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*# . ° 4 1973

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INFORMATION DIVISION

CANADA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

OTTAWA

K1A0C7

©INFORMATION CANADA, OTTAWA, 1973

First published 1947

Reprinted 1957, 1965, 1971

Revised 1950, 1955, 1961, 1966, 1973

15M-36424-5:73 Cat No. A53-796

CONTENTS

Page

Uses of annual flowers . . • 3

Plans for arrangement of annuals 4

Seed and seed sowing 4

Dates of sowing 4

Sowing in pots and flats 6

Temperature for germination 8

Transplanting and cultivation 8

Pricking off the seedlings 8

Preparing the bed 9

Setting out the plants 9

Cultivation 9

Saving seed 9

Insects and diseases 10

Descriptions of annuals 10

Ornamental grasses 24

Annuals for special purposes 25

For colorful beds and borders of solid color 25

Climbers 26

Cut flowers 26

Fragrance 27

Foliage 27

Everlasting flowers for winter bouquets 27

For rock gardens 27

For window boxes 27

Hedges 27

Annuals that will flower in partial shade 27

Annuals especially adapted to hot sandy soil and full sunshine 28

Annuals that do well in sand when they receive enough moisture,

but prefer heavier soil and less direct sun 28

Common and botanical names, and sowing classes of annuals 29

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PLANS FOR ARRANGEMENT OF ANNUALS

R. W. Oliver1

Plant Research Institute
Ottawa, Ontario

USES OF ANNUAL FLOWERS

Annual flowers have many uses. They improve the appearance of even the
smallest garden. On the grounds of new homes they provide color and interest
before the permanent plantings of trees and shrubs take shape. They also solve
the problem of what to grow in the gardens of rented homes where tenants do not
wish to spend money for more permanent plants. Even where the soil is sandy
and poor, a few inexpensive packets of seed of alyssum, calendulas, marigolds,
phlox and zinnias will provide attractive color in the garden and plenty of cut
flowers for indoors during the summer.

Annual flowers are also very useful in perennial borders. In summer and
autumn, even well-planned borders have bare spots from which earlier-flowering
plants have disappeared. For example, daffodils and tulips, which add so much
beauty to the spring garden, leave large vacant spaces when their foliage dies.
Annuals can be transplanted to fill these spaces nicely if you select colors that
will not clash with the surrounding perennials in bloom at the same time.

When planting a new shrubbery, leave sufficient room between shrubs for
them to develop, and plant annuals in these spaces for a few years. Annual
flowers may also be planted in front of the shrubs to provide color after the
shrubs finish flowering.

Annuals are excellent for cut flowers as they continue to bloom if the flowers
are cut before they go to seed. The best way to grow flowers for cutting is in
rows in the vegetable garden, or between it and the lawn. A "cutting garden"
provides you and your friends with flowers without spoiling main border
displays. If a cutting garden is not possible, plant good cutting flowers in the
display part of the garden.

If space is available, a special garden for annual flowers may be made by
creating beds of various shapes and sizes to fit the area. You should plan this
carefully to scale on paper.

Before deciding what kinds of annuals to grow, consult the lists beginning
on page 25. Also, remember that annual flowers like sun and very few will bloom
satisfactorily in a shaded location. Seed catalogues will help you in choosing
varieties of the desired height and color.

Annual plants complete their cycle of growth in one year but most perennials
continue to grow year after year. Some tender perennials, such as petunia and
snapdragon, bloom the first summer from seed sown in the spring. In our climate
these do not naturally complete their cycle as perennials because they are killed
by frost. For this reason they are grown as annuals and so are included in this
publication.

Retired, 1962.

PLANS FOR ARRANGEMENT OF ANNUALS

The plan on page 2 is not intended to be a complete plan for one garden.
The positions of the beds and the surrounding shrubbery and evergreens would
be satisfactory but, in a formal garden like this, the flowers should be arranged
with some symmetry. For example, if marigolds and verbena were used in a bed
on the right-hand side, the same plants (or ones of similar color and habit)
should be used on the left. If the long border on one side is of mixed colors, and
has an informal arrangement, the border on the other side should match it.
Carrying out all the combinations shown on the plan in one garden would be a
great mistake.

The plan gives several arrangements for individual beds and sections of the
long left-hand borders. You may choose the combinations of flowers most
suitable for particular beds.

A symmetrical garden such as this would be out of place with many of the
modern homes. With these it is more appropriate to use color in bolder, angular
patterns or blocks arranged without symmetry.

Most home owners want a flower border simply to give color in the garden
and cut flowers for the house. Such a border may be arranged according to the
plan on page 5.

SEED AND SEED SOWING

Annuals are grown from seed each year. The first step is to obtain good seed
from a reliable dealer. Seed collected in a garden where several varieties of the
same plant, such as zinnia, are grown near one another will not produce plants
true to type.

Dates of Sowing

Annuals, and perennials grown as annuals, may be divided into four groups
according to the length of time it takes plants to bloom after seed sowing. The
following dates of sowing are arranged so as to have plants in bloom about the
middle of July at Ottawa. In milder or more severe climates the date of sowing
will be advanced or retarded but the numbers of days remain fairly constant.

(a) Those requiring only 60 to 70 days from seed to bloom. Sow these in a
cold frame about May 1, or in the open ground between May 10
and 15.

(b) Those requiring 80 to 90 days. These may be sown indoors or in a
hotbed between April 15 and 20.

(c) Those requiring 90 to 100 days. Sow these indoors or in a hotbed about
April 1. If a greenhouse is available, March 20 would be advisable.

(d) Those requiring 110 days or more. Sow in a greenhouse only, between
February 20 and March 1.

In the list of common and botanical names at the back of this publication,
all plants are marked by the letter of the group to which they belong for seed
sowing.

The hazards of raising plants in the open garden are greater than raising
them indoors, though less labor is involved. Most annuals are started indoors.
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can be built in the basement with ample light provided by fluorescent lighting
fixtures. Plants can also be grown early in covered hotbeds or cold frames out-
doors.

Sowing the seed too early is the most common mistake made in handling
annuals. The above dates are useful as a guide. Note that, unless a greenhouse is
available, the earliest date recommended for indoor planting at Ottawa is April 1.
Seed sown indoors before this usually produces spindly plants. These are sus-
ceptible to a fungus disease known as damping-ofT. The average gardener who
wants to grow plants that come within groups c and d, above, is wiser to buy
them on the market and transplant them rather than attempt to grow them from
seed himself.

Seeds of many annuals can be sown directly into the garden about May 10
at Ottawa, and earlier in milder districts. Scatter such seeds thinly over the
surface of a well-prepared bed and cover lightly with sifted soil. Sprinkle with a
fine spray each day until the young plants are large enough to thin out, first to
an inch or so apart and later to the proper distance for mature plants. This
distance varies with species.

Sowing in Pots and Flats

A good soil mixture is necessary when seeds are to be sown indoors in pots
or in shallow boxes called flats (Figure 1). Two parts of loam, one of peat moss
and one of sand will provide good drainage and yet hold plenty of moisture.

To avoid the disease called damping-ofT, the soil should be sterilized. The
methods that have been used for some time are: (1) Pass boiling water or steam
through the earth until the temperature rises to 180° F. and keep the soil at this

FIGURE 1 - Equipment for seed sowing. 1 Seed pan. 2 Tampers. 3 Flat filled with earth. 4 Bits of
broken pot. 5 Sieve. 6 Dibble. 7 Labels.

FIGURE 2 - Sowing seeds in pot. Note sterilized soil in background and round tamper at left.

temperature for half an hour. (2) Sprinkle a bushel of soil with a quart of water
containing 2 J tablespoons of formaldehyde and cover it with a sheet of plastic
overnight. In either case, the earth cannot be used for a few days.

The easier and more modern method is to use a commercial preparation for
soil sterilizing according to the manufacturer's directions.

After sterilizing, mix and air the soil thoroughly before filling the pots or
flats. Place a few stones or pieces of broken pot in the bottom of each pot for
drainage. Fill the pots or flats to within an inch of the top with the coarse soil
mixture and add sifted soil until it is level with the top. Use a can or round tamper
to press the earth smooth and level to about \ inch below the rim of the pot.
Some gardeners prefer to use sand or shredded sphaghum moss for this final
layer in which the seed is sown.

Place the pots in a shallow tray of water and allow to stand until the moisture
soaks to the top. Flats should be watered thoroughly with a fine spray from a
can. Set them aside to drain and then they will be ready for the seed.

Scatter the seed thinly over the surface (Figure 2) or, in the flats, sow in
rows. Press very fine seed lightly into the surface; it needs no soil cover. The
depth of soil needed to cover other seed varies with the size of the seed. Twice
the diameter of the seed is generally considered the best depth. Use finely sifted
soil or shredded moss to cover seed. After sowing, cover the pots with a pane of
glass and lay a sheet of paper over the glass to keep out the sun. As soon as the
seeds begin to germinate, remove the paper.

Great care is needed in watering seeded pots and flats. Instead of watering
the surface of the soil, stand the pots and flats in shallow trays and let the water
soak up from below.

Temperature for Germination

Seeds of most annuals germinate readily at any temperature between 50°
and 80° F. The following preferences have been noted.

These require warm temperature, 70° to 80° F. :

Cleome Nierembergia

Cobaea Petunia

These prefer cool temperatures, 45° to 50° F. :

Arctotis Godetia

Candytuft Gypsophila

Centaurea Larkspur

Clarkia Nemesia

Seeds of phlox, salvia and verbena germinate irregularly. A few seeds will
germinate and the rest may lie dormant for three or four weeks. To speed
germination, place the seeded pots or flats alternately in a warm room (80° F.)
and a cool one (50°), for two-day periods until germination is complete.

TRANSPLANTING AND CULTIVATION

Pricking off the Seedlings

When the seedlings are large enough to handle, prick them off into flats
(Figure 3). Space the plants 2 to 3 inches apart, according to the size to which
they are to grow before being transplanted to the garden.

Water the filled flats and place them in the greenhouse or hotbed. They
should be shaded from sunlight for a few days to give the young plants a chance
to establish their roots.

FIGURE 3

Pricking off s

eedlings.

Note wooden label being used to pack earth around seedlings.

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As the weather becomes warmer, transfer the flats from greenhouse or hot-
bed to the cold frames in order to harden the plants. Remove the glass sash from
the frames for progressively longer periods on warm days. After the middle of
May it should be put on the frames only when there is danger of a cold night.
Gradual lengthening of the time the plants are exposed to natural conditions
will ease the shock when they are set out in the garden during the last week of
May or first of June. Plants moved directly from the heat of a greenhouse to the
garden are soft and are likely to wilt when set out.

Preparing the Bed

Although annual flowering plants do not need very rich soil, the ground
needs to be well supplied with available plant food and, though well drained,
should be able to retain moisture.

In preparing the soil, well-rotted manure is the best material to use. As
this is seldom obtainable, many gardeners use granulated peat moss to add humus
to the soil and commercial fertilizers to supply the extra plant food required.
A good, complete fertilizer has the formula 5-10-15. That means 5 per cent
nitrogen, 10 per cent phosphoric acid and 15 per cent potash. Four pounds per
100 square feet of bed should be scattered over the ground and dug in a few days
before planting time. Few annuals do well in acid soil so lime should be added
when necessary.

In new flower beds, remove the subsoil and all bits of bricks, stones and other
rubbish and replace these with loam.

Setting out the Plants

Transplant the seedlings on a dull, cloudy day when the ground is fairly
moist. If the soil is very dry, water it; and shade the plants from the hot sun for
a few days with paper. The distance apart to set the plants depends on the kind.
For example, sweet alyssum plants should be 6 inches apart but giant zinnias
need 18 inches for full development.

Cultivation

When the plants are small the weeds can be kept under control by hoeing
and, if thoroughly controlled during the first few weeks, they will not be
troublesome later. When hoeing is not possible the beds should be weeded by
hand. In very dry weather, water the plants. A thorough soaking of the roots once
a week is better than a sprinkling every day. To keep the plants blooming for a
long time, the flowers should be cut off when they fade. If they are left to form
seed pods, the growth of young buds is checked and no further flowers will
develop.

SAVING SEED

It is not advisable to save seeds of plants where several varieties of the
same species are growing in one garden; plants from these seeds will not be true
to type. However, if a particularly good plant appears, it is often interesting to
save the seed and see what plants result from it next year.

If you want to do this, choose a strong healthy plant and allow some of the
flowers to set seed and grow to maturity. When the seed pods are full-grown
and begin to change color, gather them and spread them out to dry in a cool,
airy place; or cover the seed heads with a muslin bag and allow them to ripen on
the plant. When they are thoroughly ripe and dry, clean the seeds and store them
in cans or paper bags.

10
INSECTS AND DISEASES

Cutworms often destroy young plants soon after they are set out by
chewing them off at, or just above, ground level. Aphids and other suckinp-
insects suck juices from leaves and stems. Other insects bite holes in the
foliage and eat the leaves.

Some annuals, such as zinnias, are very susceptible to leaf-spotting
diseases and powdery mildew.

For the average gardener, the modern combination sprays that control
both insects and fungi are the most satisfactory chemicals to use. Several
of these can be bought at local garden stores.

For information on the identification and control of insects and disea-
ses ask your provincial entomologist, horticulturist, or agricultural repre-
sentative.

DESCRIPTIONS OF ANNUALS

The botanical names of the plants are given as in Hortus Second by L. H.
Bailey and Zoe Bailey. Where these names are unfamiliar, the better-known
botanical name is given also, for example, "Alyssum. SeeLobularia." The common
name of each plant is also given, except in cases where none is commonly used.

Few horticultural varieties (cultivars) are listed in this section, as new ones
are introduced so often that a list is soon out of date. However, some excellent
varieties for flower beds and borders appear in the 1960 list on page 25.
Varieties available are described in seed catalogues.

The more popular plants are marked "

#?>

Adlumia fungosa (A. cirrhosa). Mountain Fringe, Allegheny Vine. A
biennial, but easily raised from seed sown in spring. The leaves are fern-like and
quite attractive. The flowers are white or purplish and resemble those of
bleeding heart in shape. Does well in a cool, damp, shady place and will climb
over fences.

*Ageratum houstonianum (A. mexicanum). Flossflowen Neat-growing
plant useful for edging beds and borders. The flowers are borne in large clusters
and are lavender blue. The shade varies in different varieties. Height, 4 to 8
inches.

*Althaea rosea. Hollyhock. The annual hollyhock resembles the well-
known biennial plant but since it blooms a little later and continues blooming
until frost, it can be used* to continue the blooming season of the bed after the
biennials are finished. Height, 5 to 6 feet.

Alonsoa caulialata. Maskflower. A little-used, low bushy plant with small,
irregular, two-lipped scarlet flowers. Is not very showy but is unusual and suitable
for informal gardens.

* Alyssum maritimum. See Lobularia maritima.

*Amaranthus. These plants are grown for their red or purplish foliage,
which is very effective in beds.

A. caudatus. Love-lies-bleeding. Has large coarse foliage with small,
reddish-purple flowers arranged in drooping, rope-like panicles. Height, 3 to
5 feet.

A, hybridus var. hypocondriacus. Prince's-feather. The panicles of reddish
or reddish-brown flowers are erect. The foliage is red. Height, 2 to 3 feet.

A, tricolor. Under this species are listed:

var. melancholicus has maroon-colored foliage. Height, 2J to 3^ feet.

var. salicifolius. Fountain Plant. It has long drooping leaves changing from
bronze-green to orange-red. Height, 2 to 3 feet.

var. Joseph's Coat is similar to salicifolius. Height, 1 to 2 feet.

var. Molten Fire is the commonest variety now grown. It has large red-
purple leaves. Height, 2 to 2\ feet.

Ambrosia mexicana. See Chenopodium botrys.

Ammobium. Useful only as an everlasting for winter bouquets as the plant
is rather gaunt and unattractive.

Anagallis. An unusual, charming plant that makes an attractive edge of
bright blue in a warm sunny border or in the rock garden. Height, 4 to 6 inches.

Anchusa capensis. Alkanet, Bugloss. A biennial that will bloom the first
year if seed is sown indoors in April. The rich-blue flowers are very attractive.
Height, 1 to lj feet.

* Antirrhinum. Snapdragon. Although not true annuals, these plants are
always treated as such in Canada.

As rust has become so common, purchase only seed of rust-resistant
varieties of snapdragons.

Start seeds early (class c) and pinch young plants once to make them branch
out near the base. Varieties are grouped according to the heights of the plants
and many varieties of beautiful colors are available in each group.

Height

Tall 2 J to 3 feet

Intermediate 1 to 2 feet

Bedding 6 to 15 inches

Rock garden hybrids 3 to 6 inches

Tetraploid, which have larger individual flowers, and double-flowered
varieties have recently been introduced. The group known as Rocket, introduced
in 1960, proved superior to other tall varieties in our garden.

Arctotis stoechadifolia var. grandis. Blue-eyed African Daisy. The
grayish-green foliage is an attractive setting for the blue-washed, white daisies.
The centers are blue. Height, 15 to 18 inches.

Artemisia sacrorum viridis. Summer Fir. This plant resembles a small
fir tree and is useful for the back of a border or for a small hedge. Height, 3 to 6 feet.

Asperula orientalis (A. azurea-setosa) . Blue Woodruff. The foliage is
finely cut and the pale-blue flowers are arranged in small clusters. A dainty plant
with a faint fragrance. Height, 1 foot.

* Aster, See Callistephus chinensis.

*Balsam. See Impatiens balsamina.

Bartonia aurea. See Mentzelia lindleyi.

Brachycome iberidifolia. Swan River Daisy. A neat plant with quantities
of blue daisies, about 1 J inches across. There are varieties with mauve and white
flowers, also. Height, 1 foot.

*Browallia americana (B. elata). A compact plant with dark-green, glossy
leaves and rich-blue flowers. Height, 1 to lj feet.

^Calendula officinalis. Pot Marigold. This has long been a favorite flower
in gardens. It is very hardy and self-sows freely. There are a number of improved
forms which are more attractive than the old-fashioned kind. If the flowers are
cut before setting seed the blooming season will continue until severe frost.
Height, 1 to 2 feet.

*Calliopsis. See Coreopsis.

*Callistephus chinensis. China Aster. A very popular annual and where
it grows well there is no doubt it is one of the best. As it is subject to several
diseases, some of which live over in the soil, it is not advisable to grow asters in
the same soil for two years in succession. Unhealthy plants should be dug up
and burned as soon as seen. Wilt-resistant seed should be bought when possible.
There are two distinct types of aster plants, branching and upright. The latter
are more compact and are useful for edging or beds but some of them have stems
too short for cut-flower arrangements. The branching varieties have long stems
and grow into large plants if planted 1J feet apart. There are many different
classes according to height, habit and season of bloom.

Campanula. Bellflower. Most species of Campanula are perennials but two
annual ones, both suitable in rock gardens, are used.

C. macrostyla. This has open, bell-shaped, purple flowers, 2 inches across
with a conspicuous, protuding stigma. Height, 12 to 18 inches.

C. ramosissima (C. loreyi). This has much smaller flowers than macrostyla.
It is dainty and attractive. Height, 12 inches.

Celosia argentea var. cristata. Cockscomb. The common name describes
the shape of the flowers, which are rich maroon in color. Height, 1 to 1 \ feet.

*C. argentea var. plumosa. This plant is much more attractive than
cristata as the flowers are arranged in plume-like heads. The colors are very rich
and include lemon, gold and various shades of red. Height, 1 to 1J feet.

C. argentea var. childsii. Chinese Woolflower. In this variety the heads
are round instead of pointed but are similar to plumosa in color.

*Centaurea cineraria. Dusty Miller. Grown for its grayish foliage. It is
really a tender perennial but plants for bedding purposes are often grown from
seed each year. Height, 1 foot.

*C. cyanus. Cornflower, Bachelor's-button. One of the easiest annuals to
growr from seed sown outdoors. If allowed to do so, it will self-sow and plants will
come up year after year. The blue varieties are the most attractive but others in
pink and white are also available. All are useful for cutting. Height, 1 to 3 feet.

C. gymnocarpa. Dusty Miller. Another perennial which, in the seeding
stage, is used as a foliage plant. The leaves are grayer and more deeply cut than
those of C. cineraria.

C. moschata. Sweet Sultan. A half-hardy annual the seed of which should
be started indoors. The fragrant flowers resemble thistles but there are no prickles
on the stems. There are white, mauve and yellow flowering varieties. Height, 2
feet.

Cheiranthus allionii. See Erysimum asperum.

Chenopodium botrys. Ambrosia. The green flowers are quite small and
clustered along the stems. They have a spicy scent that is popular with many
people. Height, 1 to 2 feet.

Chrysanthemum. Annual chrysanthemums are not much like the fall-
blooming plants generally known as chrysanthemums but they are quite
attractive. Like many composite flowers they are beloved by the tarnished plant
bug. This small insect sucks the juice out of the young buds and destroys the
symmetry of the flowers. Where the insect is not numerous, or can be controlled,
chrysanthemums should be grown in quantity both for their showiness in the
garden and for cut flowers.

C. carinatum and C. coronarium are the species from which these annual
chrysanthemums are derived. The ray florets are various shades of primrose and
yellow, more or less marked with brown. The center florets vary in color, some
matching the rays while others are brown in contrast to them. Height, 2 to 3 feet.

C. parthenium. Feverfew. This plant is grown for its yellowish-green
foliage, which is used for edging beds and borders as well as for carpet bedding.
Seedsmen sell several varieties that vary in size and compactness. If grown for
the foliage the buds should l)e pinched out. The white, daisy-like flowers are
attractive but spoil the neat effect that the foliage alone gives. Height, 6 to 12
inches.

C. segetum. Corn Marigold. This species is a weed in European grain
fields but the variety grandiflorum has large yellow daisies that are excellent for
cut flowers. Height, 2 feet.

*Clarkia elegans. Clarkia. The garden varieties have attractive long sprays
of flowers in various shades of rose as well as white and red. There are both single
and double forms. Easily grown from seed sown in the bed where they are to
flower. Height when planted close together is 2 to 2| feet.

C. pulchella. A smaller-growing plant that has narrower leaves and slightly
broader petals than elegans but is not so showy. Height, 1 to 1 \ feet.

*Cleome spinosa. Spiderflower. An unusual-looking plant that has long
spikes of pink and white flowers with very long stamens. It is rather coarse and
needs room to develop. Height, 4 feet.

Cobaea scandens. Cup-and-saucer Vine. Although a tender perennial,
this plant grows rapidly from seed. It has clean attractive foliage and is useful
for growing in front of verandas or over archways. The bell-shaped flowers are
violet. Height, 20 feet.

Convolvulus. See Ipomoea.

^Coreopsis. Tickseed. There are several species of this plant, all easily
grown from seed sown where it is to flower. The blooms are attractive in the
garden and useful for cutting.

C. drummondii. This variety has bright-yellow ray florets with purple-
brown disks. Height, 2 feet.

C. stillmanii (Lepiosyne stillmanii). The bright-yellow flowers are small
but are borne in great profusion. It is useful for the rock garden. Height, 1 foot.

C. tinctoria (Calliopsis marmorata). There are several forms of this variety
that have finely cut foliage and bloom well if the seed pods are removed. The
flowers have pointed ray florets and are yellow with markings and spots of
brown. Height, 8 to 15 inches.

*Cosmos. The fine-cut, dark-green foliage and the branching habit of
growth make this a useful plant for hedges. The flowers are also attractive.
When buying cosmos seeds obtain early-flowering varieties as some kinds need
such a long season of growth that they do not bloom in Canadian gardens. The
flowers are useful for cutting and the plants bloom until severe frost. Seeds of
named varieties that come true to color are available in various shades of rose as
well as white. Height, 3 to 5 feet.

The varieties Orange Flare and Burpee's Yellow are more dwarf and have
beautiful flowers that are very useful for cutting. Height, 3 feet.

Cucurbita pepo var. ovifera. Yellow-flowered Gourds. These are really
trailing plants but the vines are trained on supports so that the fruits will grow to
perfection and be seen. A strong trellis or arbor is required as the plants are
heavy when loaded with fruit. Their habits of growth are similar to pumpkins
and squash. The seeds can be sown outdoors as soon as the ground is warm, but
in districts where the season is short it is better to start them in pots indoors.
The fruits, which resemble apples, pears, eggs, and oranges, are not edible but
are grown for appearance only. After they are well ripened and thoroughly dry
the hard skins are varnished or waxed and used for ornaments.

Cuphea plat y centra (C. ignea). Cigar Flower. The showy narrow red tube
with a white mouth edged with black is really the calyx and the corolla is
inconspicuous. Height, 1 foot.

Dahlia. Named varieties of dahlias have to be propagated from tubers but
seeds of the various types can be bought and seedlings come fairly true to type
though they vary in color. The early-flowering dwarf types known as Coltness
Gem and Unwin Dwarf hybrids make satisfactory bedding plants and are the
best to grow from seed. Seedlings should be pricked off into separate small pots.
Another shift into larger pots is required later. The plants must be carefully
hardened off before being set into permanent quarters in June or whenever the
danger of frost is over. The tubers may be dug up and stored in a frost-proof
cellar. Height, 2 to 3 feet.

* Delphinium. Larkspur. The annual delphiniums are not as well known
as the perennial form but they are equally beautiful and useful in the garden
and for cut flowers.

D. ajacis, Rocket Larkspur and D. consolida, Stock-flowered Larkspur
are the two species from which the horticultural varieties have been derived.
There are various strains which vary in height and in size of flower. The colors
in both types are very beautiful and include white, pink, rose, red and light and
dark purple. Height, 2 to 4 feet.

D. grandiflorum. Bouquet Larkspur. This is often listed as D. chinense
in catalogues. Although it is a perennial it blooms within a few weeks after
the seed is sown. The foliage is fine-cut and the plant has a branching
habit. The blue color of the flowers is very fine. There is a white variety
also. Height, 15 inches.

*Dianthus. Pink. Most plants of this genus are perennials, valuable in the
border and rock garden, but there are also some fine annual species.

D. chinensis. Indian Pink, Chinese Pink. This species and its variety
heddewigii are very showy and easy to grow. They are useful for cutting but have
no perfume. The flowers are large and some are single and others double. There is
a great variety in color: white, pale pink, rose, red, and mixtures of these colors.
Height, 8 to 12 inches.

Dianthus sp. Sweet Wivelsfield. A hybrid very similar to the biennial
sweet william, and to the annual sweet william listed by some firms. Height,
1 to J J feet.

Didiscus. See Trachymene.

*Dimorphotheca aurantiaca. Cape Marigold. Daisy-like flowers in
beautiful shades of cream, lemon and orange. They grow quickly from seed and,
in a sunny spot, bloom all summer. The plants spread and one row will make a
strip about 2 feet wide covered with bloom. Height, 1 to 1| feet.

Dolichos lablab. Hyacinth Bean. An interesting climber with rosy-purple,
pea-shaped flowers followed by deep purplish-red seed pods. Height, 10 feet.

Echinocystis lobata. Wild Cucumber. Another useful climber which will
clamber over shrubs, fences and rubbish piles if allowed to do so. It is indigenous
to many parts of Canada and its long sprays of creamy-white flowers are often
seen in the hedgerows. It will grow 15 or more feet and will transform the
appearance of an old shed or fence. The seed should be sown where it is to grow.
Seedlings spring up from self-sown seed but are easily destroyed.

Echium plant agineum. Viper's Bugloss. A near relation to blue-weed,
which is sometimes seen in quantities in the fields. The annual species is easy to
grow and the plants are covered with lilac-blue flowers all summer. Height, 2 feet.

Erysimum asperum (Cheiranthns allionii). Siberian Wallflower. A biennial
that will bloom in summer from seed started indoors in spring. When once
established in the garden it self-sows freely and the young seedlings live over
winter and bloom early in summer. The flowers are brilliant orange-yellow and
are very showy and attractive. Height, 1 to 2 feet.

*Eschscholzia calif or nica. California Poppy. A perennial that is grown as
an annual in Canada. The seed should be sown where the plants are to bloom.
They are very showy and attractive with their fine-cut, grayish-green foliage and
brilliant-orange flowers. There are varieties with cream, primrose and pink
blooms and some with double flowers, but the rich orange of the species is as
attractive as any. The variety called Miniature Primrose, with small flowers on
stems a few inches high, is useful for the rock garden.

Euphorbia* Mexican Fire Plant. Has showy red and green foliage in late
August and September. Snow-on-the-mountain has variegated silver leaves.
These tall plants are chiefly useful for their foliage; the flowers are too small to
make any effect.

*Gaillardia pulchella var. picta. Annual Gaillardia. The perennial species
is the well-known Blanket Flower. Some of the annual ones are very similar and
have single flowers of yellow with brownish-red markings; others have tubular
florets, purplish-red with yellow tips. All of them are easy to grow and will bloom
all summer if started early. Height, 1 to 2 feet.

Gilia lutea. This is listed by seedsmen SbsLeptosiphon roseas and L. hybridus.
Attractive dwarf plant with finely cut foliage and small, star-shaped flowers in
red, pink, yellow and cream. Suitable for the rock garden. Height, 3 to 6 inches.

*Godetia amoena and G. grandiflora. It is from these two species that the
garden forms have been derived. They do best in light soil in a sunny position.
There are several types; tall ones with flowers in long loose sprays of single or
double flowers, and compact-growing varieties that make neat bushes of flowers.
The colors are various shades of pink, and the texture of the petals reminds one
of silk. Height, 1 to 2\ feet.

Gomphrena globosa. Globe Amaranth. A neat upright-growing plant
with quantities of ball-shaped flowers that are useful for winter bouquets. They
dry well and keep their color. The one with purple flowers is the best, but from a
packet of mixed seed, white, pink, orange and yellow flowering varieties are
obtained. Height, 1| to 2 feet.

*Gypsophila elegans. Annual Babies'-breath. The white flowers of the
annual variety are larger than those of the well-known perennial species. Both
are used in the same way when cut. Height, 1 to 2 feet.

*Helianthus annuus. Sunflower. There are many varieties of annual
sunflowers. Some are very tall and have large heads of yellow flowers; others are
small and have brownish ray florets. All are easily raised from seed, which should
be sown where the plants are to bloom. Most varieties are suitable only for the
back of the border or for a screen. Birds are very fond of the seeds and it is inter-
esting to watch the goldfinches busy feeding on them in the late summer. Height,
5 to 10 feet.

H. debilis. Miniature Sunflower. This species is a smaller plant of bushy
habit with quantities of small flowers that are very useful for cutting. Height,
2 to 3 feet.

*Helichrysum bracteatum. Strawflower. These most popular everlasting
flowers should be grown in an inconspicuous place as they should be cut in the
bud stage for drying for winter bouquets. The cut blooms should be tied into
small bunches and hung head down in an airy place until thoroughly dried.
There are a number of beautiful colors in a good mixture, including white, orange,
pink and maroon. They do best in good loamy soil. Height, 2 to 3 feet.

Heliotropium. Heliotrope. Though a perennial, this plant will flower in
summer if seed is sown indoors. The flowers are borne in clusters in various
shades of violet and purple. The fragrance is well-known but the amount varies
in different plants. Choice seedlings can be potted and kept indoors over winter,
and cuttings can be rooted to obtain beds or borders of plants that are uniform
in color, fragrance and height. Height, 1 to 2 feet.

Helipterum manglesii. Rodanthe. An attractive everlasting flower with
drooping, daisy-like flowers in pink and white. They bloom early from seed and
must be gathered before fully open. Height, 1 to 1J feet.

H. roseum. Acroclinium. An attractive plant in the garden. Its pink
flowers remind one of an English daisy that has grown larger than usual. The
flowers should be gathered when half open, and dried if required for winter
bouquets. Height, 1 to 2 feet.

*Iberis amara and J. umbellata. Candytuft. The annual candytufts are
derived from these species but are sold under variety names. The seed should be
sown in good soil rich in humus where the plants are to flower. They should be
carefully thinned out to 8 or 10 inches apart. If the seed pods are kept cut off,
the blooming season will be lengthened. For a continuous display, seeds should
be sown at intervals during the summer. Height, 6 to 18 inches.

*Impatiens balsamina. Garden Balsam. Erect plants with thick,
transparent-looking stems around which the short-stemmed flowers grow out
from the axils of the leaves. A tuft of bright-green leaves tops the stem. The
individual flowers are very beautiful and in the modern varieties the leaves do
not hide the flowers as they used to do in the older varieties. The double flowers
are white, pink or red. Height, 1 to 2 feet.

Ionopsidium acaule. Diamondflower. A dwarf, compact plant that covers
itself with small, violet-colored flowers. It prefers some shade and moisture but
will grow in crevices in flagged walks if not too dry. Height, 2 to 3 inches.

*Ipomoea purpurea. Common Morning Glory. This is one of the most
useful annual climbers for covering a trellis or training up the side of a verandah.
Seed is sold in mixtures and many beautiful colors are found among the seedlings.
The seed coats are rather hard; soaking the seeds in warm water for 24 hours
speeds germination.

J. tricolor. Heavenly Blue Morning Glory. The flowers are a wonderful
color and are borne profusely from midsummer onwards if seed is started indoors
in spring. It can be sown outdoors as soon as the soil warms up. The plant
prefers light sandy soil and does not require any fertilizer. The variety Pearly
Gates is similar except for the color, which is creamy white.

Jacobaea. See Senecio.

*Kochia scoparia var. trichophila. Summer Cypress, Fire Bush, Belvedere.
This plant is grown for its neat, bush-like habit. The flowers are inconspicuous.
In spring and summer the plant is covered with narrow, light-green leaves which,
with the stems, turn crimson in autumn. When once established it self-sows and
young seedlings can be transplanted to suitable locations. It is an excellent plant
for a hedge. Height, 2 feet.

Lagenaria siceraria. White-flowered Gourd. The plant from which the
large-fruited gourds, dipper, Hercules club and calabash gourd, are obtained.
They are similar in growth to Cucurbita and need the same treatment.

*Lathyrus odoratus. Sweet Pea. One of the most popular flowers for cutting
as it is suitable for all occasions. It is best to grow sweet peas in rows in the
cutting garden or in some place requiring a screen. They prefer cool moist soil
and are hard to grow in full sunshine on light dry sand.

For best results prepare the ground in the fall by digging a trench 2 feet deep
and 2 feet wide. Mix a thick layer of thoroughly rotted manure with the soil and
turn the whole back into the trench, leaving the surface of the soil rough so that
as much of it as possible is left exposed to winter weather. When manure is not
obtainable, peat moss can be used. As sweet peas require slightly alkaline soil,
add some lime if the soil is acid. In spring, as soon as the frost is out of the ground
and the soil has dried, add a complete fertilizer, with the formula 5-10-15, at the
rate of 5 pounds per 100 feet row. Open a trench 6 inches deep, set the seed about

3 inches apart and cover with 2 inches of soil. When the plants have grown 3 or

4 inches high thin them out to 6 inches apart. Fill the trench gradually as the
plants grow. As sweet peas do better if they have some support when quite
young, place twigs in position as soon as the plants begin to grow. The permanent
supports can be made of brush, or chicken wire. The latter must be attached
firmly to posts placed in the ground 6 to 10 feet apart.

For large exhibition blooms, allow only one or twro stems to grow; tie each
of them to a bamboo cane and cut off the tendrils and side shoots. Keep the ground
well cultivated. In dry weather a thorough, soaking with water is necessary about
once a week. There are a great number of varieties and a wride selection of colors
described in seed catalogues. The Spencer varieties are the ones with large
waved petals. The old grandiflora varieties are seldom listed. Cupid sweet peas
are dwarf-growing plants suitable for the front of a border. In hot soil,
Cuthbertson and multiflora strains introduced recently are easier to grow than
others.

*Lavatera trimestris. Annual Lavatera. The variety Loveliness is probably
the best. The deep-pink flowers are large and borne in great profusion on bushy
plants. The leaves are nearly round and deep green. A row of these plants makes
a beautiful flowering hedge. Height, 2 to 3 feet.

Leptosiphon. See Gilia.

Leptosyne. See Coreopsis.

Limonium bonduelli and L. sinuatum. Statice. These species are very
similar except in color; bonduelli has yellow flowers and sinuatum has blue,
lavender or white ones. The long, branching sprays are attractive in the garden
but are generally grown for winter bouquets as the flowers dry well and
keep their color all winter. Height, 1 to 2 feet.

L. suworowii. The rose-pink flowers of this species are very small and
clustered together on a long narrow spike. They dry well for winter use. Height,
1 foot.

Linaria bipartita. Fairy Bouquet is a strain useful for the rock garden.
Height, 4 to 6 inches.

Linaria maroccana. Toadflax. An easily grown annual that makes neat,
upright clumps covered with flowers that are borne in long sprays and resemble
small snapdragon blooms with spurs. There are many colors, including pink,
purple, yellow and pure white. Height, 1 foot.

Linum grandiflorum var. coccineum. Scarlet Flax. The rich color of this
annual makes it a general favorite. It grows easily from seed sown outdoors in
spring and blooms all season. Height, about 1 foot.

Lobelia erinus. Lobelia. Most garden varieties belong to this species.
Often difficult to start from seed. The neat plants covered with small blue
flowers are most attractive for edging beds. The pinkish and white-flowered
varieties are not as attractive. There are compact forms for edging, and spreading
forms useful for window boxes. Height, 6 to 12 inches.

L. tenuior. A larger plant of upright habit with flowers at least double the
size of the ordinary varieties. The blooms are blue, mauve or white. Height,
1 to 2 feet.

Lobularia maritima (Alyssum maritimum). Sweet Alyssum. For edging
beds and borders, no plant is easier to grow or gives a longer period of bloom
than sweet alyssum. The compact forms such as Carpet of Snow are best. About
August, when the flowers are going to seed, take a pair of shears and cut off the
plants at 2 inches above the ground. In a week or so they will be covered with
green and starting to bloom again. They will continue to flower until hard frost.
After cutting back, the plants should be watered if the weather is dry. The
variety Royal Carpet is very compact and a rich violet color which does not
fade. Height, 6 inches. The new tetraploid variety called Snowbank is very
coarse, but useful for covering space.

Lupinus. Lupine. The lupines generally seen in gardens are perennials but
there are several annual species. The flowers are very similar but the plants do
not grow as large. The Hartwegii varieties are the most popular for the annual
flower border as they can be obtained in a number of beautiful colors, including
blue, rose, red and purple and white. Height, 2 to 3 feet.

Lychnis viscaria. Generally called Viscaria in catalogues. This plant has
been improved in recent years and there, are several varieties that vary in height
and habit as well as in color. The compact forms, which make neat, small
upright plants, are useful for edging or may be used in the rock garden. The blue
and pink ones are particularly attractive. Height, 8 to 12 inches.

*Malcomia maritima. Virginian Stock. This small-flowered plant makes
a pretty border from early July until frost if the seed is sown in early May where
the plants are to bloom. Height, 6 to 12 inches.

Malope trifida. Malope. This member of the mallow family is easy to grow
from seed sown outdoors. The rosy-purple flowers are produced in profusion.
There is also a white variety. Height, 2 to 3 feet.

Marigold. See Tagetes.

Mathiola bicornis. Night-scented Stock. This plant is grown for the
perfume of the flowers, which fills the air in the evening. The blooms are single
and lilac-colored. As they remain closed all day they are not attractive, and
should not be planted in a very conspicuous location. Height, 6 to 10 inches.

*Mathiola incana var. annua. Ten-weeks Stocks. In most parts of Canada,
when growing stocks from seed outdoors, the early-flowering strains of stocks
should be used; otherwise, some of the plants may not bloom during the season. A
disappointing number of plants may have single flowers, instead of double ones,
unless the darker-green, spindly seedlings are discarded. The doubles are usually
more compact and lighter in color. The plants are sometimes attacked by
disease and should not be grown in the same ground two years in succession.
There are dwarf and tall varieties in white, rose, crimson and light and dark
mauve. They have a pleasing fragrance. Height, 8 to 24 inches.

Mentzelia lindleyi (Bartonia aurea). This is listed in catalogues as Bartonia.
It has large, golden-yellow flowers which are very attractive. These plants do
not transplant well but will flower in July if seed is sown where it is to grow.
Height, 1 to 2 feet.

Mirabilis jalapa. Four-o'clock, Marvel-of-Peru. The first common name of
this plant refers to the habit of the flowers, which open in the afternoon and close
in the morning. It is a tender perennial with tuberous roots but is generally treated
as an annual. The neat bushes with shining green leaves are covered with flowers
in late summer. The seed is generally sold in mixtures of pink, red, yellow and
white varieties. The tubers may be dug and stored like dahlias in a frost-proof
cellar for the winter. Height, 2 to 3 feet.

Morning Glory. See Ipomoea.

Molucella laevis. Bells of Ireland. Graceful stems with round leaves and
chartreuse-green bracts surrounding small white flowers. Used in flower arrange-
ments but of little value in the garden.

Nasturtium. See Tropaeolum.

*Nemesia strumosa. A very showy annual of medium height. The large-
flowered types are most attractive for general planting and the colors include
orange, red, pink and white. The dwarf varieties Blue Gem and White Gem have
quantities of small flowers on neat compact plants. Height, 8 to 15 inches.

Nemophila menziesii. Baby Blue-eyes. This does well in a cool, moist
location and has a low, compact, trailing habit of groAvth with quantities of small
blue flowers. Some varieties are white with dark-blue eyes. Height, 3 to 12 inches.

*Nicotiana alata var. grandiflora (N. affinis). Nicotine. The flowers are
white and very fragrant when they open in the evening. As the plants are untidy
looking during the day when the flowers close, it is advisable to plant them at
the back of the border where they are not so noticeable. Height, 2 to 3 feet.

Nicotiana. Crimson Bedder. It is more dwarf than the white form. The
flowers do not close up during the day and lack the fragrance of the white ones.
Very useful for filling up gaps in a perennial border. Height, 1 to 2 feet.

Nierembergia caerulea. Cupflower. A half-hardy perennial which is
cultivated in Canada as an annual. The blue, cup-shaped flowers cover the plants
with bloom. Height, 6 to 8 inches. Purple Robe is an improved variety.

Nigella damascena. Love-in-a-mist. An unusual-looking plant with
finely cut foliage, and blue flowers which are followed by ornamental seedpods.
Height, 12 to 18 inches.

Oenothera acaulis (0. tar axacif olid) . Dandelion-leaved Sundrop. A
prostrate plant with large white flowers which take on a rosy shade as they fade.
It is really a biennial but blooms the first summer from seed. Height, 6 inches.

O. drummondii. An annual species with large, pale-yellow flowers. Height,

1 foot.

O. trichocalyx. A biennial which flowers the first year from seed started
indoors. This grows more upright than other species, and has white fragrant
flowers. Height, 1 foot.

*Papaver. Poppy. The seeds of poppies are very small and must be sown in
fine soil and covered with a very thin layer of sifted soil. The seedlings do not
transplant well so it is advisable to sow the seed either where it is to grow or in
small pots.

P. rhoeas. Corn Poppy. The common field poppy of Europe from which the
well known Shirley poppies have been derived. There are many shades of pink
as well as red and white. Some varieties have double flowers. If the seed pods are
kept cut off, the plants will continue to flower over a long period. Height, 1 to

2 feet.

P. somniferum. Opium Poppy. It is forbidden by law to grow this poppy
in Canada though the importation of seed for cake decoration is permitted.

*Petunia hybrida. Petunia. Of all the flowers grown as annuals, the petunia
is probably the most satisfactory. It does well in ordinary garden soil and prefers
full sunlight. There are several types of petunias and each has many varieties.
The large-flowering, frilled, ruffled and double varieties need more care than
others. Any plant that seems to be worth keeping may be potted and taken in-
doors for the winter, and used in the spring to provide cuttings for more plants.
When potting, the roots should be trimmed and the tops cut back for about half
their length. For ordinary garden purposes the balcony and bedding types are the
most effective. In recent years groups of new varieties known as F1 and F2 hy-
brids have become very popular. They are large, single-flowered plants in clear
pinks and reds that make a bright show. Most catalogues list many varieties
in various shades of blue, maroon, pink and purple. If a large space is to be
filled the grandiflora type is usually best, but for neat borders the multiflora or
dwarf bedding types are most suitable. Petunias can also be used satisfactorily
for window boxes which get plenty of sunshine. Few plants will give such a
continuous display of bloom.

Phacelia campanularia. This is a pretty, blue-flowered, bell-shaped
annual that blooms early from seed sown where it is to grow. Height, 8 to 12
inches.

*Phlox drummondii. Annual Phlox. This very attractive plant blooms
freely over a long period. In good soil that does not dry out too much the plants
will spread for a foot or more. There are a number of showy varieties named for
the color of the bloom, including white, chamois, pink, light and dark red,
mauve and purple.

P. drummondii compacta. A dwarf, compact form, useful for edgings
where space is limited. Height, 6 to 8 inches.

Polygonum orientate. A variety of this, Sutton's Ruby Gem, has light-
green leaves, and narrow spikes of small pink flowers borne well above the foliage.
It may be used for a low hedge or for the back of a border. The plants bloom
from the end of June until frost. Height, 3 to 4 feet.

Portulaca grandiflora. Rose Moss. A light soil in a warm sunny position
suits this plant to perfection. The seed should be scattered thinly over the soil
and raked in. When once established it will self-sow every year. The plants
spread over the ground and soon cover a wide area. There are many different
colors among the seedlings and any that are disliked can easily be pulled out.
The flowers close at night and do not open on dull days. The plants are generally
killed by the first frost but the seeds live in the ground all winter and germinate
in spring.

Pyrethrum. See Chrysanthemum.

Reseda odorata. Mignonette. This sweet-scented flower does not trans-
plant well so the seed should be sown in the place where it is to grow. The spikes
of brownish-green flowers are borne in great profusion and are very useful for
cutting as well as for the sweet fragrance which is so noticeable in the garden on
summer evenings. There are a number of varieties listed. Height, 1 to 2 feet.

Ricinus communis. Castor-oil Plant. The plant is not very suitable for a
private garden but the large, exotic-looking leaves make a fine show in the center
of beds in parks. The color of the leaves varies, some being green, others
purplish-red, according to the variety. Height, 4 to 6 feet.

Rodanthe. See Helipterum.

Rudbeckia bicolor. Annual Coneflower. This is a valuable plant in the
garden and for cutting. The brown markings on the yellow ray florets are very
effective. Height, 1 to 2 feet.

*Salpiglossis sinuata. From this species the beautiful, showy annuals of
gardens have originated. The trumpet-shaped flowers are gorgeously colored.
Gold, red and velvety purple with various stripes and marks are found among
them. They make an excellent show in the garden and are useful for cutting.
The foliage is rather scant so some more-leafy plant should be grown in front of
them. In a place exposed to wind the plants should be staked to prevent the
flowers from being knocked down onto the soil. There is a compact growing
form with smaller flowers. Height, 1 to 3 feet.

*Salvia splendens. Scarlet Sage. Although a tender perennial, this plant
will bloom in late June from seed sown indoors if an early-flowering variety like
Blaze of Fire is used. The bright-scarlet flowers are particularly noticeable late
in the season and continue to give a splash of color until severe frost. Height, 1
to 2 feet.

Sanvitalia procumbens. The double-flowering form is a very useful plant
for the rock garden. It makes mounds of green covered with small flowers that
have yellow ray florets and brown disks and look like miniature sunflowers.
Easily grown from seed sown outdoors. Height, 6 to 8 inches.

*Scabiosa atropurpurea. Sweet Scabious, Pincushion Flower. This is a
good plant, both for the border and for cutting. The stems are strong and wiry
and hold the rounded flower heads well above the foliage. They can be obtained

in lavender, blue, pink, rose, maroon and white. If the seed heads are kept cut off
they will bloom until severe frost. Height, 2\ feet.

Schizanthus, Butterfly Flower. At Ottawa this plant does better in the
greenhouse than outdoors. Probably the summers are too hot and dry for it.
The pretty, fern-like foliage is attractive and the unevenly shaped flowers come in
many combinations of colors. Height, 1 to 2 feet.

Sedum caeruleum. Blue Stonecrop. The small, fleshy leaves are typical of
Sedum but the pretty, pale-blue flowers are unusual. It is a small spreading plant
suitable for filling vacant spaces in the rock garden. Height, 2 to 3 inches.

Senecio cineraria (Cineraria maritima) . Dusty Miller. This is a plant
grown for its foliage, which is almost white. Height, 1 to 2 feet.

Senecio elegans (Jacobaea elegans). Purple Ragwort. The flower heads are
not very large but several are borne in a cluster. They come in various shades of
purple as well as white. The color of the purple flowers is unusual in annuals.
Height, 1 to 2 feet.

Silene armeria. Sweet William Catchfly. This plant self-sows very freely
and the young seedlings live over winter and come into bloom early in spring.
If seed is sown outdoors early in May the flowers appear in June and continue
until frost. The clusters of small star-shaped flowers are deep rose and show up
well above the grayish-green foliage. Height, 1 to 1\ feet.

Statice. See Limonium.

*Tagetes, Marigold. There used to be three distinct groups of marigolds,
African T. erecta, French T. patula and T. signata (now called T. tenuifolia) but
in recent years the plant breeders have introduced so many new kinds that it is
difficult to classify them into the old groups. There are now varieties ranging
from a few inches in height, which form compact low borders, to bushes 3^ feet
tall, suitable for the back of a border. Good descriptions are generally given in
seed catalogues. Some flowers are much like single daisies; others are semidouble.
The fully double forms are pompons, or carnation- or chrysanthemum-flowered.
The colors are yellow through bronze to mahogany. The foliage of most is finely
cut and dark green. Unfortunately the marigold has a strong unpleasant odor
which renders the plants useless as cut flowers. They are, however, very useful
for beds or borders.

T. tenuifolia var. pumila. A very dwarf form with single yellow flowers.
It is very useful for edging or for filling a blank space in the rock garden.
Height, 6 to 8 inches.

Trachymene caerulea (Didiscus caerulea). Blue Lace-flower. The pale-blue
flowers are arranged in large clusters and are attractive in the garden as well as
for indoor decoration. Height, 1 to 2 feet.

*Tropaeolum majus. Nasturtium. This is useful as well as ornamental.
The leaves and buds may be used for seasoning and the seeds make excellent
pickles. The showy flowers are well-known and are generally some shade of
yellow, orange or brownish red. The climbing varieties will soon cover.a fence or
hedge, or sprawl over unsightly places. The seedlings do not transplant well so it
is advisable to sow the seeds where they are to grow. The dwarf varieties are
useful for edging and flower more profusely in poor soil than in a rich one. The
Gleam strain with double flowers requires the same treatment. The original
Golden Gleam was fragrant. Nasturtiums are sensitive to early fall frosts so it is
advisable to cover them if an extra-cold night comes early in autumn. To control

black aphids, which are often very troublesome, nicotine sulphate should be
sprayed on early in the season; once the lice become numerous they will soon
destroy the plants.

T. peregrinum (T. canariense) . Canary-bird Flower. This is a useful vine
with light-green leaves and bright-yellow flowers. They are quite different from
nasturtiums but can be used for the same purposes as the climbing varieties.

Ursinia. Jewel-of-the-Veld. Several species of this are very similar. The
flowers are richly colored, orange-yellow daisies with a dark band near the
center. The foliage is finely cut and adds to the attractiveness of the plant.
Height, 1 to 2 feet.

Venidium fastuosum. This is a coarse plant with large, vivid-colored
flowers, the ray florets orange and the disks black. They flower better on rather
poor soil. Height, 1 to 2 feet.

*Verbena hortensis. Although a tender perennial, these plants flower in a
few months from seed sown indoors. They have a spreading habit of growth and
will fill a space 2 feet across in good soil in a sunny position and will bloom until
severe frost. The sweet-scented flowers are borne in umbels. The colors are white,
pink, scarlet, maroon, violet and purple. There are compact forms that are useful
for edging the border. Height, 1 to 1| feet.

* Viola hybrida. Bedding Viola. This is a perennial but will bloom in summer
if seed is sown indoors. The plants are compact and bear many flowers that will
continue to bloom until severe frost if the faded ones are removed. Violas are
useful for planting in front of a perennial border in places where the early bulbs
have died down. When the plants become overgrown and untidy the tops should
be cut off and new growth will start from the root. There are a great number of
varieties in shades of yellow, blue, and purple as well as white. The flowers are
each of a single color and smaller than many pansies. Height, 6 to 8 inches.

*V. tricolor. Pansy. To get the best results from pansies the seed should be
sown in cold frames in July and transplanted into rich soil when the seedlings are
large enough to handle. If planted in their permanent place in the fall in mild
districts or in May in cold ones they should flower well most of the summer. To
have large flowers, rich soil and plenty of moisture are necessary. Height, 6 to
8 inches.

Viscaria. See Lychnis.

Xeranthemum annuum. Immortelle. Attractive plants which bloom for a
long period and look good when massed in a bed. They are very useful for winter
bouquets.

*Zinnia elegans. Zinnia. This is said to be the species from which the
modern horticultural zinnias have been derived. There are a number of classes
which vary in size from dwarf plants with blooms 1 inch across to tall bushes
with blooms 4 to 5 inches in diameter. All colors seem to be available except blue.
They are very attractive in the garden and are useful as cut flowers for decorating
the home. They grow best in full* sun but will bloom in partial shade. Height,
6 inches to 4 feet.

Z. linearis. A single-flowering species which is useful for edging borders or
for the rock garden. The blooms are orange with a broad, maroon zone at the
base of the rays. They have a spreading habit and should be planted about a
foot apart. Height, 8 to 10 inches.

24
ORNAMENTAL GRASSES

There are a number of grasses with attractive flowering spikes which are
useful when dried for adding to winter bouquets. The spikes should be gathered
before the pollen begins to shed and hung up to dry in an airy place. The seed
can be started indoors or sown outside. The following kinds have done well at
the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa:

Agrostis nebulosa. Cloud Grass. Height, 1 foot.

Briza maxima. Great Quaking Grass. Height, 1 foot.

Eragrostis tenella. Love Grass. Height, 1 to 2 feet.

Lagurus ovatus. Hare's-tail Grass. Height, 1 foot.

Pennisetum ruppelii. Purple Fountain Grass. Height, 2 to 3 feet.

Pennisetum villosum (P. longistylum) . Feathertop. Height, 2 to 3 feet.

Tricholaena rosea. Ruby Grass. Height, 2 to 3 feet.

ANNUALS FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES

For Colorful Beds and Borders

The following varieties selected by A. R. Buckley, Plant Research Institute,
have performed well to this date (1966) at the Central Experimental Farm,
Ottawa.

Ageratum: Blue Mink, Blue Blazer, Violet Cloud
Alyssum: Carpet of Snow, Royal Carpet, Navy Blue, Rosie O'Day
Antirrhinum:

Dwarf — Floral Carpet strain in separate colors or mixed
Medium — Carioca blend, Knee-high strain, Sprite strain
Tall — Rocket strain in separate colors or mixed
Novelty snapdragon — Bright Butterflies in mixed colors

Begonia (Fibrous-rooted type) :

Low (6 — 8 inches) — Dwarf Carmen, Dwarf Indian Maid, Flamingo,
Galaxy, Rose Wonder, Zurich

Tall (12 — 15 inches) — Carmen, Cinderella strain, Indian Maid, Scandi-
navia strain, Tausendschon strain

Callistephus (China Aster) : These are excellent bedding types of asters.
Low — Best-of-all strain, Dwarf Queen strain, Kirkwell strain
Intermediate — Bouquet, Duchess, Geisha and Princess types
Tall — Ball, Lady, and Peony types and Perfection strain

Celosia (Cristata or comb type) :

Tall — Fireglow, Toreador

Dwarf — Coral Garden, Empress and Kardinal strains

(Plumed type) :

Tall — Forest Fire, Golden Fleece

Short — Fiery Feather

Cosmos: Sunset and Sensation strain

Dahlia (from seed): Early Bird mixture (Dwarf, 18 — 24 inches)

Dianthus: Baby Doll, Bravo, Westwood Beauty

Geranium (from seed) : Nittany Lion

Impatiens: Jewel series, Imp series

Lobelia: Blue Gown, Cambridge Blue, Mrs. Clibran Improved

Marigold:

Low, double — Sparky, Spun Gold, Spun Yellow, Yellow Nugget

Low, single — Naughty Marietta

Tall — Climax series, Gold Coin series, Diamond Jubilee

Pansy: Majestic strain in mixture, Majestic White-with-blotch, Floradale'

Petunia: Multiflora single — Blue Mist, Coral Satin, Paleface, Pink Bountiful,
Pinwheel, Red Cap, Snowdrift
Multiflora double — Cherry Tart, Honey Bunch, Pink Riches, Plum

Double, Strawberry Tart
Grandiflora single — Appleblossom, Bingo Improved, Capri, Cascade
series, Coral Magic, Dreamland, Pink Cameo, Sunburst, Touche,
White Magic
Grandiflora double — Blue Monarch, Dorothy Favorite, Salmon Delia,
White Swan
Phlox:

Red — Cinnabar Red, Tetra Red
Salmon — Glamour
Blue-red — Fireball

Salvia.

Verbena.

Zinnia:

Blue— Sky Blue

Cream — Isabellina

White— Snowball

Novelty type — Twinkle mixed or in separate colors

Mixtures — Cecily mixed, Grandiflora mixed, Globe mixed

Medium dwarf —

Scarlet: Blaze of Fire, Piccolo, Red Pillar, Flarepath, Hot Jazz
Other colors: Evening Glow, Pink Rouge, Burgundy, Violet Flame

Very dwarf — Salmon Queen

Farinaceae — Royal Blue, Royal While

Horminum — Pink Sundae

Spreading —

Blue: Amethyst

Pink: Miss Susie, Ellen Willmott

Red: Sparkle
Tall — Giant Salmon Queen, Spectrum red

Giant Cactus-flowered — Bonanza, Firecracker, Poly Pink, Princess,

Red Man, Sun God, Yellow Zenith
Giant — State Fair series
Small-flowered — Gem series, Red Buttons, Pink Buttons

Novelty types —

Mexican: Halo, Old Mexico
Green : Envy
Scabious-flowered
Persian Carpet

Adlumia

Cobaea

Cucurbita

Climbers

Dolichos

Echinocystis

Ipomoea

Lagenaria

Lathyrus

Tropaeolum

Antirrhinum

Brachycome

Browallia

Calendula

Callistephus

Celosia

Centaurea

Chenopodium

Chrysanthemum

Coreopsis

Cosmos

Dahlia

Cut Flowers

Delphinium

Dianthus

Didiscus

Dimorphotheca

Gaillardia

Gypsophila

Helianthus

Lathyrus

Lavatera

Mathiola

Nemesia

Papaver

Phlox drummondii

Polygonum

Reseda

Rudbeckia

Salpiglossis

Scabiosa

Schizanthus

Tagetes

Tropaeolum

Verbena

Viola

Zinnia

Fragrance

Centaurea moschata

Lobularia

Petunia

Chenopodium

botrys

Mathiola annua

Reseda

Heliotropium

Mathiola bicornis

Verbena

Lathyrus

Nicotiana alata

Foliage

Amaranthus

Centaurea gymnocarpa

Kochia

Artemisia

Chrysanthemum

Ricinus

Everlasting Flowers for Winter Bouquets

Ammobium

Helichrysum

Limonium

Gomphrena

Helipterum

Xeranthemum

Antirrhinum Rock
Hybrids

For Rock Gardens

Iberis

Nemophila

Dimorphotheca

Ionopsidium

Nierembergia

Eschscholzia

Linaria

Portulaca

Gilia

Lobularia

For Window Boxes

Sanvitalia

Antirrhinum,

Dwarf

Lobularia

Tropaeolum

Centaurea cineraria

Petunia

Verbena

Centaurea gymnocarpa

Phlox drummondii

Viola

Lobelia

Reseda

Hedges

Zinnia Pompon

Artemisia

Kochia

Ricinus

Cosmos

Lavatera

Tagetes— Tall

Helianthus

Polygonum

Annuals that Will Flower in Partial Shade

Celosia

Ionopsidium

Oenothera drummondii

Clarkia

Lobelia

Petunia

Cleome

Lobularia

Phacelia

Coreopsis

Malcomia

Phlox drummondii

Delphinium

Mirabilis

Polygonum

Godetia

Nemophila

Verbena

Iberis

Nicotiana

Viola

Annuals Especially Adapted to Hot Sandy Soil and Full Sunshine

Ageratum Dimorphotheca *Petunia

Calendula
Centaurea

Eschscholzia
*Marigold (Tagetes)

Portulaca
Zinnia

Annuals that Do Well in Sand when they Receive Enough Moisture,
but Prefer Heavier Soil and Less Direct Sun

** Antirrhinum

**Lobularia (Alyssum)

**Salvia

*Calistephos (Aster)

Nicotiana

**Scabiosa

Clarkia

Lobelia

Stocks

Cosmos

Nemesia

*Verbena

Larkspur

**Phlox

* Will stand light frost, 28° to 30° F., without damage.
** Will stand frost down to 25° F.

COMMON AND BOTANICAL NAMES, AND SOWING CLASSES

OF ANNUALS

Common Name Botanical Name *Sowing Class

African Daisy, Blue-eyed Arctotis b

African Daisy, Golden Dimorphotheca b

African Marigold Tagetes b

Alkanet Anchusa c

Allegheny Vine Adlumia b

Alyssum, Sweet Lobularia a

Amaranth, Globe Gomphrena b

Ambrosia Chenopodium c

Aster Callistephus c

Aster, Chinese Callistephus c

Baby Blue-eyes Nemophila b

Babies'-breath Gypsophila a

Bachelors'-button Centaurea b

Balsam Impatiens b

Bartonia Mentzelia b

Bean, Hyacinth Dolichos a

Bellflower Campanula c

Belvedere Kochia b

Blue-eyed African Daisy Arctotis. b

Blue Lace-flower Trachymene c

Blue Stonecrop Sedum a

Blue Woodruff Asperula a

Bugloss Anchusa c

Bugloss, Viper's Echium b

Burning Bush Kochia b

Butterfly Flower Schizanthus a

California Poppy Eschscholzia a

Canary-bird Flower Tropaeolum a

Candytuft Iberis b

Cape Marigold Dimorphotheca b

Carnation Dianthus c

Castor-oil Plant Ricinus c

Catchfly, Sweet Wiliam Silene a

China Aster Callistephus c

Chinese Pink Dianthus c

Chinese Woolflower Celosia c

Cigar-flower Cuphea c

Clarkia Clarkia a

*See "Dates of Sowing", page 4.

Common Name Botanical Name *Sowing Class

Climbing Fumitory Adlumia b

Climbing Nasturtium Tropaeolum a

Cockscomb Celosia c

Coneflower Rudbeckia a

Cornflower Centaurea a

Corn Marigold Chrysanthemum b

Cucumber, Wild Echinocystis x

Cup-and-saucer Vine Cobaea c

Cupflower Nierembergia d

Cypress, Summer Kochia b

Daisy, African Dimorphotheca b

Daisy, Swan River Brachycome b

Diamondflower Ionopsidium a

Dusty Miller Centaurea b

Fairy Bouquet Linaria b

Evening Primrose Oenothera c

Feverfew Chrysanthemum > . . b

Flax, Scarlet Linum a

Flossflower Ageratum d

Fountain Plant Amaranthus c

Four-o'clock Mirabilis b

Fumitory, Climbing Adlumia b

Garden Balsam Impatiens b

Globe Amaranth Gomphrena b

Gourd Cucurbita, Lagenaria x

Heliotrope Heliotr opium d

Hollyhock, Indian Spring Althaea c

Hyacinth Bean Dolichos a

Immortelle Ammobium b

Indian Pinks Dianthus c

Jewel-of-the- Veld Ursinia c

Larkspur Delphinium c

Love-in-a-mist Nigella b

Love-lies-bleeding Amaranthus c

Mallow Malope b

Marigold, African Tagetes b

Marigold, Cape Dimorphotheca b

Marigold, Corn Chrysanthemum b

Marigold, French Tagetes b

Marigold, Pot Calendula b

Marvel-of-Peru Mirabilis d

Mignonette Reseda a

Morning Glory Vine Ipomoea b

Mountain Fringe Adlumia b

Nasturtium Tropaeolum a

x Sow in ground previous October.

Common Name Botanical Name *Sowing Class

Night-scented Stock Mathiola c

Pansy Viola d

Pea, Sweet Lathyrus b

Petunia Petunia d

Phlox, Annual Phlox Drummondii b

Pincushion Flower Scabiosa b

Pink, Chinese Dianthus c

Pink, Indian Dianthus c

Poppy, California Eschscholzia a

Poppy, Corn Papaver b

Poppy, Shirley Papaver x

Pot Marigold Calendula b

Primrose, Evening Oenothera c

Prince's-feather Amaranthus c

Purple Ragwort Senecio c

Ragwort, Purple Senecio c

Rose Moss Portulaca a

Sage Salvia d

Scarlet Flax Linum a

Siberian Wallflower Cheiranthus d

Snapdragon Antirrhinum c

Spid^rflower Cleome b

Statice Limonium c

Stock Mathiola c

Stock, Night-scented Mathiola . c

Stock, Ten-weeks Mathiola c

Stock, Virginian Malcomia a

Stonecrop, Blue Sedum a

Strawflower Helichrysum b

Sultan, Sweet Centaurea b

Summer Cypress Kochia b

Summer Fir Artemisia c

Sundrop Oenothera c

Sunflower Helianthus a

Swan River Daisy Brachycome b

Sweet Alyssum Lobularia a

Sweet Pea Lathyrus b

Sweet Scabious Scabiosa b

Sweet Sultan Centaurea b

Sweet William Dianthus c

Sweet William Catchfly Silene a

Sweet Wivelsfield Dianthus c

Ten- weeks Stock Mathiola c

Tickseed Coreopsis a

Toadflax Linaria b

Tobacco Nicotiana b

Common Name Botanical Name

Verbena Verbena

Viper's Bugloss Echium

Virginian Stock Malcomia

Viscaria Lychnis

Wallflower, Siberian Cheiranthus

Wild Cucumber Echinocystis

Winged Everlasting Ammobium

Woodruff, Blue Asperula

Woodflower Celosia

Zinnia Zinnia

*Sowing Class

c
b
a
b
d
x
b
a
c
a

METRIC EQUIVALENTS

LENGTH

inch
foot
yard
mile

= 2.54 cm
= 0.3048 m
= 0.914m
= 1 .609 km

millimetre

centimetre

decimetre

metre

kilometre

= 0.039 in.
= 0.394 in.
= 3.937 in.
= 3.28 ft
= 0.621 mile

AREA

square inch
square foot
square yard
square mile
acre

= 6.452 cm2
= 0.093 m2
= 0.836 m2
= 2.59 km2
= 0.405 ha

VOLUME (DRY)

cubic inch
cubic foot
cubic yard
bushel
board foot

= 16.387 cm3
= 0.028 m3
= 0.765 m3
= 36.368 litres
= 0.0024 m3

cm'
m2
km:
ha

= 0.155sq in.
= 1.196sqyd
= 0.386 sq mile
= 2.471 ac

cm3
m3

hectolitre
m3

= 0.061 cuin.
= 31 .338 cuff
= 2.8 bu
= 1.308cuyd

VOLUME (LIQUID)

fluid ounce (Imp) =28.41 2 ml
pint = 0.568 litre

gallon = 4.546 litres

WEIGHT

ounce = 28.349 g

pound = 453.592 g

hundredweight (Imp) = 45.359 kg

ton = 0.907 tonne

litre =35.2 fluid oz

hectolitre =26.41 8 gal

gram = 0.035 ozavdp
kilogram =2.205 lb avdp
tonne = 1 .102 short ton

PROPORTION

1 gal/acre = 1 1.232 litres/ha
1 lb/acre = 1.120 kg/ha
1 Ib/sqin. = 0.0702 kg/cm2
1 bu/acre = 0.898 hl/ha

1 litre/ha = 14.24 fluid oz/acre
1 kg/ha = 14.5ozavdp/acre
1 kg/cm2 =14.227 Ib/sqin.
1 hl/ha = 1.1 12 bu/acre

INFORMATION

Edifice Sir John Carling Building

930 Carling Avenue

Ottawa, Ontario

K1A0C7

Canada Postes
Post Canada

Postage oaid Port paye

Third Troisieme
class classe

K1A 0C5
Ottawa

\i i

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