitute  a  permanent 
fund  for  the  aid  and  encouragement  of  common 
schools."  From  this,  called  "  The  Massachusetts 
School  Fund,"  there  have  been  annual  grants  to  Sa- 
lem. The  sum,  so  received,  in  1836  was  over  $500, 
1839,  $431  76,  and  in  1842,  $519  72.  Since  the 
Colonial  gift  of  Baker's  and  Misery  Islands,  appropri- 
ated for  education,  this  community  has  not  had  cause 
to  remember  a  benefaction  of  the  Commonwealth,  for 
a  similar  purpose,  until  the  present.  Such  provision 
tends  to  cherish  benevolent  sympathies  and  ties  of 
strength  between  the  State  and  its  towns  and  cities. 

41* 


478  COMMON  SCHOOtiS* 

June  7.  A  remonstrance  is  presented  against  hav- 
ing colored  girls  in  the  East  high  school. 

July  24.  The  town  empower  the  school  commit^ 
tee  to  establish  separate  instruction  for  the  African 
children. 

Aug.  5.  William  B.  Dodge,  who  had  taught  in 
North  Fields,  is  chosen  to  instruct  such  scholars. 
The  place  provided  for  them,  was  the  chamber  of  the 
Central  school  house,  where  the  Latin  school  was 
formerly  kept. 

30th.  Albert  Lackey  of  Danvers  is  to  take  Mr. 
Dodge's  former  place. 

Nov.  13.  The  public  schools  are  allowed  four  days 
to  hear  Mr.  Mulkey  on  his  new  system  of  orthoepy. 
There  are  19  town  schools,  with  783  male,  and  528 
female  scholars,  from  4  to  16  years  old.  The  cost  of 
their  instructors  for  a  year,  is  $8,450. 

!^835,  May  16.  A  report  is  made  on  donations  by 
Samuel  Brown  and  others,  for  the  benefit  of  our  com- 
mon schools.  It  states  that,  however  such  gifts  have 
long  ceased  to  be  accounted  for,  yet  the  intention  of 
them  has  been  essentially  complied  with  in  our  annual 
appropriations  for  education. 

Oct.  12.  William  Leavitt  is  elected  to  fill  the  place 
of  Mr.  Hood  in  the  South  school.  The  teacher  of 
the  Latin  school  has  $1,100,  of  the  High,  #1,000,  each 
of  the  nine  other  masters,  has  $600,  and  each  of  the 
eight  mistresses  has  $150  salary. 

1836,  May.  The  school  committee  now  receive 
their  authority  from  the  city  council,  instead  of  the 
whole  corporation.  Though  there  is  this  turn  in  the 
tide  of  our  affairs,  yet  there  is  the  same  bearing  ti>- 
wards  improvement. 


NORMAL  SCIiOOL.  479 

Oct.  10.  Daniel  P.  Gallop  of  Beverly  is  to  take  the 
West  school,  which  was  under  Mr.  Felton. 

3 1st.  An  addition  of  $200  is  made  to  each  salary 
of  the  town  masters,  and  $50  to  that  of  every  mis- 
tress in  the  primary  schools,  to  begin  the  first  of  next 
year. 

1837,  March  20.  There  are  70  private  schools  in 
Salem,  mostly  taught  by  females,  having  589  males 
and  1,001  females,  supported  at  an  annual  charge  of 
$22,700.  The  town  schools  have  1,236  pupils,  being 
756  males  and  480  females,  at  the  yearly  cost  for 
teachers  of  $8,877. 

1839,  Jan.  6.  The  annual  compensation  for  each 
master  of  the  common  schools  is  placed  at  $750,  and, 
the  next  quarter,  it  was  reduced  $50.  Such  diminu- 
tion seems  to  have  come  from  the  late  and  continued 
embarrassment  in  business. 

March  8.  Mr.  Towndrow  had  been  lately  employ- 
ed to  teach  writing  in  the  public  schools.  He  con- 
tinued in  this  capacity  a  year. 

May  31.  Richard  Gardner  of  Williams  street 
school  is  succeeded  by  Mr.  Felton,  formerly  of  the 
West  school. 

Aug.  19.  Joseph  Hale  is  instructor  of  the  East 
female  school,  which  had  been  under  Mr.  Putnam. 

Sept.  26.  A  committee,  appointed  to  consider  the 
Normal  schools,  lately  established  by  the  State  Board 
of  Education,  and  the  introduction  of  libraries  into 
public  schools,  as  proposed  by  the  same  body,  report 
in  their  favor.  They,  also,  recommend,  that  two 
girls,  from  each  of  the  female  high  schools,  be  select- 
ed and  placed  at  the  Lexington  Normal  institution. 


480  VACCINATION  OF  SCHOLARS. 

and  fitted  to  instruct  children  here,  at  the  expense  of 
the  city.  This  was  partly  carried  into  effect.  One 
young  woman,  chosen  the  next  February,  was  thus 
educated. 

Oct.  7.  The  new,  but  judicious  practice  of  employ- 
ing female  assistants  in  our  public  schools  for  boys, 
under  the  charge  of  masters,  commences.  The  com- 
pensation for  each  of  such  assistants  weis  $150. 

1840,  Jan.  20.  It  is  ordered,  that  no  child  shall  be- 
long to  any  public  school  without  a  certificate  of  hav- 
ing been  vaccinated.  The  utility  of  this  regulation, 
if  perseveringly  adhered  to,  is  evident  to  all. 

May  17.  The  school  committee  agree  in  a  remon- 
strance to  General  Court,  against  the  abolition  of  the 
State  Board  of  Education  and  Normal  schools.  The 
object,  for  which  this  document  was  forwarded,  was 
secured  by  a  majority  of  the  Legislature. 

Sept.  14.  Amos  Choate  proposes  to  give  the  city 
$120  annually,  for  three  years,  as  prizes  to  six  of  the 
best  scholars  in  the  Latin  school,  and  to  nine  of  like 
merit  in  the  high  school,  and  not  less  than  $10  for  a 
boy  in  each  of  these  schools,  who  has  the  highest 
mark  for  good  conduct.  This  generous  and  useful 
gift  was  accepted. 

1841,  Feb.  15.  Voted  to  have  a  school  house  of 
wood  erected  in  Aborn  street,  for  $1,500. 

April  3.  Mr.  Lackey  is  transferred  from  the  North 
school  to  the  East  female  school,  resigned  by  Mr. 
Hale. 

6th.  Charles  Northend  is  appointed  to  the  North 
school. 

19th.    It  is  voted,  that  a  site,  for  a  building  after- 


SCHOOL  FESTIVAU  481 

wards  called  the  Union  school  house,  be  purchased 
between  Bath  and  Essex  streets,  known  as  the  Brown 
lot,  instead  of  the  one,  preriously  contracted,  for,  be- 
tween St.  Peter  and  Forrester  streets. 

May  17.  It  is  decided  to  have  a  new  building  for 
the  North  school.  Mr.  Lackey  is  to  take  this  again 
and  Mr.  Northend  to  teach  the  Aborn  street  school. 
Mr.  Jocelyn  is  to  succeed  Mr.  Lackey  in  the  East  fe« 
male  school.  Messrs.  Brooks  and  Felton  are  designat- 
ed for  the  Union  school,  composed  of  the  Central,  Wil- 
liams street  and  East  schools  for  boys.  So  many 
changes  at  once,  never  before  or  since  occurred  in  our 
department  of  instruction.  The  female  assistant  in 
the  West  school  has  a  salary  of  f  175. 

Aug.  7.  Mr.  Dodge  relinquishes  the  African  school 
after  a  long  and  useful  service,  as  one  of  our  public 
instructors,  of  34  years. 

16th.  Thomas  B.  Perkins  of  Lynn  is  elected  to 
succeed  him. 

Oct.  11.  A  school  house  for  colored  children,  is 
ordered  to  be  erected  on  the  city  land,  opening  into 
Mill  street,  and  called  Gravel  Pit. 

1842,  March  1.  There  is  a  festival  to  celebrate  the 
opening  of  the  new  school  houses.  A  procession  move, 
in  the  forenoon,  from  the  East  school  house  to  the  Me- 
chanic hall.  1,900  scholars  are  present.  There  are 
prayers,  singing  by  the  pupils,  and  addresses.  Invited 
guests  partake  of  a  collation  in  the  lower  rooms.  In 
the  afternoon,  the  Mayor  relates  the  operations  of  the 
school  committee  and  speeches  are  made.  In  the 
evening,  Horace  Mann  delivered  a  valuable  address. 
Among  the  strangers  present,  is  the  Nestorian  bishop, 


489  NEW  SCHOOL  HOUSES. 

Mar  Yohannan,  who  attracted  much  notice.  This  was 
a  novel,  but  highly  interesting  scene  for  Salem. 

3d.  It  is  concluded  that  the  donation  of  $2,400  by 
Stephen  C.  Phillips  to  Salem,  shall  be  expended  for 
improvements  on  the  school  house  in  Broad  street. 
The  language  of  the  school  committee,  subseqently^ 
expressed  towards  this  gentleman,  is  justly  applicable. 
"Resolved  that  this  Board  tender  their  sincere  and 
grateful  acknowledgments  to  the  Hon.  Stephen  C. 
Phillips  for  his  generous  liberality,  his  untiring  indus- 
try, as  a  member  of  this  Board  and  as  chairman  of  the 
standing  committee,  for  the  great  amount  of  labor, 
which  he  has  voluntarily  performed,  for  his  valuable 
suggestions  and  the  deep  interest,  which,  for  several 
years,  he  has  constantly  manifested  to  perfect  our  sys- 
tem of  public  instruction,  and  to  which,  in  a  high  de- 
gree, we  are  indebted  for  the  present  elevated  condi- 
tion of  the  public  schools." 

The  chief  of  these  two  school  houses,  situated  on 
Essex  and  Bath  streets,  is  of  brick,  two  stories  high, 
60  feet  wide  and  136  feet  long.  Its  cost  was  $17,600. 
It  is  calculated  for  two  departments,  which  together 
4^^  comprise  Jf9§^  scholars.  This  and  the  present  Gram- 
mar school  house  are  well  adapted  for  their  purpose, 
and  the  best  ever  before  in  Salem. 

April  18.  At  a  late  session  of  the  legislature  a  re- 
solve was  passed,  that  $16  be  paid  from  the  school 
fund  to  every  school  district,  which  show,  that  they 
have  appropriated  as  much  for  a  district  library. 

1843,  April  17.    Of  3,910  pupils  from  4  to  16  years 

1  March  21, 1844. 


SCHOOL  BOOKS.  4S3 

of  age,  972  are  in  49  private  schools,  at  an  annual 
expense  of  $13,594  75.  Of  the  same  number,  2,256 
belong  to  28  public  schools,  taught  by  10  males  and 
41  females,  though  but  about  2,000  are  regular  attend- 
ants. For  the  teachers  and  fuel  of  these  schools  one 
year,  the  city  paid  $14,816  86. 

Oct.  17.  Our  colored  population  are  and  have  been 
dissatisfied  with  the  separate  school  for  their  children, 
as  too  distinctive  in  point  of  complexion.  Hence,  the 
school  had  greatly  declined  in  numbers.  The  result 
was,  that  it  was  closed  tbe  next  spring  to  the  no  small 
stir  among  those,  who  differed  in  opinion  as  to  the 
mode  of  its  termination  and  the  reason  for  its  contin- 
uance. 

Before  closing  the  subject  of  education,  it  may  be 
well  to  look  back  on  a  portion  of  the  manuals,  by 
which  learners  of  the  past  century  acquired  the  rudi- 
ments of  their  knowledge.  The  following  books,  ad- 
ditional to  others,  named  under  1691,  are  presented 
as  the  means  for  so  commendable  an  attainment. 
Their  use  appears  to  have  commenced  here  and  in 
other  sections  of  Massachusetts,  as  convenience  and 
preference  dictated,  about  the  particular  years,  which 
accompany  them.  This  reference  of  them,  as  to  time 
and  place,  is  more  vague  than  desired.  But  the  want 
of  data,  for  the  greater  part,  forbid  it  to  be  otherwise. 
Such  books,  as  refer  to  branches  above  those  of  spell- 
ing, reading  and  cyphering,  were  confined,  chiefly,  to 
private  schools  and  were  not  used  in  any  of  our  pub- 
lic  English   schools,  till    1816,  as  previously  stated. 

Spelling  Books. — Dyche's,  Dilworth's,  1750,  the 
latter  continued   in  use  till   after  1800;  Fenning's, 


484        SCHOOL  BOOKS.    READING  THE  BIBLE. 

1766  ;  British  Instructor,  1768 ;  Perry's,  1780,  pub- 
lished by  Thomas,  1808,  and  used  here  1834,  as  edit- 
ed by  Alger;  Webster's,  1802;  Alden's,  1812;  New 
York  spelling  book,  1818  ;  Murray's,  1819;  Picket's, 
Gummings's,  1820;  Emerson's,  1835,  and  Fowle's, 
1842. 

Reading  Books. — Several  English  spelling  books 
had  lessons  for  reading,  which  were  used,  for  this  pur- 
pose, as  well  as  the  Bible  and  Psalter,  for  a  long  pe- 
riod. Webster's  selections  1785  ;  Morse's  Geography, 
abridged ;  Youth's  Preceptor,  1789 ;  American  Pre- 
ceptor, 1792 ;  Economy  of  human  life,  1793  ;  Colum- 
bian Orator,  from  which  pieces  were  spoken  by  boys 
at  their  public  examinations ;  Dana's  selections,  Scott's 
Lessons,  1800 ;  Saunpson's  Beauties  of  the  Bible, 
1802;  English  Reader,  1805;  New  York  Reader, 
1818;  American  First  Class  Book,  1825;  National 
Reader,  1828 ;  Sullivan's  Moral  Class  Book,  1836 ; 
Story's  Constitutional  Class  Book  ;  Young  Analytical 
Reader,  1838 ;  Mount  Vernon,  1839 ;  Leavitt's,  Por- 
ter's, 1840.  The  period  is  not  known  when  the 
Scriptures  were  ever  excluded  from  our  public  schools. 
But  instead  of  being  read  by  the  scholars  as  previous- 
ly, they  have  been  read  for  not  less  than  24  years, 
either  by  the  teacher,  or,  at  his  direction,  by  one  of 
the  pupils,  at  the  opening  of  the  school  in  the  morn- 
ing. In  one  mode  or  another,  they  have  been  gener- 
ally used  in  our  private  schools.  If  the  reading  of 
them  by  instructors  has  proved  sufficient  to  command 
the  attention  of  scholars  so  much  as  the  old  custom, 
it  may  be  the  means  of  gain  in  point  of  reverence  for 
their  sacred  contents.     Still  the  subject  is  open  for 


SCHOOL  BOOKS.  48g 

consideration  and  the  way  should  be  pursued,  which 
is  best  to  bring  the  mind  of  ouf  youth  under  the  sway 
of  Christianity  and  thus  render  them  fit  to  love  and 
sustain  the  principles  of  the  reformation. 

Arithmetics. — leak's,  1713 ;  Fisher's  Young  Man's 
Companion  with  lessons  of  spelling,  reading,  etc., 
1727;  an  edition  of  this  work,  enlarged,  was  printed 
by  Dr.  Benjamin  Franklin,  1748 ;  an  Arithmetic,  vul- 
gar and  decimal,  printed  in  Boston,  1729 ;  Hill's, 
1752;  School  Master's  Assistant,  1770;  Perry's  As- 
sistant, 1777;  Pike's,  1786;  Temple's,  1790;  Walsh's, 
1801,  continued  in  1838;  Adams's,  1802;  Welch's, 
calculated  in  Federal  money,  1813;  Daboll's,  1814; 
Bonnycastle's,  Staniford's,  1818;  Colburn's  First  Les- 
sons, 1820 ;  Colburn's  Sequel,  1826 ;  Robinson's, 
1834;  Emerson's,  1835;  GreenleaPs,  Smith's,  1838  ; 
and  Leonard's,  1841. 

Stepping  over  the  studies  of  Algebra,  Geometry, 
Surveying,  Astronomy  and  History,  taught  in  the 
higher  schools  and  of  which  there  was  a  convenienC 
supply",  we  come  to  other  branches. 

Book  Keeping. — Besides  Oldcastle  and  Collins,  pri-* 
or  to  1700,  there  have  been  Snell's,  1710 ;  Mair's, 
1738;  Perry's,  1777;  Booth's,  1789;  Turner's,  1800; 
Staniford's,  at  the  end  of  his  Arithmetic,  1818,  and 
Robinson's,  1835. 

As  many  sons  of  "  our  Zebulon  "  have,  from  its  first 
settlement,  chosen  the  pursuits  of  the  Ocean,  we  must 
not  omit  Navigation.  Jones's,  1702 ;  Halley's  Tables, 
1761 ;  Wilson's,  1763 ;  Hutchinson's,  1777  ;  Moore'Sj 
1800 ;  Bowditch's,  1807,  which  is  still  used. 

Geographies. — Gordon's,  1708;  Rudiments,  1712; 
42 


486  SCHOOL  BOOKS. 

Bohun's,  1713 ;  Salmon's,  1756 ;  Guthrie's,  1785 ; 
Morse's,  1790;  Dwight's,  1796;  Cumming's,  1813 
Adam's,  1816;  Worcester's,  1825;  Boston  School 
Atlas,  1829;  Carter's,  Field's,  1834;  Woodbridge's 
1835 ;  Olney's,  Parley's,  1838  ;  Smith's,  Smiley's 
Hale's,  Child's,  1839  ;  Fowle's,  1830,  and  Mitchell's 
1842. 

English  Grammars.—«Salmon's,  1759;  Lilly's,  1761 
British  Grammar,  printed  in  Boston,  1784;  Lowth's 
Ash's,  Webster's,  1785;  Bingham's  Accidence,  1790 
Alexander's,  1797  ;  Murray's,  1806  ;  continued,  1834 
Teacher  of  Youth,  1807  ;  Staniford's,  1815  ;  Smith's 
1838;  Parker's,  1839;  Goold  Brown's,  1842. 

English    Dictionaries   of    Bailey,    1745  ;    Dyche 
1750;  Johnson,   1759;  Entick,  1770;  Perry,    1783 
continued,  1834;  Walker,    1806,  used,   1843;  Web- 
ster, 1807,  and  Worcester,  1835. 

Of  the  various  productions  in  Belles  LiCttres,  for 
teaching  young  ladies,  was  Dodsley's  Preceptor,  two 
large  volumes,  1748. 

Latin  Grammars  of  Garretson,  1704  ;  Rules  of  Syn- 
tax, 1712;  Bailey's  exercises,  1720;  Burr,  1757 ;  In- 
troduction to  the  Latin  tongue,  1789 ;  Adam,  1800 ; 
Biglow,  1809;  Smith,  1813;  Andrews  and  Stoddard, 
1839. 

Latin  Dictionaries  of  Ainsworth,  1736;  Cole,  1743; 
Young,  1762 ;  Entick's  Tyro  Thesaurus,  1808 ; 
Leverett,  1836,  and  Gardner,  1840. 

Passing  over  a  variety  of  French,  Italian  and  Span- 
ish Grammars  and  Dictionaries,  which  have  been 
studied  in  our  high  schools,  we  come  to  the  Greek 
Grammars.  Vossius,  used  after  the  year  1700,  as  well 


SCHOOL  BOOKS.  487 

as  before  ;  Institutio,  etc.,  1730  ;  Wettenhal's,  1739  ; 
Milner's,  1761 ;  Glocester,  1800,  the  chief  successor 
to  Westminster  Grammar  ;  Valpy's,  1808  ;  Smith's, 
1810 ;  Fisk's,  1830,  and  Sophocles's,  1836. 

Greek  Lexicons  of  Schrevelius,  editions  prior  to 
1700,  and  down  to  1774  and  afterwards,  an  edition  of 
it  by  John  Pickering,  with  an  English  translation, 
1826 ;  Donnegan,  1832,  and  Grove,  1834. 

Thus  we  come  to  the  close  of  bibliographical  de- 
tails. Viewed  independently  of  their  relations,  they 
are  dry  and  uninteresting.  But  look  at  them  as  the 
signs,  set  up  on  the  long  course  of  education,  and 
they  soon  change  their  appearance  and  tell  us  of  what 
occupied  the  early  days  and  attention  of  our  ancestors 
as  well  as  of  their  descendants.  They  also  show  us, 
that  the  facilities  for  instruction,  in  the  different  pe- 
riods of  our  community  and  commonwealth,  were 
more  than  is  generally  supposed. 

Though  beyond  the  common  bound  of  this  work, 
yet  the  present  is  an  instance  wherein  we  may  be  al- 
lowed to  step  over  and  notice  the  books,  studied  in  all 
our  public  schools.  True,  such  an  addition  may  in- 
crease the  tedium  of  looking  through  what  has  been 
just  offered.  Still,  not  a  few,  who  may  come  after 
us,  will  be  glad  to  know  the  studies  of  our  childhood, 
as  we  are  to  ascertain  those  of  the  multitudes,  who 
have  preceded  us.  The  thought  of  thus  preparing 
satisfaction  for  them,  should  add  to  our  own  pleasure 
and  impel  us  to  endure  so  as  to  prevent  their  disap- 
pointment. 

Text  books  used  in  the  schools  of  Salem  in  1844 
Latin  Grammar  school. — Andrews's  Latin  Lessons  and 


438  SCHOOL  BOOKS. 

Reader,  Caesar  de  bello  Gallico,  Cicero's  Select  Ora- 
tions, Virgil,  Andrews  and  Stoddard's  Latin  Gram- 
Qiar  and  Exercises.  Greek  Delectus,  Felton's  Greek 
Reader,  Sophocles's  Greek  Grammar,  Classical  Read- 
er, Emerson's  Arithmetic,  Totten  and  Sherwin's  Al- 
gebra, Brown's  English  Grammar,  Worcester's  Ancient 
and  Modern  Geography. 

English  High  School. — Tower's  Gradual  Reader, 
Scholar's  Companion,  Brown's  Grammar,  Walker's 
Dictionary,  Smith's  Geography,  Gray's  Chemistry, 
Pictorial  Natural  History,  Hitchcock's  Geology,  Way- 
land's  Political  Economy,  City  Charter,  Constitution 
of  Massachusetts,  Bayard's  Constitution  of  the  United 
States,  Emerson's  Arithmetic,  3d  part,  Clark's  Book- 
keeping, Sherwin's  Algebra,  Ingram's  Mathematics, 
Olmstead's  Natural  Philosophy,  Wilkins's  Astronomy, 
Wayland's  Moral  Science,  Paley's  Natural  Theology, 
and  Dick's  Christian  Philosopher. 

English  Grammar  Schools. — Fowle's  Improved 
Guide,  Scholar's  Companion,  Parker  and  Fox's  Pro- 
gressive Exercises,  Frost's  Exercises  in  Composition, 
Young  Reader,  Worcester's  Thijrd  Part,  Mount  Vernon 
Reader,  American  First  Class  Book,  Tower's  Gradual 
Reader,  Child's  Own  Book  of  American  Geography, 
Smith's  Atlas,  Emerson's  Outlines  of  Geography  and 
History,  Fairfield's  Map  Questions,  Wilkins's  Astron*- 
omy.  Frost's  History  of  the  United  States,  Colburn's 
First  Lessonsand  Sequel,  Bailey's  Algebra  and  Grund's 
Geometry. 

Primary  Schools. — My  Little  Primer,  My  First 
School  Book,  Spelling  and  Thinking  combined,  Wor- 


SCHOOL  BOOKS.  489 

cester's  Second  Book,  Mount  Vernon  Junior  Reader, 
Emerson's  Arithmetic,  first  part. 

We  have  reached  the  end,  designed  for  considering 
the  chief  branch  of  school  education  in  this  comma- 
nity.  The  course,  so  pursued,  covers  a  long  period 
of  various  incidents.  It  shows  the  views,  inclinations, 
and  changes  of  the  public  mind  as  to  one  of  its  most 
vital  concerns.  Its  light  has  increased,  as  its  distance 
has  lengthened.  But  success  should  not  blind  our 
eyes.  It  should  never  disarm  us  of  caution.  A  vig- 
ilant care  should  be  constantly  exercised,  lest  the  in- 
tellect of  the  young  be  cultivated  to  the  exclusion  of 
conscience.  Earthly  learning  without  the  balance 
and  direction  of  heavenly  wisdom,  is  like  an  orb  of 
the  firmament,  drawn  from  its  proper  sphere,  endan- 
gering itself  and  every  object  it  approaches.  As  a 
ppet  has  observed,  "  It  is  not  the  whole  of  life,  to 
live,"  so  we  may  remark,  it  is  not  all  of  learning, 
to  learn.  There  are  important  consequences.  If  the 
faculties  and  affections  be  trained  under  a  correct  im- 
pression, that,  for  whatever  ideas  they  bring  to  the 
soul  so  as  to  bias  its  motives  and  actions,  there  is  an 
inevitable  accountability  at  the  bar  of  Omniscience, 
it  will  have  a  salutary  influence.  The  pupils  of  a 
teacher  are  neither  so  dull  nor  so  forgetful  hearers  of 
such  precepts,  as  many  suppose.  The  more  our  schools 
are  thus  instructed,  the  more  this  city  may  continue 
to  point  them  out,  as  the  Roman  matron  did  her  well 
disciplined  children, — "  These  are  my  jewels." 

42* 


490 


ORADUATiSS. 


COLLEGE  GRADUATES. 

Since  the  commendable  efforts  of  our  fathers  to 
found  a  College  on  the  plain,  subsequently  known  as 
Marblehead  farms,  great  has  been  the  increase  of  lite- 
rary privileges.  Had  success  crowned  their  exertions, 
the  first  institution  of  this  kind,  in  New  England, 
would  not,  of  course,  have  derived  its  origin  as  that 
of  Harvard  has.  As  it  is,  we  proceed  to  give  a  list 
of  the  individuals,  who  have  taken  their  first  degrees, 
while  residents  of  Salem.  To  those,  who  have  made 
the  experiment,  this  is  no  easy  task.  The  difficulty 
arises  mainly  from  a  lack  of  records  in  the  different 
colleges  of  Massachusetts  and  the  adjoining  States. 
So  far  as  such  deficiency  arises  from  keeping  no  regu- 
lar entry  of  the  students,  it  should  be  forthwith  recti- 
fied. So  far  as  it  comes  from  the  unavoidable  loss  (f 
records,  it  is  matter  of  much  regret. 


Harvard  Graduates,^ 

Ab  the  entriei  made  of  scholars  who  joined  this  University  down  to 
1728,  are  lost,  we  have  not  so  sure  information  of  them  as  is  necessary 
to  know  all  of  their  number  who  hailed  from  this  city.  The  ^aduates 
having  d  subjoined,  were  of  that  section  of  Salem  aflerwards  called 
Danvers. 


George  Downing,  1642 

Joseph  Brown,  1666 

Nathaniel  Higginson,  1670 

Peter  Ruck,  1685 

Benjamin  Maiston,  1689 

Walter  Price,  1695 
Timothy  Lindall,  '/ 

George  Curwin,  1701 

John  Rogers,  1705 


Samuel  PhHlips,  1708 

John  Tufls,  d  n 

Benjamin  Marston,  1715 

Samuel  Plaisted,  n 

John  Higginson,  1717 

Daniel  Putnam,  d  n 

Benjamin  Lynde,  1718 

Mitchell  Sewall,  // 
Theophilus  Pickering,        1719 


»  Letters  from  Hon.  Josiah  Quincy,  President  of  Harvard  College, 
and  from  Rev.  John  Pierce,  D.  D. 


GRADUATES. 


491 


Joseph  Green,  d 
John  Wolcott, 
Stephen  Sewall, 
William  Osgood, 
Thomas  Lee, 
Samuel  Jefferds, 
John  Gardner, 
James  Osgood, 
Marston  Cabo^ 
John  Cabot, 
Benjamin  Browne, 
Samuel  Browne, 
William  Browne, 
Nathaniel  LindaU, 
Richard  Clarke, 
John  Barton, 
Samuel  Gardner, 
William  Lynde, 
Benjamin  Gerrish, 
Joseph  Orne, 
Samuel  Curwin, 
George  Curwin, 
Benjamin  Prescott,  d 
Peter  Clark,  d 
Samuel  Orne, 
Ichabod  Plaisted, 
Andrew  Higginson, 
Nathaniel  Ropes, 
James  Putnam,  d 
William  Browne, 
Thomas  Toppan, 
Benjamin  Pickman, 
John  Pickering, 
Nathan  Goodale, 
Samuel  Gardner, 
George  Gardner, 
John  Barnard, 
John  Cabot, 
Timothy  Pickering, 
Jonathan  Goodhue, 
Henry  Gardner, 
Joseph  Orne, 
Nathaniel  Ward, 
William  Pickman, 
Henry  Gibbs, 
Thomas  Barnard, 
Jacob  Ashton, 


1720 
1721 

n 

1722 

1723 
1724 

ti 

1725 
1727 

tt 

1728 
1729 
1730 
1732 
1733 
// 

1735 

ti 

1736 
1739 
1740 
1745 

n 

1746 
1755 
1757 
1759 

ti 

tf 

1762 

// 

1763 

1764 
1765 

n 

1766 


1766 
1768 


// 


1778 
1780 
1781 


n 


1784 


// 


// 


Benjamin  Goodhue, 

James  Diman, 

Timothy  Orne, 

William  Goodhue,  1769 

Joshua  Dodge,  1771 

Edward  Kitchen  Turner,*     */ 

Thomas  Fitch  Oliver,         1775 

Joseph  Blaney, 

Samuel  Williams, 

Samuel  Orne, 

John  Saunders, 

Benjamin  Pickman, 

Timothy  Williams, 

Samuel  Gardner  Derby,      1785 

Ebenezer  Putnam,  " 

John  Derby,  1786 

Samuel  Pickering  Gardner,  f 

John  Gibaut, 

William  Mason, 

Joseph  Cabot, 

Ezekiel  Hersey  Derby, 

Thomas  Pickman, 

Nathaniel  Cabot  Lee, 

John  Sparhawk  Appleton,  1792 

George  Gardner  Lee, 

Willard  Peele, 

Joseph  Sprague, 

John  Pickering, 

Francis  Williams, 

John  Hathome, 

Timothy  Pickering, 

William  Rufus  Gray, 

John  Prince, 

John  Forrester, 

Benjamin  Peirce, 

Ichabod  Nichols, 

Charles  Saunders, 

Simon  Forrester, 

Benjamin  Hodges, 

Samuel  Orne,  1804 

Benjamin  Ropes  Nichols,      n 


1787 
1788 
1791 


ft 


n 


It 


n 


II 


1796 


n 


1798 
1799 
1800 

1801 

1802 

1803 
It 


*  Though  the  town,  whence  ht 
came,  is  not  placed  against  his 
name,  recorded  on  the  College 
book,  when  he  entered,  yet  he  wsfl 
evidently  from  Salem. 


493  ORADI 

Joseph  Spragae  Steems,*  1804 

Ebenexei  HuDt  Beckford,  1B05 
BenJBDun  Binney  Oagtxid,  1806 
Daniel  Oliver,  .< 

Nathaniel  West, 
Heniy  Peirce, 
Fraiicia  Calley  Gray, 
JomthBD  Peele  Dabney, 
Sftniuel  Gilman,  " 

Robert  Hawkioa  Osgood,  k 
Clarke  Gayton  Pickmui,  " 
WilllBiD  Augustus  Rogers,  " 

'  1812 


1807 


1811 


Richard  Derby i 
Francis  Gerrish, 
Andrew  Dunlap, 
Charles  Forrester, 
John  Foster, 
Thomas  Savage, 
George  Derby, 
Jose^  Peirce  NJchola, 
Edward  West, 
Henry  Felt  Baker, 
Joseph  Sebastian  Cabot, 
William  Fairfield  Gardner, 
Richard  Manning  Hodges, 


1813 


but  did  not  B'sduale.  are  the  Fol- 
lowiuf.  Zechariah  Hickea  1752, 
Slephen  Goodbup,  and  Klj  Justin 
1^,  Jusoph  Cabol  1761,  George 
Cabot  1707,  Jonatban  Peple  J7fi>, 
died,  Paul  Mascarene  1774,  John 
Pvnchon  17dO,  Richard  Dprby 
1781.  Elias  Haxkel  Derby  1762, 
Btrphen  Cleaveland  BIylh  1786, 
Jnbn  FiBk  1794  and  Henry  Gray 
1798. 

or  Ihoee  numbered  by  Mr.  Dab- 
ney  among  Salem  Rradualen,  in 
Ibl  American  Quarterly  Regisler 
of  Npyember,    1t(42,  but  who  be- 


MarslOD    of  Marblehead 

174''i,  Juhn  Pa^e  of  New   Salem, 

1757,  and  Joaepb  Dowse  of  Butau 


Charles  Lawrence,  181S 

Joseph  Ome,  n 

Gayton  Pickman  Osgood,  " 
Basket  Derby  Pickman,  >i 
Samuel  R.  Putnam,  '< 

Ebenezer  Putnam,  " 

Richard  Gardner,  1616 

Nathan  Ward  Neal, 
Joseph  Augustus  Peabody,    " 
Joseph  Gilbert  Waters, 
Stephen  WheaUand,  •• 

Thomas  March  Woodbridge," 
Samuel  Burrill,  181B 

William  Paine  Cabot,  .• 

Eiekiel  Hersey  Derby,  n 

George  Osbom,  n 

Richard  Goodhue  Wheatland, 
Thomas  Cook  Whittredgre,  " 
Oliver  Frye,  1819 

Stephen  Clarendon  Phillips,  " 
Joseph  Hardy  Prince,  » 

Benjamin  Wheatland,  •• 

Gideon  Tucker,  1830 

Benjamin  Tucker,  1831 

Nath.  Ingersol!  Bowditch,  18SS 
William  Putnam  Endicott,     <• 
Horatio  Robinson,  >/ 

Sam'l  Melanclhon  Worcester, 
Augustus  Choate,  1833 

Stephen  Webb, 

Joseph  Osgood,  1834 

Samuel  Adams  Cooper,  n 

Edward  Pickering,  » 

David  Roberts,  » 

Charles  Gideon  Putnam,  " 
George  Thomas  Saunders,  » 
Nathaniel  Silsbee,  » 

Jeremiah  Chaplin  Stickney,  " 
Augustus  Torrey, 
Stephen  Palfrey  Webb, 
George  Wheatland,  >. 

John  Goodhue  Treadwell,  1835 
Nehemiah  Adams,  1896 

Benjamin  Cox,  i> 

Nathaniel  Phippen  Koapp,  if 
Wm.  Hathome  Brooks,  1827 
David  MighUl  Perley,  » 


GRADUATES. 


498 


// 


ti 


tr 


II 


n 


n 


1830 


// 


If 


II 


1831 


Benj.  Varnum  Crowinshield, 
Charles  Babbidge,  1828 

Ephraim  Flint  Miller, 
George  Nichols, 
John  Lewis  Russell, 
Nathaniel  Foster  Derby, 
Nicholas  Devereux, 
George  Humphrey  Devereux, 
Joshua  Holyoke  Ward, 
William  Andrews, 
John  White  Browne, 
Richard  Pulling  Jenks, 
Samuel  Mc  Burney, 
Francis  Henry  Silsbee, 
Benjamin  Hodges  Silsbee, 
Haley  Forrester  Barstow,    1832 
Charles  Timothy  Brooks, 
George  William  Cleveland, 
William  Fabens, 
William  Prescott  Gibbs, 
Charles  Grafton  Page, 
Jonathan  Archer  Ropes, 
John  Boardman  Silsbee, 
William  Silsbee, 
John  Henry  Silsbee, 
Augustus  Story, 
William  Henry  West, 
Henry  Wheatland, 
Samuel  Page  Andrews, 
William  Mack, 


II 


II 


n 


II 


II 


n 


II 


It 


II 


II 
II 


II 


II 


1833 


// 


H 


1835 


II 


II 
II 


1836 


II 


II 


II 


1838 


John  Osgood  Stone,  1833 

Gideon  Forrester  Barstow,  1834 

William  Putnam  Richardson, 

Nathaniel  West, 

James  Freeman  Colman, 

Francis  Cummings, 

Francis  Alfred  Fabens, 

Edward  Lander, 

Charles  Warwick  Palfrey, 

James  Chisholm, 

Daniel  Cook, 

Jones  Very, 

Thomas  Barnard  West, 

William  Burley  Howes, 

John  Gallison  King, 

William  Henry  Prince, 

Henry  Ome  Stone, 

George  Francis  Cheever,    1840 

Edward  Brooks  Peirson,        n 

William  Ome  White,  n 

Wm.  St  Agnan  Steams,    1841 

Henry  Osgood  Stone, 

Benjamin  Barsto-nr, 

Frederick  Howes, 

Samuel  Johnson, 

Stephen  Henry  Phillips, 

Horace  Putnam  Fammn, 

James  Henry  Trask, 

Washington  Very, 

Henry  Ome  White, 


II 


II 


II 


II 


1842 


rr 


II 


II 


1843 


// 


// 


The  following  pp-aduates  were  natives,  but  not  residents  of  Salem, 
tvheti  taking  their  degrees.  Jonathan  Whitaker,  1797,  Samael  Calley 
Gray  and- John  Chipnian  Gray,  1811,  William  Hickling  Prescott  1814, 
William  Ward  1816,  Horace  Gray  1819,  Benjamin  Swett  1823,  Elias 
Hasket  Derby  1824,  Edward  Goldsborough  Prescott  1825,  Henry 
Ingersoll  Bowditch  and  William  Gray  Swett  1828,  Benjamin  Pierce 
1829,  John  Pickering  1830,  Henry  White  Pickering  1831,  Joseph 
White  and  Charles  Henry  Pierce  1833,  Edward  Augustus  Crownin- 
flbield  1836,  Wm.  IngersoU  Bowditch  and  Wm.  Wetmore  Story  1838. 

Joseph  Hunt  Rassell,  of  the  class  of  1841,  died  while  a  member  of 
College. 


Yale  Graduates. 


Edward  Warner, 


1835 


Josiah  Willard  Gibbs,        1800 
Henry  Gibbs,  1814 

Joseph  Hardy  Towne,  though  of  Salem  when  he  prepared  to  enter 
T&le,  was  not  so  when  he  graduated,  1827. 


494 


GRADUATES. 


Brown  Graduates. 


George  Phippen, 

1811 

Joseph  Famum,  Jr., 

1832 

Thomas  Russell, 

It 

Samuel  Randall, 

II 

John  Mosely  Moriarty, 

1827 

Stephen  Osgood  Shepard, 

1836 

Lucius  Stillman  Bolles, 

1828 

Thomas  Perkins  Shepard, 

II 

Samuel  Lamson, 

II 

David  Abott  Putnam, 

1837 

Stephen  Phippen  Hill, 

1829 

William  Hathome  Bott, 

1840 

Benj.  Herbert  Hathome, 

1830 

Ebenezer  Dodge,  Jr., 

II 

Joseph  Moriarty, 

// 

Tracy  Patch  Cheever, 

1843 

Dartmouth  Graduates.^ 

Robert  Crowell, 

1811 

RichM  Manning  Chipman 

,1832 

Joseph  Barlow  Felt, 

1813 

Edward  B.  Emerson, 

II 

Ebenezer  B.  Caldwell, 

1814 

Charles  D.  Jackson, 

1833 

Joseph  Torrey, 

1816 

James  M.  Dodge, 

II 

Samuel  Haraden  Archer, 

1818 

Nathaniel  F.  Safford,  Jr., 

1835 

George  W.  Punchard, 

1826 

Frederic  W.  Choate, 

1836 

Jonathan  Fox  Worcester, 

1827 

Edward  D.  Very, 

1837 

Loammi  Sewall  Coburn, 

1830 

William  W.  Morland, 

1838 

Daniel  Hopkins  Emerson, 

II 

Frederic  Foster, 

1840 

Charles  C.  Webster, 

II 

The  following  persons  entered  Dartmoath  College,  but  did  not 
frraduale.  Stephen  Caldwell  1807,  died,  Henry  S.  Safford  1808, 
Samuel  L.  Driver  1825,  John  C.  Tread  well  and  Francis  Cammings 
1830,  Robert  W.  King  and  Edward  Warner  1831. 


Bowdoin  Graduates, 


John  Barton  Derby, 
Edward  Orne, 
Ebenezer  Shillaber, 


1811 
ldl4 
l6l6 


Nathaniel  Hawthorne,        1825 
George  W.  Cleaveland,      1837 


Amherst  Graduates, 


Joseph  Howard,  Jr.,  1827 

Stephen  Caldwell  Millet,  1830 

John  Lawrence  Fox,  1831 
John  Northend  Goodhue,       »/ 

Albert  Samuel  Payson,  1833 

George  Phillips  Smith,  1835 


Wm.  Charles  Treadwell,  1836 

Alden  BurriU  Robbins,  1839 

James  Locke  Batchelder,  1840 
George  Baker  Jewett,  " 

John  Herrick  Stratton,  »» 

Daniel  Kimball,  1841 


*  Letters  from  Rev.  John  Richards  of  Hanover,  and  Mr.  MtUea 
Chamberlain,  of  Concord,  N.  H. 


GRADUATES. 


495 


Waterville  Graduates. 


James  Upham, 
James  Stone, 


1835 


tt 


Stephen  Hervey  Herrick,    1838 
James  Oliver,  *> 


Should  there  he  deficiency  of  names  in  the  preceding  lists,  the 
writer  would  be  glad  to  have  information  of  them. 


SABBATH  SCHOOLS. 

These  institutions  have  probably  existed,  to  a  Hm- 
ited  extent,  in  one  form  or  another,  at  different  periods 
of  Christianity.  Among  the  most  prominent  pro- 
moters of  them  in  ancient  times,  was  Charles  Borro- 
meo,  by  some  written  Boronia,  bishop  of  Milan,  in  the 
16th  century.  They  were  adopted  by  a  Synod  of 
Germany  in  1695.  But  the  man,  whose  example  has 
exerted  an  influence  among  Christians  of  both  hemis- 
pheres, for  carrying  on  so  valuable  an  enterprise  of  be- 
nevolence, is  Robert  Raikes.  To  reclaim  dissolute 
children,  who  trampled  on  the  Lord's  day,  in  Pains- 
wic  of  Gloucestershire,  England,  Mr.  Raikes  had 
them  collected  into  a  Sunday  school.  Such  an  essay 
has  met  with  the  signal  blessing  of  Providence  and 
bids  fair  to  be  an  increasing  auxiliary  for  the  advance- 
ment of  the  world's  spiritual  renovation.  It  is  a  richer 
memorial  of  him,  than  Westminster's  costliest  monu- 
ments of  its  sleeping  heroes. 

The  first  movement  for  a  Sabbath  school  in  Salem, 
which  has  come  to  the  notice  of  the  writer,  is  the 
following.  In  1807,  S.  Cleaveland  Blydon,  who 
taught  school  here,  gave  notice,  that,  on  Sept.  6,  he 
would  begin  to  instruct  any  children  every  Sunday, 
from  half  past  6   to  8  A.  M.,  and  from  half  past  4  to 


490    '  FIRST  SABBATH  SCHOOL. 

6   P.  M.,  free  of  all  charge^  except  for   Bibles  and 
blank  books. 

1813.  A  school  of  this  sort  was  taught  in  the 
Tabernacle  during  the  summer,  one  hour  prior  to  the 
afternoon  service.  It  continued  to  be  thus  kept  pe- 
riodically till  1818,  except  one  summer.  Another  was 
commenced,  1813,  in  the  South  Congregation,^  by 
Miss  Susan  Bulfinch,  afterwards  the  wife  of  Daniel 
Poor,  a  distinguished  Missionary  in  Ceylon. 

1816,  Jan.  25.  A  school  of  this  kind^  had  just  be- 
gun at  the  South  meeting  house,  for  indigent  boys, 
unable  to  attend  instruction  on  other  days.  They 
learned  from  the  spelling  book,  Testament  and  Bible. 
At  the  same  place,  a  school  for  boys,  in  better  circum- 
stances, then  commenced. 

1817,  May  17.  A  Bible  class  began  under  the  in- 
struction of  Rev.  Samuel  Worcester. 

1818,  April  19.  A  Sunday  school  for  colored  fe- 
males and  children,  is  opened  by  a  number  of  ladies, 
who  soon  took  the  name  of  the  Clackson  Society. 

June  9.  This  association  had  another  such  school 
lately  commenced  for  colored  males.  A  similar  school 
had  recently  begun  in  the  Branch  Congregation. 
Schools]  of  this  kind  were  becoming  general  in  the 
towns  of  Essex  County. 

Aug.  13.  A  Sabbath  School  Society  is  organized 
in  the  first  Baptist  church.  They  had  a  school  pre- 
viously in  operation. 

1819,  The  Society  for  the  moral  and  religious  in- 
struction of  the  poor,  open  such  schools  in  diiSerent 

^  Letter  from  ReT.  Michael  Carlloo. 


SINGING.  49f 

sections  of  the  town.  These,  in  the  summer  of  192i^ 
contained  475  children.  At  the  same  time,  the  cok 
ored  school  numbered  114  children  and  adults.  la 
1823,  the  schools,  under  the  last  society  named,  were 
supplied  with  Libraries.  On  Oct.  12,  of  this  year, 
they  were  addressed,  in  the  South  meeting  house,  hy 
Rev.  Dr.  Price,  of  Hampden   Sidney  College. 

1825,  Oct.  27.  There  had  been  eight  of  these  schoola 
in  townthe  past  summer,  of  750  scholars.  Their  anni^ 
versary  was  observed  in  the  same  meeting  house.  Mr« 
Upham  preached  a  sermon  on  the  occasion.  A  collec- 
tion of  $50  was  taken. 

1828,  June.  A  Sabbath  school  is  opened  in  the 
North  church.  Others  were  commenced,  1830,  in 
the  rest  of  the  religious  societies.  As  new  oongrega* 
tions  have  been  since  formed,  they  have  adopted  such 
schools.  From  the  year  last  specified,  the  schools 
have  been  continued,  for  the  most  part,  through  the 
year.  They  are  generally  furnished  with  good  libra- 
ries. It  is  a  hopeful  sign  of  our  day,  that  institutions 
of  this  sort  have  risen  and  spread  among  our  popular 
tion.  Wherever  their  legitimate  influence  is  allowed, 
they  will  open  the  spiritual  vision  of  man  to  his  moral 
necessities,  and  thence  guide  him  to  the  revealed  sup- 
plies of  his  Maker. 

INSTRUCTION  IN  SINGING. 

This  art,  which,  when  properly  exercised,  contrib- 
utes so  much  to  the  refined  pleasure  of  social  inter- 
course and  to  the  chastened  enjoyment  of  religious 
worship,  has  had  its  changes  of  depression  and  elevar 
tion.    Though  the  primitive  settlers  of  our  soil  de- 

43 


498  SINGING. 

clined  the  use  of  organs  in  their  sanctuarieS|  they  were 
no  haters  of  vocal  music.  While  they  survived^  this 
gift  of  the  voice  was  cultivated  according  to  the  tuneSi 
contained  in  such  versions  of  the  Psalms,  as  Ains- 
worth  and  others.  After  their  departure,  a  disposition, 
to  learn  more  from  memory  than  rule,  extensively  pre- 
vailed. This  probably  arose  from  a  scarcity  of  suita- 
ble books,  occasioned  by  the  adversities  of  war  with 
the  Indians  and  of  severity  from  the  Crown,  as  well 
as  from  too  much  indulgence  to  bad  taste. 

By  1714,  the  need  of  reform  was  greatly  felt  by 
men,  who  desired  that  their  children  should  make 
"  sweet  singers,"  as  well  as  true  followers  of  rectitude. 
Among  such  reformers  were  Rev.  John  Tufts  of  New- 
bury and  Rev.  Thomas  Symmes  of  Bradford.  The 
former  published  a  singing  book,  about  the  year  last 
named,  with  24  tunes,  taken  from  Ravenscroft,  at  6^. 
The  latter  issued,  in  1720,  a  witty,  sensible  piece,  styled 
"  joco-serious  dialogue  on  singing,"  which  adduced 
and  answered  the  various  objections,  made  against  the 
use  of  notes.  He  too,  preached  and  wrote  on  this  sub- 
ject. For  his  exertions  in  this  behalf,  he  encountered 
frequent  opposition. 

As  a  specimen  of  the  deep  feeling,  which  such  an 
effort  produced,  the  society  of  what  was  then  the 
south  part  of  Braintree,  under  Mr.  Niles,  may  be  ad- 
duced. In  1723,  several  members  of  his  church  were 
excommunicated,  because  they  advocated  the  propos- 
ed amendment.  Shortly  after,  a  council  called  to  set- 
tle their  difficulties,  decided,  that  they  should  have 
singing  by  note  and  rote,  so  that  each  party  might,  in 
turn,  be  gratified.     This  was  a  conclusion  more  sig- 


SINGING  SCHOOLS.  ^  490 

nificant  of  kind  wishes  than  of  adopting  the  best 
means  to  promote  peace.  The  contest;  so  carried  oii|' 
in  a  greater  or  less  degree,  in  many  parishes,  gradual- 
ly subsided  in  favor  of  truth,  and  the  musical  jargon, 
if  not  bowlings,  of  our  temples,  became  far  less  popu- 
lar. Still,  however  victory  was  declared  for  notes, 
there  remained  too  much  inclination  to  neglect  the 
"  grave  tunes  "  of  our  fathers,  or  more  modern  ones 
like  them,  and  substitute  those  of  greater  jingle,  but 
of  far  less  impressiveness.  Such  a  taste,  though  par- 
tially corrected,  was  widely  indulged  till  about 
thirty-five  years  ago. 

Having  thus  adduced  the  preceding  facts,  which 
have  a  bearing  on  our  own  town  in  common  with 
other  parts  of  New  England,  a  few  particulars  will 
now  be  presented. 

As  a  common  concern  in  this  department  of  instruc- 
tion, an  act  was  passed  by  our  legislature,  July  14, 
1773,  "  for  granting  William  Billings  of  Boston  the 
sole  priviledge  of  printing  and  vending  a  book  by  him 
composed,  consisting  of  a  great  variety  of  Psalm  tunes. 
Anthems,  and  Cannons,  in  two  volumes."  Though 
this  appears  to  be  the  first  copy  right  of  the  kind,  re- 
corded among  the  transactions  of  our  General  Court, 
yet  there  had  been,  for  many  years,  various  books  of 
such  tunes,  for  sale  in  Massachusetts. 

The  first  published  information,  that  we  have  met 
with  of  singing's  being  taught  in  Salem,  though  it 
very  probably  was  long  before,  is  of  Sept.  14,  1773. 
Then  Mr.  Munson  advertised  his  purpose  to  give  such 
instruction. 

1774,  April  19.    Youth  of  both  sexes,  who  had 


fQQ  SUIGINO  SCHOOLS. 

been  under  the  tuition  of  Mr.  Ripleyi  meet  at  one  of 
tfie  houaes  of  worship  and  sing  psalm  tunes  and  an- 
Jbems.  The  next  day,  more  of  them  from  Mr.  Man- 
eon's  scholars,  belonging  to  this  and  other  towns,  as- 
jemble  here  in  another  meeting  house  and  make  a 
like  exhibition. 

1783,  Aug.  12.  An  advertisement  states,  that  a 
ainging  school  will  be  opened  in  the  brick  school 
house. 

1796,  March  2.  Rer.  Mr.  Law  notifies,  that  he 
continues  to  teach  sacred  music  in  this  town.  He 
did  much  to  promote  a  correct  taste  and  practice  in 
iuch  a  department. 

Nov.  2.  Of  the  scientific  teachers  of  the  same  art, 
is  Samuel  Holyoke.  He  proposes  to  teach  it  among 
our  population.  Since  this  time,  such  instructors  have 
appeared,  sufficient  to  meet  the  calls  of  community. 
The  Essex  South  Musical  Society,  formed  1814;  the 
Handel  Society,  1818,  and  the  Haydn  Society  in 
1821,  exerted  a  beneficial  influence  on  the  singing  of 
our  religious  congregations,  through  their  members, 
who  resided  here. 

1825.  About  this  date,  the  Mozart  Association  is 
formed.  They  had  stated  meetings  to  practice  in  vo- 
cal and  instrumental  music.  Occasionally,  they  gave 
concerts.     They  continued  six  years. 

1832.  A  society,  denominated  the  Glee  Club,  com- 
mences. They  assemble  once  a  week  to  improve  in 
ainging  English  and  German  glees.  Of  these  they 
have  36  volumes  by  the  best  masters.  Instrumental 
music  accompanies,  the  vocal.  Ladies,  though  not 
Inembers,  sometimes  take  part  in  the  perfotmances. 


MUSIC.  501 

Merriment,  as  the  name  of  the  society  is  sometimes 
taken  to  mean,  is  not  their  object,  but  rational  amuse- 
ment in  the  cultivation  of  musical  taste. 

1839.  There  is  a  reorganization  of  persons,  who 
take  the  name  of  Union  Social  Singing  Society. 
Their  main  purpose  is  to  advance  in  the  art  of  sacred 
music.  They  are  assisted  with  several  of  the  orches- 
tral instruments. 

As  among  the  salutary  novelties  of  late  years,  we 
have  the  subsequent  items. 

1842,  Sept.  1.  A  teacher  of  vocal  music  is  to  be 
employed  by  our  city,  for  ^150,  in  all  our  public 
schools,  under  masters,  except  the  one  for  Latin. 

1843,  April  17.  For  a  like  purpose,  $300  are  vot- 
ed. This  was  paid  to  three  instructors  for  a  year's 
service.  The  proper  use  of  the  voice  in  this  and 
other  respects,  is  not  half  enough  appreciated  as  to  its 
power,  in  accordance  with  the  purpose  of  its  Creator, 
for  harmonizing  the  discordant  passions  and  improv- 
ing the  better  aflfections  of  our  nature. 

*<  The  song  instructs  the  soul  and  charms  the  ear." 
INSTRUMENTAL  MUSIC. 

The  settlers  of  New  England,  when  coming  hither 
to  found  colonies,  left  behind  them  the  instruments  of 
music,  employed  in  the  churches  of  their  native  land. 
Not  that  their  ears  were  insensible  to  the  harmony  of 
sounds  or  their  hearts  unaflfected  with  its  strains.  No. 
They  judged,  from  past  experience,  that  by  such  de- 
nial, they  and  their  children  should  be  less  likely  to 
cherish  an  excessive  reliance  on  the  forms  of  religioUi 
which  prevailed  among  their  countrymeOi  and  thus 
43* 


1^  FIRST  ORGANS^ 

lose  its  spirit  and  power.  A  decision  of  this  kind 
long  exerted  an  efficient  influence  orer  our  Common- 
wealth. 

The  first  oi^ans,  we  know  of,  in  Massachusetts, 
were  noticed,  1711,  by  Rev.  Mr.  Green  of  Salem  Vil- 
lage. He  said  of  them  in  his  diary,  <<  I  was  at  Mr. 
Thomas  Brattle's,  heard  the  organs  and,  saw  strange 
things  in  a  microscope."  It  is  probable,  that  one  of 
these  instruments  was  that,  which  Mr.  Brattle  gave, 
in  1714,  to  the  King's  Chapel  of .  Boston.  A  strong 
objection  made  by  some  persons,  1720,  against  the 
revival  of  singing  by  note,  was,  lest  it  should  bring 
instrumental  music  into  our  churches.  In  1743,  an 
organ  of  John  Clark  was  put  in  the  Episcopal  church 
of  Salem.  When  they  had  another  made  by  Thomas 
Johnston  of  Boston,  1754,  they  presented  their  old 
one  to  the  Episcopal  church  of  Marblehead. 

With  regard  to  other  musical  instruments,  they 
were  seldom  advertised  in  the  public  prints,  before  the 
Revolution  of  1776.  One  of  the  instances,  when 
they  were,  was  in  1764.  Then  a  gentleman  from 
London  offered  several  for  sale  in  Boston,  as  flutes, 
violins,  a  harpsichord,  hautboys,  and  a  bass  viol.  Rel- 
ative to  the  harpsichord,  so  named,  it  as  well  as  the 
spinnet,  was  not  in  general  use  at  this  date.  The 
piano  forte,  being  an  improvement  on  them,  was  grad- 
ually coming  into  use  by  1795,  and  has  since  become 
quite  common  among  our  citizens. 

1771.  A  pamphlet  is  published  here,  entitled,  <<The 
lawfulness  and  advantages  of  instrumental  music  in 
the  public  worship  of  God."  A  similar  {voduction 
had  been  inued  in  Philadelphia,  1763« 


ORGANS  IN  CHURCHES.  50$ 

1772.  Robert  and  George  Yirat  propose  to  give 
musical  lessons  in  Salem. 

1774.  A  concert  of  instrumental  and  vocal  music 
is  given  at  the  Assembly  Room. 

1783.  The  Massachusetts  Band,  from  Boston,  per-* 
form  at  a  concert  in  Salem,  for  the  benefit  of  our  poor. 
About  1799,  several  young  men  of  Salem  form  a  band. 
They  were  much  noticed  for  their  skilful  performances. 

1800.  An  organ  is  made  in  London  for  the  first 
church.  It  came  over  in  a  ship  of  Hasket  Derby. 
Its  cost  was  $1,800.  It  is  among  the  best  of  our 
country. 

Prior  to  this  time,  orchestral  instruments,  particu- 
larly the  bass  viol,  had  been  played  in  our  Congrega- 
tional societies,  for  many  years.  They  were  thus  em- 
ployed in  each  of  such  societies  as  has  been  sup- 
plied with  an  organ,  till  it  weis  so  accommodated. 
They  are  still  used  in  our  congregations  which  have 
no  organs. 

1806.  About  this  time,  some  of  our  musicians 
unite  and  receive  the  name  of  Brigade  Band,  under 
the  auspices  of  General  Samuel  G.  Derby.  Their 
career,  while  so  connected,  was  of  few  years,  but  very 
respectable. 

1808.  The  North  church  supply  themselves  with 
an  organ,  made  in  New  York  by  John  Giebe,  al 
$2,800. 

1826.  The  Independent  church  are  alike  accom- 
modated. Theirs  was  manufactured  by  Thomas  Ap- 
pleton  of  Boston  for  j^  1,600.  It  is  creditable  to  its 
architect. 

1828.    The  Tabernacle  church  have  an  organ  of 


504  ORGANS  IN  CHURCHES. 

Messrs.  Hooks,  natives  of  Salem,  but  residents  of  Bos- 
ton, for  about  $800.  Convinced,  that  the  purchase  of 
a  low  priced  article  at  first,  is  not  good  economy  in 
future,  they  are  about  to  obtain  another  of  better 
quality. 

1832.  The  East  church  purchase  one  of  Mr.  Good- 
ridge  of  Boston  for  $1,700. 

The  South  church  buy  another  of  Messrs.  Hooks, 
at  $1,200.  It  has  recently  had  the  addition  of  a  sub- 
base  at  $300. 

1833.  The  first  Baptist  church  have  an  organ  of 
Mr.  Appleton  at  $1,600.     It  is  a  superior  instrument. 

About  1835,  a  new  Brigade  Band  is  constituted. 
Its  repute  is  deservedly  high.  One  hopeful  feature  in 
its  character  is,  that  its  members  are  all  temperance 
men.  This  is  a  virtue,  which  has  been  too  much  dis- 
regarded by  such  associations.  The  more  skill  in 
music  is  exercised  with  a  salutary  influence  on  its 
possessors  and  hearers,  the  more  it  complies  with  the 
purpose  of  its  being  given  as  a  talent  for  improvement. 

1838.  Howard  street  church  procure  an  organ  from 
Messrs.  Stevens  &  Gayette  of  East  Cambridge.  It  is 
accompanied  with  a  sub-bass. 

1839.  The  Universalist  church  obtain  an  organ. 
Besides  the  preceding,  there  are  two  organs,  of  small 

jize,  in  the  Crombie  street  and  the  Catholic  churches. 
More  than  a  century  since,  one  reason  assigned  why 
organs  would  not  find  a  place  in  our  Congregational 
churches,  was  the  expense  of  them.  But  this  objec- 
tion, as  well  as  others  of  a  religious  nature,  has  given 
way  so  much,  that,  in  less  than  fifty  years,  nearly  all 
our  houses  of  worship,  though  still  imconformed  to 
the  usages  of  Episco^^^yt^Y,  ate  su^jplied  with  such  in- 


DANCING.  50S 

struments.     This  denotes  a  rapid  change  in  pecuniary 
circumstances  and  ecclesiastical  sentiments. 

DANCING  SCHOOLS. 

This  subject  may  appear  to  some,  at  first  sight,  as 
hardly  a  fit  companion  for  other  branches  of  educa- 
tion. But  whatever  may  be  its  repute  in  minds  of 
different  inclinations,  it  has  long  been  accounted,  by  a 
portion  of  our  community,  suitable  to  hold  such  a 
place.  Though  the  far  greater  number  of  emigrants 
to  these  shores,  were,  in  purpose  and  example,  oppos* 
ed  to  dancing,  yet  there  were  continually^  individuals 
about  and  among  them,  who  would  participate  in  the 
exercise.  This  was  so,  in  the  outset  of  our  colony,  at 
Merry  Mount.  It  is  evident  from  the  early  interdicts 
against  it,  as  contained  in  our  legislative  records. 

The  first  information,  which  the  writer  has  seen 
relative  to  instruction  in  dancing,  at  Salem,  was  in 
1739.  Then  our  selectmen  allowed  Charles  Brad* 
shaw  to  teach  this  art  in  connection  with  French,  "so 
long  as  he  keeps  good  order."  Henry  Sherlot,  pro- 
fessor of  the  same  art,  as  well  as  of  fencing,  was  or- 
dered, 1681,  to  leave  Boston,  because  of  his  immoral 
deportment. 

In  1755,  Lawrence  D'Obleville,  a  native  of  Paris 
and  a  Protestant,  was  employed  in  Salem  and  other 
towns,  "  teaching  children  and  youth  to  dance  and 
good  manners." 

Robert  and  George  Virat,^  whom  remarkable  adver- 
sity had  thrown  on  our  coast,  gave  notice,  in  1772, 
that  they  would  take  scholsurs  to  learn  dancing  as  well 

>  In  1773,  Monsienr  Viart,  of  the  same  employment,  is  mentioned* 
who  may  have  been  one  of  these  two,  with  his  Bame  diffecently  «^VL 


506  DANCING. 

as  fencing,  music  and  French,  in  Salem  and  Marble- 
head.  Their  price  was  $2  a  quarter  for  either  of  these 
branches.  Among  other  subsequent  instructors  of 
dancing  in  this  city,  were  William  Turner  from  Lon- 
don, 1774,  James  Boyd  1781,  and  Mr.  Olive  1785. 
Of  the  places  occupied  by  them,  was  the  <<  Assembly 
House,"  standing  next  to  the  north  side  of  the  South 
church  and  used  by  the  congregation  of  Rev.  Daniel 
Hopkins,  1774,  afterwards  the  Putnam  Mansion  in 
Federal  street,  and  the  Hall  over  Safford's  store,  re- 
cently consumed.  As  well  known,  there  has  long 
been  a  question  on  dancing,  because  of  its  results. 
Gould  it  be  practised,  without  an  abuse  of  time  and 
morals,  it  would  be  as  proper  as  calisthenics  or  any 
other  amusement  for  physical  health.  But  whenever 
its  fascinations  are  such,  whether  in  the  mansion  or 
ball-room,  as  to  encourage  extravagance  in  apparel, 
intemperance  in  feasting  and  drinking,  and  absence 
from  home  at  late  hours,  then  it  infringes  on  man's 
duty  to  his  Maker  and  to  community. 

Thus  we  have  looked  at  various  departments  of  in- 
struction. If  training  the  intellect  and  affections  to 
love  the  knowledge  and  practice  the  duties  divinely 
imposed  on  us,  then  it  ranks  among  the  most  valuable 
privileges  of  society.  So  coming  up  to  its  great  end,  it 
is  followed  with  results  of  good,  which  reach  through 
life  and  commingle  with  endless  realities. 

**  *T  IB  8o  with  man.    His  talents  rest 
Misshapen  embryos  in  his  breast ; 
Till  education's  eye  explores 
The  sleeping  intelieotaal  powers, 
Awakes  the  dawn  of  wit  and  sense, 
And  li({hta  them  into  excellenee." 


APPENDIX. 


Page  6.  Perhaps  it  ^ould  be  more  correct  to  say  that  Mar- 
ble harbor  was  pcarUy  and  not  excluiwdy  applied  to  Marblehead. 

P.  8.     Salem  boundary  took  in  a  small  portion  of  Lynn. 

P.  11.  Indiana,  Desirous  to  preserve  facts  relative  to  the  In- 
dians, who  once  occupied  the  soil  of  Naumkeag,  or  of  those 
who  had  particular  concerns  with  our  inhabitants,  the  succeed- 
ing items  are  presented,  as  additional  to  those  from  page  11  to 
33. 

1639,  June  25.  Hope,  a  servant  of  Hugh  Peters,  was  sen- 
tenced to  be  whipped  for  drunkenness  and  running  away. 

1652,  April  17.  Ned,  or  Peckanaminet,  an  Indian  residing  at 
Ipswich,  mortgages  to  Henry  Bartholomew,  for  £30,  land  of 
eight  miles  square.  It  was  about  ten  miles  above  Andover,  on 
the  Merrimac  river,  between  lands  of  his  uncle  William  and 
brother  Humphrey.  The  conditions  were,  that  Ned  should  pay 
the  sum  in  merchantable  beaver  before  the  10th  of  June  next,  or 
forfeit  the  security, 

1657,  June  30.  George  Sagamore,  and  Sagamore  of  Aga- 
wam,  depose,  that  duke  William  sold  Nahant  to  "  farmer  Dex- 
ter," for  a  suit  of  clothes.  But,  as  these  were  returned,  the  pur- 
chaser gave  two  or  three  coats  for  the  same  Island  again.  The 
mark  of  George  was  a  bow  and  arrow.  William  was  his  cou- 
sin. 

1661,  March  2D.  John  Bourne,  set.  49,  now  of  Barbadoes, 
sells  to  Henry  Harwood,  five  acres  in  South  Fields,  called  "  In- 
dian Corn  Hills." 

1668,  July  8.  The  following  is  an  order  of  Salem  selectmen. 
"  Vpon  the  complaint  of  severall  persons  about  the  North  Neck, 
concerninge  the  Indians  residinge  thereabouts;  It's  ordered, 
that  if  the  inhabitants  desire  a  watch  there,  the  constable  shall 
sett  the  watch  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  North  Neck  there." 

1676,  July  18.  Benjamin  Felton,  keeper  of  our  prison,  had 
kept  two  Indians,  one  confined  17  weeks,  and  another24  weeka 
The  Quarterly  Court  allowed  him  2s.  a  week  for  each  of  them. 
It  is  likely  that  they  were  concerned  in  Philip's  insurrection. 

Oct  9.  According  to  an  examination  of  John  Flint,  before 
William  Hathorne,  the  former  shot  a  hostile  Indian  at  the  end 
of  Spring  pond,  next  to  Lynn. 


508  APPENDIX. 

1679,  Aug.  13.  No  Indian  is  to  lodge  in  the  town  oyer  night 
He  is  to  depart  by  sunset,  and  not  return  till  sunrising.  Any 
Indian  breaking  this  order,  is  to  be  secured  in  prison,  ai^  in  the 
morning  carried  before  authority  and  punished. 

1721,  July  1.  An  inquisition  had  been  lately  held  on  the 
body  of  Betty  Thomas,  ^  an  Indian  squaw  in  Salem."  Verdict, 
that  she  died  a  natural  death. 

1793,  March  26.  Many  bones  of  human  bodies  had  been 
lately  dug  up  near  the  water  side,  **  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  the 
town."  They  were  concluded  to  be  the  remains  of  the  abori- 
gines. 

1803,  Oct  25.  Nine  human  skeletons  were  lately  found  in 
Mr.  Buffum's  ground,  in  N.  Fields,  many  parts  of  which,  par- 
ticularly the  teeth,  were  very  sound.  Two  skeletons  were  found 
there  about  three  years  before.  There  can  be  little  doubt  but 
that  they  were  remains  of  some  Naumkeags. 

1809,  Dec.  4.  While  persons  are  making  an  excavation  in 
South  Salem,  they  meet  with  ten  human  skeletons^'  two  or 
three  feet  from  the  surface  of  the  ground,  which  are  supposed 
to  have  been  those  of  Indians. 

1829,  Sept  16.  While  workmen  are  engaged  in  levelling  a 
yard  of  Francis  Peobody's  factory  in  South  Salem,  they  disturb 
the  remains  of  Indians.  These  were  deposited  in  groups  of 
tiiree  or  four,  reclined  on  one  side,  in  a  north  and  south  line, 
with  their  faces  towards  the  east,  emblematical  of  the  resurrec- 
tion morn.  Most  of  the  bodies  were  those  of  adults,  and  only 
three  of  children.  Their  knees  were  towards  the  breast,  their 
hands  against  their  faces,  except  one,  who  seemed  to  have  been 
interred  at  full  length.  The  bones  of  animals  lay  near  their 
heads.  Upwards  of  4,000  people  went  to  see  them,  and  turn 
back  their  sympathies  on  the  race,  entirely  swept  from  our  soil. 
The  relics  of  so  sad  a  remembrance,  were  decently  reburied  in 
the  evening,  two  days  afler  their  being  discovered. 

P.  31.  line  20.  For  u  in  the  second  syllable  of  Wittautinnusk, 
readu^. 

P.  31. 1. 29.    Afler  Hme  supply  to  time, 

P.  32. 1.  26.    For  Vk  read  Vs. 

P.  41.  lAst  of  Subscribers.  To  understand  more  fully  the 
persons  and  particulars  of  the  company,  who  laid  the  foundation 
of  Massachsetts,  we  have  the  following  and  two  specific  con- 
tracts with  Messrs.  Bright,  Higginson,  and  Skelton. 

In  the  name  of  god,  Amen.    London,  May,  1628. 
Sundrie  men  owe  vnto  the  general  stock  of  the  adventurers 
for  plantacon  intended  att  Massachusetts  Bay,  in  New  England, 


APPENDIX. 


509 


in  America,  the  some  of  tow  thousand  one  hundreth  and  fiflie 
pound.  And  is  for  soe  much  yndertaken  by  the  pticuler  per- 
sons menconed  heareafler,  by  there  seuerall  and  general!  stock 
for  the  foresaid  plantacon.  Subscripcons,  to  be  by  them  aduen- 
tured  In  this  Joint,  wherevnto  the  Almighty  grant  prosperous 
and  happie  Svccess,  that  the  same  may  redound  to  his  gloria, 
the  propagation  of  the  Gospell  of  Jesus  Christ,  and  the  particu- 
ler  good  of  the  seuerall  Adventurers,  that  now  are  or  hereafter 
shalbe  Interested  therein.  The  persons  nowe  to  be  made  debt- 
ors to  the  generall  Stock  being  as  followeth : 


Sr.Rich'd  Saltonstall,  Knt.  oweth  £100 

Mr.  Isacke  Johnson,  Esqr.  100 

Mr.  Samuel  Aldersey  fiO 

John  Venn(l) 

Hugh  Peter 

John  humfrey 

Thomas  Steeuens 

George  harwood 

John  Giouer 

Mathew  Cradocke 

Simon  Whetcombe 

fiirancs  Webbe 

Increase  Nowell 

Mr.  A.  C. 

Richard  Tufineale 

Richard  Perrie 

Joseph  Offeild 

John  White 

Joseph  Caron 

Thomas  Adams 

Richard  Dauis 


Abraham  Palmer 
WillmDarbie 
John  Endecott 
Daniell  Hodsen 
Edward  fiborde 
Daniell  Bullard 
Tho :  hewson 
Andrew  Arnold 
Richard  Bushord 
Richard  Young 
George  Wave 
Richard  Bullingham 
Job  Bradshawe 
Joseph  Bradshawe 
Herye  Durleye 
Tho :  hutchins 
Charles  Whitchcolls 
George  fibxcroft 
WUlm  Crowther 
Nathaniell  Maostreye 


George  Harwood,  Treasurer  for  the  plantacon  of  the  Matta- 
chusetts  Bay,  oweth  vnto  sundrie  accompts,  for  Moneyes  Red 
by  him  of  sundrie  adventurers,  vizt. 


To  Sr.Rich'd  Saltonstall,  Knt.recd£dO 


Isacke  Johnson,  Esq. 
John  Glover 
Increase  Nowell 
Mathew  Cradock 
Richard  Perrey,  Esq. 
Hughe  Peter 
Joseph  Ofeild 
Captaine  John  Venn 
Abraham  Palmer 
Samuel  Aldersay 
Simon  Whetcombe 
Richard  Younge 
Josephe  Carron 


2d 
25 


15 


Edward  fiborde 

Thomas  Hewson 

Daniell  Ballard 

Thomas  Stevens  50 

Job  Bradshawe 

Joseph  Bradshawe 

Andrew  Amott 

Nathaniell  Manestreye 

A.  C. 

George  Harwood 

Abrie 

John  Smyth;  per  tow  pumts       25 

"765 


(1)  The  rabscriben  firom  S.  Aldersey  sicnedeach  £50. 

44 


SIO  APPENDIX. 

P.  47.  Mr.  BrighPi  ContracL  *<The  coppie  of  die  masters 
agreemeot  with  tM  compsnie.  ** 

^  I,  ffirsDcis  Bright,  of  Roily,  in  Essex,  Clark,  have  this  present 
dth  fTebr.  1^28,  agreed  with  the  compa  of  aduenturers  for  New 
England,  in  America,  to  bee  ready  wth  my  wyf  2  children  and 
one  maid  servant,  by  the  begining  of  Mrch  next,  to  take  oar 
passage  to  the  plantation  at  or  neare  Massachusetts  Bay,  in  New 
England,  as  aforesaid ;  whear  I  doe  premise,  God  sparing  mee 
Kfe  and  health,  to  seme  the  said  company  in  the  work  of  the 
ministery,  by  my  true  and  iaithfuU  endeuours  for  the  space  of 
three  years,  for  and  in  consideration  whereof,  these  seuerall  par- 
ticulars are  this  day  agreed  vpon,  by  the  sd  company,  and  by 
me  accepted,  namely. 

*<  1.  That  twenty  pounds  shalbe  fourth  with  paid  mee,  by  the 
companies  Treasurer  towards  charges  of  fitting  myself  wth  ap- 
parell  and  other  necessaris  for  ye  voiadgo.  2.  That  ten  pounds 
more  shalbe  paid  mee  by  him  towards  provideing  of  bookes, 
which  said  bookes,  vpon  my  death  or  removall  from  the  cbardg 
now  intended  to  bee  transferred  vpon  mee,  are  to  be  and  re- 
maine  to  such  minister  as  shall  succeed  in  my  place  for  the  said 
company,  and  before  my  departure  out  of  England  I  am  to  de- 
liver a  particuler  of  the  said  bookes.  3.  That  twenty  pounds 
yearly  shalbee  paid  mee  for  three  yeares,  to  begin  from  the  tyme 
of  my  first  arrivall  in  New  England,  and  so  to  bee  accounted 
and  paid  at  the  end  of  each  yeare.  4.  That  dureing  the  said 
tyme,  the  company  shall  provide  for  mee  and  my  family  afore- 
mentioned, necessaries  of  dyet,  housing,  fierwood,  and  shalbee 
at  the  chardge  of  the  transportacon  of  vs  into  New  England, 
and  at  the  end  of  the  said  three  years,  if  I  shal  not  like  to  con- 
tinew  longer  there,  to  be  at  charges  of  transporting  us  back  for 
England.  5.  That  in  convenient  tyme  a  house  shalbe  built, 
and  certeine  lands  aloted  their  vnto,  wch  during  my  stay  in  the 
country  and  continuing  in  the  ministerie,  shalbe  for  my  vse,  and 
after  ray  death  or  removall  the  same  to  be  for  succeeding  min- 
isters. 6.  That  at  the  expiracon  of  the  said  three  years,  one 
hundred  acres  of  land  shalbe  assigned  vnto  me,  for  mee  and  my 
heirs  for  euer.  7.  That  in  case  I  shal  depart  this  life  in  that 
country,  the  said  company  shall  take  care  for  my  widow  dureing 
her  widowhood  and  aboad  (in  that)  country  and  plantation ;  the 
like  for  my  children  whilst  they  remain  on  the  said  plantation. 
8.  That  the  milk  of  twoe  kine  shalbee  appointed  mee  toward 
the  chardg  of  dyet,  for  me  and  my  family  as  aforesaid,  and  half 
their  increes  dureing  the  said  three  years  to  be  likewise  mine, 
but  the  said  twoe  kine  and  the  other  half  of  the  increase  to  re- 
lume to  the  Company  att  the  end  of  the  said  three  years.  9. 
That  I  shall  haue  liberty  to  carry  bedding,  linnen,  brasse,  yron, 
pewter  of  my  owne,  for  my  necessary  vse  diireing  the  said  tyme. 


APPENDIX.  fill 

10.  That  if  I  coDtiaew  seaven  years  vpon  the  said  plantation, 
that  then  one  hundred  acres  of  land  more  shaB)e  allotted  to  mee 
for  me  and  my  heirs  forever. " 

P.  68.  Mtssrs.  Hi^gin»on  and  SkeUon^s  Contract.  <*  The  8 
of  April,  1629.  Mr.  ffrancis  Uiggeson  and  Mr.  Saniuell  Skelton 
intended  ministers  for  this  piantacon,  and  it  being  thought 
meete  to  consider  of  their  entertainment,  who  expressing  their 
'willingness,  together  also  with  Mr.  fTrancis  Bright,  being  now 
present  to  doe  their  endeavour  in  their  places  of  the  ministerie, 
as  well  in  preaching,  catechisinge,  as  also  in  teaching  or  caus- 
ing to  be  taught  the  Companys  servants  and  their  children, 
as  also  the  salvages  and  their  children,  wherby  to  their  vtter- 
raost  to  further  the  inaine  end  of  this  plantation,  being  by  the 
assistance  of  Almighty  God  the  convertion  of  the  salvages;  the 

S repositions  and  agreements  concluded  on  with  Mr.  ffrancis 
»right  the  second  of  ffebruary  last,  were  reciprocallie  accepted 
of  by  Mr.  ffrancis  Higgeson  and  Mr.  Samuell  Skelton,  who  are 
in  euery  respect  to  haue  the  like  conditions  as  Mr.  Bright  hath, 
only  whereas  Mr.  Higgeson  hath  eight  children,  it  is  intended 
that  £10  more  yearly  shalbe  allowed  him  towarde  their  chards- 
es  ;  And  is  agreed  that  the  increase  to  be  improved  of  all  their 
grounds  during  the  first  3  years,  shalbe  att  the  Companies  dis- 
poseinge,  who  are  to  find  their  dyet  during  that  tyme ;  and  £10 
more  to  Mr.  Higgeson,  towards  his  present  fitting  him  and  his 
for  the  voyage," 

FFRANCIS  HIGGESON. 
SAMUEL  SKELTON. 

*<  Further,  though  it  was  not  mentioned  in  the  agreement, 
but  forgotten,  Mr.  Higgeson  was  promised  a  man  seruant  to 
take  care  and  look  to  his  things,  and  to  catch  him  fish  and  foule 
and  provide  other  things  needful!  and  also  two  maid  seruants 
to  look  to  his  family. " 

That  we  may  have  a  particular  knowledge  of  the  articles  for 
domestic  use,  and  their  prices^  for  a  clergyman's  family  at  Sa- 
lem, in  its  beginning ;  as  well  as  other  &cts ;  the  subsequent 
document  is  presented : 

A  coppie  of  an  Accompte  of  Monies  Mr,  Skelton  is  Cr.  viz, 
Ano.  1629..  By  so  much  which  should  haue  beene 

paid  him  in  England  towards  fit- 
ting him  for  ye  voyadg  £20    0    0 
Charges  at  Tiltbury  Cowes  and  Pli- 

moth  being  wind  bound  2  10    0 

Twenty  per  annum  for  3  years  60    0    0 

One  bushell  of  wheat  flower  15 

«««<<«    oatmeale  10 


51]|f  APPENDIX. 

1  holland  &  2  ordenary  cheese  10 

XXlb.  of  powdered  sugar  13    9 

One  sugar  loafe  cont  71b.  at  Is.  6d.  10    6 

«      «        **        "     51b.  at  Is.  7d.  7  11 

61b  pepper  12 

Nutmegs  4oz.  1    8 

loz.  of  cloves  and  1  of  mace  2 

31b.  of  starch  1    3 

121b.  Rice  6 

61b.  of  untried  suet  3 

1  gall,  of  aquavites  3    8 

1  flitch  of  bacon  14 

Castile  soap  91b.  at  8d.  6 

Raisins,  currants  and  prunes  14 

2oz.  saffron  5 

5  qu.  of  strong  water.  8 

21b.  almonds  at  Is.  2d.  2    4 

151b.  tried  suet  at  8d.  10 

1  gall,  of  «  sallert  oyle"  6 
61b.  candles  3 

5  geese  &  9  ducks  8 
1630            121b.  Butter  8 

6  pots  of  butter,  each  of  71b.  1    8 

2  Cheeses  about  101b.  apiece  11    8 
half  a  firkin  of  butter  17    6 
i  of  barrel  of  white  "  biskett "  10 
71b.  honey  7  10 
1  pot  of  butter  3 
101b.  currants  5 
Bacon  10 

1  dozen  of  candles  8 

2  Cheeses  of  6d.  lb.  11    3 

3  «        «  7  «  17    9 

1  "porkett"  1     5 

421b.  tried  suet  8 

6  geese  &  12  ducks  14 

61b.  powdered  sugar  at  20d.  10 

5             «            "          18d.  7    6 

101b.  Loaf           «  1 

Cloves  &  mace  1 

2oz.  nutmegs  Is.  &  Cinnamon  16d.  2    4 
Work  mens  wages  for  cutting  and 

bringing  home  wood  for  winter  3 
So  much  paid  Mr,  "Pearce"  for 
provisions  of  meal,  peas,  canvas, 
kersey,  and  **  elce"  with  £3  5s.  9d. 
adventure  after  25  per  cent  and 
freight                                           12    15    1 


APPENDIX.  61« 


3  quarts  of  aquavites 

3    9 

lOlb.  Rice  at  5d. 

4    2 

101b.  Butter 

6    8 

41b.  Cbeese 

13    4 

10  pieces  of  pork 

11    8 

281b.  Butter 

10 

4  bushels  of  Virginia  corn 

2 

4  galls.  Vinegar  8s.  1 

gal.  2s. 

17* 

2  pecks  of  wt.  salt 

3 

£124    13    7 

"  Now  de  Increase 

The  first  yeare  next  after  the  receipte  of  the  two  heifers,  both 
the  calues  niiscaried,  one  about  a  quarter  ould  dyed,  th'  other 
neare  vpou  a  yeare  old  lost  by  the  wolves. 

The  second  yeare  there  was  a  heiffer  calfe  and  a  bull  ealfe, 
wch  heiffer  is  now  in  my  hands  and  the  bull  calfe  Mr.  Skelton 
sould  att  one  year  and  three  quarters  ould  for  eight  pounds. 
The  therd  yeare  was  2  bull  calues  which  the  begining  of  win- 
ter weare  both  eaten  with  the  woolues. 

Now  since  the  three  foresaid  yeares  the  next  year  after  was 
two  bull  calues  and  an  heifter  calfe,  the  springe  before  Mr.  Skel- 
ton's  death.  And  this  yeare  since  was  three  bull  calues,  two 
wherof  are  dead,  the  one  when  it  was  about  twenty  &  twoo 
weeks  ould,  the  other  since  winter  did  begin.  Now  for  the 
keeping  of  the  catle  wch  should  haue  been  at  the  Coropanys 
chardges,  hath  wholly  lyen  vpon  vs." 

Mr.  Skelton^s  .Account  continued.  14yd8  of  Dutch  serge  £259; 
17  yds  Fustian  £1  7 ;  11  yds  of  wt  English  Jeans  13  9 ;  12  yds 
of  red  p-petuana  £1  16;  12  yds  of  green,  say  1  13 ;  12  yds  of 
yellow,  say  1  13;  12  ells  of  blue  linen  14s.;  14  ells  of  course 
holland  £1  17  4;  20  ells  of  course  Lockerum  1  5  10;  23  yds  of 
striped  Linsey  Woolsy  19  4;  7  yds  buckerum  5  3 ;  1  piece  of 
"Noridg  serge  "25;  20  ells  of  Lockerum  1  5  10 ;  15  yds  Flan* 

nel  15s. ;  20  ells  of  course  canvas  1  4 ;  lib  of  whalebone ; 

91b8  Iron  at  3d.  2  3;  one  syth  3s.;  one  fishing  line  3s.;  30lb8  oak*- 
uni  7  6;  2000  nails  6d.  10s.;  t>60  nails  lOd.  5  5 ;  1  ream  of  paper 

10s. ; 7  yds  of  «  bays  "  2  6  yd. ;  2i  yds  of  yellow 

**  carsey  "34  yd. ;  2  galls,  of  metheglin  8s. ; Articles 

mentioned ;  cambrick ;  6.i  yds  of  loom  work ;  2  drinking  borys^ 
thread;  2000  pins;  6  awls;  one  web  of  blue  gartering;  one 
leather  Jack ;  2  tubs ;  1  wooden  hand  bowl ;  3  pewter  quart 
bottles  and  1  pint  do.;  1  hat ;  2  knots  of  tape. 

*  Evidently  a  miftaka. 

44* 


514  APPENDIX. 

P.  88.    Aboosett  River  is  the  same  as  Saugus  River. 

P.  91.  One  entry  of  the  Court  of  MassachuBetts  Company, 
in  London,  as  to  oaths  for  officers  of  Government,  is  not  so 
clear  as  to  make  us  sure  whether  they  refer  to  such  authorities 
in  New  or  in  Old  England.  Hence,  when  stating  the  requisi- 
tions of  these  officers,  which  were  alike  in  both  administrations, 
based  on  the  same  charter,  the  writer  remarked,  that  they  were 
made  of  Governor  Endicott  and  his  coadjutors  in  authority,  ^  for 
substance. "  The  writer  recollected  that  he  had  seen  among 
the  transactions  of  the  London  Court,  other  oaths,  more  distinct- 
ly applied  to  the  Chief  Magistrate  and  others,  at  Naumkeag.  He 
looked  for  them,  but  as  they  were  bound  in  a  volume  out  of 
their  proper  place,  he  did  not  find  them  in  season  for  the  press. 
He  soon  discovered  them,  and  has  concluded  to  have  them 
printed  here. 

The  Oath  of  the  Chtuemor  in  JVew  England.  **  You  sbal- 
be  faithful!  and  Lyali  vnto  our  Soueraigne  Lord  the  Kings 
maiestie  and  to  his  heires  and  Successors.  You  shall  support 
and  maintaine  to  your  power  the  Gouernment  and  Companie  of 
the  Mattachusetts  Bay  in  New  England  in  America,  and  the 
priviledges  of  the  same,  hauing  noe  singular  regard  to  your 
aelfe  in  derogacon  or  binderance  of  the  Commonwealth  of  the 
Company,  and  to  every  person  vnder  your  authoritie  you  shall 
administer  indifferent  and  equal]  iustice,  statutes  and  ordinances 
shall  you  none  make,  or  without  th'  advice  and  consent  of  the 
Councell  for  the  Gouernment  of  the  Mattachusetts  Bay  in  New 
England.  You  shall  admitt  none  into  the  freedome  of  this 
Company,  but  such  as  may  clay  me  the  same  by  vertue  of  priu- 
iledges  therof.  You  shall  not  bynde  your  selfe  to  enter  into 
any  business  or  process  for  or  in  the  name  of  this  Companie 
without  the  consent  and  agreement  of  the  Councell  aforesaid, 
but  shall  endeavor  faithfully  and  carefully  to  carry  your  selfe  in 
this  place  and  office  of  Gouernor  as  long  as  you  shall  continue 
in  it,  and  like  wise  you  shall  doe  your  best  endeavor  to  draw  on 
the  natiues  of  this  country  called  New  England  to  the  know- 
ledge of  the  true  God,  and  to  conserve  the  Planters  and  others 
coming  hether  in  the  same  knowledge  and  feare  of  God,  and  you 
shall  endeavor  by  all  good  meanes  to  advance  the  good  of  the 
Plantacons  of  this  Companie,  and  you  shall  endeavor  the  rais- 
ing of  such  commodities  for  the  benefitt  and  encouragement  of 
th'  adventurers  and  Planters  as  through  God's  blessing  on  your 
endeavors  may  bee  produced  for  the  good  and  service  of  the 
kingdome  of  England,  this  Company  and  their  Plantacons ;  all 
these  promises  you  shall  hold  and  keepe  to  the  vtterraost  of 
your  power  and  skill  soe  long  as  you  shall  continue  in  the 
place  of  Gouernor  of  this  fellowship.    Soe  help  you  God." 


APPENDIX.  515 

This  form  was  applied  to  the  Deputy  Governor,  by  prefixing 
the  word  "  Deputy"  to  the  word  "  Governor. " 

71u  Oath  of  the  Councdl  in  JV*eu^  EnglantL  You  sweare  to 
bee  faith  full  and  loiall  to  our  Soueraigne  Lord  the  Kings  Ma- 
iestie  and  to  his  heires  and  successors,  you  shall  from  tyme  to 
tyme  giue  your  best  advice  and  councell  for  supporting  and 
maintaininge  the  Communwealth  and  Corporacon  of  the  Gou- 
ernor  and  Company  of  the  Mattachusetts  Bay,  in  New  Eng- 
land, not  sparing  for  loue  nor  dread,  for  fauor  nor  meede,  but 
according  to  the  statutes  and  ordinances  made  and  to  bee  made 
by  vertue  of  the  charter  of  the  said  Companie,  shall  effectually 
assist  the  Gouernor,  or  his  deputie  and  Councell,  of  the  said 
Companie,  in  executing  the  said  Statutes  and  Ordinances,  hau- 
ing  noe  singular  regard  to  yourselfe  in  derogacon  of  the  Com- 
monwealth of  the  same.  All  these  promises  you  shall  hold  and 
truely  keepe,  to  your  power,  soe  long  as  you  shall  continue 
in  the  place  or  office  of  one  of  the  said  Councell.  Soe  helpe  you 
God. " 

P.  166.  After  the  resumption  of  our  Colonial  government  in 
1689,  the  custom  of  making  freemen  by  General  Court,  as  be- 
fore the  usurpation  in  1686,  was  continued  into  a  portion  of 
1691. 

P.  167.    John  Bennet  came  to  New  England  1630. 

P.  168.  Francis  Collins,  in  1687,  had  lived  in  Salem  over 
fiAy  years. 

P.  169.  A  John  Hill,  John  Pick  worth,  and  Daniel  Ray,  had 
led  Plymouth  by  1632,  as  a  letter  of  Gov.  Bradford  stated. 

P.  170.  Benjamin  Scarlett,  who  was  aged  54  in  1678,  came 
to  Salem  1635,  when  he  was  bound  by  his  mother  to  Governor 
Endicott. 

There  should  have  been  suffixed  to  each  of  the  three  Messrs. 
Spras^ue,  c.  c.  1628,  instead  of  c./.  1629. 

John  Throgmorton  arrived  1630. 

Jacob  Towne  lived  here,  in  North  Fields,  1637,  and  so  con- 
tinued twelve  years  before  he  went  to  Topsfield. 

William  Vassal  was  brother  to  Samuel  Vassal. 

P.  171.  John  White,  who  moved  to  Lancaster,  is  the  same 
as  on  p.  175. 

P.  172.  Ellen  Felton  probably  came  hither  in  1633,  when 
her  son  Nathaniel  did. 

P.  173.  Catharine  Bernard istone  is  supposed  to  have  l)een  a 
connection  of  Sir  Nathaniel  Bernardistone,  a  knight,  of  Parlia- 


616 


APPENDIX. 


ment  for  Stiffblk,  who  was  a  friend  of  Grovernor  Winthrop,  and 
mentioned  by  the  latter,  April  5, 1630,  as  desirous  to  be  a  sub- 
Bcriber  in  the  joint  stock  of  the  Massachusetts  Company. 

P.  175.  Isaac  Allerton  had  estate  in  New  York,  as  well  as  at 
New  Haven,  Marblehead  and  Plymouth. 

P.  167  to  176.  Among  the  names  in  Hon.  James  Savage^s 
Gleanings  for  New  England  History,  published  in  the  8  v.  3  s. 
of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society's  Collections,  the  follow- 
ing are  such  as  are  found  on  lists  of  the  first  settlers  in  Salem. 
The  persons  so  denoted,  were  about  embarking  from  Great 
Britain  for  New  England.  The  wives  and  children  and  ser- 
vants of  some  will  be  mentioned  with  them. 


1635. 

Feb.    John  Best,  taylor,  from  Can- 
terbury 
March.  John  Keeves,  aet.  19 

April.    Francis  Bushnell,  carpenter  26 
-    •    -  ■•  26 

1 
21 

23 


Marie  Busbncll, 

Martha  Busfanell 

John  Biishnell,  glazier 

John  Beamond 
June.  Henry    Bullock;   husband- 
man, from  SU  Lawrence, 
in  Essex 

Susan  Bullock 

Henry  8,  Mary  6,  and  Tho- 
mas Bullock,  2 

John  Harbert,  from  North- 
ampton, shoemaker, 

Richard  Adams,  bricklayer, 
of  the  same  town 

Susan  Adams 

Richard  Graves 

William  Vassal] 

Ann  Vassall 

Judith  16,  Francis  12,  John 
10,  Ann  6,  Margaret 2,  & 
Mary  Vassall  1 

John  Jackson,  fisherman 

Margaret  Jackson 
July.    Richard  Hollingworlh 

Susan  Hollingworth 

Wm.  7,  Richard  4,  Eliza- 
beth 3,  and  Susan  Hol- 
lingworlh 2 


40 
42 


23 

29 
26 
23 
42 
42 


40 
36 
40 
SO 


Sept.   William   Wood,   hushand- 

man  27 

Elizabeth  Wood  24 

Ralph  Tomkins,   husband- 
man 50 
Katharine  Tomkins  SB 
Samuel  22,    lUizabeth    18, 

Marie  Tomkins  16 

Ralph  Ellwood  28 

A  g^up  of  names,  showing  that  their 

possessors  were  of  New  Saram,  and 

were  near  sailing  for  New  Ensrland. 

1635. 

April.  Edmund  Batter,  malster, 
John  Smale,  his  servant 
Michael  Shafflin,  taylor 
Joshua  Verin,  roper 
Thomas  Antramlweaver 
Thomas  Browne,  his  senrant 
George  Smythe,  taylor 
Phillip  Varren,  roper 
John  Green,  surgeon 
The  last  person  is  supposed  to  have 
been    the  husband   of    the  widow 
Green,  named  among  our  first  set- 
tlers. 
1636.   Joseph  Bachelor,  of  Canterbury, 
taylor 
Elizabeth,    his  wife,  and  one 

child 
Marmaduke  Peerce^  of  Sand- 
wich, taylor,  his  wife,  and  one 
servant 


P.  194.    Blue  Anchor  Tavern  was  near  the  site  of  the  Eng- 
lish house. 

P.  195.    There  was  fear  of  a  war  with  England  as  well  as 
with  France. 


APPENDIX.  617 

P.  196.  The  part  of  the  mall  disposed  of  in  1793,  was  sold 
to  Mr.  Richardson  mentioned  on  this  page. 

P.  207.  Rev.  Dr.  Bently  related,  that  he  had  seen  men  who 
owned  rif^hts  in  the  mall,  cut  flags  and  hoops  there,  and  that  it 
was  called  the  Town  Swamp. 

In  1802,  proposals  were  made  for  60  to  100  elms,  and  in  1818 
for  200  of  them,  to  be  planted  on  the  mall. 

P.  211.  Salem  and  Saugus  had  leave,  in  1635,  to  build  four 
houses  for  provisions  on  the  Island  in  Humphrey's  pond. 

P.  225.  A  township  was  granted  to  John  Higginson  and 
others,  in  1718,  located  between  Dunstable  and  Lancaster.  The 
legislative  discussions  respecting  this  grant,  denote  that  it  was 
in  or  about  Townsend.  But  the  people  there  have  no  know- 
ledge that  it  was  so. 

The  grantees  of  Salem  Narragansett,  No.  3,  were  29  from 
Salem,  27  from  Lynn,  14  from  Topsfield,  14  from  Beverly,  9 
from  Andover,  7  from  Marblehead,  5  from  Gloucester,  4  from 
Wenham,  4  from  Boxford,2  from  Reading,  2  from  Falmouth,  1 
from  Bradford,  1  from  York,  1  from  Scarborough,  and  1  from 
Chatham. 

P.  227.  In'1776,  Ebenezer  Porter,  a  native  of  Salem,  peti- 
tioned the  Council  of  Massachusetts  that  he  might  remove  his 
furniture  from  Yarmouth,  in  the  bay  of  Fundy,  "inhabited 
chiefly  by  people  from  Salem  and  Beverly,  and  some  from  Ips- 
wich and  Wenham. " 

P.  228.  The  summer-house  on  Castle  Hill  was  blown  down 
in  the  gale  of  Sept.  23, 1815. 

P.  231.    Brown's  Cove  was  at  the  bottom  of  Derby  Square. 

Stage  Point  was  entailed  to  the  eldest  male  heir  of  the  Brown 
family  forever.  In  1781,  General  Court  allowed  it  to  be  sold 
and  deeded  to  the  purchaser. 

P.  234.  Long  pond  is  distinct  from  Spring  pond.  The  for- 
mer was  anciently  called  Curwin's  pond,  from  its  proximity  to 
his  farm.  Now  it  is  known  as  Brown's  pond;  is  in  Danvera, 
near  the  Lynn  and  Salem  boundaries. 

P.  241.  The  price  paid  for  Baker's  Island,  was  £130,  in 
bills  of  credit,  at  18s.  6d.  for  1  oz.  of  silver.  A  like  sum  was 
paid  for  Misery  Islands. 

A  description  of  Baker's  Island,  in  1783,  said  that  it  was  of 
the  best  soil  for  grass;  great  quantities  of  superior  butter  and 
cheese  had  been  made  there  from  the  milk  produced  on  its  fod- 
der ;  always  had  a  supply  of  fresh  water,  and  was  **  never 


518  APPENDIX. 

known  to  be  infested  with  fliesi  muaketoes^  or  other  insects  to 
disturb  ^  the  cattle. 

P.  251.  Among  several  credible  aathors  who  mentioned  po- 
tatoes in  their  works,  before  1600,  was  Holinshed.  In  his  de- 
scription of  England,  1577,  is  the  passage :  '^Of  tbe  potato  and 
■Qcb  venerous  roots  as  are  brought  out  of  Spaine,  Portingaie, 
and  the  Indies,  (America,^  to  fhmish  vp  our  bMinkets."  The  ill 
name  which  potatoes  had  m  England,  of  being  great  stimulants, 
may  have  partly  rendered  them  so  unpopular  among  our  fa- 
thers as  Uiey  were  for  over  a  century. 

P.  254.  We  are  informed  that  the  willow  tree  was  first  raised 
in  Great  Britain,  by  Alexander  Pope,  the  poet  He  received  a 
basket  of  fies,  as  a  present,  from  Turkey,  which  had  a  twig 
ready  to  bud.  He  placed  this  in  the  ground,  and  it  became  the 
parent  of  such  trees  in  England  and  America.  This  species  of 
the  willow  was  called  by  Linnaeus,  Babylonica,  in  reference  to 
the  137th  Psalm.  The  buttouwood  tree,  which  has  for  over  a 
century  been  placed  before  some  of  our  houses,  began  to  fail 
here  and  throughout  New  EIngland  about  four  years  ago.  A 
disease  is  upon  them,  which  gradually  diminishes  their  vitality. 

P.  266.  A  wildcat  was  killed,  Jan.  1821,  in  Front  street,  of 
this  city,  having  come  from  Orne's  Point. 

P.  270.  An  act  was  published  in  the  News  Letter  of  March 
4, 1756,  having  been  passed  by  the  Legislature  then  in  session. 
It  related  to  dogs,  cats,  and  other  creatures.  It  ordered,  that,  as 
such  animals  haid  died  of  a  distemper,  in  great  numbers,  through- 
out the  province,  and  lying  unburied,  were  likely  to  create  a 
dangerous  contagion,  they  should  be  put  two  feet  under  ground 
on  penalty  of  408.  for  every  neglect.  It  required  all  selectmen 
to  appoint  buriers,  who  should  have  their  ^es  from  owners  of 
the  animals  so  buried. 

P.  296.  The  turnpike  to  Chelsea  bridge  cost  $182,063,  and 
this  bridge  cost  $55,469.  The  par  value  of  a  share  in  the  road 
part  was  $178.  The  directors  ordered.  May  4, 1802,  that  Lom- 
bardy  poplars  be  planted  each  side  of  the  road. 

P.  303.    For  WiUard  read  Haiiard. 

As  some  intimation  of  the  carriages  which  may  have  been 
used  here,  and  in  the  vicinity,  we  give  the  following.  Moses 
Prince,  brother  of  the  New  England  annalist,  wrote  in  bis  diary, 
1717,  that  he  visited  Gloucester,  saw  a  carriage  there  of  two 
wheels,  for  two  horses,  which  Capt  Robinson,  who  first  gave 
the  name  of  schooner  to  a  vessel,  had  built  for  his  wife.    Mtk 


APPENDIX.  619 

Prince  gave  a  handsome  drawing  of  it,  which  looked  much  like 
one  of  our  modem  cabs. 

Though  President  Dwight  remarked,  in  his  Travels,  that  in 
1796  no  four-wheel  carriage  for  private  use  was  owned  by  any 
family  here,  yet  such  carriages  had  been  thus  owned  in  Salem, 
long  before.  The  heavy  taxes  laid  on  them  and  other  property, 
to  meet  the  revolutionary  debt,  had  kept  these  vehicles  from 
making  their  reappearance  among  some  of  our  wealthy  fami- 
lies. 

P.  327.  As  stated  in  the  first  edition  of  this  work,  Mrs.  Ly- 
dia  Hill  preceded  Mr.  Norris,  many  years,  as  a  keeper  of  the 
post  office. 

P.  328.    For  MuscoU  reafi.  MascoU, 

P.  331.  An  independent  letter  office  was  set  [up  in  Salem 
about  the  first  of  July,  1844. 

P.  339.  The  watch-house  stood  in  the  middle  of  School 
street,  about  as  far  north  as  the  north  end  of  Stearns's  building. 
It  had  a  soldier,  in  full  uniform  and  armed,  on  the  top  of  it, 
which  was  carved  by  Leaman  Beadle. 

P.  367.  As  Clark  Gayton  Pickman  refers  to  one  person, 
there  is  no  need  of  commas  between  the  names. 

P.  407.    For  Burr  read  Bear, 

P.  423.  The  first  William  Brown,  here  mentioned,  appears  to 
have  been  the  person  who  died  1763.  The  second  William, 
who  follows  him,  was  his  son. 

P.  429.  Compensation  should  have  had  the  sign  of  the  pos- 
sessive case. 

P. 430.  For  the  heading,  ^^ Schools  by  contributmh^  read 
Contribvtionsfor  poor  scholars, 

P.  438.  A  Brinsley's  Accidence,  with  the  name  of  John 
Swinnerton,  supposed  to  be  the  physician,  of  Salem,  written  in 
it  1652,  came  into  the  possession  of  Rev.  Dr.  Bentley,  who  left 
it  to  William  B.  Fowle,  Esq.  of  Boston. 


» 


INDEX 


TO  THE  PRINCIPAL  MATTERS  CONTAINED  IN  THIS  VOLCTIIE. 


«IMMMMkMMMMM» 


When  several  pages,  referring  to  the  aame  thing,  are  denoted  by  tens  or  hundredt| 
these  figures  will  be  expressed  but  once,  excopt  when  intervened  by  words. 


ntmm0i0i0im0>0mmm 


Aberginians,  45 

Abigail,  ship,  42 

Abousett  or  Saugus  river,  88,  614 

Adventurers,  134;  losses,  143 

Aga warns,  12;  numerous,  13 

Agriculture,  60-1,  66,  81-2;  two  gar 
deners  to  come  over,  99, 119,  2^ 

Almshouses,  193,  6 

Ambrose,  ship,  156 

Amherst,  N.  H.  granted  to  persons  of 
Salem  and  other  towns,  225 

Andover,  517 

Animals,  1 19,  20,  32,  260-823  wUdeat 
killed,  518 

Aaueduct,  334-5 

Aroella,  ship,  151,  2,  6, 7 

Armour,  94 

Arrousick  Island  partly  settled  by  Sa- 
lem people,  223 

Baker's  Island,  156 ;  petition  for,  238-9 ; 

leased,  241 ;  income,  439, 41,  77 1  no 

flies  there,  517 
Bands,  Brigade,  Massachusetts,  503 
Barberry  bushes  hurtful  to  grain,  247-8 
Beadle,  salary,  151 
Beaver  trade,  84, 108, 32-3, 226 
Bellman,  337-339 
Bells,  one  sold  to  Harvard  College, 

387-8 
Beverly,  incorporated,  208-9 ;  petition, 

217,517 
Bible,  importance,  431 

45 


Births,  marriages,  and  deaths,  362 
Blowing  up  houses  at  fires,  3b5 
Board  of  Education,  480 
Book  of  Sports,  75  ^ 

Books  for  Rev.  F.  Higginson,  68:  fet 

schools,  436-8,  483-9 
Boston  Men^  53 
Itotany,  ancient,  257-9 
Boxford,  517 

Boys  sent  home,  132  $  contests,  S6M 
Bradford,  517 
Bradstreet  mansion,  412 
Brick  buildings,  370, 414-16 
Hrick-kihi,  119 
Bridges,  304-10 
Brooks,  233 
Buildings,   public,   388-400$  private, 

400-416;  taverns,  416-4253  number 

of  houses^  425-6 
Burying-pomt,  287 

Cabs,  325 

Cakes  and  buns  not  to  be  sold,  417 

Canker  worms,  246 

Canoes  much  used,  235 

Cape  Ann,  36-8,  44$   Sabbath  kept 

there,  115 
Cape  Ann  side,  208 
Capital,  80, 1583  another  sought,  159  j 

reasons  for  changing,  161-3 
Cargoes,  47,  84,  IQZ 
Carpets,  407 


529 


INDEX. 


CarriaMs,  S14;  tu  aiidiniiiiberof,316 
618,  19 

Carriers,  331 -t 

Oateehunn  to  be  taoght,  430 

Cau,  tBU-lO 

Cattle,  67,  75,  84,  100,  11,  IS,  17,  3S; 
pasturace,  191-3,276-80;  wolves  at- 
tack red  calves  sooner  thiui  the  black, 
276 )  prices  and  number,  tdO 

Causey  from  Simond's  point,  286 

Chaplains,  142 

Charles,  ship,  ld6 

Cbariestown  settled,  territory  of  Robt 
Gorges,  45, 123 

Charters,  40;  confirmed,  54;  privileges. 
65 ;  confirmed,  75 ;  sent  over,  in  Sa- 
lem Athenaeum,  86,  ISO 

Chelsea,  or  Kumney  Marsh,  17 

Chimnies,  to  be  swept,  365, 7-8^  404 

Church,  formed,  126 ;  list  of  members, 
171 

Cider,  returns,  256 

Cisterns,  367-72 

City  government,  346, 7 

City  HaU,  398-9 

Claims,  Indian,  21-4, 73;  Brewerton's, 
150;  Mason's,  214-21 

Clarkson  Society,  496 

Oocks,  387-8 

Clothing  for  emigrants,  49, 50, 117 

Coast,  appearance,  114 

Colleges,  one  proposed,  427 ;  eontribu 
lions,  430,  2,  4-5 ;  graduates,  490-5 

Colonies,  plan  to  stibvert  them,  214 

Colonists,  union  of  old  and  new,  123; 
designs,  parting  address,  appeal,  du< 
ties,  152-4;  distress,  158.    See  Emi 
grants. 

Colony,  settlement,  38-40:  accession 
of  iriends,  41 ;  main  ena,  47 ;  sup 
plies,  49-52,  64-7;  reasons  for  en 
couragine,  69-70  ;   objections     an- 
twered,  71-4 ;  favor,  75;  capital,  80 ; 

■  regulations,  8f ,  6-7 ;  council,  89 ; 
dcmts,  107;  purpose,  110;  descrip- 
tion, 118  24;  pledge  for  promotion, 
127-93;  plan  for  its  subversion,  214 

Commercial  privileges,  57-8,  78.  See 
Maritime. 

Commonage,  new  law,  188 ;  extension, 
189 

Commoners,  difficnity,  188-9;  grants, 
190;  discord  with  cottagers,  198 

Commons,  division  of.  199 

Company  of  Mass.  47-9,  75-88 ;  debts, 

107;  ofders,    108,   10.  34-7   140-1; 

subscriptions,  144;  joint  stock,  147; 

subscriptions.  149 

Concord,  N.  H.  granted  to  Salem,  221 


Constables,  336 

Contrarts,  138 ;  of  planters  and  adv«ii* 

turers,  140 
Com,  destroyed  by  squineb,  246-6 
Cottagers,  198 
Cottages,   thatched,    401-2;   number, 

425-6 
C^ourt  House,  393-6 
Courts  of  Assistants  in  handon,  49^, 

61-8,  91,4-7,  137,9;  prayer  before. 

142;  at  Southampton,  ana  on  boanl 

tbeArbeIla,15l 
Courts,  general,  in  London,  65, 88-90, 

93;  summoned  by  tickets,  107, 124-6, 

128-34, 138, 140^51 
Coves,  206, 30-1,  517 
Creeks,  204-5, 29-30 
Curwin  mansion,  410 
Custom-houses,  235,  41 1 
Cut,  Mordecay's,  191, 286 

Dancing  Sehools,  506-6 

Danvers,  8 ;  incorporated,  211-14 

Darby  fort,  111,  205.    See  Forts. 

Deer,  266,  345 

Deer  Reeves,  545 

Defoe,  plague  in  London,  270 

Derby  mansion,  414 

Diet,  social,  157 

Dorsetshire  families,  116 

Duck  coys,  233-4 

Dunstable,  517 

Dwellings,  number,  199, 400-16 

Ecclesiastical,  37,  9,  47,  8, 60, 7-9, 7KK 
6;  disputes,  85;  ruling  elder  and 
deacons,  109 ;  Episcopal  churfth  for- 
med, 110;  gospel  to  be  preached  to 
Indians,  1 10,  13,  16,  24 ;  religioas 
privileges,  124;  church  formed,  126; 
difficulty  with  Messrs.  Brown,  130*'^ 
9 ;  chaplains,  142 ;  design  of  the  co- 
lonists, appeal  to  the  clergy,  102^; 
Piymoutn  church,  159 ;  church  mem* 
bers,  171-6;  Quakers,  358;  prayer 
at  town  meetings,  346, 50, 463 :  ud- 
portance  of  the  Bible,  431 ;  salaries 
of  ministers^  460;  Scriptures  read, 
484 ;  dissension  about  singing,  496-9. 

Eklucation,  426 ;  colleges,  free  schools, 
427-9^  contributions  for  the  ccAlm, 
430 ;  importance  of  the  Bible,  431 : 
grammar  schools,  432;  state  or 
schools,  433;  contributions  for  col* 
lege,  donations,  434-5 ;  books  for 
scholars,  437-8 ;  income,  439 ;  l^a- 
cy,  school  committee,  440, 1 ;  hicone, 
441,  2 ;  donations,  number  of  sebol- 
ars,  school  money  fyr  other  parts  of 


Ufl>£X. 


6» 


Salem,  445-7 ;  women's  seboolt,  pri- 
vate schools,  449,  dt ;  scbocdmasiers' 
orders  depreciated,  454 ;  intermedi- 
ate schools  for  girls,  merchant's  offer 
to  have  yoang  seamen  taught,  4QCi ; 
progress  of  education,  457 ;  proprie- 
tors" schools,  colored  schools,  458,6:2 ; 
number  of  pupils,  463;  greater  re- 
c|uirement8  m  schools,  ^^;  vaca- 
tions, 465;  Lancasterian  method, 
467-9;  African  scbocd,  471 ;  punish- 
ment, scholars  supplied  with  books, 
472 ;  number  and  cost  of  schools, 
473 ;  gymnasium,  474 ;  high  schools 
for  gins,  475 ;  colored  scholars,  476 ; 
school  fund  of  the  state,  477 ;  Nor- 
mal schools,  479,  80;  vaccination  of 
scholars,  480 ;  festival,  48 1 , 2 ;  school 
books,  483-9.  See  Salaries  and  Tu- 
ition. 

Election  day,  57,  8 

Emigrants,  38, 42,  3, 6, 7,  74,5,  82,  3; 
from  Leyden,  88  ;  list  of,  98, 106 ; 
to  Charlestown,  109,  II,  12;  depart- 
ure from  Land's  Rnd,  113,  16;  char- 
ges of,  1 17,  22,  89 ;  arrival,  166,  8 ; 
to  South  Carolina,  212,  359, 60 

Endicott  pear-tree,  179-80 

Enfield  settled  mostly  by  Salem  peo- 
ple, 224 

Engines  for  fire,  366-72 

Eoon.    See  Wenham. 

Essex,  ship,  195 

Essex,  South,  musical  society,  500 

Estates,  order,  181 

Face  of  the  territory,  S27 

Falmouth,  517 

Family  orders,  82, 6, 1, 430 

Fasts  at  sea,  114 

Females  employed  as  tesLcfaers  in  pub- 
lic schools  for  boys,  480 

Ferries,  207,  99 ;  tare,  income^  com- 
plaints, 300-2, 439,  41 

festival  of  schools,  48 1 

Fields,  North,  Glass-house,  and  South, 
184-7 

Fire  club,  366 ;  benefit,  384 

Fire  department,  365-72 

Fires,  373-86 

Fish,  used  for  manure,  243;  returns, 
264 ;  orders  as  to  alewives,264, 5 

Fishery,  59,  60,  84, 101, 2, 118, 20, 91- 
6,205,62,3;  shell,  266 

Flax  and  hemp,  252.  3 

Forts,  Indian,  14,54;  Darby,  Arbor 
lot,  111,23,4,33,94,6,205;  Auria- 
nia,  227 

Fortified  town,  80 


Four  Sisters,  a  ship,  98, 1 1 2, 39 
Fowl,  tame  and  wild,  82,  121, 260-2, 5 
Freedom,  social,  157, 8 
Freemen,  55,  6,  142, 66, 614 
French  women,  359 
Fruits,  119,253,4,60 

Geology,  243,  4 

George  Bonaventure,  ship.  76,  86,  6, 

112,6 
Glee  club,  500 
Gloucester,  218, 319, 33,  517 
Goats,  81 ,  1 1 1 ,  12, 17, 273;  price,  STM 
Goatherds,  274 

Goodman,  goodwoman,  tides,  166      .  i 
Graduates  from  colleges,  490-6  1 

Grain,  245-8 

Grapes,  253.    See  Vinejardt. 
Gymnasium,  473 

Hackney  coaches,  320 

Hair,  long,  unfashionable,  198 

Handel  Society,  500 

Harpsichord,  602 

Hay,  248-60 

Haydn  Society,  500 

Hayscales,249  f 

Hills,  201,  27-9,  617 

Hogdriver  to  blow  the  horn,  272 

Hopewell,  ship,  156  i 

Uorseg,  1 12,  17, 280;  townhorse,mi]ni 
ber  and  price  of,  281,318  • 

Hospitals,  on  Roach's  Pomt,  192$  ia 
Great  Pasture,  202;  onCk>tta's  IsU 
and,  burnt,  238  t 

Hounds,  268  ' 

House  of  Correction,  99  ' 

Houses,  122,  99,  400;  ancient,  409: 
new  model,  413;  number  of,  4^,  6  > 

1 

Idleness,  103 

Incendiaries,  374,  5,  85 

Indian  claims,  21-4, 73 
"    cornfields,  507 
**    conspiracies,  44, 164 
"    deed,  27-33 
«    town  in  Northfield,  14, 20 

Indians,  1 1-33 ;  to  be  taught  Ubristiani- 
ty,  48,  60,  82,  3,  92-7;  trade,  222} 
watched,  skeletons,  607,  8, 9,  11, 14 

Inhabitants,  admission,  166 

Insects,  265,  517 

Insurance  for  fire,  377 

Ipswich  bought,  23, 218, 617 

Iron  woriks,  62,3,  282 

Islands,  Baker's,  166;  Conanfs,  177} 
Winter,  i91, 4-6 ;  one  for  stofe-boo** 
es,2ll,23,36;  income, 237;  CottiL 
Baker,  and  MJseriet,  238-41, 617 -T! 


Jewel,  lUp,  106,7 

Kiuf't  unu,  3Se 

L4aipirorilrceU,I94 
LuKuter,  S<7 

Luculcnu  mode  of  lescfainr,  46T-8 
LuhJ),  diviiion.Al,  63,^9-7:  held  b; 

wbKribed.  149  j  fommon,   176^1 1 

nuiii  Id  Kndicott  anil  Skeltoii,  173 

I,  lSt,3;  fieldi,  panuret, 


IITDBX. 

HanbMj  peuoB'i,  IS3,  SS 

ir  Forml  riiwr,  IM 


■nnnai,  uesEi 
Mb«  eiuB,  1 

'liiuc(i*fiei<b,~i) 


Latin  KlKwI-bi 


I,  ail:  tinee,3» 


liidiu 


>ll 


•,«fr-7 


I«Uer-»M  of  John  Nobis,  3t7 
LaUen,  U  Our.  Oadoek,  43  j 
djcolt,  47-9, 7»-BR ;  to  Bndic 
to  Eudicotl,  'J7  ;  rrom  HiKEiiuoB.I  Ui 

•IB ;  from  Endicott.  ISn-.l^iRi  Hool- 
Wd,  l3t[lo8kelUiii,HinHiim,ud 
EnditoU,   IM-7;  Troni  FSidlej  and 


M88 

Mailer  and  miilren,  166,  6 
HayBower,  ship,  9S,  MX,  It,  B6 
Meehanifj,  M,  66,  S4, 99, 100,1, 17, 9t 

ooni,  «« 

D,  S  j  iDcanxnUHl,  SB,  10 

Hlliury,  14.  54,  64,  7,  80,  1, 1 1  fortifi- 
-Jioo.,  103, 1 1   S3   4,  41,  86,  91, 3, 
a,  a»,  6,  7,12,0,419 
Mill,  yt,  9 

MioeraL*,  bar  ore,  eeppomina,  S8t 
Miniiien,  4S.  75, 6,  109,  43 

idi,  petition  for,  leaiad, 
inn,  439, 41, 7,617 


,  ISa,  9i  Irom  Eodicott.  I7S) 
nevand  BarloD,  SMi  fr- 
,311 


Ligtatniw.  buUdingi  baunl,  373,  B1 , 1 
.iglili  or  pileh-piiM,  Itl 
jma.lOe 


Illy   U 

.  Wollarton,  12 
t  AuocialioD.  SOO 
ipal  aSwra,  S3B-T3 
,  UBUnnenlal,  BOl-6 
TOeal,497-Ml 

Nanmlieek*,  II,  I3,U-T 


Nan 
Nameaoli 

Narngansi 


■»  Whelp,  «hip,  64,  67, 76, 84,  99, 


3M 


Maniiiii 
Mali),  St 


MaarhoLar.  S ;  in      . 

Haouraelurai,  SO,  2,  3.  80,  4; 
hoiue,  135.9};  duck  raclorr,  wu 

KoDuscripU  in  Khoola  laid  aaide,  469 

MarhlelieBd,  6,7, 14,16)  incorniraMd, 
105-7,  iS;  Ihaoki  to,  faraldialbe 
neal  fire,  375,517 

Haritlms,  47 ;  nulllt  of  veneli,  67,  76, 
84,  98,  9,  100 1  eoil  of  ihipi,  101 1 
■hip-hulldine,  102.  6, 10-16,24,30,  i, 
2,  S,  9,  45.  6,61,2,  6,  7,  94,6,131 


f,  i.*» 


I,  IS 

irv  Society,  260 
..„  .  .-cupied,  Sa 
d.,  277,  B,  9 
ir  palliUBge,  191-4, 232 


Noo'Tendenta,  360 
NonnatuhDol.1,479,80 
Nonb  Yannnulti  paiily  aatUad  bj  8*- 
.  peo(>)e.  beaver  ikina  to   dirf 


Oaihs,91,6,6l4,l9 
OmnibuKi,  323 
Oiyasa,  501-4 

e.407,  8 
langiap,  40S 

Iramlar  oT,  129 

.    „  main  nreel,  IBS 
PawliKkalf,  IS 


XHDEX. 


62S 


Peltry.  84. 106,  SS,  3 

PeDoakooKSy  13 

Pennicook,  or  Ck>iicord,  SSI,  S 

PenobscotSy  IS 

Piano  fortes,  502 

Pilgrim,  ship,  98 

Pillioiis,  used,  31S 

Piscatawmys,  IS 

Pitch,  60 

Plague,  Indian,  12, 25 

Plantation.  N.  E  118 

Planters,  discord,  distress,  46  $  diseon- 
tent,  privileges,  77,  8 ;  meeting,  108 

Plants,  account  of,  257-9 

Plymouth  settlors,  jealousy  of,  93 

PoinU  of  land,  192,  231,  S,  517, 18 

Ponds,  199,  203, 3^,  4, 517 

Population,  123 ;  mortality,  148 

Port- house,  probably  a  cuslom-houae, 
235 

Post  offiees,  326-31, 519 

Post  riders,  326-9 

Potatoes.  251, 2, 518 

Potter's  laac,  2lb6 

Prayer  at  town-meetiiu^,  346,  50 

Price  of  articles,  49,  50,2,67, 190,2,3, 
5,  202,  37,  45-50,  S,  6, 62, 74, 6,  80, 
81,511-13 

Prizes  for  scholars^  473^  80 

Proclamation  agamst  uyuring  the  In- 
dians, 83 

Productions,  vegetable,  245-60;  ani- 
mal, 260-82 

Profanity,  104 

Public  houses.  194,  416-24.  516 

Punishment,  104;  m  schools,  472, 6 

Punkapoags,  12 

Quadrupeds,  wild,  1 19,  SO,  266-9 ;  do- 
mesticated, 969-82 
Quakers,  358 

Reading,  517 

Regisler  of  emigranti,  94y  8 

RegiUfy,399,400 

Reptiles,  265 

Ring,  mourning^,  397 

Rivers,  passed  m  canoes,  234-6 

Roads,  to  Manchester,  205,  283-96; 

ineorporaled,  tmnpike,  and  rail  road, 

296-&,  618 
Robbery,  409 
Rocks,  836 :  blamng,  287 
Ruck's  Vil^ge,  S85 
Runs,  239 
RyaU  tide,  tlO,  11, 439, 41, 7 


Sabbath  schools,  495-7 

Salaries  of  teadien,  43S,  61,  S.  5, 7, 8, 

71,5,8,9,80,1,3 
Salem,  name,  5-8 ;  situatioBj  8 ;  iaeoiw 

poration  as  town  and  city,   8-11; 

deed  of,  27-33 ;  settlement,  34-161.; 

relinquished  as  the  capital,    161-3, 

507 

Salem  Canada,  226 
Salem  Female  School,  462 
Salick  Francks,  as  to  strangers,  368 
Salt  works,  50, 3, 80 
Sanded  floors,  407 
Saugus,  517 
Scaroorough,  517 
Scholars,  number,  463,  6,  9,  70,  3, 9, 

481,2,3 

Schools,  427-89,  95-506.    See  Educa- 
tion. 

School  committee,  440 
Sehool  donations,  436, 6, 40,  3-7,  48S 


School  fund.  477 
Seal,  Colonial,  58, 9, 86 

"    City,  1,348 
Sea  serpent,  263,  4 
Selectmen,  341 
ServanU,  104 
Sevenmen,  341 
Settlement  of  Salem,  34-163 
Settlers,  list  of  them,  167-76 
Sheep,  1 17.  92, 274-6 
Ship  buUding,  100,  2, 12, 94, 231, 6.  87 
Sickness,  12,  16,  26,44, 113,  68,238, 

303 
Singing,  instruction,  497-501 
Small  pox,  16, 113, 305 
Snow  shoes,  315 
SoU.  119,242 
Soubegan  West.  226 
Sports  of  bioys,  362^ 
Springs,  232 
Squaw  sachem,  13-16 
Stages,  316-23 
Stock,  141,3,7,8,606,16 
Strangers,  357-61 
Streets,  one  on  Winter  Island,  19(^S88- 

95 
Strong  waters,  106 
Success,  ship,  156 
Subscribers  to  the  Compnny't  atock, 

608 
Supplies,  47, 9-51, 64, 7, 76,81,  S,  117, 
Swunps,  229 
Swine,  81 ;  hon  to  bn  blomi  fof 

S71-3 


8tf>balk,  8fl^  6)  m  Cape  Ann,  116,91, 
S7S,8,98 


Tarrentines,  IS,  13,  SI,  SS9 
Tavemi,  one  al    " 
416-Si,616 


19*. 


4tt6 


INDEX. 


Territorj'  let  off,  203-14 

T^rteMUitA^  116 ;  rnddtma,  S18 

Thanksgiving,  161 

Thiffteeuman,  341 

mdes  of  Mr.  and  Mn.  165,  6 

Tobacco,  cultivation,  78, 101 ;  tmoking 

forbidden,  369 
Tomato,  260 

Topsfield,  8 :  set  off,  S04>»  7, 8, 617 
Town,  H,  15;   government,  335^*); 

BMOlings,  voting,  regulations,  348^: 

bells,  houses,  hall,  &7.98 
Townsnips.  etc.  settkd  by  Salem  peo- 
ple, 221-7.  617 
Trade,  with  Indians,  126, 32;  colonial, 

133,41.3,6 
Trading  plantation,  226, 7 
Tragabizandi,  36 
'JVansportation,  terms,  146 
Travelling,  303, 11-26 
Trees,  I'l^ ;  locusts,  201 ;  cutting,  264 ; 

willow^  buttonwood,  618 
Trial,  ship,  156 
Trojan  band,  458 
Tuition,  438,  9,  40, 1, 2,7-9,  55-7 
Turf  and  twig  conveyance,  187, 8 
Turkish  pirates,  194 
Tyler,  Thomas,  son  of  Maseonomet, 

239 
TjTthingmeo,  344 


Society,  601 


Undertakers.  144 
Umon 

Vacations,  465 
VaccinatioB  of  scholan,  480 
Vegetables,  250-2 
Vessels,  first  built,  102,  IS 
Vineyards.  50,  80,  1 19,  263, 4 
Voting  by  erection  of  hands,  hewH  and 
com,  89, 362-7 

York,  617 

Young  men,  instnietioii,  466,  71 

Wagons,  325, 32-4 

Wanung  out  of  town,  957-61 

Washington  Square.    See  Mall. 

Watch  bouse  Hill,  212 

Watchmen,  their  cry,  336-40 

Ways.    See  Streets. 

Weechagaskas,  12 

Wenham,  8 ;  set  off,  208, 4, 617 

Whale,  a  ship,  156 

Will  Hill.    See  MiddletoB,  209, 10 

William  and  Fraocb,  ship,  166 

Windham,  226 

Windows,  403 

Winter  Island,  194-6 

Winters,  121 

Wolves,  266-9, 513 

Wood,  isi,  Sjtf 


INDEX  OF  NAUES  OF  PEBSOII. 


VMMWWWMMMMM 


*hii  will  contain  such  names,  except  those  of  the  first  setttois,  flom  u,  187  to  p.  17l| 
and  of  colle^  graduates  firom  p.  490  to  495.  The  remark,  under  iaaes  of  entjeeii, 
as  to  tens  or  hundreds,  which  uiow  the  pages,  will  be  ohsenred  here. 


•WWWMXIMIMHk 


Abbot^  Bishop.  34 
Abigail,  an  Indian,  14 
Abrie,  Mr.  509 
Accomintas,  12 
Aidam,  Alexander,  486 
Adams,  Daniel,  485,6 

Nehemiah,  376,  8 
Richard,  167,516 
Satnuel,  496, 
Samuel,  461 


Adams,  Susan,  616 

Thomas,  62,  5, 6, 

94, 107, 124,  8, 

9,509 

Thomas,  134-9 

Ahawayeksquaine,  18 

Ainsworth,  Henry,  498 

Robert,  486 

Akeman,  Air.  33S 

Alden,  Abner,  484 


Akieney.  Sumial,  66, 6, 
107,  124,  5,  9, 138,  9, 
145,609 

Alexander,  Caleb,  486 

Alger,  lirad,  484 

Allen,  Robert,  289 
8BiiiiMi,9U 
Thomas,  221 
Rev.  Tboaw,  40V 
Wm.,  88,  ni,  184 


IHDEX. 


M7. 


ADerloB,  Imm,  175, 906, 

973, 616 
AUin,  Joseph,  t87 
Ames,  Joane,  ITS 

Theodore,  471, 6 
Rev.  Wm.  172 
Mr.  S81 
Andrew,  E.  A.  4S6, 7,  8 
Andrew,  John^  45U 
Andrews,  Daniel,  389, 433 
Jolm  H.  2»6,413 
Joseph,  225 
Nathaniel.  967 
Samuel,  442,  3 
Thomas,  107 
Mr.  292 
Andfos,  Sir  Kdmund,  24, 
57.220-3 
Lady,  315 
Antrum,  Thomas,  173, 516 
Appleton,  Thomas,  503, 4 
Archer,  Rev.  John,  142-7 
Jonathan,  377 
Mr.  408 
Arminius,  34 
Arnold,  Andrew,  509 
Ash,  John,  486 
Ashbj,  Anthony,  418 
Beni.TO7 
Blr.333 
Auger,  Wm.  171, 350, 61, 

428 
Ayres,  Obadiah,  442 

Bachelder,  Elizabeth,  5f  6 
Jos.  173,  516 
Bacon,  Lt  Daniel,  305 
Jacob,  423 
Michael,  287 
Badger,  IVfr  322 
Bailey,  Nathan,  486-8 
Ebenezer,  488 
Baker,  John,  193 
Wm.  407 
Balch,  Benj  3.% 

John,  38, 171, 80-S 
John. 461 
Ball.  Mr.  .379 
Ballard,  Daniel.  107,  9 
BancroA,  l>nniel  394 

Thomas,  466 
Barnard,  John,  441 ,  2 
Barr,  James,  407, 519 

Mr.  185 
Bartholomew,  Henry,172, 

287.507 
Bartlet,  Mr.  452 
Barton,  John,  I  »r.  359 
BauiHcl,  25S 


Michael,  319 
Baiter,  fidoMnd,  171,386, 

435,516 
Bayard,  James,  488 

Beadle,  Lemon,  421,  519 
Samuel,  286.  419 
Thomas,  419 
Beard,  Thomas,  102,  167 
lieaumont.  John,  167,516 
Becket,  Wm.  421 
Mr.  288 
Beeeh,  Benj.  Pierce,  367 
Beecher,  Thos.  110,189, 

56 
Bellincham,  Richard,  55, 

207,  9,  10, 509 
Bennet,  John,  167,  515 
Bentley,  Kev.  William,  8, 

340;    teacher  of  East 

school,  4,  54,  517,  19 
Bemardistone,  Catharine, 

173,  515 
Bemardistone,  Sir  Nath- 
aniel, 515 
Berry,  Daniel.  462 
Best,  John,  167, 516 
Betts,  John,  125 
Bifflow,  Wm.  his  school, 

457,86 
Bingham,  Caleb,  486 

Samuel,  455 
Billings,  William,  499 
Black,  William,  an  Indian, 

180 
Blackleach,  John,171, 243 
RIackstone,  Wm.  88 
Bk«ke,  Mr.  322 
Blaney,  Joseph,  252, 456, 

91 
Blydon,  S.    Cleaveland, 

492,5 
Blyth,  Samuel,  452 

Mr,  limner,  307 
Rohun,  4^ 
Bolloker,  John,  438 
Bonnycastle,  John,  485 
Booth,  485 
Rorley,  Capt.  113 
Roromeo,  Charles,  495 
Bott,  James,  381 
Bourne,  Herman,  474,  5 
John,  167,75,417, 
607 
Bowditch,  Ebenezer,  Jr. 
448,9 
Nath.  485 
Wm  208,287 
Boyce,  Joseph,  Jr.  305 
Robert,  360 


Boyd,  James,  506 
Braekenbury,  Richard,38, 

44.122,51,72,208 
Braaford,  Wm.,  Gov.  37, 
41,2, 92, 3,106- lU,  154- 
9,  515 
Bradisb,  Billings,  413 
Bradshaw,  Charles,  605 
Job,  509 
Joseph,  509 
Bradstieet,  Simon,    151, 

205. 7,  19,  412 
Brand,  Thomas,  84, 167 
Brattle,  Thomas,  502 
Brazer,  Kev.  John,  346 
Breadcake,  Thomas,  194 
Breed,  Thomas  A.  424 
Brewerton,  Sir  Wm.,  pro- 
positions as  to  Gorges't 
patent,  62, 160 
BngFs,  Samuel,  369 
Bright,  Rev.  Francis,  69, 
75,  6,   83-9  3   h^  con- 
tract, 510-11 
Brinsley,  John,  438, 519 
Britton,  David,  415 
Edward,  421 
John,  421 
Mr,  374 
Brookhouse,  Robert,  390 
Brooks,  Abner,  475-81 
Samuel,  384 
Thomas,  375 
Brown,  Benj.  his  donation, 

Benj  287,422 
Goold,  486-8 
Hugh,  21,  167 
Jdin,  a   lawyer, 
55,  6,  66;  re- 
commended, 87 
-9,  94,110,  30, 
1,2,4.5,6,9, 
50,  2,  67 
John,  172, 240 
John,  443 
Joseph,  his  dona- 
tion, 435,  9,  490 
Kellam.  127 
Mrs.  458 
Mr.  113 

Samuel,  55,  66  $ 
recomm«ided,87, 
9,110,80,1,2,4, 
5.6,9,60,2,67 
Samuel.  414,  23, 
41,3,4;  hisdoAa- 
tion,  445-6, 78 
Tbomas,  443 


Brown,  Thomas,  516 

Si,  304,  74  J 


435,6 
Wm.  175,374,97, 

435,  43 
Wm.t86 
Wm  411,423,519 
Baflbton,  Zadoc,  423 
Mrs.,  4S4. 69 
Bufium,  Joseph,  248 
Joshua.  389 
Sainuel,  379 
Mr,  506 
Bulfinch,  Susan,  496 
Bullard,  Daniel,  509 
BuUock,  Henry,  167,516 
Henry,  516 
John,  Mroooded, 

419 
Mary,  516 
Husan,  516 
Thomas,  516 
Boltdey,  Peter,  215 

Mr.,  314 
Burges,  Wm..  94 
Burr,  Aaron,  486 
Burrill,  Ezra,  318-333 

Bamuel,  470,   2, 

92 
Mr,  381 
Bushnell,  Fran.,  168, 516 
John,  168,  516 
A^larie,  516 
Martha,  516 
Bushord,  Richard,  509 
Button,  Robert,  44, 174 
Boitorf,  John,  438 

Caboty  Francis,  415 

George,  307, 8,402 
George,  414 
Caesar,  Charles,  55 
Calley,  John,  302 
Camden,  Wm.,  164 
Carlisle,  Rev.  Thos  ,  380 
Carlton,  Jona.  T.,  310 

Michael,  Re  V.496 

Miss,  458 

CMiver,  477 

Wm.,  377 
Cames,  Wm..  467-9 
Caron,  Joseph,  107, 509 
Carter,  486 
Carver,  John,  106 
Cash,  CapU  Wm.  3G0 
Chadwick,  Gilbert,  376 
Chalmers,  George,  54 


INOEX. 

Chamberiain,  lUncB,  4M|Oonfaitt,  Sanud,  2fit 


Chandler,  Abial.  461 

Chaplin,  Mr.,  378 

Charles  I.,  6, 34, 54,  8 

11.,  54,  1(^,215, 
70, 365,  91 

Cheever,  Ames,  449 
Beni.,  378 
David,  416 
Ezekiel,438 
Ira,  471,  2 

Chickatalbot,  ttegajtoore, 
169 

Choate,  Amos,  480 

Cicely,  an  Indian,  18, 28- 

Clark,  Cathariae,  417 
John,  405 
John,  502 
J.  G.,488 
Moses,  466 
Mr.  107 
Wm.,  168, 417 
Claydon,  Bamaby,  66-99, 
168 
Rkb'd,  his  eon- 
tract,  66, 99, 
1G8, 41 1 
Clifford,  John,  194,  419 
Toats,  Beiij.,316, 317y422 
Cobbett,  'Phos.,  Rev.,  44 
Coddington,  Wm.,  151-2 
Cogswell,  Robert,  382 
Coke,  8ir  Kdward,  125 
Colbron,  William,  127,  9 
Colbam.  Warren,  485-8 
Cole,  Thomas,  his  school, 

462 
Coles,  Elisha,  438,  86 
Collins,  widow,  4'20 

Adoniram,  421 

Francis,  240,  615 

John^  485 

Colston,  Christopher,  129 

Conant,  Roger,  9, 1 1 .  97, 

8:  statement,  39,42, 

77,  9,  106,  12,  22, 3, 

63,  T7,  8«,  7  ;    peU- 

lion,  209, 35, 46, 349, 

400,8 
Conant,  Roger,  Jr.,  167 

land  granted  to  him, 

187 
Concklin,  Ananias,  186 

Obadiah,  186 
Coney,  Mr.  63 
Con  vers,  Augustus.  378 
Cook,  Edward,  107 
Corlis,  Ephraim,  320 


Cotton,  Rev.  John,  496 
Countess  of  Lincoln,  39, 

148, 260 
Cowlsoo,  Christopher,  62, 

94.  17i 
Cowther,  William,  509 
Cos,  Lemuel,  (architect.) 
308 

Thomas.  76, 112 
Cradock,    Matlhew,    41, 

3,7,9,52,6,  6,  63, 

75,88,90,  3,  101,7, 

24-6,31,  8,  9,43,6, 

205, 6, 373,  426,  609 
Cradock,  Rebecca,  56 
Croade,  Richard.  419 
Crombie.  Beni.,  424 
Cromwell,  Joon/ionation, 
440 

Thomas.  362 
Cross,  Joseph,  322 
CrowninshiekL     Clifford, 

293 
Cummings,  David,  346 

Jacob  A.,  484-6 
Curwin.  George,  226, 39, 
46,409 

Jonathan,  409 

Mr.,  446 
Gushing,  Messrs.,  378 

M?.,383 

Dahney,  John,  329, 330 
DaboU,  Mr.  485 
Daland,  Beni.,  292 

John.  369 
Dalrympfe,  James,  383 
Dana,  Mr.  484 
Daniels,  Mr ,  288 
Darby,  William,  106, 11, 

509 
Dauys,  Mr.,  129 
Davenport,  Rev.  John,48, 
76,84,  129,34,8 

Richard,  44, 172,278 
David,  an  Indian,  18,  28- 

33 
Davis,  John  B.,  461 

Richard,  609 

Robert,  320, 3.')! 
Day,  James,  465,  6,71 

Timothy,  303 
Dawson,  Tioiothy,  452 
Dealland,  Catharine,  41S 
Dean,  John,  289 

William,  413 
Dearborn.  John  B.,  477 
Dennis,  Capi.,  299 


INDEX. 


65», 


Derby,  EliasH.,  376, 393, 

414,  15 
Derby,EliasH.,  197,397, 
4^,503 
Ezekiel  11.,  294,  309, 

491 
John,  375,  390,  397, 

491 
Richard,  195,  6,  366, 

416 
Samuel  G, 49 1,503 
Devereux.  John,  14,  168 
Dexter,  Thomas,  180,507 
Diamon,  Benj.,  332 
Dick,  Thomas,  488 
Dickinson,  Jonathan.  313 
Dilworth,  Thomas,  483 
Diman,  James,  Jr.,  450, 1, 

491 
Dixy.  John,  302,  3 

William,  21,  172,300 
D'Obleviile,     Lawrence, 

505 
Dodge,  Wm.,  99,  168 
Wm.    B.,   460,    78, 
81 
Dodsley,  Robert,  486 
Donalson,  John,  251 
Donne^an,  James,  487 
norland,  Greorff^e,  418 
Dorrell,  John,  45,  88 
Dow,  John,  80 

Mr.  377 
Downing,  Emanuel,  134, 
73,2^3,4,373,401,11, 
17 
Drake,  Francis,  442 

Samuel  G.  14 
Dreckan,  Nicholas,  358 
DuCange,  164 
Dudley,  Joseph,  57 

Thomas,  nis  letter,  15, 

39,  41-6,  127,  34-8, 

45;  letter.  148,51, 

2,  8,  9,  2»3,  401 

Duke  of  York,  223 

Duke  William,  an  Indian, 

507 
Dunlap,  J  375 
Duncan,   Mr.,  burned  to 

death,  376 
Dunton,  John,  313 
Durbridge,  Mr  67 
Durleye,  Henry,  509 
Dwight,  Mr.  486 

Timothy,  519 
Dyche,  Thomas,  483-6 


Eames,  Theodore,  471, 6 


Eaton,  Theophihis,  55, 6, 

124,5,8,9,39,  46, 6M 
Echarcl,  Lawrence,  36,438 

Edgerly,  Peter,  333 
Edmonds,  James,  52,  168 
Edward  VI  436 
Edwards,  Jo.seph,  378 
Eedes.  William,  99, 168 
Eliot,  Rev.  John.  Id,  16 
Elkins,  Abigail,  421 
EUlinwood,  Ebenezer,  302 

Ralph.  175,  516 
Elliot,  Andrew,  33 
Ellis,  Francis,  420 
Elson,  John,  249 
Emerson,  Beuj  D.  484,  8 
Rev.  Brown,  413 
Frederick,   466,   71, 

85,  8,  9 
John,  439,  40 
Emerton,  Epbraim,  382 
Emory,  Dr.  George,  175, 

286 
Endicott,  Anna,  42;  her 
death,  47, 51,  82 
Gov.  John,  9,  21.  2, 
40,  2,  arrival,  let- 
ter, 43-8,  51,5,6, 
8,  letter  to,  75, 7, 
8,  9,  80, 2,  4,  6, 8. 
9,90,2,4,7,8,100, 


2,  first  Governor  of  Fox,  Charles,  488 


Mass.  106,  108, 12, 
15,16,23,6.30,2, 
5,  9,  40,  51,  6,  8, 
72,  7,  grants,  178, 
9,  8(),  207,  10, 22, 
38,  letter.  245, 53, 
77,82,4,  bis  letter, 
311,12,49,409,26, 
7, 509,  16 
John,  210 
Zerubbabel.  238 
Epes,  Daniel,  432, 6,  8 

Daniel  449 
English,  Philip,  286,  302, 
4l2,  20       *^'        '       ' 
Entick,  John,  486 
Ervin,  George,  292 
Ewstead,  Richard,  84, 168 


Fabens,  Mr  329 
Fairbanks,  Richard.  326 
Fairfield,  John  B.  488 

Mr.  477 
Farr,  George,  100,  68 
Earless,  Thomas,  380 
Felmingham,  Francis,  203 
Felt,  Joseph  B.  461,  94 

46 


Felton,  Amorr,  466, 7      . 
Beij.  16ff,  607 
Cornelius  C.  488 
Ellen,  168,72,616 
Nathaniel,    176,   84^ 

234 
Oliver  C.  471,  9, 81 

Fenning,  D  483 

Femald,  John,  320 

Field,  Bamum,  486 

Mrs.,  burned  to  death, 

374 
Samuel,  37i,  416 

Fisher,  George,  486 
Joseph,  377,  83 

Fisk,  Rev.  John,  168, 4S7 

Fitch,  Mr.  202 

Flint,  John,  507 
Mr.  2K4 

Fogerty,  Butler,  466 

Fogg,  Ralph,  172,342, 61, 


Foord,  Edward,  509 

Foote,  Caleb,  328 

Ford,  James,  413,  48,  9» 

52 
Fowie,  Wm.  B.  484,  6,  8, 

619 
Fowler,  Abigail,  School 

dame,  460 
Fowls,  Ruth,  421 


Mr  320  , 

Foxcrafte,  George,  65,  & 
129,509  : 

Foye,  Mr.  378  ; 

Franklin,  Benj.  328,  401^ 
86  ; 

Eraser,  L  466 
Freeman,  Sir  Ralph,  64 
Frost,  John,  488  . 

Frothingham,  Joseph,  38z 
Frye,  Mr.456 

Peter  448 
Fuller,  Dr.  Saml.  47,  SL 
3, 159  ^ 

Jesse,  333 

Timothy,  241 

Gace,  John,  64 

Gaffe,  Gen.  Thos.  361, 93 

Gate,  Bartholomew,  239 

Edmund,  301 

James,  4457,9,71 

Samuel,  449 

William,  448 
Gallop,  Daniel  P.  479 
Gardner,  Benjamm,  38S 

Francis,  486 


«i» 


Gardner,  JoSn,  MS 
Joseiih,  411,  18 
Wr.  tS5 
Rtchani,  ICn  96J 


Oarrfisnn,  Mr.  4116 
Oaichdl,  Jeremiah,  3 

John.  HM.ya 
aiudeu,  EliiabcLb,  4 

G»jeile,  Mr.  SW 
Oeducy,  Banbolainew,33, 


Ctrahnm,  Jamn,  943 

B™,Kirh«rrf,  168,  hi. 
wllfc.  m,  516 
ThninHs.hitcontrael 
B3,+,5,  hadbeeni 
Iravfllet,  SO,  2,  9 
109,  68.  409 
■ay,  Alouio,  IBS 
JcAn,  45i,  *,  6,  lonf 
an  iraliuclor,  469 


Geonn   RiimDey  Honh, 
n,  18 
Swunoro,  13,  I9,!3. 

111.  436 
Oetiiib,  Cspl.  336 

JiuiEiiJ.  4R5,'7D,1 
John,  iU,  S 

QibboiKi,  Edward,  14,14^ 

Gibba, Jobn,  111 
Giebe,  John,  SUS 
Gill,  Mary,  4SI 
Gingic,  John.  £10 
Oladwine,  John,  tiT 
Glover,  Jobn,  609 
Goady,  Clement,  333 
GD(re,ThoinB>>,41,S3,G 
£1,93,  ll>1,Xl,9,3!J,4& 
8,  SI 
Goldlbwait,  Simnel,  4!0 

eBmud,Jr.4fl 
Goodde,  NuUlan,  449, 30. 

91 
GtHxIhue,  Reaiamm,  £01 
Bern.  369,  491 
John.  378 
William,  4M,  3 
GDodridge,  Mr.  aOl 

fo(ilim,llaniel,  12 
ordon,  Mr.  4tl6 
oreei,  Sir  Ferclinaudo 
3e,4«,9tfi 
3ohii.«,6l,T9,Bfl 
Roberl,  his  lerrltory. 
B.fi.terrilorylol 
tilled,  79,  M,  II 


Rev.    Joseph,     189, 

!46,  6fi.  79,  COT 

enlear,  Alfred,  47^,4 

Beirfamin,  48» 

VB,  John, 487 

uruvcr,  Kdward,  168,78 

Gnind,  Prancil  i.  488 

(iuibrie,  William,  486 

Qwynn.  Thomat  W.  383 

Haeker,  I^aae,  4M,  long 

an,  TboniM,  4W 
e,  Joseph,  479,  80 
Nathan,  466 
Hoberl,  30a 
Hall,  John,  !1S 
Ateasn.  SSI 
Htallry,  Edmund.  436 
Hamilion,  Andrew,  316 

Henry  I  474,  7 
Hanrork.  John,  436 

■    ,Thui.fi6,ie9 
j:ih  A  386 
hii,  169.  S16 
llardie,  SamnrI,  33 
Hardy,  Josppb,  175,936 
Hannen,  Knger,  98 


Hangblon,  Henhr,  101 ,  Ui 
^-h,  148,6? 

rd,  Hi<'hard,9ff,l69 
i,Caf^380 
Hayward,  John,  316 
Hazard,  Ebeiwzer,  43,  S, 

6,69 
Hitderefaani,  Arlhnr,  68 
Henfield,  Jowpb,  193, 339 
Herrick,  Henry,  17S,35« 
HewaoD,  John,  St 

Thoi.  H*,  S77,  609 
nrnHm,  Rev.  Fmoeir, 

6,  7,  9. 10,  U,  !8, 

7,  67,  contraei,  68, 

S 

*<(, 71-4  6,6,83, 9, 
109.hiijaumalu>d 
leUer,  110-14,  36, 
8, 69,  !1S,  60,3,4, 
6U,  1,  S,  74,  coD- 
lnet,6ll 
Rev.Jahii,l3,IS,l7, 
M,  85,  169,  pari 
rem  for  land  under 


i.  (ieorire,  61, 
t,  107  ai, 49,9 


onj,  69, 


86,435 
Jofaa,  98-33,  987 
John,  199,441,517 
Uary,  ber  deub,  I|3 
Naihaniel,  196,441 
SiecAfTi,  387 

Hildretfa,  Mr.  3S3 

Hilllard,  Joseph,  303,  SIS 
Marnrel,  381 
•-•^-  wn.,  83,  167, 


bia 


a,  519 

p  987 


>p  987 

- 'S)iBm,»4I9,S74 

Hilt-bcock,  Edw.  143, 488 
Hodder,  James,  437 
Hodson,  Daniel,  509 
Holrrave,  John,  17:!,  tSS, 

■til 
Hollinrwoilh,  Eleanor, 
4ig.W 
Eliidieth,  516 
Richard.  169,91,516 


Obsdiah,  US,  86 

Holvoke,  F^IoHrd  A.  iUS. 

AG,  %,  3IS 

Samuel,  5U0 
Hood,  Jacob,  471,1,4,6. 

a 

Hook,  Elist,  377 
Messn    501 
Hofdclus,  DnnM,  openi  ■ 

Hbooi,  450,  boe 

John,  ITS,  83,  £31,84 

HodUod,  Benj.4SI 

Hiwey,  Jo$ei.h,  317 

Howard,  Jutiii,  381 

Hovrel,  ATI- 

Hubbard,  Kev.  Willimui, 
7,9,36-9,41,6,  152 

Huglies,  At llnir,  337,  8 

Humphrey,  Johu,  4li,  56, 
6,  66,  a,  90,4,  127,9, 
34,B,il,71,S)9,i0fi,7 
11,31,305,73,427,609, 


Jm-elyn,  Edwin,  467,  Bl 
Jabn,  an  IwliaH,  18,^8-^ 
Johiiv>D,    Lady    Arbella 


t,  Dea.  41 1 


Thou 


1,333 


iDgalls,  F.phrBim,41 
Innrsoli,  NaltaanieJ, 
418,19,10 
Richard,  39, 169, 300 
Ingram,  Air.  488 
Ironside,  Mr.  IS9 
IiraeL,  an  Indiai,  ^-33 

JaekscHi,  iohD,  173,  373, 

Margaret,  173,  SI  6 
Mr  457 

Jamei,  Krosmos,  169,39 

1  3(5.78 

II.  S7,«0 

Rumney  Harsh,    18, 
SB-33 
Janten,  Sit  ISrii 


£46 
Fraiicii 


172,  li 


..,3D,  177 

base,   41,  6i,  5,  6, 
67,  ei,  biibenefi- 

30,4  8,45, '6a,50y 
Samud,  466 
Waller  R,  461 
linalon,  'I'homai,  502 
iws,  Mr.  485 
»lr  WiUiam,£lG 
WUiiam.317 
Joaselyn,  John,  ISO,  257. 
"  9,  263,  6,  y,  273,  405 

Ktad^,  David.  457 
Kine,  Uaaiel.llS,  19 
"-muBl,  S3S 

- -J,  Edward,  367 

Knuw,  Jacob,  his  schao), 

4^,9,61 
Kuig^t,  Waller,  38, 169 

Lackey,  AllMri,  478,  80, 1 

Lo&yetie.  Geu.  294,  iU 

•  -•--    Wm.  358,  418,  19 

011,419 

•jt,  John,  !39 


Timoihv,  413,  M 

Mrs.  SH7 
yily,  Wflliam,  4S6 
Lind^y,  Ellzaheih,4SI. 
Lord,  William,  173,  SSS 
Lorio^.  Jadliua,384 

l.ovel,  ■I'homBi.  IC9,  *18 

Low.  Adrian,  3S3,  3SS 

Jimadian,3IU,93 


467-8 
Lander,  Paler,  376 

EdwanI,  4&t,  62 


l-arg,  E 

Laud,  Biihop  Wn 

Law,  Rev,  Aiidie 


didlaw,  Roger,  151 

.unl,  Ezra,^17 
..ueromb,  ISamuel,  387 
Lyford,  Kev.  John,  37,  fl, 

93,169 
Lyude,  BenjanuD,  SSe,t, 


Maiboa,  John,  52,  169 
Majin.  Horace,  481 
Maiming,  Robert,  sa     ' 


MamneJd,  MaltheH',4IA 
Maolreye,  N  alhaiiilj.  Ml 
Marble,  Samuel,  1&» 
-■    .Wn,  Benjamin,  «4 
Reiii.  £41,490 

Bel  m 

WiAiam,  193 

(in,  Mr.  379 

Manyn.  Sir  Henry,  I3t 

»liiiVuheonaa,483 
MB.scolt,Jolm,Jr.3S9 


JofaD,  36,209,  hiiAk- 

mily,  a  1 4,  SI 
John  r.  JI4,  £20 
Jobepb.214 
Robert,S14,l5,16,SI) 

Massey.JeBiey,  17^184, 


■hiMV.  Jobn,  Jr.  301 
Join,  »6,3(»,  1,417 

Kuury,  ilavid.  413 
Bthw,ColUin,7,9 
Malihe*!,  AiiJrew,) 
JohD  L.  3X 

Hsulq,  Jubn,  4-14 

Tt»<niu,3£«,  7^,411 
Msune.  Roger,  171,277 
Mivrridk.Hcwe*,  ni,MI( 

Samuel,  16 
McCloy,  Mr,  38S 
Uclaiirc,  Samuel,  S» 

Samuel,  ISO 

HeMulleii,Mr.3a3 

Meuhcm,  John,  339 


HeBH,  Mr. 


113 


n,  G.  438 
Menill,  H   1).  &.  Co.  SS 
Milbarae,  Peler,  IX 
MiHHime,  Mr.  tt4 
Hilke,  John,  36b 
Hiller,  Sydrach,  St,  169 
HUner,  Mr.  487 
M>Diu,Ch1oe,46l,70 
Milfhel,  Fiflcieoe,  311 
Milcbe!rs.Aueu91ui,4E£ 
Hobtei,  Heufv,  337 

in  To»ii  Hall,  3H» 
HoDlowsmnale,  IS 
Moore,  J.  HamlllDii, « 
Hordecay,  hit  cm.  165 
HoM,  CaM.418,  19 
Money,  Fraarii.ISfi 
Morgao.  Diney,  383 

Horlcy,    Rotwrt,    but 


HDrtan,r4allianiel,4: 
ThD]noj,ll,1.3, 
Bi  Sslem.  im 
Money,  Mr,  378 
Hauluin,  Robert,  84,  100, 

1,  Si,  €3 
Hoiin,  George.  14,  OS 
Mulkey,  Mr.  478 
Munaon.  Mr.  4W,  MM 
llDmy,  Liodley,  481,  6 


NBM'faall,  Isaac,  3t 
Tbonai,  SIS 
Nicbols,  Oeo^,  476, 493  Falmcr 


18-33 
torman,  John.  1K», 
Richard,  38,  !(■'. 
Riclmrd,  Jr.  38,    - 
NorrU,  Edward,  16^,  «7, 
31,6 
Edw.SlS,  449,  51, 
E.  &.  J.  779 
John,  385 
Mr.  Sai 
Northend,  Ctaa.  4n0. 1 
Nonbey,  Ui    ' '   — 


NonooVueorge,  n'^,401 

■If.  84 
Nowell,  Imrease,  55,  &, 

90.    |07.  17,  9,  3S, 

104,609 
Noyei,  BelFher,  452 


1,31^ 
pBrker,  CbBrlea,  389 
l>Biiiel,467,S3,6,7 

Ki(bardG.,4B6,3 


Peabody,  FianrH,  MS 
JoHpii  A.  411,  91 

Peacb,  Lai,  319 

P«Me,  Capt.  join,  I6B, 
«4 
Robert,  169,  ITS 

Peele,  WiUlam,  985 

Pdrre,  Jeratbind,  S79 

«»,  Mr.  471 

lam,  Herbert,  90,  f53 

■ie,  Marmwliike,  169, 


lliDBiai,  31! 

Nulling,  JobD.  4-^,4,8 

JoTiB,  Jr  4fl.1 
Nye,  Rev.  PhiUp,  141-7 

Odliu,Elisba,4JI 
'  lid,  JoKiiJi,  509 
^aille.  Mr.  485 
lam,  John,  37,4t,t 
'.  Gl,  4, 78,  9,  Ua,  9i 
■J,  13,23 
e,  Mr.  506 
er.  Dt.  Item.  L.  380 
Ilepr.K.fe,C,«l 
4,  b 


Eliiabeih,  376 
DKiib,  447 
(Jsbotn,  George,  309,4 


Srry,  Franci*,  169,  336 
llorBiio,  381 
Richsrd,52,6,6,i07, 

Willi'aiD,'484,5,6 
Mar,  Eptiraun,  £8 
etan.  Hocfa,  13,91,  m 
■erinoD,  304,  land,  184, 
507,9 
Philip,  King,  17,  IR,  sis 
"hillipi,  George,  153 
/Bnu.sA,4il 
Rev.  John,  170,  Sll, 

It 
Stephen,  379 
Slepbeo  C.  461,  BS, 

hipa,  Spenrar.SrS 
ickering,  Jobn,  170,411 

John, 436 

John,  487 

TbiDthT,  416.  SO 

Timothy,  S69,  491 


Bern.  SOS,  397,  413, 
aBrlca.S67,S19 


INDEX. 


53a 


Pickwortb,  John,  170,615 
Pierce,  Benjamin,  322 

Rev.  John,  D  D.  480 

William,  98, 102,  56, 
69 
Pike,  Nicholas,  485 
Pilgrim,  John.  374 
Pinchion,  William,  55,6. 
127,9,30,4,9,267 

Mrs.  349 

Mr.  453 
Pinckham,  Isaac,  321 
Pindar,  i^imon,  321,3 
Pipon,  John,  359 
Pocock,  John,  94, 129 
Poor,  Daniel  A.  469,71 

Rev.  Daniel,  496 
Pope,  Alexander,  518 

Joshua,  384 
Porter,  Ebenezer,  517 

Kbenezer,  484 

Israel,  28,  33 

John,  421 

Nathaniel,  170, 387 
Poquanum,  18 
Pratt,  John,  surgeon,  62, 
139 

Mr.  420,  I,  43 
Prescott,  Benjamin,  189 
Preston,  Samuel,  465 
Price,  Kev.  Dr.  497 

Walter,  174,226,  430 

Walter,  44i,  90 
PriiSce,  John,  237 

Dr.  415 

Samuel,  374 

Thomas,  37,  8,  75, 
148 
Procter,  William,  379 
Pulsifer,  David,  384 
Pulyston,  Thomas,  91 
Punkapoags,  12 
Putnam,  Asa,  421 

Ebeuezer,  330,  492 

Rufus,  Jr.  474. 9 

Samuel^  202,  229 
Pynchon,  see  Pinchion 

Queen  Anne's  arms,  390 

408 
Queen  Elizabeth,  313 
Quincy,    Edmund,    Esq. 
262 
Josiah,  Hon.  494 

Raikes,  Robert,  495 
Raleigh,  Sir  Walter,  78, 

262 
Ravenscrofl,  Thomas,  498 


Ray,  Daniel,  170,284, 515 
Raymond,  Mr.  382 
Kea,  John,  332 

Joshua,  420 
Reed,  Nathan,  453 
Reeves,  John,  170,  516 
Revell,  John,  124,  39,  45 

William,  140 
Reyner,  Rev.  John,  80 
Richards,  Rev.  John,  494 
Richardson,  Nath'l,  196 
Rickman,  Isaac,  102,  170 
Kipley,  Mr.  500 
Robbms,  Mr.  288 

Mr.  381 
Robinson,  Andrew,  518 

James,  485 

Rev.  John,  88, 
93,  106 

Samuel,  358 

Samuel,  423 
Rodriquez,  Col.  476 
Rogers,  Abigail,  453 

Rev.  John,  436 

Nathaniel,  456,  7,  8 

Robert,  461 
Ropes,  Benjamin,  421 

David,  423 

Henry,  415 

John.  389 
Rositer,  Edward,  139 
Koswell,  Sir  Henry,  40, 55 
Rowe,  Mr.  129 
Ruck,  John,  28-33,   170, 
87,  8,  2«2,  5,  418 

Thomas,  187 
Rugg,  Mr.  383 
Rust,  Daniel,  378 

Henry,  292 
Ryall,  WilUam,  84,  170, 
210 

Safibrd,  Abraham,  422 

Nathaniel,  506 

Joshua,  385 
Sagamore    of   Agawam, 

15,  188,  209,  507 
George,  13,  4,  6,  7, 

his   death,   18,  28 

207,  607 
James,  13,  14, 15 
John,  13,  14,  his  will, 

16,  17,  134 
Philip,  17 

Salmon,  Thomas,  486 
Saltmarsh,  Deborah,  423 
Soltonstall,  Leveretl,  346 
Sir  Richard,  41,  65, 
6,  62,  81, 99,  107, 


27,  9, 80,  4,  8, 45, 
52,509 
Sam,  an  Indian,  18,28-33 
Sampson,  Ezra,  484 
Sanders,  Mr.  287 
Sanderson,  Elijah,  382 
Sarah,  an  Indian,  18 
Saul,  Mr.  379 
Savage,  Ezekiel,  382 
James,  516 
Thomas,  374 
Savary,  Mr.  382 
Sawyer,  Edward,  463,6 
Scarlet,  Benj.  170,515 
Schickard,  William,  438  . 
Schrevelius,     Cornelius, 

487 
Scobie,  John,  380 
Scollay,  James,  455 
Scott,  William,  484 
Scruggs,  Thomas,  172,427 
Seale,  Humphrey,  92,  4, 

151 
Sewall,  Jonathan,  448 
Stephen,  349,  441 
Shadocke,  Samuel,  358 
Shafflin,  Michael,  173, 516 
Sharpe,  Henry,  314,5, 420 
Samuel,  61,  his  con- 
tract, 54,  63,   his 
contract,  65,  6, 75, 
81,  2,  3,  6,  9,99, 
100,11,39,51 
Thomas,  127,  139 
Shattuck,  Sam'l,  174, 419 
Sbepard,  Rev.  Thomas, 

Sherlot,  Henry,  605 
Sherwin,  Thomas,  488 
Shickatalbot,  15 
Shimmin,  Charles,  451 
Silver,  Capt.  377 
Simpson,  John,  338 
Skefion,  Rev.  Samuel,  69, 
75,6,83,9,93,  109,34, 
5,  8,  56, 70,  land  grant- 
ed, 178,  267,  77,  co*. 
tract,  account,  51 1-13 
Skerry,  Francis,  173,286, 

368 

Skinner,  Walter,  338 
Small,  John,  170, 516 
Smiley,  Mr.  486 
Smith,  Caleb,  385 
Jeremiah,  453 
John,  6,  12,  13,  36, 

69,  120,  243 
John,  286 
Joseph,  325 


684 


INDEX. 


Gtauth,  Mr.  165 

Mr.  140 

Rev.  Ralph,  79,  80, 
114,75 

Roswell  a  485,  8 

Walter,  421 

William,  SIS 
Smyth,  John,  509 
Snell,  Mr  485 
Snelling,  John,  390 

Jonathan,  464 
Somerville,  Mr.  42i 
Sophocles,    Cvangelimus 

A.  487,  8 
Southcoat,  Thomas,  40, 

55 
Southwick,     Lawrence, 

173,  86 
Spauldine,  Rev.  Joshua, 

460 
Sprague,  Joseph  E.  329, 
30,492 

Ralph,  44,  6,  6, 170, 
515 

Richard,  44, 5, 6, 170, 
515 

William,  44, 5. 6, 170, 

615 

Sparstowe,  Mr.  128, 34 

Stackhouse,  Richard,  170, 

300 
Stacy,  John,  420 
Staniford,  Wm.  485,  6 
Standley,  Henry,  392 
Steams,  James,  381 

Sarah  W.  385 

William,  369 
Steele,  Mr.  321 
Stephens,  Mr.  419 
Stetson,  Prince,  424 
Stevens,  Ann,  420 

Moses,  463, 5 

Thomas,  64 

Thomas,  509 

Mr.  419 

Mr.  504 
Steward,  Antipas,  451 ,  2 
Stickney,  William.  385 
Stileman,  Clias,  172,  417 
Stoddard,  S.  486,  8 
Stodder,  Mr.  379 
Stone,  John,  170, 299,300 
Stoughton,  WUliam,  215 
Story,  Joseph,  484 
Sullivan,  Wm.  484 
Sweet,  John,  170,  229,  85 
Swinnerton,  Dr.  John,519 

John,  443, 4 
Symmes;  Rev.  Tbos.  498 


Symmids,  James,  286       [Vassal,  John,  516 

Judith,  516 


Tailer,  William,  315 
Tapley,  Gilbert,  420 

Joseph,  421 
Tappan,  l)enj.461 
TarbeU,  John,  447 
1*awley,  Mr.  286 
Temple,  Samuel,  485 
l^yler,  Benj.  318 
Thomas,  an  Indian,  28, 33 
Thomas,  Isaiah,  484 

Betty,  608 
Thresher,  Mr.  287 
Throffmorton,  John,  170, 

Tilden,  Niles,  378 
Tillet,  John.  154 
Tillie,  Hugh,  99, 170 
I'odd,  John,  333 
Tomkins,  Catherine,  174, 
516 

Elizabeth,  516 

Marie,  616 

Ralph,  170,516 

Samuel,  516 
Totten,  8  488 
Towers,  Mr.  488 
Towne,  Jacob,  170, 515 

Stephen.  333 
Towndrow,  Mr.  479 
Trask,  John,  305 

William,  44, 172,  80, 
2,  7,  215,  53,  368, 
427 

William,  420 
Treadwell,  Mr.  401 
I'ufiheale,  Richard,  509 
Tuflon,  Jane,  214 

John,  214 
Tufls,  Rev.  John,  490,  8 
Turiand,  John,  358 
Turner,  John,  241 

John,  241, 303,  446 

John,  424 

Mr.  485 

William.  506 
Tuttle,  Mr.  378 
Tyler,   Thomas,   son  of 
Masconomet,  239 

Upham,  Rev.  Charles  W. 
497 

Valpy,  Richard,  487 
Vamev,  Soloman,  385 
Vassal,  Ann,  516 

Ann,  616 

Fraqcis,  516 


Margaret,  516 
Mary,  516 

Samuel,  52,  6,   129, 

615 
William,  55,  6, 127, 
9,  34,  9,  70,  252, 
615 
Venn,  John,  55, 6, 62, 128, 

9, 34, 8,  9,  6U9 
Verin,  HiUiard,  175,411 
Joshua,  170,  516 
Philip.  172,  235, 516 
Very,  Mr.  317 
Virat,  Geoi^,  603, 5 

Robert,  506, 6 
Vossitts,  Gerard  J.  486 

Walch,  David,  453 
Walcot,  Josiah,  441 
Walcott,  Samuel  B.  461 
Wales,  John,  219 
Walrrave,  Mr.  90 
Walker,  James,  486,  8 

Capt  129,34,47,60 
Walsh,  Michael,  485 
Walter,  WUliam,  448,  9 
Walton,    Rev.    William, 

60,171,205 
Wappacowet  or  Wd^co- 

wet,  14 
Ward .  Joshua,  349,415,58 

Miles,  288,  91 

Rev.  Nathaniel,  142 
Warwick,  Earl,  131 
Washbome,  John,  62, 4 
Washington,  (]ieoi^e,309, 

presentation  of,  395 
Waterman,  Richard,  ven- 
ison hunter,  84, 171 
Waters,  Benj.  302, 421 

John,  386 

Richard,  171,418 

Thomas,  420 
Watson,  John,  451,  3,  4 

Thomas,  173,  285 
Wattawtinnusk,  28-33 
Waye,  George,  509 
Wavland,  Francis,  488 
Webb,  Benjamin,  423 

Francis,  to  have  a 
mill,  92, 9, 129,71, 
609 

Jonathan,  375, 422 

Jonathan,  423 
Webcowet,  14,  15 
Webster,  Noah,  484,  6 
Weeb,  Daniel,  419 


INDEX. 


635 


Welch,  Mr.  486 
Wells,  Philip,  333 
West,  Henr}',  359 

John. 64 

Nathaniel,  381,  424 

Nicholas,  127 

Thomas,  33,  171 
Wharton,  Edward,  405 
Whetcombe,  Simon,  40, 
62,6,6,  107,24,9, 
32  4  609 
Whipple/ Oiiver,  M.  196 
Whitaker,    Uev.    Nath'l, 

'374 

Whitchcolls,  Charles,  609 

Whitchcot,  Rev.  Bern.  66 

White,  Rev.  John,  6,  36, 

7,8,9,40,1,8,99, 

138,  42,  3,  52 

John,  92, 6,  138,  609 

John,  171,515 

Ralph,  67 
Whitman,  Samuel,  438 
Whittemore,  (widow)  381 
Wh^^te,  Edmund,  107 

Richard,  107 
Wiffgin,  George,  333 
Wiliuns,  Uray,  210 


Wilkins,  Daniel,  444 

John  H. 488 
William,  an  Indian,  209, 

10 
Williams,  Henry,  293 
Mascoll,  m,  9, 519 
Roger,  73,  171 
Samuel,  359 
Thomas  R.  378 
Wilson,  Rev.  John,  16 
11.486 

Lambert,  chirurgeon, 
85,  171 
Winnapurkitt,  17 
Winthrop,  Henry,  drown- 
eu   159 
John'  16,36,41,106, 
27,  30,  4,  8,  9,  40, 
6,  9,  parting   ad- 
dress,  162,   4,  on 
benevolence,    164, 
6, 7,  69, 60,  1 .  79, 
245,  6,  63,  61,  8, 
77,82,  311,  12,41 
John,  Jr.  23, 171,  205 
Stephen,  138 
Wolridge.  William,  98 
Wood,  Elizabeth,  616 


Wood,  Wm.  12,  111,20, 
71,  206,  36,42,7, 
69,76 
William,  171,616 
Woodbridge,  Wm.  486 
Woodbury,   Humphrer, 
21,  40, 176 
Israel,  384 
John,  38,  visits  Eur- 
land,  40,  17278, 
336 
Josiah,  377 
WUliam,  33, 173 
Worcester,  J  oseph  E.  461, 
86,  8 
Rev.  Samuel,  496 
Wright,  George,  HI, 900 
r«iathaniel,  62,  6,  6, 
124,  6,  8,  9,  31,  t, 
4,  8, 9, 45, 61 
Wyman,  Mrs.  386 

Yawataw,  28,  33 
Younsr,  Mr.  486 

James,  146 

James,  333 

John,  40, 56, 134 

Richard,  609 


ADDENDA  TO  INDEX  OP  SUBJECTS. 


Eag^e,  ship,  124, 31,  8,  called  Arbella, 

Government  of  Colony,  42, 64, 6, 6, 7, 
76,  called  council  of  Massachu- 
setts Bay,  77, 88,  called  govern- 
ment and  council  of  London 
plantation,  officers,  89-90,  oaths 
of  officers,  91,  3,  4,  papers,  98, 
transler,  126-30;  vote  for  remo- 
val,   134,  in   London   and   in 


Colony,  137,  Winthrop  suceeedt 
Endicott,  167 
Government  of  Town,  335-46 
"        of  City,  346-48 

Pest  House,  192,  3 
Physicians,  86,  125,  39 

Talbot,  ship,  67, 76,  84,  106,  12,3,5, 
39,60 


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