Full text of "Annual"
THE
CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE
SOCIETIES LIMITED.
ANNUAL
i/
PublislHTby
THE CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE SOCIETY
LIMITED,
1, Balloon Street, Manchester ; and
THE SCOTTISH CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE
SOCIETY LIMITED,
95, Morrison Street, Glasgow.
PREFACE.
IN the present volume an innovation will be noticed, which
will be found to add interest to the illustrations that have
formed so prominent a feature of the "Annual" for many ye
Opposite each view a brief description appears, that will, in
conjunction with the plate, afford a more complete conception
of the operations of the Wholesale Societies than could be gained
from either separately.
The special articles are four in number. The first, on "Cotton
Growing Witliin the British Empire," is by Mr. J. Howard Eeed,
whose name is now familiar to the readers of the "Annual." Mr.
Eeed's previous contributions, however, have been concerned with
affairs in Egypt, African Gold Fields, &c. , but in none of them
has any topic been dealt with of more importance to our home
population. Startling figures are given and comparisons made to
show that the present position is, to a great extent, due to the
enormous increase in consumption of cotton, by the Continent of
Europe and the Tinted States in the last t& y&rs. It is pointed
out that the cotton industry employs close upoif 500,000, therefore
the number of per\pfis directly dependen^tnpn it must be several
millions, and that, s the chief source ofJsupply is America, "in
the event of a famine, \herefore, or evenyof a very serious shortage,
we should probably lose the whole of our Americ :ui supply, as
naturally those on the si ')j get the first call upon the
supplies grown in their own%imtfy. It is to safeguard ourselves
against so serious and appalling a catastrophe that it has in recent
years become imperative that something should be done; and it
was the realisation of this necessity on the part of a few far-seeing
men that some years back brought into being the British Cotton
Growing Association, which has ever since devoted its attention
most assiduously and loyally to the problem set before it." The
work accomplished by the Association is then recounted and
possibilities of future achievements estimated.
III.
PKEFACE.
Mr. W. M. J. Williams' article on "Lords and Commons"
should prove of distinct interest at the present time, when
insistent demands are being made that the powers and limitations
of those powers should be strictly denned. The historic survey
Hint the author gives us commences with the signing of the Great
Charter in 1215, and, as far as limit of space permits, the steady
growth of the Commons as a political force is traced from reign
to reign. The article is well worth study, and a knowledge of
the facts therein contained may well prove of service in many a
strenuous argument.
At first sight the title of Mr. Fletcher's article, "The
Co-operative Movement in Relation to Literature and Art," will
no doubt arouse curiosity as to the nature of the connection to" be
established. The opening sentences seern to admit that the
relationship is but slender, but by a liberal interpretation of the
term "Co-operation" Mr. Fletcher finds ample ground for
enlarging upon the presence of purely human influence in
literature and art. We have been able to include reproductions
of four of the pictures referred to, thus enabling the reader to
follow more closely the thread of the argument.
Articles on various aspects of the Land Question have appeared
in previous issues of the "Annual," but Mr. Edwards' contribution
is none the less valuable on that account. The article is headed
by an apt quotation from J. R. Lowell, beginning "Let us speak
plain," and Mr. Edwards' article reveals on every page his
agreement with that injunction. He is an enthusiast on the
subject, and as a consequence writes upon it in a style trenchant
and outspoken. The article is longer than is usually the case, but
bearing in mind the vast importance of the subject we think our
readers will not deem the space it occupies excessive.
THE COMMITTEE.
IV.
LIST OF MAPS, DIAGRAMS, PLATES, &c.
CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE SOCIETY.
Diagrams
Comparison of the Sales of Wholesale and
Retail Co-operation.
Forty-seven Years' Progress of Co-operation.
Forty-six Years' Progress of the Co-opera-
tive Wholesale Society Limited.
Map of the World, showing Foreign and
Colonial Depots.
Map of the United Kingdom, showing Depots,
Ac., of the Wholesale Societies.
Manchester
Bird's Eye View of Central Premises.
Mitchell Memorial Hall, Boardroom, Offices,
Ac., Corporation Street.
Balloon Street and Garden Street.
Drapery Warehouse, Balloon Street.
Dantzic Street.
Trafford Bacon Factory and Wharf.
Newcastle
West Blandford Street.
Waterloo Street and Thornton Street.
Quayside Warehouse. Stowell Street.
Pelaw : Bird's Eye View.
Drug and Drysaltery Works.
Cabinet Works. Clothing Factory.
Printing Works.
London
Leman Street. Clothing Factory.
Bacon Stoves. Tea Department.
Silvertown: Bird's Eye View.
Bristol Dep6t.
Brislington Butter Factory.
Cardiff Depot.
Northampton Saleroom.
Nottingham Saleroom.
Birmingham Saleroom.
Huddersfield Saleroom.
Limerick Dep6t.
Armagh Depot.
Tralee Egg and Butter Depot.
Bacon Factory.
Typical Irish Creamery.
Crumpsall Biscuit, Sweet, &c., Works.
Middleton Junction Preserve, &c., Works.
Middleton Junction Vinegar Brewery and
Pickle and Sauce Factory.
Wisbech Fruit Depot.
Leicester Wheatsheaf Boot and Shoe Works.
Duns Lane Boot and Shoe Works.
Enderby Boot and Shoe Works. Works.
Heckmondwike Boot, Shoe, and Currying
Rushden Boot and Shoe Works.
Irlam Soap, Candle, and Glycerine Works.
Silvertown (London) Soap Works.
Dunston-on-Tyne Soap Works.
Batley Woollen Cloth Factory.
Leeds Clothing Factory.
Brush and Mat Works.
Luton Cocoa and Chocolate Works.
Dunston-on-Tyne Flour Mill.
Silvertown (London) Flour Mill. [Wharf.
Sun Flour and Provender Mills, Trafford
Star Flour Mill, Oldham.
Avonmouth (Bristol) Flour Mill.
Silvertown (London) Productive Factory.
Broughton (Manchester) Cabinet, Tailoring,
Mantle, Shirt, Underclothing, &c.,
Factories.
Desborough Corset Factory.
Longsight (Manchester) Printing Works.
Leicester Printing Works.
Hartlepool Lard Refinery.
Littleborough Flannel Factory.
Manchester Tobacco Factory.
Hucknall Huthwaite Hosiery Factory.
Bury Weaving Shed.
Keighley Ironworks.
Dudley Bucket and Fender Works.
Birtley Tinplate Works.
Longton Crockery Dep6t.
Pontefract Fellmongering Works.
Esbjerg (Denmark) Depot.
Odense (Denmark) Depot.
Herning Bacon Factory.
Sydney Oil and Tallow Factory.
Denia (Spain) Depot.
S.S. " Fraternity." S.S. " New Pioneer."
Roden Convalescent Home.
Tomato Houses.
Nugawella Tea Factory.
Weliganga Tea Estate.
Bungalow.
SCOTTISH CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE SOCIETY.
(Following page 96.)
Grocery and Provision Warehouse, 119,
Paisley Road, Glasgow.
Registered Office and Furniture Warehouse,
95, Morrison Street, Glasgow.
Grocery and Provision Warehouse, Links
Place, Leith.
Grocery and Provision Warehouse, Grange
Place, Kilmarnock.
Grocery and Provision Warehouse, Seagate,
Dundee.
Enniskillen Branch Central Premises.
Drapery Warehouse, Dundas Street, Wallace
Street, and Paterson Street, Glasgow.
Furniture and Furnishing Showrooms,
Chambers Street, Edinburgh.
Productive Works, Shieldhall, Govan.
New Frontage and Printing Department,
Shieldhall.
Boot Factory, Shieldhall.
Cabinet Factory, Shieldhall.
Dining-rooms and Ready-made Clothing
Factory, Shieldhall.
Chancelot Roller Flour Mills, Edinburgh.
Junction Meal and Flour Mills, Leith.
Regent Roller Flour Mills, Glasgow,
(irain Elevators, Winnipeg, Canada.
Ettrick Tweed and Blanket Mills, Selkirk.
Soap Works, Grangemouth.
Dress Shirt Factory, Leith.
Creamery and Margarine Factory, Bladnoch,
Wigtownshire.
Fish-Curing Works, Aberdeen.
Calderwood Castle and Estate.
V.
INDEX.
PAGE.
ACCIDENTS, Railway 328
Administrations from December, 1783 301
Art, The Co-operative Movement in Relation to Literature and. By
A. E. Fletcher 199
ARTICLES:
Co-operative Movement in Relation to Literature and Art, The. By
A. E. Fletcher 199
Cotton Growing Within the British Empire. By J, Howard Reed,
F.R.G.S 151
Land and Taxation, The Fraudulent Relations of : Their Responsibility
for the Long-continued Existence of Radically Unjust Social
Conditions. By Joseph Edwards 219
Lords and Commons in Legislation, Specially as Regards Finance.
By W. M. J. Williams 177
BANK Holidays 332
Barometer Instructions 306
Births, Marriages, and Deaths, Registers of 332
CALENDAR for 1911 333
Calendar, Principal Articles of 331
Commons, Lords and, in Legislation, Specially as Regards Finance.
By W. M. J. Williams 177
Congresses, Co-operative 131
Consolidated Stock, Average Price of 284
Contributions which have appeared in " The Co-operative Wholesale
Societies' Annual " from 1885 to 1911 334
Co-operative Congresses 131
International 146
Papers read at 134
Movement in Relation to Literature and Art, The. By
A. E. Fletcher 199
Progress, 1862 to 1908 (United Kingdom) 267
Societies, Summary of Law relating to 148
Union : Its Principles and Constitution 147
PAGE.
CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE SOCIETIES :
English. Scottish.
Annual Return, Abstract of, for Year ended December
25th, 1909 36 ..
Artisan Clothing Factory . . 109
Advantages of Membership . . 96
Auditors, Past 28
Biscuits, Sweets, &c., Works, Crumpsall 46
Bonus to Labour . . 128
Boot and Shoe Department 39, 81 . . 105
Factory . . Ill
Works, Leicester 68
Boot and Shoe Works, Heckmondwike 70 . .
Rushden 70
Brush Factories 72 . . 114
Bucket and Fender Works, Dudley 74
Business Notices, &c . . 93-96
VI.
INDEX.
PAGE.
CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE SOCIETIES (continued) : English * Scottish
Business Premises, &c 1-6 . . 89-90
Cabinet Works 72, 76 . . 112
Ceylon Tea Estates. Particulars of Rainfall for Five
Years, 1905 to 1909, in Months 316
Coal Department 80
Committees, Auditors, and Scrutineers 7 . . 91
Committees, Past Members of 24-26 . .
Committee, Members of, who Died during Office 27
Confectionery Works . . 117
Corset Factory, Desborough 62
Creameries, Bladnoch and Whithorn . . 125
Drapery Department 39, 81 . . 104
Events in connection with the Wholesale Society in 1911,
Coming 10
Events, Principal 17-19 ..
Employes in Departments 13-15 . . 126
Fish Curing Works . . 121
Flannel Mills 60
Flour Mills Dunston 52
Silvertown 52
Manchester Sun Flour 54
OldhamStar 54 ..
Chancelot . . 119
Junction . . 123
Regent . . 124
Furnishing Department 40, 81 . . 106
Grocery Department 38, 80 . .100-103
Hosiery Factory 62 . . 113
Ironworks, Keighley 74
Lard Refinery 56
London Branch 42-45, 79, 84-85 . .
Mantle Factory . . 110
Newcastle Branch 40-42,79,82-83 ..
Officers and Departments 8-12 . . 92
Preserve, &c., Works 48 . . 116
Printing Works 58-61 . . 115
Progress of the Wholesale Societies 30 . . 88, 98
Reserve Fund Account 34
Shirt Factories 64 . . 108
Soap, Candle, &c., Works 48-51 . . 122
Tailoring Factory . . 107
Leeds 66 ..
Broughton 68 . .
Pelaw 76 ..
Telegraphic Addresses 20
Telephonic Communication 22
Tinplate Works, Birtley 74
Tobacco Factory 56 . . 118
Trade Terms, Conditions of Membership, &c . . 95
Underclothing Factory . . 120
Union Bank of Scotland, Branches . . 97
Weaving Shed 66
Woollen Department 39, 81
Mills, Batley 64 . .
VII.
INDEX.
PAGE.
Cotton Growing Within the British Empire. ByJ. HowardReed, F.R.G.S. 151
Customs Tariff 280
DEATH Duties, The 288
Discount, Average Minimum Rate per Cent, of 285
Duties, Customs, in the United Kingdom 280
ECLIPSES 332
Edwards, Joseph. The Fraudulent Relations of Land and Taxation :
Their Responsibility for the Long-continued Existence of Radically
Unjust Social Conditions 219
Expectation of Life 296
FLETCHER, A. E. The Co-operative Movement in Relation to Literature
and Art 199
QOODEY, The Late Mr. J. F 264
H OLIDAYS, Bank 332
IMPORTS and Exports (1889-1909) 324-325
Income Tax 283
Income and Expenditure of the United Kingdom, year ending March
31st, 1910 : 279
Income under Review by Inland Revenue 305
Intestate, Rules by which the Personal Estates of Persons Dying, are
Distributed 291
Intestate, Rules of Division according to the Law of Scotland of the
Movable Estate of a Person who has Died 293
KlNG and Royal Family 300
LAND and Taxation, The Fraudulent Relations of : Their Responsibility
for the Long-continued Existence of Radically Unjust Social
Conditions. By Joseph Edwards 219
Land, Dealings with 286
Law Relating to Societies, Summary of the 148
Law Sittings 332
Life, Expectation of 296
Lords and Commons in Legislation, Specially as Regards Finance. By
W. M. J. Williams 177
METEOROLOGICAL Tables 309-314
PARLIAMENTS of the United Kingdom 300
Presidents of the United States of America 302
Price of Two-and-a-Half per Cent. Consolidated Stock 284
Progress of Co-operation (United Kingdom) 267
Public Acts Passed 1910 278
VTII.
INDEX.
PAGE.
KAILWAY Accidents 328
Rainfall, Tabulated Statements of 315-319
Reed, J. Howard, P. R.G.S. Cotton Growing Within the British Empire 151
Registers of Births, Marriages, and Deaths 332
Royal Family, The King and 300
Rules by which the Personal Estates of Persons Dying Intestate are
Distributed 291
Rules of Division according to the Law of Scotland of the Movable
Estate of a Person who has Died Intestate 293
lABLE Showing Number of Days from any Day of one Month to same
Day of any other Month 329
Table Showing the Number of Days between any Two Dates 326
Taxation, The Fraudulent Relations of Land and : Their Responsibility
for the Long-continued Existence of Radically Unjust Social
Conditions. By Joseph Edwards 219
Terms and Abbreviations Commonly Used in Business 330
Tide Table, Liverpool 320
Goole 322
Time all over the World 305
U NION, Co-operative, its Principles and an Account of 147
United Kingdom, the Public Income and Expenditure, year ending
March 31st, 1910 279
United Kingdom, Customs Tariff of the 280
Parliaments of the 300
States, Presidents of 302
WILLIAMS, W. M. J. Lords and Commons in Legislation, Specially
as Regards Finance 177
Wrecks, United Kingdom 303-4
Comparative Progress of Wholesale and Retail
Co-operative Societies in the United Kingdom.
(YEARS 62 3 4 5 6 78 9701 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9801 2 3 4 5 6 7 8990 1 2345 6 78 919 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Kill,
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
10
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7O
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
3O
25
15
1O
FORTY-SEVEN YEARS' PROGRESS OF CO-OPERATIVE
SOCIETIES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.
SALES.
YEARS.
1862 .... 2,333523
SALES.
YEARS.
1886 32 730745
1863 2,673,778
1887 34 483 771
1864 2,836,606
1888 37 793903
1865 3,373,847
1889 40674673
1866 4,462,676
1890 43731 669
1867 6,001,153
1891 ... . 49024 171
1868 7,122,360
1892 51 060854
1869 7,353,363
1893 .... 51 803836
1870 8,201,685
1894 52 110800
1871 9,463,771
1895 ... 55 100249
1872 13,012,120
1896 ... 59951 635
1873 15,639,714
1897 ... 64956049
1874 16,374,053
1898 ... 68 523 969
1875 18,499,901
1899 ... 73 533 686
1876 19,921,054
1900 ... 81 020428
1877 21,390,447
1901 ... 85 872 706
1878 21,402,219
1902 ... 89 772923
1879 20,382,772
1903 ... 93 384 799
1880 23,248,314
1904 ... 96263 328
1881 24,945,063
1905 . 98 002 565
1882 27,541,212
1906 102 408 120
1883 29,336,028
1907 . Ill 239503
1884 30,424,101
1908 113 090 337
1885 31,305,910
TOTAL SALES IN THE FORTY-SEVEN} ^^ rico -rork oor
YEARS, 1862 TO 1908 j * j*fO35/oU, 389
TOTAL PROFITS IN THE FORTY- SEVEN ) ty<tQfiK/t<*c*AQ
YEARS, 1862 TO 1908 ( * 1 O,C>^3,^IO
STATISTICAL POSITION OF CO-OPERATIVE
SOCIETIES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM,
DECEMBER 31sT, 1908.
Compiled from tJie Returns made by Societies to the Registrar and
Co-operative Union.
Number of Members 2,701,123
Share Capital .... ... 35,075112
Loan Capital 17,649,071
Sales for 1908 113,090,337
Net Profits for 1908 10.99fi.7fi9
Devoted to Education, 1908
88,537
j. ui ty
V VIA A.
in the United Kingdom.
YEARS 62 3 4567 89701 2 3 4 5 6 789801 2 345678 9901 2345678 9191 2345678
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FORTY-SIX YEARS' PROGRESS OF THE
CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE SOCIETY LIMITED.
YEARS.
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870 ( W "J
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876 ( W -J
1877
1878
1879 (wSk.)
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884 ( W J
1885
1886 .,
SALES.
51,857
120,754
175,489
331,744
412,240
507,217
677,734
758,764
1,153,132
1,636,950
1,964,829
2,247,395
2,697,366
2,827,052
2,705,625
2,645,331
3,339,681
3,574,095
4,038,238
4,546,889
4,675,371
4,793,151
5,223,179
YEARS.
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
BALKS.
5,713,235
6,200,074
7,028,944
7,429,073
8,766,430
9,300,904
9,526,167
9,443,938
10,141,917
11,115,056
11,920,143
12,574,748
14,212,375
16,043,889
17,642,082
18,397,559
19,333,142
19,809,196
20,785,469
22,510,035
24,786,568
24,902,842
25,675,938
TOTAL SALES IN THE FORTY-SIX)
YEARS, 1864 TO 1909 }
TOTAL PROFITS IN THE FORTY-SIX)
YEARS, 1864 TO 1909 j
384,363,807
6,163,694
STATISTICAL POSITION OF THE CO-OPERATIVE
WHOLESALE SOCIETY LIMITED,
DECEMBER 25TH, 1909.
Number of Societies holding Shares... 1,163
Number of Members belonging to Shareholders, 1,925,517
Share Capital (Paid up) 1,657,305
Loans and Deposits 3,276,733
Eeserve Fund Trade and Bank 468,602
Insurance Fund 742,381
Sales for the Year 1909 25,675,938
Net Profits for Year 1909 ... ; .. 549,080
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Map of the World, showing
JOINT WITH SCOTTISH WHOLESALE SOCIETY
Foreign and Colonial Depots.
JOINT WITH SCOTTISH WHOLESALE SOCIETY
CO-OPER-ATIVE WHOLESALE SOCIETY
Map of the unuea Kingaom, snuwmy
Depots, &c, of the Wholesale Societies.
*^&SS5Mi
BUSINESS PREMISES
&C-,
OWNED BY
THE CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE
SOCIETY LIMITED.
Central Premises.
Original Balloon Street Premises.
XT
IN 1869 the Co-operative Wholesale Society bought the premises
shown in the illustration heading this page, in which to carry
on its fast-growing business. Since 1863, when the Society's
career began, its work was performed in rented buildings, but
when the trade reached nearly 300,000 per annum the Committee
felt emboldened to the extent of buying the Balloon Street
property. At that time the only other C.W.S. buildings existing
were small depots for the purchasing of butter at Tipperary and
Kilmallock, in Ireland.
In forty-seven years the business has made rapid strides;
almost every year has seen extensions, developments, or new
enterprises launched, and now all the premises portrayed on the
following pages are the property of the C.W.S.
In the second illustration Balloon Street runs up between the
two main blocks, and the original building is that at the top of
the street on the right-hand side surmounted by a glass dome. Up
to the year 1885 this warehouse towered above an environment of
a
H
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CENTRAL PREMISES- continued.
slum property. At the rear was "Clock Alley," a court lined with
old cottages, and leading to Corporation Street ; little public-houses
and coal yards, a cotton-waste warehouse and miscellaneous small
buildings were adjacent. All these have been supplanted by the
buildings of the C.W.S. In the right-hand block the Bank
occupies a considerable portion of the ground floor ; above this
the grocery saleroom and buyers' offices will be situated, and
the remainder of the premises will house part of the Furnishing
and the Stationery Departments. The furnishing showrooms
exhibit samples of practically every article that can be included
under that denomination, from suites for the drawing-room to
flat-irons, literally too numerous to mention. Societies in the
vicinity of Manchester are able to send prospective customers to
inspect the stocks, thus enabling the members of a small village
Store to gain the same advantages as are enjoyed by city folk.
Carpets, rugs, plate, and jewellery are all to be found here. The
Stationery Department supplies Societies with wrapping paper,
twine, and paper bags, besides all kinds of fancy stationery.
Recreation is also dealt in, for this department will provide
concerts, or organise excursions for holiday makers.
The buildings on the left of Balloon Street are shown on a
larger scale in the illustration opposite. Here, again, several
mean and insanitary courts and alleys have been demolished to
give place to a fine pile facing Corporation Street. At the top
is the Mitchell Memorial Hall, named after Mr. J. T. W. Mitchell,
who died in 1895, having been Chairman of the C.W.S. for
twenty-one years. The Hall is 107ft. long, 67ft. wide, and 33ft.
in height; it will seat 1,200 persons. The first Quarterly Meeting
held here was in September, 1907. The floors below the Hall
are occupied by the Board and Committee Booms, the Secretary's
and General Offices, and the basement provides a commodious
Dining-hall, rendered bright and attractive by dint of many mirrors
and white enamel paint.
The Architects' Department is located in this building. A
large and efficient staff is constantly occupied with work for the
C.W.S. and retail Societies.
Balloon Street and Garden Street.
ON either side of this building will be noticed the words
"Co-operative Wholesale Society;" these mark the limits
of the warehouse acquired in 1869. The Grocery Department
is in possession of the major portion of this block. Here are held
stocks of all goods coming under the head of grocery, in variety
too great to enumerate. An extensive trade is done in packed
goods, and a small regiment of damsels is kept busily occupied in
filling packets of convenient size with rice, tapioca, canary seed,
linseed, oatmeal, and self-raising flour; 100 tons of this latter
commodity is the average weekly output.
On the ground floor at the extreme left the generating plant
for the supply of light and power is placed in lofty rooms second
to none in space or equipment. Situated on the upper floors
and basement of the building fronting Balloon Street is the Boot
and Shoe Department. Here one may find 220,000 pairs of
footgear for men, women, boys, girls, and infants in immense
variety of patterns.
R
,7
Drapery Warehouse, Balloon Street,
CHIS warehouse is at the corner of Balloon Street and
Federation Street, a thoroughfare created by the C.W.S., and
a name conferred upon it that has a deep significance to all
Co-operators.
From the topmost floor to the basement it is stocked with a
huge variety of goods, including everything that should find a
place in a well-equipped Drapery Store.
The vagaries of fashion are kept closely in view by the buyers
in the various departments, and hard indeed to satisfy would be
the customer whose requirements the C.W.S. failed to meet.
This remark applies not only to the bewildering variety of
materials drawn from world-wide sources, but also with equal
force to the productions made in the C.W.S. Factories. There is
also the added satisfaction in this respect that the C.W.S. goods
are made under known conditions of healthy surroundings. It
may be of interest to state that the trade for the year ended
June, 1910, in Drapery, Woollens, and Ready-mades was
1,199,335 in the Manchester district.
Drapery, &c., Departments, Dantzic Street,
Original Dantzic Street Premises.
CHE C.W.S. entered into the drapery trade in 1873, and
with such success that a warehouse in Dantzic Street was
secured in 1875. At this time the business in drapery and
woollen cloth amounted to 114,000 annually. Additions were
constantly made to adapt the premises to the growing demands
until the building reached its present dimensions. It was not
long, however, before the cry was again raised for more room,
and the fine drapery warehouse in Balloon Street was erected
and opened in 1904. Even then the Millinery, Mantle, and
Costume Departments had to be left at Dantzic Street.
Two of the floors here are occupied by the Woollens and
Ready-mades Department. The ready-mades are all from the
C.W.S. Factories at Broughton or Leeds, and the cloth from
various sources, amongst others the C.W.S. Batley Mill and the
Scottish C.W.S. Ettrick Mills. From this department the male
Co-operator can be completely supplied with all the articles
demanded bv necessity or custom.
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Bacon Factory, Trafford Wharf.
BACON rolling and smoking was carried on in the Balloon
Street warehouse for many years until the exigencies of space
made it necessary to find better accommodation. With this
end in view, a plot of land was secured on the banks of the Ship
Canal, adjacent to the Sun Mill, and here a factory was built,
which has now been in use about five years.
The Trafford Wharf Factory is not a curing house. So far
as the C.W.S. is concerned, curing is done at the C.W.S.
Factories in Tralee (Ireland) and Herning (Denmark). At Tralee
every week about 1,000 pigs are killed and twice as many sides
of bacon cured. These are despatched to the C.W.S. at Trafford
Wharf, London, Bristol, Cardiff, and Newcastle. To meet the
demand for smoked bacon there are eighteen stoves of the latest
and best pattern.
There are about 70 employes engaged mainly in the making
of rolls, and the weight of bacon and hams dealt with weekly
varies from 100 tons to 120 tons.
THE TRANSPORT WAREHOUSE AND WHARF
has a frontage to the canal of 460 feet, the buildings occupying
360ft. by 60ft. The premises and site were acquired in July,
1903, arid the warehouse is now well equipped for receiving,
storing, and despatching the various commodities. Five electric
cranes lift the goods from the hold of ship or barge to the
warehouse, and deposit them in railway wagons on the quayside
or transfer them to lurries. The permanent staff of 23 is
augmented by casual labour at busy times, as in the dried fruit
season, until as many as 200 workers may be employed, and these
deal with an average of 15,000 tons of merchandise yearly. The
C.W.S. is, we believe, the only firm which possesses its own
accommodation at the Manchester docks.
THE ENGINEERING WORKS
is the latest addition to the Trafford Park group. It was originally
a repair shop, but now deals mostly with new work, and modern
tools have been installed for undertaking general engineering,
electrical work, and millwrighting in all its branches. The staff
of 23 employes promises to be rapidly increased. The Engineers'
Department at Balloon Street act as consulting mechanical,
electrical, and heating and ventilating engineers for complete
installations, reports being made on existing work, and plans
and specifications prepared for repairs or new work.
Newcastle Branch.
Newcastle Branch, Waterloo Street, in 1876.
IN 1871, eight years after the C.W.S. had commenced operations
in Manchester, a number of Co-operators in the north-east,
inspired by the success of the new institution, met at Newcastle
to discuss the establishment of a similar Society there. It was
almost unanimously decided to open a branch of the C.W.S. in
Newcastle, and to that end a small warehouse of four rooms was
taken, and business begun on November 26th, 1871. The usual
rapid growth attended the venture, and iu 1876 the Waterloo
Street warehouse was ready for occupation. Since then constant
building went on until eventually the handsome pile in West
Blandford Street was completed. The offices, boardroom, and
meeting-hall are here situated, and the remainder of the building
is devoted to various departments. The basement, first and third
floors accommodate the Boot and Shoe Department, which sells
annually upwards of 775,000 pairs of boots and shoes, besides
268,000 pairs of slippers. In West Blandford Street at the back
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NEWCASTLE BRANCH continued.
of the building are situated the Dress, Heavy Drapery, Ready-
made Clothing, and Woollen Departments. All the stocks are
of the latest design and cut, and the Co-operator who cannot
be suited with the material shown here must be fastidious indeed.
The Paper, Stationery, and Twine Department also has its home
here, and sends out annually some 1,500 tons of paper and
paper bags, besides large quantities of twine and stationery.
Here also is found the Provision Department, dealing with bacon,
lard, cheese, &c. Meats are washed and dried and rolled in
spacious rooms on the ground floor.
WATERLOO AND THORNTON STREETS.
On the left, as indicated by the name, stands the Furnishing
Department. Practically every article that could contribute to
the usefulness or decoration of a home may be seen here. Among
the stocks are, of course, many articles of C.W.S. make, such
as suites for bed and sitting rooms, sideboards, bedsteads in
wood and metal, washing and wringing machines, fenders,
buckets, tinware, &c., &c.
The building in the centre accommodates the Jewellery and
Fancy Hardware Departments and the Fancy Drapery, which
includes mantles, shawls, hats, caps, umbrellas, and all kinds
of underclothing and hosiery made by the C.W.S. The Jewellery,
&c., Department embraces a wide range of useful and ornamental
goods too numerous to detail. An expert optician undertakes sight
testing, and all kinds of errors of vision are rectified. There are
also musical instruments and cycles, cutlery, &c., and a large
assortment of engravings, paintings, and so on, in connection with
an efficient picture-framing factory.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne Quayside Warehouse.
CHE erection of this building was commenced in 1900, and
completed in 1902. It originally consisted of eight floors,
but in 1909 an extension became necessary, and the roof, which
had hitherto been flat, was covered in. The building is 90 feet
wide by 120 feet long, and the height from floor to ceiling on
each flat is a little over 11 feet. The space thus provided is
capable of warehousing between 7,000 and 8,000 tons. At present
there are forty men employed.
Being conveniently situated to the river and in close proximity
to that part of the quay where the London, Continental, and other
regular lines of steamers discharge their cargo, it has been found
to be a great boon to the departments which it serves, especially
when large quantities of goods arriving by steamer have to be dealt
with. One of the floors is used as a bonded warehouse, in which
all dutiable goods are stored, and is opened and closed by the
hours regulating all bonds. It has also discharging and loading
platforms fronting to the quayside, and also at the back, which
opens out on to Sandgate. All goods on account of the grocery,
butter, and No. 1 Grain Department are dealt with by the staff,
in addition to which machinery has been installed for cleaning
fruit, grain, &c., and for putting together the various grains and
ingredients used in pigeon and fowl mixtures.
Green Fruit and Potato Department,
Stowell Street,
CHESE premises are situated in close proximity to the
Newcastle fruit and vegetable markets. The building was
completed in the year 1909, and consists of the basement, ground,
No. 1, and No. 2 floors. In the basement we have the banana
room, specially constructed for the ripening of Canary and
Jamaica bananas, now a very popular fruit with all classes.
On the ground floor the despatch and receiving of goods is
transacted. Special facilities are offered here in the shape _ of
two large dock-ways enabling four vehicles to be given attention
at the same time.
On the first floor the offices are situated, consisting of the
manager's, assistants', and general offices. A portion of this floor
is also used as the saleroom.
No 2 floor is a large and spacious compartment principally
used for the storage of goods of a keeping quality, such as the
various kinds of nuts, figs, &c.
Pelaw: Bird's Eye View*
CHE policy of the C.W.S. and, indeed, of the Co-operative
movement throughout is to produce for the consumer the
necessaries of life at the least possible cost consistent with the
best possible conditions for the workers.
It is a noticeable fact that the productive works of the
Wholesale were nearly all centred in and around Manchester,
until, in pursuit of the policy above referred to, it was found
that the goods there produced could not be supplied to the
consumers in the Newcastle district at the least possible cost,
consequent upon the enormous carriage they had to bear. As a
remedy the Newcastle Branch Committee considered that their
duty lay in the direction of establishing productive works in their
own district, so they at once set about to find a suitable place
wherein to commence operations. In their endeavours to do this
they had in view the heavy rates, taxes, &c., the factories would
be called upon to pay if they were established in Newcastle,
and it was for this reason partly that Pelaw was chosen as the
venue of productive effort by 'the Newcastle Branch. Another
reason which animated them in their selection of Pelaw as the
ground on which their victories should be won was that the land
could be procured at a very small cost; and, again, the sites
available were adjacent to the railway, thus saving the heavy
charges for cartage to and from the station.
Illustrations of the separate works will be found following,
with one exception. This is the electric generating station. The
grouping together of a number of factories affords a splendid
opportunity of effecting a very great economy in power supply,
and this has been taken full advantage of at Pelaw. The whole
of the power, light, and steam for heating and boiling purposes
is supplied from a central generating station to the four factories.
In addition there is an Engineering Works for the purpose of
attending to repairs of present machinery and the erection of
new to cater for the wants of Societies in connection with
electric and other plant.
There is also a commodious dining-room, which is found to be
a great convenience, as the greater number of the employes come
from considerable distances.
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Drug and Drysaltery Works, Pelaw.
WITH a view to supplying Societies with drug and drysaltery
articles of the best quality, and to place in the hands of
Co-operators goods of a chemical nature which should be
absolutely pure, the Directors decided in 1896 to commence this
branch of business. From the beginning the growth of the
department has been exceptionally rapid. Work was commenced
in 1896 with five packing girls and two men for manufacturing,
but soon this staff had to be largely increased. The one room
in West Blandford Street premises allotted to the new venture
was soon insufficient until the space necessary for the department
was increased five-fold.
The development of the department was too great for the
allocation of the additional space necessary to it, so the Directors
had to look out for a more suitable place where the department
could make further progress, and Pelaw was the place chosen,
giving birth to Pelaw specialities, notably Pelaw Polish, &c.
Handsome buildings covering exactly one acre were soon
erected, specially designed and fitted for the economical working
of a department of this character. When it is mentioned that no
less than 200 to 300 different articles are manufactured and
packed it will be seen that great attention was requisite to obtain
the best facilities for economical working, with the result that the
works are the best equipped for their purpose in the country.
A visitor cannot leave these works without being impressed
with the well-lighted and general airy appearance of this building
two important considerations to the employes. Cleanliness of the
workpeople in their pink print costumes and caps to match,
which are provided by the Society, adds to the picturesque scene,
and the great facilities for coping with a big volume of trade
are evident everywhere.
Cabinet Factory, Pelaw*
CHE arrangement of these buildings has been made with the
greatest care and forethought. Economy in transit,
unloading, and storage are followed by a carefully-planned system
of putting the work through inside the factory; from the rough
log to the finished article no point is missed. At the back of the
factory one looks down from the level of the yard on to the
railway siding, into which the wagons of timber are shunted. A
travelling electric crane here renders great service by directly
transporting the logs from the railway to the timber store and
saw shed.
Every possible precaution is taken to ensure the proper drying
of the wood, and the heat from the boilers of the power-house is
utilised for this purpose. The factory is replete with the most
recent inventions in the way of machinery, and in addition is
fitted with a system of exhaust pipes which suck the dust and
shavings from the machines and deposit it in the boiler-house.
There are no productions of the C.W.S. more worthy the support
of the Societies, as an inspection of the showrooms at Newcastle
would prove.
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Clothing Factory, Pelaw.
CHE building bearing the name of "Tailoring Factory"
contains four departments; on the ground floor the kersey
department, wherein is manufactured miners' and artisans'
clothing; the tailoring department, for the production of bespoke
clothing; the top floor is devoted to the manufacture of men's
woollen shirts and ladies' underclothing; the first floor is the
cutting-room for tailoring, shirts, and underclothing, and stockroom
for the above departments.
All machines are of the high-speed type and electrically driven,
like all the machinery at Pelaw. The girls use patent adjustable
seats, which add much to their comfort ; the workrooms are light
and airy, and labour is lightened by the use of machinery in every
direction. Wages are fixed by piece work, and also hour work,
the rates being above the average in the district.
Shirtmaking was started at Pelaw, eight years ago, in a
small way, but now 242 machines are employed in the four
departments.
Printing Works, Pelaw.
CHIS department commenced at West Blandford Street in the
spring of 1898, in connection with the paper department
which had been started previously, and in July, 1902, a removal
took place to the new works at Pelaw, where the paper and
printing departments were carried on jointly up to June, 1908,
when, consequent on the necessity for a greater development of
the two branches of business, it was deemed advisable to separate
the two departments, and leave the printing and allied trades the
full use of the Pelaw Works.
As in most of the C.W.S. factories, white glazed bricks are
used to line the walls inside. The lighting of the rooms is thus
very much improved, while cleaning is a matter of the greatest
ease. Not merely is dirt less liable to lodge on the porcelain
surface, but it shows itself to the eye at once when there. The
rooms are all heated and ventilated by the Sirocco system. Large
air ducts lead from the heating apparatus, which is in a small
separate building, to each room. A powerful fan drives the warm
air through these pipes into each room. The air supplied has
the normal amount of moisture in it, and is much more healthy
to breathe and work in than the dry heat of a room warmed by
radiation from hot pipes or metal surfaces.
The equipment of the works is of the most modern character,
a large addition having been made to the plant during the past
two years. The works, which are lighted and machinery driven
by electricity, cater for the full requirements of the C.W.S. works
and departments, as well as Societies in the North, for every
description of printing, bookbinding, cardboard box-making, &c.
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London: Leman Street.
CHIS fine block of buildings is the headquarters of the London
Branch. The older part of the building, with the clock tower,
was erected in 18.87, and the new wing for the accommodation
of the drapery department was opened for business in 1910. The
general office, boardroom, conference-hall, dining-rooms, and
kitchen are all in the older building, where also the grocery
saleroom and buyers' offices are situated. The basement serves
the purpose of a storeroom for provisions cheese, butter, eggs,
lard, &c. ; while the upper floors are devoted to the grocery and
boot and shoe departments, access being given both to the new
wing and to a still older building not shown in the illustration,
where the furnishing, ironmongery, carpets, and stationery
departments are situated.
The new wing is devoted to the heavy and fancy drapery,
millinery, and ready-mades departments, the basement being
used for a joint packing-room. At the top of the building is a
telephonic exchange, which connects all the departments in
London, Northampton, Bristol, Cardiff, Manchester, Newcastle,
and the productive works in various parts of the country.
The building, which is 333 feet in length, is of fireproof
construction, the floors being built of steel and concrete, an
automatic fire-extinguishing apparatus being installed throughout.
Besides three stone staircases for business purposes, iron stairways
provide extra exit in case of fire. There are two electric passenger
lifts, besides numerous lifts for the conveyance of goods. Electric
light is provided throughout, and the building is warmed by low-
pressure hot-water pipes. An efficiently-drilled fire brigade
composed of members of the staff afford additional security against
fire.
London : Bacon Stoves, &c.
CONSIGNMENTS of green bacon are here received from
various pig slaughtering centres. The English, Irish, and
Danish meat arrives packed in bales, the Canadian in boxes, the
C.W.S. supplies to Societies being sent out in crates. A large
proportion of the meat comes from the C.W.S. bacon factory in
Herning, Denmark ; while supplies are also received from the
C.W.S. bacon factory at Tralee, Ireland. The green bacon is
put into the stoves, of which there are nine, with a capacity of
2,034 sides. The smoking process takes three days, so that
there is a nominal capacity of over 4,000 sides per week.
Above the bacon stoves is a storeroom for C.W.S. brushes
from the Leeds factory ; and in connection with the London
Branch Furnishing Department are workrooms for French
polishing, upholstering, and the manufacture of bedding. The
leather and grindery department occupies a portion of the building.
Here are kept large stocks of butts and bends of leather in the
various tannages suitable for repairing, besides numerous requisites
for the boot trade, such as nails, rivets, rubber heels, laces, socks,
and leggings.
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London: Clothing Factory.
clothing factory, situated in Grove Street, London, E.,
is five minutes' walk from the central premises of the London
Branch, and caters for the bespoke and ready-made clothing trade
of the Societies in the London district, including the West of
England and South Wales. It gives employment to fourteen
expert cutters, whose labours are assisted by a power-driven
band-knife. There are also fifty power-driven sewing and
buttonhole machines. The pressing is done by men, using self-
heating gas-irons. The cutting-room occupies the ground floor,
and the trousers and vests are machined on the floor above. On
the second floor is the sorting and examining room, while the
machines in the room above are devoted to coat making. The
factory employs a staff of 132 hands. Two stone staircases, one
at each end of the building, give adequate means of exit in case
of fire; the air space is ample, and the sanitary arrangements
all that can be desired. The wages paid are the best London
rates, and a general air of contentment pervades the factory,
while the workers, the pick of their class, all look the picture of
health.
The smaller building, conveniently situated next to the tailoring
factory, is used as a woollen cloth warehouse, where the
productions of Batley Mill are to be found.
Tea Department, London.
CHE Tea, Coffee, and Cocoa Departments are worked as a
joint business by the English and Scottish Wholesale
Societies. The premises are immediately opposite those of the
C.W.S. in Leman Street, and are also conveniently near the
bonded warehouses. It was in 1882 that the two great federations
decided to join in the supplying of tea. The first warehouse was
a small one, close to Leman Street how small may be guessed
from the fact that it employed only four warehousemen and
half a dozen boys. By the end of 1885, however, the business
was so important that when a disastrous fire occurred on December
30th it was sufficient to cause a loss of 35,000. No further
calamity marred the steady growth of the business in the
succeeding years. In 1897 the present large premises in Leman
Street were opened, but within a short time it was found that
much more space would be required, and extensions have recently
been completed that will afford much greater facilities for the
business. The factory is splendidly equipped with numerous
labour-saving appliances, and the most up-to-date weighing and
packing machinery is installed, which arouses wonder and
admiration from every one who is privileged to see it. The
latest figures published at the time of writing give the total annual
sales of tea to be 21,000,000 Ibs.
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Silvertown Mill and Factories.
CHIS bird's-eye view is inserted for the purpose of showing
the relative positions of the Flour Mill, Productive, and
Soap Works. Other plates, which will be found in their places,
give the separate buildings with a brief account of the particular
work carried on.
Bristol Depot.
CHE architectural style of this building is a free treatment
of English Eenaissance. Due attention has been given to the
provision of light and air at every portion of the premises,
including the basement. It is situated in the most central part of
the city, the Floating Harbour forming the boundary on one side,
thus bringing water communication direct to the building. An
area of about 2,231 square yards is occupied, consisting of
basement and six floors.
The total height of the building from the street to the ridge
of the roof is 86 feet; to clock tower top, 130 feet. The present
floor space is about 100,000 square feet, ultimately to be increased
to 150,000 square feet.
The foundations and basement for extension portion are
completed, and ready for the superstructure.
The building has a commanding entrance from the Quay,
surmounted by sculptural figures, illustrating two of the local
industries mining and agriculture and is fitted with electrically-
driven passenger lift running through the well-hole, which gives
rapid means of access to every floor. Similar hoists communicate
direct with all the departments, i.e., grocery, drapery, boots,
furnishing, ready-mades and woollen cloth, and grocery sundry
packing.
The internal structure is fire resisting, the columns being of
iron and the floor of steel girders, filled in with cement concrete
and covered with pine flooring.
The power and light is electrical. Heat is by low-pressure hot
water apparatus, radiators being fixed in the various rooms.
Every precaution has been taken against fire, the building
being fitted throughout with an installation of automatic fire
sprinklers of the "Grinnell" pattern.
A complete system of telephones is installed for communication
between all departments.
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Brislington Butter Factory.
CHIS factory has been erected at Brislington, Somersetshire,
with the primary object, not of producing butter itself, but
to blend and pack the butter obtained from various sources to
meet the requirements of numerous Societies. We distinguish
such blending places as "factories" as against "creameries"
where the butter is actually produced straight from the cream.
It is a distinction worth noting, as the two terms are often
confused, but are not in any way synonymous.
Business commenced in June, 1904, when the trade for the
half year was 12,000. The sales have steadily increased, and
the trade for the half year ended June, 1910, totalled almost
82,000.
The productions of the factory have met with the approval
of Societies to such an extent that during the past twelve months
the increasing demand has necessitated the duplicating of plant
and buildings, which are now nearing completion. With these
additions the factory will have far greater facilities to cope with
the increasing output.
The motive power is different to that usually employed in
butter factories, the various machines being driven by electric
motors. The capacity of the factory when completed will be
about 60 tons per week.
Cardiff Depot.
CHE building, which faces Bute Terrace and Mary Ann Street,
was erected by the Building Department, London Branch,
from the designs of our architect at Balloon Street. It consists
of basement, ground, first, second, third, and fourth floors. The
basement floor is 7ft. below pavement level, and the ground floor
is 12ft. high, the walls being built with ivory white-glazed bricks.
The floor space is about 110ft. by 44ft. On the first floor are the
saleroom, general offices, manager's office, and the usual lavatory
accommodation. Part of the third floor is used for departmental
showrooms, and the fourth floor is occupied by the Drapery
Department. The main staircase, which runs from the basement
to the top floor, is surmounted by a tower about 14ft. high, and
flag staff. The building is fitted up with electric light, the
supply being taken from the Corporation mains. The heating
arrangements are carried out by hot-water pipes and radiators
situated at convenient points.
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Northampton Depot.
CHE front part of the larger building was built in 1897 by
the C.W.S.'s own Building Department, and afterwards
extended to meet the increased trade. It is used for the
distribution of groceries to the small Societies in the district.
(Previously two small rooms were occupied, which were opened
in October, 1890, for use as a saleroom only.) There is also
a large General Office, some of the clerks being engaged wholly
in audit work, in the supervision of Societies' accounts.
The smaller building is used as a bacon warehouse, containing
smoke stoves. There is a large trade done in Irish and Danish
sides (smoked and plain), cured in our own slaughteries, and
smoked on the premises ; also a considerable quantity of American
bacon is sold, consisting of Cumberland cuts, bellies, hams, also
smoked and plain rolls. The rolling is done on the premises, and
the bacon is bought principally direct through our New York
house.
The Saleroom, or Depot, is situated about 100 yards from the
Town Hall, and the same distance from the Midland Eailway
Station, and stands midway between the two points.
The district covered by the Depot is Northamptonshire and
Huntingdonshire; also part of Warwickshire, Bedfordshire,
Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire, and Cambridgeshire.
Nottingham Saleroom.
CHIS Saleroom is situated in Friar Lane, a thoroughfare leading
from the Market Place to the Castle. It will be obvious to
the reader from the first glance at the illustration that this
ecclesiastical-looking building was not originally intended for a
saleroom. Still, its interior provides the C.\V.S. with an ideal
sale and sample room.
The building was previously a Congregational Chapel, supported
mainly by well-to-do people, but these gradually migrated to the
suburbs, leaving the services only meagrely attended.
The building was offered for sale and was purchased by the
C.W.S. in 1899. The change necessitated many internal
alterations; the organ, pulpit, pews, &c., were all removed.
On entering, there is a clear floor space of 48ft. by 42ft. The
ground floor is occupied by the grocery and grocery productive
departments, and a representative display of samples is tastefully
arranged on counters and tables, while handsome showcases are
placed throughout. What was originally the vestry is now the
manager's office.
A wide staircase leads to the gallery which completely encircles
the room. This is occupied by the drapery, woollens, boots,
furnishing, and crockery departments. The millinery and mantles
have a special room on the ground floor at the rear of the building
Nottingham Saleroom; Friar Lane.
Birmingham Saleroom : 16, Pershore Street.
Birmingham Saleroom and Cycle Depot.
CHE handsome block of buildings seen in the illustration have
been completed since the last issue of the "Annual."
Previously the premises at Birmingham consisted of only the
two-storeyed building seen on the left-hand side of the illustration,
and was used solely for saleroom purposes, the ground floor being
occupied by the Grocery Saleroom, the room above having to
suffice for all other departments. It had long been felt to be
an impossibility to make a display in the limited room at the
disposal of the drapery and allied departments, so on the decision
of the Committee to form a Cycle Depot at Birmingham it was
decided to take in the two blocks of premises adjacent, which were
already in the possession of the C.W.S., and erect a building which
would give more saleroom space, and also could be utilised for a
Cycle Depot. Operations were commenced, and resulted in the
building seen on the opposite page. The premises have a fine
frontage on Pershore Street, and are well within five minutes' walk
from New Street Station. The older portion of the building is
now used for Grocery Sale and Sample Room on the ground floor,
and the upper floor is the Showroom for the Boots, Furnishing,
Hardware, and Crockery Departments. In the new buildings the
whole of the first floor is occupied by the drapery and allied
departments, and gives plenty of room for a grand display. The
Cycle Department occupies the basement and upper room as
warehouses, the ground floor being used for offices and showrooms.
The Grocery Department and Cycle Depot are open for business
every day.
Huddersfield Saleroom.
CHIS Saleroom was first originated in 1885. Business was
commenced in the Boardroom of the Industrial Society.
A room in Lion Arcade was taken a little later, and samples of
grocery were first shown; eventually the boots and shoes and
drapery representatives commenced to attend every two months,
and another room adjoining was taken. After many years of
growing business it was removed to much larger premises in
1898, at 4, Railway Street, where we occupied three floors
the ground floor for office, and first floor for grocery, drapery, and
boots; second floor for crockery, mantles, and furnishing. The
drapery and boots representatives, owing to increasing trade, now
attended weekly, and these premises soon began to show signs
of being too small for the business.
In 1904 the Huddersfield Brush Factory was taken over, and
in 1906 the business was transferred to the Leeds Brush Factory.
The premises were then reconstructed and converted into the
present saleroom. These premises were opened for business in
October, 1907, and consist of three floors and basement.
The basement is utilised for washing hams and storing empties ;
on the ground floor are the manager's office and warehouse, where
a stock of hams, cheese, bacon, potatoes, onions, and green
fruit are kept. The grocery saleroom is also on this flat. The
first floor is occupied by boots and shoes, ready-mades, furnishing,
crockery, and brushes; the second floor, which is a well-lighted
room, being lighted from the roof, is used for drapery, mantles,
and millinery.
There is a smokeroom ; also an electric hoist and electric
lights throughout. The trade has increased considerably since
occupying these premises.
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Limerick Depot*
CHIS Depot was established in 1869 for the purchase of butter.
It has a frontage in Mulgrave Street of twenty yards,
comprising the offices, which consist of the manager's, general,
typists', engineers, and shipping office. The total staff at the
Depot is twenty.
The store is divided, one portion being used as a butter store,
where all butter is received, graded, coopered, &c., as many as
80,000 packages passing through in the year, the value being
about 300,000.
Another part of the store is occupied by the cold storage
chambers, the inner chamber being reserved for the C.W.S.
Societies. The outer chamber is utilised in a general way in
connection with the butter arriving at the Depot, and in here,
during the warm weather, this is placed to give it the desired
firmness before shipping. The capacity of both chambers is 250
tons. The dimension of store and chambers together is 40 by
20 yards.
The third portion of the store is taken up with a testing room
and fitters' shop. In the former is tested as many as 15,000
samples per annum of milk received at the creameries under the
control of this Depot. Here also are tested samples of all butters
received, to ascertain the amount of moisture. About 3,000
samples are taken yearly.
At the rear of the stores is the engine-room, where a 12-horse
power gas engine is erected, the gas for same being supplied by
our own gas suction plant.
Here is also a refrigerating machine (Halls') in connection with
the cold chamber. A dynamo is also erected, and the offices and
stores are lighted with our own electric light.
Armagh Depot.
SITUATED in the midst of the finest agricultural district in
Ireland, it is also the largest egg distributing centre in the
movement. On the premises eighty large concrete tanks have
been laid down for the purpose of preserving eggs in pickle for the
winter requirements of Societies, the accommodation providing for
over 4,000,000 eggs.
There are also large box-making departments, in which all
the packages required for butter and eggs are made.
Large quantities of butter are manufactured at the Depot,
which is fitted up with a large refrigerating plant and cold stores
in connection with the extensive butter trade carried on.
The Depot occupies a unique position for the shipment of
large quantities of fruit, the district being the largest fruit-raising
centre in Ireland.
It also supplies Societies with large quantities of poultry for
their Christmas requirements.
The operations of the Depot extend all over the North and
West of Ireland.
The premises are very extensive, covering an area of 25,000
square feet, of which two-thirds are under cover, and are lighted
with electricity throughout.
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Tralee Egg and Butter Depot,
CHE buildings in the foreground of plate comprise property on
rental offices and boxmaking department. At the left are
the creamery and butter blending factory. The long building at
the rear is occupied by power house, fitter's shop, &c. The
building in the centre of the block contains butter cellars and
roll room, with timber drying, &c., lofts overhead. The vacant
space between these two latter groups is now mainly occupied by
new cold stores and suction gas plant recently erected. The larger
group of buildings at right of illustration comprises cooperage at
rear, store lofts in centre, and egg pickling department. There
is also land available for purposes of extension, &c. , at the rear
of the buildings shown of at least equal area to that already built
on. Most of the erections are fairly recent, as the property was
purchased in 1896. The original Depot opened in 1874, now
exclusively used for the purchase and packing of eggs, is at the
other side of Pembroke Street fronting the premises illustrated,
and is not shown in plate. In the background of illustration
the position of Tralee Bacon Factory is indicated, and the
boundaries of both premises are practically contiguous.
Tralee Bacon Factory.
CHIS factory, which is about two minutes' walk from the
railway station, is mainly constructed of local sandstone,
and in design is practically a one-storeyed building.
It was originally equipped to handle about 500 pigs weekly,
but, as this quantity proved totally inadequate to supply the
requirements of Societies, who were quick to recognise the
excellence of the Wheatsheaf brand of Tralee bacon, lard, and
sausages, some slight structural alterations had to be made in the
year 1907, and 1,000 pigs weekly can now be dealt with by the
various departments.
The pigs, which are mostly procured in the Kerry district,
are driven in batches into the sticking-pen. They are there
shackled by one of the hind legs, hoisted on to a running bar,
and killed. They are next plunged into the scalding tank, and
pass on from that to the scuttling table, where most of the hair
is removed, the balance disappearing during the short time they
are exposed to the extreme heat of the singeing furnace. They
next get a cold bath, and are again raised to the running bars,
where they are scraped quite clean, disembowelled, weighed,
removed to chill-room, and finally to the curing-cellars, where
they remain for about twelve days. They next reach the packing
department, and are shipped from there in four, five, and six-side
bales to suit the requirements of the various districts.
The lard, sausage meat, &c., are all dealt with in their
respective departments, and from this, and the short foregoing
description of the factory, the careful reader will observe that
the "squeal" is the only item which, up to the time of going
to press, has not proved of marketable value.
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Bunkay Bridge Creamery.
CHIS creamery is a fair type of the up-to-date Irish creamery.
It has one auxiliary, the latter receiving and separating
only, and forwarding the cream to Bunkay for churning.
Bunkay has about 70 suppliers and Killoscully (the auxiliary)
about 75, and the average daily supply to both is about 2,500
gallons. The milk supply for the year would be about 600,000
gallons, value 10,000, and weight of butter produced about 75
tons. The number of cows owned by suppliers, 1,200.
The building is solid masonry, and the dimensions about 30
by 15 yards, and contains engine-room, milk receiving platform,
dairy, creamery-room, storeroom, milk delivery platform, and
office. The total staff at both places is 10.
Milk is received twice daily in summer, and every second day
in winter. In the dairy are two Alfa separators, which have
bowls revolving at a speed of 6,000 per minute, the centrifugal
force separating cream from milk. These separators skim 660
gallons each in an hour. It takes about 2^ gallons of milk to
lib. of butter. After the milk is received it is weighed, and
a sample of each party's supply is tested with milk tester and
paid for according to the amount of butter fat contained. A 3 per
cent standard is the lowest limit.
After weighing, separation takes place, and the cream is taken
off into a cream vat, and the separated milk returned to suppliers.
The cream is allowed to stand for 24 hours until it is ripened,
and then 35 gallons churned at a time, which process takes 35
minutes. The butter is washed, salted, packed, and railed to
Limerick Depot.
Biscuit, &c., Works, Crumpsall, Manchester*
CHESE works enjoy the distinction of being the first productive
enterprise of the C.W.S. The works had been the property
of private manufacturers, but were purchased by the Wholesale
Society in January, 1873.
It was proposed to produce biscuits, sweets, jam, soap, and
tobacco, but the latter commodity had to wait for many years.
The total value of the productions for the year ending October,
1874, was 12,632, with a profit of 252. Not twenty employes
were then occupied, and for the sake of comparison we note that
in 1909 the output reached 183,390, with profits 18,708 and
employes 505.
Scarcely a corner remains of the original buildings ; additional
ground has been purchased from time to time and covered with
substantial buildings, spacious and airy, in every respect
constituting a model factory.
At the present time the works are manufacturing biscuits,
sweets, cakes, and grocers' sundries. Jam and soap have
demanded separate premises for several years.
Over 200 varieties of biscuits are made at Crumpsall, and
fresh designs and flavours are constantly being introduced. It is
almost needless to say that scrupulous care is exercised in the
selection of ingredients, in the manufacture, and in every process
involved. The girls are provided with overalls and caps, frequently
renewed.
In the cake bakery fifteen large ovens are occupied in turning
out huge quantities of toothsome cakes, from the plain currant loaf
to bridecakes of rich delight.
Boiled sweets have a department to themselves. Here, again,
a visitor would be convinced of the purity of Crumpsall products.
He would see kegs of pure butter, cans of new milk, bags of cane
sugar, essences of flavour harmless, and of the best quality.
In the Drugs and Drysaltery Department are made and packed
such articles as baking powder, blancmange powder, custard and
egg powders, &c., &c.
Last, but not least, we have at Crumpsall the only biscuit
factory in England working an eight-hour day.
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Middleton Junction Preserve Works,
CHE C.W.S. first began to make jams and marmalade at
Crumpsall Works in 1888. The department succeeded so
well that it was formed into a separate branch of manufacture, and
was housed in the factory which the C.W.S. built on ground
acquired at Middleton Junction. In June, 1896, with the fruit
season of that year in view, work was commenced, and some 3,000
tons of jam were made in the first twelve months. Several
extensions have been added, and in 1909 the removal of the pickle
and sauce department to the adjacent vinegar brewery secured
the whole of the original building to the manufacture of jams,
marmalade, mincemeat, and peel. There is also a good trade in
tinned fruits and potted fish and meats. At the present time the
yearly output of jams and marmalade exceeds 7,000 tons. The
permanent staff here consists of 600 employes, but this is
increased during the season by four or five hundred workers
engaged in picking and sorting fruit.
The works are admirably placed for dealing expeditiously with
the traffic, being close to the main line of the Lancashire and
Yorkshire Eailway, to which there is direct communication by
sidings. In July and August it is no uncommon event for two or
three train loads of twenty wagons each to arrive at the works.
Considerable quantities of the fruit come from the C.W.S. fruit
farms at Roden and Harden and their Depot at Wisbech.
The marmalade trade consumes five or six hundred tons of
Seville oranges, which are bought direct by the C.W.S., and
mainly shipped by their own Depot at Denia in Spain.
In the other departments of the factory, i.e., those devoted
to the production of candied peel, mincemeat, tinned fruit, and
potted meat, there is the same careful supervision of detail that
ensures the purity and excellence of the comestibles sold by the
C.W.S.
Vinegar Brewery and Pickle Factory,
Middleton Junction.
EXTEEMES met in the C.W.S. Jam Works at Middleton
Junction for many years, as both preserves and pickles were
there manufactured. When, however, the Committee decided to
erect a vinegar brewery, it was obvious that pickles would properly
form an adjunct thereto. The brewery is of the very latest
type, and contains a complete equipment of plant of the most
approved type for the production of a high-class vinegar. The
provision made for storage is convincing proof that the brewery
will prove equal to the demand for some years to come; for
instance, the maturing vats in one room alone will contain
'600,000 gallons.
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Wisbech Fruit Depot.
CHE Wisbech Fruit Depot is an unpretentious building, but
forms an important link between the agricultural industry
of the Eastern Counties and the C.W.S., acting as a collecting
and distributing station for fruit and vegetables grown so
abundantly in this locality. The Depot was first started in
connection with the purchases of potatoes, in which a large
business is done, while vegetables for pickling are despatched to
Middleton, Silvertown, and Pelaw factories. In the winter months
employment is given to some seventy women at pea picking in
connection with the dried-pea trade. During the summer, daily
consignments of fruit are received from the fruit growers in the
neighbourhood, the bulk of this being immediately despatched to
the Middleton Preserve Works for jam. An increasing trade
with the C.W.S. is that of canned fruits, and in order to preserve
the strawberries, raspberries, &c., while absolutely fresh, the fruit
is heated in retorts and canned the same day that it arrives from
the farmers, and is afterwards sent by rail to Middleton, where
it is labelled and distributed. Green fruit is also collected and
despatched to the various warehouses of the C.W.S., and also
to the Scottish Wholesale Society.
The building is 133 feet long by 30 feet wide, but the site
provides ample room for extension as the business develops.
The Depot is well situated for the ready despatch of produce, the
railway siding in connection wth the Great Eastern Eailway giving
convenient access to all the distributive centres and productive
works.
Wheatsheaf Boot and Shoe Works, Leicester.
CHE same year that witnessed the purchase of CrumpsalJ
Works for the production of luxuries also saw the C.W.S.
established as boot manufacturers. This action was not taken
without considerable opposition from a section of Co-operators,
who maintained that the function of the C.W.S. should be solely
distributive. The results after thirty-seven years' working are
the best comment on the wisdom of the decision then made.
The total profit realised by the Leicester Works up to June,
1910, was 155,831, and the sum devoted in interest and
depreciation was 210,488.
The factory purchased in 1873 was in the west end of the
town, in Duns Lane, but the premises early proved inadequate
for the trade, and extensions were opened in 1876 and again in
1884.
However, the business continued to grow with such rapidity
that in December, 1889, the delegates were asked to sanction the
purchase of six acres of land on which to erect a modern and
capacious factory. A large majority decided in the affirmative,
and on November 4th, 1891, the new factory Wheatsheaf Works
was opened. Covering something like two acres of ground, the
building, viewed from the Midland Railway main line, presents
a striking appearance, and is by far the largest in the kingdom. A
glance at the illustration will show the general plan of construction,
' the principal feature of which is the main room occupying the
centre of the building, roofed with iron and glass, the actual area
of which is 6,600 square yards.
In every department may be seen the most ingenious and
modern machines invented for the boot and shoe trade, and the
management is constantly on the alert for any improvement in
this direction that can possibly add to the efficiency of the works.
How extensively machinery enters into boot production may be
gathered from the fact that there is not a department into which
it has not been introduced. As a hint to Co-operators who do
not insist on getting Wheatsheaf boots or shoes, it may be
mentioned that the factory is capable of turning out 50,000 pairs
weekly, instead of 32,000, which quantity represents the present
normal average demand.
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Leicester (Duns Lane) Boot and Shoe Works,
CHE factory, which was purchased and opened by the C.W.S.
in 1873, is of five storeys, and has a floor space of over
10,000 square feet. It is triangular in shape, with one of the
long sides of the triangle fronting Duns Lane. The leather is
first dealt with on the top floor, where are the clicking, skiving,
and machinery departments. Shoes, slippers, and "nursery
goods" are the specialities, a large quantity of "enamel leather"
being used in the latter. For the carpet slippers remnants
from the C.W.S. Furnishing Departments are requisitioned, and
various cotton materials imitating felt and velvety cloths are in
demand. In brief, every kind of shoe and slipper is turned out,
from the canvas shoes that suggest holidays, the open air, and
health, to "ward shoes," with rubber heels, designed for nurses
amongst beds of sickness.
Enderby Boot and Shoe Works.
ENDEEBY is some four and a half miles from Leicester, and
rather less across country from the Wheatsheaf Works.
The route is across the green vale of the Soar, past the pretty
Aylestone Church, where Dorothy Vernon was married after the
famous elopement from Haddon Hall, in Derbyshire, and thence
up gently-sloping ground to the large, but clean and quiet, village
of Enderby. There are thatched cottages and a thirteenth-century
church, recently restored, and at least one little street of red-brick
houses, wherein is the C.W.S. factory.
In the appearance of the building outside there is nothing
remarkable, and inside one finds machinery similar to that at the
Wheatsheaf Works. Along the street runs a two-storey building,
an extension of which is almost complete at the time of writing ;
behind it is a one-storey room with iron and glass roof. On the
ground floor of the first is an office, with machinists employed
above, and the second is alive with men stamping soles, riveting,
scouring, and so on. The factory is devoted to the manufacture
of strong riveted boots for women and girls.
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Heckmondwike Boot, Shoe, and
Currying Works.
IN the West Eiding of Yorkshire, in the heart of the industrial
area of the broad acres, lies the small factory centre of
Heckmondwike, and here is situated the substantial structure
above-named. The factory is in two portions, the older acquired
in 1880 forming one-half of a square, and the newer erected in
1896 making a square within the angle of the old.
Currying, first begun by the C.W.S. in 1887, is done, in the
older portion. Before being exported the hides are sun dried, shorn
of hair, purified, softened, and partially tanned. On reaching the
Heckmondwike Works the hides undergo a long series of operations
trimming, soaking, softening, shaving, splitting, tanning,
scouring, graining, &c., &c. all performed with characteristic
thoroughness.
The newer building is devoted to boot making, heavy work
being the speciality. Without pursuing our "leather hunting"
through the various processes, in which fifty different machines
perform as many different operations, a visit to the sample
showroom reveals a remarkable collection of footwear. Newcastle
colliers, Welsh miners, farmers, policemen, carters, quarrymen,
and navvies are all catered for, and the lighter but none the less
wear-resisting boots for healthy and restless school children are
turned out.
Some 400 persons are normally employed, and these enjoy,
in addition to the trade union standard of hours, rates of pay
that are slightly above those paid in the district.
Rushden Boot and Shoe Works.
NORTHAMPTON, fifteen miles from Kushden, was noted for
the boot trade in very ancient times, and although Leicester
and other towns have established themselves as powerful rivals,
still Northamptonshire has a reputation as producer of men's boots,
particularly of a good medium quality. For some considerable
time supplies had been drawn from the district by the C.W.S.,
and when the trade justified the venture a factory was purchased
and work commenced in March, 1900. Building operations
were begun, and eventually this fine and spacious factory was
completed. The old factory is now used only for offices and
storerooms, the manufacturing being done on the two floors, each
containing some 600 to 700 square yards, of the new works.
Even these, by the way, were not constructed as they now are;
there have been two extensions, but so neatly have the additions
'been incorporated with the original premises that the whole has
now the appearance of a single erection. The simplicity of the
building favours a perfect organisation of work from start to
finish.
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Soap, Candle, Glycerine, Lard, and Starch
Works, Warn.
CHE group of factories at Irlam have not come together in any
haphazard way, but because of certain features which
distinguished them from most of the other C.W.S. productive
enterprises. Here the soap, candle, starch, and lard factories are
distinctly branches of chemical industry, in which the highest
degree of specialised knowledge is required.
Thirty-five years ago the C.W.S. bought a small factory
originally occupied by candle factors and began to make soap.
Progress was slow owing to prejudice on the part of Societies.
For the first complete year of working, 1875, the sales were only
8,900, and in ten years after this amount was not even doubled.
The construction of the Manchester Ship Canal afforded a
unique opportunity for the erection of a soap factory upon its
banks, and the C.W.S. acquired thirteen acres of land at Irlam,
eight miles from Manchester, and started erecting the works
which were opened in October, 1895. A lay-by or quay was
also constructed, thus enabling vessels to bring their cargoes
direct to the doors of the factory.
Every kind of soap is made at Irlam, for domestic and toilet
purposes, disinfectant soaps, polishing soaps, and all under the
constant supervision of practical chemists.
The increased space available at Irlam offered sufficient
accommodation for the additional manufacture of candles, starch,
and lard refining, all of which products enjoy a constantly
growing popularity among the constituent Societies.
Soap Works, Silvertown,
IN 1906 a proposal by certain soap firms to form a combination for
trade purposes aroused strong feelings against the introduction
of Trust methods into Great Britain. Co-operators were in a
position, as soap makers, to defy the attack, and as a consequence
of the agitation the demand for C.W.S. soap rose from an average
of 250 tons weekly to 750 tons.
It became impossible for the Irlam works to supply so great
a quantity, and as soon as possible the Soap Works at Silvertown
and Dunston were built. The memory of the public is proverbially
short, and Co-operators are, as a section of the public, liable to
the same weakness, and the increased trade has not been fully
maintained. Still, the production of soap is much greater than
might otherwise have been the case, for the output from the
three works in the half year ended June, 1910, averaged 501 tons
per week.
The site of the building alongside the Thames affords facilities
for the direct delivery of tallow, oils, &c., from barges to the
works. On the other side of the buildings is the Great Eastern
Eailway, with C.W.S. sidings running into the loading ways on
either side, and a C.W.S. shunting engine to bring and take the
trucks. All machinery at Silvertown is electrically driven, there
being one generation of power for the whole of the works.
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Soap Works, Dunston*
OEIGINALLY it was intended to build the Newcastle District
soap works on a larger stretch of ground at Pelaw, but
eventually it became necessary to fall back upon the Dunston site.
At Dunston, however, considerably less than an acre of land was
available. The river, a road, and a railway, the C.W.S.'s own
flour mill, and a ferry pier formed on all sides irremovable
boundaries; but, in the end, a works has resulted which is
extremely compact, and yet is light and roomy and pleasing
within and without.
The basement of the works a kind of modern crypt under
the frame-room is level with the wharf. On the latter is an
electric crane for hoisting out barrels of tallow or other materials
coming by water. Liquids, such as tallow, after being melted
in the basement, or the caustic solution, are pumped up from
below to the pan-room (on the highest floor of the works), to which
solid materials are taken by lifts. From there the materials
descend in the course of manufacture to the ground floor, level
with the trucks that run on a railway siding into the loading-way.
It will be seen from this that neither time, space, nor power is
wasted.
Woollen Mills, Batlcy.
CHE original mill was started in 1874 as a workers' Productive
Society, which after a period of prosperity succumbed through
bad trade, and in 1886 the concern was taken over by the C.W.S.
Standing in the mill-yard, the original stone building can be seen
almost embedded in the brick, for considerable extensions have
been made to meet the increase of trade ; the new portions, with
their ample provision for light and air, contrasting strongly with
the antiquated ideas of forty years back.
A constant effort is made to keep abreast of the changes of
fashion, and to that end designers are continually engaged in
producing new combinations and variations of pattern and colour.
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Clothing Factory, Leeds,
CHE manufacture of ready-made clothing was first begun by
the C.W.S. in 1888 as a department of the Batley Mill.
But it quickly outgrew the accommodation there, and in 1890
the work was transferred to Leeds, the natural centre of the
ready-made clothing trade.
For the last fourteen years the factory has been working on
the 48-hour week. Like all who have to do with the tailoring
trade the management has to contend with seasons, but in
accordance with Co-operative principles everything is done to
anticipate and regulate the work. As evidence of the satisfactory
conditions obtaining in the factory, it may be stated that during
the twenty years the factory has been running no one has willingly
quitted the C.W.S. to seek another employer.
Leeds Brush and Mat Works,
CHE C.W.S. first began to make brushes in connection with
the Furnishing Department at the London Branch. In
1904 the industry, for various reasons, was removed to Leeds
and reorganised. About the same time the Co-operative Brush
Society in Huddersfield was taken over, and later was incorporated
with the Leeds factory. First situated at the Mint, Holbeck, the
works were afterwards removed to Hunslet, on the south side
of the city, where there is plenty of room for expansion. Fostered
under careful management, the factory has made rapid headway,
and it now claims to be the most up to date of its kind in the
country.
The housewife's brush, though not an aid to the highest
artistic expression, is a homely and useful article, and all the
quarters of the globe are under contribution to the manufacturers
of the various kinds. Beech is the chief wood, but chestnut, lime,
alder, sycamore, and Swedish silver birch are also used. Bristle,
in addition to the home supply, comes to us from France,
Germany, Poland, Roumania, Russia, Siberia, and China; bass
is produced chiefly in Brazil and Africa, and bassine in Ceylon.
Besides these two materials others fibres are used Mexican
whisk, French whisk, Italian sedge, and cocoanut fibre. Both
by hand and machine these materials are manipulated until they
assume the various forms of bass brooms, banisters, shoe,
blacklead, and other brush shapes.
Mats are also made here. Woven of cocoanut fibre or yarn,
the manufacture has hitherto been done by hand, but after eighteen
months' experimenting a practical loom has been installed which
will enable the factory the better to compete with the Belgian
gaol-made article. Whilst having the virtual monopoly of this
contrivance, it is necessary to remember that the aims and results
of collective ownership are altogether different to those of individual
proprietorship.
Notwithstanding Continental competition, made severe by
means of cheap labour, the 200 employes are paid union wages
indeed, the women machine workers are remunerated at higher
rates than are paid in the outside trade.
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Luton Cocoa and Chocolate Works.
IN September, 1902, this new industry was established in Luton
by the opening of a factory by the Joint Committee of the
English and Scottish Wholesale Societies. The manufacture of
cocoa and chocolate, however, had been carried on by the two
Societies in connection with the Tea Department at Leman
Street, London, since November, 1887. Thus at the time it was
taken from Whitechapel into the country the business was in its
fifteenth year. The reasons of removal, will be easily understood.
On one hand, in London, a congested district with high rates
and high values generally ; on the other, at the edge of Luton,
open country, a dry, chalk subsoil, and economies all round.
Hence the present factory at Luton.
The building stands nearly 400 feet above the sea level, and
commands a view of the greater part of the town and the
Chiltern Hills beyond. It is of two storeys, with a basement cut
in the chalk. At the back runs the Great Northern branch line
from the main line at Hatfield to Dunstable.
Here one finds all the essentials for a pure food product in
a light, spacious factory, equipped with the best machinery for
making a range of cocoas equal to any other make, British or
foreign.
All the girls, and there are a great number, are attired in
scrupulously clean dresses and caps provided by the C.W.S.
Considerable extensions have been made, but there is still room for
additional buildings when the loyalty of Co-operators to their
own cocoas shall warrant their erection.
Flour Mills, Dunston.
CHE question of flour milling by the C.W.S. was first discussed
in 1883, as the quantity of flour consumed in the Newcastle
district was then held to justify such a venture. Finally, it was
decided in 1886 to proceed, and the site purchased at Dunston-on-
Tyne. Although many obstacles hindered the progress of the
work, it went steadily forward, and on April 18th, 1891, the
mills were opened.
The building containing the flour milling machinery is situate
in the background of the view, and the new circular grain silos
are close to the river front, while to the immediate right is to be
seen the building containing the wheat cleaning, &c., machinery.
The mills are divided into three distinct plants, giving a total
milling capacity of about 75 sacks of flour per hour. The circular
grain silos have a storage capacity of 15,000 tons of wheat, and
vessels come direct alongside the premises, where the wheat is.
'discharged by means of powerful ship-elevators., Along the side
of the premises opposite to the river is the railway siding with
three sets of railway lines, giving facilities for loading a train
consisting of 35 wagons. The whole of the machinery is driven
by electric power.
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Flour Mill, Silvertown.
ILVERTOWN" is a suggestive name, but it, must be confessed
that, unless it is the broad Thames by moonlight, or coin
of the realm in the hands of its workers, there is in the place
no hint of silver. History is equally barren. At no idyllic period
had this Thames-side stretch any special connection with the
lustrous metal. As a prosaic matter of fact the name was formed
in recent times by the simple addition of "town" to the patronymic
of the founder of a huge firm of telegraph cable and rubber
manufacturers. Beyond the Isle of Dogs, between the river and
the privately-owned Vict6ria and Albert Docks, there is a
railway-traversed, factory-lined strip of shore, and that is
Silvertown. If there exists anywhere a citadel of private enterprise
it is here. Yet, with the C.W.S. Flour Mill, Grocery Productive
Factory, and new Soap Works, there is now to be found on this
river bank a Co-operative settlement.
\Yhen the demand arose for a Flour Mill in the South it
was this position, full on the Thames, with railway and road in
the rear, that induced the C.W.S. Committee to purchase five acres
of freehold land at Silvertown. If we remember how many of the
large Societies in the South of England are in towns situated on
tidal waters, we shall see that, apart from the facilities for
receiving sea-borne wheat, the water communication has for the
Silvertown Mill an especial value. To build, however, on the light
gravel of the river bank was not a simple matter. Sixty five-foot
cylinders, in 300 six-foot sections, had to be sunk through the
surface drift and filled in with concrete. On this solid foundation
the mill was erected by the C.W.S. Building Department, London.
The Great Eastern Railway added a siding communicating vid
Stratford with the great main lines, and on June 20th, 1900, the
mill was formally opened. Six hundred delegates from all parts
of the country witnessed the ceremony and afterwards inspected
the mill.
At the start the capacity of the machinery was 12 sacks of
2801bs. each per hour. It is now 50 sacks per hour.
The Silvertown output rose from 1,500 sacks weekly at the
start to over 7,000, and to supply the distant and special
constituencies of South Wales and the West a new mill became
necessary. For this purpose a site was secured at Avonmouth, the
port which is being energetically developed by the Corporation of
Bristol, and Western Co-operators now have in their midst a mill
of which they should be as proud as they already are of the
C.W.S. Bristol Depot.
The Sun Mills, Manchester,
WE need not dwell here on the interest taken by the
Co-operative movement and the C.W.S. in flour milling,
since the importance of bread to the workers as an article of
consumption is obvious. The poor people of Hull who, in 1795,
built a Co-operative Corn Mill to save themselves from highly-
priced and adulterated flour, began a series of reforms which to-day
reach a culminating point in the establishment of the C.W.S. as
the greatest milling firm in England, with a capacity of over
41,000 sacks per week from its five mills at Manchester, Oldham,
Dunston, Silvertown, and Avonmouth.
The C.W.S. Directors, when looking for a suitable site for
a large mill for the Manchester district, were fortunate enough to
secure the Sun Mill in 1906, which had only just been built, and
was fully equipped with perfectly new machinery of the latest
type. The mill is on the Ship Canal at Trafford Wharf, and
adjoins the C.W.S. Transport Shed and Bacon Warehouse, so that
we have the triple advantage of perfect transport facilities,
proximity to Balloon Street, and increased convenience for
extension by having all our land in one block.
The mill buildings consist of two oblong blocks parallel with
the canal and connected with it by a bridge running across the
roadway from the grain elevator and enclosing the band conveyors.
The offices are situated in a separate block. The elevator has 21
feet of water alongside. At present the wheat comes in large
barges or flats up to 200 tons, and the elevator sucks it up at the
rate of 60 tons per hour, passes it through a ton weighing machine
and on to a 30-inch travelling band, which runs it into the silos or
granary. A 40-ton bulk wagon also delivers wheat from the
Ship Canal elevator and discharges it by a travelling band. The
first block of buildings on the canal front contains a large
provender mill which deals with grain, cake, and feeding stuffs for
cattle and horses. Next beyond the entrance to the yard comes a
huge block containing the warehouse and covered loading ways for
rail, motor, and horse traction, and in the further half the wheat
silos, capable of storing over 6,000 tons. Behind is the engine-
house with two sets of inverted vertical triple expansion engines
for the flour mill.
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The Star Mill, Oldham.
CHE Star Mill at Oldham, which was founded in 1868, was
started by the two great Societies in the town to supply their
own needs and those of a few neighbouring Societies. The Joint
Committee that drew up the rules met on the banks of the
Sheepwashes Brook to sign them, and, having no table at hand,
used the broad back of one John Hilditch in the emergency.
Up to 1883 the flour was made by the old-fashioned millstones,
but a roller plant was then put in, and has since been remodelled
on several occasions to keep it abreast of the times. Stones are
still used in the mill to grind barley, beans, peas, &c., and also to
make a special quality of wholemeal flour which is highly
recommended. It is ground direct from the wheat, and is in no
way interfered with except that the large bran is sifted out. Other
items in the general plant are a "three-high" maize mill for
producing Indian meal, and rollers for crushing oats, maize, &c.
In 1889, just when half the mill had been remodelled and
refitted with machinery, and work was about to start on the other
half, a disastrous fire occurred, which totally destroyed both the
mill and warehouse.
Although the mill was fully insured, owing to the stocks of
flour being higher than the average there was a loss from the
fire of 3,500. The present buildings were erected in 1890, and
the new mill was entirely fitted by the well-known firm of milling
engineers, Messrs. Robinson (of Eochdale). The plant has had
improvements added as they came out during the last eighteen
years, and has been kept in a highly efficient state. The capacity
of the mill is 32 sacks of 2801bs. each per hour.
The wheat is conveyed to the mill by wagons from the railway
yard just across the road, and the flour and other products are
removed by the Crumpsall motor lurry, Societies' own carts, or
the mill lurries to the railway goods yard. Although not enjoying
the quite exceptional advantages of the Sun Mill, where we have
road, rail, and water at the door, the Star Mill has the best facilities
of any inland mill we are aware of. Furthermore, as the best
customers the mill possesses are the two great distributive
Societies that first started it and held the controlling interest in
it until the C.W.S. took it over in 1906, the apparent disadvantage
of the position practically vanishes.
Flour Mill, Avonmouth.
CHIS fine mill, formally opened on April 27th, 1910, stands
on some three acres of land leased from the Bristol
Corporation, and adjoins the Corporation granary and warehouse.
The value of the situation of the mill is almost immediately
obvious. A network of Midland and Great Western railway lines
surrounds it ; the grey ferro-concrete granary stands besides it ; and
the deep dock is at hand from which the great Australian and
Canadian wheatships, laden with their thousands of quarters, can
discharge direct into the mill silos. Further, only a few miles
east, there is the fine C.W.S. Bristol Depot to attract the
Southern and Western Societies' buyers; while the Welsh hills,
rising so clearly beyond the Severn, tell how near one is by water
to the South Wales ports and mining towns, with their growing
hosts of Co-operators. Five thousand sacks per week is the
capacity of this mill, and, granted a whole-hearted support from
the Societies in the district, it should enjoy a successful future.
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Productive Factory, Silvertown.
A VISITOR approaching these premises from the station will
observe before him the great flour mill fronting the river ;
to the right the new soap works ; to the left, and close at
hand, the confectionery and sundries works, a big, square,
unpretentious pile, suggestive of work rather than show. The
space shut in by the three blocks is largely devoted to C.W.S.
siding accommodation, where a handsome Co-operative engine is'
busy all the day.
The Silvertown Grocery Productive Works, like most C.W.S.
factories, has grown rapidly from small beginnings. Established
in 1904, and opening out fresh departments from time to time, the
need for extension was met by the commodious building which has
recently been added to the original pile, partly on the site of the
old boiler-house and engine-room which had been discarded in
favour of electrical power from West Ham.
The manufacture of confectionery of all kinds is carried on
here. Boiled sugars, gums, fondants, and innumerable varieties
in shape, colour, and flavour are turned out in ever-growing
quantities. Other departments are occupied with the packing, in
convenient sizes, of all kinds of groceries, such as Cremo oats,
baking powder, spice, &c., &c.
One of the branches of Silvertown trade which has received
special and increasing attention during recent years is the seed
department, 'which is in the hands of a thoroughly qualified expert,
and provides reliable seeds of vegetables and flowers, to the
general satisfaction of purchasers.
The Broughton Factories.
CHE manufacturers of furniture with sound material and
well-paid trade union labour and in decent factories have to
compete with goods made under wretched conditions, with sweated
labour, and unfortunately it is not always easy to persuade a
customer that cheapness must entail hardship. Undeterred by the
vicissitudes of the trade, the C.W.S. has gone steadily forward
in its policy of producing goods combining quality with fair
treatment of workers, and by dint of much perseverance the
Cabinet Factory, commenced in 1893, continues to make headway.
In 1892 clothing was made in an unpretentious workroom in the
vicinity of Balloon Street, but in 1897 this was transferred to the
long, high building seen at the back. Here, in light and lofty
workrooms, 550 to 600 workers are fully employed, with the
exception of slight seasonal slackness. Amidst all the difficulties
surrounding this trade the factory is making steady progress.
The Mantle Department was, in 1896, commenced in a corner
of the Shirt Factory, but after various changes was moved to the
structure shown in the front bearing the Society's name. The
loyalty of our lady members has increased to such an extent,
however, that early next year further additions and extensions
will have made it 2^- times its present size. Beginning operations
with six employes, these now number 150, and their labours are
chiefly confined to the bespoke trade.
The rectangular building shown in the right foreground is
devoted to the making of shirts, and was occupied in 1896, but
'there have been many considerable extensions in the last nine
years, including the addition of another storey. Enjoying the
48-hour week, and paid piecework wages at a higher rate than
is paid by outside firms, and without stoppages for needles, thread,
&c., 400 workers are kept busily employed in meeting the
demands of organised consumers. These remarks also apply to
the Underclothing Factory, which is an extension to the right.
At present 100 workers are employed.
The motor garage is seen on the extreme left. The Traffic
Department began the delivery of goods to Societies two years ago,
and are specialising in the quick delivery of perishable goods and
the direct conveyance of fragile goods to save handling and
vibration.
The timber stores and joiners' shop, and stonemasons' yard in
connection with the Building Department, as well as the laundry,
are also located at Broughton.
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Desborough Corset Factory,
CHE Corset Factory was originally a member of the Broughton
group, and it began operations on October 20th, 1898. A few
years sufficed to prove that at some time in the future larger
premises would be required, and the attention of the Wholesale
Committee was drawn to Desborough. The Northamptonshire
township had a claim to be considered as a corset-making centre,
and it made also a strong Co-operative appeal. The distributive
Co-operative Society at Desborough, besides enrolling the greater
number of the inhabitants, had attained a unique position. With
the help of a loan secured from the C.W.S. it had purchased (in
1898) a freehold estate of over 400 acres, carrying with it the
local Manor House. Under 80 acres of this land a bed of iron
ore, sufficiently valuable to recoup the Society for the whole first
cost, was afterwards found. The Desborough Co-operators decided
to work this themselves; and, under the circumstances, to find
employment for the girls and women of the village, they were
ready to offer the C.W.S. special terms. At the Quarterly
Meetings in December, 1904, the Wholesale Committee obtained
approval for a purchase of 7,556 square yards of building land,
fronting on the Eothwell Eoad, Desborough; 500 square yards
adjoining were afterwards bought. Meanwhile the existing
Desborough Corset Manufacturing Society was taken over, and
finally on July 3rd, 1905, the whole of the business was
transferred to the fine new factory which by that time had been
erected on the Eothwell Eoad site.
Longsight Printing Works.
WHEN the annual sales of the C.W.S. approached 10,000,000
the question presented itself whether the demand for
printing, books, and stationery consequent upon such a huge
business could not be met by the Society itself. The question
received an affirmative answer, and in 1895 work was begun in
a small way in a warehouse that stood upon part of the site
now covered by the Bank. The venture proved successful in so
many ways that it was realised that the available accommodation
would speedily prove inadequate. Building operations were then
begun on a plot of land at Longsight, already owned by the
C.W.S., and close to the tram route. The new works were ready
in 1898, and the 100 employes then engaged had ample space
for the performance of their duties. Now, in 1910, the staff
exceeds 1,000, a fact that testifies eloquently to the progress of
the works. In 1902 an extension to the works was made, and in
1906 another wing of five storeys was opened.
The whole of the allied trades connected with the printing
business are engaged in these works, and thus the diversity of
work carried on is too great to specify in detail. Besides the
production of account books for the C.W.S. and its constituent
Societies, and balance sheets, the works have dealt with many
jubilee histories for a large number of Societies, in quantities
ranging from 30,000 books of 700 pages each to small orders of
one or two thousand. Here also is produced the "Wheatsheaf,"
a monthly journal published for about 500 Societies, who
contribute pages of local interest to their special editions. A total
circulation of 380,000 monthly has now been reached. A fine
range of lithographic machinery is always busy with box labels,
&c., and towards Christmas with many thousands of almanacs.
Box-making is also an important feature of the works, as the
extent and variety of the C.W.S. industries call for an incessant
supply of boxes literally by millions.
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Leicester Printing Works.
CHESE premises were originally occupied as the hosiery factory,
but when the new factory at Huthwaite was completed and
the business transferred it was decided to utilise the building
as an auxiliary printing works. To this end certain necessary
alterations were made and modern machinery installed, and a
start was made in March, 1909. The works can now execute
orders for all kinds of printing, bookbinding, ruling, and boxmaking.
Already in the last-named industry over 50,000 boxes are turned
out weekly for our own boot works.
Hartlepool Lard Refinery, &c.
CHESE modern premises (which are situated at the corner of
Oxford and Baltic Streets, the main entrance being from
Oxford Street) were specially erected for the process of lard
refining, and are equipped with the most up-to-date appliances
for this business, capable of a weekly output of 100 tons. They
are fitted throughout with electric light, motors, &c., and among
other advantages there are cold storage chambers in which all
refined lard is warehoused. The refinery is within easy access
of the docks, there being a continuous line of railway up to the
works, running into a large covered shed at the back of the
premises, so that goods can be both despatched from and received
at the works in trucks, all loading and discharging being done
under -cover. In addition to the above premises there is also
a very large building adjoining same, at present being used for the
pickling, &c., of eggs.
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CHE manufacture of flannel in Lancashire dates back to the
reign of Edward III., when certain Flemish weavers, exiled
by troubles at home, settled down in the wild and lofty moorland
between Lancashire and Yorkshire. From them in part were
descended the famous hand-loom flannel weavers of Rochdale who
began the Co-operative movement.
In 1872 Co-operators in the neighbourhood formed the
Lancashire and Yorkshire Productive Society, and began to make
flannel at Hare Hill Mill. The venture, however, was not a
success, and in 1878 it went into voluntary liquidation. In 1898
the business was purchased by the C.W.S., and has since taken
its place as a profit-earning department.
Tobacco Factory, Manchester.
FOR many years the demand for tobacco had been steadily
growing, and about 1896 the Directors of the C.W.S. felt
that the time was opportune for embarking on the manufacture
of the fragrant weed. A factory was bought in Sharp Street, a
few minutes' walk from Balloon Street, and a start made in
1898. Instant success attended the enterprise, and within four
years a trade of 300,000 per annum was reached. Alterations
and additions proceeded rapidly, until the buildings now cover
the ground to the extent shown in the illustration, the total floor
space being well over 10,000 square yards. As an indication of
the strenuous efforts made to meet the varied tastes of the
consumers, it may be mentioned that the factory turns out a
hundred separate kinds of shag and twenty-eight of flake. The
annual production amounts to 1,450 tons tobacco, 2,750,000 cigars,
and 26,000,000 cigarettes.
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Hosiery Factory, Huthwaite.
CHE connection of the C.W.S. with hosiery began in 1903,
when the Leicester Hosiery Factory, which had previously
been run as a copartnership works, was taken over as a going
concern. For about five years operations were carried on in the
old building, but in 1908 the business was transferred to a new
and commodious factory designed and erected by the C.W.S. at
Hucknall Huthwaite, fourteen miles from Nottingham.
The building, which lies just behind the main road from
Sutton to Huthwaite, is of two storeys without a basement.
It takes the shape of an L, with the engine-house and other
incidental buildings grouped in an angle. From one extreme of
the L to the other it is one lofty hall, lit from roof and sides.
The factory produces all kinds of hosiery, such as stockings
suitable for all varieties of extremities; socks also, and
underclothing, cardigans, &c.
All that modern machinery can do, guided by expert
management, is brought to bear upon the work, with the result
that the C.W.S. hosiery is second to none.
Weaving Shed, Bury,
CHIS factory, opened in February, 1905, is situated at Springs,
Bury, about ten miles from Manchester, and, being directly
connected with the Lancashire and Yorkshire Eailway, is
conveniently placed with regard to traffic facilities. As may
be seen from the illustration, ample provision is made for a full
volume of light, and the floor space gives ample room for each
branch of the work. There are about 900 looms at work making
domestics, Wigans, sheetings, &c. The material woven here is
dyed and finished elsewhere, these operations being distinct and
separate trades. The bulk of it reappears as lining or pocketing,
the "Sataline" fabric being in considerable favour amongst the
Societies.
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Keighley Ironworks,
CHE inception of these works was due to the local Co-operators,
who in 1885 had under consideration a proposition to enter
into a local industry. Eventually a Society was formed and
registered, premises taken, and work commenced.
In 1907 negotiations were promoted with a view to the
acquirement of the Society by the C.W.S., and in 1908 the
transfer was an accomplished fact.
The principal articles of manufacture are washing machines
and wringers, bedsteads of iron and brass, and wire mattresses.
Dudley Bucket and Fender Works.
CHESE works were established in 1888 as an independent
Productive Society, and after twenty years of steady progress
the works were taken over by the C.W.S. at the same time as
the Keighley Ironworks.
The main products of the factory are fenders, fire-irons (curb,
brass, and antique), and fire brasses. These are of a great variety
in design, as new patterns are constantly in demand. Iron, steel,
brass, and copper are all brought into requisition, singly or in
combination, to produce attractive articles of furniture. The less
ornamental but often more useful bucket is also made in large
quantities and many sizes. Galvanised goods, such as buckets,
baths, waterloos, &c., also constitute a large proportion of the
trade.
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Birtley Tinplate Works,
CHESE are the largest works of the kind in the north of
England devoted to the production of tinware, steel, and
sheet metal goods of every description.
The works are situated in the south-west of Birtley, adjoining
the main line of the North-Eastern Eailway, six miles south of
Newcastle-on-Tyne.
The building is a brick structure, composed of single and
two-storey buildings, and, with the various outbuildings, covers
close on an acre of land.
The machine and general workshop is fitted up with modern
machinery, with power presses for all classes of work, and
automatic machinery for the production of sheet metal goods.
Domestic tinware is here made in large quantities and of great
variety, over 500 various articles being made in this department.
Special flour bins and shoots are made for the storage of all
kinds of flour, meal, and grain. In this department are also
manufactured the noted steel panel trunks. There are also
manufactured ventilators, flour mill spouts and hoppers, &c., to
suit the requirements of the various productive departments.
All the machinery is worked by electric motors, and the
conditions of labour are all that could be desired.
Longton Crockery Depot.
CHE pottery trade first engaged the attention of the Wholesale
Society in 1886, when the increasing business in this class of
goods gave rise to the suggestion to establish a Depot in the
manufacturing district for the purpose of collecting and distributing
the articles suitable for Co-operative trade.
The result of thus aggregating the needs of Societies has been
very successful, for the business connections and extensive dealing
of the C.W.S. with the local manufacturers enables them to supply
small orders with much advantage to the retail Society, and large
ones on same terms as makers.
At the commencement premises were rented, but growth of
trade justified the erection of a building, and in 1889 the new
place was occupied. Sufficient land was acquired at the same
time to admit of future developments, and from time to time
additions have been made.
About 1898 the C.W.S. decided to start a decorating
department and build a kiln, so that Societies could have the
satisfaction of purchasing an article finished under healthy
conditions. Now there are two kilns, and nearly 1,000 per year
is paid in wages to this department.
Goods sold from Longton are drawn from sources where the
best conditions of labour prevail, and a large quantity are dipped
in either low solubility or leadless glaze.
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Fellmongering, Fat, and Bones Department,
Pontefract.
CHE buildings shown on the opposite page are where the
C.W.S. conduct their fellmongering business, and also their
fat and bone business. In the foreground is the fellmongering
department.
Fellmongering is that process by which wool is separated
from the sheep skins. There are several ways of doing this, and
that employed by us is by applying to the flesh side of the skin
a mixture of lime and sulphide of sodium ; the skins are allowed
to lie two days with this mixture on them ; they are then washed,
and the wool after the treatment leaves the skin (or pelt, as it is
called in the trade) readily. It has to be pulled off by hand,
because on every skin there are several qualities of wool, and this
has to be carefully sorted by hand as it is pulled off. The wool is
then to be dried, and stored in the large building shown on
illustration for sale.
During the year ended August 31st, 1909, we treated 300,000
skins in this department and employed forty men.
The bone department (which is in the background) extracts
grease from bones and then grinds the bones into bone meal,
which is sold for manure. The grease is extracted by putting
the bones, after being roughly broken, into large tanks; the tanks
are then sealed, and by means of a pipe benzine is run into these
tanks. The benzine is driven off again by means of steam and
recovered for future charges ; the bones are then ready for grinding.
All these departments are worked in conjunction with the
Hide and Skin Department.
Esbjerg Butter Depot*
CHE land is freehold, and covers a total area of 1,889 square
yards. Situated in a fifteen years old garden stands the house
occupied by the manager, adjacent to cool butter cellars of about
100 square yards.
In conjunction with these cellars, on the right side of the
yard is the principal butter warehouse one large room of about
235 square yards, fitted with refrigerating arrangements and
facilities for handling the butter properly ; through these cellars
about 2,400 casks of Danish butter pass weekly.
Opposite to the cellars stands the office building, containing
three nice, light, and spacious office rooms, in which the clerks
are employed.
Well paved and otherwise kept in good order, and with flowers
and trees espaliered along the railings and the whitewashed
walls, the establishment is an attractive advertisement for the
C.W.S. in Denmark.
Odense Depot,
CHIS Depot for butter, eggs, and bacon commenced business
on June 26th, 1898. The newly-erected butter warehouse
is built at the harbour on leasehold land belonging to the Odense
Town Council, and covers an area of 800 square yards.
A railway siding, connected with the main line, runs along
in close proximity to the western side of the building, giving
the best facilities for the receiving and despatching of goods by
rail. The east side of the building faces the quay, and the berth
of the steamers to Great Britain is exactly opposite and only a
few yards distant from the warehouse.
The premises in every way satisfy modern requirements, the
butter cellars being equipped with refrigerating plant, and the
offices with hot-water heating installation, with electric light over
the whole building.
The whole arrangement is ideal, and a further testimony to
the endeavours of the C.W.S. to supply Co-operators with articles
made and distributed under the most perfect conditions.
Herning Bacon Factory,
CHIS factory was purchased in 1900, and business commenced
immediately after reconstruction and the additions to the
buildings were completed.
The front building on the right of the entrance comprises the
manager's and clerks' offices. On the left is the weighing-room
for live hogs, which leads into the sties. Adjoining the sties is
the horse stable. In continuation, we reach the sticking-pen,
and, turning to the right, the slaughter-house, in which will be
found the scalding-tank, singeing-stove, and destruction-room.
In the same building, but on the right, is the sausage-room and
smoking-stove, with large shaft, and the lard melting-room.
Close behind the slaughtery building on the left is the gut-
house, and on the extreme left, with the large shaft, is the
engine-room, boiler-house, and refrigerating machinery; the
condenser belonging to this can be seen standing on top of the
roof.
The large building at the back contains the curing-room,
cooling-room, hanging-room, and baling-room.
. Parallel with the baling-room will be seen a fence which runs
along the passage where the pigs are unloaded from the railway
trucks, the railway line running close by this building, with easy
access for loading and unloading of goods.
The front buildings face towards the north, and are built
of red brick and slate roof ; all the other buildings are of red
bricks with tarred felt roofs, which are whitewashed during the
spring for the summer season.
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Sydney Tallow Works,
CHESE works, for the production of tallow and cccoanut oil for
use in our various soap works, are erected on a suitable and
excellent site in Sydney, the position having been specially
selected as being particularly adapted to the receiving of the
raw materials and the despatch of the manufactured products.
They were specially designed and built for those particular
manufactures, all the machinery being of the latest and up-to-date
description.
Fruit Packing Depot, Denia.
CHIS substantially-built warehouse is the C.W.S. Depot
for the packing and exportation of Spanish produce.
Denia is situated about seventy miles south of Valencia on the
Mediterranean coast, and is the principal port of shipment of
Valencia raisins. Co-operators' requirements of the latter
commodity having greatly increased in recent years, the old rented
property was found inadequate, and it became necessary to make
other provision for carrying on the business efficiently. Land was
bought in a central position near to rail and quay, and a large,
handsome building erected, 75 yards by 45 yards. The nuevo
edificio is looked upon by the natives as doing credit to the town,
and without doubt is second to none in that part of Spain.
The interior is light and airy, and, with ample sanitary
accommodation on the very latest hygienic principles, the C.W.S.
is keeping up its reputation for looking after the interest of its
workers. No one arriving in Denia can fail to notice the words
"Co-operative Wholesale Society Ltd.," as the warehouse abuts
on a square adjacent to the station.
The walls are of thick rubble, and the columns, girders, and
'roof principals of iron. The bottom floor, which is used for
making up, is tiled, and the upper storey, which serves as the
picking department, is concreted.
During the excavations much blasting had to be done, remains
of old Moorish foundations being discovered probably those of
buildings connected with the ancient castle or convent close by.
In the season upwards of 600 persons are employed in
picking, packing, and shipping Co-operators' requirements.
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Steamships Department.
CHE Garston and Eouen service was started by the Society
with a fortnightly steamer in the early part of 1879, and in
1894, on the opening of the Manchester Ship Canal, a separate
fortnightly service was commenced between Manchester and
Rouen, the s.s. "Pioneer" being the first boat to land inward
foreign cargo direct on to the Manchester quay.
The two steamers called at Swansea on the outward voyage
to fill up with coal and goods.
In 1905 the service was rendered more efficient by making it
weekly from each port, instead of fortnightly.
The sailing days are from Manchester every Tuesday ; from
Garston, Wednesday; and from Swansea, Friday, arriving at
Rouen Sunday. The homeward sailings are from Rouen every
Wednesday, arriving at Manchester on Sunday. Two steamers
are at present engaged in the service, viz., the s.s. "Fraternity"
and "New Pioneer."
S.S. FRATERNITY."
The "Fraternity" was built at Glasgow in 1903. Dimensions,
180ft. 2in. x 28ft. lin. x 15ft. Gin. ; net tonnage, 269. She
carries 650 tons cargo and 100 tons bunkers. The crew consists
of 15 hands ; master, Captain R. Bell.
S.S. "New Pioneer,'
CHE "New Pioneer" was built at Walker-on-Tyne, December,
1905, to replace the original "Pioneer," sold in 1906.
Dimensions, 193ft. x 29ft. Gin. x 12ft. 4in. ; net tonnage, 320.
She carries 750 tons cargo and 100 tons bunkers. The crew
consists of 15 hands; master, Captain J. T. Gemmell.
I
o
The Roden Convalescent Home,
CHE Eoden Estate, purchased by the C.W.S. in 1896, included
the Eoden Hall, a small modern country house standing in
its own grounds. After alterations and enlargements the house
was opened in July, 1901, as a Convalescent Home. It has
accommodation for fifty persons. The house includes a men's
sitting-room, a billiard-room, a library, a handsome dining-room,
which is used also for concerts and dances, a ladies' sitting-room,
a conservatory, separate bedrooms, and also bedrooms for married
couples as well as the matron's apartments, kitchens, &c. The
Home has its own kitchen garden and tennis courts. A bowling
green and cricket ground adjacent is used jointly by visitors and
the employes of the estate. The Home is open, first, for
convalescents, who, being recommended by a Co-operative Society
federated with the C.W.S., and not suffering from infectious
disease, are received at a charge of 12s. 6d. per week. When
there is room visitors are also received at 25s. per week, or for a
week-end for 12s. The official receiving day for convalescents is
Tuesday, when a physician attends at the Home.
The Roden Estate.
CHE C.W.S. Eoden Estate, in Shropshire, consists of 742
acres on the banks of the little river Eoden, and is situated
six miles north-east of Shrewsbury. Of this land 204 acres are
farmed by the C.W.S., the remainder being mainly let to
farmers. Forty-six acres are (summer, 1910) under fruit, seventy
acres are mowing and grazing land, and the rest is planted with
peas, roots, and cereals. Besides the fruit farm there are the
glasshouses, the total length of which amounts to over a mile
and a half. Tomatoes, cucumbers, and grapes are chiefly grown.
Thirty-four men are employed on the farm, and thirty-one in the
glasshouses ; while in the fruit-picking season a large temporary
staff is recruited from the Wellington and Oakengates districts.
The fruit picked is taken daily three and a half miles to
Crudgington Station, on the Wellington and Market Dray ton line,
by steam lurry. The lurry does the work of seven horses, and
there are fourteen horses kept on the farm. Modern cottages have
been built for employes, and are let at a rent of 2s. 6d. weekly.
An institute, with lending library and reading and billiard rooms,
has also been provided by the C.W.S., and in this building
religious services are held every Sunday. The estate has its
own water supply by means of a pumping station, and its owi,
plant for electric lighting. The estate was acquired in 1896.
Tea Estates, Ceylon,
IT was in 1882 the English and Scottish Wholesale Societies
combined to establish a joint Tea Department in London,
adjacent to the dock warehouses and brokers' offices that
constitute the great tea market of the country. At the same
time tea planting was beginning in the central mountainous
districts of Ceylon. The superbly beautiful, winterless island,
with its warm steamy atmosphere in the mountain regions round
Kandy, is now one of the chief sources of supply, and when
the Wholesale Societies decided to follow the trade outside the
bounds of this country, and to become tea planters themselves,
it was to Ceylon they went. In 1902 the Nugawella and
Weliganga estates were bought, and to these properties the
Mahavilla and Dambagalla estates have since been added.
Altogether, through their Wholesales, English and Scottish
Co-operators own 813 acres of Cingalese ground.
The Co-operative
Wholesale Society Limited.
ENROLLED AUGUST llth, 1863,
under the Provisions of the Industrial and Provident Societies Act,
25 and 26 Viet., cap. 87, sec. 15, 1862.
BUSINESS COMMENCED MARCH 14th. 1864.
SHARES, 5 EACH, TRANSFERABLE.
Wholesale General Dealers, Manufacturers, Bankers, Millers, Printers,
Bookbinders, Boxmakers, Lithographers, Shipowners, Butter
Factors, Lard Refiners, Bacon Curers, Fruit Growers, Drysalters,
Spice Grinders, Saddlers, Curriers, Iron Founders, and Tinplate
Workers, Tea Growers, Blenders, Packers, and Importers,
Dealers in Grocery and Provisions, Drapery, Woollens, Ready-
made Clothing, Boots and Shoes, Brushes, Crockery, Carpets,
Furniture, Coal, &c., <&c., <&c.
Manufacturers of Flour, Butter, Biscuits, Sweets, Preserves, Pickles,
Candied Peel, Cocoa, Chocolate, Tobacco, Cigars, Cigarettes,
Snuff, Soap, Candles, Glycerine, Starch, Boots and Shoes,
Saddlery, Woollens, Clothing, Flannels, Shirts, Mantles, Under-
clothing, Corsets, Millinery, Hosiery, Silesias, Pants, Ladies'
Underwear, Cardigans, Furniture, Brushes, General Hardware,
Bedsteads, Wire Mattresses, Mats, &c.
CENTRAL OFFICES,
BANK, SHIPPING. AND COAL DEPARTMENT. GROCERY AND PROVISION.
AND BOOT AND SHOE WAREHOUSES:
Balloon Street, Manchester.
DRAPERY WAREHOUSES:
Balloon Street and Dantzic Street,
Manchester.
WOOLLEN CLOTH AND READY-MADES
WAREHOUSE:
Dantzic Street, Manchester.
FURNISHING WAREHOUSE:
Balloon Street, Manchester.
STATIONERY DEPARTMENT AND
SADDLERY DEPARTMENT:
Balloon Street, Manchester.
HIDE AND SKIN WAREHOUSES:
Elm Street, Manchester; Copley Hill,
Leeds; and Beeston, Nottingham.
FELLMONGERING DEPARTMENT:
Pontefract.
BRANCHES:
West Blandford St., Newcastle-on-Tyne,
AND
Leman Street, London, E.
SALEROOMS:
LEEDS, HUDDERSFIELD, NOTTINGHAM, BLACKBURN,
AND BIRMINGHAM.
PURCHASING AND FORWARDING DEPOTS.
England :
LIVERPOOL, MANCHESTER, BRISTOL, LONGTON, GOOLE, GARSTON
CARDIFF, AND NORTHAMPTON.
Ireland :
CORK, LIMERICK, TRALEE, AND ARMAGH.
America : NEW YORK.
Canada : MONTREAL.
France : ROUEN.
Spain: DENIA.
Denmark : COPENHAGEN,
Denmark : AARHUS,
ODENSE,
HERNING,
ESBJERG.
Sweden : GOTHENBURG.
ANNACARTY.
BALLYBRICKEN.
BILBOA.
BUNKAY BRIDGE.
COACHFORD.
CUTTEEN.
IRISH CREAMERIES
DOONAHA.
DROMCLOUGH.
GORMANSTOWN.
GRANTSTOWN.
GREYBRIDGE.
GURTAGARRY.
And 30 Auxiliaries.
KILCOMMON.
TARMON.
TERELTON.
TRALEE.
PRODUCTIVE WORKS AND DEPARTMENTS.
Biscuits, Sweets, and Drysaltery Works:
CRUMPSALL, NEAR MANCHESTER.
Boot and Shoe Works :
LEICESTER, HECKMONDWIKE, AND RUSHDEN.
Soap, Candle, Glycerine, Lard, and Starch Works :
IRLAM, NEAR MANCHESTER,
SILVERTOWN (LONDON), AND DUNSTON-ON-TYNE.
Tallow and Oil Works :
SYDNEY (AUSTRALIA).
Woollen Cloth Works:
LIVINGSTONE MILL, BATLEY.
Clothing Factories:
HOLBECK (LEEDS), BROUGHTON (MANCHESTER),
AND PELAW-ON-TYNE.
Cocoa and Chocolate Works:
DALLOW ROAD, LUTON.
Flour Mills:
DUNSTON-ON-TYNE, SILVERTOWN (LONDON), OLDHAM,
MANCHESTER, AND AVONMOUTH (BRISTOL).
Furniture Factories:
BROUGHTON (MANCHESTER) AND PELAW-ON-TYNE.
Printing, Bookbinding, Boxmaking, and
Lithographic Works:
LONGSIGHT (MANCHESTER), PELAW-ON-TYNE, AND LEICESTER.
Preserve, Candied Peel, and Pickle Works,
also Vinegar Brewery:
MIDDLETON JUNCTION, NEAR MANCHESTER.
PRODUCTIVE WORKS AND DEPARTMENTS contd.
Shirts, Mantles, and Underclothing:
BROUGHTON (MANCHESTER).
Millinery:
MANCHESTER.
Cabinet, Paper, Tailoring, Shirts, Kerseys, Drugs, &c. :
PELAW-ON-TYNE.
Tailoring and Bedding:
LONDON.
Bacon Factories :
TRALEE (IRELAND) AND HERNING (DENMARK).
Lard Refineries:
WEST HARTLEPOOL AND IRLAM.
Tobacco, Cigar, Cigarette, and Snuff Factory:
SHARP STREET, MANCHESTER.
Pepper Factory:
HANOVER STREET, MANCHESTER.
Flannel Factory:
HARE HILL MILLS, LITTLEBORO'.
Corset Factory: Hosiery, &c., Factory:
DESBOROUGH. HUTHWAITE, NOTTS.
Tea Gardens:
CEYLON.
Weaving Shed: Brush and Mat Works:
GIGG, BURY. HUNSLET, LEEDS.
Fruit Farms:
RODEN (SHROPSHIRE), MARDEN (HEREFORD).
General Hardware, Bedstead, Wire Mattress, and
Tinplate Works:
DUDLEY, BIRTLEY, AND KEIGHLEY.
Butter Factory :
BRISLINGTON, BRISTOL.
SHIPOWNERS AND SHIPPERS
BETWEEN
GARSTON AND ROUEN ; MANCHESTER AND ROUEN.
STEAMSHIPS OWNED BY THE SOCIETY:
"FRATERNITY," "NEW PIONEER," "DINAH,"
AND "BRITON."
BANKING DEPARTMENT.
Agencies:
THE LONDON COUNTY AND WESTMINSTER BANK LIMITED.
THE MANCHESTER AND COUNTY BANK LIMITED.
THE NATIONAL PROVINCIAL BANK OF ENGLAND LIMITED.
THE MANCHESTER AND LIVERPOOL DISTRICT BANK LIMITED.
THE LANCASHIRE AND YORKSHIRE BANK LIMITED.
THE UNION BANK OF MANCHESTER LIMITED.
THE LONDON CITY AND MIDLAND BANK LIMITED.
WILLIAMS DEACON'S BANK LIMITED.
BARCLAY AND CO. LIMITED, LONDON AND BRANCHES.
LLOYD'S BANK LIMITED (LAMBTON'S BRANCH),
NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE AND BRANCHES.
UNITED COUNTIES BANK LIMITED, BARNSLEY AND BRANCHES.
LONDON JOINT STOCK BANK' (LATE YORK CITY AND COUNTY
BANK LIMITED), YORK AND BRANCHES.
UNION OP LONDON AND SMITH'S, BARNSLEY AND BRANCHES.
CAPITAL AND COUNTIES BANK, LONDON AND BRANCHES.
PARRS BANK, MANCHESTER AND BRANCHES.
NORTHAMPTONSHIRE UNION BANK, RUSHDEN AND BRANCHES.
THE COMMITTEE.
ADAMS, Mr. THOMAS, 12, Park View, Stockton-on-Tees.
CIAPPESSONI, Mr. FRANCIS A., George Street, Carlisle.
COLEY, Mr. PHILIP, 22, Stansfield Street, Sunderland.
DEANS, Mr. ADAM, The Limes, Belle Grove, Welling, Kent.
ELSEY, Mr. HENRY, Bickleigh, Festing Grove, Festing Road, Southsea.
ENGLISH, Mr. JOSEPH, Tyneholme, Birtley, R.S.O., Co. Durham.
FAIRCLOUGH, Mr. JAMES, 33, Sackville Street, Barnsley.
GOODEY, Mr. JAMES F., Holmsmuir, 133, Lower Addiscombe Road,
Croydon.
GRAHAM, Mr. WILLIAM D., 123, Bede Burn Road, Jarrow-on-Tyne.
GRINDROD, Mr. EMMANUEL, 13, Holker Street, Keighley.
HAYHURST, Mr. GEO., 45. Tremellen Street, Accrington.
HEMINGWAY, Mr. WASHINGTON, 108, Bolton Road, Pendleton,
Manchester.
HIND, Mr. THOMAS, 53, St. Peter's Road, Leicester.
HOLT, Mr. ROBERT, Brier Crest, Deeplish Road, Rochdale.
JOHNS, Mr. JOHN ERNEST, Westgate, Eldon Road, Reading.
KILLON, Mr. THOMAS, 7, Tenterden Street, Bury.
LANDER, Mr. WILLIAM, 32, Grosvenor Street, Bolton.
MARSHALL, Mr. CHARLES, 30, Markham Street, York.
Mc.INNES, Mr. DUNCAN, Hamilton Road, Lincoln.
MOORHOUSE, Mr. THOMAS E., Reporter Office, Delph.
MORT, Mr. ISAAC, 233, High Road, Leyton, Essex.
PARKES, Mr. MILES, 16, Heathfield Avenue, Crewe.
PINGSTONE, Mr. HENRY C., Yew Bank, Brook Road, Heaton Chapel,
Manchester.
SHILLITO, Mr. JOHN (President), 4, Park View, Hop wood Lane, Halifax.
SHOTTON, Mr. THOMAS E., Summerhill, Shotley Bridge, Durham.
THORPE, Mr. GEORGE, 6, Northfield, Highroyd, Dewsbury.
THREADGILL, Mr. A. E., 4, Sherfield Road, Grays, Essex.
TWEDDELL, Mr. THOMAS (Vice-President), Lyndenhurst, Button
Avenue, West Hartlepool.
WARWICK, Mr. JOSEPH, 7, Waterville Terrace, North Shields.
WILKINS, Mr. H. J. A., 35, Hamilton Gardens, Mutley, Plymouth.
WOODHOUSE, Mr. GEORGE, The Laurels, 27, Renals Street, Derby.
YOUNGS, Mr. H. J., 6, Portland Place, Old Palace Road, Norwich.
SCRUTINEERS:
Mr. F. HARDERN, Oldham. | Mr. J. J. BARSTOW, Dewsbury.
AUDITORS:
Mr. THOS. J. BAYLIS, Masborough.
Mr. THOMAS WOOD, Manchester.
Mr. C. J. BECKETT, Darwen.
Mr. B. TETLOW, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Mr. P. G. REDFEARN, Birstall.
Died October 5th, 1910. The vacancy was not filled at the time of going to press.
OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY.
Secretary and Accountant :
Mr. THOMAS BRODRICK.
Bank Manager and Cashier
Mr. THOMAS GOODWIN.
BUYERS, SALESMEN, <&c.
Manchester Grocery and Provisions :
Mr. JAS. MASTIN.
Mr. A. W. LOBB.
Mr. LEWIS WILSON.
Mr. JOSEPH HOLDEN.
Mr. R. TURNER.
Manchester Paper, Twine, <&c.
Mr. H. WIGGINS.
Mr. J. C. FODEN.
Mr. A. ACKROYD.
Mr. C. MARKLAND.
Mr. P. RYDER.
Manchester Drapery :
Mr. G. TOMLINSON.
Mr. J. BLOMELEY.
Mr. J. BOWDEN.
Mr. E. LEES.
Mr. E. C. REVETT.
Manchester Woollens, Boots, and Furniture:
Woollens and Ready-mades Mr. W. GIBSON.
Boots and Shoes and Saddlery Mr. HENRY JACKSON.
General Furnishing Mr. T. R. ALLEN.
Furniture Mr. F. E. HOWARTH.
Shipping Department :
Mr. A. E. MENZIES.
Coal Department:
Mr. S. ALLEN.
BUYERS, SALESMEN, <&c. continued.
Manchester, Leeds, Newcastle, and Beeston Hides and Skins:
Mr. R. ASHTON.
Pontefract Fellmongering :
Mr. E. ASHTON.
Shipping and Forwarding Depots :
Rouen (France) Mr. JAMES MARQUIS.
Goole Mr. E. W. RAPER.
London :
Tea and Coffee Mr. W. B. PRICE.
Luton :
Cocoa and Chocolate . . .Mr. E. J. STAFFORD.
Liverpool :
Grocery and Provisions .Mr. WM. L. KEWLEY.
Salerooms :
Leeds Mr. WM. POLLARD.
Nottingham Mr. A. DELVES.
Huddersfield Mr. J. O'BRIEN.
Birmingham Mr. J. BARLOW.
Blackburn Mr. H. SHELMERDINE.
Longton :
Crockery Depot Mr. J. RHODES.
Birmingham :
Cycle Depot Mr. H. H. BAILEY.
10
BUYERS, SALESMEN, &c continued.
Newcastle :
Chief Clerk Mr. H. R. BAILEY.
Grocery and Provisions Mr. ROBT. WILKINSON.
Mr. T. WEATHERSON.
Greengrocery Mr. JOSEPH ATKINSON.
Drugs, Drysaltery, &c Mr. R. A. WALLIS.
Paper, Twine, &c Mr. H. GLENNY.
Dress Mr. J. LEE.
Manchester and Greys Mr. W. STODDART.
Hosiery, Millinery, Fancy, and Mantles Mr. T. TOWNS.
Woollens and Ready -mades Mr. J. THOMPSON.
Boots and Shoes Mr. O. JACKSON.
Furniture Mr. J. W. TAYLOR.
Jewellery and Fancy Hardware Mr. H. H. BAILEY.
Coal Mr. E. NELSON.
Cattle . .Mr. E. JONES.
London :
Chief Clerk Mr. W. E. S. COCK.
Grocery and Provisions Mr. WM. OPENSHAW.
Manchester, Greys,Mercery, Haberdashery, ) Mr p WADDIN QTON
and Hosiery )
Millinery, Dress, Fancy, and Mantles Mr. J. W. FORSTER.
Woollens and Ready-mades Mr. GEORGE HAY.
Boots and Shoes Mr. ALFRED PARTRIDGE.
Furnishing Mr. F. LING.
Coal.. ..Mr. J. BURGESS.
Bristol Depot :
Chief Clerk Mr. J. WHITE.
Grocery and Provisions Mr. J. W. JUSTHAM.
Drapery Mr. W. J. SHEPHARD.
Woollens and Ready-mades Mr. G. H. BARNES.
Boots '. Mr. M. WALFORD.
Furnishing .Mr. G. BLANSHARD.
11
BUYERS, SALESMEN, &c continued.
Cardiff Depot:
Grocery. .Mr. .TAS. F. JAMES.
Drapery Mr. W. J. SHEPHARD.
Northampton Depot:
Mr. A. BAKER.
IRISH DEPOTS:
BUTTER AND EGGS, ALSO BACON FACTORY.
Limerick :
Mr. PATRICK HURLEY.
Tralee :
Mr. J. J. Mc.CARTHY.
Cork :
Mr. JAMES TURNBULL.
Armagh :
Mr. P. O'NEILL.
Tralee Bacon Factory :
Mr. J. ROBINSON.
COLONIAL AND FOREIGN DEPOTS:
New York (America) :
Mr. JOHN GLEDHILL.
Copenhagen (Denmark) :
Mr. WM. DILWORTH, JUNR.
Aarhus (Denmark) :
Mr. H. J. W. MADSEN.
Esbjerg (Denmark) :
Mr. H. C. KONGSTAD.
Odense (Denmark) :
Mr. C. W. KIRCHHOFP.
Denia (Spain) :
Mr. W. J. PIPER.
Herning (Denmark) :
Mr. A. MADSEN.
Montreal (Canada) :
Mr. A. C. WIELAND.
Gothenburg (Sweden) :
Mr. W. JOHNSON.
12
MANAGERS, PRODUCTIVE, &c., WORKS.
ARCHITECT Mr. F. E. L. HARRIS,
A.R.I.B.A.
AVONMO.UTH FLOUR MILL Mr. A. H. HOBLEY.
BATLEY WOOLLEN CLOTH WORKS Mr. S. BOOTHROYD.
BIKTLEY TINPLATE WORKS Mr. A. THORP.
BHODGHTON CABINET FACTORY Mr. F. E. HOWARTH.
BROUGHTON CLOTHING FACTORY Mr. A. GRIERSON.
BROUGHTON SHIRT FACTORY Mr. T. J. SHAW.
BUILDING DEPARTMENT Mr. P. HEYHURST.
BURY WEAVING SHED Mr. H. BLACKBURN.
CRUMPSALL BISCUIT, &c., WORKS Mr. GEORGE BRILL.
DESBOROUGH CORSET FACTORY Mr. P. THOMAS.
DUDLEY GENERAL HARDWARE Mr. J. ROUNDS.
DUNSTON FLOUR MILL Mr. TOM PARKINSON.
DUNSTON SOAP WORKS Mr. J. E. GREEN.
ENGINEER Mr. R. L. GASS.
HECKMONDWIKE BOOT AND SHOE WORKS . . Mr. JOHN HAIGH.
HUTHWAITE HOSIERY FACTORY Mr. H. FRANCE.
IRLAM SOAP, CANDLE, GLYCERINE, LARD,,
AND STARCH WORKS Mr. J. E. GREEN.
KEIGHLEY IRONWORKS Mr. H. WHALLEY.
LEEDS BRUSH AND MAT FACTORY Mr. A. W. SAUNDERS.
LEEDS CLOTHING FACTORY Mr. WILLIAM UTTLEY.
LEICESTER BOOT AND SHOE WORKS Mr. T. E. HUBBARD.
LEICESTER PRINTING AND BOXMAKING
WORKS Mr. G. BREARLEY.
LITTLEBORO' FLANNEL FACTORY Mr. W. H. GREENWOOD.
MANCHESTER PRINTING, BOOKBINDING, BOX-
MAKING, AND LITHOGRAPHIC WORKS .. Mr. G. BREARLEY.
MANCHESTER TOBACCO, CIGAR, CIGARETTE,
AND SNUFF FACTORY Mr. J. C. CRAGG.
MANCHESTER (TRAFFORD PARK) PROVENDER
MILL Mr. W. H. SLAWSON.
MANCHESTER (TRAFFORD PARK) SUN)
FLOUR MILL I Mr. W. MATTHEWS.
OLDHAM STAR FLOUR MILL j
MIDDLETON JUNCTION PRESERVE AND
CANDIED PEEL WORKS Mr. W. J. HOWARD.
MIDDLETON JUNCTION PICKLE WORKS AND
VINEGAR BREWERY Mr. GEO. REEVE.
PELAW DRUG AND SUNDRIES WORKS Mr. R. A. WALLIS.
PELAW CABINET WORKS Mr. W. KERSHAW.
PELAW ENGINEERING WORKS Mr. WM. FLETCHER.
PELAW PRINTING WORKS Mr. G. BREARLEY.
PELAW TAILORING, KERSEY, AND SHIRT Mr. S. BOTTOMLEY.
RUSHDEN BOOT AND SHOE WORKS Mr. F. BALLARD.
SILVERTOWN FLOUR MILL Mr. G. V. CHAPMAN.
SILVERTOWN PACKING Mr. R. A. WALLIS.
SILVERTOWN SOAP WORKS Mr. R. COWBURN.
SYDNEY (AUSTRALIA) TALLOW & OIL WORKS Mr. LOXLEY MEGGITT.
WEST HARTLEPOOL LARD FACTORY . Mr. W. HOLLAND.
13
EMPLOYES.
NUMBEK OF EMPLOYES, OCTOBER, 1910.
DISTEIBUTIVE DEPARTMENTS.
Collective
Totals.
General, Drapery, Woollens, Boot and Shoe, and Fur-
nishing Offices Manchester 572
Bank 41
Architect's Office 19
Grocery Department 333
Old Trafford Wharf, Bacon and Coffee 82
Paper, Twine, and Stationery Department Warehouse . . 16
Drapery Department 254
Woollen Cloth Department 60
Boot and Shoe, and Saddlery Department 68
Furnishing Department 98
Coal 6
Hides and Skins 10
Building 528
Dining-room 53
Engineers' 48
Traffic 47
Other ' . 74
2,309
BRANCHES.
Newcastle Offices 170
Departments ; 443
Building Department 17
Pelaw Drug and Drysaltery 359
Paper and Printing 134
Cabinet Works 190
Engineering Shop 67
Dining-room 5
Clothing Factory 303
Traffic 104
- 1,792
London Offices 140
Departments 281
Tailoring 146
Bedding and Upholstery and Polishing 20
Building 82
Traffic 38
Engineers 38
Silvertown Factory 301
3,046
JOINT ENGLISH AND SCOTTISH C.W.S.
London Tea and Coffee Department 409
Tea Estates 445
854
Carried forward 6,001
NUMBEE OF EMPLOYES, OCTOBEE, 1910.
Collective
Totals.
Brought forward 6,001
DEPOTS.
Bristol 249
Cardiff 78
Northampton 31
358
PURCHASING DEPOTS.
Goole , 6
Liverpool Branch Grocery and Shipping 99
Longton Crockery 66
Irish Branches 118
Creameries 180
Tralee Bacon Factory 70
Leeds Hides and Skins 11
Beeston 9
Stockton 4
Newcastle , 11
Birmingham Cycle 10
584
FOREIGN PURCHASING DEPOTS.
New York 8
Montreal 4
Copenhagen 19
Aarhus 15
Gothenburg 11
Odense 11
Denia 3
Sydney 8
Herning 28
Esbjerg 13
120
SALEROOMS.
Leeds 5
Nottingham 3
Birmingham 2
Huddersfield 3
Blackburn 1
j^
SHIPPING OFFICES.
Garston 1
Rouen 15
16
STEAMSHIPS.
" New Pioneer " 15
" Fraternity" 15
" Dinah " 3
" Briton " 3
36
Carried forward 7,129
15
NUMBEE OF EMPLOYES, OCTOBEK, 1910.
Collective
Totals.
Brought forward 7,129
PRODUCTIVE WORKS.
Avomnouth Flour Mill 67
Batley Woollen Mill 250
Birtley Tinplate Works 38
Brislington Butter Factory 34
Broughton Cabinet Factory 212
Mantle 180
Shirt , 486
Tailoring ; 536 .
Underclothing Factory 98
Millinery 18
Bury Weaving Shed 340
Crumpsall Biscuit Works 505
Desboro' Corset Factory 288
Dudley Bucket and Fender Works 150
Dunston Corn Mill 179
Soap Works 93
Enderby Boot and Shoe Works 213
Heckmondwike Currying Department 21
Shoe Works 325
Huthwaite Hosiery Factory 448
Irlam Soap Works 642
Keighley Ironworks 80
Leeds Ready-Mades 693
Brush Factory 200
Leicester Shoe Works, Knighton Fields 1,499
Duns Lane 443
Printing Works 107
Littleborough Flannel Factory 94
Longsight Printing Works 1,028
Luton Cocoa Works (Joint English and Scottish C.W.S.) 277
Manchester Tobacco Factory 696
Sun Corn Mill '. 139
Provender Mill 12
Middleton Junction Preserve, Pickle, and Vinegar Works 630
Oldham Star Corn Mill 76
Pontef ract Fellmongering 44
Bushden Boot Factory 514
Silvertown Corn Mill 106
Soap Works 129
Sydney Tallow Factory 35
West Hartlepool Lard Refinery 26
Wisbech Fruit Depot 74
12,015
Roden Estate 64
,, Convalescent Home 8
Marden Fruit Farm 31
Total 19,247
16
MEETINGS AND OTHER COMING EVENTS
IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOCIETY IN 1911.
Feb. 4 SATURDAY Nomination Lists: Last day for receiving.
Mar. 7 TUESDAY Voting Lists: Last day for receiving.
11 SATURDAY .... Divisional Quarterly Meetings.
18 SATURDAY General Quarterly Meeting Manchester.
May 6 SATURDAY Nomination Lists : Last day for receiving.
June g TUESDAY ....Voting Lists: Last day for receiving.
10 SATURDAY Divisional Quarterly Meetings.
17 SATURDAY General Quarterly Meeting Manchester.
,, 24 SATURDAY .... Half-yearly Stocktaking.
Aug. 5 SATURDAY .... Nomination Lists : Last day for receiving.
Sept. 5 TUESDAY Voting Lists: Last day for receiving.
9 SATURDAY Divisional Quarterly Meetings.
1Q SATURDAY General Quarterly Meeting Manchester.
Nov. 4 SATURDAY .... Nomination Lists : Last day for receiving.
Dec. 5 TUESDAY .... Voting Lists : Last day for receiving.
9 SATURDAY Divisional Quarterly Meetings.
16 SATURDAY.. . .General Quarterly Meeting Manchester.
23 SATURDAY Half-yearly Stocktaking.
17
PRINCIPAL EVENTS IN CONNECTION WITH THE
CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE SOCIETY
SINCE ITS COMMENCEMENT.
YEAR
1863
1864
1866
1868
1869
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1879
H
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
DAY. EVENTS.
Aug. 11 . . Co-operative Wholesale Society enrolled.
Mar. 14 Co-operative Wholesale Society commenced business.
April 24 Tipperary Depot opened.
June 1 Kilmallock Depot opened.
Mar. 1 Balloon Street Warehouse opened.
July 12 Limerick Depot opened.
Nov. 26 Newcastle-on-Tyne Depot opened.
July 1 Manchester Boot and Shoe Department commenced.
Oct. 14 Bank Department commenced.
Jan. 13 Crumpsall Works purchased.
April 14 Armagh Depot opened.
June 2 Manchester Drapery Department established.
July 14 Waterford Depot opened.
Aug. 4 Cheshire Depot opened.
,, 4 Leicester Works purchased.
16 Insurance Fund established.
Sept. 15 Leicester Works commenced.
Feb. 2 Tralee Depot opened.
Mar. 9 London Branch established.
Oct. 5 Durham Soap Works commenced.
April 2 Liverpool Purchasing Department commenced.
June 15 Manchester Drapery Warehouse, Dantzic Street, opened.
Feb. 14 Newcastle Branch Buildings, Waterloo Street, opened.
21 New York Depot established.
May 24 S.S. " Plover " purchased.
July 16 Manchester Furnishing Department commenced.
Aug. 5 Leicester Works first Extensions opened.
Jan. 15 Cork Depot established.
Oct. 25 Land in Liverpool purchased.
Feb. 21 S.S. "Pioneer," Launch of.
Mar. 24 Rouen Depot opened.
Mar. 29 S.S. "Pioneer," Trial trip.
June 30 Goole Forwarding Department opened.
Jan. 30 S.S. "Plover" sold.
July 27 S.S. "Cambrian" purchased.
Aug. 14 Heckmondwike Boot and Shoe Works commenced.
Sept. 27 London Drapery Department commenced in new premises,
99, Leman Street.
June 6 Copenhagen Depot opened.
Jan. 18 Garston Forwarding Depot commenced.
Oct. 31 Leeds Saleroom opened.
Nov. 1 London Tea and Coffee Department commenced.
July 21 S.S. "Marianne Briggs" purchased.
April 7 Hamburg Depot commenced.
May 31 Leicester Works second Extensions opened.
June 25 Newcastle Branch New Drapery Warehouse opened.
Sept. 13 Commemoration of the Society's Twenty-first Anniversary
at Newcastle-on-Tyne and London.
20 .. Commemoration of the Society's Twenty-first Anniversary
at Manchester.
18
PRINCIPAL EVENTS IN CONNECTION WITH THE
CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE SOCIETY
SINCE ITS COMMENCEMENT continued.
YEAR.
DAY.
1884
Sept. 29
Oct. 6
1885
Aug. 25
Dec. 30
1886
April 22
Aug. 25
Oct. 12
1887
Mar. 14
June 1
u
July 21
Aug. 29
Nov. 2
2
1888
July 7
Sept. 8
Sept. 27
Oct. 14
1889
Feb. 18
)(
Nov. 11
1890
Mar. 10
May 16
June 10
Oct. 22
1891
April 18
Oct. 22
(|
Nov. 4
4
Dec. 24
1892
1893
May 5
8
1894
June 29
1895
Jan. 23
Aug. 5
Oct. 2
M
10
1896
April 24
June 13
1897
26
July 1
Feb. 10
Mar. 1
u
1898
,, 1
22
Aug. 7
Sept. 16
April 1
May 9
July 11
Oct. 20
1900
Jan. 19
EVENTS.
Bristol Dep6t commenced.
S.S. "Progress," Launch of.
Huddersfield Saleroom opened.
Fire Tea Department, London.
Nottingham Saleroom opened.
Longton Crockery Dep&t opened.
S.S. "Federation," Launch of.
Batley Mill commenced.
S.S. "Progress" damaged by fire at Hamburg.
Manchester New Furnishing Warehouse opened.
Heckmondwike Currying Department commenced.
London Branch New Warehouse opened.
Manufacture of Cocoa and Chocolate commenced.
S.S. " Equity," Launch of.
S.S. " Equity," Trial trip.
S.S. "Cambrian" sold.
Fire Newcastle Branch.
Enderby Extension opened.
Longton Depot New Premises opened.
S.S. " Liberty," Trial trip.
Blackburn Saleroom opened.
Leeds Clothing Factory commenced.
Northampton Saleroom opened.
Dunston Corn Mill opened.
Cardiff Saleroom opened.
Leicester New Works opened.
Aarhus Depot opened.
Fire at Crumpsall Works.
Birmingham Saleroom* opened.
Broughton Cabinet Factory opened.
Montreal Depot opened.
Printing Department commenced.
Gothenburg Depot opened.
Irlam Soap Works opened.
Loss of the S.S. " Unity."
West Hartlepool Refinery purchased.
Roden Estate purchased.
Middleton Preserve Works commenced.
" Wheatsheaf " Record first publication.
New Northampton Saleroom opened.
Manufacture of Candles commenced at Irlam.
Broughton Tailoring Factory opened.
New Tea Department Buildings opened.
Sydney Depot commenced.
Banbury Creamery opened.
Littleboro' Flannel Mill acquired.
Tobacco Factory commenced.
Longsight Printing Works commenced.
Corset Factory commenced.
Herning Slagteri purchased.
19
PRINCIPAL EVENTS IN CONNECTION WITH THE
CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE SOCIETY
SINCE ITS COMMENCEMENT continued.
YEAR.
1900 .
1901 '.
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
)
1907
1908
1909
1910
DAY.
Mar. 24
June 20
April 30
July 27
Sept. 3
Oct. 9
April 9
25
May 1
Sept. 8
Nov. 1
July 1
Oct. 24
Feb. 20
AprillS
May 30
June 20
July 1
Aug. 24
Feb. 15
Feb. 13
27
July 3
Sept. 5
Oct. 26
Jan. 1
Mar. 31
April 28
May 16
Nov. 19
Sept. 14
19
Oct. 1
Feb. 4
8
June 13
29
29
29
Feb. 15
22
April 5
Sept. 13
May 7
July 19
EVENTS.
Rushden Factory commenced.
Silvertown Flour Mill opened.
Sydney Tallow Factory purchased.
Roden Convalescent Home opened.
Tralee Bacon Factory commenced.
Rushden New Factory opened.
New Birmingham Saleroom opened.
Fire at Newcastle Branch (Drapery Department).
Work commenced at Pelaw.
Luton Cocoa Works opened.
Launch of New Steamer, " Unity," Greenock.
Leicester Hosiery Factory taken over.
Launch of New Steamer, "Fraternity."
Marden Fruit Farm purchased.
New Drapery Buildings, Manchester, opened.
Newcastle Hide and Skin Depot commenced.
Brislington Butter Factory commenced.
Huddersfield Brush Factory taken over.
Stockton Hide and Skin Depot commenced.
Bury Weaving Shed commenced.
Starch Manufacture commenced at Irlam.
'Lard
Desborough Corset Factory commenced.
Esbjerg Dep6t opened.
Launch of " New Pioneer."
Rochdale Flour Mill taken over.
Oldham Star Flour Mill taken over.
Sun Flour Mill taken over.
Bristol New Depot opened.
Manchester Ride and Skin Depot commenced.
Mitchell Memorial Hall opened.
Leeds Hide and Skin Depot commenced.
New Huddersfield Saleroom opened.
Huthwaite Hosiery Factory commenced.
Birmingham Cycle Depot opened. .
Silvertown Soap Works commenced.
Keighley Iron Works taken over.
Dudley Bucket and Fender Society taken over.
Birtley Tin Plate Society taken over.
Dunston-on-Tyne Soap Works opened.
Pontefract Fellmongering commenced.
Leicester Printing Works commenced.
Beeston Hide and Skin Depot commenced.
Avonmouth Flour Mill commenced.
New Extensions, London, opened.
20
LIST OF TELEGRAPHIC ADDRESSES.
ARMAGH DEp6i: "WHOLESALE, ARMAGH."
AVONMOUTH FLOUR MILL: "WHOLESALE, AVONMOUTH."
BATLEY WOOLLEN MILL: "WHOLESALE, BATLEY."
BEESTON HIDE AND SKIN DEPARTMENT: "WHOLESALE, BEESTON,
NOTTS."
BIRMINGHAM CYCLE DEP&T: "CO-OPERATE, BIRMINGHAM."
BIRMINGHAM SALEROOM: "CO-OPERATE, BIRMINGHAM."
BIRTLEY TINPLATE WORKS : "WHOLESALE, BIRTLEY."
BLACKBURN SALEROOM: "WHOLESALE, BLACKBURN."
BRISLING-TON BUTTER FACTORY: "FACTORY, BRISLINGTON."
BRISTOL DEPOT : "WHOLESALE, BRISTOL."
BBOUGHTON CABINET FACTORY: "CO-OPERATOR, MANCHESTER."
BROUGHTON SHIRT, UNDERCLOTHING, AND MANTLE FACTORY :
"JACKETS, MANCHESTER."
BROUGHTON TAILORING FACTORY : " TAILORING, MANCHESTER."
BURY WEAVING SHED: "WHOLESALE, BURY."
CARDIFF SALEROOM: "WHOLESALE, CARDIFF."
CENTRAL, MANCHESTER: "WHOLESALE, MANCHESTER."
CORK DEPOT: "WHOLESALE, CORK."
CRUMPSALL WORKS : "BISCUIT, MANCHESTER."
DESBORO' CORSET FACTORY: "WHOLESALE, DESBORO'."
DUDLEY BUCKET WORKS: "WHOLESALE, DUDLEY."
DUNSTON-ON-TYNE SOAP WORKS: "SOAP, DUNSTON-ON-TYNE."
DUNSTON-ON-TYNE CORN MILL : "WHOLESALE, GATESHEAD." .
GOOLE DEP6T: "WHOLESALE, GOOLE."
HARTLEPOOL LARD REFINERY : " WHOLESALE, WEST HARTLEPOOL.
HECKMONDWIKE SHOE WORKS: "WHOLESALE, HECKMONDWIKE."
HUDDERSFIELD SALEROOM: "WHOLESALE, HUDDERSFIELD."
HUTHWAITE HOSIERY FACTORY: "WHOLESALE, HUTHWAITE."
IRLAM SOAP WORKS: "WHOLESALE, CADISHEAD."
KEIGHLEY IRONWORKS : " WHOLESALE, KEIGHLEY."
LEEDS BRUSH FACTORY: "BROOMS, LEEDS."
LEEDS READY-MADES FACTORY: "SOCIETY, LEEDS."
LEEDS SALE AND SAMPLE ROOMS: "WHOLESALE, LEEDS."
LIST OF TELEGRAPHIC ADDRESSES continued.
LEEDS HIDE AND SKIN DEPARTMENT: "SKINS, LEEDS."
LEICESTER PRINTING WORMS: "TYPOGRAPHY, LEICESTER."
LEICESTER SHOE WORKS: "WHOLESALE, LEICESTER."
LIMERICK DEPOT: "WHOLESALE, LIMERICK."
LIVERPOOL OFFICE AND WAREHOUSE: "WHOLESALE, LIVERPOOL."
LONDON BRANCH: "WHOLESALE, LONDON."
LONGSIGHT PRINTING WORKS: "TYPOGRAPHY, MANCHESTER."
LONGTON CROCKERY DEPOT: "WHOLESALE, LONGTON (STAFFS.)."
LUTON COCOA WORKS: "WHOLESALE, LUTON."
MANCHESTER CENTRAL: "WHOLESALE, MANCHESTER."
MANCHESTER HIDE AND SKIN DEPARTMENT: "SKINS, MANCHESTER."
MANCHESTER SUN MILL : " SUNLIKE, MANCHESTER."
MARDEN FRUIT FARM : "WHOLESALE, MARDEN, HEREFORD."
MIDDLETON PRESERVE WORKS : " WHOLESALE, MIDDLETON
JUNCTION."
NEWCASTLE BRANCH: "WHOLESALE, NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE."
NEWCASTLE BRANCH, PELAW: "WHOLESALE, BILL-QUAY."
NEWCASTLE BRANCH, CATTLE DEPARTMENT : " KYLOE, NEWCASTLE."
NEWCASTLE BRANCH, GREENGROCERY (STOWELL STREET) : " LOYALTY,
NEWCASTLE.
NORTHAMPTON SALEROOM: "WHOLESALE, NORTHAMPTON."
NOTTINGHAM SALEROOM: "WHOLESALE, NOTTINGHAM."
OLDHAM STAR MILL: "STAR, OLDHAM."
PONTEFRACT FELLMONGERING : "WHOLESALE, PONTEFRACT."
RODEN ESTATE: " WHOLESALE, RODEN."
RUSHDEN BOOT WORKS : "WHOLESALE, RUSHDEN."
SILVERTOWN FLOUR MILL: " CO-OPERATIF, LONDON."
SILVERTOWN PRODUCTIVE: "PRODUCTIVO, LONDON."
SILVERTOWN SOAP WORKS: "OPERSAPO, LONDON."
TEA DEPARTMENT: "LOOMIGER, LONDON."
TOBACCO FACTORY: "TOBACCO, MANCHESTER."
TRALEE BACON FACTORY: "BACON, TRALEE."
TRALEE DEPOT: "WHOLESALE, TRALEE."
WISBECH FRUIT DEPOT: "WHOLESALE, WISBECH."
22
TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION.
Our Premises in the following towns are directly connected
with the Local Telephone System :
Nos.
MANCHESTER GENERAL OFFICES
DRAPERY DEPARTMENT
BOOT AND SHOE DEPARTMENT ...
FURNISHING DEPARTMENT I 61,
*CRUMPSALL '"City.
*LONGSIGHT
*TOBACCO
BROUGHTON CABINET WORKS, &c. .. J
HIDE & SKIN DEPARTMENT.. CENTRAL 5180
NEWCASTLE WATERLOO STREET 284f
WEST BLANDFORD STREET 1787
1260
1989
2506
2507
498
SADDLERY DEPT. (West Blandford Street) 2116
GREENGROCERY DEPT. (Stowell Street).. 1524
(New Bridge Street) 2423
QUAYSIDE WAREHOUSE 2670
564
PELAW WORKS GATKSHEAD 121
() NEWCASTLE 2806
HIDES AND SKINS (St. Andrew's Street) .. 2907
LONDON GENERAL OFFICE
GROCERY SALEROOM
DRAPERY
GROVE STREET
READY-MADES I 1390, f
TEA DEPARTMENT City.
GENERAL OFFICE ....
FURNISHING AND BOOT DEPARTMENT .
BUILDING AND ENGINEERING DEPT. . . ,
TRAFFIC
AVONMOUTH FLOUR MILL 51 & 52
BATLEY 101
BEESTON HIDE AND SKIN DEPARTMENT 55
BIRMINGHAM CYCLE DEPOT MIDLAND 838
BIRMINGHAM SALEROOM MIDLAND 838
BIRTLEY TINPLATE WORKS .. 15
* Sub. to Manchester General Offices.
t Post Office System. All others National Telephone Company.
23
TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION continued.
Nos.
BRISTOL ................................................ 1913
................................................ 1914
................................................ 1915
................................................ 1916
BRISLINGTON ................................ 1643
BURY .................................................... 179
CARDIFF ................................................ 563f
DUDLEY BUCKET WORKS ............................ 22
DUNSTON FLOUR MILL .......... CENTRAL, NEWCASTLE 1261
SOAP WORKS .................... GATESHEAD 426
...................... DUNSTON llf
ENDERBY ...................................... NABBORO' 32
GARSTON .............................. ................... 6
GOOLE .................................................. 2
HECKMONDWIKE ...................................... 112
HUDDERSFIELD ........................................ 310
HUTHWAITE HOSIERY ..." ........... SUTTON-IN-ASHFIELD 36
IRLAM .......................................... URMSTON 65
KEIGHLEY IRONWORKS .............................. 160
LEEDS SALEROOM ............................ CENTRAL 2098
READY-MADES, HOLBECK ............ 1648
BRUSH FACTORY ............................ 4035
HIDE AND SKIN DEPARTMENT .............. 4314
LEICESTER WHEATSHEAF WORKS .................. 1132
.................. 235
DUNS LANE .............................. 1829
PRINTING WORKS ........................ 1144
LITTLEBOROUGH FLANNEL FACTORY ................ 63
LIVERPOOL VICTORIA STREET .............. CENTRAL 7862
REGENT ROAD .................. 5861
LONGTON .............................................. 16
LUTON .................................................. 113
MANCHESTER SUN MILL ................ TRAFFORD PARK 27
................ 218
MIDDLETON PRESERVE WORKS .......... FAILSWOHTH 33
NORTHAMPTON SALEROOM ............................ 2C6
NOTTINGHAM SALEROOM .............................. 2106
OLDHAM STAR MILL .................................. 171
PONTEFRACT FELLMONGERING ...................... 33
RUSHDEN .............................................. 10
SILVERTOWN FLOUR MILL .................. EASTERN 602
PRODUCTIVE .................. 1656
SOAP WORKS .................... 1354
WEST HARTLEPOOL LARD REFINERY .............. 286
WISBECH ................................................ 58
t Post Office System. All others National Telephone Company.
CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE SOCIETY LIMITED.
PAST MEMBERS OF GENERAL COMMITTEE.
Name.
Nominating Society.
Elected.
Retired.
1864 March
1864 March ....
1864 March ....
1864 March ....
1864 March ....
1864 March ....
1874 August.
1869 May.
1867 May.
1868 Nov.
1866 October.
1865 Nov.
1868 Nov.
1865 Nov.
1874 May.
1886 March.
1889 Dec.
1866 Feb.
1877 Dec.
1869 Nov.
1869 Dec.
1867 Nov.
1868 Nov.
1868 May.
1872 August.
1882 June.
1871 May.
1869 Nov.
1869 Nov.
1871 May.
1871 May.
1895 March.
1871 Nov.
1870 Nov.
1870 Nov.
1871 August.
1874 Dec.
1885 Dec.
1873 May.
1884 Sept.
1871 Nov.
(Councillor Smithies . .
Rochdale
John Hilton
Middleton
Charles Howarth ....
J. Neild
Heywood
Mossley ]
Thomas Cheetham
Rochdale
1867 Nov
1864 March ....
1865 Nov
Heckmondwike . . 4
Oldham .,
1885 Dec
W. Nuttall
1886 June
1865 Nov
Joseph Thomasson ....
Edward Hooson
I
Oldham
1876 June
1866 May
Manchester
1866 May
1867 May
E Longfield
Isaiah Lee
Oldham
1867 Nov
f J M Percival
Manchester j
1868 Feb
1870 Feb
D Baxter
1876 March ....
1868 May
J Swindells
Hyde
1868 Nov
T Sutcliffe
1868 Nov
+ James C Fox
Manchester
1868 Nov
1869 May
^N Marcroft
*J. T. W. Mitchell ....
Thomas Pearson . .
Rochdale
1869 Nov
Eccles
1869 Nov
Over Darwen
1869 Nov
A Mitchell
Rochdale
1870 August . .
1870 Nov
W^ Moore
{Titus Hall
Bradford |
1871 May
B. Hague
1877 June
1871 May
1874 Dec
1871 May
Thomas Shorrocks ....
Over Darwen
25
PAST MEMBERS OP GENERAL COMMITTEE continued.
Name.
Nominating Society.
Elected.
Retired.
JR. Allen
Oldham
1871 August ..
1871 August ..
1877 April.
1872 Feb.
1874 Feb.
1873 August.
1872 Feb.
1873 Feb.
1876 June.
1885 March.
1874 Feb.
1876 March.
1873 August.
1874 Dec.
1907 June.
1874 Dec.
1876 June.
1876 June.
1877 March.
1882 Sept.
1898 June.
1907 March.
1885 Sept.
1888 May.
1877 March.
1886 March.
1899 Feb.
1907 Sept.
1886 March
1905 August.
1890 January.
1891 Dec.
1889 August.
1895 June.
1895 July.
1904 October.
Job Whiteley
Halifax
J Thomas Hayes
1
Failsworth .
1873 Feb
1871 Nov
Jonathan Fish wick . . .
J. Thorpe
Bolton
1871 Nov
Halifax . . ...
1872 Feb .
JW. Johnson
Bolton j
1872 Feb
H. Whiley
Manchester j
1877 June
1872 August ..
J. Butcher
Banbury
1874 May
1873 May
H. Atkinson
Blaydon-on-Tyne . .
Eccles
1873 August ..
1873 August ..
1874 Feb
1874 Feb
1874 Dec
1874 Dec
1874 Dec
1874 Dec
1874 Dec
William Bates
J. F. Brearley
Oldham
Robert Cooper
Accrington
H. Jackson
Halifax
J Pickersgill
Batley Carr
W. Barnett
Macclesfield
John Stansfield
Heckmondwike ....
Huddersfield . . .
Thomas Bland . .
S. Lever
Bacup . , . -i
1876 Sept
1886 March
1876 Sept
F. R. Stephensoii ....
R. Whittle
Halifax
Crewe
1877 Dec
JThos. Swann
Masborough
188 Sept
1883 Nov
1883 Dec
John Lord
Accrington
Joseph Mc.Nab
Hyde
Alfred North
Batley
1883 Dec
James Hilton
Oldham
1884 Sept
Samuel Taylor
Bolton
1885 Sept.
William P. Hemm. . . .
E. Hibbert
Nottingham
1888 Sept
Failsworth
1882 Sept
James Lownds
Ashton-under-Lyne. .
T)f>rVw
1885 March ....
1890 June
Amos Scotton
* Held Office as President. t Held Office as Secretary and Treasurer.
J Held Office as Secretary. Held Office as Treasurer.
26
PAST MEMBERS OF NEWCASTLE BRANCH COMMITTEE.
Name.
Nominating Society.
Elected.
Retired.
Ephraim Gilchrist ....
George Dover
Wallsend
1873 Oct
1874 Jan.
1877 Sept.
1879 May.
1877 Sept.
1876 Sept.
1891 Sept.
1875 March.
1893 Sept.
1892 May.
1884 June.
1883 Dec.
1893 Dec.
1890 May.
1887 Dec.
1893 June.
1910 Sept.
1905 May.
1904 August.
1903 June.
1902 July.
Chester-le-Street . . .
Blaydon-on-Tyne . .
West Cramlington . .
Newcastle-on-Tyne . .
Durham
1874 Dec
Humphrey Atkinson . .
f James Patterson
1874 Dec
1874 Dec
John Steel
1874 Dec
William Green
1874 Dec. . .
Thomas Pinkney . .
Newbottle
1874 Dec
Richard Thomson ....
tjohn Thirlaway
Sunderland
1874 Dec
Gateshead
1876 Dec
William Robinson ....
William J. Howat ....
George Scott
Shotley Bridge
Newcastle-on-Tyne . .
Newbottle
1877 Sept
1877 Dec
1879 May
J. Atkinson
Wallsend
1883 Dec
George Fryer
Cramlington
1883 Dec
Matthew Bates
Blaydon
1884 June
1890 Sept
Robt. Gibson
Newcastle-on-Tyne . .
Durham
George Binney
1891 Dec
Robert Irving
Carlisle
1892 June ....
Thomas Rule
Gateshead
1893 June
William Stoker
Seaton Delaval ....
1893 Sept
* PAST MEMBERS OF LONDON BRANCH COMMITTEE.
Name.
Nominating Society.
Elected.
Retired.
J Durrant
Arundel
1874 Dec
1875 Dec.
1876 Dec.
1878 March.
1896 Dec.
1901 Oct.
1907 March.
1907 June.
1882 March.
1888 Dec.
1885 June.
1910 Oct.
1886 Sept.
1904 Oct.
1907 March.
1888 Dec.
1904 Feb.
1907 April.
John Green
Woolwich
1874 Dec
[Thomas Fowe
Buckfastleigh
1874 Dec
T E Webb
Battersea
1874 Dec
J. Clay
Gloucester
1874 Dec
H Pumphrey . .
Lewes
1874 Dec
Geo Hines
Ipswich
1874 Dec
f William Strawn
Sheerness
1875 Dec
Frederick Lamb .
Banbury
1876 Dec
J F Goodey
Colchester ]
1878 Mar
1889 Mar
1882 June
F A Williams
Reading
G. Sutherland
Woolwich
1883 Dec
Oxford ...
1885 June
J J B Beach
Colchester
1886 Dec
R H Tutt
Hastings
1897 March
1902 Sept
W H Brown
TCfiwnnrt,
* Newcastle and London Branch Committees constituted December, 1874.
t Held Office as Secretary.
27
THE CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE SOCIETY
LIMITED.
^
MEMBERS OF GENERAL, AND NEWCASTLE
AND LONDON BRANCH COMMITTEES WHO HAVE DIED
DURING TIME OF OFFICE.
NAME.
NOMINATING
SOCIETY.
DATE OP DEATH.
Edward Hooson
GENERAL.
Manchester
December llth, 1869.
April 2nd, 1877.
March 6th, 1886.
May 18th, 1888.
August 21st, 1889.
January 18th, 1890.
December 15th, 1891.
March 16th, 1895.
June 25th, 1895.
July 27th, 1895.
February 15th, 1899.
October 2nd, 1904.
August 14th, 1905.
May 25th, 1890.
September 9th, 1891.
May 1st, 1892.
July 4th, 1902.
August 22nd, 1904.
May 5th, 1905.
December 21st, 1888.
December 2nd, 1896.
October 25th, 1901.
February 26th, 1904.
October 17th, 1904.
April 20th, 1907.
October 5th, 1910.
Robert Allen
Oldham
Richard Whittle
Crewe
Samuel Lever
Bacup
William P. Hemm ....
James Hilton
Nottingham
Oldham
Samuel Taylor
Bolton
J. T. W.Mitchell
Rochdale
E. Hibbert
Failsworth
James Lownds
Ashton-un-Lyne . .
Masboro'
Thos. Swann
Amos Scottou.
Derby
Alfred North
Batley
J. Atkinson
NEWCASTLE.
Wallsend
William Green
Durham
John Thirlaway
Gateshead
William Stoker
Seaton Delaval . .
Carlisle
Robert Irving
George Binney. .......
Durham
J J B Beach .
LONDON.
Colchester
T E Webb
Battersea
J. Clay
R. H. Tutt
Hastings
G Sutherland
W^oolwich
W H Brown
Newport
J F Goodey
Colchester
28
CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE SOCIETY LIMITED.
PAST AUDITORS.
Name.
Nominating Society.
Elected.
Retired.
D. Baxter
Manchester
1864 March ....
1864 May
1868 May.
1865 May.
1867 May.
1881 Sept.
1868 Nov.
1874 May.
1870 May.
1873 May.
1875 Feb.
1876 Sept.
1877 Sept.
1872 Nov.
1873 Nov.
1874 May.
1878 June.
1874 Sept.
1876 March.
1888 Sept.
1885 Sept.
1878 Sept.
1879 June.
1885 June.
1910 April.
1903 Feb.
J. Hankinson
Preston
E. Longfield
Manchester
1865 May
James White
Manchester
1867 May
W. Nuttall
Oldham ]
1868 May
1873 Nov
A. Howard
Rochdale
1868 Nov
R. Taylor
Oldham ]
1870 May
1873 Nov
J. C. Fox
Manchester j
1872 May
1876 Dec
H. C. Pingstone
1872 May
W. Barnett
Macclesfield
1872 Nov
W. Grimshaw
Eccles
1873 May
J. Leach
Rochdale
1874 May
J. Odgers
Manchester
1874 May
J. M. Percival
Manchester
1875 March ....
1876 March
1876 Oct
W. Applebv
J. D. Kershaw
Oldham
James Kershaw . . . .
Rochdale
1878 June
W. Nuttall
Eccles
1879 March ....
1881 Dec
T. Whitworth
Rochdale
J. E. Lord
Rochdale
1885 Dec
Isaac Haigh
Barnsley
1888 August
29
STATISTICS
SHOWING THE
PROGRESS OF
THE CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE
SOCIETY LIMITED.
30
909
ed
30 ** GC C~'"P'MC^y:iC' < fO' 1 '*'tDCOrHQCWCJdOt5ep
O =*:::: :" ~33ei*<a&~^*~2
r-~l U3-2 rH rH rH rH rH
rH
s
o
r I ,-. 1.- ..-.>
* : : : : : : : : ^^^Srfs'sSrts'aiti^S
"* 4
CD 3
00 _
3 T3 i "O
O H w H
= - {g 3 8 bo 5 .._
hj M * ^" cf J' ef-Hj-offc*':.ar2-s-.a r H-ifa}.-rofflff
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pq
^^ CM 'S j; w cs <N eo oo OiCs^-^t^odOto-^'MoaOi-fir"' '*-'-
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75 ' M * -H -< <N 55 S5i.oa5S9CSBS5B-?S3SS38a
a M
H
EH ^ISllSlsS |88*ssssiSi2*si2
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H
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hr , <u <? * H *
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o
a
o
PH
pq
r/)
M
K
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/%a < <c
H
O
PH
PM 5 =
31
JB. "' Jll *'' 40
aj '. '. '. . ', a '. '. '. . & . .
iiss.tzfnftzsssss
32
1
ffl-8
.ss
11
- -
ii ?n :
a o . bo B s ti2 SP
ajU .a OQ o * -J.::
uS -g-SS ' ^ = '^ - V.
Ills F Is : Li \ *ii 1
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-1. !&',<- U?
siiSj ! 3 |r |Sg| fijp
1 11
.& 3J S^E^o.SS:
H J 2S<J JJJz;
'
l! 1!
c'soas =O
J J J
N
D
ADDIT
TRAD
pun^
uB-msu
\
*> c- 3 to
co" us" CM" <o to"
O to CT
iOrt'K
iH sj; U5 O>O O -H IM -oto i-l *
yaad
aptAiQ;
'
rt CO CO CO N r-i
~tt KW no < nrenra s* nn ^c
c 7^ (M C^ IN <M 3<1 <M TO CC
'E 1 ^
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cs tc o
DISTRIBUT
EXPENSE
8)0
- -
"o > o * o IN co 10
,; 03 o ao oo to oo to oo
"'
5W-+ f nee -" ntt ra ^M MO
too ;M 33 -i-o ^< o 95 o o to
o-- ^-i x ao ooos o -H -* N CQ oo
03CO 05 CT 5?N CO CO CO 00 CO 00
.'''r-a-
"= 1-1 rt us oi 1-1 Cd IH sq
pmrm nw nn^Mi
co coco ec coco
co co co coco co co co CQ M< * -*
junotuv
C^tOWUJX-^COCO^H t* tOiC tO Ci?3 C5 CO tp OC- CO
SO^^JtcO'n'cru^rH ^f coic co iocs o uo O 'I'O -r
CStO> *COO4CXX i I ^J<IA 1* 1 O CO f 1 CO COO CO
'' ofcO~ " C^ -H" p^to" O"
o -T OQ'-H' ef
c "M -^i
CS O 00
"
mparison
th corre-
ing perio
ious year.
Co
wi
po
pr
c-^ 50,0.05, co '
I TjT^f -ftrcs t
> fj^*'9^'S' 4 SS8S
''J'CC'1'9*! ttOOCSOO
"J of -< * <& r! co" cj o"
)<N (M ^H CO tOO T)< O CO S
t^t^-^
''"
gS
rt"sg"
t~u5" m" os if x"tc~ 10" co" co" co"
NO-w?7C^CO-T*C^C5?5^H
ofsf sf co" co K'IT - ' ia a
33
i sill 1! sjsil !-= ii
I ?S5| 1 s ^1|i 1 1? l~
3 *rj s iPi^Fi* LSI |i
g -S-g o SSgSScg^ > ^S|| W S
g ^-S-S^-SgEg-gs .-SMo
i HI I ? ffjs !!
i i ICil ! SRI it
1*3 i?i! 3 j?|j ^
f*oe ..ggg' b ^Sso-soggc *S *
e3 ^gOa .g gfflW0.$i a g o^l" "Sg
1*4 l^-S^^-g Is^lgSlsl^I'll |-1
Sg sc-cKas -gB -3 S BSfe^^^^-J^-g- S
3^2 ,2 5* ^ ^-- 3Sgosj-r;Sa3Soog .tj M
Q_ SS c/JV] P3 H JJ _O P3 ffl
Leicester), Silvertown Soap Works,
Birtley Tinplate Works, Dudley
Bucket and Fender Works, Keighley
\ Ironworks.
< Dunston Soap Works. Leicester Printing
\ Works, Pontefract Fellmongering.
*" <-Tc- ' o o ' ia ' ' '
i
a
lOi (lOCXl^lOXXXO Ot-OS -f i I COOS
*" i-T <of^<o t~ x'x'-^'co" 06" i> i-T ^iT t^ co" -<f t>
rHCMC?li-iCOCC>'1'C|lO CO -f-lOCO
s 1
CM" of
-1- C-
1
Profit Ac
'6cO<MOJiNCOCO<MCO-*Tl( ^*-fl< Ml * Tjl^l
M,
CO
"o
1
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1 1
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&
SOI
* 2 ss S ilii 1 gl
5 1
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s
p
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* CO COCOCO CO^iSc^ cnc^WCO CO ^SS
Iff
s
fa
e g 1 ^W 3? 3?^^^ 'Sf^^T ^ 4?^^
M* KM
mx
Tt*
S
s
r- C-Oon (M t-S<ICM OCOOCO CD E- C4 iH
1C CO .-I 1C * OS C- CO X ^H X W i 1 O COCDO
rt rt - t ^.i.^. . ?. Tl i (:: ?.3i '^!. 1 ~l a0 . ?. "5. t ; P.."^
5 -
m in
i
x COINO* 10 r-iir-inco cqxioo CM -*xos
-H CO
crease
c- MI co os m coc-ioc- TXOIMCO MI COCDO
S g
s HI g l^gg ills ili
CM Og
?. i
c-
^ s || ^ slss lili 1 11?
g 10.
OS CO
1
oo oTosoT o" ^i-TcifMr cot^'od'os" oT o'co'Mi'
s %
Ml
m
' S -& x
CO CO CO
10 a U5
a)"""""""'""
o
0)
p
: :
34
BE SERVE FUND
2>r. TRADE DEPARTMENT FROM
Deductions from Reserve Fund
Subscriptions and Donations to Charitable and other Objects 88,425
Investments Written off : Bank Department 18,259
Trade Department 10,660
Insurance Fund 6,000
Land and Buildings Account Depreciation, Special 1,148
Fixtures 852
Celebration Dinner : Opening Warehouse, Balloon Street 56
Newcastle Formation Expenses
21st Anniversary Commemoration Expenses, Manchester 2,017
Sprinklers Account Amount- written off to date 68,446
195,879
RESERVE FUND, December 25th, 1909 :
Investments : Manchester Ship Canal Company, 2,000
Ordinary Shares of 10 each 20,000
Gilsland Convalescent Home, 7,500 Shares
of 1 each 7,500
British Cotton Growing Association, 3,000
Shares of 1 each 3,000
North-Western Co-operative Convalescent
Homes Association 6,500
37,000
Balance, as per Balance Sheet, December 25th, 1909 378,954
Less, as per Disposal of Profit Account, December 25th, 1909 40,248
419,202
652,081
35
ACCOUNT.
COMMENCEMENT OF SOCIETY. Cr.
Additions to Reserve Fund
From Disposal of Profit Account, as per page 33 Net 622,654
Balance Sale of Properties :
Strawberry Estate, Newcastle 1,953
Land, Liverpool 713
Rosedale 11
South Shields 96
Newhall 418
Durham 376
Gorton 10,923
Calais 319
Steamships 10,621
Tipperary 450
25,880
Balance Sale of Shares New Telephone Company 44
Share Investment Lancashire and Yorkshire Productive
Society 60
Sale of part Shares Co-operative Printing Society 63
Share Investment Leicester Hosiery Society 76
,, ,, Star and Rochdale Corn Mills 14
,, Keighley Ironworks 55
Dividend on Debts, previously written off 786
Balances, Shares, Loans, &c., Accounts 220
Bonus to Employes : Differences between Amounts Provided and
actually Paid 311
Dividend on Sales to Employes 403
Interest on Manchester Ship Canal Shares 1,515
652,081
36
CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE
REGISTERED OFFICE : 1, BALLOON
Industrial and Provident Societies
ABSTRACT OF ANNUAL RETURN FOR
(Under the
BALANCE SHEET OF FUNDS AND
Trade Department s. d. s. d.
341,631 Transferable Shares of 5 each 1,708.155
Less Amount unpaid 50,850 1 10
Due to Shareholders 1,657,804 18 2
Loans and Interest 2,948,313 3 7
Amount Owing by Society Goods and Expenses 654,007 16 6
Less Selves Account (see contra) 18,718 17 11
635,288 18 7
Mortgage and Interest 7,358 12 10
Received in Advance for Goods 16,255 16 10
Owing Insurance Department Claims 1,932 6 10
Insurance Department Premiums 692
,. Reserve Fund Account 11 5
Scottish Wholesale Society's Proportion due of Batley, &c.,
Results 97 16 1
3,609,849 15 2
Bank Department
Current Accounts 2,167,019 9 9
Less Bank Balance - Trade Department 1 ,180,743 16 9
986,275 13
Deposit Accounts 328,419 10 5
Employes' Thrift Fund 55,001 S
Commission Owing 90 2 10
1,369,786 15 6
Reserves Trade and Bank Departments
Reserve Fund Trade Department (a)378,953 12 9
Bank 89,648 16 9
468,602 9 6
Insurance Fund 742,381 J> 6
Reserve Balances Purchasing Depots 16,294 11 'A
1,227.27? 6 2
' Profits appropriated but not paid during the Financial Year-
Trade Department 282,244 18 4
Bank Department 17,664 4 5
- 299,909 2 9
(a) Exclusive of the following share investments made from this fund
Manchester Ship Canal Company (2,000 Ordinary
Shares) 20,000
Gilsland Convalescent Home 7,500
North-Western Co-operative Convalescent Homes
Association 6,500
British Cotton Growing Association 3,000
37,001)
Total 8,164,128 17
Signature of Treasurer (No Treasurer).
The undersigned, having had access to all the Books and Accounts of the Society, and
and Vouchers relating thereto, now sign the same as found to be correct, duly vouched, and
March 31st, 1910.
37
SOCIETY LIMITED.
STREET, MANCHESTER.
Act, 1893, 56 and 57 Viet., c. 39.
YEAR ENDED 25th DECEMBER, 1909
above Act).
EFFECTS, AS AT 25ra DECEMBER, 1909.
Trade Department s. d.
Value of Stock in Trade 2,302,938 17 6
Buildings, Fixtures, and Land (used in trade) 1,595,237 11 7
Four Steamships (used in trade) (Written off) ....
INVESTMENTS AND OTHER ASSETS s. d.
In Buildings, Fixtures, and Land 575,543 14 3
In Shares of Industrial and Provident Societies (b) 3,908 18 5
In Shares of Companies (6) 2,331 3 3
C.W.S. Proportion of Partnership Capital, including Interest
and Profits- English and Scottish Wholesale Societies. 226,793 3 1
Rents Due 1,536 13
Expenses Stock, and Payments in Advance 38,284 16 7
Amount Owing by Members and others at end of Year Goods
and Freights ... 710,748 15
Less Selves Account (see contra) 18J718 17 11
692,029 17 1
Payments in Advance for Goods 45,906 10 6
1,586,394 16 2
Bank Department Investments and other Assets.
On Freehold or Leasehold Security 1,020,113 1
On Shares and Loans 8,203 14 9
Land and Buildings 5,320 010
Consols :- 20,000 taken at 16,000, and Interest 125 16,125
Corporation Mortgages and Interest 892,994 11 11
Stamped Cheques 120 1 8
Cash in Banks 658,432 6 2
2,641,308 15 5
Cash in hand and at Branches :
Trade Dept. Bank Dept.
Cash in hand 7,950 16,53 1 18
at Branches 13,76319 1
21,713 19 1 16,534 18
38,248 17 II
(6) Exclusive of investments made from Reserve Fund (.tee a).
Total 8,164,128 17
Secretary-THOS. BRODRICK, Eccles, near Manchester.
having examined the foregoing General Statement, and verified the same with the Accounts
in accordance with law.
THOS. JAS. BAYLIS, High Street, Rotherham,
T. WOOD, 40 to 46, Deansgate Arcade, Manchester,
JAMES E. LORD, Town Hall Chambers, Rochdale,
' St An n ^Sn-8'ea 1UnllyhUr8tl ^ *" ^^ ^^
BENJ. TETLOW, 94, Westgate Road, Newcastle-on-Tyne,
A/
P AUDITORS.
38
MANCHESTEB GBOCEBY AND PBO VISION
TBADE.
Since keeping a separate Account.
PERIOD. ENDED.
Sales.
EXPENSES.
NET PROFIT.
. _
Stocks
at end.
Amount.
Rate
perl. Amount.
Rate
per .
8. d.
s. d.
1| Years, January, 1876. .
2,586,691
26,417
21
31,028
2J 56,487
S December, 1880. .
8 , 1885. .
3 , 1890..
8 , 1895. .
8 , 1900. .
8 , 1905. .
8,740,658
11,723,202
15,511,593
21,956,461
28,186,928
41,629,024
87,603
127,892
180,023
279,262
374,568
489,689
2g
2*
2|
3
31
140,043 3| 70,091
157,209 3J 92,790
264,131 4 123,432
839,816 3| 159,930
500,911 4J 158.537
774,698 4| 237,874
Year, 1906. .
(58 wks) 1907. .
1908. .
1909..
10,116,804
11,404,612
11,'265,443
11,704,861
116,290
128,137
138,122
140,372
21
2g
21
2|
199,945
234,190
210,818
250,599
4|
4J
4g
5J
273,669
265,372
240,136
294,990
Half Year, June, 1910..
36i Years' Total....
5,842,547
71,097
2J
121,804 5 243,107
180,668,824
2,159,472
2|
3,225,187
4i '
MANCHESTEB DBAPEBY TBADE.
Since keeping a separate Account.
PERIOD. ENDED.
Sales.
EXPENSES.
NET PROFIT.
Stocks
at end.
Amount.
Rate
per .
Amount.
Rate
per .
s. d.
s. d.
2J Years, January, 1876. .
211,351
11,481
1 1
2,165
2|
72,408
8 December, 1880. .
S 1885. .
S 1890. .
S 1895. .
8 1900..
5 1905..
672,992
771,933
1,205,935
1,920,447
2,568,623
3,315,793
43,116
42,913
60,656
100,386
141,497
196,568
1 1J
1
1 ij
*941
20,277
25,278
48,223
88,133
94,449
5*
6
8J
6J
44,105
44,948
84,739
108,337
153,641
107,837
Year, 1906. .
(53 wks),, 1907..
1908..
1909..
791,636
894,191
899,!)5
941,120
47,894
54,131
59,075
59,221
1 24
1 24
1 82
1 3
25,342
32,021
23,463
32,689
7|
8i
6J
8J
116,807
110,503
111,677
108,:$:-. 1
Half Year, June, 1910..
36| Years' Total....
Less Depr
3
456,434 30,992
1 4J
16,093
8g
130,530
14,650,850
847,933
1 H
407,192
4,757
sciation, Oct
leaves Net E
sber, 1877...
rofit
402,435
6*
*Loss.
NOTE. To December, 1883, the figures include Woollens and Ready-Mades Department.
To June, 1905, inclusive, the figures include Desboro' Corset Factory, now separately
To December, 1906, ,, Broughton Shirt stated in Prod. Ac/s.
39
MANCHESTER WOOLLENS AND
READY-
MADES TRADE.
Since publishing a separate Account in Balance Sheet.
PERIOD. ENDED.
Sales.
EXPENSES.
NET PROFIT.
Stocks at end.
Amount.
Rate
per .
Amount.
Rate
per .
(a) (6)
2 Years, December, 1885
41,578
2,470
s.
1
d.
21
745
B.
d.
*i
5,242
3 1890
120,546
8,331
1
4 4
. *1,196
-5
11,463
9 1895
255,815 15,905
1
2$
*3,232
3
15,608
5 1900
622,486
35,706
1
it
13,805
5J
35,978
S 1905
874,585
51,849
1
21
16,346
4
51,262 16,779
Year, 1906
208,611
12,578
1
28
4,826
54
56,468 26,647
(53 wks) 1907
231,457
13,664
1
24
6,035
8}
59,283 31,652
,, 1908
239,358
15,140
1
34
1,747
1}
60,661 : 37,554
,, 1909
252,462
15,562
1
21
7,162
<v
62,135 ! 30,308
Half Year, June, 1910
26i Years' Total...
148,232
8,745
1
24
3,685
51
52,533 26,861
2,994,630
179,950
1 2f
49,923
0.
4
* Loss. (a) Woollens and Ready-mades and Outfitting. (ft) Linings and Dyed Goods.
NOTE. To June, 1895, inclusive, the Results and Stocks include Broughton Clothing Factory.
MANCHESTER BOOT
AND SHOE
TRADE.
Since keeping a separate Account.
PERIOD. ENDED.
Sales.
EXPENSES.
NET PROFIT.
Stocks
at end.
Amount.
Rate
per .
Amount.
Rate
per .
2J Years, January, 1876 . .
96,648
2,659
8. d.
6^
1,524
8. d.
31
7,711
3 December, 1880 . .
292,347
10,500
84
3,646
2g
11,484
3 1885..
439,988
14,703
8
6,330
31
16,074
5 1890 . .
738,251
24,180
71
17,519
5g
32,095
3 1895 . .
1,175,301 ,
48,031
91
18,957
31
56,302
3 1900..
1,493,428
59,448
o 94
30,468
4g
62,178
3 1905..
1,859,595
70,983
o 94
31,162
4
63,144
Year 1906 . .
426.797
15,167
84
9,661
5g
57,329
(53 wks) 1907 . .
470,110
17,049
8
9,039
o 44
57,663
1908 . .
462,989
18,680
9
4,849
24 69,809
1909 . .
475,612
20,008
10
7,081
3}
78,109
Half Year, June, 1910 . .
361 Years' Total
250,092
10,282
91
4,386
4J
88,913
8,181,158
311,690
9J
144,622
o 44
40
MANCHESTER FURNISHING TRADE.
Since keeping a separate Account.
EXPENSES.
NET PROFIT.
Stocks
at end.
()
PERIOD. ENDED.
Sales.
Amount.
Rate
per dB.
Amount.
Rate
per .
4 J Years, December, 1880.. .
81,386
4,999
s. d.
1 2|
617
s. d.
If
4,307
3 1885...
184,218
9,354
1 04
2,379
3
5,817
5 1890...
439,580
21,250
o 114
6,408
3|
12,930
5 1895...
781,803
41,130
1 Og
6,587
2
19,574
5 1900...
1,317,554
65,372
Olli
23,638
4J
27,817
5 1905...
1,639,436
80,885
11|
22,300
31
9888
Year, 1906...
378,332
18,821
Hi
5,661
3
27,227
(53 wks) 1907...
416,266
19,510
11J
7,036
4
29,037
1908...
412,290
21,550
1 OJ
5,357
3
30,173
19C9...
408,036
22,623
1 1
2,569
1J
29,967
Half Year, June, 1910...
34 Years' Total
198,755
11,318
1 18
561
Of
31,621
6,257,656
316,312
1 OJ
83,313
SJ
NOTE. From March, 1893, to June, 1895, inclusive, the Results and Stocks include
Broughton Cabinet Works,
(a) Excludes Longton Stock. MEMO. In Balance Sheet Longton Stocks included with
Manchester Furnishing Stocks.
-
NEWCASTLE BRANCH GROCERY AND
PROVISION TRADE.
Since keeping a separate Account.
PERIOD. ENDED.
Sales.
EXPENSES.
NET PROFIT.
Stocks
at end.
Amount.
Rate
per .
Amount.
Rate
per .
5 Years, December, 1880.. .
2,582,396
38,033
s. d.
3J
23,708
s. A.
2J
44,398
5 1885...
4,237,286
53,274
3
55,386
3J
53,546
a 1890...
5,217,881
70,760
3J
93,880
41
42,136
5 1895...
7,761,473
104,141
3J
155,711
41
46,719
5 1900...
10,795,105
169,596
3|
185,269
4
87,591
5 1905...
14,933,269
210,120
3%
182,038
o an
74,783
Year, 1906...
,(53wks) 1907...
3,208,817
3,485,299
48,957
50,371
3
3|
50,190
61,083
3|
4i
95,784
106,860
1908...
3,461,562
51,922
8J
64,133
4|
86,173
1909.. .
3,532,418
52,79
3*
73,414
4|
106,657
Half Year, June, 1910...
34J Years' Total
1,681,989
26.877
o 33
28,974
4
99,291
60,897,495
876,780
31
973,786
31
41
NEWCASTLE BRANCH DRAPERY TEADE.
Since keeping a separate Account.
PERIOD. ENDED.
Sales.
EXPENSES.
NET PROFIT.
Stocks at
end.
Amount.
Rate
peri.
Amount.
Rate
per .
S Years, December, 1880.
3 1885.
3 1890.
8 1895.
5 1900.
S 1905.
Year, 1906.
(53 wks) 1907.
1908.
., 1909.
Half Year, June, 1910..
3*i Years' Total ....
234,269
513,938
876,923
1,351,804
1,864,292
2,259,678
493,226
563,332
574,542
537,626 ,
255,471
10,745
17,599
30,548
44,684
71,047
122,128
29,330
30,330
31899
32,726
16,250
s. d.
11
8i
8?
7|
9J
1 2}
1 01
1 1J
1 2*
1 8J
5,484
21,903
37,968
57,256
84,856
64,195
9,038
15,210
16,036
15,202
7,301
s. d.
5*
10i
o 10.;
10J
o iof
6|
4g
6|
6
6a
6J
16,171
24,084
83,216
48,361
63,704
59,939
60,754
60,274
56,579
58,331
60,207
9,525,101
437,286
11
334,449
8|
NOTE. To June, 1898
the figures include Woollens and Ready-Mades Department.
NEWCASTLE BBANCH WOOLLENS AND
READY-MADES TRADE.
Since keeping a separate Account.
PERIOD. ENDED.
Sales.
EXPENS
ES.
NET PROFIT.
Stocks at
end.
Amount.
Rate
per .
Amount.
Rate
per .
2* Years, December, 1900. .
3" 1905..
Year, 190C. .
(53 wks) 1907..
1908. .
1909..
Half Year, June, 1910..
12 Years' Total
339,631
719,657
153,401
171,212
172,519
167,540
87,466
10,361
32,340
7,303
7,919
8,009
8,338
4,254
s. d.
7J
10*
11|
11
o iii
ll|
111
16,984
24,408
7,059
6,5-27
6,929
7,777
4.251
s. d.
1
8J
11
9i
9|
o iii
11|
35,627
82,054
34,642
35,197
40,214
35,462
27,796
1,811,425 78,524
o log
73,935
9|
NEWCASTLE BRANCH BOOT AND SHOE
TRADE.
Since keeping a separate Account.
PERIOD. ENDED.
Sales.
EXPENSES.
NET PROFIT.
Stocks at
end.
Amount.
Rate
per ..
Amount.
Rate
per .
5 Years, December, 1880.
3 1885.
3 1890.
3 1895.
S 1900.
S 1905.
Year, 1906.
(53 wks) 1907.
1908.
1909.
Half Year, June, 1910..
34i Years' Total
144,855
327,150
493,126
648,837
893,524
1,179,581
243,898
268,408
269,241
261,707
129,346
4,500
9,980
18,876
22,443
31,452
47,466
9,731
10,195
10,374
10,744
5,491
s. d.
71
7J
9|
8?
8|
9
9|
9
9i
9J
104
2,412
8,276
7,874
14,020
21,199
18,082
6,081
5,089
4,881
4,042
1,808
s. d.
4 5,971
6 11,319
31 11,870
5| 20,680
5 26,770
3g 29,423
5J 27,237
4J 27,469
4 J 32,096
3| , 34,229
3J 34,775
4,864,673
181,252
81
93,764
04|
NOTE. To December, 1888, the figures include Furnishing Department.
42
NEWCASTLE BBANCH FTJBNISHING
TBADE.
Since keeping a separate Account.
PERIOD. ENDED.
Sales.
EXPENSES.
NET PROFIT.
Stocks
at end.
Amount.
Rate
per .
Amount.
Rate
per .
s. d.
s. d.
2 Years, December, 1890. .
138,487 6,287
10i
2,387
4J
10,474
S 1895..
485,907 26,707
1 11
6,233
3
16,120
5 1900..
963,098 47,272
11|
24,066
5J '
29,796
5 1905..
1,285,488 76,223
1 9|
11,638
2J
28,555
Year, 1906. .
257,204 18,499
1 5i 4,246
35
30,656
(53 wks) 1907. .
301,266 19,853
1 3J 8,367
61
28,357
1908. .
308,485
20,125
1 31
8,465
6J
27,762
1909. .
284,285 20,750
1 5J
5,686
4*
31,111
Half Year, June, 1910..
21J Years' Total
123,698
10,240
1 7i
1,621
3|
32,686
4,147,918
245,956
1 2J 72,709
04* ..
LONDON
BBANCH GBOCEBY
AND
PBOVISION
TBADE
(INCLUDING BRISTOL, CARDIFF AND NORTHAMPTON DEPOTS).
Since keeping a separate Account.
PERIOD. . ENDED.
Sales.
EXPENSES.
NET ProFiT.
Stocks
at end.
Amount.
Rate
per .
Amount.
Rate
per JE.
11 Years, January, 1876 . .
203,137
3,907
s. d.
4J
2,151
s. d.
2J
4
7,219
8 December, 1880 . .
1,119,233 17,326
31
17,688
3|
20,789
3 1885..
1,746,107 ; 29,470
4
24,718
31
24,256
5 1890..
5 1895..
3,661,913 i 66,023
6,125,158 ! 125,071
41
4i
51,270
74,567
3i
o 25
57,347
45,828
5 1900..
8,924,636 !: 188,854
5
137,122
31
109,468
3 1905..
15,225,894 247,770
3g
221,376
3|
129,171
Year, 1906 . .
3,638,704
59,051
!;
58,069
SI
153,193
(53 wks) 1907..
4,009;088
61,247
3g
66,616
3|
152,934
1908 . .
4,157,196
63,338
3
68,948
3J
137,110
1909 . .
4,432,219
66,212
SJ
82,639
41
150,067
Half Year, June, 1910..
36i Years' Total
2,282,131
86,350
31
41,383
4J
135,930
i
55,525,316
964,619
4i
846,547
31
LONDON BRANCH
BOOT & SHOE TRADE
(INCLUDING
BRISTOL DEPOT).
Since keeping a separate Account.
PERIOD. ENDED.
Sales.
EXPENSES.
NET PROFIT.
NET Loss.
Stocks
at end.
Amo'nt
Rate
peri.
Amo'nt. jg^J
A mA M * Rate
Amo'nt. per
3| Years, December, 1890
105,438
5,640
s. d.
1 01
152
s. d.
(I;
i s. d.
i
6,051
5 1895.
242,974
15,350
1 31
1,018 1
11,182
5 1900.
876,424
24,274
1 8*
2,064
1J
20,287
5 1905.
596,359
1 34,976
1 2
4,919
o 15
..
24,120
Year, 1906.
138,633
9,003
1 34
1,054
11
38,529
(53 wks) 1907.
161,497 10,462
1 34
355
o 04
86,064
1908.
170,364
12,257
1 5i
2,361 3J
43,025
1909.
172,248
12,585
1 54
2,118 2J
39,963
Half Year, June, 1910.
22| Years' Total....
88,896 6,719
1 61
1,572 41
45,416
2,052,833
131,266
1 3J
8,544
7,064
7,064
;
Less LO.SS
Leaves Net Profit
1,480
o 01
LONDON BRANCH
FURNISHING TRADE
(INCLUDING
BRISTOL DEPOT).
Since keeping a separate Account.
PERIOD. ENDED.
Sales.
EXPENSES.
NET PROFIT.
NET Loss.
Stocks
at end.
Amo'nt.
Rate
peri.
Amo'nt. rjgyj
A _ , t Rate
Amo'nt. peri g
If Years, December, 1890.
53,957
4,487
s. d.
s. d.
s. d.
952 4i
i
3,957
5 1895.
208,925 17,814
1 8g
1,655 li
8,604
5 1900.
370,518
29,067
1 61
160
12,854
8 1905.
490,048
40,071
1 74
2,536
11
14,136
Year, 1906.
93,539
9,593 i
2 04
854 21
15,942
(53 wks) 1907.
111,721 10,228
1 9|
464
o o.;
13,919
1908.
123,710 10,940
1 91
1,293
o 24
12,640
1909.'
140,485 11,239
1 71
1,927
HJ
11,794
Half Year, June, 1910.
21 J Years' Total
74,397
6,141
1 73
480
o 14
12,859
1,667,330
139,580
1 8
6,700
3,621
3,6-21
Less I
Leave
jOSS
3 Net Profit
3,079
o Oi
44
LONDON BKANCH
(INCLUDING
Since keeping
PERIOD. ENDED.
SALES.
EXPENSES. '
Di-apevy. Boots. Total. Amount. p^jf
Half Year, December, 1880 . .
5 Years, ., 1885 ..
S 1890 ..
3 1895 ..
5 1900 ..
5 1905 ..
Year, 1906 ..
(53 weeks) 1907 ..
1908 ..
1909 ..
Half Year, June, 1910 . .
30 Years' Total
s. d.
1,657 6,500 8,157 312 9J
120,699 89,210 209,909 11,677 1 1J
.. 323,400 *45,281 368,681 28,327 1 6|
.. 439,003 .. 439,003 33,431 1 6J
.. 693,385 .. 693^85 55,546 1 7J
. . 989,710 .. 989,710 80,375 1 71
. . 212,064 .. 212,064 18,646 1 9
. . 247,997 .. 247,997 21,626 1 89
. . 271,693 . . 271,693 25,043 1 10
. . 292,621 .. 292,621 25,367 1 8i
. . 150,630 . . 150,630 14,491 1 11
. 3,742,859 140,991 3,883
,850 314,841 1 7|
*Two years only.
NOTE. The above figures include the following : Boots and Shoes to September, 1887 ;
LONDON BRANCH
WOOLLENS
(INCLUDING
Since keeping
PERIOD. ENDED.
Sa
EXPENSES.
Amount. p ^<*
2| Years, December, 1900
96
s. d.
,037 9,128 1 IOJ
,139 28,287 1 10J
416 6,835 2 1
873 8,402 2 1$
582 9,794 2 2J
324 9,406 2 2g
014 5,241 2 1|
5 1905
300
Year, 1906
65
(53 weeks) 1907
78
1908
87
1909
.... 85
Half Year, June, 1910
49
12J Years' Total . ..
762
385 77,093 2 OJ
DRAPERY TRADE
BEISTOL DEPOT).
a separate Account.
Stocks
at end.
PERIOD. ENDED.
NET PROFIT.
Amount.
Rate
per .
Half Year, December, 1880
36
1,963
"5,789
515
9,992
10,986
613
3,416
1,563
3,530
1,463
s. d.
1
2&
31
OJ
3g
2g
Of
3|
1|
2J
2i
3,805
11,502
12,607
21,859
45,685
44,749
53,120
61,475
55,054
56,510
73,058
3 Years, 1885
5 1890
5 1895
5 1900
9 1905
Year, 190G
(53 weeks) 1907
1908
1909 . .
Half Year, June, 1910
30 Years' Total
28,288
1|
* Loss.
Furnishing to March, 1889 ; Woollens and Keady-mades to March, 1898.
AND READY-MADES TRADE
BRISTOL DEPOT).
a separate Account.
PERIOD. ENDED.
NET PROFIT.
Stocks
at end.
Amount.
Rate,
per .
2J Years, December, 1900
2,054
4,901
1,124
196
*870
224
182
s. d.
5$
3J
4
0*
2i
Og
0|
14,908
21,602
21,921
28,218
29,769
24,812
2-2,431
5 , 1905 . .
Year, , 1906
(53 weeks) 1907
., 1908
1909
Half Year, June, 1910 ....
12J Years' Total
7,811
2ji
* Loss.
CBUMPSALL BISCUIT AND
Since keeping
PERIOD. ENDED.
Net
Supplies.
Produc-
tion.
EXPENSES.
Wages
and
Sundry.
Deprecia-
tion.
Interest.
Total.
2J Years, January, 1876 . .
29,840
29,394
5,309
707
953
6,969
5 December. 1880 . .
87,213
87,003
14,589
2,427
2,298
19,314
5 1885 ..
106,679
106,959
18,014
3,194
2,122
23,330
5 1890 ..
177,924
181,173
35,716
6,308
4,022
46,046
5 . 1895 ..
421,775
426,035
73,418
10,340
8,048
91,806
5 1900 ..
464,581
443,116
101,908
13,412
6,020
121,340
5 1905 ..
799,152
791,129
188,172
21,110
12,793
222,075
Year, 1906 ..
183,913
180,133
42,111
5,132
3,146
50,389
(53 wks) 1907 . .
188,175
184,480
43,495
5,557
3,305
52,357
1908 .
167,764
186,124
39,703
4,894
2,726
47,323
1909 ..
187,182
183,390
41,332
3,966
2,102
47,400
Half Year, June, 1910 . .
36| Years' Total
85,972
86,285
19,427
1,983
1,068
22,478
2,920,170
2,885,221
623,194
79,030
48,603
750,827
NOTE. Dry Soap and Preserves transferred to Irlam and
SWEET WORKS TRADE.
a separate Account.
PERIOD. ENDED.
EXPENSES.
NET PROFIT.
Stocks
at end.
RATE ON PRODUCTION.
Per cent.
PerJE.
Amount.
Rate
per
on Sup-
plies.
2J Years, January, 1876
s. d.
23 14 2J
22 3 111
21 16 25
85 8 81
21 10 11|
27 7 8
28 1 4g
27 19 5J
28 7 71
25 8 6|
25 16 11J
26 1 OJ
s. d.
4 8g
4 5J
4 4*
5 OJ
4 3|
5 5|
5 7i
5 7J
5 8
5 1
5 2
5 2
955
4,649
7,987
1,027
23,500
24,157
57,382
13,969
12,276
16,048
18,708
7,318
s. d.
7|
1 Oi
1 6i
11
1 U
1 01
1 5|
1 6J
1 3
1 8J
1 111
1 81
1,538
1,793
3,534
12,712
28,905
14,018
14,631
15,355
14,337
9,967
7,994
10,562
5 December, 1880
3 1885
3 1890
3 1895
3 1900
3 1905
Year, 1906
(53 wks) 1907
1908
1909
.
Half Year, June, 1910
3B| Years' Total
26 5J
5 21
187,976
1 31
Middleton respectively, September, 1896.
1
48
MIDDLETON PRESERVE,
PEEL,
From
EXPK -
PERIOD. ENDED.
Net
Supplies
Produc-
tion.
Wages ft
Sundry.
Deprecia-
tion.
Interest. Total,
4J Years, December, 1900 . . .
608,218
639,903 82,018
12,740
11,254 106,012
5 1905 ...
1,214,080
1,229,847 134,015
17,728
20,507 172,250
Year, 1906 . . .
305,318
303,829 32,719
4,174
4,429 41,322
(53 weeks) 1907 . . .
317,220
855,147 46,432
4,221
5,214 55,867
1908 . . .
285,148
283,960 41,586
5,435
6,844 53,865
1909 . . .
286,291
272,125
39,380
7,283
6,983 53,626
Half Year, June, 1910 . . .
H Years' Total
154,251
107,503
19,169
4,005
3,506 26,680
3,170,521
3,192,315
895,319
55,586
58,717 509,622
IRLAM
SOAP, CANDLE, STARCH,
From
EXPENSES.
PERIOD. ENDED. s
Net
mpplies.
Produc-
tion.
Wages
and
Sundry.
Deprecia-
tion.
|
Interest. Total.
20 Weeks, December, 1895 . .
26,999
32,391
3,597
807
656 5,060
5 Years, 1900 ..
908,258
904,415
104,511
19,765
15,343 139,619
5 1905 .. 1,875,031
1,852,601
201,734
29.576
24,813 256,128
Year, 1906 ..
609,171
580,195
54,817
8,836
7,368 71,021
(53 wks) 1907 . .
1908..
1939..
920,662
780,926
656,644
813,328 64,933
741,960 62,957
642,704 62,276
9,028
9,105
9,118
6,456 80,417
5,870 77,932
5,759 77,1.':!
Half Year, June, 1910 . .
318,063
306,645 33,579
4,561
2,840 40,980
H Years and 11 Mo. Total. 6,095,754
5,874,239 5f8,404
90,796
69,105 : 748,805
NOTE. Durham Soap Works business commenced January, 1875; sold March, 1893,
when trade was transferred to Irlam.
49
AND PICKLE "WORKS TRADE.
commencement.
PERIOD.
ENDED.
44 Years, December, 1900
8 1905
Year,
(53 weeks)
1906
1907
1908
1909
Half Year, June, 1910
*
14 Years' Total . .
EXPENSES.
RATK ON PRO-
DUCTION.
Per cent.
Peri.
B. d. s. d.
16 11 4 i 8 8f
14 li 2 9j
13 12
15 14 71
18 19 4J
19 14 1J
24 16 41
15 19 3g
2 8|
3 1|
3 94
3 111
4 114
3 21
NET PROFIT.
Amount.
11,155
*4,210
23,063
7,655
124,010
Bate
per on
Supplies.
s. d.
94
6i
1 85
8i
34
1 71
111
9f
Stocks
at end.
66,044
99,938
94,920
131,721
125,013
119,743
79,614
* Loss.
AND LARD WORKS TRADE.
commencement.
PERIOD. ENDED.
20 Weeks, December, 1895
5 Years,
5 ,,
Year,
(53 wks)
1900
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
Half Year, June, 1910
14 Years and 11 Months' Total.
EXPENSES.
RATE ON PRODUCTION.
Per cent.
s. d.
15 12 5|
15 8 8g
13 16 6
12 4 9|
9 17 8
10 10 03
12 1
13 7 31
Peri.
12 14
s. d.
8 1|
3 1
2 9J
2 5g
1 llf
2 li
2 4|
2 8
2 64
NET PROFIT.
Amount.
40,319
83,518
14,770
17,150
38,180
13,522
247,756
Rate
per on
Supplies.
s. d.
31
10g
10f
5i
4|
011|
1 9*
10J
9|
Stocks
at
end.
30,825
74,059
125,435
113,008
127,527
117,130
104,444
90,141
(a) Includes Sydney Works.
50
SILVEKTOWN SOAP
From
PERIOD. ENDED.
Net
Supplies.
Produc-
tion.
EXPENSES.
Wages
and
Sundry.
D S ia - **.
Total.
10,909
19,486
11,403
Half Year, Dec., 1908 (29 wks.)
Year, December, 1909
75,149
131,548
76,742
94,948
126,621
73,355
7,660
12,978
8,236
1,755 1,494
3,491 3,017
1,757 1,410
Half Year, June, 1910
2 Years and 3 Weeks' Total
283,439
295,424
28,874
7,003 5,921
41,798
DUNSTON SOAP
From
PERIOD. ENDED.
Net
Supplies.
Pro-
duction.
EXPENSES.
Wages
and
Sundry.
Deprecia- Interest
Total.
Year, Dec., 1909 (45 weeks) . .
Half Year, June 1910
81,647
57,393
92,280
56,095
8,019
5,491
2,071 1,832
1,280 1,007
11,922
7,778
1 Year and 19 Weeks' Total
139,040
148,375
13,510
3,351 2,839
19,700
51
WORKS TRADE.
commencement.
EXPENSES.
PERIOD. ENDED.
RATE ON PRODUCTION.
Stocks
at
Rate
end.
Per cent. Per .
Amount.
per on
Supplies.
s. d. a. d.
s. d.
Half Year, December, 1908 (29 weeks,) 11 9 9| 2 3J 3,514 11J
41,985
Year, December, 1909 15 7 9| 3 OJ 6.783 1 08
35,634
Half Year, June, 1910 15 8 9i 3 1
2,775
8|
31,320
2 Years and 3 Weeks' Total
14 2 1I 2 9|
13,072 11
I.
WORKS TRADE.
commencement.
EXPENSES.
RATE ON PRODUCTION.
Stocks
PERIOD. ENDED,
at
Rate
end.
Per cent. Per .
Amount.
per on
Supplies.
s. d. s. d.
s. d.
Year, December, 1909 (45 weeks)
12 18 4| 27
4,145
1 OJ
20,656
Half Year, June, 1910
13 17 3| 2 9J
5,349
1 10J
20,468
1 Year and 19 weeks' Total
13 5 6J 2 7|
! 1
9,494
1 4|
52
DTJNSTON FLOUK
From
PERIOD. ENDED.
Net
Supplies.
Produc-
tion.
EXPENSES.
Wages &
Sundry.
Deprecia-
tion.
Interest.
Total.
139,093
4 Years * 36 Weeks, Dec., 1895. .
1,521,168
1,502,636
86,159
29,715 23,219
5 1900..
2,772,171
2,732,924
139,138
33,810 19,647 192,5%
8 1905..
3330,419
3,252,957
163,484
31,470 22,00ii
216,956
Year, ., 1906..
698,394
683,029
37,173 8,317 8,291 53,786
(53 weeks) 1907. .
749,411
732,721
40,940
9,034 9,398 59,372
1908..
813,999
813,040
34,365
9,186 10,105 53,656
1909..
873,228
858,489
35,838 9,224 9,490 54,552
Half Year, June, 1910. .
19 Years & 10 Weeks' Total. .
412,076
409,846
19,161
5,248
5,045 29,454
11,170,866
10,985,642
556,263
136,004
107,197 799,464
SILVERTOWN FLOUR
From
EXPENSES.
PERIOD. ENDED.
Net
Supplies.
Produc-
tion.
Wages &
Sundry.
Depre-
ciation.
Interest.
Total.
4
&
Half Year, December, 1900 ....
62,476
61,569
5,524
1,804
1,118
8,446
5 Years, 1905 ....
1,802,999
1,771,744
92,095
25371
17,720
135,186
Year, 1906 ....
488,472
479,137
22,140
7,789
5,670
35,599
(53 weeks) 1907
578,152
574,318
5,618
7,950
6,372
39,940
1908....
558,612
546,318
21,723
7,852
6,256
35,831
1909 ....
622,272
606,927
23,272
7386
5,729
36,387
Half Year, June, 1910 ....
10 Years' Total
310,728
307,6(54
13,382
4,234
3,125
20,741
4,423,711
4,347,677
203,754
62,386
45,990
312,130
53
MILL TRADE.
commencement.
EXPENSES.
RATE ON PRO-
NET PROFIT.
NET Loss.
DUCTION.
Stocks
PERIOD. ENDED.
at
Rate
Rate
end.
Per cent.
Peri.
Amo'nt.
on Sup-
Amo'nt.
peri
on Sup-
plies.
plies.
s. a.
s. a.
s. a.
s. a.
4 Years & 36 Weeks, Dec., 1895. .
9 5 1J
1 10J
31,884
5
71,974
5 1900..
7 11J
1 4
20,952
If
54,476
5 1905..
6 13 4|
1 4
34,917
2J
131,541
Year, 1906..
7 17 55
1 65
2,187
Of
137,267
(53 weeks) 1907. .
8 2 0|
1 7|
11,018
3}
194,983
1908..
6 11 113
1 33
8,117
21
149,951
1909..
6 7 1
1 3i
9,918
2|
176,985
Half Year, June, 1910. .
7 3 81
1 5J
12,409
7i
131,018
19 Years & 10 Weeks' Total . .
7 5 64
1 51
87,109
44,293
Less Loss
44,293
Leaves Net Profit . .
42,816
0|
MILL TRADE.
commencement.
1'lXPENSES.
:SULT OF WORKING.
RATE ON PRODUCTION.
PERIOD. ENDED.
Stocks
Rate at ena.
Per cent.
Per . Profit. Loss, per on
Supplies.
s. a.
s. a. s. a.
Half Year, December, 1900.. 1314 4J
2 85 .. 4,381 1 43 18,538
S Years, 1905.. 7 12 7J
1 6J 10,962 .. 11 31,712
Year, 1906.. 7 8 7J
1 53 .. 3,502 1| 82,617
(53 weeks) 1907. . 6 19 1
1 4| .. 2,359 05 117,243
1908.. 6 11 2
1 3| .. 11,134 43 54,976
1909. . 5 19 10|
1 2| .. 1,695 0| 65,923
Half Year, June, 1910. . 6 14 95
1 4J .. 7,899 6 j 113,432
10 Years' Total
737
1 5J .. 20,008 01
54
MANCHESTER SUN FLOUR
From
PERIOD. ENDED.
Net
Supplies.
Produc-
tion.
EXPENSES.
Wages & Deprecia-
Sundry. tion.
Interest.
Total.
Year, December, 1906 (34 weeks)
1907(53 )
1908 . . ,
237,923
508,141
664,281
882,474
459,201
235,859
488,800
657,487
855,538
452,013
10,824
21,561
22,249
25,588
12,015
3,262
4,615
6,487
9,561
4,843
a
2,460
5,122
5,924
7,611
3,473
16,546
::i. _".(
34,660
42,760
20,331
n 1909
Half Year, June, 1910
* Yean and 8 Weeks' Total
2,752,020
2,689,697
92,237
28,763
24,590
145,695
OLDHAM STAR FLOUR
From
PERIOD. ENDED.
Net
Supplies.
Produc-
tion.
EXPENSES.
Wages &
Sundry.
Deprecia-
tion.
Interest.
Total.
Year, December, 1906 (38 weeks
., 1907(53
1908
199,492
334,191
403,461
398,174
202,680
205,568
325,184
401,045
392,695
201,837
8,248
14,841
15,975
14,162
7,884
2,918
3,937
3,976
4,002
2,017
2,091
3,712
3,988
3^30
1,538
13,257
22,490
23,939
21,494
11,439
, 1909
Half Year, June, 1910
4 Years and 12 Weeks' Tota
1,537,998
1,526,329
61,110
16,850
14,659
92,619
NOTE. Rochdale Flour Mill acquired January, 1906; closed June, 1907, when trade
was transferred to Oldham Star Mill.
55
AND PBOVENDEB MILL TBADE.
commencement.
PERIOD. ENDED.
EXPKNSES.
NET RESULT.
Stocks
at ena.
BATE ON PRODUCTION.
Per cent.
Per.
Profit.
Loss.
Rate per
on
Supplies.
Year, Dec., 1906 (34 weeks). .
1907(53 )..
1908
s. a.
7 3|
6 8 Oi
5 5 5J
4 19 11J
4 9 Hi
s. a.
1 41
1 8J
1 0|
Hi
10J
69
9,236
13,387
6,699
5,198
s. a.
4J
2|
3g
2
45,710
166.804
67,022
60,615
48,807
1009
Half Year, June, 1910
4 Years & 8 Weeks' Total
5 8 3J
1 Og
10,795
Oi
MILL TBADE.
commencement.
PERIOD. ENDED.
EXPENSES.
NIT RESULT.
Stocks
at ena.
RATE ON PRODUCTION.
Per cent.
Per .
Profit.
Loss.
Rate per
on
Supplies.
Year, Dec., 1906(38 weeks) . .
1907(53 )..
1908
s. d.
6 8 11|
6 18 8|
5 19 4J
5 9 5J
5 13 4J
s. a.
1 3g
1 4J
1 2J
1 li
i 14
7,H8
6,733
497
2,486
1,938
s. d.
OJ
5
11
4
2i
25,191
34,167
33,012
29,582
25,305
1909
Half Year, June, 1910
4 Years & 12 Weeks' Total
6 1 4|
1 2
8,930
1|
56
MANCHESTEB TOBACCO
From
PEKIOD. ENDED.
Net
Supplies.
EXPENSES.
Wages and
Sundry.
Deprecia
tion.
Interest.
Total.
2 Years and 28J Weeks, Dec., 1900. . . .
436,841
32,199
1,944
3,069
37,212
9 1905....
1,846,976
111,441
7,380
11,907
130,728
Year, 1906....
498,504
29,387
2,092
3,697
35,176
(53 weeks) 1907
536,410
30,735
2,335
3,649
36,719
1908....
553,267
30,553
2,434
4,056
37,043
, 1909. . . .
621,494
33,220
2,819
4,256
40,295
Half Year, June, 1910....
12 Years and 2 J Weeks' Total
336,789
17,149
1,430
2,182
20,761
4,830,281
284,684
20,434
32,816
337,934
WEST HABTLEPOOL LABD BEFINEBY
From
PERIOD. ENDED.
EXPENSES.
Net
Supplies.
Wages and
Sundry.
Deprecia- T
tion.
uterest.
Total.
4 Years and 37 Wks., Dec , 1900. .
S 1905..
374,595
652,804
12,475
16,279
3,690
4,588
3,298
3,708
19,463
24,575
Year, 1906. .
(53 weeks) 1907. .
1908. .
1909..
111,758
123,589
121,039
141,628
2,838
3,063
2,852
8,127
1,002
1,084
1,085
1,085
553
788
813
727
4,393
4,935
4,75tf
4,939
Half Year, June, 1910. .
14 Years and 11 Weeks' Total.
62,846
1,333
541
466
2,340
1,588,259
41,967
13,075
10,353
65,395
NOTE. Egg Department closed June, 1904.
57
FACTORY TRADE.
commencement.
PERIOD.
ENDED.
2 Years and 28J Weeks, December, 1900.
5 1905.
Year,
(53 weeks)
Half Year,
June,
1906.
1907.
1908.
1909.
1910.
12 Years and 2 Weeks' Total
NET PROFIT.
Amount.
6,488
4,399
4,583
1,659
1,826
97
54,878
Rate
per on
Supplies.
s. d.
3i
4J
2
2
Of
0|
2g
Stocks
at end.
i4,502
77,749
76,957
72,807
81,070
98,023
86,330
AND EGG WAREHOUSE TRADE.
commencement.
PBKIOD.
ENDED.
4 Years and 37 Weeks, December, 1900
5 1905
Year,
(53 weeks)
Half Year,
June,
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
NET PROFIT.
Amount.
7,496
10,418
2,477
* 1,079
2,566
8,445
*543
14 Years and 11 Weeks' Total
29,780
Rate
per on
Supplies.
s. d.
42
31
5J
2
5
1 2J
2
4J
stocks
at end.
14,053
6,279
9,778
17,092
7,992
16,108
16,037
* Loss.
58
LONGSIGHT PBINTING
From
PERIOD.
ENDED.
Net
Supplies.
EXPENSES.
Wages & Deprecia-
Sundry. tion.
Total.
47 Weeks, December, 1895
S Years,
9
Year,
(53 wks)
1900
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
7,512
177,885
Half Year, June, 1910
104,558
119,792
135,183
136,019
70,218
3,891
79,927
187,020
591
10,957
21,830
415
4,397
47,473 5,280
54,119 i 6,050
60,246 6,241
58,442
5,531 96,415
11,188 220,038
2,699 55,452
3,110 63,279
3,105 69,592
3,025 67,697
31,312
3,130 : 1,491 35,9a3
15 Years and 5 Months' Total 1,181,064
521,930 60,309 30,564 612,803
LEICESTEB PKINTING
From
PERIOD. ENDED.
Year, December, 1909 (39 weeks; .
Half Year, June, 1910
1J Years' Total .
Net
Supplies.
9,221
8,954
18,175
Wages
and
Sundry.
4,147
3,063
7,210
EXPENSES.
: Interest.
524
379
308
211
Total.
4,979
3,653
903 519 8,632
59
WORKS TRADE.
commencement.
PERIOD. ENDED.
NET PROFIT.
Stocks
at end.
Amount.
Rate
per on
Supplies.
47 Weeks, December, 1895
475
6,798
18,369
1,204
2,766
3,986
4,933
2,699
s. d.
1 3J
9|
7|
2f
5J
7
8|
9|
1,089
11,818
18,695
18,943
24,286
25,723
24,036
25,578
S Years, 1900
S 1905
Year, 1906
(53 weeks) 1907
1908
1909
Half Year, June, 1910
15 Years and S Months' Total . .
36,230
1\
WORKS TRADE.
commencement.
NET PROFIT.
NET Loss.
Stocks
at
end.
PERIOD. ENDED.
Bate
Amount, per on
Supplies.
Amount.
Bate
per on
Supplies.
s. d.
Year December, 1909 (39 weeks)
457
s. d.
11|
2,879
8,070
Half Year, June, 1910 427 0111
1 J Years' Total 427
457
427
Less Profit
Leaves Net Loss
30
Og
60
PELAW PBINTING
Since publishing a separate
PERIOD. ENDED.
Net
Supplies.
EXPENSES.
Wages &
Sundry.
Deprecia
tion.
Interest
Total.
2 Years, December, 1905. . .
15,530
9,064
10,935
10,080
12,828
9,390
6,634
3,825
4,558
5,187
6,705
3,529
1,143
369
383
380
1,458
726
700
176
179
195
669
330
8,477
4,370.
5,120
5,762
8,832
4,585
Year, 1906
(58wks) 1907
1908
,, 1909.. .
Half Year, June, 1910
6J Years' Total
67,827
30,438
4,459
2,249
37,146
LITTLEBOBOUGH FLANNEL
From
PERIOD. ENDED.
Net
Supplies.
EXPENSES.
Wages &
Sundry.
Deprecia-
tion.
Interest.
Total.
21 Years, December, 1900
56,517
100878
21,226
24,849
23,533
23,913
7,995
12,093
28,098
5,311
5,650
5,844
6,661 1
3,184
1,515
2,287
380
380
380
880
190
952
2,547
501
526
522
527
287
14,560
32,932
6,192
6,556
6,746
7,568
3,661
5 1905
Year, 1906 . . .
(53 wks) 1907
1908
1909 . .
Half Year, June, 1910
12J Years' Total
258,911
66,841
5,512
5,862
78,215
1)1
WOBKS TBADE.
Account in Balance Sheet.
PERIOD. ENDED.
NET PROFIT.
Stocks
at end.
Amount.
Rate per
in Supplies.
2 Years, December, 1905
538
494
1,141
233
*1,112
120
s. d.
8J
1 1
2 1
5J
1 8f
3
315
182
256
1,434
2,418
2,944
Year, 1906
(53 wks) 1907
. 1908
, 1909
Halt Year, June, 1910
6i Years' Total
1,414
5
* Loss.
MILL TBADE.
commencement.
PERIOD. ENDED.
NET PROFIT.
NET Loss.
Stocks
at end.
Amount.
Bate
per on
Supplies.
Amount.
Bate
per on
Supplies.
2| Years, December, 1900
13
400
329
s d.
01
3|
1 14
1 6g
1 111
120
s. d.
li
7,992
7,693
7,745
8,878
10,674
10,510
15,160
5 1905
Year, 1906
(53 weeks) 1907
1908 .
1,335
1,832
795
, 1909
Half Year, June, 1910
12J Years' Total
4,704
120
120
.. j, ....
4,584
4J
62
LEICESTER AND HUTHWAITE
From
E
PERIOD. ENDED.
Net
Supplies.
Wages and
Sundry.
Depi
ciati
2i Years, December, 1905
168,315
i
44,581
J
5,1
Year, 1908
67,862
18,929
2,1
,, (53 weeks) 1907
78,457
22,948
2,3
1903
53,096
19,051
2.2
1909
60748
18,989
29
Half Year, June, 1910
34,239
10,933
1,1
7 Years' Total
482,717
135,431
15,9
EXPENSES.
Interest.
Total.
4,559
54,260
1,978
23,030
2,608
27,900
2,411
23,747
2,763
24,674
1,257
13,322
15,576
166,933
NOTE. Business transferred from Leicester to Huthwaite June, 1908.
DESBORO' CORSET
From
PERIOD. ENDED.
Half Year, December, 1905
Year, 1906
(53 weeks) 1907
1908
1909
Half Year, June, 1910
5 Years' Total . .
Net
Supplies.
5,142
15,018
19,799
25,037
EXPENSES.
Wages and
Sundry.
17,201
2,286
7,366
7,470
9,434
8,775
5,064
40,395
Deprecia-
tion.
56
682
1,160
1,187
1,145
545
4,775
Interest.
131
624
850
787
413
3,635
Total.
2,473
8,672
9,480
11,451
10,707
48,805
HOSIERY FACTORY TRADE.
commencement.
PERIOD. ENDED.
NET PROFIT.
NET Loss.
Stocks
at end.
Amount.
Rate
per on
Supplies.
Amount.
Rate
per on
Supplies.
2$ Years, December, 1905
255
2,339
1,048
s. d.
OJ
8
3J
40,958
2,160
472
s. d.
6|
3J
26,549
36,005
62,526
53,570
40,793
50,274
Year, 1906 . .
,, (53 weeks) 1907
1908
1909
Half Year, June, 1910
7 Years' Total
3,642
43,590
3,642
39,948
1 7|
Leaves Net Loss
FACTORY TRADE.
commencement.
PERIOD. ENDED.
NET PROFIT.
NET Loss.
Stocks
at end.
Amount.
Rate
per on
Supplies.
Amount.
Rate
per on
Supplies.
Half Year, December, 1905
s. d.
li
2
494
1,414
1,192
1,367
s. d.
1 10J
1 10J
1 2|
1 1
7,558
10,000
8,635
10,105
9,655
7,455
Year, 1906
(53 weeks) 1907
1908...
M 1909
216
146
Half Year, June, 1910
5 Years' Total
362
4,457
362
4,095
9
BROUQHTON SHIRT
Since publishing a separate
PERIOD. ENDED.
Net
Supplies.
EXPENSES.
Wages and
Sundries.
Depre-
ciation.
Interest.
Total.
Year, December, 1907 (53 we
1908
jks)
68,301
69,050
88,448
46,181
14,886
15,885
18,378
10,409
888
900
1,053
567
864
1,089
1,199
633
16,638
17,874
20,630
11,609
1909 .
Half Year, June, 1910
3i Years' Total
266,980
59,558
3,408
3,785
66,751
BATLEY WOOLLEN
From
PERIOD. EKDED.
Net
Supplies.
Produc-
tion.
EXPENSES.
Wages &
Sundry.
Deprecia-
tion.
Interest.
Total.
4 Years, December, 1890
8 1895 ....
3 1900 ....
S 1905 ....
Year, 1906 ....
(53 wks) 1907 ....
1908 ....
1909 ....
Half Year, June, 1910 ....
23* Years' Total
44,326
95,265
183,387
245,026
48,367
52,238
58,428
45,118
23,511
47,618
94,954
183,125
245,771
47,452
52,885
59,005
56,166
21,235
20,973
31,138
48,641
71,871
14,963
16,355
18,313
16,074
7,307
1,124
?,239
4,394
8,374
1,857
1,441
1,630
1,889
954
1,607
1,990
2,808
4,566
1,095
1,105
1,207
1,385
721
28,704
35,367
55,843
84,811
17,915
18,901
21,150
19,348
8,982
795,666
808,211
245,635
23,902
16,484
286,021
65
FACTOBY TBADE.
Account in Balance Sheet.
PERIOD. ENDED.
NET PROFIT.
NET Loss.
Stocks
at end.
Amount.
Rate
per on
Supplies.
Amount.
Rate
per on
Supplies.
775
s. d.
2g
2|
3J
1,667
s. a.
5|
15,617
19,326
20,056
22,458
1908
t , 1909
752
608
Half Year, June, 1910
3J Years' Total
2,135
1,667
1,667
Leaves Net Profit
468
Og
MILL TBADE.
commencement.
PEIUOD. ENDED.
4 Years December 1890
EXPENSES.
NET PROFIT.
Stocks
at end.
RATE ON PRO-
DUCTION.
Per cent.
Per.
Amount.
Rate
per on
Supplies.
s. d.
49 15 7
37 4 11J
30 9 10|
34 10 15
37 15 Oi
35 14 9J
35 16 10|
34 8 llg
42 5 llj
s. a.
9 llg
7 5g
6 1J
6 101
7 6*
7 If
7 2
6 lOg
8 5*
*6796
3,039
7,648
7,244
1,212
1,933
2,355
1,072
*775
s. a.
3 Of
7|
10
7
6
85
9|
5|
o 75
7,326
8,139
10,904
12,886
11,594
13,707
13,454
18,498
16,910
5 1895
5 1900
5 1905
Year 1906
(53 wks) 1907
1908
190')
Half Year June 1910
23A Years' Total
35 7 9jj
7 Og
16,932
5
"
* Loss.
66
BURY
Prom
EXPENSES.
PERIOD. ENDED.
Supplies. W ages and
Sundry.
De t P ion C . ia - ***
Total.
37 Weeks, December, 1905 27,620 7,668
Year, , 1906 . . . . 55,408 13,043
1,223 823
2,135 1,365
2,607 1,754
2,381 1,668
2,460 1,684
1,281 815
9,714
16,543
22,475
23,968
23,557
10,347
(53 wks) 1907 .... 83,849 18,114
1G08 91,156 19,919
1909 82,208 19,413
Half Year, June, 1910 45,716 8,251
5 Years and 11 Weeks' Total . . 385,957 86,408
12,087 8,109
106,604
LEEDS CLOTHING
From
EXPENSES.
' PERIOD. ENDED. Supplies. w
W&f
es *x ueprecia-' ji+-prggt Total
2J Years, December, 1890 10,652 6
414 149 128
712 903 760
204 2,639 1,7-10
638 5,365 2,938
419 1,055 519
682 871 555
559 872 600
470 1,003 680
628 580 382
6,691
55,375
113,583
145,941
32,993
34,108
37,031
32,153
17,590
g 1895 97,978 53
5 1900 198,863 109
5 1905 251,014 137
Year, 1906 55,099 31
(53 wks) 1907 57,665 32
1908 59,971 35
, 1909 55,794 30
Half Year, June, 1910 32,227 16
213 Years' Total 819,263 453
726 13,437 8,302
475,465
67
1
WEAVING SHED.
commencement.
NET PKOFIT.
NKT Loss.
Stocks
at end.
PERIOD. ENDED.
Rate
Amount. per on
Supplies.
Rate
Amount. per oil
Supplies.
s. a.
37 Weeks, December, 1905
Year, 1906
(53 wks) 1907 664 1J
s. d.
650 5g
39 1J
6,129
11,510
21,082
20,015
22,019
26,501
1908 295 Of
1909 645 1|
Half Year, June, 1910 271 If
5 Years and 11 Weeks' Total . . 1,875
Less Loss. .. ... 689
689
Leaves Net Profit 1,16 0|
FACTORY TRADE.
commencement.
NET PKOFIT. NET Loss.
1
PERIOD. ENDED. Rate Rate
Amount, per on Amount, per on
Supplies. Supplies
Stocks
at end.
s.
2^ Years, December, 1890
d. li s. d.
1,125 2 1J
li
4J
LOi
m
7|
9i ..
4| . ..
21
1,316
5,276
9.764
8,860
8,928
9,847
12,106
9,383
6,093
5 M 1895 5 663 1
5 M 1900 18 728 1
5 M 1905 10 949
Year, 1906 2,471
(53 wks) 1907 1,859
1908 2,296
, 1909 982
Half Year, June, 1910 ... . 819
21| Years' Total 38,267
1,125
Less Loss 1,125
Leaves Net Profit . . 37,142 10?
68
BROUGHTON CLOTHING
Since publishing a separate
PERIOD. ENDED.
Net
Supplies.
EXPENSES.
Wages & Deprecia- !*___
Sundry. tion. Interest.
Total.
Half Year, December, 1895
7,561
146,319
201,787
41,262
42,608
45,386
42,927
23,311
4,920 171 106
96,238 3,671 2,252
127,974 5,630 3,24:,
25,232 1,170 651
26,305 1,170 610
27,991 1,174 615
25.791 1,174 619
14,085 586 285
5,197
102,161
136,849
27,053
23,115
29,780
27.5P4
14,956
5 Years, 1900
8 1905
Year, 1906
(53 wks) 1907
n 1908
M , 1909
Half Year, June, 1910
IS Years' Total
551,191
848,536 1 14,746 8,413
371,695
LEICESTER BOOT AND
Since keeping
Net
PERIOD. ENDED. Supplies.
Produc- i
lion.
EXPENS1>.
Total.
Wages & Deprecia- Int , t
Sundry. tion.
2J Years, January, 1876 . . . . ] 86,565
5 December, 1880 869,357
8 1885 ' 495,321
5 1890 771,134
S 1895 1,264,427
5 1900 1,560,965
5 * 1905 1,812,821
Year, 1906 342,066
(53 wks) 1907 ! 375,286
1908 386,975
1909 i 368,021
Half Year, June, 1910 .... 223,515
97,576
862,821
493,020
783,457
1,269,859
1,546,483
1,781,627 !
313,706
H46.777 i
430,758
323,779
199,890
,
28,264 166 914 '
127,772 1,947 4,987
182,021 8,369 5,8-2-2
291,291 i 5,724 7,622
495,923 J 19,269 23,191 ;
593,100 27,815 24,566
687,119 i 25,134 23,234 i
126,232 5,222 4.7:!9
128,198 2,520 5,374
151,625 2,296 5,017 '
120,792 2,lb7 5,573
70,905 1,027 2,473 '
29,314
131,706
191,212
304,637
538,683
645,781
735,487
136,193
136,092
158,938
128,552
74,405
363 Years' Total 8,056,456
7,979,753
3,003,542 96,676 113,812 3,211,030
69
FACTORY TRADE.
Account in the Balance Sheet.
NET
Loss.
PERIOD. ENDED.
NET PROFIT.
Amount.
Rate
per on Amount
Supplies.
Stocks
Rate at end
per on
Supplies.
Half Year, December, 1895
254
s. d.
8
7|
1
o n|
6|
1 95
1 8*
1,677
s. d.
1,003
2J ' 5,453
3,306
j 3,986
3,889
4,614
4.340
2,668
S Years, 1900 .
5 1905
6635
Year, 1906
2,101
,, (53 wks) 1907
2031
1908
1,260
1909
3932
Half Year, June, 1910
1995
15 Years' Total
. 18,258
1,677
1 677
Leaves Net Profit
. 16,581
7J
SHOE WORKS TBADE.
a separate Account.
PERIOD. ENDED.
EXPENSES.
NET PROFIT.
Stocks
at end.
KATE ON
PRODUCTION.
Per cent.
Peri.
j
Amount.
Rate
per on
Supplies.
s. d.
30 1 5J
37 2 6|
38 15 8
38 17 8
42 8 41
41 15 15
41 5 7i
39 12 5g
39 4 lOj*
36 17 11J
39 14
37 4 5J-
s. d.
6 OJ
7 5
7 9
8 5J
8 4J
8 3
7 11
7 10J
7 44
7 11J
7 51
1,488
4,008
8,630
35,946
24,347
27,905
15,617
4,640
4,784
15,389
7,721
5,356
s. d.
o 4
2}
4J
111
4J
41
2
31
3
9J
5
5|
9,186
15,772
15,752
61,935
101,621
114,013
114,216
154,946
125,046
170,795
127,900
97,398
5 December 1880
5 1885
3 , 1890
5 1895
S 1900
3 ( 1905
Year, 1906
(53 weeks) 1907
1908
M , 1909
Half Year, June, 1910
36| Years' Total
40 5 6*
8 0|
155,831
4|
70
HECKMONDWIKE BOOT
, SHOE,
From
Net
PERIOD. EXDED. Supplies.
Boot and
Shoe
Produc-
tion.
TOTAL EXPENSES
(INCLUDING CURRYING DEPART v
Wages &
Sundry.
Deprecia-
tion.
Interest.
Total, i
Half Year, December, 1880 ....
5 Years, 1885 ....
5 1890 ....
8 1895 ....
5 ., 1900....
5 1905 ....
Year, 1906 ....
(53 weeks) 1907 ....
1908 . . .
1909 ....
Half Year, June, 1910 ....
30 Years' Total
3,060
83,295
139,007
229,350
280,601
342,878
58,903
62,931
78,667
78.035
31,159
3,438
85,197
117,020
192,594
238,078
307,637
53,131
59,942
73,108
77,305
33,525
1,057
27,824
44,539
78,872
100,647
115,788
20,669
21,655
24,807
25,183
11,584
16
461
2,389
4,552
8,605
10,183
2,102
1,260
24
16
7
30
1,038
2^57
5,408
6,104
6,161
1,298
919
609
872
490
1,103
29,323
49,785
88,882
115,356
132,132
24,069
WJBSi
25,440
26,071
12,081
1,387,886 1,240,975
472,625
29,615
25,786
528,026
BTJSHDEN
BOOT AND
From
PEBIOD. ENDED.
Net
Supplies.
Produc-
tion.
EXPENSES.
Wages &
Sundry.
Depre-
ciation.
Interest.
Total.
31 Weeks, December, 1900 ....
11,091
285,920
107,895
117,970
114,777
103,342
55,36
11,806
295,640
117,693
110,916
124,168
102,610
54,395
4,215
84,225
29,701
28,866
33,375
31,504
15,565
68
5.191
1,738
1,765
1,786
1,780
1,141
83
3,867
1,672
1,595
1,415
1,783
1,049
4,366
93,283
33,111
32,226
36,576
35,067
17,755
5 Years, 1905
Year 1906 . . . .
(53 weeks) 1907
1908
1909
Half Year, June, 1910
10 Years and 5 Weeks' Total. .
796,831
817,228
221,451
13,469
11,464
252,384
71
AND CUBBYING WOBKS TBADE.
commencement.
PERIOD. ENDED.
Half Year, December,1880
5 Years,
5 ::
s
3
Year,
(53 weeks)
Half Year, June, 1910
30 Years' Total . .
NET PROFIT.
NET Loss.
Amo'nt.
Kate
per on
Supplies.
Amo'nt.
Bate
per on
Supplies.
s. d.
s. d.
181
1 2J
71
4,953
9,416
6,074
Oi
0"4J
2,273
o"i*
2,155
1,692
4,541 !
3,870 i
711 5
25,072
10,365
Leaves Net Profit. . 14,707 2J
10,365
: Stocks
, at end.
2,473
5,814
11,325
20,711
15,437
12,935
15,995
11,175
17,574
20,895
37,830
SHOE WOBKS TBADE.
commencement.
PERIOD.
ENDED.
31 Weeks, December, 1900
5 Years, 1905
Year,
(53 weeks)
1906
1907
1908
1909
EXPENSES.
RATE ON PRODUCTION.
Per cent.
s. A.
36 19 7|
31 11 0|
28 2 8
29 1 1
29 9 Ig
34 3 6
Peri.
s. d.
7 4i
6 3|
5 74
S 9|
5 lOg
6 10
6 6J
Half Year, June, 1910 | 32 12 9f
I
10 Years and 5 Weeks' Total ....I 30 17 11 6
NET PROFIT.
Rate
Amount, per on
Supplies.
964
22,070
7,022
8,627
4,811
466
49,648
s. d.
1 82
1 6$
1 Og
1 2i
1 6
11|
2
Stocks
at end.
20,549
29,197
21,719
31,232
72
BB
Net
Supplies.
OUGHTON CABINET
From
PERIOD. ENDED.
EXPKN
Wages &
Sundry.
Deprecia. ,
nteres,
Total.
3 Years, December, 1895
22,423
65,846
69,879
22,720
29,604
23,440
29,696
14,304
15,442
39,217
36347
10,465
15,120
14,292
14,669
7,279
1,216
2,414
2,921
652
636
743
785
896
1,326
2^24
2,363
569
566
678
726
366
17,984
44,155
42,131
11,686
16,322
15,713
16,180
8,011
S ,, 1900. .
5 .. 1905
Year, 1906 . . .
(53 wks) 1907. . ..
1908 ....
1909
Half Year, June, 1910
17| Years' Total
282,912
153,331
9,763
9,118
172,212
LEEDS BKUSH
Since publishing a separate
PERIOD. ENDED.
Net
Supplies.
E.XPENS
ES.
Total.
Wages and
Sundry.
Deprecia-
tion.
Interest.
1J Years, December, 1905
16,814 7,530
15,777 6,086
17,636 6,996
20,900 9,418
26,189 10,915
15,336 5,954
307
307
457
764
859
440
341
238
328
578
688
353
8,178
6,631
7,781
10,760
12,462
6,747
Year, 1906
(53 wks) 1907
. 1908
1909
Half Year, June, 1910
6 Years' Total
112,652 46,899
3,134
2,526
52,559
NOTE. Huddersfleld business transferred to Leeds, June, 1906.
73
WOBKS TRAD]
commencement.
PEKIOD. ENDED.
3J Years, December, 1895
a 1900
5 1905
Year, 1906 . . .
E.
NET Loss.
Stocks
at end.
NET PROFIT.
Rate
Amount. per on
Supplies.
Amount.
Rate
per on
Supplies.
s. d.
389 04
494 04
246 2
164 1J
56 OJ
1,305
5,950
432
s. d.
1 li
1 9|
1|
7,257
4,452
7,584
6,751
7,225
9,193
9,790
10,377
(53 wks) 1907
1908
1909
Half Year, June, 1910
173 Years' Total
1,349
7,687
1,349
Less Profit
Leaves Net Loss
6,338 5|
FACTORY TRADE.
Account in Balance Sheet.
PERIOD. ENDED.
NET PROFIT.
Stocks
at end.
Rate
Amoi(nt. , per on
Mlpplii-.-'.
1J Years, December, 1905
565
870
648
615
958
714
s. d.
8
1 li
81
7
8
11J
4,453
3,358
5,428
9,286
10,427
10.260
Year, 1906
(53 wks) 1907
M , 190S
f> 1909
Half Year, June, 1910
6 Years' Total
4,370 9J
74
KEIGHLEY
From
PERIOD. ENDKD.
Half Year, December. 1908
Year, 1909
Half Year, June, 1910
2 Years' Total . . .
Net
Supplies.
7,792
15,924
7,992
31,708
Kxi BWU.
Wages and Deprecia-
Sundry. tion.
3,098
6,646
3,457
269
543
274
13,201
1,086
Interest.
212
448
227
B67
Total.
3,579
7,637
3,958
15,174
DUDLEY BUCKET AND
From
PERIOD. ENDED.
Half Year, December, 1908
Year, 1909
Half Year, June, 1910
2 Years' Total
Net
Supplies.
12,621
24,932
11,048
48,601
EXPENSES.
Wages and
Sundry.
4,917
10,072
4,639
19,628
Deprecia-
tion.
224
459
243
926
Interest.
173
195
737
Total.
5,314
10,900
5,077
21,291
PERIOD. ESDED.
Half Year, December, 1908
Year, 1909
Half Year, June, 1910
2 Years' Total . .
BIBTLEY TINPLATE
From
Net
Supplies.
3,080
7,153
3,128
13,361
EXPENSES.
Sundry.
1,502
3,788
1,691
6,981
Deprecia
144
297
150
591
Interest.
96
215
116
427
Total.
1,742
4,300
1,957
7,999
75
IRONWORKS TRADE.
commencement.
PERIOD.
Half Year, December, 1908
Year, 1909
Half Year, June, 1910
2 Years' Total . .
NET PROFIT.
Amount.
226
869
64
659
Rate per .
on Supplies
41
' Stocks
at end.
5,064
4.923
FENDER WORKS TRADE.
commencement.
PERIOD. ENDED.
Half Year, December, 1908
Year, 1909
Half Year, June, 1910
2 Years' Total
NET PROFIT.
,
Amount.
Rate peri
on Sup ^ lies .| ;
843
924
50
1,817
s. d.
1 4 \ 3,495
8| | 3,420
1
3,508
81
WORKS TRADE.
commencement.
NET PROFIT.
PERIOD. ENDED.
Half Year, December, 1908
Year, 1909
Half Tear, June, 1910
2 Years' Total . .
113
41
413
s. d.
1 8J
33
3
1,989
2,543
2,768
71
76
PELAW TAILORING-, KEKSEY,
Since publishing a separate
PERIOD. ENDED.
2 Years, December, 1905
Year, .
(53 wks)
Half Year, June,
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
Net
Supplies.
65,992
39,300
43,394
45,010
39,948
20,781
EXPENSES.
20,918
2,371
11,439 1,086
12,774 1,057
12,606 1,066
12,400 1,072
6,681 529
1398 24,687
689 13,164
725 14,556
702 14,374
716 , 14,188
346 7,556
6* Years' Total 254,425 76,818 7,131 4,576
PELAW CABINET
Since publishing a separate
PERIOD.
ENDED.
2 Years, December, 1905
Year, 1906
(53 wks) 1907
1908
1909
Half Year, June, 1910
Net
Supplies.
EXPENSES.
Wages and Deprecia- Interest
Sundry. tion.
52,223
24,788
29,795
36,223
31,783
14,063
6* Years' Total 188,875
31,659
13,539
14,761
18,785
16,259
7,360
3,912
1,637
1,665
1,014
906
60
2,434
1,141
1,108
943
836
192
Total.
38,005
16,317
17,534
20,742
18,001
7,612
9,194
6,654
118,211
AND SHIBT FACTOKIES TBADE.
Account in Balance Slieet.
NET PBOFIT.
PERIOD. ENDED.
Amount. ^
Stocks
e per at end.
upplies.
2 Years, December, 1905 725
s. d.
2g 5,606
6f 6,431
9J 5,208
1 24 6,273
8g 7,282
1 7,231
Year, 1906 1,098
(53 wks) 1907 1,660
1908 2,725
1909 1,409
Half Year, June, 1910 1,049
6i Years' Total 8,666
8J (
WOBKS TBADE.
Account in Balance Sheet.
NET Loss.
PERIOD. ENDED. Ra
Amount. per
Supi
, Stocks
t-'on . atend '
)lies.
s.
2 Years, December, 1905 1,814
d.
81 9,877
8J 10,218
7i 9,978
1J 8,949
4J , 10,721
2J 9,799
Year, 1906 3,333 2
(53 wks) 1907 912
1908 5,623 3
M 1909 2,162 1
Half Year June 1910 171
6^ Years' Total 14,015 1
51
78
DISTRIBUTIVE EXPENSES AND EATE PER CENT. ON
SALES=
Expenses=
GRAND TOTAL.
24,205,203.
Amount.
Rate per
100.
s. d.
248020 9
814 8 11
82 5 10
9869 8 G
7368 8 3
787 17 1
13183 14 10
338 16 10
31035 9 8
8475 4 2
690 13 1
1403 6
2137 10
5872 3
9390 8 1
13433 3 6
8080 3
1812 9 8
1033 3
341 16 4
115 7 9
885 S
19226 7 8
13427 9 3
5647 16 11
5564 3 8
17572 13 5
8506 7 1
78637 10 8
s. d.
20 5-92
0-81
0-03
9-79
7-31
0-78
1 1-07
0-34
2 6-77
8-40
0-68
139
2-12
5-82
9-31
1 1-32
8-01
1-80
1-02
0-34
0-11
0-88
1 7-06
1 1-31
5-60
5-52
1 5-43
8-44
6 5-97
Scrutineers
Committees
Printing and Stationery
" Wheatsheaf " Record
" Annual " 1909
n Buildings
n Fixtures, &c
Tota Is . ...
513703 13 1
42 5-35
79
1
SALES FOE THE YEAE ENDED DECEMBEE 25xH, 1909.
SUMMARY OF DISTRICT TOT/\I.!-s.
MANCHESTER.
NEWCASTLE.
LONDON.
14,088,207.
4,855,711.
5,26
Amount.
1,285.
Rate per
100.
Amount.
Rate per
100.
Amount.
Kate per
100.
s. d.
124037 14 6
s. d.
17 7-31
a. A.
63051 1 2
s. d.
25 11-64
a. d.
60931 13 4
s. d.
23 1-95
486 16 11
0-83
158 6
0-78
169 11 6
0-78
18 14 3
0-03 694
0-03
723
0-03
5006 16 9
8-53
2731 16 11
1 1-50
2130 14 10
9-72
4145 3 4
7-06 1202 5 7
5-94
2020 19 4
9-22
534 13 1
0-91 62 10 9
0-31
190 13 3
0-87
6828 18 8
11-64
2879 14 4
1 2-23
3475 1 10
1 3-85
173 14 8
0-30
71 6 3
0-35
93 15 11
0-43
16070 11 3
2 3-36
5284 16
2 2-12
9680 2 5
3 8-16
4346 11 6
T41 2001 6 I
10-19
2067 6 7
9-43
347 17 2
0-59 197 7 4
0-98
145 8 7
0'63
600 11
1-02
347 18 11
1-72
454 16 1
2-08
1193 15 11
2-04
486 17 3
2-41
456 16 10
2-09
3500 13
5-96
1057 2 3
5-22
1814 7 9
6-00
5442 8 6
9-27
1877 14 6
9-28
2070 5 1
9-44
6044 9 6
10-30
2949 11 10
1 2-58
4439 2 2
1 8-25
4380 16
7-46
1593 8 5
7-88
2105 18 7
9-61
928 9 G
1-58
561 7 6
2-77
322 12 8 1-47
683 3 3
1-16 62 9 6
031
287 7 6
1-31
182 2
0-31 82 3 4
0-41
77 11
036
99 9 4
0-17 12 17 10
0-06
307
0-01
512 19 11
0-87 177 7 9
0-88
194 13
0-89
11225 10 4
1 7-12 4110 9 5
1 8-32
3890 7 11
1 5-75
7544 10 1
1 0-85 2850 9 5
1 2-09
3032 9 9
1 1-83
2137 13 1
3-64 1235 17 6
6-11
2274 6 4
10-38
3770 7 11
6-42 1243 16 4
6-15
549 19 5
2-51
7162 17 6
1 0-20 6292 13
2 7-10
4117 2 11
1 6-78
3572 17 4
6-09
3438 3 11
1 4-99
1495 5 10
6-82
40346 16 6
5 8-73 19847 15 2
8 2-10
18442 19
7 013
261327 2 9
37 1-18 125934 18 1
51 10-45
126441 12 3
48 0-78
80
DISTRIBUTIVE EXPENSES AND BATE PEE CENT. ON
SALES-
Expenses
Zkr^IsTCDHIIESTZEIR,.
TOTALS.
GROCERY.
COAL.
14,088,207.
11,704,860.
306,119.
Amount.
Rate per
100.
Amount.
Rate per
100.
Amount. *%g
Wages
s. d.
124037 14 6
486 16 11
18 14 3
5006 16 9
4145 3 4
34 13 1
6828 18 8
173 14 8
16070 11 3
4346 11 6
347 17 2
600 11
1193 15 11
3500 13
5442 8 6
6044 9 6
43?0 16
928 9 fi
683 3 }J
182 2
99 9 4
512 19 11
11225 10 4
7544 10 1
2137 13 1
3770 7 11
7162 17 6
3572 17 4
40346 16 6
s. d.
17 7-31
0-88
0-03
8-53
7-06
0-91
11-64
030
2 3-38
7-41
0-59
1-02
2-04
5-96
9-27
10-30
7'46
1-58
1-16
0-31
0-17
0-87
1 7-12
1 0-85
3-64 I
6-42
1 0-20
6-09
5 8-73
s. d.
63370 1 8
386 1 11
15 11 1
2689 15 3
2115 10 8
431 9 3
4025 12 1
135 3 10
6678 3 1
3556 4
230 8 .1
431 16 1
869 4 6
2605 5 1)
4524 12 6
2813 15 7
1428 15 7
655 17 11
567 2 9
113 6 4
98 2 4
425 5 4
7653 9 11
5246 16 7
967 15 10
1532 2 S
2915 2 5
1671 3 6
22218 1 11
s. d.
10 9-94
0-79
0-03
5-52
4-34
0-88
8-25
0-28
1 1-69
7-29
0-47
0-89
1-78
5-34
9-28
5-77
2-93
1-34
1-17
0-23
0-20
0-87
1 3-69
10-76
1-99
3-14
5-98
3-42
3 9-56
s. d. s. d.
1513 18 4 9 10-69
906 0-71
082 0-03
47 11 10 3-73
191 11 6 1 3-02
364 0-26
417 9 8 2 11-08
92 10 1 7-25
5 11 1 0-44
42 1 3-23
23 19 1 1-88
40 16 G 3-20
119 16 9-39
21 2 1-66
40 3-14
16 7 1 1-28
15 3 9 1-19
1 19 3 0-15
019 0-01
11 9 10 0-90 j
159 10 9 1 0-51
297 351 11-30
18 0-07
17 5 10 1-36
31 9 2-43
37 13 5 2-95
353 3 ;i 2 3-G'J
Auditors
Scrutineers
Committees
Price Lists: Printing . . .
Postage ....
Printing and Stationery. .
Periodicals
Travelling
Stamps
Telegrams
Telephones
Miscellaneous
Adverts, and Showcards. .
" Wheatsheaf" Record ..
Rents, Rates, and Taxes. .
Power, Lighting, & Heat'g
Exhibition and Congress
Quarterly Meetings
Employes' Picnic
Legal
"Annual," 1909
Dining-rooms
Repairs, Renewals, &c. . .
Insurance
Depreciation: Land ....
Buildings..
Fixtures, &c.
Interest
Totals
61327 2 9
37 1-18 140371 14 9 23 11-8-2 3510 18 8 23 1-61
81
SALES FOE THE YEAE ENDED DEC. 25-rn, 1909 continued.
HUE JLlsTO IE! IE S T IBIR,.
DRAPERY.
WOOLLENS AND
READY-MADES.
BOOTS AND SHOES.
FURNISHING.
941,119.
252,461.
475,6
Amount.
12.
Rate per
100.
408,036.
Amount.
Rate per
100.
Amount.
Rate per
100.
Amount.
Rate per
100.
s. d.
30348 19 6
s. d.
64 5-95
s. d.
7172 18 5
s. d.
56 9-89
s. d.
9648 6 2
s. d.
40 6-87
s. d.
11983 10 5
s. d.
58 8-86
41 11 2
1-06
11 15 1
1-12
21 16 1
1-10
16 12 2
0-98
156
0-03
068
0-08
12 9
0-03
10 1
0-03
1014 14 8
2 1-88
256 4 4
2 0-36
508 7 8
2 1-65
490 3
2 4-88
680 10 3
1 5-35
1241 19 5
9 10-07
8 10
0-43
98 13
5-80
59 13 4
1-52
4 15 2
0-24
38 15 4
2-28
1416 8 2
3 0-12
254 2 4
2 0-16
491 5 11
2 0-79
449 18 8
2 2-47
17 17 6
0-46
6 12 9
0-63
556
0-27
589
0-32
5702 3 8
12 1-41
1367 13 10
10 10-02
802 1
3 4-47
1073
5 3-11
322 14 10
8-23
84 16 8
8-06
153 16 6
7-76
136 13 1
8-04
64 3 1
1-64
18 3 1
1-72
871
0-42
21 4 9
1-25
45 13
1-16
34 7 10
3-27
21 2 5
1-07
25 11 7
1-50
163 19 1
4-18
29 7 11
2-79
52 13 2
2-66
54 12 2
8-21
349 17
8-92
34 19 7
3-33
368 11 10
1 6-60
101 2 4
5-95
370 4 10
9-44
96 1 11
9-14
184 19 10
9-33
146 13 5
8-63
1538 8
3 3-23
300 8 8
2 4-56
489 6 2
2 0-69
881 8 8
4 3-84
1461 5
3 1-26
249 13
1 11-73
413 1
1 8-84
788 1 5
3 10-35
153 6
3-91
14 8 7
1-37
68 18 9
3-48
19 11 2
1-15
46 10 6
1-19
18 6 6
1-17
23 10 9
1-19
18 9
1-09
30 19 6
0-79
12 15 10
1-22
7 14 10
0-39
15 6 3
0-90
050
O'Ol
016
0-01
029
0-01
16
0-05
34 18 10
0-89
985
0-90
17 19 8
0-91
18 17 10
0-82
1588 5
8 4-50
409 4 10
3 2-90
786 15 1
3 3-70
628 4 9
3 0-95
1160 10 11
2 5-60
226 4 3
1 9-50
298 5 1
1 2-80
320 9 10
1 6-85
406 6 6
11-89
260 12 6
2 0-78
222 2 9
11-21
219 17
1 0-93
1033 5 5
2 2-85
198 6 3
1 6-85
358 11 1
1 .6-09
630 16 8
3 1-10
1972 13 7
4 231
377 10 2
2 11-89
668 17 9
2 9-75
1197 12 10
5 10-44
1457 14 1
3 1-17
75 17 6
7-21
137 17 5
6-96
192 11 5
11-33
7676 17 4
16 3-77
2805 8 1
22 2-69
4289 11 10
17 994
3053 14 1
14 11-61
59221 1 3 125 10-22
15561 15 11
123 3-37
20008 6
84 1-65
22623 6 2
110 10-66
82
DISTRIBUTIVE EXPENSES AND RATE PER CENT. ON
SALES =
Expenses =
USTETWC^ STLIE.
TOTALS.
GROCERY.
COAL.
4,855,711.
3,532,418.
72,135.
Amount.
Rate per
JE100.
Amount.
Rate per
100.
Amount.
Rate per
100.
Wages
s. d.
63051 1 2
158 6
694
2731 16 11
1202 5 7
62 10 9
2879 14 4
71 6 3
5284 16
2061 6 1
197 7 4
347 18 11
486 17 3
1057 2 3
1877 14 6
2949 11 10
1593 8 5
561 7 6
62 9 6
82 3 4
12 17 10
177 7 9
4110 9 5
2850 9 5
1235 17 6
1243 16 4
6292 13
8438 3 11
19847 15 2
s. d.
25 11-64
0-78
0-03
1 1-50
5-94
0-81
1 2-23
0-35
2 2-12
10-19
0-98
1-72
2-41
5-22
9-28
1 2-58
7-88
2-77
0-31
0-41
0-06
0-88
1 8-32
1 2-09
6-11
6-15
2 7-10
1 4-99
8 2-10
a. d.
24642 15 8
1C6 18 5
4 13 5
1184 8 8
181 10 7
62 10 9
1249 16 10
42 10 5
1009 6 11
914 13 6
79 19 11
259 16 3
319 17 8
591 7
1858 16 6
626 10
883 4 2
389 16 7
45 2 2
20 18 8
7 18 8
127 14 7
2790 5 5
1288 2 7
543 15 6
487 2 8
3958 6 5
1481 4 4
8770 10
s. d.
13 11-43
0-73
0-03
8-05
1-23
0-42
8-49
0-29
6-86
6-21
0-54
1-77
2-17
4-02
9-23
4-26
6-00
2-65
0-31
0-14
0-05
0-87
1 6-96
8-75
3-69
3-31
1 10-14
10-06
4 11-59
s. d.
306 9 5
212
020
8 1 10
001
18 9 8
139
60 1
13 17 10
2 19 11
4 16 1
397
9 17 9
28 8 9
%
4 16 7
17 19 7
950
19
4 11
001
2 14 7
24 19 7
21 1 7
14
1 18 8
6 16 10
823
88 4 8
s. d.
8 5-97
0-69
0-03
2-69
6-15
0-40
1 7-96
4-62
1-00
1-60
1-15
3-29
9-46
1-60
5-98
3-08
0-31
0-08
0-91
8-31
7-01
0-23
0-65
2-28
2-70
2 5-36
Price Lists: Printing ....
Postage
Printing and Stationery. .
Travelling
Stamps
Telegrams
Telephones
Adverts, and Showcards. .
" Wheatsheaf " Record . .
Rents, Rates, and Taxes. .
Power , Lighting,* Heating
Exhibition and Congress .
" Annual," 1909
Repairs, Renewals, Ac. . .
Insurance
Depreciation : Land ....
Buildings . .
Fixtures, &c
Interest
Totals
125934 18 1
51 10-45
52729 5 1
29 10-25
647 15 3
17 11-51
83
SALES FOE THE YEAR ENDED DEC. 25ra, 1909 continued.
USTIE-WOJLSTIjIE.
DRAPERY.
WOOLLENS AND
READY-MADE 8.
BOOTS AND SHOES.
FURNISHING.
537,626.
167,540.
261,707.
284,285.
Amount.
Rate per
100.
Amount.
Rate per
100.
Amount
Rate per
100.
Amount.
Rate per
100.
s. A.
17771 5 2
s. d.
66 1-32
s. d.
3310 4 2
s. d.
39 6-19
a. d.
5110 8 7
s. d.
39 0-65
s. d.
11909 18 2
s. d.
83 9-46
20 16 2
0-93
6 19 11
1-00
10 3 1
0-93
11 1 9
0-94
14 7
0-08
046
0-03
072
0-03
078
0-03
633 1
2 4-48
204 11 5
2 5-30
344 6 5
2 7-58
352 8 6
2 5-75
369 5 7
1 4-48
610 18 5
7 3-51
6 13 2
0-61
33 17 9
2-86
704 16
2 7-46
154 7 2
1 10-11
241 17 3
1 10-18
510 7 5
3 7-09
10 5
0-45
1 12 2
0-23
6 16 7
0-63
8 18 4
0-75
2267 15 9
8 5-23
642 13 11
7 8-07
293 19 8
2 3-51
1004 19 8
7 0-84
544 11 4
2 0-31
68 12 6
9-83
113 11 7
10-41
405 19 4
2 10-27
84 4 8
3-76
5 13
0-81
5 18 7
0-54
18 11 3
1-57
35 16 10
1-59
11 2 7
1-59
17 8 10
1-60
18 18 4
1-60
52 7 11
2-39
10 19 6
1-58
24 15 5
2-27
75 7 2
6-36
184 3 5
8-22
24 19 1
3-57
185 6 4
1 4-99
61 8 8
5-19
211 2 9
9-42
65 6 9
9-36
102 16 4
9-43
111 3 5
9-39
820 14 9
3 0-64
189 18 4
2 3-21
310 16
2 4-50
996 16 2
7 0-15
268 19 10
1 0-01
134 17
1 7-32
131 13 7
1 0-08
156 14 3
1 1-23
63 14 10
2-84
23 6 5
3-34
36 1 11
3-31
39 2 9
3-80
7 11
0-31
241
0-32
3 8 11
0-82
3 14 5
0-31
23 18 10
T07
6 14 9
0-97
6 1 11
0-56
24 4 3
2-04
115
0-05
112
0-15
113
0-10
1 15 3
0-15
20 11
0-89
672
0-91
9 18 3
0-91
10 12 3
0-90
558 2 3
2 0-91
172 4 9
2 0-67
270 18 2
2 0-84
293 19 3
2 0-82
669 3 10
2 5-87
166 15 7
1 11-89
191 4 10
1 5-54
514 1
3 7-40
317 4
1 2-16
82 5
11-78
184 5
1 0-31
157 14
1 1-31
313 13 8
1 2-00
74 1 1
10-61
122 19
11-28
244 1 3
1 8-60
1216 15 1
4 6-32
376 19 6
4 6-00
471 5 1
3 7-22
962 10 1
6 9-26
051 15
3 6-49
194 4 9
2 3-82
414 9 3
3 2-01
388 8 4
2 8-79
4598 13 8
17 1-29
1788 13 4
21 4-23
2169 4 10
16 6-93
2432 17 10
17 1-39
32726 4 3
121 8-92
8337 18
99 6-40
10743 17
82 1-27
20749 18 6 145 11-75
84
DISTRIBUTIVE EXPENSES AND RATE PER CENT. ON
.
SALES=
Expenses=
LOHsTIDOIsr.
TOTALS.
GROCERY.
COAL.
5,261,285.
4,432,219.
138,389.
Amount.
Rate per
100.
Amount.
Rate per
100.
Amount.
Rate per
100.
Wages
s. d.
60981 13 4
169 11 6
723
2130 14 10
2020 19 4
190 13 3
3475 1 10
93 15 11
9680 2 5
2067 6 7
145 8 7
454 16 1
456 16 10
1314 7 9
2070 5 1
4439 2 2
2105 18 7
322 12 8
287 7 6
77 11
307
194 13
3890 7 11
3032 9 9
2274 6 4
549 19 5
4117 2 11
1495 5 10
18442 19
s. d.
28 1-95
0^78
0-03
9-72
9-22
0-87
1 3-85
0-43
3 8-16
9-43
0-63
2-08
2-09
6-00
9-44
1 8-25
9-61
1-47
1-31
0-36
0-01
0-89
1 5-75
1 1-83
10-38
2-51
1 6-78
6-82
7 0-13
s. d.
29996 9 10
137 9 11
5 19 11
1280 1 3
522 1 3
190 13 3
2070 3 10
73 15 9
3046 18 7
1659 1 6
97 13 2
276 14 4
338 15 9
998 3 5
1743 19 6
1513
1268 2 7
217 12 10
249 8 9
49 5 3
2 5 11
163 17 9
2482 14 2
1802 4 8
1247 12 10
322 15 7
2343 4 11
894 15 7
11226 12 5
s. d.
13 6-43
0-74
0-03
6-93
2-83
1-03
11-21
0-40
1 4-50
8-98
0-53
1-50
1-81
5-38
9-44
8-19
6-87
1-18
1-35
0-27
0-01
0-89
1 1-44
9-76
6-76
1-75
1 0-69
4-84
5 0-79
s. d.
862 11
8 15 9
039
22 5 8
29 14
10
243 15 4
21 18 5
5 17 4
10
17 16 9
54 9 4
14
549
030
1
528
61 1
168 18 5
1 1 8
180
273
699
117 10 11
s. d.
12 5-59
0-66
0-03
3-86
5-16
0-09
3 6-27
8-80
1-02
0-09
3-09
9-44
0-12
0-91
0-03
0-89
10-59
2 5-29
0-19
0"24
0-41
1-12
1 8-39
Committees
Price Lists : Printing
Postage
Printing and Stationery. .
Travelling
Telephones
Miscellaneous
Adverts, and Showcards..
"Wheatsheaf Record ..
Rents, Rates, and Taxes. .
Power,Lighting,& Heating
Exhibition and Congress-
Legal
" Annual,'' 1909
Repairs, Renewals, &c. . .
Depreciation : Land ....
Buildings
Fixtures, &c.
Totals
126441 12 3
48 0-78
66211 14 11
29 10-53
1633 9 4
23 7"28
85
SALES
FOE THE YEAR ENDED DEC. 25TH, 1909 continued.
L O IsT ID O IDsT .
DRAPERY.
WOOLLENS AND
READY-MADES.
BOOTS AND SHOES.
FURNISHING.
292,621.
85,323.
172,248.
140,485.
Amount.
Rate per
.100.
Amount.
Rate per
100.
Amount.
Rate per
100.
Amount.
Rate per
100.
s. d.
13494 12 6
s. d.
92 2-79
s. d.
4340 3 1
s. d.
101 8-82
s. d
5954 1 6
s. d.
69 1-61
s. d.
6283 15 5
s. d.
89 5-50
12 1 2
0-99
3 11 4
1-00
784
1-08
550
0-90
7 11
0-03
023
6-03
048
0-03
039
0-03
320 4
2 2-25
124 11 4
2 11-04
221 15 7
2 6-90
162 8
2 3-68
594 11 7
4 0-77
838 6 10
19 7-81
15 17 9
2-21
50 1 6
8-55
622 13 11
4 3-07
216 4 11
5 0-83
294 5 9
3 5-01
241 18 11
3 5-33
5 10 1
0-45
437
1-18
6 6 1
0-89
3 10 5
0-60
2837 16 3
19 4-75
1046 13 8
24 6-41
1624 16 7
18 10-39
880 2
12 6-35
165 14 1
1 1-59
58 14
1 4-51
85 5 6
11-88
76 13 1
1 1-10
23 17 7
1-96
7 13 9
2-16
7 16 10
1-09
873
1-43
55 12 5
4-56
51 5
1 2-42
21 6 10
2-97
44 2
7-52
53 10 6
4-39
* 13 3 1
3-70
24 13 9
3-44
31 3 9
5-33
99 4 6
8-14
11 11 10
3-26
166 5 5
1 11-17
26 5 10
4-49
115 8 1
9-47
33 9 6
9-42
67 19 2
9-47
54 19 6
9-39
1188 3 G
8 1-45
621 7 11
14 6-79
380 16 6
4 5-06
735 14 3
10 5-69
326 9 2
2 2-77
152 11 5
3 6-92
152 14 6
1 9-28
206 11
2 11-20
31 17 9
2-62
22 11
6-34
30 18 2
4-31
18 18 11
3-24
13 12 11
1-12
3 19 4
1-11
885
1-17
6 13 4
1-14
12 6 11
1-01
3 13 2
1-03
5 12 2
0-78
6 10 6
1-11
001
002
14 1
0-12
10 15 10
0-89
848
0-91
6 S 8
0-90
535
0-88
601 2 10
4 1-30
179 8 7
4 2-47
341 8
3 11-52
225 8
3 2-44
369 14 7
2 6-32
281 18 7
6 7-30
188 19 7
2 2-33
220 13 11
8 1-70
423 15 6
2 10-76
220 8
5 2-00
250 8 7
2 10-89
130 19 9
1 10-38
92 14 4
7-60
551
1-48
51 16 8
7-22
75 19 9
1 0-98
609 10 8
4 1-99
138 18 1
3 3-07
461 15 1
5 4-34
561 6 11
7 11-90
220 3 9
1 6-06
73 6 11
1 8-63
183 1G 9
2 1-61
116 13 1
1 7-93
3065 6
20 11-39
949 19 5
22 3-21
2023 10 3
23 5-94
1060 5 6
15 1-14
25366 9 5
173 4-49
9406 6 5
220 5-85
12584 9 11
146 1-44
11239 2 3
160 0-05
37
THE SCOTTISH
CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE
SOCIETY LIMITED.
PLATES, ADVERTISEMENTS,
STATISTICS, &c.,
Pages 87 to 130.
88
FORTY-TWO YEARS'
WHOLESALE DISTRIBUTION IN SCOTLAND.
COMMENCED SEPTEMBER, 1868.
YEARS.
CAPITAL.
SALES.
PROFITS.
1868 13 weeks
1,795
5,175
12,543
18,009
30,931
50,433
48,982
56,751
67,219
72,568
83,174
93,077
110,179
135,713
169,429
195,396
244,186
288,946
333,653
367,309
409,668
480,622
575,322
671,108
778,494
869,756
940,835
1,134,269
1,237,317
1,286,624
1,333,078
1,457,645
1,676,765
1,929,113
2,125,133
2,314,955
2,500,063
2,780,729
2,950,620
3,059,245
3,292,045
3,346,873
3,424,228
9,697
81,094
105,249
162,658
262,530
384,489
409,947
430,169
457,529
589,221
600,590
630,097
845,221
986,646
1,100,588
1,253,154
1,300,331
1,438,220
1,857,152
1,810,015
1,963,853
2,273,782
2,475,601
2,828,036
3,104,768
3,135,562
3,056,582
3,449,461
3,822,580
4,405,854
4,692,330
5,014,189
5,463,631
5,700,743
6,059,119
6,395,487
6,801,272
6,939,738
7,140,182
7,603,460
7,531,126
7,457,136
3,754,112
48
1,304
2,419
4,131
5,435
7,446
7,553
8,233
8,836
10,925
11,969
14,989
21,685
23,981
23,220
28,366
29,435
39,641
50,398
47,278
53,538
61,756
76,545
89,090
96,027
89,116
88,452
132,374
174,982
156,341
165,580
213,596
222,366
231,686
239,001
239,322
269,601
250,680
280,434
289,197
263,577
271,927
133,168
1869, 52
1870, 50
1871, 52
1872, 52
1873 52
1874, 52
1875, 52
1876 51
1877, 52
1878, 52
J.879 52
1880, 52
1881, 54
1882, 52
1883 52
1884, 52
1885, 52
1886, 60
1887, 53
1888, 52
1889, 52
1890 52
1891 52
1892, 53
1893, 52
1894, 52
1895 52
1896 52
1897, 52
1898, 53
1899 52
1900 52
1901, 52
1902 52
1903 52
1904 53
1905, 52
1906 52
1907 52
1908, 52
1909, 52
1910 26
TOTALS
3,424,228
125,783,220
4,435,660
89
THE SCOTTISH
CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE SOCIETY
LIMITED.
Enrolled 20th April, 1868, under the provisions of the Industrial and Provident
Societies Act, 20th August, 1867, 30 and 31 Viet., cap. 117, sec. 4.
Business Commenced 8tb September, 1868.
CENTBAL OFFICES AND FURNITURE WAREHOUSE :
MORRISON STREET, GLASGOW.
GROCERY AND PROVISION WAREHOUSES:
PAISLEY ROAD, CROOKSTON AND CLARENCE STREETS,
GLASGOW.
DRAPERY WAREHOUSE:
DUNDAS, WALLACE, AND PATERSON STREETS, GLASGOW.
BOOT AND SHOE WAREHOUSE :
DUNDAS STREET, GLASGOW.
SHIRT, TAILORING, WATERPROOF, AND AERATED WATER
FACTORIES :
PATERSON STREET, GLASGOW.
MANTLE AND UMBRELLA FACTORIES:
DUNDAS STREET, GLASGOW.
HAM-CURING, SAUSAGE FACTORY, AND CARTWRIGHT
DEPARTMENT:
PARK STREET, K.P., GLASGOW.
FACTORIES FOR BOOTS AND SHOES, CLOTHING, FURNITURE AND
BRUSHES, PRINTING, PRESERVES AND CONFECTIONS, COFFEE
ESSENCE, TOBACCO, PICKLES, AND TINWARE:
SHIELDHALL, NEAR GOVAN, GLASGOW.
90
Branches.
LINKS PLACE, LEITH.
GEANGE PLACE, KILMAENOCK.
SEAGATE, DUNDEE.
HENEY STEEET, ENNISKILLEN, IEELAND.
FUENITUEE WAEEHOUSE, DEAPEEY & BOOT SAMPLE
EOOM CHAMBEES STEEET, EDINBUEGH.
CHANCELOT FLOUE MILLS EDINBUEGH.
JUNCTION FLOUE AND OATMEAL MILLS LEITH.
EEGENT FLOUE MILLS GLASGOW.
SOAP WOEKS GEANGEMOUTH.
ETTEICK TWEED MILLS SELKIEK.
DEESS SHIET FACTOEY LEITH.
LAUNDEY PAISLEY.
FISH-CUEING WOEKS ABEEDEEN.
CEEAMEBIES :
IEELAND ENNISKILLEN, BELNALECK, GOLA,
FLOEENCE COUET, S. BEIDGE, GAEDNEE'S CEOSS,
BLACKLION, GLENFAENE, MONEAH;
, BLADNOCH AND WHITHOEN, WIGTOWNSHIRE, N.B.
CALDEEWOOD ESTATE AND EYELANDS MILK CENTEE,
LANAEKSHIEE.
Bankers:
THE UNION BANK OF SCOTLAND LIMITED.
Head Offices:
GLASGOW: LONDON: EDINBURGH:
INGRAM STREET. 62, CORNHILL, E.G. GEORGE STREET.
General Manager: Manager: Manager:
ROBERT BLYTH. ARTHUR C. D. GAIRDNER. WILLIAM GRAHAM.
91
General Committee.
President :
Mr. EGBERT STEWART, " Endrick," Percy Drive, Giffnock.
Secretary :
Mr. JOHN PEARSON, "Beechdale," Penton Street, Alloat
Directors :
Mr. ISAAC Mc.DONALD . . 7, Knoxland Square, Dumbarton.
Mr. HENRY MURPHY " Bertielea," Jerviswood Road, Lanark.
Mr. PETER GLASSE 185, Byres Road, Glasgow.
Mr. THOMAS LITTLE 264, Scott Street, Galashiels.
Mr. WILLIAM R. ALLAN. . 47, Balhousie Street, Perth.
Mr. JAMES YOUNG 20, Shorthope Street, Musselburgh.
Mr. JAMES WILSON "Helenbank," Victoria Street, Dunfermline.
Mr. ROBERT NESBIT 10, Lochrin Buildings, Edinburgh.
Mr. GEORGE THOMSON.. 20, Bonnyton Road, Kilmarnock.
Mr. ALEX. B. WEIR " Drhoma," Paisley Road, Barrhead.
Sub-Committees :
(1) FINANCE AND PROPERTY
Messrs. STEWART, LITTLE, WILSON, and YOUNG.
Conveners: Mr. WILSON (Finance). Mr. STEWART (Property).
(2) GROCERY : DISTRIBUTIVE AND PRODUCTIVE
Messrs. Mc.DONALD, PEARSON, NESBIT, and WEIR.
Conveners: Mr. NESBIT (Distributive). Mr. MC.DONALD (Productive).
(3) DRAPERY AND FURNISHING : DISTRIBUTIVE AND PRODUCTIVE
Messrs. GLASSE, ALLAN, MURPHY, and THOMSON.
Conveners: Mr. GLASSE (Distributive). Mr. MURPHY (Productive).
The President is ex officio a member of all Sub-Committees.
Auditors :
Mr. JNO. MILLEN, Rutherglen. | Mr. ROBT. J SMITH, C.A., Glasgow.
Mr. WM. H. JACK, F.S.A.A.. Glasgow.
92
Officers of the Society.
Accountant: Mr. ROBERT MACINTOSH, Glasgow.
Cashier : Mr. ALLAN GRAY, Glasgow.
Buyers, &c. :
Grocery and Provisions GLASGOW Mr. E. ROSS.
Mr. JOHN Mc.DONALD.
. Mr. M. Mc.CALLUM.
Mr. A. S. HUGGAN.
, LEITH Mr. PETER ROBERTSON.
Mr. WILLIAM Mc.LAREN.
, Mr. A. W. JOHNSTONE.
, KILMARNOCK ..Mr. DAVID CALDWELL.
..Mr. WM. DRUMMOND.
DUNDEE Mr. JOHN BARROWMAN.
Potato Department GLASGOW Mr. JOHN Mc.INTYRE.
LEITH ....... .Mr. HUGH CAMPBELL.
Cattle GLASGOW Mr. WILLIAM DUNCAN.
Provisions ENNISKILLEN . .Mr. WILLIAM WHYTE.
Preserve Works GLASGOW Mr. N. ANDERSON.
Chemical Department , Mr. A. GEBBIE.
Tobacco Factory Mr. THOMAS HARKNESS.
Flour Mills Chancelot and/ Mr. WM. F. STEWART.
Regent Oatmeal and Flour -I Mr. JAMES TIERNEY.
Mill Junction I EDINBURGH . . Mr. JOHN PAISLEY.
Soap Works GRANGEMOUTH .Mr. J. A. PENNY.
Printing & Stationery Dept GLASGOW Mr. DAVID CAMPBELL.
Drapery Department , Mr. DAVID GARDINER.
Assistant.. , Mr. J. Mc.GILCHRIST.
Mr. WM. ALLAN.
{ Mr. WILLIAM MILLER.
Furmture Department \ Ass[ ^ Mr . THO MAS FENWICK.
EDINBURGH ..Mr. GEO. CARSON.
[GLASGOW Mr. P. Mc.PARLANE.
Boot and Shoe Department . . \ . . ,
(Assistant Mr. J. J. HORN.
Ettrick Tweed & Blanket Mills.. SELKIRK Mr. ALBERT BEAUMONT.
(GLASGOW Mr. JAMES DAVIDSON.
Building Department j Assistant Mr. WM. MERCER.
Engineering Department GLASGOW Mr. JAMES STEWART.
Carting Department , Mr. JAMES CALDWELL.
Coal Department Mr. T. BURTON.
Fish Curing Department ABERDEEN Mr. W. C. STEPHEN.
Electrical Department GLASGOW Mr. A. R. TURNER.
Wheat Buying Depot WINNIPEG Mr. GEO. FISHER.
(CANADA)
Creameries WIGTOWNSHIRE .. Mr. ROBERT GREEN.
Estate.. ..LANARKSHIRE ..Mr. ROBERT HEGGIE.
93
Business Arrangements.
Registered Office :
MORRISON STREET, GLASGOW.
Branches :
LINKS PLACE, LEITH ; GRANGE PLACE, KILMARNOCK
SEAGATE, DUNDEE ;
HENRY STREET, ENNISKILLEN, IRELAND;
LEMAN STREET, LONDON, E.
Societies, to which our trade is strictly confined, desirous of opening an
account with this Society, should forward a copy of their registered Rules
and latest balance sheet ; or, if but recently started, a statement showing the
number of members, value of shares, amount subscribed for and paid up,
weekly turnover expected, and the amount of credit allowed, if any, per
member in proportion to the capital paid up. Should these particulars be
considered satisfactory, goods will be supplied on the following terms : The
maximum credit allowed is fourteen days, and interest is charged quarterly
on all in excess of this allowance at the rate of 2\ per cent, per annum, but in
cases where the debt exceeds one month's purchases 5 per cent, is charged.
Interest at the rate of 2\ per cent, per annum is allowed on prepaid
accounts.
The Directors, by authority of the general meeting, are empowered to have
the books of societies examined whose accounts are overdue, and to take the
necessary steps to protect the other members of the federation.
Orders for goods should bear the price or brand of the article wanted, the
mode of transit, and name of station to which the goods are to be sent. Orders
for the different departments should be on separate slips. Goods not approved
of must be returned at once and intact. No claim for breakage, short weight,
&c., can be entertained unless made within six days after goods are received.
Delay in delivery should be at once advised.
[SPECIMEN.]
WEEKLY STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT.
OTH WEEK. LEDGER FOLIO, 929.
163BD QUAKTEB. 95, MOBBISON STREET,
GLASGOW, May 29th, 1909.
The A. B. C. Co-operative Society Limited.
Br. o The Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society Limited. Cr.
GOODS.
CASH AND CREDITS.
Date.
Amount of
each Invoice.
Balance last
Statement.
Date.
Cash.
Credit.
Totals.
s. d.
s. d.
s. d.
s. d.
S. d.
298 7 2
May 24..
043
May 24..
....
050
....
24..
18 11 7
24..
....
100
....
24..
29 8
....
25..
....
12 9
...
24..
32 4
....
25..
....
o 12 ao
....
24..
17 7
26..
....
056
....
,, 24..
4 10
....
26..
....
010
....
24..
440
....
26..
....
136
....
24..
326
....
26..
....
270
....
25..
066
....
26..
12 9
....
25..
083
....
26..
....
12 9
....
25..
10 10
....
27..
....
14 9
....
25..
083
....
27..
....
10
....
25..
150
....
27..
15 6
....
25..
10 11
....
27..
....
10 11 1
....
25..
59 16 9
....
27..
....
15 6
....
25..
11 3
....
27..
....
1 12
25..
735
....
22'ii 11
26..
2 10 6
....
28..
298 7 2 !
298 7 2
26..
4 17 6
....
26..
15 2
....
27..
066
....
27..
092
....
27..
17 10
....
27..
18
....
27..
3 10 6
....
27..
5 13 8
....
27..
12 11 1
27..
4 18 7
....
28..
536
....
28..
12 9
....
28..
1 10
28..
2 14 9
....
28..
186
28..
27 12 8
255 10 5
To balance
By balance
232 18 6
553 17 7
553 17 7
If the above Statement differs from your Books, we shall be glad if you
will point out the difference at once.
95
Terms of Membership.
EXCEKPT FEOM SOCIETY'S EULES.
ADMISSION OF MEMBEBS AND APPLICATION FOR SHARES.
The Society shall consist of such Co-operative Societies registered under
the Industrial and Provident Societies Act, or any employ^ of this Society
who is over twenty-one years of age, as have been admitted by the
Committee, subject to the approval of a general meeting of the Society; but
no society trafficking in intoxicating liquors shall be eligible for membership
in the Society, and each admission must be entered in the minute book
of the Society. Every application for membership, except in the case of
employes, must be sanctioned by a resolution of a general meeting of any
society making such application, and the same must be made in the form as
on next page, said form to be duly attested by the signature of the president,
secretary, and three of the members thereof, and stamped with such society's
seal. Every society making application shall state the number of its members,
and take up not less than one share for each member, and shall increase the
number annually as its members increase, in accordance with its last return to
the Registrar ; but no member other than a society registered under the
Industrial and Provident Societies Act shall hold an interest in the
funds exceeding 50. It shall be in the option of any society to apply for
shares in excess of their individual membership at any time ; such applications
shall be signed by the president, secretary, and three members of committee,
but the granting of such excess shares shall be at the discretion of the
Committee of this Society.
Any employe applying for membership must apply for not less than five
shares.
CAPITAL : How PAID UP.
The capital of the Society shall be raised in shares of twenty shillings
each, which shall be transferable only ; every member, society, or employe, on
admission, shall pay the sum of not less than one shilling on each share taken
up, and the unpaid portion of the shares may be paid by dividends, or bonus,
and interest ; but any member may pay up shares in full or in part at any
time.
96
APPLICATION FORM.
Whereas, by a resolution of the Co-operative
Society Limited, passed at a general meeting held on the .... day
of , it was resolved to take up shares (being
one share of twenty shillings for each member), said sJiares being
transferable, in the jjitottialj C0-0peratibe ^BHIjolesnle ^octetg
Itimiteil, and to accept the same on the terms and conditions
specified in the Rules. Executed under the seal of the society on
the.. . .day of Attested by
Three Members.
BENEFITS DEKIVED FEOM MEMBEESHIP.
(a) The liability of the member is limited, each member being only
responsible for the value of the shares held.
(6) Members receive double the rate of dividend on purchases paid to non-
members.
(c) Share capital is paid 5 per cent, per annum.
(d) Members have a share in the management of the Wholesale in pro-
portion to the amount of goods bought, as each society has one vote in right
of membership, one for the first 1,500 worth of goods bought, and one other
additional vote for every complete 3,000 of purchases thereafter.
These advantages, added to the special benefits secured by the leading
position of the Wholesale, will, we trust, induce societies as yet non-members
to carefully reconsider the question, and take the necessary steps to secure to
their members the full benefits of co-operative distribution.
COEEESPONDENCE.
All letters must be addressed to the Society, and not to individuals.
Addressed envelopes are supplied at cost price. Separate slips ought to be
used for the different departments the Accountant's, Grocery and Provision,
Drapery, Boot and Shoe, Furniture. The slips can all be enclosed in the one
envelope. Attention to this simple rule will greatly facilitate the despatch of
goods and ensure promptitude in answering inquiries ; it will also aid in the
classification of the letters for reference in any case of irregularity or dispute.
THE SCOTTISH
CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE
SOCIETY LIMITED.
at
PLATES, ADVERTISEMENTS,
STATISTICS, Etc.
Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society
Limited.
First Central Premises owned by the Society.
'"PHE Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society
limited was registered in April 1868, and
commenced business during September of the
same year in rented premises in Madeira Court,
Argyle Street, Glasgow. During 1872 ground was
purchased at the junction of Morrison Street and
Paisley Road, and to the Warehouse erected there,
and shown on this page, the Society's business
was transferred in 1874. The whole of this
gusset-shaped piece of ground was acquired by
1882, and the Warehouses and Offices erected
thereon formed the Central Premises of the
Society, 119 Paisley Road, Glasgow, until the
Morrison Street Premises were occupied in 1897.
IS ri
CD
2 >
H ^
O
jTiip
-"^^ix?
o
CO
Registered Office and Furniture Warehouse :
95 Morrison Street, Glasgow.
'T'HE block of buildings shown on the opposite
page forms, since 1897, the Central Premises
of the Scottish Wholesale. With its splendid
facade fronting Morrison Street, and occupying
a commanding situation close by the river Clyde,
this structure forms one of the most imposing
features of street architecture in the southern
part of Glasgow.
Here the Central Office, with its staff of over
two hundred clerks, is located. This occupies the
whole of the first floor, the ground floor giving
accommodation for the Board Room, Committee
Rooms, Grocery Managers' Rooms, and also the
Grocery Department Saleroom. The basement
and all the other floors in the front building are
fully occupied by the Furniture and Furnishing
Department Showrooms. Fronting Clarence Street
on the left side of the drawing, and to the rear
of the main building is a block extending through
to Crookston Street, on the right. The great bulk
of this space is devoted to warehouse accom-
modation for the Grocery Department, and here,
also, the spacious Clarence Street Hall belonging
to the Society is located.
Grocery and Provision Warehouse, Stationery
Department, etc. :
Links Place, Leith.
years after the start of the Wholesale
in Glasgow, the L,eith Branch was opened
(in April 1877), primarily to facilitate the handling
of Continental produce, but it was soon found
advisable to add a full stock of groceries. This
Branch has proved of great service and utility
in dealing with retail societies in the East of
Scotland.
Business developments soon forced it out of
the original rented premises in Constitution Place,
Leith, and, ground having been secured at Links
Place in May 1879, the first portion of the
buildings here shown was erected by the Society.
At various dates extensive alterations and
additions have been made to the structure. In
addition to the Grocery Warehouse, a Stationery
Department, grated Water Factory (started 1898) ,
and a Ham-curing Department form valuable
adjuncts of this Branch of the Wholesale.
0.
o
CD 5
O
Grocery and Provision Warehouse:
Grange Place, Kilmarnock,
T KSS than a twelvemonth after the inauguration
of the Branch at lyeith, it was decided to
open a Depot in Kilmarnock to deal with agri-
cultural produce of all kinds in Ayrshire and
surrounding counties. In February 1878 this
Branch was opened, and its career, like that of
most other ventures of the Wholesale, has been
uniformly prosperous.
Intended originally as a store from whence
cheese, butter, eggs, etc., could be distributed to
retail societies to the orders of the various
Branches, this Depot also does a very extensive
trade in potatoes. These are planted under the
supervision of the Department, or purchased in
the fields at agreed-on rates per acre, for the
direct supply of retail shops. A very large
business in cheese is also done.
Grocery and Provision Warehouse:
Seagate, Dundee.
"POUR years elapsed from the foundation of the
Kilmarnock Depot before another Branch
of the Wholesale was started. This time the
impelling idea was to provide societies in the
North of Scotland with a convenient centre from
which to obtain supplies. Dundee was fixed on
as the most suitable place, and there, in premises
at the corner of Trades Lane, a Branch was
opened in 1882.
Until 1906 business was successfully conducted
in the building originally occupied, but in that
year a disastrous fire swept it entirely away, and
caused the Directors to find a site elsewhere.
Ground was soon afterwards purchased in Seagate,
Dundee, and the Warehouse shown opposite
erected and opened for business in July 1909.
c
fl) *H
O 5
Central Premises, Enniskillen Branch,
Ireland.
HT'HE growing quantities of Irish produce
handled by the Wholesale led the Directors
at an early date to consider the advisability of
establishing a Buying Branch or Depot in
Ireland for collecting the produce of the north-
western districts. After careful investigation,
Knniskillen, directly communicating with London-
derry and Belfast by rail and thence with Glasgow
by an admirable service of steamers, was fixed on
as the most suitable centre. In premises rented
by the Society in that town a Branch was started
during May 1885, and its progress since has
justified the choice of location.
In addition to a thoroughly up-to-date Central
Creamery established in 1908, there are now
eight Auxiliary Creameries belonging to the Society
within a range of ten miles of Enniskillen. The
names of these are Moneah, Gardner's Cross, Gola,
S Bridge, Belnaleck, Blacklion, Glenfarne, and
Florencecourt.
Drapery Warehouse, Wallace Street,
Glasgow.
Drapery Department was started on 28th
December 1873, in a corner of the rented
premises first occupied by the Society in Madeira
Court, Argyle Street, Glasgow. The Warehouse
now occupied in Wallace Street, Dundas Street,
and Paterson Street, and shown on the opposite
page, gives a fair idea of its growth and develop-
ment during the intervening years.
The Warehouse at the present time is divided
into thirty-nine departments dealing with every
known variety of drapery goods. There are
also attached to the Warehouse, Mantle,
Millinery, and Umbrella Workrooms, while the
allied Productive Departments include the Wool
Shirt Factory, Underclothing P'actory, and
Bespoke Clothing Factory, Glasgow ; the Ready-
made Clothing Factory, Artisan Clothing
Factory, and Hosiery Factory, Shieldhall ;
Ettrick Tweed and Blanket Mills, Selkirk ; the
Dress Shirt Factory, Leith ; and Potterhill
Laundry, Paisley.
co
CO w
UJ
Furniture and Furnishing Showrooms:
Chambers Street, Edinburgh.
T^O meet the requirements of societies in the
East of Scotland, a branch of the Furniture
and Furnishing Department was opened in
premises secured during 1898 in Chambers Street,
Edinburgh. In these is stocked a full range of
goods similar to that in the Central Furnishing
Warehouse, Glasgow. The business rapidly
extended, and this led to the purchase of the
adjoining property of Minto House the most
distant part of the structure. Transformed to
suit the requirements of the trade, the whole
building now forms a connected and spacious
Warehouse.
S.C.W.S. Productive Works,
Shieldhall, Govan.
HPHE Shieldhall Works of the S.C.W.S., with
fourteen different Factories now in opera-
tion, and over 3,000 persons regularly employed,
afford a vivid and impressive illustration of the
growth of Productive Co-operation and the
inherent force of the Co-operative Movement in
Scotland.
Situated on the south side of the road, between
Glasgow and Renfrew, and about three miles
from the Society's Central Offices, it is claimed
for the remarkable hive of industry now estab-
lished there that nowhere else in this country, or
any other, are so many different industrial
operations carried on within one common gate-
way. The justice of this claim is apparent when
it is recollected that the production of the various
commodities is so highly specialised as to call
for the services of nearly one hundred trades or
occupations.
In the planning of the Works, sanitation,
ventilation, and good health conditions have
always been insisted on ; and these, combined
with the best labour conditions in the trades
represented, place the Shieldhall \Vorks in a
position second to none in Scotland.
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New Frontage and Printing Department,
ShieldhalL
'T'HE illustration on the opposite page shows
the building which eventually will form
the street front for ShieldhalL The gateway
and side structures, with a large portion of the
west wing, are already completed ; the latter, with
the whole of the shaded portion to the right
of the picture, being occupied by the Printing
Department.
This important . branch of the Wholesale's
industrial enterprises was established in 1887,
and transferred to Shieldhall two years later.
The Department has extended rapidly, and to
the original letterpress printing, bookbinding and
paper-ruling, paper-bagmaking, lithographing,
designing, stereo and electro typing, machine
typesetting, and paper-boxmaking have been
added in the order given. All of these can be
seen in the complex establishment of to-day.
The forty-eight hour week has been in force
since 1901, and at the present time there are
nearly 450 persons employed.
Boot Factory, Shicldhall.
'"PHE Boot Factory is the largest of all the
Shieldhall Departments and the first to be
established there. Started originally in part of
what is now the Drapery Warehouse, Glasgow,
it has expanded with very great rapidity, and at
the present date (1910) the average weekly
output stands at 14,000 pairs of all classes of
footwear, or nearly 700,000 pairs in a working
year.
Every kind of boots and shoes for men and
women, boys and girls, is now made, the quality
ranging from strong, heavy boots for pit or
workshop to the most elegant of footwear.
Supplies of leather are drawn from all over the
world, hides for pit boots coming from India,
sole leather from the cattle ranches of Canada,
and goat skins for the finer quality of uppers
from Africa and South America. For fine glace
kid work alone the skins of 48,000 goats are
required each year. An auxiliary Factory, where
special attention is given to the manufacture of
boys' and girls' footwear and slippers, is situated
in Adelphi Street, Glasgow. Equipped with every
modern labour-saving appliance and machine, the
Shieldhall Boot Factory is one of the finest and
largest in Scotland, 1,384 persons being
employed in the two Factories mentioned.
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Cabinet Factory, ShieldhalL
AN Upholstery Department, inaugurated by the
Wholesale in 1882, and conducted for a
time under the aegis of the Drapery Department,
was the beginning of the furniture trade now
done. In 1884 a Cabinet-making Workshop was
opened in Houston Street, Glasgow ; and here,
with a complement of six persons, the making
of furniture was begun.
In March 1888 the scene of operations was
removed to Shieldhall, to the first part of the
existing Factory, which, by addition after addition
to meet the growing demands of the trade, has
reached the dimensions of the building shown
in the illustration, with its floor space of nearly
two acres. With all the latest appliances for
facilitating production, every article of furniture
required for house, office, or boardroom is now
manufactured. The furniture turned out from
this Factory has earned a name for soundness of
construction and beauty of design, and received
the well-merited distinction of a Diploma of
Honour for work exhibited at Glasgow Inter-
national Exhibition during 1901.
Dining-Rooms and Ready-made Clothing
Factory, ShieldhalL
""PHE higher part of the buildings shown here
is occupied by the Dining and Recreation
Rooms. On the ground floor are two large
Halls, supplied with newspapers, periodicals, and
other means of recreation. On the other floors
Directors' and Managers' Dining Rooms and
Halls for the use of the 3,600 workers
employed at Shieldhall are situated. Meals
can be obtained there at rates just sufficient to
cover cost of food and expenses of service, and
these facilities are largely taken advantage of.
The Ready-made Clothing Factory occupies the
long range of building to the rear of the Dining
Halls, and is the present-day representative of
the first Clothing Factory of the Wholesale.
This was started in 1881 in Dundas Street,
Glasgow ; was removed to Wallace Street,
Glasgow, soon after ; and from thence to Shield-
hall. All kinds of ready-made clothing for men,
youths, and boys are made up here, immense
quantities being turned out in the course of a
year. Every appliance for facilitating work has
been installed, and this Factory to-day will hold
its own for arrangement and equipment with the
best in the country.
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Chancelot Roller Flour Mills,
Edinburgh.
T"\IFFERING from all other ventures of the
Wholesale in the magnitude of the original
undertaking, Chancelot Roller Flour Mills repre-
sent the boldest step yet taken by the Society
in Co-operative Production. The nature of the
work to be undertaken precluded the possibility
of starting in a small way ; and it was only
after mature deliberation that the Directors
entered on the scheme, of which the building
shown on the opposite page is the outcome.
A feu of fully three acres having been secured in
Bonnington Road, Edinburgh, it was decided to
erect thereon a group of mills, the output of
which would, at least, approximate to the
demand likely to be made on them.
The opening ceremony took place in August
1894, and the opinion was freely expressed that
these Mills were the finest of their kind in this
or any other country. From the start the Mills
have been entirely successful. They are now
fully equipped with the most improved milling
machinery, and have been kept running night
and day to meet the great demands made on
their productions.
Junction Meal and Flour Mills,
Leith.
product of Chancelot Mills met with
such a favourable reception that it became
necessary to devise some plan for rapidly
augmenting supplies. The Directors therefore
gave their attention to the problem, a solution
for which was found by the purchase of
Junction Meal and Flour Mills, Leith, in August
1897. These important Mills are in the immediate
vicinity of Chancelot Mills, and as an investment
they have proved both satisfactory and profitable.
Since acquiring these Mills, and to cope with
the demand for Scotland's staple food, the
Oatmeal Mill has been entirely remodelled and
extended. About 1,200 sacks of flour are pro-
duced per week, and the milling of pod barley
is also carried on.
o
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PL,
Regent Roller Flour Mills, Glasgow.
demand made on the products of the two
Mills already mentioned justified the existence
of another, and the question of building or acquir-
ing one was immediately taken up. As a result,
arrangements were made with Messrs John Ure
& Son, the proprietors, and in November 1903,
Regent Mills, Glasgow, were purchased from that
firm by the Society, and business begun in the
following year.
Situated on the banks of the classic Kelvin,
the story of these Mills runs back to medieval
times. For three and a half centuries the old
Regent Mills were in possession of the Bakers'
Incorporation of Glasgow, but being burned down,
in 1886 they passed into the hands of the Messrs
Ure, by whom they were entirely rebuilt and
enlarged to something like their present dimensions.
Being in good order, production commenced
immediately the transfer was completed. Various
alterations and additions have since been made,
and the Mills now rank among the best equipped
in the country. The total productive capacity
of the three Flour Mills owned by the Society
approaches 12,000 sacks per week, or over 600,000
sacks per working year.
Grain Elevators, Winnipeg,
Canada.
AS may be understood, the amount of grain
necessary to keep three Mills with the
working capacity of those just described in full
operation is very large. This fact soon led the
Directors to consider the question of arranging
to purchase the raw material as near the first
source as possible, and, as a result, a buyer was
appointed in 1906 and an office taken in Winnipeg,
Canada, the capital of the vast wheat-growing
regions of that Colony.
From its inception the step has proved satis-
factory, and six large Elevators, each capable of
storing 30,000 bushels of wheat, have been erected
at a cost of over 1,000 each. From these the
grain is forwarded as required to the Terminal
Elevators at Port Arthur and Fort William, and
shipped from thence to this country via Montreal
when the St Lawrence is open, or from ports on
the Atlantic seaboard during the winter season.
Ettrick Tweed and Blanket Mills,
Selkirk.
A FTER being carried on for some years by the
Scotch Tweed Manufacturing Society, the
shareholders unanimously agreed to the transfer
of the business to the Wholesale Society. Details
of the bargain having been settled and matters
amicably arranged, these extensive Mills became
the property of the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale
Society in April 1895.
Since then the Society has cleared the Mills
of all old types of looms or machinery, and
substituted in their place the most up-to-date
appliances. The result has been evident in the
reputation rapidly attained among Co-operative
societies by the products of the Mills, Bttrick
tweeds and blankets being held in high esteem
throughout Co-operative Scotland. Quite recently,
for the making of all classes of hosiery yarns,
spinning machinery of the latest type was
introduced, and a large proportion of the yarns
used in the S.C.W.S. Hosiery Factory is procured
from these Mills.
Soap Works, Grangemouth.
in 1896 the Directors decided to include
the industry of soapmaking within the scheme
of the Society's operations, and, suitable ground
having been secured, the buildings shown on the
opposite page were erected, and work commenced
at Grangemouth Soap Works in October 1897.
The keen competition in this trade, the
prejudice in favour of other soaps, and the
difficulty of producing an article which would
prove generally popular, seriously hampered the
progress of this Department in its earlier years.
Gradually, however, the productions rose in general
esteem, until at the present time a very high
percentage of retail societies' trade goes to
Grangemouth. Apart from the ordinary soaps
and cleansing preparations for household use,
high-class toilet soaps now form an important
branch of the manufactures. Extensive alterations
and additions have been made at various times,
and the Soap Works, equipped with the latest
machinery and appliances, are in every respect
thoroughly up-to-date.
o g
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Dress Shirt Factory, Leith.
/^\N a portion of J the ground acquired with
Junction Mill, L,eith, the Dress Shirt
Factory (shown opposite) was erected, and work
commenced in October 1901.
While managed and financed by the S.C.W.S.,
the Directors work this Department under an
arrangement with the C.W.S., Manchester, whereby
profits or losses are allocated to each in proportion
to purchases an arrangement which also exists,
so far as the S.C.W.S. is concerned, in the Ettrick
Tweed Mills and the Waterproof Factory, Glasgow.
This agreement includes the idea of support
to the fullest possible extent from the C.W.S.,
and this has always been loyally given. In
connection with the Dress Shirt Factory is the
Potterhill Laundry, Paisley, where all the dress-
ing of shirts, collars, and fronts manufactured
at I^eith is now carried on.
Creamery and Margarine Factory,
Bladnoch, Wigtownshire.
'T'O cope with the demand for supplies of fresh
butter, and also with a view to the manu-
facturing of margarine, the Creamery and Margarine
Factory here shown was erected at Bladnoch,
Wigtownshire, during 1899. At a later date an
Auxiliary Creamery, situated at Whithorn in the
same shire, was opened. Placed in the midst of
a purely agricultural district, where the desirable
adjuncts of clear atmosphere and absence of dust
or smoke help the purity of the products, these
Creameries have proved very successful.
Complete electrical installations have been fitted
up, and the machinery is of the latest type.
Consignments of the productions are forwarded
direct to societies daily, as ordered, and extensive
Piggeries have also been established.
-r" Q
Fish-Curing Works, Aberdeen.
""PHE growing trade in fresh and cured fish led
the Directors of the S.C.W.S. to consider the
advisability of undertaking this industry, and, in
1899, Fish-Curing Works were started at Aberdeen,
the largest fishing centre on the East Coast of
Scotland. The original rented premises were soon
found inadequate for the requirements of the
Department, and, later, ground was leased from
the Aberdeen Harbour Trust and the buildings
shown on the opposite page erected.
From the Aberdeen depot boats are engaged
at Scalloway and Berwick, Shetland, and other
ports, to fish for the Wholesale, and a very
successful trade is now done, over 2,000 tons
of fish being dealt with annually. Supplies of
fresh fish are dispatched daily to the societies,
and large quantities are salted and cured in
various ways. A complete plant for the render-
ing of cod liver oil was recently installed,
and in this a growing trade is now done.
Calderwood Castle and Estate,
Lanarkshire.
"DY virtue of powers entrusted to the Directors
to acquire in Scotland (or in Ireland) such
estates or lands as would be available for fruit-
growing and general agriculture, the rich and
beautiful estate of Calderwood, lying about eight
miles east of Glasgow, passed in 1904 into
possession of the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale
Society.
The Estate extends to 1,113 acres, and includes
the village of Maxwellton. About half of it is
let as farms, and of the remainder 350 acres have
already been devoted by the Society to farming
and the cultivation of fruit, vegetables, flowers, and
plants. One and a half acres have been laid out
for the rearing of tomatoes under glass ; and a
rhubarb-house covering half an acre has been
erected for growing the early or forced variety of
that plant.
Self-contained cottages have been erected by
the Society near the village of Maxwellton, and
the capability of the Estate generally is receiving
the careful attention of the Directors.
97
Cash Remittance.
Cheques must be made payable to the Society.
LIST OF BRANCHES OF THE UNION BANK OF
SCOTLAND LIMITED.
HEAD OFFICES: GLASGOW, INGRAM STREET; EDINBURGH, GEORGE STREET.
LONDON OFFICE: 62, CORNHILL, E.G.
BRANCHES:
Aberdeen, Castle Street.
Edinburgh, Lothian Eoad.
Kirkwall.
Fishmarket.
Morningside.
Kirriemuir.
George Street.
, Murrayfleld.
Ladybank.
Holburn.
, Newington.
Largs.
Torry.
, North Merchiston.
Larkhall.
West End.
, Norton Park.
Leith.
Aberfeldy.
Piershill.
Leith Walk.
Aberlour, Strathspey.
, S'th Morningside.
Lerwick.
Alloa.
Edzell.
Leslie.
Alva.
Ardrishaig.
Elgin.
Ellon.
Lochgelly, Fifeshire.
Lochgilphead.
Ardrossan.
Errol.
Macduff.
Auchterarder.
Fochabers.
Maybole.
Auchtermuchty.
Forfar.
Mearns (sub to Barrhead).
Ayr.
Fraserburgh.
Millport.
Ballater.
Galston.
Moffat.
Banchory.
Gatehouse.
Moniaive.
Banff.
Girvan.
Motherwell.
Barrhead.
Glasgow, Anderston.
New Aberdour (open on Mon-
Barrhill.
Bridgeton Cross.
days and Fridays sub to
Bathgate.
Buchanan Street.
Bosehearty).
Beith.
Charing Cross.
New Pitsligo.
Blair- Atholl (sub to Pitlochry).
Cowcaddens.
Paisley.
Blairgowrie.
Dennistoun.
Wellmeadow.
Bo'ness.
Eglinton Street.
Partick.
Braemar.
Billhead.
Perth.
Brechin.
Hope Street.
Peterhead.
Bridge of Allan.
Hyndland.
Pitlochry.
Buckie, Banff shire.
Kinning Park.
Port-Glasgow.
Campbeltown.
Maryhill.
Portsoy.
Castle-Douglas.
St. Vincent Street.
Renfrew.
Clydebank.
Shawlands.
Rosehearty.
Coatbridge.
Coupar-Angus.
Springburn.
Stockwell.
St. Margaret's Hope, Orkney.
Scalloway, Shetland (sub to
Crieff.
Tradeston.
Lerwick).
Cullen.
Trongate.
Shettleston.
Dalbeattie.
Union Street.
Stewarton.
Dairy, Galloway.
Glencraig, Fife (open on Mon-
Stirling.
Darvel (sub to Galston).
days, Wednesdays, and Satur-
Stonehouse.
Doune.
dayssub to Lochgelly).
Strachur, Lochfyne (open on
Dumbarton.
Gourock.
Thursdays-sub to Inveraray).
Dumfries.
Govan.
Stranraer.
Dunblane.
Greenock.
Strathaven.
Dundee.
Hamilton.
Stromness.
Dunfermline.
Helensburgh.
Tarbert, Lochfyne.
Dunkeld.
Huntly.
Tarland.
Dunning.
Inveraray.
Thornhill.
Dunoon.
Inverness.
Thornton, Fife (open on Mon-
Edinburgh, Blackball.
Inverurie.
days and Market Days sub
Chambers Street.
Irvine.
to Kirkcaldy).
Golden Acre.
Johnstone.
Tillicoultry.
Gorgie Markets
Keith.
Tollcross (Glasgow).
(open on Tuesdays
Killin.
Tro'on.
and Wednesdays
Kilmarnock.
Turriff.
sub to Haymarket).
Riccarton.
Wick.
Haymarket.
Kincardine.
Hunter Square.
Kirkcaldy.
98
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126
EMPLOYES.
NUMBEK OF EMPLOYES, JUNE 25-rn, 1910.
DISTRIBUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. Collective
Totals.
General Office Glasgow 237
Grocery 188
Stationery 16
Potato 15
Cattle Buying 6
Coal , 3
Drapery (Mantle and Millinery Workrooms included) . . 400
Boot 109
Furniture 136
Carting and Fodder 231
Waste , 14
Cleaners 11
Miscellaneous 10
Dining-room 17
Shieldhall 12
1,405
Leith Warehouse 93
Carting Department 65
Kilmarnock 30
Dundee 6
Enniskillen and Creameries 104
Edinburgh Chambers Street 33
Greenock Sugar Forwarding 1
London Drapery Office , 3
Winnipeg (Canada) Wheat Buying 2
337
PRODUCTIVE DEPARTMENTS.
Boot Factory, Currying, &c Shieldhall 1,090
Parkview Glasgow 285
Clothing Factory (Beady-made) Shieldhall 360
(Bespoke) and Caps Glasgow 215
Shirt Factory 160
Underclothing Factory 115
Hosiery Factory Shieldhall 203
Clothing (Artisan) 172
Mantle Factory Glasgow 64
Waterproof Factory 113
Umbrella Factory 8
Hat Factory 8
Saddlers' Shop 11
2,804
Carried forward 4,546
127
NUMBEE OF EMPLOYES, JUNE 25 TH) 1910.
PRODUCTIVE DEPARTMENTS continued. Collective
Totals.
Brought forward 4,546
Cabinet Factory Shieldhall 247
Brush Factory 39
Tinware 69
Scale Repair Glasgow 1 L
Engineering Department Shieldhall 64
Electrical Department Glasgow 37
Cartwright Shop 29
Horse Shoeing 7
Printing Department Shieldhall 423
Preserve Factory ,, 186
Confection 69
Coffee Essence Factory 51
Pickle Factory 29
Chemical Department 177
Tobacco Factory 164
Miscellaneous ,, 12
Sausage Factory Glasgow 26
Ham Curing 33
Leith 12
Aerated Water Factory . . Glasgow 54
,, Leith 7
,, .... Stirling 9
,, ,, Dunfermline 9
Chancelot Mills Edinburgh 95
Junction Leith 49
Regent Glasgow 85
Ettrick Selkirk 196
Dress Shirt Factory Leith 236
Laundry Potterhill 94
Soap Works Grangemouth 96
Farm Carntyne Glasgow 1
Calderwood Estate Lanarkshire 58
Ryelands Milk Centre 3
Creameries Bladnoch and Whithorn Wigtownshire 78
Fish Curing Aberdeen 76
Cartwrights' Shop Leith 4
Horse Shoeing ,, 2
Saddler's Shop 1
Retail Branch Elgin 3
2,841
BUILDING DEPARTMENT.
Tradesmen 270
Management 12
282
Total 7,669
128
BONUS TO LABOUR.
The payment of bonus, since its institution in 1870, has taken three
different forms. Till 1884 employes received, on wages earned, double the
rate per allocated as dividend on members' purchases. This arrangement
was then replaced by one which set aside the double claim of the employe,
and, recognising a difference between workers in the distributive and produc-
tive departments, established a differential rate. The distributive employes
received the same rate of bonus as was the rate of dividend on members'
purchases, and the rate of bonus to productive workers was determined by the
net aggregate profit made in the manufacturing departments only. This
arrangement continued till 1892, when the system of bonus payment was
again revised. Hitherto the whole bonus allocated had been paid over ; but
the present system, which allows a uniform rate to both distributive and
productive departments, requires that one-half of each worker's bonus be
retained and put to his credit, forming a special fund, called the Bonus Fund.
This capital bears interest at the rate of 4 per cent, per annum, and is not
withdrawable until the expiry of three months after leaving the service of the
Society, unless with the consent of the Committee.
EMPLOYE-SHAREHOLDERS.
Simultaneously with the introduction of the present scheme of bonus,
arrangements were made to permit of employes becoming shareholders in
the Society. The number of shares held by one individual may range from
five to fifty of twenty shillings each, and the paid-up capital bears interest at
the rate of 5 per cent, per annum. By the rules of the Society, the share-
holding employes are entitled to send one representative to the quarterly
meeting, and one additional for every 150 employes who become shareholders.
At the present time there are 559 shareholders, which permits of a repre-
sentation of four at the business meetings of the Society.
129
BONUS TO LABOUR.
The following statements show the amount of bonus paid each
year since
1870, and the total amount thus paid to employes, also the Bonus
Fund and
the Employe-Shareholders' Fund at June 25th, 1910 :
Quarter ending Novembf
Year
>! 11 11
II 11 11
II 11 11
,, October
Novemb
FIRST BONUS SCHEME.
r 19 1870
Amount.
a. a.
5 11 ...
Average
Rate per .
e. a.
..08
18 1871
40 10 ...
. . . 10J
16 1872
52 7 ...
9*
15 1873
90 1 8
9i
14, 1874
116 9 ...
8|
13 1875
109 15 4 ...
... 08
4 1876
108 13 4 ...
... 08
3 1877 *
121 10 ...
... 08
2 1878
147 17 ...
... 08
2 1879
203 30 ...
9*
30 1880
322 93 ...
... 11
^r 5 1881
368 38 ...
... 10
4 1882
453 9 1 ...
. . . 11
3 1883
542 30 ...
. . . 11J
1 1884
484 2 6 ...
9*
SECOND BONUS SCHEME.
Year ending
Distributive Rate
Amount. per .
Proauctive
Amount.
Rate
per .
s. a. s. 3.
B. a.
s. a.
October 31, 1885 ....
483 13 1 .... 6| . .
December 25, 1886
873 6 6 ..
..
....
31, 1887
603 2 6| . .
. . 315 2 1
4
29, 1888 . . .
683 12 1 6J ..
.. 628 11 7
.... 7
28, 1889
833 16 10 6J ..
. . 1,016 14 10
.... 8$
27, 1890
1,139 6 10 7
.. 1,752 10 6
.... 11
26, 1891
1,208 9 3 .... 6| ..
. . 1,802 14 9
9
31, 1892
1,813 8 3 6 ..
.. 2,320 11 4
9
130
BONUS TO LABOUR.
PRESENT BONUS SCHEME. Rate
per .
s. d. s. d.
Year ending December 30. 1893 3,775 15 6J
29, 1894 3,563 18 9 6
28, 1895 4,634 14 7
26, 1896 5,965 17 9 7|
25, 1897 7,431 8 8 8
31, 1898 7,017 2 6 7
30, 1899 8,943 12 8
29, 1900 9,938 10 8 8
28, 1901 10,502 8 8 8
27, 1902 11,136 8
26, 1903 11,832 11 9 8
' 31, 1904 12,476 12 8 8
30,1905 12,41815 7 8
29,1906 12,849 4 8 8
28,1907 13,407 14 7 8
26, 1908 14,276 19 10 8
25, 1909 ..'.., 13,892 9 8
Half Year ending June 25, 1910 7,040 12 4 8
Total amount paid as bonus to June 25th, 1910 189,745 5 10
Amount of Bonus Fund at June 25th, 1910 55,684 10 5
Employe-Shareholders' Fund at June 25th, 1910 559 employes holding
15,464 shares, with 13,627 paid up.
131
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continued.
President of Third Day.
Wm. Maxwell, J.P.
D. Mc.lnnes.
F. Hardern, J.P.
W. H. Brown.
J. Warwick.
G. Hawkins.
J. Shillito.
A. Golightly.
W. Maxwell.
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G. Hawkins .
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Doncaster : Corn Exchange .
Stratford : Town Hall
Paisley : G. A. Clark Town H
Birmingham : Central Hall .
Preston : Public Hall
Newport : Central Hall
Newcastle : Palace Theatre .
Plymouth : Guildhall
iral Address delivered by Bishop of ]
iral Address delivered by E. O. Gree
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(Compiled by the Co-operative Unia
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Trade Unions and Co-operation
The North of England Co-operative Wholesale Sc
Co-operation : How to Secure Safe Progress There
Associated Homes
Higher Aims of Co-operation and How to Realise
Organisation and Co-operation
The Principles of Go-operation as Applied to Crec
The Best Means of Making Co-operative Societies
Self-supporting Educational Establishments
Co-operative Libraries and the Principles on
Formed and Managed.
Industrial Partnerships
Co-operative Organisation and Propaganda
National Co-operative Organisation
Land, Labour, and Capital
A London Co-operative Board
The Claims of Co-operative Societies to the L
Agricultural and Building Purposes.
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869 continued.
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. J. Borrowman.
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. London Co-operative Agency
. Mutual Guarantee
. The Check System
. A Plea for Checking the Cash taken t
. Co-operative Check System
. Productive Co-operation
. Production of Flour by the Wholesal
. How to Dispose of the Surplus Capiti
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Federative Trading
The Extension of Wholesale Co-opera
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Principles and Methods of Voting . . .
The Best Means of Promoting Co-ope
Some Hints on the Problem of Co-op
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9 continued.
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. The Present State of the Co-operative Movement and the ]
. Proposal of a National Industrial Orphanage
. Proposal for the Establishment of International Co-opera
International PiO-onf>rat,ion . .
. Trade Societies 7 Funds and Co-operative Production ....
. The Policy of Paying High Dividends
Organisation tor Pronaffanda . .
. Co-operation and Trades Unionism
. Hindrances to Productive Co-operation
. How to Diminish the Bisks and Increase the Benefits
Co-operation.
. Associated Healthy Dwellings ; or, a New Plan of Practica
T^n.nVincr .
. A Special Means of Safe and Profitable Investment
. The Accumulation of Capital
. How should Labour be Paid in Co-operation ?
. The Relation of Capital and Labour when engaged i
Production.
Tiahonr in flo-onnrativo Workshons .
. What Trade Unionists Might Do for the Worker through
Tradfi Unions and f!o-or>firat,ion . .
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9 continued.
. Name of Writer.
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. The Failures of Industrial Partnerships
. Diffusion of the Co-operative News
. Re-establishment of Labour Exchanges
. Educational Funds
. The Necessity of Co-operative Educatio
. Working Men's Clubs
. Co-operative Friendly Society
. Co-operation and Culture
. The Development, Promotion, and Bene
. Voluntary Propagandist Efforts
. The Co-operative Union : Its Work, Dut
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. Spread of Co-operation in Agricultural "V
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1869 continued.
Name of Writer.
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.... Arnold Toynbee.
.... B. Jones.
1
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A. H. D. Acland.
.... J. Lochhead.
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EEAD AT CO-OPEEATIVE
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The Banking Question
Co-operation and Agriculture
The Education of Co-operators
The Revenue of the Central Board . .
)) )) ))
The Present Position and Future Dev
I) !)
The Banking Question
Utilisation of Surplus Capital
The Best Means of Propagating Co-op
The Nationalisation of the Land
Co-operative Farming
Surplus Capital
The Economic Aspect of Co-operation
The Limited Liability Movement in C
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. Reserve Funds and Depreciation ....
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147
THE CO-OPERATIVE UNION LIMITED.
OFFICES :
2, NICHOLAS CEOFT, HIGH STREET, MANCHESTEE.
WHAT IS THE CO-OPERATIVE UNION?
YT is an institution charged with the duty of keeping alive and diffusing a
* knowledge of the principles which form the life of the Co-operative move-
ment, and giving to its active members, by advice and instruction literary,
legal, or commercial the help they may require, that they may be better able
to discharge the important work they have to do.
WHAT HAS IT DONE?
THE greater part of the legal advantages enjoyed by Co-operators originated in
the action of the Central Board of the Union, and the Central Committee which
it succeeded. They may be summarised as follows :
(1) The right to deal with the public instead of their own members only.
(2) The incorporation of the Societies, by which they have acquired the right
of holding in their own name lands or buildings and property generally,
and of suing and being sued in their own names, instead of being driven
to employ trustees.
(3) The power to hold 200 instead of 100 by individual members of our
Societies.
(4) The limitation of the liability of members for the debts of the Society to
the sum unpaid upon the shares standing to their credit.
(5) The exemption of Societies from charge to income tax on the profits of
their business, under the condition that the number of their shares
shall not be limited.
(6) The authorising one Registered Society to hold shares in its own corporate
name to any amount in the capital of another Registered Society.
(7) The extension of the power of members of Societies to bequeath shares by
nomination in a book, without the formality of a will or the necessity
of appointing executors, first from 30 to 50, and now to 100, by the
Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1893, which also makes this
power apply to loans and deposits as well as to shares.
(8) The Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1871, which enables Societies
to hold and deal with land freely.
(9) The Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1876, which consolidated into
one Act the laws relating to these Societies, and, among many smaller
advantages too numerous to be mentioned in detail, gave them the right
of carrying on banking business whenever they offer to the depositors
the security of transferable share capital.
(10) The Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1893.
The Union consists of Industrial and Provident Societies, Joint-Stock
Companies, and other bodies corporate.
148
THE CO-OPERATIVE UNION LIMITED.
No Society is admitted into Union unless its management is of a representative
character, nor unless it agree
(1) To accept the statement of principles in the rules of the Union as the rules
by which it shall be guided in all its own business transactions.
(2) To contribute to the fund called the Congress Fund the annual payment
following :
(a) If the number of members of any such Society is less than 1,000,
then the sum of 2d. for each member.
(6) If the number of such members exceeds 1,000, then, at least, the
sum of 2,000d.
In estimating the number of members of a Society comprising other Societies,
each such Society is considered to be one member.
The financial year commences on January 1st in each year, and ends on
December 31st following.
N.B. Secretaries forwarding Cheques on account of the Union are requested
to make them payable to the Co-operative Union Limited; Money Orders to
A. WHITEHEAD, Cashier.
SUMMAEY OF THE LAW EELATING TO SOCIETIES
UNDER THE
INDUSTRIAL AND PROVIDENT SOCIETIES ACT, 1893.
I. The Formation of Societies
1. Application must be made to the Registrar of Friendly Societies, in
London, Edinburgh, or Dublin, according to the case, on a form supplied
by the office, signed by seven persons and the secretary, accompanied by two
copies of the rules, signed by the same persons.
2. These rules must provide for twenty matters stated on the form of
application.
N.B. Model rules on these twenty matters can be obtained from the
Registrar's office ; and the CO-OPERATIVE UNION LIMITED, 2, NICHOLAS CROFT,
HIGH STREET, MANCHESTER, publishes, at the cost of ld. a copy, general rules,
approved of by the Chief Registrar, providing also for many other matters on
which rules are useful ; and capable of being adopted, either with or without
alterations, by a few special rules, with a great saving in the cost of printing.
The General Secretary of the Union will prepare such special rules, without
charge, on receiving a statement of the rules desired.
149
THE CO-OPERATIVE UNION LIMITED.
II. Rights of a Registered Society
1. It becomes a body corporate, which can by its corporate name sue and be
sued, and hold and deal with property of any kind, including shares in other
societies or companies, and land to any amount.
2. Its rules are binding upon its members, though they may have signed no
assent to them ; but may be altered by amendments duly made as the rules
provide, and registered, for which a fee of 10s. is charged. The application for
registration must be made on a form supplied by the Registrar's office.
3. It can sue its own members, and can make contracts, either under its
seal or by a writing signed by any person authorised to sign, or by word of
mouth of any person authorised to speak for it, which will be binding wherever
a contract similarly made by an individual would bind him.
4. It may make all or any of its shares either transferable or withdrawable,
and may carry on any trade, including the buying and selling of land, and bank-
ing under certain conditions, and may apply the profits of the business in any
manner determined by its rules ; and, if authorised by its rules, may receive
money on loan, either from its members or others, to any amount so authorised.
5. If it has any withdrawable share capital it may not carry on banking,
but may take deposits, within any limits fixed by its rules, in sums not exceeding
10s. in any one payment, or 20 for any one depositor, payable at not less than
two clear days' notice.
6. It may make loans to its members on real or personal security ; and may
invest 011 the security of other societies or companies, or in any except those
where liability is unlimited.
7. It may make provision in its rules for the settlement of disputes between
members and the society or any officer thereof, and any decision given in
accordance with the conditions stated in the rules is binding on all parties to
the dispute, and is not removable into any court of law.
8. If the number of its shares is not limited either by its rules or its practice
it is not chargeable with income tax on the profits of its business.
9. It can, in the way provided by the Act, amalgamate with or take over
the business of any other society, or convert itself into a company.
10. It can determine the way in which disputes between the society and its
officers or members shall be settled.
11. It can dissolve itself, either by an instrument of dissolution signed by
three-fourths of its members, or by a resolution passed by a three-fourths vote at
a special general meeting, of which there are two forms (A) purely voluntary,
when the resolution requires confirmation at a second meeting ; (B) on account
of debts, when one meeting is sufficient. In such a winding up hostile
proceedings to seize the property can be stayed.
150 .
THE CO-OPERATIVE UNION LIMITED.
III. Rights of Members (see also IV., 4, 5, 6)
1. They cannot be sued individually for the debts of the society, or com-
pelled to pay more towards them than the sum remaining unpaid on any shares
which they have either expressly agreed to take or treated as their property, or
which the rules authorise to be so treated.
2. If they transfer or withdraw their shares, they cannot be made liable for
any debts contracted subsequently, nor for those subsisting at the time of the
transfer or withdrawal, unless the other assets are insufficient to pay them.
3. Persons not under the age of 16 years may become members, and legally
do any acts which they could do if of full age, except holding any office.
4. An individual or company may hold any number of shares allowed by the
rules, not exceeding the nominal value of 200, and any amount so allowed as
a loan. A society may hold any number of shares.
5. A member who holds at his death not more than 100 in the society as
shares, loans, or deposits, may, by a writing recorded by it, nominate, or vary
or revoke the nomination of any persons to take this investment at his death ;
and if he dies intestate, without having made any subsisting nomination, the
committee of management of the society are charged with the administration
of the fund ; subject in either case to a notice to be given to the Commissioners
of Inland Revenue whenever the sum so dealt with exceeds 80.
6. The members may obtain an inquiry into the position of the society by
application to the Registrar.
IV. Duties of a Registered Society
1. It must have a registered office, and keep its name painted or engraved
outside, and give due notice of any change to the Registrar.
2. It must have a seal on which its name is engraved.
3. It must have its accounts audited at least once a year, and keep a copy of
its last balance sheet and the auditors' report constantly hung up in its registered
office.
4. It must make to the Registrar, before the 31st of March in every year, a
return of its business during the year ending the 31st December previous, and
supply a copy of its last returns gratis to every member and person interested
in its funds on application.
5. It must allow any member or person interested in its funds to inspect his
own account and the book containing the names of the members.
6. It must supply a copy of its rules to every person on demand, at a price
not exceeding one shilling.
7. If it carries on banking, it must make out in February and August in
every year, and keep hung up in its registered office, a return, in a form
prescribed by the Act ; and it has also to make a return every February to the
Stamp Office under the Banking Act.
The non-observance by a society of these duties exposes it and its officers to
penalties varying from 1 to 50, which are in some cases cumulative for every
week during which the neglect lasts.
151
Cotton Growing Within the British Empire.
BY J. HOWARD EEED, F.B.G.S.,
Hon. Secretary Manchester Geographical Society.
INTRODUCTORY.
' / < ~X NE of our greatest industries is as insecure as any city
If or edifice built upon an active volcano I refer to the
cotton trade." Thus wrote the late Sir Alfred Jones in
May, 1909. The statement is even truer to-day than when it was
originally penned.
It is well known that next to agriculture the manufacture of
cotton in its various branches forms the most important industry
in Great Britain, and directly employs close upon 500,000 workers.
Lancashire as a whole depends almost solely upon it, and indirectly
the prosperity of every other important undertaking is more or
less concerned.
The vast work of spinning and weaving cotton carried on in
the Lancashire district creates a demand for the products of a
host of other trades, and thus makes employment for multitudes
of workers throughout the land. The money paid in wages in
the cotton mills and in the various industries which are directly or
indirectly affected forms a very large proportion of the whole
purchasing power of the masses of the people, and consequently
the prosperity of the cotton industry materially affects the general
well-being of the country at large.
It is perhaps somewhat anomalous that an industry which is
of such importance, and which has reached such vast proportions,
should be wholly dependent upon the supply of a raw product
which is brought from thousands of miles across the seas, and
not one ounce of which can be produced at home.
In the past Lancashire has been able to obtain all the raw
cotton required for the supply of her mills without any grave
difficulty, owing to the fact that for a long time she had few
competitors purchasing fibre in the cotton-producing centres of
the world. The Lancashire demand was the largest, the produce
of the cotton fields was ample, and consequently British spinners
were able to purchase all they required at reasonable and fairly
regular prices. This state of things no longer obtains, and in
152
COTTOX GROWING WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
recent years so great has become the demand for raw cotton
throughout the world, and so small has been the margin of the
crops produced over the demand, that serious shortage has
periodically occurred, to the especial detriment of the Lancashire
industry, and serious loss and even disaster to those engaged
in it.
The shortage in the supply of raw cotton during the past few
years has become so serious, and threatens to be so regular and
progressive, that unless the remedial efforts which are now being
made are successful, the trouble will from year to year become
more and more serious, until the great Lancashire industry will
of sheer necessity languish and decay, and become a mere shadow
of its former self.
To sum the whole matter up, it may be stated in all seriousness
that, unless in due time plentiful supplies of raw cotton are
forthcoming from a wider producing area than at present obtains,
the staple manufacture of the Lancashire district is doomed. This
statement is both serious and sweeping, but it is nevertheless
true; although it is questionable if the majority of those most
interested, who should be best informed, even now realise the
true proportions of the danger by which they are faced.
It was with a view of meeting this modern necessity that the
British Cotton Growing Association was founded some few years
ago. The work that has been accomplished by this truly Imperial
organisation has been most useful, and if it only receives the
support it deserves it will without doubt solve the difficult
and all-important problem to which it has applied its energies.
All who have any real knowledge of the work that has been
done, and properly grasp the magnitude of the task, must feel
disappointed at the tardy and comparatively small measure of
financial support which in the earlier years was forthcoming, and
which even now is inadequate. If the cotton manufacturers of
Lancashire, and others directly interested in the industry, had
from the first properly realised the vast importance of the matter
the money asked for by the Association would surely have been
subscribed during the first year of its existence. The cotton
magnates and others are indignant when American speculators
"corner" the supplies, and they recently even went so far as to
hustle the speculator, Mr. Patten, off the floor of the Manchester
Exchange in a rude and undignified manner. At the same time,
by failing to support the work of opening up new cotton fields,
they are aiding and abetting the cornering process.
It has been well said that the only way in which the cornering
of cotton can be made practically impossible is so to multiply
153
COTTON GROWING WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
the sources of supply, and so to increase the total output of raw
fibre, that the speculators may be metaphorically "smothered in
cotton."
STATISTICAL.
To substantiate and to some extent emphasise the general
statements made in the preceding paragraphs, and to render more
clear the great need for increased supplies of raw cotton and
for the broadening the sources of supply, it will be worth while
at this stage to give some little attention to certain statistics of
the question.
It has already been stated that close upon half a million
people are engaged in the cotton industry of the Lancashire
district, and, of course, the number of persons directly and
indirectly dependent upon it must be several millions.
SPINDLES.
The total number of spindles in work throughout the world has
been estimated as 131,503,062, no less than 53,311,630 of these
being in Britain. Europe possesses 39,421,552, while 27,783,000
are to be found in the United States. The remaining 10,986,880
belong to India, Japan, and others of the smaller cotton centres.
These figures show that, although the largest number of spindles
belongs to this country, the Continent of Europe and the United
States of America follow us more closely in numbers than is
generally appreciated.
When the figures just quoted are compared with those of some
fifteen years ago it is found that on the Continent and in the
United States the increase in the numbers of spindles goes on at
a much more rapid rate than it does in this country. This will be
clear from the following table :
Spindles
in 1895.
Spindles
in 1909.
Increase
in 14 years.
Increase
per cent.
Great Britain
45,400,000
53,311,630
7,911,630
17
Europe
28,200,000
39,421,552
11,221,552
39
United States
16,100,000
27,783,000
11,683,000
72
It will be seen from these figures that whereas some fifteen
years ago we possessed more spindles than Europe and America
combined, such is no longer the case, but that now those
countries, taken together, considerably exceed our total. It will,
154
COTTON GROWING WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
moreover, be noticed that, while we have increased our total of
spindles in the period dealt with by only 17 per cent., Europe
has increased at the rate of 39 per cent., while America has
progressed no less than 72 per cent.
It is well known that at the present time large numbers of
spindles throughout the world are standing idle, and that a very
large proportion of those in use are working short time, such
reduction being specially pronounced in this country. The short
time is induced by general depression in the cotton trade, brought
about in very large measure by the high price of raw cotton,
caused mainly by the shortage of the supply.
BALES OF COTTON.
Turning from the statistics of spindles to those of bales of
raw cotton it will be found that the figures so obtained are even
more remarkable than those just dealt with, and throw a very
strong light upon the reasons for dear cotton and a shortage in
the supply.
It is well known that the cotton manufacturers of the world
have for years been dependent upon the American fields for about
80 per cent, of their raw fibre, and this state of things still
applies. Except in the case of some disaster such as an
extremely bad harvest, or international trouble which would stop
or practically stop supplies, this dependence upon virtually one
source of supply was of no great moment so long as the crop each
year was fully equal to the whole demand. This state of things
at one time regularly prevailed, and then Lancashire was well
content. We find, for instance, that in the season of 1882-3
the total American crop of cotton reached nearly 7,000,000 bales,
but the whole demand of Britain, Europe, and America upon such
produce was about 250,000 bales less. This allowed a respectable
margin of surplus, which, of course, tended to keep the price
reasonable and steady, and left Lancashire undisturbed.
The American crop has, generally speaking, increased year by
year, although, owing to a variety of causes, and especially to the
fluctuations of the seasons, the yearly increase has not been
regular in amount. While, as just noted, the whole production
in 1882-3 was less than 7,000,000 bales, it had increased in 1892
to over 9,000,000, in 1902 to 10,500,000, and last year (1908-9)
it reached nearly 14,000,000. It should be remarked, however,
that in some of the years intervening between those quoted the
crop fell short of that of the previous year, but this shortage,
although serious, was not disastrous, as it was generally balanced
by the surplus of the previous year and the rebound of the season
which followed.
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COTTON GROWING WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
While the increased production has gone forward as indicated,
it has, however, not been sufficient to keep pace with the
increased demand of the cotton mills, especially of those in
Europe, and more especially of those in the United States;
although the British call for raw fibre has remained almost
stationary, scarcely keeping pace with the nominal increase of
population.
It is this enormous hunger for raw cotton on the part of
Europe and America that has done more than anything else to
bring about shortage, give opportunities to the cotton speculators,
and generally to depress Lancashire.
The following figures will throw a flood of light upon this
point and make it perfectly clear:
CONSUMPTION OF COTTON IN THE WORLD'S COTTON MILLS, IN BALES.
Year.
Great Britain.
Continent
of Europe.
United States.
1891-2
3,181,000
3,640,000
2,431,000
1901-2
3,253,000
4,784,000
3,908,000
Percentage of increase . . .
2i
81$
60|
These figures show that during the ten years completed 1901-2
the British consumption of raw cotton only increased 2 per cent.,
which barely kept pace with natural expectations due to increase
of population. In the mills of Europe during the same time the
demand grew no less than 31f per cent., and this on a larger
total figure in the earlier year than then applied in this country.
This growth is somewhat startling, but when we turn to the
third column of the table we find the fact there expressed more
staggering and even alarming. The demands of the American
mills for raw cotton during ten years increased literally by leaps
and bounds, until the total considerably exceeded the full demand
of Great Britain and approached very closely to that of the whole
of Europe, in spite of the fact that the European demands during
the same period had increased so enormously.
This rapid increase in the demand for raw fibre on the part
of Europe and America continues, while the British demand still
remains practically stationary. According to the figures for the
year ended August, 1909, published by the Master Cotton
Spinners and Manufacturers' Association, the consumption of
cotton on the Continent for that year reached the enormous figure
156
COTTON GROWING WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
of 6,389,328 bales, while that in Great Britain had fallen somewhat
from both the 1901-2 and the 1891-2 figures given in the preceding
table, the total being only 3,153,544 bales less than half that used
in Europe. The American figure given by this authority is equally
startling, as it reaches no less than 5,085,000 bales. There is some
doubt in the writer's mind as to the weight of the bales which are
comprised in the British and Continental figures just quoted, but
this does not affect the comparison. This doubt does not apply
in the case of the figure for the United States, as it is expressly
stated that the bales weigh 5001bs. each.
COMPARATIVE VALUE OF TEXTILES.
To prevent misunderstanding it is necessary to remark that
the enormous increase in the demand for raw cotton in Europe
and America and the concurrent slight fall in Britain has
not necessarily any bearing upon the relative value of the cotton
industry in the three countries. Weight for weight, the value
of an equal quantity of cotton after manufacture is very much
greater in this country than is the case either in Europe or
America, owing to the fact that we spin very much finer counts
than do the foreign manufacturers. From year to year Lancashire
has more and more devoted herself to these finer materials, while
her foreign competitors have so far given their attention to the
heavier classes of goods.
Fiscal reformers tell us that the enormous growth in the
manufacture of fabrics in the protected countries has been due,
or at any rate largely helped, by their tariff systems, and that if
we had had some similar measure of protection we might have
'retained a large portion of the coarser manufacture which the
foreigner has now so largely developed. They go further, and
say that without such a system in the future we shall in time
find that even the production of our fine stuffs will be brought
into severe competition with similar fabrics from the protected
countries, who, as they overtake the demand for their present
productions, and as their workers become more skilful, will turn
their attention to the manufacture of goods now almost exclusively
made in Lancashire. It is not proposed to follow these arguments
here, however, as they have no immediate bearing upon the subject
under consideration.
We are faced with the fact that the world's demand for raw
cotton has increased enormously in recent years, that the rapid
growth of cotton manufacture in other countries has intensified
the demand to such an extent that the time is rapidly approaching,
.if it has not already arrived, when increased supplies must be
obtained from somewhere or Lancashire will be faced with dire
157
COTTON GEOWING WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
disaster. Our business is to consider what can be done, and what
is being done, to relieve the pressure, and ultimately to render
Great Britain independent of, or at any rate less dependent upon,
the American cotton fields.
DANGERS, PAST AND PRESENT.
It is to be feared that the present generation of Lancashire
people do not even now fully realise the seriousness of the
danger by which they are threatened. A periodical and almost
chronic shortage of cotton has troubled the Lancashire district for
some time, and has forced the mill owners and operatives to adopt
a policy of short time to reduce the strain. An actual famine,
however, has not come to us, but, if foreign demands for raw
cotton continue to increase, and larger supplies are not soon
forthcoming from somewhere, such a famine will before long
have to be faced.
Lancashire in a bygone generation suffered a cotton famine
when the American supplies failed during the American Civil
War of the early sixties. It may be worth while to consider in
a few sentences what then happened as an illustration of what
may come upon us again unless the great problem is now properly
grappled with and solved.
During the period of the war, 1861-5, the world's supply of
raw cotton fell off by about 75 per cent. Numbers of mills in
Lancashire were compelled to stop altogether, and probably none
were working more than half time. Nearly 250,000 operatives
were thrown out of work, some 165,000 were only partially
employed, while nearly a quarter of a million people were living
on charity. The disaster of those days was terrible indeed, but
a cotton famine of a similar proportion in these times would
be still more terrible. The population of Britain has in the
meantime nearly doubled, and the cotton operatives during the
same period have increased materially in numbers. Whereas in
1861 2,780,000 bales of American cotton sufficed for Lancashire,
to-day we require considerably more, and as we have already
seen the Continent and, what is of more importance, America
have each increased their demands enormously. In the event of a
famine, therefore, or even of a very serious shortage, we should
probably lose the whole of our American supply, as naturally those
on the spot would get the first call upon the supplies grown in
their own country. It is to safeguard ourselves against so serious
and appalling a catastrophe that it has in recent years become
imperative that something should be done; and it was the
realisation of this necessity on the part of a few far-seeing men
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COTTON GROWING WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
which some years back brought into being the British Cotton
Growing Association, which has ever since devoted its attention
most assiduously and loyally to the problem set before it.
SUGGESTIONS FOR INCREASE.
The first idea which occurred to Lancashire cotton consumers,
when the shortage of raw fibre began to be manifest a few years
ago, was that the fields then producing cotton should be extended,
so that the larger demand might be steadily met. Such extension
has, of course, been generally pursued, as the figures we have
quoted have shown. The extension of the original fields, in
America, India, and Egypt, so far as such was possible, it was
soon found would be insufficient to meet the rapidly increasing
demand, with an allowance of sufficient margin.
In America, for instance, the cotton-growing areas have been
extended, but the extension is in no sense sufficient to meet the
necessities of the case. The rapidity with which the manufacture
of cotton in the Southern States has grown has undoubtedly
adversely affected the industry of cotton cultivation in a manner
which is, perhaps, not very obvious at first glance, but perfectly
patent on thoughtful consideration.
The demand for skilled labour in the cotton mills has absorbed
a considerable amount of that which was available for the cotton
fields, with the result that the average skill of the field labourers
has been reduced, so that the weight of cotton obtained from each
acre cultivated is less than was formerly the case. Then again
the better portions of cotton-growing lands were the earlier
portions occupied, and consequently the new fields are of
necessity unlikely to give as high an average yield as the older
ones, while at the same time the better lands have been largely
exhausted, and the manuring has either been neglected or has
been insufficient to restore the original productiveness to the soil.
OLDHAM INQUIRIES.
The Oldham Chamber of Commerce went into this matter very
carefully in the year 1901, some little time before the British
Cotton Growing Association was established. They propounded
a series of questions dealing with the subject to officials of the
Board of Trade, on the suggestion of representatives of that
authority. To the first of these, "Can the growth of cotton be
materially increased in Egypt?" the reply was that "improved
agricultural methods, carefully selected seeds, and the more
general use of artificial manure" might increase the "yield on the
poorer lands," but that "no great increase of the area planted
with cotton" could be expected. This was certainly not very
encouraging. The answer to a similar question regarding an
159
COTTON GROWING WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
increased output from India* was equally disappointing. It was
fairly evident that no great increase in supplies of raw cotton
from either of the three principal fields was likely to be
forthcoming.
When questions of the same kind were put to the authorities
in various British Colonies in Africa and elsewhere the responses
received were very much more hopeful, although up to that time
none of these districts had any reputation as producers of cotton
fibre, except the West Indies, and even there the industry which
at one time existed had been long ago destroyed by the competition
of the United States and by the concentration of local energy on
sugar and coffee.
THE MOVEMENT IN LIVERPOOL.
While the Oldham Chamber of Commerce was engaged in
its inquiries, some gentlemen in Liverpool, notably the late
Sir Alfred Jones, were actively engaged in similar and even
more practical work in some of the West African Colonies.
Sir Alfred, early in May, 1901, had sent some ten tons of
American cotton seed to Lagos for experimental purposes, and
satisfied himself and others that cotton could be successfully
grown in many portions of West Africa.
Oldham and Liverpool, working on similar lines as indicated,
compared notes, while Bolton, Blackburn, and other cotton centres
showed their interest in the movement. By the month of May,
1902, matters had progressed so far that an important gathering
was held in Manchester, and this marked the foundation of the
now well-known and most assiduous organisation, the British
Cotton Growing Association. The work that has been carried out
by this devoted body is beyond all praise. Satisfactory results
have already followed their efforts, and had they been more
promptly backed up by Lancashire as they deserved there is little
doubt that they would have accomplished more. They have all
the time been handicapped for funds, and even as this is written
sufficient of the real sinews of war is not forthcoming.
The work carried out by the Association was in the earlier
days largely a matter of inquiry, information of all kinds bearing
upon the subject being obtained from local colonial officials or
from any one with special or expert knowledge. Experiment
rapidly followed, and experts were engaged and sent to different
colonies to commence operations. Lands for experimental cotton
fields were acquired on easy terms by the grace and good will of
* A deputation of cotton experts recently waited upon Lord Morley with
regard to an increased output from the Indian fields, but it seems to be well
understood that this can only be brought about by some strong fostering action
of the Indian Government.
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COTTON GROWING WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
the Government authorities; cotton seed of various kinds was
obtained and sent to the different districts so that it might be
found which variety was best suited to a given area. Easy or
entirely free freights were arranged for the carriage of cotton
seed, agricultural machinery, cotton gins, and presses, both on
steamers and colonial railways. The colonies did their best to
improve communications by the making and improvement of
roads, the construction of railways, and the provision of steamers
and other craft on the rivers and lakes. Everything possible has
been and still is being done in this way to help forward the
movement.
GOVERNMENT HELP.
Quite recently the Association have obtained a promise of help
from the British Government in the shape of a subsidy of 10,000
per year for three years from Imperial funds, on condition that
the Association raise a further sum of 150,000 (completing their
original capital of 500,000) for continuing the work so well
begun, and that they establish, and maintain for a period of
three years, seven pioneering buying and ginning centres two
of these to be in the Gold Coast Colony, one in Southern Nigeria,
three in Northern Nigeria, and one in Nyasaland.* Also that the
Association shall provide free of charge all seed for sowing
purposes in the colonies just mentioned, and in addition that they
so far as possible carry on travelling and missionary work among
the native cultivators in Northern and Southern Nigeria and in
the Gold Coast. A FISCAL VIEW
It has been pointed out by some that the work of the British
Cotton Growing Association is in many respects akin to the policy
advocated by a certain school of politicians who desire to bring
about a change in our fiscal arrangements. The establishment of
a fund of 500,000 to be spent in stimulating the cultivation of
cotton, Government grants of land, assistance in various ways
from the local colonial Governments and from the Colonial Office,
free freights on steamships, free rates on colonial railways, paid
experts for experimental and educational work in growing cotton
among colonial natives, free seed, free ploughs, free ginning
mills, and free presses are, they say, all aids incidental to a bounty
system, which is twin sister to a scientific tariff. The grant of
money for the same purpose from Imperial funds now arranged
serves, it is said, to clinch the argument.
The writer mentions the above for what it is worth, but
does not propose to follow it further, or to express any view
* These centres are to be in addition to several others already established
on a commercial basis in Africa and elsewhere.
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COTTON GROWING WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
with regard to it, believing that this is certainly not the place to
discuss the matter. He would remark, however, that among the
most ardent and prominent people connected with the British
Cotton Growing Association are to be found politicians of both
schools. Strong Free Traders and equally convinced Tariff
Reformers are working shoulder to shoulder for a common cause,
the provision of ample supplies of raw cotton. The solution of
this problem is without doubt of immediate and overwhelming
importance to Lancashire, and so long as it is accomplished it
matters little or nothing if what is called fiscal orthodoxy is or
is not outraged in the effort.
OLD FIELDS INADEQUATE.
As we have seen in previous paragraphs, the supplies of raw
cotton before the advent of the British Cotton Growing Association
came to this country from America, India, and Egypt, the fields
of the first-named country supplying us with about 80 per cent,
of the whole. When Lancashire began to realise the grave
importance of the recent recurrent shortage of raw cotton it was
at once remembered that the cotton-growing industry of Egypt
received its great stimulus during the American cotton famine
period of 1861-5. Inquiry, as we have already seen, soon showed
that there was no possibility of such further expansion on
the banks of the Nile as would be required to counteract the
continually increasing demands upon the American supply by the
mills in the United States, and India was found to be equally
impotent adequately to meet the new situation.
It was at once pointed out by experts that it was not to be
expected that much additional land in Egypt could be devoted to
cotton growing, and that, therefore, very little extra fibre could
be got from that country. In the case of India they also showed
that the crop of cotton grown varied very little in quantity from
year to year, but that the demand for raw fibre on the part of
Indian mills was increasing steadily, and had during a space of
ten years increased about 20 per cent.
THE HOPE OF IMPERIAL FIELDS.
It was then that far-seeing men drew special attention to the
fact that we possessed within the Empire colonies where cotton
was cultivated on a more or less successful scale long before the
industry took root upon the American continent, and that it might
be possible to revive and largely increase this production. They
also remembered that we possessed other colonies, well within the
cotton-growing zone, where the production of fibre might be
attempted with some hope of success. They realised further that
12
162
COTTON GROWING WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
we had enormous colonies and protectorates, recently added to the
Empire, and awaiting development, where the cotton plant was
indigenous to the soil, in some of which districts, moreover,
there had been carried on for ages a primitive cotton industry
embracing the cultivation of the fibre and the manufacture of
fabrics. It was also well known that the black population in the
Southern States of America, who now form the workers in the
cotton fields, are the descendants of African slaves brought
across the seas a century ago. The question was naturally asked,
Why should not the people of the same race and blood as the
American blacks, and who live by millions as freemen and owners
of the soil in British Africa, become cotton cultivators on a
large scale? It was remarked that the soil and climate of the
lands these people occupied were eminently suitable for cotton
production, and that if the necessary assistance and stimulus was
given there seemed every reason to expect abundant success.
The above remarks practically sum up what was the position
at the time when the Oldham Chamber of Commerce began their
inquiries, and when Sir Alfred Jones commenced his practical
experiments.
THE COTTON-GROWING ZONE.
It will have been noted that we have just, referred to the
"cotton-growing zone." By this we mean the lands upon the
earth's surface which fall within latitudes where the climate
generally speaking is suitable for the cotton plant to grow and
to thrive. According to Professor W. E. Dunstan, F.E.S., this
region comprises all the land which falls within 40 north and
40 south of the equator. In other words, all lands between,
say, the latitude of Constantinople and Pekin in the northern
and roughly of Cape Town and Melbourne in the southern
hemispheres. This region it will be seen embraces, practically, all
the British Empire except Canada, Tasmania, and part of New
Zealand, and obviously gives an enormous possibility from the
point of view of cotton growing, as it includes the whole of the
tropical and semi-tropical possessions of Great Britain. As has
been pointed out by Professor Dunstan, "the rainfall in most of
these countries is adequate, and, in those in which it is deficient,
irrigation is possible in nearly every instance."
Turning to the suitability of the soil, the same gentleman says
that this "is more difficult to determine, especially in relation to
the necessity of manuring and to the proper rotation of crops.
He remarks further, however, that "there can be little doubt that
throughout the greater part of the African continent under British
control the soil is likely to prove to be suitable for the purpose.
The same may be said of the West Indies."
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COTTON GROWING WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
THE EMPIRE CONSIDERED.
Considerable space has already been devoted to statistics, to
the main causes of cotton shortage, to some historic points in the
new cotton-growing movement, and general reference has been
made to the portions of the British Empire to which we may look
for our supplementary supplies in the future. It is now proposed
to give special attention to each of the various regions, to point
out how far the prospects for the future are hopeful in each case,
and, so far as space permits, to state what has already been
accomplished.
Experience during the past few years has adequately shown
that the prospect of satisfactory supplies of raw cotton being
obtained from the British colonies is most encouraging, but it
has also made it very clear that there are much brighter immediate
prospects from certain more favoured districts than from others.
This fact will become clearly apparent as we proceed, but it will
be definitely appreciated at the outset when we remark that in a
document issued by the British Cotton Growing Association in
December, 1909, it was stated that it had been "decided to
concentrate their main efforts on Nigeria, Uganda, Nyasaland, and
the West Indies." It does not follow from this that other portions
of the Empire are of little value from the point of view of cotton
production, but rather that, as the Association find they are at
present unable adequately to cover the whole field of opportunity,
they consider it better, as they say, to "concentrate" on the
colonies above quoted, as they find those "districts offer the best
prospects for large and immediate results.
It is evident that once these fields are so developed as to need
little further stimulus the Association will be able with greater
prospect of success to turn their attention to those districts which
are not so promising at the present moment.
INDIA AND CEYLON.
Notwithstanding what has been said in earlier paragraphs,
certain attention has been paid to the increase of the cotton-
growing industry in India, but no very great measure of success
has so far attended these efforts, although, as will be seen
presently, the movement is in the right direction, and will, if the
effort is continued, doubtless give a more or less satisfactory
result in time. The class of cotton which is mostly produced in
India is of the short-stapled or medium type, which is not much
in demand in the British market. It is, however, largely used
locally, and is exported in considerable quantities to Japan and
Europe, Germany taking large supplies.
164
COTTON GROWING WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
Attempts have been made at various times to introduce the
cultivation of cotton from American and Egyptian seed, but partly
owing to the unsuitableness of the soil, but more because of the
conservative methods and instincts of the cultivators, these
experiments have not been attended with much success. The
British Cotton Growing Association took the matter up, devoted
a considerable sum of money to the work, and were able to induce
the Indian Government materially to assist the effort. Satisfactory
progress has been attained on some of the Government seed farms,
and these experiments seem to show that improved cultivation will
enhance the quality of the crops produced, and in time establish
the production of some of the longer-stapled types of fibre.
Experiments with "tree" cottons were tried, but the results were
not satisfactory.
In the Scind district the production of cotton from Egyptian
seed has been tried with considerable success, and if the natural
prejudices of the native growers could be overcome this cultivation
might be much extended. The long- stapled variety does not,
it seems, give so heavy a crop as the shorter varieties, and
consequently it is difficult to get the native to abandon quantity
for quality. It may be remarked, however, that 'though in the
season 1905 Scinde grew only 500 bales (4001bs. each) of this
cotton, the figure was doubled in the following year, and in 1909
it reached 2,500 bales.
In Ceylon cotton has been grown for a long time in a more
or less primitive manner by the natives for their own purposes.
Experiments have been carried out by the Government, and the
Association devoted 1,000 to the erection of a ginning plant in
the country. Difficulties with regard to this plant ai'ose, new
arrangements had to be made, and consequently progress has been
retarded. It is hoped that the Government will continue their
efforts, and that ultimately a native cotton-growing industry may
be established in the northern portions of the island.
CYPRUS AND MALTA.
In past years considerable cultivation of cotton was carried
on in Cyprus, the fibre being exported to France and the Levant,
and in small quantities to England. Some quantity was also used
locally. Locusts, poor seed, lack of water, and general neglect,
however, practically killed the industry. The irrigation of the
land and the introduction of better seed revived matters, and the
island is evidently capable of producing a very useful variety of
cotton. Malta and the adjoining island of Gozo can also produce
cotton of useful character, but so far only sufficient is cultivated
to supply local demands.
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COTTON GROWING WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
AUSTRALIA AND FIJI.
Experiments have proved that cotton of good quality can be
grown in Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia, and
New Guinea, but no great progress with the industry has been
made. This is almost wholly due to labour, difficulties. Such
agricultural labour as is available finds ample employment in the
cultivation of other products of more remunerative character,
which are already well established. Experimental work is,
however, still going on, and small quantities of fibre are exported.
Some thirty -five years ago cotton from Fiji was brought into
this country in fair quantity, and met with a ready sale. It is
remarkable for its whiteness, long staple, and silky gloss. Its
importation fell off owing, it is said, to the irregularity in the
length of staple, due most likely to careless cultivation.
The American War gave a great stimulus to the Fiji industry,
and Sea Island cotton was then pretty extensively grown. In the
year 1870 no less than 93,000 worth of fibre was exported. The
resumption of cotton production in the United States soon
adversely affected the Fiji cotton fields, and in these days little
fibre is produced. The experience of the past, however, shows
what is possible in these islands, and what may be done under
the pressure of necessity. Eecent experiments have shown
considerable promise.
BORNEO, STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, AND MALAY STATES.
These colonies all fall within the cotton-growing zone, but
no cultivation on any important scale has ever taken place. In
Borneo a native fibre is produced for local purposes which is
stated to be fine and strong and practically equal to Egyptian
cotton. Labour in Borneo is fairly plentiful, and with proper
encouragement much success might be expected.
The cultivation of cotton in the Malay Peninsula has been
attempted more than once, but never with any extensive result.
The variable climatic conditions are not encouraging, and the
plants seem to be specially liable to the attacks of parasites of
various kinds. Labour difficulties would also make against the
industry.
MAURITIUS, SEYCHELLES, AND ST. HELENA.
In the colonies both of Mauritius and Seychelles the natives
grow cotton for their own use, but only on a very small scale.
Efforts have been made to increase the product in the last-
mentioned islands, and some day the industry may be satisfactorily
developed. Samples of cotton grown have met with approval in
England.
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COTTON GROWING WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
In St. Helena cotton of good and fine quality grows easily, but
the possible area of cultivation is of necessity very circumscribed.
THE WEST INDIES.
When we leave the smaller island colonies and turn to the
West Indies we meet with much more encouraging reports of the
progress there being made in the cotton-growing industry. A
hundred years ago there was a very considerable cotton cultivation
carried On in these islands, and at that time the West Indian
colonies supplied at least 70 per cent, of all the fibre used in
Great Britain. This was before the industry on the American
continent had grown to anything like its later enormous
proportions, and before the cultivation of sugar in the West Indies
had become recognised as a much more profitable undertaking
than cotton growing. Having turned their best attention to other
industries, and being faced with the severe competition of the
American growers, the West Indian cotton cultivators practically
disappeared.
There is little doubt that some of the best varieties of cotton
grown in the American fields were brought originally from the
West Indian islands, where they had in all probability been
cultivated for generations. The botanical name of the Sea Island
variety of cotton plant (Gossypium Barbadense) at once suggests
that the plant in question came from the island of Barbados, which
island it may be stated is to-day producing a larger quantity of
fibre than any other island of the West Indian group.
One of the first efforts of the British Cotton Growing
Association was directed to the revival of the cultivation of fibre
in the West Indies, and their efforts were warmly backed up by
the colonial authorities. No official probably has done more to
stimulate and encourage the industry than has Sir Daniel Morris,
K.C.M.G., Imperial Commissioner of Agriculture in the West
Indies until quite recently. The writer had the privilege of
hearing Sir Daniel address a meeting in the Manchester Chamber
of Commerce in August, 1906, in which West Indian cotton
growing was very fully dealt with. The information then given
was of a most valuable and encouraging character. It was made
clear that during the previous three and a half years cotton to the
export value of 160,000 had been grown in the islands. This
production has since" been very considerably augmented. In the
season of 1907 fibre worth over 198,000 was produced; this fell
in the next year to a little over 175,000, owing to general trade
depression and a fall in prices, but later reports show that very
satisfactory crops are being grown, and that the industry promises
to make steady progress year by year.
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COTTON GROWING WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
The fibre so far cultivated in the West Indies has been
principally the Sea Island variety, because the "islands are
peculiarly adapted for this class of cotton." The colonists have
with some success turned their attention to other qualities, as it
is recognised that there is only a limited demand for fibre of the
best variety. Some of the islands seem to be suited for growing
a second-class quality, and others what has been described as
"third class." There is need for all kinds, and the middling
varieties find a readier market than do the finer qualities.
The West Indies are blessed with "a very good class of
planters," who seem to be thoroughly in earnest about the
industry they have taken up. The cultivation of cotton in these
islands may be said to be now thoroughly well established; more
land each year is brought under crops, and the output is gradually
and regularly increasing. In 1908 nearly 7,000 bales of cotton,
valued at more than 175,000, were exported. The latest returns
(at the time this is written) published by the Colonial Office state
that there is now an area of 30,000 acres under cotton crops,
with an annual output of 3,000,0001bs. of cotton lint, and
6,000,0001bs. of cotton seed, of an estimated value of 250,000.
This report also calls attention to the special adaptability of cotton
as a crop, in rotation with sugar cane, which is a very useful
and important fact.
We have seen from what has been said that the West Indies
have proved a very satisfactory field for increasing the supplies of
raw cotton which we so badly need, but it should be at once
recognised that the acreage of land in the islands available for
cotton growing is limited. The total area of the West Indies
is only a little over 12,000 square miles, say double the area of
the county of Yorkshire, or about equal to Belgium, while the
population is not much over one and a half millions.
These two facts, when viewed in the light of the other
important industries carried on in the islands, show at once that
other and larger areas are required if ever the British Empire
is to grow its own cotton, or even sufficiently to supplement the
present supplies.
THE AFRICAN CONTINENT.
Ample and fertile land areas, and large and intelligent
populations, more or less suitable for the purpose of cotton
cultivation, are to be found in the British colonies situated
within the borders of the great African continent. Africa has
been spoken of as the "last of the continents," the term being
used in the sense that its interior and inland tribes remained
unknown long after the geographical features of the other great
168
COTTON GROWING WITHIN THE BRITISH. EMPIRE.
continental areas had been opened up and developed, or their
peoples brought into touch with the outer world.
It is perhaps remarkable that this great continent, Africa, has,
so to speak, remained in reserve until to-day, and that the growth
of the British possessions within its area, though so important, has
been really so silent and immediately previous to the dawning of
a period when cotton-growing regions have become so necessary
to us if our great Lancashire industry is to be preserved. British
Africa promises to do more to solve the cotton problem than all the
other portions of the King's possessions combined, and may be
fittingly described as "Lancashire's hope." The cotton-growing
developments have become so important that considerable space
will be required to give an outline of what has been done and of
what may be looked for in the not very distant future. It will
perhaps be better to take the different districts and colonies
separately.
EGYPT AND THE SOUDAN.
As was pointed out in earlier paragraphs, it was clearly
understood in the early days of the British cotton-growing
movement that no great increase in the production of fibre was
to be expected in Egypt proper, but it was believed that some
development would take place consequent upon the increased area
of land made available for cultivation by the completion of the
great Nile dams at Assouan and Assiut.
Lord Cromer in his 1903 report stated that "a large extension
in the cultivation" of cotton might "confidently be anticipated
within a short time. ' ' Experience, however, has not as yet
realised this anticipation. On the contrary, the crop of 1909
was most unsatisfactory, and has been described as a "disastrous
failure." The dam at Assouan has been blamed for this falling
off, although it was expected to increase the weight of cotton
produced. It has been suggested that the river silt, which is so
valuable as a fertiliser, has been largely arrested by the dam,
instead of being spread over the delta area as before. Some
think that the raising of the level of the irrigation canals has so
altered the sub-soil as adversely to affect the roots of the cotton
plants. Others have suggested other causes which need not be
followed here, but the fact of failure remains as above stated.
It is of interest to note that a Special Commission has been
appointed to investigate the whole problem.
The Soudan gives considerable promise for the production of
cotton, but no great progress has so far been made. It was hoped
that matters would develop with some rapidity when once the
railway from Berber to the Eed Sea became a reality, but up to
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COTTON GROWING WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
now these hopes have not been realised. There can be no doubt,
however, that the districts watered by the Blue Nile and the
Atbara Eiver are eminently suited for cotton production, and in
due time they will doubtless supply a considerable output.
The late Sir Samuel Baker was a strong believer in the
suitableness of the district, and Lord Cromer has pointed out that
the Soudan was "the original home of Egyptian cotton." Sir
Eldon Gorst mentions in his report that the Egyptian irrigation
department has decided to double the allowance of summer water
available for the Soudan as soon as the raising of the Assouan
dam, now in hand, is completed, and this will improve matters
in the Soudan from a cotton-growing point of view. He further
points out that the development of cotton cultivation is a matter
of money, and that this must be found by private enterprise.
EAST AFRICA AND UGANDA.
Considerable areas within the East African Protectorate are
suitable for cotton production, the soil and climate being
everything that is required. Cotton grown near the coast has
proved to be of excellent character, with long staple and good
lustre, and to compare very favourably with fibre from Egypt. No
great progress has, however, yet been made.
The British Cotton Growing Association have spent a
considerable sum of money on the work in this district, and the
Protectorate Government contributed 1,000 per year for three
years to the effort. Failure of the coast crops last year made it
necessary for the East African Corporation to reorganise their
arrangements, and they decided to direct their efforts more to
Uganda and to Kisurrm on Lake Victoria. Doubtless in time
successful results will be obtained in East Africa, though for the
time being matters have met with a set-back.
In Uganda, where the Government have spent a large sum
of money in experiments, matters have progressed much more
satisfactorily. This is no doubt in great measure due to the
progressive character of the natives, who are head and shoulders
above the surrounding tribes in intelligence and civilisation. Sir
Hesketh Bell, K.C.M.G., late High Commissioner of Uganda,
speaks in most enthusiastic terms of the work which has been
accomplished in the Protectorate. Speaking in Manchester in
November, 1909, Sir Hesketh said that
They had in Uganda one of the greatest cotton fields in the Empire. They
had got not only the soil and the climate and other natural conditions absolutely
favourable to cotton growing, but they had the population that seemed to be
most eager to do what the British wanted them to do to grow cotton.
The natives of Uganda were so greedy of progress and improvement that they
had almost to be restrained. . . . Four or five years ago the exports of
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COTTON GROWING WITHIN THE 1 BRITISH EMPIRE.
cotton from Uganda to this country were practically nothing. Last year (1908)
the value of cotton shipped from that Protectorate was valued at j50,000, and
judging from the progress that was being made he believed that the industry
would quickly increase at least tenfold.
Mr. .Winston Churchill, after his visit to Uganda, also wrote
in very enthusiastic terms of the progress that was being made
and of the great opportunities that the country presents.
Improved transport facilities are urgently required in the shape
of extended railways, vessels for river and lake navigation, and
motor wagons as -connecting links between these have been
advocated. Already further railways are being arranged, and extra
steamers are being placed upon Lake Victoria and the Upper Nile.
Space will not permit of full justice being done to the remarkable
developments taking place in Uganda, but enough has probably
been said to make it clear that this portion of the Empire should
justly give abundant hope to Lancashire people.
NYASALAND".
This colony has long been known as one of the most
satisfactory of all the British districts in tropical Africa. The
work of its officials and missionary agents forms a story of
thrilling interest. Civilisation in its best sense has made
remarkable strides during the past quarter of a century, and has
been pushed forward steadily and persistently by the white
inhabitants, whether they have been Government officials, religious
teachers, or traders and planters. The introduction of coffee
cultivation into the colony some years ago led to a most remarkable
result, and there seems every prospect of the developments in
connection with cotton growing being even more striking and
important.
Cotton was known to be indigenous to the country even in the
days of Livingstone, and was 'cultivated and manufactured in a
crude manner by the natives for their own purposes. The growing
of cotton on commercial lines was not, however, introduced until
recent years. In the report of the then Acting Commissioner for
1902-3 cotton was for the first time mentioned as an export, but
the item barely reached the value of 3. This, however, indicated
the birth of a new industry. In 1908-9 the export of fibre had
risen to a volume of 28,353, and there is every reason to hope
for very considerable developments in the not very distant future.
Much has been done by the colonial authorities to further the
cultivation of cotton within this important little colony, progress
has rewarded their efforts, and the good work is to be continued
even more vigorously. In 1905 a cotton expert, Mr. Samuel
Simpson, was employed by the authorities to visit the colony
and to study the cotton-growing question on the spot. This
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COTTON GROWING WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
gentleman reported upon his investigations in due course, and his
report forms a most interesting, exhaustive, and encouraging
compendium of information, which must have proved of great
value to the planters in the country. This scientific method of
work is being continued, and while this is being written it is
reported that the Agricultural Department in the colony is to be
enlarged with a view to more attention being devoted to cotton
cultivation.
The Director of Agriculture has recently reported upon the
many varieties of cotton which can be and are produced, and
what districts within the colony are best suited to each kind,
according to the character of the soil and its elevation above
sea level. The writer of the report makes it clear that he
anticipates that cotton cultivation in Nyasaland will become a
most important industry. The railway which has been constructed
past the rapids and falls in the Shire Eiver, coupled with improved
steamboat services on Lake Nyasa and the Zambesi Eiver, will
greatly reduce the difficulties of transport and very materially
assist the industry.
The British . Cotton Growing Association, with the assistance
of the Home Government, have undertaken to establish a buying,
ginning, and pressing station at Port Herald, the terminus of the
new railway, which will be most useful and do much to assist
the work of cotton production, ;
SOUTH AFRICA AND RHODESIA.
Cotton growing in South Africa has scarcely got beyond the
experimental stage. Very satisfactory samples of fibre have been
produced both in Cape Colony and Natal, and portions of the
Transvaal are also suitable for cotton cultivation. Doubtless the
cost of labour throughout the Union will retard any great progress
for some time.
In Ehodesia matters are much more promising. Cotton of
good quality grows well in several districts, the climate and soil
are suitable for extensive cotton fields, and labour should be
available in plenty. It appears likely that the encouragement of
cultivation among the natives will prove more commercially
successful than plantations under European direction. The
industry so far, however, has scarcely emerged from the
experimental period.
The British South African Company have devoted a
considerable sum of money to the development of cotton growing
within their territories, and they invited the British Cotton
Growing Association to give financial help on similar lines and
to undertake the management of the scheme. This was .agreed
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COTTON GROWING WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
to, and an expert was sent on a tour of investigation. The reports
received were most encouraging, and arrangements have been- made
for the establishment of a buying and ginning centre at Kafue
Bridge on the Ehodesia Eailway. Doubtless future years will see
a great and useful cotton-growing industry develop in the land
of Cecil Ehodes.
WEST AFRICA.
The West African colonies have so far proved the most
satisfactory portions of the British Empire from the point of view
of cotton production, and give immense promise for future
development. There are several reasons for this. Enormous areas
of country possess a soil and climate which is specially suitable
for the cultivation of the cotton plant, the natives who inhabit
the country in vast numbers are natural agriculturists, and have
cultivated cotton for their own uses from time immemorial, and
have, indeed, in many districts carried on a considerable spinning
and weaving industry of crude character.
The peoples of the West African districts have also been in
touch with the commercial peoples of Europe, and especially with
Britain, for generations, and consequently have developed the
trading instinct which they originally possessed. It may be
remembered, too, that the natives of these districts are the races
from which the black peoples of the United States cotton area were
originally drawn. Indeed, it has been suggested, and not without
very good reason, that the original cotton seeds, from which the
earlier plantations on the American continent were developed,
were brought across the ocean from West Africa by some of the
slaves introduced into 'the new plantations in the early days.
The ports of West Africa are within comparatively easy
reach of Britain, and bales of cotton can be just as easily brought
from them as from New Orleans or Galveston. The ports in
question are, too, fairly well developed, many of them being
provided with ample wharfage and the necessary apparatus for
the handling of cargo. All these facts, coupled with the
suitableness of the soil and climate and the aptitude of the
people, have no doubt had their influence in producing the general
success which has attended cotton-growing operations in this
group of colonies.
Space does not allow of any detailed description of the work
that has been accomplished, and in which each of the various
colonies composing the group has played its part. Gambia,
Gold Coast, Sierra Leone, Northern Nigeria, Southern Nigeria,
and Lagos have each contributed a considerable quota to the
general development, and, with the exception of Gambia and Sierra
Leone, all give much promise for the future.
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COTTON GROWING WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
The most successful results so far obtained are to the credit
of Lagos, which colony during the past six years has each season
exported considerably more raw cotton than all the other colonies
in the group have been able to produce. The combined export for
the season of 1904 was 2,250 bales, and of these Lagos produced
2,000 bales. These figures have been progressive, each year
considerably exceeding the figure of the previous one (except in
the year 1908, when there was a considerable falling off owing
to the drought which affected West Africa during that season),
and Lagos has every time supplied the lion's share. The cotton
exported in the year 1909 reached 13,200 bales, and of these
Lagos contributed no less than 12,000 bales. Lagos, it may be
remembered, exported a considerable weight of cotton in the past.
In 1869 nearly 77,000 worth of fibre was exported, but American
competition gradually killed the trade of that time.
The British Cbtton Growing Association have devoted
themselves very assiduously to the work in West Africa, and they
have been very strongly backed in their efforts by the Government
authorities, both financially and otherwise. The Association have
distributed seed, erected and equipped ginneries, established buying
agencies, have carried out much experimental work, and, in short,
have done all they could to encourage the natives to take up
cotton growing on commercial lines, and to improve the character
of the fibre produced.
The Government authorities on their side have taken over and
established experimental farms, have improved communications,
constructed railways, and done all possible to secure peace and
contentment among the peoples, and make it possible for
commercial enterprise to advance with reasonable hope of success
and progress, and this work they are continuing with vigour, as
we have before seen.
The story of what has been done in the way of cotton growing
in West Africa is brimful of interest and encouragement, but the
undertaking is so gigantic and the ground to be covered so
enormous that the full fruition of success is bound to take years
of time, prodigies of effort, and the sinking of a large amount of
capital to accomplish.
THE ADVANTAGE OF SUCCESS.
The successful development of cotton production in the colonies
is a work which if it can be brought about will be of great
advantage to all those concerned in it. It will be of vast
consequence to Lancashire, inasmuch as it will prevent the
hopeless decline of our prosperity.
Advantage from success, however, will not be confined to one
district and one industry, nor will it be one-sided. It will not
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COTTON GROWING WITHIN. THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
only benefit Lancashire by supplying the raw product necessary
to keep her cotton mills going and her workers employed, and
so bring in its train general commercial benefit to all classes
throughout Great Britain, but it will at the same time produce
and increase industry, commerce, wealth, and prosperity in the
colonies themselves. The financial and commercial classes of the
Empire will reap their share of reward in the wealth which will
accrue to them in return for their investments and their energy,
while the native peoples will be made richer and more civilised,
and will, in short, by means of cotton be lifted on to a higher
plane of life altogether.
The sale of the fibre of the native cultivators will bring into
the hands of these people sums of money which they will very
largely spend in purchasing the commercial products of Britain, so
that the makers of machinery, the manufacturers of hardware of
all kinds at home, and other producers will find that colonial-
grown cotton will stimulate their trade and increase and extend
the new markets for which they are continually asking.
The spinner and weaver of crude stuffs in West Africa and
other places will soon realise that it will pay him better to
produce cotton fibre, which his soil and climate enable him to do,
and to exchange it for the textiles so much more easily
manufactured in Lancashire, for the cutlery of Sheffield, the
ironware of Birmingham, the pottery of Staffordshire, and a host
of other British made goods. The Government authorities in the
various colonies will also reap their share of benefit. The export
of cotton will generate an increased import of other commodities
from which a considerable Customs revenue, amounting probably
to thousands of pounds, will be derived. The increase of exports
and imports will also increase the transport work of the railways,
and large sums of money will consequently be paid to these
undertakings for the work done, which will constitute an
increasing return upon the capital invested. In addition to, and
in some respects even more important than, these financial
considerations the native populations of the various colonies will
be learning new industries. They will become skilled cotton
growers, and in many cases trained mechanics of various kinds,
and thus be made more valuable citizens of the Empire than
is at present possible. This will be an Imperial asset of
.considerable importance from the point of view of the Empire's
future.
These developments will not come about immediately, but will
certainly become a fact in the future if patience and persistence
in the important work of Empire cotton growing are regularly
pursued. Much time, much capital, much wisdom, and much
.175
COTTON GROWING WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
energy are required to bring about the desired consummation,
but surely these will be forthcoming if the people of the country
only once fully realise what is required for the benefit of the
Empire generally, for the development of the colonies, for the
advantage of Great Britain, and for the salvation of Lancashire.
The late Sir Alfred Jones some time back remarked: "Every
single man, woman, and child in Great Britain is interested more
or less in the textile industry, and we. must all assist in putting
this trade on a sound foundation." These words are pregnant
with importance, and it is to be hoped that the duty they impose
upon the community will be duly realised and met.
THE NEED FOR MONEY.
For several years past, as we have seen, the British Cotton
Growing Association have been playing a very honourable part in
pushing the all-important work to which they have devoted their
energies. It has been seen, however, that, although only
500,000 was asked for (a very modest sum considering the vast
importance of their undertaking), even as this is written the full
sum has not been subscribed, another 30,000 still being required
to make up the total. Doubtless the money needed will soon be
forthcoming, but why should there be delay?
It is . very questionable, however, if the capital of half a
million sterling now aimed at will be anything like enough to
ensure the success of the gigantic undertaking. During the
years the Association has been at work a useful development has
taken place, and they have proved that cotton in large quantities
can be produced in the Empire, but after all what has been done,
great and important as it is, is very small compared with what
is required if the cotton industry of Lancashire is to be saved
and secured. From 1903 to 1909 the total quantity of cotton
produced under the auspices of the Association has amounted to
only 116,700 bales of 4001bs. each, not much more than one-
thirtieth part of the fibre we require each year. The figure
quoted is substantial, and is really a monument of testimony to
the zeal of the Association, but much more is necessary.
The experience of the past few years points to the need for
bigger and more embracing efforts being made, and to the
necessity of much more capital being devoted to them. The
saving of the great textile industry of Lancashire is a matter of
the gravest moment, and surely quite as important to the district,
if not more so, than was the construction of the Manchester Ship
Canal. That great undertaking suffered many ups and downs in
its earlier days before it became an accomplished fact, but in the
long run some fifteen or sixteen millions of money were raised,
176
COTTON GROWING WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
and the canal was made. If it is necessary to raise several
millions of money in order that the growing within the Empire of
ample supplies of cotton may be established, surely such capital
can be obtained. The object is worth any effort that may be
necessary to bring it about.
A NATIONAL SCHEME.
It has recently been proposed that a powerful Chartered
Company should be established, with a capital of 5,000,000
sterling, for the purpose of growing cotton within the Empire,
the organisation not to be in any way antagonistic to the British
Cotton Growing Association, but rather a development of that
useful body. It has been suggested that the capital could easily
be raised if the British Government could be induced to guarantee
interest upon the same. The writer is not in a position to discuss
this scheme, even if this was the place to do so, but he may
remark that the idea of a Government guarantee for such a
purpose is not a new one. When the Uganda Eailway was first
proposed the Government of the day was asked to guarantee
interest upon capital, and it will be remembered that finally the
Government undertook and carried out the construction of the
line. Eaw cotton for Lancashire is certainly as important as was
a railway for Uganda, and if it can be obtained will form an
even more valuable Imperial asset.
AN IMPERATIVE PROBLEM.
We have been told that "the very existence of the Lancashire
cotton trade depends on new cotton fields being developed as
rapidly as possible," and Sir Alfred Jones has spoken of the
industry being "as insecure" as if on "an active volcano." There
is no doubt about the truth of these statements, and it is well
known that bad diseases require strong remedies. Let the
necessary remedy, however powerful, be applied in this case;
the cotton trade needs it, and Lancashire should demand it. The
development of cotton growing, for the ample production of raw
fibre, within the Empire, is one of the most pressing problems
which the English people have to grapple with, and no pains
should be spared to achieve success. There is no time to lose;
the matter is imperative; raw cotton is wanted now, to-morrow
may be too late. Delay is dangerous, and may be disastrous. The
solution of the problem is all-important to the whole country,
but to Lancashire it is absolutely vital. To paraphrase Sir Alfred
Jones, let the work that has been taken in hand be made the
biggest thing the world has ever known, and let the whole British
people share the success of a great Imperial enterprise.
177
Lords and Commons in Legislation,
Specially as regards Finance.
BY W. M. J. WILLIAMS.
CHE leading political question of our day is concerned with
our legislative powers, especially the inter-relation of the
two Houses of Parliament in the framing of statute laws,
though the question cannot but affect other such powers not directly
involved in the public and parliamentary quest of the moment.
How are and how shall these various powers be inter-related in
legislation seems to be the real question in process of solution,
and in this paper some effort is made to furnish a reply to the
former portion of the question, not without a conviction that the
answer should serve to aid a solution of the latter.
So great an authority on our legislation as Sir Courtenay
Ilbert, the Clerk of the House of Commons, supplies us with the
following form of the enacting formula of a modern statute:
Be it [therefore] enacted by the King's Most Excellent Majesty, by and
with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and
Commons in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the
same, as follows. . . .
and he adds that the formula was gradually developed from a
form which implied that legislative authority was vested in the
King alone. Even the most modern and hurried reader knows,
perhaps without much clear definition in some cases, how the
"three estates of the realm" are co-ordinated in our legislative
action, but recent events have made it clear again that the relative
powers and position of the estates in the legislative co-operation
are a subject of dispute, and a dispute which should be ended
for the promotion of our national weal.
It will be observed that the above form applies to legislative
Bills in general, and does not distinguish Bills according to their
subjects, such as money Bills, and other kinds. As the Finance
Act of 1909-10 was the immediate occasion of the issue to be
treated in this paper, it will, therefore, be pertinent to supply the
preamble to a "money Bill," such as that now notorious Act
was. The preamble is as follows:
We, your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the Commons of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in Parliament assembled, towards
raising the necessary supplies to defray your Majesty's public expenses, and
13
178
LORDS AND COMMONS IN LEGISLATION,
making an addition to the public revenue, have freely and voluntarily resolved
to give and grant unto your Majesty the several duties hereinafter mentioned ;
and do, therefore, most humbly beseech your Majesty that it may be enacted,
and be it enacted by the King's Most Excellent Majesty, by and with the
advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this
present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows.
The significance of that preamble is, of course, in the added
clause preceding the usual enacting clause of the preamble, where
the gift to His Majesty of supplies of money is given "freely and
voluntarily" by the Commons, and this apportionment then
appears to become law by the "advice and consent of the Lords,"
countersigned by the Eoyal sign manual.
This inference from preambles is confirmed by the observation
of the career of a Bill passing through Parliament. A Bill may
be introduced, speaking generally, by any member of either
House of the Legislature, and may be initiated in either House.
It is well known that in general every such Bill, including private
Bills, have to be read three times in each House, and undergo
detailed examination in a Committee also. When a measure
has been dealt with in one House, it is sent for attention in the
other, and the practice which obtains afterwards is not without
a bearing of some importance on present-day controversy.
Practice and standing orders require that a "money Bill" shall
be introduced and originate in the House of Commons, and even
there after notice has been given of the purpose. When a Bill
has secured the assent of both Houses of the Legislature the rule
is that it shall await the Eoyal Assent in the House of Lords, and
be presented for the Eoyal approval by the Clerk of Parliament,
who is Clerk of the House of Lords; but when a money Bill has
passed both Houses "it is returned to the Commons, and when
that House is summoned to the House of Lords, to attend the
Sovereign or the Lords Commissioners, the Bill is handed by the
Speaker, at the bar of the House of Lords, to the Clerk of
Parliaments, to receive the Eoyal Assent." In the practice of
Parliament, therefore, there is found a distinction not only
between Bills generally and money Bills, but in the relation of the
Commons to a money Bill, which is regarded as specially in the
care of the Commons. This, of course, is only a confirmation of
the popular impression, but important as justifying that impression
by rule and practice acknowledged by both sections of the
Legislature, as also by the Sovereign. Eecent events, however,
have made it imperative that we should imitate the child, and
see how the plant grows, by examining its roots, by ascertaining
how it subsists in the soil. There is a demand that we should
review our legislative machinery, see what it is, and how it
arrived at the form and practice of the present day.
179
SPECIALLY AS REGARDS FINANCE.
Of the legislative machine as a whole for the United Kingdom
there is a strong consensus of opinion, but it may be found useful
to review it for the sake of clearness in our present purpose,
which concerns the sub-division of the power, the proportion
of power to be allowed to the various factors in legislation. The
question to be proposed is, not what are the laws of the realm,
nor how to interpret them, but how do they get on to the statute 1
book, and what are the powers, and their relation to one another,
which determine what those laws shall be. We have to see what
those powers are, and what their powers and authority in
producing our laws severally.
It is apparent, therefore, that a short review of the constituent
powers engaged in our legislation should be undertaken. These
constituent powers are usually given concisely, as the Crown,
the Lords, and the Commons, and the order of enumeration is not
without a suggestion of the place and importance of the several
powers. That suggestion is worth observation and reflection, but
the acceptance of it without qualification might after all prove
that some considerations other than such as concern legislation
had been allowed to determine its form. The national life, as
all life, is one which, though spoken of conventionally as if in
detached compartments, is affected by matters, in this case social
probably, outside that limit now implied. The three powers
concerned in legislation in the United Kingdom are, however,
acknowledged generally and practically, the clergy, represented
by the twenty-six Parliamentary Bishops, being included with
the Lords, with whom they sit. What are the functions of
these three powers, severally, in legislation?
Parliament is a word frequently used in an inaccurate way
to denote only the two Houses of the Legislature, whereas the
full and correct signification is that the Parliament of the United
Kingdom is composed of the King or Queen and "the three
estates of the realm," viz., the Lords Spiritual, the Lords
.Temporal, and the Commons. Laws made with the aid and
consent of these various powers, the three, and those so made
only, are binding upon the King's subjects. (In feudal times,
.however, the term Parliament was used much more loosely.)
The Crown's place in this three-fold power to legislate is, as in
most things British, an issue of our history rather than an
institution arising from political theory. As Sir Courtenay Ilbert
reminds us, the Legislature in this kingdom is just the very
opposite of what Napoleon conceived a Legislature should be,
when he said that it should "construct grand laws, but respect
the independence of the executive." The Clerk of the House of
Commons adds: "The English Legislature was originally
.
ISO
LORDS AND COMMONS IN LEGISLATION,
constituted, not for legislative, but for financial purposes."
Even now, so many years after the Bill of Eights which gave
us a Crown the wearing of which has a parliamentary basis, the
Legislature is just that essentially, largely in form and in
substance, that it is a means of supplying the Crown with money
to carry forward the administration. The method of supplying
those means is, indeed, a method of legislation, but this relation
of the Crown to the other parliamentary powers must be seen
at once to be of great consequence, in history and in practice.
The essential, the oldest connection with the Crown, is the
financial, and all other kinds of legislative work has arisen around
that indispensable function of consenting to and supplying money.
The power of the Crown in legislation is, however, a power to
be exercised strictly according to law, which in this case rests
on custom and statute. Bracton, in the time of Henry III.
(1216-1272), declared that "the King must not be subject to any
man, but to God and the law, because the law makes him King."
Fortescue, the Chancellor of Henry VI. (1422-1461 dethroned),
speaking of the Eoyal prerogative, said :
A King of England cannot, at his pleasure . . . make any alteration
or change in the laws of the realm without the consent of the subjects, nor
burthen them, against their wills, with strange impositions.
Sir Thos. Smyth, in the days of Elizabeth, said that "the most
high and absolute power of the realm of England consisteth in
the Parliament." All this consists with what was formally
embodied in the Bill of Eights in 1688 on the accession of William
and Mary, where we read
that the pretended power of suspending or dispensing with laws, or the
execution of laws, without consent of Parliament, is illegal. . . . that
levying money for or to the use of the Crown, by pretence of prerogative,
without grant of Parliament for longer time or in other manner than the
same is or shall be granted, is illegal.
In these quotations we hear the reverberations of the Stuart
contentions over ship-money and taxation generally; but do they
not also serve to give historical place to the Crown in legislation
in this realm? The King and his Crown are supreme; but the
Crown must agree with other powers of Parliament before a law
can be recognised as valid. Rex is not Lex; it is the prerogative
of the King to be required to give assent and consent to things
agreed upon by the other legislative powers, but he is limited
in that he is also by statute as well as custom bound to act
according to law. He is supreme chiefly in that his is the executive
power; he is supreme also by virtue of that in legislation, as
his co-operation is required to render valid the laws to be
administered by him. The King calls a Parliament, always has
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SPECIALLY AS KEGABDS FINANCE.
called a Parliament; but that very calling is a .confession that
his will must consult that of the other powers represented in the
Houses.
The Lords, to us of to-day, assemble in a House of their own,
whether they be of the Spiritual or of the Temporal order. For
my present purpose it is not material to distinguish between
these two orders of the members of the House of Lords, though
it is not without a bearing of importance upon legislative authority
and power to regard the composition and the qualification for
membership of this ancient House. The point to observe above
all else here is that already mentioned in speaking of the King's
relation to Parliament, viz., that he calls men to his council.
The presence of the proudest noble in the council of the nation is,
in form, in consequence of a summons from his Sovereign, and
this has been so from the Norman and Plantagenet days in which
our national council finds its origin. That admits of no question ;
the character which arrests every inquiring eye is the presence,
the constant presence, of the same persons or the same name. It
is the hereditary character of the House of Lords which arrests
the attention of every student. To the inevitable question how the
"peer" got into this remarkable position Bishop Stubbs answers
historically :
It is convenient to adopt the year 1295 [Ed. I.] as the era from which the
baron, whose ancestor has been once summoned and has once sat in
Parliament, can claim an hereditary right to be so summoned. . . . For
the period before us membership of the parliamentary baronage implies
both tenure and summons. The political status of the body so constituted
is thus denned by their successors* : The hereditary peers of the realm claim
(1), in conjunction with the Lords Spiritual, certain powers as the King's
permanent council when not assembled in Parliament ; (2) other powers as
Lords of Parliament when assembled in Parliament and acting in a judicial
capacity; and (3) certain other powers when assembled in Parliament together
with the Commons of the realm appearing by their representatives in
Parliament, the whole now forming under the King the Legislature of the
country.
The Bishop adds: "The estate of the peerage is identical
with the House of Lords." That account of the peer of our
Parliament and his "claims," an account from his own lips,
as issued in 1821, and the last quoted passage from Stubbs, bring
us face to face with a claim not only that members of the House
of Lords do get a writ of summons, but claim to be members of
a permanent council, and as such a right to such a summons.
It is, of course, the fact that many of the members of that
House at the present day cannot prefer this claim except in an
* Lords' Report on the Dignity of a Peer, I., 151.
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LORDS AND COMMONS IN LEGISLATION,
indirect and corporate capacity, and not by a hereditary personal
position. The House of Lords at present has upon its roll about
620 names, including two Archbishops and twenty-four Bishops as
representing the estate of the clergy, and it has also among its
members sixteen representative peers for Scotland and twenty-
eight for Ireland, while several of the peers are virtually "life
peers," being nominated to the House for judicial purposes
without remainder for their heirs. These last-mentioned features,
no doubt, do modify the character of the House, and might
become of greater consequence, but at the moment do not
actually affect, nor would be regarded by the hereditary peer as
threatening the validity of his claim to a writ and place in the
House as a hereditary peer. He claims to-day, as did the peers
of 1821, and as the barons of 1295, that he belongs to the King's
permanent council, claims also to be a judge, and claims that
he has a share in legislation; and this lofty claim is for the peer
personally, and his heirs continually. It is sometimes overlooked
that this last feature has an important bearing upon some modern,
and perhaps not too earnest, claims made for the Lords as
representing the country in some sense. A peerage, a membership
of the House of Lords, has always been individual, and with no
element of representation, save where specially conferred by
statute, as in the union of Scotland, 1707, and the union with
Ireland in 1801. The assembly of the Lords of Parliament in
all their capacities, and especially as the members of that House,
is an assembly of individuals who claim the right to a share in
legislation founded on nothing but a custom of centuries admitting
such a claim.
When it is pointed out that the claim of the Lords of
Parliament to a share of legislative power is founded on the
custom and practice of centuries the validity of the claim is not
in question. Much more important is it to register the fact that
the claim is admitted to-day in a very practical manner. In all
our legislation the House of Lords, consisting for the most part
of individuals who have inherited a place in that House, as we
have seen, claims to have a voice, and to be valid as law the
"advice and consent" of the Lords is necessary. This remarkable
position of the Lords must always be borne in mind.
"And Commons" is found in the formula of the preambles
to Bills and Acts of Parliament. The House of Commons, the
third power in the legislative work, stands out sharply as
differing wholly from both the King and the Lords in relation
to legislation by reason of its representative character. This
representative character of the Commons is the most impressive
feature of the Legislature, and the most jealously guarded of all.
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SPECIALLY AS BEGARDS FINANCE.
Visitors, both home and foreign, to the Houses of Parliament, who
trespass into the House of Commons are not likely to forget the
jealous care with which it is sought to keep the Chamber sacred to
those only who have been chosen to represent their fellow-citizens
at the framing of laws. That representative character comes forth
sharply into the light in contrast with the position of the Lords,
who found their presence and power on personal claims only.
The association of two such Chambers in legislation, the one
claiming power as a privilege of individuals, the other chosen
by a large number of citizens throughout the kingdom as
representatives, is a sight that only usage could cover without
stirring common wonder. So unequally yoked together are
these two Houses in the throes of legislation that, regarded
apart from an experience, we might suppose the association would
prove wholly impracticable. That surprise has only become stale,
though it is justified by experience, and our history proves after
all that this association of the non-representative and the
representative has ever been a source of friction and strife.
Ever and anon the incongruity, the practical issues rather, have
been such as to make the strange nature of this association felt,
and seen, and heard of; in short, this last agitation about the
rival work of Lords and Commons is only the last link in a chain
of contests from long past days. The fact is worth recording
once again that the House of Lords consists of about 620
individuals claiming personal power, while the House of Commons
consists of 670 members, chosen representatives of constituencies
formed according to law. Without indulging in any comparisons,
it may be repeated that the conjoining of two such very different
Houses in legislation is a very remarkable thing.
To realise this special position of the representative character
only of the House of Commons, the comparison with the House
of Lords may be drawn out further by means of the claims set
up by the peers as Lords of Parliament. It is true that the
Speaker at the opening of every new Parliament claims access to
the Sovereign for the Commons, and that this is always allowed;
but it is allowed in a collective sense, and not for each person who
is a member of the Commons. The member of the House of
Lords at all times claims access personally to the Sovereign, and
to belong to his permanent council. And, again, the claim to
act judicially, though not formally abandoned or claimed, is not
pressed by the Commons, though Parliament as a whole retains
its judicial character as a "High Court." In an impeachment
the House of Commons prepares a Bill, and it is tried before the
Lords. These privileges claimed for the Lords are founded on the
personal claims of each peer ; the members of the House of
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LORDS AND COMMONS IN LEGISLATION,
Commons (as, once again, the trial of election petitions by judges
tends to show) are endowed with representative capacity, and that
only, but that fully, in the great council of the nation.
This general account of the legislative machine for the
United Kingdom (even for dominions beyond the seas) lacks much
in fulness designedly, and leaves some special aspects of the
question for treatment further on. I am now concerned with an
outline of our Legislature in its threefold aspect, and in depicting
the character of each of the three constituent powers. The King
as supreme has been seen to guide the administration of
Government wholly, but his consent is required to laws also,
which he administers. Then there are the Lords who claim a
hereditary place in legislating, and there are the Commons finding
a place in that work by reason of their representative character.
These are the parts of the machine; how do those parts act in
their place, or rather, dropping metaphor, what is the true
relation of these legislative powers to one another? A general
reply must be given first, to be followed afterwards by some
detailed references, for this involves the special aspect of this
constitutional question to which this paper is devoted.
The legislative powers of our Parliament in the larger sense
must be regarded as co-ordinate, each one indispensable. From
this general constitutional outlook such terms as the "Upper"
or "Lower" House have no meaning of substance, and are even
misleading. To confer validity on a project of law the assent
of each of the three powers is indispensable. Our history, indeed,
does cast a flood of light upon such terms as "the Lower House,"
for not only was the House of Commons last to be formed
and acknowledged, but it was only of recent years that its full
character as an independent and rightful legislative power was
admitted freely. The very form still in use, the summons issued
to call a Parliament, suggests the condescension with which the
Commons were consulted. This historic aspect it is also which
explains in turn the Lower and the Upper as applied to the two
Houses of the Legislature, for, as Stubbs points out:
The High Court of Parliament had for one of its historical antecedents the
ancient Court and Council of the King, which was as certainly the parent of
the House of Lords as the shire system was of the House of Commons.
In other words, the Lords represent the old central council
before Edward I., in 1295, and the Commons to-day, as then,
the local districts. It is in that sense that the terms "Upper"
and "Lower" are applied to the several Houses: they are coined
at the Court, or in social conditions; but constitutionally, and in
legislative matters, they have no place. The true view of the three
powers of legislating authority is that King, Lords, and Commons
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SPECIALLY AS BEGABDS FINANCE.
are co-ordinate in framing the laws. While that undoubtedly
must be regarded as the constitutional aspect of the matter, it
should not be forgotten that this position has been won, and this
aspect revealed even more clearly by a hard-fought evolution, of
which our history for centuries is eloquent. The calling together
of the shiremen and burgesses to vote supplies for the King to
enable him to wage his wars, that origin of our parliamentary
system after the Conquest, has left in fact to us the conditions
in which the two Houses of the Legislature are spoken of as
Upper and Lower. To hold the fort is necessary at the same
time. Constitutionally, in our law-making, the place of King,
Lords, and Commons is side by side, just as every preamble to
a law requires them; without any one of them there can be no
valid law. That is a position which has been won; it should be
held with a firmness worthy of a nation.
At this point it is necessary to make a distinction. So far,
in considering the work of legislation, the necessity of a
co-operation among the three distinct powers has been emphasised,
that in which they are alike has been exhibited. The differences
between these powers has appeared also; and here it may be
well to emphasise the separation, the integrity of each portion
of the Legislature. The King as Sovereign, supreme and alone;
the Lords a body of councillors enjoying a privilege, individually
and collectively; the Commons increasingly a collective factor of
the representative order; but each one of these three a distinct
factor in the legislative work. If the co-operation of the three
powers is required for the validity of a law that is not of a
mathematical nor any quantitive quality in the case of any one
of the powers. The power conferring validity may be constant,
but may be sub-divisible in several proportions, and on various
occasions. Studied in its historical evolution, the British
Legislature is seen to be not a cunningly-devised machine
according to an elaborate design, but rather like some of our
streets, which contain houses of conflicting design, and reaching
many different altitudes. I have quoted Sir Courtenay Ilbert's
dictum already, that "the English Legislature was originally
constituted, not for legislative, but for financial purposes." That
the course of our history confirms amply; but the fact should
aid us at once to maintain necessary co-operation of the three
powers in legislation, while recording the privileges of the
Commons and the other powers according to the long-established
practice. The King, who long ago condescended to call in the
representatives of the shires and the boroughs, has the privilege
of calling for aid still; but he must call, and call annually, for
in course of time the representatives of the shires and boroughs
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LORDS AND COMMONS IN LEGISLATION,
have acquired the power to limit the time and the amount of
money which they will vote for His Majesty's service. The
House of Lords still claims to be a necessary part of the
Legislature whose consent to a measure must be got, but, while
it provides elaborate "standing orders" to regulate "private Bill"
legislation, it does not press the orders regulating its public
business. The Commons, on the other hand, regulates all its
business by certain "standing orders," and both in them, and in
the practice which they regulate, it gives a place, and special
place, to business touching public money. Of these orders two
only are of importance here. The interest is high when we
observe that the House of Commons will not grant any money
except upon a recommendation from the Crown a rule connecting
us at once to the day when an absolutist King was constrained
to seek money aid in far off days from the shiremen and the
burgesses. The other rule declares that the House will not
proceed to consider a demand for money on the day when it is
made, which exhibits the House acquiring and maintaining a
power which the tutor, Time, has shown to be necessary. So we
find the co-operative powers acquiring and exercising different
functions, until it is laid down in May's "Parliamentary
Practice" :
Thus the Crown demands money, the Commons grant it, and the Lords
assent to the grant; but the Commons do not vote money unless it be required
by the Crown; nor do they impose or augment taxes unless such taxation
be necessary for the public service, as declared by the Crown through its
constitutional advisers.
To this pithy summary of the functions of the powers in the
grant of supply and the imposition of taxation, showing us the
House of Commons seised of the substantial portion of the power
in present practice, we may add also a provision of the Audit Act
of 1866. It is well known that this statute regulated the method
of business in the administration of the public finances. The
peculiar officer prominent in this measure is the Comptroller and
Auditor-General, who among other duties is required to prepare
a report on the appropriation accounts submitted to him by the
Treasury for presentation to the House of Commons alone. There
can be no mistaking of the emphasis thus laid upon the share
of the House of Commons in the provision and appropriation of
public money. We are familiar, however, with the fact that
money Bills, raising taxes or granting money, undergo the same
almost identical journey in the Legislature, starting from the
Commons, calling at the Lords, and then mounting the steps
of the Throne for Eoyal approval. Here, then, comes with
force another pithy sentence from the same chapter of the
187
SPECIALLY AS REGARDS FINANCE.
"Parliamentary Practice": "The responsibility discharged by
the Lords in the grant of supplies for the service of the Crown,
and in the imposition of taxation, is concurrence, not initiation."
It would be difficult to express the general position advocated
here more succinctly, viz., that while the powers co-operating in
legislation must all be consenting parties, yet there is found
clearly a differentiation of function in that co-operation. The
differentiation in the case of the Commons is with regard to public
money ; and this the Sovereign recognises every year in his
Speech from the Throne, where he addresses a special paragraph
to his "faithful Commons."
Here would seem to be the place to depict still more carefully
and fully the peculiar privilege of the Commons in regard to
financial matters. That privilege may be sought, and sought most
safely, by an examination of its practice, and by an observation
of the reason for that. The noise and clamour attending political
controversy out of doors is such that very frequently the true
and actual position is not perceived; but in this matter, as will
be seen the more it is studied, and above most objects of study,
a clear recognition of the actual position is necessary to a judgment
of the trend of things, and of the way they should be made to
take. Given a Legislature such as has been depicted, consisting
of powers which have acquired a place in the work of framing
our laws, what are the real significances of those places, and,
particularly, how do we find these powers acting in their practical
work, acting, we must and do know, by the consent, if not
quite the approval always, of the other co-ordinate powers? At
every step there is a temptation to go beyond the ascertainment
of the limits and practice of what is usual to the outlining of what
is desirable in view of the origin, character, and power of the
several factors in legislation; but it cannot be repeated too often
how the most fruitful study appears to be an ascertainment of the
functions allowed in practice to the powers reciprocally. This
is all the more promising and pleasant that, so far as the Crown
goes, no question arises to-day as regards its place in the process
of law making. The matter to-day becomes a question of the place,
and especially of the power and functions, of the Lords and the
Commons severally. It should be observed also that the House of
Lords. does not claim in legislation (which is the crux of to-day's
discussion) any peculiar and exclusive power, but a power to
require the consent of the Lords in each and every project of
law. There is the further noteworthy fact that, in form at any
rate, this claim is admitted, not only as historic, but with a direct
regard to practice. While that is so, it is also true that there is
a reservation in making such an admission on the part of many,
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LORDS AND COMMONS IN LEGISLATION,
a reservation founded on a perception of the difference in origin
and composition, and, should we add, authority of the two
assemblies.
If the House of Lords does not now formally claim any special
privilege in legislation, the House of Commons does assert such
a privilege in all matters touching public money. This matter,
though apparently elusive, and almost contradictory of the
co-ordinate authority of the legislative powers, is from a practical
point of view of the most substantial character, and in importance
of the highest. When an appreciation of this importance is
lacking a contest such as that over the passing of the Budget of
1909-10 fails to reveal its meaning. That the Bill should have
passed ultimately is also a circumstance which has left some
insensible to the real meaning of the controversy and contest. A
storm is said to have blown hard, and shaken some things rooted
in the ground; but it is admitted that the storm has been passed,
and there is a question not only whether that storm strained the
life of some things proved to be a public danger, but whether,
after all, such an experience should be regarded as stormy ! 1
The fact that such a view is being expressed proves that the
appreciation of that contest has been of a very superficial character
in some cases. Still, there was seen the claim in turn of the
House of Commons to a peculiar function and power in legislation,
such legislation as concerns public money. In the rejection of
the Budget Bill in December, 1909, it must be admitted by the
stoutest lovers of the Commons that the constitution of the public
powers not only admits, but even anticipated, the exercise of a
power to reject such a money Bill. From the Commons point of
view it was contended with equal thoroughness, and perhaps with
a sterner resolve, that, however the form of the powers may be,
not only the circumstances, but the essence of the position
required that the exercise of power should regard justice and
discretion. In other words, the Commons seemed to demand
the "consent" of the Lords to a money Bill.
The Commons were justified in making such a demand by
the precedents of Parliament. No excuse or explanation is
required for an appeal to such precedents; for, of course, it
is a commonplace which requires constant repetition that our
constitution is not written and drawn out formally, but has to be
observed in the practice from day to day and year to year. The
House of Commons last year was warranted so in expecting that
its demand should be regarded in the case of a Bill imposing
taxes upon the people. It is sometimes said by constitutionalists
that4he powers of the Crown and of the House of Lords are only
dormant in certain cases, and have never been abandoned, still
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SPECIALLY AS REGARDS FINANCE.
less disallowed. The veto of the Crown on legislation is referred
to in this connection, and it is added of the Lords that their
powers are in reserve for occasions when a violent attack may be
made upon our institutions and laws. That, however, seems
to be an attempt to secure the advantages at once of a written
and unwritten constitution. Ours is written only in the habits
and usages of legislation, and it is to be expected that
acquiescence in certain practices should be regarded as precedents
of the most valid character. Some aspects of the relation of the
powers to the grant of public money have been exhibited already
by reference, for instance, to the Crown's recognition every year
of the special position of the Commons in money matters, and
inferentially by the virtual admission of the Lords of the justice
of that position.
This reference to the cogent acquiescence of the Lords may
be strengthened almost indefinitely by appeal to the details of
practice. The cogency of that appeal also would be acknowledged
when the noise of discussion was hushed; the final admission of
this by the passing into law of a Bill rejected in December by
the same "revising assembly" in March is an event the meaning
of which is pregnant, even though a general election intervened
between the reversal and rejection. That acceptance of a measure
because the House of Commons insisted that it should be accepted
was only a harmonising of that matter with other facts of
similar and kindred legislative action. It has been pointed out
already how the House of Commons insists upon controlling the
Alpha and Omega of finance. The Crown may suggest, and it-
does so, through its acknowledged Ministers; the Lords may
discuss, and even suggest, and add suggestive clauses to money
Bills without causing much anxiety to anybody; but decision
upon money matters the Commons claim for themselves, and a
decision to be respected, even when the Lords have to do so at
the cost of reversing a public action. This, let it be repeated, is
in harmony with the attitude of the Commons on all things
financial. The privilege of control is pushed to the very edge
of the whole administration, though perhaps in actual practice
the claim is not fulfilled. The King is nominally the head of
the executive. He entrusts administrative duties to Ministers ;
but his acts are subjected at will to the revision and inquisition
of the Commons. The raising of the money required, or, on the
other hand, the disposition of that money, is made into a peculiar
and .annual function of the Commons, which devotes" time to the
subject every session, however many the other claims upon its
time which may go unheeded. To consider how this cherished
duty and -privilege is attended to is not relevant to my purpose
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LORDS AND COMMONS IN LEGISLATION,
here; but it is of consequence to insist that the privilege is
assumed, the duty is discharged by the House of Commons, and
by no other power or assembly. A whole network of rules for
business is fashioned before the face of the whole world, the very
centre and core of which is the power to give or withhold the
money required by the administration; in Ways and Means
Committee the form and amount of the taxes is fixed; in Supply
the sums to be spent in various services on land and sea (and air)
are sanctioned after submission in considerable detail; a double
check <upon the amount to be issued is instituted by the several
functions of the Treasury and the Comptroller- General. It will
be seen below how the claim to control by the Commons is in
principle and in practice of a thoroughgoing character; and the
claim has been brought to the arbitrament of affairs, where the
Lords by ultimate recession from their position have allowed it
frequently, just as the Crown does explicitly every year vow by
addressing a special paragraph of the Speech from the Throne
about estimates to the Commons alone.
The appeal to history is at once a confirmation of an ancient
right allowed to the Commons, and the all-sufficient illustration
of this feature of our unwritten constitution. Our constitution
is a series of recorded incidents; it arose from the wants of the
days, as they passed, and in the result we see first how those who
were nearest the King, the clergy and the barons, were called into
his council, then how they acquired power because of the King's
need of money, and finally how the same pressing need caused the
representatives of the shires and the boroughs to be summoned.
Chief of all for my purpose is it to watch how these commoners
gradually acquired a right to grant and to fix the supplies which
the King required. An almost equal importance attaches to the
remark of Sir Courtenay Ilbert, that "the English Legislature
was orginally constituted, not for legislative, but for financial
purposes." The importance of this was soon felt in the earlier
days of our Parliament since the Norman Conquest, and the
breaking of the feudal system which set in.
At the signing of the Great Charter in 1215 one of the leading
provisions was that promising that any aids or scutages, in addition
to those which had been payable by tenants-in-chief of the Crown,
should be voted by a council of prelates and greater barons
summoned separately, and of the lesser barons and tenants-in-chief
summoned by writ addressed to the Sheriff in the County Court.
The eighty years following, to 1295, were years of constant effort
to realise that promise, that contract, accompanied by an effort
of some barons to establish their authority for some of the
King's failing prerogative. Simon de Montfort's Parliament at
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SPECIALLY AS REGARDS FINANCE.
Westminster in 1265 was summoned in relation to certain levies
required by King Henry III. ; that Parliament of 1290, which
was called a "full Parliament," consisted of bishops and barons
only, but was summoned to grant an aid to marry the King's
daughter; and, as it continued to sit during the year, in June
writs were issued to elect knights of the shire on or before the
15th of July. Then again, as the passing of "Quia Emptores"
shows, the law of the transfer of land was designed to preserve the
feudal dues among other objects. The King's income during the
next few years was much wasted by war with France, and there
was much strife in securing supplies from barons and clergy.
The new element in the constitution was sought by the harassed
and impatient King. A Parliament summoned at Westminster in
1294, at which knights of the shires were present, was followed
in 1295 by the great council, which is regarded as having been
a "prophetic inauguration of the representative system." It is
important to observe that already the share which the writs
allotted in the work to be done by the Commons, or those who
were neither of the baronage nor the clergy, was to execute what
would be done by common counsel. That Parliament of 1295
called by Edward I. was not only the first complete Parliament
of the three estates, but we see those estates also making their
various grants to the King.
The power of the Commons, as they were known later, grew
rapidly in those early Plantagenet days. Soon it was a maxim
that "what affects all should be approved by all." More than
this. In 1340, being the 14th of Edward III., "Win. de la Pole
and Jno. Charnels are called before certain persons assigned by
the Parliament, and demanded to give an account of their
receipts and expenditure." That has been said to have been the
first example of money given by Parliament having to be accounted
for to persons appointed so. More definite still is that incident of
1406, during Henry IV. 's reign, when the Commons require
"that certain persons may be appointed auditors, to take and
examine the accounts of the Lord Furnival and Sir John
Pelham, made Treasurers of the War in the last Parliament."
Such instances will give point to a passage of Stubbs' on the
reigns of Edward II., Edward III., and Richard II., when he
speaks of the House of Commons growing into a full share of
political power, and of -the recognition of its full right as the
representative of the mass and body of the nation, and of the
vindication of its claim to exercise the powers which in the
preceding century had been possessed by the baronage only.
It is clear from the first introduction of the Commons into the
national council that their power and influence was based on their
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LORDS AND COMMONS IN LEGISLATION,
financial ability. This will not be construed as denying the
power which they derived from their permanence and solidarity
as a corporate body. The state of the country was changing
rapidly in the thirteenth and fourteenth century. As regards
supply for the public service the source, naturally, had been the
land, which was held so largely on military service on condition
of contributions of various kinds from the tenants-in-chief of the
Crown. As the population grew, and the taxation became less
feudal, the share of the commonalty in the supply became larger,
until the rise of a "Parliament," as we see, admitted not only
clergy and barons, but also "knights, burgesses, and other
freemen of the land." The representation of such new elements
of the lieges in the King's council grew rapidly into a recognition,
a practical recognition, of it by the preponderating voice of the
commonalty in the supply services. We are not, of course, to
think of matters in the ordered, settled, and smooth state of
working of our days : there was the incident, for instance, in the
days of Henry IV., in 1407. The Commons were invited to hear
what the Lords considered should be the supply to be voted to
the King. They object, for "the Commons were thereupon greatly
disturbed, " affirming that this was in great prejudice and derogation
of their liberties. The King yielded, and it was declared that
it should be lawful both for the Lords and Commons to commune amongst
themselves in Parliament, in absence of the King, of the state of the realm
and of the remedy necessary for the same, but that neither House should
make any report to the King of any grant nor of the discussions upon such
grant before the Lords and Commons were of one assent and accord, and then
in manner and form as had been accustomed.
Henry also laid down that taxes were "by the Commons granted
and by the Lords assented." It is usual to say that Parliament
was fully reared from this point, and the supremacy of the
Commons on questions of supply recognised by the practice. That
sufficient witness (and without suspicion on such a question as
this), the "Eeport on the Dignity of a Peer" (1820-1), speaking of
this incident, remarks:
This declaration on the part of the King seems to have placed the King
and the two Houses of Parliament each in the separate and independent
situation in which they now respectively stand. Not, indeed, as a novelty, but
as a solemn declaration in Parliament of what had been before accustomed,
whatever proceedings of a contrary tendency might have taken place in former
Parliaments : and this declaration in Parliament, with the Statute of the 15th
of Edward II. before noticed and the Statute passed in this Parliament,
declaring who should be the electors of the knights of the shires, . . .
seem to have completely settled what was to be deemed the true constitution
of the Legislature of the kingdom, especially with respect to the important
point of grant of aid to the King and with respect to the separate and distinct
offices and duties of the two Houses of Parliament and their respective separate
and independent proceeding.
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SPECIALLY AS REGARDS FINANCE.
Such a pronouncement, summing up what may be regarded as
the point to which Parliament had developed in 1407, must be
regarded as most striking, and all the more as coming from such a
source as this. We must read history, however, remembering how
the wills of men regard the conclusions of the constitutionalists;
the settled practice has been attacked, accordingly, on many
occasions.
It would be instructive, but somewhat tedious, to follow the
course of Parliamentary history on this question of procedure in
Parliament from that point in 1407, where we see it admitted in
practice that the gifts of supply were from the commonalty, but
confirmed by the nobles and clergy. Though regarded as
established at that date, we know that by various devices,
especially by the irregular summons of Parliament, the spirit of
that constitution was violated in almost every reign of the Ecses
time, the Tudor period, and the following crucial time of the
Stuarts. In those days, of course, the chief cause of contention
was the Royal prerogative, as. opposed to the will of Parliament
as a whole. The records of Parliament supply ample evidence
showing a delicate state of relations between the two Houses
during those stirring periods. For my present purpose it will
suffice to quote a celebrated incident bearing directly upon our
present controversy, and raising the issue in a very piquant
manner, which is found in a note of the third volume of Hatsell's
"Precedents." It appears that in 1702 Arthur, Lord Anglesea,
published a book, entitled "The Eights of the House of Lords
Asserted, with Eemarks on the two late Conferences in 1671."
His lordship says
The next assertion of the Commons, that it is an unsafe thing in any
settled Government to argue the reasons of fundamental constitutions, is a very
great truth; but, as true as it is, it cannot be of weight enough to induce the
Lords to forbear the justification of their rights; and when the Commons come
to show in what manner they apprehend the arguing of the fundamental
constitutions may be prejudicial to the Lords they take occasion to question the
Lords' rights in judicature.
It was at one of these conferences that the Lords having
demanded "Where is that record or contract in Parliament to be
found where the Lords appropriate the right of granting supplies
to the Commons in exclusion of themselves?" the Commons
reply :
To this rhetorical question the Commons answer by another question, where
is that record or contract by which the Commons submitted that judicature
should be appropriated to the Lords in exclusion of themselves? Wherever
your lordships find the last record, the Commons will show the first endorsed
on the same roll; the truth is, precedents there are where both sides do
exercise those several rights, but none how either side came by them.
14
194
LORDS AND COMMONS IN LEGISLATION,
That quotation from Hatsell proves how the old precedent of
1407 had been remembered throughout the intervening three
hundred years, and was a matter which had caused much
dissension throughout the time. It proves also that, after all the
trials of the Stuart and Commonwealth period, at the close of
William III.'s reign there was a living issue, not as to the
Crown's rights, but as between the Lords and the Commons,
the latter claiming successfully by precedent the privilege and
right to fix supply. The form of the reply to Lord Anglesea
deserves close attention. There is no act, no resolution even,
which gave to the Lords a judicature, there is none which gave
to Ihe Commons alone a decision in the supply of money to the
Crown. It is implied, and so justifying Tennyson's famous
line of
A land . . . where freedom slowly broadens down
From precedent to precedent.
The precedent was not single or accidental ; there was a
practice from those early Plantagenet times which gave by the
direct acknowledgment of the Crown, by the constant admission
of the Lords, the fixing of supply to the Commons.
There are, however, precedents of somewhat later times,
including some of recent date, to a few of which it will be advisable
to refer in illustration of the legislative functions of the two
Houses. No sooner had Charles II. returned "from his travels"
than in 1671 (some eleven years after the return) there was a
difference between the Lords and Commons about money Bills.
Long, as we have seen, had the Commons claimed the right to fix
supplies and to initiate such legislation. They now passed a
resolution "That in all aids given to the King by the Commons
the rate or tax ought not to be altered by the Lords." In 1678,
Charles being in the secret pay of Louis XIV. of France, and
Danby favouring old and battered doctrines about the unlawful
character of resistance to the King, Parliament also having been
prorogued for fifteen months, the Commons, on the declaration of
war, are found to pass this further resolution:
That all aids and supplies, and aids to his Majesty in Parliament, are the
sole gift of the Commons, and all Bills for the granting of any such aids and
supplies ought to begin with the Commons ; and that it is the undoubted and
sole right of the Commons to direct, limit, and appoint, in such Bills, the ends,
purposes, considerations, conditions, limitations, and qualifications of such
grants, which ought not to be changed or altered by the House of Lords.
The harnessing of Lords and Commons together proved quite
as uneasy at that as at any other time; and though the claims
of the Commons were allowed time after time, as in 1678, they
have had to be asserted again and again. That assertion in May,
195
SPECIALLY AS REGARDS FINANCE.
1689 (after the Revolution, it will be observed), is couched in
language of memorable kind. The Lords amended a Poll Bill,
adding a clause appointing Commissioners to rate themselves.
The Commons disagreed, and said:
All moneys, aids, and taxes to be raised or charged upon the subjects
in Parliament are the gift and grant of the Commons in Parliament; and are,
and always have been and ought to be, by the constitution and ancient course
and laws of Parliament, and by the ancient and undoubted rights of the
Commons of England, the sole and entire gift, grant, and present of the
Commons in Parliament; and to be laid, rated, raised, collected, paid, levied,
and returned for the public service and use of the Government as the
Commons shall direct, limit, appoint, and modify the same. And the Lords
are not to alter such gift, grant, limitation, appointment, or modification of the
Commons in any part or circumstance, or otherwise to interpose in such Bills
than to pass or reject the same for the whole, without any alteration or
amendment though in ease of the subjects. As the Kings and Queens, by the
constitutions and laws of Parliament, are to take all or leave all in such gifts,
grants, and presents from the Commons, and cannot take part and leave part,
so are the Lords to pass all or reject all, without diminution or alteration.
At the Revolution, not only was the prerogative of the Crown
denned and limited, but it is also evident that in 1689 with great
plainness of speech the Commons vindicated their privilege of
fixing the amount and method of supply. As against the Lords,
it should be observed how the above resolutions claim for the
Commons not only to fix the amount and method of supply, but
that the Lords shall not alter that supply in any way. That was
the long step taken even at the Revolution from the timid days
of the Plantagenets when the shiremen were reluctantly called
into council. These descendants of the shiremen now demand the
control of the money which they vote, and their demand is
conceded.
The cases in which the relations of the two Houses of
Legislature respecting public money have been involved in
controversy or become strained since those days of the Revolution
have been many ; but the results have been singularly uniform in
support of the steady claim of the Commons to control the public
funds. That notwithstanding, the position has been held only by
constant watchfulness, as in some form or another this privilege
was subjected to assault. The classical case in modern days was
that of 1860 and 1861, when Mr. Gladstone as Chancellor of the
Exchequer proposed to repeal the paper duty as part of his 1860
Budget, but this was rejected by the Lords. On the 6th July
the Commons resolved that the power of the Lords to reject
Bills relating to taxation
was justly regarded by this House with peculiar jealousy, as affecting the
right of the Commons to grant supplies, and to provide the ways and means
for the service of the year. . . . that to guard, for the future, against any
196
LORDS AND COMMONS IN LEGISLATION,
undue exercise of that power by the Lords, and to secure to the Commons
their rightful control over taxation and supply, this House has in its own hands
the power so to impose and remit taxes, and to frame Bills of supply, that the
right of the Commons as to matter, manner, measure, and time may be
maintained inviolate.
In 1861 the Budget proposals were placed all in one Bill,
and the Lords passed it ultimately. That plan of one Bill only for
a Budget was not a pure novelty, however, as Mr. Pitt's Budget
of 1787 was placed in a single Bill. Sir Wm. Harcourt in 1894
boldly altered the name into the Finance Bill, and that has since
been the title of the Bill which contains the Budget proposals for
the year. That was the title of the Bill of 1909, which the Lords
rejected in December, only to accept it in March, 1910.
The general principle of the supremacy of the Commons in
matters of finance has been regarded long as placed beyond a
doubt, as the precedents which have been adduced show, and
tfre recent experience brings confirmation. How the incident of
the Budget of 1909-10 will appear in history cannot be doubted
also; it will seem as though old fires long smouldering had been
seen in eruption, sudden and startling, but perhaps leaving little
save a memory of the fact that such fires are only hidden out of
sight. Finance, then, is in charge of the House of Commons
exclusively, so far as the amount and the fixing of all such points
are concerned. How far the scope of a Finance Bill extends is
not so easy to decide, except that on many occasions the
Commons have made it plain that any substantial infringement of
the privilege will be opposed resolutely. May's "Practice,"
however, says that
by the practice and usage based upon that resolution [of 1678] , the Lords
are excluded, not only from the power of initiating or amending Bills dealing
with public expenditure or revenue, but also from initiating public Bills
which would create a charge upon the people by the imposition of local or
other rates, or which deal with the administration or employment of those
charges. Bills which thus infringe the privileges of the Commons, when
received from the Lords, are either laid aside or postponed.
Complete and sole power to fix public charges of every kind,
without . alteration, is the principle contended for in these days
by the House of Commons.
To trace the history of the Lords and Commons during the
centuries in their legislative relations, even though cursorily, is
impossible without some regard to the larger question of that
relation to which the attention of the country is given to-day.
Though the eruption of the Lords in 1909 over the Budget Bill
was in form a contention over financial matters, it was recognised
on all sides as much more than that. Expressed thus, it should
not be understood as though I suggested that public finance were
197
SPECIALLY AS REGARDS FINANCE.
a minor consideration. The privilege of the Commons was gained
in part because of the fundamental and practical importance of
finance to a representative assembly. The objection to finance on
the part of the Lords was an objection which was known to arise
from other points of view also, focussing chiefly, it is true, in
money matters. To find the House of Lords after such a
demonstration, of so signal a character, made on ground where
battles had been fought and lost many times before, surrendering
under the pretence that the people had spoken at a general
election, will not be regarded as anything else in constitutional
history than another defeat brought about by a lack of wisdom.
The importance of that defeat as regards finance is very great;
but it is, of course, of immense importance to regard the place
of the Lords in legislation generally as involved in the issue which
was put to the hazard. That issue has been raised definitely,
and the review of the part and power of Lords and Commons
in matters of finance cannot but point in a direction leading to
change.
Let it be recognised clearly that when the Budget Bill of
1909-10 became law after one rejection by the Lords the only
event decided was the supreme place of the Commons in such
matters. No competent authority has sought to deny the legal, or
rather constitutional, right of the Lords to reject such a Bill.
Practice, however, has placed the King's administration in a
position so dependent upon the House of Commons, and its
votes for special purposes, that a place for early repentance has
been provided for the House of Lords, which can gain nothing
by a state of chaos.
The review has brought out clearly the strength of the
Commons as founded in their representative character. Has the
full fruit of this principle been gathered in our legislative practice ?
Has the effect of that to stop at Bills defined and declared to be
Finance Bills? Or shall it be sought to make it a rule of
Parliament, effective by consent, or secured by statute, that the
plainly-expressed will of the representative House shall be made
to prevail? Let anyone read and ponder over our constitutional
development and say nay, if it is possible, to such questions.
The position of the Commons as acknowledged representatives
of the citizens of all classes is as strong as the remarkably
unrepresentative character of the Lords is weak and wonderful. If
even in Plantagenet times, if at the ebullient times of the
Restoration, the power of the representatives was felt to be so
strong, what shall be said of to-day when, after several "Reform
Bills," the House of Commons is more representative than the
legislators of those days dreamed of ! The Commons are strong
198
LORDS AND COMMONS IN LEGISLATION.
in their character of a people's House, and there is a probability
that the will of that House may have to be registered by the Lords
in all matters of legislation unless we are supposed to be destined
to see a "free" people accept quietly a negativing of their desires
by the privileged Lords. Absit omen! This is not the place to
discuss the large and momentous problem of government and
legislation which is thus forced on the country by its present
needs and position ; but in closing I cannot be wrong in expressing
the conviction that a review of the way in which the Commons
gained their strong place in financial matters points to the opening
of a new chapter in national matters arising out of this in a future
that will not be far away. To believe that our constitutional
development is to be arrested, and that legislation is to fail
precisely at the point in which so much of our national glory is
centred the defeat of the representative principle, in short is
even in these unheroic days a very hard task.
Meantime the strength of the nation appears to be due to the
momentous resolution passed by the House of Commons at the
instance of Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman on the 26th June, 1907,
the object of which was to make it certain that within a single
Parliament the decision of the Commons shall prevail, not in
finance only, but in all legislation.
199
The Co-operative Movement in Relation to
Literature and Art.
BY A. E. FLETCHEB.
CHE Co-operative movement has not directly influenced
literature and art to any great extent. It has not produced
Co-operative poets, painters, actors, musicians, sculptors,
or architects. Indirectly, however, it has had an enormous
influence over the minds of the votaries of art, whether they have
expressed themselves in language or in colour, in marble or in
sound. Co-operation and trade unionism were the chief factors
which counteracted the degrading results of the industrial
revolution brought about by the substitution of machinery for
hand labour. There is nothing more terrible in the history of the
English people than the consequences of this change which was
effected at the beginning of the last century. Labour-saving
invention is always to be commended, and its progress is
inevitable. Unfortunately, however, the capitalists captured the
great labour-saving machines invented by the Arkwrights, the
Cromptons, the Cartwrights, and others, and reduced to a condition
of factory slavery the workers who had formerly owned their own
tools and worked with them in their own homes. I need not dwell
upon the horrors of the social conditions, including the institution
of child slavery, which this revolution created. Mr. John Wilson,
M.P., in his very interesting autobiography, recently published
by Mr. Fisher Unwin, has given us a lurid picture of the
sufferings of the working classes in the days preceding the
abolition of the Corn Laws and the adoption of the Factory Acts.
It was those horrible conditions which aroused the sympathy
of all right-thinking people and inspired the great industrial
reformers of the early half of the last century. Foremost among
them were Eobert Owen and William Thompson. The story of the
career of Eobert Owen is too well known to Co-operators to need
repetition here. Biographical justice, however, has not been done
to William Thompson. It is a curious fact that one of the earliest
and greatest apostles of Socialism was an Irish landlord. William
Thompson had large estates in County Cork, and one fine morning
he woke up in a reflective mood and contrasted his own affluent
position with that of the poor peasantry on his estate. He came
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THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT
to the conclusion that he had for years been living on rent, the
product of other men's labours. He elaborated this idea and
produced a volume which, according to Professor Menger. of
Vienna University, anticipated the economic doctrines of Karl
Marx. Thompson was undoubtedly a very remarkable man. He
wrote not only a great work on the distribution of wealth, but he
was the first to proclaim the doctrine of the equal political rights
of women and men. Mill was certainly familiar with Thompson's
book on the rights of women, and was no doubt converted
by it. Thompson threw himself heart and soul into the Owenite
movement, and bequeathed his fortune to its propaganda. His
will was disputed by a distant relative on the ground that the
money had been left for an immoral purpose ! It took thirty-five
years for the Irish Law Courts to decide this question. The
decision was that the plaintiff had established his claim. It was
immoral to leave money for the support of Co-operation and for
propaganda for the rights of women. We have made a little
progress since then.
Owen and Thompson received their inspiration largely from
William Godwin, the pioneer of liberal thought in economics,
politics, and literature of the nineteenth century. Godwin not
only wrote books on politics and economics, but he also wrote
a novel, "Caleb Williams," which created a great sensation.
The novelists before him, Eichardson, Fielding, Smollett, and
Goldsmith, ably pictured the social conditions of the various ranks
of society of their day, but they all, with the exception of
Goldsmith, seemed to regard poverty as a necessary institution.
They did not suggest a remedy for the evils which they described.
In "Caleb Williams," Godwin not only gave us a picturesque
account of the social conditions prevailing at the end of the
eighteenth century and at the beginning of the nineteenth, but he
suggested the methods by which the extravagances of wealth on
the one hand and the sufferings of poverty on the other could be
prevented. He put into the mouth of one of his leading characters
a wealthy landlord the following confession, which was
regarded as revolutionary at a time when it was dangerous even
to suggest that property had its duties as well as its rights.
Said Mr. Falkland:
It is very true that there is a distinction of ranks. I believe that
distinction is a good thing, and necessary to the peace of mankind. But,
however necessary it may be, we must acknowledge that it puts some
hardships upon the lower orders of society. It makes one's heart ache to
think that one man is born to the inheritance of every superfluity, while the
whole share of another, without any demerit of his, is drudgery and starving;
and that all this is indispensable. We that are rich must do everything in our
power to lighten the yoke of these unfortunate people.
201
RELATION TO LITERATURE AND ART.
The writings of Godwin, Owen, and Thompson gave a great
impetus to the whole movement towards Co-operation. They had
immense influence upon other writers of genius, notably in fiction.
The works of the fathers of Co-operation were followed by
Disraeli's "Sybil," Mrs. Gaskell's "Mary Barton," and those
wonderful romances of Dickens, which proved him to be not only
a great literary artist, but a prophet and social reformer. The
heroes of both Disraeli's "Sybil," which is certainly a work
of genius, and of Mrs. Gaskell's "Mary Barton" are trade
unionists, but both novels are aglow with the Co-operative spirit.
I never read "Sybil" without regretting that Disraeli abandoned
literature for politics. Charles Kingsley and Frederick Denison
Maurice and their fellow-workers in the Christian Socialist
movement undoubtedly also caught inspiration from the early
Co-operative movement, as also did Arthur Hugh Clough, who,
though Co-operation is. not a musical word, managed at least to
make rhythm of it in the following passage from "Dipsychus"-
The earth moves slowly, if it moves at all,
And by the general, not the single, force
Of the linked members of the vast machine.
In all these crowded rooms of industry
No individual soul has loftier leave
Than fiddling with a piston or a valve.
Well, one could bear that also; one would drudge
And do one's petty part, and be content
In base manipulation, solaced still
By thinking of the leagued fraternity
And of co-operation and the effect
Of the great engine, if, indeed, it work,
And is not a mere treadmill ! Which it may be
Who can confirm it is not?
It was impossible for the Manchester School to survive
the exposure by these and other writers notably Euskin of the
fallacy on which the main doctrine of Manchesterism was based.
That fallacy was that you can best promote the interests of the
whole community by giving free play to the selfishness of its
individual members. Clough has a scathing satire on this
doctrine :
Each for himself is still the rule ;
We learn it when we go to school
The devil takes the hindmost, O !
And when the schoolboys grow to men,
In life they learn it o'er again
The devil takes the hindmost, !
For in the Church and at the bar.
On 'Change, at Court, where'er they are,
The devil takes the hindmost, !
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TIIK CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT IN
Husband for husband, wife for wife,
Are careful that in married life
The devil takes the hindmost, !
From youth to age, whate'er the game,
The unvarying practice is the same
The devil takes the hindmost, O !
And after death, we do not know,
But scarce can doubt, where'er we go,
The devil takes the hindmost, !
Ti rel de rol, ti rol de ro,
The devil takes the hindmost, !
The Co-operative movement was really a revolt against
Manchesterism. It was based upon the principle of mutual help
and brotherhood. Th6 ambition of many of its members, however,
to hug their "divi." may not have helped to realise its highest
ideal, yet the movement was in the direction of the realisation
of a high ideal. Hence, though the pioneers of the Co-operative
movement were free thinkers, their ethical teaching appealed
powerfully to Maurice, Kingsley, Ludlow, and Thomas Hughes,
who tried to establish the Co-operative industry on a Christian
basis. As Dr. John Rae points out in his admirable work,
"Contemporary Socialism," the Christian Socialists inveighed
against the Manchester creed, then in the flush of success, as
if it were the special anti-Christ of the nineteenth century.
Lassalle himself has not used harder, more passionate, or more
unjust words of it. Maurice said he dreaded above everything
"that horrible catastrophe of a Manchester ascendancy, which
I believe in my soul would be fatal to intellect, morality, and
freedom;" and Kingsley declared that "of all narrow, conceited,
hypocritical, anarchic, and atheistic schemes of the universe the
Cobden and Bright one was exactly the worst. " Nobody has more
contempt for the Manchester economic doctrine than I have, but
at the same time I revere the memory of Cobden and Bright for
the noble protest they made against the Crimean War and for
their splendid advocacy of international arbitration. Probably
Cobden and Bright Cobden, at any rate would have joined the
Socialist Party had they not been born a generation too soon,
following the example of John Stuart Mill, who avowed himself
a Socialist though he did not attach himself to any of the Socialist
organisations.
The Christian Socialists, says Dr. Eae, agreed entirely with
the Socialists in condemning the reigning industrial system; it
was founded on unrighteousness; its principles were not only
un-Christian but anti-Christian; and in spite of its apparent
commercial victories it would inevitably end in ruin and disaster.
203
BELATION TO LITERATURE AND ART.
Two peculiarities distinguished Christian Socialism from other
phases of the movement. One is that its advocates insisted
strongly upon the futility of mere external changes of condition,
unattended by corresponding changes of inner character and life.
"There is no fraternity," said Maurice, "without a common
Father." Just as it is impossible to maintain free institutions
among a people who want the virtues of freemen, so it is
impossible to realise fraternity in the general arrangements of
society unless men possess a sufficient measure of the industrial
and social virtues. Hence the stress the Christian Socialists of
England laid on the education of the working classes.
The other peculiarity is that the Christian Socialists did not
seek in any way whatever to interfere with private property or
to invoke the assistance of the State. They believed with
Holyoake that self-help is a sound principle, both morally and
politically, and they believed it to be sufficient. They held it to
be sufficient, not merely in course of time, but immediately
even, to effect a change in the face of society. .For they loved and
believed in their cause with a generous and touching enthusiasm,
and were so sincerely and absolutely persuaded of its truth
themselves that they hardly entertained the idea of other minds
resisting it. Mr. T. Hughes said:
I certainly thought that here we had found the solution to the great
labour question ; but I was also convinced that we had nothing to do but just
to announce it, and found an association or two, in order to convert all
England, and usher in the millennium at once, so plain did the whole thing
seem to me. I will not undertake to answer for the rest of the council, but
I doubt whether I was at all more sanguine than the majority.
The chief inspirers of the Christian Socialist movement, which
is based on co-operative principles, were men of fine culture some
of them famous authors. Mr. Thomas Hughes wrote one of the
most successful books of the last century, "Tom Brown's
Schooldays. ' '
Frederick Denison Maurice was Professor of English Literature
at King's College, London, and the author of a history of
Philosophy, besides a number of theological works and a novel
called "Eustace Conway."
Charles Kingsley won his way to the front rank of English
novelists, and more than any of them not even excepting
Dickens probed to the depths of the misery of the poor, and
showed how they were demoralised by private charity instead of
being helped by the rich to become independent of doles which
could not be done without co-operation. The two novels by which
Kingsley will live are "Alton Locke" and "Yeast."
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THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT IN
In a conversation between the gamekeeper Tregarva and the
Squire, he gives us in "Yeast" the real grievance from which the
poor suffer for want of combination and through their dependence
on the landlord :
"You seem to see both sides of a question, certainly," said Lancelot.
"But what a miserable state of things that the labouring classes, should
require all these societies and charities and helps from the rich ! that an
industrious freeman cannot live without alms ! ' '
"So I have thought this long time," quietly answered Tregarva.
"But Miss Honoria she is not afraid to tell her father the truth?"
"Suppose, sir, when Adam and Eve were in the garden, that all the devils
had come up and played their fiends' tricks before them do you think they'd
have seen any shame in it?"
"I really cannot tell," said Lancelot, smiling.
"Then I can, sir. They'd have seen no more harm in it than there was
harm already in themselves, and that was none. A man's eyes can only see
what they've learnt to see."
Lancelot started : it was a favourite dictum of his in Carlyle's works.
"Where did you get that thought, my friend?"
"By seeing, sir."
"But what has that to do with Miss Honoria?"
"She is an angel of holiness herself, sir, and, therefore, she goes on
without blushing or suspecting where our blood would boil again. She sees
people in want, and thinks it must be so, and pities them and relieves them.
But she don't know want herself, and, therefore, she don't know that it makes
men beasts and devils. She's as pure as God's light herself, and, therefore, she
fancies everyone is as spotless as she is. And there's another mistake in your
charitable great people, sir. When they see poor folk sick or hungry before
their eyes they pull out their purses fast enough. God bless them, for they
wouldn't like to be so themselves. But the oppression that goes on all the
year round, and the want that goes on all the year round, and the filth,
and the lying, and the swearing, and the profligacy that go on all the year
round, and the sickening weight of debt, and the miserable grinding anxiety
from rent-day to rent-day, and Saturday night to Saturday night, that crushes
a man's soul down, and drives every thought out of his head but how he is
to fill his stomach and warm his back and keep a house over his head, till he
daren't for his life take his thoughts one moment off the meat that
perisheth oh, sir, they never felt this, and, therefore, they never dream
that there are thousands who pass them in their daily walks who feel this,
and feel nothing else."
Says Ruskin :
Government and co-operation are in all things the Laws of Life : anarchy
and competition the Laws of Death. And with respect to the mode in which
these general principles affect the secure possession of property, so far am I
from invalidating such security that the whole gist of these papers will be
found ultimately to aim at an extension in its range ; and whereas it has long
been known and declared that the poor have no right to the property of the
rich, I wish it also to be known and declared that the rich have no right to the
property of the poor.
It is only on the Co-operative principle that you can prevent
the robbery of the poor by the rich. Euskin in his comparison
between the Co-operative systems of Cheny and Citeaux does
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RELATION TO LITERATURE AND ART.
not show a just appreciation of the movement which the Eochdale
Pioneers made practicable. At Cheny they made jewellery for
which Euskin had a feminine admiration, but at Citeaux, he
tells us,
There is no jewellery going on any more, but we have an entire I was
going to say Rochdale, but I ought to say Clear Dale (clair vaux) Co-operation
of every food-producing and pot-boiling business, organised in groups, each
with their own masters, the brother millers, brother bakers, greengrocers,
carpenters, masons, smiths, weavers; and at the head of the collective
groups belonging to each abbey one monk charged with the distribution and
organisation of all the work.
I do not know whether Ruskin meant this for a sneer at
Rochdale or not. If he did, he made a great mistake in assuming
that the Co-operative movement in this country is wholly given
up to pot-boiling business. Amongst the distinguished men who
have lectured for or written for the British Co-operative movement
is to be included Mr. Ruskin 's greatest disciple, William Morris.
Education has always been a strong subject with our Co-operators,
nor have they altogether neglected music and the arts.
The Co-operative movement on Rochdale lines has been a
success because, unlike the Co-operation of the Christian
Socialists, it has never been mixed up with theology. Tennyson,
the bosom friend of Maurice, seems to have been entirely in
sympathy with the Rochdale movement. Holyoake's articles
in an early impression of the Co-operative News attracted the
attention of the then Poet Laureate and his wife. Referring to
Holyoake's propaganda movement on the Continent, Mrs.
Tennyson wrote to him :
I have read with great pleasure your very interesting account of your
visit to Milan, and I thank you heartily for your kindness in thinking of
me and sending it to me. He who sows is so often not the one who reaps on
this earth of ours that I cannot but feel you are exceedingly happy in this
rich harvest of your labours, and in the still richer promise of harvest to
come. Co-operation seems to me one of those grand simple applications of
eternal truths to the everyday work of the world that, having been made,
must extend indefinitely.
Tennyson himself would have written an ode for the first
Co-operative Festival at the Crystal Palace had he not. been
confined to his bed by sickness. I do not wish to imply that
Tennyson was opposed to the Christian Socialists, but the
correspondence between Mrs. Tennyson and Holyoake indicates
that her husband thoroughly approved of the Rochdale propaganda.
The mistake which the Christian Socialists made was in assuming
that Co-operation was not in itself religious. Socialism and the
Real Presence they recognised as the creed of the High Church
party, as it largely prevails to-day. Holyoake, who was one of
the most tolerant of men, took up an ethical position entirely
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THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT IN
unallied to theology, but he never dreamt of opposing the good
works which Maurice, Kingsley, Neale, Hughes, and Ludlow
started with so much enthusiasm. Holyoake, however, earnestly
believed that the position taken up by these pioneers of social
betterment was illogical. He thought their theological doctrines
erroneous, and when doctrinal error, he urged, is allied to
excellent practice, such as that presented in the Co-operative
exertions of the Christian Socialists, "we will leave their doctrinal
error alone till we can find an opportunity of disproving it without
appearing at the same time as the opponents of their good works. "
The Christian Socialist movement, however, was not altogether
a failure. It did a noble work for education long before the
necessity of educating the people was recognised by Parliament,
and the Working Men's College in Great Ormond Street is a lasting
memorial to the disinterested efforts of these noble-minded men.
Many distinguished men of letters besides Maurice and Kingsley
have given their gratuitous services as lecturers at the College,
and bequeathed to it a tradition of literary and artistic inspiration.
Euskin was an unattached Co-operator, and inclined to
condemn, as I have shown, the materialistic tendencies of the
movement. He founded a Co-operative Society after his own
high ideals, which were not so much theological as aesthetic.
Ruskin lived largely in the past, and by his Guild of St. George
he tried to revive the principles upon which the Guilds of the
Middle Ages were based. These Guilds, being combinations both
of masters and workmen, were trade unions adapted to the needs
of their times, but the real ground of their decay, as Ruskin
himself admits, lay chiefly in the conditions of selfishness and
isolation which were more or less involved in their vow of
fraternity and their laws of apprenticeship. The same danger
of decay threatens all combinations which do not recognise that
the interest of the community is far greater than the interest of
the individual. Ruskin on one occasion said to the members of
St. George's Guild:
I must warn you very earnestly against the notion of "co-operation" as
the policy of a privileged number of persons for their own advantage. You
have this land given you for your work that you may do the best you can
for all men; you are bound by certain laws of work, that "the best you
can" may indeed be good and exemplary, and although I shall endeavour to
persuade you to accept nearly every law of the old Guilds, that acceptance,
I trust, will be with deeper understanding of the wide purposes of so narrow
fellowship ; and (if I thought it not too foreign to your present temper)
more in the spirit of a body of monks gathered for missionary service than
of a body of tradesmen gathered for the promotion even of the honestest and
usefullest trade. It is, indeed, because I have seen you to be capable of
co-operation, and to have conceived among yourselves the necessity of severe
laws for its better enforcement, that I have determined to make the first essay
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RELATION TO LITERATURE AND ART.
of St. George's work at Sheffield. But I do uot think you have yet learned
that such unity of effort can only be vital or successful when organised verily
for the "interests of England," not for your own; and that the mutiny
against co-operative law which you hitherto selfishly, and therefore guiltily,
sought to punish, is, indeed, to be punished for precisely the same reasons
as mutiny in the Channel Fleet.
Kuskin, like the leaders of the old school of Co-operators,
was an individualist. He believed, it is true, in State control
of education, but he had no faith in the democracy as a whole.
Neither had Owen or Holyoake. Owen did not support the
Chartist movement. He imagined it possible to realise his ideals
for the betterment of the masses by enlisting the sympathy of the
classes. Holyoake was a Chartist, and imagined that when the
masses secured Parliamentary representation the obstacles to
combined individual effort would be removed. He did not,
however, believe in State control of industries. There is very
little literature in favour of this view. John Stuart Mill, it is
true, in his earlier writings favoured Holyoake 's individualist
opinions, but in his later years Mill adopted the modern Socialistic
doctrine. "The problem of the future," he said, "is how to
preserve the strictest individual liberty with the common ownership
of the raw materials of the globe and the equal participation by all
in the products of combined labour." It is this view which has
created the finest literature associated with the Co-operative
movement. It is a principle which has been emphasised by the
best of our modern romancers, William Morris, Bernard Shaw,
H. G. Wells, Arnold Bennett, Gordon Hewett, and many less
known novelists. These writers have recognised the fact that the
State has an immense power for mischief or for good, and that to
act independently of the State is to court disaster. The tendency
of present-day literature is undoubtedly in the direction of
realising an ideal State control of industry on the basis of a
right distribution of the products of labour. The whole danger
of this new movement is the possibility of government by
bureaucracy, but this danger can be avoided by the devolution
of government from the central authority to the local communes.
Even the old-fashioned Co-operators now, I imagine, would not
object to the State control of the great monopolies. They would
not, I suppose, object- to the nationalisation of land and railways.
They have undoubtedly much in common with the advance guard
of the Socialist movement, and, therefore, would be willing to
swell the music of William Morris's fine marching song:
What is this, the sound and rumour? What is this that all men hear,
Like the wind in hollow valleys when the storm is drawing near,
Like the rolling on of ocean in the eventide of fear?
'Tis the people marching on.
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Whither go they and whence come they? What are these of whom ye tell?
In what country are they dwelling 'twixt the gates of heaven and hell?
Are they mine or thine for money? Will they serve a master well?
Still the rumour's marching on.
Forth they come from grief and torment; on they wend towards health and
mirth ,
All the wide world is their dwelling, every corner of the earth;
Buy them, sell them for thy service I Try the bargain what' 'tis worth,
For the days are marching on.
These are they who build thy houses, weave thy raiment, win thy wheat,
Smooth the rugged, fill the barren, turn the bitter into sweet;
All for thee this day and ever, what reward for them is meet?
Still the host comes marching on.
Many a hundred years passed over have they laboured deaf and blind;
Never tidings reached their sorrow, never hope their toil might find.
Now at last they've heard and hear it, and the cry comes down the wind,
And their feet are marchiug on.
O, ye rich men, hear and tremble, for with words the sound is rife :
"Once for you and death we laboured; changed henceforward is the strife.
We are men, and we shall battle for the world of men and life;
And our host is marching on."
"Is it war, then? Will ye perish as the dry wood in the fire?
Is it peace? Then be ye of us, let 'your hope be our desire,
Come and live! .for life awaketh, and the world shall never tire;
And hope is marching on."
On we march, then, we, the workers, and the rumour that ye bear
Is the blended sound of battle and deliv 'ranee drawing near;
For the hope of every creature is the banner that we bear,
And the world is marching on.
When we come to deal with the influence of the Co-operative
movement on art, a very wide field for reflection is at once opened
up. The whole character of British painting, as distinguished
from that of the Continent, is brought into consideration. With
most foreign schools the British contrasts very strongly, and
nowhere has the difference been more carefully noted than on the
other side of the Channel. It is, in fact, in the words of a
Frenchman that we may best approach the study of the subject.
Jean Fra^ois Millet, one of the humblest of men and one of
the greatest of artists, has told us that humble things "the
trivial" is his exact expression may sometimes "minister to
the sublime." Words could not better express the art of the
painter of the "Angelus," nor could anything better distinguish
him from the majority of foreign artists and show at the same
time his affinity in sentiment and in subject matter to the great
British masters. Millet only said what in fact the English school
had been practising long before his day, and has been increasingly
practising since. A particular work which may be noted at the
outset is the Leighton fresco at the South Kensington Museum,
"The Arts of Peace." It is impossible to look long at this work
02 St
H
H =T
> 1
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RELATION TO LITERATURE AND ART.
without being impressed with the Co-operative ideal. In his
apt arrangement of the groups of classical figures, each one of
which is an embodiment of the idea of Labour, or of the ease
and elegance of the domestic side of life to which Labour ministers
and in which it, therefore, ought to have its share, the artist
has represented a complete Co-operative Commonwealth. The
work might have been called, in fact, "Co-operation." It is
a study of harmony in the midst of diversity, and if it be not
a direct product of the idea which Co-operation has been steadily
instilling I, at least, cannot but regard the picture as especially
suggestive of Co-operative influences. Every external influence
over the mind and work of artists is at best indirect, and it is
almost as often quite unconscious, but there are few British artists
who, although unaware that they were doing so, 'have not yielded
themselves somewhat to some kind of environment. The painter
of this South Kensington fresco was on the whole an upholder in
practice of the view that art is "independent;" its merit as art
must not be measured, that is to say, by any particular purport.
Yet no one has shown more truly than Leighton that, while no
work is artistic simply by reason of its purport, none can in fact
be entirely without some quality which directs the attention
outwards and so makes the picture something more than what
Whistler once called "painters' poetry" tjhe poetry, that is to
say, of harmonious forms and colours as such. The late President
declared :
You will find that, through the association of ideas, lines and forms,
and combinations of lines and forms, colours and combinations of colours
have acquired a, distinct expressional significance, arid, so l to speak, an ethos
of their own.
It is this significance, this ethos, which has given British art
what is, perhaps, its main characteristic.
English painting has been well described as "painting with a
purpose," and it has been part of its purpose always to express
the poetry latent in "the trivial," in the most homely scenes and
everyday incidents of the life arid labour of the town and the
country. Through its extreme simplicity of subject, British art as
a whole has been in closer relation with the democratic movement
than the art of any other country. Its instinctive feeling for that
movement has been not infrequently expressed in words as well as
in painting. "To paint pictures dealing with my own time, and
to treat subjects with which most of us are quite familiar" that
is the way in which a popular living artist has described his
object. As coming from the painter of that 'famous picture of
"The Casuals," Sir Luke Fildes, E.A., the words are specially
significant. When "The Casuals" was exhibited in 1874 it made
15
210
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such a stir that a policeman was required to protect it from the
crowds that flocked to see it. The deep human interest thus
evoked by this artist has, I think, never been shown in quite the
same way since, but his continued popularity would, even if it
stood alone as it assuredly does not among contemporary
artists, provide remarkable testimony to the abiding influence of
democracy on painting. Sir Luke Fildes has explained that in
treating subjects from the common life of the people there is an
advantage to the artist, inasmuch as "it must enable you to
get at the truth, at the very heart" of the matter. Of all living
artists he perhaps is the one who has most directly proved that
advantage; but his purpose in painting is- not exceptional, but
rather typical. It is part and parcel of our national character
for "painting with a purpose."
It is especially in virtue of their choice of economic subjects
that our painters have revealed this character of their painting.
They have shown in this respect that Millet's saying about "the
trivial" may have a sublime significance which far transcends its
mere artistic bearing. Like Millet himself, though perhaps less
consciously, they have all truthfully rendered the spirit of Burns's
songs :
To make a happy fireside clime
For weans and wife,
That's the true pathos and sublime
Of human life.
In doing this they have been helped, not a few of them, by
their own personal experiences. They have often seen nay,
lived the humble life which they portray. Look at the origins of
several of the best of our painters. Turner was a barber's son;
Clarkson Stanfield began life as a sailor; Old Crome served his
first apprenticeship of paint in the shop of a coachbuilder ; and
Romney before he became a painter was a carpenter ; Constable
knew every detail of the working of his father's mill, and David
Cox was similarly familiar with a "whitesmith's" business.
It is thus easy to see why "subject" is of so much importance
in our painting. Reflecting as it does these most intimate
sympathies of our painters, it serves to distinguish them from
most other artists. It shows their "purposeful" character. At
its highest, this character has been best expressed by Ruskin.
He has said, speaking of the British masters:
The success of the painter depended on his desire to convey a truth
rather than to produce a merely beautiful picture. . . . Compare the
feeling with which a Moorish architect decorated an arch of the Alhambra with
that of Hogarth painting the "Marriage a la Mode," arid you will at once
feel the difference between art pursued for pleasure only and for the sake
of some useful pleasure or impression.
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BELATION TO LITERATURE AND ART.
As a rival of the doctrine of "painting with a purpose"
the notion of "art for art's sake" has never found much
acceptance amongst us. British painters have been too intimately
conversant with the different aspects of what Euskin calls "the
physical conditions appointed for human existence" not to feel
impelled to commit to canvas some "passionate representation"
of those aspects. Ruskin, when he used these words, was speaking
primarily of landscape painting, but no injury is done to his
meaning in including in "physical conditions" that first and
last of all human conditions Labour. It is because painters have
seen so deeply into that supreme necessity that they have painted
so directly, have appealed so immediately to the hearts of all men,
and have preferred, in place of the most elaborate theories, the
very simplest realities. Art, in short, is not an abstraction but
a reality the living record of our successive social, political,
and economic movements.
The impress left by the Co-operative movement has been always
clear even if the intention to leave it has not been equally so.
Almost step for step with the remarkable progress which
Co-operation has made, the pictorial art of this country has been
marking the developments that have occurred in the world of
Labour and in that of Commerce. Even in those practical and
useful arts which just because, forsooth, they are practical and
useful are sometimes classified as the lesser arts, the same
hopeful note of progress is not altogether absent. We are yet,
indeed, far off from the day when, in William Morris's economic
ideal, each thing that is made in our factories and workshops and
sold in our markets shall be "made by the people for the people
as a joy for the maker and the user." It is, however, noticeable
that in the work of the painter this note of joy in labour has been
more and more clearly sounded. Indirectly through our pictures,
if not directly through our manufactures, we have been learning
the lesson that labour is not a means of existence merely, but a
bond of brotherhood. Side by side with the spectacle of pain and
misery resulting from total denial to men of their primal right
to labour, the painters have shown us the happiness which flows
freely to all men both as makers and users wherever that right
is exercised. On the one hand we see the dire, yet unexaggerated,
evils of our day and of a generation ago portrayed with ruthless
realism in a picture like "The Casuals," and, on the other hand,
we have seen delineated with no less regard to the truth of the
matter the delight of the labourer in his labour. Each of these
elements, the bright or the gloomy side to the economic spectacle,
has from time to time made its particular appeal to some particular
painter, but there is one master artist in whose work, to my mind,
THE C'O-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT IN
both sides of the picture are presented together. [ refer to
Frederick Walker. In his paintings, some of the best of which
are to be seen in the Tate Gallery in London, there is the sweetest
beauty combined with the sternest realism. Sir Hubert Herkomer
has said:
It was he who saw the possibility of combining the grace of the antique
with the realism of our everyday life in England. His navvies are Greek gods,
and yet not a bit less true to nature. True poet that he was, he felt all
nature should be represented by a poem. The dirty nails of a peasant, such
as I have seen painted by a modern realist, were invisible to him. Nor did
lie leave out the faces of the peasants in order to produce gr*andeur as tin;
French realist did.
True, Euskin has declared that Walker's peasants were "got
up for the stage," but the fact seems to be that to his realistic
rendering of rustic labour he joined a sense of beauty. His picture
of "The Vagrants" is an idyll, in spite of its realism. As the
late Mr. A. C. Swinburne has said, its art technique makes it
"almost a feat of mere skill rather than a grave sample of work,
but in effect it is no such slight thing. " It is as serious a study of
a certain stern aspect of our economic civilisation as is Sir Luke
Fildes'S "Casuals," but it combines with the pathos inherent in
that subject a beauty and a brightness which enhance by the
contrast the sense of a good day coming for our rustic and, indeed,
our whole society.
Something of the same sense is to be discovered in the little
known as well as amongst the well known of our English artists.
In the Eoyal Academy of 1897 there was a picture which, as a
treatment of the two sides of the economic question poverty and
wealth attracted the favourable notice of Count Tolstoi. The
picture was by Mr. Langley, and Tolstoi wrote of it :
The boy, pitifully drawing his bare feet under the bench, is eating; the
woman is looking on, probably considering whether he will not want some
more; and a girl of about seven, leaning on his arm, is carefully and seriously
looking on, not taking her eyes from the hungry boy, and evidently
understanding for the first time what poverty is, and what inequality amonp
people is, and asking herself why she had everything provided for her while
this boy goes barefoot and hungry? She feels sorry and yet pleased. And
she loves both the boy and goodness and one feels that the artist loved
this girl, and that she, too, loves. And this picture, by an artist who, I
think, is not very widely known, is an admirable and true work of art.
Herein we have the reflection, through a concrete instance, of
the Tolstoian philosophy. The idea is, in its essence, the
universally accepted one, that in art the highest source of our
interests is a certain universality. Consequently, as Tolstoi
implicitly argues, there can be no better subject matter for pictures
than such scenes or incidents as are the outcome of our common
humanitarian instinct for brotherly love and union. All art which
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RELATION TO LITEBATUBE AND ART.
inspires us with this feeling, and so tends practically to unite men,
is high art; all which deprives us of it, and so tends to divide
men, is low art. There can be no more fruitful conception for the
economic and social movement, on its artistic as well as its
practical side, than this. The ground of it is, of course, an
intellectual and moral soil which knows no geographical or political
boundaries. I, however, think that by far the earliest and most
abundant yield from it has been obtained by British artists. "The
task for Christian art," says Tolstoi, "is to establish brotherly
union among men." His inspiring creed has been, like the
humble gospel of Millet, already practised in this country. We
find something of its spirit even, amongst our earliest painters.
Sir Joshua Keynolds, with all his exclusiveness, bears witness by
his grace and ease, and above all by the sense of companionship in
all his portraits, to the fact that a broader idea of life had even in
his day begun to smoothen out inequalities. Compare his portraits
with, say, those of Van Dyck, who, of all the great President's
predecessors, revealed perhaps the most lovable and most spiritual
traits in faces, and you will be struck with the difference. It is
a difference which, in so far as it is to the advantage of Reynolds,
must be held to mark the advancement of the democratic spirit.
Look, too, at Reynolds 's contemporaries, Hogarth, Gainsborough,
and see how they also softened the harsher sense of things, born of
the intense individualism which they beheld around them. Do
they not both one through his humour and the other through
his pathos give you the suggestion of equality, of the idea which,
in economics, Tolstoi expressed by "brotherhood." The coming
spirit of union, of Co-operation, was over these early masters or
ever they were aware of it, and in the gradual awakening to. its
influences their successors have faithfully followed them.
To the question asked by Tolstoi, "What is Art?" and
answered by him in the way I have stated, it would be interesting
to add the inquiry "What was Art?" What it was on the
Continent, and what it happily is no longer even there, Millet may
serve to show us. The French peasant farmer's son was, both in
his art and in his person, the embodiment of all that before his
day in his own country the tradition of "the grand style" would
have caused to be rejected as not only trivial but as unworthy
and unmeaning. A man of as lowly origin as he might, indeed,
have been born with a genius for painting at any previous period,
as in fact was Claude of Lorraine; but as for admitting their
whole class in society and their life's round of daily trivial toil
and trial into the ranks of subjects fit for high, ideal, artistic
treatment, whoever in Claude of Lorraine's day heard of .such a
thing! The peasant might at any time become an artist, but it
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took first our early English landscapists and then Millet to
discover that, as artist, he need not forget his peasanthood,
but might, on the contrary, dedicate himself to it. To-day it is
the life of labour which more than anything else appeals to us, and
it appeals without distinction to all, as a necessity of all and
as a joy of all. Spade and ploughshare are of equal artistic value
now with the proudest ship that carries our overseas commerce,
and so distributes the products of the labour of spade and
ploughshare.
We may see the effects of this in almost any gallery, but
one or two instances will serve as typical of others. Mr.
G. F. Watts 's "The Dray Horses" and Mr. Briton Kiviere's
"Giants at Play" are two very well known pictures which are
the property of the nation. They are to be seen in the Tate
Gallery in London. I purposely instance them because they are
popular, and because at the same time they deal with the lowliest
and most trivial aspects of life and labour. The manner in which
they do so is an artistic testimony to the whole democratic
movement. There is, indeed, a suggestion of something ironical
in this as we think of Mr. Watts's subject. The brewer's drayman,
as you usually see him, seems a strange sort of character for the
imagination to seize upon as an embodiment of the idea of
labour! Mr. Watts, however, was a true idealist, and in this
serious handling of a theme suggestive of satiric art he has set
before us a very striking truth. His motive in painting the picture
is generally said to have been twofold. Neither of the statements
commonly made, however, conveys to my mind the correct
interpretation of the work. It is said, in the first place, that
Mr. Watts was prompted by some prophetic feeling that, with
the advent of steam and other forms of motor traction along our
public highways, the day of drayhorses might soon pass into
oblivion, and he accordingly determined to bequeath to history
this ideal record of the creature's statuesque magnificence. Again,
it is stated that in the stolid form of the drayman no less than
in that of the two huge horses the artist designed a tribute to
his countrymen's moral character; that he took the figures as
expressive of the old phlegm and slowness, but as suggestive also
of great strength and solidity, of power held in reserve. That
is true enough as far as it goes, but it misses part of the truth, I
think, in going too far. We are at all events justified in confining
thought about the picture to the particular phase of life which
is immediately portrayed by it, and in preferring, accordingly,
to regard it with direct reference to our ideas of Labour. Labour
is the subject dealt with, and in dealing with it Mr. Watts seems,
to my mind, to have been inspired by a conception which is at
215
RELATION TO LITERATURE AND ART.
once the source and goal of the whole Labour movement. I am
here using the word Labour, of course as, indeed, I have already
indicated in its widest meaning, in the sense in which it implies
the whole progressive movement, including that of Co-operation,
for economic betterment. Let us see, then, what in this sense
the picture precisely imports.
The drayhorse is a passing phase, but the feeling evoked
by the fact is hardly that of regret. It looks forward rather to
the future. Mr. Watts 's promptings in undertaking the picture
were indeed prophetic more so, perhaps, than he himself was
aware of. Interesting as it is in itself, the passing drayhorse
is a more fitting subject for Mr. Watts 's art in virtue of what
it symbolises. I cannot help thinking that the idea of potential
energy, of strength in repose, which horse and man here alike
represent, is of particular interest when applied to the work
which both horse and man have to do. I do not mean that
that class of work itself is a passing phase, and that, in Mr.
Watts 's conception, there would soon be no more beer barrels to
convey and deliver anywhere; but the thought does suggest
itself that this strength, this energy, which the picture shows in
repose, is a power fraught with deliverance from an oppressive
industrial as well as a moral thraldom. There is no need to seek
an interpretation of the picture farther afield than this. What
is to my mind its deepest meaning is apparent on the surface.
The work is, indeed, a tribute to the national character, but the
tribute is paid only indirectly, through the artist's conception
of the progressive social and industrial movement reflecting that
character. What is really typified in this picture is the potential
revolt of Labour, the uprising of the worker who, though
somnolent still, is not wholly unconscious of the strength within
him, and only waits to exert it. The drayhorse, truly, is a passing
phase, but the power it typifies endures, and human labour one
day will assert its own. But it is no less a moral than an economic
dominion to which the worker is destined; and how suggestively
the painter has chosen his subject to convince us of this ! Truly,
beauty may start at the touch of art from almost any unlikely
thing, but what surer touch than this could have been given to a
more unlikely thing than a beer barrel?
The same significance may be read in the other national picture
I am now referring to Mr. Eiviere's "Giants at Play." In this
picture the "giants" are navvies, and their figures express to my
mind the same reserve of strength as Mr. Watts 's drayman; but
they express it with a difference. "It is presumably Sunday
morning," writes Mr. E. T. Cook of this picture in his Handbook
to the Tate Gallery, "and the companion of the chief actor was,
216
THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT IN
we are afraid, drinking last night." Well! so it may be. There
are moral as well as economic thraldoms, but the one is often twin
with the other, and the same reserve of strength which is expressed
by this picture threatens both of them. Whatever in the past may
have been shall no longer be when once the strength of Labour
has come to know itself and so to stir itself to true giant-like
action, shaking off the shackles which industrially had bound it,
and thence rising, so to speak, on the proverbial "stepping-stones"
to "higher things." It is much the same idea of the worker's
social destiny that I have in looking at another of Mr. Riviere's
pictures. This is his "Companions in Misfortune," also in the
Tate Gallery. It is a picture of a poacher and his dog. The
poacher is asleep, and his recumbent form suggests to me the
dormant power of a victim of circumstance to rise superior in future
to the system which has victimised him. You honestly feel for
the fellow lying there with his gun beside him, and you like his
faithful companion his dog. You cannot feel he is guilty of a
great iniquity. Eather do you think he is more sinned against
than sinning. Nay, more; he is the embodiment of the hope that
he and his fellow-sufferers from the tyranny of economic
circumstance will one day have no occasion to revisit thus, by
poaching or more serious guilt, their sufferings on the heads of
others.
These and other pictures seem all pregnant with the idea
which inspires the social and economic movement. Assuredly we
are moving forward. Industrially there could be no more
wonderful proof of that than in the growth of the Co-operative
movement, but artistically the record is writ equally large. It is
deciphered plainly in our public picture galleries. When you
chance, for instance, in the Royal Academy show upon some
typical picture by a painter of rural subjects like Mr. George
Clausen, R.A., how the conviction is borne in upon you that not
only is labour not unlovely, but under those fair conditions which
Co-operation in any form of industry assuredly secures it is the
source of real art. How, in pictures of this kind, the toilers
seem already to have realised these fair conditions, and how they,
therefore, look as though they were themselves true artists.
producing something which fulfils at once the demand of
democracy and the requirements of art something which, in the
words of William Morris, is "made by the people for the people
as a joy for the maker and the user." I regard the works of
painters such as Mr. Clausen as the culmination for our day of
that democratic art sympathy which, as I have shown, begins
dimly enough in the early British School of painting. We have
now dispelled that dimness and replaced it, in our painters, with
217
RELATION TO LITERATURE AND ART.
a clear perception of the inherent beauty of Millet's art gospel
of the "trivial," but to see the progress that has been made
pictorially, side by side and step by step, with the Co-operative
movement we must again look back a while.
"One cannot get very sad," remarks the French critic Chesnau
in his book, "The English School," "or cry long over ancient
history ! ' ' That is true : but the truth largely is that in our
economic past, as presented by the painters, there is a great deal
that lies "too deep for tears." I know of no painter to whom
this applies more than it applies to Turner the master to whom
so much that is best applies in fullest measure ; nor do I know of
a passage of criticism in which the application is more clearly
shown than it is in a section of the "Modern Painters." Euskin,
in treating of the topography of Turner, contrasts his ideal
rendering of a windmill with the treatment given to a similar
subject by Clarkson Stanfield. The passage is instinct with that
feeling of the bitterness of human labour under the old conditions
of unrestrained and purely private profit-making which set Eobert
Owen to his economic preaching and the Rochdale Pioneers to
their practical venture. Ruskin, in describing Turner's mill,
writes :
It is a poor property, and evidently the owner of it has enough to do
to get his own bread out from between its stones. Moreover, there is a dim
type of all melancholy human labour in it catching the free winds and
setting them to turn grindstones. Turning round a couple of stones, for the
mere pulverisation of human food, is not noble work for the winds. . . .
All men have felt it so; and this grinding of the mill, whether it be breeze or
soul that is set to it, we cannot much rejoice in.
Yet even here the artist is careful to give us in his pictures,
and the critic is careful to state it in his criticism, that note
of hope which, as I observed in speaking of Mr. Watts, is at
once at the source and goal of the Co-operative movement for
commercial betterment. "Turner has no joy of his mill. It shall
be dark against the sky," and yet it shall be "proud and on the
hill-top; not ashamed of its labour, and brightened from
beyond, the golden clouds stooping over it, and the calm summer
sun going down behind, far away, to his rest." This is the
conclusion of the whole matter. Here, surely, we have in the
deepest sense of Ruskin's words the thoughtful and passionate
representation of the physical conditions appointed for human
existence. It is through the representation which he gives to these
conditions that the artist, whether consciously or not, becomes
an economic teacher or interpreter. According to the passion
which he is able to feel in his subject will be the truth of his
teaching or his interpretation. The passion is the indispensable
218
THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT.
condition of the representation. If Turner have no joy of his mill,
then he must have grief of it, and the truth of his picture is in
precise proportion to the share he gives us of the miller's own
passion, partly of grief but partly also of joy and hopefulness.
That is the essence of the idealism of Turner: the conviction of
its realism. The mill perchance, if we could any longer identify
it, would be found to be in a different position or even of slightly
different shape from that which the artist has given it, but the
"idealisation" involved in his alteration only serves to convince us
of its only meaning for us that toilsome purpose of a mill which
the miller himself, we may be well assured, is most painfully aware
of. He, at least, poor man, would know the identity of Turner's
mill with his own. The human meaning of the picture is writ large
enough for him who has most to do with the actual original of
it; and it is in this sense that the ideal in art is always real.
What is the reality of anything but, after all, its symbolism?
A thing must have a meaning for us ; and this meaning cannot
exist in the mere thing itself, as though each object were
absolute and had no relation to other objects. It is as true in
painting as it is in poetry that, as Shelley has it,
Nothing in the world is single,
All things by a law divine
In one another's being commingle.
It is this "law divine" of the association of all things, binding
them all together in one common bond of meaning for each and
all of us all those of us at least who, unlike Wordsworth's
Peter Bell, can see that a primrose by the river's brim is something
more than a yellow primrose it is this law which controls the
artist, and it is in virtue of this law that whatever any one
object Turner's mill, for example may mean for one individual,
however intensely, this it can also be made to mean for any other
individual. Its meaning is there, and it is for the artist to show
it to us and to the greatest possible number of us. With him
we must enter into the joys and sorrows of the world around us,
and when he shows us a windmill it must be not a windmill merely
but "a type of all melancholy human labour" and as I have
shown that Ruskin also implies at the same time a type of all
joyous human labour. So is it with all objects or instruments of
man's life and love: they are to the artist types of the joy and
sorrow, of the hope and fear of the labourer. Such objects are
manifestly a part of the "physical conditions appointed for human
existence," and their "passionate representation" is one of the
truest things that the artist can in future attempt, and in this
country has already successfully attempted.
219
The Fraudulent Relations of
Land and Taxation:
Their Responsibility for the Long-continued Existence
of Radically Unjust Social Conditions.
BY JOSEPH EDWARDS,
Founder and Editor of " The Labour Annual," " The Reformers'
Year Book," and " The Land Reformers' Handbook."
"Let us speak plain : there is more force in names
Than most men dream of; and a lie may keep
Its throne a whole age longer if it skulk
Behind the shield of some fair-seeming name.
Let us call tyrants TYRANTS, and maintain
That only freedom comes by grace of God,
And all that comes not by His grace must fall ;
For men in earnest have no time to waste
In patching fig-leaves for the naked truth."
"A Glance Behind the Curtain," J. R. Lowell.
CHE ultimate success of a national Co-operative movement
must depend on, and be in direct proportion to, the degree
of justice it is possible to establish in the relations between
willing Co-operators and the material resources of the earth, upon
which men must live and move and find their occupation. No
matter how many incomplete forms of Co-operation may be
inaugurated in human society, whether in the form of communal
protection against adverse natural conditions, in the setting up
of Governments to ensure some degree of peace and freedom, in
the making of lines of communication, or in the mutual production
and exchange of commodities with the minimum of energy,
complete success depends on the extent to which the community
approximates to securing for each of its members free and equal
access to the whole of the natural resources of the earth. Such
free and equal access is, in fact, absolutely necessary to the
finally successful application of the principles of Co-operation
to all the manifold interests of human life.
In this country, as unfortunately in most others, privilege,
superstition, and ignorance still sit entrenched. In spite of boasted
220
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
progress in civilisation, we are unable to ensure decent conditions
of human life as yet to at least one-half of our population ; and
men, women, and children daily die of starvation in the midst of
plenty.
The key-stone of the edifice humanity is engaged with infinite
pains in slowly building is CO-OPERATION IN. EQUALITY. Happily
this condition is now within measurable reach, and every decade
is bringing us visibly nearer to its consummation. Popular
current ideas of human rights and duties are becoming clearer,
and a steadier and more insistent attack is being made on all evil
influences and social customs which impede the free exercise of
these rights and duties. As real Co-operation and advancing
civilisation depend, therefore, for their success, on the just relation
of equal Co-operators consciously working in a free environment,
the ideal democracy must ultimately live in a Co-operative
Commonwealth. There never yet has been a time in the history
of this country when the entire population has worked, in
conditions of harmony and on terms of equality, for national
common ends. Until such a time is reached it can hardly be said
that men are living under the indispensable conditions of a civilised
community.
I. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF BRITISH LANDHOLDING.
"The history of the gradual, stealthy, but really nefarious revolution
in which landlords, by their own legislative power and their influence over
lawyers, changed themselves into landowners needs to be popularised. "-
Francis W. Neivman.
A mere outline of the rise of landlordism in this country must
suffice to place before readers the historical aspect of the British
land question.
Students may be referred, for fuller treatment of the subject,
to "The Land Keformers' Handbook,"* at present the only
reference book devoted entirely to the elucidation of the closely
related problems of land and taxation.
Pew ordinary citizens have any intimate knowledge of the
difficult and complex history of English landholding. Even to
the earnest student of social conditions the subject is extremely
intricate and uninviting. But it is a story than which none
other can possibly be more important to the liberty-loving
Englishman of to-day. For upon our day and generation is laid
the great burden, first, of knowing how men became enslaved
* Pp. 160; illustrated; paper, Is. net; canvas, 2s. net; post free from
Joseph Edwards, 88, Anerley Park, London', S,E.
221
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
through the alienation of their birthright in the land, and next,
of seeing and applying the simple, natural means of establishing
freedom.
Alike in Saxon and in Norman times all holders of land were
in return bound to render service to the State. Principles of
local self-government were adopted even in Anglo-Saxon times.
Public defence and the administration of justice were essential
parts of every man's duty. The responsibilities of land tenure
were accepted long before the Norman feudalism of William
the Conqueror. He, in reality, imposed on the nation a regal
autocracy in place of the ancient forms of Saxon local government.
The Witenagemote was revived by a disillusioned people two
centuries later under the new name of Parliament, but we are
only now regaining, in the form of Municipal Councils, the older
powers of local government.
It early became a fundamental maxim of law that all lands
were held mediately or immediately from the Crown, and in
consideration of certain services to be rendered- or of certain
payments to be made by the tenants. In the feudal system all
social customs, were shaped after this model: the lord's obligation
to perform services for the King being complemented by a
similar requirement of the lord from his tenants to perform
services or make payments for all lands held. Non-performance
of feudal services or duties was invariably, in itself, a forfeiture
of the feud. The over-lord, having the tenant thus completely
in his power, could make the compounding, in lieu of service,
as large and oppressive as he pleased.
FEUDAL INCIDENTS.
Besides this pecuniary compounding or scutage, seven incidents
or consequences were inseparably attached to the tenure of
knight, service : (1) Aids to ransom the lord when necessary, to
knight his eldest son, or dower his eldest daughter. (2) Relief,
a fine imposed when feuds become hereditary, and fixed at about
25 per cent, of the annual value of lands held. (3) Primer Seisin
(applicable only to King's tenants), the King's right to a year's
or half-year's profits on the passing of an estate by death. (4)
Wardship, the over-lord's custody of the body and lands of all
heirs, if male till twenty-one, if female till sixteen. The
"inquisitio post mortem" was an inquiry, instituted on the death
of every landholder, as to the value of his estate, its tenure,
and his rightful heir, in order to ascertain the extent of the
Crown's prerogatives. (In place of this burdensome inquisition
and fine, which fell entirely on landholders, there was substituted
later the unjust Excise taxation, the oppressive incidence of
222
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
which falls chiefly on non-landholders.) (5) Maritagium, the right
to dispose of female wards in marriage, involving frequently the
forfeiture of their estates by such wards, a privilege which was
often of immense value. (Thus Mandeville paid Henry III.
20,000 marks, estimated by Hume as equal in exchange value
to nearly 400,000 of our money, that he might have to wife
Isabell of Gloucester, with all her lands and knights' fees.)
(6) Fines for alienation, or payments for the licence and consent
of the lord to sell the estate. (7) Escheat, occasioned by lack
of heirs, or by treason or felony; the reversion of lands to the
lord or to the Crown; all of which forfeitures were traceable to
ancient Saxon law.
Such were the strict conditions on which tenures of land
were held in feudal times, and they were sufficiently uncertain,
oppressive, and liable to abuse as to make it very desirable for
tenants to exchange them, on opportunity, for others less
objectionable. Lord Coke (in his "Institutes,"' Vol. 4, pp. 202-3)
describes in full how, in 1620, King James expressed his
willingness to substitute his feudal rights for an annual rent-
charge of 200,000, which was almost one-half of the country's
total revenue at that time.
Justice Blackstone's summing up of the matter is worth
reproducing. In support of the fact that the amount received
by the lord would be an entirely inadequate measure of the total
amount paid or lost by the tenant, he says:
Besides the scutages, to which they were liable in defect of personal
attendance, and which, however, were assessed by themselves in Parliament,
they might be called upon by the King or lord paramount for aids, whenever
his eldest son was to be knighted, or his eldest daughter married; not to
forget the ransom of his own person. The heir, on the death of his
ancestor, if of full age, was plundered of the first emoluments arising from
his inheritance, by way of relief and primer seisin; and, if under age, of the
whole of his estate during infancy. And then ... to make amends he
was yet to pay . . . the price or value of his marriage, if he refused
such wife as his lord and guardian had bartered for and imposed upon him,
or twice that value if he married another woman. Add to this the untimely
and expensive honour of knighthood, to make his poverty more completely
splendid. And when, by these deductions, his fortune was so shattered and
ruined that perhaps he was obliged to sell his patrimony, he had not even
that poor privilege allowed him without paying an exorbitant fine for a licence
of alienation.
It will be time enough for our present landholding aristocracy,
.when they have been brought by additional honours and more
justly proportioned burdens to the same desperate conditions,
to begin the whines and complaints so common of late because
.of the intention to obtain a revised valuation of land.
In 1536 the Crown resumed possession of the smaller
monasteries and their appertaining lands, and liter of the larger
223
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
monasteries and of the Guild lands. Instead, however, of being
retained and their revenues used for the ordinary expenses of
Government, they were granted away again to parasites who
proved much more rapacious than the previous holders. The
results were that small holders gradually disappeared, wage service
became common, prices went up and wages went down, and
severe laws were enacted against begging and destitution. The
closing of the monasteries robbed the poor of their friends, and
an army of landless lusty beggars wandered up and down, begging
or stealing their daily food. In the confiscation of Guild lands the
London City Guilds proved strong enough to protect their own
interests, and were thus enabled to lay the foundation of their
present opulence. The common people of London afc this time
prevented the enclosure of their playing-fields by cutting down
the hedges and filling in the ditches whenever attempts were made
to enclose them. But the vigilance of the people did not last long
enough. Where are those common fields now ?
Expropriated labourers and their families were dealt with very
harshly, as though they were responsible for their own oppression.
Here are some of the provisions of the Act against idleness and
vagabondry, passed under a Protestant King 361 years ago:
If any man or woman, able to work, shall refuse to labour and shall live
idly for three days, he or she shall be branded with a red-hot iron on the
breast with the letter V, and be adjudged for two years the slave of any
person who shall inform against such idler.
Masters were empowered to feed their slaves on bread and
water, to beat and chain them, to sell, bequeath, or hire them out,
and to put a ring of iron about the neck, arm, or leg for the
greater knowledge or better surety of keeping them. An escaped
slave was to be branded on the cheek, and to become a slave for
life. On a second attempt to escape he "was to suffer pains of
death, as other felons ought to do."
Historians usually denounce our freedom-loving forefathers,
who revolted against the unjust tyrannies of the. landholders,
as traitors and scoundrels. Yet, even in those days, some
recognised the iniquitous nature of these oppressions, and pleaded
in high places the cause of the oppressed poor. Bernard Gilpin,
preaching before Edward VI., said of the envious large
landholders :
Such boldness have the covetous cormorants that now their robberies,
extortion, and open oppression have no end or limits. No banks. can keep
in their violence. As for turning poor men out of their holdings they take
it for no offence, but say the land is their own, and then turn them out
of their shrouds like mice. Thousands in England, through such deeds, now
beg from door to door, which once kept honest houses.
224
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
In similar strain was the following :
OFFICIAL PKAYEK FOR LANDLORDS.
The earthe is thyne (0 Lorde) and al that is eontayned therm,
notwythstandyng thou hast geven the possession thereof unto the chyldren
of menne, to passe over the tyme of thcyr short pylgremage iu thys vale of
miserye : We hearteyle praye thee to sende thy holy spyryte into the heartes of
them that possesse the groundes, pastures, and dwellynge places of the earthe,
that they, remembrynge themselves to be thy tenauntes, may not racke and
stretche oute the rentes of their houses and landes, nor yet take unreasonable
fynes and incoms after the maner of covetous worldelynges, but so lette
theym out to other, that the inhabitauots thereof maye bothc be al)!
paye the rentes, and also honestly to lyve, to nouryshe theyr familyc, and to
relief the poore;' geve theym grace also to consyder that they sue but
straungers and pylgremes in this world, havynge here no dwellynge place, but
sekynge one, to come, that they, remembrynge the short continuance of the\r
lyfe, maye be content with that that is sufficiente, and not joyne house to
house, nor couple lande to lande, to the impovryshment of other, but so behave
themselves in lettynge out theyr tenementes, landes, and pastures, that after
thys lyfc they may be receaved into everlastynge dwellynge places : Throujrhc
Jesus Christ our Lorde. Arnen. From a Collection of "Sundrye godlyc
prayers," auctorj'sed in 1553 by King Edward VI., to be "taughte, learned,
redde, and used of al hys lovynge subjectes," and called a "Prymmer or boke
of private prayer, nedefull to bee used of al faythfull Christianes."
INSIDIOUS GROWTH OF INDIRECT TAXATION.
For six hundred years after the Conquest a free import trade
was undoubtedly the constitutional policy of England. During
this time land bore the entire expenses of Government. Customs
duties were then gradually imposed, and have ever since formed
a constantly increasing source of revenue. In the 17th century
the annual average receipts rose rapidly from 170,000 to over a
million, and this again had risen to 1,985,376 in 1759. In
1790 3,777,152 was raised; in 1798, 10,342,757; in 1815,
14,648,729; and in 1841, 19,485,217. The Customs revenue
for 1909-10 was 30,494,000.
No Excise duties were levied in England until 1640. They
were first levied only on liquors, but were afterwards extended
to other articles. It was solemnly declared that, after the Civil
War, all Excise duties should be abolished. During the
Commonwealth all such taxes were declared to be unconstitutional,
but at the Eestoration they were again imposed, and yielded
300,000. In 1700 the Excise yielded over a million; in 1789,
seven millions; in 1815, 30,107,084; while the yield in 1909-10
was 64,897,000 (Excise, Estate Duties, and Stamps).
The proportion of the national expenses which the land has
borne at various stages during the past 1,000 years forms a very
striking commentary on legislation by landholders. Eight up to
1640 land contributed much the greater part of the national
revenues, trade being almost entirely exempt from taxation.
225
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
After the feudal tenures were abolished the percentage of taxation
borne by land very quickly dropped from, say, 90 per cent, to
6 per cent. ; in 1837 it was only 4 per cent. ; to-day it is less than
1 per cent.
The total revenue, which, previous to 1660, was less than
one million, increased to nearly six millions in 1706; to twelve
millions in 1780; to seventy-one millions in 1815 (the time of
the French War, and, so, abnormally high) ; and at the present time
(1910-1911), including arrears, the enormous sum of 199,791,000
is expected to be realised. The civil war which Cobden declared
would be justified when we reached a 60,000,000 Budget is thus
considerably overdue.
Crown property was nearly all granted away or leased to those
connected with the Government shortly after the Revolution
(1689) on the pretence of rendering the Crown more dependent on
Parliament. These Crown leases were renewable on merely
nominal fines, whereas, under proper management, they should
have yielded a considerable revenue. Crown property has thus
contributed very insufficiently to meet public expenses, and yields
at present only a little over half a million.
The assessments for national expenses were raised monthly,
according to the exigencies of the time, and varied from 35,000
to 100,000 per month. The proportion payable by England
was 70 per cent., by Ireland 18 per cent., and by Scotland 12
per cent. From a copy of the enactment for 1656, preserved by
Scobell, it is learned that the revenue required for carrying on the
Government was raised by a 1 rate on both real and personal
property; or, in the official wording:
On all lands, tenements, hereditaments, annuities, rents, profits, parks,
warrens, goods, chattels, farm stock, merchandises, offices, or any other real
or personal estate whatsoever, according to the value thereof; that is to
say, so much upon every 20s. rent or yearly value of land and real estate,
and so much upon money, stock, and other personal estate; by such an equal
rate, wherein every 20 in money, stock, or other personal estate shall bear
the like charge as shall be laid on every 20s. yearly rent, or yearly value of
land, as will suffice to raise the monthly sum or sums charged on the respective
counties, cities, towns, and places aforesaid
The average amount thus raised, during nineteen years of the
Commonwealth, was 4,385,850 an enormous amount as money
went then. Half of this was contributed, in various forms, by
land.
On the Restoration, in 1660, there is clear evidence that
Parliament intended to re-establish, as quickly as possible, all the
feudal "incidents" connected with the monarchy. But a very
strong agitation for shifting the national burdens from the
landholders had already begun. On the 25th April, 1660, during
" 16
226
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
the Convention Parliament, the question was debated whether, in
order to supply the growing needs of the country, and in view of
the partial abolition of the feudal duties, an Excise duty of
Is. 3d. per barrel on beer and a proportionate sum on other liquors
which were sold in the kingdom should be levied; or, whether a
right and proper equivalent for the feudal services, in the form
of an annual rent-charge on lands, bearing a fixed proportion to
the true yearly value thereof, and liable to increase in times of
war or stress, should be levied. The Excise tax was estimated,
with profits of wine licences, to produce from 200,000 to
300,000 per year. As home-brewed ale was to be exempt,
and most Members of Parliament brewed their own beer, the
Excise tax would touch scarcely one of those who were asked to
vote for its imposition. This alternative taxation, so vital to
justice and to the future well-being of the kingdom, was long and
warmly debated. On November 13th, 1660, several members
moved to raise money by a land tax; on the 19th many others
spoke strongly against the Excise, saying that it was the land that
by right should pay, and not the poor people. On the 21st, on
the motion to raise taxation by Excise, "one half to be settled
for the King's life and the other half for ever on the Crown,"
it was urged that to make every man who earns his bread by the
sweat of his brow pay Excise would be to excuse the Court of
Wards, and would constitute a greater hardship on all than the
Court of Wards was to a few. Other points urged were : that
it was not right to make all householders hold in capite and to
free the nobility (i.e., the poor be liable still to pay rent for their
holdings, but the rich to escape); that an everlasting Excise was
unjust if land held of the King escaped; that there would be
some strange commotions by the common people about it; that an
army must be kept up to support its imposition; and that the
rebellion in Naples came from similar impositions and excises,
&c., &c. On the question being called the House divided, 151
voting in favour of the imposition of Excise duties, and, even in a
House of landholders, 149 voting against. Thus, by so small a
majority as two the entire future economic history of the kingdom
was changed, the people were bound in shackles, and were finally
enslaved by taxation.
That the moiety of the Excise of beer, ale, cyder, perry, and strong
waters, at the rate it is now levied, shall be settled on the King's Majesty,
his heirs and successors, in full recompense and satisfaction for all tenures
in capite, and by knight service; and of the Court of Wards and liveries;
and all emoluments thereby accruing, and in full satisfaction of all purveyance.
So the Act was passed (12 Car. 2, c. 24), with many loopholes,
however, which conferred further benefits on the large landholders.
227
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
Those who held land under lords of manors were still held liable
to them in services or rent, even though the said lords of manors
had been gratuitously relieved from their services to the over-lord,
the King. The proportion of taxation formerly falling on land was
considerable, but the increased taxation of commodities yielded
considerably more. It was about 294,950 at first, and has
continuously increased ever since, while the revenue derived from
land has been almost stationary.
This fiscal revolution completely altered the fundamental
constitution of the kingdom. Previously the Government was a
feudal monarchy. The public expenses, both in peace and war,
were defrayed by the various feudatories, and any deficiency
was provided first out of the public property vested in the King
for the time being, and then by taxes and subsidies granted by
Parliament on land and personal property. But the new Act gave
the feudatories a complete discharge, as lawyers correctly word
it, from "the oppressive fruits and incidents" of their tenure.
While abolishing their obligations it strengthened their rights or
privileges, and created the moral and legal anomaly of privileges
without obligations. Such a condition of affairs is a logical
absurdity, and constitutes now, as it did then, a moral fraud.
HISTORICAL JUSTIFICATION OF LAND VALUATION.
Complaints now begin to arise as to excessive taxation. It
was hoped that after the Eevolution of 1689 times would be
easier. The obnoxious hearth-money was abolished. An
assessment of Is. in the on the full true yearly value of all
personal estate, on all lands and holdings, and on offices and
employments (Army and Navy excepted) was imposed. The
exact wording of the statute (1 W. and M., c. 20) may be worth
remembering. The assessment of Is. in the on manors,
messuages, lands, tenements, hereditaments, &c., was to be made
on what
the premises are now worth, to be leased, if the same were truly and
bona-fide leased or demised, at a rack-rent, and according to the full true
yearly value thereof, without any respect had to the present rents reserved for
the same, if such rents have been reserved upon such leases or estates made,
for which any fine or income hath been paid or secured, and without any
respect had to any former taxes or rates thereupon imposed.
Also, as to methods, the Commissioners appointed to enforce
the Act were directed to appoint in each parish at least two
assessors of the rates and duties to be imposed. The assessors
were instructed
to ascertain and inform themselves, by all lawful ways and means they
could, of the true and full rate and valuation of the true yearly rents and
228
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
profits of all manors, messuages, lands, tenements, as also all quarries,
mines of coal, tin, or lead, all iron works and salt works, allom mines or
works, parks, chases, warrens, woods, underwoods and coppices, fishings,
tithes, tolls, and other hereditaments, of what nature or kind soever, situate,
lying and being, happening and arising within the limits of those places
with which they should be charged ; and being thereof so ascertained, they
were to assess all and every the said manors, &c., at Is. in the pound on the
yearly value as the same were let for, or were worth to be let for, at the
time of the assessing thereof, as aforesaid.
For the year 1689-90 three separate aids, respectively of Is.,
2s., and Is., were granted in terms as above quoted. These
amounted to 4s. in the on the annual value of all real property.
Personal property (except debts, stock on land now exempted
for the first time by the exertions of the landed interest and
household goods) was placed on the same rating. Legal interest
was then 6 per cent. ; 4s.' per on 6 equals 24s. , which was the
amount of the assessment fixed on every 100 worth of personal
property. The total amount produced by these two rates was
2,018,704.
Aids were granted on similar terms in succeeding years,
amounting, in 1691-2, to 1,651,702. 18s. The reduction was
caused by the wrongful manipulation of the land tax by the
landholders, who endeavoured to make, and finally succeeded
in making, the amount raised on real estate a fixed sum instead
of, as is so plainly indicated in the wording of the Act quoted, a
growing sum based on the real annual value.
That is to say, the landholders, having first exempted
themselves from their feudal obligations, quickly succeeded in
stereotyping their annual contribution to the national expenses
at the entirely inadequate amount originally forced out of them in
exchange for the feudal dues.
In 1697 a fixed sum of 1,484,015. Is. llfd. was voted and
ordered by Parliament to be raised in precisely the same manner.
Thus, as no fresh valuation had been taken, land escaped its
rightful share of taxes, and from 1697 onwards for 102 years
that is, to 1798 no increase was made in the levy, though,
naturally, the land and property values had enormously increased
in the interval. In 1798 the amount then raised was made
"perpetual," and real estate onwards for many years was only
assessed at 1,989,673. In addition to this sum, since 1706,
Scotland's quota has been about 48,000. Though called a land
tax it was really a general property tax and special income tax,
the residue of the amount being a tax on real estate. Gradually
personal property was allowed to escape general assessment
(partly because of the great difficulty in locating and valuing it),
229
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
and receipts dwindled to between 5,000 and 6,000 per year,
until, in 1833, personal property was altogether exempted from
taxation.
In 1836 the Select Committee on Agricultural Distress made
some instructive inquiries as to the regulations and practice,
which widely differed, concerning assessments of personalty.
Examination and comparison of statutes show clearly that the
original tax, miscalled land tax, had long been levied in an
illegal manner. Its perpetuation, therefore, being based on an
altogether erroneous construction, apart from other urgent reasons,
deserves very careful reconsideration. The method of levying the
tax at present would probably better be described as inequitable
and unconstitutional. There still exists, of course, a constitutional
right, and even necessity, to reopen the whole question, in order
to set upon an equitable basis the whole fabric of both national
and local taxation throughout the kingdom.
FURTHER JUSTIFICATION FOR VALUATION.
Endeavours were made in 1710, the Bill successfully passing
the Commons, to value all lands and grants made by the Crown
since February 13th, 1688, with an ultimate view to resumption
of the whole. But it was rejected by the Lords. A resolution
of the Commons to tax all Crown grants made since February
6th, 1684, at the rate of 4s. in the was evaded "the leading
men in both Houses," says Sinclair ("History of the Eevenue"),
"being too deeply interested in grants of that nature to suffer
such a Bill to pass into a law."
Enclosure Acts were at the same time being legalised by a
landholders' Parliament. While previous enclosures of common
lands, millions of acres in extent, had been made by the strong
hand of might, the "legal" enclosure of most of the remaining
commons was facilitated and hastened. Acts were easily obtained
from a landholding Parliament. In 1801, to make the process
still easier, a general Act was passed. Within 158 years, from
1710 to 1867, 7,660,439 acres of land, or nearly one-third of the
cultivated area, was enclosed; in 118 years 1,385 separate
Enclosure Acts were passed. In some instances labourers were
"compensated" by the sop of a few acres, but the vast majority
suffered heavily. In modern times even the tradition of free
land has almost died out.
The present Scottish crofter system is an abnormal growth
which followed the Stuart rising of 1745. Chiefs formerly held
their lands in trust for the whole clan. The land was not for the
personal enjoyment and profit of the chief; he was responsible
230
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
for the military service and the good behaviour of his tenants,
the clansmen. Unscrupulous chiefs, however, commenced to
register the land in their own names as private owners, without
consulting the clan. Naturally, there quickly followed the division
into owners and tenants, and later into "landlords," "factors,"
and "crofters," terms which were unknown in the Gaelic. The
dispossessed clansmen, of course, got no compensation. They
neglected to ask for it 160 years ago, and they have not had
sufficient spirit since to put in any effective demand.
Between 1790 and 1820 steam power was introduced into the
country by Watt, Boulton, and Koebuck, and applied very
generally to factories, mines, railways, and other industrial
purposes. Its chief result, in multiplying production, was, very
naturally, to raise rents enormously.
Taxation increased rapidly ; wars by means of borrowed money
(leaving the future to pay the instalments) were more frequent,
and were even necessary to withdraw attention from social evils at
home. The American "Revolution," undertaken to throw off the
irksome burden of taxation, cost at least 100 millions, and
resulted in losing us our colonies; the French wars, undertaken
to crush popular liberty in France and to prevent any attempt
to alter the unjust privileges of "aristocracy" at home, cost us
831 millions. And the sweated and degraded poor had to pay
for all.
Everything rose enormously in price through the artificial
scarcity, the usual increases being between 200 and 300 per cent.
Additional duties were imposed and older ones increased;
home-brewed ale paid 4d. a gallon, tea 3s. 6d. a lb., leather 3d.
a lb. (the skins of home-killed beasts when tanned having also to
pay); salt, bricks, tiles, windows all paid toll; soap paid 3d.
a lb., candles Id. a lb., clothing in all its constituents paid
raw cotton, colours, oils, machinery, &c. That is why the children
went barefoot, the working people in rags, and their homes to
rack and ruin : all to save the landholders from paying a rightful
share of taxation, and to preserve and increase their ill-gotten
wealth.
Driven by the greed and oppression of landlordism from the
land, reduced to want and misery by life in slums, agricultural
labourers were grateful to accept work for their children in the
new factories under the most appalling conditions. Parochial
authorities sold their young charges wholesale, and the lives of
the little white slaves were used up remorselessly. Tender
children of six years old were forced to work fifteen or sixteen
hours daily; they were propped up to work, and then paced and
231
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
driven. Many thousands of them perished; others survived, but
grew up, grossly ignorant and depraved, with sickly and deformed
bodies. The House of Lords altered the number of their working
hours from ten to twelve daily, for children nine years old, in
a Commons Bill intended to limit their age and hours. Fourteen
years' more agitation was necessary to allow children under thirteen
to become half-timers, and to limit the hours of those over thirteen
to 69 weekly. But all this while the land was monopolised. It
was closed to the people, and prohibitive prices were charged for
permission to use. Eichard Oastler vividly describes the condition
of the common labourers who, deprived of access to the land,
crowded to the factory towns, were forced to live in slums
horrible beyond description, having no sanitation or ventilation,
and little even of light and air, and who died faster than they
were born. Though themselves unable to get work of any
description, for children's work was cheaper to the manufacturer,
the men found occupation in taking their young children to work
so as to be able to eke out a miserable dog's life
I saw full-grown athletic men whose only labour was to carry their little
ones to the mill long before the sun was risen, and to bring them home
long after it had set. I heard the curses of these broken-hearted fathers,
loud and deep, and registered never to be forgotten.
In such manner was laid deep the foundation of this country's
"greatness." But the factory system, though vastly improved,
is still with us, and still commands in some quarters much
admiration.
The Birmingham National Convention of "Chartists" drew
up a Great Charter in 1832. So blind had the people now become
to the cause of their miseries that the land question was, almost
universally, overlooked. Political reforms were demanded,
petitions were drawn up and signed, and torchlight meetings
held, but no practical social reforms resulted for many years.
Feargus O'Connor renewed the agitation, suggested by Spence
earlier in the century, for popular access to the land, while
Robert Owen untiringly advocated co-operative agricultural
colonies. Corn laws had been passed in 1814 to keep up the
prices of corn, together, naturally, with the rentals of landlords.
Foreign corn at lower prices was kept out by excessive taxation,
and bread went up to 5d. per Ib. In 1838 Eichard Cobden and
John Bright formed the Anti-Corn Law League, organising
meetings and distributing large quantities of literature all over
the country. Sir Eobert Peel was ultimately converted, and the
Corn Duties were abolished sixty-two years ago in February,
1849.
232
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
That Cobden himself realised the insufficiency of the abolition
of the Corn Laws in getting rid of poverty is evidenced by the
agitation that was continued later to combat the evils of
landlordism. Speaking at Derby, on December 10th, 1841, he
said :
When I look into the question of the land tax, from its origin to the
present time, I am bound to exclaim that it exhibits an instance of selfish
legislation secondary only in audacity to the Corn Laws and provision
monopolies. Would you believe that the land tax, in its origin, was nothing
but a commutation rent charge to be paid to the State by the landowners,
in consideration of the Crown foregoing all the feudal tenures and services
by which they held the land? Yes, exactly 149 years ago, when the landed
aristocracy got possession of the throne in the person of King William, at
our glorious Revolution, they got rid of all the old feudal tenures and
services . . . which yielded the whole revenue of the State ; and besides
which the land had to find soldiers and maintain them. These encumbrances
were given up for a bona-fi.de rent charge upon the land of 4s. in the ; and
the land was valued and assessed, 149 years ago, at nine millions a year;
and upon that valuation the land tax is still laid. Now, you gentlemen of
the middle classes, ... I say to you, remember that the landowners
have never had their land revalued from 1696 to the present time. Yes,
the landowners are now paying upon a valuation made just 149 years ago.
The tax collector who comes to you to count the apertures through which
Heaven's light enters your dwellings, who leaves you a schedule in which
to enter your dogs, horses, and carriages, passes over the landowner,
leaves no schedule there in which to enter last year's rent roll under certain
penalties; but he takes out his old valuation, dated 1696, and gives the
landlord a receipt in full, dated 1841, upon the valuation made a century
and a half ago. I exhort the middle classes to look to it. It is a war of
the pockets that is being carried on; and I hope to see societies formed calling
upon the Legislature to revalue the land, and put taxation upon it in
proportion to that of other countries, and -in proportion to the wants of the
State. I hope I shall see petitions calling upon them to revalue the land,
and that the agitation will go on collaterally with the agitation for the total
and immediate repeal of the Corn Laws, and I shall contribute my mite
for such a purpose. There must be a total abolition of all taxes upon food, and
we should raise at least 20 ,000 ,000 a year upon the land. Even then the
owners would be richer than any landed proprietary in the world.
TO RECAPITULATE.
Land in this country was held on certain well-defined
conditions, which conditions formed in the strictest sense the
purchase money of that land. This purchase money may be very
accurately described to have been made payable as a perpetual
annuity to the State, increasing in value as the land increased
in value, the feudal profits bearing a fixed proportion of the annual
value at the time payment became due. But in 1660 a body of
individuals, holders of a considerable portion of the land, and
calling themselves a Convention Parliament representing the
whole nation, voted, or, rather, two more than half of them
voted, that they should be exonerated in toto from payment in
233
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
future of this perpetual annuity, which had been agreed upon as
the purchase money of their estates ; and that the said annuity
of purchase money should in future be paid by other people, who
had no share in the land for which they were thus made to pay.
However, about thirty years afterwards, Parliament laid a tax
on land, which served at first as some equivalent for the perpetual
and variable annuity, payment of which had been transferred by
the landlords from their own shoulders to those of the landless
poor. This land tax was at the rate of 4s. in the on the actual
yearly value of land at the time of assessing thereof, and was
expected consequently, like the perpetual and variable annuity
of which it may be considered as intended to be the substitute
and representative, to increase with the increasing value of the
land. In 1697, however, it was contrived so to frame the tax
that it should not be an annuity increasing with, and in proportion
to, the increasing value of the land, but a fixed annuity that
should not increase in value. One consequence of this is that
the annuity remains at the amount at which it was fixed when
the value of a large proportion of the land was only a very small
fraction of what it is at present. Another consequence is the
great inequality in the apportionment of the sum actually levied,
some parishes paying at nearly the full amount of 4s. in the ,
others at less than ^d.
From the time that the assessment was treated as a fixed
amount instead of as a variable rent charge the State has been
defrauded of this growing revenue, which it had precisely the same
right to collect, under the laws of England, that a landholder had
to receive, when circumstances warranted, an increased rent from
his tenants. This principle, so clearly laid down in the old
statutes, has not been acted on; the Commisioners appointed to
carry the Acts into effect have acted in a manner authorised
neither by the Acts nor by any law recognised in England, and,
consequently, they have exercised their powers in an illegal
manner. The whole of the earlier land tax machinery is grounded,
therefore, upon proceedings which are not only unconstitutional,
but which are also, in the strictest sense, illegal.
The perusal of this brief story of England Lost may give rise
to thoughts of how it may become England Eegained. It is
being more clearly realised that the ancient maxim is still good
law, as well as good gospel, that landholders ought justly to bear
the whole taxation of the country. Labour, enterprise, and
intelligence must be freed from burdensome taxation, and,
landholding being a privilege granted to certain persons by their
fellow-men, landholders must pay the whole of the national
expenses proportionately to the value of the privileges held.
234
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
II. ECONOMICS OF THE LAND QUESTION.
"Laud, properly speaking, cannot be owned by any man; it belongs to
all the human race." J. A. Fronde, "History of England."
"The notion of selling for certain bits of metal the Iliad of Homer (how
much more the land of the world Creator 1) is a ridiculous impossibility. "-
Thomas Carlyle.
"Bodies of men, land, water, and air are the principal of those things
which are not, and which it is criminal to consider as personal or exchangeable
property." John Ruslcin, "Time and Tide."
"Those who make private property of the gift of God (land) pretend in
vain to be innocent. For in thus retaining the substance of the poor they
are the murderers of those who die every day for the want of it." St. Gregory
the Great.
To turn now to the economics of the land question. Most
of the current orthodox teaching on the subject is veiled in
contradictions or shrouded in unnecessary verbiage.
TAXATION OF LAND VALUES.
"With the inauguration of the taxation of land values a new
element will enter the field of orthodox political economy, and
many of its most important conclusions will have to be recast.
I venture to put forward a few points for consideration which
may open out to succeeding economists a fresh line of reasoning
on current social and political problems.
It is desirable briefly to define some of the terms used herein
in order that the reader may more clearly appreciate the argument.
LAXD. By land is meant the whole of the physical substance
of the earth, with all its attributes and powers, outside of man.
It is the natural medium on which all labour must be exerted.
Its manifold forms in air, sunshine, space, rain, wind, water,
rocks, &c. , are not yet generally recognised. To the city business
man the highly desir.-ible but empty space between two huge
blocks of office and shop property is land awaiting its highest
"development" according with its position, or with the needs of
the community and the latest applications of science. It is, in
this condition, merely a site. Note, however, there is no human
labour included in it, and it is only the mathematical term
expressing extension or space. It follows, therefore, that, in the
nature of things, it is not and cannot be property. It is, in the
ordinary sense, simply land.
Again, to the farmer, land is the entire raw material of his
industry, less the labour expended on it in the form of unexhausted
or permanent improvements, farmhouse and buildings, implements
and produce, all of which are property, and some of which are
capital.
235
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
To the fisherman, in his sailing vessel or steam trawler, the
wide expanse of the ocean free to all nations outside of the
three-mile limit is "land," the ample store-house of nature,
from which at present he can freely draw without fear of rent or
tax gatherer- until he wishes to land his catch.
To the explorer of uninhabited or unclaimed wilds while yet
untouched by man, the whole of the visible and invisible natural
resources the rocks and streams, animals, minerals and
vegetation, birds and insects, sea-shore and sea all are land
pure and simple. All these natural phenomena are not, and
cannot rightly by any stretch of words or imagination be called,
either property or capital. They are simply land.
To the aeronaut the air, rain, winds are land the natural
elements in which he expends his energies.
To recognise the truth of this vast extension of the popular
idea of what land really includes is also to realise the immense
importance which the land question, in its truer and fuller sense,
necessarily carries in relation to the study of other social questions.
It may be desirable here to point out that neither land nor land
value is wealth; and also that a rise or a fall in the total of land
values neither increases nor decreases the sum total of national
wealth.
PROPERTY. Property is the result of the expenditure of labour,
the human element, on land, the natural element. Manufactured
goods, houses, ideas, are examples of property. Such things
are rightly capable of private ownership, and belong, the just
claims of all other human beings having first been satisfied,
primarily to the adapter or producer.
Similarly the restriction of the use of the term property to
its proper objects very considerably clears the ground in an
impartial study of the relations of land and taxation. When the
use of the word is more carefully confined, by economists and
politicians, in thought and speech, to objects which are in reality
property, many pressing social problems will be in a fair way to
solution. Most of the arguments of the misguided opponents of
land value taxes will be nullified when they have learned wisdom
sufficient to call things by their proper names.
"Heal property," or real estate (realty), is the most unreal
form of property. It is really land, not property.
BENT. Economic rent is payment for the use of natural
opportunities or advantages. As rental value is entirely produced
by the community, any private appropriation of it is robbery
of the community whose activities create it, and by whose
expenditure and care it is fostered and increased. It is made up
entirely of individually unearned increment.
236
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
TAXATION. taxation is the Governmental instrument or
institution for arbitrarily raising the revenues to provide for
common necessities or conveniences. In this country it is either
local or imperial, direct or indirect, and its incidence is based
with some appearance of fairness sometimes on ability, or fancied
ability, to pay, and at other times on value or services received.
It is imposed very unequally, and, as at present levied, falls most
lightly on those whose ability to pay is greatest. Few people pay
taxes willingly : none need pay any in a rational society founded
on just principles.
CO-OPERATION. Co-operation is the union of efforts to a
common end, and is the most active and necessary element in
civilisation. It enters into every form of communal life, and
multiplies the results of labour by hundreds or thousands. It is
applied to every form of human activity, whether of Government,
or of production, or of exchange, and results, in its widest
application, in the voluntary co-operation of a nation of free and
equal-freedom-loving individuals.
SOCIAL EEFORM. Social reform is the term generally used
to include the innumerable efforts constantly being made to
lighten the burden of the ignorant and oppressed masses of
mankind ; and to solve, with as little as possible disturbance to
existing interests and privileges, some of the problems caused
by wrong conditions, the roots of which lie deep in our social
economy. These efforts, unfortunately, are so frequently
unco-ordinated, and without plan or forethought, that they often
result only in strengthening the root e\>ls they set out to
eradicate.
We have seen how the landholders in this country obtained
their unjust privileges mainly by fraud and force. While we
have haunting us such terrible social problems, which are clearly
traceable to the existence of these privileges, it is unwise, to say
the least, to allow for long a continuance of the unjust conditions.
It is unnecessary, however, in discontinuing these privileges, that
any hardship or injustice should be inflicted on the innocent
successors of previous holders having fraudulent or worthless title
deeds. It is merely a matter of the readjustment of taxation
a retracing of the false steps which have been taken, and a
return to the original position, adjusted to modern conditions, of
.the landholder as contributory and subordinate to the State.
THE FINANCE ACT, 1910.
Happily the first important steps in this return to "things
as they were" are already in course of being taken. By the
historic "Finance (1909-10) Act, 1910" (10 Edw. VII., ch. 8,
237
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
pp. 108, 10d.), a valuation is to be made of all land in the
United Kingdom, showing, for each piece of land under separate
occupation, the total value of the site and all improvements on
it, and the separate site or space value, as on April 30th, 1909,
the date of the introduction by the Eight Honourable D. Lloyd
George of his noteworthy first Finance Bill.
It must be provided that, as soon as practicable after any
parts of the valuations are completed, they should not only be
made public, but should, on economically scientific lines, form
the basis of all future assessments in rating, or of transactions
in buying or selling, the pieces of land and the property contained
thereon or therein.
Provision should also be made for a periodical revision of
these land values and property values on every parcel of real estate
throughout the kingdom. Ultimately, and as quickly as possible,
these revisions must be made every year, more particularly with
regard to the site value, as forming the most just basis of
taxation.*
THE UNSOUNDNESS OF THE LAND CLAUSES.
Elsewhere! I have criticised somewhat severely the 1909-10
Budget while it was passing through the Commons. The working
details of the land clauses are unnecessarily irksome and
complicated, sufficiently so to induce even landholders themselves
to pray for a change to the sane simplicity and economic soundness
of the taxation of all land values. Cumbersome as the present
land taxes will be found in working, they are also unsound in
their present application, and bear more hardly on low values of
land than on high values. But too much must not be expected
even from enlightened Governments, for, as Emerson long ago
pointed out : ' ' Governments for the most part are carried on by
political merchants quite without principle."
There is no definition in the Act of the "use value" of land,
which is really the most important of all values, although there
are defined many other kinds of value. As soon as possible the
tax must be placed on the highest use values of all land, without
deduction, and irrespective of its present uses. National and
municipal estates, being already communalised, should be exempt
from rating or taxation. Taxation of commodities falls on the
consumer of the commodities ; he pays the cost of production, plus
any tax imposed, plus the extra costs involved. Taxation of land
*See C.W.S. "Annual," 1900, "A Just Basis of Taxation," by Fredk.
Verinder.
f See "Criticism of Liberal Finance," pp. 12-16, of "Land Reformers'
Handbook."
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
values also falls on the consumer of land values the landholder
who benefits by its receipt. The normal cost of production, or
original value, of tea is, say, 9d. per Ib. ; on going into consumption
in this country its exchange value rises to Is. 3d. per Ib., the
artificial increase being caused by the duty of 5d., plus costs.
The primeval value of a piece of land was nothing; its highest
use value on April 30th, 1909, was, say, 1,000; but a year or
two afterwards, through the imposition of the undeveloped land
duty of d. in the , while its use value had probably increased
rather than decreased, its speculative or exchange value had
been reduced, by 5 per cent., to 950 or less. The economic law
is that, while the taxation of commodities artificially increases
their exchange value to the consumer, the taxation of land values
decreases their exchange value. In each case the use value, or
desirability, is unaffected by any local change in taxation, which
cannot either increase or decrease real wealth. It follows,
therefore, that (independently of any progress in the arts and
sciences, or of growth of population) a gradual increase in the
rate of taxation must correspondingly reduce the exchange or site
value of land if ascertained in accordance with the provisions
of Sec. 2, par. 2 (a), and Sec. 16, par. 3, of the 1909-10 Finance
Act. Site value is denned, for the purposes of the increment
value duty, as "the value of the consideration for the transfer"
on sale of the fee simple. As I have shown this sale value is,
and in all future cases must be, less than either the original* or
the use values. Thus, the original land value, which, in order
to bring in any considerable revenue, should be either maintained
in amount or increased, will be constantly depreciated in exchange
value by the capitalised amount of the current legal taxation.
It is evident that, when taxation of land values has been carried
to its limits by taking the full economic rent in taxation, the
sale or exchange value of land will have been reduced to nothing.
And so long as this sale value is retained as the basis of taxation,
even the most unimaginative will agree that", however much crying
there may be over fancied grievances, the full taxation of 20s. in
the on nothing will bring in nothing. It will also take
some considerable time for material progress to overtake the
present slump in values. It would seem, therefore, that, through
* In reality the true "original" or primeval value of land was nil. For
the purposes of the 1910 Finance Act, however, the original values are taken
to be the market values of site and improvements as on April 30th, 1909.
Until the present Finance Act is radically amended the original site or land
value, when mutually agreed upon, constitutes the artificial datum line from
which future increases are to be calculated. It is in this latter sense that
"original value" is here used.
239
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
carelessness in drafting, or want of economic foresight, most
of the expected profits of the increment value duty have been
given away, unwittingly, under the Finance Act before there has
been any opportunity of collecting them. Looseness of definition
in drafting legislation on such complicated lines is perhaps
excusable. And this particular Finance Act contains many
examples of it. But to voluntarily give away the best part of
the scheme to the landholders right from the commencement is
unpardonable, and requires speedy rectification. Nothing but
general land taxation on a straight use values basis can meet the
case and prevent on the part of landholders and their supporters
widespread fraud or evasion.
It is surprising what a stir has been made among holders of
undeveloped urban areas merely by the approaching site valuation,
together with the very reasonable fear of subsequent taxation
on the site value. The results will be none the less beneficial,
though the man in the street does not realise what it is which is
releasing idle lands, rebuilding economically undeveloped sites,
and generally forcing landholders to make the most of privilege
before the taxman comes along to take for the people a small
share of the unearned increment. The numerous disguised and
pitiful complaints originating with these holders will afford
opportunities of driving home to duller minds many a striking
object lesson.
As soon as the land values survey has been completed, its
results issued, and their meaning understood, the foundation will
have been laid for all the necessary economic legislation of the
next fifty or one hundred years. We shall know, for the first
time, separately and fairly accurately, the total site value of the
122,000 square miles which form the area of the United Kingdom,
as well as the total value of all the properties fixed therein or
erected thereon. We shall know how many "owners" there are,
their names, and the actual area held by each; and the comparative
values respectively of privilege and property.
Most instructive of all, we shall know the exact amount of
the unearned increment of land value in this country. For it will
be represented by the differece between the "value" of the space
when it was in the making some millions of years ago that is,
nothing and the sum at which the land was valued, as mutually
agreed on by the holders and the Eevenue valuers as at the end
of April, 1909. In cannot be too often driven home that all
land value is "unearned increment." For the first time in history
we shall know the value of the immense unearned increment upon
which future Chancellors of the Exchequer will be able to freely
draw, without stint, without compunction, and without injustice.
240
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
Examine, for a moment, the effect of an authoritative
declaration that land value is not rightly property, that it can
no longer be treated as property, and can claim none of the
rights of property. Further, of the declaration that land value,
being communally created, belongs to its creators, and that it is
the intention of the community, as soon as may be convenient, to
resume this communal value. The speculative value of sites
would at once considerably fall, the exchange value would also be
reduced, but the use value would (if anything) be increased.
As the land value taxes were gradually increased, the exchange
value of land would decrease; privilege would decline, but wages
would rise. This would really be the effect of a firmly-settled
policy of the taxation of land values that is, of progressively
resuming public values and at the same time gradually remitting
all forms of unjust labour and property taxation. The end to
which radical reformers must work is the reduction to zero of
the exchange value of sites or land, by gradually increasing to its
full annual value the amount taken yearly for public purposes from
every privately-appropriated holding in the commonwealth. A
similar result, in destroying exchange value, followed from the
decree abolishing the ownership of slaves. Property in our fellow-
creatures was no longer legally recognised, and their exchange
value quickly dropped to zero. On the other hand, their use
value, to themselves and to their families, under favourable
conditions, was very largely increased.
Imagine also, if you can, the effect on industrial enterprises
of the squeezing out of monopoly values based on land value,
of the squeezing out of watered capital from railway, mining,
brewery, and general industrial stocks and shares. Labour and
capital could very heartily congratulate each other on the removal
of grievous burdens which too long have kept both of them
squabbling for a bare remuneration.
On the struggling shopkeeper or tradesman the effect of the
declared intention to abolish private property in land would
be equally beneficial, for it would cut down, by at least one-half,
the important items of rent, rates, and taxes, and with this
disendowment of privilege the entire social and economic relations
of labour and capital would be revolutionised each would obtain
the entire fruits of his contributions to mutual ends, and in
exact proportion to the value he had contributed.
The theory which the future must more and more bear in
mind is at present uncommon and, therefore, heterodox that
what no man has made no man can own; and also its corollary,
that what all men have made all men must own. In other words,
241
THE FRAUDULENT RELATION'S OF LAND AND TAXATION.
that, as no man made the land, no man can own it, and that,
as all men by their presence and activities have added something
to its value, all men must share its value. Land value is economic
rent, and economic rent, therefore, is, rightly, the common
heritage of all mankind. The easiest and simplest method by
which this communal value can be justly shared is to use it in
defraying such common expenses and utilities as national and
local taxation, and also in the freeing and development of
municipal activities, education, transit, recreation, and the
numerous social amenities of a civilised community.
Landholders at present monopolise all the forces and products
of Nature, the phenomena of climate, sunshine, darkness, wind,
rain, electricity, air, and water, as well as all the wild life using
land, air, or water. How great in the aggregate these forces
and powers are is not yet generally recognised. Eernembering,
however, from how small a seed a huge cabbage, a pumpkin, or a
giant oak will grow, and that such growths extract yearly from
the soil only from 2 to 5 per cent, of their substance the rest
being taken from the air, the rain, or the sunshine it will not be
difficult to accept the scientific estimate that the natural forces
in operation on the land in the production of yearly growth are
equal to 4,000 horse power, or 20,000 man power per acre. And
because this immense force is monopolised by landholders, who
either do not fully utilise it themselves or else partially or
altogether prevent others from using it, thousands of men, women,
and children are constantly physically deteriorating, and many of
them dying, from starvation, a disease easily preventable even
in our present stage of civilisation.
The justifiable fear on the part of the privileged classes of the
coming taxation of land values that is, by the only scientific
way worthy of a great and fundamental principle, the taxation
of all land values has already had a most salutary effect in
preventing an undue increase in the exchange value of natural
opportunities. Better still, however, this only rational method
of taxation will operate right through society as no other reform
possibly can in decreasing the power of and the returns to
privilege, and increasing the wages and the dignity of labour. It
will shorten the reign of capital by reducing and ultimately
annihilating its wages, it will remove all forces which oppress
and enslave labour, it will lessen and in time abolish all forms
of taxation of industry, and will leave Labour, in due time,
consciously master in its own world, oppressing none and fearing
nought, in harmony with the spirit of Nature, and anxious only
to work out its great and infinite destiny in co-operation with the
eternal laws of the universe.
17
242
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
III. TAXATION, PRESENT AND FUTURE.
Turning aside, it may not be out of place to review existing
systems and principles of taxation. To furnish a national
revenue, as we have already seen, the landholders have instituted,
during the past 300 years, a remarkably complex system of taxes,
under the operation of which not a single taxpayer in the country
can tell exactly how much taxation he is called upon to contribute
to national needs. At the same time, while piling indirect taxation
On manufactured goods and articles of food consumption, these
same landholders have legislated themselves out of the obligations
and duties imposed on them by the juster, if more burdensome,
feudal system. It is worth noting, too, that after the value of the
immense tracts of common lands scattered through every part of
the country had been greatly increased by the abolition or reduction
of their former burdens, and the attention of the people distracted
by distress and disturbance at home and great wars abroad,
millions of acres of these common lands and pastures were
enclosed and divided among the holders of adjoining estates. Had
the ancient obligations of landholders remained in force there
would not have been at any time the slightest temptation to
privately appropriate what should still be the common inheritance
of the nation.
Taxation as at present levied is vicious in the extreme. It is
the root from which most of our unnatural social problems spring,
and its reform is consequently more urgent than any other. For
reform is, in most things, largely a matter of means, and our
greatest reforms are dependent on a full treasury.
But the principles and incidence of taxation are difficult
subjects, and very few of our law makers know anything of
them. Yet the right solution of our most pressing social problems
depends on the wise application of correct principles in the
levying and collection of taxes.
Wisdom in taxation would encourage industry and penalise
selfishness and laziness ; it would divert industry into the most
helpful, profitable, and natural channels, and it would discourage
waste, check perjury, and render impossible fraud and evasion.
The wise tax is no tax at all it is payment for privileges
already received and a hopeful anticipation of more favours to
come. Indirect taxation is mere petty larceny. It is a brilliant
invention which most benefits the perjurer and cheat, and which
keeps its poor victims quiet while being fleeced. It first creates
the temptation to be dishonest, and then punishes those who
yield to it.
It is hardly too much to say that it would be difficult to
imagine a worse method than the present of raising funds to meet
243
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
necessary common expenses. Most people will scarcely believe
that in a so-called Free Trade country there are yet some hundreds
of articles on which imperial taxation is levied for revenue
purposes; or that it is almost impossible for even the poorest
citizen to partake of a decent meal without, voluntarily or
involuntarily, having perforce to make some contribution to the
imperial revenue.
Careful examination will only show that the various methods
of revenue raising by Customs and Excise duties are not only
unscientific, haphazard, and uncertain, but that they are also
unequal in incidence, unjust in practice, and not necessary for
their purpose. They are a curse on commerce, a burden on
property, a temptation to honest men, and a robbery of the poor.
To imagine any educated country voluntarily increasing the number
and amount of its Customs and Excise duties under the plea of
broadening the basis of taxation is utterly impossible. Customs
duties take much more from the taxpayer than they give to the
revenue ; they take most from the classes of people least able to
pay them ; they are hindrances to production, and inducements to
false swearing, to law breaking, concealment, and fraud.
An examination of the methods of local rating and taxation
will show much of the same deplorable injustice and confusion.
The benefactor in any community who clears rubbish plots and in
their place erects desirable dwelling-places is fined by local
rating as if he were a cheat or public nuisance. The dog-in-the-
manger landholder who holds disease-breeding corner plots for a
rise, or withholds desirable space from use, is rewarded by being
exempted from the payment of rates; and, because of the
expenditure of other people's rates, is also rewarded by a steady
appreciation in the value of his holdings. The improving owner
of property has his assessment raised, while the improvident
encourager of disease and ruin will readily obtain a lower rating.
The absentee landholder, who reaps where he has not sown, is
entirely exempted from payment.
Many of us are old enough to remember the numerous
toll-gates and toll-bars which prevented, except on payment,
free intercourse in and out of towns and cities or along country
roads. The existence of the few barriers yet remaining will be
very brief when land values form the basis of taxation. There is
a strange survival of a similar toll, which has for long been
uselessly protested against by shipowners, in the imposition of
light dues on merchant shipping passing in and out of all ports
and harbours of the United Kingdom. Exactly how much the
vessels of the C.W.S. Limited pay yearly in these charges I
have not been able to ascertain. But it must be a considerable
244
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
amount, and it is, like so many other present impositions,
both unnecessary and unjust. All ships liable have to pay a
charge, varying with net tonnage, for the lighthouses, beacons, or
buoys they are supposed to have used in the course of their voyage,
and whether they receive any actual benefit from them or not.
No allowance is made, for the experience of the pilot, or the
state of the weather: whether daylight, darkness, or fog; all
being charged at the same rate. Until comparatively recently
every separate light was priced and included in an intricate
calculation a system analogous to charging a pedestrian through
a city's streets for every lamp-post or sign-post he is supposed
to have passed, requiring him to report both his course and
what he carried, and subjecting him to penalties for any error
or wrongful description. When this country has earned the right
to be called a Free Trade community (and this will only be when
land values are adequately taxed) shipowners, whether British or
foreign, will be relieved, not only of the wasteful and unnecessary
charges for light dues, but also of many of the port charges and
dock dues which act in restraint of trade. These latter imposts,
in the past, have only been justified on the ground of the
extortionate charges for the use of lands and foreshores made
by monopolist landholders. There is no more reason why a
business community should pay separately for the use of
lighthouses, harbours, and docks than there is for an individual
to pay for the use of lamp-posts, roads, and public parks. They
are, or should be, common property communally provided and
maintained. Their upkeep should really be a first charge on
land values.
If taxation were imposed on more rational lines, even were
the present complicated system continued, we should endeavour
to tax not industry, as at present, but idleness; not business
enterprise, but decaying slums; not the encouragement of thrift,
but the manufacture of poverty ; not thoughtful care, but wilful
neglect; not food or goods, but evil and evils; not the very poor,
but the ultra-rich; not subjected peoples, but their over-lords
and masters. There is usually a spice of satisfaction when
circumstances allow taxation or punishment to fall on sensible
lines, even though it is against the usually recognised and legally
established methods.
Eent was paid first as a tax. It is the ideal tax, taking from
each payer of it in exact proportion to the benefits he receives
from its expenditure. The sooner we commence taking heavy
toll of it in reduction of other forms of injurious, unjust, and
wasteful taxation the nearer shall we approach a condition of
society worthy of the twentieth century. The ancient Babylonians,
245
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
who lived as long before the commencement of the Christian
era as we live after it, had, even then, a truer ideal of taxation
than most modern "statesmen." They decreed that the land
must be cultivated, and that it must pay its rightful share of
taxation. If neglected, it was provided that its owner must pay
as much in taxation as the owner of similar land which was
properly cultivated. That is an idea which has the seed of a
much-needed revolution in it. It would quickly abolish city
slums, kill land speculation, bring into use our vast unused
spaces, and break up the land monopoly.
To call the taking of 20 or 50 or 80 per cent, of the value of
sugar, tea, or tobacco "taxation," and the taking of a similar
amount of land value "confiscation," is a wilful perversion and
an unjustifiable misuse of terms. The real confiscation, which
must never again be forgotten, however long restitution may
linger, took place when the landholders repudiated their obligations
with regard to the land and threw the burden of the upkeep of
Government on to the people by means of indirect taxation.
And the key which will unlock most of our social problems is
the easy, natural method of reimposing this land value taxation,
and at the same time remitting the wasteful and unjust forms of
indirect taxation.
Honestly-earned wealth invested in land for use, it is
scarcely necessary to point out, would not suffer from the coming
rearrangement of taxation. For as the land value taxation is
imposed, larger amounts of more injurious taxes on labour and
wealth would be remitted. The burden would be moved only
from one shoulder to another, and its incidence adjusted, simplified,
and reduced.
A FIXED POLICY IN TAXATION.
By deciding on the report, perhaps, of a Special Commission
on Taxation to adopt, in place of the present haphazard and
capricious methods, the principles of a logical and enlightened
system of direct taxation based on land valuation, the raising
annually of the national revenue could be entirely removed from
the control of opposing factions, and placed on a stable basis,
with a fixed policy, capable of automatic adjustment to current
needs and under the control of trained and expert business
administrators.
The establishment, too, of a central office open to receive
complaints, charged with the careful inspection of public
expenditure, and the making of suggestive annual reports to
Parliament, might well be considered in this connection.
246
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
On what lines should future progressive legislation with regard
to land and taxation be encouraged so as to ensure the greatest
good for the greatest number?
How will the course suggested affect those various social
problems which are our heritage, and whose right solution is
;the most pressing and important duty of our time?
The guiding principle, never to be lost sight of, should be
in the direction of the constant and progressive reduction of all
taxation, both local and imperial. In substitution for the
gradual abolition of taxation there should be devoted a somewhat
larger sum drawn each year from the inexhaustible reservoir of
land values and collected yearly by a poundage rate levied equally
on all registered holders of unearned increment or site value. It
is not possible, at present, to give even an approximation to the
total site value. But it has been estimated that the annual levy
of Id. in the on land value would yield a sum of between
20,000,000 and 30,000,000 per year. Indeed, if landholders
are sufficiently high principled, and fix their land values in the
future at the same rate as they have done in the past when
selling portions of their holdings to land-hungry people, the
yield per penny would be nearer 50,000,000. The yield might,
however, be divided equally in relief of local and imperial
taxation. Ten millions would be ample to repeal the entire
Customs duties on cocoa, coffee, dried fruits, sugar, and all sugar
composite goods. This would be an immense relief to the
mercantile community, and would greatly simplify the work of
the Customs Department. Ten millions in relief of local taxation
would also be a great load lifted from the backs of the poorer
ratepayers. Curiously enough, this relief of local taxation would
tend also to increase land value, and thus to swell the amount
received from the suggested penny levy on it.
It would be, however, in its indirect results that this penny-
in-the-pound tax would more amply justify itself. Already (in
the autumn of 1910) the mere reckoning up of the value of
unearned increment has induced many large holders of land value
throughout the country to throw their estates and holdings into
the market for what they will fetch, and much larger quantities
than usual of land and property have in this way recently
changed hands.
Undoubtedly the men who are now clearing out by selling,
and so passing on, their bad titles to others, are wise in their
generation. For, while the remembrance of high values is yet
with the buyers, the valuer has not yet put the fear of the
tax gatherer into their hearts, and generally they do not realise
the new condition of things awaiting them. Large holders are
247
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
awake, too, to the desirability of increasing the opposition to
further advances of taxation reform by multiplying the number
of holders, so, in their view, helping to strengthen the opposition
to land value taxation. Witness the anxiety to encourage peasant
proprietors and small holdings, and to repeople decaying villages
with reputable men, pensioners or retired tradesmen. What will
large and titled holders not do to bolster up their great and
unjust possessions? Anything and everything, so long as it
promises to keep them and theirs a generation longer living
parasitic lives on the social commonwealth.
Space forbids a more exhaustive analysis and exposure of the
evils of indirect labour taxation. Many of the principles of
reform in taxation have long been recognised it remains for
us to carry the flag of freedom a few steps onward. Intelligent
taxation is the great ally of a progressive civilisation. The ideal
towards which we are striving is the abolition of all taxation,
direct and indirect. This is not only possible, but it is an ideal
towards which we should continually look and work. It will be
a mere truism some day to say that taxation and civilisation
cannot exist side by side. As civilisation progresses taxation
must decline.
IV. THE GREATEST ENEMY OF CO-OPERATION.
Co-operators know from experience how their enterprise and
organising ability raise rent against themselves : Powis Street,
Woolwich; Balloon Street, Manchester; and Shieldhall, Glasgow,
are but three instances out of hundreds. They have long been
alive to the great importance of these related questions of
landholding and taxation. It would be an entirely admirable step
were a National Co-operative Conference called at an early date
to discuss and report on the local circumstances as affected by
conditions of landholding and taxation, with the view of throwing
the weighty influence of the C.W.S. in the direction whence
relief and reform are most likely to be expected.
The earlier pages of the C.W.S. "Annual" exhibit numerous
illustrations of modern business premises, &c., by means of
which the immense trade of the Co-operative Societies is facilitated
or carried on. These premises include offices, warehouses,
factories, mills, works, salerooms, depdts, sheds, quays, wharves,
steamships, houses, creameries, farms, and estates. Because of
the existence of privileged landlordism it has been reliably
estimated that more than one-half of their immense total cost has
been paid away unproductively that is, without adequate
return and, in large part, to individuals actively opposed to,
rather than interested in, the spread of Co-operation. It is quite
248
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
certain that the progress of the movement towards a saner society
would have been very much greater had the depredations of
landholders been earlier recognised and steps been taken to
checkmate them. There would have been fewer complaints to-day
of want of appreciation or of inadequate success, and Co-operators
would neither have to labour so vigilantly and unremittingly
in the pursuit of their ideal, nor to wait so long for a more
equitable return for their foresight and sacrifice.
Although the C.W.S. have so very much capital sunk in land
values they stand to gain all along the line by the coming fiscal
changes. Not only will their expenses for local rates be greatly
reduced, but their direct contributions to the national revenue
in the form of Customs and Excise duties on tobacco and spirits,
tea, sugar, fruits, &c., will be immensely lessened or abolished.
- I gather that the average amount of Customs duties paid yearly
by them in the five years from 1904-08 amounted on sugar to
558,132, on tea to 356,094, on tobacco to 344,164, on dried
fruits to 39,181, on cocoa to 17,590, and on coffee to 12,680
a total average of 1,327,841 yearly. This sum is tantamount
to a charge of 28 per cent, on the C.W.S. trade in these six
articles alone.
How vastly the operations of the C.W.S. throughout the
country would be simplified and rendered easier by radical reform
in land and taxation law it is not necessary now to further
consider. Sufficient has been written to show that it is to t'he
foreshadowed changes Co-operators must look for the next great
upward fillip to their movement, and that they will be well
and soundly advised to extend to these great reforms their most
active sympathy and their most generous support. No great
democratic movement can in the least degree afford to be on the
wrong side in the coming life and death struggle between the
privileges of the few and the equal rights of all.
Of extreme importance, from the point of view of differentiating
between earned and unearned incomes, real and nominal capital,
true and false wealth, would be the results of a careful analysis
of the proportion of "land" or land value which enters into the
composition of representative classes of finished products. Take,
as examples, (a) a block of modern city shop and office buildings,
such as the Balloon Street, Manchester, premises of the C.W.S.
Limited; (b) a fully-equipped up-to-date factory building such as
the "Sun" flour mill at Trafford Wharf, Manchester, or the
"Wheatsheaf" Boot Works at Duns Lane, Leicester; (c) an
ordinary eight-roomed residence pleasantly situated on a
Co-operative or Garden City Estate; and (d) the C.W.S.'s latest
acquisition, the steamship "New Pioneer."
249
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
The analytical specification would require to take into account
(1) the exact proportion of land value (economic rent, or unearned
increment) incorporated into the entire cost of sites, with all their
constituent special and natural advantages ; (2) the amount of the
royalties on all the iron, stone, clay, coal, slate, oil, hardwoods,
water, gravel, sand, &c., used directly and indirectly in the
construction of the buildings ; and (3) the rent-toll on all labour
employed, in addition to the tolls on various insurances, on
special dock and transit facilities, on local and national
administration of justice, bye-laws, and municipal conveniences,
and on the innumerable amenities of civilisation upon which
landlordism lays its terrible and insidious claw.
ft has been estimated that 80 per cent, of the total costs of land
and finished building will have to be paid because of the burden
of unearned increment ; and also that most of this large percentage
of unnecessary expense would be abolished and need not be paid
under a just system of taxation. In other words, the cost of
creating fresh capital in the form of office buildings, houses, or
ships would be cut down to 20 per cent, of the present prices, and
the amounts to be written off for depreciation or set aside for
dividends would be correspondingly reduced. Apply a similar
reduction to the whole volume of capital now existing, either in
temporary form or in that of permanent improvements and it
must be remembered that the causes which reduce the costs of
new buildings will correspondingly depreciate the capital values
of existing ones and it is clear that there will be an immensely
greater sum available to provide, in the first place, much higher
wages for labour, and, afterwards, a better social environment,
with vast opportunities for great public works and institutions,
the provision of which, at present, is almost impossible for want
of the necessary capital.
One other inquiry, which might usefully be undertaken, is as
to what proportion of the quite unnecessary burdens of local
rating and imperial taxation is borne respectively (1) by such a
modern Co-operative building after completion, and (2) by the
workers of all kinds who are employed in the different industries
and activities there carried on. Similar care must be taken to
include in the strict analysis every item of expense necessitated
by these burdens'. It would be found that wages, even after
being reduced by landlordism to a bare minimum, is still further
preyed on to the extent of 30 per cent, by the indefensible system
under which men now live. On the average the master robber,
landlordism, takes 12 per cent., and his two chief supporters,
indirect taxation and local taxation, respectively 12 per cent, and
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THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
6 per cent. Further, incredible as it may seem, even when the
sweated worker can get no work, and, therefore, under the
present system, when he can get no wages, the greater proportion
of these impositions is still demanded directly or indirectly,
or he is driven from want to crime, and from mental and physical
starvation to suicide and death.
The whole of the space and raw material in these islands,
comprised under the general term "land," has been seized and
is now held as a close monopoly. Co-operation, as well as every
other social movement, is under the heel of landlordism at every
point of its manifold activities. Co-operators cannot enlarge the
field of their operations without coming into conflict with
landlordism, the ultimate holder of all natural opportunities,
all along the line. They cannot build a ship without paying
through the nose to landholders, who claim their toll as mineral
royalty owners. They cannot extend their offices or workshops
without first meeting the unjust claims of landholders, upheld
too long as rightful owners of space. They cannot import
duty-free goods or raw material from abroad without paying
unnecessary toll to the landholder disguised as dock owner. On
many importations they must pay additional impositions to the tax
collector, who in the past has been one of the most useful allies of
the landholder. Follow their ramifications wherever you will,
and no matter how fair and promising to the worker may be a
fresh opening or activity, he ultimately, but inevitably, runs up
against one of the unsuspected disguises of the hydra-headed
monster of landlordism. This is the institution which vitiates all
calculations, weakens effort, warps justice, darkens faith, spoils
human nature, and makes of earth veritably a place of misery
to millions. It is the most sinister and threatening influence to-day
throughout Christendom, and no permanent moral or material
progress is possible until it has been abolished.
To allow to landlordism in this or other countries any further
long continuance of power will be a most dire offence against
economic law, and one most certain to bring retribution in many
guises in its train. Unless the inevitable evils of landlordism
are promptly counteracted the greatest benefits of civilisation must
remain buried in injustice, inequality, and black despair.
"The time is ripe, and rotten-ripe, for change :
Then let it come ! I have no dread of what
Is called for by the instinct of mankind;
Nor think I that God's world will fall apart
Because we tear a parchment more or less."
J. R. Lou-ell.
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THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
V. EELATION TO OTHER SOCIAL QUESTIONS.
"The land question means hunger, thirst, nakedness, notice to quit, labour
spent in vain, the toil of years seized upon, the breaking up of homes, the
misery, sickness, deaths of parents, children, wives, the despair and wildness
which spring up in the hearts of the poor, when legal force, like a sharp
harrow, goes over the most sensitive and vital right of mankind. All this is
contained in the land question." Cardinal Manning.
To attempt to escape for long, by whatsoever devices, the
all-embracing grip of landlordism is as vain as to sweep back the
rising tide with a broom. CO-OPERATION is but one of these
devices. Taken alone, it offers no permanent solution. It but
increases the plunder of landlordism. Frequently more than half
successful in certain localities in driving off or defeating many
smaller robbers, its very success but leaves only so much the
more for the master robber to appropriate. ' TRADE UNIONISM,
again, is almost wholly a defensive movement. It is in no sense
radical. It does not attempt to check the main root evils, and
is extremely cautious in basing itself on first principles. It
has been in the past, and is still, often successful in ensuring
better conditions and higher wages to the workers, but the
existence of the enemy lying in wait round the corner, from
whom no one has ever yet escaped, has been almost entirely
overlooked. MUNICIPAL SOCIALISM, too, is but a more highly
developed and ingeniously disguised form of charity, or Local
Government support to the landlord ! It has certainly provided
cleaner towns, better water, cheaper travelling, and, generally,
a more desirable environment, to millions, but the ordinary
citizen, who has to pay for all these improvements by increases
in his rates, has a tendency to grumble considerably when he
finds the landholder adding still further to the tenants' burdens
by increasing the price of land, and, in most cases avowedly,
because of the afore-mentioned improvements. That is, he pays
twice for his "advantages," and, in the end, finds himself no
better off.
It is, indeed, very doubtful whether municipal or any other
form of Socialism has, so far, to any appreciable extent either
ensured the opportunity of work, lightened the toil, increased the
wage, or bettered the condition of any of the low-paid workers of
our villages, towns, and cities. But all these things it has done,
openly and shamelessly, for the unjust steward, the betrayer of
the people's rights, the intercepter of Nature's bounty, the
appropriator of the natural sources of public revenue the
sleeping but thriving landholder. And so with all other of the
numerous so-called social remedies they do anything and
J.VJ
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
everything for the poor man except remove the heavy burden
from his back. Temperance crusades, ethical and moral teaching
and training, technical education, all the advances in industry
and trade, in arts and sciences, are each and all, directly or
indirectly, supporters of the system which enables one small class
of mortals to levy tax and toll on all the others.
Nor can anyone escape. The system which can take for
a few the benefits of all earth's natural forces can readily
overcome all the puny efforts or half-hearted measures made
to control it. Nothing short of its complete overthrow will suffice.
This conquest can follow only on the effective establishment
of the equal right of all men, on equal conditions, to use the
earth.
Numerous instances are on record where national or local
authorities have taken over, at a high valuation, plus a percentage
for disturbance, public necessities or conveniences; in some cases,
indeed, where the private service or supply had either broken
down or proved quite inadequate. Other cases are constantly
recurring where a public body purposes, or is urged, to take over
similar undertakings, and, where the proprietors ostensibly
object, to bear the onus of obtaining, at great additional expense,
Parliamentary powers to purchase: The methods usually followed
at present in carrying out this policy are altogether deplorable;
in many cases entirely disastrous to the future successful working
of the undertaking. I need only instance such public utilities
as telegraphs, land in Ireland, dock, water, and gas companies,
tramways, roads and squares, foreshores and ferries to prove how
shamelessly, in the past, the public has been bled by the exorbitant
demands of privileged holders of unearned increment. Had the
inflated capital and watered stock been first reduced in value by
the taxation of land values, and the surplus wind and water
(the entirely unearned and only contribution of the ubiquitous
landholders) been then squeezed out, our exchanges and
communications, our food and drink, our trade and traffic, our
business and our pleasure would all be costing us very much
less than at present, and a vast number of other comforts and
conveniences of civilised life would be correspondingly reduced
in price. Just as the present generation must suffer for this past
fundamental error in the national economy, so the future must
pay for any similar false steps which we to-day may endorse.
The very practical lesson we forget at our peril is, as a principle,
to take over or purchase no further public necessity or utility until
such time as the exact amount of its constituent land value has
been fixed. We may then proceed to reduce this land value as
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THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
much as possible by taxation, or competition, or both, before
making any advances, or taking any steps, to purchase. With
this method of socialisation there cannot possibly in the future be
either failure or regrets.
The antiquated and foolish methods of taxation still in vogue
are really responsible for the heavy burden of interest, its long
continuance, and its too slow decline.
When capital is freed from the vexatious and deterrent
influences of landlordism and taxation its accumulation will,
become rapid and easy, great quantities in innumerable forms
will become available to aid production, and new sources for its
employment will vastly multiply. But its unlimited supply
will readily overrun the extra demand, and its natural market
"wages," in the form of interest, will very quickly decline.
Not much wisdom or foresight is requisite to see what further
revolutions in social conditions will force themselves to the front
when capital, possibly a State loan, is offered, where good security
is available, not at 6, 5, or 4 per cent., but at 2, 1, or 1 per
cent, annual interest.
One great incentive to private accumulation will disappear with
the fall in interest. This will break up the power of capital,
and the overthrow of its tyranny will be none the less appreciated
because the forces working "towards righteousness" for its
destruction may not yet be generally understood. With the
decline in the rate of interest the weight of national debts will
be correspondingly reduced, many heavy public burdens decreased,
and fewer and fewer people will be able, without working
themselves, to live in barbarian pomp or undesirable affluence.
Once the continuous increase in the wages of unnatural monopoly
is checked by the gradual effective claim of the public for its own
land value, this reduction in the .wages of capital will have the
effect of greatly increasing the wages of labour, and Labour will,
at last, begin again to come into its own.
The enormous prices charged by the accidental holders of
poor or waste lands, of little inherent value, required in the
construction of new railway or dock undertakings are but other
instances of the toll-collecting rapacity of otherwise respectable
men.
By so greatly and unnecessarily increasing the original costs
of these useful undertakings the landholders have, of course,
enormously inflated the prices of all commodities passing over the
railways or through the docks, as well as increased the necessary
costs of carriage and hindered the extension of our vast import
and export trades. The handicapping of the railway companies
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THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
in their passenger traffic, especially in the suburban traffic of our
great cities, must also be put down to the same cause the
exorbitant prices charged for land, resulting in high fares for
passengers, low wages for railway workers, and generally in
high rates and poor facilities for the public. While these tolls
and their results exist, home producers must be unfairly
handicapped, and foreign competition indirectly encouraged. The
Bedfordshire agriculturist, for example, has to pay, first, a heavy
toll to the landholders (either in the form of rent or interest),
then another heavy rate for carriage to the railway company
(mostly in payment for the land used), and then again to the
holder of the London market "rights," and to the London ground
landlord, before he is allowed to dispose of his produce to the
consumer. Expenses, costs, tolls, rates are piled up at every
stage in the long line of production, mainly to fill the unsatisfiable
maw of the landholder, who appreciates and wishes to retain his
privileges, and would like nothing better than that the people
should forget their rights.
Very early in the coming campaign it should be made a
condition in the recognition of the holders' rights in any piece of
urban land that it be suitably fenced round, and especially that it-
be kept in a clean and sanitary condition, so as not to constitute
a danger to the health of the surrounding community. If that
which is property is required to conform to certain local bye-laws
and regulations, it is certainly no hardship to require the registered
holder of vacant land, in which there exists no rights of property,
to conform to similar suitable requirements. The local authority
should have power, in case of neglect, after due notice, to seize,
condemn, carry out necessary work on, and retain such land for
all future time, without compensation.
All unclaimed areas, and all lands and properties to which
the holders cannot show a reasonably just title, should be at
once registered, resumed, and for ever afterwards administered in
the public interest by the appropriate public department. The
land itself, as soon as it has been publicly resumed, must never
again be alienated from common ownership even if any inducement
to alienate it should remain.
There would be almost a poetic justice dealt out with regard
to the innumerable enclosures and encroachments on what were
once common lands were we to make the holders pay according
to its present value for what they or their predecessors in title had
appropriated. We could afford to let the dead past lie, for
similar future encroachments will be impossible after the official
valuation survey and registration are completed.
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THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OP LAND AND TAXATION.
Take again the case of the Established Church. With the
effective taxation of land values the Ecclesiastical Commissioners,
in their capacity as receivers of national property and unearned
increment, would be taxed as other landholders, forced to use their
trusts in a considerate and democratic way, and would be helping
to solve, sensibly and fairly, the problem of disestablishment by
placing all men from the point of view of a National Church
on an equitable footing.
Great national industrial undertakings would be rendered very
much easier of accomplishment, in spite of the great increase in
costs of labour. This would be due chiefly to the great reduction
in the rental or purchase price of sites, to the lessening of taxation
on desirable enterprises, and to the greater demand, accompanied
by ability to pay, for commercial and industrial developments.
OPEN-AIR MARKETS AND COSTERMONGERS. Street markets in
our cities are probably a survival of the days when they were
both a necessity and a public convenience. The question must at
some time arise as to the right of a small section of the community
to take temporary or permanent possession, without payment
of rent, of any portion of the public highway in which to carry
on business. Charitable feelings probably influenced at first the
permission to trade in the public highways, but when justice is
established charity will be superseded. For any individual to
stand with a barrow, all through the day, carrying on even a
legitimate trade, not only impedes the traffic and excludes the
equal right of every other individual in the country to do the
same thing, but also necessitates a levy from all other citizens
to provide and maintain the site.
In other words, while one individual is allowed special
privileges without payment, the rest of the community have to
pay but get nothing in return. The obviously just remedy for this
is the provision of public rent-producing markets. It frequently
results, however, that a recognised street market, by attracting
a larger number of customers, will greatly increase the rent-
producing capacity of sites abutting on the open-air market.
These street-trading privileges, like most forms of privilege, are
really but another form of land value, and should be so treated in
the interests of the public. On a similar footing is the status of
the costermonger in city streets. He obtains benefits equal to
those of a busy public market, competes on unequal terms with
the heavily rated and rented shopkeeper, and pays nothing for
his privileges. Sentiment has probably hitherto largely been
responsible for this toleration. But the taxation of privilege
through land values will remove alike the necessity and the
desirability either for public charity or for special consideration.
256
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
What better form of CONSCRIPTION OR COMPULSORY MILITARY
SERVICE could be devised than a return to the old feudal practice
under which landholders led in the forefront of battle in time
of the nation's need? Every present registered holder of land,
above a certain minimum value or area, should again be required
to actively take up arms in defence of his holdings, and to pay,
out of his rents, a proportionate share of the total of necessary
military and naval expenditure. Whilst there is such an outcry,
in these latter days, among certain classes of people for vastly
strengthening the naval and military forces of attack and defence
against possible internal or external foes, it is a striking sign of
degeneracy that so little has been said of the very obvious and
only just method of raising the necessary funds in the form of
aids granted by those whose possessions would be thereby defended
and insured.
We should only be following the common dictates of everyday
business principles to insist that the costs of insuring against
the ordinary risks of any going concern should be borne, not
by forced deductions from the wages of the casual workers
employed in the business, but by premiums paid by the principals
of the business whose properties and interests are thereby
protected. Such a commonsense arrangement, applied to a
national system of protection, would immediately enlist, on behalf
of a most desirable economy, an influential class of people whose
standing carries great social and political weight, and many of
whom are not lacking an appreciable amount of intelligent
self-interest.
Failing concerted action on these lines, it is not beyond
imagination to hope that some of the richer landholders, out of
their princely revenues, will emulate the example of old-time
chivalry and themselves each personally provide for the building
and up-to-date equipment of at least one of the latest types
of super-" Dreadnought" in order to protect their families and
dependents in the enjoyment of their private possessions and
personal privileges.
The effects of land value taxation on unused or incompletely
developed city plots would be startling both to the holders and to
the general public. Many holders or consumers of high-priced
city sites would be startled to find so few architects or builders
with sufficient liberty to undertake the prompt reconstruction
of business premises, and complaints would soon be heard of
the shortage in professional and technical labour. Higher
remuneration would be demanded and received by all kinds of
labour, prices would temporarily rise, and there would be, till
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THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
things slowly adjusted themselves to conditions of prosperity,
quite a revolution in economic conditions in the building and allied
industries. Nor would the increased activities be confined to such
staple trades as building and provisioning. Every industry
would feel the benefit of good times. "Move along," or get out
so as to allow others to move, would be the orders of the day.
Forced unemployment would rapidly become one of the dreams
of the bad old times of monopoly and privilege.
At present the revenue derived from the importation,
manufacture, and sale of intoxicating liquors and tobacco is
about 53,000,000. In the view of many people this vast sum
is largely tainted, being closely associated with poverty, vice,
and crime. Under better moral and social conditions, which would
obtain with a juster order of society, this undesirable source of
revenue would be entirely unnecessary, and we should be left
free to deal with such special trades either by free trade (i.e.,
unrestricted competition), regulation, abolition, or in any other
way deemed best.
As to the woman question in its every complex phase : a right
solution of the land question is of more direct and immediate
importance to women than it is to men. It is not only the
economic independence of women which is involved, but, what is
still more vital to the future of the race, their sex freedom
and their right to direct the future conditions of their lives.
The removal of all unnecessary barriers to free access to natural
opportunities would ensure to women innumerable ways, at
present undreamed of, of working out their destiny. It would
ensure them equal remuneration for equal services, and would open
the easy and natural way to their political enfranchisement. For
economic enfranchisement, in a democracy, of necessity involves
the political enfranchisement of all. The conditions of child life,
too housing, feeding, training, employment, and amusement
would in every respect correspondingly improve.
It is frequently urged that pioneers or adventurers are justly
entitled, for all time, to the first fruits of "foresight," in
recognising and taking advantage of the inevitable advance in
values caused by increasing population or the introduction of new
methods and inventions. But a juster ethic would see in such
actions only instances of anti-social forestalling which a truer
civilisation would either deter by social punishment or else entirely
prevent. This forestalling applies mainly, of course, to land
"speculation," and is still actively at work almost everywhere.
Of secondary, but still of vital importance, are similar dealings
in corn, oil, and cotton.
18
258
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
. Latterly, in memory of the Finance Act, many large holders
of land have been offering their estates for sale among smaller
would-be holders, largely with a view to securing a buffer class
between them and the inevitable revisionist legislation of the
near future.
It must be clearly understood that all such purchasers can
obtain only titles which, as I have shown, are constitutionally
and inherently defective; and also that, when the time comes for
gradual resumption of the land by taxation, they will have
neither a claim for compensation nor the right to a word of
complaint.
This should sufficiently justify the strongest opposition, on
principle, to all forms of peasant proprietorship, and all
investments based on the fee-simple of land (in all its
ramifications) as the final security. Land is not property ; and
it would seem to be the better policy that the present holders
should retain their deeds and privileges until such time as the
nation decides what are their corresponding obligations. In the
meantime the wise man will not buy, but he will either rent or
lease any land he may require, and retain his capital for better
use in the scientific development of his business.
Examine carefully any serious social problem, and at the
back of it you will see the sinister power of landlordism insistent,
reactionary, pessimistic, and terrible in the entirety of its
destructive force.
To recognise its body-and-soul-destroying influences, and to
warn honest members of society of its characteristics, are the
first steps towards its downfall. Its final overthrow will mark the
emergence of humanity from its long nightmare of superstition
and slavery into the daylight of real knowledge, true freedom,
and mutual co-operation for the well-being of all.
VI. CONCLUSION.
"Why hesitate? Ye are full-bearded men,
With God-implanted will, and courage if
Ye dare but show it. Never yet was will
But found some way or means to work it out,
Nor, e'er did Fortune frown on him who dared.
Shall we in presence of this grievous wrong,
In this supremest moment of all time,
Stand trembling, cowering, when with one bold stroke
These groaning millions might be ever free?
And that one stroke so just, so greatly good,
So level with the happiness of man,
That all the angels will applaud the deed."
E. R. Taylor.
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THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
The time must surely soon come when a new English Bill
of Eights will be put forward and its principles firmly established.
Comparatively few folk in this country have shown so far,
however, any definite desire for a , radical and fundamental
change. When the demand for a new Declaration of Rights is
sufficiently strong the first of self-evident and unassailable truths
to be recorded should be that "All men are endowed with the
unalienable right to the equal use of the earth," as well as with
the right to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."
There can, of course, be no possibility of any just claim being
made for compensation for resumption of the rights of the
public over the land. If the question of compensation is raised at
all it should be in the nature of a heavy claim against the lineal
descendants of those noble families, at present holding large
estates, whose ancestors were directly responsible for the shifting
of feudal burdens from their own backs to those of the common
people. If compensation is at any time or anywhere due it should
not be deferred to "Kingdom come," but must be made now to
the moral and physical wrecks whose condition is directly traceable
to the hardships and injustices inflicted on them and their forbears
by the unconstitutional action of selfish and inhuman landholders.
"The slave is the owner pay him."
That is a very curious idea, and one which most landholders
have, that forestallers of land are entitled to a revenue for ever
(and even, frequently, an increasing one) from their holdings in
land. It is an idea, however, upon which the land-revenue
producers will shortly have something to say. Capital wears 'out
or is consumed, and interest decreases with the spread -of
knowledge and with the discoveries of science. Privilege, also,
upon which all private rent depends, must inevitably give way
before the advances of democracy and equality. Consequent on
the decrease in the rate of interest, the abolition of monopoly,
and the dethronement of privilege, the wages of all kinds of labour
will steadily rise, the conditions of employment will be improved,
hours of labour shortened, disemployment of willing men and
women appreciably lessened, and every other social problem,
worthy of the name, will be already on its way to a natural
and permanent solution. Our future statisticians and historians
may confidently fix the time of the greatest permanent change for
the better in English social conditions from the year in which the
records of the land value survey are completed and made known.
It would not take very long under a just social system to
banish for ever, as a terrifying dream vanishes when the sleeper
awakes, the memory of the very effective tyranny at present
260
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
exercised by man over man in countless ways. What slave of the
old so-called dark days would accept modern conditions of "free"
employment? To take all risks and uncertainties of being wanted
to work, or of being discharged at a day's or week's notice;
to labour year in and year out, at a minimum wage, without
cessation except for the publicly-recognised holidays; to endure,
without the consolation of reply, hard words and insults that
stab deeper than blows; to accept injustice as a common everyday
occurrence; to sell one's self bodily labour, necessary leisure,
intellectual honesty, spiritual independence all for the merest
pittance; these are, of necessity, some of the deplorable results
of the economic enslavement of man.
Men, partially organised industrially, sometimes strike work
when circumstances are unusually hard against them. But to
what end? They do not realise what is wrong with social
conditions ; they do not recognise that the very conditions against
which they so spasmodically rebel are inevitable so long as one
class of men can set all others by the ears fighting each other for
the bare decencies of a civilised life. A society founded on force
cannot expect peace, either permanent or for long continued.
While payments to idlers so inexorably increase, and education
spreads wider knowledge of economic laws, men will not be
content for ever to quietly accept the continuous tightening up of
conditions, the "business squeeze" which is put down to so many
varied but mistaken causes, as, for example, hard times, foreign
competition, too many workers, machinery, and tariffs, or want
of them. Privilege is willing to preach and promise anything
and everything except the one thing necessary justice for all.
The oppressed workers must and will rebel ; and, happily for the
coming day, are beginning at last to demand a more equitable
system of taxation and some improvement in their poor wages
and harsh conditions of labour.
Eadical reformers will not need to be warned against attempts
to ward off the day of public restitution which are still being made,
in subtler shape and with increasing force, by self-interested,
unprincipled, or ill-informed "politicians." In this category
must be included the movements for establishing land and credit
banks, for building garden cities, for land development and road
improvement, for extending the number of small holders and
peasant proprietors, for stimulating emigration and colonisation,
for municipal ownership of overseas territories with an ultimate
view to the relief of local rates at home, for imperial federation
and the extension and closer development of the Empire. The
only safe rule in dealing with such proposals as, indeed, with
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THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
every social and political question which in the future comes up
for consideration or is deliberately dragged across the plain path
of progress is to ask : How will the particular proposal affect the
vital question of man's relation to the earth? "Will it increase
or decrease the toll which landholders, here and now, demand as
the price of their permission to use the earth? Will it tend to
direct the rising stream of land value into private pockets or
into public treasuries? or, briefly, will it strengthen or will it
lessen the unjust privileges of landholders?
And every time, after such a test, the influence of all men
who wish to establish justice and set up permanent peace on the
earth must be cast against increasing the power of landlordism.
For that, everywhere and at all times, disguised howsoever it be,
is the only enemy wise men will think it worth while to expend
their life energies in extirpating. Kill the instigator of evil, the
fruitful breeder of disease in the body politic, and all other evils
will die most naturally and most certainly.
Like most other things, a master reform must be judged by
its results. The great revolution "I have here outlined, when
accomplished, will comprehend and supersede every other reform
proposal yet made. Most proposals for reform have been but
slowly evolved. In past ages it was impossible, even for the
greatest intellects, to see far ahead and to judge clearly the
relative importance of things and their bearings on the future
course of events. As mankind slowly ascends the hill of progress
a clearer and wider vision is vouchsafed, the relation of cause
to effect is more distinctly traceable, and the immature ideas of
one age form the foundation on which succeeding ones build.
For now
We know in part, and we prophesy in part. But when that which is
perfect is come, then that which is in part shall be done away. When I was
a child, I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child : but
when I became a man, I put away childish things. For now we see through
a glass, darkly; but then face to face.
In this scattered series of notes I have been able to touch only
on a few of the many various phases of the vital questions of
land and taxation. But I have ventured to claim in my plea
for the radical solution of these questions more than has
previously been claimed. They who are privileged to recognise
the great social and moral truths underlying the solution here
outlined will, I firmly believe, also acknowledge that more is
required from them now than at any time before. The central
truth that land has never been, is not now, and cannot ever be
rightly considered property is one destined to germinate and
262
THE FRAUDULENT RELATIONS OF LAND AND TAXATION.
spread, and ultimately to work the most beneficent revolution
in the relations of men to each other, and to the universe around
them, that has been effected since the recognition of the truth that
man can have no rights of property in his fellow-man, which
resulted in the abolition of chattel slavery. But the application
of this complementary truth must entail much vaster beneficial
results affecting every human being who, in the coming years,
shall find a brief resting place on earth. For it will be indeed
a new heaven and a new earth which will welcome each life
as it arrives, nurture it more carefully while it is here, and part
with it more philosophically when it has run its course. Place
there will then be for all, work for all, happiness and peace for
all. Fellowship is heaven : want of fellowship, hell.
That is all we know, and all we need to know.
263
OBITUARY.
264
The Late Mr. J. F. Goodey.
Died October 5th, 1910.
. GOODEY was one of the oldest
members of the C.W.S. Board, both
in years and length of service. His connection
with Co-operation began in his early manhood,
when he became Secretary and afterwards
the President of the Colchester Society.
In 1878 he was elected on the C.W.S.
Board, retired in ]885, and was re-elected in
1889. The manner of his life and labour was
eulogised at the graveside by a colleague, who
spoke of him as one of the pioneers, steady
and true, as a loyal colleague, a faithful friend,
and a constant and persevering worker for
Co-operation.
Besides his activities in connection with
Co-operation, Mr. Goodey shared in the
municipal life of Colchester, having been for
eighteen years a Town Councillor.
Mr. Goodey has a lasting monument in the
handsome buildings of the London Branch of
the C.W.S., for which edifice he acted as
Architect in 1885.
265
THE LATE MB. J. F. GOODEY.
267
Co-operative Societies in the United Kingdom.
STATISTICS SHOWING THE POSITION AND PROGRESS OF THE
CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT FROM 1862 TO 1908.
T^HESE tables have been brought up to date on the basis of
the Annual Eeturns by Societies to the Eegistrar of
Friendly Societies, and corrected by the more recent returns to
the Co-operative Union.
The tables refer to the United Kingdom, England and Wales,
Scotland, and Ireland, and give the comparison between the
figures of 1908 and those of ten years ago. We have also inserted
below the figures relating to profits devoted to Education.
CO-OPERATION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM DURING 1898 AND 1908.
INCREASE
1898. 19O8. PER CENT.
Societies (making returns) ..No. 2,130 .. 2,858 .. 34
Members No. 1,703,098 .. 2,701,123 .. 59
Capital (share and loan) 30,585,336 .. 52,724,183 .. 72
Sales 68,523,969 ..113,090,337 .. 65
Profits 6,939,276 .. 10,996,769 .. 58
Profits devoted to Education.. 52,129 .. 88,537 .. 70
CO-OPERATION IN ENGLAND AND WALES DURING 1898 AND 1908.
INCREASE
1898. 1908. PER CENT.
Societies (making returns) ..No. 1,606 .. 2,053 .. 28
Members No. 1,399,819 .. 2,209,497 .. 58
Capital (share and loan) 24,649,833 .. 41,180,809 .. 67
Sales 53,256,725 .. 86,869,663 .. 63
Profits 5,333,221 .. 8,208,370 .. 54
Profits devoted to Education.. 44,495 .. 74,818 .. 68
CO-OPERATION IN SCOTLAND DURING 1898 AND 1908.
INCREASE
1898. 1908. PER CENT.
Societies (making returns) . . No. 349 . . 372 .. 7
Members No. 282,467 .. 419,573 .. 49
Capital (share and loan) ...... 5,806,092 .. 11,064,825 .. 91
Sales 14,612,369 .. 23,796,179 .. 63
Profits 1,598,483 .. 2,740,913 .. 71
Profits devoted to Education.. 7,623 .. 13,326 .. 75
CO-OPERATION IN IRELAND DURING 1898 AND 1908.
1898. 1908.
Societies (making returns) No. 175 . . 433
Members No. 20,812 .. 72,053
Capital (share and loan) 129,411 .. 478,549
Sales 654,875 .. 2,424,495
Profits 7,572 .. 47,486
Profits devoted to Education 11 .. 393
CO-OPEEATIVE SOCIETIES,
TABLE (1). GENERAL SUMMARY of EETURNS
(Compiled from Official
No. OF SOCIETIES
CAPITAL AT END
OF YEAR.
g g
.
M
Number of
Net
YEAR.
" 3
oil
.si
Members.
Sales.
Profit.
a 5
iz, a 3
31
Share.
Loan.
*
Sp.
sS
1862
a454
nV-
332
90,341
428^76
54,499
2,333,5-23
165,562
1863
51
73
381
111,163
579,902
76,738 2,673,778
216,005
1864
146
110
394
6129,429
684,182
89,122 2,836,606
224,460
1865
101
182
403
6124,659
819,367
107,263 3^73,847
279,226
1866 163
240
441
6144,072
1,046,310
118,023 4,462,676
372307
1867 137
192
577
171,897
1,475,199
136,734 6,001,153
398,578
1868 190
93
673
211,781
1,711,643
177,706 7,122,360
424,420
1869
65
133
754
229.H61
1,816,672
179,054 7,353,363
438,101
1870
67
153
748
248,108
2,035,626
197,029 8,201,685
553,435
1871
56
235
746
262,188
2,305,951
215,453
9,463,771
666,399
1872
141
113
935
330,550
2,969,573
371,541
13,012,120
936,715
1873
226
138
983
387,765
3,581,405
496,830 15,639,714
1,110,658
1874
130
232
1,031
412,733
3,905,093
587,342 16,374,053
1,228,038
1875
117
285
1,170
480,076
4,403,547
849,990 ! 18,499,901
1,429,090
1876
82
177
1,167
508,067
5,141,390
919,772 : 19,921,054
1,743,980
1877
67
246
1,148
529,081
5,445,449
1,073,275 21,390,447 ! 1,924,551
1878
52
121
1,185
560,993
5,647,443
1,145,717 21,402,219 i 1,837,660
1879 52
146
1,151
572,621
5,755,522
1,496,343 20,382,772 1,857,790
1880 69
100
1,183
604,063
6,232,093
1,341,290 23,249,314 cl,868,599
1881
66
1,240
643,617
6,940,173
1,483,583 24,945,063 1,981,109
1882
67
115
1,288
687,158
7,591,241
1,622,431 27,541,212 2,155,398
1883
65
170
1,291
729,957
7,921,356
1,577,086 29,336,028 2,434,996
1884
78
63
1,400
797,950
8,646,188
1,830,836 30,424,101 2,723,794
1885 84
50
1,441
850,659
9,211,259
1,945,834 31,305.910 2,988,690
1886 83
65
1,486
894,488
9,747,452
2,160,090 32,730,745 3,070,111
1887
87
145
1,516
967,828
10,344,216
2,253,576
34,483,771 3,190,309
1888 100
140
1,592
1,011,258
10,946,219
2,452,887 37,793,903 3,454,974
, 1889 93
123
1,621
1,071,089
11,687,912
2,923,711 40,674,673 ( 3,734,546
1890 ! 122
159
1,647
1,140,573
12,783,629
3,169,155
43,731,669 ' 4,275,617
1891 I 117
122
1,684
1,207,511
13,847,705
3,393,394
49,024,171 4,718,532
1892 ! 127
24
1,791,
1,284,843
14,647,707
3,773,616 51,060,854 4,743,352
1893 ' 106
59
1,825
1,340,318
15,318,665
3,874,954 51,803,836 4,610,657
1894
113
61
1,930
1,373,004
15,756,064
4,064,681 52,110,800 4,928,838
1895
123
113
1,966
1,430,340
16,749,826
4,581,573 55,100,249 ' 5,389,071
1896 128
134
2,010
1,534,824
18,236,040
4,786,331 59,951,635 5,990,023
1897 ! 126
165
2,065
1,627,135
19,510,007
>i9,137,077 64,956,049 6,535,861
1898
182
227
2,130
1,703,098
20,671,110
h9,914,226 68,523,969 6,939,276
1899
152
298
2,183
1,787,576
22,340,533
/11,025,341 73,533.686 7,529,477
1900
117
356
2,174
1,886,252
24,156.310
fcl2,010,771 81,020,428 8,177,822
1901
153
332
2,239
1,980,441
25,697,099
M3,059,032 95,872,706 8,670 576
1902
253
335
2,466
2,103,264
27,063,405
fel4,034,140 89,772,923 9,123,976
1903
225
381
2,523
2,215,873
28,200,869
7113,992,675 93,384,799 9338,626
1904
202
323
2,664
2,320,116
29,337,392
^14,255,546 96,263,328 9,791,740
1905 175
249
2,745
2,402,354
30,389,065
h!5 337,648 98,002,565 9,832,447
1906 ! 166
239
2,823
2,493,981
31,995,848
>il6332,735 102,408,120 10,293,784
1907 165
287
2,846
2,615,321
33,888,721
>il7,122,342 111,239,503 11,247,303
1908
300
156
2,858
2,701,123
35,075,112
^17,649,071
113,090,337 10,996,769
Totals....
1,953,780,389
186,5434)48
a The Total Number Registered to the end of 1862. 6 Reduced by 18,278 for 1864, 23,927 for
sale Society, and which were included in the returns from the Retail Societies, e Estimated
Joint-stock Companies, e The return states this sum to be Investments other than in Trade.
Share Interest.
269
UNITED KINGDOM.
for each Year, from 1862 to 1908 inclusive.
Sources, and Corrected.)
CAPITAL INVESTED IN
Trade
Trade
Industrial
Profit
Devoted
Amount
of
Expenses.
Stock.
and Provident
Societies, and
other than
Joint-stock
Companies.
to
Education.
Reserve
Fund.
YEAR.
Trade.
127,749
1862
167,620
1863
163,147
1864
181,766
1865
219,746
1866
255,923
583,539
<MM,429
3,203
32,629
1867
294,451
671,165
137,397
166398
3,636
33,109 1868
280,116
784,847
117,586
178,867
3,814
38,630 1869
311,910
912,102
126,736
204,876
4,275
52,990 1870
346,415
1,029,446
145,004
262,594
5,097
66,631
1871
479,130
1,383,063
318,477
382,846
6,696
93,601
1872
556,540
1,627,402
370,402
449,039
7,107
102,722 1873
594,455
1,781,053
418,301
522,081
7,949
116,829
1874
686,178
2,095,675
667,825
553,454
10,879
241,930
1875
1,279,856
2,664,042
1876
1,381,961
2,648,282
1877
1,494,607
2,609,729
1878
1,537,138
2,857,214
, 1879
1,429,160
2,880,076
3,447,347
13,910
1880
3,053,333
13,825
1881
1,690,107
3,452,942
e4,281,264
14,778
1882
1,826,804
3,709,555
e4,497,718
16,788
1883
1,936,485
3,575,836 4,550,890
19,154
1 1884
2,082,539
3,729,492 5,433,120
20,712
1885
1,800,347
4,072,765 3,858,940
19.878
1886
1,960,374
4,360,836
e4,491,483
21,380
1887
2,045,391
4,556,593
e5,233,859
21,245
1888
2,182,775
4,795,132
e5,833,278
25,455
1889
2,361,319
5,141,750
e6,958,787
27,587
1890
2,621,091
5,838,370
6,394,867
30,087
1891
2,902,994
6,175,287
e6,952,906
32,753
1892
3,181,818
6,314,715
e7,089,689
32,677
1893
3,267,288
5,905,442
7,174,736
36,553
1894
3,478,036
6,a33,102
e7.880.602
41,491
1895
3,786,063
6,844,018
013,929,329
46,895
1896
j3,074,420
7,602,211
014,278,094
50,302
1897
73,218,102
7,506,686
015,753,086
52,129
1898
73,461,508
8,400,099
017,203,236
56,562
1899
73,814,209
9,284,663
018,788,895
65,699
1900
74,027,696 9,606,317 020,466,113
68,258
1901
j4,400,990 10,155,918 021,305,360
73,753
1902
j4,553,463 10,456,634 11 022,127,521
77,654
1903
j4.851.469 10,779,803
022,968,250
79,693
1904
74,952,745 10,691,518
024,991,a39
81.301
1905
;5,172,483 11,396,293
026,725,655
84,035
1906
75,582,029 12,652,542
</28,561,160
89,848
1907
j5.782.593
12,614,130
029,713,548
88,537
1903
1865, and 30,921 for 1866, being the number of "Individual Members" returned by the Whole-
on the basis of the returns made to the Central Co-operative Board for 1881. d Includes
/ Estimated. <j Investments and other Assets, h Loans and other Creditors, j Exclusive of
270
I
CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES,
TABLE (2). GENERAL SUMMARY of RETURNS
(Compiled from Official
No. OF SOCIETIES I
CAPITAL AT END
or YEAR.
YlAB.
T3
8 tf
u ,
ttf><B
all
Cf
.55
Number of
Members.
Sales.
Net
Profit.
S.gfr-t
'So o>
si I
11
"
Share.
Loan.
& *
lj
X*
1862
MM.
/68
332
90,341
428,376
54.499
. 2,333,523
165,562
1863 51
.. 73
381
111,163
579,902 76,738
. 2,673,778
216,005
1864 146
110
394
6129,429
684,182 89,122
2,sa6,<506
224,460
1865 101 .
.. 182
403
M24.659
819,367 107,263
3,373,847
279,226
1866 163 .
240
441
6144,072
1,046,310 118,023
4,462,676
372307
1867 137
192
577
171,897
. 1,475,199
136,734
6,001,153
398,578
1868 190
93
673'
211,781
1,711,643
177,706
7,122,360
424.420
1869 65
133
754
229,861
1,816,672
179,054
7,353,363
438,101
1870 67
153
748
248,108
2,035,626 197.029
8201,685
553,435
1871 56
235
746
262,188
2,305,951 215,453
9,463,771
666,399
1872
138
104
927
339,986
2,968,758 371,531
12,992,345
935,551
1873
225
135
978
387.301
3,579,962 496,740
15,628,553
1,109,795
Ife74
128
227
1,026
412,252
3,903,608 586,972
16,358,278
1,227,226
1875
116
283
1,163-
479,284
4,793,909 844,620
18,484,382
1,427,365
1876
82
170
1,165.
507,857
5,140,219 919,762
19,909,699
1,742.501
1877
66
240
1,144
528,576
5,437,959 1,073,265
21,374,013
1,922,361
1878
52.
. 119
1,181.
560,703
5,645,883 1,145,707
21.385,646
1,836,371
1879
51
. 146
1,145
573,084
5,747,907 1,496,143
20,365,602
1,856,308
1880
67
100
1,177
603541
6,224.271
1,341,190
23,231,677
cl, 866,839
1881
62.
1,230
. t 642,783
6,937,284 1,483,583
24,926,005
1,979.576
1882
66
iis
1276
685.981
7,581,739
1,622,253
27,509,055
2,153,699
1883
55
165
li282
728,905
7,912,216
1,576,845
29,303,441
2,432,621
1884
76.
57
1,391
896,845
8,636.960 1,830,624
30,392,112
2,722,103
1885
84.
47
1,431
849,616
9,202,138 1,945,508
31,273,156
2.986,155
1886
82
. . 62
1,474
:* 893,158
9,738,278 2,159,746
32,684,244
3,067,436
1887
84.
140
1.504
966,403
10,333,069 2,252,672
34,437,879
3,187,902
1888
100
130
1,579
1,009,773
10,935,031
2,452,158
37,742,429
3,451,577
1889
89
. 118
1,608
. 1,069,396
11,677,286
2,923,506
40,618,060
3,731,966
1890
110
. 151
1,631
C 1,138,780
12,776,733
3,168,788
43,667,363
4,273,010
1891
95.
108
1,656
1,205,244
13.832,158
3,390,076
48,921,697
4,714,298
1892
118
14
1,753
1,282,103
14,627,570
3,766,737
50,902,681
4,739,771
1893
98
42
1,784
1,336,731
15,297,470
3,867,300
51,577,727
4,606,811
1894
101
43
1,880,
1,368,944
15,732,061 4,054,172
51,846,349
4,923,027
1895
78
70
1,895
1,423,632
16,726,623 : 4,570,116
54,758,400
5,382,862
1896
92.
87
1,908
1,525,283
18,197,829 4,766,244
59,461,852
5,983,655
1897
73
99
1,930
1,613,038
19,466,155 fc9,081,368
64,362.943
6,529,136
1898
73
. 98
1,955 ,
1,682,286
20,618,822 fc9.837,103
67,869,094
6,931,704
1899
84
116
1,994
1,763,430
22,276,641 M0,928,770
72,743,708
7,516,114
1900
63
98
2,006
1,861,458
24,088,713 fcll,905,132
0,124,319
8,163.390
1901
107
30
2,073.
1,956,469
25,620,298 7il2,947,182
84.941,764
8,653,300
1902
143
32
2,180
2,058,660
26,937,475 /i 13,881.354
88,420,435
9,108,860
1903 129
46
2,190
2,161,747
28,057,210 ^13,754,070
91,921,507
9.321,688
1904 154
28 2,262
2,258,158
29,177,480 ^13,978,857
94,733,258
9,772,073
1905 121
36 2,294 2,334,416
30,211,420 M 5,049,262
96,112.124
9,795,620
1906 135
26 2,341 2,418,186 31,795,721 M6,037,956
100,191,190
10.249,218
1907
193.
34 2,381
2,538,371 33,689,aS3
;i!6,832,t)36
108.873,205
11,209,568
1908
264
43
2,425
2,629,070
34,873,575
M7,372,059
110,665,842
10,949,283
Totals..
1,934.529,796
186,199,23 1
a The Total Number Registered to the end of 1862. 6 Reduced by 18,278 for 1864, 23,927 for
Society, and which were included in the returns from the Retail Societies, e Estimated on the
Companies.
The return states this sum to be Investments other than in Trade. /Estimated.
271
GKEAT BEITAIN:
for each Year, from 1862 to 1908 inclusive.
Sources, and Corrected.)
CAPITAL INVESTED IK
,,.
Trade
Trade
Industrial
Profit
Devoted
Amount
of
YEAR;
Expenses.
Stock.
and Provident
Societies, and
other than
Joint- stock
Companies.
to
Education.
Reserve
Fund.
Trade.
127,749
1862
167,620
1863
163,147
1864
181,766
1865
219,746
..'.'. . ..
1866
255,923 583,539
d494,429
3,203 32,629
1867
294,451 671,165
137,397
166,398
3,636
33,109
1868
280,116 784,847
117,586
178,367
3,814
38,630
1869
311,910 912.102
126,736
204,876
4,275
52,990
1870
846,415
1,029,446
145,004
262,594
5,097
66,631
1871
477,846
1,383,063
818,477
883,846
6,696
93,601
1872
555,766
1,627,402
370,402
449,039
7,107
102,722
1873
593,548
1,781,053
418,301
522,081
7,949 .
116,829
1874
685,118
2,094,325
667,825
553,454
10,879
241,930
1875
1,279,392
2,664,042
1876
1,381,285
2,647,309
1877
1,493,842
2,609,729
1878
1,536,282
2,857,214
....
1879
1,428,303
2,878,832
t3,429,935
17,407
13,9io
1880
8,051,665
13,822
1881
1,689,223
3,450,481
4,281,243
14,778
1882
1,818,880
8,706,978
e4,490,477
16,788
1883
1,933,297
3,572,226
4,543,388
19,154
1884
2,080,427
3,726,756
e5,425,319
20,712
1885
1,797,696
4,068,831
e3,858,451
19,878
1886
1,957,873
4,854,857
e4,490,674
21,380
1887
2,041,566 4,550,743
e5.233.349
24,288
1888
2,178,961
4,789,170
e.i.832,435
25,455
1889
2,357,647
5,136,580
e6,958,131
27,587
1890
2,617,200 5,832,573 e6,390,827
30,087
1891
2,897,117 6,168,947 e6,946,321
! 32,753
1892
8,174,460 6,309,624
7,076,071
32,677
1893
3,256,156
5,898,804
7,169,710
36,553
1894
3,465,905
6,323,781 e7,876,837
41,491
1895
3,767,651
6,828,943 f/13,895,043
46,895
1896
j3,OiU,934
7,582,623
314,246,571
50,299
1897
73,201,894
7,490,945
315,699,161
52,118
1898
j3,443,627
8,380,722
017,135,035
56,528
1899
j3.791.397
j4.002.960
9,264,705
9,577,474
318,714,549
020,383,660
65,668
68,211
1900
1901
j4.858.590
10,110,723 | 021,183,650
73,713
1902
,?4,515,553
j4,808,149
10,409,588
10,729,084
321,989,91)9
322,805,618
77,654
79,691
1903
1904
74,904,571
10,639,740
324,806,222
81,131 '
1905
j5,126,895
11,338,431
o26.509.234
....
84,035
1906
j5,475,756
j5,727,599
12,592,253
12,550,884
328,335,718
o29.483.437
',
89,518
88,144
1907
1908
1865, and 30,921 for 1866, being the number of " Individual Members " returned by the Wholesale
basis of the returns made to the Central Co-operative Board for 1881. d Includes Joint-stock
g Investments and other Assets, h Loans and other Creditors. Exclusive of Share Interest.
272
CO-OPEEATIVE SOCIETIES,
TABLE (3). GENERAL SUMMARY of RETURNS
(Compiled from Official
No. OF SOCIETIES
CAPITAL AT END
OF YEAR.
YEA*.
1 1
&0 03
. C C
it
Number of
Members.
1
1
Sales.
Net
Profit.
g.gt*
I^S
* a
Share.
Loan.
'So""
v a
*
s
Sp.
11
1862
454
68
332
90,341
428376
54,499
2,333,523
165,562
1863
51
73
381
111,163
579,902
76,738
2.673,778
216.005
1864
146
110
394
129,429
684,182
89,122
2,836,606
224,460
1865
101
182
403
1-24,659
819,367
107,263
3,373,847
279,226
1866
163
240
441
144,072
1,046,310
118,023
4,462,676
372307
1867
137
192
577
171,897
1,475,199
136,734
6,001,153
398,578
1868
190
93
673
211,781
1,711,643
177,706
7,122,360
424,420
1869
65
133
754
tf2 ( J,8(U
1,816,672
179,054
7,353,363
438,101
1870
67
153
748
248,108
2,035,626
197,029
8,201,685
553,435
1871
56
235
746
262,188
2,305,951
215,453
9,463,771
666399
1872
113
66
749
301,157
2,786,965
344.509
11397,225
809,237
1873
186
69
790
340,930
3,344,104
431,808
13,651,1-27
959,493
1874
113
177
810
357,821
3,653,582
498,052
14,295,762
1,072,139
1875
98
237
926
420,024
4,470,857
742,073
16,206,570
1,250,570
1876
72
113
937
444,547
4,825,642
774,809
17,619,247
1,541,384
1877
58
186
896
461,666
5,09-2,958
916,955
18,697,788
1,680,370
1878
48
65
963
490,584
5,264,855
965,499
18,719,031
1.583,9-25
1879
40
106
987
504,117
5,374,179
1,324,970
17,816,037
1,598,156
1880
53
62
953
526,686
5,806,545
1,124,795
20,129,217
1,600,000
1881
50
971
552,353
6,431,553 1,205,145
21,276,850
1,657,564
1882
51
'82
1,012
593,262
7,058,025 1,293,595
23,607,809
1,814,375
1888
42
158
990
6-J2.871
7,281,448 1,203,764
24,776,980
2,036,826
1884
64
48
1,079
672.780
7,879,686
1^59,007
25,600,250
2,237,210
1885
78
47
1,114
717,019
8364,367 1,408,941
25,858,065
2,419,615
1886
67
61
1,141
751,117
8,793,068 1,551,989
26,747,174
2,476,651
1887
73
139
1,170
813,537
9,269,422
1,598,420
28,221,988
2,542,884
1888
94
125
1,244
850,020
9,793,852
1,743,890
30,350,048
2,766,131
1889
81
112
1,268
897,841
10,424,169
2,098,100
33,016,341
2,981,543
1890
103
149
1,290
955,393
11,380,210
2,196,364
35,367,102
3,393,991
1891
88
108
1,313
1,008,448
12,253,427
2,260,686
39,617,376
3,781,254
1892
106
12
1,404
1,073,739
12,848,024
2,487,499
40,827,931
3,701,402
1893
92
40
1,432
1,119,210
13,400,837
2,453,723
41,483,346
3,592,856
1894
96
41
1,525
1,139,535
13,668,938
2,520,779
41,731,223
3,841,723
1895
68
69
1,530
1,191,766
14,511,314
2,803,917
44,003,888
4,194,876
1896
88
84
1,554
1,264,763
15,620,803
2,952,740
47,331,384
4,569,782
1897
68
98
1,573
1,336,985
16,654,107
06,569,493
50,693,526
4,989,589
1898
71
96
1,606
1,890,819
17,659,826
06^90,007
53,256,7-25
5,333^21
1899
75
108
1,645
1,467,158
18,999,477
a7,860,518
57,134,086
5,742,523
1900
54
91
1,656
1,547,772
20,514300
08,504,385
6-2,9-23,437
6,208,116
1901
99
23
1,719
1,629,319
21,858,778
09,114,772
66,?57,091
6,533,548
1902
134
28
1,824
1,713,548
22,981,436
09,607.079
69,711,342
6377301
1903
120
42
1,840
1,800,325
23,792,554
09,257,997
72,296,789
6,984344
1904
146
28
1,907
1,880,712
24,607,773
09,201,947
73,713,727
7,278,535
1905
111
33
1,937
1,944,427
25,349,840 a9,874,248
74,555,412
7,323,093
1906
126
26
1,979
2,017,980
26,627,183 alO,739,546
78,015,639
7,652,244
1907
112
33
2,016
2,127,774
28,340,261 oll,457,-250
85,050,249
8.422,277
1908
249
42
2,053
2,209,497
29,297,740 all,883,069
86,869,663
8,208,370
Totals..
1,563,250,257
145,395,606
a Loans and other Creditors.
273
ENGLAND AND WALES.
for each
Year, from 1862 to 1908 inclusive.
Sources, and Corrected.)
CAPITAL INVESTED IN
Trade
Trade
Industrial
Profit
Devoted
Amount
of
Expenses.
Stock.
and Provident
Societies, and
other than
Joint-stock
Companies.
to
Education.
Reserve
Fund.
YEAH.
Trade.
jg
127,749
1862
167,620
1863
163,147
1864
181,766
1865
219.746
1866
255,923
583,539
494,429
3,203 32,629 1867
294,451
671,165
137,397
166,398 3,636 33,109 1868
280,116
784,847
117,586
178,367 3,814 38,630 1869
311,910
912,102 126,736
204,876 4,275 52,990 i 1870
346,415
1,029,446 145,004
262,594
5,097 66,631 1871
419,567
1,219,092
300,712
380,043
6,461 79,292 1872
488,464
1,439,137
337,811
443,724
6,864 83,149 1873
517,445
1,572,264
386,640
510,057
7,486 98,732 1874
598,080
1,852,437
636,400
538,140
10,454 220,011 1875
1,137,053
2,377.380
1876
1,222,664
2,3)0,041
1877
1,315,364
2,286,795
1878
1,353,832
2,486,704
1879
1,285,875
2,512,039
+3,226,370
13,262
1880
2,585,443
....
13,314
1881
1.499,633
2,969,957
+3,919.455
14,070
1882
1,606,424
3,160,569
+4,118.995
15,903
1883
1,684,070
2,932,817 14,118,751
18,062
1884
1,825,717
3,044,534
+4,811,819
19,374
1885
1,525,194
3,323,450
+3,475,319
18,440
1886
1,670,290
3,512,626 +4,112,807
19,707
1887
1,743,838
3,687,394 +4,868,141
22,391
1888
1,849,811
3,856,498 15,386,444
23.38H . ! .
1889
1,996,438
4,121,400
+6,407,701
24,919
1890
2,207,143
4,691,801
+5,749,811
27,196
1891
2,420,270
4,947,231 16,154,426
29,105
1892
2,645,989
5,032,623 +6,234,093
29,151 1893
2,687,388
4,763,953 +6,054,847
32,503
1894
2,881,742
5,108,794
+6,625,724
It 36,433
1895
3,097,516
5,535,227 111,303,924
40,269 1896
62,469,953
6,068,803 111,670,057
42,791 .. 1897
62,549,753
6,017,205 j [12,816,168
44,495
1898
52,733,022
6,714,611 113,998,278
48,214
1899
62,992,995
7,393,378 ;15,151,574
53,684 .. 1900
63,174,796
7,660,701 116,217,514
57,908
1901
63,464,182
8,031,117 116,688,477
62,817
1902
63,556,921
8,199,925 J17,271,042
64,823 .. 1903
63,772,825
8,389,857 1 17,667,614
66,356 .. 1904
63,801,069
8,407,953 18,870,085
67,849 .. 1905
63,972,756
9,040,833 120,247,897
70,410 . . 1906
64,261,368
10,056.367 : 21,967,523
75,254
1907
64,467,700
10,046,542
; 22,823,890
74,818
1903
6 Exclusive of Share Interest. \ Investments other than in Trade.
t Investments and other Assets.
19
274
CO-OPEKATIVE
TABLE (4). GENERAL SUMMARY of EETURNS
(Compiled from Official
No. OF SOCIETIES
CAPITAL AT END
OF YEAH.
YEAR.
1 s
o
..s*
f|
Number of
Members.
Sales.
Net
Profit.
.2-S^ 1
Q' 3
lj
Share.
Loan.
00
IS
1
1872
25
38
178
38.829
181,793
27,022
1,595,120
126314
1873
39
66
188
46,371
235,858
64,932
1.972,426
150302
1874
15
50
216
54,431
250,026
88,920
2,0(52,516
155,087
1875 18
46
237
59,260
323.052
102,547
2,277,812
176,795
1876 10
57
228 63,310
314,577
144,953
2,290,452
201,117
1877 8
54
248 66,910
345,001
156^10
2,676,225
241,991
1878 4
54
218
70,119
381,028
180,208
2,666,565
252,446
1879 11
*40
208
08,967
373,728
171,173
2,549,565
258,152
1880
14
38
224
76,855
417,726
216395
3,102,460
266.839
1881
u
9
259
90,430
505,731
278,438
3,649,155
322,012
1882 15
31
264
92,719
523,714
328,658
3,901,246
3393-24
1883 13
7
292
106,031
630,768
373,081
4,526,461
395,795
1884
12
9
312
124,065
757,274
471,617
4,791,862
484,893
1885
11
317
132,597
837,771
536,567
5,415,091
566,540
1886
15
1
333
142.036
945,210
607,757
5,937,070
590,785
1887
11
1
334
152,866
1,063,647
654,252
6,215,891
"645,018
1888
5
5
335
159,753
1,141,179
708,268
7,392,381
685,446
1889
8
6
340
171,555
1,253,117
825,406
7,601,719
750,423
1890
7
2
341
183,387
1,396,523
972,424
8,300,261
879,019
1891
7
343
19 i,796
1,578,731
1,129,390
9,304,321
933,044
1892
12
'2
349
208.364
1,779,546
1,279/238
10,074,750
1,038,369
1898
6
2
352
217,521
1,890,633
1,413,582
10,094,381
1,013,955
1894
5
2
355
229,409
2,063,123
1,533,393
10,115,126
1,081304
1895
10
1
365
23,1,866
2,215,309
1,766,199
10,754,512
1,187,986
1896
4
3
354
260,520
2,577,025
1,813,504
1-2,130,468
1,413,873
1897
5
1
357
276,053
2,812,048
02,511,875
13,669,417
1,539,547
1898
2
2
349
282,467
2,958,996
02,847,096
14.612,369
1,598,483
1899
9
8
349
296,272
3,277,164
o3,(l68,252
15,609,622
1,773,591
1900
9
7
350
313,686
3,574,413
03,400,747
17 200,882
1,955,274
1901
8
7
354
327,150
3,761,520
03,832,410
17,984,673
2,119,757
1902
9
4
356
345,112
3,956,039
04,224,275
18,709,093
2,231,559
1903
9
4
350
361,422
4,-2(i4,C,r,C,
04,496,073
19,624,718
2,337344
1904
355
377,446
4,569,707
04,776,910
21,019,531
2,493,538
1905
10
'3
857
389,989
4,861,5*0
05,175,014
21.556,712
2,472^27
1906 9
362
400,206
5,168,538
05,298,410
2-2,175,551 2,596,974
1907
11
'i
365
410,597
5.349,122
05375,386
23.8-2-2,956 2,787,291
1908
15
i
372 419,573
5,575,835
05,488,990
23,796,179 2,740,913
Totals..
371,179,539
40,803,627
* Not stated, but estimated at about 40. a Loans and other Creditors.
275
SOCIETIES, SCOTLAND.
for each Year, from 1872 to 1908 inclusive.
Sources, and Corrected.)
CAPITAL INVESTED IK
Trade
Expenses.
Trade
Stock.
Industrial
and Provident
Societies, and
other than
Joint-stock
Companies.
Profit
Devoted
to
Education.
Amount of
Reserve
Fund.
YEAB.
Trade.
58,279
163,971
17,765
2,803
235
14,309
1872
67,302
188,265
32,591
5,315
243
19,573
1878
76,103
208,789
31,661
12,024
463
18,097
1874
87,038
241,888
31,425
15,314
425
21,919
1875
142,339
286,662
1876
158,621
337,268
1877
178,478
!122,934
1878
182,450
370,510
1879
142,428
866,793
203,565
17,407
648
1880
466,222
508
1881
190,190
480,524
1361,788
708
1882
212,456
646,409
1376,482
886
1883
249,227
639,409
+424,637
1,092
1884
254,710
682,222
1613,500
1,338
1885
272,502
745,381
+388,132
1,438
1886
287,583
842,231
+377,867
1,673
1887
297,728 863,349
1365,208
1,847
1888
329,150 932,672 1445,991
2,067
1889
361,209 1,015,180 1550,430
2,668
1890
410,057 1,140,772
1641,016
2,891
1891
476,847 1,221,716
+791,895
3,648
1892
528,471 1/277,001
+841,978
3,526
1893
568,768 1,134,851
+1,114,863
4,050
1894
584,163 1,214,937
+1,251,063
5,058
1895
070,135 1,298,716 :2,591,119
6,626
1896
6591,981 1,513,820 12,576,514
7,508
1897
6652,141 1,473,740 12,882,993
7,623
1898
6710,605 1,666,111
13,137,757
8,314
1899
6798,402 1,871,327
t3,562,975
11,984
1900
6828,164 1,916,773
14,166.146
10,303
1901
6894,408 2,079,606
14,495,173
10,896
1902
6958,632
2,209,663
14,718,867
12,831
1903
61,035,324
2,339,227
1 5, 138,004
13,335
1904
61,103,502
2 231,787
1 5,936,137
13,282
1905
61,154,139
2,297,598
16,261,337
13,625
1906
61,214,388
2,535,886
:6,368,195
14,264
1907
61,259,899
2,504,342
:6,659,547
13,326
1908
6 Exclusive of Share Interest. + Investments other than in Trade.
t Investments and other Assets.
276
1
CO-OPEEATIVE SOCIETIES,
TABLE (6). GENERAL SUMMARY of KETURNS
(Compiled from Official
No. OF SOCIETIES
CAPITA*, AT END
OF (YEAR.
Sales
Net
Profit.
|
YEAR. Jj
J
a 2fS ""S" Number of
J *| gl : Members.
Share.
Loan.
,
t
1874
255 481
1,485
370
15,775
812
1876
127 792
9,638
5,370
15,519
1,725
1876
7 2 210
1.171
10
11,355
1,479
1877
164 505
7,490
10
16,434
2,190
1878
24 290
1,560
10
16.573
1,289
1879
1 6 537
7,615
200
17,170
1,482
1880
2 .. 6 522
7,822
100
16,637
1,760
1831
4 .. 10 834
2,889
19,058
1,533
1882
1 2 12 1,177 ;
9,502
178
. 32,157
1,699
1888
5 9 1,052
9,140
241
32,587
vm
1884
^ 6 9 1,105
9,228
Big
31,989
1,691
1885
3 10 1,043
9,121
326
32,754
2,535
1886
1 3 12 1,335
9,174
344
46,501
2,675
1887
3 5 12 1,425
11,147
904
45,892
2,407
1888
1 10 13 1,485
11,188
729
51,474
3,397
1889
4 5 13 1,693
10,626
205
56,613
2,580
1890 12 8 16 1,793
6,896
367
64,306
2,607
.1891 22 14 28 2,267
15,547
3,318
102,474
4,234
1892
J 10 38 2,740
20,137
6,879
158,173
1893
8 17 41 3,587
21,195
7,649
226,109
3,846
1894 12 18 50 4.0GO
24,003
10,509
264,451
5,811
1895 45 43 71 6,708
23,203
11,457
341,849
6,209
1896 36 47 102 9,541
1897 53 66 135 14,097
1898 10U 129 175 20,812
1899 68 182 189 2J,14ti
1900 54 258 168 24,794
1901 46 302 166 23,972
1902 110 303 286 44,604
1903 96 335 333 54,126
1904 48 295 402 61,958
1905 54 213 451 67,938
1906 31 213 482 75,795
1907 42 253 465 76,950
1908 30 113 438 72,053
38 212
43,852
52,288
63,892
67,597
76,801
125,930
143,659
159,912
177.645
190,127
199338
2.)1,587
20,087 <
o55,709
o77,123
o96,571
ol05,639
<illl,850
o202,786
o238,605
n276,689
..288.386
a294,779
0289,706
o277,012
Totals..
489,783
593,106
654,875
789,978
896,109
930,942
1,352,488
l,463.2:fj
1,530,070
1.S90.441
2,216,9HO
2.3T.
2,4-24, '.).->
sjn
R.TBC
7,678
14,*482
njm
lfi.988
10,667
44,566
37,786
17.486
19,214,657
341,988
o Loans and other Creditors.
277
IEELAND.
for each
Year, from 1874 to 1908 inclusive.
Sources, and Corrected.)
CAPITAL INVESTED IN
; i
Profit Amount
Trade
Expenses.
Trade
Stock.
Industrial
and Joint-stock
Provident Companies.
Devoted of v
to. Reserve **.
Education. Fund.
Societies.
907
1874
1,060
1,350
67 1875
404
1876
676
973
1877
765
.... 15 1878
-
856
45 71 1879
857
1,244
5
I 1880
1,039
1,668
8
3 .... 1881
2,284
2,461
*21
1882
1,924
2,577
*7,241
1883
3,188
3,610
*7,502
1884
2,112
2,736
*7,801
1885
2,651
8,934
1886
2,501
5,979
*809
1887
3,825
5,850
*510
7 .... 1888
3,814
5,962
*843
1889
3,672
5,170
*656
1890
3,891
5,797
*4,040
1891
5,877
6,340
*6,585
1892
7,358
5,091
H3.618
1893
11,132
6,638
*5,026
! 1894
12,131
9,321
. *3,765
1895
18,412
15,075
134,286 1896
612,486
19,588
+31,523 .... .... 1897
616,208
15,741
+53,925
11 .... ! 1898
617,881
19,377
167,201
34 1899
622,812
19,958
174,346
31 1900
624,736
28,843
182,453
47 .... 1901
642,400
45,195
1121,710
40 .... ' 1902
637,910
47,046
+187,612
1903
643,320
50,719
1162,632
2 .... 1904
648,174
51,778
1 186,617
170 .... 1905
645,588
57,862
+216,421
1906
656,273
60,289
+225,442
330 1907
654,994
1
63,246
+230,111
393 .... 1908
6 Exclusive of Share Interest. * Investments other than in Trade.
t Investments and other Assets.
278
LIST OF PUBLIC ACTS OF PAELIAMENT.
10 EDWARD VII. AND 1 GEORGE V. A.D. 1910.
The figures before each Act denote t)ie cluipter.
1. Treasury (Temporary Borrowing).
2. War Loan (Redemption).
3. Ancient Monuments Protection.
4. Consolidated Fund, No. 1.
5. East India Loans (Railways and Irrigation).
6. Army (Annual).
7. Development and Road Improvement Funds.
8. Finance (1909-10).
9. Consolidated Fund, No. 2.
10. Police (Scotland) Act (1890) Amendment.
11. Census (Ireland).
12. Supreme Court of Judicature.
13. Police (Weekly Rest Day).
14. Appropriation.
15. Mines Accidents (Rescue and Aid).
16. Duke of York's School (Chapel).
17. County Common Juries.
18. Isle of Man Customs.
19. Municipal Corporations.
20. Diseases of Animals.
21. Public Works Loans.
22. Trusts (Scotland).
23. Companies (Converted Societies).
24. Licensing (Consolidation).
25. Children Act (1908) Amendment.
26. Regency.
27. Census (Great Britain).
28. Civil List.
29. Accession Declaration.
30. Agricultural Holdings (Scotland) Amendment.
31. Jury Trials Amendment (Scotland).
32. Registration of Births, Deaths, and Marriages (Scotland).
33. Hotels and Restaurants (Dublin).
34. Small Holdings.
279
NATIONAL INCOME AND EXPENDITUEE.
An Account of the Public Income and Expenditure of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the Year ended
March 31, 1910, presented to Parliament pursuant to Act 17 and 18 Viet., c. 94, s. 2.
EXPENDITURE.
CONSOLIDATED FUND SERVICES.
NATIONAL DEBT SERVICES
Inside the Permanent or Fixed Annual Charge.
Wiin/q Q /q r^Kf e a A v a A
5 05
I CO
-^
CO
CO
I t^
>o
t-^
r-T
CM
5 oo oi o coo
; CO * CO rH O
,_i r-l rH
t- <M CO t- Q
OS ** i 1 O O
c
t-
2
if.
cc
K
O O t~ t- O
O rH OS <M CO
rH rH rH
O5 r-l US 00
CO CO CO 00
CM CO 1O CO
CN C
c
"tff C
^ c
* c
"oT n
O O O O O O
o o o o o o
o" t-^o"o'i"co
CO O rH Tt* O5
fN OO^O^CO^CO
i>T in'o'co'oc
CM CO T* r-l
d ;;::!
Total Expenditure 157,944,611 7 11
Less Deficit of Income over Expenditure for
Year ended March 31st, 1910 26,248,154 18 3*
* This deflcit was caused by the non-collection of a
portion of the revenue of the year, owing to the delay
in passing the Finance Act for 1909-10. 131,696,456 9 8
irj'co'rH" rH~'
O O (M OO C-
t- CO fc- rH CM
5 .
a
"5
09
1
: ; : B : i :
Payments to Local Taxation Accdu
SUPPLY SERVICES.
Army
Ordnance Factories
IN avy
Miscellaneous Civil Services
Customs and Inland Revenue Departn
Post Office . .
Interest
Terminable Annuities
Interest on Unfunded Debt .
Management of the Debt . . .
New Sinking Fund
OTHER CONSOLIDATED FUND i:
Civil List
Annuities and Pensions . . .
Salaries and Allowances . . .
Courts of Justice
Miscellaneous Services . . .
rdooo
oj O O O
o o o o o c
o o oo o <
D rH t-
D rH 00
rH rH
3 00 t-
8-<<
10
Total Income 131,696,456 9 8
00 <M CO
co^o^t-^
CO CO <N
oTcTo io"o"o 06 t-
f- O CO Ol CO 00 CO 00
Or- 1 1O (M O ^ CN__ CO
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::::: 3 &
2 : : :
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fe 'H *
>r q
. cQ bo
:-a .s
a s^
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" " CD
: :i -
| : : :|
Crown Lianas (JNet)
Receipts from Suez C
and Sundry Loa
Miscellaneous (incl
&c., Stamps) . .
. . 2
: :Q
c
O ! *=
*'sl
1 : : '&
l*j|l|
O3 rH tJ ^ -* 3 **H
^* 9 fi S O
I^lldl
280
CUSTOMS TARIFF OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.
ARTICLES subject to IMPORT DUTIES in the UNITED KINGDOM, and
1 the DUTY levied upon each ARTICLE, according to the Tariff in
operation on t)ie 1st July, 1910.
ARTICLES.
RATES OF DUTT.
IMPORTS. s. d.
BEER called Mum, Spruce, or Black Beer, and Berlin
White Beer and other preparations, whether fermented
or not fermented, of a character similar to Mum,
Spruce, or Black Beer, where the worts thereof were,
before fermentation, of a specific gravity
' Not exceeding 1,215 { BgaUg 1 13
Exceeding 1,215 " ' 1 18 8
BEER of any other description, where the worts thereof
were, before fermentation, of a specific gravity of 1,055. . 083
And so on in proportion for any difference in gravity.
CARDS, PLAYING doz. packs. 039
CHICORY :
Raw or kiln-dried per cwt. 0133
Roasted or ground per Ib. 002
CHLORAL HYDRATE 1 9
CHLOROFORM 4 4
COCOA :
Raw 1
Husks and Shells per cwt. 020
Cocoa or Chocolate, ground, prepared, or in any way
manufactured per Ib. 002
Cocoa Butter 001
COFFEE :
Raw per cwt. 14
Kiln-dried, roasted, or ground per Ib. 002
Coffee and Chicory (or other vegetable substances)
roasted and ground, mixed 2
COLLODION per gallon. 1 14 11
ETHER, Acetic p per Ib. 027
Butyric per gallon. 1 1 10
Sulphuric 1 16 6
ETHYL, Bromide per Ib. 015
Chloride per gallon. 1 1 10
Iodide . . 19
281
CUSTOMS TARIFF OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.
ARTICLES.
RATES OP DUTY.
FRUIT Dried, or otherwise preserved without Sugar :
Currants
per cwt.
s. d.
020
070
012
10
012
10
005
007
003
Figs and Fig Cake, Plums, commonly called French
Plums, and Prunelloes, Plums dried or preserved, not
otherwise described, Prunes and Raisins
Fruit, liable to duty as such, preserved with Sugar
GLUCOSE : See Sugar.
Solid
Liquid
MOLASSES and invert Sugar and all other Sugar and ex-
tracts from Sugar which cannot be completely tested by the
polariscope and on which duty is not otherwise charged :
If containing 70 per cent, or more of sweetening matter
If containing less than 70 per cent., and more than
50 per cent of sweetening matter
If containing not more than 50 per cent, of sweetening j
matter
Molasses is free of duty when cleared for use by a
licensed distiller in the manufacture of Spirits, or if
it is to be used solely for purposes of food for stock.
SACCHARIN and mixtures containing Saccharin, or other
substances of like nature or use
per oz.
per Ib.
SOAP, TRANSPARENT, in the manufacture of which Spirit
has been used ,
SPIRITS AND STRONG WATERS :
For every gallon, computed at hydrometer proof, of
Spirits of any description (except perfumed Spirits),
including Naphtha or Methylic Alcohol purified so as
to be potable, and mixtures and preparations containing
Spirits. Enumerated Spirits :
Brandy the proof gallon
Imported
in Casks.
Imported
in Bottles.
s. d.
15 1
15 1
15 2
15 2
001
.
15 3
15 2
15 2
s. d.
16 1
16 1
16 2
16 2
001
16 3
15 2
16 2
Rum ,,
Imitation Rum
Geneva , ,, ,,
Additional in respect of Sugar used in sweeten-
ing any of the above tested for strength, if
sweetened to such an extent that the Spirit
thereby ceases to be an Enumerated Spirit ;
the proof gallon
Unenumerated Spirits :
Sweetened the proof gallon
(Including Liqueurs, Cordials, Mixtures, and
other preparations containing Spirits ; if tested.)
Not Sweetened the proof gallon
(Including Liqueurs, Cordials, Mixtures, and
other preparations containing Spirits, pro-
vided such Spirits can be shown to be both
Unenumerated and not sweetened; if tested.)
Liqueurs, Cordials, Mixtures, and other preparations
containing Spirits, not sweetened, provided such
spirits are not shown to be Unenumerated ; if tested,
the proof gallon
282
CUSTOMS TABIFF OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.
ARTICLES.
RATES OF DUTY.
SPIRITS AND STRONG WATBRS continued.
Liqueurs, Cordials, Mixtures, and other preparations
containing Spirits in bottle, entered in such a manner
as to indicate that the strength is not to be tested ;
the liquid gallon
Perfumed Spirits the liquid gallon
Imported
in Casks.
Imported
in Bottles.
8. d.
1 4' 1
per gallon,
per cwt.
per Ib.
per gallon.
)>
i>
, s. d.
115
151
003
1 10
10
005
070
054
048
058
048
045
054
038$
4 1
038
041
013
030
003
010
026
Upon payment of the difference between the Customs
Duty on Foreign Spirits and the Excise Duty on
British Spirits, Foreign Spirits may be delivered
under certain conditions for Methylation or for use
in Art or Manufacture, but Foreign Methylic Alcohol
may be used in Art or Manufacture without payment
of this differential duty.
Motor Spirit
SUGAR:
Tested by the polariscope; of a polarisation exceeding 98
Of a polarisation not exceeding 76
Intermediate rates of duty are levied on Sugar of a
polarisation not exceeding 98, but exceeding 76, and
special rates on Composite Sugar Articles.
TEA
TOBACCO Manufactured, viz. :
Cigars
Cavendish or Negro-head
Cavendish or Negro-head Manufactured in Bond
Other Manufactured Tobacco, viz. :
Cigarettes
Other sorts
Snuff containing more than 131bs. of moisture in every
lOOlbs. weight thereof
Snuff not containing more than 131bs. of moisture in
every lOOlbs. weight thereof
Unmanufactured, if Stripped or Stemmed :
Containing lOlbs. or more of moisture in every lOOlbs.
weight thereof
Containing less than lOlbs. of moisture in every lOOlbs.
weight thereof
Unmanufactured, if Unstripped or Unstemmed :
Containing lOlbs. or more of moisture in every lOOlbs.
weight thereof
Containing less than lOlbs. of moisture in every lOOlbs.
weight thereof
WINE :
Not exceeding 30 of Proof Spirit
Exceeding 30 but not exceeding 42 of Proof Spirit
And for every degree or part of a degree beyond the
highest above charged, an additional duty
Additional : On Still Wine imported in Bottles
On Sparkling Wine imported in Bottles . .
* An allowance or repayment of the duty is made in respect of Motor Spirit used for other
purposes than supplying motive power to Motor Cars, and of half the duty payable if the
Spirit is to be used for supplying motive power to Motor Cars employed for commercial,
&c. t purposes.
283
INCOME TAX KATES
PROM 1863 TO THE PRESENT TIME.
From and to
April 5th.
Income
free
under.
On 100
to
150.
fi Chancellor of the
up a w ? ds- Exchequer.
Rate in the .
1863 to 1864..
*100 7d. William E. Gladstone. Viscount Palmerston.
1864 1865..
Do. 6
d. Do. Do.
1865 1866..
Do. 4d. Do. Do.
1866 ,1867.. Do. 4d. Do. Earl Russell.
1867 , 1868.. Do.
5d. Benjamin Disraeli. Earl of Derby.
1868 , 1869.. Do.
6d. George Ward Hunt. Benjamin Disraeli.
1869 , 1870..
Do.
5
3. Robert Lowe. William E. Gladstone.
1870 , 1871..
Do.
4d. Do. Do.
1871 , 1872..
Do.
6d. Do. Do.
1872 , 1873..
Do.
4
3. Do. Do.
1873 , 1874..
Do.
3d. Do. Do.
1874 , 1876..
Do.
2d. Sir Stafford Northcote. Benjamin Disraeli.
1876 , 1878..
H50
3d. Do. Earl of Beaconsfleld.
1878 , 1880. .
Do.
5
i. Do. Do.
1880 , 1881..
Do.
6d. William E. Gladstone. William E. Gladstone.
1881 , 1882..
Do.
5d. Do. Do.
1882 , 1883..
Do.
64
d. Do. Do.
1883 , 1884..
Do
5d. Hugh C. E. Childers. Do.
1884 , 1895..
Do.
6d. Do. Do.
1885 , 1886..
Do.
8d. Sir M. Hicks-Beach. Marquis of Salisbury.
1886 ,) 1887
JDo.
8d. Sir William Harcourt. William E. Gladstone.
1886 ,[ lb87 "
(Do.
8d. Lord Rand. Churchill. Marquis of Salisbury.
1887 , 1888..
Do.
7
3. G. J. Goschen. Do.
1888 , 1892..
Do.
6
3. Do. Do.
1892 , 1893..
Do.
6d. Sir W. Harcourt. William E. Gladstone.
1893 , 1894..
Do.
7d. Do. Do.
1894 , 18V5..
U60
8d. Do. Earl Rosebery.
1895 , 1898..
Do.
8d. Sir M. Hicks-Beach. Marquis of Salisbury.
1898 , 1900..
Do.
8
3. Do. Do.
1900 , 1901..
Do.
Is. Do. Do.
1901 , 1902..
JDo. Is. 2d. Do. Do.
1902 , ) i q ft q
( $Do. j Is.
3d. Do. Do.
1902 , f lyud ' '
t Do. Is.
3d. C. T. Ritchie. A. J. Balfour.
1903 , 1904..
Do. 11
d. Do. Do.
1904 , 1905..
Do. 1
s. A. Chamberlain. Do.
1905 , 1906..
Do.
1
}. Do. Do.
1906 , 1907..
Do.
Is. H. H. Asquith. Sir H. C'mpb'll-B'nnerm'n
1907 1908..
Do.
!|On
2,000 &
under,
Over )
2,000, [ Do. Do.
Is
9d.
is. |
1908 1909..
Do. Do.
Do. D. Lloyd-George. H. H. Asquith.
1909 1910..
jSDo. His
2d. Do. Do.
1910 1911..
Do. IT Is
ad. Do. Do.
* Differential rate upon scale of incomes abolished. Incomes under 100 are exempt;
and incomes of 100 and under .199 per annum have an abatement from the assessment of
60: thus, 100 pays on 40; .160 upon 100; 199 upon 139; but 200 pays on 200.
t Under 150 exempt ; if under 400 the tax is not chargeable upon the first 120.
I Under 160 exempt; i
under 400 the tax is not chargeable upon the first 160 ;
above 400 and up to 500, an
abatement of 100.
Exemption may be clai
Toed when the income from all sources does not exceed 160
per annum. Abatement of duty on 160 may be claimed when the income exceeds 160, but
does not exceed 400; on 150 when the income exceeds 400, but does not exceed 500; on
120 when the income exceeds
500, but does not exceed 600 ; and on 70 when the income
exceeds 600, but does not exe
;ed 700.
The rate of 9d. does not apply to unearned increment.
IT Earned income where t
atal income does not exceed 2,000, 9d. ; earned income where
total income exceeds 2,000 but does not exceed 3,000, Is. Any individual, resident in the
United Kingdom, who claims
and proves that his total income from all sources, although
exceeding 160, does not exceed 500, and that he has a child or children living and under
the age of sixteen years on the 6th April, 1910, is entitled, in respect of every such child, to
relief from income tax equal to the amount of income tax upon 10.
284
d
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285
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286
DEALINGS WITH LAND.
SCALE OF LAW COSTS ON THE SALE, PURCHASE, OB MORTGAGE OF
REAL PROPERTY, HOUSES, OR LAND.
For the
1st 1,000.
For the 4th For each
For the and each subsequent
2nd and 3rd subsequent 1,000
1,000. 1,000 up to up to
10,000. 100,000.*
Vendor's solicitor for negotiating a sale:
of property by private contract
Do., do., for conducting a sale of pro-
perty by public auction, including the'
conditions of sale
When the property is soldf . . .
When the property is not sold,
then on the reserve pricef . . \
Do., do., for deducing title to freehold,
copyhold, or leasehold property, and
perusing and completing conveyance
(including preparation of contract or
conditions of sale, if any)
Purchaser' s solicitor for negotiating a pur-
chase of property by private contract. .
Do., do., for investigating title to free-
hold, copyhold, or leasehold property,
and preparing and completing con-
veyance (including perusal and com-
pletion of contract, if any)
Mortgagor's solicitor for deducing title to
f reehold,copyhold,or leasehold property,
perusing mortgage, and completing
Per 100. Per 100. Per 100. Per 100.
s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d.
100 100 0100 050
100
10
10 050
026
050026013
1100 100 0100 050
100100 0100 050
1 10 I 1 0100 050
1100 100 0100 050
Mortgagee's solicitor for negotiating loan 100 100 050 026
Do., do., for investigating title to freehold,
copyhold, or leasehold property, and
preparing and completing mortgage . .
1100 100 0100 050
Vendor's or mortgagor's solicitor for procuring execution and acknowledg-
ment of deed by a married woman, 2. 10s. extra.
Where the prescribed remuneration would amount to less than 5 the
prescribed remuneration is 5, except on transactions under 100, in which
case the remuneration of the solicitor for the vendor, purchaser, mortgagor,
or mortgagee is 3.
* Every transaction exceeding 100,000 to be charged for as if it were for 100,000.
i A minimum charge of 5 to be made whether a sale is effected or not.
287
DEALINGS WITH LAND.
Scale of Law Costs as to Leases-, or Agreements for Leases, at Rack Rent (other
than a Mining Lease, or a Lease for Building Purposes, or Agreement for
the same).
LESSOR'S SOLICITOR FOR PREPARING, SETTLING, AND COMPLETING
LEASE AND COUNTERPART.
Where the rent does not exceed 100, 7. 10s. per cent, on the rental, but
not less in any case than 5.
Where the rent exceeds 100, and does not exceed 500, 7. 10s. in respect
of the first 100 of rent, and 2. 10s. in respect of each subsequent 100 of rent.
Where the rent exceeds 500, 7. 10s. in respect of the first 100 of rent,
2. 10s. in respect of each 100 of rent up to 500, and 1 in respect of every
subsequent 100.
Lessee's solicitor for perusing draft and completing one-half of the amount
payable to the lessor's solicitor.
Scale of Law Costs as to Conveyances in Fee, or for any other Freehold Estate
reserving rent, or Building Leases reserving rent, or other Long Leases not at
Rack Rent (except Mining Leases), or Agreements for the same respectively.
VENDOR'S OR LESSOR'S SOLICITOR FOR PREPARING, SETTLING, AND
COMPLETING CONVEYANCE AND DUPLICATE, OR LEASE AND
COUNTERPART.
Amount of Annual Rent. Amount of Remuneration.
Where it does not exceed 5 . . 5.
Where it exceeds 5, and does The same payment as on a rent of 5, and also
not exceed 50 20 per cent, on the excess beyond 5.
Where it exceeds 50, but does The same payment as on a rent of 50, and
not exceed 150 10 per cent, on the excess beyond 50.
Where it exceeds 150 The same payment as on a rent of 150, and
5 per cent, on the excess beyond 150.
Where a varying rent is payable the amount of annual rent is to mean the
largest amount of annual rent.
Purchaser's or lessee's solicitor for perusing draft and completing one-
half of the amount payable to the vendor's or lessor's solicitor.
288
THE DEATH DUTIES.
ESTATE DUTY.
THIS duty, which in the case of persons dying after the 1st August, 1894, takes
the place of the old Probate Account and Estate Duties, is now regulated by
the Finance Acts, 1894, 1896, 1898, 1900, 1907, and 1910.
It is payable on the principal value of all property (save in a few exceptional
cases), whether real or personal, settled or not settled, which passes on death.
The rates of duty (which in case of real estate may be paid by instalments)
are as follow:
PRINCIPAL NET VALUE OF ESTATE.
Above 100, but not above 500
500 1,000
1,000 5,000
5,000 ,', 10,000
10,000 20,000
20,000 40,000
40,000 . 70,000
70,000 100,000
100,000 150,000
150,000 200,000
200,000 400,000
400,000 600,000
600,000 600,000
800,000 1,000,000
1,000,000
RATE
PER CENT.
Where the net value of the estate (real and personal) does not exceed 100,
no duty is payable.
289
THE DEATH DUTIES.
Where the gross value of the estate (real and personal) exc?.ads 100, but
does not exceed 300, the duty is only 30s., and where it exceeds 300, but
does not exceed 500, only 50s.
Where the property is settled, an extra duty known as Settlement Estate
Duty is in certain cases payable at the rate of 2 per cent.
Debts and funeral expenses are deducted before calculating the duty,
except where the gross value of the estate does not exceed 500, and it is
desired to pay the fixed duty of 30s. or 50s., as the case may be, instead of the
ad valorem duty.
LEGACY DUTY.
This duty is regulated by 55 Geo. III., cap. 184, 51 Viet., cap. 8, and the
Finance Acts, 1894 and 1910, and is payable in respect of personal estate
(including proceeds of sale of real estate) passing on death, either under a
will or in case of intestacy.
The rates of duty are as follow :
DESCRIPTION OF LEGATEE.
BATE or DUTY.
Husband or wife of the deceased (except in the cases men- }
tioned below) j
Children of the deceased and their descendants, or the father
or mother or any lineal ancestor of the deceased or the
husbands or wives of any such persons (except in the
cases mentioned below)
Brothers and sisters of the deceased and their descendants, \
or the husbands or wives of any such persons j
Any person in any other degree of collateral consanguinity |
or strangers in blood to the deceased J
1 per cent.
1
5
10
SUCCESSION DUTY.
This duty is regulated by 16 and 17 Viet., cap. 51, 51 Viet., cap. 8, and the
Finance Acts, 1894, 1896, and 1910, and is payable in respect of real estate
(including leaseholds) passing on death, and in certain cases in respect of settled
personal estate.
The rates of duty are the same as those payable in respect of legacies.
20
290
THE DEATH DUTIES.
NOTE. Where the duty under the foregoing table is at the rate of 1 per cent.,
an extra duty at the rate of 10s. per cent., and in all other cases an
extra duty at the rate of 1. 10s. per cent., is leviable in respect of
legacies payable out of or charged on real estate (not including
leaseholds) and of successions to real estate (not including leaseholds)
on deaths between the 1st July, 1888, and the 2nd August, 1894.
A husband is exempt from legacy or succession duty where his wife's estate
does not exceed 15,000 or the value of his legacy or succession does not
exceed 1,000.
A wife is in like manner exempt where her husband's estate does not exceed
15,000 or the value of her legacy or succession does not exceed 2,000.
A child is in like manner exempt where the parents' estate does riot exceed
15,000 or the value of such child's legacy or succession does not exceed 1,000,
or if the child is under 21, 2,000.
Legacy duty is payable on the capital value, while succession duty is in
certain cases payable on the capital value, and in other cases payable on the
value of an annuity equal to the net income of the property, calculated according
to the age of the successor.
Where the whole net value of the estate does not exceed 1,000, no legacy,
succession, or settlement estate duty is payable.
All pecuniary legacies, residues, or shares of residue, although not of the
amount of 20, are subject to duty.
In case of persons dying domiciled in the United Kingdom, legacy duty is
payable on all movable property wherever situate.
In case of persons dying domiciled abroad, no legacy duty is payable on
movable property.
291
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HAS DIED INTESTATE.
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children equally.
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remaining third between the children and
predeceasing children the children taking
latter per stirpes.*
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and issue per stirpes.
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300
THE KING AND EOYAL FAMILY.
Xg^HE KING. GEORGE V., of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, &c., King, Defender of the Faith. His Majesty was born
June 3, 1865, married his cousin, Princess Victoria May, only daughter of
the Duke of Teck, July 6, 1893. The children of His Majesty are : Edward,
born June 23, 1894 ; Albert, December 14, 1895 ; Victoria Alexandra, April 25,
1897 ; Henry William Frederick Albert, March 31, 1900 ; George, December 20,
1902; and John Charles Francis, July 12, 1905.
PAELIAMENTS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.
Assembled.
Dissolved.
Duration.
Assembled.
Dissolved.
Duration.
GEORGE III.
Yrs. m. d.
VICTORIA con.
Yrs. m. d.
Sept. 27, 1796*
June 29, 1802
592
Nov. 18, 1847
July 1, 1852
4 7 14
Oct. 29, 1802
Oct. 25,1806
3 11 27
Nov. 4, 1852
Mar. 1,1857
4 4 18
Dec. 15, 1806
April 29, 1807
4 14
April 1,1857
April 23, 1859
1 11 23
June 22, 1807
Sept. 29, 1812
537 May 31, 1859
July 6, 1865
616
Nov. 24, 1812 June 10, 1818
5 6 16
Feb. 1, 1866
Nov. 11, 1868
2 9 19
Jan. 14,1819
Feb. 29,1820
1 1 15
Dec. 10, 1868 Jan. 26, 1874
5 1 17
Mar. 5, 1874 Mar. 23, 1880
6 19
GEORGE IV.
April 29, 1880 Nov. 18, 1885
5 6 20
Jan. 12, 1886
June 26, 1886
5 15
'April 23, 1820
June 2, 1826
G 1 9
Aug. 5, 1886
June 28, 1892
5 10 24
Nov. 14,1826
July 24,1830
3 8 10
Aug. 4, 1892
July 8, 1895
2 11 5
Aug. 12,1895
Sept. 25, 1900
5 1 14
WILLIAM IV.
Dec. 3, 1900
Oct. 26,1830 April 22, 1831
June 14, 1831 Dec. 3, 1832
5 27
159
EDWARD VII.
-Jan. 8,1906
516
Jan. 29, 1838 Dec. 30, 1834
1 11 1
Feb. 14, 1901
Feb. 19,1836
July 17,1837
2 4 28
Feb. 13, 1906
Jan. 10, 1910 ; 3 10 26
Feb. 15, 1910
VICTORIA.
GEORGE V.
Nov. 15, 1837 June 23, 1841
379
Aug. 19, 1841
July 23,1847
5 11 5
May 6, 1910
* Parliament first met after the Union with Ireland, January 22, 1801.
301
LIST OF ADMINISTRATIONS FEOM
DECEMBER, 1783.
Date.
Prime Minister.
Dura-
tion.
Chancellor.
Exchequer.
Home Secretary.
Foreign Sec.
Dec. 23, 1783
William Pitt
Yrg.Dys.
17 84
(Thurlow ..
lLoughboro'
William Pitt . .
Portland ....
Grenville.
Mar. 17, 1801
Hy. Addington . .
3 59
Eldon
H. Addington. .
(Portland, Pel-
l ham, C. Yorke
Hawkesbury.
May 15, 1804
William Pitt
1 272
Eldon
William Pitt . .
Hawk'esbury . .
(Harrowby.
\Mulgrave.
Feb. 11, 1806
Lord Grenville . .
1 48
Erskine
Lord H. Petty..
Spencer
(Chas. J. Fox.
( Visct. Howtck.
Mar. 31, 1807
Duke of Portland.
2 246
Eldon
S. Perceval . .
Hawkesbury . .
G. Canning.
Dec. 2,1809
Spencer Perceval.
2 190
Eldon
S. Perceval . .
R. Ryder
(Bathurst.
IWellesley.
June 9, 1812
Earl of Liverpool.
14 319
Eldon
(N. Vansittart..
IF. J. Bobinson.
Sidmouth
Castlereagh.
G. Canning.
Robert Peel
Apr. 24, 1827
George Canning. .
134
Lyndhurst. .
G. Canning . .
(Sturges Bourne,
t Lansdowne
Dudley.
Sept. 5, 1827
Visct. Goderich . .
142
Lyndhurst. .
J. C. Herries . .
Lansdowne
Dudley.
Jan. 25, 1828
D. of Wellington..
2 301
Lyndhurst. .
H. Goulburn . .
Robert Peel
(Dudley.
(Aberdeen.
Nov. 22, 1830
Earl Grey
3 238
Brougham. .
Althorp
^Melbourne
Palmerston.
July 18, 1834
Visct. Melbourne .
161
Brougham. .
Althorp
Duncannon ....
Palmerston.
Dec. 26, 1834
Sir Robert Peel . .
113
Lyndhurst. .
Sir R. Peel
H. Goulburn . .
Wellington.
Apr. 18, 1835
Visct. Melbourne .
6 141
fin Comm...
T. S. Bice
F. T. Barring.
Lord J. Russell ..
Normanby. . .
Palmerston.
Sept. 6, 1841
Sir Robert Peel . .
4 303
Lyndhurst.
H. Goulburn . .
Sir J. Graham . .
Aberdeen.
July 6,1846
Ld. John Russell .
5 236
(Cottenham.
(Truro
Sir C. Wood . .
Sir George Grey
[Palmerston.
IGranville.
Feb. 27, 1852
Earl of Derby
305
St Leonards
B. Disraeli ....
S. H. Walpole. .
Malmesbury.
Dec. 28, 1852
Earl of Aberdeen .
2 44
Cranworth. .
W. Gladstone. .
Palmerston ....
(LordJ. Russell
(Clarendon.
Feb. 10, 1855
Lord Palmerston .
3 15
Cran worth. .
(W. Gladstone..
(Sir G.C.Lewis.
Sir George Grey
Clarendon.
Feb. 25, 1858
Earl of Derby
1 113
Chelmsford.
B. Disraeli ....
S. H. Walpole..
Malmesbury.
JunelS, 1859
Lord Palmerston.
6 141
(Campbell . .
(Westbury . .
W. Gladstone .
(Sir G.C.Lewis..
ISir George Grey
Russell.
Nov. 6,1865
Earl Russell
242
Cranworth..
W. Gladstone. .
Sir George Grey
Clarendon.
July 6,1866
Earl of Derby. .. .
1 236
Chelmsford.
B. Disraeli ....
f S. H. Walpole . .
(GathorneHardy
Stanley.
Feb. 27, 1868
Ben j amin Disraeli
285
Cairns ....
G. W. Hunt
G. Hardy . . .
Stanley.
Dec. 9,1868
W.E.Gladstone..
5 74
(Hatherley..
ISelborne ..
Robert Lowe
W.E.Gladstone.
H. A. Bruce
Robert Lowe ....
Clarendon.
Granville.
Feb. 21, 1874
Benjamin Disraeli)
Earl BeaconsfleldJ
6 67
Cairns
S. Northcote . .
R. A. Cross ....
(Derby.
(Salisbury.
Apr. 28, 1880
W.E.Gladstone..
5 57
Selborne . .
f W.Gladstone..
IH.C.E. Guilders
Sir W. Harcourt
Granville.
June 24, 1885
Marq. of Salisbury
227
Halsbury . .
Hicks-Beach. .
R. A. Cross
Salisbury.
Feb. 7,1886
W.E.Gladstone..
139
Herschel . .
W.V.Harcourt
H.C.E.Childers
Rosebery.
July 24, 1886
Marq. of Salisbury
6 17
Halsbury . .
/Lord Churchill
IG. J. Goschen..
H. Matthews . .
(Iddeslelgh.
(Salisbury.
Aug. 15, 1892
Mar. 3,1894
W.E.Gladstone..
Earl of Rosebery..
|2 313
Herschel . .
W. V. Harcourt
H. H. Asquith..
( Rosebery.
I Kimberley
June24, 1895
July 12, 1902
Marq. of Salisbury
A. J. Balfour
| 11 165
Halsbury j
Hicks-Beach . .
/C. T. Ritchie..
( A.Cham berlain
(Sir M.W.Ridley
t C. T. Ritchie . .
A.AkersDouglas
(Salisbury.
tLansdowne.
Lansdowne.
Dec. 5,1905
Sir H. Campbell-
Bannermau
]
Loreburn ]
H. H. Asquith. )
D. Lloyd-
H. J. Gladstone
Sir Ed. Grey.
April 7, 1908
H. H. Asquith
f
1
George)
W. S. Churchill
302
PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES OF
AMEEICA.
YEAR.
Declaration of Independence 4th July, 1776
General Washington, first President 1789 and 1793
John Adams 1797
Thomas Jefferson 1801 and 1805
James Madison 1809 and 1813
James Monroe 1817 and 1821
John Quincy Adams 1825
General Andrew Jackson 1829 and 1833
Martin Van Buren 1837
General William Henry Harrison (died 4th April) 1841
John Tyler (previously Vice-President) 1841
James Knox Polk 1845
General Zachary Taylor (died 9th July, 1850) 1849
Millard Fillmore (previously Vice-President) 1850
General Franklin Pierce 1853
James Buchanan 1857
Abraham Lincoln (assassinated 14th April, 1865) 1861 and 1865
Andrew Johnson (previously Vice-President) 1865
General Ulysses S. Grant 1869 and 1873
Rutherford Richard Hayes, after long contest with Tilden 1877
General Garfield (shot July 2 ; died September 19) 1881
Chester A. Arthur, Vice-President, succeeded September 20 1881
Grover Cleveland 1885
General Benjamin Harrison 1889
Grover Cleveland 1893
William M'Kinley 1896
William M'Kinley (shot September 6th, 1901 ; died September 14th) 1900
Theodore Roosevelt 1901
re-elected 1904
William Howard Taft.. . 1908
The United States of America form a Federal Republic, consisting of 45
States and 5 Territories.
303
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305
THE TIME ALL OVER THE WORLD.
When
places is a
Boston, U.
Dublin . .
the clock at <
s follows:
S
jreenwich po
H. M.
7 18 a.m.
11 35 a.m.
11 47 a.m.
11 43 a.m.
11 43 a.m.
11 45 a.m.
7 14 a.m.
11 38 a.m.
6 59 a.m.
7 15 a.m.
9 11 p.m.
12 19 p.m.
1 35 p.m.
12 54 p.m.
12 30 p.m.
4 52 p.m.
12 17 p.m.
5 54 p.m.
1 14 p.m.
1 56 p.m.
mlation, the 1
At places eas
ier ; for unifo
eat Britain an
ints to Noon
Copenhagen
Florence
the time at i
he various
II. M.
12 50 p.m.
12 45 p.m.
2 21 p.m.
5 21 p.m.
12 58 p.m.
9 40 p.m.
2 30 p.m.
12 46 p.m.
12 9 p.m.
7 46 p.m.
12 58 p.m.
12 50p.m.
12 18p.m.
2 1 p.m.
2 10p.m.
10 5 p.m.
1 12 p.m.
37 p.m.
1 6 p.m.
lour of our
ne is later,
ich time is
Edinburgh
Glasgow
Jerusalem
Madras . .
Malta
Madrid . .
Melbourne,
Moscow . . .
Australia ....
New York,
Penzance
Philadelph
u.s
Munich . .
ia, U.S
Paris ....
Pekin
Adelaide, 1
Amsterdan
Athens . .
Australia
Prague . . .
i
Rome . .
Rotterdam .
Berlin
St. Petersbt
Suez
rg
Berne ....
Bombay
Brussels
Calcutta
Capetown
Constant^
Hence
day may b
and west c
kept at all
Sydney, Aus
Stockholm.
>tralia
Stuttgardt .
Vienna
ople
ime for those places at any
t of London the apparent til
rmity sake, however, Greenw
d Ireland.
by a little calc
3 ascertained,
if London, ear]
railways in Gr
TOTAL GROSS AMOUNT OF INCOME BROUGHT UNDER THE REVIEW
OF THE INLAND REVENUE DEPARTMENT.
Year.
England.
Scotland.
Ireland.
United Kingdom
Year.
1894-5
1895-6
1896-7
1897-8
1898-9
1899-1900
1900-1
1901-2
1902-3
1903-4
1904-5
1905-6
1906-7
1907-8
1908-9
564,098,584
583,966,579
607,112,810
633,293,018
657,212,406
682,020,599
719,354,160
749,127,300
760,844,311
781,661,273
789,681,212
801,690,717
816,854,364
848,548,633
873,994,849
61,328,840
62,143,688
65,350,653
68,548,264
72,209,602
76,213,242
79,962,343
83,515,877
84,218,290
86,004,343
87,010,655
87,150,635
88,749,171
92,589,090
96,204,055
31,669,653
31,659,583
32,278,145
32,619,964
33,245,301
33,501,572
34,039,010
34,350,276
34,575,945
35,092,969
35,437,813
36,343,204
38,098,479
38,979,277
. 39,737,022
657,097,077
677,769,850
704,741,608
734,461,246
762,667,309
791,735,413
833,355,513
866,993,453
879,638,546
902,758,585
912,1-29,680
925,184,556
943,702,014
980,117,000
1,009,935,926
1894-5
1895-6
1896-7
1897-8
1898-9
1899-1900
1900-1
1901-2
1902-3
1903-4
1904-5
1905-6
1906-7
1907-8
1908-9
21
306
BAEOMETEE INSTEUCTIONS.
COMPILED BY THE LATE ADMIRAL FITZROY, F.R.8.
The barometer should be set regularly by a duly-authorised person, about
sunrise, noon, and sunset.
The words on scales of barometers should not be so much regarded for
weather indications as the RISING or FALLING of the mercury; for if it stand at
CHANGEABLE (29 - 50) and then rise towards FAIB (30-00) it presages a change of
wind or weather, though not so great as if the mercury had risen higher ; and,
on the contrary, if the mercury stand above FAIR and then fall it presages a
change, though, not to so great a degree as if it had stood lower ; beside which,
the direction and force of wind are not in any way noticed.
It is not from the point at which the mercury may stand that we are alone
to form a judgment of the state of the weather, but from its RISING or FALLING,
and from the movements of immediately PRECEDING days as well as hours,
keeping in mind effects of change of DIRECTION, and dryness or moisture, as
well as alteration of force or strength of wind.
It should always be remembered that the state of the air FORETELLS
COMING weather rather than shows the weather that is PRESENT an invaluable
fact too often overlooked that the longer the time between the signs and the
change foretold by them the longer such altered weather will last ; and, on the
contrary, the less the time between a warning and a change the shorter will be
the continuance of such foretold weather.
If the barometer has been about its ordinary height, say near 30 inches at
the sea-level, and is steady on rising, while the thermometer falls and dampness
.becomes less, north-westerly, northerly, north-easterly wind, or less wind, less
rain or snow may be expected.
On the contrary, if a fall takes place with a rising thermometer and in-
creased dampness, wind and rain may be expected from the south-eastward,
southward, or south-westward. A fall with low thermometer foretells snow.
When the barometer is rather below its ordinary height, say down to
near 29 J inches (at sea-level), a rise foretells less wind, or a change in its
direction towards the northward, or less wet ; but when it has been very low,
about 29 inches, the first rising usually precedes or indicates strong wind at
times heavy squalls from the north-westward, northward, or north-eastward,
AFTER which violence a gradually rising glass foretells improving weather ; if
the thermometer falls, but if the warmth continues, probably the wind will
back (shift against the sun's course), and more southerly or south-westerly wind
will follow, especially if the barometer rise is sudden.
The most dangerous shifts of wind, or the HEAVIEST northerly gales, happen
soon after the barometer first rises from a very low point ; or if the wind veers
GRADUALLY at some time afterwards.
307
BAKOMETER INSTRUCTIONS.
Indications of approaching change of weather and the direction and force
of winds are shown less by the height of the barometer than by its falling or
rising. Nevertheless, a height of more than 30 (30-00) inches (at the level of
the sea) is indicative of fine weather and MODERATE winds, except from east to
north, OCCASIONALLY.
A rapid rise of the barometer indicates unsettled weather, a slow movement
the contrary ; as likewise a STEADY barometer, when continued and with
dryness, foretells very fine weather.
A rapid and considerable fall is a sign of stormy weather, and rain or snow.
Alternate rising and sinking indicates unsettled or threatening weather.
The greatest depressions of the barometer are with gales from S.E., S., or
S.W. ; the greatest deviations, with wind from N.W., N., or N.E., or with calm.
A sudden fall of the barometer, with a westerly wind, is sometimes followed
by a violent storm from N.W., N., or N.E.
If a gale sets in from the E. or S.E., and the wind veers by the south, the
barometer will continue falling until the wind is near a marked change, when
a lull MAY occur ; after which the gale will soon be renewed, perhaps suddenly
and violently, and the veering of the wind towards the N.W., N., or N.E. will
be indicated by a rising of the barometer, with a fall of the thermometer.
After very warm and calm weather a storm or squall, with rain, may follow ;
likewise at any time when the atmosphere is HEATED much above the USUAL
temperature of the season.
To know the state of the air not only the barometer AND THERMOMETER,
but appearances of the sky should be vigilantly watched.
SIGNS OF WEATHER.
Whether clear or cloudy, a rosy sky at sunset presages fine weather ; a red
sky in the morning, bad weather or much 'wind, perhaps rain; a grey sky in
the morning, fine weather ; a high dawn, wind ; a low dawn, fair weather.*
Soft-looking or delicate clouds foretell fine weather, with moderate or light
breezes ; hard-edged, oily-looking clouds, wind. A dark, gloomy, blue sky is
windy, but a light, bright blue sky indicates fine weather. Generally, the
softer the clouds look, the less wind (but perhaps more rain) may be expected ;
and the harder, more " greasy," rolled, tufted, or ragged, the stronger the coming
wind will prove. Also a bright yellow sky at sunset presages wind ; a pale yellow,
wet ; and thus, by the prevalence of red, yellow, or grey tints, the coming
weather may be foretold very nearly indeed, if aided by instruments, almost
exactly.
* A high dawn is when the first indications of daylight are seen above a bank of clouds.
A low dawn is when the day breaks on or near the horizon, the first streaks of light being
very low down.
308
BAROMETER INSTRUCTIONS.
Small inky-looking clouds foretell rain ; light scud clouds driving across
heavy masses show wind and rain, but if alone may indicate wind only.
High upper clouds crossing the sun, moon, or stars in a direction different
from that of the lower clouds, or the wind then felt below, foretell a change of
wind.
After fine, clear weather the first signs in the sky of a coming change are
usually light streaks, curls, wisps, or mottled patches of white distant clouds,
which increase, and are followed by an overcasting of murky vapour that grows
into cloudiness. This appearance, more or less oily or watery as wind or rain
will prevail, is an infallible sign.
Light, delicate, quiet tints or colours, with soft, undefined forms of clouds,
indicate and accompany fine weather ; but gaudy or unusual hues, with hard,
definitely-outlined clouds, foretell rain, and probably strong wind.
When sea-birds fly out early and far to seaward, moderate wind and fair
weather may be expected. When they hang about the land, or over it, some-
times flying inland, expect a strong wind, with stormy weather. As many
creatures besides birds are affected by the approach of rain or wind, such
indications should not be slighted by an observer who wishes to foresee
weather.
Remarkable clearness of atmosphere near the horizon, distant objects
such as hills unusually visible, or raised (by refraction),* and what is called a
"good HEARING day," may be mentioned among signs of wet, if not wind, to
be expected.
More than usual twinkling of the stars, indistinctness or apparent multi-
plication of the moon's horns, haloes, "wind-dogs" (fragments or pieces of
rainbows, sometimes called " wind-galls ") seen on detached clouds, and the
rainbow, are more or less significant of increasing wind, if not approaching
rain with or without wind.
Lastly, the dryness or dampness of tne air, and its temperature (for the
season), should ALWAYS be considered WITH OTHER indications of change or
continuance of wind and weather.
On barometer scales the following contractions may be useful :-
RISE FALL
FOR FOR
N.E.LY S.W.LY
(N.W.-N.-E.) (S.E.-S.-W.)
When the wind shifts against the sun,
Trust it not, for back it will run.
DRY WET
OR OR FIRST rise after very low
LESS MORE' Indicates a stronger blow.
WIND. WIND.
Long foretold long last ;
EXCEPT EXCEPT
WET FROM WET FROM
N.Eo. N.ED.
Short notice soon past.
: Much refraction is a sign of easterly wind.
309
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DAILY TIDE TABLES AT LIVEEPOOL FOE THE YEAE 19
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DAILY TIDE TABLES AT LIVEEPOOL FOE THE YEAE 19
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DAILY TIDE TABLES AT GOOLE FOE
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324
VALUE OF THE TOTAL IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF
WITH PROPORTION THEREOF PER
The values of the Imports represent the cost, insurance, and freight ; or,
values of the Exports represent the cost and the charges of delivering
YEARS.
TOTAL IMPORTS.
EXPORTS OF UNITKD K INI. HUM
PRODUCE.
Proportion per
Total Value. Portion of
United Kingdom.
Proportion per
Total Va,ue. Pop S o < of
United Kingdom.
S. d.
S. d.
1889
427,637,595 11 10 1
248,935,195 6 13 11
1890
420,691,997 11 4 6
263,530,585 707
1891
435,441,264 11 10 5
247,235,150 6 10 10
1892
423,793,882 11 2 3
*227,216,399 5 19 2
1893
404,688,178 10 10 3
218,259,718 5 13 5
1894
408,344,810 10 10 2
216,005,637 5 11 2
1895
416,689,658 10 12 6
226,128,246 5 15 4
1896
441,808,904 11 3 2
240,145,551 614
1897
451,028,960 11 5 7
234,219,708 5 17 2
1898
470,544,702 11 13 1
233,359,240 5 15 7
1899
485,035,583 11 17 11
t264,492,211 699
1900
1901
523,075,163 12 14 3
521,990,^8 12 11 3
291,191,996 716
280,022,376 6 14 9
1902
528,391,274 12 11 10
283,423,966 6 15 1
1903
542,600,289 12 16 1
290,800,108 6 17 3
190i
551,038,628 12 17 6
300,711,040 706
1905
565,019,917 13 1 5
329,816,614 7 12 7
1906
607,888,500 13 18 6
375,575,338 8 12
1907
645,807,942 14 12 11
426,035,083 9 13 3
1908
592,953,487 13 6 3
377,103,824 894
1909
624,704,957 13 17 7
378,180,347 881
NOTE. The above Accounts are exclusive of Bullion and Specie
* Tobacco manufactured in bond was included with the Exports of Foreign
has been included under the
t Inclusive of the value of ships and boats (new) with their
these Exports was not included in
325
MERCHANDISE INTO AND FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM,
HEAD OF TOTAL POPULATION.
. when goods are consigned for sale, the latest sale value of such goods. The
the goods on board the ship, and are known as the " free on board " values.
. EXPORTS.
TOTAL OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.
YEARS.
Of Foreign
and Colonial
Produce.
Total Exports.
Total Value.
Proportion per
Head of
Population of
United Kingdom.
s. d.
66,657,484
315,592,679 743,230,274
19 19 10
1889
64,721,533
328,252,118 748,944,115
19 19 7
1890
61,878,568
309,113,718 744,554,982 19 13 11
1891
*64,423,767
291,640,166 715,434,048
18 15 3
1892
58,878,552
277,138,270 681,826,448
17 14 3
1893
57,780,230
273,785,867 682,130,677
17 11 1
1894
59,704,161
285,832,407
702,522,065
17 18 3
1895
56,233,663
296,379,214
738,188,118
18 12 10
1896
59,954,410
294,174,118 745,203,078
18 12 9
1897
60,654,748
294,013,988 764,558,690
18 18 8
1898
65,042,447
329,534,658 814,570,241
19 19 7
1899
63,181,758
354,373,754 877,448,917
21 6 5
1900
67,841,892
347,864,268 869,854,466
20 18 8
1901
65,814,813
349,238,779
877,630,053
20 18 4
1902
69,573,564
360,373,672 902,973,961
21 6 3
1903
70,304,281
371,015,321 922,053,949
21 10 11
1904
77,779,913
407,596,527 972,616,444
22 10 1
1905
85,102,480
460,677,818 1,068,566,318
24 9 6
1906
91.942,084
517,977,167 1,163,785,109
26 7 10
1907
79,623,697
456,727,521 1,049,681,008
23 11 3
1908
91,344,819
469,525,166
1,094,230,123
26 7 10
1909
and of Foreign Merchandise transhipped under Bond,
and Colonial Produce prior to 1892. In that and subsequent years it
head of British Produce.
machinery in 1899 and subsequent years. The value of
the returns prior to the year 1899.
326
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328
RAILWAY ACCIDENTS.
NUMBER OF PASSENGERS REPORTED AS KILLED AND INJURED
IN TKAIN ACCIDENTS, WITH THF NUMBER OF PASSKNC.KK
JOURNEYS (EXCLUSIVE OF SEASON TICKETS), FOR THE YEARS
1893 TO 1909, INCLUSIVE.
Year.
Number of Passengers Killed and
Injured in Train Accidents.
Killed.
Injured.
Number of
Passenger. Journeys
(exclusive of Journeys
by Season-ticket
Holders).*
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905,
1906
1907 .
1908,
1909 .
17
16
5
5
18
25
14
16
6
25
6
39
58
18
484
347
399
388
324
632
693
863
476
732
769
534
396
631
534
283
390
Millions.
873-2
9114
929-8
9803
1,030-4
1,062-9
1,106-7
1,142-3
1,172-4
1,188-2
1,195-3
1,198-8
1,199-0
1,240-3
1,259-5
1,278-0
1,264-8
* The number of annual season tickets issued in 1909 was about 729,000.
NOTE. Down to the year 1895 persons other than passengers and servants who were
killed and injured in train accidents were included in one heading as passengers and others,
and cannot be separated here. These, however, form a very small proportion of the
numbers given. From the year 1896 inclusive the figures are for passengers only.
The average number of fatalities to passengers during the 30 years previous
to 1908 was 22. The total Casualties to passengers from these accidents were
283 in 1908 as compared with an average of 668 in the preceding 30 years. In
the 30 years ending with 1907, 1 passenger was killed on the average in every
41,000,000 journeys and one injured in every 1,400,000 as compared with none
killed and 1. in 4,500,000 injured in 1908. In the fifteen years ending with
1908, 1 passenger was killed on the average in every 57,000,000 journeys and
one injured in every 2,000,000 as compared with one in 1,264 800,000 killed
and 1 in 3,200,000 injured in 1909. The risk is really less than these figures
indicate, since they take no account of the journeys of season-ticket holders,
the number of whom has greatly increased in recent years.
329
TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF DAYS FROM ANY DAY OF ONE
MONTH TO THE SAME DAY OF ANY OTHER MONTH.
^NUMBER OF DAfS FROM DAY TO DAY.
FROM TO
JAN.
FEB.
MAR.
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG.
SEPT.
OCT.
Nov.
DBO.
JANUARY . .
365
31
59
90
120
151
181
212
243
273
304
334
FEBRUARY..
334
365
28
59
89
120
150
181
212
242
273
303
MARCH ....
306
337
365
31
61
92
122
153
184
214
245
275
APRIL
275
306
334
365
30
61
91
122
153
183
214
244
MAY
245
276
304
335
365
31
61
92
123
153
184
214
JUNE
214
245
273
304
334
365
30
61
92
122
153
183
JULY
184
215
243
274
304
335
365
31
62
92
123
153
AUGUST . . .
153
184
212
243
273
304
334
365
31
61
92
122
SEPTEMBER
122
153
181
212
242
273
303
334
365
30
61
91
OCTOBER . .
92
123
151
182
212
243
273
304
335
365
31
61
NOVEMBER.
61
92
120
151
181
212
242
273
304
334
365
30
DECEMBER.
31
62
90
121
151
182
212
243
274
304
335
365
Example of Use of Table: To find the number of days from 16th August to 27th February.
Find August in the side column and February at the top ; the number at the intersection,
viz., 184, is the number of days from 16th August to 16th February ; and 11 (the difference
between 16 and 27), and the sum 195 is the number required. Similarly, the number from
16th August to 5th February is 184 less 11, or 173.
330
TEEMS AND ABBREVIATIONS COMMONLY USED
IN BUSINESS.
A/c Account.
C Currency.
& A dollar.
E. E Errors excepted.
E. & 0. E. . .Errors and omissions
excepted.
P. 0. B Free on board (delivered
on deck without expense to the
ship).
F. P. A Free of particular
average.
INST Present month.
PKOX Next month.
ULT Last month.
D/D Days after date.
M/D Months after date.
D/S Days after sight.
% Per cent.
@ ^ lb At per pound.
B/L Bill of lading.
AD VALOREM . . According to value.
AFFIDAVIT .... Statement on oath.
AFFIRMATION . . Statement without an
oath.
AGIO The premium borne
by a better sort of money above
an inferior.
ASSETS A term for property in
contradistinction to liabilities.
BANCO A continental term
for bank money at Hamburg
and other places.
DEAD FREIGHT. The damage payable by one who engages to load a ship fully,
and fails to do so.
DEVIATION, in marine insurance, is that divergence from the voyage insured
which releases the underwriter from his risk.
DISCOUNT. An allowance made for payment of money before due.
POLICY. The document containing the contract of insurance. A Valued Policy
is when the interest insured is valued. An Open Policy is one in which
the amount is left for subsequent proof. In an open policy where the
value shipped does not equal the value insured, the difference is termed
over insurance ; and the proportionable amount of premium returnable to
the insurer is called a return for short interest.
PRIMAGE. A small allowance for the shipmaster's care of goods, now generally
included in the freight.
PRO RATA. Payment in proportion to the various interests concerned.
QUID PRO QUO. Giving one thing for another.
RESPONDENTS. A contract of loan by which goods in a ship are hypothecated
to the lender, as in bottomry.
ULLAGE. The quantity a cask wants of being full.
331
PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF THE CALENDAR,
FOB THE YEAR 1911.
Golden Number 12
Solar Cycle 16
Epaet 30
Dominical Letter A
Roman Indiction . . .9
Year 6624 of the Julian Period.
1915 from the Birth of Christ.
2664 Foundation of Rome according to Varron.
7419 of the World (Constantinopolitan account).
7403 (Alexandrian account).
5672 of the Jewish Era commences on September 23rd, 1911.
1329 of the Mahommedan Era commences on January 2nd, 1911, and
1330 on December 22nd, 1911.
Ramadan (Month of Abstinence observed by the Turks) commences on
August 26th, 1911.
FIXED AND MOVABLE FESTIVALS, ANNIVERSARIES, ETC.
Epiphany Jan. 6
Septuagesima Sunday Feb. 12
Quinquagesima Sunday .... 26
Ash Wednesday Mar. 1
First Sunday in Lent 5
St. Patrick 17
Lady Day 25
Palm Sunday April 9
Good Friday 14
Easter Sunday 16
Ascension Day May 25
George V. born (1865) : June 3
Pentecost Whit Sunday. ... ,, 4
Trinity Sunday 11
St. John Baptist Midsummer
Day 24
St.Michael Michaelmas Day Sept. 29
St. Andrew 30
Christmas Day (Monday) . . . .Dec. 25
THE FOUR QUARTERS OF THE YEAR.
H. M.
Spring Quarter begins March 21st 5 54 afternoon.
Summer June 22nd 1 35 afternoon.
Autumn September 24th 4 18 morning.
Winter December 22nd . . . 10 54 afternoon.
332
BANK HOLIDAYS. LAW SITTINGS. ECLIPSES.
REGISTERS OF BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS.
These are now kept at Somerset House, and may be searched on payment of
the fee of one shilling. If a certified copy of any entry be required, the charge
for that, in addition to the shilling for the search, is two shillings and seven-
pence, which includes a penny for stamp duty. The registers contain an entry
of births, deaths, and marriages since 1st July, 1837.
BANK HOLIDAYS, 1911.
ENGLAND.
Easter Monday April 17
Whit Monday June 5
First Monday in August August 7
Boxing Day (Tuesday) December 26
SCOTLAND.
New Year January 2
Good Friday April 14
First Monday in May May 1
First Monday in August August 7
Boxing Day December 26
LAW SITTINGS, 1911.
Begin End
Hilary Sittings January 11 April 12
Easter April 26 June 2
Trinity June 13 July 31
Michael. Oct. 12 December 23
ECLIPSES, 1911.
In the year 1911 there will be two Eclipses of the Sun and two Penumbral
Eclipses of the Moon:
A Total Eclipse of the Sun, April 23th, invisible at Greenwich.
A Penumbral Eclipse of the Moon, May 13th, partly visible at Greenwich.
An Annular Eclipse of the Sun, October 22nd, invisible at Greenwich.
A Penumbral Eclipse of the Moon, November 6th, partly visible at
Greenwich.
333
CALENDAR FOR 1911.
January.
February.
March.
.$ 1 8 15 22 29
*
... 5 12 19 26
... 5 12 19 26
M 2 9 16 23 30
M
... 6 13 20 27
M
... 6 13 20 27
Tb
3 10 17 24 31
Tb
... 7 14 21 28
Tb
... 7 14 21 28
W
4 11 18 25 ...
W
1 8 15 22 ...
W
1 8 15 22 29
Tb
5 12 19 26 ...
IB.
2 9 16 23 ...
Tb
2 9 16 23 30
F
6 13 20 27 ...
F
3 10 17 24 ...
F
3 10 17 24 31
S
7 14 21 28 ...
S
4 11 18 25 ...
S
4 11 18 25 ...
April.
May.
June.
*
... 2 9 16 23 30
S
... 7 14 21 28
8
... 4 11 18 25
M
... 3101724...
M
1 8 15 22 29
M
... 5 12 19 26
Tb
... 4111825...
Tb
2 9 16 23 30
Tb
... 6 13 20 27
W
... 5121926...
W
3 10 17 24 31
W
... 7 14 21 28
Tb
... 6 13 2027 ...
Tb
4 11 18 25 ...
Tb
1 8 15 22 29
F
... 7142128...
F
5 12 19 26 ...
F
2 9 16 23 30
S
1 8 15 22 29 ...
S
6 13 20 27 ...
S
3 10 17 24 ...
July.
August.
Seplem ber.
*
... 2 9 16 23 30
! ... 6 13 20 27
3
... 3 10 17 24
M
... 3 10 17 24 31
M ... 7 14 21 28
M
... 4 11 18 25
Tb ... 4 11 18 25 ...
Tb 1 8 15 22 29
Tb ... 5 12 19 26
W ... 5 12 19 26 ...
W 2 9 16 23 30 W ... 6 13 20 27
IB. ... 6 13 2027 ...
Ik 3 10 17 24 31 Ib ... 7 14 21 28
F ... 7 14 21 28 ...
F 4 11 18 25 ...
F
1 8 15 22 29
S 1 8152229...
S 5 12 19 26 ...
S
2 9 16 23 30
October.
November. December.
*
1 8 15 22 29
... 5 12 19 26
& ... 3 10172431
M
2 9 16 23 30 M ... 6 13 20 27 M ... 4 11 18 25 ...
Tb 3 10 17 24 31
Tb ... 7 14 21 28 Tb ... 5121326...
W
4 11 18 25 ...
W 1 8 15 22 29 W ... 6132027...
Tb
5 12 19 26 ...
Tb 2 9 16 23 30 Tb ... 7 14 21 28 ...
F
6 13 20 27 ...
F 3 10 17 24 ...
F 1 8152229...
8
7 14 21 28 ...
S 4 11 18 25 ...
8,2 9 1623 30 ...
334
CONTRIBUTIONS
WHICH HAVE APPEARED IN THE CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE
SOCIETIES' "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
Annual." Page.
Acland, A. H. D. Education of Co-operators and
Citizens 1885 420
Acland, A. H. D. Secondary Education 1885 426
Adams, The late Mr. John 1900 425
Africa; Europe and England in, or the Develop- 1 )
ment of the Dark Continent. By H. DE B.I 1895 345
GIBBINS, M.A., F.E.G.S )
African Developments, Recent. By J. HOWARD
REED 1905 171
Agriculture, Co-operation as Applied to. By Prof.
JAMES LONG 1899 409
Agriculture, Co-operation in its Application to.
By G. HINES 1887 210
Agriculture, Co-operative. By BOLTON KING 1885 187
Agriculture, Co-operative, applied to Market Gar-]
dening and Fruit Culture. By the Editor of I 1885 194
The Agricultural Economist )
'Agriculture, Possibilities of British, under Free
Trade. By JAMES LONG j 1905 265
Aims and Ideals of the German Workers. By ED.
BERNSTEIN .' 1907 225
Alden, Percy, M.A., M.L.S.B. The Unemployed
Problem 1904 163
Alden, Percy, M. A. Labour Colonies 1906 175
Alden, Percy, M. P. Child Life and Labour 1909 135
American Immigration Laws. By EDWARD PORRITT 1894 171
American Tariffs. By EDWARD PORRITT 1897 202
American Shipbuilding. By EDWARD PORRITT .... 1902 221
Anti-Co-operative Movement, the Private Traders'.
By JAMES DEANS 1899 269
Arnold, Arthur. The Land and the People 1887 184
Articles Consumed by Co-operators, The Growth
and Manufacture of 1885 146
Art to Labour, The Relations of. By WM. MORRIS 1890 371
335
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
Art, The Co-operative Movement in Eelation to
Literature and. By A. E. FLETCHER
Association v. Competition. By H. W. MACROSTY,
B.A
Australasia as a Contributor to the World's
Supplies. By E. L. NASH
Bailey, H. E. Advantages and Necessity of a
Co-operative Wholesale Centre of Supply, as
established in the Organisation of the English
and Scottish Wholesale Societies
Ballot, The
Bate, John H. The Development of the Insurance
Business as a Field for Co-operative Enterprise..
Belgium and the Methods of the Belgians in
Applying Co-operative Principles and Practice.
By JAMES JOHNSTON
Belloc, Hilaire, M.P. The Place of a Peasantry in
Modern Civilisation
Bernstein, Ed. Aims and Ideals of the German
Workers
Billson, Alfred, M.P. Taxation of Land Values...
Binney , The late Mr. George
B. J., L. B. Co-operative Wholesale Societies and
their Eelations to Eetail Co-operative Societies...
B. J., L. B. Future Financial Development of the
Co-operative Movement
B. J., L. B. Possibilities of International Co-opera-
tive Trade
B. J., L. B. Eetail Co-operation and the Eelations
between the Individual and the Store
B.J., L. B. The Position of Co-operation in other
Lands
Blatchford, Eobert. Land Nationalisation
Boot and Shoe Making : As it Was and As it Is.
By AN OLD CRAFT
Bourne, H. E. Fox. Natives under British Eule...
Bradbury, Fred. The Woollen Industry, His-
torically and Commercially Considered
Branford, Victor V., M.A. Electricity : Past,
Present, Future
1 Annual."
1911
1900
1902
1889
1910
1907
1899
1906
1896
1899
1898
1896
1901
1898
1889
1904
1900
1896
Page.
199
223
301
377
232
213
295
279
225
330
347
209
166
257
199
379
241
328
239
253
253
336
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
" Annual." Page
British Budget- Making. By L. G. CHIOZZA
MONEY, M.P 1910 299
British Colonial Policy, The Development of, During \ \
the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. -By I 1908 242
L. KNOWLES, Litt.D )
British Trade, The Course of. By GEO. HOWELL,
F.S.S., M.P 1893 210
British Trade, Industrial Conflicts and 1886 285
Broadbent, Albert, F.S.S., F.E.H.S. Wheat
Growing, Milling, and Baking 1904 285
Brocklehurst, F., M.A. Eecent Democratic Legis-
lation 1904 185
Brown, The Late Mr. W. H 1908 312
Budget and Taxation. By W. M. J. WILLIAMS .... 1902 139
Budget- Making, British. By L. G. CHIOZZA
MONEY, M.P 1910 299
Burns, John, M.P. Eisks and Casualties of Labour. 1899 383
Burt, T., M.P. Trade Unions and the Working
Classes 1885 374
Burton, F. G. Advantages of Co-operative over]
Municipal and State Management in Produc- 1 1897 303
tion and Distribution j i
Business Life, Universities and. By Professor S.
J. CHAPMAN 1905 149
Callie, J. W. S. War Armaments of Europe 1898 324
Campbell, D. The Scottish Co-operative Whole-] I
sale Society Limited, and its Productive [ 1896 323
Departments j
Canada in 1898. By EDWARD PORRITT 1899 356
Canada, The Awakening of. By A. E. FLETCHER..; 1904 263
Can the Empire Feed its People ? By JAMES LONG. . 1893 595
Capital, The World's Accumulation of. By T.j
LLOYD ], 1893 507
Capitalism and Democracy, The Conflict of. By
PERCY EEDFERN .- 1910 191
Carpenter, Edward. The Awakening of China ... 1907 177
Casartelli, Eev. L. C., Ph.D., M.A. Commercial
Geography 1889 191
Casualties of Labour, Eisks and. By JOHN BURNS,
M.P 1899 383
337
CONTBIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
"Annual." Page
Cattle, Breeding and Feeding of Horses and. By
D. JOHNSON 1888 347
Chapman, W. W., F.S.S., M.E.A.S.E., &c. The:
British Islands : Their Eesources in Live Stock. .1 1903 245
Chapman, Prof . S. J. Universities and Business Life 1905 149
Chapman, S. J., M.A., M.Com. Some Principles of
Social Eeform 1909 229
Charities and their Administration. By GEORGE
HOWELL, F.S.S., M.P 1895 175
Child Life and Labour. By PERCY ALDEN, M.P.... 1909 135
China, Awakening of. By EDWARD CARPENTER ... 1907 177
Christian Socialism, Modern, from 1848. By the
Eev. J. GLASSE, M.A., D.D 1897 172
Citizens, Education of Co-operators and. By A.
H. D. ACLAND 1885 420
Citizenship, Education in. By HENRY DYER, C.E.,
M.A., D.Sc 1894 286
Citizenship, Geography and History for Economics
and. By Professor PATRICK GEDDES 1895 485
Civic Duties. By DAVID G. EITCHIE, M.A 1898 163
Civil Service Stores 1887 247
Civil Lists, Crown Lands and. By W.M.THOMPSON 1902 316
Clay, the late Joseph 1902 356
Coal and Coal Mining. By D. M. STEVENSON and
W. E. GARRETT FISHER, M.A 1897 450
Coates, Albert. The Great Social Awakening of
the Ottoman Empire 1910 243
Cocoa, Tea, Coffee, and. By J. E. JACKSON, A.L.S.
Illustrated by J. ALLEN 1893 339
Collier's Charter, The : The Eight Hours Day and
what it means. By F. H. EOSE 1909 269
Colonial Empire and Emigration, Our 1885 243
Colonial Policy, The Development of British, \
during the Nineteenth and Twentieth Cen- 1 1908 242
turies. By L. KNOWLES, Litt.D j
Colonies Adapted for Permanent Homes 1885 259
Colonies Adapted for Temporary Eesidence only ... 1885 322
Colonies, Labour. By PERCY ALDEN 1906 175
Commerce and Trade, Fluctuations in. By GEO.
HOWELL, F.S.S., M.P ; 1890 161
Commercial Geography. By Eev. L. C. CASARTELLI,
Ph.D., M.A 1889 191
23
338
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
' Annual."
Commercial and Industrial History, Sketches from.
By H. DE B. GIBBINS, M.A 1892
Common Lands, The Enclosure of 1885
Commons, Lords' and, in Legislation, Specially as
regards Finance. By W. M. J. WILLIAMS 1911
Communities, Ideal. By W. C. J 1886
Company Frauds and Parliamentary Inactivity.
By J. G. SWIFT MACNEILL, Q.C., M.P 1900
Competition, Foreign, and its Influence on Home
Industries. By J. A. HOBSON 1899
Competition, Foreign, in the East. By HOLT S.
HALLETT, C.E -... 1893
Condition of Labour, The. By G. H. WOOD,|
F.S.S 1902
Conciliation Boards, Wages and. By W. BEES
JEFFREYS 1903
Constitution, The English : Its Origin and Growth.
By H. DUNCKLEY, M.A., LL.D 1891
Co-operation: An Alternative to Socialism. Byj
FREDERICK EOCKELL j 1909
Co-operation and Education. By Eev. T. G.
DAVIES. | 1888
Co-operation and the Poor. By J. C. GRAY 1902
Co-operation in its Application to Agriculture. By
G. HINES 1887
Co-operation in other Lands. By H. W. WOLFF... 1903
Co-operation in other Lands, The Position of. By
B. J., L.B 1901
Co-operation in Italy. By BOLTON KING 1902
Co-operation as Applied to Agriculture. By JAMES
LONG 1899
Co-operation, Eminent Men on 1887
Co-operation: Its Spread and Power. By T.
SWANN : 1888
Co-operation in its Eelation to other Forms of Col-
lectivism. By A. E. FLETCHER j 1899
Co-operation, Productive : Its Principles and
Methods. By H. W. MACROSTY, B.A 1903
Co-operation, Eetail, and the Eelations between
the Individual and the Store. By B. J., L. B. ... 1896
Co-operation, Valuable Opinions on i 1888
Co-operation v. Socialism. By Prof. P. GEDDES ... 1888
339
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
"Annual." Page.
Co-operation, Some Aspects of Continental and
Colonial. By the Eev. T. G. GARDINER
Co-operation, Socialism and. By H. SNELL
Co-operation and Currency Keform. By MICHAEL
FLURSCHEIM
Co-operation in Denmark, more particularly Co-
operative Agriculture. By ERIK GIVSKOV
Co-operation of Consumers. By T. TWEDDELL,
J.P
Co-operative Agriculture. By BOLTON KING
Co-operative Agriculture Applied to Market Gar-
dening and Fruit Culture. By the Editor of
The Agricultural Economist
Co-operative Movement, Anti-, Private Traders'.
By JAMES DEANS
Co-operative Enterprise, The Development of the)
Insurance Business as a Field for. By JOHN }
H. BATE j
Co-operative Efforts, Early
Co-operative Movement, Future Financial Develop-
ment of. By B. J., L.B
Co-operative Movement in Relation to Literature
and Art, The. By A. E. FLETCHER j
Co-operative Societies, Law Cases Affecting. By]
HENRY HARWOOD
Co-operative, The Advantages of, over Municipal'
and State Management in Production and Dis- -
tribution. By F. G. BURTON
Co-operative Principles and Practice, Belgium and]
the Methods of the Belgians in Applying. By I
JAMES JOHNSTON )
Co-operative Production. By H. SLATTER, J.P. ...
Co-operative Trade, The Possibilities of Inter-
national. By B. J., L. B
Co-operative Wholesale Centre of Supply, The\
Advantages and Necessity of a, as Established [
in the Organisation of the English and Scottish j
Wholesale Societies. By H. R. BAILEY j
Co-operative Wholesale Societies, The, and their)
Relations to the Retail Co-operative Societies. [
By B.J., L.B J
Co-operative Wholesale Societies' Tea Estates
1897
1906
1898
1905
1908
1885
1885
1899
1908
1886
1899
1911
1895
1897
1908
1886
1898
1889
499
149
210
241
135
187
194
269
213
86
166
199
530
303
295
188
257
377
209
359
340
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
"Annual." Page.
Co-operative Wholesale Society, The Productive
Departments of the 1892 430
Co-operative Wholesale Society, Progress and Pre-
sent Position of the 1899 445
Co-operative Wholesale Society, The Scottish,
and its Productive Departments. By DAVID
CAMPBELL 1896 323
Co-operative Societies, The System of Credit as
practised by. By J. C. GRAY 1889 344
Co-operators, Education of, and Citizens. By A.
H. D. ACLAND 1885 420
Co-operators, The Growth and Manufacture of
Articles Consumed by 1885 146
Cotton Industry, Past, Present, and Prospective, A
Sketch of British. By J. C. FIELDING | 1887 313
Cotton Kingdom, The New. By EDWARD PORRITT 1895 241
Cotton, Empire-Grown. By EDMUND D. MOREL... | 1904 145
Cotton Mill Towns of New England. By EDWARD
PORRITT 1900 195
Cotton Growing Within the British Empire. By
J. HOWARD EEED, F.E.G.S j 1911 151
Cows' Milk, On the Production of, and the Dis-]
eases Caused by its Use. By J. NIVEN, M.A., I 1897 282
M.B. (Cantab.) j
Creameries, Irish. By W. L. STOKES 1897 419
Credit as practised by Co-operative Societies. By
J. C. GRAY 1889 344
Crown Lands and Civil Lists. By W. M.
THOMPSON 1902 316
Culture. By E. D. ROBERTS 1885 424
Currency Eeform and Co-operation. By MICHAEL
FLURSCHEIM 1898 210
Dairy Farming in Sweden 1888 277
Dairy Produce, Our Trade in. By JAS. LONG 1892 360
Davies, Eev. T. G. Co-operation and Education... 1888 308
Deans, James. Private Traders' Anti-Co-operative
Movement 1899 269
Democracy and Foreign Policy. By J. EAMSAY
MACDONALD, M.P 1907 157
341
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
"Annual." 1 Page.
Democracy, The Conflict of Capitalism and. Byi
PERCY REDFERN j 191C 191
Democratic Legislation, Recent. By F. BROCKLE-
HURST, M.A 1904 185
Denmark, Co-operation in, more particularly Co-
operative Agriculture. By ERIK GIVSKOV 1905 241
Depopulation, Rural: Its Cause and Cure. By A.
E. FLETCHER 1906 129
Destitution, A National Crusade Against. By
SIDNEY and BEATRICE WEBB 1910 143
Distribution, The Advantages of Co-operative over]
Municipal and State Management in Produc- L 1897 303
tion and. By F. G. BURTON )
Distributive Co-operation, One Outcome of ' 1886 194
Domestic Economy of the British Home. By;
MARGARET Me. MILLAN ! 1907 256
Dunckley, Henry, M.A., LL.D. The English Con-j
stitution : Its Origin and Growth 1891 129
Dunckley, Henry, M.A., LL.D. The South Sea
Bubble I 1892 243
Dunckley, Henry, M.A., LL.D. Military and Naval
Forces of the World and their Cost 1893 427
Dunckley, Henry, M. A., LL.D. Stock Exchanges:!
Their Origin and History 1893 171
Dunckley, Henry, M.A., LL.D. History and]
Effects of the Privileged Classes in Civilised I 1894 262
Communities ) I
Dunckley, Henry, M.A., LL.D. Would the)
Nationalisation of Railways be of Advantages 1895 203
to the Country ? )
Dyer, Henry, C.E., M.A., D.Sc. Influence of]
Modern Industry on Social and Economic [ 1892 145
Conditions '
Dyer, Henry, C.E., M.A., D.Sc. Education in
Citizenship 1894 286
Dyer, Henry, C.E., M.A., D.Sc. Some Lessons
from Japan 1908 146
Eastern Markets, Development of. By HOLT S.
HALLETT, C.E 1890 308
342
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
' Annual."
land, A Survey of Working-class. By ALBERT I
Page.
Economics and Citizenship, Geography and History
for. By Professor PATRICK GEDDES 1895 485
Economic Conditions, Influence of Modern Industry
on Social and. By H. DYER, C.E., M.A., D.Sc... 1892 145
Education in Citizenship. By HENRY DYER, C.E.,
M.A., D.Sc 1894 286
Education in England and Wales in 1902. By
Dr. MACNAMARA, M.P 1903 139
Education of Co-operators and Citizens. By A. H.|
D. ACLAND 1885 420
Education, Co-operation and. By Eev. T. G.
DAVIES 1888 308
Education, Higher. By F. STORR i 1885 437
Education of the People, The. By Eev. J. HIRST
HOLLOWELL 1892 319
Education, Primary, in England. By Dr. J. WATTS 1885 393
Education, The Eoyal Commission on. By H.
SLATTER, J.P 1889 334
Education, Secondary. By A. H. D. ACLAND 1885 426
Education, Needs of Secondary. By H. DE B.
GIBBINS, M.A 1900 143
Education, Statistics of Expenditure of Public
Money on 1885 443
Education, Technical, at Home and Abroad.
. By Eev. J. HIRST HOLLOWELL 1894 439
Education : The Problem To-day. By MARGARET
MC.MILLAN 1904 313
Educational Movements in England and Scot-) i
1906 259
MANSBRIDGE )
Edwards, Joseph, The Fraudulent Eelations oh
Land and Taxation : Their Besponsibility for the 1 1 \q-\-\ 91 q
Long-continued Existence 1 of Eadically Unjust {
Social Conditions )
Egypt under Lord Cromer. By J. HOWARD EEED 1909 204
Eight Hours Day, The, and what it means, The
Collier's Charter. By F. H. EOSE 1909 269
Electricity : Light and Power. By M. HOLROYD
SMITH, M.I.M.E., M.S.T.E. and E., &c 1889 204
Electricity : Past, Present, Future. By VICTOR V.
BRANFORD M.A 1896 253
Emigration, The Advantages of. ByG. J.HOLYOAKE 1885 245
343
CONTKIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
' Annual."
Page.
Emigration Our Colonial Empire and 1885 243
Empire, Can the, Feed its People ? By Professor
JAMES LONG 1893 595
England, Land Tenure in. By Professor J. E.
THOROLD EOGEBS 1889 167
English Constitution, The : Its Origin and Growth.
By H. DUNCKLEY, M.A., LL.D 1891 129
English Industry up to the Beginning of the)
Present Century, A Short Outline of the I 1890 273
Growth of. By H. DE B. GIBBINS, B.A )
English Labour, A Century-and-a-half of. By Pro-
fessor J. E. THOROLD EOGEKS, M.P. 1885 327
Englishmen in the World of Labour. By B. J.,
L. B 1887 270
Europe and England in Africa ; or the Development)
of the Dark Continent. By H. DE B. GIBBINS, f 1895 345
M.A., F.E.G.S j
Evans, Sparke, J.P. Leather 1889 322
Everett, E. L., M.P. Old Age Pensions 1893 464
Evolution and Work of the Scots Parliament, The.
By WILLIAM WALLACE, M.A 1897 331
Expenditure and Taxation of the United Kingdom,
1876-1900, The. By W. M. J. WILLIAMS 1901 345
Factory Legislation in the United States. By
EDWARD PORRITT ..; 1896 180
Factories, Sweating in Indian, and Workshops.
By HOLT S. HALLETT, C.E. . 1891 199
Fibre Supply, The World's. By J. E. JACKSON,
A.L.S 1897 228
Fielding, J. C. British Cotton Industry ; Past,
Present, and Prospective, A Sketch of 1887 313
Fisher, W. E. Garrett, M.A. Coal and Coal
Mining 1897 450
Fishing Industries of the United Kingdom. By
CHAS. E. FRYER j 1893 561
Fletcher, A. E. Co-operation in its Eolation to!
other Forms of Collectivism 1899 224
Fletcher, A. E. The Utilisation of Waste Lands... 1901 211
Fletcher, A. E. The Awakening of Canada ; 1904 263
344
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
' Annual.'
Page.
Fletcher, A. E. Eural Depopulation: Its Cause
and Cure 1906 129
Fletcher, A. E. The Co-operative Movement in
Relation to Literature and Art 1911 199
Flour, Wheat 1888 332
Fliirscheim, Michael. Currency Eeform and Co-
operation 1898 210
Food of the People, The. By T. OLIVER, M.A.,
M.D., F.K.C.P 1896 147
Food Products, New, with Suggestions on the\
Introduction and Cultivation in Britain or the
British Colonies of New and Little Known I 1895 279
Fruits and Vegetables. By J. E. JACKSON, A.L.S. I
Illustrated by J. ALLEN J
Foreign Trade, The Eelative Values of our Home
and our. By T. LLOYD 1895 312
Foreign Competition in the East. By HOLT S.
HALLETT, C.E 1893 371
Foreign Competition and Its Influence on Home
Industries. By J. A. HOBSON 1899 197
Freedom, Popular, The Birth of, in England. By
W. C. J ! 1886 250
Free Trade, Possibilities of British Agriculture
under. By JAMES LONG 1905 265
French and German Socialism. By LAURENCE
GRONLUND 1886 138
Fruit Culture, Co-operative Agriculture applied to)
Market Gardening, &c. By the Editor of The \ ' 1885 194
Agricultural Economist )
Fruit-Growing Industry, Our. By G. T. TURNER. 1889 366
Fryer, Charles E. Fishing Industries of the United
Kingdom 1893 561
Furniture Woods, with Suggestions for the Intro-]
duction of New Kinds. By J. E. JACKSON, [ 1894 349
A.L.S. lUustrated by J. ALLEN
Gardiner, Eev. T. G. Some Aspects of Continental
and Colonial Co-operation 1897 499
Geddes, Prof. Patrick. Co-operation v. Socialism... 1888 285
Geddes, Prof. Patrick. Geography and History for
Economics and Citizenship '. 1895 485
345
CONTEIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
'Annual."
Geography, Commercial. By Rev. L. C. CASAR-
TELLI, Ph.D., M.A 1889
Geography and History for Economics and Citizen-
ship. By Professor PATRICK GEDDES 1895
German Socialism, French and. By LAURENCE]
GRONLUND j 1886
German Workers, Aims and Ideals of. By ED.|
BERNSTEIN i 1907
Gibbins, H. de B., M.A. A Short Outline of the]
Growth of English Industry up to the Beginning I 1890
of the Present Century j
Gibbins, H. de B., M.A. Sketches from Commercial
and Industrial History 1892
Gibbins, H. de B., M.A. The Needs of Secondary
Education 1900
Givskov, Erik. Co-operation in Denmark, more
particularly Co-operative Agriculture 1905
Givskov, Erik. Home Industries and Small
Farming 1906
Givskov, Erik. Parisian Market Gardening ] 1910
Glasgow, The Rise and Progress of Industries of.
By ROBERT LEGGATT 1891
Glasse, Rev. J., M.A., D.D. Modern Christian
Socialism from 1848 1897
Glover, T. R. Insurance, and what is worth]
knowing about it 1888
Gold Fields of South Africa, The. By J. HOWARD
REED 1907
Goodey, the late Mr. J. F 1911
Government, Local, and Taxation. By GEORGE
HOWELL, F.S.S 1897
Grain Trade, The Position of the World's. By G.
T.TURNER 1888
Gray, J. C. The System of Credit as practised by
Co-operative Societies 1889
Gray J. C. Co-operation and the Poor 1902
Green, J. E., F.I.C., F.C.S. Soap 1891
Grey, Sir E. Payment of Members of Parliament 1892
Gronlund, Laurence. Social Experiments in United
States 1886
Gronlund, Laurence. Socialism, French and
German . 1886
346
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
' Annual."
Gums, Eesins, Balsams, and Rubbers. By J. R.
JACKSON. Illustrated by J. ALLEN 1899
Hallett, Holt S., C.E. India and its Neighbours...
Hallett, Holt S., C.E. Development of Eastern
Markets
Hallett, Holt S., C.E. Sweating in Indian Factories
and Workshops ,
Hallett, Holt S., C.E. Foreign Competition in the
East
Hallett, Holt S., C.E. Indian Taxation : Ancient
and Modern
Hardie, J. Keir, M.P. Towards Municipal Socialism)
Hardie, J. Keir, M.P. The Perils of Property
Harvey, J. W. Inland Navigation j
Harwood, Henry. Law Cases Affecting Co-
operative Societies
Health and Long Life, Sanitation. By H.
PITMAN
Hewins, W. A. S. The National Debt: Its Origin, 1 )
Growth, and the Methods which have been j-
Adopted from time to time for its Reduction ...j
Hibbert, The late Emanuel
Hines, G. Twelve Years of School Work in
Ipswich
Hines, G. Co-operation in its Application to
Agriculture
History of Milling. By R. WITHERINGTON
History of the Travelling Tax. By G. J. HOLYOAKE,
History, Geography and, for Economics and Citizen-!
ship. By Professor PATRICK GEDDES
Hobson, J. A. The Problem of the Unemployed...
Hobson, J.A. Foreign Competition and its Effects
on Home Industries
Hobson, J. A. The Industrial Future of South
Africa
Hobson, J. A. Ruskin and Working-class Move-
ments
Hollowell, Rev. J. Hirst. The Education of the
People
1895
1890
1891
1893
1897
1901
1906
1888
1895
1896
1889
1896
1885
1887
1887
1901
1895
1896
1899
1901
1905
1892
Page.
297
378
308
199
371
254
289
299
127
530
374
227
416
411
210
304
231
485
351
197
269
199
319
347
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 191 1.
Title of Article.
'Annual."
Hollowell, Eev. J. Hirst. Technical Education at
Home and Abroad 1894
Hollowell, Eev. J. Hirst. School System of the
United States 1902
Holyoake, G. J. The Advantages of Emigration...' 1885
Holyoake, G. J. History of the Travelling Tax ..J 1901
Home and Our Foreign Trade, The Eelative Values
of our. By T. LLOYD 1895
Home Industries and Small Farming. By ERIK
GIVSKOV 1906
Horses and Cattle, Breeding and Feeding of. By;
D. JOHNSON 1888
Hosiery Trade, The. By ANTHONY MUNDELLA... 1893
Housing of the Working Classes 1886
Housing Problem in the Towns, The. By C. M.
KNOWLES 1901
Howell, George, F.S.S.,M.P. Trade Unions : Their!
Origin, Eise, Progress, and Work 1885
Howell, George, F.S.S., M.P. Great Strikes : Their i
Origin, Cost, and Eesults 1889
Howell, George, F.S.S., M.P. Fluctuations in
Commerce and Trade 1890
Howell, George, F.S.S., M.P. Pauperism: Its
Nature and Extent, its Causes and Eemedies . . . 1890
Howell, George, F.S.S., M.P. Industrial London. 1891
Howell, George, F.S.S., M.P. Eich Eicher andj
the Poor Poorer : An Essay on the Distribution I 1892
of Wealth )
Howell, George, F.S.S., M.P. The Course of
British Trade
Howell, George, F.S.S., M.P. A Century of In-
dustrial and Social Legislation
Howell, George, F.S.S., M.P. Charities and their
Administration
Howell, George, F.S.S., M.P. Taxation : How
Eaised and how Expended
Howell, George, F.S.S., M.P. Local Government
and Taxation .'
Howell, George. The Taff Vale Case : Its History,
its Gravity, and its Lessons
Hughes, Spencer Leigh. Westminster; or, Parlia-
ment and its Work
Page.
439
279
245
231
312
237
347
479
203
309
352
266
161
187
163
191
210
198
175
232
395
123
160
348
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
' Annual.'
Hughes, Thos., Q.C. Eugby Tennessee
Hughes, the late Judge 1897
Ideal Communities. By W. C. J 1886
Income Tax, Keform of the. By W. M. J. WILLIAMS 1908
India and its Neighbours. By HOLT S. HALLETT,
C.E 1895
Indian Factories and Workshops, Sweating in. By
HOLT S. HALLETT, C.E 1891
Indian Famine and its Lessons, The. By VAUGHAN
NASH I 1901
Indian Taxation, Ancient and Modern. By HOLT!
S. HALLETT, C.E 1897
Industrial Conditions at Home and Abroad. Byi
J. M. KNIGHT, F.S.S ! 1906
Industrial Conflicts and British Trade ! 1886
Industrial Future of South Africa, The. By J. A.
HOBSON 1901
Industrial History, Sketches from Commercial. By
H. DE B. GIBBINS, M.A 1892
Industrial Progress, The Eecent History of. By
E. S. WATSON 1891
Industrial and Provident Societies : The Legislation
Eelating thereto. By E. V. NEALE 1887
Industrial Evolution, The Continued : Its Bearing
on the Labour Question. By J. M. KNIGHT 1907
Industrial London. By GEO. HOWELL, F.S.S.,
M.P.. 1891
Industrial and Social Legislation, A Century of.
By GEORGE HOWELL, F.S.S., M.P 1894
Industrial Mortality, Some Aspects of. ByVAUGHANl
NASH 1894
Industries of Glasgow, The Eise and Progress of.l
By EGBERT LEGGATT 1891
Industries, Fishing, of the United Kingdom. By
CHARLES E. FRYER 1893
Industries, Home, and Small Farming. By ERIK
GIVSKOV 1906
Industry, English, up to the beginning of the)
Present Century, A Short Outline of the Growth I 1890
of. By H. DE B. GIBBINS, M.A j
CONTBIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
' Annual.'
Industries, Foreign Competition and its Influence
on Home. By J. A. HOBSON 1899
Influence of Modern Industry on Social and]
Economic Conditions. By H. DYER, GJB.,1 1892
M.A., D.Sc )
Influence of the- Production of the Precious Metals)
on Industry and Trade, The. By Professor J. L i 1895 456
S. NICHOLSON, M.A., D.Sc j
Influence of the Land Laws upon the Prosperity
of the People. By Professor JAMES LONG 1895
Inland Navigation. By J. W. HARVEY 1888
Insurance, and what is worth knowing about it.
By T. E. GLOVER 1888
Insurance Business, The Development of the,]
as a Field for Co-operative Enterprise. By I 1908
JOHN H. BATE J
International Co-operative Trade, The Possibilities
of. By B. J., L. B 1898 257
Irish Creameries. By W. L. STOKES 1897 419
Irlam Soap Works 1896 388
Irving, The late Mr. Eobert 1905 341
Italy, Co-operation in. By BOLTON KING 1902 165
Jackson, J. R., A.L.S. Tea, Coffee, and Cocoa ...
Jackson, J. R., A.L.S. Furniture Woods, with
Suggestions for the Introduction of New Kinds.
Jackson, J. R., A.L.S. New Food Products, with
Suggestions on the Introduction and Cultivation
in Britain or the British Colonies of New and
Little Known Fruits and Vegetables
Jackson, J. R., A.L.S. The World's Fibre Supply.
Jackson, J. R., A.L.S. Tobacco, its History,
Culture, and Uses
Jackson, J. R., A.L.S. Gums, Resins, &c
Jackson, J. R., A.L.S. Sugar, Botanically and
Commercially Considered
Jackson, J. R., A.L.S. Rice, Sago, and Tapioca:
Commercially and Botanically Considered
Japan, Some Lessons from. By HENRY DYER.
C.E., MA, D.Sc
1893
1894
1895
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1908
350
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
; Annual.'
Page.
Jeffreys, W. Bees. Wages and Conciliation Boards 1903 291
Johnson, D. Breeding and Feeding of Horses and
Cattle 1888 347
Johnston, James. Belgium and the Methods of the \
Belgians in Applying Co-operative Principles I 1908 295
and Practice j
King, Bolton. Co-operative Agriculture 1885 187
King, Bolton. Co-operation in Italy 1902 165
Knight, J. M., F.S.S. Eailway Eates and Charges 1900 357
Knight, J. M., F.S.S. The Growth and Incidence
of Municipal Expenditure 1905 285
Knight, J. M., F.S.S. Industrial Conditions at
Home and Abroad 1906 307
Knight, J. M., 'F.S.S. The Continued Industrial
Evolution: Its Bearing on the Labour Question.. 1907 276
Knowles, C. M. The Housing Problem in the Towns 1901 309
Knowles, L., Litt.D. The Development of \ \
British Colonial Policy during the Nineteenth I 1908 242
and Twentieth Centuries j
Kropotkin, P. What Man can Obtain from the Land 1897 358
Labour Colonies. By PERCY ALDEN 1906 175
Labour, Eelations of Art to. By WM. MORRIS 1890 371
Labour Statistics, Articles from Bureau of 1886 218
Labour, Eisks and Casualties of. By JOHN BURNS,
M.P 1899 383
Labour, Condition of. By GEORGE H. WOOD, F.S.S. 1902 247
Land Laws, Influence of the, upon the Prosperity
of the People. By Professor JAMES LONG 1895 422
Land and the People, The. By ARTHUR ARNOLD... 1887 184
Land and Taxation, The Fraudulent Eelations of :\
Their Eesponsibility for the Long-continued' 1Q11
Existence of Eadically Unjust Social Conditions. I" j
By JOSEPH EDWARDS )
Land Nationalisation. By A. J. OGILVY 1890 131
Land Nationalisation. By EGBERT BLATCHFORD... 1898 241
Land Settlement for Workmen. By JAMES LONG.. 1903 321
351
CONTEIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
'Annual."
Land Tenure in England. By Professor J. E.
THOKOLD EOGERS 1889 167
Land, What Man can Obtain from the. By P.
KROPOTKIN I 1897 358
Land Values, Taxation of. By A. BILLSON i 1899 330
Lands, The Enclosure of Common 1885 461
Laurie, Professor S. S. The University and the
People, and the University of the Future 1894 380
Law Cases Affecting Co-operative Societies. By
HENRY HARWOOD 1895 530
Law, The History of the Poor. By GRAHAM
WALLAS i 1894 262
Leather. By SPARSE EVANS, J.P 1889 322
Leggatt, Eobert. The Eise and Progress of thej
Industries of Glasgow j 1891 347
Legislation, Factory, in the United States. By!
EDWARD PORRITT 1896 180
Legislation, Industrial and Provident Societies.
ByE. V. NEALE 1887 344
Legislation, A Century of Industrial and Social.
By G. HOWELL, F.S.S., M.P 1894 198
Legislation, For Direct. By A. M. THOMPSON 1900 311
Legislation, Eecent Democratic. By F. BROCKLE-
HURST, M.A 1904 185
Live Stock, The British Islands : Their Eesources
in. By W. W. CHAPMAN, F.S.S., M.E.A.S.E., &c. 1903 245
Lloyd, T. The World's Accumulation of Capital . . 1893 507
Lloyd, T. The Eelative Values of our Home and
our Foreign Trade 1895 312
Local Government and Taxation. By GEORGE!
HOWELL, F.S.S., M.P 1897 395
London, Industrial. By GEO. HOWELL, F.S.S., M.P. 1891 163
London School Board. By the Hon. E. LYULPH
STANLEY, M.P 1885 404
Long, Professor James. The Sources of our Meat
Supply 1891 380
Long, Professor James. Can the Empire Feed its
People? 1893 595
Long, Professor James. Soil, and What it will
Grow 1894 397
Long, Professor James. Influence of the Land
Laws upon the Prosperity of the People I 1895 422
352
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
"Annual.'
Page.
Long, Professor James. Co-operation as Applied
to Agriculture 1899 409
Long, Professor James. Land Settlement for
Workmen 1903 321
Long, Professor James. Possibilities of British
Agriculture under Free Trade 1905 265
Long, Professor James. The English Village :
What it is, and what it ought to be 1907 203
Long Life, Sanitation, Health, and. By H. PITMAN. 1896 374
Lords and Commons in Legislation, Specially as
regards Finance. By W. M. J. WILLIAMS 1911 177
Lownds, The late James 1896 415
Macdonald* J. Eamsay, M.P. democracy and
Foreign Policy 1907 157
Machinery and Industry, The Possibilities of, and]
Some of their Probable Eesults on Social and I 1893 301
Economic Conditions )
Machinery, Shoe: Its Effects on Wages and Cost
of Production. By AN OLD CRAFT 1890 383
Macnamara, Dr., M.P. Education in England and
Wales in 1902 1903 139
Macneill, J. G. Swift, Q.C., M.P. Company Frauds
and Parliamentary Inactivity 1900 169
Macrosty, H. W., B.A. Association i>. Competition 1900 223
Macrosty, H. W., B.A. Productive Co-operation :
Its Principles and Methods i 1903 161
Manchester School Board. By HENRY SLATTER,
J.P 1885 405
Manchester Ship Canal, An Account of the Origin
and Development of the 1889 389
Mansbridge, Albert. From Primary School to
University 1909 297
Mansbridge, Albert. A Survey of Working-class)
.Educational Movements in England and Scot-[ 1906 259
land )
Market Gardening, Parisian. By ERIK GIVSKOV... 1910 219
Marshall, Alfred. Theories and Facts About
Wages ! 1885 379
Massingham, H. W. The Press and its Message... 1907 169
353
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
"Annual."
Page.
Maxwell, Wm., J.P. The late John Thomas White-
head Mitchell, J.P 1896 392
Maxwell, J. S. Tramways and Municipalisation... 1902 185
Mc.Millan, Margaret. Education: The Problem
To-day 1904 313
Mc.Millan, Margaret. Domestic Economy of the
British Home r 1907 256
Meat Supply, The Sources of Our. By Professor!
JAMES LONG ; 1891 380
Melbourne and its District. By W. NUTTALL 1888 194
Members of Parliament, Payment of. By Sir E.j
GREY 1892 345
Members of Parliament, Payment of : A Historical
Note. By A. H. WORTHINGTON 1893 555
Merchant Shipping Bill, The 1885 239
Merchant Shipping, Sketch of the Eise and Pro-
gress of 1885. 198
Military and Naval Forces of the World and their
Cost. By H. DUNCKLEY, M. A., LL.D 1893 427
Milling, History of. By R. WITHERINGTON 1887 304
Mining Royalties. By Professor J. E. C.
MUNRO 1891 269
Mitchell, J.P., the late John Thomas Whitehead.
By WM. MAXWELL, J.P 1896 392
Modern Christian Socialism from 1848. By the
Rev. J. GLASSE, M.A., D.D 1897 172
Money. By Professor J. S. NICHOLSON 1887 137
Money, L. G. Chiozza, M.P. Railways and the
Nation 1909 249
Money, L. G. Chiozza, M. P. Sweating: Its Cause
and Cure 1908 270
Money, L. G. Chiozza, M.P. British Budget-
Making 1910 299
Morel, Edmund D. Empire-Grown Cotton 1904 145
Mortality, Some Aspects of Industrial. By
VAUGHAN NASH 1894 314
Morris, Wm. Relations of Art to Labour 1890 371
Movements and Reforms of the Nineteenth Century,!
Social. By G. H. WOOD, F.S.S 1903 193
Mundella, Anthony. The Hosiery Trade 1893 479
Municipal Socialism, Some Facts and Considera-
tions about. By SYDNEY WEBB, LL.B 1896 286
24
354
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FKOM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
"Annual."
Page.
Municipal Socialism, Towards. By J. KEIK
HARDIE, M.P 1901 289
Municipal and State Management in Production ")
and Distribution, The Advantages of Co-opera- L 1897 303
tive over. By F. G. BURTON j
Municipalisation, Tramways and. By J. SHAW
MAXWELL ...'. 1902 185
Municipal Expenditure, the Growth and Incidence
of. By J. MARTIN KNIGHT, F.S.S 1905 285
Munro, J. E. C. Mining Eoyalties 1891 269
Murphy, W. S. Eobert Owen as a Social
Eeformer 1903 111
Nash, Vaughan. Some Aspects of Industrial Mor-
tality 1894
Nash, Vaughan. The Indian Famine and its
Lessons 1901
Nash, E. L. Australasia as a Contributor to the
World's Supplies 1902
Nation, Eailways and the. By L. G. CHIOZZA
MONEY, M.P 1909
Nation, The Eailways for the. By G. H. PERRIS,
F.S.S 1898
National Debt, The : Its Origin, Growth, and the \
Methods which have been Adopted from time to [ 1889
time for its Seduction. By W. A. S. HEWINS...J
National Expenditure Accounts and Audits. By
W. E. SNELL 1888 315
Nationalisation, Land. By A. J. OGILVY 1890 13]
Nationalisation, Land. By EGBERT BLATCHFORD. 1898 241
Nationalisation, Would the, of Eailways be of]
Advantage to the Country? By H. DUNCKLEY, I 1895 203
M.A., LL.D )
Natives under British Eule. By H. E. Fox
BOURNE 1904 239
Naval, Military and, Forces of the World, and their
Cost. By H. DUNCKLEY, M.A., LL.D 1893 427
Navigation, Inland. By J. W. HARVEY 1888 127
Neale, E. V. The Legislation Eelating to Indus-
trial and Provident Societies . 1887 344
355
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FBOM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
'Annual."
Page.
Newman, P. L., B.A., F.I.A. Superannuation 1898 349
New Food Products, with Suggestions on the
Introduction and Cultivation in Britain or the
British Colonies of New and Little Known 1895 279
Fruits and Vegetables. By J. E. JACKSON,
A.L.S. Illustrated by J. ALLEN
Nicholson, Professor J. S., M.A., D.Sc. Money ... 1887 137
Nicholson, Professor J. S., M.A., D.Sc. The]
Influence of the Production of the Precious )- 1895 456
Metals on Industry and Trade j
Niven, J., M.A., M.B. (Cantab.) On the Produc-)
tion of Cows' Milk and the Diseases Caused by [ 1897 282
its Use )
North, The late Mr. Alfred 1906 347
Nuttall, W. Melbourne and its District 1888 194
Ogilvy, A. J. Land Nationalisation 1890 131
Old- Age Pensions. By E. L. EVERETT, M.P 1893 464
Oliver, T., M.A., M.D, F.E.C.P. The Food of the
People 1896 147
On the Production of Cows' Milk and the Diseases]
Caused by its Use. By J. NIVEN, M.A., M.B. 1897 282
(Cantab.) )
Ottoman Empire, The Great Social Awakening of
the. By ALBERT COATES 1910 243
Owen, Eobert, as a Social Eeformer. By W. S.
MURPHY 1903 111
Parisian Market Gardening. By ERIK GIVSKOV ... 1910 219
Parliament and its Work, Westminster; or. By
SPENCER LEIGH HUGHES 1909 160
Parliament, The Evolution and Work of the Scots.
By WILLIAM WALLACE, M.A 1897 331
Pauperism : Its Nature and Extent, its Causes and
Eemedies. By GEORGE HOWELL, F.S.S., M.P. 1890 187
Payment of Members of Parliament. By Sir E. GREY 1892 345
Payment of Members of Parliament : A Historical
Note. By A. H. WORTHINGTON 1893 555
356
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
' Annual."
Page.
Peasantry in Modern Civilisation, The Place of a.
By HILAIRE BELLOC, M.P 1910 i>79
Pensions and the Poor Law. By W. M. J.
WILLIAMS 1910 169
Pensions, Old- Age. By K. L. EVERETT, M.P 1893 464
People, Influence of the Land Laws upon the
Prosperity of the. By Professor JAMES LOHG... 1895
People, The Land and the. By ARTHUR ARNOLD... 1887 184
People, The University and the, and the University
of the Future. By Professor S. S. LAURIE 1894 380
Perris, G. H., P.S.S. The Eailways for the
Nation 1898
Phonography, Spelling Eeform and. By H. PITMAN 1890 236
Physical Deterioration : Its Causes and Conse-
quences. By Eev. W. G. EDWARDS BEES, M.A. .. 1908 167
Piggott, A. E., F.S.A.A. Silk : Its History and its
Industries 1893 686
Pitman, Henry. Spelling Eeform and Phonography 1890 236
Pitman, Henry. Sanitation, Health, and Long
Life 1896 374
Political Economy, The Working Classes and 1886 279
Poor Law, Pensions and the. By W. M. J.
WILLIAMS j 1910 169
Poor Law, History of the. By GRAHAM WALLAS . . 1894 262
Poor Poorer, Eich Eicher and the : An Essay onj
the Distribution of Wealth. By GEO. HOWELL, I 1892 191
F.S.S., M.P J
Poor, Co-operation and the. By J. C. GRAY 1902 111
Popular Discontent 1886 80
Popular Freedom in England, The Birth of. Byl
W. C. J ! 1886 250
Popular Power : A People's Party 1886
Porritt, Edward. American Immigration Laws ... 1894 171
Porritt, Edward. The New Cotton Kingdom 1895 241
Porritt, Edward. Factory Legislation in the United
States 1896 180
Porritt, Edward. American Tariffs 1897 202
Porritt, Edward. Canada in 1898 1899 356
Porritt, Edward. Cotton Mill Towns of New
England 1900 195
Porritt, Edward. The United States in 1900 1901 185
Porritt, Edward. American Shipbuilding 1902 221
357
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
"Annual." Page
Position of Co-operation in other Lands, The. By
B. J., L.B 1901
Possibilities of International Co-operative Trade,
The. ByB.J, L.B 1898
Possibilities of Machinery and Industry, and some)
of their Probable Eesults on Social and Economic I 1893
Conditions, The j I
Press and its Message. By H. W. MASSINGHAM... 1907
Primary School to University, From. By ALBERT
MANSBRIDGE 1909
Printing, The Origin and Growth of the Art of.
By H. SLATTER, J.P 1893
Privileged Classes in Civilised Communities, The]
History and Effects of. By H. DUNCKLEY, M. A., I 1894
LL.D J
Production, Co-operative. By HENRY SLATTER,
J.P '. ! 1886
Production of Cows' Milk, On the, and the Diseases)
Caused by its Use. By J. NIVEN, M.A., M.B. I 1897
(Cantab.) J
Production, The Influence of the, of the Precious)
Metals on Industry and Trade. By Professor I 1895
J. S. NICHOLSON, M.A., D.Sc j
Production and Distribution, The Advantages of]
Co-operative over Municipal and State Manage- 1 1897
ment in. By R G. BURTON j
Productive Co-operation : Its Principles and
Methods. By H. W. MACROSTY, B.A 1903
Productive Departments of the C.W.S., The 1892
Productive Departments, The Scottish Co-opera-)
tive Wholesale Society Limited and its. By I 1896
D. CAMPBELL j
Progress of Society, The 1886
Progress and Present Position of the C.W.S 1899
Progress, The Eecent History of Industrial. By
E. S. WATSON 1891
Property, The Perils of. By J. KEIR HARDIE,
M.P | 1906
Prosperity of the People, The Influence of the Landj
Laws upon the. By Professor JAMES LONG ' 1895
Provident, Industrial and, Societies : The Legisla-,
tion Eelating thereto. By E. V. NEALE i 1887
358
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
"Annual."
Eailways and the Nation. By L. G. CHIOZZA
MONEY, M.P 1909
Eailways for the Nation, The. By G. H. FERRIS,
F.S.S 1898
Eailways, Would the Nationalisation of, be ofj
Advantage to the Country ? By H. DUNCKLEY, I 1895
M.A., LL.D )
Eailway Eates and Charges. By J. M. KNIGHT,
F.S.S 1900 357
Eating -. 1889 312
Eating System, Some Eecent Modifications of Our.
By WM. J. WILLIAMS 1899 249
Eedfern, Percy. The Conflict of Capitalism and
Democracy 1910 191
Eedfern, Percy. The Social Teaching of Tolstoy . . 1906 202
Eeferendum, The Case Against the, with Special 1 )
Eeference to the United Kingdom. By LILIAN I '. 1900 337
TOMN J
Eeed, J. Howard, F.E.G.S. Cotton Growing
Within the British Empire 1911 151
Eeed, J. Howard. Egypt under Lord Cromer 1909 204
Eeed, J. Howard. Eecent African Developments.. 1905 171
Eeed, J. Howard. The Gold Fields of South
Africa 1907 133
Eees, Eev. W. G. Edwards, M.A. Physical
Deterioration: Its Causes and Consequences... 1908 167
Eetail Co-operation and the Eelations between the
Individual and the Store. By B. J., L. B 1896 199
Eice, Sago, and Tapioca : Commercially and 1 )
Botanically Considered. By J. E. JACKSON, I 1901 135
A.L.S. Illustrated by J. ALLEN j
Eich Eicher and the Poor Poorer : An Essay on] !
the Distribution of Wealth. By G. HOWELL, - 1892 191
F.S.S., M.P j 1
Eings, Trusts, and Syndicates. By W. E. SNELL...! 1890 209
Eisks and Casualties of Labour. By JOHN BURNS,
M.P 1899 383
Eitchie, David G., M. A. Civic Duties 1898 163
Eoberts, E. D. Culture 1885 424
Eochdale School Board 1885 407
Eochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers, First Eules
of the . 1895 544
359
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
'Annual."
Eockell, Frederick. Co-operation : An Alternative
to Socialism 1909
Eoden Estate of C.W.S 1900
Eogers, Professor J. E. Thorold. Land Tenure inj
England 1889
Eose, F. H. Collier's Charter, The: The Eight
Hours Day, and what it means 1909
Eoyal Commission on Education, The. By H.
BLATTER, J.P j 1889
Eoyalties, Mining. By Professor J. E. C. MUNRO. 1891
Eugby Tennessee. By THOS. HUGHES, Q.C 1885
Eural Depopulation: Its Cause and Cure. By A.j
E. FLETCHER I 1906
Euskin and Working-class Movements. By J. A.
HOBSON 1905
Eussia, the Industrial Situation in. By W. A.
SUTHERLAND 1905
Sanitation, Health, and Long Life. By H. PITMAN! 1896
Sanitation, The Economic Aspect of 1888
School Board, London. By the Hon. E. LYULPH
STANLEY, M.P 1885
School Board, Manchester. By HENRY SLATTER,
J.P 1885
School Board, Eochdale ! ' 1885
School Board, Sheffield. By THOS. SWANN 1885
School Work in Ipswich, Twelve Years of. By G.
HINES 1885
School System of the United States. By Eev. J.
HIRST HOLLOWELL i 1902
Scots Parliament, The Evolution and Work of the.'
By WILLIAM WALLACE, M.A 1897
Scottish Wholesale Societies, The Advantages and\ j
Necessity of a Co-operative Wholesale Centre I IQOQ
of Supply, as Established in the Organisation [ j
of the English and. By H. E. BAILEY )
Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society Limited, 1 ) j
The, and its Productive Departments. By D. I 1896 323
CAMPBELL )
Scotton, The late Mr. Amos | 1905 343
360
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
'Annual."
Century. By G. H. WOOD, F.S.S
Social and Economic Conditions, Influence of
Modern Industry on. By HENRY DYER, C.E.,
FREDERICK EOCKELL 1909
Socialism and Co-operation. By H. SNELL 1906
Socialism, Co-operation v. By Professor PATRICK
GEDDES '. 1888
Socialism : French and German. By LAURENCE
GRONLUND 1886
Socialism, Modern Christian, from 1848. By the
Eev. J. GLASSE, M.A., D.D 1897
Socialism, Towards Municipal. By J. KEIR
HARDIE, M.P 1901
Page.
Settlement, Land, for Workmen. By Prof. JAMES
LONG , 1903 321
Shipbuilding, American. By EDWARD PORRITT ... 1902 221
Shoe Machinery : Its Effect on Wages and Cost of
Production. By AN OLD CRAFT 1890 383
Silk : Its History and its Industries. By A. E.
PIGGOTT, F.S.A.A 1893 686
Slagg, John, M.P. Technical Instruction 1885 413
Slatter, Henry, J.P. School Board, Manchester ... 1885 405
Slatter, -Henry, J.P. Co-operative Production 1886 188
Slatter, Henry, J.P. The Eoyal Commission on
Education 1889 334
Slatter, Henry, J.P. The Origin and Growth of
the Art of Printing 1893 285'
Smith, M. Holroyd, M.I.M.E., M.S.T.E., and E., &c.
Electricity : Light and Power 1889 204
Snell, W. E. Eings, Trusts, and Syndicates j 1890 209
Snell, H. Socialism and Co-operation 1906 149
Soap. By J. E. GREEN, F.I.C., F.C.S 1891 288
Soap Works, Irlam 1896 388
Social Eeform, Some Principles of. By S. J.
CHAPMAN, M.A., M.Com 1909 229
Social Legislation, A Century of Industrial and.
By GEORGE HOWELL, F.S.S. , M.P
Social Movements and Eeforms of the Nineteenth
1894 198
1903 193
1892 145
M.A., D.Sc.
Social Experiments in the United States. By
LAURENCE GRONLUND 1886 116
Socialism, Co-operation: An Alternative to. By
182
149
285
138
172
289
361
CONTBIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
'Annual.'
Page.
Society, The Progress of 1886 77
Soil, and What it will Grow. By Professor JAMES
LONG 1894 397
South Africa, The Industrial Future of. By J. A.
HOBSON 1901 269
South Africa, The Gold Fields of. By J. HOWARD
SEED 1907 133
South Sea Bubble, The. By HENRY DUNCKLET,
M.A., LL.D 1892 243
Spelling Eeform and Phonography. By HENRY|
PITMAN ! 1890 236
Stanley, Hon. E. Lyulph, M.P. School Board,
London j 1885 404
Statistics of Trade Unions 1885 360
Statistics, Articles from Bureau of Labour 1886 218
Stevenson, D. M. Coal and Coal Mining 1897 450
Stock Exchanges : Their Origin and History. By
HENRY DUNCKLEY, M.A., LL.D 1893 171
Stoker, The late Wm 1903 356
Stokes, W. L. Irish Creameries 1897 419
Stores : Eetail and Wholesale 1886 185
Storr, F. Higher Education i 1885 437
Strikes, Great, Their Origin, Cost, and Eesults.
By GEORGE HOWELL, F.S.S., M.P 1889 266
Sugar, Botanically and Commercially Considered, j
By J. E. JACKSON, A.L.S. Illustrated by J.j 1900 391
ALLEN )
Sugar Question in 1902. By W. M. J. WILLIAMS.. j 1903 267
Superannuation. By P. L. NEWMAN, B.A., F.I.A. . 1898 349
Sutherland, W. A. The Industrial Situation in
Eussia 1905 213
Sutherland, The late Mr. G 1905 345
Swann, Thomas. School Board, Sheffield ;..... 1885 409
Swann, Thomas. Co-operation : Its Spread and
Power 1888 125
Swann, The late Mr. Thomas 1900 427
Sweating in Indian Factories and Workshops. By
HOLT S. HALLETT, C.E 1891 199
Sweating : Its Cause and Cure. By L. G. CHIOZZA
MONEY, M.P 1908 270
Sweden, Dairy Farming in 1888 277
Syndicates, Eings, Trusts, &c. By W. E. SNELL. .. 1890 209
362
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
'Annual."
Page.
Taff Vale Case, The : Its History, its Gravity, and
its Lessons. By GEORGE HOWELL 1904 123
Tariffs, American. By EDWARD PORRITT 1897 202
Taxation, Indian, Ancient and Modern. By HOLT
S. HALLETT, C.E 1897 254
Taxation of Land Values. By ALFRED BILLSON,
M.P j 1899 330
Taxation : How Eaised and how Expended. Byj
GEORGE HOWELL, F.S.S., M.P 1896 232
Taxation, Local Government and. By GEORGE
HOWELL, F.S.S., M.P 1897 395
Taxation, A Just Basis of. By FREDERICK
VERINDER 1900 285
Taxation, Budget and. By W. M. J. WILLIAMS ...j 1902 139
Taxation, The Fraudulent Eelations of Land and :\
Their Eesponsibility for the Long-continued (! .q-... ^iq
Existence of Eadically Unjust Social Conditions, f
By JOSEPH EDWARDS j
Tea, Coffee, and Cocoa. By J. E. JACKSON, A.L.S.
Illustrated by J. ALLEN 1893 339
Tea Estates, The C.W.S 1903 359
Technical Education at Home and Abroad. By
Eev. J. HIRST HOLLOW-ELL 1894 439
Technical Instruction. By JOHN SLAGG, M.P | 1885 413
Tennessee Eugby. By THOS. HUGHES, Q.C 1885 254
Thompson, A. M. For Direct Legislation 1900 311
Thompson, W. M. Crown Lands and Civil
Lists 1902 316
Tobacco, its History, Culture, and Uses. By J. E.
JACKSON, A.L.S. Illustrated by J. ALLEN 1898 183
Tolstoy, The Social Teaching of. By PERCY]
EEDFERN 1906 202
Tomn, Lilian. The Case Against the Eefe- 1 ) j
rendum, with Special Eeference to the United U 1900 337
Kingdom j
Towards Municipal Socialism. By J. KEIR
HARDIE, M.P 1901 289
Trade, British, The Course of. By GEORGE
HOWELL, F.S.S., M.P 1893 210
Trade, British, Industrial Conflicts and 1886 285
Trade, Fluctuations in Commerce and. By GEORGE
HOWELL, F.S.S., M.P j 1890 161
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
"Annual."
Page.
Trade, The Possibilities of International Co-opera-
tive. By B. J., L.B v
1898
1895
1893
1905
1885
1885
1885
1886
1902
1901
1890
1889
1888
1905
1908
1896
1904
1901
1902
1905
1909
1894
1901
257
312
479
125
360
352
374
267
185
231
209
366
237
339
135
351
163
185
279
149
297
380
211
Trade, The Eelative Values of Our Home and Our
Foreign. By T. LLOYD
Trade, The Hosiery. By ANTHONY MUNDELLA
Trade Policy? Shall we Change our. By W. M. J.
WILLIAMS
Trade Unions, Statistics of
Trade Unions : Their Origin, Eise, Progress, 1 )
and Work. By GEORGE HOWELL, F.S.S., I
M.P J
Trade Unions and the Working Classes. By T.
BURT, M.P
Trade Unionism in its Permanent Effects upon the
Worker
Tramways and Municipalisation. -- By J. S.
M \XWELL
Travelling Tax, History of the. By G. J.HOLYOAKE
Trusts and Syndicates, Eings. By W. E. SNELL...
Turner, G. T. Our Fruit-Growing Industry
Turner, G. T. Position of the World's Grain
Trade
Tutt The late Mr E H
Tweddell, T., J.P. Co-operation of Consumers ...
Unemployed, The Problem of the. By J. A.
HOBSON
Unemployed Problem, The. By PERCY ALDEN,
M.A. M.L.S.B
United States in 1900 The By E PORRITT
United States, School System of the. By Eev. J.
HIRST HOLLOWELL . .
Universities and Business Life. By Professor S.
J. CHAPMAN
University, From Primary School to. By ALBERT
MANSBRIDGE
University and the People, and the University")
of the Future, The. By Professor S. S.I
LAURIE )
Utilisation of Waste Lands, The. By A. E.
FLETCHER
364
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
Verinder, F. A Just Basis of Taxation
Village, The English: What it is, and what
ought to be. By Professor JAMES LONG
Facts about. By ALFRED
Boards. By W. EEES
Wages, .Theories and
MARSHALL
Wages and Conciliation
JEFFREYS
Wages and Prices since the Industrial Revolution,
A Glance at. By G. H. WOOD, F.S.S
Wallace, William, M.A. The Evolution and Work
of the Scots Parliament
Wallas, Graham. The History of the Poor Law...
War Armaments of Europe, The. By J. W. S.
CALLIE
Waste Lands, The Utilisation of. By A. E.
FLETCHER
Watson, E. S. The Eecent History of Industrial
Progress
Watts, Dr. J., Primary Education in England
W. C. J.- Ideal Communities
W. C. J. The Birth of Popular Freedom in
England
Webb, Sidney, LL.B. The Condition of the)
Working Classes in Great Britain in 1842 and I
1892 j
Webb, Sidney, LL.B. Some Facts and Considera-
tions about Municipal Socialism
Webb, Sidney and Beatrice. A National Crusade
Against Destitution
Westminster; or, Parliament and its Work. By
SPENCER LEIGH HUGHES
Wheat Flour
Wheat Growing, Milling, and Baking. By ALBERT
BROADBENT, F.S.S., F.E.H.S.
" Wholesale," The, of To-day ..
Williams, W. M. J. Some Eecent Modifications of
Our Eating System
Williams, W. M. J. The Expenditure and Taxation
of the United Kingdom, 1875-1900
Williams, W. M. J. Budget and Taxation
' Annual.'
1900
1907
1885
1903
1901
1897
1894
1898
1901
1891
1885
1886
1896
1910
1909
1888
1904
1902
1899
1901
1902
Page.
285
203
379
291
244
331
262
324
211
308
393
151
250
537
286
143
160
332
285
337
249
345
139
365
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE "ANNUAL" FROM 1885 TO 1911.
Title of Article.
Annual."
Page.
Williams, W. M.J. The Sugar Question in 1902.. 1903 267
Williams, W. M. J. Shall we Change our Trade
Policy? 1905 125
Williams, W. M. J. Eeform of the Income Tax ... 1908 189
Williams, W. M. J. Pensions and the Poor
Law 1910 169
Williams, W. M. J. Lords and Commons in
Legislation, Specially as regards Finance 1911 177
Witherington , E. History of Milling 1887 304
Wood, G. H., F.S.S. A Glance at Wages and
Prices since the Industrial Eevolution 1901 244
Wood, G. H., F.S.S., The Condition of Labour 1902 247
Wood, G. H., F.S.S. Social Movements and
Eeforms of the Nineteenth Century 1903 193
Wood, G. H., F.S.S. An Outline of the History]
of the Employment of Women and Children in L 1904 209
Industry j
Woods, Furniture, with Suggestions for the Intro-]
duction of New Kinds. By J. E. JACKSON, I 1894 349
A.L.S. Illustrated by J. ALLEN j
Woollen Industry, Historically and Commercially
Considered. By FRED BRADBURY 1900 253
Wolff, H. W. Co-operation in other Lands 1903 223
Women and Children in Industry, An Outline]
of the History of the Employment of. ByL 1904 209
G. H. WOOD, F.S.S j
Working-class Educational Movements in Eng-j
land and Scotland, A Survey of. By ALBERT I 1906 259
MANSBRIDGE j
Working Classes and Political Economy, The 1886 279
Working Classes in Great Britain in 1842 and 1 )
1892, The Condition of. By SIDNEY WEBB, I 1893 537
LL.B ...)
Working Classes, Housing of the 1886 203
Working Classes, Trade Unions and the. By T.
BURT, M.P 1885 374
Working-class Movements, Euskin and. By J. A.
HOBSON 1905 199
World's Supplies, Australasia as a Contributor to
the. By E. L. NASH 1902 301
Worthington, A. H. Payment of Members of
Parliament : A Historical Note . . 1893 555
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